qarTuli sazogadoeba da evropuli Rirebulebebi - CTC
qarTuli sazogadoeba da evropuli Rirebulebebi - CTC
qarTuli sazogadoeba da evropuli Rirebulebebi - CTC
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ser seria ser ia ev ev<br />
ev <strong>evropuli</strong> <strong>evropuli</strong><br />
ropuli ropuli ropuli Zieban Zieban Ziebaniiiii Zieban Zieban<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
statiebis krebuli, 2006<br />
<strong>evropuli</strong> <strong>evropuli</strong> <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong><br />
<strong>Rirebulebebi</strong><br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtor-SemdgenelTa jgufi:<br />
irma irma alfen alfeniZe<br />
alfen iZe<br />
paata paata papava<br />
papava<br />
zaza zaza SaTir SaTiriSvili<br />
SaTir iSvili<br />
Tbilis Tbilisi<br />
Tbilis<br />
2007<br />
1
ISBN 978-9990000-68-54-8 © konsultaciisa <strong>da</strong> treningis centri<br />
Centrer for Training and Conultancy<br />
2<br />
stilisti zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
koreqtori<br />
mxatvari <strong>da</strong><br />
ia Radua<br />
teqnikuri re<strong>da</strong>qtori paata papava<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkabadonebeli zurab modebaZe
Sinaarsi<br />
winaTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis informaciuli maCveneblebi . . . . . . . 7<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
demokratizacia rogorc demokratiuli<br />
ganviTarebis alternativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />
marina musxeliSvili<br />
adgili <strong>da</strong> alagi: komunaluri Tanasworobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
plebsis demokratiamde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
reitingis diqtatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<br />
nana zardiaSvili<br />
tribuna<br />
globalisturi tendenciebis zegavlena saqarTvelos<br />
politikur cxovrebaze _ memarcxene-konservatiuli diskursi . . . . 99<br />
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba ganiTarebisaTvis – koncefciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mc<strong>da</strong>ri warmodgenebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<br />
ian voriSeki<br />
interviu hovard nikolasTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
nacionalizmi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />
zaza firaliSvili<br />
universitetis idea: ori paradigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167<br />
zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
rituali <strong>da</strong> aRzr<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi . . . . . . . . . 172<br />
marina kandelaki<br />
zogadi ganaTlebis apologia (sokratuli dialogi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189<br />
nestan ratiani<br />
3
4<br />
ideaTa istoria Semecnebis amouwuravi sferoa, romelic<br />
uSurvelad gvTavazobs aRmoCenebsa <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebs.<br />
erT-erTi amgvari aRmoCena isaa, rom bevri dRevandeli<br />
Rirebuleba gacilebiT ufro norCia, vidre Cven aqamde<br />
warmogvedgina... – Semwynareblobis idea, ... Tavisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa cnebebi, geniosis idea, romelic<br />
Tavisi <strong>da</strong>udgromeli bunebiT nebismier pirobiTobas<br />
upirispirdeba... – yovelive es im uzarmazari Zvrebis<br />
Sedegia, romelic evropeli a<strong>da</strong>mianis azrovnebam XVIII saukuneSi<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong>. am ZvraTa Sedegebi Tanamedrove cxovrebis<br />
yvela sferos gansazRvravs.<br />
aisaia berlini
w i i n n n a a T T q q q m m m a a<br />
a<br />
mkiTxvelis winaSe warmodgenilia evropul RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
ideaTa Tanamedrove qarTul inteleqtualur konteqstSi recepciis<br />
garkveuli c<strong>da</strong>. krebulis avtorebi ar ifarglebian<br />
mxolod erTi romelime inteleqtualuri sferoTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>evropuli</strong><br />
<strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ideebis mTlian sivrces ganixilaven _<br />
kulturiTa Tu ganaTlebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong> politikiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli.<br />
SeniSvnis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom winamdebare krebuli xangrZlivi,<br />
TiTqmis erTi wlis muSaobis Sedegia. muSaoba am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi gulisxmobs ara oden calkeul naSromTa Seqmnis process,<br />
aramed _ im gansjasa <strong>da</strong> diskusiebs, rac TiToeuli statiis<br />
ganxilvas Tan axl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>evropuli</strong> <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong> meyseulad <strong>da</strong> cariel<br />
adgilas ar gaCenila. amitomac, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba rogorc evropul ideaTa istoriis gaSuqebas, ise im<br />
inteleqtualuri praqsisis Seswavlas, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia am<br />
ideaTa Tu RirebulebaTa warmoqmnasa <strong>da</strong> maT amJamindel funqcionirebasTan.<br />
saqarTvelo dRes evrokavSirisaken miiswrafvis <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
evropis sruluflebian wevrad gaxdoma surs. evropa, Tavis<br />
mxriv, axal samezoblo programas gvTavazobs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
Cvens winaSe seriozuli amocanaa _ gaviazroT, ras gvTavazobs<br />
evropa, ra gamowvevebs gviyenebs dRevandeloba, romelSic<br />
xvalindeli dRis anareklic moCans.<br />
swored am sakiTxebze msjelobi<strong>da</strong>n warmoiSva mocemuli krebuli,<br />
romelic, amave dros, ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis saxlis saxlis (<strong>CTC</strong> _ konkon<br />
sultaciisa sultaciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> treningis treningis treningis centri centri centri) centri axal iniciativas ukavSirdeba:<br />
<strong>CTC</strong>-is kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis ganyofilebis bazaze <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
seminarebis, diskusiebisa <strong>da</strong> kvlevebis axali cikli, romelic<br />
evropul evropul evropul evropul evropul ZiebaTa ZiebaTa ZiebaTa ZiebaTa ZiebaTa saxelwodebiT erTiandeba.<br />
amave dros, es iniciativa gamocemaTa mTel ciklsa Tu serias<br />
gulisxmobs amave saxelwodebiT _ <strong>evropuli</strong> <strong>evropuli</strong> Ziebani Ziebani. Ziebani mocemuli<br />
krebuli evropul evropul evropul evropul evropul ZiebaTa ZiebaTa ZiebaTa ZiebaTa ZiebaTa seriis pirveli gamocemaa. misi eleqtronuli<br />
versia ix. Semdeg gverdze: http://ctc.wanex.net/<br />
?l=1&i=16. amave veb-gverdze ganTavsdeba wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebul<br />
seminarTa <strong>da</strong> diskusiaTa amsaxveli mTeli masala.<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qcia re<strong>da</strong>qcia re<strong>da</strong>qcia<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qcia re<strong>da</strong>qcia<br />
5
6<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamedrove gamowvevebi
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
mogonebebi momavalze anu<br />
postindustrializacia, globalizacia <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelo<br />
am werilSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong> problemebi, albaT, jer<br />
kidev karga xans ar <strong>da</strong>dgeba saqarTvelos winaSe. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, Cven mainc saWirod CavTvaleT postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze<br />
saubari, radgan araferi ufro saSiSi ar aris, vidre<br />
CamorCena Tanamedrove msoflio procesebisgan, miT ufro,<br />
_ azrismieri, gonebismieri CamorCena. amasTanave, rogorc<br />
dRevandeli politikuri procesebi amtkicebs, sazogadoebrivi<br />
movlenebis winaswari ganWvretis gareSe SeuZlebelia swori<br />
politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi moqmedeba.<br />
dRevandeli sociologebis klasifikaciiT kacobriobis<br />
istoria, teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaze maTi gavlenis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
sam _ agrarul, industriul <strong>da</strong> postindustriul<br />
_ talRad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos. pirveli talRa im agrarul Zvras<br />
ukavSireba, romelmac, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aTi aTasi wlis winaT, Zireulad<br />
Secvala kacobriobis cxovrebis wesi <strong>da</strong> `neoliTur<br />
revoluciad~ moinaTla. am periodSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> moxetiale<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mkvidr cxovrebaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla. moxetiale tomebi Temebma<br />
Secvales, romlebic de<strong>da</strong>miwis garkveul monakveTebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrdnen. ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobriv-kulturuli<br />
ganviTareba, Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> azrovnebis miTosuri wesi,<br />
xolo mogvianebiT Seiqmna <strong>da</strong>mwerloba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong><br />
informaciis <strong>da</strong>fiqsireba <strong>da</strong> drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi misi ga<strong>da</strong>cema.<br />
agraruli sazogadoebis Taviseburebebi<br />
pirveli sazogadoebebi, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, Zvel<br />
aRmosavleTSi Caisaxa. Zveli aRmosavleTis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
agraruli iyo, anu misi arseboba soflis meurneobas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
soflis meurneobisaTvis saWiro safuZvels ki didi<br />
mdinareebi qmnidnen. magram mdinareebi mxolod keTilismyo-<br />
7
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
felni rodi iyvnen a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis. wyaldidobisas SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mier aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli<br />
Sromis Sedegebi iavarqmniliyo. amitom a<strong>da</strong>mianis samsaxurSi<br />
sabolood Casayeneblad mdinareTa `moTviniereba~ iyo saWiro,<br />
rac irigaciuli nagebobebis anu arxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mbebis aSenebiT<br />
miiRweo<strong>da</strong>. maTi roli Zvel aRmosavleTSi imdenad<br />
didia, rom zogierTi mkvlevari am arealSi saxelmwifos warmoSobas,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, sairigacio nagebobebis SenebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Tu materialuri resursebis<br />
Tavmoyris saWiroebiT xsnis. es Tvalsazrisi, rasakvirvelia,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulia, magram WeSmaritebis marcvalsac Seicavs.<br />
ueWvelia, rom am nagebobaTa gareSe Zveli aRmosavleTi ver<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> is, rac iyo.<br />
Zvel aRmosavleTSi kulturis agrarulma xasiaTma ganapiroba<br />
soflis meurneobis dominireba meurneobis sxva sferoebze.<br />
magram rogori iyo es soflis meurneoba? igi eqstensiur<br />
xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. eqstensiuri xasiaTis soflis meurneoba<br />
intensiurs upirispirdeba. maT Soris gansxvavebis gasatareblad<br />
aseTi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT: vTqvaT, ojaxs<br />
Tavis gamosakvebad sWirdeba erTi heqtari miwa, romelsac igi<br />
gulmodgined amuSavebs. magram ojaxi gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am erTi heqtri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moweuli mosavali ukve aRar yofnis. mosavlianobis<br />
gazrdis ori gza arsebobs: SeiZleba mosavali <strong>da</strong>vTesoT ara<br />
erT heqtarze, rogorc amas manamde hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili, aramed _<br />
orze <strong>da</strong> amiT mivaRwioT soflis meurneobis produqciis gaormagebas.<br />
magram arsebobs meore gzac: agronomiuli codnis<br />
gamoyenebiT gamoviyvanoT saWiro produqciis axali jiSi, romelic<br />
orjer met mosavals mogvcems, vidre is, romelsac aqamde<br />
viyenebdiT. pirvel gzas eqstensiurs uwodeben, meores _<br />
intensiurs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi zr<strong>da</strong> raodenobrivi maCveneblebis<br />
(Cvens SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli miwis farTobis) xarjze<br />
miiRweva, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ Tvisobrivi maCveneblebis<br />
(Cveni magaliTis mixedviT _ mosavlianobis) zrdis xarjze.<br />
bunebrivia, rom Zvel aRmosavleTSi, agronomiuli codnis<br />
arasakmarisi ganviTarebis pirobebSi, produqciis zr<strong>da</strong><br />
eqstensiuri meTodebiT miiRweo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, TiTqos irigaciis gamoyenebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve moicav<strong>da</strong> Zveli aRmosavleTis<br />
didi saxelmwifoebis mTel tritoriebs. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
irigaciis lokalur qselebs qmnidnen, magram murneobis<br />
eqstensiuri xasiaTi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sul axal <strong>da</strong><br />
8
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
axal miwebs iTvisebdnen, rasac, sabolood, adgilobrivi<br />
sistemebis gazr<strong>da</strong>-gafarToeba <strong>da</strong> erTiani qselis Seqmna<br />
mosdev<strong>da</strong>. yovelive es, Tavis mxriv, saTanadod aisaxebo<strong>da</strong><br />
politikur sistemazec.<br />
rogorc ukve aRininiSna, Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis meurneoba<br />
upiratesad agraruli iyo <strong>da</strong> naturalur xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong><br />
anu emyarebo<strong>da</strong> saqonlis uSualo gacvlas saqonelze<br />
fuladi mimoqcevis ganviTarebuli sistemis gareSe. meurneobis<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo xasiaTi, rasakvirvelia, ar gamoricxav<strong>da</strong><br />
xelosnobisa <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis ganviTarebis garkveul dones.<br />
Tumca vaWrobis <strong>da</strong> xelosnobis produqciis moxmarebis <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Sesabamisad, gasaRebis ZiriTadi areali qalaqebTan mimdebare<br />
sasoflo <strong>da</strong>saxlebebi iyo, romelTa mosaxleoba soflis meurneobis<br />
produqcias cvli<strong>da</strong> misTvis aucilebel xelosnobis<br />
produqciaze. ganuviTarebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> masobriv xasiaTs ar atareb<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso vaWroba. igi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, fufunebis niv-<br />
Tebis eqsportiT Semioifarglebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, Zveli aRmosavleTis<br />
vaWrebs sakmaod didi Tvalsawieri gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> Tavian-<br />
