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DEUXIÈME PARTIE – Interventions en Séances PlénièresColloque International, 8-11 novembre 2010 - DAKARForces de Défense et de Sécurité au cœur de la Séurité Humaine19. IMB, Piracy and Armed Robbery against ShipsReport for the Period 1 January – 31 December2008 (London: ICC IMB, 2009) p.24.20. UN Department of Peacekeeping Operationʼs(DPKO) Standard Generic Training ModuleHuman Rights.21. ECOWAS Protocol in Relation to Conflict Prevention,Management, Resolution, Peacekeepingand Security of December 1999.22. Ibid.23. ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework,(Regulation MSC/REC. 1/O1/08), ECOWASCommission, Abuja, Nigeria January 2008).24. Defence Institute for International legal Studies.Peacekeeping for Decision Makers – An ExecutiveSeminar for Nigeria, 2006.25. Humanitarian Assistance in Mozambique in theContext of the UN Peacekeepiing Operation,.Unpublished Transcript 1995.26. US Herald Magazine, 2008.27. Ibid.28. Armed Forces Journal International, May 1995.29. ECOWAS Protocol. Op Cit.30. Prendergast, J. Frontline Diplomacy – HumanitarianAid and Conflict in Africa.(Boulder: LynneRinner Publisher, 1996).31. Natsios, A. US Foreign policy and the Four Horsemenof the Apocalypse: Humanitarian Relief inComplex Emergences. (West Point: Praeger,1997).32. Authorʼs Experiences in UNPROFOR in formerYugoslavia 1994/95.CHALLENGES IN MULTINATIONAL HUMANITARIANOPERATIONSUnder the framework of actions by the General Assembly and the UN SecurityCouncil (UNSC) regarding procedures of military PSO, it is important to recognisethat international control of conflict embraces a wider horizon than apurely military aspect. Thus, it is not simply a military responsibility but combinedoperation encompassing all the agencies that have a contribution tomake to the peaceful containment and ultimate settlement of a conflict, theestablishment of normalcy, promotion of stability and the rehabilitation of communitylife.In a multinational peacekeeping or disaster management operations, humanitarianaid can threaten the chances for a successful outcome by having unintendedpolitical and military effects. When the objective of the peacekeepingis solely to provide that aid, the peacekeepers are given the task of doing nothingto help correct the political and military conditions that brought about thehumanitarian disaster that made the aid necessary. In any event, it should berecognised that despite the best of humanitarian intentions, aid always has apolitical and military impact. It will inevitably have profound effects on thechances of success for peacekeeping, whether the operation is multifunctionalor limited to protective engagement. While designed to save lives, humanitarianaid can, if it fuels the conflict and prolongs the war, ultimately costmore lives than it saves. It would be better to admit that humanitarian assistancewithout political effects is impossible so that the impacts of these effectscan be more carefully considered. As Prendergast observed in his book onhumanitarian aid and conflict in Africa:Humanitarian aid will continue to be utilised as an instrument of war and willcontinue to fuel conflict. It is incumbent upon those providing the aid to minimisethis phenomenon and to consciously and strategically enhance aids rolein the peace building process. 30How then, can such aid efforts be organised to do no harm ? Natsios describespart of the problem :NGOs, some of which have developed philosophical approaches to reliefand development, guard their autonomy with such energy that they sometimesseem to be suggesting that autonomy is a form of strategy. It isnot. In fact, it is one reason why international responses to emergencieshave been so chaotic. 31Further, experience in the field has shown that in the course of dischargingthese functions, various challenges which include the following are encountered: 32a. Duplication of Roles – OCHA vs Humanitarian coordination.b. Conflict between Process and Work – Military versus Civilian.c. Subjecting Humanitarian Activities to Military Clearance – Political authority,below political expediency and military influence.d. Budgeting and Source of Funds.e. Multiple reporting and supervisory channels.f Inter-relations between staff.g. Interoperability between various components.h. Civil Military Coordination80
DEUXIÈME PARTIE – Interventions en Séances PlénièresCONCLUSIONIt is clear from the discussion so far that the multinational humanitarian operationschallenges identified have implications for policy and this need to beaddressed strategically. If we are to change the behaviour of participants ina conflict in order to reduce the level of violence and return their society tonormalcy and marginal-level self-sufficiency, we must use every level of influenceavailable to policy makers to encourage more responsible behaviour.Absent of a coherent strategy, the contestants will manipulate the outside stakeholdersworking in the crisis, playing one off against another, to achievetheir political and military objectives.Accordingly, a unified strategy must be designed and implemented in a coherentmanner. The security defence and security forces and all stakeholders ineach country must cover such important issues like capacity building, provisionof adequate facilities, joint training exercises, and professionalization.Thoughtfully conceived and creatively managed, international personnel –military and humanitarian alike, can represent a bridge across the divides ofethnic groups and ideology, race and religion, and class. To achieve their fullpotential, however, military assets, no less than humanitarian resources themselves,need to serve effective strategies not only of relief and rehabilitation,but also of conflict preventions and conflict resolution development and peace.The ECOWAS centres of excellence: National Defence College (NDC), Abuja-Nigeria, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC),Accra-Ghana and Ecole Maintien de la Paix Alion Bondin Beye (EMPABB),Dakar-Mali are significant institutions that could bring about the desired standardand level field playing in multinational and humanitarian operations.Forces de Défense et de Sécurité au cœur de la Séurité HumaineColloque International, 8-11 novembre 2010 - DAKARDue to the different organisational structures or culture, the degree to whichcoordination can be applied in any PSO or disaster management will vary.Cooperation and coordination with actors from different organisations needsto be handled in a flexible manner. The processes of coordination need to beopen-minded and flexible in order to provide incentives for effective collaborationthroughout an operation. There are four main types of inter-organisationalinteraction – coherence; coordination and cooperation, collaboration;and coexistence – all of which might be applicable in conflict or disaster area.Finally, the following are steps or actions if taken would encourage synergy ofeffort and ensure success in multinational humanitarian operations :a. Doctrine - Clearly spelt roles and capabilities of each component.b. Planning – Integrated mission planning process.c. Security – Uniform security standard training.d. Training – Provision of adequate training for capacity and capabilityand integrated traininge. Operations – Joint operating centres, crisis management teams,joint mission analysis centre.f. Logistics – Sustain support of forces and integrated support services,joint logistics centre, joint movement coordination cell.HASSAN LAI,is a Brigadier General from the NigerianArmy. He was Director of Staff at the NationalDefence College, Nigeria, before hissecondment to ECOWAS Commission asthe Chief of Staff, ECOWAS StandbyForce. He has attended various coursesboth in Nigeria and in overseas. They includejunior and senior staff course at theArmed Forces Command and Staff College(AFCSC), Jaji Nigeria. He is a graduateof Airborne and Infantry OfficersAdvanced Course at School of Infantry,Fort Benning, Georgia USA and an alumniof National Defence College, Islamabad,Pakistan. Brig Gen Lai holds a masters degreein Defence and Strategic Studies. Heis the author of many publications includingthe “Infantryman in the Regiment”, “Reflectionof a Soldier” and “A Silent Voice inthe Land”.81
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