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socialur socialur mecn mecnierebaTa mecn ierebaTa ser seria ser seria<br />

ia<br />

akademiur<br />

akademiuri akademiur i wera<br />

wera<br />

damwyebTaTvis<br />

damwyebTaTvis<br />

lia kaWarava<br />

xaTuna marwyviSvili<br />

lili xeCuaSvili<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2007


socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili<br />

redaqtori: lela wiqariSvili<br />

dakabadoneba: Tamar Sengelia<br />

ydis dizaini: mamuka cecxlaZe<br />

©<br />

©<br />

socialur mecnierebaTa centri 2007<br />

<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong> 2007<br />

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. #10<br />

el.fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />

ISBN: 978 – 99940 -873 -6-5<br />

ISSN – 1512 -4576


s s a a r r C C e e v v i<br />

i<br />

Tavi Tavi 1. 1. pr princi pr inci pebi, pebi, pebi, romlebic romlebic nebismier nebismier teqstze teqstze muSaobisas<br />

muSaobisas<br />

gamogadgebaT<br />

gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT ................................................................................................................................................<br />

................................................................................................................................................ 4<br />

Tavi Tavi 2. 2. 2. weris weris procesis procesis Sefaseba Sefaseba Sefaseba da da werisTvis werisTvis mosamzadebeli<br />

mosamzadebeli<br />

samuSaoebi samuSaoebi ....................................................................................................................................................<br />

.................................................................................................................................................... 5<br />

rogor viwyebT weras ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5<br />

weris procesis analizi ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5<br />

dagegmva: werisTvis mosamzadebeli etapi ....................................................................................................................................12<br />

Tavi Tavi 3. 3. 3. abzaci abzaci ..................................................................................................................................................................<br />

..................................................................................................................................................................18<br />

..................................................................................................................................................................<br />

ra aris abzaci ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18<br />

abzacis ti pebi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33<br />

Tavi Tavi 4. 4. 4. ra ra aris aris ese ese .....................................................................................................................................................<br />

.....................................................................................................................................................45<br />

.....................................................................................................................................................<br />

sakvanZo debuleba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45<br />

Sesavali ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47<br />

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci .............................................................................................. 49<br />

daskvna .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52<br />

Tavi Tavi 5. 5. argumentirebuli argumentirebuli ese ese ..........................................................................................................................<br />

..........................................................................................................................53<br />

..........................................................................................................................<br />

argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi ..................................................................................................................................... 53<br />

sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54<br />

mizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba ............................................................................................................................................................. 55<br />

argumentirebuli eses struqtura .................................................................................................................................................... 56<br />

argumentirebul eseSi argumentebis dalagebis struqtura .............................................................................. 60<br />

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi ............................................................................................................................ 63<br />

Tavi Tavi 6. 6. kritika kritika ..............................................................................................................................................................<br />

..............................................................................................................................................................68<br />

..............................................................................................................................................................<br />

kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva ...................................................................................................................................................... 68<br />

kritikis struqtura ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 78<br />

Tavi Tavi 7. 7. plagiati plagiati ..........................................................................................................................................................<br />

..........................................................................................................................................................79<br />

..........................................................................................................................................................<br />

ra aris plagiati ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79<br />

citireba da perifrazireba ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79<br />

rogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats ......................................................................................................................................................... 82<br />

Tavi Tavi 8. 8. 8. marTlweris marTlweris wesebi wesebi da da savarjiSoebi savarjiSoebi ..............................................................................<br />

..............................................................................<br />

..............................................................................84<br />

..............................................................................<br />

ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera .......................................................................................................................................................... 84<br />

sxvaTa sityvis marTlwera......................................................................................................................................................................... 85<br />

Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera ................................................................................................ 86<br />

saTaurebis marTlwera .................................................................................................................................................................................. 87<br />

qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi............................................................................................................ 88<br />

nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................................................... 89<br />

kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera ....................................................................................................................... 90<br />

punqtuacia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92<br />

Tavi Tavi 9. 9. dokumentis dokumentis dokumentis <strong>for</strong>mati <strong>for</strong>mati socialur socialur mecnierebebSi mecnierebebSi mecnierebebSi amerikis<br />

amerikis<br />

fsiqologiuri fsiqologiuri asociaciis<br />

asociaciis asociaciis (APA) (APA) stiliT stiliT stiliT .............................................................<br />

.............................................................99<br />

.............................................................<br />

dokumentis Sedgenis <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebi .......................................................................................................... 99<br />

literaturis citirebis wesebi APA APA-is APA standartis mixedviT ......................................................................102<br />

sqolio da SeniSvna ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 104<br />

cxrilebi da suraTebi ................................................................................................................................................................................106<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 113<br />

danarTi......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117<br />

naSromis <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari .................................................................. 118<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................120<br />

3


Tavi Tavi 1. 1. 1. p pprincipebi,<br />

p incipebi, romlebic romlebic nebismier nebismier nebismier teqstze<br />

teqstze<br />

muSaobisas muSaobisas muSaobisas gamogadgebaT<br />

gamogadgebaT<br />

gansazRvreT mizani<br />

profesiuli urTierToba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas gulisxmobs. werilobiT<br />

dokuments imisTvis qmniT, rom raRac unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes. amitom,<br />

rodesac raimes daweras gadawyvetT, kargad gansazRreT, ris gakeTebas apirebT.<br />

maSinac ki, rodesac vinmesTvis mxolod raimes Setyobinebas apirebT, mas es<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia ise unda miawodoT, rom sakuTari gegmebis Secvla Tqven mier<br />

miwodebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis Sesabamisad moundes. Tu migaCniaT, rom misi mxridan<br />

raime qmedeba ar aris saWiro, maSin es Setyobineba mas arc unda gaugzavnoT.<br />

iyaviT konkretulni<br />

miznis gansazRvra winapirobaa imisa, rom maqsimalurad konkretulni iyoT.<br />

samoqmedo <strong>for</strong>mula, romelic saqmis warmoebaSi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />

miRebisas mTel msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba aseTia: „vin ras rogor rodis<br />

sad da ratom akeTebs~. vinaidan yvela samoqmedo gegma am <strong>for</strong>mulaSi kargad<br />

jdeba, is uklebliv yvela situaciaSi gamogadgebaT.<br />

wereT mkiTxvelisTvis<br />

es swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva, Tu rogor unda<br />

gamoiyurebodes Tqven mier momzadebuli werilobiTi dokumenti. Tqven unda<br />

gaiTvaliswinoT vin iqneba Tqveni mkiTxveli da ratom gaecnoba is Tqven mier<br />

momzadebul dokuments. weris dawyebamde moifiqreT, saWiroa Tu ara potenciuri<br />

mkiTxvelis Sesaxeb damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>maciis moZieba. mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi gagiadvildebaT dokumentSi CasarTavi detalebis gansazRvra, radgan<br />

TqvenTvis erTnairad wamgebiani iqneba rogorc zedmeti, ise _ mwiri in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

miwodeba.<br />

ZiriTadi azri dasawyisSive warmoadgineT<br />

es principi gamoiyeneba eses, moxsenebiTi baraTis, oficialuri werilebis<br />

Sedgenisas da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas. pirveli rigSi, warmoaCineT ZiriTadi<br />

azri da mxolod amis Semdeg miawodeT damatebiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic ZiriTad<br />

ideas met safuZvlianobas SesZens. sxva sityvebiT, jer gadmoeciT daskvna da<br />

Semdeg daasabuTeT misi siswore. amasTan, nu SeawuxebT mkiTxvels Tqveni fiqris<br />

procesiT, vinaidan am procesisTvis Tvalis midevneba rTulia da did drosac<br />

moiTxovs, ris gamoc didia albaToba, rom adresatis yuradRebas ver miipyrobT.<br />

amitom daiwyeT daskvnebiT.<br />

gamoiyeneT dokumentis Sedgenis standartuli meTodi „gansazRvreTdaalageT-daajgufeT-daaxarisxeT-gadaxedeT~<br />

esaa <strong>for</strong>mula, romelic nebismier rTuli teqstis Sesadgenad gamogadgebaT da<br />

romelic Tanmimdevrulad gansaxorcielebel qmedebebs moicavs: (a) gansazRvreT<br />

mizani, (b) daalageT azrebi da in<strong>for</strong>macia, (g) daajgufeT azrebi, (d) organizebuli<br />

saxe mieciT Tqvens azrebs da (e) gadaxedeT Sedegs.<br />

4


Tavi Tavi 2. 2. 2. wer weris wer is p pproces<br />

p proces<br />

roces rocesis roces is Sefaseba Sefaseba da da wer werisTvis<br />

wer wer isTvis<br />

mosamzadebeli mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi<br />

samuSaoebi<br />

rogor rogor rogor viwyebT viwyebT weras<br />

weras<br />

yovelTvis, rodesac ambobT, rom weras iwyebT, am sityviT yvela im fizikur da<br />

fsiqikur aqtivobas gulisxmobT, romelic dasrulebuli naSromis SeqmnaSi<br />

monawileobs. es ar aris ioli Sroma, gamocdili avtorebisTvisac ki wera<br />

Sromatevadi da rTulia. daxvewili statia Tu naSromi didi Sromis fasad _<br />

azrebis mkafiod <strong>for</strong>mulirebis, abzacebis damuSavebisa da struqturirebis<br />

xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad miiRweva.<br />

gaxsovdeT, rom ar arsebobs weris erTaderTi swori gza. ori sxvadasxva avtori<br />

naSromis Seqmnisas ver moaxerxebs identuri rekomendaciebisa da miTiTebebis<br />

gaziarebas, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da gemovnebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT warmarTavs weris process, Tumca mainc arsebobs naSromis Seqmnis<br />

garkveuli etapebi, romlebsac yvela avtori iTvaliswinebs da romlebic nawilobriv<br />

Tanxvdebian kidec erTmaneTs. es etapebia:<br />

• weris procesis analizi. am etapze ganisazRvreba naSromis Tema, mizani,<br />

samizne auditoria anu mkiTxveli da proeqtis sxva elementebi;<br />

• dagegmva. am etapze naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxi dakonkretdeba da<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia Segrovdeba. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia erT konkretul<br />

sakiTxze. ladgeba mopovebuli masala;<br />

• monaxazi. am etapze gamoixateba ideebi, mosazrebebi, maT Soris myardeba<br />

kavSirebi;<br />

• gadasinjva. am etapze xdeba naSromis struqturis, Sinaarsis, stilisa da<br />

gamoxatvis xerxebis xelaxali gaazreba da gaumjobeseba.<br />

weris gamocdilebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT gamoimuSavebT naSromis agebis<br />

Tqveneul stils.<br />

cxadia, werilobiTi naSromi ufro misaRebi iqneba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu is<br />

gramatikulad da stilisturad gamarTuli iqneba, magram kargi naweris Rirseba<br />

mxolod es ar aris. werisas jer kargad unda darwmundeT, rom saTqmeli zustad<br />

da mkafiod CamoayalibeT da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba gramatikasa da stilze<br />

fiqri (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />

weris weris weris procesis procesis analizi analizi analizi1<br />

nebismieri werilobiTi naSromi konkretuli mkiTxvelisTvis konkretuli sakiTxis<br />

garkveuli mizniT gansaxilveladaa mowodebuli. Tqven SeiZleba kvlevis Catareba<br />

dagWirdeT. amasTan, Tqven winaSe dadgeba moTxovnebi naSromis moculobasTan,<br />

ga<strong>for</strong>mebis <strong>for</strong>matTan da dasrulebis vadebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli weris situaciis komponentebia, romelTa gaazreba<br />

weris dawyebamde gacilebiT adre mogiwevT. cxrilSi #2.1 mocemulia kiTxvebi<br />

weris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D.,<br />

2000):<br />

1 qveTavi mTlianad momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron<br />

Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8 th edition. Addison-Wesley<br />

5


cxrili #2.1. kiTxvebi weris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis<br />

Tema<br />

• ras exeba werilobiTi davaleba? Tu konkretuli davaleba ar gaqvT, ris Sesaxeb<br />

isurvebdiT weras?<br />

• ra gainteresebT mocemuli Temis farglebSi? aris rame, ris Taobazec ukve gaqvT<br />

garkveuli mosazrebebi an gsurT, rom meti icodeT?<br />

• konkretulad ra moTxovnebs giyenebT miRebuli davaleba, rogor unda SexedoT Temas?<br />

mkiTxveli<br />

• vin waikiTxavs Tqvens naSroms? ra ician da ras fiqroben Tqveni mkiTxvelebi<br />

gansaxilvel sakiTxze?<br />

• xasiaTdebian Tu ara Tqveni mkiTxvelebi raime niSan-TvisebiT, romelmac SeiZleba<br />

gavlena moaxdinos naSromis aRqmaze? aseTi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,<br />

saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi muSaobis gamocdileba, Tqvens sferoSi muSaobis<br />

•<br />

gamocdileba, politikuri mosazrebebi.<br />

ra urTierToba gaqvT mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad <strong>for</strong>maluri an ara<strong>for</strong>maluri unda iyos<br />

Tqveni naSromi?<br />

• ra gsurT, rom ifiqron an moimoqmedon Tqvenma mkiTxvelebma naSromis wakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg?<br />

mizani<br />

• ra mizans isaxavs Tqveni davaleba? magaliTad, raime unda axsnaT, Tu konkretuli<br />

poziciis dasabuTebas unda SeecadoT?<br />

• ratom werT? risi miRweva gsurT Tqveni naSromiT?<br />

• ra gziT SeiZleba miznis srulad miRweva?<br />

kvleva<br />

• ra saxis mtkicebulebebi _ faqtebi, magaliTebi, eqspertTa mosazrebebi _<br />

•<br />

gamogadgebaT yvelaze metad Tqvens naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxis, mkiTxvelisa da<br />

miznis gaTvaliswinebiT?<br />

moiTxovs Tu ara Tqveni davaleba in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroebis moZiebas an sxva iseTi<br />

kvlevis Catarebas, rogoricaa gamokiTxva, interviu anda eqsperimenti?<br />

• davalebis moTxovnebis garda, ra damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia gWirdebaT naSromSi<br />

•<br />

gansaxilvel sakiTxze? rogor moipovebT mas?<br />

wyaroebis citirebis romel stils gamoiyenebT naSromSi?<br />

savarjiSo #2.1: qvemoT mocemulia fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursis farglebSi<br />

Sesasrulebeli davaleba. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs es davaleba weris procesis<br />

komponentebs? am davalebis Sesrulebisas rogor upasuxebdiT cxrilSi #1 mocemul<br />

kiTxvebs?<br />

rodis aris fsiqoTerapia yvelaze efeqturi? anu klientis,<br />

Terapevtisa da Teoriis ra mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva dadebiTi<br />

Sedegi? Tqveni poziciis, mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis gasamyareblad<br />

citirebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi wyaroebi. moculoba: 1500-1800 sityva.<br />

naSromi eleqtronuli fostiT unda gaigzavnos. naSromebi ganixileba<br />

pirvel noembers.<br />

Temis SerCeva da dakonkreteba. romel sferos ganekuTvneba naSromi?<br />

swavlis periodSi mravali naSromis dawera mogiwevT. werilobiTi davalebis<br />

mocemisas SeiZleba dagikonkreton Tema, an arCevani Tqven mogandon; Tumca, nebismier<br />

SemTxvevaSi, naSromis Seqmnisas unda Sesruldes Semdegi pirobebi:<br />

6


• SerCeuli Tema unda Seesabamebodes miRebul davalebas;<br />

• Tema arc Zalze zogadi unda iyos da arc metad konkretuli; unda<br />

Seesabamebodes naSromis moculobasa da Sesrulebis vadebs;<br />

• Tema unda gainteresebdeT.<br />

naSromis Temis misadageba Tqvens interesebsa da arsebul<br />

gamocdilebasTan<br />

zogierTi davaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, laboratoriuli kvlevis angariSi<br />

an SemTxvevis ganxilva politikur mecnierebaSi, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mwir<br />

saSualebas iZleva, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalze xist da mosawyen sakiTxebze<br />

muSaobis drosac SegiZliaT, garkveulwilad, Tavisufali iyoT, magaliTad, Tu<br />

unda daweroT ori nacnobi adamianis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, Sesadarebeli<br />

adamianebisa da maTi Sedarebis xerxebis SerCeva Tqveni prerogativaa; aseve, Tqvenzea<br />

damokidebuli, ubralod dawerT davalebas, Tu weriT isiamovnebT da bevr axal<br />

Tvisebasac aRmoaCenT am adamianebSi.<br />

rodesac davalebaSi ar aris Tema dakonkretebuli, is Tqvens gamocdilebasa<br />

da interesTa sferoSi SegiZliaT moiZioT. qvemoT mocemulia savaraudo kiTxvebi,<br />

romlebic SeiZleba naSromis Temis SerCevisas gaCndes.<br />

• romeli Temaa TqvenTvis nacnobi an romeli Tema gainteresebT? es SeiZleba<br />

iyos sporti, umuSevroba Tqvens qalaqSi, klasikuri musika da a.S.<br />

• uaxloes warsulSi monawileoba xom ar migiRiaT romelime saintereso<br />

diskusiaSi? es SeiZleba iyos cvlilebebi qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaSi,<br />

sauniversiteto swavlebis re<strong>for</strong>mirebis warmatebuloba, universitetSi<br />

fsiqologiuri samsaxuris arsebobis aucilebloba da a.S.<br />

• ra waikiTxeT an naxeT am bolo dros? es SeiZleba iyos Zalian saintereso<br />

wigni, sasacilo filmi, skandaluri telegadacema da a.S.<br />

• ra gaxarebT an ra gwyinT? es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni hobi, mezoblebis qceva,<br />

xmauri quCaSi da a.S.<br />

naSromisTvis SerCeuli Temisa da Sesasrulebeli davalebis<br />

SesabamisbaSi moyvana<br />

davalebis miRebis Semdeg yuradRebiT waikiTxeT is da SeecadeT misi<br />

adekvaturi Tema SearCioT. amaSi qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.<br />

• ras moiTxoven Cemgan? mravali werilobiTi davaleba moicavs iseT sityvebs,<br />

rogorebicaa ganixileT, aRwereT, gaaanalizeT, warmoadgineT, moaxdineT<br />

interpretacia, axseniT, gansazRvreT, daasabuTeT an SeafaseT. es sityvebi<br />

migiTiTeben, Tu rogor unda miudgeT Temas, rogor azrovnebas moelian<br />

Tqvengan da ra zogadi mizani unda daisaxoT.<br />

• visTvis werT? zogierT davalebaSi dakonkretebulia mkiTxvelis vinaoba,<br />

Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tqven Tavad unda gansazRvroT, Tu vin iqneba Tqveni<br />

mkiTxveli _ iqneba es mTeli sazogadoeba, Tanakurselebi, Tqveni ufrosi,<br />

instruqtori, universitetis studentoba, romelime sxva jgufi, Tu individi.<br />

• ra ti pis kvleva mogeTxovebaT? zogjer davalebaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ra<br />

tipis literaturiT unda isargebloT. am wyaroebis gamoyeneba naSromis<br />

sakiTxis mosaZiebladac SeiZleba.<br />

• saWiroebs Tu ara davalebis Tema Semdgom dakonkretebas, raTa naSromis<br />

moculobisa da Sesrulebis vadebis moTxovnebi daakmayofiloT?<br />

7


JurnalSi dasabeWdi statiis SemTxvevaSi ki _ samecniero sazogadoeba, romelic<br />

mocemuli sakiTxiTaa dainteresebuli.<br />

Tu Sesasrulebeli naSromi ar moiazrebs mkiTxvels, Tqven Tavad SegiZliaT<br />

savaraudo mkiTxvelis gansazRvra. magaliTad, aRwerilobiTi teqstis mkiTxveli<br />

SeiZleba Tqveni jgufelebi, megobrebi an mSoblebi iyvnen.<br />

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, vinc ar unda iyos Tqveni mkiTxveli, misi gansazRvra<br />

yovelTvis dagexmarebaT saTqmelis <strong>for</strong>mulirebaSi, saTanado stilis, sityvebisa<br />

da frazebis arCevaSi.<br />

mkiTxvelis moTxovnebi<br />

Tqven, rogorc mkiTxvelma, iciT, rom mkiTxvels sWirdeba:<br />

• konteqsti: kavSiri Tqvens naSromSi wakiTxuls, sakuTar codnasa da<br />

gamocdilebas Soris;<br />

• prognozireba: avtoris miznisa da am miznis miRwevis gzebis codna;<br />

• in<strong>for</strong>macia: konkretuli faqtebi, magaliTebi da sxva detalebi,<br />

romlebic sakiTxs gasagebs, xelSesaxebs, sainteresosa da<br />

damajerebels xdian;<br />

• pativiscema: gancda imisa, rom avtori pativs scems mkiTxvelis<br />

Sexedulebebs, Rirebulebebs da rwmenas, mis gamocdilebasa da<br />

gonebriv SesaZleblobebs;<br />

• xma, toni: gancda imisa, rom avtori realuri, cocxali adamiania;<br />

• lakonuroba da sicxade: naSromSi ar unda iyos gaugebrobebi da<br />

Secdomebi.<br />

akademiur weraSi mkiTxvelis interesebisa da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba<br />

erT-erTi aucilebeli moTxovnaa, romelsac naSromi unda akmayofilebdes, radgan<br />

mkiTxvelis Tavisebureba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs naSromis Sinaarss,<br />

struqturasa da tons. cxrilSi #2.3 mocemulia kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis<br />

ti pis gansazRvrisTvis gamogadgebaT.<br />

gaiTvaliswineT mkiTxveli<br />

mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswineba Tqven mier Seqmnili naSromis sam ZiriTad elementze<br />

imoqmedebs; es elementebia:<br />

• konkretuli in<strong>for</strong>macia, romelsac mkiTxvelis yuradRebis misapyrobad da<br />

SesanarCuneblad iyenebT da romelic mkiTxvels Tqveni daskvnebis<br />

marTebulobaSi arwmunebs. es in<strong>for</strong>macia SeiZleba Sedgebodes konkretuli<br />

detalebisgan, faqtebisgan, magaliTebisgan an nebismieri sxva TvalsaCinoebisgan,<br />

romelic gaamyarebs da gasagebs gaxdis Tqvens mosazrebebs da, amasTanave,<br />

mkiTxvelis gamocdilebis, konkretuli interesebisa da mikerZoebebis<br />

Sesabamisi iqneba.<br />

• roli, romelsac irCevT mkiTxvelTan mimarTebaSi. Tqveni miznidan da<br />

gansaxilveli sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, Tqven gendomebaT,<br />

rom mkiTxvelma garkveuli xedvis kuTxidan aRgiqvaT Tqven da Tqveni<br />

damokidebuleba. SesaZlo roli mravalgvaria. es SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,<br />

portretisti, mTxrobeli, leqtori, damcveli, interpretatori da a.S.<br />

• toni, romelsac iyenebT. tons werisas igive datvirTva aqvs, rac saubrisas _<br />

furcelze dawerili sityvebi da winadadebebis struqtura iseTsave<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macias Seicavs, rogorsac xmis tembri da simaRle. weris procesidan<br />

9


da Tqveni mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, mkiTxveli elis, rom Tqveni toni<br />

<strong>for</strong>maluri an ara<strong>for</strong>maluri iqneba. naSromSi asaxuli ganwyoba SeiZleba<br />

seriozuli, mSvidi, amaRelvebeli, gamaRizianebeli an sasixarulo iyos.<br />

cxrili #2.3. kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis tipis gansazRvraSi dagexmarebaT<br />

• vin aris Cemi mkiTxveli?<br />

• ratom waikiTxavs mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? ras elis is?<br />

• ra msurs, rom mkiTxvelma icodes an moimoqmedos Cemi naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg da<br />

rogor gavagebino mas es?<br />

• rogori mkiTxvelisTvisaa gankuTvnili Cemi naSromis Tema da mizani? magaliTad:<br />

− asaki an sqesi;<br />

− saqmianoba: studentebi, kolegebi da a.S.<br />

− socialuri an ekonomikuri statusi: mozardebi, manqanis myidvelebi, potenciuri<br />

damqiraveblebi da a.S.<br />

− ganaTleba: moswavle, studenti, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone da a.S.<br />

− eTnikuri kuTvnileba: afrikeli, kavkasieli da a.S.<br />

− politikuri da/an religiuri kuTvnileba, moraluri Rirebulebebi da rwmena:<br />

memarjvene, konservatori, qristiani. budisti da a.S.<br />

− hobi da interesebi: nadiroba, koleqcioneroba, xelsaqme da a.S.<br />

• ra gavlenas moaxdens mkiTxvelis maxasiaTeblebi sakiTxisadmi mis damokidebulebaze?<br />

• amJamad ra icis an ra ar icis mkiTxvelma Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxis Sesaxeb?<br />

ramdenad didi masala unda mivawodo mas?<br />

• Tu Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxi specifikuri enis an terminebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs,<br />

ramdenad SemiZlia maTi gamoyeneba an ganmarteba?<br />

• romelma mosazrebebma, ideebma an in<strong>for</strong>maciam SeiZleba gaakvirvos mkiTxveli?<br />

aaRelvos? Seuracxhyos? ra unda gavakeTo am dros?<br />

• ra SeiZleba esmodes mkiTxvels arasworad Cem mier wardgenil sakiTxTan an Cemeul<br />

xedvasTan dakavSirebiT? rogor SemiZlia amis gamosworeba?<br />

• ra urTierToba maqvs mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad <strong>for</strong>malur an ara<strong>for</strong>malur nawers<br />

moelis igi Cemgan? ra roli da rogori toni unda SevarCio?<br />

• rogor moepyroba mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? unda velodo, rom igi TiToeul sityvas<br />

guldasmiT waikiTxavs da zedmiwevniT gaiazrebs, mxolod gadaxedavs axali<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis mosaZieblad Tu mxolod daskvnebs gaiTvaliswinebs? rogor unda<br />

Camovayalibo saTaurebi, Sejameba da sxva elementebi?<br />

savarjiSo #2.3: qvemoT mocemuli Temebidan airCieT erTi da TiToeuli tipis<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis upasuxeT cxrilSi #3 mocemul kiTxvebs. gansazRvreT oTxi<br />

mosazreba, romelsac naSromSi moitandiT, SearCieT roli da toni TiToeuli<br />

tipis mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />

1. mowevis gavlena. mkiTxveli: saSualo skolis moswavleebi da<br />

mozrdili mwevlebi;<br />

2. Tqveni mosazreba socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb. mkiTxveli:<br />

dazRvevis mqone individebi da dazRvevis armqone individebi,<br />

romlebic ar endobian socialur dazRvevas;<br />

3. ratom unda gaiyvanon ezodan Tqvenma mezoblebma avtoavariaSi<br />

damtvreuli manqana. mkiTxveli: Tqveni mezoblebi da raionis<br />

gamgebeli.<br />

10


ideebis generirebisTvis gamosadegi zogierTi meTodi. isini gamogadgebaT maSin,<br />

rodesac pirvelad daiwyebT fiqrs Temis Sesaxeb da yovelTvis, rodesac ideebi<br />

SemogakldebaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom araa aucilebeli yovel jerze qvemoT<br />

aRwerili yvela meTodis erTdroulad gamoyeneba. isini urTierTSenacvlebadi da<br />

urTierTSemavsebeli SeiZleba iyos yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. Tqven irCevT im<br />

meTods, romelic ufro mosaxerxebelia TqvenTvis yovel konkretul situaciaSi.<br />

gonebrivi ieriSi<br />

gonebrivi ieriSi ideebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisa da azrovnebis stimulirebis<br />

saSualebaa. gonebrivi ieriSi gulisxmobs erTi sityviT an fraziT dawyebas da<br />

azrebis nebismieri, Tavisufali mimarTulebiT gaSlas. garkveuli drois manZilze<br />

nu cdilobT, rom logikurad ifiqroT da SeecadeT, SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad<br />

CamoweroT nebismieri idea an azri, romelic TavSi mogivaT, maTi gadaxedvisa da<br />

wesrigSi moyvanis gareSe. garkveuli drois Semdeg gadaxedeT Camoweril ideebs<br />

da naxeT, ukavSirdeba Tu ara erTmaneTs ramdenime idea da ramdenad SesaZlebelia<br />

maTi dajgufeba. Tu moaxerxebT amis gakeTebas, ideebis dajgufeba mogawvdiT Temas<br />

an sferos, romelzec SeZlebT weras. gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT<br />

erTi konkretuli Temis an daumTavrebel naSromSi meti magaliTebis moZiebisTvis<br />

(Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

qvemoT mocemulia gonebrivi ieriSis magaliTi. studentma gonebrivi ieriSiT<br />

Camowerili ideebis CamonaTvalSi varskvlaviT (*) aRniSna is ideebi, romelTac<br />

gamoiyenebs universitetSi saswavlo procesis aRwerisas.<br />

saswavlo procesi universitetSi<br />

TeTri fakulteti * leqtorebi<br />

auditoria baRi * gamocdebi<br />

* leqcia * studenti carci<br />

* Sefaseba kedeli *silabusi<br />

taZari megobrebi<br />

didi kibeebi<br />

savarjiSo #2.5: qvemoT CamoTvlili Temebidan gonebrivi ieriSisTvis airCieT 1 an<br />

2 maTgani da swrafad imuSaveT 15 wuTis manZilze. Semdeg damoukideblad daajgufeT<br />

ideebi. SeadareT Tqven mier gamoyofili jgufebi sxvebisas. yuradReba miaqcieT,<br />

rom sxvadasxva avtori erTi da imave Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebs<br />

yuradRebas.<br />

• universiteti • mexsiereba • siyvaruli<br />

• mogzauroba • stresi • avtomobilebi<br />

• megobroba • kompiuterebi<br />

• bedniereba<br />

Tavisufali wera<br />

Tavisufali wera SeuCereblad weraa. es niSnavs, rom werT imas, rac TavSi<br />

mogdiT imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu ramdenad kargad da sworad werT. am meTodis<br />

mizania Tqveni gonebis gaTavisufleba emociebisgan. amitom Tavisufali weris<br />

dros nu gawyvetT ideaTa da azrTa nakads. zustad ise CawereT isini, rogorc<br />

13


TavSi mogdiT. nu dabrundebiT ukan da nu gadaikiTxavT. Tavisufali weris dros<br />

daisaxeT mizani, magaliTad, weroT 15 wuTi an daweroT 5 gverdi. Semdeg wereT<br />

uwyvetad manam, sanam ar miaRwevT dasaxul mizans. dasrulebis Semdeg gadaikiTxeT<br />

naweri da moZebneT saintereso ideebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndes<br />

TqvenTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

qvemoT mocemulia Tavisufali weris magaliTi.<br />

Cemi pirveli dRe universitetSi<br />

maxsovs, rogor davikarge universitetis korpusSi. 17 wlis viyavi. Zalian<br />

vRelavdi... aravis vicnobdi. romeliRac sarTulze aRmovCndi. didi kibeebi...<br />

SoTa rusTavelis biusti... Tu ara? ar maxsovs. SeiZleba, raRac saintereso<br />

davinaxe. amis Semdeg mxolod is maxsovs, rom kibis TavTan Cemnairi dabneuli<br />

bavSvebi idgnen. gamixarda maTi danaxva. jinsebi mecva. mec im bavSvebTan<br />

davdeqi. auditorias eZebdnen. ise vRelavdi, ar vici, ratom, aRar maxsovs,<br />

rogor aRmovCndi leqciaze...<br />

savarjiSo #2. 2. 2. 2.6: 2. airCieT erT-erTi Tema; Tavisufali wera, 5 wuTi.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

• Cemi saukeTeso megobari<br />

• universiteti<br />

• qarTuli tradiciebi<br />

• Cemi skola<br />

• bavSvobis yvelaze naTeli mogoneba<br />

• Cemi sayvareli saqme<br />

rodesac iwereba sagazeTo statiebi, pirvelsave winadadebaSi avtorebi cdiloben<br />

upasuxon Semdeg kiTxvebs: _ vin, ra, rodis, sad, ratom da xandaxan rogor. Tqven<br />

imave kiTxvebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT naSromisTvis masalis mosagroveblad. am<br />

kiTxvebis dasma Tqveni Temis sxvadasxva mxridan danaxvisa da Tqveni poziciis<br />

ukeT garkvevis saSualebas mogcemT. am meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi dawereT<br />

rac SeiZleba bevri kiTxva. Semdeg TiToeul maTgans SeZlebisdagvarad sruli<br />

pasuxi gaeciT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

qvemoT mocemulia kiTxvebis magaliTebi, romelTac Jurnalisti svams siuJetis<br />

momzadebis procesSi.<br />

vin? sad moxda?<br />

ra moxda? ratom moxda?<br />

ra Sedegi miiRes? rogor moxda?<br />

rodis moxda?<br />

es kiTxvebi SeiZleba maSinac gamogadgeT, rodesac naSromis Temis arCevas<br />

cdilobT, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac raRacis Txrobas isaxavT miznad an<br />

movlenis mizezebsa da Sedegebze gsurT saubari (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev<br />

J.R, 2000).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es SekiTxva erTi movlenis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

mogrovebisTvisaa mowodebuli, konkretuli davalebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />

SesaZlebelia Tqven mxolod zogierTi maTgani dagWirdeT. magaliTad (Fowler H.R;<br />

Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000):<br />

rogor moxda? Tu Tqveni davaleba Txrobas moiTxovs, maSin Tqvenma naSromma<br />

unda upasuxos am kiTxvas da ambavi qronologiurad unda daalagoT, magaliTad,<br />

14


saqarTvelo-italiis nakrebi gundebis Sexvedra fexburTSi an meore msoflio<br />

omis dawyeba.<br />

rogor fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs (garegnoba, suni, gemo, xma, grZnoba)? pirovnebis,<br />

adgilis, nivTis an grZnobebis aRwerisas konkretuli garegnuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />

unda gamoiyenoT, magaliTad, megobris, sayvareli adgilisa Tu Senobis aRwera.<br />

ra mizezebi arsebobs? ra magaliTebis dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli? gansaxilveli<br />

sakiTxis ilustracia erTi, an meti magaliTis (bavSvTa saxlidan bavSvis Svilad<br />

ayvanis mcdeloba, sami satelevizio serialis dasaxeleba) moyvanas, an logikur<br />

dasabuTebas (ZiriTad sagnad politikuri mecnierebebis arCevis sami mizezi, quCaSi<br />

moZraobis wesebis dacvis aucileblobis damasabuTebeli oTxi mizezi) gulisxmobs.<br />

rasTan gaqvT saqme? ras gulisxmobs is da ras gamoricxavs? es kiTxvebi<br />

gansazRvrebis an ganmartebisTvis dagWirdebaT. naSromSi iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi,<br />

rogorebicaa, magaliTad, samarTali, megobroba, xelovneba gansakuTrebul ganmartebebs<br />

saWiroeben.<br />

ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs? analizis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi nawilebad, elementebad<br />

iSleba da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis garCeva xdeba. analizis pirveli<br />

etapi kritikulad fiqria.<br />

ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba is sxvebisgan? Sedarebisas ideebs, sagnebs,<br />

adamianebs, adgilebsa da a.S. Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ganixileba, magaliTad,<br />

gansxvaveba prezidentobis or kandidats Soris, or kompiuterul sistemas Soris<br />

msgavsebebi.<br />

SeiZleba Tu ara misi Sedareba mkiTxvelisTvis nacnob sxva saganTan? es<br />

kiTxva analogiis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. analogia xSirad gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelisTvis<br />

ucnobi Temis (magaliTad, mTavrobis struqturis) axsnisas nacnob Temaze (magaliTad,<br />

ojaxis struqturaze) miTiTebiT.<br />

ratom xdeba es, an ras iwvevs? mizez-Sedegobrivi analizisas unda aixsnas, Tu<br />

ratom moxda raRac, an ra Sedegebi gamoiwvia, anda orive erTad. magaliTad, depresiis<br />

ganviTarebis mizezebi, an rogor aisaxa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCeni<br />

braldebulis ojaxis wevrebze.<br />

rogor keTdeba? rogor muSaobs? procesis analizisas axsnilia, Tu rogor<br />

sruldeba raRac. magaliTad, rogor daiweros argumentirebuli ese, anda rogor<br />

xdeba raRac (rogor izrdeba mcenare, rogor muSaobs kompiuteri).<br />

savarjiSo #2.7: : : : : savarjiSoSi #2.5 CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreT<br />

erTi Tema. Semdeg CamowereT maqsimalurad bevri kiTxva da upasuxeT maT.<br />

dajgufeba/asociaciuri kavSirebis ruka<br />

dajgufeba Tqveni ideebis vizualuri rukis Seqmnis procesia. is gaTavisuflebT<br />

mkacrad sworxazovani Tanmimdevrobisgan. amrigad, is ufro kreatuli fiqrisa da<br />

axali kavSirebis damyarebis saSualebas iZleva. am meTodis gamoyenebisas daiwyeT<br />

imiT, rom Sua furcelze daxazeT marTkuTxedi da masSi CawereT arCeuli Tema.<br />

Semdeg daxazeT meore marTkuTxedi, masSi TemasTan dakavSirebuli idea CawereT<br />

da xaziT SeaerTeT Temis marTkuTxedTan. Semdeg am ideasTan asocirebuli ideebi<br />

dawereT, isinic SemoxazeT da SeaerTeT wina ideasTan. ganagrZeT manam, sanam ideebi<br />

ar gamogelevaT. rodesac daasrulebT, SeiswavleT Tqven mier Seqmnili ruka, raTa<br />

kidev gagiCndeT axali Sexedulebebi Tqveni Temis irgvliv da dainaxoT ideaTa<br />

urTierTdamokidebuleba (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

qvemoT mocemulia dajgufebis anu asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis magaliTi (ix.<br />

suraTi #2.1). avtors SeuZlia eses dawera Tsu socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa<br />

fakultetis struqturis Sesaxeb.<br />

15


monaxazis Sedgena<br />

monaxazis Sedgena abzacis an eses realurad weris procesia. mas Semdeg, rac<br />

masalas SeagrovebT da zogad gegmas dasaxavT, Tqven mzad xarT sawerad. pirveli<br />

monaxazis werisas miyvebiT ukve Sedgenil zogad gegmas. pirveli monaxazis werisas<br />

yuradReba azrebis furcelze gadatanaze gaamaxvileT. am etapze teqstis gramatikul<br />

sisworeze zedmetad nu iRelvebT. naweris moculobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba<br />

ramdenjerme scadoT misi dawera.<br />

gadasinjva<br />

pirveli monaxazi realurad mxolod pirveli nabijia saboloo naSromisaken.<br />

realuri muSaoba mxolod misi dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. warmatebulma mweralma<br />

icis, rom weris procesi, ZiriTadad, gadasinjvis procesia. amrigad, Tu Tqven werT,<br />

naweris gadasinjvas dro unda dauTmoT. gadasinjva, rogorc wesi, or nawilad<br />

iyofa: _ (1) revizireba/gadamuSaveba anu abzacisa Tu eses Sinaarsis Secvla da<br />

organizeba da (2) masSi sityvebisa da winadadebebis redaqtireba.<br />

revizireba/gadamuSaveba<br />

gadamuSaveba naweris xelaxali gaazreba an gadaxedvaa. werisTvis mosamzadebel<br />

da monaxazis Seqmnis etapebze, ZiriTadad, ideebis moZiebasa da maT gadmocemaze<br />

xarT orientirebuli. axla yuradReba msjelobis ganviTarebaze unda gadaitanoT.<br />

Tqven unda SeafasoT Tqveni naweri. Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu Tqven garda kidev vinme<br />

waikiTxavs monaxazs da ukukavSirs mogcemT. ukukavSiris miRebis Semdeg SegiZliaT<br />

gadawyvitoT, ra saxis cvlilebebi SeitanoT nawerSi. qvemoT mocemulia gadamuSavebis<br />

ZiriTadi gzebi:<br />

1. damateba. SeiZleba daamatoT masala ideis gansamtkiceblad, an daamatoT<br />

winadadebebi da frazebi ideebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.<br />