Ti samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n sakmaod moSorebul adgilebSi mimodiodnen<br />
(sxvaTa Soris, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityva `vaWari~ parTiuli<strong>da</strong>n aris <strong>da</strong>sesxebuli,<br />
anu saqarTveloSi vaWroba jer kidev parTiis epoqaSi<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>).<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciebi agrarul xasiaTs<br />
atarebdnen, Tanac ganuviTarebeli fuladi sistemis pirobebSi,<br />
cxadia, rom maTSi ekonomikis bazisi, simdidris <strong>da</strong> ke-<br />
TildReobis wyaro miwis mflobeloba iyo. amave dros miwa gamodio<strong>da</strong><br />
malimitirebeli anu iseTi faqtoris rolSi, romelic<br />
xels uSli<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. eqstensiuri meurneobis<br />
pirobebSi miwis axali masivebis mierTebac ki Tavis-<br />
Tavad ar iZleo<strong>da</strong> imis garantias, rom am mierTebul miwas efeqtianad<br />
aiTvisebdnen. miwa ki Zvel aRmosavleTSi yovelTvis<br />
arasakmarisi iyo.<br />
industriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT XV-XVI saukuni<strong>da</strong>n de<strong>da</strong>miwis erT monakveTze,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi, iwyeba ga<strong>da</strong>svla industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze.<br />
viTardeba manufaqturuli warmoeba, aqcenti soflis meurneobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mrewvelobaze ga<strong>da</strong>dis. cota mogvianebiT ki _ manqanuri<br />
mrewveloba imarjvebs. industriis ganviTarebam moi-<br />
Txova Sromis organizaciis ufro maRali done, vidre amas<br />
9
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
agrarul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mis Tanmxleb xelosnobaSi vxvdebiT.<br />
industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si adgili aqvs warmoebis saSualebebis<br />
imgvar ganviTarebas, rodesac gacilebiT naklebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT<br />
xdeba didi efeqtis mqone Sedegebis miRweva. es, Tavis<br />
mxriv, saWiroebs resursebis ufro racionalur ganlagebas,<br />
saSualebebis arCevis <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis Tavisuflebis bevrad<br />
maRal dones.<br />
industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla emTxveva axali drois<br />
mecnierebis <strong>da</strong> masTan mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul meqanikur<br />
principebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli teqnologiebis warmoSobas; industriuli<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli agrarulisagan,<br />
Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad met sargebels naxulobs <strong>da</strong>grovil codna-<br />
Tagan. frensis bekonis gamonaTqvami `codna Zalaa~ samyaroul<br />
movlenaTa pasiurad mWvreteli brZenis antikur-Suasaukuneobrivi<br />
idealis uaryofaa. mecnierebis <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebis<br />
miRwevaTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ukve XVII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n oficialur politikad<br />
iqca, rasac maTi institucionalizacia mohyva.<br />
amgvarma cvlilebebma moiTxova uaris Tqma kadrebis Ser-<br />
Cevis im principze, romelic gvariSvilobasa <strong>da</strong> naTesaobas<br />
emyarebo<strong>da</strong>. industriuli ganviTarebis logika moiTxovs, minimumamde<br />
iqnas <strong>da</strong>yvanili karieris araprofesiuli elementebi.<br />
ekonomikuri, teqnikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri mar-<br />
Tvis procesebisaTvis optimalurad miiCneva ara garegani Careva,<br />
aramed procesebis marTva maTi Sinagani kanonzomierebebis<br />
Secnobis safuZvelze.<br />
industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, agrarulTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, gaaCnia<br />
TviTorganizaciis gacilebiT maRali done, rac gulisxmobs<br />
misi resursebis ufro racionalurad <strong>da</strong> koncentrirebulad<br />
mobilizebasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebas. industriuli sazogadoebis<br />
arsebobis sawyis etapze <strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> investirebas gacilebiT<br />
ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre produqciis<br />
moxmarebas (gavixsenoT gobseki, adreuli industriuli eris<br />
amsaxveli literaturis klasikuri personaJi). sazogadoebis<br />
organizaciis ufro maRalma donem moiTxova met-naklebad<br />
ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> resursebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>groveba.<br />
rasakvirvelia, industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla srulia<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> agrarul seqtorze uaris Tqmas. es ukanaskneli<br />
araTu SenarCunebulia, aramed manqanuri teqnikis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />
wyalobiT Zalze intensiurad viTardeba. igive iTqmis<br />
savaWro seqtorzec. jer didi ialqniani gemebis, xolo Semdeg<br />
10
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
orTqlis xomaldis <strong>da</strong> rkinigzebis gaCena mniSvnelovnad amcirebs<br />
savaWro tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvis dros <strong>da</strong> sagrZnoblad zrdis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sazid masas. xelosnobis sfero ki Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT momsaxurebis<br />
sferod ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva. industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mosaxleobis<br />
socialuri wili Tanabrdeba, xolo Semdeg – ganuxrelad<br />
izrdeba qalaqis sasargeblod.<br />
saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> holandia, anu ratom<br />
ver mivaRwieT qarTvelebma ganviTarebis<br />
industriul dones<br />
aq ibadeba yvela qarTvelisaTvis uaRresad aqtualuri, <strong>da</strong>maintrigebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva: ratom ver moaxerxa<br />
saqarTvelom ganviTarebis industriul doneze ga<strong>da</strong>svla,<br />
rac ara mxolod Cveni ganviTarebis, aramed usafrTxoebis garantic<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo? Cveni degra<strong>da</strong>ciis mizezad, rogorc<br />
wesi, sagareo faqtorebs miiCneven: Temur-lengis Semotevebs,<br />
uzun-hasanis laSqrobebs, bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemas. agreTve imas, rom<br />
mteri ricxvobrivad Tu teqnikuri aRWurvilobiT gvWarbob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kargi, ricxvobrivobis gaTvaliswineba kidev SeiZleba, magram<br />
gana amiTve aixsneba Cveni CamorCena teqnikur aRWurvilobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> taqtikaSi (sxvaTa Soris un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom industriuli<br />
eris gariJraJze msoflioSi saukeTeso armiebi did erebs,<br />
ingliselebs, frangebs an espanelebs ki ar hyav<strong>da</strong>T, aramed holandielebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Svedebs)? ricxovanebaze miTiTeba saqmes ar<br />
Svelis. ramdenjer aRematebodnen espanelebi holandielebs<br />
niderlandis revoluciis xanaSi? <strong>da</strong> vin gaimarjva? arc geografiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT iynen niderlandebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi<br />
_ bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos mTebic ki ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom maTTvis<br />
SeefarebinaT Tavi! zogjer qarTvelebis marcxs Cveni <strong>da</strong> mom-<br />
Tabaruli cxovrebis wesebis gansxvavebiT gansazRvraven, TiTqos<br />
Cven ufro kulturulebi viyaviT <strong>da</strong> amitom vmarcxdebodiTo.<br />
magram gana espanelTa <strong>da</strong> holandielTa cxovrebis forma<br />
nakleb gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTisagan? iqneb espanelebs sisastike<br />
akl<strong>da</strong>T? maS ra vuyoT moqmedebas amerikaSi? ara, saqme<br />
raRac sxvaSia. sadRac sxvaganaa ZaRlis Tavi <strong>da</strong>marxuli.<br />
sainteresoa, ra moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, ufro xelsayrel geopolitikur<br />
garemoSi rom gvecxovra <strong>da</strong> evropasTan kavSirisaTvis mxolod<br />
konstantinopolze ar vyofiliyaviT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, an<br />
_ Tun<strong>da</strong>c, Temur-lengsa <strong>da</strong> osmalebs Cvenze xeli ar mowvdomo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
etyoba arc araferi, albaT iseve ganvicdidiT degra<strong>da</strong>cias,<br />
rogorc agrarulma espaneTma <strong>da</strong> portugaliam gani-<br />
11
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
ca<strong>da</strong> industriuli inglisis <strong>da</strong> holandiis aRzevebis fonze.<br />
swored holandiis istoriis erTi etapis Seswavla qmnis sa-<br />
Tanado safuZvels Cveni istoriis zogierTi stereotipis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvisaTvis.<br />
magram sakiTxavia: mainc rogor moaxerxes holandielebma<br />
TavianTi resursebis imgvari mobilizeba, rom<br />
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi gaimarjves <strong>da</strong> ratom <strong>da</strong>vmarcxdiT<br />
Cven? an iqneb marTla qarTvelebi, rogorc eri, ar vvargivarT?<br />
_ sisulelea! erTaderTi, rac sakuTar Tavs SeiZleba<br />
vusayveduroT, is aris, rom ver SevqmeniT imgvari sociokulturuli<br />
sistema, romelic <strong>da</strong>gvicav<strong>da</strong>, Cvensave usafrTxoebas<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. magram ratom ver SevqmeniT?<br />
erTi ram axlavea cxadi. holandielebs politikur organizaciaSi<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T raRac iseTi, rac Cven ar gvqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am ra-<br />
Racam lamis yvelaferi gansazRvra. maTi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
xasiaTisa iyo. `samoqalaqo~, uzogadesi azriT, gulisxmobs<br />
iseT sociums, romlis cxovrebaSic ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols<br />
qalaqi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, industria TamaSobs. amisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
Sua saukuneebis sociumi upiratesad agraruli iyo, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba sasoflo Tems eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />
`samoqalaqo~ mxolod amas rodi niSnavs. am ukanasknelSi<br />
igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis garkveuli wesi, romelic xelmZRvanel<br />
pirTa arCeviTobas <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulebas gulisxmobs.<br />
amas gar<strong>da</strong> `samoqalaqo~ zemoT naxmari mniSvnelobiT<br />
isicaa, rac samxedros, an ufro zustad _ samxedro-feo<strong>da</strong>lurs<br />
upirispirdeba.<br />
magram ratom gaCn<strong>da</strong> amgvari samoqalaqo anu burJuaziuli<br />
(`burJuaziuli~ xom qarTulad swored samoqalaqos niSnavs <strong>da</strong><br />
mets arafers) sistema holandiaSi <strong>da</strong> ara CvenTan? erovnuli<br />
xasiaTebis gansxvavebaze miTiTeba gulubryviloa. XIV saukunis<br />
holandielis eTnofsiqologia di<strong>da</strong>d ar gansxvadeba imave<br />
epoqis qarTvelisagan (visac ar sjera, waikiTxos didi holandieli<br />
kulturologis – hoizingas naSromi `Sua saukuneebis<br />
Semodgoma~). maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mizezi socio-kulturul sistemaSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> veZioT, rac samyarosadmi garkveul mimarTebas gulisxmobs.<br />
im socio-kulturuli sistemis arsi, romelic holandiaSi<br />
Seiqmna, erTi sityviT SeiZleba gamoixatos:<br />
Sroma.<br />
Sroma <strong>da</strong> warmoeba ar gulisxmobs mxolod saqonlis masobriv<br />
warmoebas saTanado finansuri saSualebebis (kapitalis)<br />
mozidvis gziT <strong>da</strong> misi Semdgomi realizaciis mizniT. Sromis<br />
arsi ufro Zireulia <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavisadmi axa-<br />
12
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
li moTxovnebis wardgenas <strong>da</strong> organizaciis axal kulturas.<br />
saboloo jamSi es igivea, rac sakuTari Tavis xelaxla Camoyalibeba.<br />
ufro zustad Tu vityviT, Sroma amgvari TviTCamoyalibebis<br />
uwyveti procesia. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom germanuli<br />
filosofia, saxeldobr hegeli, or termins – Arbeit (Sroma)<br />
<strong>da</strong> Bildung (Camoyalibeba, saxis micema, ganaTleba) – organul<br />
mTlianobaSi iazrebs. rasac sxvas xe<strong>da</strong>ven SromaSi (burJua<br />
eqspluatatorebs <strong>da</strong> raRac aseTebs) macTuri<strong>da</strong>n, ukacravad,<br />
marqsi<strong>da</strong>n modis.<br />
Tezisi, rom holandielebi sakuTar Tavze, iseve rogorc garesamyaroze<br />
mimarTuli Sromis wyalobiT Camoyalibdnen im<br />
erad, romelmac Tavisi gaitana, sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos Cveni<br />
winaprebi zarmacebi iyvnen. ubralod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqaSi<br />
Sromas (iseve rogorc brZolas an garTobas) sruliad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
funqcionaluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva hqon<strong>da</strong>. Sua saukuneebis sociokulturul<br />
sistemaSi is niSnav<strong>da</strong> Tavisi TavisaTvis an sxvis-<br />
Tvis garjas, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia kvlavwarmoebiT amoiwurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
maSin, rodesac axal droSi igi gulisxmobs sakuTar<br />
Tavze Sromasac, agreTve, sakuTar Tavsa <strong>da</strong> garesamyaros Soris<br />
urTierTobis ganuwyvetlad, kvlav <strong>da</strong> kvlav Camoyalibebas.<br />
swored amitom SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom Cveni winaprebi sulac ar<br />
yofiliyvnen zarmacni (bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos vazis xuTasi Tu samasi<br />
jiSi xom mainc gamoiyvanes), magram Cvens socio-kulturul<br />
sistemaSi Sromas ar hqon<strong>da</strong> iseTi funqcia, rogoric _<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi.<br />
magram rogor moaxerxes holandielebma Sromis imgvari<br />
organizacia, rom gascdenodnen ubralo kvlavwarmoebis farglebs?<br />
jer erTi imiT, rom Seqmnes TviTmmarTveloba; erovnul<br />
cxovrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti rolis TamaSi iwyes qalaqebma<br />
(maTi funqcionirebis wesi Zireulad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis<br />
qalaqebisagan). holandielebma ganaviTares safinanso<br />
urTierTobani, krediti, renta, gar<strong>da</strong>qmnes vaWrobis sistema;<br />
Zireulad Seicvala vaWris socialuri statusi, rasac<br />
vaWrobis sapatio xelobad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva mohyva. ganviTar<strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis<br />
axali <strong>da</strong>rgebi, magaliTad samTo mompovebeli, metalurgiuli.<br />
Zireulad Seicvala soflis meurneobac. Tavisufali<br />
