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Arctic Crashes: People and Animals in the Changing North

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This volume is the key outcome of the Arctic Crashes project,
8220 Arctic People and Animal Crashes: Human, Climate and
Habitat Agency in the Anthropocene. 8221 This project was
implemented during 2014 8211 2016 by a team of scholars at
the Smithsonian Institution 8217 s Arctic Studies Center in
collaboration with their colleagues and indigenous partners
from the U.S., Canada, Denmark, Greenland, and the
Netherlands, and was supported by the Smithsonian Grand
Challenges Consortia grant. The Arctic Crashes team
introduced a new vision to explore human 8211 animal 8211
climate interactions, including rapid animal declines ( 8220
crashes 8221 ) in the North that 8212 unlike earlier top-down
models that tied changes in species 8217 abundance and
ranges to alternating warmer and cooler, or high ice/low seaice
regimes across the polar zone 8212 analyzed such
relations primarily at regional and local scale. This approach is
closer to the Arctic peoples 8217 traditional view that animals,
like people, live in 8220 tribes 8221 and they could 8220 come
and go 8221 according to their relations with the local human
societies. As Arctic climate changes and climate/seaice/ecotone
boundaries shift, we increasingly observe diverse
responses by people and animals to environmental stress. In
some species we can also document the sustained effects of
commercial overexploitation during the seventeenth to
twentieth centuries, which varied across subpopulations. The
emerging record may be best approached as a series of
localized human 8211 animal disequilibria ( 8220 crashes
8221 ) interpreted from different angles by population
biologists, Arctic indigenous people, and anthropologists,
rather than top-down climate-induced collapses. This new
understanding also highlights varying rates of change 8212 in

the physical, animal, and human domains. Besides six
keystone polar game species (the Pacific and Atlantic walrus,
harbor seal, harp seal, bowhead whale, and caribou) the
volume examines the status of polar bear and narwhal in the
Canadian Arctic, Pribilof Island fur seal, and Atlantic cod in
Greenland, presenting a diversity of historical, archaeological,
evolutionary, and cultural/spiritual perspectives on Arctic 8220
crashes. 8221