From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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“ National authorities have the primary duty and responsibility to provide protection and humanitarian assistance to internally displaced persons within their jurisdiction. Internally displaced persons have the right to request and to receive protection and humanitarian assistance from these authorities. They shall not be persecuted or punished for making such a request. —Principle 3, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement xvi “
Background and Aims of the Study Internal displacement is one of the major humanitarian, human rights and security problems in the world today. In the words of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, displacement is “arguably the most significant humanitarian challenge that we face.” 1 It uproots, often violently, millions of people from their homes, families, jobs and communities and exposes its victims to a terrifying range of risks. Just one indication of the precarious plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs) is the fact that some of the highest morbidity and mortality rates recorded in humanitarian emergencies have been among IDPs. 2 Left unaddressed, internal displacement also threatens to destabilize countries, regions and even international security and thereby risks generating additional displacement. Indeed, the number of IDPs throughout the world has continued to increase since 1997. As of the end of 2010, there were an estimated 27.5 million internally displaced persons in more than fifty countries who had been forcibly uprooted by armed conflict, ethnic strife and other violence, a number that has increased steadily from around 17 million in 1997. 3 Contrary to popular belief, there are far more IDPs than refugees: there were 15.4 million refugees at the end of 2010 but 27.5 million IDPs. 4 No region 1 “Internally Displaced People: Exiled in their Homeland” (http://ochaonline.un.org/NewsInFocus/InternallyDisplaced PeopleIDPs/tabid/5132/language/en-US/Default.aspx). 2 Peter Salama, Paul Spiegel and Richard Brennan, “No Less Vulnerable: The Internally Displaced in Humanitarian Emergencies,” The Lancet, vol. 357, iss. 9266 (5 May 2001), pp. 1430–31; N. Nathan and others, “High Mortality in Displaced Populations in Northern Uganda,” The Lancet, vol. 363, iss. 9418 (24 April 2004), p. 1402. 3 1997 figures are the earliest available data. IDP figures as of the end 2010 are in Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2010, March 2011 (www. internal-displacement.org). 4 Most recent data available on refugees. The number of INTRODUCTION 1 of the world is immune to internal displacement. Africa is the continent most affected, with 11.1 million IDPs in twenty-one countries, and Sudan remains the country with the highest number of IDPs in the world (4.5 to 5.2 million), while the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Somalia each have well over 1 million IDPs. In the Americas, there are an estimated 5.4 million IDPs, the overwhelming majority of whom are in Colombia. In the Asia-Pacific region, more specifically in South and Southeast Asia, there are more than 3.5 million IDPs, with the highest numbers reported in Pakistan, Myanmar, Afghanistan, India, Indonesia and the Philippines. The Middle East has 3.9 million IDPs, 2.8 million of whom are found in Iraq, with rising numbers in Yemen and at the time of writing, in Libya and Syria. In Europe and Central Asia, 2.5 million people remain internally displaced. More than 1 million are in Turkey, with significant populations also in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Serbia, Cyprus and Bosnia- Herzegovina more than a decade after they first were displaced. Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan experienced new displacement in 2010. In addition to these conflict-induced IDP populations, millions more have been displaced by natural disasters 5 or development projects 6 refugees includes 4.82 million Palestine refugees registered with the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA); it has fluctuated between 13 million and 16 million over the same period. See Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends Report 2010 (www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html); for 2010 IDP figures, see IDMC, Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2009, May 2010 (www.internal-displacement.org). 5 Monitoring Disaster Displacement in the Context of Climate Change: Findings of a Study by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (Geneva: UN OCHA and IDMC, September 2009), p. 3. Also see IDMC, Displacement Due to Natural Hazard-Induced Disasters: Global Estimates for 2009–2010 (Geneva: IDMC) (www. internal-displacement.org). 6 According to the World Bank’s Environmental
Page 1 and 2: The Brookings Institution - London
Page 3 and 4: From Responsibility to Response: As
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Acronyms .................
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
Page 13 and 14: It is a central tenet of internatio
Page 15 and 16: legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
Page 17: amend existing ones, in line with t
Page 21 and 22: displacement persists for several y
Page 23 and 24: operationalizing the responsibiliti
Page 25 and 26: Therefore, it is not surprising tha
Page 27 and 28: Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
Page 29 and 30: National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
Page 31 and 32: of the country. 62 In addition, six
Page 33 and 34: in French and Spanish depending on
Page 35 and 36: serves only to supplant and absolve
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
Page 39 and 40: Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
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Page 49 and 50: Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
Page 59 and 60: Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
Page 61 and 62: Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
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the government of Afghanistan under
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Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
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actions of DRC authorities and nong
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the provision of technical support
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Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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February 2010; one outcome of the t
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Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
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Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 7 Designate an Institutio
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not necessarily influence such chan
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Institutional mandate and responsib
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this body include preparing “stra
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lead state agency may turn to other
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a division of functions being made
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Benchmark 8 Benchmark 8 Support NHR
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Benchmark 8 Support NHRIs to Integr
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Benchmark 9 Facilitate IDPs’ Part
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The process of participation is gen
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Georgia represents an especially in
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about the national policy. 16 Sudan
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and reinforce durable solutions. 27
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was 12 million, or 62 percent of th
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displacement. 52 In the run-up to t
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vote is by no means consistent (for
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Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditio
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Benchmark 11 Allocate Adequate Reso
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also ordered the National Council f
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In Sri Lanka, 16 it is difficult to
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Conclusion As indicated in the intr
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Benchmark 12 Cooperation with Inter
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North Darfur, Sudan/ A woman collec
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CHAPTER 2 Case Studies Georgia, Ken
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Kenya National Response to Internal
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Afghanistan Internal Displacement i
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Sri Lanka Gaps in the Government Re
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Domestic Financing Foreign financin
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This study seeks to shed light on h
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CHAPTER 3 Translating National Resp
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For each country case study, the ex
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5 6 Ensure a Legal Framework for Up
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9 9 a) Facilitate IDPs’ Participa
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12 Cooperate with International Com
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The Brookings Institution - London
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