glexis mier warmoebuli produqti gamiznuli aRar iyo<br />
mxolod sakuTari (<strong>da</strong> miT ufro suzerenis) uSualo moTxovnilebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad. miwaTmoqmedebam savaWro xasiaTi<br />
miiRo, romelic eqsportze iyo orientirebuli. amas Sedegad<br />
is mohyva, rom glexTa nacvlad fermerTa klasi Camoya-<br />
13
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
lib<strong>da</strong>. Seiqmna warmoebis axali organizaciuli forma: manufaqtura,<br />
ramac Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad gazar<strong>da</strong> Sromis nayofiereba. am<br />
periodSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> Sromis is kultura, romelsac Cven, qar-<br />
Tvelebi, `germanuls~ veZaxiT. Tumca eTnikuri momenti aq arafer<br />
SuaSia, XIII saukunis germanelebi arafriT ar iyvnen ufro<br />
metad mSromelebi vidre, magaliTisaTvis, maTi epoqis italielebi<br />
(RmerTmani, piruku iyo). aq arsebiTia ara eTnosi, aramed<br />
axali socio-kulturuli sistema.<br />
axal sistemaSi Zireulad icvleba urTierTobebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
Soris. vertikalur urTierTobebs horizontaluri cvlis.<br />
amasTan, axali sistema isea organizebuli, rom ayalibebs centralisturi<br />
partikularuli tendenciebis gonivrul balanss.<br />
ase rom, partikularizmi <strong>da</strong> calkeul pirTa TviTneboba,<br />
Cveni istoriis mTavar ubedurebad rom migvaCnia, genetikurad<br />
ki ar Zevs qarTvelTa fsiqologiaSi, aramed socio-kulturuli<br />
sistemis xasiaTiTaa ganpirobebuli. gaaqreT es sistema<br />
<strong>da</strong> mediuroba-TviTnebobas saqarTveloSi TanamSromloba<br />
Secvlis. magram CvenTan xom farnavazi<strong>da</strong>n saakaSvilamde mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
erTi sistema iyo, aris <strong>da</strong> iqneba – vertikalurad organizebuli<br />
– `feo<strong>da</strong>luri~.<br />
14<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis arsi<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n msoflios rig qveynebSi xdeba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla meore talRis cxovrebis wesi<strong>da</strong>n mesame talRaze.<br />
yalibdeba postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. es ukanaskneli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
informaciul <strong>da</strong> telekomunikaciur saSualebebs<br />
emyareba. amasTan, postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze laparakisas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom misi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisaTvis imdenad<br />
teqnologiebis maRali donis aRniSvna ki ar aris arsebiTi,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is zegavlena, romelsac es teqnologiebi axdens<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze.<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, socialur <strong>da</strong><br />
marTvis sistemebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul mecnierebaTa ganviTarebam<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> organizebul simravleTa marTvis Teoriis<br />
Seqmna, im procesTa analizi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
cvladTa didi raodenobis mqone simravleebTan. postindustriuli<br />
sazogadoebis efeqturi marTvisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
iseTi sistemebis floba, romelTa funqcionireba milionobiT<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis moqmedebaTa koordinacias moiTxovs. SemTxveviTi ar<br />
aris, rom postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla emTxve
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
va iseTi mecnierebebis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> swraf ganviTarebas, rogoricaa<br />
kibernetika, informatika, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis<br />
Teoria <strong>da</strong> sxva misTanani. es mecnierebebi ikvleven sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saxis organizebul simravleebs, aanalizeben maTSi mimdinare<br />
procesebs <strong>da</strong> cdiloben uzrunvelyon sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva alternativebs<br />
Soris optimaluris SerCeva. isini axerxeben racionaluri<br />
momentebis gamoyofas TviT ukiduresi ganusazRvrelobis<br />
pirobebSic ki.<br />
organizebul simravleTa marTvis axali meTodebi saSualebas<br />
iZleva ganxorcieldes is, rasac cnobili futurologi <strong>da</strong><br />
sociologi deniel beli inteleqtualur teqnolodiebs uwodebs.<br />
es teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva, intuiciuri msjelobebi<br />
algoriTmebiT CavanacvloT. es ukanasknelni SeiZleba<br />
materializebul iqnen gamomTvlel manqanebSi, kompiuterul<br />
programebSi, an<strong>da</strong> instruqciaTa imgvar paketebSi, romelnic<br />
maTematikur, statistikur an sxva saxis formulebs<br />
emyareba.<br />
yovelive aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
axasiaTebs sazogadoebis programirebis imgvari xarisxi,<br />
romelsac ZaluZs industriulze Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad ufro maRal<br />
doneze maxdinos resursebis mobilizeba. postindustriul<br />
eraSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi inergeba mar-<br />
Tvis didi centralizebuli sistemebi. aseTi sistemebi moicaven<br />
informacias moxmarebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. S. Sesaxeb.<br />
d. beli miiCnevs, rom postindustriuli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sami arsebiTi niSani: a) industriuli<br />
sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n servisul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla; es niSnavs<br />
imas, rom mrewvelobaze didi roli momsaxurebas eni-<br />
Weba. iseve, rogorc saerTo erovnuli produqtis wilSi,<br />
industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mrewvelobis wili <strong>da</strong> mcirdebo<strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobisa,<br />
postindustriul doneze ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
mcirdeba sawarmoo produqciis wili <strong>da</strong> izrdeba moxmarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sainformacio uzrunvelyofis wili; b) Teoriuli<br />
codnis kodificirebis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba teqnologiuri<br />
inovaciebisaTvis; es gulisxmobs, rom teqnikuri<br />
progresi SesaZlebelia mxolod Teoriuli codnis umaRlesi<br />
ganviTarebis pirobebSi; g) inteleqtualuri teqnologiebis<br />
qceva sistemuri analizis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis<br />
ZiriTad elementad. aq, cxadia, laparakia ara mxolod sa-<br />
15
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
bunebismetyvelo, aramed politologiur, sociologiur <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva Sesabamis teqnologiebze.<br />
garkveuli azriT yoveli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> emyarebo<strong>da</strong> Teoriul<br />
codnas. magram postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si amgvari<br />
codna axal ganzomilebas iZens. xdeba teqnikisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
Zireuli Serwyma <strong>da</strong> maT safuZvelze teqnologiis fenomenis<br />
warmoSoba. es ar niSnavs teqnikuri ganviTarebis ubralod<br />
axali donis miRwevas, aramed informaciuli momsaxurebis Tvisobrivad<br />
axali formis gamoZebnas. kompiuterizebuli informaciuli<br />
kartoTekebis Seqmnam SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> axali tipis<br />
momsaxurebani, specializebuli informaciuli siebis gayidva<br />
sabazro moxmarebisaTvis. amis erT-erTi yvelasaTvis<br />
nacnobi magaliTia TviTmfrinavis bileTebis kompiuterizebuli<br />
ganawileba, romlis gareSec Tanamedrove aviaindustria<br />
faqtobrivad gaCerdebo<strong>da</strong>. am sistemam aviakompanebs saSualeba<br />
misca, Semosavali mieRoT ara samuSao Zalis Semcirebis, aramed<br />
Sromis ufro efeqturi organizebis <strong>da</strong> resursebis uke-<br />
Tesad mobilizebis xarjze.<br />
magram postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar amoiwureba mxolod<br />
efeqturi kartoTekebis SeqmniTa <strong>da</strong> eqspluataciiT. ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom Rirebulebis wyarod<br />
gvevlineba ara imdenad fizikuri Sroma (rogorc amas industriul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili), aramed informacia. d.<br />
belis azriT: `... rogorc Sroma <strong>da</strong> kapitali iyo industriuli<br />
sazogadoebis ZiriTadi cvladebi, ise codna <strong>da</strong> informacia<br />
iqcevian postindustriuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad cvladebad.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arsebiTad icvleba <strong>da</strong>matebuli Rirebulebis funqcia.<br />
`<strong>da</strong>matebul Rirebulebas~, Cveulebriv, moixmaren xolme<br />
romelime produqtis mimarT, romlis saboloo fasi aRemateba<br />
im masalis sawyis fass, romlisganac nivTia <strong>da</strong>mzadebuli.<br />
aseTi Rirebuleba SeiZleba Seiqmnas ara mxolod fizikuri<br />
Sromis, aramed informaciis meSveobiTac. u<strong>da</strong>bnom, Tu mas mivuyenebT<br />
saTanado informacias mSrali nia<strong>da</strong>gis pirobebSi meurneobis<br />
warmoebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba didi mosavali mogvces;<br />
muSis kvalifikaciis amaRleba SeiZleba bevrad momgebiani<br />
iyos, vidre misi samuSao drois gaxangrZliveba; Tu Tavisufal<br />
kapitals droze mivuyenebT saWiro informacias, is xelsayrel<br />
investiciad iqceva <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxeds informaciaze<br />
orientirebuli ekonomika warmoadgens, romelic<br />
16
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
informaciaze sakuTrebas emyareba. informaciul sakuTrebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis eqspluatacias rigi specifikuri niSnebi gaaCnia<br />
miwaze, nedleulze <strong>da</strong> warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebas-<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. am specifikas informaciuli sakuTrebis<br />
intensiuri xasiaTi gansazRvravs. Tu me gamaCnia eqstensiuri<br />
sakuTreba, vTqvaT heqtari miwa, <strong>da</strong> mis naxevars gavyidi,<br />
sakuTrebaSi mxolod naxevari heqtari <strong>da</strong>mrCeba. xolo Tu<br />
maqvs garkveuli informacia <strong>da</strong> mis naxevars gavyidi, sakuTrebaSi<br />
isev mTeli informacia mrCeba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari askvnis, rom industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli konkurencia postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
TanamSromlobiT icvleba, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tvisobrivad axal saxes iRebs. rogorc industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
mrewvelobis ganaxlebisTvis gamudmebiT sWirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoebis saSualebebis warmoeba, aseve postindustriul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s gamudmebiT sWirdeba axali informaciebis<br />
Segroveba <strong>da</strong> informaciuli saSualebebis miyeneba<br />
arsebul informaciaze am ukanasknelis ufro efeqturad gamoyenebis<br />
mizniT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs informaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>grovebis, Senaxvis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis sul axali <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
sistemebis Seqmnas.<br />
amerikeli sociologi m. porati postindustriul ekonomikaSi<br />
informaciul seqtors or qveseqtorad hyofs: 1. `pirveladi<br />
informaciuli seqtori~, romelic moicavs im formebs,<br />
romlebic bazrisaTvis awarmoebs informaciul saqonels <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebas; 2. `meoradi informaciuli seqtori~, romelic<br />
moicavs samTavrobo sistemebis <strong>da</strong> im kerZo firmebis momsaxurebas,<br />
romelnic informatikul teqnikas <strong>da</strong> informacias Sinagani<br />
samTavrobo, kerZo korporaciuli moxmarebisaTvis<br />
awarmoeben. ukve 1967 wlisaTvis informaciul momsaxurebaTa<br />
wili momsaxurebis saerTo odenobis 46%-s aRwev<strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 25%<br />
pirvel seqtorze modio<strong>da</strong>, xolo 21% _ meoreze.<br />
postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si gansakuTrebiT didia<br />
informaciuli seqtoris im TanamSromlebis roli, romlebic<br />
koordinacias uweven informaciis sxva seqtoris TanamSromelTa<br />
saqmianobas, magaliTad menejerebis, organizebis sakiTxTa<br />
specialistebis <strong>da</strong> a. S. isini postindustriuli sazogadoebis<br />
yvelaze maRalSemosavlian pirTa ricxvSi Sedian <strong>da</strong><br />
qmnian simdidres informaciis miyenebiT arsebul organizaciul<br />
Tu sawarmoo sistemebze. menejers un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos ara<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong>rgebze momuSave muSakebis CarTva erT sistemaSi,<br />
17
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
aramed sxva specialistebsac: finansuri operaciebis, profkavSirebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriobasTan urTierTobis, <strong>da</strong>gegmvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> prognozirebis, dizainis, energiis <strong>da</strong>zogvis <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
metainformaciuli seqtoris TanamSromlebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
roli postindustriuli sazogadoebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
maxasiaTebelia. postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
ekonomika Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT iRebs servisul xasiaTs. dResdReobiT<br />
erovnuli Semosavlis warmoebisas <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebis<br />
uzrunvelyofisas ganuxrelad izrdeba momsaxurebis seqtoris<br />
wili. mrewveloba erovnul SemosavalSi wiliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa<br />
raodenobiT pirvel adgils Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT serviss<br />
uTmobs. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, samiode aTwleulis<br />
Semdeg mrewvelobis sferoSi muSaxelis sul 10-15% iqneba <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli.<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>rad, rogorc aSS-is agrarul seqtorSi<br />
erTi fermeri ramdenime aTeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis gamosakvebad sakmaris<br />
produqcias awarmoebs, samrewvelo sawarmos erTi mu-<br />
Sis mier warmoebuli saqoneli aTobiT a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong>akmayofilebs.<br />
jer kidev industriuli eris gariJraJze didma frangma filosofosma<br />
rene dekartma wamoayena imgvari mecnierebis idea,<br />
romlis Teoriuli miRwevebi uSualod SeiZleba mimarTuliyo<br />
praqtikuli Sedegebis miRebaze. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mTeli<br />