2. Semokleba. SeiZleba SeamoakloT is nawili, romelic ar ukavSirdeba Temas<br />

an imeorebs ukve naTqvams.<br />

3. Canacvleba. SeiZleba dagWirdeT Semoklebuli nawilebis Canacvleba.<br />

4. masalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla. SeiZleba mogindeT winadadebebis an abzacebis<br />

Tanmimdevrobis Secvla.<br />

savarjiSo #2. 2. 2. 2.8: 2. : : : : me-5 savarjiSoSi CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreT<br />

erTi Tema. Semdeg asociaciuri rukis gamoyenebiT gamosaxeT Tqveni ideebi. daiwyeT<br />

imiT, rom furclis SuaSi wreSi CawereT Tema da imuSaveT mis irgvliv.<br />

redaqtireba<br />

gadamuSavebisas Tqveni ideebis gaZlierebasa da ganmtkicebaze xarT orientirebulni,<br />

rac naweris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba. rodesac bolomde kmayofili darCebiT naweris<br />

SinaarsiT, yuradReba im <strong>for</strong>mas unda miaqcioT, romliTac gadmoscemT Tqvens<br />

mosazrebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Seileba zogierTi winadadebis perifrazireba anu<br />

redaqtireba dagWirdeT. moaxdineT im winadadebebis perifrazireba, romlebic<br />

bundovani an arazustia. Semdeg gramatikulad gamarTeT winadadebebi.<br />

bolo etapia naweris koreqtura. gadaikiTxeT naweri da naxeT, raime Secdoma xom ar<br />

aris gramatikaSi, sityvebis marTlweraSi an punqtuaciaSi, asoebi xom ar gaqvT gamorCenili.<br />

gaxsovdeT, rom weris procesi fleqsiburi, moqnili procesia. Tqven sqematurad,<br />

mSralad ar unda misdioT am procesis aRweril safexurebs. piriqiT, unda SeZloT<br />

16


safexuridan safexurze gadasvla, zogierTi masalis mosaZieblad SeiZleba<br />

daubrundeT weris wina etaps mas Semdeg, rac gadasinjavT ukve daweril abzacs.<br />

Tqven Tavad unda aRmoaCinoT werisTvis momzadebis, monaxazis Sedgenisa da<br />

gadasinjvis Tqveneuli saukeTeso gza. zogi momzadebis etaps ufro didxans undeba,<br />

zogi monaxazsa da gadasinjvas ufro met dros andomebs. ar arsebobs erTaderTi<br />

dadgenili swori gza. TandaTanobiT Tavad SeqmniT da ganaviTarebT sakuTar<br />

individualur meTods (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

zogadi<br />

fsiqologia<br />

suraTi #2.1. asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis<br />

magaliTi<br />

politikis<br />

mecnierebaTa<br />

departamenti<br />

fsiqologiis<br />

departamenti<br />

socialur da<br />

politikur mecn. fak.<br />

Sromisa da<br />

sainJinro<br />

fsiqologia<br />

sociologiis<br />

departamenti<br />

ganviTarebis<br />

fsiqologia<br />

Jurnalistikis<br />

departamenti<br />

T s u<br />

socialuri<br />

fsiqologia<br />

17<br />

saerTaSoriso<br />

urTierTobebis<br />

departamenti<br />

socialurekonomikuri<br />

da<br />

politikuri<br />

geografiis<br />

departamenti<br />

medicinis fakulteti<br />

stomatologia<br />

samkurnalo<br />

saqme<br />

okupaciuri<br />

Terapia


Tavi Tavi 3. 3. 3. abzaci abzaci2<br />

ra ra aris aris abzaci<br />

abzaci<br />

ra aris abzaci? Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic<br />

vizualurad gamoyofilia wina striqonebisgan. pirveli striqoni momdevno<br />

striqonebTan SedarebiT metadaa Seweuli SigniT, vidre sxvebi; Tumca, bunebrivia,<br />

es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar aris, abzacis ti pisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebis<br />

gasagebad. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba abzacSi winadadebebi erTmaneTs,<br />

rogor da sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba is. swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas<br />

eZRvneba es Tavi.<br />

abzacis Tema<br />

abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic ayalibebs, aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas,<br />

abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. Tema aris<br />

abzacis sagani, sakiTxi (subject), romlis Sesaxebac aris es abzaci. magaliTad, waikiTxeT<br />

Semdegi abzaci, romelic sigaretis mowevas exeba:<br />

moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kolofi<br />

sigareti 1-dan 5 laramde Rirs, xolo mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofs<br />

mainc eweva, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 365 laridan 1695 laramde unda<br />

daxarjon, magram yvelaferi amiT ar mTavrdeba. sigaretis mwevlebisTvisac ki<br />

arasasiamovno suni aqvs maT tansacmels, avejs, xaliCebsa da fardebs. amis gamo<br />

mwevlebi ufro xSirad recxaven sakuTar nivTebs, vidre aramwevelebi. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es kidev<br />

ufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.<br />

am abzacis Temaa sigaretis moweva (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

savarjiSo #3.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT, ra sakiTxebzea<br />

saubari.<br />

kidev erTi mizezi, ratomac miyvars mdinaris napiri, es misi wynari garemoa,<br />

romelic ganmartoebis saSualebas gaZlevs. me iq, mis garda, sxva mowme ara myavs da<br />

SemiZlia vilaparako da vifiqro. iq xels aravin miSlis da Tan yovelTvis aris is,<br />

vinc mogismens. napiri yvelafers moismens, risi Tqmac ginda. garda amisa, es wynari<br />

adgilia, sadac SegiZlia ifiqro da imsjelo; amisaTvis ganmartoebaa saWiro.<br />

xSirad, roca dabneuli var, napirze mivdivar. es saukeTeso adgilia Cemi<br />

konfliqtebisa da problemebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, dasafiqreblad (M. Veronica<br />

Porta).<br />

abzaci exeba<br />

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenas<br />

faqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,<br />

inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagan<br />

determinantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini<br />

organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdian in<strong>for</strong>macias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs<br />

dispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT,<br />

rom bavSvi cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis<br />

2 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., &<br />

Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.<br />

18


sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens<br />

pirovnebis gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu<br />

situaciis (situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna<br />

surT, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT,<br />

rom fsiqologs surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia<br />

individi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi<br />

TanatolTa zewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia<br />

(kombinirebuli axsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

abzaci exeba<br />

werisTvis momzadeba: Temis gansazRvra/dakonkreteba<br />

xSirad, rodesac dasawerad raime Temas gaZleven, aRmoCndeba, rom es Tema Zalian<br />

zogadia Tundac erTi gamarTuli abzacis dasawerad. amitom Tqven unda<br />

daakonkretoT Tema. es niSnavs imas, rom Tema unda daiyvanoT erT, SedrebiT viwro<br />

sakiTxamde (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000). magaliTad, davalebad gaqvT<br />

Temis dawera Tqveni sayvareli adgilis Sesaxeb da Tqven Tbiliss irCevT. SegiZliaT<br />

daweroT ramdenime winadadeba da SeexoT yvelafers, rac mogwonT TbilisSi<br />

(mTawminda, Zveli Tbilisi, metexi, sioni, nariyala, universitetis baRi, vakis parki,<br />

operis Teatri da a. S.), magram mkiTxvelisTvis ufro saitereso iqneba, Tu erTi<br />

konkretuli adgilis Sesaxeb dawerT.<br />

adamiani<br />

fsiqika sxeuli<br />

fsiqikuri<br />

procesebi<br />

kognituri<br />

procesebi<br />

mexsiereba<br />

daswavlis<br />

kanonzomier<br />

ebebi<br />

fiziolog<br />

iuri<br />

procesebi<br />

sisxlis<br />

mimoqcevis<br />

sistema<br />

sisxlZarR<br />

vebi<br />

arteriuli<br />

sisxlZarR<br />

vebi<br />

suraTi #3.1. Tema `adamiani~ _ dakonkretebis<br />

nimuSi.<br />

wamlebi<br />

antikonvulsantebi<br />

fenobarbitali<br />

fenobarbitalis gavlena qcevaze<br />

19<br />

Tbilisi<br />

RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi<br />

istoriuli Zeglebi<br />

metexi<br />

vTqvaT, davalebad narkotikebis<br />

Sesaxeb abzacis dawera gaqvT. es sakmaod<br />

farTo Temaa imisaTvis, rom erT abzacSi<br />

CaetioT, amitom aucilebelia masTan<br />

dakavSirebuli konkretuli sakiTxis<br />

arCeva.<br />

narkotikebi<br />

marixuana<br />

mowevis gavlena<br />

gavlena kognitur funqciebze<br />

gavlena mexsierebaze<br />

an, vTqvaT, wamlebis Sesaxeb gaqvT<br />

abzaci dasaweri. es Temac Zalze farToa<br />

erTi abzacisTvis. amitom aqac<br />

aucilebelia am TemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

konkretuli sakiTxis arCeva da mis<br />

Sesaxeb wera.


Tema yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daakonkretoT, magaliTad, Tema adamiani (ix.<br />

suraTi #3.1).<br />

savarjiSo #3.2: daakonkreteT Semdegi Temebi:<br />

• fsiqikuri procesebi<br />

• agresia<br />

• amindi<br />

• Cemi samSoblo<br />

• sigareti<br />

• kompiuteri<br />

mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba<br />

winadadebas, romelic aRwers abzacis Temas, anu romelSic gatarebulia ZiriTadi<br />

azri, mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba (Topic sentence) ewodeba. misi funqcia Temis gacnobaa<br />

(amitom, rogorc wesi, is abzacis pirveli winadadebaa). garda gacnobisa, karg<br />

mTavar winadadebas SeuZlia im Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Cveneba, romelsac<br />

exeba mocemuli abzaci. abzacis Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas an azrs<br />

wamyvani azri (controling idea) ewodeba. avtoris damokidebuleba, azri gansazRvravs,<br />

Tu ra iqneba abzacSi ganxiluli. abzacis yvela winadadeba wamyvan azrTan unda<br />

iyos dakavSirebuli da mas unda ganaviTarebdes. sailustraciod kidev erTxel<br />

wavikiTxoT pirveli abzacis mTavari winadadeba:<br />

moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.<br />

am abzacis Tema mowevis Cvevaa, wamyvani azri ki isaa, rom is Zviria.<br />

mowevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi azri SeiZleba arsebobdes, maT Soris,<br />

yvelaze gavrcelebuli, albaT, Semdegia: _ moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.<br />

savarjiSo #3.3: 3.3: 3.3: 3.3: 3.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadebebi. xazi gausviT<br />

Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri.<br />

nimuSi:<br />

kidev erTi gza inflaciis SesaCereblad saxelmwifo biujetis balansirebaa.<br />

20


1. sportis dafinansebis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom mas<br />

ganaTlebasTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben.<br />

2. dabinZureba saSiSia, radgan is ozonis Sres azianebs.<br />

3. studentebis kidev erT problema samsaxuris Sovnaa.<br />

mTavari winadadebis daxvewa<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, Tematuri winadadeba mTavar Temas da wamyvan azrs moicavs,<br />

magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wamyvani azri SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da konkretuli<br />

aspeqtisken mimarTuli unda iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:<br />

yavis daleva cudia.<br />

am winadadebis Tema yavis dalevaa, wamyvani azri _ cudia, magram orive sakmaod<br />

bundovania da mTel rig SekiTxvebs badebs. visTvis da risTvis aris cudi? cudia<br />

yavis nebismieri raodenobiT miReba, Tu misi mxolod didi raodenobiT daleva?<br />

mTavari winadadeba ufro konkretuli unda iyos, rac wamyvani azris kargad<br />

CamoyalibebiT miiRweva; magaliTad:<br />

orsulebisTvis dReSi erT Wiqaze meti yavis daleva mavnebelia.<br />

savarjiSo #3.4: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebis wyvilebi da SemoxazeT<br />

ukeTesi mTavari winadadeba.<br />

1) • universitetSi Cabareba ar aris advili saqme.<br />

• misaRebi gamocdebis dros registracia erT-erTi mtkivneuli procesia.<br />

2) • SesaZloa, `qarwaRebulni~ Zveli filmia, magram mainc kargia.<br />

• filmi `cisferi mTebi~ masSi monawile araCveulebrivi msaxiobebiT<br />

gamoirCeva.<br />

3) • Tbilisis axali ubnebis arqiteqtura Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSia.<br />

• quTaisi saintereso qalaqia misi istoriisa da arqiteqturis gamo.<br />

savarjiSo #3.5: mocemulia araswori mTavari winadadebebi. daxveweT isini (SeadgineT<br />

abzaci):<br />

nimuSi: honda araCveulebrivi manqanaa.<br />

honda ekonomiuri manqanaa.<br />

1. Cemi mSobliuri qalaqi araCveulebrivi adgilia.<br />

2. universitetSi bevri ram aris gasaujobesebeli.<br />

3. varjiSi kargia CvenTvis.<br />

4. manqanis tareba saxifaToa.<br />

5. kompiuterebi sasargebloa.<br />

21


6. studentobis periodSi bevri saintereso ramis gakeTeba SeiZleba.<br />

7. televizoris yureba sazianoa CvenTvis.<br />

savarjiSo #3.6: dawereT abzaci, romlis Temaa mowevis Cveva, xolo wamyvani azria,<br />

rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.<br />

mTavari winadadebis amocnoba<br />

amrigad, mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebasa da wamyvani azris wardgenas<br />

emsaxureba. sad unda ganvaTavsoT abzacSi mTavari winadadeba? Cveulebriv, radgan<br />

mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebas uzrunvelyofs, umjobesia, is abzacis dasawyisSi<br />

an dasawyisTan axlos iyos. miuxedavad amisa, abzacis ti pidan gamomdinare, mTavari<br />

winadadeba SeiZleba abzacSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdes (abzacis SuaSi an<br />

sulac bolos). zogjer arc Tema da arc wamyvani azri araa erTi winadadebiT<br />

gadmocemuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri saerTod<br />

ar aris. aseT abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri igulisxmeba; isini naTlad Canan<br />

abzacis ganviTarebaSi. zogadad, ukeTesia, Tu mTavari winadadebebi naTlad,<br />

konkretulad iqneba warmodgenili da es ara mxolod imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi<br />

idea naTelia, aramed imitomac, rom is abzacis ganviTarebis mimarTulebis<br />

gansazRvraSi dagvexmareba.<br />

savarjiSo #3.7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da miuTiTeT abzacis mTavari<br />

winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. Tu mTavari winadadeba<br />

mocemulia, amowereT.<br />

kvlevebisTvis sxva saintereso sferoa gansxvavebis dadgena Sinagan da garegan<br />

motivaciaSi. Cven Sinaganad motivirebulebi varT, rodesac vakeTebT raimes ubralod<br />

siamovnebisTvis an raime konkretuli qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. Cven saabazanoSi<br />

imitom ki ar vmReriT, rom taSs velodebiT an fulis Sovnas vcdilobT, aramed<br />

imitom, rom mogvwons amis keTeba. Cven imitom vxsniT krosvordebs, vxatavT da<br />

Tvals vadevnebT mzis Casvlas, rom es jildovdeba. Cven ar velodebiT raime<br />

jildos. garegani motivacia, Tavis mxriv, im situaciebs miemarTeba, romlebSic Cven<br />

jildos misaRebad vmoqmedebT. Cven samsaxurSi SeiZleba mxolod imitom davdiodeT,<br />

rom fuli gvWirdeba. SeiZleba mxolod imitom viaroT musikaze, rom mSoblebs<br />

vasiamovnoT. Cven SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT zrdilobianebi viyoT romelime adamianTan,<br />

radgan misgan raRacas veliT (j.p. hiustoni `motivacia~. niu-iorki: makmilani, 1985,<br />

gv. 268).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

22


visac erTxel mainc unaxavs misi cxviri da sxeuli, is arasodes daaviwydeba.<br />

pirveli reaqcia gaoceba iyo, meore _ misi cxviriT aRfrTovaneba, TiTqos es didi<br />

simdidre iyo. misi cxviri, romelic barbara streizandis cxvirze ufro grZeli<br />

iyo, saxis udides nawils ikavebda. rodesac is iRimeboda, cxviris garda araferi<br />

Canda. mas bevr xalxSic ki cxviriT gamoarCevdnen. wina cxovrebaSi is, albaT, koli<br />

an WianWvelaWamia iyo. misi cxviri saparsiviT wvrili iyo. is rom TviTmfrinavi<br />

yofiliyo, advilad SeZlebda Rrublebis gakveTas. igi Zalian gamxdari iyo, 10<br />

dRis naSimSilars hgavda. amave dros, Zalian bevrs Wamda. visac ki is Wamis dros<br />

unaxavs, ukvirda, sad eteoda amdeni sakvebi aseT patara sxeulSi. amis miuxedavad,<br />

is sul ufro xdeboda da cxviri sul ufro ugrZeldeboda. erT mSvenier, qarian<br />

dRes is gafrinda, rogorc meri popinsi (nobutaka macuo).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili<br />

inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons uWiravs. 1869 wels gamoqveynda misi<br />

wigni `geniosobis memkvidreoba~, romelmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina<br />

testirebis meTodebis, Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. galtoni<br />

adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda.<br />

mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisgan<br />

maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic<br />

halucinogenebis anu fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis<br />

rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc dasaxelebidan<br />

Cans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebsa da “me”-sa da “arame”-s Soris<br />

sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini (miiReba<br />

kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan), LSD da PCP (laboratoriebSi<br />

sinTezirdeba) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenas<br />

faqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,<br />

inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagan<br />

determinantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini organizmis<br />

Sesaxeb gvawvdian in<strong>for</strong>macias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dispoziciuri<br />

cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvi<br />

cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis sacobSi<br />

moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis<br />

23


gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu situaciis<br />

(situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isini<br />

TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs<br />

surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi<br />

gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi TanatolTa<br />

zewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia (kombinirebuli<br />

axsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

olportma sami saxis niSnebi gamoyo _ kardinaluri, centraluri da meoradi.<br />

kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa irgvlivac adamiani Tavis cxovrebas agebs. magaliTad,<br />

deda terezasTvis kardinaluri niSani sxvisi keTildReobisTvis sakuTari Tavis<br />

Sewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri<br />

niSnebi, samagierod, ZiriTadi niSnebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi,<br />

pirovnebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia. meoradi niSnebi _ specifikuri pirovnuli<br />

Tvisebebi is Tvisebebia, romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi gvexmareba,<br />

magram naklebad gamosadegia individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebis<br />

magaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas<br />

(gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

egos dacvis meqanizmebi fsiqikuri strategiebia, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis<br />

maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris<br />

arsebuli yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad iyenebs. fsiqoanalitikur<br />

TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis<br />

mier Zlier Sinagan konfliqtebTan fsiqologiuri gamklavebisas. maTi gamoyenebiT<br />

pirovnebas sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli da socialurad misaRebi xatis<br />

SenarCuneba SeuZlia. magaliTad, Tu bavSvs iseTi Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvs<br />

mamis mimarT, rom gamoxatvis gzis naxvis SemTxvevaSi saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna<br />

moagvarebs amas da SeiZleba sZlios kidec am grZnobas. SemdgomSi es mtruli<br />

impulsi cnobierad aRar moiTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki aRar<br />

iqneba cnobierad mocemuli; Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi aRar gamoCndeba<br />

da misi arsebobis Sesaxeb TiTqos aRaranairi niSani ar iqneba, is mainc ar gaqreba.<br />

es gandevnili grZnobebi kvlavac mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben pirovnebis<br />

funqcionirebaSi, magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZleba<br />

TviTRirebulebis gancda aimaRlos da Seamciros aracnobieri SiSi imisa, rom<br />

masSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba<br />

SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur<br />

24


testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.<br />

saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic erTaderTi ganzomilebis<br />

gaswvriv Tavsdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, adaptacia-disadaptacia an sxvadasxva<br />

niSnis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv, rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebuleba<br />

an eqstraversia. damuSavebis Semdeg es monacemebi normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTan<br />

Sedardeba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

rogor CamovayaliboT mTavari winadadeba<br />

abzacisTvis Temis SerCevis Semdeg, bunebrivia, saWiroa, wamyvani azris SerCeva.<br />

erT-erTi meTodi, romelic mTavari winadadebisTvis wamyvani azris daweraSi<br />

dagexmarebaT, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi meTodebia (gonebrivi ieriSi, Tavisufali<br />

wera, kiTxvebi, asociaciuri kavSirebi). magaliTad, Tqveni qveynis romelime<br />

RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis Sesaxeb unda daweroT abzaci. SegiZliaT daakonkretoT<br />

Tema da romelime kurortis Sesaxeb daweroT.<br />

gamoiyeneT gonebrivi ieriSis meTodi da CamowereT arCeul TemasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli ideebi. magaliTad, Tema `ureki~.<br />

• mziani sanapiro, qviSa, wiwvovani xeebi sanapiro zolze, sufTa kamkama wyali,<br />

mSvidi zRva.<br />

• damsveneblebi yvelgan arian, axali sastumroebi gadaWedilia damsveneblebiT,<br />

turistTa umravlesoba amjobinebs oTaxebs zRvaze gamavali fanjrebiT.<br />

• sakurorto sezoni bevri adamianis dasaqmebas uwyobs xels, damsveneblebs<br />

bevri Semosavali moaqvT adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisTvis.<br />

• kurortma ramdenime seriozuli kompania moizida, romelTac filialebi<br />

gaxsnes.<br />

es CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, SeiZleba, rom gaizardos, Seicvalos; magaliTad,<br />

SegiZliaT daamatoT, rom kurorts ekonomikuri sargebloba moaqvs regionisTvis;<br />

an SegiZliaT daweroT kurortis lamazi adgilebis Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />

ramdenad sasargebloa kurorti garkveuli daavadebebis samkurnalod da ratomaa<br />

bavSvebis aq dasveneba sasurveli.<br />

savarjiSo #3.8: airCieT erT-erTi Tema da Tavad SeadgineT mTavari winadadeba da<br />

abzaci. am davalebis Sesrulebamde SeecadeT, CamoweroT is in<strong>for</strong>macia da saintereso<br />

ideebi, romlebic abzacis dakonkretebisa da faqtobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciiT misi Sevsebis<br />

saSualebas mogcemT.<br />

Temebi:<br />

• crurwmena • dabinZureba<br />

• saintereso tradicia • Sadrevani<br />

• sayvareli leqtori • studentebis problemebi<br />

• mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba<br />

mTavari winadadeba<br />

25


abzaci<br />

dasabuTeba<br />

ideebis Tavmoyrisa da wamyvani azris Camoyalibebis Semdeg aucilebelia Tqveni<br />

CamonaTvalidan im masalis amoReba, romelsac abzacis dasawerad gamoiyenebT. es<br />

masala mTavar winadadebaSi gadmocemuli wamyvani azris dasabuTeba (support) unda<br />

iyos. is ilustraciis, gaSuqebis, axsnis funqcias asrulebs da im Sexedulebas<br />

asabuTebs, romelic mTavar winadadebaSi gadmoeciT. ideis mxardasaWerad yvelaze<br />

xSirad faqtobrivi detalebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi detalebi SeiZleba garkveuli<br />

wyaroebidan _ Jurnalebidan, gazeTebidan, wignebidan _ aRebul faqtebs moicavdes<br />

an sxvisi dakvirvebis Sedegebi iyos. dasabuTebisTvis, ZiriTadad, is in<strong>for</strong>macia<br />

gamoiyeneba, romelmac Tqven Tqvens Sexedulebamde migiyvanaT.<br />

rodesac mTavari winadadebis dasabuTebis mosaZebnad Tqvens in<strong>for</strong>macias amowmebT,<br />

SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom Tqveni masala Sevsebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, ganvixiloT<br />

aseTi mTavari winadadeba: _ `kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemis gadaWra~. am winadadebis dasabuTeba SeiZleba<br />

iyos is, rom kurortma ramdenime kompania moizida. es SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc<br />

Semdgomi dasabuTebis safuZveli. ufro metic, in<strong>for</strong>maciis misaRebad SegiZliaT<br />

kiTxvebs mimarToT; magaliTad, `romel kompaniebzea saubari?~ `ra samsaxurs<br />

sTavazoben es kompaniebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas?~ `ra situacia iyo dasaqmebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT kurortze manamde da ra situaciaa axla?~ am kiTxvebze gacemuli<br />

pasuxebi SeiZleba wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad gamoiyenoT. sabolood, am Tematuri<br />

winadadebisTvis abzacis dasawerad dagrovilma Canawerebma SeiZleba aseTi saxe<br />

miiRos:<br />

umuSevrobis done 1990 wels = 35%; 2000 wels – 8%.<br />

samuSao adgilebi sastumroebSi: marioti _ 100<br />

kopala _ 50<br />

Zveli metexi _ 35<br />

turistebisTvis gankuTvnili xuTi axali maRazia sanapiroze _ 15 samuSao<br />

adgili.<br />

daniuri saxli<br />

nikala<br />

makdonaldsi<br />

isi pari<br />

bata<br />

26


axla SegiZliaT dasabuTeba winadadebebiT CamoayaliboT da Tematuri winadadebis<br />

Semdeg abzacis monaxazi, gegma gaakeToT. kurortis magaliTSi es gegma daaxloebiT<br />

aseTi iqneba:<br />

Tematuri winadadeba:<br />

kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis<br />

problemis gadaWra.<br />

dasabuTeba:<br />

1. 1990 wlidan 2000 wlamde umuSevroba 35%-dan 8%-mde Semcirda.<br />

2. turistulma industriam bevri samuSao adgili Seqmna.<br />

a) gaixsna sami axali sastumro;<br />

1) sastumro mariotSi 100 adgilobrivi mosaxle dasaqmda;<br />

2) kopalam 50 adamians misca samuSao;<br />

3) Zvel metexSi 35-ma adgilobrivma mosaxlem miiRo samsaxuri.<br />

b) sanapiro zolze xuTi axali maRazia gaixsna, romelSic 15 adamiani<br />

dasaqmda.<br />

g) turistebisTvis mimzidvelma kompaniebma TavianTi filialebi gaxsnes<br />

_ muSaobs `daniuri saxli~, `nikala~ da `makdonaldsi~.<br />

3. kurortma miizida iseTi araturistuli kompaniebi, rogorebicaa „bata~ da<br />

„isi pari~.<br />

amgvari monaxazis gakeTeba sasurvelia ori mizniT: _ (1) amiT SevamowmebT,<br />

ukavSirdeba Tu ara winadadebebi Temas; (2) arian Tu ara winadadebebi logikurad<br />

organizebuli. qvemoT kidev erTi magaliTia mocemuli:<br />

Tematuri winadadeba: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.<br />

dasabuTeba:<br />

• erTi kolofi sigareti daaxloebiT 2 laramde Rirs.<br />

• mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofs mainc eweva.<br />

• erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli Tanxis raodenoba 365-dan 1695 laramde<br />

meryeobs.<br />

• mwevelebs avejis, xaliCebis, fardebisa da tansacmlis qimwmenda ufro xSirad<br />

uwevT, vidre _ aramwevelebs.<br />

originaluri abzacis yvela winadadeba ar aris zemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi<br />

(ix. abzaci `moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa~). magaliTad, winadadeba `magram yvelaferi<br />

amiT ar mTavrdeba~, Tumca, es winadadeba namdvilad ukavSirdeba Temas da wamyvan<br />

azrs, magram misi funqcia winadadebebs Soris kavSiris damyarebaa. is abzacis or<br />

nawils akavSirebs erTmaneTTan: sigaretSi gadaxdil Tanxasa da sigaretis mowevis<br />

farul (araTvalsaCino) danaxarjs. aseT winadadebas gardamavali (transition)<br />

winadadeba ewodeba. am CamonaTvalSi, aseve, ar aris, kidev erTi winadadeba: _<br />

`miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es<br />

kidev ufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.~ aseTi tipis winadadebas, romelic<br />

ajamebs abzacis mTavar ideas, daskvniTi winadadeba ewodeba, Tumca, araa aucilebeli,<br />

rom yvela abzaci moicavdes aseT daskvniT winadadebas. winadadebaTa organizacia<br />

Temasa da Tqvens mizanzea damokidebuli. mniSvnelovania, rom masala, romelsac<br />

eyrdnobiT, pirdapir ukavSirdebodes abzacis mTavar winadadebas.<br />

27


savarjiSo #3.9: ganixileT romelime abzaci. dawereT mTavari winadadeba, xazi<br />

gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri da CamoTvaleT is winadadebebi, romlebic<br />

mTavar winadadebas asabuTebs.<br />

mTavari winadadeba:<br />

dasabuTeba:<br />

1. _____________________________________________<br />

2. _____________________________________________<br />

3. _____________________________________________<br />

4. _____________________________________________<br />

daskvniTi winadadeba:<br />

savarjiSo #3.10: gamoiyeneT Tqven mier dawerili winadadebebi da abzacebi. dawereT<br />

mTavari winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. gadaxedeT Tqvens<br />

CamonaTvals da dawereT dasabuTeba mTavari winadadebisTvis. Tu aseTi dasabuTebis<br />

raodenoba mcire aRmoCndeba, gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi (kerZod, kiTxvebi)<br />

da winadadebiT CamoayalibeT dasabuTeba.<br />

mTavari winadadeba:<br />

dasabuTeba:<br />

1. _________________________________________________________________<br />

2. _________________________________________________________________<br />

3. _________________________________________________________________<br />

4. _________________________________________________________________<br />

mTlianoba<br />

abzacis TiToeuli winadadeba Temas unda ukavSirdebodes da aviTarebdes<br />

wamyvan azrs. nebismieri winadadeba, romelic ar emsaxureba wamyvani azris<br />

ganviTarebas da zedmetia, unda amoiRoT abzacidan. gaixseneT abzaci, romlis<br />

mTavari winadadeba iyo: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu am abzacSi<br />

iqneba winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gamaRizianebelia vinmesTvis sxva mwevlis<br />

mier gaSvebuli kvamlis rgolebis yureba, is unda amoviRoT, radgan ar ukavSirdeba<br />

sigaretis mowevasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.<br />

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:<br />

xanSiSesulTa kidev erTi problema mcire Semosavalia. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg<br />

isini im kompaniidan iReben pensias, romelSic muSaobdnen an saxelwifo uxdis maT<br />

socialur dazRvevas. am Tanxis raodenoba, rogorc wesi, maTi xelfasis naxevaric<br />

ar aris. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini ucbad aRmoaCenen, rom iZulebulni arian,<br />

cxovrebis stili Seicvalon. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom maT<br />

aRar darCaT fuli kinoTeatrSi an qalaqgareT wasasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, Sin<br />

darCenis mizezi SeiZleba maTi janmrTelobac iyos. am asakSi xSiria arTriti an<br />

revmatizmi, ris gamoc, maT uWirT fexiT siaruli da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT<br />

28


yofna. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios; Tumca, zogierTma<br />

maTganma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misi pensia yovelTviur gadasaxadebsac ki ver<br />

wvdeba. erT dRes SeiZleba gaacnobieron, rom eleqtroenergia, telefoni da sakvebi<br />

ukve fufunebaa maTTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

am abzacis Temaa `xanSi SesulTa kidev erTi problema~, wamyvani azri ki _<br />

mcire SemosavliT cxovreba, amitom yoveli winadadeba SeWirvebul yofas unda<br />

ukavSirdebodes. am abzacSi sami zedmeti winadadebaa:<br />

1. ra Tqma unda, Sin darCenis mizezi maTi janmrTelobac SeiZleba iyos.<br />

2. am asakSi xSiria arTriti an revmatizmi, ris gamoc maT uWirT fexiT siaruli<br />

da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT yofna.<br />

3. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios.<br />

savarjiSo #3.11: xazi gausviT abzacis mTavar winadadebas da amoSaleT zedmeti<br />

winadadebebi.<br />

60-iani wlebidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda samxreT amerikeli novelistebis<br />

popularoba da maTdami interesi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia meqsikeli mwerali karlos<br />

fuentesi, romelsac ekuTvnis `artemio krucis sikvdili~. 1967 wels nobelis<br />

premia literaturaSi mieniWa gvatemalel mwerals migel anxel asturiass.<br />

argentinaSi moRvaweobdnen iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic arian xorxe luis borxesi,<br />

xulio kortasari, luiza valensuela, manuel huiji. am ukanasknelis nawarmoebis<br />

_ `qali-obobas kocna~ mixedviT filmicaa gadaRebuli. am filmSi mamakacis mTavari<br />

rolis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis oskari uiliam harTs gadaeca. ukanasknel<br />

periodSi msoflioze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina novelistma izabela alendam<br />

(`sulebis saxli~). CamonaTvali SeiZleba kidev gagrZeldes, Tumca, maT Soris<br />

yvelaze metad nacnobia gabriel garsia markesi, romelsac 1982 wels romanisTvis<br />

`martoobis asi weli~ nobelis premia mieniWa (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R,<br />

2000).<br />

umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze usiamovno problema isaa, rom ar gaqvs<br />

fuli yoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis. adamianTa umravlesobas fuli iseTi aucilebeli<br />

moTxovnebisTvis sWirdeba, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sakvebi. tansacmlis yidvac<br />

ki mniSvnelovania da ara aucilebeli. Tu ar muSaobT, vin mogcemT fuls<br />

yoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis? iqneb, naTesavi gyavT, romelic ramdenime TviT gasesxebT<br />

fuls, magram adamianTa umravlesobas ar aqvs imdeni fuli, rom sxvisi gadasaxadebic<br />

ixados (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

Tu yvela Sesabamis asakSi mokvdeba, maSin sulac ar minda vicocxlo 500 weli<br />

da marto me viyo beberi. xalxi uamrav kiTxvas damisvams warsulis Sesaxeb: rodis<br />

moxda? moxda Tu ara? rogor moxda da a.S. ganuwyvetliv Semawuxeben. mgonia, rom<br />

moxucebs ar moswonT, roca awuxeben. garda amisa, Tu yvela mokvdeboda, me momiwevda<br />

Cemi ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebis sikvdilis yureba. ar minda Cemi Svilebisa da<br />

SviliSvilebis sikvdils moveswro. me Zalian maxinji viqnebi (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.<br />

K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoriTac Seqmna zigmund froidma, intensiuri da<br />

droSi gaxangrZlivebuli Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic nevrotuli da mSfoTvare<br />

pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da konfliqtebs ikvlevs. es konfliqtebi SeiZleba<br />

adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas an raime mniSvnelovan, travmul movlenas<br />

ukavSirdebodes. rogorc cnobilia, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi<br />

29


aSlilobebi im Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris arqonaa,<br />

romlebic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da superegos<br />

internalizebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris. idi, ego da<br />

superego pirovnebis struqturis komponentebia, romlebic, froidis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />

mudmiv dinamikur urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. fsiqoanalizis mizania<br />

intrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis gacnobierebas, superegos<br />

moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebas<br />

gulisxmobs (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

masobriv in<strong>for</strong>maciul saSualebaTa Sefaseba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTni mas<br />

ganixilaven sazogadoebrivi azris manipulirebisa da gabatonebuli fenis<br />

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis instrumentad. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, mkacri<br />

konkurenciis pirobebSi, gamoikveTa masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebaTa<br />

koncentraciis tendencia, rac Zalze saxifaToa demokratiisaTvis. meoreni amtkiceben,<br />

rom masmedia xels uwyobs sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi realur CarTvasa<br />

da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebis monawileobas,<br />

rac aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebisTvis.<br />

mani pulaciis Sedegad xalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebi<br />

politikur cxovrebaze (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi iyeneben<br />

standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTa<br />

Segrovebis yvela fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerTo<br />

procedurebis gamoyenebas. cvladi ki aris nebismieri faqtori, romelic<br />

raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela faza<br />

standartuli unda iyos, anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobebSi<br />

unda imyofebodes. standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebs<br />

winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. mkvlevarma, agreTve, unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />

damatebiTi cvladebis arsebobac (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba<br />

niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli<br />

qcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da sandoobas. mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT<br />

imgvari gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani<br />

fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi, Sexedulebebi. sando<br />

Sedegi, sxva msgavs pirobebSi, Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti<br />

sandoa, misi ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT (gerigi, zimbardo,<br />

2007).<br />

Tanmimdevruloba<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, abzacs unda gaaCndes Tema, wamyvani azri, es azri dasabuTebuli<br />

unda iyos da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. kidev erTi elementi, romelic,<br />

aseve, esaWiroeba abzacs, Tanmimdevrulobaa (coherence), rac gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv,<br />

azrTa logikur mimdinareobas: _ azri ar unda gadadiodes (xtebodes) erTi<br />

sakiTxidan meoreze da, meore mxriv, gadasvla moqnili (lamazi, sxarti) unda iyos.<br />

logikuri Tanmimdevroba winadadebis TanmimdevrulobaSi aisaxeba, romelic<br />

Tqveni miznidan gamomdinare icvleba. magaliTad, Tu gsurT, aRweroT, ra xdeboda<br />

filmSi, Tqveni winadadebebi unda mihyvebodes moqmedebebis Tanmimdevrobas,<br />

dasawyisidan dasasrulamde, magram Tu gsurT, aRweroT yvelaze STambeWdavi momentebi<br />

filmSi, Tqven unda SearCioT ramdenime maTgani da warmoadginoT garkveuli<br />

30


logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. magaliTad, naklebad STambeWdavidan _ metad<br />

STambeWdavisken.<br />

abzaci ar aris Tanmimdevruli, Tu ideebis Tanmimdevruloba ar aris logikuri.<br />

xandaxan weris dros students, SesaZloa, gamorCes raRac, risi dawerac adre<br />

surda da CarTos maSin, roca gaaxsendeba. bunebrivia, es winadadeba uadgilo<br />

iqneba. ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci, romelSic ramdenime winadadeba uadgilod<br />

aris CarTuli:<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevr<br />

damsvenebels izidavs. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT<br />

icuraoT sanapiroze. damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva<br />

kenkrovani xilis krefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq<br />

bevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs<br />

ramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis<br />

daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. yvelaze<br />

saxaliso saqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxulebaa, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs<br />

sakuTari baRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia,<br />

kafeebiT dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani<br />

gemriel kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze.<br />

erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. saTevzaod<br />

siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze<br />

mimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva. rogorc xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs<br />

gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo<br />

ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.<br />

am abzacs organizaciis garkveuli principi aqvs: pirvel naxevarSi ganxilulia<br />

is aqtivobebi, romlebic qalaqis Semogarens ukavSirdeba, abzacis meore naxevari<br />

ki qalaqis Sida aqtivobebs eTmoba. Tumca, abzacis bolos Cndeba uadgilo<br />

winadadebebi. sami winadadeba: _ `erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi<br />

xis produqcia;~ `saTevzaod siaruli garTobis sakmaod gavrcelebul saxeobas<br />

warmoadgens;~ `wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva.~ –<br />

es winadadebebi aq amovardnilia da uadgilodaa motanili. es abzaci Semdegi<br />

TanmimdevrobiT unda iyos warmodgenili:<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevr<br />

damsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad<br />

miiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoT<br />

sanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.<br />

damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xilis<br />

krefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvis bevr<br />

adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenime<br />

sakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis<br />

daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erT<br />

maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. yvelaze saxaliso<br />

saqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTari<br />

baRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiT<br />

dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemriel<br />

kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorc<br />

xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens<br />

ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.<br />

winadadebidan winadadebaze gadasvla moqnili da sxarti unda iyos. es niSnavs<br />

imas, Tu ramdenad kargad mosdevs erTi idea an winadadeba meores. es SeiZleba<br />

garkveuli winadadebebis kombinaciiT an garkveuli frazebis gamoyenebiT vcadoT.<br />

aseT winadadebebsa Tu frazebs gardamavali frazebi (transitional expressions) ewodeba;<br />

