boletín de el iucn/ birdlife/ wpa grupo especialistas en cracidos ...
boletín de el iucn/ birdlife/ wpa grupo especialistas en cracidos ...
boletín de el iucn/ birdlife/ wpa grupo especialistas en cracidos ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
BOLETÍN DE EL IUCN/ BIRDLIFE/ WPA GRUPO ESPECIALISTAS EN CRACIDOS<br />
BOLETIM DO IUCN/BIRDLIFE/WPA GRUPO DE ESPECIALISTAS EM CRACÍDEOS<br />
BULLETIN OF THE IUCN/BIRDLIFE/WPA CRACID SPECIALIST GROUP<br />
VOL. 17 - (Sept.) 2003 ISSN#: 1096-7168<br />
1<br />
QuickTime and a<br />
Photo - JPEG <strong>de</strong>compressor<br />
are nee<strong>de</strong>d to see this picture.<br />
ATENCIÓN: Contribuciones y puntos <strong>de</strong> vista publicados <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Bol. <strong>de</strong>l CSG no<br />
necesariam<strong>en</strong>te reflejan la opinión <strong>de</strong> los Editores, WPA, Birdlife, IUCN, ni <strong>el</strong> Grupo <strong>de</strong><br />
Especialistas <strong>en</strong> Cracidos.<br />
ATENÇÃO: Contribuições e opiniões publicadas no Bol. CSG não refletem<br />
necessariam<strong>en</strong>te a opinião dos Editores, da WPA, da Birdlife, da IUCN, e nem <strong>de</strong> todo o<br />
Grupo <strong>de</strong> Especialistas em Crací<strong>de</strong>os.<br />
PLEASE NOTE: Contributions and views published in Bull. CSG do not necessarily<br />
reflect the opinion of the Editors, WPA, Birdlife, IUCN, nor the <strong>en</strong>tire Cracid Specialist<br />
Group.<br />
CSG website - http://www.ang<strong>el</strong>fire.com/ca6/cracid<br />
CONTENIDO<br />
CONTEÚDO<br />
CONTENTS<br />
NOTICIAS Y NOTAS / NOTÍCIAS E NOTAS / NEWS AND NOTES<br />
2 - NOTICIAS DE ALREDEDOR DEL MUNDO<br />
5 - NOTÍCIAS AO REDOR DO MUNDO<br />
8 - NEWS FROM AROUND THE WORLD<br />
ARTICULOS / ARTIGOS / ARTICLES<br />
12 - DESCRIPCIÓN Y COMPARACIÓN CARIOTÍPICA DE Crax fasciolata y P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
obscura (AVES:CRACIDAE)
15 - DESCRIÇÃO E COMPARAÇÃO CARIOTÍPICA DE Crax fasciolata E P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
obscura (Aves:Cracidae)<br />
18 - KARYOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON OF Crax fasciolata and<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura (AVES:CRACIDAE)<br />
25 - O MUTUM-DO-NORDESTE: O CRACÍDO MAIS RARO DO MUNDO<br />
28 - MITU MITU: EL CRACIDO MÁS RARO DEL MUNDO<br />
31 - THE ALAGOAS CURASSOW: WORLD’S RAREST CRACID<br />
35 - UMA AGREGAÇÃO EXTRAORDINÁRIA DE CRACÍDEOS DURANTE A ESTAÇÃO<br />
SECA NO NORTE DO PANTANAL BRASILEIRO<br />
38 - UNA AGREGACIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA DE CRACIDOS DURANTE LA EPOCA<br />
DE LLUVIAS EN EL PANTANAL BRASILEÑO NORTEÑO<br />
41 - AN EXTRAORDINARY AGGREGATION OF CRACIDS DURING THE WET-<br />
SEASON IN THE NORTHERN BRAZILIAN PANTANAL<br />
44 - PUBLICACIONES RECIENTES / PUBLICAÇÔES RECENTES / RECENT<br />
PUBLICATIONS<br />
45 - CONGRESSOS / MEETINGS<br />
46 - ¿ESTA INTERESADO EN APUNTARSE? / INTERESSADO EM ASSINAR O<br />
BOLETIM ? / INTERESTED IN SIGNING UP?<br />
46 - INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS AUTORES / INSTRUÇÕES PARA<br />
COLABORADORES / INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTORS<br />
47 - COORDINADORES REGIONALES / COORDENADORES REGIONAIS /<br />
REGIONAL COORDINATORS<br />
NOTICIAS Y NOTAS<br />
NOTÍCIAS E NOTAS<br />
NEWS AND NOTES<br />
NOTICIAS DE ALREDEDOR DEL MUNDO<br />
HUGO ARANIBAR (hugoo@bioci<strong>en</strong>cias.org), <strong>de</strong> la Universidad Mayor <strong>de</strong> San Andrés,<br />
como un requisito parcial para su tesis, ha estado inspeccionando Crácidos <strong>en</strong> las áreas<br />
protegidas <strong>de</strong> Madidi y Apolobamba <strong>en</strong> Bolivia, <strong>en</strong>tre 1500 - 3500 m <strong>de</strong> altitud. A la<br />
fecha la pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> Chamaepetes goudotii, P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope jacquacu, Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis y<br />
Ortalis guttata, ha sido confirmada, con la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> que ocurra también Mitu<br />
tuberosa. Este proyecto está supervisado por ROB y LILLIAN WALLACE <strong>de</strong> WCS.<br />
SARA BENNETT (sara_e_b<strong>en</strong>nett@hotmail.com) <strong>de</strong> la Fundación Humboldt continua<br />
su trabajo sobre <strong>el</strong> efecto <strong>de</strong> bor<strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong> Crax globulosa <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> sur <strong>de</strong> la Amazona<br />
Colombiana. El trabajo involucra motivar a las comunida<strong>de</strong>s locales para que ayu<strong>de</strong>n <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>el</strong> estudio <strong>de</strong> estas aves raras, creando interés hacia las mismas comunida<strong>de</strong>s para<br />
2
conservar a estas aves raras a largo plazo. Este proyecto es apoyado por <strong>el</strong> Zoológico<br />
Columbus y Disney.<br />
SOPHIE CALMÉ (sophiec@prodigy.net.mx) <strong>de</strong>l Colegio <strong>de</strong> la Frontera Sur, México,<br />
está interesada <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>los <strong>de</strong> ocurr<strong>en</strong>cia predictiva para Crax rubra y<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s <strong>en</strong> la P<strong>en</strong>ínsula <strong>de</strong> Yucatán. El mo<strong>de</strong>lo comparará la cobertura<br />
vegetal, medidas <strong>de</strong> paisaje y <strong>de</strong>nsidad <strong>de</strong> la población humana <strong>en</strong> 1980 contra 2000.<br />
Otros datos g<strong>en</strong>erados a partir <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trevistas incluy<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> máximo tamaño <strong>de</strong>l <strong>grupo</strong>, la<br />
distancia observada, tipo <strong>de</strong> hábitat, estación, y la rareza r<strong>el</strong>ativa para los intervalos <strong>de</strong><br />
5, 10 y 20 años.<br />
CAIO JOSÉ CARLOS (cajoca@uol.com.br), <strong>de</strong> la Universidad Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Pará y Museo<br />
Para<strong>en</strong>se Emílio Go<strong>el</strong>di, ha terminado su trabajo pionero sobre P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope jacucaca, una<br />
ave <strong>en</strong>démica <strong>de</strong> Brazil. Él quiere a<strong>de</strong>más hacer investigación sobre su distribución y<br />
<strong>el</strong> estado actual haci<strong>en</strong>do una búsqueda exhaustiva <strong>de</strong> la literatura y todos los<br />
especim<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong>l museo conocidos. Se harán r<strong>el</strong>evami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>en</strong> los estados <strong>de</strong><br />
Pernambuco, Alagoas y Paraíba, Brasil.<br />
OSWALDO DE CARVALHO JR (oswaldo@amazon.com.br) <strong>de</strong> IPAM (Instituto <strong>de</strong><br />
Investigación Medioambi<strong>en</strong>tal <strong>de</strong> Amazonia) está supervisando sitios pre - y post<br />
aprovechami<strong>en</strong>to forestal <strong>en</strong> Amazonia ori<strong>en</strong>tal (2 sitios <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> ori<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l Río <strong>de</strong><br />
Tocantins, y uno <strong>en</strong>tre los ríos Tocantins y Xingu). Oswaldo realiza transectos <strong>en</strong> línea<br />
para medir los efectos <strong>de</strong>l aprovechami<strong>en</strong>to forestal sobre las especies <strong>de</strong> caza,<br />
incluy<strong>en</strong>do a P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris, Mitu tuberosa y Crax fasciolata.<br />
KAYCE CASNER (kaycecasner@planet-save.com) <strong>de</strong> Conservación Internacional está<br />
interesado <strong>en</strong> com<strong>en</strong>zar un programa para monitorear a los Crácidos <strong>en</strong> la Reserva<br />
Natural <strong>de</strong> Surinam C<strong>en</strong>tral como parte <strong>de</strong> un programa más gran<strong>de</strong>. Especies que<br />
pue<strong>de</strong>n ser objeto <strong>de</strong> estudio incluy<strong>en</strong> a P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope marail y Crax alector.<br />
LEONARDO ORDÓÑEZ DELGADO (arcoiris3@easynet.net.ec) <strong>de</strong> la Fundación<br />
Ecológica Arcoiris está interesado <strong>en</strong> empezar una Campaña Educativa para P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
barbata <strong>en</strong> la región <strong>de</strong> Loja <strong>de</strong>l Parque Nacional Podocarpus. El objetivo g<strong>en</strong>eral es<br />
hacer a la ciudad <strong>de</strong> Loja consci<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> la importancia <strong>de</strong> esta especie <strong>en</strong> los An<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Ecuatorianos <strong>de</strong>l sur.<br />
DAVID DÍAZ (atoridf@yahoo.es) actualm<strong>en</strong>te está inv<strong>en</strong>tariando la avifauna <strong>en</strong> la zona<br />
<strong>de</strong> Achuar, Río Pastaza, Ecuador. Está interesado <strong>en</strong> com<strong>en</strong>zar un estudio para<br />
<strong>en</strong>contrar las últimas poblaciones <strong>de</strong> Crax globulosa <strong>en</strong> Ecuador amazónico. Como un<br />
primer paso él está actualm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> compilar todos los registros <strong>de</strong> esta<br />
especie <strong>en</strong> Ecuador, la cual podría ser reconfirmada durante <strong>el</strong> estudio formal.<br />
KNUT EISERMANN (qawak<strong>en</strong>nes@hotmail.com) <strong>de</strong> PROEVAL-RAXMU <strong>en</strong> Guatemala<br />
ha estado g<strong>en</strong>erando información sobre P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>opina nigra <strong>en</strong> Alta Verapaz, Guatemala,<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1997. Él está ahora interesado <strong>en</strong> empezar un proyecto más formal que durará<br />
dos años a lo largo y ancho <strong>de</strong> todo <strong>el</strong> país. Los parámetros a consi<strong>de</strong>rar incluy<strong>en</strong><br />
distribución <strong>de</strong> P. nigra <strong>en</strong> Guatemala, ámbito hogareño, dieta, requerimi<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong><br />
hábitat, la frecu<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> aislami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> población y efectos asociados, y sitios <strong>de</strong><br />
prioridad para la conservación <strong>en</strong> Guatemala.<br />
3
JEREMY FLANAGAN (proaves@mail.u<strong>de</strong>p.edu.pe) <strong>de</strong> ProAves Perú ha recibido fondos<br />
adicionales <strong>de</strong> American Bird Conservancy para continuar su trabajo a niv<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
comunidad <strong>en</strong> la zona <strong>de</strong> Reserva Laquipampa (Lambayeque), NW Perú, con P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
albip<strong>en</strong>nis y P. barbata, que resultará esperanzadam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> re<strong>de</strong>signación <strong>de</strong> esta<br />
área como una zona oficialm<strong>en</strong>te protegida. Es más ProAves Perú está consolidando la<br />
conservación <strong>de</strong> dos sitios para P. barbata <strong>en</strong> la Provincia <strong>de</strong> Ayabaca (Piura) con <strong>el</strong><br />
apoyo <strong>de</strong> la Fundación Garfi<strong>el</strong>d y Parques <strong>de</strong>l Mundo. Los resultados <strong>de</strong> ProAves Perú<br />
<strong>en</strong> su expedición Tumbes 2003 <strong>en</strong> la Zona Reservada <strong>de</strong> Tumbes, <strong>el</strong> Parque Nacional<br />
Cerros <strong>de</strong> Amotape y <strong>el</strong> Coto <strong>de</strong> Caza El Angolo fueron poco alagadores al no <strong>en</strong>contrar<br />
alguna evi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> P. albip<strong>en</strong>nis <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> lo que se consi<strong>de</strong>ra que es su distribución<br />
histórica.<br />
FERNANDO GONZALEZ-GARCIA (gonzalef@ecologia.edu.mx) continua su estudio a<br />
largo plazo <strong>de</strong> Oreophasis <strong>de</strong>rbianus <strong>en</strong> la Reserva <strong>de</strong> la Biosfera El Triunfo, Chiapas,<br />
México. Reci<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te fue invitado por <strong>el</strong> Parque Zoológico Nacional La Aurora <strong>en</strong><br />
Guatemala para asesor un programa <strong>de</strong> reproducción <strong>en</strong> cautiverio.<br />
JUAN DAVID GONZÁLEZ (juanbio@hotmail.com) <strong>de</strong> la Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia,<br />
Colombia, está estudiando <strong>el</strong> estado <strong>de</strong> conservación <strong>de</strong> Crax alberti <strong>en</strong> los fragm<strong>en</strong>tos<br />
<strong>de</strong>l bosque <strong>en</strong> Colombia norori<strong>en</strong>tal. Específicam<strong>en</strong>te, González quiere estimar es<br />
estado poblacional <strong>de</strong> C. alberti <strong>en</strong> las municipalida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Anorí, Maceo y Remedios,<br />
todos <strong>en</strong> Antioquia, Colombia. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>el</strong> proyecto apunta para evaluar uso <strong>de</strong>l<br />
hábitat <strong>de</strong> la especie.<br />
BENNETT HENNESSEY (tangara@unete.com) <strong>de</strong> ARMONIA reci<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te volvió <strong>de</strong><br />
un viaje a fines <strong>de</strong> junio, viajando a lo largo <strong>de</strong>l Río B<strong>en</strong>i <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Rur<strong>en</strong>abaque a Carm<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong>l Emero, para visitar cinco comunida<strong>de</strong>s indíg<strong>en</strong>as Tacana. B<strong>en</strong>nett dio una<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>tación a cada comunidad <strong>de</strong>l estado actual <strong>de</strong> Crax globulosa <strong>en</strong> Bolivia, e inició<br />
una discusión sobre las posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> conservación. Los resultados <strong>de</strong> las<br />
conversaciones fueron positivos, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> establecer una moratoria <strong>de</strong> caza por 10 años,<br />
cómo tratar a los cazadores furtivos, hasta establecer guardias forestales. Camisetas<br />
con la ilustración <strong>de</strong> la especie (arte por Peter Burke) fueron proporcionadas a los<br />
miembros <strong>de</strong> la comunidad. Este trabajo se apoyó por la Sociedad Zoológica <strong>de</strong><br />
Chicago.<br />
IVÁN JIMÉNEZ (ij54a@stu<strong>de</strong>ntmail.umsl.edu) <strong>de</strong> la Universidad <strong>de</strong> Missouri - St. Louis<br />
ha terminado su trabajo <strong>de</strong> campo <strong>en</strong> Cocha Cashu, Perú para su disertación. El está<br />
estudiando la conducta <strong>de</strong> forrajeo y uso <strong>de</strong>l hábitat Mitu tuberosa, y <strong>de</strong>sarrollando<br />
métodos para más precisos para c<strong>en</strong>sar las poblaciones. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, la parte <strong>de</strong> la<br />
disertación <strong>de</strong> Ivan traerá consigo mo<strong>de</strong>los ecológicos para <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r las distribuciones<br />
<strong>de</strong> esta especie. Los objetivos específicos son: 1) mo<strong>de</strong>lar las distribuciones <strong>de</strong> las 14<br />
especies reconocidas <strong>de</strong>l género Crax para dirigirse hipótesis biogeográficas básicas, 2)<br />
probar predicciones geográficas <strong>de</strong> “liberación” y exclusión competitiva para especies<br />
congénericas que se pi<strong>en</strong>sa son parapátricas, y 3) estimar <strong>el</strong> cambio <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> área <strong>de</strong> las<br />
distribuciones geográficas causadas por la reci<strong>en</strong>te alteración antropogénica <strong>de</strong> la<br />
vegetación original. El trabajo <strong>de</strong> Ivan es apoyado <strong>el</strong> zoológico <strong>de</strong> St. Louis.<br />
ANA MARÍA MAMANI FALDÍN (anamfaldin@hotmail.com) ha iniciado un proyecto para<br />
comparar la <strong>de</strong>nsidad y conducta <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata <strong>en</strong>tre áreas naturales y alteradas<br />
por la tubería <strong>de</strong> gas y agrocultivos. Se caminarán transectos a lo largo <strong>de</strong> tres<br />
tratami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Tramo, Bolivia a Río Gran<strong>de</strong>, Brasil. Los tratami<strong>en</strong>tos son: 1)<br />
4
ninguna alteración, 2) la tubería <strong>de</strong> gas y agrocultivos, y 3) sólo tubería <strong>de</strong> gas.<br />
Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te se <strong>de</strong>scribirán uso y prefer<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong> hábitat y la búsqueda <strong>de</strong> nidos<br />
t<strong>en</strong>drán lugar durante la estación <strong>de</strong> la cría.<br />
JOSÉ MANUEL OCHOA (paujil2@hotmail.com) e ISABEL MELO VÁSQUEZ <strong>de</strong> la<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia están evaluando <strong>el</strong> impacto <strong>de</strong> la cacería <strong>de</strong> subsist<strong>en</strong>cia y<br />
pérdida <strong>de</strong>l hábitat <strong>de</strong> Crax alberti, <strong>en</strong> las municipalida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Anorí, Maceo-Puerto<br />
Berrío y Remedios, noreste <strong>de</strong> Antioquia, Colombia. Los objetivos específicos incluy<strong>en</strong>:<br />
1) la valoración <strong>de</strong> los aspectos económicos y sociales <strong>de</strong> las personas, 2) Evaluar la<br />
am<strong>en</strong>aza <strong>de</strong> cacería <strong>de</strong> la especie, 3) Evaluar la pérdida <strong>de</strong>l hábitat <strong>en</strong> la región<br />
comparando imág<strong>en</strong>es <strong>de</strong> satélite, y 4) Proponer medidas <strong>de</strong> conservación que<br />
promuevan la conservación <strong>de</strong> C. alberti.<br />
MARCO TULIO PÉREZ (fontalvo52@hotmail.com) <strong>de</strong> la Universidad Atlántico,<br />
Colombia completó un estudio breve <strong>en</strong> la región <strong>de</strong> Besotes <strong>de</strong> la Sierra Nevada<br />
Colombiana, <strong>en</strong> Santa Marta. Él inspeccionó esta región a principios <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>ero <strong>de</strong> 2003<br />
la cual es consi<strong>de</strong>rada como una IBA (Área importante para la conservación <strong>de</strong> las<br />
aves) por Birdlife. Los Crácidos observados y susceptibles <strong>de</strong> estudio incluy<strong>en</strong> a Crax<br />
alberti, P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope argyrotis y Ortalis garrula.<br />
ADRIÁN NAVEDA-RODRIGUEZ (adrian.naveda@cantv.net) <strong>de</strong> EarthMatters está<br />
interesado <strong>en</strong> establecer un proyecto para evaluar historia natural y am<strong>en</strong>azas <strong>de</strong> Pauxi<br />
pauxi <strong>en</strong> V<strong>en</strong>ezu<strong>el</strong>a. Él ya ha hecho algún trabajo <strong>de</strong> campo pr<strong>el</strong>iminar, y<br />
<strong>de</strong>sgraciadam<strong>en</strong>te ha <strong>en</strong>contrado evi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> cacería activa <strong>en</strong> la región.<br />
STUART STRAHL (ststrahl@brookfi<strong>el</strong>dzoo.org), Fundador y Presi<strong>de</strong>nte Emeritus <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Cracid Especialista Group, ha sido nombrado Director <strong>de</strong> Parque zoológico <strong>de</strong><br />
Brookfi<strong>el</strong>d y Presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> la Sociedad Zoológica <strong>de</strong> Chicago. ¡F<strong>el</strong>icitaciones Stu!!<br />
BEATRIZ TORRES (BTorres@gbif.org) <strong>de</strong>l Museo Zoológico <strong>de</strong> la Universidad <strong>de</strong><br />
Cop<strong>en</strong>hague, anunció una exhibición especial que <strong>el</strong>los están haci<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> ese museo.<br />
La exhibición trata <strong>de</strong> la Biodiversidad, pero mostrará <strong>el</strong> espécim<strong>en</strong> tipo Mitu salvini que<br />
se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> Cop<strong>en</strong>hague. El espécim<strong>en</strong> montado se complem<strong>en</strong>tará con notas <strong>de</strong><br />
campo, bocetos, más la información sobre la distribución <strong>de</strong> la especie, conducta,<br />
ecología, y estado <strong>de</strong> conservación. Los compon<strong>en</strong>tes interactivos incluy<strong>en</strong><br />
sonogramas y secu<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong>l g<strong>en</strong>, y las pinturas al óleo originales <strong>de</strong>l artista Nig<strong>el</strong><br />
Hughes.<br />
INÉS VIELMAN (inygo@amigo.net.gt) <strong>de</strong> la Universidad <strong>de</strong>l Valle <strong>de</strong> Guatemala está<br />
trabajando actualm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> su disertación que evaluará la sust<strong>en</strong>tabilidad <strong>de</strong> la cacería<br />
<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Parque Nacional Tikal, <strong>en</strong> Guatemala. Específicam<strong>en</strong>te, está aplicando mo<strong>de</strong>los<br />
logísticos para estimar la tasa <strong>de</strong> cosecha recom<strong>en</strong>dada para Crax rubra y P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s.<br />
CARLOS YAMASHITA (cyama@nethall.com.br) informa que <strong>en</strong> Julio <strong>de</strong> 2002 visitó <strong>el</strong><br />
Río Iriri (un aflu<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l Río Xingu), <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> suroeste c<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong>l estado <strong>de</strong> Para, Brasil.<br />
Carlos informa una bu<strong>en</strong>a población <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> bosque caduco, y también<br />
observó P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope pileata que pue<strong>de</strong> constituir su límite occi<strong>de</strong>ntal.<br />
NOTÍCIAS AO REDOR DO MUNDO<br />
5
HUGO ARANIBAR (hugoo@bioci<strong>en</strong>cias.org), da Universida<strong>de</strong> Maior <strong>de</strong> San Andres tem<br />
monitorado crací<strong>de</strong>os nas áreas bolivianas <strong>de</strong> proteção <strong>de</strong> Madidi e Apolobamba <strong>en</strong>tre<br />
1500 – 3500 m como parte do trabalho <strong>de</strong> sua tese. Até o mom<strong>en</strong>to, foi confirmado a<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>ça <strong>de</strong> Chamaepetes goudotii, P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope jacquacu, Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis, e Ortalis<br />
guttata, e possiv<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te Mitu tuberosa. Este projeto é supersionado por ROB e LILLIAN<br />
WALLACE da WCS.<br />
SARA BENNETT (sara_e_b<strong>en</strong>nett@hotmail.com) da Fundação Humboldt continua seu<br />
trabalho com Crax globulosa na Amazonia sul-colombiana. O trabalho <strong>en</strong>volve o<br />
fortalecim<strong>en</strong>to do auxílio das comunida<strong>de</strong>s locais na conservação <strong>de</strong>sta ave rara,<br />
aum<strong>en</strong>tando o interesse <strong>de</strong>stas comunida<strong>de</strong>s na preservação a longo prazo. Este<br />
projeto é apoiado p<strong>el</strong>o Columbus Zoo e Disney.<br />
SOPHIE CALMÉ (sophiec@prodigy.net.mx) d’El Colegio <strong>de</strong> la Frontera Sur está<br />
interessada em <strong>de</strong>s<strong>en</strong>volver mo<strong>de</strong>los <strong>de</strong> previsão <strong>de</strong> ocorrência <strong>de</strong> Crax rubra e<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s na P<strong>en</strong>ínsula <strong>de</strong> Yucatan. O mo<strong>de</strong>lo irá comparar a cobertura<br />