industriuli mecniereba umTavresad gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n amodio<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> Teoriuli ganzogadebebisaken iswrafvo<strong>da</strong>. postindustriul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si svla piruku xdeba: fun<strong>da</strong>menturi mecnierebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
praqtikisaken. magaliTad, Tu XIX saukuneSi Termodinamikas<br />
safuZvlad orTqlis manqanaze <strong>da</strong>yenebuli cdebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo, XX saukuneSi tranzistoris gamogoneba Sedegi iyo myari<br />
sxeulebis fizikis ganviTarebisa, mecnierebisa, romelic<br />
tranzistoris gamogonebamde aTwleulebiT adre Seiqmna.<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis Semdegi maxasiaTebelia<br />
masSi mimdinare cvlilebebis permanentuli forsireba. axali<br />
teqnologiebis gamogonebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvas Tan sdevs kidev<br />
ufro axal gamogonebaTa <strong>da</strong>Cqareba. amis Sedegad, Tu<br />
industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si teqnologiur progress bazari<br />
`miaTrev<strong>da</strong>~, postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si piriqiT _<br />
teqnologiebi `ubiZgeben~ bazars. cnobil frang filosofos<br />
klod levi-stross ekuTvnis sazogadoebebis klasifikacia<br />
`civad~ <strong>da</strong> `cxelad~. `civi~ iseTi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>a, romelic ar<br />
eswrafvis araviTar inovacias, araviTar cvlilebas. magali-<br />
Tad avstralieli aborigenebi uars ambobdnen bumerangis ae-<br />
18
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
rodinamikuli formis gaumjobesebaze. amis mizezi is iyo,<br />
rom bumerangi winaprebma aseTad Segviqmnes <strong>da</strong> misi formis<br />
Secvlis veraviTar aucileblobas ver vxe<strong>da</strong>vTo. amis sapirispirod,<br />
industriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ukve `cxeli~ <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>a,<br />
xolo postindustriuls, am gagebiT, albaT `mduRare~<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vuwodoT.<br />
postindustriuli ekonomikis zogadi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis Semdeg specifikas Seadgens<br />
is, rom masSi ekonomikis malimitirebel rols informacia<br />
asrulebs. malimitireblad iTvleba faqtori, romelic<br />
zRu<strong>da</strong>vs meurneobis umTavresi <strong>da</strong>rgebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs.<br />
magaliTad, agrarul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>rgi<br />
soflis meurneoba iyo, xolo malimitireblis rolSi, Cveulebriv,<br />
nayofieri miwebis nakleboba gamodio<strong>da</strong>. industriuli<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> orientirebuli iyo saqonlis <strong>da</strong>mzadebaze,<br />
xolo ZiriTad malimitirebel faqtorad xSirad kapitalis<br />
uqonloba gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong>. postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si meurneobriobis<br />
safuZvlad iqceva imgvari informaciis warmoeba,<br />
romelic mniSvnelovnad zrdis yvela sxva <strong>da</strong>rgis (soflis<br />
meurneoba, mrewveloba, energetika <strong>da</strong> a. S.) efeqturobas. amitom<br />
aseTi informaciis uqonloba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs meuneobis<br />
ZiriTdi <strong>da</strong>rgebis ganviTarebas.<br />
bevri dRevandeli ganviTarebuli saxelmwifosaTvis malimitirebeli<br />
faqtoris rolSi gamodis energia. amitom energoresursebis<br />
(upirveles yovlisa, navTobis) floba umniSvnelovanes<br />
politikur faqtorad iqceva. magram informaciis malimitirebeli<br />
xasiaTi mainc mTeli TaviT aRemateba energiis wyaroebisas.<br />
bolos<strong>da</strong>bolos, saTanado informaciis arsebobis<br />
pirobebSi SesaZlebelia tradiciuli resursebis axali formebiT<br />
aTviseba, maTi Semcvelobis sinTezireba, an sulac energiis<br />
axali wyaroebis gamoZebna. amitom postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
miwa, Sroma <strong>da</strong> kapitali aRar aris malimitirebeli<br />
faqtorebi, energoresursebi – SefardebiT malimitirebeli<br />
faqtoria, xolo codna – umTavresi malimitirebeli faqtori.<br />
amitom ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri gavlena Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
informaciis mwarmoebelTa xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
informacia Rirebulebas qmnis, upirveles yovlisa maSin,<br />
rodesac mas uSualod yidian. informaciis gayidva xSirad pa-<br />
19
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
tentis gayidvis saxes iRebs. zogjer patentis qona ufro momgebiania,<br />
vidre mTeli qarxnisa 1 .<br />
mrewvelobis is <strong>da</strong>rgebi, romelTa informaciuli baza Tanamedrove<br />
codnis umaRles doneze dgas, mTeli TaviT uswrebs<br />
sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebs. maT SeuZliaT iseTi saqonlis warmoeba, romelic<br />
TviTonve uqmnis bazars sakuTar Tavs (magaliTad, parfiumerul<br />
an eleqtronul mrewvelobaSi) an _ imdenad zrdian Sromis<br />
nayofierebas, rom ukan itoveben konkurentebs.<br />
postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas umniSvnelovanesi<br />
Zvrebi mosdevs sabanko-sakredito <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, finansur<br />
sferoSi. postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> kredits emyareba.<br />
saqmiani garigebebi xdeba ara erTi xeli<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi naRdi fulis<br />
an oqros ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT, aramed erTi angariSi<strong>da</strong>n meoreze safinanso<br />
informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT. umravles postindustriul<br />
saxelmwifoebSi saga<strong>da</strong>saxdelo operaciebi sakredito bara-<br />
TebiT an sabanko orderebiT xorcieldeba. TviT saxelmwifo<br />
Tavis sabiujeto operaciebs, rogorc wesi, iseTi sakredito<br />
saSualebebiT axorcielebs, romlebic Tavisi fasiT aRemateba<br />
saxelmwifos oqros marags. sakredito baraTebis gamoyeneba<br />
arnaxul masStabs aRwevs. aSS-Si miRweuli teqnologiebi sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleva, sabanko operaciebi ganxorcieldes ormxrivi<br />
satelevizio kavSiris gamoyenebiT.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas iZleva, postindustriuli<br />
sazogadoebis meurneobriobis wesi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes rogorc<br />
moqnili warmoeba. industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
ukanasknel etapze, e. w. `masobrivi moxmarebis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>-<br />
Si~, axal produqciaze moTxovnilebis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, konkurenciis<br />
safuZvlad iqceva ara SefardebiTi mwarmoebluroba,<br />
aramed SefardebiTi fasi. industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si warmateba<br />
ara imdenad novators SeiZleba xvdes wilad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mas, vinc ufro iaffasian produqcias gamouSvebs. aseTi<br />
meurneobrioba moiTxovs msxvili masStabis, produqciis masobrivad<br />
mwarmoebel fabrika-qarxnebs, rasac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
mosdevs rogorc teqnologiis, ise produqciis stan<strong>da</strong>rtizacia.<br />
warmoebis teqnologiis sakmarisad stan<strong>da</strong>rtizaciis Semdeg<br />
masobrivi warmoeba ufro iaffasiani muSaxelis <strong>da</strong> nedleulis<br />
mqone qveyanaSi ga<strong>da</strong>aqvT. informaciul-intensiuri teq-<br />
1 sainteresoa, rom patentebis gacemis mxriv msoflio liderebi arian<br />
iaponia <strong>da</strong> Sveicaria. zogjer wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiaSi ufro meti<br />
patenti gaicemo<strong>da</strong>, vidre erTad aRebul aSS-Si, ssrk-Si <strong>da</strong> evropis Tanamegobrobis<br />
qveynebSi.<br />
20
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
nologiebi `arbilebs~ masobrivi warmoebis teqnologiurad<br />
mkacr CarCoebs. Tu fasis minimalizebaze mimarTuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli<br />
midgoma moiTxovs maRalspecializebuli manqanebis ganviTarebas,<br />
manqanebisa, romelTac uzarmazari raodenobiT SeuZlia<br />
awarmoos erTi <strong>da</strong> mxolod erTi produqti, manqanaTa<br />
Semdegi Taoba moaxerxebs konukrentunarianobis miRwevas Sinagani<br />
moqnilobis xarjze. aseTi qarxana SeiZleba Sedgebodes<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT universaluri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mqone Carxebisagan,<br />
romelTac robotebi emsaxureba <strong>da</strong> kompiuterebi akontrolebs.<br />
aseTi warmoebis saSualebebs avtomatizebuli procesis<br />
farglebSi SeuZlia farTo speqtris detalebis <strong>da</strong>mzadeba.<br />
masobrivi warmoebis teqnologii<strong>da</strong>n moqnili warmoebis<br />
teqnologiaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas mosdevs masobrivi moxmarebis sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tvisobrivi cxovrebis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />
sociologi e. eTcioni aRwers <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, romelic misi wevrebis<br />
moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs ara imdenad moxmarebis<br />
produqtebis raodenobrivi matebiT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianis sakuTar<br />
TavTan, sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan <strong>da</strong> bunebasTan harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis<br />
miRweviT. Tvisobrivi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> uzrunvelyofs<br />
Tvisobriv cvlilebebs erT sulze SemosavalSi, rac imiT<br />
gamoixateba, rom Semosavlis zr<strong>da</strong> aRwevs iseT zRvars, rodesac<br />
arsebobs saSualeba Tvisobrivi parametrebis mqone produqciis<br />
SeZenisa. Tumca, aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sociologebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> futurologebs ara aqvT erTnairi azri Tvisobrivi<br />
cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> masobrivi moxmarebis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Ta Soris<br />
msgavseba-gansxvavebaze. amasTan, yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebasTan<br />
erTad ganuxrelad gaizrdeba servisSi (am sityvis ufarToesi<br />
gagebiT) <strong>da</strong>saqmebul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa wili. Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,<br />
rom postindustriuli sazogadoebis servisi principulad<br />
gansxvavebulia industriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli servisisagan.<br />
am ukanasknelis servisis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenen<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis mosamsaxureebi, agreTve, wvrili vaWrebis <strong>da</strong><br />
xelosnebis zogierTi jgufi. yvela eseni TavianTi saqmianobisaTvis<br />
ar saWiroebdnen gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, Tu,<br />
rasakvirvelia, gansakuTrebul kvalifikaciad ar miviCnevT<br />
imas, rom mewaRes un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> fexsaxmlis Sesakerad saWiro<br />
Cvevebi, xolo mesaaTes _ saaTis SesakeTeblad saWironi. ma-<br />
Sin, rodesac postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si servisis sferoSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli muSakisaTvis aucilebelia kvalifikacia,<br />
xolo zogjer _ metakvalifikaciac ki.<br />
21
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
22<br />
infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong> urbanistika<br />
postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si adekvatur cvlilebebs<br />
ganicdis infrastruqturac. am terminis qveS igulisxmeba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arxebis sistema, romelic sazogadoebis wevrebs sa-<br />
Sualebas aZlevs, gacvalon materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri faseulobebi.<br />
am arxebis organizeba, finansireba, eqspluatacia <strong>da</strong><br />
marTva, Cveulebriv, mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis. infrastruqturis<br />
pirvel istoriul sistemas transporti warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gzebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis saSualebebi erTianobaSi krav<strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis lokalur monakveTebs <strong>da</strong> axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqonlis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebas. meore infrastruqturuli<br />
sistema energetikis sferos moicav<strong>da</strong>: wyals, orTqls, nax-<br />
Sirs, navTobs. mesame infrastruqturas Seadgens konunikaciis<br />
saSualebebi: fosta, gazeTi, telefoni, telegrafi, radio,<br />
televizia, kompiuterizebuli sistemebi <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
uaxloes aTwleulSi swored mesame infrastruqturaSia mosalodneli<br />
umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi. es cvlilebebi<br />
albaT ganxorcieldeba telefonis, kompiuteris, faqsis, sakabelo<br />
televiziis <strong>da</strong> videodiskuri teqnologiis Semdgomi<br />
Serwymis paralelurad.<br />
infrastruqturulma cvlilebebma saTanado zegavlena<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinos mosaxleobis ganlagebaze. es gavlena, pirvel<br />
rigSi, albaT qalaqTganlagebas Seexeba. agrarul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
qalaqebi yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> xelsayrel adgilebze, saxmele-<br />
To savaWro gzebis gayolebiT, mdinareTa SesarTavebTan, sazRvao<br />
sanapiroebze. industriul epoqebSi qalaqebi iqmnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
resursebis bazebis siaxloves (vTqvaT, ruris qalaqebis<br />
zona germaniaSi). industriuli ganviTarebis maRal doneze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlis paralelurad de<strong>da</strong>qalaqebi, rogorc wesi, iqcevian<br />
finansur centrebad <strong>da</strong> marTvis kompleqsebis adgilsamyofelad.<br />
resursul bazas, ekonomikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
qalaqebis ganlagebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
bolo 70-80 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, am monakveTis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT iwyeba viTarebis Secvla. magaliTad, omis<br />
Semdeg aSS-is ekonomikur-geografiuli ruka ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Si<strong>da</strong>politikuri<br />
faqtorebis gavleniT icvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara resursuliT.<br />
amas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> is, rom axali saaviacio, raketuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> kosmosuri kompleqsebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d samTavrobo kontraqtebis<br />