31


aseTi frazebia, magaliTad, daviwyoT imiT, rom; amis sapirispirod; agreTve; Tumca;<br />

miuxedavad amisa. aseTi frazebiT abzacis Tanmimdevruloba ufro daxvewili xdeba.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevr<br />

damsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad<br />

miiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoT<br />

sanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.<br />

damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xilis<br />

krefa izidavs. garda amisa, sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvis<br />

bevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. maTTvis, vinc qalaqSi darCenas<br />

amjobinebs, qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobil<br />

sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT,<br />

magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT<br />

adgilobrivi xis produqcia. kidev erTi, yvelaze saxaliso saqmianobaa Ria<br />

bazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTari baRCis dovlaTi<br />

aqvT gamofenili. da bolos, aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiT<br />

dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemriel<br />

kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorc<br />

xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens<br />

ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.<br />

savarjiSo #3.12: : gadaawyveT da gamotoveT zedmeti winadadebebi.<br />

tineijerebi, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari yoveldRiuri xarjebisaTvis muSaoben;<br />

magaliTad, Cemi biZaSvili tansacmlis maRaziaSi muSaobs da tansacmels TviTon<br />

yidulobs. gasul kviras man mSvenieri tyavis qurTuki iyida. Cemma erT-erTma<br />

megobarma Zveli manqana iyida im fuliT, romelic skolis damTavrebis Semdeg<br />

muSaobiT daagrova. axalgazrdebs surT fulis momavlisTvis Segroveba. maT surT<br />

tansacmlis yidva da fulis Segroveba manqanis, magnitofonisa Tu televizoris<br />

sayidlad. amis magaliTia ganaTlebisTvis fulis Segroveba. Cemi biZaSvili giorgi<br />

amas Tavisi momavlisTvis akeTebs. man miTxra, rom fuls, agreTve, momavali ojaxisTvis<br />

agrovebs (adaptirebulia Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

saSineleba iyo, roca Cemi saqmro manqanis marTvas maswavlida. yvelaferi<br />

kargad midioda, sanam man ufrosoba ar daiwyo. erTi SemeSala, saWe imaze metad<br />

davatriale, vidre saWiro iyo da man iseTi yvirili atexa, gamvlelebs giJi egonaT.<br />

me wynarad SevTavaze, Segvewyvita mecadineoba, is ki yviroda: _ droze daZari<br />

manqanao. ho, sul damaviwyda meTqva, bordiurze rom avxti, boZs davejaxe da manqana<br />

SeiWeWya, uknidan ki sxva manqana mogvadga, romelic Cem gamo gzas ketavda. swored<br />

amitom gabrazda. Cemi saqmro tenisis TamaSsac maswavlida da maSinac miyviroda.<br />

mas undoda, droze dameZra manqana adgilidan, radgan orive mxridan manqanebi<br />

misignalebdnen. me gadavwyvite, rom es is adamiani ar aris, vinc tareba unda<br />

maswavlos (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

manipulacia adamianis qcevis marTvis teqnologiaa. mani pulaciis obieqti<br />

Tvlis, rom is moqmedebs Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, sinamdvileSi ki mas<br />

marTaven. esaa adamianebis azrisa da miswrafebebis, maTi ganwyobisa da fsiqikuri<br />

mdgomareobis faruli marTva im mizniT, rom mani pulaciis obieqtSi aRZras<br />

manipulaciis saSualebebis mflobelisaTvis sasurveli qceva. manipulaciis Sedegad<br />

xalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebi politikur cxovrebaze.<br />

mani pulaciuri teqnologiebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uaris Tqma argumentebze da<br />

misi Secvla fsiqologiuri STagonebiT, adamianebSi sxvadasxva emociis (SiSis,<br />

SeSfoTebis, iZulebis) gaCeniT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

32


odesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi<br />

eZebs ara<strong>for</strong>malur konsultantebs. morwmuneTaTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero<br />

piri. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati,<br />

sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an sabWo. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli<br />

ara<strong>for</strong>maluri Terapevtebis mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.<br />

sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa<br />

da, nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,<br />

araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli<br />

kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari<br />

morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs<br />

Tavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. Tqvens megobars warmatebiT rom<br />

daemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala. xSirad qcevis romelime<br />

<strong>for</strong>mis safuZvlad miCneuli mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars<br />

zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. rodesac romelime qcevis an kavSiris<br />

sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT<br />

zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

sakontrolo kiTxvari gamarTuli abzacisTvis<br />

1. aris Tu ara abzaci sakmarisad konkretuli?<br />

2. Seicavs Tu ara abzaci mTavar (Tematur) winadadebas; Tu ar Seicavs, aris<br />

Tu ara mTavari winadadeba nagulisxmevi?<br />

3. moicavs Tu ara Tqveni mTavari winadadeba wamyvan azrs?<br />

4. aris Tu ara abzaci mTliani, tovebs Tu ara mTlianobis STabeWdilebas<br />

(abzacis winadadebebi amarTleben an upasuxeben Tu ara wamyvan azrs)?<br />

5. aris Tu ara abzaci Tanmimdevruli (anu aris Tu ara winadadebebi<br />

logikurad dakavSirebuli da ikiTxeba Tu ara abzaci Tavisuflad)?<br />

abzacis abzacis ti ti pebi<br />

pebi<br />

abzaci SeiZleba iyos TxrobiTi, aRweriTi an axsniTi.<br />

TxrobiTi abzaci<br />

abzacSi winadadebebis dawyobis ramdenime gza arsebobs. winadadebebis wyoba<br />

da abzacis sxva detalebi avtoris mizanzea damokidebuli. vTqvaT, gTxoves skolaSi<br />

Cveulebrivi dilis aRwera. cxadia, Tqven ar daiwyebT imis moyolas, Tu ras akeTebT<br />

skolidan saxlSi misvlisas. amis nacvlad Txrobas daiwyebT imiT, Tu ras akeTebT<br />

skolaSi misvlisTanave. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tqvens azrebsa da moqmedebebs im<br />

drois mixedviT daalagebT, romelSic es moqmedebebi xorcieldeba.<br />

analogiurad, procesis (rogor keTdeba raime) axsnisas Tqven daiwyebT imiT, Tu ra<br />

keTdeba pirvel rigSi da daasrulebT bolo moqmedebiT. droSi mimdinareobis mixedviT<br />

ideebis dalageba qronologiur ganviTarebas gulisxmobs (ix. suraTi #3.2).<br />

faqtebis qronologiuri dalageba, ZiriTadad, ori saxis nawerSi gamoiyeneba,<br />

esaa Txroba da procesis aRwera (rogor gakaveToT raRac _ moqmedebebis aRwera).<br />

Txroba gamocdilebis gaziarebas gulisxmobs. gamocdileba SeiZleba iyos warsuli<br />

(warsuli Txroba), awmyo (awmyo gamocdileba) an tipuri (anu Cveulebrivi gamocdileba).<br />

33


qronolo<br />

giuri<br />

dalageba<br />

Txroba procesis<br />

aRwera (ra<br />

ris mere)<br />

warsuli awmyo tipuri<br />

gamocdil<br />

eba<br />

suraTi #3.2: qronologiuri<br />

TanmimdevrobiT dalageba<br />

Tbilisoba weliwadSi erTxel, oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. am dros<br />

dilidan iketeba qalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye. qalaqis<br />

sxvadasxva adgilSi soflis meurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba,<br />

sadac SegiZliaT SeiZinoT CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvari xili, baRCeuli, bostneuli,<br />

xorceuli da sasmelebi. aseT bazrobebTan saxeldaxelod dadgmul magidebsa da<br />

savele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: _ miirTvaT mwvadi,<br />

xinkali, xaWapuri da sxva erovnuli kerZebi, romelTac Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben.<br />

amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvis ewyoba scenebi, sadac warmodgenebs marTaven<br />

Teatris, cirkisa da estradis msaxiobebi. saRamos imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba.<br />

centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia xalxiT. dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba.<br />

saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis suni da misi kvamli trialebs.<br />

rogorc xedavT, avtorma qarTuli tradiciebis Tema daakonkreta da erT<br />

konkretul tradiciaze, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze dawera. am abzacSi Temis<br />

Sesabamisi winadadebebi logikurad qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli.<br />

Sesabamisad, abzaci Tanmimdevrulia. amasTan, abzaci mTlianobiTac xasiaTdeba.<br />

yvela winadadeba Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba Tbilisobis dros, magram ramdenad<br />

naTlad aris warmoCenili Tavad avtoris damokidebuleba am yvelafris mimarT?<br />

cxadia, es abzaci amaze arafers gveubneba. Tu mas ise SevcvliT, rom masSi gveqneba<br />

mkafio, Zlieri wamyvani azri, avtoris damokidebulebac cxadi gaxdeba CvenTvis.<br />

Tbilisobis mSvenieri da mxiaruli dResaswauli weliwadSi mxolod erTxel,<br />

oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros iketeba<br />

qalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye da amiT ferxdeba<br />

transportis moZraoba, dResaswauli mainc sasixaruloa da xalxi siamovnebiT<br />

erTveba xolme dagegmil RonisZiebebSi. qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilSi soflis<br />

meurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba, sadac SedarebiT iafad<br />

SegiZliaT SeiZinoT naturaluri, gemrieli CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvari<br />

xili, baRCeuli, bostneuli, axalTaxali xorceuli da ugemrielesi Rvino. aseT<br />

bazrobebTan axlos saxeldaxelod gamarTul kafeebs, swrafi kvebis obieqtebsa<br />

da savele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: gamocdili<br />

mzareulebi Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben da SemogTavazeben ugemrieles mwvads,<br />

xinkals, xaWapursa da sxva erovnul kerZebs. amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvis<br />

ewyoba scenebi, sadac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi imarTeba saintereso da<br />

Tvalwarmtaci sanaxaobebi bavSvebisTvisa da mozrdilebisTvis. scenebze<br />

SegiZliaT ixiloT estradis popularuli varskvlavebi, Teatris msaxiobebi,<br />

bavSvebis sayvareli zRapruli personaJebi da mxiaruli jambazebi. saRamos<br />

saxalxo seirnoba imarTeba. centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia gaRimebuli<br />

adamianebiT, romlebic Sin kmayofilni da sanovagiT xeldamSvenebulni brundebian.<br />

34<br />

mogexsenebaT, ideebisa da<br />

winadadebebis qronologiuri<br />

dalageba ar aris rTuli, Tumca,<br />

rTulia abzacis mTlianobis<br />

SenarCuneba. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, rTulia wamyvani azris<br />

SerCeva da imis gadawyveta, Tu ra<br />

CavrToT da amoviRoT abzacidan.<br />

tipuri gamocdileba<br />

davuSvaT, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi<br />

megobrisgan miiReT werili, romelsac<br />

qarTuli tradiciebi da<br />

dResaswaulebi ainteresebs. Tqven<br />

gadawyviteT, misweroT mas da<br />

Tbilisobis Sesaxeb uamboT.


dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba. saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis kvamli<br />

da misi Tavbrudamxvevi da madisaRmZvreli suni trialebs.<br />

abzacisTvis mniSvnelovani wamyvani azris („mSvenieri da mxiaruli~) Semcveli<br />

mTavari winadadebis damatebiT avtori mkafiod gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas<br />

Tbilisobis dResaswaulisadmi. amasTan, man zogierTi winadadeba Secvala da<br />

detalebi daamata, raTa dasabuTebas kargad gamoexata Tbilisobis mSveniereba.<br />

savarjiSo #3.13: Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT mocemuli abzaci da xazi gausviT<br />

meore variantSi Setanil cvlilebebs. ra gavlena iqonia am cvlilebebma abzacze?<br />

savarjiSo #3.14: damokidebulebis gamosaxatad damasabuTebeli winadadebebis<br />

gamoyenebaSi gasavarjiSeblad qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi orgvarad gadawereT.<br />

pirvel variantSi dauSviT, rom wamyvani azria `sasiamovno~, meoreSi _ `saSineli~.<br />

nimuSSi mocemulia is frazebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamogadgeT winadadebebis werisas.<br />

nimuSi:<br />

Tematuri winadadeba: giorgisTvis yoveli dila xalisiania.<br />

sasargeblo frazebi:<br />

sawolidan wamoxtoma swrafad adgoma<br />

aromatiT tkboba mxiaruli<br />

ylupylupad daleva dakvirvebiT icvams<br />

mSvidi yuradRebiT irCevs<br />

xalisiani mziani<br />

Tematuri winadadeba: daviTi Tvlis, rom misi yoveli dila autanelia.<br />

sasargeblo frazebi:<br />

Tavs Zlivs wevs mowyenilad<br />

Zlivs dgeba buzRuniT<br />

erTianad moyudeba daTrgunulad<br />

tansacmlis dayra Semawuxebeli sinaTle<br />

gaRizianeba<br />

1. sawolidan dgeba.<br />

giorgi<br />

daviTi<br />

2. tansacmels icvams.<br />

giorgi<br />

daviTi<br />

3. fardebs wevs.<br />

giorgi<br />

daviTi<br />

35


4. Cais svams.<br />

giorgi<br />

daviTi<br />

5. mezobels `dila mSvidobisas~ usurvebs.<br />

giorgi<br />

daviTi<br />

savarjiSo #3.15: wina savarjiSos in<strong>for</strong>maciis gamoyenebiT dawereT abzaci giorgis<br />

an daviTis Sesaxeb. Tqveni Tematuri winadadebis wamyvani azris dasabuTebisTvis<br />

mocemuli winadadebebi damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>maciiT unda SeavsoT.<br />

savarjiSo #3.16: werisTvis mosamzadebeli meTodebis gamoyenebiT daagroveT<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia Tqveni Cveulebrivi dilis Sesaxeb, airCieT wamyvani azri da dawereT<br />

abzaci.<br />

savarjiSo #3.17: gaixseneT, yovelwliurad rogor aRiniSneba saqarTvelos<br />

damouideblobis dRe. CamowereT, ras akeTeben adamianebi dResasawaulis dawyebamde<br />

da dResaswaulis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli CamonaTvalis mixedviT SearCieT wamyvani<br />

azri da dawereT abzaci imis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, rogor iqcevian xolme adamianebi<br />

am dRes. SeamowmeT, rom yvela winadadeba wamyvani azris dasabuTeba iyos.<br />

warsuli gamocdileba<br />

Cven ganvixileT TxrobiTi abzaci, romelic awmyoSi mimdinare movlenebis<br />

Tanmimdevrobas aRwerda. Tu movlena awmyoSi ar xdeba, maSin is ukve moxda warsulSi.<br />

Cveulebriv, warsulSi momxdaris Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, magaliTad, SeiZleba cxovrebis<br />

mniSvnelovani momentis Sesaxeb gviambon. am dros, pirvel rigSi, erT winadadebaSi<br />

unda Sejamdes am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba. Semdeg logikurad unda dalagdes<br />

winadadebebi da mxolod TemasTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebi daiweros.<br />

momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani<br />

sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan<br />

wveramde. `ra sisulele iyo... amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma<br />

mTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozuli<br />

vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva... me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS<br />

martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. `yvelaferi<br />

kargad iqneba,~ _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla<br />

romc momrCenoda,SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 7800 futis<br />

simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 11300 futze, sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi<br />

da, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis<br />

dapyroba ase Zvirad _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xans<br />

da sakmaod mSvidad da Cemda gasaocrad davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi,<br />

Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo: rogorme iolad<br />

gavidodi nekis gareSec (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

savarjiSo #3.18: airCieT erT-erTi Tema:<br />

1. gaixseneT nebismieri gamocdileba Tqveni warsulidan, iqneba es SiSis<br />

momgvreli, arafriT gamorCeuli Tu sasiamovnod mosagonari. werisTvis<br />

mosamzadebeli erT-erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT SeagroveT masala<br />

mocemuli Temis Sesaxeb. Semdeg gaakeTeT am gamocdilebiT movlenebis<br />

36


Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi. gansazRvreT Txrobis Tema da abzacis<br />

wamyvani azri. dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.<br />

2. gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac Tqveni survilis winaaRmdeg imoqmedeT.<br />

SeagroveT masala da gaakeTeT movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi,<br />

gansazRvreT wamyvani azri, dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.<br />

savarjiSo #3.19: : : : : airCieT Tema da dawereT TxrobiTi abzaci.<br />

1. fsiqologia _ cnobilia, rom organizmebi Ramis Zilis cikliT<br />

xasiaTdebian. isini erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme gaivlian<br />

Zilis srul cikls, romelic ramdenime fazas moicavs.<br />

dawereT abzaci, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad iqneba aRwerili organizmis<br />

Ramis Zilis mimdinareoba fazebis mixedviT.<br />

2. fsiqologia _ Jan piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri<br />

ganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos.<br />

yvela bavSvi am stadiebs erTnairi TanmimdevrobiT gadis.<br />

dawereT abzaci, romelSic mokled aRwerT, Tu rogor viTardeba bavSvis<br />

kognituri unarebi piaJes mixedviT.<br />

TxrobiTi abzacis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari<br />

1. TxrobiTi abzaci ambavs an SemTxvevas unda gadmogvcemdes. uambobs<br />

Tu ara Tqveni abzaci mkiTxvels raime ambavs?<br />

2. TxrobiT abzacSi movlenebi qronologiurad aris dalagebuli. aris<br />

Tu ara Tqvens abzacSi daculi winadadebebis qronologiuri<br />

Tanmimdevroba?<br />

3. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili an nagulisxmevi Tematuri<br />

winadadeba?<br />

4. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azri?<br />

5. aris Tu ara Tqveni abzaci erTiani anu yvela winadadeba aris Tu ara<br />

wamyvani azris dasabuTeba?<br />

aRweriTi abzaci<br />

TxrobiT abzacebSi aRwerilia movlenebis Tanmimdevroba an raime ambavi. sxva<br />

sityvebiT, maTSi aRwerilia gamocdileba. TxrobiT abzacSi ideebi da winadadebebi<br />

qronologiurad, droSi ganviTarebis mixedviT dalagdeba, magram, rodesac saWiro<br />

xdeba raimes aRwera (ix. suraTi #3.3), vTqvaT, rogor gamoiyureba esa Tu is adgili,<br />

sagani Tu adamiani, cxadia, rom aralogikuri iqneba qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis<br />

gamoyeneba. rodesac aRvwerT, Tu rogor gamoiyureba raRac anu aRvwerT garegnobas,<br />

mniSvnelovania sivrce da ara dro. Sesabamisad, aRweriT abzacSi winadadebebi da<br />

detalebi dalagdeba imis mixedviT, Tu sad mdebareobs aRsaweri obieqti. teqstis<br />

organizaciis am tips sivrciTi organizacia ewodeba. aRweriT abzacSi aRsaweri<br />

obieqtebis mdebareoba cxadad da gasagebad unda aRiweros.<br />

aRwera<br />

sagani adgili<br />

suraTi #3.3: aRweris nairsaxeobebi<br />

37


adgilis aRwera<br />

pirvel rigSi, ras aRwerT oTaxis aRwerisas? kedlebs, iataks Tu raime sxva<br />

detals? qronologiurad dalagebuli abzacisgan gansxvavebiT, aRweriT abzacSi<br />

ar arsebobs winadadebebis dalagebis unikaluri da aucilebeli wesi. araa<br />

aucilebeli, rom erTi adgiliT daiwyoT da meoreze gadaxvideT. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

winadadebebi SemTxveviTad ar unda daiweros. aRwera ise unda iyos organizebuli,<br />

rom mkiTxvelma naTlad SeZlos aRwerili scenis warmodgena.<br />

aRweriT abzacSi detalebis dalageba aRsawer saganzea damokidebuli, detalebis<br />

SerCeva da aRwera ki _ aRmweris mizanze.<br />

Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Taobaze mogiTxrobT. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis<br />

patara sofelSi erTi adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _ orsarTuliani saxli<br />

qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxuruli<br />

da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT erTi ficruli, romelic<br />

saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas<br />

aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli sasiminde, baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.<br />

RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves, moCanda Caluri. ezo am cixe-darbazisa,<br />

sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Robe<br />

(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, `kacia-adamiani?!~)<br />

albaT, kargad warmoidgineT, ezoSi sad idga saxli da misi minaSenebi. abzacSi<br />

naTlad aris aRwerili, sad ra mdebareobs. abzaci mTliani da Tanmidevrulia,<br />

magram ras ityviT misi wamyvani azris Sesaxeb? ra STabeWdileba moaxdina Tqvenze<br />

Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweram? rogor fiqrobT, ra damokidebuleba aqvs<br />

avtors misdami? albaT, verafers ityviT amis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom abzaci ufro<br />

saintereso gaxdes, mas wamyvani azri unda daematos, romelic aRsaweri obieqtisadmi<br />

avtoris damokidebulebasa da emociebs gamoxatavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT,<br />

gaigoT, Tu ras grZnobs da fiqrobs avtori Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Sesaxeb.<br />

ilia WavWavaZis mier dawerili originaluri abzaci swored aseTia _ masSi naTlad<br />

Cans avtoriseuli damokidebuleba:<br />

kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patara<br />

sofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _<br />

orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo<br />

marani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT<br />

erTi patara mciredi ficruli, romelic saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze<br />

kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli<br />

calTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki ram da mgloviare. baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.<br />

RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves moCanda Zveli Caluri, droTa brunvisgan<br />

ise gverdzed wamoRerebuli da wamowolili, TiTqos griloSi wamowolas apirebso,<br />

magram beberiviT nekresis qaris tkivilebs uecrad ise wamoxrili da daRrejili<br />

SeukavebiaTo. ezo am cixe-darbazisa, sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo<br />

gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Zveli tyruSuli Robe, romelic zogierTgan<br />

gadaqceuli iyo da exlandels patrons arc ki mosvlia fiqrad, rom gaekeTebina.<br />

etyoba, rom qarTvelia!... (i.WavWavaZe, `kacia-adamiani?!~)<br />

cxadia, rom meore varianti sakmaod gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan, Tumca, orive<br />

abzacSi erTi da igive saxl-karia aRwerili. Zlieri wamyvani azris Semcveli<br />

Tematuri winadadebis damateba ara marto imas gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyos<br />

abzacSi, aramed Tavad aRsaweri obieqtis detalebis aRweris mimarTulebasac<br />

gvkarnaxobs. Zlieri wamyvani azri abzacs Tavs uyris. Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT<br />

mocemuli ori abzaci da xazi gausviT gansxvavebebs. es cvlilebebi ganamtkicebs<br />

wamyvan azrs da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvs<br />

avtors aRwerili saxl-karisadmi.<br />

aRweriT abzacSi detalebi ara marto logikurad unda dalagdes, aramed _<br />

STambeWdavi, naTlad gamokveTilic unda iyos. amisaTvis es detalebi unda daixvewos<br />

38


anu dakonkretdes maTi mniSvneloba.<br />

arsebiTi saxelebis modificirebis sami gza arsebobs: (1) zedsarTavi saxelebis<br />

damateba, (2) zedsarTavi saxelisa da TandebulTa jgufebis damateba da (3)<br />

winadadebebis damateba. TiToeuli modifikatoris damatebis SemTxvevaSi ufro<br />

da ufro dakonkretdeba saganTa is klasi, romelsac mocemuli arsebiTi saxeli<br />

miekuTvneba. magaliTad, ganvixiloT sityva wigni. es sityva farTo klass aRniSnavs.<br />

wigni SeiZleba iyos didi, patara, mwvane, Zveli an axali. is SeiZleba iyos<br />

saxelmZRvanelo an deteqtivi. amitom sityva wigni ar uqmnis mkiTxvels zust<br />

warmodgenas, konkretulad rogor wignzea saubari. Tu wigns davumatebT zedsarTavs<br />

wiTeli, maSin wignebis klasi Semcirdeba da mxolod wiTeli wignebiT Semoifargleba.<br />

Tu Txelydiansac davamatebT, wiTeli wignebis klasi kidev ufro dakonkretdeba<br />

da gveqneba wiTeli Txelydiani wignebis klasi, romelic kidev ufro SeiZleba<br />

dakonkretdes gansazRvrebiTi winadadebis damatebiT da, magaliTad, miviRoT wiTeli<br />

Txelydiani wigni, romlidanac Sua furclebi amoxeulia.<br />

yovelTvis ecadeT, rom detalebi maqsimalurad konkretuli gaxadoT, vinaidan<br />

bundovani aRwerebi obieqtis realurad danaxvis saSualebas ar aZlevs mkiTxvels.<br />

dakonkretebuli detalebi nawers ufro gasagebsa da sainteresos xdian.<br />

aRwerisas detalebis dalageba aRsawer sagansa da mizanzea damokidebuli.<br />

sityvebiT suraTis xatvisas SegiZliaT aRweroT marcxinidan marjvniv, marjvnidan<br />

marcxniv, zemodan qvemoT an qvemodan zemoT.<br />

zogjer aRwera SeiZleba obieqtis irgvliv iyos koncentrirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

gamokveTilia mocemuli scena, an is, rac uCveuloa am scenaSi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

SeiZleba sasurveli iyos am obieqtze orientireba da, pirvel rigSi, misi aRwera.<br />

es iqneba pirvelad SemCneulis principiT aRwera. magaliTad, oTaxis aRwerisas<br />

avtorma, pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba aRweros is, rasac mayurebeli, pirvel rigSi, dainaxavda,<br />

vTqvaT, kedlebi, fardebi da oTaxis SuaSi dadgmuli didi sawoli.<br />

msazRvrelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulTan<br />

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas gamoarCeven Semdeg variants:<br />

1) TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:<br />

sax. Wkvian-i kac-i,<br />

moTx. Wkvian-ma kac-ma.<br />

mic. Wkvian kac-s,<br />

naT. Wkviani kac-is.<br />

moq. Wkviani kac-iT,<br />

viT. Wkvian kac-ad,<br />

wod. Wkvian-o kac-o.<br />

* a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:<br />

sax. kac-i Wkvian-i,<br />

moTx. kac-ma Wkvian-ma,<br />

mic. kac-s Wkvian-s,<br />

naT. kac-is Wkvian-is,<br />

moq. kac-iT Wkvian-iT,<br />

viT. kac-ad Wkvian-ad,<br />

wod. kac-o Wkviano.<br />

Sebrunebul wyobas ZiriTadad mxatvrul literaturaSi vxvdebiT da srulad<br />

ibrunvis.<br />

2) xmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:<br />

sax. mokle gza,<br />

moTx. mokle gza-m,<br />

39


mic. mokle gza-s,<br />

naT. mokle gz-is,<br />

moq. mokle gz-iT,<br />

viT. mokle gza-d,<br />

wod. mokle gza-v.<br />

msazRvreli ucvleli rCeba.<br />

a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:<br />

sax. gza mokle,<br />

moTx. gza-m mokle-m,<br />

mic. gza-s mokle-s,<br />

naT. gz-is mokl-is,<br />

moq. gz-iT mokl-iT,<br />

viT. gza-d mokl-ed,<br />

wod. gza-v mokle-v.<br />

3) naTesaobiTbrunviani msazRvreli:<br />

sax. kuWis wylul-i,<br />

moTx. kuWis wylul-ma,<br />

mic. kuWis wylul-s,<br />

naT. kuWis wylul-is,<br />

moq. kuWis wylul-iT,<br />

viT. kuWis wylul-ad,<br />

wod. kuWis wylul-o.<br />

a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:<br />

sax. wylul-i kuWisa,<br />

moTx. wylul-ma kuWisa-m,<br />

mic. wylul-s kuWisa-s,<br />

naT. wylul-is kuWisa,<br />

moq. wylul-iT kuWisa,<br />

viT. wylul-ad kuWisa,<br />

wod. wylul-o kuWisav.<br />

naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi TiTqmis ar ixmareba.<br />

* SeniSvna: Tu msazRvreli warmomavlobiT moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTi<br />

brunvis <strong>for</strong>maa, micemiT brunvaSi niSans dairTavs _ yofiTs<br />

problemebs, pirads saqmes.<br />

(momzadebulia: a. arabuli, `qarTuli metyvelebis kultura~, Tb. 2004w. gv.122-124.)<br />

ramdenime msazRvrelis rigi<br />

1. Tu ramdenime msazRvrelidan erTi aris ricxviTi saxeli, meore zedsarTavi an<br />

marTuli msazRvreli (arsebiTi saxeli naT. brunvaSi) da kuTvnilebas ar<br />

gamoxatavs, ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilze daismis: aTi lamazi qali, Svidi<br />

mokle gza, (da ara: lamazi aTi qali, mokle Svidi gza).<br />

2. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli an marTuli msazRvreli kuTvnilebas gamoxataven (amxanagis<br />

wigni, froidis naSromi),maSin ricxviTi saxeli meore adgilze daismis: amxanagis<br />

xuTi wigni, froidis aTi naSromi (da ara: xuTi amxanagis wigni, aTi froidis<br />

naSromi).<br />

3. Tu araerTgvar msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi nacvalsaxelia, is yovelTvis pirvel<br />

adgils daiWers: misi samecniero naSromi, Seni oqros beWedi (da ara: samecniero<br />

misi naSromi, oqros Seni beWedi).<br />

40


4. Tu orive msazRvreli zedsarTavia (an mimReoba), erTi viTarebiTi (pirveladi),<br />

meore mimarTebiTi (nawarmoebi), porvel adgilze viTarebiTi zedsarTavi (an<br />

mimReoba) dgeba, meoreze mimarTebiTi: grZeli galeqsili ena, kargi samecniero<br />

naSromi (da ara: galeqsili grZeli ena, samecniero kargi naSromi).<br />

5. Tu orive msazRvreli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelia, meore adgilze upiratesad<br />

_ur sufiqsiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi daismis: dangreuli mSobliuri saxli,<br />

ganTqmuli kaxuri Rvino (da ara: mSobliuri dangreuli saxli, kaxuri ganTqmuli<br />

Rvino).<br />

6. roca msazRvrelTagan erTi SeTanxmebulia, meore marTuli da gamoxatavs<br />

sazRvrulis warmomavlobas an daniSnulebas, maSin jer SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli<br />

unda daiweros, Semdeg marTuli: ucxo qveynis Svili, nacionaluri partiis<br />

lideri (da ara: qveynis ucxo Svili, partiis nacionaluri lideri), magram Tu<br />

marTuli msazRvruli sazRvrulTan erTad kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, maSin<br />

SeTanxmebuli msazRvrulis win unda daisvas: qarTvelebis gulisamaCuyebeli<br />

maspinZloba, agitatoris dausrulebeli leqcia (da ara: gulisamaCuyebeli<br />

qarTvelebis maspinZloba, dausrulebeli agitatoris leqcia).<br />

(momzadebulia: d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, `marTlweris wesebi da<br />

savarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004, gv. 54-55.)<br />

savarjiSo #3.20: gaasworeT Secdomebi.<br />

1. sisxliani imeruli fafanaki didxans iyo gamokidebuli moedanze.<br />

2. ori kaci mividnen eremias saxlis WiSkarTan.<br />

3. aRfrTovanebulma Tavadis colma brZaneba gasca.<br />

4. erTma axalgazrda mosxepilma kacma Tofi aiRo xelSi.<br />

5. maimuni cxovrobs cxels qveyanaSi.<br />

6. gza midis xrioks qveyanaSi.<br />

7. axalma Cemma nacnobma gaixara.<br />

8. soflis orRobeebSi daiwyes WriWini mZimed dadebulma Tivis urmebma.<br />

9. gzaSi moxucebul erT cxenosans wavawydi.<br />

10. gaCaRebuls buxars guguni gahqonda.<br />

11. aleqsandre iTxovda Semosasvlelis gzebis Sekvras.<br />

12. ymawvili kaci axalgazrda Sin dabrunda.<br />

13. am miwaze feradi sxvadasxva yvavili daiTeseba.<br />

14. es vaSlebi melam lamazi maxlobeli baRidan mozida.<br />

15. dRes oci „sonis~ feradi televizori gaaTamaSes.<br />

16. xeebi Semosilia foTliT mwvaneTi.<br />

pirovnebis aRwera<br />

xSirad gviwevs cocxali arsebis aRwera, iqneba es adamiani, cxoveli Tu mweri.<br />

rogor aRwerT adamians? davalebidan da subieqtidan gamomdinare, Tqven SeiZleba<br />

aRweroT adamianis garegnoba, qceva an orive erTad. aq mxolod garegnobas SevexebiT.<br />

am dros abzacis organizebis princi pi, ZiriTadad, sivrciTia.<br />

adamianis garegnoba mravalnairad SeiZleba aRiweros. Tqven SeiZleba isaubroT<br />

pirovnebis Cacmis stilze, siarulis maneraze, Tmis fersa da varcxnilobaze, saxis<br />

nakvTebze, sxeulis <strong>for</strong>mebsa da gamometyvelebaze. aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT<br />

41


pirovnebis saubris manera. is, Tu ris aRweraze SeCerdebiT, damokidebulia Temasa<br />

da Tqvens mizanze. magaliTad, rogor aRuwerT Tqvens Seyvarebuls megobars? raze<br />

isaubrebT: mis Tmaze, Tvalebze Tu xmaze? gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven sityvebiT unda<br />

daxatoT misi portreti, amitom aRwera naTeli da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos;<br />

logikurad ise unda daalagoT, rom Tqvenma megobarma cxadad SeZlos Tqveni<br />

rCeulis warmodgena. amasTan, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tqvens nawerSi aRsaweri<br />

pirovnebisadmi damokidebulebac iqneba gadmocemuli (anu unda gqondeT<br />

mniSvnelovani wamyvani azri).<br />

lamaziseuli Casuqebuli qali iyo. tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba. kalTebi<br />

aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda. boloebi sul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda.<br />

daxeulebidam moCanda sabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom<br />

da iubkaa. Tavzed ekra CirTmedini, qalbatonis gamonacvali. Signidan mouCanda<br />

Savi Tma. ai, amgvari iyo is arseba, romelsac darejani `lamaziseuls~ eZaxda<br />

(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, `kacia-adamiani?!~).<br />

es abzaci Tanmimdevrulia? SeZeliT Tu ara lamaziseulis danaxva? cxadia,<br />

abzaci Tanmimdevrulia da lamaziseulic dainaxeT, magram ramdenad mimzidvelad<br />

gamoiyureboda igi? SegiZliaT, zustad warmoidginoT, Tu rogori iyo es personaJi<br />

realurad? albaT, ara. garda amisa, avtoriseul damokidebulebazec verafers<br />

vityviT. arc garegnobaa zedmiwevniT aRwerili. am abzacidan ver SeityobT<br />

lamaziseuli sufTad Cacmul-davarcxnili dadioda Tu Tavidan fexebamde WuWySi<br />

iyo amosvrili; verc imas igebT, ra ferisa da <strong>for</strong>mis samosi ecva. uamravi detalia,<br />

romelic originalur abzacSi CarTo avtorma da lamaziseulis portreti Zalze<br />

metyveli gaxada:<br />

sasacilo ram iyo es lamaziseuli: erTi raRac uSnod Casuqebuli, jmuxi,<br />

WuWyiani, tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba, WuWyisgan ver gairCeoda _ ra ferisa iyo;<br />

kalTebi aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda zamTarSi cecxlTan axlos gdebisgan, boloebi<br />

sul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda. daxeulebidam moCanda erTi raRac dampalis<br />

sabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom da iubkaa. ai, mexi ki<br />

dageca! amasac ki sdomebia iubka! Tavzed ekra Siga-da-Sig amofleTili CirTmedini,<br />

qalbatonis gamonacvali. am amofleTilebSi muTaqis matylsaviT dasorsvlili<br />

Savi _ ukacravod ar viyo _ wiliani da dauvarcxneli Tma muWa-muWa amoSveroda.<br />

quslebdaxeTqili, muguzaliviT Savi fexebi, wengosgan SeRebili xelebi, cxvirpiri<br />

qvabebis muriT muTxupnuli _ ai, amgvari iyo is cxoveli, romelsac darejani<br />

`lamaziseuls~ eZaxda (i.WavWavaZe, kacia-adamiani?!~).<br />

axla ki namdvilad SeZlebT realuri lamaziseulis danaxvasac da misdami<br />

avtoris damokidebulebis gagebasac. abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azri<br />

aqvs (sasacilo).<br />

axsniTi abzaci<br />

abzacis organizacia da Sinaarsi mis Temasa da wamyvan azrzea damokidebuli.<br />

Tematuri winadadeba unda dasabuTdes qronologiurad dalagebuli detalebiT<br />

TxrobiT abzacSi da sivrciTad organizebuliT _ aRweriT abzacSi; Tumca, yvela<br />

Temas ver gavSliT TxrobiT an aRweriT abzacSi. davuSvaT, dagavales Tematuri<br />

winadadebis: _ „universitetSi siaruli SeiZleba Zviri iyos~ ganviTareba. cxadia,<br />

aq wamyvani azria Zviri. ra tipis dasabuTebas gamoiyenebdiT am Tematuri<br />

winadadebebisaTvis? naTelia, rom mTavari winadadeba ar moiTxovs Cvengan, rom<br />

raime ambavi movyveT, adgili an pirovneba aRvweroT. is gveubneba, rom Cven wamyvani<br />

azri in<strong>for</strong>maciiT, axsniT, faqtebiT an ilustraciebiT unda davasabuToT.<br />

abzacs, romelic xsnis an aanalizebs Temas, axsniTi abzaci ewodeba. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom Temis axsna mravalnairad SeiZleba, axsniTi abzacis gaSlis yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli da xSirad gamoyenebadi xerxi specifikuri detalebisa da<br />

42


magaliTebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemul abzacSi axsnilia,<br />

Tu ratom aris iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.<br />

iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planeta<br />

dedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~,<br />

Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,<br />

roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,<br />

Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa da<br />

mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan<br />

areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,<br />

paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, Tu<br />

saiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra tipis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSi<br />

mocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretuli<br />

magaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva an<br />

fraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrs<br />

an damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,<br />

romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebis<br />

jgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,<br />

`ana sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, `inglisur enaSi<br />

bevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.<br />

savarjiSo #3.21: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi. TiToeul<br />

punqtSi mocemuli oTxi variantidan amowereT is mTavari winadadeba, romelic<br />

saTanado/Sesatyvis generalizacias Seicavs.<br />

1. Tematuri winadadeba: _______________________________________________________<br />

dasabuTeba:<br />

a) sasursaTo maRaziis Taroebze gamofenil mraval produqts<br />

aweria `uqolesterno~.<br />

b) roberte kovalskis `qolesterolisagan gankurnebis 8 kvira~ da<br />

doqtor kenet h. kuperis `qolesterolis kontroli~ am wlis<br />

bestselerebia.<br />

g) herkulesi, romeliczomierad amcirebs qolesterolis dones,<br />

imdenad swrafad iyideba, rom masze moTxovnilebis<br />

dasakmayofileblad sawarmoebi uwyvetad (24 sT) muSaoben.<br />

d) ukanaskneli saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros eqimebma<br />

gamoaqveynes samedicino angariSebi wamyvani kandidatebis<br />

sisxlSi qolesterolis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb.<br />

axsniT abzacSi avtori, advokatis msgavsad, raRac mosazrebis damtkicebas<br />

cdilobs. rogorc advokati ver SeZlebs raimes damtkicebas konkretuli faqtebis<br />

dasaxelebis gareSe, ise avtorisTvis SeuZlebelia azris dasabuTeba faqtebis<br />

gareSe. wamyvani azris anu generalizaciis yvelaze kargi dasabuTeba aris faqtobrivi<br />

masala (in<strong>for</strong>macia wyaroebidan, faqtebi, monacemebi da a.S.).<br />

savarjiSo #3.22: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadeba da<br />

misi detalebi. Tematuri/mTavari winadadebisTvis aRniSneT is detali, romelic<br />

ver axdens generalizacias (wamyvani azris) saTanado dasabuTebas.<br />

sigaretis moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.<br />

a) kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom sigaretis moweva zrdis kibos risks.<br />

b) mwevlebi ufro xSirad avaddebian iseTi respiratoruli daavadebebiT,<br />

rogoricaa bronqiti an enfizema.<br />

43


g) kvlevebi, aseve, aCveneben, rom sigaretis mwevlebs ufro xSirad emarTebaT<br />

gulis Setevebi.<br />

d) metic, sigaretis moweva kbilebs ayviTlebs.<br />

Tu faqtobrivi detalebiT ver xerxdeba dasabuTeba axsniT abzacSi, SeiZleba<br />

sxva saxis dasabuTebis gamoyeneba da es, yvelaze xSirad, aris magaliTi. ganmartebis<br />