vegetal, medidas da área em questão e <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> populacional humana <strong>de</strong> 1980 e<br />
2000. Outros dados coletados através <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trevistas incluirão tamanho máximo <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>grupo</strong>, distancia observada, tipo <strong>de</strong> habitat, estação e rarida<strong>de</strong> r<strong>el</strong>ativa em intervalos <strong>de</strong><br />
5, 10 e 20 anos atrás.<br />
CAIO JOSE CARLOS (cajoca@uol.com.br), da Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral do Pará e Museu<br />
Para<strong>en</strong>se Emílio Go<strong>el</strong>di completou seu trabalho pioneiro com P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope jacucaca, uma<br />
espécie brasileira <strong>en</strong>dêmica. Ele quer investigar mais a fundo a distribuição e status por<br />
meio <strong>de</strong> busca exaustiva <strong>de</strong> literatura e especim<strong>en</strong>s em museus. Isso sera<br />
acompanhados <strong>de</strong> trabalho <strong>de</strong> campo em Pernambuco, Alagoas e Paraíba, Brasil.<br />
OSWALDO DE CARVALHO JR (oswaldo@amazon.com.br) do IPAM (Instituto <strong>de</strong><br />
Pesquisas da Amazonia) está monitorando locais anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te e posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te à<br />
exploração ma<strong>de</strong>ireira no leste da Amazônia (2 locais ao leste do Rio Tocantins, e um<br />
<strong>en</strong>tre Rios Tocantins e Xingu). Oswaldo tem feito transectos lineares para medir o efeito<br />
da exploração ma<strong>de</strong>ireira em diversas aves, incluindo P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris, Mitu<br />
tuberosa e Crax fasciolata.<br />
KAYCE CASNER (kaycecasner@planet-save.com) da Conservation International quer<br />
iniciar um programa <strong>de</strong> monitoram<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> crací<strong>de</strong>os na Reserva Natural C<strong>en</strong>tral no<br />
Suriname. As espécies que po<strong>de</strong>m ser alvos incluem P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope marail e Crax alector.<br />
LEONARDO ORDÓÑEZ DELGADO (arcoiris3@easynet.net.ec) e Fundación Ecológica<br />
Arcoiris estão interessados em começar um programa educacional para P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
barbata na região Loja do Parque Nacional <strong>de</strong> Podocarpus. O objetivo geral é fazer a<br />
cida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Loja se consci<strong>en</strong>tizar da importância <strong>de</strong>sta espécie nos An<strong>de</strong>s equatorianos.<br />
DAVID DIAZ (atoridf@yahoo.es) está atualm<strong>en</strong>te inv<strong>en</strong>toriando a avifauna na zona<br />
Achuar do Rio Pastaza, Equador. Ele está interessado em iniciar um programa para<br />
<strong>en</strong>contrar a última população <strong>de</strong> Crax globulosa na Amazônia equatoriana. Como<br />
primeiro passo, <strong>el</strong>e está compilando dados <strong>de</strong>sta espécie no Equador.<br />
KNUT EISERMANN (qawak<strong>en</strong>nes@hotmail.com) do PROEVAL-RAXMU na Guatemala<br />
tem coletado dados sobre P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>opina nigra em Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1997.<br />
6
Ele agora está interessado em começar um projeto formal <strong>de</strong> dois anos que <strong>de</strong>ve ser <strong>de</strong><br />
alcance nacional. Parametros a serem levantados incluem a distribuição <strong>de</strong> P. nigra na<br />
Guatemala, dieta, requisitos <strong>de</strong> habitat, isolam<strong>en</strong>to populacional e efeitos associados, e<br />
i<strong>de</strong>ntificação <strong>de</strong> locais prioritários para conservação na Guatemala.<br />
JEREMY FLANAGAN (proaves@mail.u<strong>de</strong>p.edu.pe) do ProAvesPeru conseguiu mais<br />
verbas da American Bird Conservancy para continuar seu trabalho com comunida<strong>de</strong>s<br />
na reserve <strong>de</strong> Laquipampa (Lambayeque), no noroeste do Peru, para preservar<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope albip<strong>en</strong>nis e P. Barbata, com a intuição <strong>de</strong> tornar esta área uma área oficial e<br />
perman<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te protegida. Além disso, ProAvesPeru está consolidando a<br />
conservação <strong>de</strong> dois locais na província <strong>de</strong> Ayabaca (Piura) com fundos da Garfi<strong>el</strong>d<br />
Foundation e World Parks. Os resultados da ProAvesPeru patrocinaram a expedição<br />
Tumbes 2003 na Zona Reservada <strong>de</strong> Tumbes, Parque Nacional Cerros <strong>de</strong> Amotape e<br />
Coto <strong>de</strong> Caza El Angolo que falharam em <strong>en</strong>contrar P. albip<strong>en</strong>nis no que era<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rada sua área original <strong>de</strong> distribuição histórica.<br />
FERNANDO GONZALEZ-GARCIA (gonzalef@ecologia.edu.mx) continua seu trabalho<br />
com Oreophasis <strong>de</strong>rbianus na reserva El Triunfo, México. Ele foi rec<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te<br />
convidado p<strong>el</strong>o Zoo Nacional La Aurora da Guatemala para ser supervisor do programa<br />
<strong>de</strong> reprodução em cativeiro <strong>de</strong>sta espécie no zoo.<br />
JUAN DAVID GONZALEZ (juanbio@hotmail.com) da Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia,<br />
Colômbia, está estudando o status <strong>de</strong> Crax alberti em fragm<strong>en</strong>tos florestais no nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
da Colômbia. Especificam<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>el</strong>e quer estimar o status populacional <strong>de</strong> C. alberti nos<br />
municípios <strong>de</strong> Anorí, Maceo e Remedios. No mais, o projeto objetiva levantar o uso <strong>de</strong><br />
habitat <strong>de</strong> Crax alberti.<br />
BENNETT HENNESSEY (tangara@unete.com) da ARMONIA retornou rec<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong><br />
uma viajem em Junho ao longo do Rio B<strong>en</strong>i a partir <strong>de</strong> Rur<strong>en</strong>abaque até Carm<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Emero, visitando cinco comunida<strong>de</strong>s indíg<strong>en</strong>as Tacana. B<strong>en</strong>nett fez apres<strong>en</strong>tações em<br />
cada uma <strong>de</strong>las sobre o status <strong>de</strong> Crax globulosa na Bolívia, e ouve discussões com os<br />
<strong>grupo</strong>s focando possibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> conservação. Os resultados foram positivos, indo <strong>de</strong><br />
uma moratória <strong>de</strong> caça <strong>de</strong> 10 anos até como lidar com <strong>grupo</strong>s <strong>de</strong> exploração ma<strong>de</strong>ireira<br />
e estab<strong>el</strong>icim<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> guarda florestal. Camisetas mostrando C. globulosa (<strong>de</strong>s<strong>en</strong>hadas<br />
por Peter Burke) foram distribuídas para estas comunida<strong>de</strong>s. Este trabalho foi apoiado<br />
p<strong>el</strong>a Socieda<strong>de</strong> Zoológica <strong>de</strong> Chicago.<br />
IVÁN JIMÉNEZ (ij54a@stu<strong>de</strong>ntmail.umsl.edu) da University of Missouri - St. Louis<br />
completou seu trabalho <strong>de</strong> campo na Cocha Cashu, Peru para sua dissertação. Ele<br />
estudou o comportam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> forrageio e uso <strong>de</strong> habitat <strong>de</strong> Mitu tuberosa, e<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>en</strong>volveu métodos para rec<strong>en</strong>sear mutuns acuradam<strong>en</strong>te. No mais, parte da<br />
dissertação <strong>de</strong>le irá <strong>de</strong>s<strong>en</strong>volver mo<strong>de</strong>los ecológicos para <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r a distribuição <strong>de</strong><br />
mutuns. Os objetivos específicos são: 1) mo<strong>de</strong>lar a distribuição das 14 espécies<br />
reconhecidas <strong>de</strong> mutuns para levanter hipóteses biogeográficas, 2) testar predições<br />
geográficas <strong>de</strong> competição <strong>en</strong>tre pares <strong>de</strong> espécies cong<strong>en</strong>éricas que se acreditam ser<br />
parapátricas, e 3) estimar mudanças na área <strong>de</strong> distribuição geográfica causada por<br />
rec<strong>en</strong>te alteração antropog<strong>en</strong>ica na vegetação original. Este trabalho é financiado p<strong>el</strong>o<br />
Zoológico <strong>de</strong> St. Louis.<br />
ANA MARÍA MAMANI FALDÍN (anamfaldin@hotmail.com) está iniciando um projeto<br />
para comparar a <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> e comportam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata em áreas naturais<br />
7
versos alteradas por tubulação <strong>de</strong> transporte <strong>de</strong> gás e agricultura. Transectos serão<br />
feitos <strong>de</strong> Tramo, na Bolívia ao Rio Gran<strong>de</strong>, no Brazil. Os tratam<strong>en</strong>tos serão: 1)<br />
n<strong>en</strong>huma alteração, 2) tubulações <strong>de</strong> gás e áreas agrícolas, e 3) tubulações <strong>de</strong> gás.<br />
Além disso, uso e prefer<strong>en</strong>cial <strong>de</strong> habitat serão <strong>de</strong>scritos para C. fasciolata, e procura<br />
<strong>de</strong> ninhos serão realizadas durante a estação <strong>de</strong> acasalam<strong>en</strong>to.<br />
JOSE MANUEL OCHOA (paujil2@hotmail.com) e ISABEL MELO VÁSQUEZ da<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia estão faz<strong>en</strong>do um levantam<strong>en</strong>to do impacto da caça <strong>de</strong><br />
subsistência e perda <strong>de</strong> habitat <strong>de</strong> Crax alberti nos municípios <strong>de</strong> Anorí, Maceo-Puerto<br />
Berrío e Remedios, nor<strong>de</strong>ste <strong>de</strong> Antioquia, Colômbia. Os objetivos incluem: 1) assessar<br />
os aspectos econômicos e sociais das pessoas, 2) avaliar o grau <strong>de</strong> ameaça <strong>de</strong> C.<br />
alberti por caça, 3) avaliar a perda <strong>de</strong> habitat na região por comparações com imag<strong>en</strong>s<br />
<strong>de</strong> satélite, e 4) propor medidas <strong>de</strong> conservação para C. alberti.<br />
MARCO TULIO PÉREZ (fontalvo52@hotmail.com) da Universidad <strong>de</strong>l Atlántico,<br />
Colômbia completou um estudo breve na região <strong>de</strong> Besotes na Sierra Nevada<br />
Comlombiana. Ele amostrou esta região em janeiro <strong>de</strong> 2003, que é uma área <strong>de</strong><br />
importância ornitológica <strong>de</strong> acordo com a Birdlife. Crací<strong>de</strong>os observados foram Crax<br />
alberti, P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope argyrotis e Ortalis garrula.<br />
ADRIAN NAVEDA-RODRIGUEZ (adrian.naveda@cantv.net) da EarthMatters está<br />
interessado em estab<strong>el</strong>ecer um projeto para assessar a história natural e ameaças para<br />
Pauxi pauxi na V<strong>en</strong>ezu<strong>el</strong>a. Ele tem resultados pr<strong>el</strong>iminares <strong>de</strong> trabalho <strong>de</strong> campo e<br />
inf<strong>el</strong>izm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong>controu evidências <strong>de</strong> tráfico ilegal <strong>de</strong> Pauxi na região.<br />
STUART STRAHL (ststrahl@brookfi<strong>el</strong>dzoo.org), Presi<strong>de</strong>nte Fundador e Emérito do<br />
Grupo Especialista <strong>de</strong> Crací<strong>de</strong>os foi nomeado diretor do Zoológico <strong>de</strong> Brookfi<strong>el</strong>d e<br />
Presi<strong>de</strong>nte da Socieda<strong>de</strong> Zoológica <strong>de</strong> Chicago. F<strong>el</strong>icitações Stu!!<br />
BEATRIZ TORRES (BTorres@gbif.org) do Museum <strong>de</strong> Zoologia da University of<br />
Cop<strong>en</strong>hag<strong>en</strong>, anunciou uma exibição especial neste museu sobre biodiversida<strong>de</strong>. O<br />
mutum <strong>de</strong> Salvin (Mitu salvini), cujo espécimem tipo está <strong>de</strong>positado neste museum, é<br />
parte <strong>de</strong>sta exibição e será mostrado juntam<strong>en</strong>te com informações <strong>de</strong> campo,<br />
<strong>de</strong>s<strong>en</strong>hos, distribuição geográfica, comportam<strong>en</strong>to, ecologia e status <strong>de</strong> conservação.<br />
Compon<strong>en</strong>tes interativos incluindo sonogramas e sequ<strong>en</strong>ciam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> g<strong>en</strong>es, e pinturas<br />
originais em óleo feito por Nig<strong>el</strong> Hughes também serão exibidas.<br />
INÉS VIELMAN (inygo@amigo.net.gt) da Universida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>l Valle <strong>de</strong> Guatemala está<br />
trabalhando atualm<strong>en</strong>te na sua dissertação para assessar a sust<strong>en</strong>tabilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> caça no<br />
Parque Nacional Tikal, Guatemala. Especificam<strong>en</strong>te, serão aplicados mo<strong>de</strong>los para<br />
estimar a taxa sust<strong>en</strong>táv<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong> uso <strong>de</strong> Crax rubra e P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s.<br />
CARLOS YAMASHITA (cyama@nethall.com.br) r<strong>el</strong>ata que em Julho <strong>de</strong> 2002, visitou o Rio<br />
Iriri (um tributário do Rio Xingu), no c<strong>en</strong>tro-sudoeste do estado do Pará, Brasil. Ele indica<br />
haver uma população <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata em boas condições na floresta <strong>de</strong>cídua, assim<br />
como também <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope pileata, que po<strong>de</strong>m constituir o llimite oeste da distribuição da<br />
espécie.<br />
NEWS FROM AROUND THE WORLD<br />
8
HUGO ARANIBAR (hugoo@bioci<strong>en</strong>cias.org), of the University Mayor <strong>de</strong> San Andres,<br />
has be<strong>en</strong> surveying Cracids in Madidi and Apolobamba protected areas of Bolivia,<br />
betwe<strong>en</strong> 1500 – 3500 m in partial requisites for his thesis. To date, the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of<br />
Sickle-winged Guan (Chamaepetes goudotii), Spix’s Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope jacquacu), Bluethroated<br />
Piping Guan (Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis), and Speckled Chachalaca (Ortalis guttata),<br />
have be<strong>en</strong> confirmed, with the possibility of Razor-billed Curassow (Mitu tuberosa)<br />
occurring as w<strong>el</strong>l. This project is being supervised of ROB and LILLIAN WALLACE of<br />
WCS.<br />
SARA BENNETT (sara_e_b<strong>en</strong>nett@hotmail.com) of the Humboldt Foundation is<br />
continuing her cutting-edge work in the southern Colombian Amazon on Wattled<br />
Curassows (Crax globulosa). The work involves empowering local communities to h<strong>el</strong>p<br />
study these rare birds, thus creating more interest by the same communities in<br />
conserving these rare birds into the long-term. This project is supported by the<br />
Columbus Zoo and Disney.<br />
SOPHIE CALMÉ (sophiec@prodigy.net.mx) of El Colegio <strong>de</strong> la Frontera Sur is<br />
interested in <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>oping predictive occurr<strong>en</strong>ce mo<strong>de</strong>ls for Great Curassow (Crax rubra)<br />
and Crested Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s) in the Yucatan P<strong>en</strong>insula. The mo<strong>de</strong>l will<br />
compare vegetation cover, landscape metrics and human population <strong>de</strong>nsity in 1980<br />
versus 2000. Other data collected with interviews inclu<strong>de</strong> maximum group size, distance<br />
observed, habitat type, season, and r<strong>el</strong>ative rarity for intervals of 5, 10 and 20 years ago.<br />
CAIO JOSE CARLOS (cajoca@uol.com.br), of the Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral do Pará and<br />
Museu Para<strong>en</strong>se Emílio Go<strong>el</strong>di, has finished the pioneer work on White-browed Guan<br />
(P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope jacucaca), a Brazilian <strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>mic. He wants to further investigate distribution<br />
and curr<strong>en</strong>t status by doing an exhaustive search of the literature and all known museum<br />
specim<strong>en</strong>s. This will be followed up by ground-truthing surveys in Pernambuco, Alagoas<br />
and Paraíba states, Brazil.<br />
OSWALDO DE CARVALHO JR (oswaldo@amazon.com.br) of IPAM (Environm<strong>en</strong>tal<br />
Research Institute of Amazonia) is monitoring sites pre- and post-logging in eastern<br />
Amazonia (2 sites in eastern Tocantins River, and one betwe<strong>en</strong> Tocantins and Xingu<br />
Rivers). Oswaldo is walking line transects to measure the effects of logging on game<br />
species, including Rusty-margined Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris), Razor-billed<br />
Curassow (Mitu tuberosa) and Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata).<br />
KAYCE CASNER (kaycecasner@planet-save.com) of Conservation International is<br />
interested in initiating a program to monitor Cracids in the C<strong>en</strong>tral Suriname Nature<br />
Reserve as part of a larger program. Species that can be targeted inclu<strong>de</strong> Marail Guan<br />
(P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope marail) and Black Curassow (Crax alector).<br />
LEONARDO ORDÓÑEZ DELGADO (arcoiris3@easynet.net.ec) or Fundación Ecológica<br />
Arcoiris is interested in starting an Educational Campaign for the Bear<strong>de</strong>d Guan<br />
(P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope barbata) in the Loja region of Podocarpus National Park. The g<strong>en</strong>eral<br />
objective is to make the city of Loja aware of the importance of the Bear<strong>de</strong>d Guan in the<br />
southern Ecuadorian An<strong>de</strong>s.<br />
DAVID DIAZ (atoridf@yahoo.es) is curr<strong>en</strong>tly inv<strong>en</strong>torying avifauna in the Achuar zone of<br />
Rio Pastaza, Ecuador. He is interested in initiating a survey to find the last populations<br />
of Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa) in Amazonian Ecuador. As a first step he is<br />
9
curr<strong>en</strong>tly in the process of compiling all records of this species in Ecuador, which can be<br />
re-visited during the formal survey.<br />
KNUT EISERMANN (qawak<strong>en</strong>nes@hotmail.com) of PROEVAL-RAXMU in Guatemala<br />
has be<strong>en</strong> collecting data on the Highland Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>opina nigra) at Alta Verapaz,<br />
Guatemala, since 1997. He is now interested in beginning a more formal project that will<br />
last two years, and be country-wi<strong>de</strong> in scope. Parameters to be addressed inclu<strong>de</strong><br />
distribution of P. nigra in Guatemala, home range, diet, habitat requisites, population<br />
isolation frequ<strong>en</strong>cy and associated effects, and priority sites for conservation in<br />
Guatemala.<br />
JEREMY FLANAGAN (proaves@mail.u<strong>de</strong>p.edu.pe) of ProAvesPeru has received<br />
further funding from the American Bird Conservancy to continue his community-lev<strong>el</strong><br />
work at the Laquipampa Reserve Zone (Lambayeque), NW Peru on the White-winged<br />
Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope albip<strong>en</strong>nis) and the Bear<strong>de</strong>d Guan (P. barbata), which will hopefully<br />
result in the perm<strong>en</strong>ant re<strong>de</strong>signation of this area to an official protected area category.<br />
Moreover ProAvesPeru is consolidating the conservation of two sites for the Bear<strong>de</strong>d<br />
Guan in Ayabaca Province (Piura) with funding from the Garfi<strong>el</strong>d Foundation and World<br />
Parks. Results from the ProAvesPeru patroned Tumbes 2003 Expedition in the Zona<br />
Reservada <strong>de</strong> Tumbes, Parque Nacional Cerros <strong>de</strong> Amotape and the Coto <strong>de</strong> Caza El<br />
Angolo failed to find any evi<strong>de</strong>nce of the White-winged Guan within what is consi<strong>de</strong>red<br />
to be its historical distribution.<br />
FERNANDO GONZALEZ-GARCIA (gonzalef@ecologia.edu.mx) is continuing his longterm<br />
ongoing study of Horned Guans (Oreophasis <strong>de</strong>rbianus) in El Triunfo Reserve,<br />
Mexico. Rec<strong>en</strong>tly he was invited by La Aurora National Zoo in Guatemala to be an<br />
advisor on the Horned Guan captive breeding program at the Zoo.<br />
JUAN DAVID GONZALEZ (juanbio@hotmail.com) of Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia,<br />
Colombia, is studying status of the Blue-billed Curassow (Crax alberti) in forest<br />
fragm<strong>en</strong>ts in northeastern Colombia. Specifically, Gonzalez wants to estimate C. alberti<br />
population status in the municipalities of Anorí, Maceo and Remedios, all in Antioquia,<br />
Colombia. Additionally, the project aims to assess habitat use of Crax alberti.<br />
BENNETT HENNESSEY (tangara@unete.com) of ARMONIA rec<strong>en</strong>tly returned from a<br />
trip in late June, trav<strong>el</strong>ing along the lower Rio B<strong>en</strong>i from Rur<strong>en</strong>abaque to Carm<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Emero, to visit five Tacana Indig<strong>en</strong>ous communities. B<strong>en</strong>nett gave a pres<strong>en</strong>tation to<br />
each community on pres<strong>en</strong>t status of the Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa) in Bolivia,<br />
and th<strong>en</strong> follow-up discussion by the whole group focused on conservation possibilities.<br />
The outcomes of the conversations were quite positive, ranging from 10 year hunting<br />
moratoriums, to how to <strong>de</strong>al with ‘logger gangs’, to establishing forest guards. T-shirts<br />
featuring Watlled Curassow (artwork by Peter Burke) were provi<strong>de</strong>d to the community<br />
members as w<strong>el</strong>l. This work was supported by the Chicago Zoological Society.<br />
IVÁN JIMÉNEZ (ij54a@stu<strong>de</strong>ntmail.umsl.edu) of the University of Missouri - St. Louis<br />
has completed his fi<strong>el</strong>dwork in Cocha Cashu, Peru for his dissertation. He is studying<br />
foraging behavior and habitat use of Razor-billed Curassows (Mitu tuberosa), and<br />
<strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>oping methods to accurat<strong>el</strong>y c<strong>en</strong>cus curassows. Additionally, part of Ivan’s<br />
dissertation will <strong>en</strong>tail ecological mo<strong>de</strong>ling to un<strong>de</strong>rstand Curassow distributions.<br />
Specific objectives are: 1) to mo<strong>de</strong>l the distributions of the 14 recognized curassow<br />
species to address basic biogeographical hypotheses, 2) test geographical predictions of<br />
10
competitive r<strong>el</strong>ease and competitive exclusion for cong<strong>en</strong>eric species pairs that are<br />
thought to be parapatric, and 3) to estimate the change in the area of the geographic<br />
distributions caused by rec<strong>en</strong>t anthropog<strong>en</strong>ic alteration of original vegetation. Ivan’s<br />
work is being fun<strong>de</strong>d by the St. Louis Zoo.<br />
ANA MARÍA MAMANI FALDÍN (anamfaldin@hotmail.com) is intiating a project to<br />
compare <strong>de</strong>nsity and behavior of Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) in natural areas<br />
versus sites alterated by gas pip<strong>el</strong>ine and agrarian cultivation. Transects will be walked<br />
along three treatm<strong>en</strong>ts from Tramo, Bolivia to Río Gran<strong>de</strong>, Brazil. The treatm<strong>en</strong>ts are:<br />
1) no alteration, 2) gas pip<strong>el</strong>ine and agrarian cultivation, and 3) only gas pip<strong>el</strong>ine.<br />
Additionally habitat use and prefer<strong>en</strong>ce will be <strong>de</strong>scribed for C. fasciolata, and nest<br />