safuZvelze igebodnen <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas _ sad ganelagebinaT<br />
isini: texasSi, kaliforniaSi Tu aSS-s Crdilo-aRmo
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
savleTSi _ politikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iRebdnen.<br />
aviasatransporto ga<strong>da</strong>zidvebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,<br />
Seiqmna giganturi sakvanZo `aviaqalaqebi~: hiustoni, denveri,<br />
atlanta <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>lasi, romlebic swrafad ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen regionalur<br />
centrebad <strong>da</strong> Tavis garSemo Semoikribes samrewvelo <strong>da</strong><br />
komerciuli saqmianoba. telekomunikaciebis axali saSualebebis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad, mosalodnelia resursul bazeb-<br />
Tan qalaqis siaxlovis mniSvnelobis Semcireba (magram ara gaqroba).<br />
korporaciebs Stab-binebi xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>aqvT gareubneb-<br />
Si. kvleviTi laboratoriebis, axali universitetebis <strong>da</strong> didi<br />
samecniero centrebis ganlageba ukve naklebad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
resursebis bazebTan siaxloveze. isini ufro ganaTlebis<br />
an didi politikis centrebis <strong>da</strong> im qalaqebis siaxloves<br />
koncentrirdebian, sa<strong>da</strong>c gabatonebulia cxovrebis ufro Tavisufali<br />
wesi.<br />
futurologebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Sexedulebisani arian qalaqebis<br />
ganviTarebaze postindustriul epoqaSi. b. f. skineri miiCnevs,<br />
rom ganviTarebuli komunikaciebis epoqaSi dRevandeli mouqneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> Znelad samarTi qalaqebi adgils <strong>da</strong>uTmoben patar-patara<br />
qalaqTa qselebs. varaudoben, rom Seiqmneba e. w. xazovani<br />
qalaqebi, romelTac ar eqnebaT tradiciuli centraluri<br />
moednebi <strong>da</strong> savaWro centrebi. f. jorji ufro Sorsac midis<br />
<strong>da</strong> varaudobs xazovan qalaqTa globaluri qselis Seqmnas<br />
erTi mxriv evropi<strong>da</strong>n cimbirisaken, xolo meore mxriv, evropi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mcire aziis gavliT (e.i. saqarTvelos uSualo siaxloves)<br />
indoeTisa <strong>da</strong> Soreuli aRmosavleTisaken.<br />
igive f. jorji ar gamoricxavs, agreTve, <strong>da</strong>brunebas cxovrebis<br />
mcire `gvarovnuli~ formebisaken: `aucilebelia mo-<br />
Txovnileba `mTeli samyarosadmi~ Serwymul iqnes ojaxuri tipis<br />
kamerul TanamegobrobasTan. ramdenad SenarCundeba didi<br />
saqmiani korporaciebi, calke sakiTxia. bunebrivia, aseve <strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Ceba maTi zomis problema. didi ekonomikuri erTeulebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
funqcionirebdes mcireebTan gverdigverd. pirvelni imuSaveben<br />
marketingis moTxovnilebebze, xolo meoreni <strong>da</strong>akmayofileben<br />
Sromis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebas~, _ wers igi.<br />
rasakvirvelia, futurologebi Soreuli momavlis perspeqtivis<br />
prognozirebas cdiloben, magram maT mier gamoyofil<br />
tendenciebs, aseve, sWirdeba yuradRebis miqceva.<br />
bunebrivia, rom teqnologiuri ganviTareba sofelsac Seexeba.<br />
momavlis sofeli ekologiurad ufro <strong>da</strong>balansebuli<br />
iqneba, saxlebis gasaTbobad moixmareba energiis aratradici-<br />
23
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
uli saSualebani. gaizrdeba saxlis farglebSi momuSaveTa ricxvi,<br />
amasTan, soflebi bevrad ufro TviTuzrunvelyofilni<br />
iqneba, vidre odesme.<br />
24<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmva postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
icvleba <strong>da</strong>gegmvis roli <strong>da</strong> funqciebi. imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom<br />
wamyvan seqtorad kerZo rCeba, arsebobs erovnuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebi.<br />
erovnuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis erT-erT nairsaxeobad SegviZlia miviCnioT<br />
informaciis sferoSi makoordinebeli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba.<br />
TiTqmis yvela didi korporacia amuSavebs xuTwlian,<br />
zogjer aTwlian gegmebsac ki, iseTi mimarTulebiT, rogoricaa<br />
produqcia, kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebebi, samuSao Zalis saWiro<br />
odenoba, axali nagebobebis aucilebloba <strong>da</strong> a. S. saxelmwifo<br />
sainformacio kompiuterizebuli sistemebis Seqmnis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba yvela am saxis informaciis Tavmoyra<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis safuZvelze saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> korporaciuli politikis<br />
koreqtireba.<br />
erovnuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvis sxvagvari saxeoba gamoiyenes frangma<br />
socialistebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg. am models<br />
induqtiur <strong>da</strong>gegmvas uwodeben. induqtiuri <strong>da</strong>gegmvisas ramdenime<br />
aTasi <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi komiteti <strong>da</strong>gegmvis komisariatis meSveobiT<br />
axdens TavianTi ekonomikuri moRvaweobis gegmebis koordinirebas.<br />
koordinireba xorcieldeba imgvari samTavrobo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis safuZvelze, romelnic mimar-<br />
Tulia ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>rgis stimulirebaze sakredito politikis<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmvis Semdeg nairsaxeobas warmoadgens erovnuli miznebis<br />
gansazRvra. magaliTad, sabinao mSeneblobis an infrastruqturis<br />
gaumjobesebis mizniT dgeba strategiuli gegmebi,<br />
Semdeg ki, Tvalyurs uweseben SemuSavebul mizanTa ganxorcielebis<br />
tempebs. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba am tempebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Cqareba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis SemcirebiT, kreditebis gafarToebiT<br />
an sxva saSualebebiT.<br />
gansakuTrebul situaciebSi xorcieldeba e. w. direqtiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>gegmva. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs prioritetuli miznebis<br />
gansazRvras. mTavroba prioritetebis safuZvelze anawilebs<br />
masalebsa <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalas Sesabamis sawarmoebs Soris.<br />
am dros ara imdenad mTlianad ekonomikis <strong>da</strong>gegmva xor
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
cieldeba, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti seqtorebis mkacri kontroli.<br />
rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli variantebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari kombinaciebi. erovnuli formis arCeva politikuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis mimReb pirTa kompetenciaSi Sedis.<br />
amasTan, rogorc d. beli wers: `SemuSavebis procesSi<br />
myof kompiuterebsa <strong>da</strong> sakomunikacio sistemebs xelewifebaT<br />
ganaxorcielon aseTi <strong>da</strong>gegmva, magram, erTob rTul sakiTxad<br />
rCeba amgvari <strong>da</strong>gegmvis Sesabamisoba individualur<br />
TavisuflebebTan~.<br />
codna <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba postindustriul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> moiTxovs ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
gansakuTrebul organizacias. swavlebis rogorc kvalifikaciis<br />
micemis cneba icvleba ganaTlebis, rogorc metakvalifikaciis<br />
Camoyalibebis cnebiT. kvalifikacia gulisxmobs<br />
swavlebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Cvevebis ubralo gamoyenebas,<br />
xolo metakvalifikacia _ imgvar codnas, romelic axali<br />
informaciis moZebnis, seleqciis <strong>da</strong> aTvisebis SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva.<br />
metakvalifikacia ar amoiwureba mxolod im jgufiT, romelsac,<br />
tradiciulad, inteligencias uwodeben. magaliTad,<br />
soflis meurneobis muSaks un<strong>da</strong> gaaCndes ara mxolod soflis<br />
meureobisaTvis saWiro tradiciuli Cvevebi e. i. kvalifikacia,<br />
aramed _ metakvalifikaciac. fermers informacia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondes ara mxolod sasuqebze <strong>da</strong> hibridul Teslebze,<br />
veterinarul saSualebebsa <strong>da</strong> pesticidebze, kombainsa <strong>da</strong><br />
traqtorze, aramed un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos aRricxva <strong>da</strong> kontroli,<br />
Tvalyuris devneba axali teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> bioteqnologiebisaTvis,<br />
am sferoSi misTvis saintereso informaciis seleqcia,<br />
kompiuteris moxmareba. fermerma Tavisi metakvalifikaciiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> icodes, vis <strong>da</strong> rodis mimarTos: iurists, veterinars,<br />
momaragebis agents <strong>da</strong> a. S. erTi sityviT, soflis meurenobac<br />
emyareba saWiro informaciis miRebis, Segrovebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis unars.<br />
amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
did mniSvnelobas iZens mecnierebis is aratradiciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebi, romlebic, upiratesad, metakvalifikaciisaTvis<br />
aris gamiznuli. laparakia iseT mecnierebebze, rogoricaa:<br />
25
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
marTvis sistemebis organizacia, marTvis socialuri fsiqologia,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> TamaSis Teoriebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.<br />
postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
eqceva samecniero-kvleviT <strong>da</strong> sacdel-konstruqciul<br />
samuSaoebs (sksks). cnobili eqspertis T. sTouneris azriT,<br />
`industriuli sazogadoebis postindustriulze mwyobri ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
saukeTeso strategia ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> samecnierokvleviTi,<br />
sacdel-konstruqciuli gamokvlevebis farTomas-<br />
Stabiani <strong>da</strong>nergvaa... sksks sistema mimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos im simdidris<br />
Seqmnaze, romelic emsaxureba ekonomikis sazogadoebrivi<br />
seqtoris ganviTarebas~.<br />
postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si momx<strong>da</strong>rma cvlilebebma<br />
Tavisi <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>asva individis specifikis gagebas. gar<strong>da</strong> axali<br />
tipis ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> metakvalifikaciisa postindustriul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si pirovnebas moeTxoveba xatebiT, simboloebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> abstraqciebiT operirebis unari, logikuri azrovneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ideebis naTlad gamoxatva. industriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
awinaureb<strong>da</strong> iseTi Tvisebebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, rogoricaa<br />
sizuste, pe<strong>da</strong>nturoba, erTiani centraluri xelisuflebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis unari, imis kargad codna, Tu rogor<br />
funqcionirebs biurokratiuli aparati, meqanikur <strong>da</strong><br />
erTgvarovan samuSaoebTan Seguebis unari <strong>da</strong> a. S. mesame tal-<br />
Ris, e. i. postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s gaaCnia individualuri<br />
Tvisebebis <strong>da</strong>fasebis iseTi kriteriumebi, romlebic<br />
yovelTvis ar emTxveva industriuli sazogadoebis kriteriumebs.<br />
ukve iTqva, rom mesame talRis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianSi<br />
afasebs SemecnebiT unarebsa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebas. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, postindustriul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si fasdebian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romel-<br />
Tac axasiaTebT:<br />
• cvlilebebTan swrafad Seguebis unari;<br />
• moqniloba _ maT erTsa <strong>da</strong> imeve dros SeuZliaT ramdenime<br />
bosTan muSaoba <strong>da</strong> Tu saWiroa, Tava<strong>da</strong>c gasweven xelmZRvanelobas;<br />
• cnobismoyvareoba _ maT ainteresebT, ra xdeba <strong>da</strong> surT,<br />
gavlena moaxdinon mimdinare procesebze;<br />
• unari, SeinarCunon Tav<strong>da</strong>Wera gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi;<br />
• erTi specialobisaTvis samu<strong>da</strong>mod gamomuSavebuli Cveva,<br />
amave dros, _ ramdenime sferoSi muSaobis gamocdileba<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTi sfero<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi ideebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanis unaric SeswevT;<br />
26
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
• SeuZliaT, Seasrulon Semrigeblisa <strong>da</strong> Suamavlis roli <strong>da</strong><br />
aqvT kritikul situaciaSi moqmedebis Cveva. SeuZliaT, mousminon<br />
orive mxares <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli poziciebi misaRebi<br />
formiT Camoayalibon;<br />
• unari, <strong>da</strong>iwyon axali saqme; iyvnen aRmsruleblebi;<br />
• isini `realisturad~ meocnebeni arian, aqvT ganviTarebuli<br />
warmosaxva <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, momavalze ufro arian<br />
orientirebulni, vidre _ warsulze.<br />
postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, aseve, <strong>da</strong>afasebs ucxo enebis<br />
codnas, gansxvavebul kulturaTa gagebisa <strong>da</strong> maTTan Seguebis<br />
unars. Tanac, yovelive amas eqneba ara mxolod Teoriuli<br />
mniSvneloba, aramed ufro _ praqtikuli. magaliTad, iaponelebTan<br />
saqmis warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>WerisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
maTi kulturis rig TaviseburebebSi kargad garkveva.<br />
Zneli ar aris imis <strong>da</strong>naxva, rom zemoT CamoTvlil Tviseba-<br />
Ta umravlesoba Cadebulia qarTvelTa erovnul xasiaTSi. ar<br />
aris gamoricxuli, rom Cveni erovnuli xasiaTis zogierTi Cveva,<br />
romelic xels gviSli<strong>da</strong> industruili ganviTarebis etapze,<br />
sasargeblonic ki aRmoCndnen postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom Cveni msgavsi xasiaTis <strong>da</strong> mentalitetis<br />
mqone italielebma Zlian did warmatebas miaRwies postindustriul<br />
etapze. amitom saWiroa imgvari stabiluri politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri struqturebis Seqmna,<br />
romelic Cveni xasiaTis am Tvisebebis pozitiurad warmarTvis<br />
saSualebas mogvcems.<br />
ganviTarebul postindustriul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si saxelmwifo<br />
Zlierebas metad aRar gansazRvravs mxolod samxedro Zla,<br />