Tanaxmad, magaliTi aris erTeuli, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnebis, adamianebisa<br />

Tu ideebis jgufi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, magaliTi aris zogadi kategoriis<br />

konkretuli warmomadgeneli. erTi sityviT, magaliTi generalizacias anu wamyvan<br />

azrs ufro gasagebs xdis da amitom dasabuTebis efeqturi saSualebaa.<br />

savarjiSo #3.23: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT abzacis<br />

tipebi.<br />

Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wyalSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis<br />

Wavli Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg<br />

ufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misis<br />

salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda,<br />

TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda<br />

aexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rom<br />

mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi,<br />

sixaruli da Tavisufleba; miuxedavad imisa, rom siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula,<br />

maT SedarebiT iolad vumklavdebodi (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

zafxulobiT, roca santa esperansas mosaxleoba erTiaTad izrdeba<br />

turistuli sezonis gamo, aq ara mxolod damsveneblebi arian, aramed dRiuri<br />

muSaobis msurvelnic, radgan servisis sferos Tavad mosaxleoba ver audis<br />

turistebis siWarbisa da kunZulis mosaxleobis tradiciebis ramdenadme<br />

Taviseburebis gamo (aka morCilaZe, “mister diqslis mdumare yuTi”).<br />

Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda ise, rom maT<br />

SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom mis miRma araferi iyo da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxril<br />

sibrtyeze patara vagoni gordeboda, romelic sademonstracio yuTs gaivlida da<br />

siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe ekranis ukan uCinardeboda, Semdeg ekranis meore mxaridan<br />

gamoCndeboda da sabolood sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares gamodioda<br />

(Baillargeon, 1986).<br />

amanda fsiqoTerapevti iyo. is saSualo asakis, warmosadegi, gemovnebiT<br />

Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali iyo. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil smenas ar<br />

gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobaze<br />

mianiSnebda. amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac CemTvis daxmarebis<br />

gaweva SeeZlo (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />

44


Tavi Tavi 4. 4. ra ra ar aris ar is ese ese3<br />

ese abzacTa garkveuli jgufia, romelSic Camoyalibebulia erTi ZiriTadi<br />

idea. abzacisagan gansxvavebiT, eses ufro <strong>for</strong>maluri (zusti) struqtura aqvs.<br />

masSi TiToeul abzacs sxvadasxva funqcia akisria:<br />

1. Sesavali _ Cveulebriv, es erTi (ori an meti) abzacia, romelic gansaxilvel<br />

Temasa da eses ZiriTad ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas gadmogvcems.<br />

2. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci _ ayalibebs centraluri ideis da Temis sxvadasxva<br />

aspeqts. is SeiZleba ganixilavdes mizezebs, Sedegebs, magaliTebs, procesebs,<br />

klasifikacias anda Sedarebebs. is, agreTve, SeiZleba aRwerdes an<br />

mogviTxrobdes rames.<br />

3. daskvna _ moicavs azrebs, romlebic Camoyalibebulia eseSi. esaa daskvniTi,<br />

saboloo sityva.<br />

is, Tu ramdeni abzaci iqneba eseSi, mTlianad damokidebulia Temis sirTuleze.<br />

zogierT eses ori an sami abzaci aqvs, zogs ki _ 20 da 30 abzaci.<br />

sakvanZo sakvanZo sakvanZo debuleba debuleba<br />

debuleba<br />

eses, iseve, rogorc abzacs, erTi mTavari wamyvani azri aqvs. sakvanZo debuleba<br />

_ es aris winadadeba, romelic moicavs eses ZiriTad ideas. abzacis mTavari<br />

winadadebis msgavsad, sakvanZo debuleba moicavs gamonaTqvams, romelSic<br />

gadmocemulia damokidebuleba, mosazreba an idea Temis Sesaxeb, magram, mTavari<br />

winadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakvanZo debuleba ufro farToa da masSi mTeli<br />

esesaTvis aris gadmocemuli wamyvani azri. faqtobrivad, TiToeul ganmaviTarebel<br />

abzacs wamyvani azri unda hqondes, romelic exmaureba an ukavSirdeba ZiriTad<br />

ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas.<br />

sakvanZo debulebasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia gvaxsovdes Semdegi:<br />

1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, unda<br />

gamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anu<br />

sakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />

gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.<br />

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)<br />

swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.<br />

2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralod<br />

Tema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debuleba<br />

acnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara im<br />

saxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelime<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Tu<br />

rogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.<br />

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.<br />

3 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann<br />

Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.<br />

45


swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

xSirad radiaciis Sedegebi sruliad prognozirebadia.<br />

3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlis<br />

WeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZo<br />

debulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZo<br />

debuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.<br />

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.<br />

swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianis<br />

moTxovnebs.<br />

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar aris<br />

sakamaTo Tema).<br />

swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.<br />

4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSi<br />

gadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikurad<br />

gamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,<br />

coherence).<br />

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ram<br />

iyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargi<br />

sacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji.<br />

swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba gasarTobi (mxiaruli)<br />

ramaa.<br />

savarjiSo #4.11111: guldasmiT waikiTxeT debulebebi. gansazRvreT, aris Tu ara<br />

debuleba sakvanZo.<br />

1. genetikis upiratesobebi.<br />

2. Cemi survilia, ganvixilo sakuTari Sexeduleba olimpiur<br />

TamaSebze.<br />

3. studentebs wignis maRaziaSi muSaobis neba unda darTon.<br />

4. rodesac pirvelad vestumre SeerTebul Statebs, ar<br />

vsargeblobdi swrafi kvebis obieqtebiT da gaocebuli viyavi<br />

savaWro centrebiT.<br />

5. ratom ar minda, rom mosamarTle gamovide?<br />

6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Soris<br />

gansxvaveba.<br />

7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia.<br />

8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.<br />

9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.<br />

46


savarjiSo # 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: waikiTxeT winadadebebi. gansazRvreT, romeli maTgani ar aris<br />

sakvanZo debuleba. gadawereT TiToeuli maTgani. gadaaqcieT is sakvanZo<br />

debulebad.<br />

nimuSi: me vapireb, agixsnaT, Tu ratom gadavwyvite kolejSi Cabareba.<br />

kolejSi swavlis gagrZeleba rTulad misaRebi gadawyvetileba iyo.<br />

1. qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvis safrTxe.<br />

_______________________________________________________________________<br />

2. qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovreba bevri ramiT hgavs da gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisgan.<br />

_______________________________________________________________________<br />

3. Tbilisi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi qalaqia.<br />

_______________________________________________________________________<br />

4. zRvispira qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre mTian adgilze.<br />

_______________________________________________________________________<br />

5. saqarTvelos universitetebi ufro met humanitarul kursebs saWiroeben;<br />

maT, agreTve, meti socialuri aqtivoba esaWiroebaT.<br />

_______________________________________________________________________<br />

sakvanZo debuleba<br />

Sesavali<br />

Sesavali<br />

sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlis<br />

mixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,<br />

Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnas<br />

da ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.<br />

Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvels<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.<br />

2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.<br />

kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxiluli<br />

eseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSi<br />

procesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.<br />

3. zogadad, Sesavali unda moicavdes sakvanZo debulebas. esaa zogadi wesi.<br />

xandaxan sakvanZo debuleba SeiZleba nawerSi ufro mogvianebiT gamoCndes,<br />

xandaxan _ dasasrulSic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi debuleba pirdapir arc<br />

aris mocemuli da igulisxmeba. sasurvelia, rom sakvanZo debuleba<br />

SesavalSive naTlad iyos gadmocemuli.<br />

4. idealur SemTxvevaSi Sesavali abzaci imdenad saintereso unda iyos, rom<br />

naSromis wasakiTxad iwvevdes mkiTxvels. ramdenadac Sesaval abzacs Temis<br />

gacnobis funqcia aqvs da is gamomwvevi unda iyos, amitom sasurvelia,<br />

sakvanZo debuleba ar iyos moTavsebuli zustad Sesavali abzacis<br />

dasawyisSi. Tqven ara mxolod unda gaacnoT mkiTxvels Tema, sanam<br />

gadmoscemT Tqvens Sexedulebasa da mosazrebas, aramed unda moxibloT<br />

47


kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsave<br />

winadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;<br />

faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRar<br />

gaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavali<br />

abzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.<br />

savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,<br />

romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZo<br />

debulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).<br />

kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macias. is Zalian martivi da saintereso ramaa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

Tumca, zogierTs eSinia kidec misi. mec meSinoda kompiuteris, meSinoda<br />

warumateblobis, radgan araferi vicodi programirebis Sesaxeb, magram Semdeg<br />

mivxvdi, rom kompiuterTan muSaobis procesi Zalze martivia .<br />

rodesac Zalian axalgazrdebi viyaviT, gvjeroda, rom SeuZlebelia mSoblebma<br />

raime arasworad gaakeTon. isini srulyofil arsebebad gveCvenebodnen, romlebmac<br />

yvela Cvens kiTxvaze icodnen pasuxi da romlebsac yvela Cveni problemis gadaWra<br />

SeeZloT; Tumca, roca gavizardeT, davinaxeT, rom mSoblebic uSveben Secdomebs.<br />

Cven televiziis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac televizori drois flangvis<br />

saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan da<br />

sxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizoris<br />

yureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamiani<br />

Zalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiT<br />

gadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblo<br />

gadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.<br />

dRevandeli bavSvebi Cveni momavalia. erT dRes isini dominantur Zalad iqcevian.<br />

Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,<br />

roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvens<br />

sazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisi<br />

garemo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.<br />

Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba<br />

1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?<br />

2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili da<br />

Camoyalibebuli?<br />

3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?<br />

4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?<br />

savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. aris<br />

Tu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).<br />

48


Cven yvela vicnobT msuqani, mxiaruli adamianis xats. aris Tu ara es ase?<br />

samwuxarod, es araswori stereoti pia. msuqani adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian<br />

aseTi bednierni .<br />

`Cven yvelani qalaqisken mivemarTebiT~, _ am sityvebs uamravi sofleli ambobs<br />

dRes. roca maT gadaadgilebis mizezebis dasaxelebas sTxoven, isini martivad<br />

upasuxeben, rom qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, vidre _ sofelSi.<br />

qalaqSi arsebobs transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, saganmanaTleblo da<br />

samedicino momsaxureba. aseve, aq samsaxuris dawyebis ufro meti Sansia. me veTanxmebi<br />

am adamianebs, magram ifiqres Tu ara maT sakuTar janmrTelobaze? ifiqres Tu ara<br />

im safrTxeze, romelic maT Svilebs emuqreba? am safrTxem SeiZleba ar iCinos<br />

Tavi pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze, magram is aucileblad gamovlindeba momavalSi,<br />

roca qalaqi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da warmoSobis adamianebiTa da uamravi manqaniT<br />

gaivseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofeli moklebulia momsaxurebis zogierT sferos,<br />

romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi, is CemTvis kvlav rCeba saukeTeso sacxovrebel<br />

garemod .<br />

msurs Cemi mSobliuri qalaqis Sesaxeb giamobT. esaa patara qalaqi daaxloebiT<br />

8000 mcxovrebiT. mTavari saqmianoba aq saxelmwifosTvis muSaobaa, ramdenadac is<br />

samxreTis dedaqalaqia .<br />

gasul wels Cemma biZaSvilma giorgim samsaxurisTvis banks mimarTa. mogexsenebaT,<br />

rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevri<br />

orazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsac<br />

gisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magram<br />

giorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,<br />

giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.<br />

Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, unda<br />

moemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.<br />

savarjiSo #4.5: mocemulia Temebi. gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi da<br />

daajgufeT in<strong>for</strong>macia Temis irgvliv. airCieT Tema, romelic yvelaze metad mogwonT<br />

da dawereT Sesavali abzaci.<br />

Temebi:<br />

1. Cems samSobloSi uamravi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilia, romelTa naxvac<br />

Rirs.<br />

2. Sidsis virusi msoflio problemaa.<br />

3. televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.<br />

4. axali weli saukeTeso dResasawaulia.<br />

naSromis naSromis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi nawili nawili _ _ ganmaviTarebeli ganmaviTarebeli abzaci abzaci<br />

abzaci<br />

ganmaviTarebeli abzacis funqcia sakvanZo debulebis axsna, ilustrireba, ganxilva<br />

da dasabuTebaa. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis maxasiaTeblebia:<br />

1. TiToeuli ganmaviTarebeli abzaci unda ganixilavdes mTavari Temis mxolod<br />

erT aspeqts, magaliTad, Tu Tqven werT naSroms sigaretis mowevis gavlenis Sesaxeb<br />

adamianis janmrTelobaze, maSin TiToeul ganmaviTarebel abzacs unda hqondes<br />

Tema `sigaretis gavlena~.<br />

49


2. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis wamyvani azri unda exmaurebodes sakvanZo debulebis<br />

ZiriTad ideas. Tu sakvanZo debuleba isaa, rom `moweva damangreveli Cvevaa~, maSin<br />

TiToeuli abzaci am gavlenis damangrevel Sedegebs unda Seexebodes.<br />

3. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci Tanmimdevruli, logikuri unda iyos, sxartad, moqnilad<br />

unda ikiTxebodes da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. aseve, abzacebic logikurad<br />

unda iyos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, iseve, rogorc masSi Semavali calkeuli<br />

winadadebebi. winadadebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis principebi ZalaSia abzacebis<br />

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSic.<br />

Temis dakonkretebis meTodi sakvanZo debulebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. sakvanZo<br />

debuleba ufro zogadia, vidre mTavari winadadeba. garda amisa, TiToeuli<br />

ganmaviTarebeli abzaci ganixilavs sakvanZo debulebaSi mocemuli mTavari Temis<br />

erT aspeqts. debulebis SerCevis Semdeg is logikurad TiToeuli abzacisTvis<br />

Temebad unda daiyos. es Temebi, arsebiTad, Tqveni debulebis dasabuTebaa.<br />

erT-erTi meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba sakvanZo debulebis Temebad<br />

dayofa, debulebis kiTxvad gadaqcevaa. kiTxvaze pasuxebi SeiZleba ganmaviTarebeli<br />

abzacis Temad iqces.<br />

1. sakvanZo<br />

debuleba:<br />

2. sakvanZo<br />

debuleba:<br />

kiTxva:<br />

pasuxi:<br />

3. sakvanZo<br />

debuleba:<br />

sofeli saukeTeso sacxovrebeli garemoa CemTvis.<br />

kiTxva: ra aqcevs sofels saukeTeso garemod?<br />

pasuxi: • adamianTa axlo urTierTobebi.<br />

• naklebad dabinZurebuli garemo.<br />

• usafrTxo cxovreba.<br />

gasaubrebaze kargi STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia<br />

momzadeba.<br />

rogor unda moemzado gasaubrebisTvis?<br />

• dagegmo da winaswar unda moifiqro pasuxebi savaraudo<br />

SekiTxvebze.<br />

• SearCio, ras Caicvam.<br />

• ar unda daigviano.<br />

televizoris yureba ar aris drois fuWad kargva.<br />

kiTxva: ratom ar aris televizoris yureba drois fuWad kargva?<br />

pasuxi: • Rirebuli saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi.<br />

• televizia relaqsaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa.<br />

• in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroa.<br />

4. sakvanZo baTumi da foTi ufro metad hgvanan erTmaneTs, vidre xalxs<br />

debuleba: hgonia.<br />

kiTxva: ratom? riT hgvanan es qalaqebi erTmaneTs?<br />

pasuxi: • orive qalaqi didia.<br />

• orivegan sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi cxovrobs.<br />

• orive saporto qalaqia.<br />

savarjiSo #4.6: 6: 6: 6: 6: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi ori Tematuri winadadebiT.<br />

yuradRebiT waikiTxeT TiToeuli sakvanZo debuleba da mTavari winadadeba.<br />

gansazRvreT, ra logikiT xdeba Temis dakonkreteba da daumateT TiTo mTavari<br />

winadadeba.<br />

1. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

qalaqi aris adgili, sadac me vicxovrebdi.<br />

mTavari winadadebebi:<br />

50


1. me mizidavs gasarTobi adgilebis mravalferovneba.<br />

2. momwons resursebis xelmisawvdomoba.<br />

3. ___________________________________________________<br />

2. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

sigaretis moweva saSiSia Tqveni janmrTelobisTvis.<br />

mTavari winadadebebi:<br />

1. sigaretis Warbma mowevam SeiZleba yelis daavadeba gamoiwvios.<br />

2. moweviT SeiZleba filtvebi daiziano.<br />

3. ___________________________________________________<br />

3. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

sirbili ar aris erTaderTi gza sisxlis momoqcevis gasaumjobeseblad.<br />

mTavari winadadebebi:<br />

1. bevrisTvis efeqturi varjiSia velosipedis tareba.<br />

2. sisxlis mimoqcevis gasaumjobesebeli saSualebaa curvac.<br />

3. ____________________________________________________________<br />

4. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

universitetSi aucilebelia ucxo enis Seswavla.<br />

mTavari winadadebebi:<br />

1. studentebi SeZleben sxva qveynebis kulturis gacnobas..<br />

2. ucxo enis codna momaval saqmianobaSi dagexmarebaT.<br />

3. ___________________________________________________<br />

savarjiSo #4.7: 7: 7: 7: 7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da TiToeulisTvis<br />

sami mTavari winadadeba dawereT.<br />

1. inglisuri enis swavla advili araa.<br />

1. ___________________________________________________<br />

2. ___________________________________________________<br />

3. ___________________________________________________<br />

2. avtobusiT mgzavroba SeiZleba arc ise usafrTxo iyos.<br />

1. ___________________________________________________<br />

2. ___________________________________________________<br />

3. ___________________________________________________<br />

3. umuSevrobam SeiZleba adamians sakuTari Tavis pativiscema daakargvinos.<br />

1. ___________________________________________________<br />

2. ___________________________________________________<br />

3. ___________________________________________________<br />

51


daskvna<br />

daskvna<br />

Sesavali abzacis funqcia Temis wardgena, Temis gacnobaa. Sesabamisad, daskvniTi<br />

abzacis funqcia diskusiis damTavreba, ganviTarebis logikuri dasasrulia. Tu<br />

ganmaviTarebeli abzaci aviTarebs, gaSlis sakvanZo debulebas, bunebrivia, rom mas<br />

daskvna mosdevdes.<br />

daskvna mTlianad ganmaviTarebel abzaczea damokidebuli, Tumca, arsebobs<br />

daskvnis daweris standartuli wesebi:<br />

daskvnaSi ganxiluli qveTemebis (an Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtis) xelaxali<br />

gacxadeba unda xdebodes. es mimoxilva ufro mokle unda iyos, ramdenadac<br />

es sakiTxebi vrclad unda iyos ganxiluli ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.<br />

daskvnaSi SeiZleba sakvanZo debulebis xelaxali gacxadebac, magram,<br />

tavtologiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, es SeiZleba sxva sityvebiT moxdes.<br />

sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba misi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebaa.<br />

daskvnaSi ar unda xdebodes axali Temis anda Temis axali aspeqtis gaCena,<br />

romelic ar iyo naxsenebi ganmaviTarebel abzacebSi.<br />

savarjiSo #4.8: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi dasabuTebuli debulebebiTa da<br />

daskvnebiT. ganixileT, aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri mocemuli winadadebebisTvis.<br />

daasabuTeT Tqveni daskvna.<br />

sakvanZo debuleba:<br />

televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.<br />

a) is sasargeblo saganmanaTleblo saSualebaa;<br />

b) is garTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic modunebis saSualebas<br />

iZleva;<br />

g) is masalas iZleva ojaxuri diskusiebisTvis.<br />

kritikosebi agrZeleben televizoris kritikas, magram misi<br />

saganmanaTleblo Rirebulebis da kidev imis gamo, rom is ulev masalas<br />

iZleva diskusiisTvis, Cveni ojaxi televizoris xangrZliv yurebas<br />

agrZelebs. aseve moiqcevian sxvebic. marTlac, televizoris yureba drois<br />

gayvanis, drois flangvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.<br />

52


Tavi Tavi 5. 5. argument<br />

argumentirebuli argument<br />

argument irebuli ese ese<br />

ese<br />

argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.<br />

argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebian<br />

erTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da am<br />

mosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas<br />

gvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.<br />

SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvas<br />

erTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.<br />

magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,<br />

magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebas<br />

da sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqone<br />

nayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa da<br />

dasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufro<br />

popularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduli<br />

produqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianma<br />

SeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara<br />

RmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,<br />

radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa da<br />

Semowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuli<br />

Cempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentad<br />

faqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavo<br />

Temebi.<br />

sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,<br />

azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTa<br />

mosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, Tqven<br />

gsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebis<br />

kursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTa<br />

da logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis<br />

mqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.<br />

fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,<br />

is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.<br />

K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

argumentirebuli argumentirebuli debuleba debuleba debuleba anu anu Tezisi<br />

Tezisi<br />

naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,<br />

„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,<br />

magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli ese<br />

aucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtori<br />

mkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebaze<br />

gadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuli<br />

unda iyos.<br />

argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva tipis debulebebisgan<br />

ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdeg<br />

unda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebas<br />

SeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovel<br />

semestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZleba<br />

ar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debuleba<br />

SemogvTavazos: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikuri<br />

kulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

53


savarjiSo #5.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da dasviT `+~<br />

im debulebebTan, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, argumentirebulia.<br />

1. ___ kolejis studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis<br />

arCevaSi.<br />

2. ___ momaval mSoblebs bavSvebis gaCenisTvis licenzia unda sWirdebodeT.<br />

3. ___ Tbilisis samSeneblo kodeqsi araadekvaturia.<br />

4. ___ TbilisSi arsebul universitetebs Soris am universitets yvelaze<br />

meti studenti hyavs.<br />

5. ___ studentebma unda gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba maswavleblebis<br />

miReba-gaTavisuflebis Taobaze.<br />

6. ___ biblioTekaSi pornografiuli wignebi unda aikrZalos.<br />

7. ___ am universitets ar unda hyavdes fexburTis gundi.<br />

8. ___ am raionis moqalaqeebs iaraRis tarebis ufleba unda miscen.<br />

9. ___ saqarTvelos mTavrobam meti ltolvili unda daakmayofilos<br />

sacxovrebeli pirobebiT.<br />

10. ___ adamianebma mxari ar unda dauWiron klonirebas, romelsac bevri<br />

uaryofiTi Sedegis motana SeuZlia kacobriobisTvis.<br />

sawinaaRmdego sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba<br />

Sexeduleba<br />

argumentirebuli eses werisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom mizani Tqveni mosazrebis<br />

sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeT daSvebiT, rom<br />

mkiTxveli ar geTanxmebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc araferi iqneboda.<br />

agreTve, aucilebelia gaxsovdeT, rom Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, es<br />

sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is Tqvenze naklebad Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. Tavi<br />

aarideT iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa: _ „is, vinc ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi,<br />

cdeba da saTanadod ver afasebs realobas~. wereT obieqturad, logikurad,<br />

dasabuTebulad da gamoxateT pativiscema sapirispiro Sexedulebis mqone mkiTxvelis<br />

mimarT.<br />

Zalian mniSvnelovania im argumentis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac sawinaaRmdego<br />

mosazrebis mqone adamiani eyrdnoba. Tqveni azriT, ra mizezebis gamo SeiZleba<br />

inarCunebdes igi am pozicias? SeecadeT, gadmosceT da gamoyoT is mniSvnelovani<br />

mizezebi, romelTa gamoc Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba ar dageTanxmoT. Tu Tqven ar<br />

gaiTvaliswinebT am mizezebs da mxolod sakuTar argumentebs miiRebT mxedvelobaSi,<br />

mkiTxvelis darwmunebis naklebi Sansi gaqvT. magaliTad, gsurT universitetSi<br />

fizikuri momzadebis kursis swavlebis sakiTxis ganxilva da gaqvT Semdegi<br />

argumentebi:<br />

1. studentebs moswonT es kursi da siamovnebas iReben;<br />

2. studentebi mniSvnelovan socialur Cvevebsa da gunduri muSaobis unarebs<br />

iZenen;<br />

3. studentebi gacilebiT ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu isini fizikurad janmrTelebi<br />

iqnebian.<br />

Tqveni argumentebi udavod kargia. Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba eTanxmebodes<br />

kidec maT, magram misi poziciis mTavari argumenti SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sakiTxi iyos: namdvilad universitetis saqmea studentis janmrTelobaze zrunva?<br />

Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevT am arguments, ar ganixilavT mas da ar daarwmunebT<br />

54


oponents, rom universitetSi fizikuri momzadebis kursi adekvaturi moTxovnaa,<br />

naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli dageTanxmoT; sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis<br />

ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki ufro metad dauWerT mxars sakuTar mosazrebas (Smalley<br />

R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />

savarjiSo #5.2: waikiTxeT sakvanZo debulebebi da moifiqreT mizezebi, romelTa<br />

gamoc SeiZleba daeTanxmo an ar daeTanxmo am debulebas. CamoTvaleT rac SeiZleba<br />

meti mizezi orive SemTxvevisTvis. Semdeg xazi gausviT im mizezebs, romelic, Tqveni<br />

azriT, yvelaze damajereblad migaCniaT.<br />

nimuSi:<br />

sakvanZo debuleba: marixuanas moweva legalizebuli unda iyos.<br />

argumentebi:<br />

kontrargumentebi:<br />

a) is sasiamovno gasarTobi<br />

relaqsantia;<br />

b) mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba,<br />

migviTiTos, riT SegviZlia<br />

gaverToT da riT ara;<br />

g) is sasargeblo medikamentia;<br />

d) bevri adamiani isedac moixmars<br />

mas.<br />

SeecadeT, maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da kontrargumenti moitanoT Semdegi<br />

debulebebisTvis:<br />

1. studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis arCevaSi.<br />

2. mecnieruli miznebisTvis dauSvebelia cxovelebze cdebis Catareba.<br />

3. sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia.<br />

4. adreuli qorwineba miuRebelia.<br />

mizezebis mizezebis axsna axsna da da dasabuTeba<br />

dasabuTeba<br />

argumentirebul eseSi Tqveni mosazrebis dasabuTebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs.<br />

faqtebi. vinaidan mizani Tqveni mosazrebis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis<br />

darwmunebaa, abzacebis organizebis nebismieri tipis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT. magaliTad,<br />

Tu migaCniaT, rom mkacri kontroli unda dawesdes qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvasa da<br />

ganadgurebaze, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqven mier mowodebuli erT-erTi argumenti<br />

SeiZleba is iyos, rom swored qimiuri narCenebi iwveven garemos dabinZurebas.<br />

SegiZliaT, ganixiloT am narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegebi. garda amisa, SeiZleba<br />

moitanoT qimiuri narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegad garemos dabinZurebis magaliTebi.<br />

aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT am narCenebis ganadgurebis procesi da axsnaT, Tu riT<br />

da rogor binZurdeba am dros garemo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni mosazrebis<br />

dasasabuTeblad faqtebis motana dagWirdebaT. faqtebi unda moicavdes monacemebs,<br />

romlebic obieqturad dadasturebuli da sazogadod miRebulia. magaliTad,<br />

rogoricaa istoriuli faqtebi, mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi da statistikuri<br />

monacemebi. faqtebis mosapoveblad SeiZleba garkveuli Teoruli Ziebis Catarebac<br />

dagWirdeT.<br />

55<br />

a) is adiqturi nivTierebaa;<br />

b) mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas mavne<br />

narkotikis ukontrolo<br />

gavrceleba;<br />

g) misi zemoqmedebis qveS myofma<br />

adamianebma SeiZleba ziani<br />

miayenon erTmaneTsa da<br />

sazogadoebas;<br />

d) mis moxmarebas ufro saxifaTo<br />

narkotikebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba<br />

mohyves.


konkretuli magaliTi. dasabuTeba konkretuli magaliTebis gamoyenebiTac<br />

SesaZlebelia. Tu magaliTi pirovnuli gamocdilebidan mogaqvT, gadaamowmeT, rom<br />

am magaliTis ganzogadeba namdvilad SesaZlebelia SedarebiT did jgufze.<br />

eqspertTa mosazreba. dasabuTebisTvis eqspertTa mosazrebis motanac<br />

SeiZleba. eqsperti aris adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli codna aqvs mocemul<br />

sakiTxze misi profesiis, gamocdilebisa da sakiTxis Taobaze Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />

Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>mirebulobis gamo. eqspertis azris dasamowmeblad aucilebelia<br />

citirebis wesebis codna (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis aRiareba da gabaTileba<br />

argumentirebul eseSi unda gaabaTiloT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis argumenti.<br />

vinaidan sakiTxs ori mxare aqvs da Tqven erT-erTi Sexedulebis sasargeblod<br />

gamoxatavT pozicias da gsurT am poziciis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba,<br />

Tqven ara marto imis dasabuTeba mogiwevT, rom marTali xarT, aramed imisac, rom<br />

Tqveni oponenti cdeba, an, sul mcire, rom Tqveni mosazreba ufro sando da<br />

mniSvnelovania, vidre oponentisa.<br />

sawinaaRmdego argumentis (anu kontrargumentis) gabaTileba mosazrebis<br />

simcdaris dasabuTebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia oponentis<br />

argumentebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da imis Cveneba, rom Tqveni argumentebi ufro<br />

sando, ukeTesi da Rirebulia. Tu oponents Rirebuli argumenti aqvs, Tqven unda<br />

aRiaroT misi Rirebuleba, daeTanxmoT, rom is namdvilad validuria da ganagrZoT<br />

Tqveni Sexedulebis ganxilva (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />

argumentirebuli argumentirebuli eses eses struqtura<br />

struqtura<br />

argumentirebuli ese SeiZleba komponentebad an etapebad daiyos, romelTagan<br />

Semdegi oTxi TiTqmis yovelTvis unda iyos: (1) Sesavali, (2) sakiTxis dasma, (3)<br />

mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba da (4) daskvna.<br />

Sesavali<br />

iseTi literaturuli Janris garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, deteqtivi,<br />

mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, pirdapir ar erTveba xolme moqmedebaSi. eses dasawyisSi<br />

avtori, ZiriTadad, waradgens xolme im sakiTxs, romelsac SemdgomSi ganixilavs.<br />

Sesavali nawilis mizania gansaxilvel sakiTxze mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba<br />

da misTvis orientaciis gansazRvra Semdgomi ganxilvis Temis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Sesavals, Cveulebriv, nabij-nabij mivyavarT zogadi situaciidan konkretul<br />

gansaxilvel sakiTxamde. magaliTad, Tu albaneTSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis<br />

evropuli konvenciis me-13 punqtis darRvevis Sesaxeb Temis ganxilva gsurT, Temaze<br />

saubris dawyeba ufro zogadad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxiT iqneba umjobesi.<br />

amis Semdeg mkiTxvelis yuradRebas albaneTSi adamianis uflebebs miapyrobT da<br />

bolos konkretulad albaneTSi konvenciis me-13 muxlis darRvevis sakiTxis<br />

ganxilvaze gadaxvalT.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom warmatebuli Sesavlis weris mza <strong>for</strong>mula ar arsebobs,<br />

Cveulebriv, is moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />

Sesavali debuleba: Tqveni eses pirveli winadadeba sakmaod saintereso<br />

unda iyos, rom mkiTxvels kiTxvis gagrZelebis survili gauCndes. Tema STambeWdavi<br />

56


itorikuli xerxebiT unda miawodoT mkiTxvels. gamoiyeneT saintereso debulebebi<br />

an dasviT ZiriTadi kiTxva. mkiTxveli Temamde unda miiyvanoT da im konkretul<br />

sferoze gaumaxviloT yuradReba, romelsac ganixilavT, raTa igi Tqveni debulebis<br />

dasabuTebisTvis moamzadoT.<br />

sakvanZo debuleba: es, Cveulebriv, pirveli abzacis bolo winadadeba da<br />

eses mamoZravabeli Zalaa. is gviCvenebs pozicias, romelsac asabuTebT, romel<br />

Sexedulebasac icavT.<br />

avtoris pozicia: akademiur weraSi miRebulia, Cveuli da sasurvelic kia,<br />

rom mkiTxvels dasawyisSive auwyos avtorma Tavisi pozicia.<br />

argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis weris zogadi princi pi:<br />

magaliTi:<br />

sazogadoebaSi rom icxovroT da mis saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba<br />

miiRoT, sazogadoebis wevrebTan sistematuri urTierToba unda gqondeT. amitom<br />

adamianTa umravlesoba mowadinebulia, kargad flobdes komunikaciis unar-<br />

Cvevebs. komunikaciis kargi unar-Cveva ara marto Tqveni, aramed Tqveni<br />

garSemomyofebis warmatebis sawindaria, vinaidan komunikaciis kargi unaris<br />

SemTxvevaSi meti Sansi gaqvT, rom maT sworad aRiqvan Tqveni ideebi.<br />

urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis profesiul doneze Seswavla ioli ar aris.<br />

sauniversiteto kursebSi urTierTobis Seswavla TiTqmis ar aris<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobam ki TiTqmis araferi<br />

icis komunikaciis profesiul doneze damyarebis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxolod<br />

wignebiT ver iswavliT.<br />

axals ras gvetyvis es wigni? Rrmad varT darwmunebulni, rom Tqvens<br />

daxmarebas SevZlebT, vinaidan Cven mier axsnili princi pebi SeuzRudavad<br />

gamoiyeneba, xolo konkretuli instruqciebi principebis praqtikaSi danergvis<br />

saSualebas iZleva. . .<br />

am SesavalSi swored zemoT xsenebuli princi pia gamoyenebuli: rogorc<br />

xedavT, es efeqturi da moxerxebuli principi didi daxmarebas gagiwevT damajerebeli<br />

Sesavlis SeqmnaSi.<br />

situacia – faqtia, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis<br />

saWiroa urTierTobebis damyareba. isic faqtia, rom adamianTa umravlesobas surs<br />

komunikaciis unar-Cvevebis daxvewa, vinaidan esmiT, rom urTierToba warmatebis<br />

umTavresi pirobaa, marTalia, rom araTu umravlesobas, aramed uklebliv yvelas<br />

surs, ukeT exerxebodes urTierTobis damyareba, magram unda daiSvas, rom vinme<br />

SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes am mosazrebas (magaliTad, biZaTqvenis biZa...) amitom<br />

umjobesia daiweros „umravlesoba~, raTa iseTi mosazreba iqnes gadmocemuli,<br />

romelsac cota Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba.<br />

sirTule – magram situacia SeiZleba garTuldes – arasrulfasovani<br />

swavleba universitetebSi (rac dasavleTTan mimarTebiT sworia, radgan komunikaciis<br />

xelovneba arsad iswavleba), urTierTobis unar-Cvevis ucodinroba ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi, am unar-Cvevis mxolod wigniT swavlebis sirTule.<br />

kiTxva – SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi SekiTxva, romelic arsebiTi iqneba<br />

TqvenTvis, rogorc mkiTxvelisaTvis: axali ra SeiZleba miTxras am wignma?<br />

gadawyveta – Cveni amoxsna umTavres mosazrebas pirvel adgilze aTavsebs.<br />

esenia: principebi, romelTa gamoyeneba nebismier dros SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc<br />

Sesabamisi <strong>for</strong>mulebis gamoyenebiT maTi koreqtireba (h. gutbrodi, n. danelia, 2006).<br />

57


sakiTxis wardgena<br />

SesavalSi gansaxilveli sakiTxisTvis niadagis momzadebisa da poziciis<br />

gancxadebis Semdeg eses ZiriTadi nawili Tqveni moqmedebis adgilia, romelSic<br />

gaSliT gansaxilvel sakiTxs da mkiTxvels Tqvens simarTleSi daarwmunebT. kargad<br />

warmodgenili sakiTxi daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom radgan garkveuli warmodgenili<br />

faqtebi simarTles Seesabameba da mkiTxveli eTanxmeba avtoris garkveul<br />

mosazrebebs, igi miiRebs avtoris daskvnebs, rogorc Rirebulsa da mniSvnelovans.<br />

akademiur weraSi sakiTxis wardgena, Cveulebriv, gancxadebis gakeTebiT an<br />

mtkicebulebebis miwodebiT da Semdeg am mtkicebulebebis dasabuTebiT (faqtebiTa<br />

da magaliTebiT) xdeba; Tumca aseve, SesaZlebelia dasabuTebisa da samagaliTo<br />

situaciebis mimoxilviT dawyeba da Semdeg daskvnis gakeTeba. qvemoT mocemuli<br />

abzaci cenzuris Sesaxeb dasabuTebis ilustraciaa:<br />

cenzura, Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />

principebs (Tezisi). is Zireulad arademokratiulia, radgan zRudavs gamoxatvis<br />

saSualebas da umciresobas upiratesobas aniWebs, ukarnaxos umravlesobas,<br />

Tu risi naxva, wakiTxva an mosmena SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mas (dasabuTeba).<br />

magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekidan nebismieri mizeziT sakamaTo wignis amoReba<br />

mis avtors im mravali mkiTxvelisken uWris gzas, romelsac wignTan Sexebis<br />

sxva saSualeba ara aqvs. amave dros, individTa rCeuli jgufi, romelic wignis<br />

Sesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, ukrZalavs sazogadoebas am wignis<br />

wakiTxvas (es damasabuTebeli winadadebis ori magaliTia). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

es qmedeba, diqtaturas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre demokratias (Tavdapirveli<br />

mtkicebulebis gameoreba).<br />

am Tezisisa da dasabuTebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is varaudia, romelsac<br />

mtkicebuleba efuZneba. varaudi aris filosofiuri an moraluri Tvalsazrisi,<br />

romelsac vimedovnebT, rom sazogadoebaSi sxva adamianebi, Cveni mkiTxvelis CaTvliT,<br />

gaiziareben. magaliTad, diskusia saxelmwifo samedicino samsaxuris dafinansebis<br />

Sesaxeb SeiZleba daeyrdnos varauds, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sicocxle fuliT<br />

Sefasdes. umetes SemTxvevaSi imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni mkiTxveli iziarebs Cvens<br />

varauds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saeWvoa, rom maT is mtkicebulebebi miiRon, romlebsac<br />

am varaudis safuZvelze vakeTebT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin unda davasabuToT es<br />

varaudic. am SemTxvevaSi varaudi Tavad iqceva mtkicebulebad, romelsac dasabuTeba<br />

sWirdeba.<br />

mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba<br />

akademiuri ritorika avtorisgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis codnas moiTxovs.<br />

Cveulebriv, eses werisas sakuTar Sexedulebebs warmoadgenen, Semdeg ki sawinaaRmdego<br />

Sexedulebebis kritikuli ganxilva xdeba; Tumca SesaZlebelia im SexedulebiT<br />

dawyeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da misi gakritikeba an uaryofa sakuTari poziciis<br />

dasabuTebisTvis. erTi SexedviT, argumentis sawinaaRmdego mxaris Cveneba SeiZleba<br />

Tqveni poziciisTvis wamgebianad mogeCvenoT. miuxedavad amisa, uamravi mizezi arsebobs<br />

imisTvis, rom sawinaaRmdego azri icodeT.<br />

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar iRebT sawinaaRmdego azrs, e. i. ganzrax malavT sawinaaRmdego<br />

azris dasabuTebas. sawinaaRmdego azris gauTvaliswineblobam ki sruliad<br />

SesaZlebelia mkiTxvelis pativiscema dagakargvinoT. unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkiTxvelis<br />

daTanxmebas, darwmunebas cdilobT da ara mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas.<br />

argumenti ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu sawinaaRmdego azric iciT. yovelTvis,<br />

roca vinmes darwmunebas cdilobT, gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic ar geTanxmebian.<br />