searches will take place during the breeding season.<br />
JOSE MANUEL OCHOA (paujil2@hotmail.com) and ISABEL MELO VÁSQUEZ of the<br />
Universidad <strong>de</strong> Antioquia are assessing the impact of subsist<strong>en</strong>ce hunting and habitat<br />
loss of Blue-billed Curassow (Crax alberti), in the municipalities of Anorí, Maceo-Puerto<br />
Berrío and Remedios, northeastern of Antioquia, Colombia. Specific objectives inclu<strong>de</strong>:<br />
1) Assessm<strong>en</strong>t of the economic and social aspects of people, 2) Evaluate the threat of<br />
hunting to C. alberti, 3) Evaluate habitat loss in the region by comparing sat<strong>el</strong>lite images,<br />
and 4) Propose conservation measures that promote conservation of C. alberti.<br />
MARCO TULIO PÉREZ (fontalvo52@hotmail.com) of Universidad <strong>de</strong>l Atlántico,<br />
Colombia completed a brief survey of the Besotes region of the Colombian Sierra<br />
Nevada of the Santa Marta range. He surveyed this region in early January 2003, which<br />
is consi<strong>de</strong>red an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Birdlife. Cracids observed and <strong>de</strong>signated<br />
for future study at the site inclu<strong>de</strong> the Blue-billed Curassow (Crax alberti), Band-tailed<br />
Guan P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope argyrotis) and Chestnut-winged Chachalaca (Ortalis garrula).<br />
ADRIAN NAVEDA-RODRIGUEZ (adrian.naveda@cantv.net) of EarthMatters is<br />
interested in establishing a project to assess natural history and threats to the Northern<br />
H<strong>el</strong>meted Curassow (Pauxi pauxi) in V<strong>en</strong>ezu<strong>el</strong>a. He has already done some pr<strong>el</strong>iminary<br />
fi<strong>el</strong>dwork, and unfortunat<strong>el</strong>y has found evi<strong>de</strong>nce of active poaching of Pauxi in the<br />
region.<br />
STUART STRAHL (ststrahl@brookfi<strong>el</strong>dzoo.org ), Founding and Emeritus Chairman of<br />
the Cracid Specialist Group, has be<strong>en</strong> named Director of Brookfi<strong>el</strong>d Zoo and Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
of the Chicago Zoological Society. Congratulations Stu!!<br />
BEATRIZ TORRES (BTorres@gbif.org) of the Zoological Museum of the University of<br />
Cop<strong>en</strong>hag<strong>en</strong>, announced a special exhibit they are doing at that museum. The exhibit<br />
<strong>de</strong>als with Biodiversity, but will feature the type specim<strong>en</strong> of Salvin’s Curassow (Mitu<br />
salvini), which is housed in Cop<strong>en</strong>hag<strong>en</strong>. The mounted specim<strong>en</strong> will be supplem<strong>en</strong>ted<br />
with fi<strong>el</strong>d notes, sketches, plus information about the species distribution, behavior,<br />
ecology, and conservation status. Interactive compon<strong>en</strong>ts inclu<strong>de</strong> sonograms and g<strong>en</strong>e<br />
sequ<strong>en</strong>cing, and original oil paintings by artist Nig<strong>el</strong> Hughes are featured as w<strong>el</strong>l.<br />
INÉS VIELMAN (inygo@amigo.net.gt) of the Universida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>l Valle <strong>de</strong> Guatemala is<br />
curr<strong>en</strong>tly working on his dissertation, that will assess sustainability of hunting in Tikal<br />
National Park, Guatemala. Specifically, he is applying logistic mo<strong>de</strong>ls for estimating the<br />
recomm<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d harvest rates for Great Curassow (Crax rubra) and Crested Guan<br />
(P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s).<br />
11
CARLOS YAMASHITA (cyama@nethall.com.br) reports that in July 2002 he visited the Iriri<br />
River (a tributary of the Xingu River), in c<strong>en</strong>tral-southwest Para state, Brazil. Carlos reports<br />
a good population of Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) in <strong>de</strong>ciduous forest, and also<br />
observed White-crested Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope pileata), which may constitute a western limit for<br />
the species.<br />
ARTICULOS<br />
ARTIGOS<br />
ARTICLES<br />
DESCRIPCIÓN Y COMPARACIÓN CARIOTÍPICA DE Crax fasciolata y P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
obscura (AVES:CRACIDAE)<br />
Mario Áng<strong>el</strong> Le<strong>de</strong>sma+ Analía <strong>de</strong>l Valle Garnera* y Ricardo José Gunski+<br />
+Laboratorio <strong>de</strong> Citog<strong>en</strong>ética <strong>de</strong> Aves, Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> G<strong>en</strong>ética, Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ci<strong>en</strong>cias<br />
Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional <strong>de</strong> Misiones, Félix <strong>de</strong> Azara 1552,<br />
6º piso, CP 3300, Posadas, Misiones, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina - mle<strong>de</strong>sma@fceqyn.unam.edu.ar<br />
*Cs. Biológicas, Univ. Fe<strong>de</strong>ral do Tocantins, CEP 77500-000, Pto. Nacional, Tocantins,<br />
Brasil<br />
RESUMEN - A través <strong>de</strong> técnicas citog<strong>en</strong>éticas se analizaron los cariotipos <strong>de</strong> Crax<br />
fasciolata y P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura. Muestras <strong>de</strong> sangre <strong>de</strong> 2 machos y 4 hembras <strong>de</strong> C.<br />
fasciolata fueron obt<strong>en</strong>idas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Parque Zoológico <strong>de</strong> la Ciudad <strong>de</strong> Goiânia, Brasil y<br />
muestras <strong>de</strong> un macho y una hembra <strong>de</strong> P. obscura fueron tomadas <strong>en</strong> la Estación<br />
Zoológica Experim<strong>en</strong>tal, <strong>de</strong> la Ciudad <strong>de</strong> Santa Fé, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. Para la obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong><br />
metafases se utilizó cultivo <strong>de</strong> linfocitos <strong>de</strong> sangre periférica. El análisis citog<strong>en</strong>ético fue<br />
realizado a través <strong>de</strong> técnicas <strong>de</strong> tinción conv<strong>en</strong>cional y difer<strong>en</strong>cial <strong>en</strong> forma secu<strong>en</strong>cial<br />
(Giemsa–Ban<strong>de</strong>o C). El número cromosómico <strong>de</strong> ambas especies fue obt<strong>en</strong>ido a partir<br />
<strong>de</strong>l análisis <strong>de</strong> 30 metafases. C. fasciolata con 2n = 88 cromosomas, los pares 1 y 2 son<br />
submetacéntricos y a partir <strong>de</strong>l par 3 todos son t<strong>el</strong>océntricos, <strong>el</strong> cromosoma Z es<br />
submetacéntrico y <strong>el</strong> W acrocéntrico pequeño. P. obscura, con 2n = 78 cromosomas, los<br />
pares 1 y 2 son submetacéntricos y los restantes son t<strong>el</strong>océntricos, <strong>el</strong> cromosoma Z es<br />
submetacéntrico y <strong>el</strong> W es acrocéntrico pequeño. A partir <strong>de</strong>l ban<strong>de</strong>o C se observó que<br />
12
<strong>en</strong> ambas especies <strong>el</strong> cromosoma sexual W es totalm<strong>en</strong>te heterocromático y <strong>el</strong><br />
cromosoma sexual Z reacciona <strong>de</strong> manera positiva <strong>en</strong> la región c<strong>en</strong>tromérica. Las<br />
r<strong>el</strong>aciones <strong>en</strong>tre nuestros resultados y estudios realizados <strong>en</strong> otras especies <strong>de</strong><br />
Crácidos, indicarían que <strong>en</strong> esta familia <strong>el</strong> cariotipo es altam<strong>en</strong>te conservado y que<br />
posiblem<strong>en</strong>te se mantuvo sin modificaciones significativas a lo largo <strong>de</strong> su historia<br />
evolutiva.<br />
INTRODUCCION<br />
El or<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong> los Galliformes está formado por dos superfamilias: por un lado Cracoi<strong>de</strong>a,<br />
don<strong>de</strong> se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran los muitú, yacutingas y pavas <strong>de</strong> monte <strong>en</strong>tre otras (Familia<br />
Cracidae), los megapódidos Australianos (Familia Megapodidae); y por otro lado la<br />
superfamilia Phasianoi<strong>de</strong>a, don<strong>de</strong> se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran las familias Phasianidae,<br />
M<strong>el</strong>eagrididae, Numididae y Tetraonidae (Stock and Bunch 1982).<br />
La familia Cracidae esta compuesta por 11 géneros, 50 especies y 63 subespecies<br />
(Brooks and Strahl 2000). Esta pres<strong>en</strong>ta una alta diversidad <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> noroeste <strong>de</strong> América<br />
<strong>de</strong>l Sur y se distribuye a lo largo <strong>de</strong> América Tropical, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> sur <strong>de</strong> Texas <strong>en</strong> los<br />
Estados Unidos hasta <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>lta <strong>de</strong>l Paraná <strong>de</strong> Arg<strong>en</strong>tina C<strong>en</strong>tral y Uruguay (Brooks and<br />
Strahl 2000).<br />
Los primeros estudios cariotípicos <strong>en</strong> aves datan <strong>de</strong>l año 1902 (Guyer 1902). Des<strong>de</strong> la<br />
realización <strong>de</strong> este trabajo y hasta la década <strong>de</strong> 1950, se llevaron a cabo escasos<br />
trabajos <strong>en</strong> citog<strong>en</strong>ética don<strong>de</strong> se estudiaron unas 107 especies <strong>de</strong> aves (De Lucca and<br />
Rocha 1992). Poco m<strong>en</strong>os <strong>de</strong>l 12% <strong>de</strong> las aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 9020 especies <strong>de</strong> aves<br />
conocidas, han sido objeto <strong>de</strong> estudios citog<strong>en</strong>éticos (Gunski 1992).<br />
El cariotipo patrón propuesto para la Clase Aves consta <strong>de</strong> un número diploi<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> 80<br />
cromosomas, con 8 pares <strong>de</strong> macrocromosomas y 32 pares <strong>de</strong> microcromosomas<br />
(Teg<strong>el</strong>ström et al. 1983). La división <strong>de</strong> los cromosomas <strong>en</strong> macro y microcromosomas<br />
es arbitraria (Shoffner 1974); sin embargo, por cons<strong>en</strong>so se consi<strong>de</strong>ra microcromosoma<br />
a todo aqu<strong>el</strong> cuya longitud sea m<strong>en</strong>or a una micra (De Lucca and Rocha 1992).<br />
En las aves, los machos que son homogaméticos, pres<strong>en</strong>tan dos cromosomas sexuales<br />
homólogos <strong>de</strong> igual tamaño y morfología y las hembras repres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>el</strong> sexo<br />
heterogamético. La simbología utilizada <strong>en</strong> este caso es ZZ/ZW (Nieto 1996).<br />
Son escasos los datos citog<strong>en</strong>éticos <strong>de</strong> la familia Cracidae y hasta la actualidad han<br />
sido analizadas solam<strong>en</strong>te 8 <strong>de</strong> las 50 especies que la compon<strong>en</strong>: P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
superciliaris 2n=76 (Aguiar 1968), P. jacquacu 2n=80 (Sasaki et al. 1982), Mitu tuberosa<br />
2n=82 (Beçak et al. 1971, Takagi and Sasaki 1974), Ortalis canicollis 2n=82 (B<strong>el</strong>terman<br />
and De Boer 1984), Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis grayi 2n=76, P. c. cuman<strong>en</strong>sis 2n=84 y P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
purpuresc<strong>en</strong>s 2n=78 (B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer 1990), Mitu mitu 2n=110 (Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993).<br />
Con finalidad <strong>de</strong> aportar nuevas informaciones sobre la cariología <strong>de</strong> esta familia, <strong>el</strong><br />
objetivo <strong>de</strong>l pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo fue <strong>de</strong>terminar <strong>el</strong> número cromosómico y establecer los<br />
patrones <strong>de</strong> ban<strong>de</strong>o C <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata y P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura.<br />
MATERIAL Y METODOS<br />
13
Muestras <strong>de</strong> sangre <strong>de</strong> dos machos y cuatro hembras <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata, fueron<br />
obt<strong>en</strong>idas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Zoológico <strong>de</strong> la Ciudad <strong>de</strong> Goiânia, Goiâs, Brasil y muestras <strong>de</strong> un<br />
macho y <strong>de</strong> una hembra <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura fueron tomadas <strong>en</strong> la Estación Zoológica<br />
Experim<strong>en</strong>tal, <strong>de</strong> la Ciudad <strong>de</strong> Santa Fé, Santa Fé, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. Para la obt<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong><br />
cromosomas mitóticos, se utilizó cultivo <strong>de</strong> linfocitos <strong>de</strong> sangre periférica, <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a<br />
la técnica <strong>de</strong> Moorhead et al. (1960) con modificaciones (Gunski 1992). Los cultivos<br />
fueron realizados <strong>en</strong> medio RPMI 1640 con HEPES (Gibco) adicionado con un 20% <strong>de</strong><br />
Suero Fetal Bovino y 0,4 ml. <strong>de</strong> Fitohemaglutinina, incubados por 72 hs. a 37Cº. En la<br />
última hora <strong>de</strong> incubación se agregaron dos gotas <strong>de</strong> solución <strong>de</strong> colchicina al 0,05%.<br />
La técnica <strong>de</strong> Ban<strong>de</strong>o C se realizó sigui<strong>en</strong>do <strong>el</strong> protocolo <strong>de</strong> Sumner (1972). Los<br />
cariotipos fueron or<strong>de</strong>nados <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a la clasificación <strong>de</strong> Levan et al. (1964).<br />
RESULTADOS<br />
En <strong>el</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>te trabajo se <strong>de</strong>scrib<strong>en</strong> por primera vez los cariotipos <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata y<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura. Ambas especies pres<strong>en</strong>taron morfología cromosómica semejante,<br />
difiri<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> número cromosómico, difer<strong>en</strong>cia restricta a los microcromosomas. C.<br />
fasciolata, pres<strong>en</strong>tó 2n = 88 y P. obscura, 2n = 78. Se observaron cinco pares <strong>de</strong><br />
macrocromosomas, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong>l par sexual, don<strong>de</strong> los dos primeros pares son<br />
submetacéntricos y a partir <strong>de</strong>l tercero t<strong>el</strong>océntricos (Figs.1 y 2).<br />
En r<strong>el</strong>ación a los cromosomas sexuales, <strong>el</strong> cromosoma Z es submetacéntrico y se<br />
correspon<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong> tamaño al cuarto par <strong>de</strong>l complem<strong>en</strong>to autosómico, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que <strong>el</strong><br />
cromosoma W es t<strong>el</strong>océntrico y su tamaño correspon<strong>de</strong> aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te al nov<strong>en</strong>o<br />
par <strong>de</strong>l complem<strong>en</strong>to autosómico (Fig. 1 y 2).<br />
Los resultados obt<strong>en</strong>idos a partir <strong>de</strong>l ban<strong>de</strong>o C para ambas especies mostraron al<br />
cromosoma W completam<strong>en</strong>te heterocromático y <strong>el</strong> cromosoma sexual Z reaccionó <strong>de</strong><br />
manera positiva solam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> su región c<strong>en</strong>tromérica, también se observaron<br />
marcaciones c<strong>en</strong>troméricas <strong>en</strong> los restantes cromosomas. (Figs.3a y 3b).<br />
DISCUSION<br />
El cariotipo ancestral <strong>de</strong> los Galliformes probablem<strong>en</strong>te incluyó 5 pares <strong>de</strong><br />
macrocromosomas don<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> primer par estaría formado por un cromosoma<br />
submetacéntrico, <strong>el</strong> par dos <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>or tamaño también submetacéntrico, los pares tres,<br />
cuatro y cinco t<strong>el</strong>océntricos <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>or tamaño. El cromosoma Z pres<strong>en</strong>taría morfología<br />
t<strong>el</strong>océntrica, <strong>de</strong> tamaño parecido al par cuatro y los restantes cromosomas serían todos<br />
t<strong>el</strong>océntricos pequeños, conformando un número diploi<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 80<br />
cromosomas. De acuerdo a este mo<strong>de</strong>lo <strong>de</strong> cariotipo ancestral, se <strong>de</strong>duce que los<br />
Crácidos sufrieron pocas modificaciones <strong>en</strong> su formación cariotípica, a excepción <strong>de</strong>l<br />
cromosoma sexual Z, <strong>de</strong> morfología submetacéntrica, que podría ser <strong>de</strong>rivado <strong>de</strong>l Z<br />
t<strong>el</strong>océntrico <strong>de</strong> los Megápodos y que se habría formado a partir <strong>de</strong> una inversión<br />
pericéntrica, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que los cromosomas Z <strong>de</strong> los restantes Galliformes podrían ser<br />
<strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l Z submetacéntrico <strong>de</strong> los Crácidos y Numídidos por medio <strong>de</strong> inversiones<br />
y adiciones <strong>de</strong> material heterocromático (B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer 1984).<br />
Comparando estos resultados con los obt<strong>en</strong>idos por otros autores para este <strong>grupo</strong><br />
(Sasaki et al. 1982, Aguiar 1968, Beçak et al. 1971, Takagi and Sasaki 1974, B<strong>el</strong>terman<br />
and De Boer 1984, B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer 1990, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993), se observa que <strong>en</strong> los<br />
Crácidos la morfología cromosómica se ha mant<strong>en</strong>ido constante, a difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> lo<br />
14
observado <strong>en</strong> estudios <strong>de</strong> otras especies <strong>de</strong> aves, don<strong>de</strong> las difer<strong>en</strong>cias morfológicas<br />
<strong>de</strong> sus macrocromosomas son muy evi<strong>de</strong>ntes.<br />
Sería interesante para un futuro inmediato, realizar estudios con técnicas más<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>rnas, tanto citog<strong>en</strong>éticas como moleculares, <strong>de</strong> todas las especies <strong>de</strong> Crácidos<br />
exist<strong>en</strong>tes, que aportarían un mejor conocimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la situación evolutiva <strong>de</strong> este<br />
<strong>grupo</strong>, cuyo estado <strong>de</strong> conservación actualm<strong>en</strong>te es consi<strong>de</strong>rado como vulnerable y con<br />
alto riesgo <strong>de</strong> extinción.<br />
DESCRIÇÃO E COMPARAÇÃO CARIOTÍPICA DE Crax fasciolata E P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
obscura (Aves:Cracidae)<br />
Mario Áng<strong>el</strong> Le<strong>de</strong>sma+ Analía <strong>de</strong>l Valle Garnera* y Ricardo José Gunski+<br />
+Laboratorio <strong>de</strong> Citog<strong>en</strong>ética <strong>de</strong> Aves, Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> G<strong>en</strong>ética, Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ci<strong>en</strong>cias<br />
Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional <strong>de</strong> Misiones, Félix <strong>de</strong> Azara 1552,<br />
6º piso, CP 3300, Posadas, Misiones, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina - mle<strong>de</strong>sma@fceqyn.unam.edu.ar<br />
*Cs. Biológicas, Univ. Fe<strong>de</strong>ral do Tocantins, CEP 77500-000, Pto. Nacional, Tocantins,<br />
Brasil<br />
RESUMO - Os cariótipos <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata e P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura foram analisados por<br />
meio <strong>de</strong> técnicas citog<strong>en</strong>éticas. Amostras do sangue <strong>de</strong> 2 machos e 4 fêmeas <strong>de</strong> C.<br />
fasciolata foram obtidas no Parque Zoológico da Cida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Goiânia, Brasil, e amostras<br />
<strong>de</strong> 1 macho e 1 fêmea <strong>de</strong> P. obscura foram tomadas na “Estación Zoológica<br />
Experim<strong>en</strong>tal” da cida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Santa Fé, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. Para a obt<strong>en</strong>ção <strong>de</strong> metáfases foi<br />
utilizada a técnica <strong>de</strong> cultura <strong>de</strong> linfócitos do sangue periférica. As analises<br />
citog<strong>en</strong>éticas foram realizadas mediante técnicas <strong>de</strong> tinção conv<strong>en</strong>cional e difer<strong>en</strong>cial<br />
<strong>de</strong> forma seqü<strong>en</strong>cial (Giemsa – Banda C). Para a <strong>de</strong>terminação do número diplói<strong>de</strong>,<br />
foram contaram 30 metáfases por exemplar. C. fasciolata apres<strong>en</strong>tou 2n=88<br />
cromossomos, on<strong>de</strong> os pares 1 e 2 são submetacêntricos e a partir do par 3 os<br />
cromossomos são todos t<strong>el</strong>ocêntricos, o cromossomo Z e submetacêntrico e o W<br />
acrocêntrico pequ<strong>en</strong>o. P. obscura, 2n=78 cromossomos, on<strong>de</strong> os pares 1 e 2 são<br />
submetacêntricos e os restantes são t<strong>el</strong>ocêntricos, o cromossomo Z è submetacêntrico<br />
e o W acrocêntrico pequ<strong>en</strong>o. Mediante o ban<strong>de</strong>am<strong>en</strong>to C foi possív<strong>el</strong> observar que nas<br />
duas espécies o cromossomo sexual W é totalm<strong>en</strong>te heterocromático e o cromossomo<br />
Z reage positivam<strong>en</strong>te na região c<strong>en</strong>tromérica. As r<strong>el</strong>ações <strong>en</strong>tre nossos resultados e os<br />
estudos realizados em outras espécies <strong>de</strong> Crací<strong>de</strong>os, indicam que nesta família o<br />
cariótipo é altam<strong>en</strong>te conservado e possiv<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te manteve-se sem modificações<br />
significativas ao longo da sua historia evolutiva.<br />
INTRODUÇÃO<br />
A or<strong>de</strong>m dos Galliformes esta formada por 2 superfamílias: Cracoi<strong>de</strong>a, on<strong>de</strong> são<br />
<strong>en</strong>contrados os mutuns, cujubins, jacup<strong>en</strong>ba (família Cracidae), além dos megapodidos<br />
Australianos (Família Megapodidae), e a superfamília Phasianoi<strong>de</strong>a, composta p<strong>el</strong>as<br />
famílias Phasianidae, M<strong>el</strong>eagrididae, Numididae e Tetraonidae (Stock and Bunch 1982).<br />
15
A família Cracidae está constituída por 11 gêneros, 50 espécies e 60 subespécies<br />
(Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993). No noroeste da América do Sul, esta família apres<strong>en</strong>ta uma <strong>el</strong>evada<br />
diversida<strong>de</strong>, e distribui-se ao longo <strong>de</strong> toda América tropical <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> o sul <strong>de</strong> Texas nos<br />
Estados Unidos até o <strong>de</strong>lta do Rio Paraná na Arg<strong>en</strong>tina e Uruguai. Os Crací<strong>de</strong>os são<br />
importantes na dispersão <strong>de</strong> sem<strong>en</strong>tes, cumprindo um pap<strong>el</strong> muito importante na<br />
conservação dos bosques tropicais (Brooks and Strahl 2000). Os mutuns são os<br />
<strong>en</strong>carregados da reg<strong>en</strong>eração das matas, dispersando as sem<strong>en</strong>tes e os pavões são<br />
principalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>predadores <strong>de</strong> sem<strong>en</strong>tes, colaborando com a manut<strong>en</strong>ção da<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> das populações vegetais (Brooks and Strahl 2000).<br />
Os primeiros estudos cariotípicos em Aves datam do ano 1902 feitos por Guyer e a<br />