an<strong>da</strong> energoresursebis floba. umTavres erovnul simdidred<br />
iqceva zemoTCamoTvlili unarebiT <strong>da</strong>jildovebul a<strong>da</strong>mian-<br />
Ta raodenoba. iaponiis an Sveicariis simdidris mTavari wyaro<br />
bunebriv resursebs ki ar emyareba, aramed maT moqalaqeTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>ostatebas, ganaTlebasa <strong>da</strong> samuSao disciplinas. yovelive<br />
zemoTqmuli aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT.<br />
postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
globalizacia<br />
postindustriuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> atarebs transnacionalur,<br />
ufro zustad, planetarul xasiaTs. amasTan, saqme transnacionalur<br />
korporaciaTa eqspansiur bunebaSi ki ar aris, aramed<br />
Tavad postindustriuli sazogadoebis funqcionirebis wes-<br />
27
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
Si. Tu XIX saukunis inglisSi orTqlmavlebis warmoeba mTlianad<br />
erT qalaqSi _ lidsSi iyo koncentrirebuli (lidsSi warmoebul<br />
orTqlmavlebs evropis yvela trasaze SexvdebodiT),<br />
`jeneral motorsis~ uaxloesi modeli rva qveyanaSi iwyoba kidev<br />
ufro met qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>mzadebuli nawilebisagan. globaluri<br />
informaciuli sistemebis Seqmnis gar<strong>da</strong> ekonomikis planetarizacias<br />
xels uwyobs transportis <strong>da</strong> kavSiris sistemebis<br />
gaiafeba. dResdReobiT satransporto xarjebi sabolood<br />
produqtis fasis mxolod ramdenime procents Seadgens, rac<br />
xels uwyobs mrewvelobis Sromatevadi <strong>da</strong>rgebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanas<br />
ufro iafi muSaxelis mqone qveynebSi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, informaciis<br />
saerTaSoriso sistemebis Seqmna sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro far-<br />
To masStabiT moiTxovs internacionalur TanamSromlobas;<br />
amitom amgvari TanamSromloba vinmes nebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad,<br />
adre Tu gvian, albaT mTel de<strong>da</strong>miwas moicavs.<br />
rasakvirvelia, msoflio istoria savsea sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kontinentebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi <strong>da</strong>axloebis magaliTebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>, am TvalsazrisiT, mTeli msoflio istoria aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> xalxebis mier globaluri <strong>da</strong>axloebis ku-<br />
TxiT ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli neli <strong>da</strong> swrafi nabijebis erTgvari nakrebi.<br />
arSemdgari `globalizaciis~ magaliTebad SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT<br />
elinizmis an jvarosnuli laSqrobebis epoqa. magram<br />
amgvari <strong>da</strong>axloebis tempebi revoluciurad swrafad mxolod<br />
orjer ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ XIX <strong>da</strong> XXs-ebis mijnaze msoflio Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />
aqtiuri urTierTobebis fazaSi imis safuZvelze, rom vaWrobam<br />
<strong>da</strong> investiciebma orTqlmavlis, telefonis <strong>da</strong> konveieris<br />
wyalobiT globaluri masStabiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo gavrceleba. globalizaciis<br />
pirveli talRis iseTma Teoretikosebma, rogorebic<br />
iyvnen r. rozleni <strong>da</strong> j. braiti, mravali ekonomistisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mewarmisaTvis <strong>da</strong>majereblad <strong>da</strong>asabuTes is garemoeba, rom Tavisufali<br />
vaWroba aucileblad gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> msoflio ekonomikur<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s. urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli arnaxuli<br />
keTildReobis nia<strong>da</strong>gze xalxebi <strong>da</strong>iviwyeben uTanxmoebas.<br />
britaneTi mTeli Tavisi sazRvao, industriuli <strong>da</strong> finansuri<br />
ZlevamosilebiT idga globalizaciis am pirveli talRis<br />
garantad, axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> ra saqonlis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvas <strong>da</strong> mTavar<br />
arteriebze kontrols. es arteriebi iyo zRvebi <strong>da</strong> okeaneebi.<br />
britaneTi uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso finansuri gaangariSebebis<br />
stabilurobas funti sterlingis <strong>da</strong> inglisis bankis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
28
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
konfliqtebisaken midrekil msoflio garemoze globalizaciis<br />
keTilismyofeli gavlenis ideam yvelaze <strong>da</strong>majerebeli<br />
gamoxatuleba hpova norman einjelis wignSi `didi iluzia~<br />
(1909). iq (xuTi wliT adre pirvel msoflio omamde) avtorma<br />
moiyvana argumentebi imis sasargeblod, rom SeuZlebeli iyo<br />
globaluri konfliqtebis warmoqmna msoflioSi ekonomikuri<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulobis momentebis Camoyalibebis gamo<br />
_ 1914 wlamde britaneTi <strong>da</strong> germania (ZiriTadi sagareo-politikuri<br />
antagonistebi) warmoadgendnen Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
meore savaWro partniorebs erTmaneTisTvis. es im dros,<br />
roca britaneTis <strong>da</strong> germaniis sagareo vaWrobaze modio<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad<br />
mTliani erovnuli produqtis 52% <strong>da</strong> 38%. magram<br />
1914 wlis agvistoSi erebis globaluri <strong>da</strong>axloebis gar<strong>da</strong>uvalobis<br />
winaswarmetyvelebam warmoaCina mTeli Tavisi ususureba.<br />
pirvelma msoflio omma SeaCera erebis ekonomikur-sainformacio-komunikaciuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebis procesi yvelaze sa-<br />
Sineli meTodiT. globalizaciis sargeblobebma adgili <strong>da</strong>uTmo<br />
geopolitikas, strategiul gaTvlebs, istoriul aRricxvas,<br />
Selaxul siamayes, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulobis winaSe SiSs. magaliTisaTvis,<br />
ruseTis mTavrobam saWirod CaTvala mieTiTebina<br />
ruseTis mTavar monopolistze mis sagareo vaWrobaSi _<br />
germaniaze savaWro <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis <strong>da</strong>mRupvelobaze (germaniaze<br />
modio<strong>da</strong> ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis 50%).<br />
globalizaciis xelmeored <strong>da</strong>badeba (aRorZineba) <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
70-iani wlebis bolos. es mox<strong>da</strong> postindustriuli paradigmis<br />
gamarjvebasTan erTad, informatikaSi, telekomunikaciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> digitalizaciaSi globaluri radiusis mqone saSualebebis<br />
srulyofaSi araCveulebrivi revoluciis Sedegad. ukanaskneli<br />
oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis manZilze reaqtiulma aviaciam <strong>da</strong>aaxlova<br />
yvela kontinenti, xolo kompiuterebis saerTo raodenobis<br />
simZlavre ormagdebo<strong>da</strong> saSualod Tvramet TveSi erTxel. <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n informaciis moculoba diskis TiToeul<br />
santimetrze izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60%-iT weliwadSi. mTel<br />
am garemoebaTa <strong>da</strong> srulyofaTa Sedegad informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />
Rirebuleba dramatulad Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amJamad informaciis<br />
uzarmazari moculobani SesaZlebelia ga<strong>da</strong>tanili iyos telefonis,<br />
optikuri kabelis <strong>da</strong> radio signalis saSualebiT de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
nebismier wertilSi, rac revoluciurad zemoqmedebs<br />
ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>ze.<br />
aSkarad gamoikveTa globalizaciuri procesebis axali xasiaTi.<br />
magaliTad, britanuli koncerni `iunilekeri~, romel-<br />
29
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
sac gaaCnia 500 <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli kompania 75 qveyanaSi an aSS-<br />
Si bazirebuli `eqsoni~, romlis Semosavlebis 75% modis ara<br />
aSS-ze, nacionalur kompaniebad mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba<br />
miviCnioT. transnacionalurma korporaciebma <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes erovnuli sazRvrebis aqamde<br />
arnaxuli siadviliT ga<strong>da</strong>laxva . erTi politologis TqmiT,<br />
iqmneba situacia, rodesac `verc nacionaluri mTavrobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
verc adgilobrivi xelisuflebebi ver SeZleben sakuTari ZalebiT<br />
im problemebis mogvarebas, romelic Seqmna mzardma<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam~.<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgeba globalizaciis meore, Tanamedrove etapi. XXI s-is<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis SemuSavebulia SeTanxmeba informaciuli teqnologiebis<br />
Sesaxeb, <strong>da</strong>debulia mravali xelSekruleba telekomunikaciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> finansuri momsaxurebebis Taobaze, miRweulia<br />
SeTanxmebebi, romelTac safuZveli <strong>da</strong>udes msoflio savaWro<br />
organizaciis Seqmnas (<strong>da</strong> mis rigebSi iseTi manamde reglamentirebuli<br />
sasaqonlo gacvlebisagan ganze gamdgari qveynebis<br />
miRebas, rogoric CineTia). mTavari is aris, rom bevri<br />
qveynis strategia _ <strong>da</strong>wyebuli iseTi giganti<strong>da</strong>n, rogoric<br />
aSS-a _ gax<strong>da</strong> im barierebis moxsna, romelic xels uSli<strong>da</strong> kapitalis<br />
<strong>da</strong> savaWro nakadebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas. mTelma rigma<br />
qveynebma (`aziurma vefxvebma~ magaliTad samxreT koream an<br />
singapurma) aCvena araCveulebrivi niWi imisa, rom SesaZlebelia<br />
maRali teqnologiebisa <strong>da</strong> iafi muSaxelis urTierTqmedebis<br />
efeqtianad Sexameba, rasac gaadvilebuli urTierTgacvlis<br />
pirobebSi mivyavarT swraf ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>sTan. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, CrdiloeT atlantikis<br />
gverdiT <strong>da</strong>dga aRmosavleTi azia.<br />
amasTan, dRevandeli globalizacia, gansxvavebiT misi<br />
adrindeli nairsaxeobebisagan, postindustriul paradigmas<br />
emyareba. swored amaSia misi Zala. industriuli epoqis resursebi<br />
ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> sakmarisi mTeli de<strong>da</strong>miwis globaluri mocvisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebis, informaciis <strong>da</strong> saqonlis<br />
gacvla saWiro tempiT ganexorcielebina. aseTi ram mxolod<br />
postindustriul epoqaSi gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli.<br />
eqspertebis nawilis azriT globalizacia aris procesi,<br />
romelic ganpirobebulia sabazro <strong>da</strong> ara saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
ZalebiT. imisaTvis, rom moizidon kapitali <strong>da</strong> ifiqron ke-<br />
TildReobaze, aseve isargeblon sakuTar ekonomikaze, Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>da</strong> momavlis teqnologiebis gavlenis nayofiT, saxelmwifoebma<br />
Tavi un<strong>da</strong> moiqcion <strong>da</strong>balansebuli biujetis,<br />
30
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
ekonomikis privatizaciis, investiciebis <strong>da</strong> sabazro nakadebis<br />
Riaobis, valutis stabilurobis `oqros korsetSi~. globalizacia<br />
niSnavs cxovrebis homogenizacias: fasebi, produqtebi,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis done <strong>da</strong> xarisxi, Semosavlebis done, procentiani<br />
sabanko ganakveTebi msoflio doneze Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Tanabrdeba.<br />
globalizacia cvlis ara marto msoflios ekonomikur<br />
procesebs, aramed mis struqturasac. Zalas ikrebs kacobriobaze<br />
arnaxuli gavlenis mqone procesi, romelic<br />
transkontinenturi <strong>da</strong> regionTaSorisi nakadebis generirebas<br />
axdens, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c iqmneba globaluri masStabis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba.<br />
ramdenad kargia amgvari unifikacia <strong>da</strong><br />
ramdenad Seesabameba igi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri yofierebis fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />
tendenciebs – sul sxva sakiTxia.<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis momavali,<br />
globalizaciis gamowvevebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />
globalizaciis mTavari niSani Riaobaa, romelic axasiaTebs<br />
msoflio sazogadoebis axal mdgomareobas – axal msoflio<br />
wesrigs. Si<strong>da</strong> bazris zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdeba sazRvargareT<br />
bazris zr<strong>da</strong>ze. es kredo prezidentma klintonma Camoayaliba<br />
1996 wels jorj vaSingtonis universitetSi gamosvlisas:<br />
`blokebi, barierebi, sazRvrebi, romlebic ganasaxierebdnen<br />
Cveni mSoblebis <strong>da</strong> maTi mSoblebis droindel msoflios, qreba<br />
axali teqnologiebis meSveobiT~...<br />
SesaZloa, msoflios yvelaze didi problema iyos globalizaciis<br />
SeTavseba vesternizaciasTan. vesternizacia gulisxmobs<br />
erovnuli cxovrebis ga<strong>da</strong>yvanas <strong>da</strong>savlur relsebze.<br />
es uaRresad mtkivneuli procesia, rasac, sxva rom araferi,<br />
islamur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebi aCvenebs. Tumca,<br />
veWvobT, rom dRis wesrigSi dgeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT farTo problema<br />
– modernizacia. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
ori saxis midgoma.<br />
pirveli gamomdinareobs iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom globalizacia ufro<br />
farTo procesia, vidre vesternizacia <strong>da</strong>, yvela gagebiT,<br />
emTxveva modernizaciis process. am Tvalsazriss emxrobian<br />
a. hidensi, r. robertsi, m. olborou, u. konoli. aRmosavleT<br />
evropis qveynebma sakmaod <strong>da</strong>majereblad aCvenes modernizaciuli<br />
SesaZleblobebi im sazogadebaSic ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c vesternizacia<br />
ar Sexebia sazogadoebis Zireul safuZvlebsa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebs.<br />
aRmosavleTi aziis magaliTi aCvenebs, rom indus-<br />
31
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
trializacia bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia vesternizaciis<br />
gareSe.<br />
meore midgoma: globalizacia warmoadgens, ubralod, <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
modernizmis globalur difuzias, ganvrcobas anu gafarToebul<br />
vesternizacias _ <strong>da</strong>savluri kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
institutebis gavrcelebas (ganvrcobas) _ am azrs<br />