58


maTi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis CvenebiT, rom maTi sapirispiro azri<br />

naklebad Rirebuli da safuZvliania, vidre Tqveni Sexedulebebi, an imis CvenebiT,<br />

rogor migiyvanaT sapirispiro azris codnam Tqveni poziciis Secvlamde, aZlierebT<br />

Tqvens azrs.<br />

sawinaaRmdego azris gaTvaliswinebis Cveva srulyofils xdis kritikul<br />

azrovnebas, avtors kamaTSi CarTvasa da imis aRqma-gacnobierebas aiZulebs, rom<br />

sxva Tvalsazrisi ara marto arsebobs, aramed mas Tavisi dasabuTebac aqvs.<br />

sawinaaRmdego poziciasTan gamklavebis xerxebi<br />

rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego pozicia unda daadginoT da ramdenadac<br />

SesaZlebelia, es safuZvlianad da miukerZoeblad unda gaakeToT. sawinaaRmdego<br />

azris damaxinjebiT da gaubraloebiT, albaT, mxolod yvelaze morCili mkiTxvelis<br />

simpaTias moi povebT. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gadmocemisas sasurvelia:<br />

• SesTavazoT gamosavali, romelsac sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba Tqvens<br />

arguments upirispirebs;<br />

• miuTiToT dasabuTebis sust mxareebsa da problemebze, romlebic amarTleben<br />

sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebas.<br />

• daTmoT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis sasargeblod anda SesTavazoT<br />

kompromisuli pozicia da sakiTxis gadaWra.<br />

cenzuris Sesaxeb zemoT motanil magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor uwyobs<br />

xels sawinaaRmdego argumentis gaTvaliswineba avtoris debulebis gaZlierebas.<br />

zemoT warmodgenili Sesavali abzacis Semdeg, romelSic Tezisia mocemuli, modis<br />

ramdenime abzaci, romelSic dasabuTebulia, rom cenzura `cudi azria~ sxvadasxva<br />

mizezis gamo. amis Semdeg avtors ramdenime (erTis an metis) abzacis CarTva SeuZlia,<br />

romelSic argumentis meore mxares moitans da garkveul daTmobaze wava.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom cenzura saxifaToa Tavisufali sazogadoebisTvis,<br />

zogierTi Sewuxebuli moqalaqe cenzuris momxrea da, SesaZloa, amisi myari<br />

safuZvelic hqondes, rodesac isini aRniSnaven, rom bavSvebi televiziiT naCvenebi<br />

filmebiT Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (daTmoba da sawinaaRmdego azris<br />

gaTvaliswineba). televiziiT marTlac bevr Zaladobas gadmoscemen (daTmoba<br />

da Tanxmobis momenti). amis sapasuxod, SeiZleba yvela teleqselma ganaviTaros<br />

TviTcenzura (kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis SeTavazeba). Tu televiziebi amas<br />

ufro didi pasuximgeblobiT moekidebian da mdare gemovnebis masalis Tavidan<br />

acilebas Seecdebian, xelisuflebis moxeleebs, religiur jgufebsa da Sewuxebul<br />

mSoblebs aRar dasWirdebaT maT gadawyvetilebebSi Careva.<br />

cxadia, es abzaci (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) SeiZleba Sesavlis Semdeg, cenzuris<br />

winaaRmdeg mTavar argumentze gadasvlis win modiodes. sad moaTavsebT<br />

kontrarguments, ra moculobis iqneba is da rogor warmoadgenT, es mxolod Tqveni<br />

arCevania efeqturi argumentirebuli eses werisas.<br />

daskvna<br />

bevrma studentma xSirad aRar icis, ra daweros daskvnaSi, rodesac SesavalSi<br />

ukve gamoTqmuli aqvs sakuTari pozicia.<br />

daskvna eses Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia, radgan jamdeba sakvanZo debuleba<br />

da misi argumentebi, romlebic mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas uqmnis avtoris<br />

poziciaze. am etapze ar aris rekomendebuli iseTi axali azris wamoweva, romelic<br />

saerTod ar ganxilula eses ZiriTad nawilSi. aramomgebiania daskvnis gamoyeneba<br />

59


sakuTari naazrevis CvenebisTvis. amiT datovebT STabeWdilebas, rom nebismiers<br />

SeuZlia, rac moesurveba, is ifiqros. marTalia, nebismiers aqvs sakuTari azris<br />

qonis ufleba, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom argumentirebuli eses werisas Tqveni<br />

mizania mkiTxvelisTvis Tqveni mosazrebis ara marto gacnoba, aramed misi darwmuneba,<br />

rom, rasac fiqrobT, myari da dasabuTebuli poziciaa, romelic manac SeiZleba<br />

gaiziaros an aRiaros mainc.<br />

garda amisa, Zalze aramomgebiania am etapze imis Cveneba, rom arc erTi pozicia<br />

ar aris meoreze ukeTesi an uaresi.<br />

daskvnis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />

argumentebis sinTezi: daskvnaSi unda gaimeoroT argumentebis mTavari<br />

momentebi da mokled SeajamoT isini. SeecadeT, mkiTxvels aCvenoT, Tu rogor<br />

esadageba erTmaneTs sakiTxi, dasabuTeba da magaliTebi, romlebic argumentebis<br />

dasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneT;<br />

sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba: kvlav CamoayalibeT da xazi gausviT Tqveni<br />

Tavdapirveli debulebis mniSvnelobas, radgan mTeli ese am sakiTxis dasabuTebasa<br />

da mxardaWeras mieZRvna. zogi avtori fiqrobs, rom Tezisis sityvasityviT gameoreba<br />

efeqturi ritorikuli xerxia, zogs ki miaCnia, rom umjobesia misi perefrazi.<br />

daskvniTi debulebebi: es nawili ukve argumentirebuli eses dasasrulia,<br />

romelic saboloo STabeWdilebas tovebs mkiTxvelze. daskvniTi debulebis daweris<br />

ramdenime xerxi arsebobs:<br />

• problemis momavali ganixileT, rogorc sakamaTo sakiTxi. es<br />

gaaZlierebs Tqveni eses mniSvnelobas. agreTve, SeiZleba daexmaros<br />

mkiTxvels, gamoiyenos axali in<strong>for</strong>macia da ufro globalurad<br />

Sexedos sakiTxs;<br />

• mkiTxvels fiqris sagani mieciT, magaliTad, Tqveni eses “realur<br />

cxovrebaSi” gamoyenebis gza;<br />

• miubrundiT Sesaval debulebas, raTa Tqveni ese gamTliandes;<br />

• kiTxva zogadad dasviT, mimarTeT mkiTxvels, rac mas ganxilul<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iseTi axali warmodgenebis SeqmnaSi<br />

daexmareba, romlebic daskvnis wakiTxvamde ar uCndeboda. am xerxiT<br />

SeiZleba Tqvens ZiriTad azrebs mouyaros Tavi da axali<br />

mosazrebebis gaCenis winapirobad eqces (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. &<br />

Anderson D., 2000).<br />

argumentirebuli argumentirebuli eseSi eseSi argumentebis<br />

argumentebis<br />

dalagebis dalagebis struqtura struqtura4<br />

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad ideas sakvanZo debuleba<br />

anu Tezisi ewodeba. Teziss sWirdeba dasabuTeba misi Semdgomi, ganmaviTarebeli<br />

ideebiT, romelTac argumentebi ewodebaT, argumentebs ki, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTeba<br />

aqvT da maT qveargumentebi ewodebaT. qveargumentebs xSirad ganamtkicebs dasabuTeba,<br />

romelic, ZiriTadad, yovelTvis konkretuli magaliTia.<br />

4 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: hans gutbrodi, nana danelia.<br />

saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi, 2006.<br />

60


argumentebis dalagebis sam ti ps ganvixilavT:<br />

monaxazi, gegma (outline)<br />

(outline)<br />

am dalagebas aseTi struqtura aqvs:<br />

Tezisi<br />

1. argumenti<br />

a) qveargumenti<br />

(1) magaliTi<br />

2. argumenti<br />

a) qveargumenti<br />

piramida<br />

(1) magaliTi<br />

idealur SemTxvevaSi (ix. suraTi #5.1) argumentebma erTsa da imave kiTxvas<br />

unda upasuxon: `ratom?~<br />

monaxazi da piramida, princi pSi, sxvadasxvagvari vizualuri gamosaxulebiT<br />

mocemuli erTi da igive struqturaa.<br />

T = A + A + A<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

1<br />

2<br />

A = S A + S A + S A<br />

2<br />

3<br />

1<br />

3<br />

1<br />

es toloba gviCvenebs, rom radgan Tezisi qveargumentebis jamia, qveargumentebSi<br />

ar unda iyos iseTi ram, rac TezisSi ar aris asaxuli.<br />

1 qvearg.<br />

(S1A1)<br />

magali<br />

Ti<br />

1arg.<br />

(A1)<br />

2 qvearg.<br />

(S2A1)<br />

argumentirebuli wre<br />

suraTi #5.1: piramida<br />

3 qvearg.<br />

(S3A1)<br />

Tezisi<br />

(T)<br />

1 qvearg.<br />

(S1A2)<br />

61<br />

2 arg.<br />

(A2)<br />

2 qvearg.<br />

(S2A2)<br />

3 arg.<br />

(A3)<br />

3 qvearg.<br />

(S3A2)<br />

argumentirebuli wris centrSi (ix. suraTi #5.2) Cveni Tezisia moTavsebuli.<br />

Semdeg doneze argumentebia ganlagebuli, Semdeg ki qveargumentebi modis da Tu<br />

Tqven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba Zalze detaluria, maT SeiZleba magaliTic<br />

mohyvebodes.<br />

argumentirebul wres Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT viyenebT: pirvel etapze jer<br />

warmovadgenT Teziss (ZiriTad pozicias), Semdeg _ pirvel arguments, Semdeg ki<br />

mimovixilavT qveargumentebs da bolos vbrundebiT TezisTan. meore etapze<br />

warmovadgenT meore arguments, mis qveargumentebs (Tu gvaqvs, magaliTs) da isev<br />

vubrundebiT Teziss.


suraTi #5.2: argumentirebuli wre<br />

A3<br />

aseTi wris gamoyenebiT sakmaod rTuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis dalageba SegviZlia ise,<br />

rom is mkiTxvelisTvis da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. darwmundiT, rom wre<br />

yvela mimarTulebiT Tanmimdevrulia. Tezisi unda ajamebdes yvela ZiriTad<br />

arguments. es struqtura daRmavali gziT muSaobs: argumentebi uSualod/pirdapir<br />

unda dasabuTdes qveargumentebiT, xolo qveargumentebi Tqveni dasabuTebis Sejameba<br />

unda iyos.<br />

Sejameba zusti unda iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom mxolod is azrebi/ideebi (anu<br />

argumentebi, qveargumentebi da a.S.) unda iyos masSi CarTuli, romelTac uSualod<br />

SeaqvT wvlili SejamebaSi.<br />

magaliTi:<br />

Tezisi: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba.<br />

argumenti: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSi<br />

naTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba.<br />

qveargumenti: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSi<br />

naTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba maTi<br />

Sesatyvisobis Cvenebis gziT.<br />

argumentebis raodenoba<br />

Tezisi<br />

A2<br />

argumentebis struqturaSi dalagebisas optimaluria samidan xuTamde (3-<br />

5) argumentis moyvana. yvela sxva danarCeni mosazreba unda dalagdes ufro<br />

qveda doneze, rogorc qveargumentebi. gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven mkiTxvelisTvis<br />

werT da dro/adgili SezRuduli gaqvT. Tu samidan xuTamde Zlier arguments<br />

moitanT, SeZlebT mkiTxvelis darwmunebas. Tu am argumentebiT ver daarwmunebT<br />

mas, Semdgomi argumentebi, miT umetes, aRar dagWirdebaT. metic, Tu Tqven yvela<br />

im arguments moitanT nawerSi, rac gagaxsendebaT, is imdenad grZeli gamogivaT,<br />

rom aravin waikiTxavs.<br />

rCevebi:<br />

moiyvaneT mxolod 3-5 argumenti;<br />

argumentebis dalagebis Tanmimdevroba (siZlieris mixedviT) auditoriazea<br />

damokidebuli, Tumca rekomendebulia siZlieriT meore argumenti pirvel<br />

adgilze moTavsdes, Semdeg yvelaze susti argumenti da bolos yvelaze<br />

Zlieri;<br />

cudi argumenti faravs danarCen karg/Zlier argumentebs;<br />

argumentTa raodenoba verasodes Caanacvlebs maT xarisxs;<br />

62<br />

S3A1<br />

A1<br />

S1A1<br />

S2A1


argumentebi ar unda faravdes erTmaneTs da unda iyos<br />

mTlianobaSi erTmaneTis Semavsebeli;<br />

piramidis struqturis gamoyenebiT dawerili argumentirebuli<br />

ese, romelSic motanilia 3 argumenti, idealur variantSi 3-4<br />

gverdi unda gamovides.<br />

argumentirebuli argumentirebuli eses eses Sefasebis Sefasebis meTodebi<br />

meTodebi<br />

argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis wyvilSi Sefasebis meTodi<br />

xmamaRla kiTxva<br />

avtori Sesavals xmamaRla orjer kiTxulobs, msmenelebi Cumad usmenen da<br />

SeniSvnebs iweren.<br />

gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali Temas?<br />

rogoria Temis dakonkretebis meTodi?<br />

mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili, ra<br />

sakiTxebi iqneba ganxiluli?<br />

aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso, damaintrigebeli?<br />

aris Tu ara dakonkretebuli Tezisi?<br />

toni, romliTac avtori wers.<br />

SeniSvna: kiTxulobs mxolod avtori. msmenelebi ise iweren SeniSvnebs,<br />

rom avtors ar awyvetineben kiTxvas.<br />

fiqri<br />

msmenelebi TavisTvis fiqroben SeniSvnebze, emzadebian, weren:<br />

jer pozitiur Sefasebas, ra aris kargad dawerili (dasabuTebiT);<br />

negatiur Sefasebas (dasabuTebiT);<br />

gzas, romelsac SesTavazeben avtors naweris gasaumjobeseblad.<br />

msmenelis SeniSvnebi<br />

msmeneli gamoTqvams azrebs.<br />

SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod msmeneli, avtori usmens da iwers mis<br />

SeniSvnebs.<br />

avtoris pasuxi<br />

ras eTanxmeba, ras _ ara. ris gaTvaliswinebas apirebs, axsna-ganmartebebi.<br />

SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod avtori.<br />

63


argumentirebuli eses Sesafasebeli kiTxvari<br />

1. ra aris eses Tema? ra sakiTxia ganxiluli eseSi?<br />

2. waradgens, gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali abzaci (abzacebi) Temas?<br />

3. mianiSnebs Tu ara Sesavali imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili? (daasabuTeT)<br />

4. aris Tu ara Sesavali dakonkretebuli? (miuTiTeT Temis dakonkretebis principi)<br />

5. aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso? (daasabuTeT)<br />

6. gamoyaviT eses sakvanZo debuleba/Tezisi.<br />

7. aris Tu ara Tezisi dakonkretebuli? gadmoeciT is Tqveni sityvebiT.<br />

8. konkretuli SeniSvnebi SesavalTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

9. konkretuli SeniSvnebi TezisTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

64


10. avtoris mTavari argumenti.<br />

11. motanilia Tu ara yvela SesaZlo mZlavri argumenti debulebis dasasabuTeblad?<br />

romelimes xom ar daamatebdiT?<br />

12. aris Tu ara argumentebi damajerebeli? (daasabuTeT)<br />

13. ganxilulia Tu ara sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba?<br />

14. konkretuli kontrargumentebi, romlebsac abaTilebs avtori.<br />

15. aris Tu ara gabaTilebuli yvela SesaZlo kontrargumenti? romelimes xom ar<br />

daamtebdiT?<br />

65


16. midis Tu ara avtori daTmobaze da gvTavazobs Tu ara kompromisul gadawyvetas?<br />

(daasabuTeT)<br />

17. aris Tu ara abzacebi mTliani, Sekruli? Tu ara, miuTiTeT konkretul abzacsa<br />

da winadadebebze, romelic am moTxovnas ar akmayofilebs.<br />

18. aris Tu ara abzacebi Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)<br />

19. aris Tu ara ese mTliani? (daasabuTeT)<br />

20. aris Tu ara ese Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)<br />

66


21. aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri? (daasabuTeT)<br />

22. raime SeniSvna xom ar gaqvT daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT?<br />

23. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? (daasabuTeT)<br />

24. romeli nawili saWiroebs yvelaze met damuSavebas? (daasabuTeT)<br />

67


Tavi Tavi 6. 6. 6. kr krit kr krit<br />

it itika itika<br />

ika<br />

ika 5<br />

swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, rom<br />

kritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,<br />

„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebT<br />

sxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityva<br />

kritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan<br />

„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba es<br />

mkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ra<br />

mimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxi<br />

sxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.<br />

Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTan<br />

arkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiT<br />

nanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi tipi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).<br />

aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaT<br />

da ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.<br />

aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, weris<br />

ufro <strong>for</strong>malur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvis<br />

aris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?<br />

− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadac<br />

ar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve<br />

_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;<br />

− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeT<br />

gagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqveni<br />

msjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;<br />

− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikulad<br />

azrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.<br />

kritikulad kritikulad kritikulad azrovneba azrovneba da da kiTxva<br />

kiTxva<br />

nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba es<br />

avtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,<br />

programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.<br />

nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxva<br />

movlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.<br />

kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,<br />

Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis<br />

(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagnis<br />

kritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) ras<br />

gveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSi<br />

mocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualuris<br />

CaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)<br />

saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.<br />

5 Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;<br />

Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.<br />

68


kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi ar aris erTmaneTis miyolebiT aucileblad<br />

gasavleli safexurebi. Tqven SeiZleba ar gamoiyenoT yvela maTgani yoveli<br />

konkretuli naSromis SemTxvevaSi. zogjer, rodesac aucilebelia teqstis<br />

detalurad kritikulad wakiTxva, SeiZleba ubralod ar gqondeT mimoxilvis,<br />

wakiTxvisa da xelaxali wakiTxvis dro. sxva SemTxvevebSi, naweris wakiTxvis mizezi<br />

(Tqveni mizani) ganapirobebs imas, Tu kiTxvis romel meTods gamoiyenebT. suraTze<br />

#6.1 sqematurad mocemulia kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi.<br />

wera kiTxvis<br />

procesSi<br />

• in<strong>for</strong>maciis da<br />

ideebis Cawera<br />

momavali<br />

miznebisTvis;<br />

• maqsimaluri<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

miRebis saSualeba;<br />

• wignTan<br />

urTierTqmedeba;<br />

• ormxriv CanawerTa<br />

dRiuri<br />

cxrili #6.1. kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi<br />

• wera: kiTxvis dros SeniSnvnebis Cawera;<br />

• gadaxedva: ukan dabruneba, gadaTvaliereba,<br />

Tvalis gadavleba;<br />

• kiTxva: teqstze muSaoba da Seswavla;<br />

• Sejameba: Sinaarsis gaazreba da gageba;<br />

• sakuTari kritikuli pasuxis Camoyalibeba<br />

analizi: nawilebad dayofa;<br />

interpretacia: mniSvnelobebisa da daSvebebis<br />

gaazreba da gaSla;<br />

sinTezi: nawilebis SeerTeba, kavSirebis<br />

damyareba;<br />

Sefaseba: xarisxisa da Rirebulebis Sefaseba.<br />

suraTi #6.1: kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi<br />

gadaTva<br />

liereba<br />

• moculoba;<br />

• gamomcemloba;<br />

• Sinaarsi;<br />

• avtori;<br />

• Tqven TviTon<br />

kritikuli<br />

kiTxva<br />

wakiTxva<br />

• pirveli<br />

wakiTxva<br />

(gadakiTxva);<br />

• gameorebiT<br />

wakiTxva (ukve<br />

nela,<br />

detaluri<br />

kiTxva).<br />

iseTi saqmianobac ki, rogoricaa Jurnal „Tbiliselebis~ wakiTxva, kiTxvis<br />

sxvadasxva meTods moiazrebs, arCeuli meTodi ki wakiTxvis mizanzea damokidebuli<br />

(ix. cxrili #6.2).<br />

69<br />

Sejameba<br />

• sityvebisa da<br />

cnebebis moZebna<br />

(romlebic ar<br />

gvesmis);<br />

• teqstis calkeul<br />

nawilTa<br />

identifikacia, maT<br />

Soris kavSiri;<br />

• TiToeuli<br />

nawilisTvis<br />

Sejamebis dawera;<br />

• avtoris ZiriTadi<br />

ideis gamokveTa;<br />

• mTliani abzacis<br />

dawera: ZiriTadi<br />

idea dasabuTebiT;<br />

• gamoiyeneT Tqveni<br />

sityvebi.<br />

kritikuli<br />

pasuxis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mireba<br />

• analizi;<br />

• sinTezi;<br />

• interpretacia;<br />

• Sefaseba.


nebismier saswavlo kursSi Semavali davalebebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan<br />

maTSi wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis mixedviT. wignis kiTxva SeiZleba saWiroebdes<br />

weras, gadaxedvas, kiTxvasa da Sejamebas, magram ara _ intensiur kritikul kiTxvas;<br />

Jurnalis statiis Sefasebisas ki zemoT CamoTvlili yvela meTodis gamoyeneba<br />

SeiZleba.<br />

wera kiTxvis dros<br />

kritikuli kiTxva aqtiuri kiTxvaa, Tqven urTierTobT naSromTan, CarTuli<br />

xarT masSi. is Tqvens gamocdilebas emateba, giCenT ideebsa da kiTxvebs. kiTxvis<br />

dros saweri kalmisa Tu dafis gamoyenebiT nawerze werilobiT reagirebT, riTac<br />

mocemul naSroms Tqvens „enaze TargmniT~ (Tqveni sityvebiT gadmoscemT) da TqvenTvis<br />

mis rekonstruqcias axdenT.<br />

gadaxedva, gadaTvaliereba<br />

mxatvruli literaturis nimuSis kiTxvisas, Cveulebisamebr, am safexurs<br />

toveben (`axtebian~), magram sxva tipis naSromebis kritikulad wakiTxvisas es<br />

nayofieri safexuria garkveuli molodinebisa da pirveladi kiTxvebis<br />

<strong>for</strong>mirebisTvis manamde, sanam sityva-sityviT gaarCevdeT naSroms. gadaxedva kiTxvis<br />

process metad in<strong>for</strong>maciulsa da nayofiers xdis.<br />

gadaxedvis erT-erTi gzaa gadaTvaliereba, romelic mowodebulia Sinaarsis,<br />

avtorisa da naSromisadmi Tqveni damokidebulebis ZiriTadi maniSneblebis<br />

mosaZieblad. gverdebis uxalisod gadafurcvlisa Tu ekranze Tvalis gadavlebiT<br />

garbenisgan gansxvavebiT, gadaTvaliereba in<strong>for</strong>maciis moZiebis fokusirebuli,<br />

koncentrirebuli aqtivobaa. teqstis gadaTvalierebisas SegiZliaT qvemoT mocemuli<br />

kiTxvebi gamoiyenoT (ix. cxrili #6.3).<br />

kiTxva<br />

kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizania<br />

pirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtori<br />

realurad ambobs.<br />

pirveli wakiTxva<br />

cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis<br />

urTierTmimarTeba<br />

mizani kiTxvis meTodi<br />

Worebis gageba eqimis mosacdelSi swrafi,<br />

arakritikuli<br />

Jurnal „Tbiliselebis“, rogorc<br />

Cveni popkulturis artefaqtis,<br />

ganxilva, romelic asaxavs da<br />

xSirad afasebs kidec Tanamedrove<br />

Rirebulebebs<br />

arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Caweril<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan mets<br />

gaigebT.<br />

Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;<br />

Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.<br />

70<br />

detaluri,<br />

kritikuli


ukeTesi koncentraciisTvis ikiTxeT wynar adgilas, iseTi gamRizianeblebisgan<br />

moSorebiT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, musika an saubari.<br />

gamoyaviT dro kiTxvisTvis. Tu CqarobT, an sxva rameze gaqvT yuradReba<br />

gadatanili, ver gaigebT wakiTxuls.<br />

SeecadeT, muSaobisgan siamovneba miiRoT; SeecadeT, wakiTxuli imas<br />

daukavSiroT, rac ukve iciT. moipoveT axali in<strong>for</strong>macia, saintereso<br />

kavSirebi, mniSvenlovani argumentebi, iumori, kargi magaliTebi.<br />

kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,<br />

rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeored<br />

wakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.<br />

pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nu<br />

daiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnas<br />

ki ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,<br />

rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT es<br />

sityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.<br />

ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva<br />

cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi<br />

masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad<br />

waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?<br />

publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi in<strong>for</strong>macias misi<br />

savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb?<br />

specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT<br />

(vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?<br />

Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti,<br />

qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra<br />

kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?<br />

avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi<br />

publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis<br />

Sesaxeb?<br />

Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan<br />

dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba<br />

moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad,<br />

SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris<br />

radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.<br />

pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.<br />

amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misi<br />

struqturis (agebis principis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla unda<br />

waikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi unda<br />

moiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).<br />

teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis Tavisuflad<br />

gamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:<br />

Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris an<br />

eleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi da<br />

komentarebi.<br />

71


Tu pirdapir teqstze muSaobis saSualeba gaqvT, maSin TqvenTvis mosaxerxebeli<br />

nebismieri sistemis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, magaliTad: _ gaugebari frazebis<br />

gaswvriv mindorze dasviT „?~ niSani, SemoxazeT ucnobi, gaugebari sityvebi,<br />

ZiriTad sakiTxebsa da azrebs xazi gausviT, „*~-iT aRniSneT is debulebebi,<br />

romelsac eTanxmebiT, xolo `!~-iT ki isini, romlebic aRmafrTovaneblad,<br />

gamaogneblad da mimzidvelad migaCniaT, „mere ra?~ SegiZliaT miaweroT<br />

iseT frazebsa Tu debulebebs, romlebic aradamajereblad geCvenebaT.<br />

savarjiSo #6.1: qvemoT mocemulia souel Tomasis statia „studenturi sesxi~,<br />

romelic sten<strong>for</strong>dSi daibeWda 1993 wels Jurnal huverSi 131-133 gverdebze. mocemuli<br />

teqsti, sul mcire, orjer waikiTxeT da SeecadeT gaigoT, ras wers avtori. CainiSneT<br />

yvela Tqveni komentari, SekiTxva Tu asociacia, romelic kiTxvisas gagiCndebaT.<br />

gaarkvieT yvela ucnobi sityvis mniSvneloba da SeecadeT, Tavad gasceT pasuxi<br />

gaCenil kiTxvebs.<br />

studenturi sesxi<br />

souel Tomasi<br />

Sowell, Thomas, “Student Loans.” Is Reality Optional? And Ather Essays.<br />

Stan<strong>for</strong>d: Hoover, 1993.131-33.<br />

ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis Tema deficitis cnebaa: _ adamianTa moTxovnebis<br />

srulad dakmayofilebisaTvis sakmarisi ram arasodes arsebobs.<br />

politikis pirvel gakveTils ki ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis ugulebelyofa<br />

warmoadgens. rodesac politikosi xedavs adamianTa jgufs, romelic Civis, rom<br />

raRac imdeni ar aqvs, ramdenic surs, politikosis mier miRebuli „gadawyvetileba”<br />

maTTvis am raRacis ufro meti raodenobiT micemaa, magram saidan moaqvT<br />

politikosebs es „ufro meti”? cxadia, isini erTs (viRac petres) arTmeven da<br />

meores (viRac pavles) aZleven.<br />

cxadia, cota xnis Semdeg politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom axla petres ar aqvs es<br />

raRac sakmarisi odenobiT. isev ifeTqebs maTSi TanagrZnobis talRa da axla<br />

petres gadarCenas ecdebian. imis nacvlad, rom politikosebma aRiaron, rom petres<br />

gaZarcva pavles moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TavisTavad miuRebeli qceva<br />

iyo, isini axla toms, diksa da haris Zarcvaven da ase exmarebian petres.<br />

am grZeli istoriis dasasruli aseTi iqneba: _ politikosebi ucbad aRmoaCenen,<br />

rom kolejis uamravi studenti yelamde valebSi Cafluli amTavrebs universitets.<br />

maTTvis dResaviT naTeli xdeba, rom mTavrobam daxmareba unda gauwios gadamxdelebs.<br />

ramdenad mZimea is tvirTi, romelzec ase xSirad saubroben politikosebi da<br />

Jurnalistebi? saxelmwifo kolejebis studentebisTvis es Tanxa daaxloebiT 7 000<br />

dolaria, kerZo kolejis studentebisTvis ki _ 9 000 dolars uaxlovdeba.<br />

Cveulebrivi, saSualo donis avtomobilis yidva am valze gacilebiT meti jdeba,<br />

magram, rogorc wesi, manqanis valis dafarva ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre aTwliani<br />

studenturi valis. metic, manqanis yidva ramdenime weliwadSia SesaZlebeli, kolejSi<br />

erTxel swavlis valis dafarva ki TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.<br />

cxadia, kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs ufro meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre sxvebs.<br />

Tu es asea, maSin ratomRaa atexili aseTi panika maTi valebis gamo? saSualo<br />

Semosavlis mqone kolejis kursdamTavrebuli pirvel wels wliuri Semosavlis<br />

10%-ze naklebs ixdis sesxis dasafarad, momaval wlebSi ki es procenti gadasaxadis<br />

zrdasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.<br />

politikuri isteria da media-reklama dabali Semosavlis mqone studentebze<br />

akeTebs aqcents, romelTac didi vali aqvT aRebuli. Tqven SeiZleba gulisamaCuyebeli,<br />

sruliad uCveulo, aratipuri istoriebic ki moisminoT. realurad ki gasul<br />

aTwleulSi perspeqtiuli studentebi sesxs iRebdnen rogorc maRali Semosavlis<br />

mqone pirebisagan, ise _ saxelmwifo programebidan.<br />

72


1978 wlamde saxelmwifo programebidan sesxis aReba kolejis mxolod im<br />

studentebs SeeZloT, romelTa ojaxebis Semosavali garkveul niSnulze dabali<br />

iyo. es niSnuli TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda saSualo Semosavals, magram rokfeleris<br />

da vanderbiltsis msgavs mdidar adamianebs am sesxiT sargeblobis uflebas ar<br />

aZlevda. Tanamedrove „TanagrZnobis~ epoqaSi ki kongresma es SezRudvebic gaauqma.<br />

am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,<br />

mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,<br />

Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanac<br />

maRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvis<br />

Segrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobis<br />

miTviseba.<br />

swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”<br />

amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,<br />

Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdas<br />

gaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isini<br />

swavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebi<br />

yvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.<br />

kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardi<br />

advilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.<br />

koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSi<br />

viRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebi<br />

Zalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqis<br />

kolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.<br />

uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuri<br />

resursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiT<br />

gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiT<br />

gaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlis<br />

gadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxis<br />

swavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.<br />

bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebis<br />

iniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobis<br />

gaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvis<br />

ganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.<br />

Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,<br />

politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiT<br />

mivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.<br />

Sejameba<br />

mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mis<br />

mimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT da<br />

gaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlieri<br />

da susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadi<br />

punqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.<br />

Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis Sejamebas<br />

mogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)<br />

naSromisa da iseTi sxva tipis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSic<br />

wyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebis<br />

mizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.<br />

Sejameba mocemuli teqstis ZiriTadi mosazrebebis SeZlebisdagvarad mokled,<br />

ramdenime winadadebiT gadmocemas gulisxmobs. rodesac ramdenime abzacis an<br />

mokle statiis Sejamebaa saWiro, is ar unda aRematebodes originaluri (mTliani)<br />

teqstis erT mexuTeds. ufro didi moculobis naSromisTvis, rogoricaa wignis<br />

73


erTi Tavi an mTlianad wigni, miRebuli Sejameba sawyis teqstTan SedarebiT sakmaod<br />

mcire zomis unda iyos. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera mocemulia<br />

cxrilSi #6.4.<br />

cxrili #6.4. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera<br />

moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xels<br />

giSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebis<br />

danaxvaSi.<br />

daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebi<br />

an abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTlad<br />

gamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsi<br />

grafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvis<br />

mosamzadebeli etapi).<br />

ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilis<br />

ZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.<br />

erTi-ori winadadebiT CawereT avtoris ZiriTadi idea.<br />

dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiT<br />

daiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas dawerili<br />

winadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniT<br />

unda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.<br />

wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,<br />

romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nu<br />

SeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.<br />

erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.<br />

SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.<br />

Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,<br />

aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.<br />

savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiT<br />

dawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.<br />

kritikuli pasuxis <strong>for</strong>mireba<br />

wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebis<br />

Semdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvams<br />

avtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.<br />

kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznis<br />

miRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidan<br />

gamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraa<br />

teqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.<br />

kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,<br />

interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebi<br />

qvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedeben<br />

da faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maT<br />

erTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.<br />

analizi<br />

sakiTxis ukeT gagebis mizniT mimarTaven mis Semadgenel nawilebad<br />

(elementebad) dayofas, daSlas. wasakiTx teqstSi am elementebis gamoxSirvisaTvis<br />

dasviT SekiTxva, romelSic teqstis analizis mizani iqneba mocemuli: _ ratom<br />

74


gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSis<br />

funqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebs<br />

danarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTa<br />

dasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTan<br />

dakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.<br />

rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT Tqveni<br />

yuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,<br />

irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal `sarkis~ mier garkveuli<br />

momsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Tqveni<br />

yuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobis<br />

saSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebis<br />

sareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukve<br />

sargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqven<br />

unda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod ar<br />

exeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria an<br />

romelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.<br />

cxrili #6.5. konkretul elementebze mimarTuli kiTxebi analizisTvis.<br />

kiTxvebi analizisTvis elementebi<br />

• qmnis Tu ara Jurnali `sarke~<br />

stereotipebs?<br />

• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali<br />

dadebiT rolur modelebs<br />

Tavis mkiTxvelebs?<br />

• JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi<br />

da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi<br />

ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels,<br />

rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli<br />

momsaxurebisa da garTobis<br />

saSualebebis momxmarebeli?<br />

interpretacia<br />

• stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri<br />

stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.<br />

• roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an<br />

uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.<br />

• biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis<br />

saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis<br />

gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an<br />

warmatebis gaTanabreba.<br />

cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.<br />

amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan Seqmnili<br />

mTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorc<br />

wesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmenis<br />

wvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).<br />

sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiur<br />

metyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),<br />

spekulacias (`es naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (`angariSi varaudebiT iyo<br />

savse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individis<br />

varaudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.<br />

adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar aris<br />

pirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,<br />

rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,<br />

Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebis<br />

Sesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTari<br />

daSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.<br />

75


swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebis<br />

interpretireba.<br />

sinTezi<br />

Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetT<br />

teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlo<br />

mniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorc<br />

erTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebis<br />

urTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis<br />

gamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.<br />

sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebuls<br />

qmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal `sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xolo<br />

Tqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretireba<br />

da sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretuli<br />

nawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis <strong>for</strong>mirebis mniSvnelovan<br />

saSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.<br />

qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegi<br />

kiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).<br />

cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis<br />

• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?<br />

• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelaze<br />

metad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi unda<br />

iqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?<br />

• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorc<br />

individualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?<br />

ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?<br />

• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa am<br />

konkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?<br />

• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?<br />

Sefaseba<br />

xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa da<br />

sinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,<br />

magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSin<br />

unda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebis<br />

Sesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvens<br />

mosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebis<br />

<strong>for</strong>miT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebas<br />

originaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.<br />

Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom<br />

gakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa da<br />

azrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misi<br />

avtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarT<br />

in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,<br />

magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagan<br />

darwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,<br />

Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,<br />

dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.<br />

76


qvemoT mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis naSromis SefasebisTvis gamosadegi kiTxvebi<br />

(ix. cxrili #6.7).<br />

cxrili #6.7. kiTxvebi SefasebisTvis<br />

• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?<br />

• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi da<br />

sxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?<br />

• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?<br />

• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?<br />

• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTad<br />

ideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebi<br />

erTmenTs?<br />

• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuli<br />

versiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tu<br />

ubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?<br />

• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTo<br />

konteqstSi ganxilvisas?<br />

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT an<br />

uaryoT isini?<br />

savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />

saSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,<br />

romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiT<br />

gaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.<br />

nimuSi:<br />

debuleba yovel wels ufro da ufro meti wignis gamomcemlobis<br />

gauCinareba xdeba, radgan didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.<br />

analizi ratom gaakeTa avtorma es ganacxadi? garkveuli sityvebi<br />

miuTiTebs avtoris mizanze: ufro da ufro meti gamomcemloba;<br />

radgan, didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.<br />

interpretacia `ufro da ufro meti~ niSnavs, rom sxva kompaniebs mouwiaT<br />

gaqroba. `radgan~ akonkretebs mizezs. STanTqavs gulisxmobs<br />

momxmareblis mtaceblur qcevas. avtoris daSveba: didi<br />

kompaniebi iqcevian, rogorc mtacebeli cxovelebi. didi<br />

kompaniebis amgvari qceva iwvevs patarebis gaqrobas, rac ufro<br />

meti kompaniebia, miT ukeTesi.<br />

sinTezi avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs didi kompaniebis mtaceblur<br />

qcevaze, romelTac akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas patara<br />

gamomcemlobebis gauCinrebasa da maTi ricxvis totalur<br />

Semcirebaze.<br />

Sefaseba debuleba mimarTulia didi gamomcemlobebis winaaRmdeg,<br />

romlebsac ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba kompaniaTa ricxvis<br />

saerTo Semcirebaze. magram aris ki mxolod didi<br />

gamomcemlobebi pasuxismgebeli amaze? da bolos, ratomaa<br />

kompaniaTa ricxvis Semcireba cudi?<br />

1. Jurnal–gazeTebi in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre<br />

televizia, radgan isini kiTxvas saWroeben da ara ubralod yurebas.<br />

2. virtualuri („onlain~) urTierToba safrTxes uqmnis pirispir<br />

urTerTobis unars.<br />

77


kritikis kritikis struqtura<br />

struqtura<br />

teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstis<br />

<strong>for</strong>malizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad wera<br />

metad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti `didebuli~, `saintereso~<br />

an `aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxs<br />

yvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT am<br />

daskvnebamde.<br />

Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargad<br />

SeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad mis<br />

argumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.<br />

kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebad<br />

unda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.<br />

kritikuli Sefasebis werisas aucileblad mogiwevT Tqveni codnis, rwmenisa<br />

da varaudis gadasinjva, Sesabamisad, kritika axal codnas SegZenT.<br />

kritika SeiZleba oTx nawilad daiyos, esenia: Sesavali, Sejameba, Tqveni pasuxi<br />

teqstze da daskvna (ix. cxrili #6.8).<br />

cxrili #6.8. kritikuli eses struqtura<br />

Sesavali<br />

• naSromis saTauri da avtoris saxeli;<br />

• naSromis wyaro, saidan iqna aRebuli, sad daibeWda;<br />

• sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva da avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi.<br />

• naSromis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa man ukeT aRiqvas<br />

gansaxilveli teqsti. es masala SeiZleba moicavdes:<br />

− imis axsnas, Tu ratomaa es sakiTxi amJamad saintereso da ratom daiwera masze<br />

es naSromi;<br />

− biografiuli cnobebi avtoris Sesaxeb;<br />

− pirobebi, viTareba, romelSic daiwera mocemuli naSromi;<br />

− miTiTeba savaraudo mkiTxvelze.<br />

• sakiTxis Sesaxeb SesaZlo arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro Sexedulebebi;<br />