partir da realização <strong>de</strong>ste trabalho até a década <strong>de</strong> 1950, foram feitos poucos trabalhos<br />
em citog<strong>en</strong>ética, que <strong>de</strong>screveram umas 107 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves (De Lucca and Rocha<br />
1992); e atualm<strong>en</strong>te m<strong>en</strong>os do 10% das aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te 9020 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves<br />
conhecidas, foram objeto <strong>de</strong> estudos citog<strong>en</strong>éticos (Gunski 1992).<br />
O cariótipo padrão proposto para a classe aves, consta <strong>de</strong> um número diplói<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> 80<br />
cromossomos, on<strong>de</strong> 8 pares são macrocromossomos e os 32 pares restantes são<br />
microcromossomos (Teg<strong>el</strong>ström et al. 1983). De acordo com Shoffner (1974) a<br />
separação dos cromossomos em macro e microcromossomos é arbitraria, mas, por<br />
cons<strong>en</strong>so e consi<strong>de</strong>rado microcromossomo a todo aqu<strong>el</strong>e cromossomo cuja longitu<strong>de</strong><br />
seja m<strong>en</strong>or <strong>de</strong> 1µ (DeLucca and Rocha 1992).<br />
Nas aves, os machos são homogaméticos, apres<strong>en</strong>tam 2 cromossomos sexuais<br />
homólogos do mesmo tamanho e morfologia, no <strong>en</strong>tanto que as fêmeas repres<strong>en</strong>tam o<br />
sexo heterogamético. A forma <strong>de</strong> repres<strong>en</strong>tar os cromossomos sexuais é mediante os<br />
símbolos ZZ e ZW (Nieto 1996).<br />
Os dados citog<strong>en</strong>éticos da família Cracidae são escassos, até a atualida<strong>de</strong> som<strong>en</strong>te<br />
foram analisadas 8 das 50 espécies que a compõem: P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris 2n=76<br />
(Aguiar 1968), P. jacquacu 2n=80 (Sasaki et al. 1982), Mitu tuberosa 2n=82 (Beçak et<br />
al. 1971, Takagi and Sasaki 1974), Ortalis canicollis 2n=82 (B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer<br />
1984), Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis grayi 2n=76, P. c. cuman<strong>en</strong>sis 2n=84 e P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
purpuresc<strong>en</strong>s 2n=78 (B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer 1990), Mitu mitu 2n=110 (Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993).<br />
Com a finalida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> aportar novas informações da cariologia <strong>de</strong>sta família o objetivo do<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>te trabalho foi <strong>de</strong>terminar o número cromossômico e estab<strong>el</strong>ecer os padrões <strong>de</strong><br />
ban<strong>de</strong>am<strong>en</strong>to C <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata e P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura.<br />
MATERIAL E METODOS<br />
Amostras do sangue <strong>de</strong> 3 machos e 4 fêmeas <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata, foram obtidas no<br />
Zoológico da cida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, e amostras <strong>de</strong> 1 macho e 1 fêmea <strong>de</strong><br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura foram coletadas na “Estación Zoológica Experim<strong>en</strong>tal” da cida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
Santa Fé, Santa Fé, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. Para a obt<strong>en</strong>ção <strong>de</strong> cromossomos mitóticos foram<br />
realizadas culturas <strong>de</strong> linfócitos do sangue periférico, seguindo a técnica <strong>de</strong> Moorhead<br />
et al. (1960) com modificações (Gunski 1992), as culturas foram feitas com meio RPMI<br />
1640 com Heppes (Gibco) acresc<strong>en</strong>tado com 20% <strong>de</strong> soro fetal bovino e 0,4 ml. <strong>de</strong><br />
fitohemaglutinina, incubados durante 72 horas á 37ºC. Na última hora <strong>de</strong> incubação<br />
foram adicionadas 2 gotas <strong>de</strong> solução <strong>de</strong> colchicina a 0,05%. A técnica <strong>de</strong><br />
ban<strong>de</strong>am<strong>en</strong>to C foi realizada seguindo o protocolo <strong>de</strong>scrito por Sumner (1972) com<br />
16
modificações (Le<strong>de</strong>sma, et al. 2002). Os cariótipos foram or<strong>de</strong>nados seguindo a<br />
classificação <strong>de</strong> Levan et al. (1964).<br />
RESULTADOS<br />
O pres<strong>en</strong>te trabalho reporta, p<strong>el</strong>a primeira vez, os cariótipos <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata e<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura. As duas espécies apres<strong>en</strong>taram morfologia cromossômica<br />
sem<strong>el</strong>hante, discordando ap<strong>en</strong>as no número cromossômico (C. fasciolata 2n=88 e P.<br />
obscura 2n=78). Foram observados cinco pares <strong>de</strong> macrocromossomos além do par<br />
sexual, on<strong>de</strong> os dois primeiros pares são submetacêntricos e a partir do terceiro par são<br />
todos t<strong>el</strong>ocêntricos (fig. 1 e 2).<br />
Em r<strong>el</strong>ação aos cromossomos sexuais, o cromossomo Z é submetacêntrico<br />
correspon<strong>de</strong> em tamanho ao par 4 do complem<strong>en</strong>to autossômico, no <strong>en</strong>tanto que o<br />
cromossomo sexual W é t<strong>el</strong>ocêntrico e seu tamanho correspon<strong>de</strong> aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te ao<br />
nono par autossômico (fig. 1 e 2).<br />
Os resultados obtidos mediante o ban<strong>de</strong>am<strong>en</strong>to C para as duas espécies rev<strong>el</strong>aram ao<br />
cromossomo W totalm<strong>en</strong>te heterocromático e o cromossomo sexual Z reagiu <strong>de</strong><br />
maneira positiva ap<strong>en</strong>as na região c<strong>en</strong>tromérica, também foram observadas marcações<br />
c<strong>en</strong>troméricas nos restantes cromossomos (fig.3 a – b).<br />
DISCUSSÃO<br />
O cariótipo ancestral dos Galiformes provav<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te incluiu 5 pares <strong>de</strong><br />
macrocromossomos, on<strong>de</strong> o primeiro par estaria formado por um cromossomo<br />
submetacêntrico e o par dois, também submetacêntrico, <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>or tamanho, os pares<br />
três, quatro e cinco são t<strong>el</strong>ocêntricos <strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>or tamanho. O cromossomo Z apres<strong>en</strong>taria<br />
morfologia t<strong>el</strong>ocêntrica, <strong>de</strong> tamanho sem<strong>el</strong>hante ao quarto par autossômico e os<br />
restantes cromossomos seriam todos t<strong>el</strong>ocêntricos pequ<strong>en</strong>os. De acordo a este mo<strong>de</strong>lo<br />
<strong>de</strong> cariótipo ancestral, e possív<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>duzir que os crací<strong>de</strong>os sofreram poucas<br />
modificações na sua formação cariotípica, a exceção do cromossomo sexual Z, <strong>de</strong><br />
morfologia submetacêntrica, o qual po<strong>de</strong>ria ser <strong>de</strong>rivado do Z t<strong>el</strong>ocêntrico dos<br />
Megápodos a partir <strong>de</strong> uma inversão pericêntrica, no <strong>en</strong>tanto que os cromossomos Z<br />
dos restantes Galiformes po<strong>de</strong>riam ser <strong>de</strong>rivados do Z submetacêntrico dos crací<strong>de</strong>os e<br />
numídidos por meio <strong>de</strong> inversões e adições <strong>de</strong> material heterocromático. (B<strong>el</strong>terman<br />
and DeBoer 1984).<br />
Comparando os nossos resultados com os obtidos por outros autores para este <strong>grupo</strong><br />
(Aguiar 1968, Beçak et al. 1971, Takagi and Sasaki 1974, Sasaki et al. 1982, B<strong>el</strong>terman<br />
and De Boer 1984 1990, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993), observa-se que nos crací<strong>de</strong>os a morfologia<br />
cromossômica tem-se mantido constante, diferindo do observado em estudos <strong>de</strong> outras<br />
espécies <strong>de</strong> aves, on<strong>de</strong> as difer<strong>en</strong>ças na morfologia <strong>de</strong> seus macrocromossomos são<br />
muito evi<strong>de</strong>ntes.<br />
Seria interessante para um futuro imediato, realizar estudos mais <strong>de</strong>talhados com<br />
técnicas citog<strong>en</strong>éticas e moleculares, <strong>de</strong> todas as espécies <strong>de</strong> crací<strong>de</strong>os exist<strong>en</strong>tes, os<br />
quais ajudariam a ter um m<strong>el</strong>hor conhecim<strong>en</strong>to da situação evolutiva <strong>de</strong>ste <strong>grupo</strong>, cujo<br />
estado <strong>de</strong> conservação atualm<strong>en</strong>te é consi<strong>de</strong>rado como vulneráv<strong>el</strong> e com um alto risco<br />
<strong>de</strong> extinção.<br />
17
KARYOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON OF Crax fasciolata and<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura (AVES:CRACIDAE)<br />
Mario Áng<strong>el</strong> Le<strong>de</strong>sma+ Analía <strong>de</strong>l Valle Garnera* y Ricardo José Gunski+<br />
+Laboratorio <strong>de</strong> Citog<strong>en</strong>ética <strong>de</strong> Aves, Departam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> G<strong>en</strong>ética, Facultad <strong>de</strong> Ci<strong>en</strong>cias<br />
Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional <strong>de</strong> Misiones, Félix <strong>de</strong> Azara 1552,<br />
6º piso, CP 3300, Posadas, Misiones, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina - mle<strong>de</strong>sma@fceqyn.unam.edu.ar<br />
*Cs. Biológicas, Univ. Fe<strong>de</strong>ral do Tocantins, CEP 77500-000, Pto. Nacional, Tocantins,<br />
Brasil<br />
ABSTRACT - Through cytog<strong>en</strong>et methods, the karyotypes of Crax fasciolata and<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura were analysed. Blood samples of two males and four females of C.<br />
fasciolata were obtained at the Zoological Park, Goiânia, Brazil, and blood samples of<br />
one male and a female of P. obscura were tak<strong>en</strong> in the Experim<strong>en</strong>tal Zoological Station,<br />
Santa Fe, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. To obtain mitotic metaphases, long time cultures of lymphocytes<br />
were used. The cytog<strong>en</strong>et analyses were ma<strong>de</strong> through conv<strong>en</strong>tional and differ<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
techniques. The chromosome number of both species was obtained from the analysis of<br />
30 metaphases. In C. fasciolata, 2n=88, where pairs 1 and 2 are submetac<strong>en</strong>trics and<br />
the rest are all t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>trics chromosomes. The Z chromosome is submetac<strong>en</strong>tric and<br />
the W is a small acroc<strong>en</strong>tric chromosome. The results obtained from the sequ<strong>en</strong>tial<br />
analysis Giemsa – C bands, <strong>de</strong>monstrate that the W chromosome is complet<strong>el</strong>y<br />
heterochromatic in both species, and the Z chromosome just pres<strong>en</strong>ts marks in the<br />
c<strong>en</strong>tromeric region. The r<strong>el</strong>ationships betwe<strong>en</strong> ours results and other studies ma<strong>de</strong> in<br />
others species of cracids, would indicate that the karyotype of Cracids are highly<br />
conservative, and possibly stayed without significant modifications along the<br />
evolutionary history of Cracidae.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The Galliformes are formed by two super-families: 1) Cracoi<strong>de</strong>a inclu<strong>de</strong>s chachalacas,<br />
curassows and guans (Cracidae) and the Australian Megapods (Megapodidae), and 2)<br />
the super-family Phasianoi<strong>de</strong>a, formed by the families Phasianidae, M<strong>el</strong>eagrididae,<br />
Numididae and Tetraonidae (Stock and Bunch 1982).<br />
The Cracidae family is formed by 11 g<strong>en</strong>era, 50 species and 60 subspecies. Diversity is<br />
highest in northwestern South America, and it is found in Tropical America, from<br />
southern Texas in the United States, to the Paraná River <strong>de</strong>lta in c<strong>en</strong>tral of Arg<strong>en</strong>tina<br />
and Uruguay. Cracids are very important in the dispersions of seeds, playing an<br />
important role in the maint<strong>en</strong>ance of tropical forests (Brooks and Strahl 2000). While<br />
Guans disperse seeds to h<strong>el</strong>p in the reg<strong>en</strong>eration of the tropical forests, the curassows<br />
seems to be predators of seeds, h<strong>el</strong>ping to maintain high plant diversity (Brooks and<br />
Strahl 2000).<br />
The first known karyological studies in birds dates 1902 (Guyer); from this work until<br />
1950, only a few cytog<strong>en</strong>etic studies were done, <strong>de</strong>scribing 107 species (De Lucca and<br />
18
Rocha 1992). To date, less than 12% of approximat<strong>el</strong>y 9020 species have be<strong>en</strong><br />
subjects of cytog<strong>en</strong>etic studies (Gunski 1992).<br />
The karyotypical pattern proposed for birds is 2n=80 chromosomes, formed by 8 pairs of<br />
macrochromosomes and 32 pairs of microchromosomes (Teg<strong>el</strong>ström et al. 1983). The<br />
division of chromosomes in macrochromosomes and microchromosomes is arbitrary<br />
(Shoffner 1974), with microchromosomes oft<strong>en</strong> characterized by longitu<strong>de</strong>s smaller than<br />
a micron (De Lucca and Rocha 1992).<br />
In birds, the male is the homogametic sex, pres<strong>en</strong>ting two equal sex chromosomes, and<br />
females repres<strong>en</strong>t the heterogametic sex. The symbols used in this case are ZZ/ZW<br />
(Nieto 1996).<br />
Until the pres<strong>en</strong>t time, cytog<strong>en</strong>etic data in Cracidae are very poor, and only 8 of the 50<br />
species have be<strong>en</strong> analysed: P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris 2n=76 (Aguiar 1968), P. jacquacu<br />
2n=80 (Sasaki et al. 1982), Mitu tuberosa 2n=82 (Beçak et al. 1971, Takagi and Sasaki<br />
1974), Ortalis canicollis 2n=82 (B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer 1984), Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis grayi<br />
2n=76, P. c. cuman<strong>en</strong>sis 2n=84 and P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope purpuresc<strong>en</strong>s 2n=78 (B<strong>el</strong>terman and De<br />
Boer 1990), Mitu mitu 2n=110 (Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993).<br />
With this purpose the objective of the pres<strong>en</strong>t work is <strong>de</strong>terminate the chromosomal<br />
number and to establish the C band patterns of Crax fasciolata and P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura.<br />
It is hoped that these findings will contribute to knowledge of the karyology of this family.<br />
MATERIAL AND METHODS<br />
Blood samples of three males and four females of C. fasciolata, were obtained in the<br />
Zoological Park of Goiânia, Goias, Brazil, and samples of two P. obscura were tak<strong>en</strong> in<br />
the Experim<strong>en</strong>tal Zoological Station, Santa Fe city, Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. The mitotic chromosomes<br />
were obtained from long time cultures of lymphocytes, following the technique of<br />
Moorhead et al. (1960) with modifications (Gunski 1992), the c<strong>el</strong>l culture used was RPMI<br />
1640 with HEPPES (Gibco) ad<strong>de</strong>d with 20% of bovine fetal serum and 0.4 ml of<br />
fitohemaglutinin, incubated for 72 hr at 37ºC. In the last hour of incubation two drops of<br />
colchicine solution (0.05%) were ad<strong>de</strong>d. The C bands were ma<strong>de</strong> according to the<br />
protocol of Sumner (1972) with modifications (Le<strong>de</strong>sma et al. 2002). The karyotype was<br />
or<strong>de</strong>red according to the classification of Levan et al. (1964).<br />
RESULTS<br />
This work repres<strong>en</strong>ts the firs <strong>de</strong>scription of the karyotypes of C. fasciolata and P.<br />
obscura. Both species pres<strong>en</strong>t the same chromosome morphology, and the only<br />
differ<strong>en</strong>ce observed is in their diploid number (C. fasciolata 2n=88 and P. obscura<br />
2n=78). Five pairs of macrochromosomes form the karyotype of both species, in<br />
addition to the sexual pair. The first and second pairs are submetac<strong>en</strong>tric and the rest<br />
are all t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>tric (Figs. 1 and 2).<br />
In r<strong>el</strong>ation to the sexual chromosomes, the Z chromosome is submetac<strong>en</strong>tric and<br />
b<strong>el</strong>ongs in size to the fourth pair of the autosomal complem<strong>en</strong>t, while the W<br />
chromosome is t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>tric and its size corresponds approximat<strong>el</strong>y to the ninth pair of the<br />
autosomal complem<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
19
The results obtained from the C band analyses for both species, showed that the W<br />
chromosome is complet<strong>el</strong>y heterochromatic and the Z chromosome only reacted<br />
positiv<strong>el</strong>y in the c<strong>en</strong>tromeric region. A c<strong>en</strong>tromeric mark was also observed in the<br />
remaining chromosomes (Figs. 3 a – b).<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
The ancestral karyotype of Galliformes Probably inclu<strong>de</strong>d five pairs of<br />
macrochromosomes, where the first pairs would be formed by submetac<strong>en</strong>tric<br />
chromosomes, the second pair submetac<strong>en</strong>tric also, but of smaller size, and pairs three,<br />
four and five all t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>trics of smaller size. The Z chromosome would pres<strong>en</strong>t<br />
t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>tric morphology, with similar size in the fourth pair, and the remaining<br />
chromosomes would be all small t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>trics, forming a diploid number of 80<br />
chromosomes. According to this mo<strong>de</strong>l of ancestral karyotype, it is possible to <strong>de</strong>duce<br />
that Cracids suffered few modifications in their karyological constitution. An exception is<br />
the sexual Z chromosome, which morphology is submetac<strong>en</strong>tric, and could be <strong>de</strong>rived<br />
from the t<strong>el</strong>oc<strong>en</strong>tric Z of Megapods by a peric<strong>en</strong>tric inversion. While the Z chromosome<br />
of the remaining Galliformes could be <strong>de</strong>rived from the submetac<strong>en</strong>tric Z chromosome of<br />
Cracids and Numidids by means of inversion and additions of heterochromatic material<br />
(B<strong>el</strong>terman and De Boer 1984).<br />
Comparing ours results with those obtained by other authors for this group, (Aguiar<br />
1968, Beçak et al. 1971, Takagi and Sasaki 1974, Sasaki et al. 1982, B<strong>el</strong>terman and De<br />
Boer 1984, 1990, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993), it appears that in Cracids the chromosomal morphology<br />
is a maintained constant. This is in contrast to that observed in studies of other species<br />
of birds, where morphological differ<strong>en</strong>ces of macrochromosomes is evi<strong>de</strong>nt.<br />
Cytog<strong>en</strong>etic and molecular studies should be done on all extant Cracids using mo<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
techniques. This would contribute to a better knowledge of the evolutionary situation of<br />
this group, whose conservation status is consi<strong>de</strong>red vulnerable and with extinction risk.<br />
REFERENCIAS<br />
REFERÊNCIAS<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Aguiar, MLR. 1968. Estudo do complem<strong>en</strong>to cromossômico em algumas or<strong>de</strong>ns das<br />
aves. ESALQ, PhD Thesis., Piracicaba.<br />
B<strong>el</strong>terman, RH and LEM DeBoer. 1984. A karyological study of 55 species of birds,<br />
including 39 species new to cytology. G<strong>en</strong>etica 65: 39-82.<br />
B<strong>el</strong>terman, RH and LEM DeBoer. 1990. A Misc<strong>el</strong>laneous collection of bird Karyotypes.<br />
G<strong>en</strong>etica. 83: 17-29.<br />
Beçak, ML, W Beçak, FL Roberts, RN Shoffner, EP Volpe. 1971. Chromosome Atlas:<br />
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds, Vol. 1. Springer, NY.<br />
Brooks, DM and SD Strahl. 2000. Curassows, Guans and Chachalacas: Status Survey<br />
and Conservation Action Plan for Cracids 2000 – 2004. IUCN, Cambridge, UK.<br />
20
Chebez, JC. 1994. Los que se van. Especies Arg<strong>en</strong>tinas <strong>en</strong> p<strong>el</strong>igro. Edit. Albatros.<br />
De Lucca, EJ and GT Rocha. 1992. Citog<strong>en</strong>ética <strong>de</strong> Aves. Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio<br />
Go<strong>el</strong>di, Sér. Zool. 8: 33-68.<br />
Guyer, FM. 1902. apud De Lucca, EJ and GT Rocha. 1992. Citog<strong>en</strong>ética <strong>de</strong> Aves. Bol.<br />
Mus. Para. Emilio Go<strong>el</strong>di, Sér, Zool. 8: 33-68.<br />
Gunski, RJ. 1992. Analise citog<strong>en</strong>ética da espécie Rhea americana (Aves:Rheidae).<br />
Tese <strong>de</strong> Mestrado em Zootecnia. FCAVJ – UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.<br />
Levan, A, K Fredga and A Sandberg. 1964. Nom<strong>en</strong>clature For C<strong>en</strong>tromeric Position On<br />
Chromosomes. Hereditas 52: 201-220.<br />
Moorhead, RS, PC How<strong>el</strong>l, WJ M<strong>el</strong>lman, DM Batteps, and DA Hundgerford. 1960.<br />
Chromosome preparations of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood. Exp.<br />
C<strong>el</strong>l Res. 2: 613-616.<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli, PM. 1993. A preservação do Mutum-<strong>de</strong>-Alagoas. Semana Ilus. Edit. Ltda., Rio<br />
<strong>de</strong> Janeiro<br />
Narosky T and D Yzurieta. 1987. Guía para la I<strong>de</strong>ntificación <strong>de</strong> las Aves <strong>de</strong> Arg<strong>en</strong>tina y<br />
Uruguay. Asoc. Ornitol. <strong>de</strong>l Plata. Vazquez Mazzini Edit, BA.<br />
Nieto, LM. 1996. Citog<strong>en</strong>ética <strong>de</strong> Atajacaminos o dormilones (Aves:Caprimulgiformes).<br />
Tesis Lic., FCEQyN, UNAM, Posadas Misiones.<br />
Sasaki, M, C Nyshida and H Hori. 1982. Ban<strong>de</strong>d Karyotypes of the gre<strong>en</strong> backed,<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope granti (Cracidae), with notes on the karyotypic r<strong>el</strong>ationship to the maleo fowl<br />
(Megapodiidae) and domestic fowl (Phasianidae) (Galliformes: Aves). Chrom. Inf. Serv.<br />
32: 26-28.<br />
Shoffner, R. 1974. Chromosomes of birds. In “The c<strong>el</strong>l nucleus” (Vol.II, Ch. 7). Acad.<br />
Press, NY.<br />
Stock, AD and TD Bunch. 1982. The evolutionary implications of chromosome banding<br />
pattern homologies in the bird Or<strong>de</strong>r Galliformes. Cytog<strong>en</strong>et. C<strong>el</strong>l. G<strong>en</strong>et. 34: 136-148.<br />
Sumner, AT. 1972. A simple technique for <strong>de</strong>monstrating c<strong>en</strong>tromeric heterochromatin.<br />
Expl. C<strong>el</strong>l. Res. 75: 304-306.<br />
Takagi, N. and M Sasaki. 1974. A phylog<strong>en</strong>etic study of bird karyotypes. Chromosoma<br />
46: 91- 120.<br />
Teg<strong>el</strong>ström, H., T Eg<strong>en</strong>hard, and H Ryttman. 1983. Rate of karyotype evolution and<br />
speciation in birds. Hereditas 98: 235-239.<br />
21
c)<br />
a) b)<br />
z<br />
z<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14<br />
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32<br />
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Z Z Z W<br />
Figura 1: a – b) metafases <strong>de</strong> macho y hembra; c) cariotipo completo <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata.<br />
2n=88 cromosomas. Las flechas indican los cromosomas sexuales.<br />
