From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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CHAPTER 2 Case Studies: Georgia, Kenya, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka Oddusudan, Mullaitivu district, Northern Province, Sri Lanka / Returned IDP students of Katchilalmadu Government School were displaced during the last phase of the war, living in hiding and then in government-run camps. Photo: UNHCR / D. Seneviratne / May 2010 278
Afghanistan Internal Displacement in Afghanistan: Complex Challenges to Government Response Sri Lanka: Gaps in the Government Response to Post-2007 Internal Displacement Overview of Internal Displacement in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka experienced conflict-induced displacement as early as August 1977, when ethnic violence in many parts of the island led to the displacement of some 25,000 individuals. 1 Since that time, there have been multiple, overlapping waves of internal displacement, resettlement and return in Sri Lanka, resulting primarily from the twenty-six-year civil war between the government of Sri Lanka and the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Internal displacement has also resulted from natural disasters such as seasonal flooding and, most notable, the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, which displaced over 500,000 people. After more than two decades of relatively low-intensity fighting, the LTTE controlled much of Northern Province—comprising the districts of Kilinochchi, Mannar, Mullaitivu and Vavuniya as well as the Jaffna Peninsula—and much of Eastern Province, comprising the Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara districts. The conflict escalated in 2006, when government forces initiated large-scale military operations in Eastern Province. 2 In the period between April 2006 and March 2007, over 220,000 individuals were displaced from Trincomalee and Batticaloa. 3 It was a relatively brief 1 Human Rights Watch, Playing the “Communal Card”: Communal Violence and Human Rights, April 1995 (www. hrw.org). 2 International Crisis Group, Sri Lanka’s Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire, Asia Report No. 134, 29 May 2007 (www. crisisgroup.org). 3 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, Walter Kälin—Addendum: Mission to Sri Lanka, 14 to 21 December 2007, A/HRC/8/6/Add.4, 21 May 2008, para. 16(a), p. 7 (www.brookings.edu/projects/ John Schroder and Chareen Stark 279 displacement, and the vast majority of these IDPs had returned to their places of origin by early 2008. In 2007, after taking complete control of Eastern Province, the government turned its offensive to Northern Province. In January 2008, the government officially withdrew from a five-year-old cease-fire agreement, a step that marked the start of the final phase of the conflict. 4 As government forces pushed the LTTE further toward the northeast coast during the subsequent months, civilians residing in Northern Province were displaced, primarily to a cluster of emergency sites in Vavuniya known as Menik Farm, as well as to smaller sites in Jaffna and Mannar. On 16 May 2009, after a final assault on the northeast, the government declared victory and an end to the conflict. Although no precise figures can be determined, it is estimated that more than 280,000 persons were internally displaced between April 2008 and May 2009. 5 Most were interned in closed sites at Menik Farm. The approximately 280,000 persons displaced since April 2008 are referred to as “new” IDPs. Following the final assault, infrastructure and property damage throughout Northern Province was substantial, and both residential and agricultural land was severely contaminated with landmines and unexploded ordnance. idp/rsg_info.aspx). 4 BBC News, “Sri Lanka Profile: A Chronology of Key Events,” updated 21 January 2011 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-south-asia-12004081). 5 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Sri Lanka, Joint Humanitarian Update, 15 June 2009 (http://ochaonline.un.org/srilanka/SituationReports/ JointHumanitarianUpdate/tabid/5724/language/en-US/ Default.aspx).
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: As
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CONTENTS Acronyms .................
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ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
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FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
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It is a central tenet of internatio
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legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
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amend existing ones, in line with t
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Background and Aims of the Study In
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displacement persists for several y
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operationalizing the responsibiliti
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Therefore, it is not surprising tha
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Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
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National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
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of the country. 62 In addition, six
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in French and Spanish depending on
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serves only to supplant and absolve
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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
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Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
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Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement an
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Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
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Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
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Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
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—Current location and location of
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its registration rolls intra-urban
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and profiling of three types of IDP
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the government of Afghanistan under
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Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
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actions of DRC authorities and nong
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the provision of technical support
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Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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February 2010; one outcome of the t
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Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
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Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 7 Designate an Institutio
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not necessarily influence such chan
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Institutional mandate and responsib
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this body include preparing “stra
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lead state agency may turn to other
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a division of functions being made
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Benchmark 8 Benchmark 8 Support NHR
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Benchmark 8 Support NHRIs to Integr
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Benchmark 9 Facilitate IDPs’ Part
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The process of participation is gen
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Georgia represents an especially in
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about the national policy. 16 Sudan
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and reinforce durable solutions. 27
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was 12 million, or 62 percent of th
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displacement. 52 In the run-up to t
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vote is by no means consistent (for
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Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditio
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Benchmark 11 Allocate Adequate Reso
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also ordered the National Council f
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In Sri Lanka, 16 it is difficult to
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Conclusion As indicated in the intr
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Benchmark 12 Cooperation with Inter
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North Darfur, Sudan/ A woman collec
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CHAPTER 2 Case Studies Georgia, Ken
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Page 245 and 246: Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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The Brookings Institution - London
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