• miTiTeba imaze, Tu rogor dayofT naSroms sadiskusiod, ra elementebs ganixilavT;<br />

• Tqveni pozicia naSromis mimarT.<br />

Sejameba<br />

• avtoris Tvalsazrisis Sejameba; naSromis mokle mimoxilva _ ZiriTadi mosazrebebi;<br />

• avtoris mizani.<br />

pasuxi teqstze<br />

• avtoris romel Sexedulebebs eTanxmebiT;<br />

• romels ar eTanxmebiT;<br />

• ratom? erTad SeajameT es mizezebi da moitaneT Tqveni argumentebi; am nawilSi, aseve,<br />

SeiZleba pasuxis gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:<br />

− ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi?<br />

− ras iZleva es naSromi axals?<br />

− ramdenad sainteresoa naSromi?<br />

− ra wvlili SeiZleba Seitanos am naSromma mkiTxvelis profesiul zrdaSi?<br />

daskvna<br />

• daskvna mTeli teqstis validurobis Sesaxeb;<br />

• mxolod Tqveneuli Sefasebebis Sejameba;<br />

• ramdenad warmatebulad miaRwia avtorma dasaxul mizans;<br />

• ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />

wyaro: http://homepage.uhwo.hawaii.edu/∼writing/critique.htm. bolo naxva: 25.05.2007<br />

savarjiSo #6.4: dawereT im statiis kritika, romelic mocemulia savarjiSoSi #6.1.<br />

78


Tavi Tavi 7. 7. plagiat<br />

plagiati<br />

plagiat<br />

ra ra aris aris plagiati<br />

plagiati<br />

plagiati inteleqtualuri qurdobaa da gulisxmobs erTi adamianis mier<br />

nebismieri sxva adamianis sityvebisa Tu mosazrebebis gamoyenebas am adamianis (anu<br />

originaluri azrisa Tu sityvebis avtoris) wvlilis sworad warmoCenis gareSe<br />

an misi ignorirebiT. plagiatis gamo SeiZleba ar CagiTvalon Sesrulebuli davaleba,<br />

gavlili kursi an samsaxuridanac ki dagiTxovon (Campbell, 2007. abz. 1).<br />

termini „plagiati~ laTinuri plagiatrus-dan momdinareobs da adamianTa motacebas<br />

niSnavda. aleqsander lindli Tavis naSromSi `plagiati da originaluroba~<br />

(1952) mas gansazRvravs, rogorc „avtorobis mcdar daSvebas: esaa sxva adamianis<br />

gonebis nayofis sakuTar naSromad gasaRebis mcdari qmedeba~. amrigad, rodesac<br />

akademiur weraSi adamiani sxvisi naSromidan erT frazas, mTlian winadadebas,<br />

ramdenime winadadebasa Tu mTlian abzacs iRebs, ucvlelad an arsebiTad<br />

saxecvlilad gadaaqvs is Tavis naSromSi avtorisa da naSromis wyaros miuTiTeblad,<br />

is plagiatoria. plagiatTan ara marto maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani sakuTrad<br />

asaRebs sxva adamianis winadadebebsa Tu konkretul frazebs, aramed maSinac, rodesac<br />

sxvis argumentebs sakuTrad warmoaCens (Carter, 2007, abz. 1).<br />

SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom akademiur weraSi SeuZlebelia plagiatis gareSe<br />

naSromis Sesruleba, vinaidan nebismieri davalebis Sesrulebisas pirveli, rasac<br />

nebismieri Tqvengani akeTebs, davalebis Sesabamisi literaturis mimoxilvaa saWiro<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis, ideebis, argumentebisa Tu magaliTebis mosaZieblad (Carter, 2007, abz. 2).<br />

cxadia, aravin ibadeba, vTqvaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodis saqarTvelos<br />

cxovrebis detalebis anda fizikis fundamenturi aqsiomebis Tandayolili codniT.<br />

amitom, bunebrivia, rom rodesac romelime konkretul Temaze gaqvT dasaweri naSromi,<br />

Tqven sxvaTa naSromebs mimarTavT in<strong>for</strong>maciisTvis da zogjer erTi sityvisTvisac<br />

ki. es Cveuli praqtikaa studentebisa Tu mecnierebis muSaobisas, Tumca es<br />

avtomaturad ar niSnavs plagiats.<br />

rodesac werilobiT naSromSi sxvaTa mosazrebebis, frazebisa da winadadebebis<br />

gamoyeneba saTanado wesebis dacviT xorcieldeba, maSin sruliad SesaZlebelia<br />

plagiatisgan Tavis arideba.<br />

citireba citireba da da perifrazireba<br />

perifrazireba<br />

citireba erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianis<br />

sityvebis gamoyenebas niSnavs. citirebis dros aucilebelia sxvisi naSromidan<br />

amoRebuli teqstis brWyalebSi Casma da saTanado wesebis dacviT teqstis wyaros<br />

miTiTeba.<br />

perifrazi erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianis<br />

mosazrebebis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas niSnavs. swored am xerxs iyeneben<br />

adamianiebi yvelaze xSirad TavianT naSromebSi ukve gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />

gamoyenebisas (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).<br />

perifrazi mxolod sityvebis gadanacvlebas ar niSnavs. sxvaTa naSromis Sejameba<br />

da perifrazi xSirad originaluri teqstis avtoris naazrevis xelaxal gaazrebas,<br />

sakuTari kulturisa da sametyvelo enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebasa da<br />

leqsikur maragTan morgebas gulisxmobs (Campbell, 2007. abz. 3).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom perifrazis dros sakuTar sityvebs iyenebT, mainc<br />

aucilebelia in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaros zustad miTiTeba, radgan idea, azri, ZiriTadi<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macia Tqven ar gekuTvniT (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).<br />

79


misaRebi da miuRebeli perifrazi<br />

qvemoT mocemulia originaluri teqsti joi uiliamsis wignis `lizi bodeni:<br />

ojaxi da danaSauli 1890-ian wlebSi _ SemTxvevis aRwera~ pirveli gverdidan:<br />

industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunis<br />

bolos amerikis istoriaSi ganviTarebisa da winsvlis sami yvelaze TvalsaCino<br />

magaliTia. mas Semdeg, rac axali, didi da orTqlze momuSave qarxnebi aRmosavleT<br />

amerikis peizaJis Cveul maxasiaTeblad iqca, miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis<br />

muSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebSi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis Seiqmna<br />

samuSao adgilebi. industrializaciam didi qalaqis (rogoricaa fol riveri,<br />

masaCusetsi, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) urbanizaciac moitana Tan.<br />

swored es qalaqebi iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa da<br />

vaWrobis centrebad.<br />

miuRebeli perifrazi, plagiatis magaliTi:<br />

industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunis<br />

bolos amerikis ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi faqtoria. mas Semdeg, rac qveynis<br />

aRmosavleT nawilSi orTqlze momuSave kompaniebi ufro SesamCnevi gaxda,<br />

miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebma uzrunvelhyo<br />

samuSao adgilebi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis. didi qalaqis<br />

(rogoricaa fol riveri sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) industrializaciam<br />

is rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad<br />

aqcia.<br />

es nawyveti ori mosazrebis gamo ganixileba, rogorc plagiatorobis magaliTi:<br />

• avtorma mxolod ramdenime sityva da fraza Secvala da ramdenime winadadeba<br />

gadaanacvla;<br />

• avtorma ar daasaxela arc erTi mosazrebisa Tu faqtis wyaro.<br />

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es abzaci imis gamocaa problemuri, rom masSi Secvlilia<br />

zogierTi winadadebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia fraza `orTqlze<br />

momuSave kompaniebi~, riTac sruliad dakargulia originalur teqstSi qarxnebze<br />

gakeTebuli aqcenti.<br />

misaRebi perifrazi:<br />

fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikis<br />

tipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSave<br />

warmoebis ganviTarebas muSaxelis miwaTmoqmedebidan manufaqturul warmoebaze<br />

gadanacvleba mohyva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis zrda da didi urbanuli<br />

dasaxlebebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia. fol riveri swored erT-erTi aseTi<br />

industriuli da komerciuli centri iyo (uiliamsi, gv. 1).<br />

es nawyveti misaRebi perifrazia, radgan avtori:<br />

• zustad teqstSi mocemul in<strong>for</strong>macias iyenebs da mas sakuTari sityvebiT<br />

gadmoscems;<br />

• mkiTxvels acnobs wyaros, saidanac es in<strong>for</strong>macia amoiRo.<br />

misaRebi perifrazisa da citirebis kombinirebuli magaliTi:<br />

fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikis<br />

tipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSave<br />

warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad `miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebad<br />

iqcnen~ da emigrantebisTvisac Seiqmna samuSao adgilebi. amasTan, mosaxleobis<br />

zrdam dasaxlebuli punqtebis zomebis zrda gamoiwvia. fol riveri erT-erTi<br />

80


aseTi dasaxleba iyo, romelic `iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise komerciuli<br />

saqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad~ (uiliamsi, gv. 1).<br />

es nawyveti misaRebia, radgan avtori:<br />

• zustad gadmoscems mocemuli originaluri teqstidan aRebul in<strong>for</strong>macias;<br />

• teqstSi mocemuli ideebis wyaros asaxelebs;<br />

• brWyalebis gamoyenebiTa da gverdis dasaxelebiT miuTiTebs, Tu romeli<br />

frazebi aqvs uSualod originaluri teqstidan aRebuli.<br />

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom avtors es frazebi an winadadebebi sakuTar naSromSi<br />

brWyalebSi Casmis gareSe rom gamoeyenebina, plagiatTan gveqneboda saqme. sxva<br />

adamianis frazebisa Tu winadadebebis sakuTar naSromSi gamoyeneba brWyalebSi<br />

Casmis gareSe maSinac ki ganixileba plagiatad, rodesac naSromSi miTiTebulia is<br />

wyaro, romlidanac man es fraza Tu winadadeba amoiRo (Writing Tutorial Services,<br />

Indiana University, 2004).<br />

savarjiSo #7.1: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli situacia, upasuxeT kiTxvebs da<br />

SeasruleT davaleba ( Ãóäâèí Äæ, 2004, ñò. 89)<br />

studenti werda sakurso naSroms tyuilis Sesaxeb da kiTxulobda pol ekmanis<br />

wigns `tyuili~. is gaecno gavrcelebul situacias, rodesac adamiani realurad<br />

simarTles ambobs, magram am dros nerviulobs da ise Cans, TiTqos ityuebao. qvemoT<br />

mocemulia ramdenime amonaridi wignidan:<br />

...simarTlis ardajerebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa e.w. otelos<br />

Secdoma. es maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meoris tyuilSi<br />

gamoWeras, is ver acnobierebs, rom Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani nerviulobs<br />

an stresul situaciaSi imyofeba, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom is ityueba.<br />

...patiosan adamianebs SeiZleba eSinodeT, rom ar daujereben da es SiSi<br />

SeiZleba tyuilSi gamoWeris SiSad aRiqvan.<br />

...am Secdomas otelos Secdoma vuwode, radgan mkvlelobis scena Seqspiris<br />

tragediaSi aseTi Secdomis mSvenieri da Zalze cnobili SemTxvevaa... (Ekman,<br />

1985; p. 169-170).<br />

studentis sakurso naSromSi waikiTxavdiT Semdeg abzacs:<br />

simarTlis ardajereba kidev erTi problemaa tyuilis amocnobisas. zogjer<br />

adamiani, romelic vinmes tyuilSi gamoWeras cdilobs, ar iTvaliswinebs, rom<br />

Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani stresul situaciaSia an nerviulobs, SeiZleba<br />

moeCvenos, rom es adamiani ityueba. es fenomeni otelos Secdomis saxeliTaa<br />

cnobili. amrigad, zogjer SeiZleba adamiani simarTles ambobdes, magram am<br />

dros eSinodes, rom aravin daujerebs. amis Sedegad is ise Cans, rogorc adamiani,<br />

romelsac eSinia, rom tyuilSi gamoiWeren.<br />

rodesac students Semowmebuli naSromi daubrunda, is Sokirebuli iyo: profesorma<br />

igi plagiatorobaSi daadanaSaula da aradamakmayofilebeli Sefaseba dauwera.<br />

kiTxvebi:<br />

• rogor fiqrobT, ratom moxda ase?<br />

• rogor unda daewera students igive abzaci ise, rom is profesors<br />

plagiatorobaSi ar daedanaSaulebina?<br />

davaleba: dawereT abzacis swori varianti.<br />

81


ogor rogor avaridoT avaridoT Tavi Tavi plagiats<br />

plagiats<br />

imisaTvis, rom plagiatorobis safrTxe ar dagemuqroT, yovelTvis daicaviT<br />

qvemoT mocemuli sami ZiriTadi wesi:<br />

• Tu nebismieri sxva adamianis ideebs iyenebT, zustad daasaxeleT wyaro;<br />

• Tu Tqvens naSromSi bundovnad Cans, rogor gamoiyeneT esa Tu is wyaro,<br />

ise SecvaleT misi motanis <strong>for</strong>ma, rom es sruliad calsaxad gasagebi<br />

gaxdes;<br />

• Tu vinme dagexmaraT werilobiTi naSromis Sesrulebisas, aucileblad<br />

moixsenieT is da gamoyaviT, daafaseT misi wvlili (Georgetown University,<br />

2007. abz. 2).<br />

qvemoT mocemulia is konkretuli strategiebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT<br />

plagiatorobisgan Tavis aridebaSi.<br />

yovelTvis CasviT brWyalebSi nebismieri ram, rasac pirdapir amoiRebT<br />

teqstidan, gansakuTrebiT, werisTvis mosamzadebel etapze, rodesac CaniSvnebs<br />

akeTebT;<br />

gaakeTeT perifrazi, Tumca gadaamowmeT, rom perifrazirebis nacvlad ubralod<br />

sityvebis gadanacvleba ar gamogivideT;<br />

yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqsti, romlis perifrazsac akeTebT, Semdeg xeli<br />

daafareT teqsts an Tvalebi daxuWeT, raT Tvali ar gageqceT da originalSi<br />

Caxedvis gareSe Tqveni sityvebiT CawereT teqsti.<br />

SeadareT perifrazi originals da darwmundiT, rom ar gaqvT gamoyenebuli<br />

igive frazebi an sityvebi, xolo in<strong>for</strong>macia (anu Sinaarsi) zustadaa<br />

gadmocemuli.<br />

Tqven ar gWirdebaT iseTi faqtebis wyaros miTiTeba, romlebic sayovelTaodaa<br />

cnobili da romelTa Sesaxebac uamrav wyaros moiZiebT.<br />

magaliTi: `jon kenedi aSS-is prezidentad 1960 wels airCies~.<br />

es winadadeba sayovelTaod cnobil faqts aRwers, amitom Tqven ar<br />

gevalebaT misi dokumentireba anu wyaros miTiTeba, Tumca aucilebelia<br />

dokumentireba maSin, rodesac mogaqvT iseTi faqtebi, romlebic ar aris<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili da iseTi ideebi, romlebic faqtebis interpretacias<br />

gulisxmoben.<br />

magaliTi: organizacia amerikuli ojaxis koaliciis axali wignis `ojaxis<br />

sakiTxebi da kongresi~ mixedviT, prezident buSisa da kongresis<br />

82


urTierTobis Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil<br />

kanonproeqts (6).<br />

mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom `prezident buSisa da kongresis urTierTobis<br />

Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil kanonproeqts~<br />

interpretaciaa da ara _ faqti. Sesabamisad, Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuli<br />

wyaro, saidanac amoiReT es mosazreba (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University,<br />

2004).<br />

savarjiSo #7.2: qvemoT mocemulia perifrazirebisa da citirebis ramdenime varianti.<br />

SeadareT TiToeuli maTgani sawyis nawyvets. romelia plagiatorobis magaliTi,<br />

arazusti perifrazireba anda orive erTad? romelia swori varianti? daasabuTeT<br />

(Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />

originaluri teqsti:<br />

me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.<br />

sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisa<br />

da fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis erTmaneTSi<br />

areviTa da diskriminaciiT.<br />

jorj vailanti, cxovrebisadmi adaptacia, gv. 361.<br />

variantebi:<br />

1. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba xSirad tkivils ayenebs adamianebs<br />

fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miweriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobis, janmrTelobisa<br />

da cudad moqcevis cnebebis erTmaneTSi areviT (361).<br />

2. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera (rogoricaa<br />

`homoseqsualizmi~ da `Sizofrenia~) saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia<br />

saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobis fsiqikur aSlilobasTan,<br />

fsiqikuri aSlilobis cudad moqcevasTan areviT... (361)<br />

3. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, roca fsiqiatriuli iarliyi erTmaneTisgan<br />

gamijnavs janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur aSlilobas an fsiqikur aSlilobasa<br />

da cudad moqcevas, amas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos im adamianebs,<br />

romelTac es iarliyi miaweres (361).<br />

4. fsiqiatriul iarliys SeuZlia cudi gavlena iqonios im adamianze, romelsac<br />

es iarliyi miaweres, ambobs jorj vailanti. iarliyi ver ganasxvavebs<br />

erTmaneTisgan janmrTelobas, avadmyofobasa da gansxvavebul qcevas (361).<br />

5. iseTi iarliyebi, rogoricaa `homoseqsualzmi~ da `Sizofrenia~, SeiZleba<br />

mtkivneuli aRmoCndes, radgan maTi saSualebiT SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisgan<br />

ganvasxvavoT janmrTeloba, avadmyofoba da gansxvavebuli qceva (361).<br />

6. `me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.<br />

sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisa<br />

da fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis<br />

erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT~ (vailanti, 361).<br />

83


Tavi Tavi 8. 8. marTlwer<br />

marTlweris marTlwer<br />

marTlwer is wesebi wesebi da da da savarjiSoebi<br />

savarjiSoebi<br />

savarjiSoebi<br />

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli:<br />

ricxviTi ricxviTi saxelebis saxelebis marTlwera<br />

marTlwera<br />

1) erTad iwereba yvela ricxviTi saxeli erTidan asis CaTvliT, agreTve _ aseulTa<br />

saxelebi (oTxasi, xuTasi, aTasi).<br />

2) cal-calke iwereba raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic Sedgeba martivi<br />

an rTuli komponentebisagan: xuTas ormocdarva, aTas Svidas ocdaeqvsi, xuTi<br />

milion oTxi aTas Svidasi.<br />

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis arabuli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas:<br />

1) mawarmoebeli me- TavsarTis Semdeg defisi iwereba da Semdeg saTanado ricxvi:<br />

me-7; me-15.<br />

2) roca me- TavsarTi rTuli ricxviTi saxelis ukanasknel nawils moudis, maSin<br />

jer saTanado ricxvi, Semdeg defisi da bolos -e iwereba: 27-e; 267-e.<br />

* SeniSvna: `pirveli~ arabuli cifriT unda daiweros 1-li; 1-ls; 1-lSi.<br />

3) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis romauli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas mawarmoebels ar<br />

vwerT, sworia: XIX; XVII da ara: me-XIX; me-XVII.<br />

4) ricxvis cifriT gamoxatvisas brunvis niSani (garda saxelobiTisa) cifrs defisiT<br />

gamoeyofa: 6-ma, 27-s; XII-s, XIV-s.<br />

5) Tu rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli arabuli cifriTaa gadmocemuli, -e mawarmoebeli<br />

da brunvis niSani erTad iwereba: 45-em, 27-ed. aseTive wesiT daerTvis ricxviT<br />

saxels nawilaki da Tandebuli: 25-eSi, me-9-Si, me-10-ze.<br />

6) -ve nawilakdarTuli ricxviTi saxelis brunebisas gabatonebulia Sezrdili<br />

saxeoba: oTxive, oTxivem; dasaSvebia aseTi <strong>for</strong>mebic: oTxsave, oTxisave, oTxmave,<br />

magram mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebia: oTxTave, oTxTaveni, oTxTaves.<br />

* SeniSvna: defisi saWiroa maSinac, roca sxvadasxva ricxviTi saxelia<br />

SeerTebuli: aTi-TerTmeti, 80-90.<br />

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli::<br />

1) wiladis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba cal-calke: erTi meoTxedi, sami mexuTedi.<br />

2) swori <strong>for</strong>mebia: or-naxevari, xuT-naxevari, xuTlar-naxevari.<br />

(d. TvalTvaZe; n. gafrindaSvili; gv. 48-50)<br />

savarjiSo #8.1: gaasworeT Secdomebi.<br />

1. XX-e saukuneSi bevri ram aRmoaCines.<br />

2. xuTas ocda rva kaci daeswro TaTbirs.<br />

3. 19-e saukune, didze didi asi weli.<br />

4. me-15-e rigSi nodari idga.<br />

5. samiaTas Svidasocdasami adamiani movida stadionze.<br />

6. giorgi X-e daRonda.<br />

84


savarjiSo #8.2:<br />

7. me-45 qarxana Sors iyo.<br />

gamosaxeT rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arabuli cifrebiT.<br />

1. ocdameerTe saukuneSi bevri ram moxdeba.<br />

2. giorgi meaTe sarTulze cxovrobs.<br />

3. pirveli sarTuli saxls TiTqmis ar hqonda.<br />

4. meore Svili sad muSaobs?<br />

5. meoTxe klasi meore sarTulze ganTavsda.<br />

6. ocdameore sarTulze asvla fexiT SeuZlebelia.<br />

7. xuTas ocdamecamete mxedars sikvdili undoda.<br />

sxvaTa sxvaTa sityvis sityvis marTlwera<br />

marTlwera<br />

mosaubre sxva piris naTqvamis an ganzraxvis ucvlelad gameorebis gamosaxatavad<br />

qarTulSi gamoyenebulia nawilakebi: -meTqi, -Tqo da -o.<br />

1) -meTqi ixmareba pirveli piris (mosaubris) winaT naTqvamis an ganzraxvis<br />

ganmeorebiT gadmosacemad: CemTvis vTqvi, am kacs ra emarTeba-meTqi; ase megona,<br />

damunjda-meTqi. mravlobiT ricxvSi -meTqis nacvlad -o nawilaki ixmareba:<br />

ase vambobdiT _ didi kacia, radgan Tavisi RvawliT xalxis saqme gaaumjobesao.<br />

2) -Tqo ixmareba pirveli piris naTqvamTan, rodesac pirveli piri meore pirs<br />

sTxovs an avalebs, rom Tavisi naTqvami mesame pirs gadasces: uTxari, roca<br />

bebia kvdeboda-Tqo, Sen glocavda-Tqo; daarwmune yvela, rom baSi-aCuki movkali-<br />

Tqo.<br />

3) -o nawilaki daerTvis mesame piris naTqvams an ganazraxs: aTasi maneTic rom<br />

momceT, mainc ar gavyidio _ SemouTvala petrem pavles; cxenis daRupvas<br />

Civis imereli, rogor ver gadavarCineo.<br />

-meTqi da -Tqo nawilakebi sityvisagan defisiT gamoiyofa, o winadadebis wevrTan<br />

erTad iwereba.<br />

savarjiSo #8.3: gaasworeT sxvaTa sityvis gadmosacemad umarTebulod naxmari<br />

<strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />

1. _ aTanase madliani kacia, ar ityvis uars. an ratom unda Tqvas? mas<br />

araferi dauSavebia da TqvenTvis ki didi Semweoba iqneba, an maincdamainc<br />

ra saWiroa gaumxiloT aTanases, rom sofona gerad aris dawerili. aTanasem<br />

xom xelnaweris kiTxva ar icis... erTi sityviT, Sen amaze mets nuras<br />

etyvi: saqmeze mwerali mogviyvaneT da dagveswariT-Tqva. (e. ninoSvili)<br />

2. Tu gkiTxon, raze gesaWiroebiTo, Tqven ase uTxariT: mwerali gvikeTebs<br />

qaRalds da iman gviTxra, saWiro arian, sxva ara vici-Tqo. (e. nininoSvili)<br />

3. Cven rom mivediT, viTom loginSi iwva da eZina. ise tkbilad eZina-Tqva,<br />

ise magra, rom Segvecoda da aRar gavaRviZeT-meTqi. (l. qiaCeli)<br />

4. gana amisTana kacis mokvla didi codva unda iyos-Tqva? _ vfiqrobdi<br />

gulmosuli da brazmoreuli. (ilia)<br />

5. maS, RvTis samarTalma aRar unda gaiRviZos-Tqva? _ vambobdi da ufro<br />

vbrazdebodi.<br />

6. cxenis daRupvas Civis, rogor ver gadavarCine-Tqo.<br />

85


7. maspinZels vetyvi, saqme gvaqvs, usaTuod xval adrianad wasasvleli var-<br />

Tqva.<br />

8. me madli movaxsene da siciliT vuTxari: dRes kidev gadavrCi-Tqo. (akaki)<br />

9. ase vuTxari TqvenTvis arc mosvla mikiTxavs da arc wasvlas gkiTxavTo.<br />

(e. ninoSvili)<br />

10. _ asi maneTic rom mogecaT, arc fulze mogyididiT da arc samagieroze<br />

gagicvlidiT, _ SeuTvala bagratma pasuxad. (e. ninoSvili)<br />

Tandebulisa Tandebulisa da da Tandebuliani Tandebuliani Tandebuliani sityvebis sityvebis marTlwera<br />

marTlwera<br />

-ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulebis darTvisas zog sityvaSi Tavs iyris ori erTnairi<br />

Tanxmovani (aqedan erTi fuZiseulia): asparezze, baliSSi, baraTTan.<br />

-Si micemiTSi dasmul saxels daerTvis da brunvis niSans akargvinebs saxels:<br />

`wign-s-Si~!wignSi; `skola-s-Si~!skolaSi;<br />

calke mdgom Tandebulsa da zmnisarTebTan saxelis SewyobaSi rom Secdomebi ar<br />

davuSvaT, unda davicvaT wesebi:<br />

1. Soris, Sua _ unda vixmaroT yovelTvis micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan:<br />

klaselebs Soris, Tvalsa da xels Sua.<br />

2. garda, iqiT, aqeT, ukan, Semdeg, qveS, gamo, winaSe, win, mier, gaRma, gamoRma, winaT,<br />

zeviT, qveviT, qvemoT, magier, nacvlad, axlos, Soriaxlo, maxloblad, msgavsad,<br />

moSorebiT, irgvliv, garSemo, piras, Ziras, Sesaxeb da sxva TandebulzmnisarTebi<br />

ixmareba naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan: amis garda,<br />

saxlis iqiT, erTi kviris win, amxanagis mier.<br />

3. zemoT CamoTvlil <strong>for</strong>maucvlel sityvebs Sewyobili piris nacvalsaxelebi<br />

ar unda avurioT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi. Sens, Cvens, Tqvens<br />

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis <strong>for</strong>maa da ara piris<br />

nacvalsaxelebis, amitom sworia: Sen mier, Tqven win, Cem mimarT, Cem garda,<br />

Cven winaSe (da ara: Sens mier, Tqvens win, Cems mimarT, Cems garda, Cvens<br />

winaSe)<br />

* SeniSvna: igive wesi vrceldeba Soris, Sua zmnisarTul Tandebulebzec:<br />

Cven Soris, Cven Sua, me da Sen Soris, Sen da Cem Soris.<br />

4. erTi da igive Tandebuli SeiZleba daerTos ramdenime sityvas. Tu Tandebuli<br />

daerTvis „da~ kavSiriT SeerTebul or sityvas, maSin is meore sityvasTan<br />

daismeba: turistebi Camovidnen Tbilissa da baTumSi, magidasa da iatakze<br />

wignebi eyara.<br />

* SeniSvna: aseT SemTxvevaSi uTandebulo sityva a xmovniT unda<br />

iyos gavrcobili.<br />

5. -gan Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmul<br />

saxelebs. naTesaobiTis SemTxvevaSi saxeli miugebs kiTxvaze visgan an<br />

risgan: werili miviRe megobrisgan, xolo moqmedebiTi brunva miugebs kiTxvaze<br />

saidan: manZili saxlidan skolamde.<br />

6. Tanamedrove qarTulSi daniSnulebis aRmniSvneli Tandebuli -Tvis xSirad<br />

gvxvdeva saTaurSi: „gogolis SexedulebaTa sakiTxisaTvis xelovnebaze~,<br />

„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~. aseTi saTaurebi xSirad gamoyenebulia<br />

winadadebis wevrad da romelime brunvaSi unda Caisvas: Jurnal<br />

„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ redaqcias / „saxalxo ganaTlebis~ redaqcias.<br />

qarTulSi „aRzrdisaTvisis~ <strong>for</strong>ma arabunebrivia. riT SeiZleba aseTi <strong>for</strong>mis<br />

Secla? a) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigis SecvliT: redaqcia Jurnalisa<br />

86


„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~, redaqciam Jurnalisa „demokratiuli<br />

aRzrdisaTvis~. b) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Cveulebrivi wyobiT, oRond<br />

saTauri gamoiyos tireTi: Jurnalis _ „demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ _<br />

redaqcias.<br />

7. aseTive viTarebaa -ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulian sakuTar saxelebTan: s. Ciqovanis<br />

poemaSi „simRera daviT guramiSvilze~ (da ara: s. Ciqovanis poema „simRera<br />

daviT guramiSvilze~)<br />

(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. 1965, gv. 113-115)<br />

savarjiSo #8.4: mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebi gaasworeT Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulis<br />

normaTa mixedviT.<br />

1. cota xnis Semdeg amohyo Tavi cxenma da iwyo curva gverdigverd.<br />

mxedari zurgze ekra da Tavs uWerda.<br />

2. imis xelismomkides es SemTxveva TavSi arc ki mosvlia, iqamdis<br />

garTuliyo sakuTari mdgomareobiT.<br />

3. mxolod xmis kankalze SeatyobdiT, rom sawyeni sityvebi gulamdis<br />

Caswvdomoda.<br />

4. yovel sityvazed, yovel kiTxvazed laxvari mitrialebs gulSid.<br />

5. derefnis win, erTi ociod nabijzed, uSvelebeli kakali dgas.<br />

6. glexkacobis kvalobazed oTaraanT qvrivs bevri Senatroda.<br />

7. yinulad qceuli nawuri CurCxelebsaviT ekida xis totebs.<br />

8. _ qalaqiTgan geaxlebiT, Cemo batono, _ upasuxa Tedom.<br />

9. mze iq wverzed Semdgariyo.<br />

10. arCili da kesoc gamosuliyvnen saxlidam.<br />

11. oTxi uremi oTx kuTxiv mosdgomoda saTives.<br />

12. am dros giorgis Toxi mxarzed gaedo da modioda.<br />

13. _ petre, ai, petre! _ dauZaxa Soridam Tivis mdgmels.<br />

14. im mxriv, saidamac giorgi modioda, arCils win uremi efara.<br />

saTaurebis saTaurebis marTlwera<br />

marTlwera<br />

1. Tu saTauri erT, or da metsityviania da saxelobiTi brunvis <strong>for</strong>miTaa<br />

gadmocemuli, iseve ibrunvis, rogorc sazRvruli, romlis winac SeTanxmebuli<br />

msazRvreli daismis: sax. wigni „qarTlis cxovreba~, moTx. wignma „qarTlis<br />

cxovrebam~, mic. wign „qarTlis cxovrebas~, naT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebis~, moq.<br />

wign „qarTlis cxovrebiT~, viT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebad~, wod. wigno „qarTlis<br />

cxovreba(v)~, Tu msazRvreli xmovanfuZiania, maSin is ucvlelia da ibrunvis<br />

mxolod sazRvruli.<br />

2. Tu saTauri narTaniani mravlobiTis („Serisxulni~), an romelime brunvis <strong>for</strong>miT<br />

(„vumRer samSoblos~) aris warmodgenili, an Tandebuliania („aspinZisaTvis~) da<br />

an vrcelia („demokratiis ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi~), maSin ibrunvis<br />

msazRvreli:<br />

sax. S. nadiraSvilis monografia „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

moTx. S. nadiraSvilis monografiam „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

mic. S. nadiraSvilis monografias „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

naT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiis „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

87


moq. S. nadiraSvilis monografiiT „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

viT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiad „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

wod. S. nadiraSvilis monografia(v) „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />

sworia: besikis leqsSi „aspinZisaTvis” (da ara: besikis leqs „aspinZisaTvisSi~).<br />

* SeniSvna: Tandebulebi da brunvis niSnebi brWyalebis SigniT unda daiweros:<br />

dawesebuleba „kaTarzisSi~ (da ara: dawesebuleba „kaTarzis~-Si).<br />

* SeniSvna: qarTulSi saTauris Semdeg wertili ar iwereba.<br />

(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb.<br />

2004w. gv. 56)<br />

qvemdebarisa qvemdebarisa da da Semasmenlis Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba SeTanxmeba ricxvSi<br />

ricxvSi<br />

Zvel qarTulSi narian mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare Semasmenels yovelTvis<br />

iTanxmebda ricxvSi, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmuli ara. Semdeg nariani mravlobiTi<br />

-eb-iani mravlobiTiT Seicvala. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda vicodeT:<br />

1. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul sulieri sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares<br />

Semasmeneli mravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: moswavleebi swavloben, ZaRlebi<br />

yefen, buzebi bzuian.<br />

2. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares Semasmeneli<br />

mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: saxlebi dgas, mdinareebi adidda, saavadmyofoebi<br />

aSenda.<br />

3. gapirovnebis SemTxvevaSi usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares Semasmeneli<br />

mravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: wuTebi miqrian, foTlebi CurCuleben.<br />

4. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmniT gadmocemuli Semasmeneli qvemdebares Seewyoba<br />

ricxvSi: faqtebi gvarwmuneben, magaliTebi gviCveneben, elsadgurebi gvaZleven.<br />

5. krebiT saxelebs Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: xalxi Relavs,<br />

axalgazrdoba dros atarebs.<br />

6. Tu qvemdebares gansazRvrebad axlavs ricxviTi saxeli (iseTi saxeli, romelic<br />

erTze mets gulisxmobs), Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: samasma<br />

aragvelma Tavi isaxela, bevrma wyalma Caiara.<br />

7. roca Serwymul winadadebaSi ramdenime qvemdebare gvaqvs, isini Semasmenels<br />

ise Seerwymian, rogorc mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare. sulieri: gia da<br />

nika swavloben; usulo: saxli da ofisi aSenda; gapirovneba: nakaduli da<br />

mdinare CuxCuxeben; moqmedebiTi gvaris aRmniSvneli zmna: cda da gamokvleva<br />

gvarwmuneben.<br />

8. Sedgenili Semasmenlis SemTxvevaSi:<br />

a) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad gamoyenebulia arsebiTi<br />

saxeli, maSin igi mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTis<br />

<strong>for</strong>miT unda Seewyos: isini studentebi arian, amxanagebi moswavleebi<br />

arian.<br />

b) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad mimReobaa gamoyenebuli, is<br />

mxolobiTi <strong>for</strong>miT Seewyoba zmnur nawils: mayureblebi aRtacebuli<br />

iyvnen, isini gabrazebuli arian.<br />

g) Tu mimReoba arsebiT an zedsarTav saxelad aris qceuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />

is mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTis <strong>for</strong>miT<br />

Seewyoba: Cemi ufrosi Zmebi maswavleblebi arian, Cven axali qveynis<br />

mSeneblebi varT.<br />

88


* SeniSvna: Sedgenil SemasmenelSi „arian~ meSveli zmna ar SeiZleba Semokldes<br />

da saxelad nawils SeuerTdes. mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebia: isini studentebia,<br />

Zmebi maRlebia / unda iyos: isini studentebi arian, Zmebi maRlebi<br />

arian.<br />

(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. gv. 125-127)<br />

savarjiSo #8.5: monaxeT qvemdebareebi, gadaiyvaneT mravlobiT ricxvSi da SeuwyveT<br />

Semasmenlebi.<br />

1. dilis niavma daqrola, nisli Searyia, moeSvela mzis Suqic da nislma<br />

aRSfoTebuli sayviriviT, romlisTvisac ganTiads moeswro, wynarad mTamTa<br />

daiwyo parva. gamoCnda xeoba da masTan erTad gvelsaviT daklaknili,<br />

gamxecebuli da aqafebuli Tergi. soflebic moZraobaSi mosuliyvnen. yvelgan<br />

xalxi midi-modioda, soflebis win jgufdeboda da raRacas mRelvarebda.<br />

yovel sofelTan xalxis Sua moCanda sasoflo droSa, romelic niavisgan<br />

wynarad frialebda.<br />

am xanSi wmindis samebis samrekloze zarebis rekva ar wydeboda. erTbaSad<br />

xalxi SeinZra, gaisma „gergetulas~ simRera. grgvinvasaviT banis mimcemma<br />

xalxma qudebi moixada. medroSeni droSebiT gauZRvnen wina: ukan wamohyva<br />

mowiwebiT xalxi, romelic Tavisi pativisa da saxelis niSans, saxalxo<br />

wmindans, cecxlSiac warbSeuxrelad gahyveboda (a. yazbegi).<br />

2. zed saurme gzis pirad idga erTi Zveli sabZeli, gomurze midgmuli.<br />

gomuris CasavalSi CardaxsaviT iyo win wamoweuli. am sabZelis garSemo<br />

adamianis kvali ara Canda. is iyo, mgonia, ayrilis kacisa, an amowyvetilisa<br />

Tavminebebuli da patroniviT daviwyebuli. rasakvirvelia, xSirad Semxvedria<br />

am sabZlisaken avla da Cavla, arc erTxel arc erTi sulieri me iq ar<br />

daminaxavs, Tu iqneboda isic xandaxan zurgwamxdari, daWlevebuli glexkacis<br />

cxenebi, romelic uilajobiT Sors ver wasuliyo da sabZelis garSemo<br />

sjijgnida golvisagan gamxmar balaxs (ilia).<br />

3. Cqara ipova pirveli xe. xeli Seavlo Stoebs da miealersa. odnav Seirxnen<br />

foTlebi da nami daapkures ucnobs.<br />

frTxili nabiWiT ahyva mgzavri saurme gzas. nela midioda, nabijs<br />

iTvlida. xeliT sinjavda Saras da kaklis xeebis nawvimar Stoebs. wyvdiadi<br />

wamowoliliyo yvelgan. ra moCanda irgvliv.<br />

koSkTan misuli Sedga. mkafiod Semoesma ZaRlis yefa da es yefa ucnobma<br />

icno. kankaliT daeSva qvemoT da xarataanT karebs miadga.<br />

nacvalsaxelTa nacvalsaxelTa nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris marTlweris marTlweris sakiTxebi<br />

sakiTxebi<br />

1. xSiria kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis misi da Tavisi xmarebis aRrevis SemTxvevebi.<br />

orive nacvalsaxeli mesame piris (is, man, mas) kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs. Tu obieqti<br />

(kuTvnilebis sagani) zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis subieqts ekuTvnis, maSin<br />

unda gamoviyenoT Tavisi: giorgim Tavisi wigni maTxova. roca obieqti (kuTvnilebis<br />

sagani) subieqtis kuTvnileba ar aris, maSin nacvalsaxeli misi unda gamoviyenoT:<br />

giorgim misi (sxvisi) wigni maTxova. aseTi SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad<br />

(misi Tu Tavisi) CavunacvloT winadadebaSi sxvisi da Tu is Seuferebeli aRmoCnda,<br />

amis Semdeg gamoviyenoT Sesabamisi nacvalsaxeli.<br />

nacvalsaxeli Tavisi gamoiyeneba maSin, roca subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSia dasmuli,<br />

krebiTi saxelia an mravlis gamomxatveli nacvalsaxelia: giorgim Tavisi, brbom<br />