Figura 1: a – b) metáfases <strong>de</strong> macho e fêmea; c) cariótipo completo <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata.<br />
2n=88 cromosomos. As flechas indicam os cromosomos sexuais.<br />
Figure 1: a – b) metaphases of a male and a female; c) Complete karyotype of Crax<br />
fasciolata 2n=88 chromosomes. The arrows indicate the sexual chromosomes.<br />
22<br />
a<br />
w<br />
z
a)<br />
c)<br />
Z<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13<br />
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29<br />
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Z Z<br />
Z<br />
Figura 2: a – b) metafases <strong>de</strong> macho y hembra; c) cariotipo completo <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
obscura 2n=78 cromosomas. Las flechas indican los cromosomas sexuales.<br />
Figura 2: a – b) metáfases <strong>de</strong> macho e fêmea; c) cariótipo completo <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
obscura 2n=78 cromosomos. As flechas indicam os cromosomos sexuais.<br />
Figure 2: a – b) metaphases of a male and a female; c) Complete karyotype of<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura 2n=78 chromosomes. The arrows indicate the sexual<br />
chromosomes.<br />
23<br />
W<br />
b)<br />
Z<br />
Z W
a a’<br />
Z<br />
W<br />
W<br />
Z<br />
b<br />
Figura 3: a-a’ secu<strong>en</strong>cia Giemsa – Ban<strong>de</strong>o C <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata; b-b’ Secu<strong>en</strong>cia Giemsa<br />
– Ban<strong>de</strong>o C <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura. Las flechas indican los cromosomas sexuales.<br />
Figura 3: a-a’ coloração Giemsa – Banda C <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata; b-b’ coloração Giemsa –<br />
Banda C <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura. Flechas indicam cromosomos sexuais.<br />
Figure 3: a-a’ Giemsa sequ<strong>en</strong>ce – C Band of Crax fasciolata; b-b’ Giemsa sequ<strong>en</strong>ce – C<br />
Band of P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope obscura. The arrows indicate the sexual chromosomes.<br />
24<br />
Z<br />
W<br />
W<br />
Z<br />
b’
O MUTUM-DO-NORDESTE: O CRACÍDO MAIS RARO DO MUNDO<br />
Luís Fábio Silveira+, Fábio Olmos* and Adrian Long^<br />
+Dept. Zoologia, Univ. São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n o 321, Cida<strong>de</strong> Univ.,<br />
São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Cep-05508-900 - lfsilveira@uol.com.br<br />
Bolsista da Fundação <strong>de</strong> Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado <strong>de</strong> São Paulo (FAPESP)<br />
*Largo do Paissandu 100 / 4C, 01034-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil -<br />
guara@nethall.com.br<br />
^BirdLife International, W<strong>el</strong>lbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, U.K. -<br />
Adrian.Long@<strong>birdlife</strong>.org.uk<br />
Primeiram<strong>en</strong>te observado p<strong>el</strong>o naturalista alemão J. Marcgrave, o mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
Mitu mitu tem seu status <strong>de</strong> espécie válida s<strong>en</strong>do discutido nos últimos dois séculos.<br />
Especulações sobre a i<strong>de</strong>ntida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sta forma <strong>de</strong>ixou <strong>de</strong> existir no anos 50, quando<br />
Olivério Pinto coletou uma fêmea no estado <strong>de</strong> Alagoas, no nor<strong>de</strong>ste do Brasil. Então a<br />
discussão passou a ser se M. mitu é uma espécie válida ou uma subespécie do mutumcavalo<br />
Mitu tuberosa. Contudo, o mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste foi consi<strong>de</strong>rado uma espécie<br />
válida (Collar et al. 1992, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993, <strong>de</strong>l Hoyo 1994, Sick 1997, BirdLife International<br />
2000, Silveira et al. subm., Grau et al. 2003).<br />
Teixeira (1986) mostra que a distribuição original do mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste cobriria toda a<br />
floresta costeira abaixo <strong>de</strong> 400 metros, do estado do Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Norte até a margem<br />
norte do Rio São Francisco em Alagoas, mas todos os registros ocorrem no estado <strong>de</strong><br />
Alagoas (Teixeira op. cit., Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993).<br />
Esta espécie não foi registrada por 25 anos , quando Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) capturou alguns<br />
indivíduos no município <strong>de</strong> Roteiro. Teixeira (1986) estimou m<strong>en</strong>os que 60 aves<br />
25
exist<strong>en</strong>tes na natureza e os últimos r<strong>el</strong>atos datam do final dos anos 80 (Collar et al.<br />
1992).<br />
A rarida<strong>de</strong> do mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste fo citada por diversos autores (e.g., Coimbra-Filho<br />
1970, 1971, Sick 1980, Teixeira 1986), assim como o rápido <strong>de</strong>clínio <strong>de</strong> seu habitat,<br />
especialm<strong>en</strong>te em Alagoas. Autorida<strong>de</strong>s não tomaram medidas efici<strong>en</strong>tes e os últimos<br />
remanesc<strong>en</strong>tes florestais on<strong>de</strong> o mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste ocorria foram <strong>de</strong>struídos para dar<br />
lugar a plantações <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açucar. Então, <strong>de</strong>vido à <strong>de</strong>struição <strong>de</strong> seu habitat e caça<br />
continua a espécie foi consi<strong>de</strong>rada extinta na Natureza (Collar et al. 1992, BirdLife<br />
2000).<br />
A POPULAÇÃO EM CATIVEIRO<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) r<strong>el</strong>ata seu esforço para resgatar os últimos exemplares vivos em<br />
Alagoas. Ele obteve o primeiro indivíduo em 1976, que morreu em cativeiro no ano<br />
seguinte. Em 1979 seis aves foram observadas na Mata do Othon, Barra <strong>de</strong> São<br />
Migu<strong>el</strong>. Cinco <strong>de</strong>las foram capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro antes que a vegetação<br />
original fosse totalm<strong>en</strong>te substituída por cana-<strong>de</strong>-açucar. Uma outra fêmea foi obtida em<br />
Maceió, totalizando <strong>en</strong>tão seis aves na população em cativeiro.<br />
Uma ave <strong>de</strong>ste <strong>grupo</strong> morreu logo em seguida, reduzindo o <strong>grupo</strong> mantido na coleção<br />
particular <strong>de</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli a cinco. Segundo Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) n<strong>en</strong>huma ave adicional foi<br />
capturada após 1979, e n<strong>en</strong>huma informação existe sobre outras fontes do mutum-donor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
além <strong>de</strong>stas cinco aves.<br />
Esta cinco aves (2 machos, 3 fêmas) capturadas em 1979 foram separadas em um par<br />
e um trio. O macho do par (ainda vivo em maio <strong>de</strong> 2002) nunca reproduziu. Entre 1979<br />
e 1990 o trio produziu 19 filhotes (Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993: 245), dos quais cinco <strong>de</strong>les (2 machos,<br />
3 fêmas) morreram. A população mundial do mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste em 1990 era<br />
composta <strong>de</strong> 19 aves.<br />
Após 1990 Nar<strong>de</strong>lli iniciou a hibridação <strong>de</strong> suas aves com o mutum-cavalo, assumindo<br />
que <strong>el</strong>e po<strong>de</strong>ria fazer um retrocruzam<strong>en</strong>to das aves híbridas e obter mutuns-donor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
puros. É importante dizer que n<strong>en</strong>huma agência oficial ou pesquisador<br />
forneceu qualquer cons<strong>el</strong>ho objetivo sobre esta população cativa, <strong>de</strong>ixando-a aos<br />
cuidados <strong>de</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli.<br />
As aves híbridas foram viáveis e a população cativa era <strong>de</strong> 44 aves em 1999, mais da<br />
meta<strong>de</strong> híbridos (Nar<strong>de</strong>llli 1993). Quando a coleção particular <strong>de</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli foi fechada, o<br />
<strong>grupo</strong> foi dividido <strong>en</strong>tre dois criadores brasileiros bem conhecidos e experi<strong>en</strong>tes: O<br />
Criadouro Ci<strong>en</strong>tífico e Cultural Poços <strong>de</strong> Caldas (CCCPC) <strong>de</strong> Moacyr <strong>de</strong> Carvalho Dias<br />
recebeu 20 aves, e a Fundação Crax (FC) presidida por Roberto MA Azeredo recebeu<br />
os restantes 24.<br />
Após a divisão, filhotes foram criados no CCPC e p<strong>el</strong>a FC, com a população totalizando<br />
70 aves em 2002.<br />
LEVANTAMENOS RECENTES DE FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS EM ALAGOAS<br />
Entre 24 <strong>de</strong> setembro e 27 <strong>de</strong> outubro <strong>de</strong> 2001 nos realizamos levantam<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> vários<br />
fragm<strong>en</strong>tos florestais em Alagoas para avaliar seu status <strong>de</strong> conservação, checar a<br />
26
pres<strong>en</strong>ça <strong>de</strong> várias aves <strong>en</strong>dêmicas da Mata Atlântica, e averiguar qualquer evidência<br />
rec<strong>en</strong>te da existência do mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste na Natureza. Visitamos um total <strong>de</strong> 15<br />
localida<strong>de</strong>s, procurando principalm<strong>en</strong>te por remanesc<strong>en</strong>tes florestais gran<strong>de</strong>s on<strong>de</strong> o<br />
mutum po<strong>de</strong>ria ter sobrevivido.<br />
A maioria das áreas visitadas pert<strong>en</strong>ce a usinas <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açucar que cobrem mais<br />
<strong>de</strong>z<strong>en</strong>as <strong>de</strong> c<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>as <strong>de</strong> hectares cada; os remanesc<strong>en</strong>tes florestais existem <strong>de</strong>vido à<br />
topografia inapropriada à plantação <strong>de</strong> cana e para proteger fontes <strong>de</strong> água. A maioria<br />
dos fragm<strong>en</strong>tos sofre caça int<strong>en</strong>siva e exploração ma<strong>de</strong>ireira ainda acontece em alguns<br />
fragm<strong>en</strong>tos.<br />
A maioria das usinas visitadas <strong>de</strong>cidiram rec<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te proteger suas florestas, mas<br />
ainda existem evidências <strong>de</strong> exploração ma<strong>de</strong>ireira em pequ<strong>en</strong>a escala. Tráfico ilegal<br />
ainda é um problema sério, e muitas pessoas estão <strong>en</strong>volvidas nesta ativida<strong>de</strong>. Com<br />
anos <strong>de</strong> trabalho em todo o Brasil, nunca <strong>en</strong>contramos caçadores tão frequ<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te<br />
como em Alagoas, apesar da ativida<strong>de</strong> ser ilegal e sujeita a sanções.<br />
N<strong>en</strong>huma evidência física (trilhas, p<strong>en</strong>as ou chamados) <strong>de</strong> mutuns foi observada e<br />
muitas aves são escassas incluindo o aracuã-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-marrom Ortalis aracuan<br />
(<strong>en</strong>contrado em uma área ap<strong>en</strong>as) e o jacupemba P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris alago<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1983, visto em cinco fragm<strong>en</strong>tos florestais.<br />
Os caçadores <strong>en</strong>trevistados asseguram que o mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste está extinto embora<br />
alguns ainda <strong>de</strong>screveram as aves com muita precisão e apontaram áreas on<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong>es<br />
ocorriam inicialm<strong>en</strong>te. Um caçador nos disse que em fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2001, <strong>el</strong>e viu um<br />
<strong>grupo</strong> <strong>de</strong> quatro ou cinco mutuns cruzando a estrada <strong>de</strong> terra em uma das usinas<br />
visitadas, e <strong>el</strong>e atirou em um <strong>de</strong>les, sem sucesso. Apesar da <strong>de</strong>scrição acurada <strong>de</strong>ste<br />
homem, nosso levantam<strong>en</strong>to nesta usina não indicou a pres<strong>en</strong>ça <strong>de</strong> mutuns, mas caça<br />
e exploração ma<strong>de</strong>ireira int<strong>en</strong>sas, sugerindo ser uma “história <strong>de</strong> caçador”.<br />
O FUTURO DA ESPÉCIE<br />
O mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste ainda tem uma longa estrada à fr<strong>en</strong>te até po<strong>de</strong>r ser consi<strong>de</strong>rado<br />
livre <strong>de</strong> extinção. Um programa <strong>de</strong> reprodução em cativeiro tem sido conduzido <strong>de</strong> uma<br />
maneira <strong>de</strong>dicada e ori<strong>en</strong>tada ci<strong>en</strong>tificam<strong>en</strong>te, sobre supervisão do IBAMA. Assim que<br />
uma população viáv<strong>el</strong> em cativeiro estiver formada, será possív<strong>el</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rar a<br />
reintrodução <strong>de</strong>stas aves em fragm<strong>en</strong>tos florestais gran<strong>de</strong>s, mas a sust<strong>en</strong>tabilida<strong>de</strong> do<br />
habitat e proteção efetiva tem que ser consi<strong>de</strong>rados.<br />
Qualquer t<strong>en</strong>tativa <strong>de</strong> introduzir o mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste nestes fragm<strong>en</strong>tos florestais<br />
<strong>de</strong>ve incluir esforços <strong>de</strong> educação para mudar os hábitos <strong>de</strong> caça das populações<br />
humanas locais. Isto tem que ser dado alta priorida<strong>de</strong> e <strong>de</strong>ve ser executado com muito<br />
tempo antes <strong>de</strong> qualquer reintrodução na natureza ocorra e assegurar que a população<br />
humana local irá colaborar nos esforços <strong>de</strong> conservação.<br />
Ainda há esperanças que o mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste possa ser salvo, apesar do<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>ráv<strong>el</strong> atraso em t<strong>en</strong>tar manejar esta espécie <strong>de</strong> modo ci<strong>en</strong>tífico, e proteger seu<br />
habitat. Outras espécies se recuperam após passar por situações sem<strong>el</strong>hantes à do<br />
mutum-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste, e acreditamos que o esforço, aliado à ciência e proteção do<br />
habitat, irá trazer o mutum <strong>de</strong> volta à Natureza um dia.<br />
27
AGRADECIMENTOS<br />
BirdLife International, World Pheasant Association (WPA), Neotropical Bird Club,<br />
Wetland Fund e Ges<strong>el</strong>lschaft Für Art<strong>en</strong>-Und Populationsshutz (ZGAP) financiaram<br />
nosso trabalho. Nossos agra<strong>de</strong>cim<strong>en</strong>tos a Nig<strong>el</strong> Collar, David Wege, e Jaqu<strong>el</strong>ine<br />
Goerck p<strong>el</strong>o levantam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> fundos e Manomet Bird Observatory (Bir<strong>de</strong>r’s Exchange)<br />
p<strong>el</strong>a doação <strong>de</strong> equipam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> campo. Levantam<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> campo em Alagoas foi<br />
possóv<strong>el</strong> graças à Fernando Pinto (IPMA), Marc<strong>el</strong>o Souza, S/A Usina Coruripe Açúcar e<br />
Álcool; Usina Leão S/A, Usina Cachoeira; Usina Serra Gran<strong>de</strong>; Usina Camaragibe e<br />
João Maram. Jeremy Minns, José Fernando Pacheco e Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga nos<br />
forneceram registros <strong>de</strong> aves. Roberto Azeredo e Moacyr Dias g<strong>en</strong>tilm<strong>en</strong>te forneceram<br />
informações sobre as aves em cativeiro.<br />
MITU MITU: EL CRACIDO MÁS RARO DEL MUNDO<br />
Luís Fábio Silveira+, Fábio Olmos* and Adrian Long^<br />
+Dept. Zoologia, Univ. São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n o 321, Cida<strong>de</strong> Univ.,<br />
São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Cep-05508-900 - lfsilveira@uol.com.br<br />
Bolsista da Fundação <strong>de</strong> Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado <strong>de</strong> São Paulo (FAPESP)<br />
*Largo do Paissandu 100 / 4C, 01034-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil -<br />
guara@nethall.com.br<br />
^BirdLife International, W<strong>el</strong>lbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, U.K. -<br />
Adrian.Long@<strong>birdlife</strong>.org.uk<br />
Primero notado por <strong>el</strong> naturalista Alemán J. Marcgrave, Mitu mitu tuvo un disputado<br />
estado específico durante parte <strong>de</strong> los últimos dos siglos. Varias especulaciones sobre<br />
la i<strong>de</strong>ntidad <strong>de</strong> esta forma <strong>de</strong>saparecieron cuando, <strong>en</strong> los 1950s, Olivério Pinto colectó<br />
una hembra <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> estado <strong>de</strong> Alagoas, NE <strong>de</strong> Brasil. Así, la discusión se convirtió <strong>en</strong> la<br />
vali<strong>de</strong>z <strong>de</strong> M. mitu como una verda<strong>de</strong>ra especie o una subespecie <strong>de</strong> M. tuberosa. Sin<br />
embargo, actualm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>el</strong> Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas ha ganado <strong>el</strong> estatus <strong>de</strong> una verda<strong>de</strong>ra<br />
especie (Collar et al. 1992, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993, <strong>de</strong>l Hoyo 1994, Sick 1997, BirdLife<br />
International 2000, Silveira et al. subm., Grau et al. 2003).<br />
Teixeira (1986) m<strong>en</strong>ciona que la distribución original <strong>de</strong>l Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas pudiera cubrir<br />
todos los bosques costeros por abajo <strong>de</strong> los 400 m <strong>de</strong> altitud, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> Estado <strong>de</strong> Río<br />
Gran<strong>de</strong> do Norte hasta <strong>el</strong> marg<strong>en</strong> norteño <strong>de</strong>l Río São Francisco, <strong>en</strong> Alagoas, pero<br />
todos los archivos han v<strong>en</strong>ido <strong>de</strong>l Estado <strong>de</strong> Alagoas (Teixeira op. cit., Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993).<br />
Esta especie no fue registrada durante 25 años, hasta que Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) atrapó<br />
algunos individuos <strong>en</strong> la municipalidad <strong>de</strong> Roteiro. Teixeira (1986) estimó que m<strong>en</strong>os<br />
<strong>de</strong> 60 individuos permanecieron <strong>de</strong> forma silvestre, y los últimos informes <strong>de</strong> individuos<br />
silvestres datan <strong>de</strong> fines <strong>de</strong> 1980s (Collar et al. 1992).<br />
28
La rareza <strong>de</strong>l Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas ha sido señalada por varios autores (por ejemplo,<br />
Coimbra-Filho 1970, 1971, Sick, 1980, Teixeira 1986), también como la <strong>de</strong>strucción<br />
rápida <strong>de</strong> su hábitat, sobre todo <strong>en</strong> Alagoas. Las autorida<strong>de</strong>s no tomaron ninguna<br />
medida eficaz, y se <strong>de</strong>struyeron los últimos reman<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>l bosque don<strong>de</strong> esta especie<br />
vivió, con <strong>el</strong> fin <strong>de</strong> hacer plantaciones <strong>de</strong> caña <strong>de</strong> azúcar. Como resultado <strong>de</strong> la<br />
<strong>de</strong>strucción <strong>de</strong>l hábitat y la presión <strong>de</strong> la caza interminable, la especie es consi<strong>de</strong>rada<br />
Extinta ahora <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> vida silvestre (Collar et al. 1992, BirdLife 2000).<br />
LA POBLACIÓN CAUTIVA<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) da cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> sus esfuerzos para rescatar los últimos individuos<br />
silvestres que viv<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> Alagoas. Él obtuvo <strong>el</strong> primero individuo <strong>en</strong> 1976, pero se murió<br />
al sigui<strong>en</strong>te año <strong>en</strong> cautividad. En 1979 se observaron seis aves <strong>en</strong> Mata do Othon,<br />
Barra <strong>de</strong> São Migu<strong>el</strong>. Se capturaron cinco <strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong>los y traídos al cautiverio antes <strong>de</strong> que<br />
la vegetación original fuera completam<strong>en</strong>te convertida <strong>en</strong> plantaciones <strong>de</strong> caña <strong>de</strong><br />
azúcar. Una hembra cautiva adicional se obtuvo <strong>en</strong> Maceió, y se integró una población<br />
cautiva fundadora <strong>de</strong> seis aves <strong>de</strong> Alagoas.<br />
Un individuo <strong>de</strong> ese <strong>grupo</strong> se murió poco <strong>de</strong>spués, <strong>de</strong>jando cinco individuos como la<br />
población fundadora <strong>de</strong> la colección privada <strong>de</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli. Según Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) ningún<br />
individuo adicional se capturó <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> 1979, y no hay ninguna información <strong>de</strong> algún<br />
otro individuo que solo <strong>de</strong> aqu<strong>el</strong>los cinco individuos.<br />
Los cinco individuos supervivi<strong>en</strong>tes (2 machos, 3 hembras) capturados <strong>en</strong> 1979<br />
estuvieron separados formando un par y un trío. El macho <strong>de</strong> la pareja (todavía vivo <strong>en</strong><br />
Mayo <strong>de</strong> 2002) nunca se reprodujo. Entre 1979 y 1990 <strong>el</strong> trío produjo 19 jóv<strong>en</strong>es<br />
(Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993: 245), con cinco <strong>de</strong>cesos (2 varones, 3 hembras) durante <strong>el</strong> mismo<br />
período. La población mundial <strong>de</strong>l Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas <strong>en</strong> 1990 era <strong>de</strong> 19 individuos.<br />
Después <strong>de</strong> 1990, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli empezó a hibridizar a sus aves con Mitu tuberosa, bajo <strong>el</strong><br />
supuesto <strong>de</strong> que él podría regresar a los individuos resultantes, <strong>en</strong> individuos puros <strong>de</strong>l<br />
Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas. Debe notarse que ninguna ag<strong>en</strong>cia oficial o algún investigador<br />
hicieron algún tipo <strong>de</strong> recom<strong>en</strong>dación o manejo <strong>de</strong> esta población cautiva cautiva,<br />
<strong>de</strong>jando todo bajo <strong>el</strong> cuidado <strong>de</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli.<br />
Las parejas híbridas fueron viables y la población cautiva alcanzó 44 individuos <strong>en</strong><br />
1999, con más <strong>de</strong> la mitad <strong>de</strong> estos individuos híbridos (Nar<strong>de</strong>llli 1993). Cuando la<br />
colección privada <strong>de</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli fue cerrada <strong>el</strong> <strong>grupo</strong> <strong>de</strong> aves fue dividido <strong>en</strong>tre dos<br />
reconocidos y experim<strong>en</strong>tados criadores <strong>de</strong> crácidos <strong>en</strong> Brasil: <strong>el</strong> Cria<strong>de</strong>ro Ci<strong>en</strong>tífico y<br />
Cultural Poços <strong>de</strong> Caldas (CCCPC) <strong>de</strong> Moacyr <strong>de</strong> Carvalho Dias recibió 20 individuos,<br />
y la Fundación Crax (FC) presidida por Roberto MA Azeredo recibió los restantes 24<br />
individuos.<br />
Después <strong>de</strong> división <strong>de</strong>l <strong>grupo</strong>, se criaron pollu<strong>el</strong>os <strong>en</strong> CCPC y a FC, con la población<br />
total alcanzando los 70 individuos <strong>en</strong> 2002.<br />
LOS RECIENTES ESTUDIOS EN LOS FRAGMENTOS DEL BOSQUE EN ALAGOAS<br />