aviTarebs s. aminisa <strong>da</strong> l. bentonis Teoriebi. gilpini, magali-<br />
Tad, msoflio internacionalizacias uyurebs, rogorc, ubralod,<br />
gafaToebadi amerikuli msoflio wesrigis produqts. a.<br />
kalinikosi <strong>da</strong> rigi mkvlevarebisa Tanamedrove procesebSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri imperializmis axal fazas, sa<strong>da</strong>c erovnuli<br />
mTavrobebi iqcnen monopolisturi kapitalis agentebad. amerikeli<br />
Teoretikosis n. gleizeris azriT, globalizacia aris<br />
msoflio masStabiT <strong>da</strong>savleTis mier regulirebadi im informaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> garTobis saSualebebis `gavrceleba, romlebic Sesabamis<br />
efeqts axdens im adgilebis faseulobebze, sa<strong>da</strong>c es<br />
iformacia aRwevs...~<br />
evoluciuri midgomis momxreebi, romelTac saTaveSi udganan<br />
pirveli sididis Teoretikosi pirovnebebi _ j. rozenau<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. hidensi, globalizaciis Tanamedrove formas Tvlian<br />
istoriulad uprecedento movlenad <strong>da</strong> mas uyureben, rogorc<br />
araSejerebads pirvel msoflio omamde periodTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
es mimdinareoba saxelmwifoebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebisagan moi-<br />
Txovs im ufro urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebul <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, Zalze<br />
arastabilur msofliosTan Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT a<strong>da</strong>ptacias, romelsac<br />
axasiaTebs gar<strong>da</strong>uvali socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri cvlilebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> romlis erTianobac Seadgens Tanamedrove sazaogadoebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> msoflio wesrigis ganviTarebis arss. globalizacia<br />
aris msoflios transformaciis udidesi Zala, romelic<br />
pasuxs agebs sazogadoebebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikebis evoluciaze,<br />
aseve marTvis formebisa <strong>da</strong> msoflio wesrigis cvlilebebze.<br />
igi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT angrevs samamulosa <strong>da</strong> ucxouris gagebas <strong>da</strong><br />
gansxvavebas saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo problemebs Soris. j. rozenau<br />
miuTiTebs tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si axali politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri sivrcis Seqmnaze, romelsac makrodoneze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seewyon saxelmwifoebi, xolo adgilobriv doneze<br />
ki – lokaluri sazogadoebebi.<br />
magram evoluciuri midgomis momxreebi (radikalebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT) uars amboben, gansazRvron im procesis mimarTuleba,<br />
romelmac moicva msoflio <strong>da</strong> romlis arssac warmoad-<br />
32
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
gens moulodneli cvlilebebi, xolo misi mTavari Tvisebaa axali<br />
winaaRmdegobebis warmoqmna.<br />
maT SegnebaSi globalizacia asocirdeba axali msoflio<br />
stratifikaciis CamoyalibebasTan, rodesac zogierTi qveyana<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan, magram myarad Seva `taifunis TvalSi~ – msoflio<br />
ganviTarebis centrSi, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi uimedod<br />
marginalizdebian. magram sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebs Soris `<strong>da</strong>Sorebis~,<br />
`ganxeTqilebis~ miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ar moxdeba saxelmwifoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa-klasifikacia sistemiT: `pirveli~ <strong>da</strong> `meore~ samyaro.<br />
msoflio ufro rTuli iqneba.<br />
moxdeba TviT cnebebis `Zalis~ <strong>da</strong> `Zlierebis~ radikaluri<br />
cvlileba. suverenuli saxelmwifoebi SeinarCuneben sakuTar<br />
teritoriaze gavlenas (xelisuflebas), magram nacionaluri<br />
suverenitetis paralelurad gafarTovdeba saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis gavlenis zonac.<br />
bunebrivia, rom globalizacia useriozules problemebs wamoWris<br />
qarTveli eris winaSe. istoriuli gamocdileba gveubneba,<br />
rom `protoglobalizaciebi~ saqarTvelosaTvis sikeTis<br />
momtani iyo. elinizms iberiis samefos Seqmna mohyva, jvarosnul<br />
laSqrobebs Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
arnaxuli ayvaveba. amitom, Rrmad var <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli, rom<br />
azri, TiTqos globalizacia Cveni TviTmyofadobis <strong>da</strong>kargvas<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturul gaTqvefas moitans, arasworia (bolos<strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
iaponiisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT koreis magaliTi mainc ar gvqondes Tvalwin).<br />
problema globalizaciaSi ki ar aris, aramed _ Cvens uunarobaSi,<br />
SevimuSaoT strategia, Tu rogor SevxvdeT globalizacias.<br />
globalizacia, cxadia, gamowvevaa, magram _ iseTi gamowveva,<br />
romelic swori politikis SemTxvevaSi sikeTed iqceva<br />
(sxva saqmea, rom aseTi politika ara gvaqvs). cxadia, globalizacia<br />
gamowvevaa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc cnobili rusi politikosi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomisti g. iavlinski amtkicebs, mis Sedegad 2050 wlisaTvis<br />
aRar iarsebebs ganviTarebuli <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi qveynebi.<br />
iarsebebs mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebi <strong>da</strong> isini, visac samaradisod<br />
ganuviTarebloba arguna bedma, ufro metad ki _ sakuTarma<br />
bedovlaTobam. saqarTvelos aqvs Sansi, postindustriuli<br />
paradigma <strong>da</strong> globalizacia gamoiyenos imisaTvis, raTa<br />
moxvdes `oqros miliardSi~ anu msoflios ganviTarebul erebs<br />
Soris. magram Tu xelisuflebac <strong>da</strong> eric bedovlaTobas gamoi-<br />
Cens, igive procesi istoriis sanagveze mogvisvris.<br />
gavrcelebulia azri, rom postindustriuli paradigmis<br />
realizeba CvenTan `zemo<strong>da</strong>n~ un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes. is TiTqos<br />
33
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
brZenma avtokratorma xelisuflebam un<strong>da</strong> gaataros, romelmac,<br />
“bneli masisgan” gansxvavebiT, icis, ra aris postindustriuli<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, globalizacia <strong>da</strong> modernizacia. magaliTisaTvis,<br />
am dros Cile, samxreT korea <strong>da</strong> taivani mohyavT.araferia<br />
ufro absurduli, vidre es mtkiceba. metic, mas pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
mivyavarT istoriis sanagvisaken. saqme isaa, rom postindustriuli<br />
paradigma mxolod demokratiis pirobebSi xorcieldeba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n informaciis Tavisufali floba <strong>da</strong> gamoyeneba,<br />
rac postindustriuil paradigmis safuZvelia, mxolod<br />
demokratiis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. am mtkicebis avtorebs<br />
aviwydebaT, rom Cilemac, samxreT koreamac <strong>da</strong> taivanmac, avtoritaruli<br />
politikuri reJimis pirobebSi ganaxorcieles ara<br />
postindustriuli, aramed industriuli modernizacia. <strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc ki maTi ganviTareba logikurad mivi<strong>da</strong> postindustriul<br />
doneze, yvela maTganSi demokratia <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ase rom, saqarTveloSi an iqneba realuri demokratia, xelisuflebebis<br />
realuri <strong>da</strong>nawevrebiT, realuri TviTmmarTvelobiT,<br />
realurad Tavisufali sasamarTloTi, mediiT <strong>da</strong> biznesiT,<br />
an movaxdenT naxtoms ufskrulSi. <strong>da</strong> Tu es ukanaskneli<br />
`gmiroba~ CavidineT, modiT es sakuTar Tavs <strong>da</strong>vabraloT <strong>da</strong><br />
ara postindustrializacias, globalizacias, ruseTs, amerikas<br />
an, saerTod, ucxoplanetelebs.<br />
34
marina musxeliSvili<br />
demokratizacia rogorc demokratiis<br />
ganviTarebis alternativa<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebas SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma <strong>da</strong><br />
mizani hqondes. zogjer mas SeiZleba erTi gacxadebuli mizani<br />
gaaCndes <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s isini marTavdnen, vinc am miznisken<br />
mimavali gza ukeTesad ician. sxva SemTxvevaSi, erTi gacxadebuli<br />
mizani SeiZleba arc iyos. aseT dros ganviTareba individualuri<br />
proeqtebis jamia, xolo politikuri mmarTveloba<br />
am proeqtebis warmomadgenlobis safuZvelze formirdeba.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi ganviTareba „Caketilia“: <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
ganviTarebis erTi dominanturi ideologia aqvs, romlis legitimacia<br />
mxolod ualternativo SeiZleba iyos (Tu ra mizeziT<br />
warmoiSva aseTi ualternativoba, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba,<br />
es ar aris mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc istoricizmi, romlis Sesaxeb wers<br />
karl poperi). 1 aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebi arian mcodneni,<br />
eqspertebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, romlebic ufro ukeT erkvevian<br />
ganviTarebis miznebSi, vidre Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis miswrafebebSi.<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi saerTo ganviTareba aris Ria <strong>da</strong><br />
arasworxazovani, is xan erT mxares ixreba, xan meore mxares,<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu rogori individualuri mizanswrafvebi <strong>da</strong><br />
interesebi axdens masze ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet gavlenas (SesaZloa, sakmaod<br />
xangrZlivs). Zalaufleba politikosTa xelSia, mosaxleobis<br />
garkveuli (SesaZloa, Zalian didi) nawilis mimarT maT<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi funqcia gaaCniaT. ganviTarebis mimarTulebas,<br />
sazogadoebis sruli soli<strong>da</strong>robis miRwevis SemTxveva-<br />
Sic ki, nawilobrivi legitimuroba axasiaTebs <strong>da</strong> is SeiZleba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>isinjos. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis calkeuli wevri<br />
ganviTarebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi araviTar rols<br />
ar TamaSobs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mas SeuZlia azri gamoTqvas<br />
misi meTodze an miRwevis xarisxze. meore SemTxvevaSi mas ZaluZs<br />
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc erTze, aseve meoreze.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi ideologia <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s warmarTavs misi<br />
xelmZRvanelobis xeliT, meore SemTxvevaSi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> mravalricxovan<br />
ideologiebs Tavad warmoqmnis <strong>da</strong> politikasac<br />
TviTonve karnaxobs xelisuflebas.<br />
1 Êàðë Ïîïïåð, Îòêðûòîå îáùåñòâî è åãî âðàãè, Êèåâ, Íèêà-Öåíòð, 2005<br />
35
marina musxeliSvili<br />
ueWvelia, rom ganviTarebis pirveli gza totalitarul re-<br />
Jimebs mogvagonebs, xolo meore – liberalur demokratiebs.<br />
magram yvelaferi ase martivi ar aris. mocemuli statiis mizania,<br />
aCvenos, rom ganviTarebis pirveli gza SeiZleba sakmaod<br />
warmatebiT ganxorcieldes formalurad aratotalitarul<br />
reJimebSic, romlebsac pretenzia aqvT demokratiis statusze.<br />
metic, „demokratizacia“ _ rogorc demokratiebis<br />
ganviTarebis meTodi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis saSualeba _ Tanamedrove<br />
samyaroSi mniSvnelovanwilad Seesatyviseba ganviTarebis<br />
swored pirvel <strong>da</strong> ara meore proeqts.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi Cven ar SevecdebiT demokratizaciis<br />
miznebisa <strong>da</strong> idealebis gaufasurebas (isini, rogorc Cans, Tavisi<br />
arsebiT mocemuli konteqstisTvis umniSvneloa). statia<br />
am miznebis miRwevis meTodebzea mimarTuli. marSal maklueni<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>, rom „komunikaciis saSualeba aris uwyeba“ (the message),<br />
<strong>da</strong> „uwyebis Sinaarsi xorcis naWeria, romelsac Cveni gonebis<br />
mcvel ZaRls ugdeben, raTa misi sifxizle moadunon“. 1 komunikaciis<br />
procesis struqtura, romelic demokratizaciis dominantur<br />
erTganzomilebian ideologias warmoSobs – swored<br />
isaa, rasac aq ganvixilavT. Cven ganvasxvavebT demokratizacias,<br />
rogorc uwyebis Sinaarssa <strong>da</strong> demokratizacias, rogorc<br />
politikuri komunikaciis meTods (saSualebas).<br />
36<br />
1. substanciuri <strong>da</strong> proceduruli demokratiebi<br />
ukanaskneli 15-20 weli Cven demokratizaciis procesSi vimyofebiT.<br />
Tu ra aris demokratia, amaze yovel individs saku-<br />
Tari pasuxi aqvs. politikuri komunikaciis procesSi misi monawileni<br />
gansazRvraven im mravalgvar mniSvnelobasa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarss,<br />
romlebic maT axasiaTebs <strong>da</strong> mocemul cnebasTanaa asocirebuli,<br />
xolo Semdeg maT safuZvelze aSeneben TavianT politikur<br />
urTierTobebs. <strong>da</strong> Tuki demokratias, rogorc orsaxa<br />
ianuss, gaaCnia iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva individisTvis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad momxiblavia, maSin TiToeuls am<br />
saxeTagan Tavisi Tayvanismecemeli eyoleba, romelic mTel-<br />
Tan mis asocirebas Seecdeba.<br />
mTelis gansazRvrisaTvis Tanaswor konkurencias maSin aqvs<br />
adgili, rodesac „demokratia“ sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli<br />
bazris ideebisa <strong>da</strong> cnebebis produqti <strong>da</strong> konceptia. mag-<br />
1 Ìàðøàëë Ìàêëþåí, ïîíèìàíèå Ìåäèà: âíåøíèå ðàñøèðåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà. Ìîñêâà-<br />
Æóêîâñêèé, Êàíîí-ïðåññ-Ö, Êó÷êîâî ïîëå, 2003
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
ram imis gamo, rom CvenTvis demokratia aris mibaZvis garegani<br />
obieqti, aq misi azrobrivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva warmoiqmneba ara imdenad<br />
sazogadoebis Sinagani komunikacii<strong>da</strong>n, aramed is mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
gare<strong>da</strong>n Semodis didi <strong>da</strong>maxinjebiT. es ukanaskneli<br />
garemoeba ki aixsneba msgavsi komunikaciis asimetriulobiT.<br />
gareSe Sinaarsi garkveul prioritets iZens Sinagan mniSvnelobasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, imis gamo, rom Cven masze didi gavlena<br />
ara gvaqvs (komunikacia calmxrivia). amgvari <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vinaxoT mraval konceptze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, romlebic<br />
demokratias ukavSirdeba, magram aq Cven visargeblebT <strong>da</strong> qvemoT<br />