Tavisi, zogma Tavisi.<br />

89


Tu subieqti mravlobiTi ricxvis <strong>for</strong>miTaa gamoxatuli, maSin unda vixmaroT<br />

nacvalsaxeli TavianTi: nestanma da nanam TavianTi kabebi italiur maRaziaSi<br />

SeiZines.<br />

2. I piris nacvalsaxels (me-s) Tandebulian micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi Cem enacvleba<br />

(Cemze, Cemken, CemTvis)<br />

3. Tandebulian I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs s ar daerTvis (Senken, Cem mier, Tqven<br />

Sua).<br />

4. maT piris nacvalsaxelia, maTi _ kuTvnilebiTi. maT ixmareba zmnasTan erTad:<br />

maT gaakeTs, maT ecotavaT. maT piris nacvalsaxeli ar dairTavs moTxrobiTi<br />

brunvis niSans, mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebia: maTma gaakeTes, maTma miaRwies. kuTvnilebiTi<br />

nacvalsaxeli ki saxels axlavs da brunvis niSans dairTavs: maTma mondomebam,<br />

maTma naTqvamma (da ara: maT mondomebam, maT naTqvamma).<br />

5. nacvalsaxeli Cvengani, Tqvengani, maTgani aRniSnavs erT romelimes, amitom<br />

swori <strong>for</strong>mebia: TiToeuli Cvengani, TiToeuli Tqvengani da ara: TiToeuli<br />

TqvenTagani, TiToeuli CvenTagani.<br />

6. kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs (rogorc wesi, msazRvrulia) micemiTSi s unda<br />

daerTos: Cems saxls, Sens megobars, maTs gaZlebas (da ara: Cem saxls, Sen megobars,<br />

maT gaZlebas).<br />

7. gansazRvrebiT da ganusazRvrelobiT, aseve ricxviTi saxelis Semcvel<br />

nacvalsaxelebTan arsebiTi saxeli mxolobiT ricxvSi daismis: yvela bavSvi,<br />

ramdenime Senoba, imdeni Tevzi (da ara: yvela bavSvebi, ramdenime Senobebi, imdeni<br />

Tevzebi).<br />

8. -Rac nawilakdarTuli nacvalsaxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvis <strong>for</strong>mebia viRacebi,<br />

raRacebi, raRac-raRacebi (da ara: viRaceebi, raRaceebi).<br />

9. erTi da igive sazRvrulTan ase ibrunvis:<br />

sax. erTi da igive saxli<br />

moTx. erTma da imave saxlma<br />

mic. erTsa da imave saxls<br />

naT. erTisa da imave saxlis<br />

moq. erTi da imave saxliT<br />

viT. erT da imave saxlad<br />

wod. ...........................................<br />

kompozitebis kompozitebis (rTuli (rTuli (rTuli sityvebis) sityvebis) marTlwera<br />

marTlwera<br />

marTlwera<br />

erTcnebiani kompozitebi<br />

erTad, udefisod, iwereba:<br />

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTac axali, gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba<br />

aqvT: wamwami, TavTavi...<br />

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa nawilebi mniSvnelobamoklebuli<br />

marcvlebia: laplapi, cimcimi...<br />

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa fuZeSi bgeris Secvla an damateba<br />

xdeba: aremare, qoxmaxi...<br />

• ,,da~ kavSiriT SeerTebuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: sxvadasxva,<br />

pirdapir... da ricxviTi saxelebi 21-dan 100-mde: ocdaori, samocdaoTxi...<br />

90


• ori sityvis SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZis<br />

Semadgeneli pirveli nawilis brunvis <strong>for</strong>misa: jariskaci, SviliSvili,<br />

vardisferi...<br />

• mravalwevriani kompozitebi: Tavgzaabneuli, Tavqudmoglejili...<br />

• rTuli sityvebi, romlebSic pirveli wevri zmnisarTi an Tandebulia: zegavlena,<br />

Tanaklaseli...<br />

• kompozitebi, romlebSic msazRvreli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia da meore<br />

adgilze dgas: dedaCemi, mamaTqveni...<br />

• kompozitebi, romlebSic atributuli msazRvrelis fuZe Sezrdilia arsebiTi<br />

saxelis fuZes: qalbatoni, lukmapuri, avdari...<br />

• -a sufiqsdarTuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: narnara, kamkama...<br />

mravalcnebiani kompozitebi<br />

defisiT iwereba:<br />

• mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli fuZeebis gaerTianebiT miRebuli<br />

rTuli sityvebi: ded-mama, da-Zma, oqro-vercxli...<br />

• sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: Zal-Rone, sicil-kiskisi...<br />

• antonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: did-patara, sikvdil-sicocxle...<br />

• fuZegaorkecebuli ricxviTi saxelebi: or-ori, Svid-Svidi...<br />

• fuZegaorkecebuli zedsarTavebi: cxel-cxeli, patar-patara...<br />

• saxelis fuZis gaorkecebiT miRebuli brunvis niSnis uqoneli zmnizedebi:<br />

quCa-quCa, mindor-mindor...<br />

• erTi da imave fuZis mqone zmniswiniT gansxvavebuli kompozitebi: miixedmoixeda,<br />

aiar-Caiara...<br />

erTad iwereba:<br />

• kuTvnilebiTi kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZeTa raodenobisa: maRalqusliani,<br />

lamazkabiani, samsarTuliani...<br />

• orcnebiani defisiani kompoziti, romelsac sityvis sawarmoebeli afiqsi<br />

daerTvis: daZmuri, colSviliani, ucolSvilo...<br />

(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004w.<br />

gv. 62, 67)<br />

savarjiSo #8.6: gaasworeT Secdomebi.<br />

1. me is Tbilisis erTerT cnobil restoranSi davpatiJe.<br />

2. onise da maTia Zmad naficebi iyvnen.<br />

91


3. guSin Zmis Svilma miambo es araki.<br />

4. sxvada sxva dargis cnobili mecnierebi Camovidnen.<br />

5. giorgi Tav qudmoglejili garboda.<br />

6. ar surda esmas Tavadis-Svilis coloba.<br />

7. is Zalian gaaoca fexda fex mimyolma megzurma.<br />

8. gogim ver gaigo mariamis abda ubda laparaki.<br />

9. vin icis, ratom garboda ivane iaraR asxmuli.<br />

10. aravin icoda ratom ar dawera mecnierma wliuri angariSi.<br />

11. orori da samsami lariT aba, ras iyididi.<br />

12. misi xvewnamudara aravis mousmenia.<br />

13. mas Tavisi colSvili ar anaRvlebda.<br />

14. aseTi kaS-kaSa mze iyo erTi Tve.<br />

15. ras miedmoedo TviTonac ar icoda.<br />

16. Cami-Cumi ar ismoda.<br />

17. es taepi 20 marcvliania.<br />

18. 4 adgiliani kupe dajavSna.<br />

19. isini Tana mSromlebi iyvnen.<br />

20. glex kacoba Sromobda, magram uSedegod.<br />

21. navT qura mainc unda Seinaxo.<br />

22. iagom yurimokra am saubars.<br />

23. vin icis kidev ras ilaq-laqebda.<br />

24. isini dReda Rame erTad iyvnen.<br />

25. Tav-dauzogavi iyo ivane.<br />

26. Zalian uyvarda qaT-qaTa TeTreulSi wola.<br />

27. yovelgvari siyvaruli deda-Sviluria.<br />

28. quCa quCa daexeteboda giorgi.<br />

29. xuT sarTulian saxlSi cxovrobda elene.<br />

30. onisem cxeni gaaWen gamoaWena.<br />

punqtuacia<br />

punqtuacia<br />

metyvelebis kulturisaTvis anu marTlmetyvelebisa da marTlwerisaTvis didi<br />

mniSveloba aqvs sasveni niSnebis sworad gamoyenebas. punqtuacia (laT. Punctum,<br />

wertili) sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebs gulisxmobs. is gamoxatavs winadadebis<br />

sxvadasxva Sinaarss, grafikulad gamoyofs winadadebis nawilebs, migvaniSnebs, ra<br />

urTierTobaa winadadebis nawilTa Soris.<br />

1. wertili<br />

dasrulebuli TxrobiTi winadadebis bolos wertili iwereba. mag: qveyana<br />

damSvidda. qali, kaci da bavSvi yvela saqmes kidebda xels.<br />

92


wertils vsvamT Semasmenelian (mag: daiSalnen stumrebi.) da uSemasmenlo,<br />

saxeldebiTi winadadebis bolosac (mag.: saRamo. mkrTali sinaTle.).<br />

wertils vxmarobT maSin, roca ricxvebs rigis gamosaxatavad viyenebT (mag.:<br />

enaTmecnierebis dargebia: 1. gramatika. 2. stilistika.).<br />

wertili sityvis Sewyvetis (Semoklebis) niSanic aris. sof. (sofeli), e.w. (egreT<br />

wodebuli).<br />

* SeniSna: wertils ar vwerT moTxrobis, leqsis, werilis, samecniero statiis,<br />

naSromis, zRapris da a.S. saTaurebis bolos.<br />

2. kiTxvis niSani<br />

kiTxvis niSans vwerT kiTxviTi winadadebis bolos. mag.: ra moxda? vin movida?<br />

saidan gaCndi aq?<br />

a) kiTxvis niSani daismis kiTxvis Semcveli damokidebuli winadadebis bolos,<br />

roca moubari gadmoscems Tavis da sxvis naTqvams. mag.: bolos hkiTxa man _<br />

vin xar, Svilo? vin aris aq? _ ikiTxa maspinZelma.<br />

b) kiTxvis niSani daismis nawilakiani pirdapiri sxvisi naTqvamis bolosac.<br />

mag.: man mkiTxa _ ra ginda Cemgan? tyis mcvelma hkiTxa _ vina xar?<br />

g) zogjer erTad ramdenime kiTxva iyris Tavs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mZimeebs vixmarT,<br />

kiTxvis niSans ki winadadebis bolos vsvamT. mag.: ra vuTxra, rogor gavagebino,<br />

ras mivmarTo?<br />

3. Zaxilis niSani<br />

Zaxilis niSani daismis:<br />

• Zaxilis winadadebis bolos.<br />

• brZanebiTi winadadebis bolos.<br />

• mimarTvasTan, roca is calkea xmarebuli (mag.: Zmebo! amxanagebo!) da<br />

maSinac, roca Zlieri grZnobiT gadmoicema (mag: ar gecodebi, Cemo sosia!)<br />

• Zaxilis niSani iwereba SorisdebulTanac, Tu mZafri grZnobiTaa<br />

warmoTqmuli: vaime! oh! va!<br />

• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba migebiT nawilakTan, Tu is calkea da Zlier<br />

grZnobas gamoxatavs: ki! diax!<br />

• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba STabeWdielabis gasaZliereblad gameorebuli<br />

Sorisdebulis, mimarTvis an nawilakis bolos: kargi, kargi! egre iyos!<br />

• zogjer teqstSi gvxvdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (!) Zaxilis niSani, rac<br />

moyvanili azrisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebas (dacinvas, gakvirvebas,<br />

aRSfoTebas) gamoxatavs. mag.: bevrs miaCnia, rom dRes saqarTveloSi<br />

mecniereba mokvda (!)<br />

4. kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani<br />

a) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani (?!) daismis maSin, roca winadadebaSi kiTxvasTan erTad<br />

gamoxatulia gakvirveba an aRtaceba: nuTu Tvalebi matyueben?!<br />

b) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani ixmareba wyvetilad warmoTqmuli iseTi arasruli<br />

winadadebis gamosayofadac, romelic gamoxatavs rogorc kiTxvas, ise<br />

gakvirvebas: rao?! rao?!<br />

93


g) zogjer teqstSi gvxdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (?!) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani. amiT<br />

avtors surs gamoxatos sxvisi naTqvamis mimarT eWvica da gakvirvebac:<br />

parlamentis Tavmjdomarea (?!)<br />

5. wertil-mZime<br />

a) wertil-mZime erTmaneTisagan gamoyofs (mijnavs) erTnair enobriv elementebs.<br />

wertil-mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi, rodesac meordeba mTavari<br />

winadadebis Semasmeneli: axla saWiro iyo mxolod nafiqri saqmis asruleba;<br />

saWiro iyo moenaxa misi mxsneli; saWiro iyo ornaqmarevi uSvilo qali.<br />

b) wertil-mZime daismis damoukidebel winadadebebs Soris, romlebic erT rTul<br />

winadadebad arian gaerTianebuli ukavSirod: avarda korianteli; yvela mtvriT<br />

daifara.<br />

g) wertil-mZime daismis CamonaTvalTa bolos:<br />

weris zogadi miznebi:<br />

1) mkiTxvelis garToba;<br />

2) grZnobebisa da mosazrebebis gamoxatva;<br />

3) mkiTxvelisaTvis raimes axsna;<br />

4) mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.<br />

6. mravalwertili<br />

a) mravalwertili iwereba daumTavrebeli azris, gawyvetili winadadebis bolos:<br />

Cven xedvad da smenad uRononi varT da iq ki... iq ki ramodena Rone yofila<br />

Seqmnisa... giorgi...<br />

b) mravalwertili daismis winadadebaSi an TviT sityvebSi mRelvarebiT an sxva<br />

raime mizeziT (enis mokideba) gamowveuli Seferxebis gamosaxatavad: giorgi<br />

majobe... vkvdebi. –siz...mar...Si? gaocebiT ikiTxa erisTavma da piri gaaRo.<br />

g) mravalwertili daismis citatis TavSi an boloSi, Tu citirebuli dasawyisi<br />

an bolo ar emTxveva winadadebis dasawyiss an bolos dedanSi: ilia werda:<br />

`... Tu mTqmelsa da gamgones erTmaneTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da arc<br />

gagoneba...~<br />

d) mravalwertili daismis citataSi romelime sityvis an winadadebis gamotovebis<br />

aRsaniSnavad: `kacia adamianSi~ vkiTxulobT: `maWankali ... gaxldaT erTi<br />

moxucebuli, darbaiseli, lamazi da qvrivi dedakaci~.<br />

7. orwertili<br />

a) orwertili daismis Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvari wevrebis win _ yvela me<br />

Camomekida: mamasaxlisi, gziri.<br />

* SeniSvna: Tu ganmazogadebeli sityva erTgvar wevrebs mosdevs, tire<br />

daiwereba. (mag.: damWknari diyi, Supa, Sambi, aryi da cacxvi _<br />

yvelanairad SfoTavdnen.).<br />

b) orwertili daismis winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevs pirdapiri an<br />

iribi naTqvami: ymawvilma kacma miiwia misken da xmadadablebiT hkiTxa: _<br />

Tqven marTla eZebT sadedinacvlo qals?<br />

g) orwertili daismis citatis win. ilia werda: `CvenTvis RmerTs ara dauSavebia<br />

ra, ara dauzogvia ra, ara dauklia ra; Tu qveyanaze erTi-ori kuTxea imisTana,<br />

94


om kacs eTqmodes, _ qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa uxvebisa daibertyao,<br />

imaTSi ukanaskneli saqarTvelo ar aris.~<br />

d) orwertili daismis ukavSiro rTuli winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevs<br />

erTi an ramdenime winadadeba da masSi axsnilia, dakonkretebulia is, razedac<br />

saWiroa saubari mTavar winadadebaSi: `qveyanaze ori mopirispire Zala<br />

arsebobs: simdidre da siRaribe, Zlieri da susti~.<br />

e) orwertili daismis mTavar winadadebasTan maSinac, roca momdevnoSi mocemulia<br />

mizezi, Sedegi, safuZveli imisa, ris Sesaxebac masSia saubari: Sah-abazi cecxliTa<br />

da maxviliT SemoiWra kaxeTs da musri gaavlo: cixe-qalaqebi daaqcia, soflebi<br />

aaoxra.<br />

8. mZime<br />

a) mZime daismis Serwymuli winadadebis erTnair wevrebs Soris: Aaivanze darCnen<br />

besarioni, pelagia da solomoni. goCas daRonebuli, gafiTrebuli, sevdiani<br />

Tvalebi zRvisken miepyro.<br />

b) mZime daismis majgufebeli (mag.: xan ucnauri var, xan brZeni), macalkevebeli<br />

(mag.: an momacileT borkili, an xmliT momWeriT Tavi) kavSirebis win, Tu<br />

makavSirebeli sityva gameorebulia.<br />

g) mZime daismis magram, oRond, xolo, Tu, Tumca, Torem mapirispirebeli kavSirebis<br />

win: Cven Tund sul erT dRes davixocebiT, oRond Sen iyav, mefev, dRegrZeli!<br />

d) mZime daismis winadadebaSi gameorebuli sityvebis win: ZiZias Sestrfodnen<br />

bevrni, Zalian bevrni.<br />

e) mZime daismis Sedarebis dros, kavSirebTan rogorc, TiTqos, vidre: xelebi win<br />

gaiSvira, TiTqos undoda xelSi aeyvana vinme.<br />

v) mZimeebiT gamoiyofa gameorebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:<br />

1. gankerZoebuli gansazRvreba: am saxls walmiT daxuruli marani edga,<br />

oTxkuTxiv Ria da farRalala.<br />

2. gankerZoebuli garemoeba: Tbilisis samxreTiT, ormoci versis manZilze,<br />

aris mozrdili sofeli.<br />

3. danarTi: marine, kacis ufrosis qaliSvili, karTan idga.<br />

4. mimarTva: axla ki, amxanagebo, davlioT Cveni maspinZlis sadRegrZelo!<br />

5. CarTuli: CarTul sityvebad xSirad gamoyenebulia: amrigad, amgvarad,<br />

ase vTqvaT, ase rom, davuSvaT, erTi sityviT, ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia,<br />

magaliTad, vfiqrob, sxvaTa Soris, Cemi azriT, erTi mxriv da sxv. es<br />

sakiTxi, Cemi azriT, isev moiTxovs ganxilvas. CemTvis, ra Tqma unda,<br />

moulodneli ar iyo.<br />

6. migebiTi nawilaki: 1. dadebiTi _ ki, ho, diax da 2. uaryofiTi _ ara, vera.<br />

_ ho, imas vambobdi. _ ara, ver wamoval. _ ki, batono!<br />

7. Sorisdebulebi: oh, eh, uh, vah, vai, fu, viS, hoi, ui, vaSa da sxv. mZimiT<br />

gamoiyofa: oh, Sena xar? vai, ra carielia es savse qveyana uadamianod!<br />

8. mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi ukavSirod SeerTebis dros:<br />

Tergi rbis, Tergi Rrialebs, kldeni bans eubnebian.<br />

9. mZime daismis qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavarsa da damokidebul<br />

winadadebebs Soris.<br />

95


9. tire<br />

1) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavris Semdeg: bundovnad axsovda, rom<br />

is da kirile cxenebze Sesxes da sadRac gaaqanes.<br />

2) mTavari winadeba damokidebulis Semdeg: vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi<br />

Tavisa mteria.<br />

3) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi moqceuli: swored im dros, roca<br />

ori darbaiseli mama-Svili buxris win sayvedurobdnen, Teimuraz<br />

mefe marTla CaketilSi ijda.<br />

a) tire iwereba winadadebis romelime gamotovebuli wevris (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli,<br />

damateba, kavSiri) adgilas: elferobiT vardi aris, sinaziT ki — morcxvi ia.<br />

Tvali mqonia — minaxavs, yuri mqonia — msmenia.<br />

b) tire iwereba ganmazogadebeli sityvebis win. kaci, qali, didi, patara, eri, mRvdeli<br />

— misTvis sul yvela erTi iyo. waiRebdnen xelsawyoebs — culs, najaxs, Toxs.<br />

g) tire iwereba danarTis win, Tu is winadadebis boloSia, xolo Tu winadadebaSia<br />

moqceuli, orive mxridan tireebiT gamoiyofa. Cemi ojaxi — winandeli, awindeli<br />

da momavali — icode, saZirkvelia Cveni cxovrebis.<br />

d) tireebiT gamoiyofa winadadebebi, sityvebi, romlebic teqstSi CarTulia misi<br />

axsnisa da Sevsebis mizniT: amas winaT — sul ori kvira ar iqneba — kinaRam<br />

soflis sasamarTlom gomurSi ar daamwyvdia.<br />

e) tire iwereba or winadadebas Soris, Tu meoreSi gamoxatuli azri mkveTrad<br />

upirispirdeba pirvels: ikra petrem jibes xeli da — orive moWrili hqonda.<br />

v) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac CarTuli winadadeba vrcelia: Cvenc — ai,<br />

amoagdo RmerTma avi kacis qoqi — erT russ gavurigdiT, rva maneTi miveciT, rom<br />

qalaqSi CaveyvaneT.<br />

z) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavar<br />

winadadebas win uZRvis ramdenime damokidebuli winadadeba: ra iyo es mizezi,<br />

saidan qroda niavi, romelsac, mas, rogorc nadirs, suns ayrida da akrTobda, —<br />

moxuci ver mimxvdariyo.<br />

T) tire iwereba dialogebSi personaJTa metyvelebis da avtoris remarkebis<br />

gamosayofad:<br />

— Seni saxelic miTxari — mkiTxa man.<br />

— aki, giTxari ukve! — axla me vupasuxe.<br />

— sadauri xar? — isev mkiTxa man.<br />

i) tire iwereba sakuTar saxelebs Soris, romelTa erToblioba qmnis raime moZRvrebis<br />

an samecniero dawesebulebis dasaxelebas: marqsizm-leninizmi, saswavlosaaRmzrdelo<br />

programa.<br />

10. frCxilebi<br />

1. frCxilebSi Caismis:<br />

a) sityvebi, romlebic winadadebaSi CarTulia gadmocemuli azris gansamartavad,<br />

dasazusteblad: aRmoCnda, rom mamaCemma dagvitova qoxi, damsxvreuli taxti,<br />

96


erTi Zveli Wilofi, erTi daglejili fardagi (dedaCemis mziTvebi), erTi<br />

Zveli logini, sami Cinuri jami, erTi qvabi da ori Samfuri.<br />

b) sityvebi da winadadebebi, romlebic moyvanilia damatebiTi SeniSvnis saxiT:<br />

rogor momiwonebs kato (kato moses meuRles erqva saxelad), roca getyvi am<br />

ambavs.<br />

* SeniSvna: frCxilebSi mocemul winadadebas azrobrivi kavSiri ar aqvs<br />

am winadadebasTan.<br />

2. aris SemTxvevebi, roca mocemuli winadadeba azrobriv kavSirs amyarebs<br />

winadadebasTan, magram damatebiTi, meorexarisxovani SeniSvnis saxiT: Tanaswori<br />

iaraRiT brZolas ar gaveqcevi (rom gaveqce, sadamdis unda virbino?).<br />

a) stenografiul angariSebSi frCxilebSi Caismis frazebi, romlebic miuTiTeben<br />

msmenelTa damokidebulebasa da azrze: oratoris gamosvla dasrulda<br />

(moZraoba darbazSi).<br />

b) frCxilebSi Caismis citirebuli avtoris saxeli, gvari da naSromis saTauri<br />

citatis bolos: `cdis pirebi unda yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebuli im zegavlenis<br />

Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumridi).<br />

g) frCxilebSi Caismis remarkebi dramatul teqstSi: anduyafari (oTaxidan) _<br />

vin laparakobs manda?<br />

11. brWyalebi<br />

a) brWyalebSi Caismis citatebi. ilia wers: `qriste RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis<br />

da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesTvis~.<br />

b) brWyalebSi Caismis gazeTebis, organizaciebis, dawesebulebebis da a.S.<br />

saxelwodebebi da saTaurebi: samkiTxvelo darbazSi magidaze ewyo gazeTebi:<br />

`kviris palitra~, `alia~, Jurnalebi — `anabeWdi~ da `sarke~.<br />

g) brWyalebSi Caismis ironiulad gamoyenebuli sityvebi: osma Secdoma „Seiswora~<br />

_ me wagaqcies, seni wili me, mena.<br />

d) brWyalebSi Caismis barbarizmebi da moZvelebuli sityva-gamoTqmebi: Semawuxe<br />

amdeni kiTxviT, „poJolusta~ damexseni.<br />

savarjiSo #8.7: dasviT sasveni niSnebi.<br />

1. ritualis safuZveli ontogenezisSi yalibdeba yoveldRiurad deda-Svilis<br />

misalmebidan rac ganviTarebis sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi arsebebisaTvis<br />

sasicocxlod aucilebeli emociuri moTxovnilebaa. drois garkveuli intervali<br />

amgvari mzrunvelobis gamovlineba bavSvs uqmnis Tavisi rogorc sasurveli arsebis<br />

gancdas da amzadebs imisTvis rom SemdgomSi gaumklavdes separaciisa da<br />

mitovebulobis gancdas. dedas amgvari ritualizacia exmareba gadalaxos<br />

ambivalenturoba erTi mxriv bavSvis ganuwyveteli moTxovnebiT gamowveul<br />

diskom<strong>for</strong>ts da meore mxriv Tavgadakluli da mzrunveli dedis gancdebs Soris<br />

rogoric is cdilobs rom iyos (CitaSvili m., 1998.).<br />

2. 1932 wels ki iungi wers ar mqonia arc erTi SemTxveva, rom yvela Cemi pacienti<br />

Tavisi cxovrebis meore naxevarSi es aris daaxloebiT 35 wlis zemoT ar yofiliyos<br />

dakavebuli cxovrebaze saWiro religiuri Sexedulebis ZiebiT. SeiZleba sruliad<br />

sarwmunod iTqvas rom TiToeuli gaxda avad radgan dakarges macocxlebeli<br />

religia romelic asakis miuxedavad amyarebs mimdevrebs da arc erTi bolomde ar<br />

gankurnebula manamde sanam ar daubrunda Tavis religiur Sexedulebebs. (iungi,<br />

1932, gv. 334)<br />

97


3. TavisTavad avtoritarizmis ara toleranturobisa da konservatizmis skalebis<br />

interpretirebisas gamoiyeneba cvladebis iseTi sistemebi rogoricaa inteleqti,<br />

ganaTleba socialur-ekonomikuri statusi da nacionaluri regioni. yvela am<br />

SemTxvevaSi konservatizmis gamoyeneba sruliad sxvadasxva konteqstiT SeiZleba<br />

Segvxvdes.<br />

4. veberi axdens msoflio religiebis klasifikacias misi azriT indoeTi aris<br />

Teoriulad da praqtikulad samyarosadmi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobili religiuri<br />

eTikis akvani. konfucianeloba piriqiT samyaros mimReblobiT xasiaTdeba. iseTi<br />

religiebi rogorebicaa islami da qristianoba samyaros iReben misi gaumjobesebis<br />

pirobiT.<br />

5. ebi seiqsezi statiaSi RmerTis xati-ganviTarebasTan ganviTarebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli perspeqtiva msjelobs RmerTis xatis arsisa da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />

fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebebis raobis Sesaxeb da am damokidebulebaTa<br />

TvalsaCino ilustrirebas axdens pekis ana-maria rizultos hiuston smitisa da<br />

sakuTari fsiqoTerapiuli praqtikidan moyvanili magaliTebiT (CitaSvili m., 1998).<br />

6. berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi didi sikeTe SegvZina da am mxriT SarSandeli<br />

weliwadi CvenTvis friad Rirsaxsovaria: Cveni Zmebi Cveni sisxlxorci CvenTan<br />

erTad `mebrZoli Savis bedisa~ Cvenis gmirebis bude Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebisa<br />

da swavlis akvani Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, _ dRes Cven SemogvierTda, da Tu<br />

kargad moeqcevian _ vis xelTac aw imaTi bedia, CvenTan iqneba kidec samudamod.<br />

warsulma omma bevri sisxli dansTqa qarTvelobasa, bevrma vaJkacma dasdo Tavi<br />

bevrma Cvenma oficerma Tavisi ymawvilkacobis dReni dalia am omSi, bevri wavidameTqi<br />

am wuTisoflidam TvistomTagan dautirebeli bevri daixoca saxelovanis<br />

sikvdiliT,_ da maTi saxeli arc ki aravin axsena da aRiara. sawyalno egre<br />

gulgmirad Tavdadebulno ymawvilkacno Tqven saca Wiri iyo pirvelni iyaviT<br />

nebiT Tu uneblied da saca lxini iyo ukanasknelni!... saxeli da dideba Tqvenc<br />

romelnic bedma sikvdilisagan gixsnaT. (ilia)<br />

98


Tavi Tavi 9. 9. dokument<br />

dokument<br />

dokumentis dokument<br />

dokument is <strong>for</strong>mat <strong>for</strong>mati <strong>for</strong>mat i socialur<br />

socialur<br />

mecn mecnierebebSi mecn ierebebSi amer amerikis amer ikis fs fsiqologiur<br />

fs iqologiur<br />

iqologiuri<br />

iqologiur<br />

Tavfurceli<br />

asociaciis asociaciis (APA) (APA) st stiliT st iliT<br />

99<br />

iliT 6<br />

dokumentis dokumentis Sedgenis Sedgenis <strong>for</strong>maluri <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebi<br />

maxasiaTeblebi<br />

Tavfurcelze mocemuli unda iyos naSromis sruli dasaxeleba, Tqveni saxeli<br />

da gvari, kursis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari da saxeli, TariRi. garda amisa,<br />

rogorc Tavfurcelze (Tumca, qarTulad Sesrulebul naSromebSi es komponenti<br />

yovelTvis ar aris mocemuli), ise mTel naSromSi furclis zeda marjvena mxares<br />

mocemuli unda iyos naSromis mimdinare (anu Semoklebuli) saTauri da gverdis<br />

nomeri.<br />

nimuSi<br />

oTxi xazi<br />

xazebs<br />

Soris<br />

ormagi<br />

intervali,<br />

centrSi<br />

abstraqti<br />

daZlevis strategiebisa da<br />

½“<br />

daZlevis strategiebi 1<br />

pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba<br />

avtori: saxeli, gvari<br />

fsiqologia 03<br />

xelmZRvaneli: saxeli, gvari<br />

Tbilisi, 2007<br />

5 pozicia<br />

naSromis pirveli nawili, romelsac abstraqti ewodeba, ajamebs kvlevis sakiTxs,<br />

meTods, Sedegebsa da daskvnas. Cveulebriv, is erTi abzaciTaa warmodgenili calke<br />

gverdze da daaxloebiT 100 sityvas moicavs, romelSic pirveli striqoni ar aris<br />

Seweuli.<br />

6 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Publication Manual of the American<br />

Psychological Association, 5 th edition.


abstraqti<br />

pirveli striqoni ar aris Seweuli<br />

Sesavali<br />

abstraqti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

1 ½“ teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti 1“<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iwyeba naSromis sruli dasaxelebiT (arasavaldebulo)<br />

da SesavliT (romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba). Sesavali mokled waradgens sakvlev<br />

problemas, meTods, in<strong>for</strong>maciul fons (sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul sxva<br />

kvlevebs) da kvlevis mizans.<br />

naSromis pirveli gverdi<br />

xuTi pozicia<br />

100<br />

½“<br />

sami xazi<br />

centrSi<br />

oTxi xazi<br />

daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli<br />

profilis urTierTmimarTeba<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

1 ½“ teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

daZlevis strategiebi 2<br />

xazebs<br />

Soris<br />

ormagi<br />

intervali<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti 1“<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

½“<br />

centrSi<br />

5 pozicia<br />

daZlevis strategiebi 2<br />

xazebs<br />

Soris<br />

ormagi<br />

intervali<br />

5 pozicia


meTodi<br />

naSromis Semdegi nawili, romelsac „meTodi~ ewodeba, gvawodebs detalur<br />

in<strong>for</strong>macias cdis pirebis, cdis masalis, xelsawyoebis, instrumentebis (magaliTad,<br />

kiTxvarebis) da proceduris Sesaxeb. dasaxeleba „meTodi~ ilustraciis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, pirvel qvesaTaurs warmoadgens. rodesac meore da mesame<br />

qvesaTaurebis motanaa saWiro, gamoiyeneT qvemoT mocemuli <strong>for</strong>mati, xazebs Soris<br />

ormagi intervaliT:<br />

meore qvesaTauri<br />

pirveli qvesaTauri<br />

mesame qvesaTauri, romelic ukve teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli.<br />

nimuSi<br />

Sedegebi<br />

Sedegebis nawilSi Sejamebulia kvlevaSi mopovebuli monacemebi. mocemulia<br />

maTi analizi da is cxrilebis, grafikebisa da diagramebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.<br />

Sedegebis ganxilva (Discussion)<br />

(Discussion)<br />

Sedegebis ganxilva warmoadgens naSromis Semdeg nawils, romelSic mocemulia<br />

monacemTa interpretacia da daskvnebi. rodesac ganxilva Zalian moklea, is SeiZleba<br />

gavaerTianoT naSromis wina nawilTan saTauriT: Sedegebi da diskusia.<br />

naSromis sxva <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebi: _ manZili, gverdebis<br />

numeracia, ilustraciebi<br />

• mindori: marcxniv – 1,5", zemoT – 0,5", danarCeni – 1";<br />

101<br />

daZlevis strategiebi? *<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

SerCeva<br />

meTodi xazebs Soris ormagi intervali<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti


• gverdebis nomrebi – mimdinare saTaurTan – marjvena zeda kuTxeSi;<br />

• cxrilebisa da grafikebis danomvra.<br />

amonaridis motana<br />

40 sityvaze naklebi<br />

literaturis literaturis citirebis citirebis wesebi<br />

wesebi<br />

APA-----is is standartis standartis mixedviT<br />

mixedviT<br />

40 sityvaze naklebi amonaridi brWyalebSi unda Caisvas da teqstSi unda iyos<br />

CarTuli.<br />

jorj vailanti eTanxmeba sociologebs, rom „fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis<br />

miwera saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia adamianebs saSineli tkivili<br />

miayenos janmrTelobis da fsiqikuri aSlilobebis, fsiqiqikuri<br />

aSlilobis da gansxvavebuli qcevis erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT.~<br />

40 sityvaze meti<br />

40 sityvaze meti amonaridi brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas da teqstSi ar unda<br />

iyos CarTuli. is gamoeyofa ZiriTad teqsts zemoT da qvemoT xazebs Soris<br />

ormagi intervaliT, xolo citatis striqonebs Soris erTmagi intervaliT.<br />

xuTi<br />

pozicia<br />

1994 wels gamocemul wignSi „msoflios mwvervalze~ Jurnalisti rebeka<br />

stefensi everestze asvlas aRwers:<br />

everestis romantika – ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze<br />

rom avediT, sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT – sxvadasxva<br />

erovnebis, sarwmunoebisa da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengans<br />

mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze<br />

maRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi mizezi arsebobs, romelic misken<br />

iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken da<br />

okeanis siRrmeebisken.<br />

avtorTa citireba<br />

1. avtori, romelsac ar moixseniebT teqstSi<br />

milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosi aRniSnavda, rom cdis pirebi<br />

„unda yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo<br />

maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumrindi, 1968, gv. 44).<br />

rodesac ar moixseniebT avtors, frCxilebSi CasviT misi gvari da wyaros gamocemis<br />

TariRi. rodesac pirdapiri citireba xdeba da ara _ perifrazireba an Sinaarsis<br />

mokled gadmocema, maSin gverdebic unda mieTiTos. Semadgeneli komponenti, zemoT<br />

moyvanili magaliTis msgavsad, erTmaneTisgan wertilebiT unda gamoiyos). es<br />

literatura ise miuTiTeT, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu romeli wyaro miuTiTeT da ise,<br />

rom es xels ar uSlides naSromis wakiTxvas. zemoT mocemul variants aseTi<br />

<strong>for</strong>mac SeiZleba mieces:<br />

milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosis SexedulebiT (baumrindi,<br />

1968), cdis pirebi „unda yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (gv. 34).<br />

102


2. avtori, romelsac moixseniebT teqstSi<br />

baumrindi (1968) aRniSnavda, rom milgremis eqsperimentis cdis pirebi “unda<br />

yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTze<br />

moexdina eqsperiments (gv. 34).<br />

rodesac Tqven miuTiTebT avtoris gvars, aRar aris saWiro misi miTiTeba<br />

frCxilebSi. avtoris gvaris gverdiT miuTiTeT TariRi. Tu mogaqvT citata<br />

igive wyarodan imave abzacSi, maSin aRar aris saWiro damowmebis gameoreba,<br />

ramdenadac isedac naTelia, rom imave wyaros eyrdnobiT, magaliTad:<br />

baumrindi eqsperimentis logikur dasabuTebasac akritikebs.<br />

3. naSromi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs<br />

pepinski da destefano (1987) miuTiTeben, rom maswavlebelTa metyvelebaSi<br />

xSirad vlindeba maTi faruli miswrafebebi.<br />

erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad (pepinski da destefano, 1987), maswavlebelTa<br />

metyvelebaSi xSirad vlindeba maTi miswrafebebi.<br />

rodesac gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba inglisur enaze xdeba, teqstSi<br />

avtorebis gvarebi `da~ kavSiriT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, xolo frCxilebSi<br />

ori avtoris dakavSirebisas ,,&~ simbolo gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, (Pepinsky &<br />

DeStefano, 1987).<br />

4. naSromi, romelsac xuTi avtori hyavs<br />

pepinski, duni, smiti, renti da korsoni (1993) aRweren, Tu rogor vlindeba<br />

Sexedulebebi JestebiT.<br />

pirveli citirebis SemTxvevaSi xuTive (an samive) avtoris gvaris miTiTeba<br />

xdeba, rogorc es zemoT moyvanil magaliTSia naCvenebi, xolo meored amave<br />

avtorTa moxseniebisas mxolod pirveli avtoris gvari da `da sxv.~ unda<br />

miuTiToT.<br />

pepinsikis da sxv., kvlevaSi (1993) Jestebi Tavis daqnevasac moicavs da<br />

TvalebiT kontaqtsac.<br />

rodesac ori an meti wyaro gamoqveynebulia erTsa da imave wels, am SemTxvevaSic<br />

imave wesiT xdeba Semokleba da imdeni avtoris gvari unda miuTiToT, ramdenic<br />

saWiroa wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad (magaliTad, pepinsiki, duni da sxv.,<br />

1993) da (pepinski, bredli da sxv., 1993).<br />

5. naSromi, romelsac eqvsi an meti avtori hyavs.<br />

erT-erTi kvleva (rutteri da sxv., 1996) cdilobs gansxvavebebis axsnas<br />

mozardebis magaliTze.<br />

eqvsi avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirveli citirebis drosac ki mxolod pirveli<br />

gvari miuTiTeT, romelsac mosdevs `da sxv.,~. Tu erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli<br />

ori wyaro gvaqvs, Semokleba imave wesis mixedviT xdeba, rogorc me-4 punqtSia<br />

mocemuli.<br />

6. naSromi, romelic avtorTa jgufs ekuTvnis.<br />

adreuli winaswarmetyveleba ar aRmoCnda dasabuTebuli (lorencis kvleva,<br />

1997).<br />

103


institutis, saagentos, korporaciis an avtorTa sxva jgufis SemTxvevaSi, jgufis<br />

saxelwodeba aRiniSneba, rogorc individualuri saxeli.<br />

7. ucnobi avtoris naSromi<br />

erT-erT statiaSi (`sikvdilis ufleba~, 1997) aRniSnulia, rom . . .<br />

anonimuri naSromis SemTxvevaSi avtoris gvaris nacvlad naSromis saTauri<br />

miuTiTeT. saTauri brWyalebSi unda Caisvas (Tumca, gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />

CamonaTvalSi saTauri brWyalebSi ar Caismis).<br />

8. erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma<br />

daaxloebiT 7 wlis asakSi bavSvebi aqtiurad iyeneben Jestebs sakuTari<br />

monayolis efeqturobis gasaZliereblad (Gardnei, 1973a).<br />

erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi TariRiT<br />

mkiTxvels awodebT in<strong>for</strong>macias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wyaroze saubrobT,<br />

magram Tu orive naSromi erTsa da imave wels aris gamoqveynebuli, am SemTxvevaSi<br />

weli asoebiTac aRiniSneba (rogorc es zemoT magaliTSia naCvenebi). aseve,<br />

aRiniSneba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSic.<br />

9. sxvadasxva avtoris ori an meti Sroma<br />

ori kvlevis (markoni da hambleni, 1990; herkovici, 1994) Sedegebi aCvenebs,<br />

rom...<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT xdeba.<br />

10. arapirdapiri wyaro<br />

damadasturebeli sabuTebi Cndeba vondis eqsperimentebSi (citirebulia<br />

kvlevaSi: markoni da hambleni, 1990).<br />

sityva `citirebuli~ miuTiTebs, rom vondis miTiTebuli kvleva mopovebulia<br />

(aRmoCenilia) markonisa da hamblenis kvlevaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />

CamonaTvalSi ki mxolod markoni da hambleni unda miuTiToT.<br />

11. eleqtronuli wyaroebi<br />

fergunsoni da hopkinsi (1998) ar monawileobdnen TvalsaCino mtrulobis<br />

eqsperimentSi (abz. 7).<br />

eleqtronuli wyaroebis citireba eqvemdebareba zemoT aRniSnul citirebis<br />

standartebs. miTiTebuli unda iyos avtoris gvari da gamoqveynebis TariRi. mxolod<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, amonaridis motanisas, statiisa da wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, gverdis<br />

nacvlad abzacis nomeri unda miuTiToT.<br />

sqolio sqolio da da SeniSvna<br />

SeniSvna<br />

sqolio<br />

sqolio avsebs da amdidrebs teqstSi mocemul ZiriTad in<strong>for</strong>macias. sqolioSi<br />

ar unda iyos mocemuli rTuli, ararelevanturi anda araarsebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia.<br />

vinaidan sqolio mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, teqstSi misi CarTva mxolod<br />

maSinaa rekomendebuli, rodesac is aZlierebs, amyarebs ZiriTad teqstSi mimdinare<br />

msjelobasa Tu gamoTqmul azrs.<br />

104


es mcire nawyvetebi, faqtobrivad, mouTiTebs abstraqtulobaze, romelic<br />

damaxasiaTebelia mTlianad msxvilmasStabiani gamokiTxvisaTvis, romelTa<br />

analizi realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamocdilebisa da arCevanisgan<br />

damoukideblad xorcieldeba.<br />

sqolioSi mxolod erTi azri unda iyos mocemuli. Tu erTze met abzacs werT an<br />

maTematikuri <strong>for</strong>mula mogyavT, maSin umjobesi iqneba, rom es ZiriTad teqstSi an/<br />

da danarTSi gaakeToT da ara sqolioSi.<br />

sqolioSi, aseve, SeiZleba miuTiToT, romel sxva avtorTan SeiZleba ama Tu im<br />

masalis moZieba.<br />

miiCnevdnen ra gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebs sargeblianobis motivis uSualo<br />

sazomad, gutmanma da misma kolegebma amerikis 1976 wlis saprezidento<br />

arCevnebisTvis SeimuSaves indiferentulobis sazomi (sxvaoba am skalaze <strong>for</strong>disa<br />

da karteris maCveneblebs Soris) da gaucxoebis sazomi (kandidatis prioritetis<br />

skalaze absoluturi done). miCiganis universitetis 1972-1976 wlebis monacemebis<br />

analizis Sedegad maT daadgines, rom xmis micemis albaTobaze statistikurad<br />

mniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda sargeblianobis absolutur dones, magram ara<br />

kandidatTa Sedarebis sxvaobas.<br />

kargad Sesrulebul naSromSi arsebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyos<br />

mocemuli da ara _ sqolioSi.<br />

cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna<br />

cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna Tavsdeba cxrilis qvemoT, sadac axsnilia cxrilSi<br />

warmodgenili monacemebi an mocemulia damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia maT Sesaxeb.<br />

cxrili N#9.1. liberaluri demokratiis zrda 1990-1995 wlebSi<br />

liberaluri<br />

msoflios mosaxleoba<br />

demokratiebi<br />

1900<br />

1910<br />

1920<br />

1930<br />

1940<br />

1950<br />

1960<br />

1970<br />

1980<br />

1990<br />

1995<br />

qveynebi<br />

4<br />

9<br />

18<br />

15<br />

12<br />

26<br />

32<br />

31<br />

35<br />

39<br />

40<br />

mosaxleoba<br />

(milionebiT)<br />

130<br />

163<br />

371<br />

346<br />

217<br />

869<br />

1169<br />

1263<br />

1636<br />

2070<br />

2263<br />

105<br />

raodenoba<br />

(milionebiT)<br />

1608<br />

n.a.<br />

1860<br />

2008<br />

2294<br />

2516<br />

3019<br />

3693<br />

4450<br />

5246<br />

5765<br />

demokratiul<br />

saxelmwifoSi<br />

mcxovrebTa %<br />

SeniSvna: demokratiuli qveynebis monacemTa wyaro iyo londonis ekonomikis<br />

skolis samTavrobo politikis kvlevis ganyofilebis masalebi. monacemebi<br />

msoflios mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ix.: Borrie, 1970: 6, 1950-wlidan ki _ `gaero:<br />

msoflio mosaxleoba _ molodini da perspeqtivebi~.<br />

8<br />

n.a.<br />

20<br />

18<br />

10<br />

34<br />

39<br />

34<br />

37<br />

39<br />

39


cxrilebi<br />

cxrilebi Tu teqsturi masala<br />

cxrilebi cxrilebi da da suraTebi<br />

suraTebi<br />

cxrilebi mkvlevars didi raodenobiT monacemebis kompaqturad, moxerxebulad<br />

warmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs. cxrilebSi, rogorc wesi, konkretuli ricxobrivi<br />

monacemebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT dalagebul svetebad da mwkrivebadaa<br />

wamodgenili, rac aiolebs maT urTierTSedarebas.<br />

ramdenime mosazrebis gamo xelsayrelia, rom winaswar gaiazroT da gadawyvitoT,<br />

ramden cxrils CarTavT naSromSi; kerZod:<br />

1. Tu naSromSi didi raodenobiT cxrilebi geqnebaT, mkiTxvels SeiZleba<br />

gauWirdes maTi daxarisxeba da Tvali veRar miadevnos Tqvens azrebs.<br />

2. araTanabari gadanawileba cxrilebsa da teqsts Soris _ bevri cxrili da<br />

mcire moculobis teqsti _ SeiZleba problemebis winapiroba gaxdes naSromis<br />

<strong>for</strong>maluri mxaris ga<strong>for</strong>mebisas, rodesac verbaluri nawili xSirad wydeba<br />

cxriliT, mkiTxvels uWirs xolme teqstis Tanmimdevrulad aRqma da avtoris<br />

logikuri jaWvisTvis Tvalis midevneba.<br />

3. cxrilebis Casma arTulebs naSromis <strong>for</strong>malur organizebas da amitom<br />

cxrilebiT mdidari naSromis dabeWdva ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre cxrilebiT<br />

naklebad datvirTuli teqstia.<br />

amitom teqstis gasamartiveblad cxrilebis saxiT mxolod yvelaze arsebiTi,<br />

SinaarsTan uSualod dakavSirebuli monacemebi moitaneT.<br />

naklebefeqturi varianti:<br />

normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me-s aRwerisas mozardTa 91% eTanxmeba<br />

debulebas: „normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob~, gamokiTxul mozardTa<br />

90% siamovnebas iRebs cxovrebisgan; gamokiTxulTa igive raodenoba, Cveulebriv,<br />

akontrolebs Tavs, 86% Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad grZnobs, erTi procentiT<br />

naklebi mozardebi, ZiriTadad, bednierebi arian da, bolos, mxolod 83%-s<br />

aniWebs kargi xumroba siamovnebas, rodesac sevdiani da mowyenilia.<br />

ufro efeqturi varianti:<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis gacilebiT ioli iqneba am Sedegebis aRqma da gaazreba, rodesac<br />

isini cxrilSia mocemuli, Tumca rodesac monacemebi uCveulod cotaa (erTi sveti<br />

an mwkrivi), maSin umjobesia, rom isini teqstSi CarToT da ar gaitanoT calke<br />

cxrilad.<br />

gansazRvreT im monacemTa raodenoba, romlis motanac aucilebelia teqstSi<br />

mimdinare msjelobis gasagebad da Semdeg gadawyviteT, cxrilis an grafikis saxiT<br />

warmoadgenT maT Tu teqstSi CarTavT. araarsebiTi an ukiduresad detalizebuli<br />

monacemebi SeiZleba saerTod amoiRoT naSromidan anda danarTSi gaitanoT.<br />

cxrilebi, romlebSic raodenobrivi monacemebia warmodgenili, mxolod maSinaa<br />

efeqturi, rodesac monacemebi gasagebad, naTlad da iolad aRsaqmeladaa<br />

organizebuli. cxrilSi Sesadarebeli erTeulebi (magaliTad, saSualo, standartuli<br />

gadaxra, SerCevis zoma da a.S.) erTmaneTis gverdiT unda ganTavsdes. am princi pis<br />

106


mixedviT, sxvadasxva maCvenebeli cxrilis sxvadasxva nawilSi Tavsdeba. cxrilSi<br />

#9.3. swored am princi piTaa monacemebi dalagebuli.<br />

cxrili #9.2. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me<br />

debuleba<br />

cxrilisa da teqstis urTierTmimarTeba<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciuli cxrili avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas. mkiTxvels teqstSi<br />

unda miuTiToT cxrilze da uTxraT, Tu ras miaqcios yuradReba. teqstSi mxolod<br />

cxrilis yvelaze gamokveTili nawilebi gaarCieT. Tu cxrilSi motanil mTel<br />

masalas teqstSi gaarCevT, maSin cxrili aRaraferSi gWirdebaT.<br />

darwmundiT, rom cxrili TavisTavad gasagebi unda iyos. TiToeuli cxrili<br />

teqstSi unda iyos integrirebuli, magram teqstis gareSec sruliad gasagebi unda<br />

iyos. ganmarteT yvela abreviatura (gamonaklisia iseTi statistikuri abreviaturebi,<br />

rogoricaa M, SD da df), gamokveTili teqstisa Tu frCxilebis mniSvneloba. yovelTvis<br />

miuTiTeT sazomi erTeulebi.<br />

107<br />

mozardTa procenti,<br />

romelic eTanxmeba<br />

TiToeul debulebas<br />

normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob.<br />

91<br />

siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.<br />

90<br />

Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.<br />

90<br />

Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.<br />

86<br />

ZiriTadad, bednieri var.<br />

kargi xumroba maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca<br />

85<br />

sevdiani, mowyenili var.<br />

83<br />

SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007<br />

cxrili #9.3. SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba<br />

gemrieli namcxvrebi<br />

sakontrolo jgufi<br />

mSfoTvare jgufi<br />

ugemuri namcxvrebi<br />

sakontrolo jgufi<br />

mSfoTvare jgufi<br />

SeuzRudavi<br />

kveba<br />

6.2<br />

5.1<br />

3.0<br />

2.7<br />

SezRuduli<br />

kveba gansxvaveba<br />

5.1<br />

7.6<br />

2.6<br />

3.7<br />

-1.1<br />

+2.5<br />

-0.4<br />

+1.0<br />

SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo, `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007


cxrilis miTiTeba teqstSi. teqstSi cxrilebi maTi nomrebiT moixsenieT:<br />

rogorc aris cxrilSi #8 mocemuli, cdis pirTa...<br />

gamokiTxulTa naxevari aRiarebs (ix. cxrili #8), rom...<br />

ar gamoiyenoT frazebi `zemoT/qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi~ an `32-e gverdze<br />

warmodgenil cxrilSi~, vinaidan naSromis sxvadasxvagvari <strong>for</strong>matirebisas<br />

yovelTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc cxrilis adgilmdebareoba teqstSi, ise _<br />

gverdebis numeracia.<br />

cxrilebis urTierTmimarTeba<br />

SeecadeT, rom ar gaimeoroT monacemebi sxvadasxva cxrilSi da erTad warmoadginoT.<br />

Cveulebriv, monacemTa identuri mwkrivebi an svetebi ar unda meordebodes or an<br />

met cxrilSi.<br />

erT naSromSi warmodgenili yvela cxrili erTnairad unda iyos <strong>for</strong>matirebuli,<br />

raTa gaioldes maTi aRqma da maTSi warmodgenili monacemebis Sedareba. gamoiyeneT<br />

erTnairi <strong>for</strong>mati, dasaxeleba, saTaurebi da terminologia (magaliTad, saSualo<br />

maCvenebeli an centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli).<br />

cxrilebis danomvra<br />

cxrilebi yovelTvis inomreba arabuli cifrebiT.<br />

cxrili N2, cxrili N3 cxrili N4 da a.S.<br />

da ara: cxrili 2, cxrili 2a, cxrili 2b da a.S.<br />

cxrilebis dasaxeleba<br />

TiToeul cxrils mokle, magram gasagebi da axsniTi saTauri unda hqondes.<br />

zedmetad telegrafuli:<br />

kolejis ZiriTad sagansa da Sedegebs Soris damokidebuleba (gaugebaria, ra<br />

tipis monacemebia cxrilSi warmodgenili).<br />

zedmetad detalizebuli:<br />

kolejis studentebis mier ZiriTad saganSi _ fsiqologiaSi, fizikaSi,<br />

inglisursa da maTematikaSi miRebuli saSualo qulebi A, B da C testebSi (aq<br />

meordeba cxrilis nawilebis saTaurebiT gadmocemuli in<strong>for</strong>macia).<br />

kargi:<br />

kolejis sxvadasxva ZiriTad sagnebSi studentebis mier miRebuli saSualo<br />

Sefasebebi.<br />

cxrilSi an mis romelime saTaurSi mocemuli abreviatura SeiZleba cxrilis<br />

dasaxelebaSi frCxilebSi iyos motanili.<br />

Tematuri apercepciis testiT (TAT) miRebuli Sedegebi.<br />

108


suraTebi<br />

ramdenad gvWirdeba suraTi<br />

APA-is standartiT Sesrulebul naSromebSi cxrilisgan gansxvavebuli<br />

nebismiri tipis ilustracias suraTi (figure) ewodeba. suraTi SeiZleba iyos diagrama,<br />

grafiki, foto, naxati an sxva gamosaxuleba.<br />

JurnalebSi raodenobrivi monacemebis aRsawerad xSirad cxrilebs aniWeben<br />

xolme upiratesobas, vinaidan maTSi zusti, konkretuli in<strong>for</strong>maciaa mocemuli,<br />

suraTebze, ki, Cveulebisamebr, mkiTxvelma unda Seafasos monacemis mniSvneloba;<br />

Tumca, meore mxriv, suraTze erTi SexedviTac kargad Cans Sedegebis paterni. isini<br />

gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia or cvlads Soris mimarTebis (an am mimarTebis<br />

ararsebobis) da arawrfivi damokidebulebis aRsawerad. garda amisa, kargad<br />

momzadebuli suraTi SeiZleba teqstze ufro struqturirebulad an TvalsaCinod<br />

gadmogvcemdes ama Tu im Sedegsa Tu cnebas.<br />

naSromis Seqmnisas suraTis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gamosadegia<br />

Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema:<br />

• ra azris gadmocema gsurT suraTiT?<br />

• aucilebelia suraTis gamoyeneba? Tu is imeorebs teqsts, maSin ar gWirdebaT.<br />

Tu avsebs teqsts an lakonurad gadmoscems xangrZliv msjelobas, maSin is<br />

in<strong>for</strong>maciis gadmocemis optimaluri saSualeba SeiZleba iyos.<br />

• Tqveni miznisTvis romeli tipis suraTia (grafiki, diagrama, ruka, foto Tu<br />

sxva rame) yvelaze adekvaturi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara martivi grafikiT gadmoices<br />

Tqveni azri da ar dagWirdeT ZviradRirebuli fotoebis gamoyeneba?<br />

suraTis standartebi<br />

kargi suraTis standartia simartive, TvalsaCinooba da Tanmimdevruloba. kargi suraTi:<br />

• avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas;<br />

• mxolod arsebiT faqtebs aRwers;<br />

• ar moicavs vizualurad yuradRebis gamfantav detalebs;<br />

• martivia wasakiTxad – misi elementebi (tipi, xazebi, dasaxelebebi, simboloebi<br />

da a.S.) sakmarisad didi zomisaa, rom nabeWdi saxiT wakiTxvadi iyos;<br />

• martivia gasagebad – misi mizani TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli;<br />

• konsistenturia – erT naSromSi erTnairi stiliT Sesrulebuli msgavsi<br />

suraTebia. sxva sityvebiT, erTnairi zomis asoebiT gakeTebuli warwerebi,<br />

erTnairi sisqis xazebi da erTi tipis vizualuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT;<br />

• detalurad damuSavebuli da momzadebulia.<br />

suraTis tipebi<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis monacemebis<br />

warsadgenad sxvadasxva saxis<br />

suraTebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT.<br />

zogjer saWiro tipis suraTis<br />

arCeva martivia, zogjer ki – ara.<br />

kargad momzadebuli suraTebi<br />

Sedegebis mTlian paterns<br />

dasamaxsovrebels xdis.<br />

14<br />

12<br />

10<br />

8<br />

6<br />

4<br />

2<br />

0<br />

111<br />

suraTi #2<br />

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun


grafiki monacemTa simravleebs Soris mimarTebebs – Sedarebasa da ganawilebas<br />

– gviCvenebs anda SeiZleba gviCvenebdes, magaliTad, maT absolutur mniSvnelobebs,<br />

procentul ganawilebasa Tu indeqsebs. grafikSi xazebi gasagebad unda iyos<br />

mocemuli da masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti detalebi. in<strong>for</strong>macia horizontalur da<br />

vertikalur RerZebze mzardi TanmimdevrobiT da Sedarebadi erTeulebiT unda<br />

iyos warmodgenili.<br />

• gafantvis grafiki calkeuli<br />

wertilebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic erTi<br />

movlenis calkeul an ori cvladis<br />

(abscisasa da ordinataze gadazomil)<br />

mniSvnelobebs warmoadgenen (ix. suraTi<br />

N1). wertilebis mniSvnelovani<br />

klasterebi korelaciebs asaxaven.<br />

magaliTad, diagonalis gaswvriv dajgufebuli<br />

wertilebi wrfiv korelacias<br />

gamosaxaven, xolo Tu wertilebi zustad<br />

diagonalis wrfeze lagdebian, maSin<br />

korelaciis koeficienti mis maqsimalur<br />

mnSvnelobas +1-s utoldeba.<br />

• wrfivi grafiki or raodenobriv<br />

cvlads Soris damokidebulebis<br />

saCveneblad gamoiyeneba. damoukidebeli<br />

cvladi horizontalur RerZze<br />

gadaizomeba, damokidebuli ki –<br />

vertikalurze (ix. suraTi #2). RerZebze<br />

danayofebi sazomis erTeulebs<br />

gviCvenebs. RerZebiT aRniSnuli skalebi<br />

SeiZleba iyos wrfivi, logariTmuli an<br />

logariTmul–wrfivi.<br />

•svetebiani grafiki gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac damoukidebeli cvladi<br />

kategorialuria (magaliTad, sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situacia. ix. suraTi #3).<br />

• wriuli diagrama (pie) procentuli ganawilebisa da proporciis saCveneblad<br />

gamoiyeneba. Sesadarebeli erTeulebis raodenoba xuTs ar unda aRematebodes.<br />

segmentebi klebadi TanmimdevrobiT unda iyos dalagebuli, yvelaze didi segmenti<br />

ki vertikaluri xazidan iwyebodes.<br />

suraTis identificireba da teqstSi moxsenieba<br />

suraTebi arabuli cifrebiT aRiniSneba da inomreba teqstSi moxseniebis<br />

TanmimdevrobiT (anu suraTi #1, suraTi #2 da a.S.) suraTs nomeri ewereba zeda<br />

marjvena kuTxeSi.<br />

teqstSi moxseniebis wesebi:<br />

rogorc me–2 suraTzea naCvenebi, es damokidebuleba. . .<br />

maT Soris aRmoCnda mWidro kavSiri (ix. suraTi #2).<br />

ar gamoiyenoT frazebi „zemoT mocemul suraTze~ an „me-12 gverdze mocemul<br />

suraTze~, vinaidan suraTis mdebareoba da gverdebis numeracia SeiZleba Seicvalos.<br />

suraTis nomers Tan unda axldes dasaxeleba, romelic unda iyos sakmaod<br />

detaluri da amomwuravi.<br />

112<br />

35<br />

30<br />

25<br />

20<br />

15<br />

10<br />

5<br />

0<br />

suraTi N3<br />

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun<br />

Mar<br />

Apr May<br />

suraTi N4<br />

Feb<br />

Jan


organizacia<br />

wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT gvarebis mixedviT xdeba. Tu Sromis<br />

avtori ar aris aRniSnuli, maSin miTiTeba saTauris pirveli sityvebis mixedviT<br />

xdeba.<br />

xazebs Soris intervali<br />

xazebs Soris ormagi intervali (Tumca qarTulSi erTnaxevaric dasaSvebia _<br />

SesaTanxmebelia xelmZRvanelTan).<br />

abzacis pirveli Seweuli striqoni (indention) (indention) (indention) (indention) (indention)<br />

TiToeuli striqonisTvis Sesabamisi abzaci unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. APA-is<br />

stiliT rekomendebulia TiToeuli wyaros pirveli striqonisTvis 5–7 poziciis<br />

gamotoveba.<br />

Rodrigues, R. (1982). A hanger of memory: The education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:<br />

Godine.<br />

Tumca arsebobs meore variantic: roca miTiTebul literaturaSi pirvel<br />

striqonSi pirveli sityva, piriqiT, gamoweulia da meore striqoni 5 poziciiT<br />

Seweulia.<br />

Rodrigues, R. (1982). A hanger of memory: The education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:<br />

Godine.<br />

hkiTxeT xelmZRvanels, romeli variantis gamoyeneba gevalebaT.<br />

avtorebi<br />

pirvelad unda miuTiToT avtoris gvari, Semdeg saxeli (erTmaneTisgan mZimeebiT<br />

gamoiyofa). rogorc wesi, saxelis (aseve, meore saxelis) misaTiTeblad inicialebi<br />

gamoiyeneba. bolo avtoris gvaris win & kavSiri iwereba.<br />

gamocemis TariRi<br />

gamocemis weli unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi avtoris an avtorebis gvarebis<br />

gverdiT. Cveulebrivad, es aris xolme weli, magram zogierTi ti pis gamocemebisTvis<br />

(magaliTad, Jurnalebi da sagazeTo statiebi) unda miuTiToT Tve da, iSviaT<br />

SemTxvevaSi, dReebic.<br />

saTauri<br />

inglisur enaze wignis an statiis saTauris miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, didi asoTi<br />

iwereba mxolod saTauris pirveli sityva, qvesaTauris pirveli sityva da sakuTari<br />

saxelebi. sxva yvela danarCeni sityva iwereba patara asoebiT. statiis saTauri<br />

brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas.<br />

gamocemis adgili<br />

wyarosTvis, romelic periodul gamocemas ar warmoadgens, unda miuTiToT<br />

gamocemis adgilic. Tu gamomcemeli romelime konkretul universitets warmoadgens<br />

da qalaqis (an provinciis) dasaxeleba miTiTebulia universitetis saxelwodebaSic,<br />

maSin misi gameoreba saWiro aRar aris.<br />

114


gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba<br />

araperioduli wyaroebisTvis gamomcemlobis miTiTebac aucilebelia. gamocemis<br />

adgilis Semdeg orwertili da Semdeg gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba unda miuTiToT.<br />

zogierTi gamomcemlobisaTvis SesaZlebelia Semoklebuli variantic gamoiyenoT<br />

(William Morrow-is nacvlad Morrow). SesaZloa gamotovoT sityvebi: gamomcemeli,<br />

kompania da a.S. (”CO.,” ”Inc.,” ”Publisher”). Tumca asociaciebis, korporaciebis da<br />

universitetis gamocemlobebis miTiTebisas sruli saxelwodebebi unda aRiniSnos<br />

da am SemTxvevaSi gamomcemlobis dasaxelebis gamotoveba ar xdeba (magaliTad,<br />

“Harvard University Press“).<br />

gverdebis numeracia<br />

wignebis an gazeTebis gverdebis miTiTebisas abreviatura – `gv.~ – miuTiTeT.<br />

gverdebisTvis yvela cifri moitaneT: `667-668.~<br />

wignebi<br />

1. wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs<br />

Rodriguez, R. (1982). A Hanger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:<br />

Godine.<br />

avtoris saxelis sruli miTiTebis nacvlad misi iniciali unda miuTiToT,<br />

Tumca misi saxeli wyaros dasaxelebaSic ikiTxeba. didi asoTi saTauris da<br />

qvesaTuris mxolod pirveli sityva da sakuTari saxelia mocemuli.<br />

2. wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs<br />

Nesselroade, J.R., & Baltes, P.B. (1999). Longitudinal research in behavioral studies. New<br />

York: Academic Press.<br />

avtorebis gvarebs erTmaneTisgan & gamoyofs.<br />

3. wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs<br />

Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds). (1994). Stressful life events: Their nature<br />

and effects. New York: Weley.<br />

redaqtorTa saxelebi miuTiTeT, rogorc avtoris saxeli da gvari, magram<br />

frCxilebSi Semoklebuli <strong>for</strong>miT mocemuli unda iyos: „(red.)“. inglisurenovani<br />

wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvavSi Tu redaqtori erTia: „(Ed)“, Tu<br />

ramodenime – „(Eds).“ iqve, frCxilebSi unda miuTiTeT gamocemis welic.<br />

4. wigni, romelsac mTargmneli hyavs<br />

Trajan. P. D. (1927). Psychology of animals (H.Simone, Trans.). Washington, DC: Halperin.<br />

5. wigni, romlis avtori mkvlevarTa jgufia<br />

Lorenz Research. (1997). Research in social studies teaching. Baltimore: Arrow Books.<br />

roca wignis avtori avtorTa jgufia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlevarTa jgufi,<br />

saxelmwifo saagento, korporacia da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi, jgufis saxeli unda<br />

miuTiToT, rogorc individualuri sakuTari saxeli. gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />

nusxaSi ki anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT swored es saxeli unda gaiTvaliswinoT.<br />

6. wigni, romlis avtori ucnobia<br />

Mariam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997). Sprinfield, MA: Mariam-Webster.<br />

115


Tu wignis avtori ucnobia unda miuTiToT wignis saxelwodeba anbanuri<br />

TanmimdevrobiT.<br />

7. erTi da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma, romelic erTsa da imave welsaa<br />

gamoqveynebuli<br />

Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human Development. New York: Weliy.<br />

Gardner, H. (1973b). Ithe guest <strong>for</strong> mind: Pieaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement.<br />

New York: Knopf.<br />

rodesac gamoyenebulia erTi da imave avtoris erTsa da imave wels<br />

gamoqveynebuli Sroma, isini unda miuTiToT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT, saTauris<br />

pirveli sityvis mixedviT da gamocemebi unda gamoirCes erTmaneTisgan asoebis<br />

(a, b da a.S. ) saSualebiT.<br />

magram Tu uTiTebT erTi da imave avtoris or sxvadasxva Sromas, romlebic<br />

erTsa da imave wels ar aris gamoqveynebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi, jer unda<br />

miuTiToT ufro adre gamoqveynebuli Sroma.<br />

8. wigni, romelic xelaxla gamoica<br />

Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed). NewYork. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.<br />

xelaxali gamocemis TariRi saTauris Semdeg unda miuTiToT. Semdeg<br />

gamomcemloba unda aRiniSnos.<br />

9. wigni, romelic erTze meti tomisagan Sedgeba<br />

Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol.5). New<br />

Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.<br />

Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols.1-8).<br />

New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.<br />

10. statia an Tavi redaqtirebuli wignidan<br />

Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach.<br />

In B.S. Dorhewend & B.P. Dorhenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature and<br />

effects (pp. 239-264). New York Weliy.<br />

gamocemis TariRi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. statiis an Tavis saTauris<br />

Semdg unda miuTiToT, romeli wyarodan aris amoRebuli nakveTi. gverdebis<br />

numeracia unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi.<br />

perioduli gamocemebi: samecniero Jurnalebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi<br />

11. statia yovelwliuri Jurnalidan<br />

Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord and<br />

divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330<br />

statiis saTauri brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas. Jurnalis saxelwodeba<br />

daxrili unda iyos.<br />

12. statia Jurnalidan, romelsac calkeuli nomrebi aqvs<br />

Dacey, J. (198). Managment participation in corporate buy-outs. Management Perspectives,<br />

7(4), 20-31<br />

Jurnalis nomeri daxrili ar unda iyos, is frCxilebSi unda CasvaT.<br />

116


13. statiis abstraqti<br />

Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord and<br />

divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330 (From Psychological Abstracts, 69, Item 1320)<br />

rodesac abstraqti da ara statiis sruli teqstia gamoyenebuli, frCxilebSi<br />

mowodebul unda iyos amomwuravi in<strong>for</strong>macia: saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi,<br />

abzacis nomeri. ramdenadac saTaurSi sityva abstraqti ar figurirebs, amitom<br />

is unda miuTiToT wyaros saTaursa da periodizacias Soris, rom cxadi<br />

gaxdes, ra gamoiyeneT.<br />

14. statia Jurnalidan<br />

Van Gelder, L. (1996, Desember). Countdown to motherhood: When shoud you have a baby?<br />

Ms., 37-39, 74.<br />

Tu Jurnals aqvs calkeuli gamocemebi da nomrebi, aucileblad unda iyos<br />

aRniSnuli. aseve, nomris gamocemis sruli TariRi da statiis gverdebi unda<br />

iyos dafiqsirebuli, oRond abrevituris (gv.) gareSe.<br />

15. sagazeTo statia<br />

Lewis, P.H. (1999, Jenuary 21 ). Many updates cause profitable confusion. The New York Times,<br />

pp. D1, D5.<br />

unda miuTiToT, rogorc gamocemis weli, aseve, Tve da dRe. gverdebis<br />

misaTiTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT abraviatura: „gv.~<br />

16. xelmouwereli statia<br />

The right to die. (1976, Octomber 11). Time, 121. 101<br />

miuTiTeT CamonaTvalSi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT statiis saTauris mixedviT.<br />

iseve, rogor anonimuri avtoris wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

17. mimoxilva<br />

Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and his men [Review of the book A mind<br />

of her own: The life of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review, 10-11.<br />

Tu mimoxilva dasaTaurebuli araa, gamoiyeneT frCxilebSi mocemuli in<strong>for</strong>macia,<br />

rogorc saTauri.<br />

wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi saTauri daxrili unda iyos, Jurnalebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki dasaxelebaa daxrili.<br />

danarTi<br />

danarTi<br />

danarTi or mizans emsaxureba. is avtors mkiTxvelisTvis kiTxvis Seuwyvetlad<br />

detaluri in<strong>for</strong>maciis miwodebisa da weris stilis, wesebis dacvis saSualebas<br />

aZlevs.<br />

Cveulebrivad, danarTSi maTematikuri dasabuTeba, didi cxrilebi, kiTxvaris<br />

nimuSebi an kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli sxva xelsawyoebi da kompiuteruli programebia<br />

aRwerili.<br />

naSromi SeiZleba erT an met danarTs moicavdes.<br />

117


danarTis identifikacia da teqstSi motana<br />

Tu naSroms mxolod erTi danarTi aqvs, mas mxolod danarTi ewereba. Tu mas<br />

ramdenime danarTi aqvs, maSin unda miuTiToT: danarTi A, danarTi B da a.S. im<br />

TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac is teqstSia motanili. TiToeul danarTs<br />

unda hqondes saxelwodeba. teqstSi danarTebi Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiTaa motanili:<br />

orive kvlevam erTi da igive Sedegi aCvena (ix. danarTi A da danarTi B).<br />

ZiriTadi nawili da saTaurebi<br />

teqstis msgavsad, danarTs aqvs saTauri da qvesaTauri (danarTis SigniT saTauris<br />

donis gansazRvris mizniT danarTi teqstisgan gancalkevebiT unda iyos mocemuli,<br />

magaliTad, ZiriTad teqsts SeiZleba oTxdoniani saTauri hqondes, magram Tu danarTs<br />

ordoniani saTuri aqvs, dasaTaureba xdeba iseve, rogorc ordoniani ZiriTadi teqstis).<br />

ZiriTadi teqstis msgavsad, danarTi SeiZleba moicavdes cxrilebs da suraTebs<br />

da, agreTve, vrclad mocemul maTematikur <strong>for</strong>mulebs. danarTis cxrilebi da<br />

suraTebi unda dainomros. agreTve, unda dainomros maTematikuri <strong>for</strong>mulebi, Tu<br />

es aucilebelia Semdgomi miTiTebisTvis. cxrilebis nomers Tan unda daerTos<br />

danarTis dasaxelebac (magaliTad, cxrili NA1).<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, roca danarTi erTia, danarTis cxrilebis da suraTebis<br />

gadanomrvisas gamoiyeneT aso „A,“ rom ZiriTadi teqstis cxrilebisgan da<br />

suraTebisgan garCeva SesaZlebeli iyos. danarTSi citirebis wesebi igivea, rac<br />

ZiriTadi teqstis SemTxvevaSi: _ danarTis yvela cxrili da suraTi miTiTebuli<br />

unda iyos danarTSi da danomrili unda iyos motanis rigis mixedviT.<br />

cxrilebi, romlebic danarTis saxiTaa mocemuli<br />

Tu cxrili mTlianad danarTs warmoadgens, centrSi mocemuli danarTis saxelwodeba<br />

da saTauri cxrilis nomris da saTauris Canacvlebasac warmoadgens. mravaldoniani<br />

cxrilebi calkeuli danarTebis saxiT moitaneT. Tu aseTi cxrilebi (magram ara<br />

teqsti) kombinirebulia erT danarTSi, danomreT cxrilebi.<br />

kiTxvarebi da testebi<br />

Tu Tqven gsurT gamoaqveynoT axali testi APA-is JurnalSi, maSin saavtoro<br />

uflebebis mflobeli iqneba APA (avtors, romelsac surs, rom rom saavtoro<br />

uflebebi SeinarCunos, unda miuTiTos: „saavtoro ufleba [weli] [avtoris gvari]).<br />

Tu gsurT miuTiToT sxva avtoris kiTxvari an testi, amis ufleba werilobiTi<br />

<strong>for</strong>miT unda moipovoT.<br />

<strong>for</strong>mati<br />

naSromis naSromis <strong>for</strong>maluri <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebis maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli<br />

Sesafasebeli<br />

kiTxvari<br />

kiTxvari<br />

• warmodgenili naSromi Sesrulebulia Tu ara A4 <strong>for</strong>matis furcelze?<br />

• mTel naSromSi citirebis, gamoyenebuli literaturis, avtoris SeniSvnis,<br />

sqolios, suraTebis dasaxelebis da cxrilis yvela nawilis CaTvliT, daculia<br />

Tu ara striqonebs Soris ormagi (qarTulSi _ 1,5) intervali? aris Tu ara<br />

naSromi mowesrigebuli da guldasmiT ga<strong>for</strong>mebuli?<br />

• mindvrebi aris Tu ara, sul mcire, 1" anu 2,54 sm?<br />

118


• calke gverdebze aris Tu ara mocemuli Tavfurceli, abstraqti, gamoyenebuli<br />

literatura, avtoris SeniSvna, cxrilebi da suraTebi (erTi cxrili/suraTi<br />

erT gverdze) calke gverdebze?<br />

• Tanmimdevrulad aris Tu ara gadanomrili gverdebi Tavfurclidan<br />

gamoyenebuli literaturis CaTvliT?<br />

Tavfurceli da abstraqti<br />

• Sedgeba Tu ara saTauri 10-12 sityvisgan?<br />

• Tavfurcelze miTiTebulia Tu ara instituti/dawesebuleba, sadac Sesrulda<br />

naSromi?<br />

• Tavsdeba Tu ara abstraqti 120 sityvaSi?<br />

abzacebi da saTaurebi<br />

• aris Tu ara erTi abzaci erT winadadebaze meti, magram ara umetes erTi<br />

xelnaweri gverdisa?<br />

• qvesaTaurebi zustad asaxaven Tu ara naSromis struqturas?<br />

• erTnairi qvesaTaurebi erTnairi <strong>for</strong>matiTaa Sesrulebuli Tu ara?<br />

abreviatura<br />

• amoRebulia Tu ara naSromidan yvela araarsebiTi da arasaWiro abreviatura?<br />

ganmartebulia Tu ara yvela saWiro da naSromSi Setanili abreviatura?<br />

• cxrilebsa da suraTebSi mocemuli abreviaturebi axsnilia Tu ara cxrilis<br />

Tanmxleb SeniSvnasa Tu suraTis legendaSi?<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

• gamoyenebuli literatura citirebulia rogorc teqstSi, ise boloSi<br />

•<br />

saTauriT `gamoyenebuli literatura~? sxva sityvebiT, rac teqstSia mocemuli,<br />

miTiTebulia boloSic da piriqiT?<br />

teqstSi citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi mocemuli<br />

wyaroebi erTnairadaa dawerili da Tanxvdeba Tu ara gamocemis wlebi?<br />

• srulad aris Tu ara mocemuli Jurnalis dasaxelebebi?<br />

• gamoyenebuli literatura dalagebulia Tu ara avtorTa gvarebis mixedviT<br />

anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT?<br />

sqolio<br />

• miTiTebulia Tu ara teqstSi yvela sqolio?<br />

• gadanomrilia Tu ara sqolioebi Tanmimdevrulad da sworadaa Tu ara<br />

isini ganlagebuli teqstSi?<br />

cxrilebi da suraTebi<br />

• TiToeuli cxrilis svetebs aqvs Tu ara saTauri?<br />

• cxrilebSi amoRebulia Tu ara yvela vertikaluri xazi?<br />

• suraTebis elementebi aris Tu ara sakmarisad didi zomis, raTa suraTis<br />

zomebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi mainc wakiTxvadi iyos?<br />

• TiToeuli suraTi danomrilia Tu ara Tanmimdevrulad da aqvs Tu ra<br />

mokle saTauri?<br />

119


• yvela suraTi da cxrili moxseniebulia Tu ara teqstSi da danomrilia Tu<br />

ara moxseniebis rigis mixedviT?<br />

bolo SeniSvna<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom APA-is standartiT mogeTxovebaT naSromis Sesruleba,<br />

konkretuli departamentisa Tu pedagogis moTxovna SesaZloa, garkveulwilad,<br />

gansxvavdebodes APA-is standartisgan. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba departamentis/<br />

maswavleblis moTxovnebs eniWeba. orive – APA-isa da departamentis/maswavleblis<br />

– moTxovnebis codna students naSromis damakmayofileblad momzadebis saSualebas<br />

miscems. Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom akademiuri sazogadoeba SeTanxmebulia weris stilze<br />

da namdvilad ar Secvlis mas erTi individis axirebis gamo.<br />

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

literatura<br />

arabuli a., qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, gamomcemloba „universali~, Tbilisi,<br />

2004.<br />

gutbrodi h., danelia n. saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi,<br />

2006.<br />

TvalTvaZe d., gafrindaSvili n. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi, Tbilisi, 2004.<br />

SalamberiZe g., qarTuli marTlwera, gamomcemloba „ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1965.<br />

SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1973.<br />

Ãóäâèí Äæ., Èññëåäîâàíèå â ïñèõîëîãèè, ìåòîäû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå. 3-å èçä. Ïèòåð, 2004.<br />

Carter D., Beyond the Loan Word: Plagiarism and Academic Writing. Published in http://<br />

www.engelsk.au.dk/en/studies/exams/guides/plagiarism (2000, Revised 07.05.2007). bolo naxva<br />

15.08.2007<br />

Campbell S., The Problem of Plagiarism Published in<br />

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html (last updated: February 22, 2007).<br />

bolo naxva 15.08.2007<br />

Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition.<br />

Addison-Wesley.<br />

Georgetown University. What is Plagiarism. Published in http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/<br />

plagiarism.html (2007). bolo naxva 15.08.2007<br />

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Published by APA.<br />

Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills.<br />

Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.<br />

Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Plagiarism: What It is and How to<br />

Recognize and Avoid It. Published in http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml<br />

(2004). bolo naxva 15.08.2007<br />

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