Entre 24 septiembre y 27 <strong>de</strong> Octubre <strong>de</strong> 2001 dirigimos los estudios <strong>en</strong> varios bosques<br />
fragm<strong>en</strong>tados <strong>en</strong> Alagoas para evaluar su estado <strong>de</strong> conservación, verificar la pres<strong>en</strong>cia<br />
<strong>de</strong> varias especies <strong>en</strong>démicas <strong>de</strong>l Bosque Atlántico, y buscar cualquier reci<strong>en</strong>te<br />
29
evi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> la exist<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong>l Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas <strong>en</strong> vida silvestre. Nosotros visitamos un<br />
total <strong>de</strong> 15 localida<strong>de</strong>s, buscando los reman<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> bosque más gran<strong>de</strong>s, dón<strong>de</strong><br />
hubiera posibilidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>contrar algún individuo.<br />
La mayoría <strong>de</strong> las áreas visitadas pert<strong>en</strong>ecieron a plantaciones <strong>de</strong> azúcar <strong>de</strong> caña<br />
("usinas") las cuales cubr<strong>en</strong> miles <strong>de</strong> hectáreas cada una; reman<strong>en</strong>tes fueron <strong>de</strong>jados<br />
intactos <strong>de</strong>bido a la topografía, o para proteger los suministros <strong>de</strong> agua. La mayoría <strong>de</strong><br />
los fragm<strong>en</strong>tos experim<strong>en</strong>tan caza int<strong>en</strong>siva, con explotación forestal <strong>en</strong> algunos.<br />
La mayoría <strong>de</strong> las "usinas" visitadas, han <strong>de</strong>cidido proteger sus bosques y t<strong>en</strong>er<br />
reci<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te algún tipo <strong>de</strong> vigilancia, pero evi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> explotación forestal a<br />
pequeña escala es común. La cacería furtiva un problema serio por todas parte, y las<br />
personas están viv<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> esta actividad. Con años <strong>de</strong> trabajo <strong>de</strong> campo <strong>en</strong> Brasil,<br />
nosotros nunca habíamos conocido tantos cazadores como <strong>en</strong> Alagoas, a pesar <strong>de</strong>l<br />
hecho que la actividad es ilegal, y teóricam<strong>en</strong>te los infractores <strong>en</strong>fr<strong>en</strong>tan duras<br />
sanciones.<br />
Ninguna evi<strong>de</strong>ncia física (hu<strong>el</strong>las, plumas o llamados) <strong>de</strong> pavones fue <strong>en</strong>contrada, y<br />
todos las aves <strong>de</strong> caza fueron escasas, incluy<strong>en</strong>do a la muy adaptable Ortalis aracuan<br />
(<strong>en</strong>contrada <strong>en</strong> una sola área) y la forma local <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris alago<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1983, <strong>en</strong>contrada <strong>en</strong> cinco fragm<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong>l bosque.<br />
Los cazadores <strong>en</strong>trevistados aseguran que la especie está extinta, aunque algunos<br />
pudieron <strong>de</strong>scribir a las aves con precisión y señalar áreas <strong>en</strong> don<strong>de</strong> ocurrieron<br />
anteriorm<strong>en</strong>te. Un cazador nos dijo que <strong>en</strong> Febrero <strong>de</strong> 2001 él vio un <strong>grupo</strong> <strong>de</strong> cuatro o<br />
cinco individuos cruzar <strong>el</strong> camino <strong>de</strong> terracería que bisecta una <strong>de</strong> las usinas visitadas,<br />
y que él cazó uno <strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong>los. A pesar <strong>de</strong> que este hombre pudo <strong>de</strong>scribir a los individuos<br />
con bastante precisión, nuestros estudios <strong>en</strong> aqu<strong>el</strong>la usina no mostraron ninguna<br />
evi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> esta especie, solo caza int<strong>en</strong>siva y explotación <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ra, sugiri<strong>en</strong>do que<br />
la historia posiblem<strong>en</strong>te fue inv<strong>en</strong>tada.<br />
EL FUTURO DE LA ESPECIE<br />
El Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas ti<strong>en</strong>e un largo camino por <strong>de</strong>lante antes <strong>de</strong> que pueda ser<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rado seguro. Un programa <strong>de</strong> reproducción <strong>en</strong> cautiverio ti<strong>en</strong>e que ser<br />
conducido <strong>de</strong> una manera especializada y ci<strong>en</strong>tíficam<strong>en</strong>te ori<strong>en</strong>tada, bajo la vigilancia<br />
<strong>de</strong> IBAMA. Después <strong>de</strong> que se integre una población cautiva viable, será posible<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rar la posibilidad reintroducir algunos individuos <strong>en</strong> las áreas reman<strong>en</strong>tes más<br />
gran<strong>de</strong>s, pero es necesario evaluara <strong>el</strong> hábitat y la protección efectiva <strong>de</strong>l mismo.<br />
Cualquier esfuerzo para reintroducir a la especie <strong>en</strong> los fragm<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> bosque <strong>de</strong>be ser<br />
precedido con un esfuerzo educativo coordinado para cambiar los hábitos actuales <strong>de</strong> la<br />
caza <strong>de</strong> la población local. Esta acción <strong>de</strong>be t<strong>en</strong>er una prioridad alta y <strong>de</strong>be ser tomada<br />
<strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta antes <strong>de</strong> cualquier liberación para asegurar que la dim<strong>en</strong>sión humana local<br />
se comprometa con un socio <strong>en</strong> este esfuerzo.<br />
Hay todavía esperanza para la especie, a pesar <strong>de</strong>l retraso consi<strong>de</strong>rable <strong>en</strong> tomar<br />
acciones eficaces para manejar la población cautiva <strong>de</strong> una manera ci<strong>en</strong>tífica, y para<br />
proteger su hábitat. Otras especies se han recuperado <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> estar <strong>en</strong> situaciones<br />
similares al Pajuil <strong>de</strong> Alagoas, y nosotros creemos que con bastante esfuerzo, ci<strong>en</strong>cia<br />
30
u<strong>en</strong>a y verda<strong>de</strong>ra protección <strong>de</strong>l hábitat, las especies podrán regresar a su hábitat<br />
nativo algún día.<br />
AGRADECIMIENTOS<br />
BirdLife International, World Pheasant Association (WPA), Neotropical Bird Club,<br />
Wetland Fund y Für <strong>de</strong> Ges<strong>el</strong>lschaft Art<strong>en</strong>-Und Populationsshutz (ZGAP) apoyaron este<br />
trabajo. Nuestro agra<strong>de</strong>cimi<strong>en</strong>to a Nig<strong>el</strong> Collar, David Wege, y Jaqu<strong>el</strong>ine Goerck por<br />
g<strong>en</strong>erar los fondos necesarios y al Manomet Bird Observatory (Bir<strong>de</strong>r´s Exchange) por<br />
la donación <strong>de</strong> equipo <strong>de</strong> campo. Los estudios <strong>de</strong>l campo <strong>en</strong> Alagoas fueron posibles<br />
gracias a Fernando Pinto (IPMA), Marc<strong>el</strong>o Souza, S/A Usina Coruripe Açúcar e Álcool;<br />
Usina Leão S/A, Usina Cachoeira; Usina Serra Gran<strong>de</strong>; Usina Camaragibe y João<br />
Maram. Jeremy Minns, José Fernando Pacheco y <strong>el</strong> Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga nos<br />
<strong>en</strong>viaron grabaciones, las cuales usamos durante nuestro estudio. Roberto Azeredo y<br />
Moacyr Dias proporcionaron la información amablem<strong>en</strong>te sobre los individuos cautivos.<br />
THE ALAGOAS CURASSOW: WORLD’S RAREST CRACID<br />
Luís Fábio Silveira+, Fábio Olmos* and Adrian Long^<br />
+Dept. Zoologia, Univ. São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n o 321, Cida<strong>de</strong> Univ.,<br />
São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Cep-05508-900 - lfsilveira@uol.com.br<br />
Bolsista da Fundação <strong>de</strong> Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado <strong>de</strong> São Paulo (FAPESP)<br />
*Largo do Paissandu 100 / 4C, 01034-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil -<br />
guara@nethall.com.br<br />
^BirdLife International, W<strong>el</strong>lbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, U.K. -<br />
Adrian.Long@<strong>birdlife</strong>.org.uk<br />
First noticed by the German naturalist J. Marcgrave, the Alagoas Curassow Mitu mitu<br />
had a disputed specific status during part of the last two c<strong>en</strong>turies. Several speculations<br />
about the i<strong>de</strong>ntity of this form disappeared wh<strong>en</strong>, in the 1950’s, Olivério Pinto collected a<br />
female in Alagoas State, NE Brazil. Thus, the discussion turned into the validity of M.<br />
mitu as a full species or a subspecies of Mitu tuberosa (Razor-billed Curassow).<br />
However, the Alagoas Curassow has actually gained full species status (Collar et al.<br />
1992, Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993, <strong>de</strong>l Hoyo 1994, Sick 1997, BirdLife International 2000, Silveira et al.<br />
subm., Grau et al. 2003).<br />
Teixeira (1986) points that the original distribution of the Alagoas Curassow could cover<br />
all the coastal forests b<strong>el</strong>ow 400 m asl, from the State of Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Norte to the<br />
northern margin of the Rio São Francisco, in Alagoas, but all records have come from<br />
Alagoas state (Teixeira op. cit., Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993).<br />
This species w<strong>en</strong>t unrecor<strong>de</strong>d for 25 years, until Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) caught some individuals<br />
at the municipality of Roteiro. Teixeira (1986) estimated that less than 60 birds were<br />
th<strong>en</strong> left in the wild, and the last reports of wild birds date from the late 1980’s (Collar et<br />
al. 1992).<br />
31
The rarity of the Alagoas Curassow has be<strong>en</strong> pointed out by several authors (e.g.,<br />
Coimbra-Filho 1970, 1971, Sick 1980, Teixeira 1986), as w<strong>el</strong>l the rapid <strong>de</strong>struction of its<br />
habitat, especially in Alagoas. The authorities took no effici<strong>en</strong>t measures, and the last<br />
forest remnants where the Alagoas Curassow lived were <strong>de</strong>stroyed to make room for<br />
sugarcane plantations. As a result of such habitat <strong>de</strong>struction and never-<strong>en</strong>ding hunting<br />
pressure, the species is now consi<strong>de</strong>red Extinct in the Wild (Collar et al. 1992, BirdLife<br />
2000).<br />
THE CAPTIVE POPULATION<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) gives an account of his efforts to rescue the last wild curassows living in<br />
Alagoas. He obtained the first individual in 1976, but it died in captivity the next year. In<br />
1979 six birds were observed at Mata do Othon, Barra <strong>de</strong> São Migu<strong>el</strong>. Five of them<br />
were captured and brought into captivity before the original vegetation was complet<strong>el</strong>y<br />
converted to sugarcane. An additional captive female was obtained in Maceió, with a<br />
founding captive population of six birds from Alagoas.<br />
One bird from that group died shortly after, leaving five curassows as the founding<br />
population at Nar<strong>de</strong>lli’s private bird collection. According to Nar<strong>de</strong>lli (1993) no more<br />
birds were captured after 1979, and there is no information of any captive Alagoas<br />
Curassow from another source than those five birds.<br />
The five surviving individuals (2 males, 3 females) captured in 1979 were separated as a<br />
pair and a trio. The male of the pair (still living in May 2002) never bred. Betwe<strong>en</strong> 1979<br />
and 1990 the trio produced 19 young (Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1993: 245), with five (2 males, 3 females)<br />
dying during the same period. The world population of Alagoas Curassow in 1990 stood<br />
at 19 birds.<br />
After 1990 Nar<strong>de</strong>lli begin to hybridise his birds with Razor-billed Curassows, un<strong>de</strong>r the<br />
assumption he could backcross the resulting birds into “pure” Alagoas Curassow. It<br />
must be noted that no official ag<strong>en</strong>cy or any researcher never ma<strong>de</strong> any objective advice<br />
or managem<strong>en</strong>t of this captive population, leaving the whole issue un<strong>de</strong>r Nar<strong>de</strong>lli’s care.<br />
The hybrid pairs proved viable and the captive population reached 44 birds in 1999,<br />
more than half of these being hybrids (Nar<strong>de</strong>llli 1993). Wh<strong>en</strong> Nar<strong>de</strong>lli’s private collection<br />
of birds was closed the group was split betwe<strong>en</strong> two w<strong>el</strong>l-known and experi<strong>en</strong>ced cracid<br />
bree<strong>de</strong>rs in Brazil: the Criadouro Ci<strong>en</strong>tífico e Cultural Poços <strong>de</strong> Caldas (CCCPC) owned<br />
by Moacyr <strong>de</strong> Carvalho Dias received 20 birds, and Fundação Crax (FC) presi<strong>de</strong>d by<br />
Roberto MA Azeredo received the remaining 24 birds.<br />
After the split of the group, chicks were raised in CCPC and at FC, with the total<br />
population reaching up to 70 birds in 2002.<br />
RECENT SURVEYS IN FOREST FRAGMENTS IN ALAGOAS<br />
Betwe<strong>en</strong> 24 September and 27 October 2001 we conducted surveys in several forest<br />
fragm<strong>en</strong>ts in Alagoas to assess their conservation status, check for the pres<strong>en</strong>ce of the<br />
several Atlantic Forest <strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>mic birds, and to look for any rec<strong>en</strong>t evi<strong>de</strong>nce of the<br />
continued exist<strong>en</strong>ce of the Alagoas Curassow in the wild. We visited a total of 15<br />
32
localities, looking especially for larger forest remnants where the survival of any stray<br />
curassows was more lik<strong>el</strong>y.<br />
Most visited areas b<strong>el</strong>onged to sugarcane plantations (“usinas”) which cover t<strong>en</strong>s of<br />
thousands of ha each; remnants were left standing due to the topography, or to protect<br />
water supplies. Most fragm<strong>en</strong>ts suffer int<strong>en</strong>sive hunting, with s<strong>el</strong>ective logging<br />
continuing in some.<br />
Most visited “usinas” have rec<strong>en</strong>tly <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>d to protect their forests and have some kind<br />
of war<strong>de</strong>ning, but evi<strong>de</strong>nce of small-scale logging is common. Poaching is a serious<br />
problem everywhere, and people are <strong>en</strong>gaged in this activity. With years of fi<strong>el</strong>dwork all<br />
over Brazil, we never met hunters as frequ<strong>en</strong>tly as in Alagoas, <strong>de</strong>spite the fact that the<br />
activity is illegal, and off<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>rs theoretically face stiff sanctions.<br />
No physical evi<strong>de</strong>nce (tracks, feathers or calls) of curassows was found and all<br />
gamebirds were scarce, including the very adaptable Speckled Chachalaca Ortalis<br />
aracuan (found in only one area) and the local form of the Rusty-margined Guan<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris alago<strong>en</strong>sis Nar<strong>de</strong>lli 1983, found in five forest fragm<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
Interviewed hunters mostly assured curassows were extinct, although some could<br />
accurat<strong>el</strong>y <strong>de</strong>scribe the birds and point to areas they occurred formerly. One hunter told<br />
us that in February 2001 he saw a group of four or five curassows crossing the dirt road<br />
that bisects one of the usinas visited, and that he shot at one of them, but appar<strong>en</strong>tly<br />
missed. Despite this man being able to <strong>de</strong>scribe a curassow fairly accurat<strong>el</strong>y, our<br />
surveys at that usina found no evi<strong>de</strong>nce of curassows, but of int<strong>en</strong>sive hunting and<br />
logging, suggesting it was possibly mer<strong>el</strong>y a fabricated story.<br />
THE FUTURE OF THE SPECIES<br />
The Alagoas Curassow has a long road ahead before it can be consi<strong>de</strong>red safe. A<br />
captive-breeding program has to be conducted in a <strong>de</strong>dicated, sci<strong>en</strong>tifically ori<strong>en</strong>ted<br />
way, un<strong>de</strong>r the supervision of IBAMA. After a viable captive population is formed it will<br />
be possible to consi<strong>de</strong>r the possibility of reintroducing birds to the larger remnant<br />
forested areas, but habitat suitability and effective protection must be assessed.<br />
Any attempt to reintroduce Alagoas Curassows into forest fragm<strong>en</strong>ts should be<br />
prece<strong>de</strong>d by a coordinated educational effort to change the curr<strong>en</strong>t hunting habits of the<br />
local population. This action must be giv<strong>en</strong> a high priority and be tak<strong>en</strong> w<strong>el</strong>l in advance<br />
to any r<strong>el</strong>ease to insure that the local human dim<strong>en</strong>sion has be<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>gaged as a partner<br />
in the effort.<br />
There is still hope for the Alagoas Curassow, <strong>de</strong>spite the consi<strong>de</strong>rable <strong>de</strong>lay in taking<br />
effective action to manage the captive population in a sci<strong>en</strong>tific fashion, and to protect its<br />
habitat. Other species have recovered after being pushed to situations similar to what is<br />
faced by the Alagoas Curassow, and we b<strong>el</strong>ieve that with <strong>en</strong>ough effort, good sci<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
and committed habitat protection, the species will be able to be reintroduced back to its<br />
native habitat some day.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
33
BirdLife International, World Pheasant Association (WPA), Neotropical Bird Club,<br />
Wetland Fund and Ges<strong>el</strong>lschaft Für Art<strong>en</strong>-Und Populationsshutz (ZGAP) supported this<br />
work. Our thanks to Nig<strong>el</strong> Collar, David Wege, and Jaqu<strong>el</strong>ine Goerck for raising the<br />
necessary funds and to the Manomet Bird Observatory (Bir<strong>de</strong>r’s Exchange) for donating<br />
fi<strong>el</strong>d equipm<strong>en</strong>ts. Fi<strong>el</strong>d surveys in Alagoas were possible thanks to Fernando Pinto<br />
(IPMA), Marc<strong>el</strong>o Souza, S/A Usina Coruripe Açúcar e Álcool; Usina Leão S/A, Usina<br />
Cachoeira; Usina Serra Gran<strong>de</strong>; Usina Camaragibe and João Maram. Jeremy Minns,<br />
José Fernando Pacheco and Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga s<strong>en</strong>t us recordings used during bird<br />
surveys. Roberto Azeredo and Moacyr Dias kindly supplied information on captive birds.<br />
REFERENCIAS<br />
REFERÊNCIAS<br />
REFERENCES<br />
BirdLife International. 2000. Threat<strong>en</strong>ed Birds of the World. Lynx Edic. and BirdLife Intl.,<br />
Barc<strong>el</strong>ona and UK.<br />
Coimbra-Filho, A.F. 1970. Sobre Mitu mitu (Linnaeus, 1766) e a vali<strong>de</strong>z das suas raças<br />
geográficas (Cracidae, Aves). Rev. Bras. Biol. 30: 101-109.<br />
Coimbra-Filho, A.F. 1971. Três formas da avifauna do nor<strong>de</strong>ste do Brasil ameaçadas <strong>de</strong><br />
extinção: Tinamus solitarius pernambuc<strong>en</strong>sis Berla, 1946, Mitu mitu mitu (Linnaeus,<br />
1766) e Procnias a. averano (Hermann, 1783) (Aves – Tinamidae, Cracidae,<br />
Cotingidae). Rev. Bras. Biol. 31: 239-247.<br />
Collar, N.J., L.A.P. Gonzaga, N. Krabbe, A. Madroño-Nieto, L.G. Naranjo, T.A. Parker,<br />
and D.C. Wege. 1992. Threat<strong>en</strong>ed Birds of the Americas: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data<br />
Book. Birdlife Intl., UK.<br />
Grau, E.T., S.L. Pereira, L.F. Silveira and A. Wajntal. 2003. Molecular markers<br />
contribute to a breeding programme of the extinct-in-the-wild Alagoas Curassow Mitu<br />
mitu and confirm the validity of the species. Bird Conserv. Intl. 13: 115-126.<br />
<strong>de</strong>l Hoyo, J. 1994. Family Cracidae. IN: <strong>de</strong>l Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, J. Sargatal, Eds.<br />
Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 2: New World vultures to guineafowl. Lynx<br />
Edic., Barc<strong>el</strong>ona.<br />
Nar<strong>de</strong>lli, P.M. 1993. A preservação do mutum-<strong>de</strong>-Alagoas, Mitu mitu. Queimados,<br />
Semana Ilustrada Edit., Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro.<br />
Sick, H. 1980. Characteristics of the Razor-billed Curassow (Mitu mitu mitu). Condor 82:<br />
227-228.<br />
Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro.<br />
Silveira, L.F., F. Olmos and A. Long. submitted. History, taxonomy and status of the<br />
Alagoas Curassow Mitu mitu (Linnaeus, 1766), the most threat<strong>en</strong>ed Cracidae. Bird<br />
Cons. Intl.<br />
34
Teixeira, D.M. 1986. The avifauna of the north-eastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a case<br />
of mass extinction? Ibis 128: 167-168.<br />
UMA AGREGAÇÃO EXTRAORDINÁRIA DE CRACÍDEOS DURANTE A ESTAÇÃO<br />
SECA NO NORTE DO PANTANAL BRASILEIRO<br />
Peter Kaestner<br />
Unit 3500, APO, AA 34030-3500 - pgkaestner@yahoo.com<br />
De 7 a 9 <strong>de</strong> março <strong>de</strong> 2003, visitei o norte do Pantanal, localizado na região sul do<br />
estado <strong>de</strong> Mato Grosso, Brasil. Me hospe<strong>de</strong>i com minha esposa e duas crianças na<br />
Pousada Jaguar, no km 110 da Rodovia Transpantaneira <strong>en</strong>tre Poconé e Porto Jofre no<br />
Rio Cuiabá, <strong>de</strong>vido à sua reputação <strong>de</strong> oportunida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> ver mamíferos à noite. Março<br />
é o final da estação chuvosa nesta parte do Brasil, e chuvas foram ocasionais ao longo<br />
dos três dias. O nív<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong> água estava além do normal, e <strong>de</strong> acordo com nosso guia,<br />
estava começando a retroce<strong>de</strong>r. Aves eram abundantes e registrei 182 espécies<br />
durante minha estada <strong>de</strong> três dias, incluindo seis crací<strong>de</strong>os.<br />
7 e 8 <strong>de</strong> março<br />
Ortalis canicollis foi avistada frequ<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te na rodovia por todo o final <strong>de</strong> semana.<br />
Grupos <strong>de</strong> 5 a 15 aves, frequ<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te com filhotes (facilm<strong>en</strong>te i<strong>de</strong>ntificáveis por seu<br />
tamanho m<strong>en</strong>or) foram visto sobrevoando a rodovia. Avistamos três aracuãs mortas na<br />
rodovia, possiv<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>vido a atrop<strong>el</strong>am<strong>en</strong>to por automóveis.<br />
Já que a Pousada Jaguar está próxima a uma estação <strong>de</strong> pesquisa do IBAMA (Olmos<br />
1998), visitei a floresta “Cordilheira” duas vezes, uma hora p<strong>el</strong>a manhã e uma hora ao<br />
anoitecer em 8 <strong>de</strong> março. A floresta é bonita, com as árvores mais altas <strong>de</strong>ntro da área<br />
do IBAMA (cerca <strong>de</strong> 5 ha). Na floresta, observei 12 jacutingas, s<strong>en</strong>do Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
grayi duas vezes mais frequ<strong>en</strong>te que P. cujubi. Geralm<strong>en</strong>te, as jacutingas foram vistas<br />
voando <strong>de</strong> uma árvore a outra. O mutum Crax fasciolata é comum na área e quatro<br />
<strong>grupo</strong>s familiares foram observados. Em todos os casos, um filhote (<strong>de</strong> meta<strong>de</strong> do<br />
tamanho dos adultos) acompanhava os pais.<br />
35
Eu estava mais interessando em ver duas espécies <strong>de</strong> jacus do gênero P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope que<br />
nunca havia visto. Em 7 e 8 <strong>de</strong> março, mantive uma procura acirrada por <strong>el</strong>as, mas<br />
som<strong>en</strong>te tive duas visões muito rápidas do que era provalm<strong>en</strong>te P. ochrogaster.<br />
9 <strong>de</strong> março<br />
Em 9 <strong>de</strong> março, planejamos uma viagem <strong>de</strong> barco no rio Pixiam, localizado a 50<br />
kilometros ao norte da Pousa Jaguar. Partimos ao amanhecer (06:00 hrs), e uma<br />
camada grossa <strong>de</strong> nuv<strong>en</strong>s altostratus obscureciam o sol nasc<strong>en</strong>te. Conforme íamos ao<br />
norte, observamos que aracuãs, mutuns e jacus eram numerosos. O habitat próximo à<br />
pousada é basicam<strong>en</strong>te pasto seco, com algumas árvores maduras acima <strong>de</strong> 20 metros<br />
<strong>de</strong> altura, Muito da floresta foi cortada próxima à rodovia, sobrando poucas árvores. Foi<br />
numa lateral na rodovia que notei duas P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope em cinco minutos durante a viagem.<br />
Elas estavam a 15 metros <strong>de</strong> altura. Paramos o veículo, para t<strong>en</strong>tar i<strong>de</strong>ntificá-las. Seu<br />
tamanho pequ<strong>en</strong>o e <strong>de</strong>talhes das asas eram típico <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris.<br />
Ironicam<strong>en</strong>te, foram as únicas duas P. superciliaris que vi em toda a viagem.<br />
Em outro poucos minutos dirigindo, um <strong>grupo</strong> <strong>de</strong> oito P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster foi<br />
observado na rodovia à fr<strong>en</strong>te do veículo. Paramos imediatam<strong>en</strong>te e o <strong>grupo</strong> l<strong>en</strong>tam<strong>en</strong>te<br />
cruzou a estrada. Todos os membros do <strong>grupo</strong> tinham o mesmo tamanho, <strong>en</strong>tão se <strong>el</strong>es<br />
eram jov<strong>en</strong>s, já tinham atingido o tamanho dos adultos. Continuamos nossa viagem no<br />
Pixiam. Vimos mais aracuãs e pequ<strong>en</strong>os <strong>grupo</strong>s <strong>de</strong> mutuns m<strong>en</strong>os frequ<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te.<br />
Vimos duas famílias distintas <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata, incluindo um par que tinha dois filhotes<br />
ainda em plumagem juv<strong>en</strong>il críptica (D<strong>el</strong>acour e Amadon 1973). De fato, quase todo<br />
<strong>en</strong>contro com Crax durante o final <strong>de</strong> semana foi com um <strong>grupo</strong> familiar cont<strong>en</strong>do<br />
filhotes. Um par <strong>de</strong> Pipile cumam<strong>en</strong>sis grayi sobrevoou a rodovia em fr<strong>en</strong>te ao veículo,<br />
com suas barb<strong>el</strong>as brancas visiv<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te nítidas. Em seguida, outras jacutingas foram<br />
avistadas na árvores e rodovia. Em um ponto, vi mais <strong>de</strong> 25 crací<strong>de</strong>os <strong>de</strong> quatro<br />
espécies difer<strong>en</strong>tes ao longo da rodovia.<br />
Ap<strong>en</strong>as 20 minutos no Pixiam, precebi que éramos testemunhas <strong>de</strong> algo incomum.<br />
Neste ponto, aracuãs pu<strong>de</strong>ram ser i<strong>de</strong>ntificados razoav<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te, jacus maiores e mutuns<br />
foram i<strong>de</strong>ntificados facilm<strong>en</strong>te e Pipile som<strong>en</strong>te ao status <strong>de</strong> gênero (embora p<strong>el</strong>o<br />
m<strong>en</strong>os cinco cuman<strong>en</strong>sis e um cujubi foram registrados). Durante a próxima hora,<br />
observei muitas aves, mas os números se reduziam quanto mais ao norte íamos e<br />
quanto mais tar<strong>de</strong> ficava. Ao meio dia, chovia pesadam<strong>en</strong>te. As aves estavam<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tradas numa área on<strong>de</strong> árvores gran<strong>de</strong>s eram proemin<strong>en</strong>tes e a floresta<br />
alagada. Nas matas abertas que cruzavam as florestas, som<strong>en</strong>te aracuãs foram<br />
avistadas.<br />
Quando alcançamos o rio Pixiam (07:30 hrs.) eu havia registrado mais <strong>de</strong> 220 crací<strong>de</strong>os<br />
ao longo <strong>de</strong> 50 km (Tab<strong>el</strong>a 1). Em uma hora <strong>de</strong> barco no Rio Pixiam avistamos outros<br />
sete jacus: cinco P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster e duas Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis na vegetação<br />
ribeirinha.<br />
36
TABELA 1 – CracÍ<strong>de</strong>os registrados no transecto <strong>de</strong> 50 km<br />
Espécies/Forma Total % % na Observações<br />
visto jov<strong>en</strong>s estrada<br />
Aracuã-do-pantanal<br />
125 20 100 Estimativa muito<br />
Ortalis canicollis<br />
conservatica<br />
Mutum-pinima<br />
40 40 75 Ap<strong>en</strong>as dois jov<strong>en</strong>s em<br />
Crax fasciolata<br />
plumag<strong>en</strong> crítica<br />
Jacupara<br />
Pipile pipile<br />
30 0 17<br />
Jacutinga não i<strong>de</strong>ntificada<br />
24 0 20 possiv<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te<br />
Pipile sp?<br />
cumam<strong>en</strong>sis?<br />
Jacutinga-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-azul<br />
Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
5 0 0 Mais comum ao norte?<br />
Cujubi<br />
Pipile cujubi<br />
1 0 0 visto no Km 100<br />
Jacu-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-castanha<br />
25 0 75 No Km 100 ao norte. Sem<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster<br />
jov<strong>en</strong>s – talvez já t<strong>en</strong>ham<br />
alcançado o tamanho<br />
adulto?<br />
Jacupemba<br />
2 0 0 Visto no Km 105 em uma<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris<br />
árvore alta no lado oeste<br />
da estrada<br />
Vários fatores criaram esta situação não usual. Esta área do Pantanal não sofre<br />
pressão <strong>de</strong> caça consi<strong>de</strong>ráv<strong>el</strong>, uma das maiores ameaças aos crací<strong>de</strong>os (Collar et al.<br />
1992). A abundância dos crací<strong>de</strong>os na rodovia Transpantaneira foi docum<strong>en</strong>tada por<br />
Olmos (1998), que viu 278 cracídoes próximos à estação do IBAMA em uma semana<br />
em agosto <strong>de</strong> 1997. O aspecto não usual <strong>de</strong>sta agregação se <strong>de</strong>ve ao fato que estas<br />
aves foram vistas na rodovia, o que permite observação fácil. Já que a maior parte da<br />
floresta está inundada, estas aves <strong>de</strong>vem ter indo em busca <strong>de</strong> solo seco. No mais, não<br />
há tráfico na rodovia. Nós não cruzamos n<strong>en</strong>hum outro veículo na rodovia até<br />
chegarmos no Rio Pixiam River. Mais tar<strong>de</strong> no mesmo dia, o tráfico era int<strong>en</strong>so em<br />
Poconé. Pescadores e familias visitando ao pantanal durante o dia compunham a<br />
maoria do tráfico <strong>de</strong> veículos naqu<strong>el</strong>a tar<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, eu <strong>de</strong>vo com<strong>en</strong>tar que um importante aspecto do norte do Pantanal – a<br />
m<strong>el</strong>horia da Transpantaneira. Os unícos proprietários <strong>de</strong> terra que eu conversei durante<br />
minha curta visita também trabalham na área <strong>de</strong> turismo, e não surpre<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntem<strong>en</strong>te<br />
são contra a pavim<strong>en</strong>tação da rodovia. F<strong>el</strong>izm<strong>en</strong>te, pressões econômicas para<br />
pavim<strong>en</strong>tar a rodovia, como observado por Olmos (1998), diminuíram <strong>de</strong> alguma forma<br />
e a maioria das faz<strong>en</strong>das <strong>de</strong> gado ao longo da rodovia Transpantaneira se b<strong>en</strong>eficiam<br />
do ecoturismo como fonte <strong>de</strong> r<strong>en</strong>da adicional. Consi<strong>de</strong>rando a extraordinária<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>tração <strong>de</strong> crací<strong>de</strong>os na rodovia, po<strong>de</strong>-se esperar que a rodovia seja ess<strong>en</strong>cial<br />
<strong>en</strong>quanto não pavim<strong>en</strong>tada. A substituição <strong>de</strong> pontes <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira por sua vez continua a<br />
ser uma ameaça ambi<strong>en</strong>tal. Disseram-me que uma ponte é subsituída a cada dois a<br />
quatro anos, <strong>de</strong>vido ao uso. Um proprietário sugere substituir as pontes <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira no<br />
rio Pixiam por pontes <strong>de</strong> concretos para reduzir a <strong>de</strong>rrubada <strong>de</strong> árvores para substituir<br />
as pontes não apropriadas para uso.<br />
37
UNA AGREGACIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA DE CRACIDOS DURANTE LA EPOCA DE<br />
LLUVIAS EN EL PANTANAL BRASILEÑO NORTEÑO<br />
Peter Kaestner<br />
Unit 3500, APO, AA 34030-3500 - pgkaestner@yahoo.com<br />
D<strong>el</strong> 7-9 <strong>de</strong> marzo <strong>de</strong> 2003, visité <strong>el</strong> Pantanal norteño, localizado <strong>en</strong> la parte <strong>de</strong>l sur <strong>de</strong>l<br />
estado <strong>de</strong> Mato Grosso, Brasil. Yo me quedé con mi esposa y dos niños <strong>en</strong> la Pousada<br />
Jaguar, a 110 km sobre la carretera Transpantaneira <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Poconé a Porto Jofre <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong><br />
Río Cuiabá, <strong>de</strong>bido a que <strong>el</strong> sitio es famoso por las oportunida<strong>de</strong>s para ver mamíferos<br />
por la noche. En esta parte <strong>de</strong> Brazil, marzo es <strong>el</strong> fin <strong>de</strong> la época <strong>de</strong> lluvias, y lluvias<br />
parciales ocurrieron durante todos los tres días. Los niv<strong>el</strong>es <strong>de</strong> agua fueron<br />
normalm<strong>en</strong>te altos, y <strong>de</strong> acuerdo a nuestro guía, los picos estacionales simplem<strong>en</strong>te<br />
habían empezado a disminuir. Las aves fueron abundantes, y registré 182 especies<br />
durante mi estancia <strong>de</strong> tres días incluy<strong>en</strong>do a seis crácidos.<br />
7-8 Marzo<br />
Las Chachalacas <strong>de</strong> la especie Ortalis canicollis, fueron muy comunes sobre <strong>el</strong> camino<br />
y a lo largo <strong>de</strong> todo <strong>el</strong> fin <strong>de</strong> semana. Grupos <strong>de</strong> 5 - 15 individuos, a m<strong>en</strong>udo con<br />
jóv<strong>en</strong>es (fácilm<strong>en</strong>te i<strong>de</strong>ntificable por su tamaño más pequeño), constantem<strong>en</strong>te volaban<br />
sobre la carretera principal hacia los arbustos. Nosotros <strong>en</strong>contramos a tres<br />
chachalacas muertas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> camino que probablem<strong>en</strong>te habían sido atrop<strong>el</strong>ladas por<br />
vehículos.<br />
Dado que la Pousada Jaguar se localiza cerca <strong>de</strong> la Estación <strong>de</strong> Investigación Pantanal<br />
IBAMA (Olmos 1998), yo visité dos veces <strong>el</strong> bosque alto, "cordilheira", durante la<br />
mañana y tar<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>l 8 marzo (~1 hr/visita). El bosque es bonito, con los árboles altos<br />
<strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> la pequeña (~5 ha) área <strong>de</strong> IBAMA. En <strong>el</strong> bosque alto, yo vi<br />
aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te a 12 pavas, con Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis grayi excedi<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> número a P.<br />
cujubi 2:1. Normalm<strong>en</strong>te, las pavas se vieron volando <strong>de</strong> un árbol a otro. A<strong>de</strong>más,<br />
Crax fasciolata fue común, y se observaron cuatro <strong>grupo</strong>s familiares. En cada caso,<br />
jóv<strong>en</strong>es (<strong>de</strong>l tamaño medio <strong>de</strong> adultos) acompañaban a los padres.<br />
Yo estaba más interesado <strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>contrar dos especies <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope que yo no había<br />
visto previam<strong>en</strong>te. El 7 y 8 marzo, yo tuve un <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tro cercano con las pavas, pero<br />
sólo fueron observaciones fugaces y probablem<strong>en</strong>te se trataron <strong>de</strong> P. ochrogaster.<br />
9 Marzo<br />
El 9 marzo, planeamos un viaje <strong>en</strong> bote sobre <strong>el</strong> Río Pixiam, localizado a unos 50 km al<br />
norte <strong>de</strong> la Pousada Jaguar. Para conseguir <strong>el</strong> barco temprano, nosotros salimos a la<br />
salida <strong>de</strong>l sol (06:00 hrs), y una capa espesa <strong>de</strong> nubes obscureció al sol. Cuando nos<br />
dirigimos hacia <strong>el</strong> norte, notamos inmediatam<strong>en</strong>te que <strong>el</strong> camino se cubrió con crácidos.<br />
A<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> las numerosas chachalacas, había <strong>grupo</strong>s <strong>de</strong> pavones y pavas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong><br />
camino. El hábitat cerca <strong>de</strong> la Pousada es principalm<strong>en</strong>te pastizal seca, con algún<br />
bosque maduro con los árboles <strong>de</strong> 20 m <strong>de</strong> alto. Mucho <strong>de</strong>l bosque había sido cortado<br />
cerca <strong>de</strong>l camino, con algunos árboles gran<strong>de</strong>s dispersos. Fue <strong>en</strong> uno <strong>de</strong> éstos árboles<br />
a la orilla <strong>de</strong>l camino que yo noté a dos pavas <strong>de</strong>l género P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope tan sólo<br />
38
aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te a cinco minutos <strong>de</strong>l viaje. Estaban perchadas a 15 m <strong>de</strong> altura <strong>en</strong><br />
una rama gran<strong>de</strong>, casi horizontal. Nosotros <strong>de</strong>tuvimos <strong>el</strong> vehículo y nos bajamos para<br />
tratar <strong>de</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntificarlas. Su tamaño pequeño y los perceptibles bor<strong>de</strong>s rojizos <strong>de</strong> las<br />
cobertoras <strong>de</strong> las alas, indicaban que se trataba <strong>de</strong> P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris.<br />
Irónicam<strong>en</strong>te, éstas fueron las dos únicas P. superciliaris que vi durante todo <strong>el</strong> viaje.<br />
A pocos minutos <strong>de</strong> conducir, un <strong>grupo</strong> <strong>de</strong> ocho P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster fueron vistos <strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>el</strong> camino a<strong>de</strong>lante <strong>de</strong>l vehículo. Nos <strong>de</strong>tuvimos inmediatam<strong>en</strong>te y miramos como <strong>el</strong><br />
<strong>grupo</strong> l<strong>en</strong>tam<strong>en</strong>te se hizo a un lado <strong>de</strong>l camino y se dirigió hacia los arbustos. Nosotros<br />
pudimos ver a las aves claram<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> distinto tamaño y la falta <strong>de</strong> rojizo <strong>en</strong> las plumas<br />
<strong>de</strong>l dorso. A<strong>de</strong>más, <strong>el</strong> vi<strong>en</strong>tre y la zona anal castaño fueron evi<strong>de</strong>ntes. Todos las aves<br />
<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>grupo</strong> eran aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>l mismo tamaño, así que si había jóv<strong>en</strong>es, ya<br />
habían alcanzado <strong>el</strong> tamaño adulto. Continuamos hacia <strong>el</strong> Río Pixiam. Más<br />
chachalacas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> camino, con <strong>grupo</strong>s pequeños <strong>de</strong> pavones, m<strong>en</strong>os común. Después<br />
<strong>en</strong> un camino estrecho, vimos a dos familias separadas <strong>de</strong> Crax fasciolata, incluy<strong>en</strong>do a<br />
una pareja con dos jóv<strong>en</strong>es con plumaje juv<strong>en</strong>il aún críptico (D<strong>el</strong>acour y Amadon 1973).<br />
De hecho, casi cada <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tro con Crax durante <strong>el</strong> fin <strong>de</strong> semana fue <strong>de</strong> un <strong>grupo</strong><br />
familiar con jóv<strong>en</strong>es. Una pareja <strong>de</strong> Pipile cumam<strong>en</strong>sis grayi voló <strong>en</strong>cima <strong>de</strong>l camino,<br />
directam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong>lante <strong>de</strong>l vehículo, su <strong>de</strong>lgada papada blanquecina fue claram<strong>en</strong>te<br />
visible. Pronto, hubo otras pavas, algunas <strong>en</strong> los árboles, y cuatro individuos parados<br />
sobre <strong>el</strong> camino. En un mom<strong>en</strong>to dado, yo pu<strong>de</strong> ver alre<strong>de</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> 25 crácidos <strong>de</strong> cuatro<br />
especies a<strong>de</strong>lante <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> camino.<br />
Sólo aproximadam<strong>en</strong>te a 20 min <strong>de</strong> conducir hacia <strong>el</strong> Pixiam, yo compr<strong>en</strong>dí que<br />
nosotros estábamos dando testimonio <strong>de</strong> algo pot<strong>en</strong>cialm<strong>en</strong>te raro. A estas alturas, sin<br />
embargo, yo empecé a contar a los crácidos: se hicieron estimaciones aproximadas <strong>de</strong><br />
las chachalacas, y se contaron cuidadosam<strong>en</strong>te a las pavas más gran<strong>de</strong>s y los<br />
pavones, pero Pipile fueron i<strong>de</strong>ntificados solam<strong>en</strong>te a niv<strong>el</strong> g<strong>en</strong>érico (aunque por lo<br />
m<strong>en</strong>os se registraron a cinco cuman<strong>en</strong>sis y un cujubi). Durante la próxima hr., yo<br />
observé muchas aves, pero los números disminuyeron conforme avanzamos hacia <strong>el</strong><br />
norte y conforme se agotaba <strong>el</strong> día. El sol nunca apareció y hubo lluvia fuerte al<br />
mediodía. Las aves se conc<strong>en</strong>traron <strong>en</strong> áreas dón<strong>de</strong> los árboles gran<strong>de</strong>s eran<br />
promin<strong>en</strong>tes y <strong>el</strong> bosque inundado. En los pantanos que ro<strong>de</strong>aron a los parches <strong>de</strong><br />
bosque, solo se vieron chachalacas.<br />
Cuando llegamos al Río Pixiam (07:30 hrs.) había registrado sobre 220 crácidos a lo<br />
largo <strong>de</strong> un transecto 50 km (Tabla 1). En nuestro viaje <strong>en</strong> barco por espacio <strong>de</strong> una<br />
hora sobre <strong>el</strong> Río Pixiam vimos otras siete pavas: cinco P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster y dos<br />
Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis <strong>en</strong> la vegetación ribereña.<br />
39
Tabla 1 – Crácidos registrados a lo largo <strong>de</strong> un transecto <strong>de</strong> 50 Km.<br />
Especie Total % % <strong>en</strong><br />
Notas<br />
visto jóv<strong>en</strong>es camino<br />
125 20 100 Estimación conservadora<br />
Ortalis canicollis<br />
40 40 75 Solo dos jóv<strong>en</strong>es con<br />
Crax fasciolata<br />
plumaje críptico<br />
30 0 17<br />
Pipile pipile<br />
24 0 20 La mayoría cumam<strong>en</strong>sis?<br />
Pipile sp?<br />
5 0 0 Más común al norte?<br />
Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
1 0 0 Vistos <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Km 100<br />
Pipile cujubi<br />
25 0 75 D<strong>el</strong> Km 100 al norte. No<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster<br />
jóv<strong>en</strong>es vistos – pue<strong>de</strong>n<br />
haber alcanzado <strong>el</strong><br />
estado adulto?<br />
2 0 0 Vistos <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Km 105<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris<br />
perchadas <strong>en</strong> un árbol<br />
gran<strong>de</strong>, lado oeste <strong>de</strong>l<br />
camino<br />
Varios factores crearon esta situación rara. Esta área <strong>de</strong>l Pantanal no ti<strong>en</strong>e una<br />
apreciable presión <strong>de</strong> cacería, una <strong>de</strong> las am<strong>en</strong>azas más gran<strong>de</strong>s para los crácidos<br />
(Collar et al. 1992). La abundancia <strong>de</strong> crácidos <strong>en</strong> esta parte <strong>de</strong>l Transpantaneira ha<br />
sido docum<strong>en</strong>tada por Olmos (1998), quién t<strong>en</strong>ía 278 contactos individuales con<br />
crácidos cerca <strong>de</strong>l C<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> Investigaciones <strong>de</strong> IBAMA durante una semana <strong>en</strong> agosto<br />
<strong>de</strong> 1997. El aspecto raro <strong>de</strong> esta agregación es que las aves se vieron principalm<strong>en</strong>te<br />
sobre <strong>el</strong> propio camino que permitió la observación <strong>de</strong> forma fácil. Dado que los<br />
bosques estaban inundados, esto pudo haber causado que las aves buscaran zonas<br />
secas. Adicionalm<strong>en</strong>te, no había tráfico <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> camino. Nosotros no pasamos o<br />
<strong>en</strong>contramos otro vehículo hasta que al Río Pixiam. Sin embargo, más tar<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> día,<br />
<strong>el</strong> tráfico era pesado <strong>en</strong> Poconé. Pescadores y familias que vi<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> al humedal <strong>en</strong> plan<br />
<strong>de</strong> visita, fueron los únicos vehículos por la tar<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Finalm<strong>en</strong>te, yo <strong>de</strong>bo hacer un com<strong>en</strong>tario sobre un problema medioambi<strong>en</strong>tal<br />
importante <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> Pantanal norteño – <strong>el</strong> mejorami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> la Transpantaneira. Los únicos<br />
propietarios con los cuales hablé durante mi corta visita turística fueron los mismos<br />
proveedores <strong>de</strong> servicios turísticos, qui<strong>en</strong>es no sorpr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntem<strong>en</strong>te, se opon<strong>en</strong> al<br />
pavim<strong>en</strong>tando <strong>de</strong> la carretera. Afortunadam<strong>en</strong>te, las presiones económicas para<br />
pavim<strong>en</strong>tar <strong>el</strong> camino notado por Olmos (1998) se pue<strong>de</strong>n haber aliviado un poco, como<br />
ahora la mayoría <strong>de</strong> los ranchos gana<strong>de</strong>ros a lo largo <strong>de</strong>l Transpantaneira están<br />
tomando v<strong>en</strong>tajas <strong>de</strong>l eco-turismo para complem<strong>en</strong>tar sus ingresos. Consi<strong>de</strong>rado las<br />
conc<strong>en</strong>traciones extraordinarias <strong>de</strong> crácidos que usan <strong>el</strong> camino, uno esperaría<br />
ciertam<strong>en</strong>te que <strong>el</strong> camino ret<strong>en</strong>ga su carácter es<strong>en</strong>cial y no sea pavim<strong>en</strong>tado. Por otro<br />
lado, <strong>el</strong> reemplazo <strong>de</strong> los pu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ra continúa si<strong>en</strong>do un <strong>de</strong>safío<br />
medioambi<strong>en</strong>tal. Me dijeron que cada uno se reemplaza cada dos a cuatro años,<br />
40
<strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong>l uso. Un dueño <strong>de</strong> un pequeño hot<strong>el</strong> sugirió reemplazar los pu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong><br />
ma<strong>de</strong>ra al sur <strong>de</strong>l Río Pixiam con las estructuras <strong>de</strong> hormigón reducir la tala <strong>de</strong> árboles.<br />
AN EXTRAORDINARY AGGREGATION OF CRACIDS DURING THE WET-SEASON<br />
IN THE NORTHERN BRAZILIAN PANTANAL<br />
Peter Kaestner<br />
Unit 3500, APO, AA 34030-3500 - pgkaestner@yahoo.com<br />
From 7-9 March 2003 I visited the northern Pantanal, located in the southern part of the<br />
state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. I stayed with my wife and two childr<strong>en</strong> at the Pousada<br />
Jaguar, at km 110 on the Transpantaneira road from Poconé to Porto Jofre on the Rio<br />
Cuiabá, because of its reputation for nighttime mammal viewing opportunities. March is<br />
towards the <strong>en</strong>d of the rainy season in this part of Brazil, and partial rain was pres<strong>en</strong>t<br />
during all three days. The water lev<strong>el</strong>s were normally high, and according to our gui<strong>de</strong>,<br />
had just begun to rece<strong>de</strong> from the seasonal peaks. Birds were abundant, and I recor<strong>de</strong>d<br />
182 species during my three-day stay, including six cracids.<br />
7-8 March<br />
Chaco Chachalacas (Ortalis canicollis) were very common on the road all week<strong>en</strong>d long.<br />
Groups of 5 - 15 birds, oft<strong>en</strong> with young (easily i<strong>de</strong>ntifiable by their smaller size), were<br />
constantly flying off the main highway into the roadsi<strong>de</strong> scrub. We passed three <strong>de</strong>ad<br />
chachalacas on the road that had presumably be<strong>en</strong> killed by speeding vehicles.<br />
Since the Pousada Jaguar is located near the IBAMA Pantanal Research Station (Olmos<br />
1998), I visited the tall, “cordilheira,” forest there twice, during morning and ev<strong>en</strong>ing of 8<br />
March (~1 hr/visit). The forest is beautiful, with the tallest trees within the small (~5 ha)<br />
IBAMA compound. In the tall forest, I saw about 12 piping guans, with Blue-throated<br />
(Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis grayi) outnumbering the Red-throated (P. cujubi) 2:1. Usually, the<br />
piping guans were se<strong>en</strong> flying from one tree to another. In addition, Bare-faced<br />
Curassow (Crax fasciolata) was common there, and four family groups were observed.<br />
In each case, young (half the size of adults) accompanied the par<strong>en</strong>ts.<br />
I was more interested in finding two species of P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope guan that I had not se<strong>en</strong><br />
previously. On both 7 and 8 March, I had kept a close watch for the guans, but only had<br />
two fleeting glimpses of birds that were most lik<strong>el</strong>y the Chestnut-b<strong>el</strong>lied Guan (P.<br />
ochrogaster).<br />
9 March<br />
On 9 March, we planned a boat trip on the Pixiam River, located some 50 km north of<br />
the Pousada Jaguar. To get to the boat early, we left at sunrise (06:00 hrs), and a thick<br />
layer of altostratus clouds obscured the rising sun. As we hea<strong>de</strong>d north, we immediat<strong>el</strong>y<br />
noted that the road was covered with cracids. In addition to the numerous chachalacas,<br />
there were groups of curassows, and ev<strong>en</strong> guans in the road. The habitat near the<br />
Pousada is mostly dry pasture, with some mature forest with trees over 20 m tall. Much<br />
of the forest had be<strong>en</strong> cut near the road, leaving some scattered large trees. It was in<br />
one of these roadsi<strong>de</strong> trees that I noticed two P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope guans only about five min into<br />
41
the trip. They were perched about 15 m high on a large, almost horizontal branch. We<br />
stopped the vehicle and got out to i<strong>de</strong>ntify them. Their small size and perceptible rusty<br />
feather edgings on the wing coverts meant that they had to be the Rusty-margined Guan<br />
(P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris). Ironically, these were the only two P. superciliaris I saw on the<br />
whole trip.<br />
Within another few min drive, a group of eight P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster were se<strong>en</strong> in the<br />
road ahead of the vehicle. We immediat<strong>el</strong>y stopped and watched at our leisure as the<br />
group slowly ma<strong>de</strong> their way to the si<strong>de</strong> of the road and up into the roadsi<strong>de</strong> bushes.<br />
We were able to see clearly the birds distinctly larger size and lack of rusty feather<br />
edgings on the back. In addition, the chestnut b<strong>el</strong>ly and v<strong>en</strong>t was conspicuous. All the<br />
birds in the group were about the same size, so if there were young, they had already<br />
reached adult size. We forged ahead towards the Pixiam River. More chachalacas<br />
littered the road, with small groups of curassows less common. Along one stretch, we<br />
saw two separate families of Crax fasciolata, including one pair that had two young that<br />
were still in their cryptic juv<strong>en</strong>ile plumage (D<strong>el</strong>acour and Amadon 1973). In<strong>de</strong>ed, almost<br />
every <strong>en</strong>counter with Crax during the week<strong>en</strong>d was of a family group with young. A pair<br />
of Pipile cumam<strong>en</strong>sis grayi flew over the road, directly in front of the vehicle, their thin<br />
whitish wattles clearly visible. Soon, there were other piping guans, some in the trees,<br />
and four birds standing in the road. At one point, I could see over 25 cracids of four<br />
species up ahead on the road.<br />
Only about 20 min into our drive to the Pixiam, I realized that we were witnessing<br />
something pot<strong>en</strong>tially unusual. At this point, however, I started keeping a tally of the<br />
cracids: chachalacas were estimated approximat<strong>el</strong>y, and the larger guans and<br />
curassows were tallied carefully, but Pipile were only i<strong>de</strong>ntified to g<strong>en</strong>eric status<br />
(although at least five cuman<strong>en</strong>sis and one cujubi were recor<strong>de</strong>d). During the next hr, I<br />
observed many birds, but numbers thinned out as we w<strong>en</strong>t further north, and it got later<br />
in the day. The sun never burned thought the overcast, and it was raining hard by noon.<br />
The birds were conc<strong>en</strong>trated in areas where large trees were promin<strong>en</strong>t and the forest<br />
was floo<strong>de</strong>d. In the op<strong>en</strong> marshes that interspersed the forest patches, only<br />
chachalacas were se<strong>en</strong>.<br />
By the time we had reached the Pixiam River (07:30 hrs.) I had recor<strong>de</strong>d over 220<br />
individual cracids along a 50 km transect (Table 1). On our hour-long boat trip up the<br />
Rio Pixiam we saw another sev<strong>en</strong> guans: five P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster and two Pipile<br />
cuman<strong>en</strong>sis in the riversi<strong>de</strong> vegetation.<br />
42
TABLE 1 – Cracids recor<strong>de</strong>d along a 50 km road transect<br />
Species/Form Total % % on Remarks<br />
se<strong>en</strong> young road<br />
Chaco Chachalaca<br />
125 20 100 A very conservative<br />
Ortalis canicollis<br />
estimate<br />
Bare-faced Currassow<br />
40 40 75 Only two young in cryptic<br />
Crax fasciolata<br />
plumage<br />
“Common” Piping Guan<br />
Pipile pipile<br />
30 0 17<br />
Uni<strong>de</strong>ntified Piping Guan<br />
Pipile sp?<br />
24 0 20 Most cumam<strong>en</strong>sis?<br />
Blue-throated Piping Guan<br />
Pipile cuman<strong>en</strong>sis<br />
5 0 0 Commoner north?<br />
Red-throated Piping Guan<br />
Pipile cujubi<br />
1 0 0 Se<strong>en</strong> at Km 100<br />
Chestnut-b<strong>el</strong>lied Guan<br />
25 0 75 From Km 100 north. No<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster<br />
young se<strong>en</strong> – may have<br />
already reached adult size?<br />
Rusty-margined Guan<br />
2 0 0 Se<strong>en</strong> at Km 105 perched in<br />
P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope superciliaris<br />
a tall tree on the west si<strong>de</strong><br />
of the road<br />
Several factors created this unusual situation. This area of the Pantanal does not have<br />
appreciable hunting pressure, one of the biggest threats to cracids (Collar et al. 1992).<br />
The abundance of cracids in this part of the Transpantaneira has be<strong>en</strong> docum<strong>en</strong>ted by<br />
Olmos (1998), who had 278 individual contacts with cracids near the IBAMA<br />
Investigation C<strong>en</strong>ter during a week in August 1997. The unusual aspect of this<br />
aggregation is that the birds were se<strong>en</strong> mostly on the road its<strong>el</strong>f, which permitted very<br />
easy observation. Since the forests were mostly floo<strong>de</strong>d, this may have caused the<br />
birds to search out dry ground. Additionally, there was no traffic on the road. We did not<br />
pass or <strong>en</strong>counter another vehicle until we arrived at the Pixiam River. Later in the day,<br />
traffic was heavy Poconé, however. Fisherm<strong>en</strong> and families coming to the wetland for<br />
day visits comprised the majority of the afternoon vehicles.<br />
Finally, I must comm<strong>en</strong>t on an important <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal issue in the northern Pantanal -<br />
the upgrading of the Transpantaneira. The only landowners I spoke to during my short<br />
tourist visit were thems<strong>el</strong>ves tourist service provi<strong>de</strong>rs, who, not surprisingly, opposed<br />
paving the road. Fortunat<strong>el</strong>y, the economic pressures to pave the road noted by Olmos<br />
(1998) may have be<strong>en</strong> alleviated somewhat, as now most of the cattle ranches along the<br />
Transpantaneira take advantage of eco-tourism to supplem<strong>en</strong>t their ranching income.<br />
Consi<strong>de</strong>ring the extraordinary conc<strong>en</strong>trations of cracids using the road, one would sur<strong>el</strong>y<br />
hope that the road retains its ess<strong>en</strong>tial character and is not paved. On the other hand,<br />
the replacem<strong>en</strong>t of the woo<strong>de</strong>n bridges continues to be an <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal chall<strong>en</strong>ge. I<br />
was told that each one is replaced every two to four yr, <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ding on wear. One lodge<br />
owner suggested replacing the woo<strong>de</strong>n bridges south of the Pixiam River with concrete<br />
structures to reduce tree-f<strong>el</strong>ling.<br />
REFERENCIAS<br />
43
REFERÊNCIAS<br />
REFERENCES<br />
BirdLife International. 2000. Threat<strong>en</strong>ed Birds of the World. Lynx Edic. and BirdLife Intl.,<br />
Barc<strong>el</strong>ona and UK.<br />
Collar, N.J., L.A.P. Gonzaga, N. Krabbe, A. Madroño-Nieto, L.G. Naranjo, T.A. Parker,<br />
and D.C. Wege. 1992. Threat<strong>en</strong>ed Birds of the Americas: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data<br />
Book. Birdlife Intl., UK.<br />
D<strong>el</strong>acour, J. and D. Amadon. 1973. Curassows and R<strong>el</strong>ated Birds. Amer. Mus. Nat.<br />
Hist., NY.<br />
<strong>de</strong>l Hoyo, J. 1994. Family Cracidae. IN: <strong>de</strong>l Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, J. Sargatal, Eds.<br />
Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 2: New World vultures to guineafowl. Lynx<br />
Edic., Barc<strong>el</strong>ona.<br />
Olmos, F. 1998. The Chestnut-b<strong>el</strong>lied Guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ochrogaster) in the Northern<br />
Pantanal of Poconé, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Bol. CSG 6: 6-10.<br />
PUBLICACIONES RECIENTES<br />
PUBLICAÇÕES RECENTES<br />
RECENT PUBLICATIONS<br />
NOTA: Envi<strong>en</strong>os cualquier otras publicaciones reci<strong>en</strong>tes (incluso las suyas!) para<br />
aum<strong>en</strong>tar esta lista.<br />
NOTA: Por favor nos <strong>en</strong>vie qualquer publicação rec<strong>en</strong>te (incluindo as suas !) para que<br />
possamos incluir na lista!<br />
NOTE: Please s<strong>en</strong>d us any other rec<strong>en</strong>t publications (including your own!) to add to the<br />
list!<br />
Alexan<strong>de</strong>r, GD. 2002. Observations of the Trinidad Piping-Guan, or Pawi (Pipile pipile),<br />
in northern Trinidad. Studies in Trinidad and Tobago Ornithology Honouring<br />
Richard ffr<strong>en</strong>ch (FE Hayes and SA Temple, Eds.). Dept. Life Sci., Univ. West Indies, St.<br />
Augustine, Occas. Pap. 11: 119-130.<br />
Chaves-Campos, J. 2003. Changes in abundance of crested guan (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope<br />
purpurasc<strong>en</strong>s) and black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor) along an altitudinal gradi<strong>en</strong>t in<br />
Costa Rica. 0rn. Neotrop. 14: 195-200.<br />
Goetze, J.R., P.G. Warr<strong>en</strong>, J.L. Egremy and R. Viswanath. 2002. Comparisons of<br />
resi<strong>de</strong>nt birds of the Paseo <strong>de</strong>l Indio Nature Trail to other public lands in south Texas.<br />
Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ., No. 213 (Ortalis vetula).<br />
44
Grau, E.T., S.L. Pereira, L.F. Silveira and A. Wajntal. 2003. Molecular markers<br />
contribute to a breeding programme of the extinct-in-the-wild Alagoas Curassow Mitu<br />
mitu and confirm the validity of the species. Bird Conserv. Intl. 13: 115-126.<br />
Jiménez, I., G.A. Londoño and C.D. Ca<strong>de</strong>na. 2003. Effici<strong>en</strong>cy, bias, and consist<strong>en</strong>cy of<br />
visual and aural surveys of curassows (Cracidae) in tropical forests. J. Fi<strong>el</strong>d Ornithol. 74:<br />
210-216.<br />
Mee, A, J Ohson, I Stewart, M Wilson, POrn, J Diaz-F. 2002. The Cerros <strong>de</strong>l Sira<br />
revisited: birds of submontane and montane forests. Cotinga 18: 46-57. (Pauxi unicornis<br />
koepckeae)<br />
Mills, S. 2002. Efforts to reintroduce the Alagoas curassow to the Brazilian wild are a<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l of conservation co-operation. BBC Wildl. 20 (12): 37.<br />
Pereira, SL, AJ Baker and A Wajntal. 2002. Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA<br />
sequ<strong>en</strong>ces resolve g<strong>en</strong>eric r<strong>el</strong>ationships within the Cracidae (Galliformes, Aves). Syst.<br />
Biol. 51: 946-958.<br />
Peres, C.A., J. Barlow and T. Haugaas<strong>en</strong>. 2003. Vertebrate responses to surface<br />
wildfires in a c<strong>en</strong>tral Amazonian forest. Oryx 37: 97-109. (P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope pileata, P.<br />
superciliaris, Pipile sp., Mitu tuberosa)<br />
R<strong>en</strong>jifo, L.M., A.M. Franco-Maya, J.D. Amaya-Espin<strong>el</strong>, G.H. Kattan y B. Lopez-Lanus.<br />
Libro Rojo <strong>de</strong> Aves <strong>de</strong> Colombia. 2002. Inst. Humboldt y Minis. Medio Amb., Bogota.<br />
(Ortalis erythroptera, P<strong>en</strong><strong>el</strong>ope ortoni, P. perspicax, Pauxi pauxi, Crax alberti, C.<br />
daub<strong>en</strong>toni, C. globulosa)<br />
CONGRESSOS<br />
MEETINGS<br />
V Jornada Nacional <strong>de</strong> Ornitologia / V Peruvian Ornithology Congress: 19-24 Oct. 2003 -<br />
Mejia – Arequipa.<br />
Contact: CCP-JNO@Peru.com / www.vjno-peru.i-p.com<br />
VII Congreso <strong>de</strong> Ornitologia Neotropical / VI Neotropical Ornithology Congress: 5-11<br />
Oct. 2003 - Chile.<br />
Contact: jjim<strong>en</strong>ez@ulagos.cl<br />
I Congreso Internacional <strong>de</strong> Bosques Secos / I International Confer<strong>en</strong>ce on Dry Forests:<br />
6-9 Nov 2003 – Piura, Peru.<br />
Contact: lalban@u<strong>de</strong>p.edu.pe / www.congresointernacionalbosquessecos.com<br />
Taller sobre Biología y Conservación <strong>de</strong> Cracidos <strong>en</strong> Amazonia oeste / Workshop sobre<br />
Biologia e Conservação <strong>de</strong> Crací<strong>de</strong>os no oeste da Bacia Amazônica / Workshop on the<br />
Biology and Conservation of Cracids of the western Amazonian basin: Sept 2004 - VI<br />
Congreso <strong>de</strong> Manejo <strong>de</strong> Fauna Amazonica, Iquitos, Peru.<br />
Contact: Alfredo J. Begazo - info@njourneys.com - (352) 376-7110 (t<strong>el</strong>)<br />
45
IV Congreso <strong>de</strong> Manejo <strong>de</strong> Fauna Amazonica / IV Amazonian Fauna Managem<strong>en</strong>t<br />
Congress: Sept 2004, Iquitos, Peru.<br />
Contact: congresofauna@amauta.rcp.net.pe - http://www.vicongreso.com.pe<br />
¿ESTA INTERESADO EN APUNTARSE?<br />
INTERESSADO EM ASSINAR O BOLETIM ?<br />
INTERESTED IN SIGNING UP?<br />
Si ha recibido esta edición por corréo, por favor <strong>en</strong>vi<strong>en</strong>os su direccion <strong>de</strong> correo<br />
<strong>el</strong>ectronico. Esto nos ahorra gastos y ayuda a preservar arboles! Si usted sabe <strong>de</strong><br />
algui<strong>en</strong> que este interesado <strong>en</strong> ser incluido <strong>en</strong> la lista <strong>de</strong>l CSG por favor <strong>en</strong>vie su<br />
nombre, dirección, Corréo <strong>el</strong>ectrónico, y su interes in <strong>cracidos</strong> a: Dani<strong>el</strong> M. Brooks, CSG<br />
Chair – dbrooks@hmns.org (dirrección arriba antes).<br />
Se você recebeu esta edição p<strong>el</strong>o correio, por favor nos <strong>en</strong>vie seu E-mail para<br />
economizarmos dinheiro e árvores! Se você conhece alguém que t<strong>en</strong>ha interesse em<br />
ser adicionado à mala direta do CSG, <strong>en</strong>vie seu nome, <strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>reço e E-mail para: Dani<strong>el</strong><br />
M. Brooks, CSG Chair - dbrooks@hmns.org (other contact information provi<strong>de</strong>d above).<br />
If you have received this issue by mail, please s<strong>en</strong>d us your E-mail to save exp<strong>en</strong>ses<br />
and trees! If there is anyone you know interested in being put on the CSG mailing list,<br />
please s<strong>en</strong>d their name, address/E-mail, and interest in cracids to: Dani<strong>el</strong> M. Brooks,<br />
CSG Chair - dbrooks@hmns.org (other contact information provi<strong>de</strong>d above).<br />
A favor of Bol. CSG recipi<strong>en</strong>ts: The CSG requests that you provi<strong>de</strong> a donation of<br />
US$15/year, or more, to receive the bi-annual Bol. CSG in printed form, mailed directly<br />
to your address. These funds will be used towards Cracid Conservation Projects.<br />
Please s<strong>en</strong>d checks ma<strong>de</strong> payable to World Pheasant Association - Cracid Specialist<br />
Group, and s<strong>en</strong>d check with your address to WPA; 7-9 Shaftesbury St., Fordingbridge,<br />
Hampshire SP6 1JF, UK. Thank you for your support!<br />
INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS AUTORES<br />
INSTRUÇÕES PARA COLABORADORES<br />
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTORS<br />
Si usted ti<strong>en</strong>e cualquier artículo, noticias u otro tipo <strong>de</strong> contribuciones, por favor,<br />
<strong>en</strong>vi<strong>el</strong>os a uno <strong>de</strong> los editores (dirección abajo) sigui<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> acuerdo al idioma <strong>en</strong> que<br />
la contribución este escrita. Por artículos que excedan 1 página, por favor, incluir un<br />
diskette con <strong>el</strong> texto y una cópia por escrito. Texto <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> diskette se escribiria<br />
prefer<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> MicroSoft Word for Windows 7,0 (contribuciones <strong>en</strong> inglés),<br />
MicroSoft Word for Windows2,0 (contribuciones <strong>en</strong> español), y MicroSoft Word for<br />
Windows 6,0 (contribuciones <strong>en</strong> portugués).<br />
46
Se você tem qualquer notícia ou contribuição, por favor <strong>en</strong>vie-a a um dos nossos<br />
editores, <strong>de</strong> acordo com o idioma em que a mesma está escrita. Para contribuições com<br />
mais <strong>de</strong> uma página, por favor <strong>en</strong>vie uma cópia em disquete juntam<strong>en</strong>te com uma cópia<br />
impressa, preferiv<strong>el</strong>m<strong>en</strong>te em Microsoft Word for Windows 7.0 (contribuições em<br />
inglês), 2.0 (em espanhol) e 6.0 (em Português).<br />
If you have any news items or other contributions, please s<strong>en</strong>d them to one of the<br />
editors (contact information b<strong>el</strong>ow), <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong>ding upon the language you are submitting<br />
your material in. For items exceeding 1 page, please inclu<strong>de</strong> disk with the hard text<br />
copy. Preferably, in MicroSoft Word for Windows 7.0 (English contributions), 2.0<br />
(Spanish contributions), and 6.0 (Portuguese contributions).<br />
ENGLISH EDITOR - Dani<strong>el</strong> M. Brooks - Ecotropix@aol.com - (713) 639-4776 (t<strong>el</strong>) / 639-<br />
4767 (fx) – Houston Museum of Natural Sci<strong>en</strong>ce; Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Vertebrate<br />
Zoology; 1 Hermann Circle Dr.; Houston, Texas 77030-1799; USA.<br />
SPANISH EDITOR - Fernando Gonzalez-Garcia - gonzalef@ecologia.edu.mx - (228)-<br />
8421843 (t<strong>el</strong>) / (228) 8187809 (fax) - Instituto <strong>de</strong> ecología, A.C.; Aptdo. Postal<br />
63; Xalapa, Veracruz 91000; MEXICO.<br />
PORTUGUESE EDITOR - Sergio L Pereira - sergio.pereira@utoronto.ca - Rua Jorge<br />
Antonio Nasser, 821; Palestina, SP; 15470-000; Brazil.<br />
COORDINADORES REGIONALES<br />
COORDENADORES REGIONAIS<br />
REGIONAL COORDINATORS<br />
ARGENTINA - Sandra Caziani - caziani@ciunsa.edu.ar- 005487-901049 (t<strong>el</strong>) / -255483<br />
(fax) - Facult. Ci<strong>en</strong>c. Nat.; Univ. Nac. <strong>de</strong> Salta; Bu<strong>en</strong>os Aires 177 (4400); Salta,<br />
ARGENTINA.<br />
BOLIVIA - Edilberto Guzman Alm<strong>en</strong>dras - eguzman@museo.scz.net - Univ. Autónoma<br />
Gabri<strong>el</strong> R<strong>en</strong>é Mor<strong>en</strong>o; Museo <strong>de</strong> Historia Natural No<strong>el</strong> Kempff Mercado; Av. Irala<br />
565, Casilla 2489; Santa Cruz, BOLIVIA.<br />
BRAZIL - Sergio L Pereira - sergio.pereira@utoronto.ca - Rua Jorge<br />
Antonio Nasser, 821; Palestina, SP; 15470-000; Brazil.<br />
CENTRAL AMERICA - Fernando Gonzalez-Garcia - gonzalef@ecologia.edu.mx - (228)-<br />
8421843 (t<strong>el</strong>) / (228) 8187809 (fax) - Instituto <strong>de</strong> ecología, A.C.; Aptdo. Postal<br />
63; Xalapa, Veracruz 91000; MEXICO.<br />
COLOMBIA - Ivan Jim<strong>en</strong>ez - ij54a@stu<strong>de</strong>ntmail.umsl.edu - Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Biology;<br />
Univ. of Missouri-St. Louis; St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499; USA.<br />
ECUADOR – Rob Williams - Robsrw@interactive.net.ec - Casilla 17-21-140, Quito,<br />
Ecuador<br />
PARAGUAY - Rob Clay - rob@guyra.org.py - 595 (21) 227-777 (t<strong>el</strong>) / (fax) – Guyra<br />
Paraguay; Coron<strong>el</strong> Rafa<strong>el</strong> Franco 381c/ Leandro Prieto; CC 1132; Asuncion,<br />
PARAGUAY<br />
PERU - Alfredo J. Begazo - info@njourneys.com - (352) 376-7110 (t<strong>el</strong>) - 3920 SE<br />
14th Terrace; Gainesville, FL. 32641<br />
TEXAS - Dani<strong>el</strong> M. Brooks - Dbrooks@hmns.org - (713) 639-4776 (t<strong>el</strong>) / 639-4767 (fx) –<br />
47
Houston Museum of Natural Sci<strong>en</strong>ce; Departm<strong>en</strong>t of Vertebrate Zoology; One<br />
Hermann Circle Dr.; Houston, Texas 77030-1799; USA.<br />
VENEZUELA / GUIANA SHIELD / CARIBBEAN – Olivier Tostain –<br />
olivier.tostain@wanadoo.fr - 0594-38-30-66 (t<strong>el</strong>/fx) - B.P. 44; 97321 Cay<strong>en</strong>ne<br />
Ce<strong>de</strong>x; FRENCH GUIANA<br />
We gratefully acknowledge World Pheasant Association International for aid in<br />
publishing and distributing this volume.<br />
Agra<strong>de</strong>cemos sinceram<strong>en</strong>te a World Pheasant Association International por su<br />
ayuda para la publicación y distribución <strong>de</strong> éste volum<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Agam<strong>en</strong>te sinceram<strong>en</strong>te à World Pheasant Association - International p<strong>el</strong>o auxílio<br />
na publicação e distribuição <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ste volume.<br />
48