ganvsazRvravT maT „ianus-demokratiis“ mxolod ori saxiT:<br />
misi proceduruli <strong>da</strong> substanciuri gagebiT.<br />
proceduruli midgoma demokratizaciis realizacias eZiebs<br />
ara politikuri ganviTarebis mizniT, aramed mis meTodebSi<br />
aqcents akeTebs politikur Tanasworobaze iseTi politikuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, romlebic winaswar<br />
ar aris gansazRvruli. „...kanonisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis wmin<strong>da</strong> proceduruli<br />
Teoria...niSnavs imas, rom /politikuri/ procesis<br />
Sedegebis Sefaseba xdeba mxolod im proceduri<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
romli<strong>da</strong>nac isini warmoiqmna“. 1 substanciuri (arsobrivi)<br />
midgoma afasebs ara marto proceduras, aramed Sedegsac.<br />
is eyrdnoba demokratiis arsis, rogorc institucionaluri<br />
politikuri reJimis mkafio gansazRvrebas, romelic demokratiis<br />
mSeneblobisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri ganviTarebis mizansa <strong>da</strong><br />
amocanas warmoadgens. „...mxolod arsobrivi principebis meSveobiT,<br />
romlebic procesisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad SeiZleba iyos<br />
gansazRvruli, SesaZlebelia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, vamtkicoT,<br />
rom „is, rac umravlesobam Tun<strong>da</strong>c srulyofili procesis<br />
pirobebSi <strong>da</strong>adgina, arasworia“. 2<br />
amgvari azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba, Tun<strong>da</strong>c naklebad Teoretizebuli<br />
formiT, arsebiT rols TamaSobs saqarTvelos politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi. amgvarad, SegviZlia warmovidginoT ori gansxvavebuli<br />
pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvaze: SeiZleba Tu ara miviCnioT,<br />
rom demokratiam gaimarjva, Tu arCevnebi samarTlianad<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong>, magram umravlesobam xma misca SevardnaZis partias?<br />
ufro Teoretizebuli formiT azrTa amgvari sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba<br />
aqtualuria demokratiis <strong>da</strong>savlur TeoriebSi. pirveli midgoma<br />
prevalirebs ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSi arse-<br />
1 Simon Chambers, Can Procedural Democracy be Radical? in: The Political, ed. by David<br />
Ingram, Blackwell publishers, 2002, p. 176.<br />
2 ibid.<br />
37
marina musxeliSvili<br />
buli sistemebis Tanamedrove kritikaSi, xolo meore – praqtikuli<br />
demokratizaciis Seswavlis dros 6 axal demokratiebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara-demokratiebSi. amgvari filosofiuri gansxvaveba<br />
aisaxeba im meTodologiebSi, romlebic erTsa <strong>da</strong> meore Sem-<br />
TxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. pirveli midgoma sargeblobs ufro metad<br />
institucionaluri meTodebiT, komparativistikiT <strong>da</strong><br />
gvTavazobs institucionalur strategiebs. meore midgoma<br />
iyenebs politikisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis Teorias, diskursiul meTodebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> gvTavazobs ufro metad koncefciebs, vidre institutebs.<br />
meore midgoma emyareba codnas, pirveli – gagebas.<br />
demokratizaciisadmi substanciuri midgoma amtkicebs,<br />
rom demokratiuli politikuri institutebis Seqmna aris kidevac<br />
demokratiis mSenebloba:<br />
38<br />
In a substantive vieu of constitutional democracy, the question<br />
of a given regime’s democratic character depends only on what its<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mental or constitutive laws prescribe and not at all on how<br />
they came to prescribe it... On the procedural view, in contrast, the<br />
regime is not democratic, no matter the democratic nicety of its<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mental-legal prescriptive content, unless the country’s people<br />
at all time retain appropriate joint control over the content too. 2<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis substanciuri xedvis<br />
Tanaxmad, ama Tu im reJimis demokratiuli xasiaTi <strong>da</strong>-<br />
1 is, rac xdebo<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul demokratiebSi, Seva<strong>da</strong>roT imas, rac xdeba<br />
mraval „axal“ demokratiaSi <strong>da</strong> mTels msoflioSi demokratizaciis<br />
procesSi. istoriul procesebs, romlebsac adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />
Tis qveynebSi, terminologiis moxerxebulobis mizniT, Cven vuwodebT<br />
„demokratiis ganviTarebas“, xolo imas, rac xdeba, kerZod, saqarTveloSi<br />
– „demokratizacias“. pirveli procesisagan gansxvavebiT, meore<br />
warmoadgens politikur transformacias, romelic ganicdis „demokratizaciis“<br />
(an neoinstitucionalizmis) Zlier gavlenas. am ukanasknels<br />
safuZvlad udevs Semdegi principi: rogoric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
Tavisi ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-kulturuli konteqstis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, masSi SesaZlebelia demokratiuli institutebis funqcionireba<br />
maTi warmoqmnis ama Tu im xarisxis albaTobiT, konsolidirebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mdgradobiT. demokratizaciis Teoria ganixilavs mxolod<br />
demokratiis institutebs, maT warmoSobasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas. sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni sistemebi maTTan aris urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, maT<br />
SeuZliaT maTi Taviseburebebi ganapirobon, Tumca es kavSirebi ufro<br />
korelaturia, vidre siRrmiseuli.<br />
2 Michelman, in: Simon Chambers, Can Prcedural Democracy be Radical? in: The Plotical,<br />
ed. by David Ingram, Blackwell publishers, 2002, p. 181.
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
mokidebulia mxolod imaze, Tu ras awesebs misi fuZemdebluri<br />
Tu makonstituirebeli kanonebi, xolo is, Tu<br />
ra gziT mivdivarT am wesebamde, saerTod ugulebelyofilia...<br />
proceduruli TvalTaxedvis Tanaxmad ki,<br />
piriqiT _ reJimi ar iTvleba demokratiulad, Tu qveynis<br />
mosaxleoba mudmivad ar axorcielebs saTanado Se-<br />
Tanxmebul kontrols fuZemdeblur kanonTa preskripciul<br />
Sinaarsze _ imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Tu TviTon es Sinaarsi<br />
ramdenad demokratiulad gamoiyureba.<br />
is SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT rogorc “neoinstitucionalizmis<br />
ideologia”. neoliberalizmi aris ideologia, romelic<br />
amtkicebs Semdegs: “moaxdineT ekonomikis reforma liberaluri,<br />
sabazro institutebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> Tqven miiRebT ayvavebul<br />
ekonomikas”. politikuri sistemis mimarT misa<strong>da</strong>gebisas<br />
neoinstitucionalizmi, agreTve, amtkicebs Semdegs: “<strong>da</strong>akanoneT<br />
konstitucionaluri liberaluri demokratiis formaluri<br />
institutebi <strong>da</strong> Tqven miiRebT ayvavebul demokratias”.<br />
arc erT <strong>da</strong> arc meore midgomas sruliad ar ainteresebs<br />
is, Tu ris safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> rogor axdens mocemuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
aseTi institutebis legitimacias. mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis<br />
am institutebis mniSvneloba demokratizaciis interesebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> neoliberaluri ekonomikuri transformaciis sazRvrebs<br />
miRma Zevs.<br />
Cveni pirveli debulebis Tanaxmad, ara<strong>da</strong>emokratiul an naxevraddemokratiul<br />
qveynebSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi, demokratizaciis<br />
procesSi substanciuri midgomis absoluturi prevalireba<br />
politikuri sistemis ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgens.<br />
es politikuri sistema formalurad hgavs <strong>da</strong>savlur demokratiebs,<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>savleTis nimuSebisgan gansxvavdeba Tavisi<br />
arsiT, praqtikiTa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis perspeqtivebiT. aseT<br />
qveynebs SeuZliaT miiRon demokratiuli politikuri sistema<br />
<strong>da</strong>, amave dros, ar hqondeT demokratia proceduruli gagebiT.<br />
substanciuri midgoma, calmxrivobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ideologias<br />
warmoadgens. amitom mas SeuZlia warmoSvas (<strong>da</strong> is warmo-<br />
Sobs kidec) korufcias, romelic faravs ufskruls formalur<br />
institutebsa <strong>da</strong> realur cxovrebas Soris. is warmoqmnis politikur<br />
institutebs, romlebic xSirad korumpirebulia im<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rom Tavisi realuri SinaarsiT, funqcionirebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciiT isini arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Cafiqrebuli<br />
nimuSisagan. proceduruli midgoma a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom demokratiuli<br />
institutebis funqcionireba, mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong><br />
39
marina musxeliSvili<br />
mdgradoba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia maTi miRebis procedurasa <strong>da</strong> im<br />
mniSvnelobebze, romlebic maT miRebis procesSi mieniWa. ase-<br />
Ti midgomis gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia mivuaxlovdeT<br />
realurad funqcionirebad demokratias.<br />
40<br />
2. demokratizaciis Teoriis gavlena<br />
demokratiis substancia (arseba) orgvarad SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />
imis mixedviT, vlaparakobT Cven demokratiis idealze,<br />
Tu am idealze orientirebuli politikuri reJimebis<br />
konkretul formebze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi msjeloben demokratiis<br />
principebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa<br />
politikuri Tanasworoba an azris Tavisufali gamoTqma. meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi laparakia konkretul sakanonmdeblo normebze,<br />
romlebsac un<strong>da</strong> pasuxobdes politikuri reJimi, imisaTvis,<br />
rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi demokratiad miCneva. 1<br />
wina paragrafSi Cven cota “Cirqi movcxeT” demokratiis<br />
substanciur gagebas, roca demokratizaciis procesSi mis<br />
absolutur prevalirebas procedurul komponentze vuwodeT<br />
“ZiriTadi problema”. sinamdvileSi problema marto is<br />
ki ar aris, rom proceduras mcire yuradReba eTmoba, aramed<br />
imaSic, rom demokratizacia demokratiis iseT substanciur<br />
gagebas emyareba, romelic demokratiis idealebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>T<br />
ki ar operirebs, aramed <strong>da</strong>savluri demokratiebis<br />
konkretuli sakanonmdeblo normebiT (formaluri institutebiT).<br />
demokratizaciis Teorias safuZvlad udevs demokratiis<br />
“Sumpeteriseuli” gansazRvreba, rac niSnavs, rom es aris politikuri<br />
reJimi institutebis met-naklebad gansazRvruli<br />
CamonaTvaliT, rogoric aris Tavisufali, Tanaswori arCevnebi,<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis<br />
nairsaxeobebi, SesaZloa, agreTve, kanonis warmmarTveloba.<br />
institutebis zusti CamonaTvali SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes<br />
avtori<strong>da</strong>n avtoramde, is SeiZleba kamaTsa <strong>da</strong> uTanxmoebas<br />
iwvevdes, magram principi erTi rCeba. amgvarad, demokratiis<br />
mSenebloba “demokratizaciis” formiT mdgomareobs uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis nairsaxeobaTa garkveuli CamonaTvalis<br />
institucionalizaciaSi, samarTlebrivi wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myarebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, pirvel rigSi, TanamdebobaTa arCeviTobis<br />
sistemaSi.<br />
1 Ð. Äàëü, Î äåìîêðàòèè.
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
amgvari gageba “demokratizacias” arsebiTad aqcevs mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod “elitistur” procesad. es, pirvel rigSi, imitom<br />
xdeba, rom SezRudulia sazogadoebis gavlena politikur diskursze.<br />
institutebis ganxilvaSi monawileobis miReba (interesebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> faseulobebisgan gansxvavebiT) aris specialistebis,<br />
politikosebisa <strong>da</strong> profesionalebis xvedri. demokratizaciis<br />
amgvari diskursi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n ar aris masobrivi: masebs mas-<br />
Si monawileobis miReba SeuZliaT mxolod rogorc mobilizaciis,<br />
manipulaciisa <strong>da</strong> kenWisyris monawileebs.<br />
demokratiis Sumpeteruli modeli elitisturad miiCneva<br />
iqac, sa<strong>da</strong>c is warmoiqmna _ liberaluri <strong>da</strong>savleTis demokratiebSi.<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>savleTis Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis<br />
“elitizmi” <strong>da</strong> Sumpeteriseuli instituciebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli demokratizaciis “elitizmi” elitizmis ori<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SemTxvevaa. amis mizezi is aris, rom pirvel <strong>da</strong> meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi “elitebis” rols sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aqtori asrulebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis normatiuli gagebiT, demokratia politikuri<br />
procesia, romelSic eqspertebsa <strong>da</strong> specialistebs mniSvnelovani,<br />
magram SezRuduli roli ekisrebaT. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Tavad<br />
gnsazRvravs sakuTari ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, roca is pasuxobs<br />
kiTxvaze “saiT?” <strong>da</strong> am mimarTulebas irCevs politikuri<br />
liderebis politikuri mmarTvelobis nebis demokratiuli<br />
legitimaciiT. eqspertebi (e.i. mcodne a<strong>da</strong>mianebi) politikur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze gavlenas imis xarjze moipoveben,<br />
rom pasuxoben kiTxvaze “rogor?”, anu ra gziT, rogori meTodebiT<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis miRweva. eqspertebis roli<br />
miznis gansazRvraSi minimumamde un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>yvanili, sxvagvarad<br />
demokratia meritokratiad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva, rac Tanamerove<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri demokratiebis erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>avadebac aris <strong>da</strong><br />
proceduruli demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebis kritikis sagans warmoadgens.<br />
demokratizacia, am procesis substanciuri gagebiT,<br />
eqspertebs (codnis nairsaxeobebs) politikur rols argunebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT centralur mniSvnelobas aniWebs pasuxis gacemisas SekiTxvaze<br />
“saiT?”. maTi gavleniT demokratiuli institutebis<br />
Sumpeteriseuli CamonaTvali iZens demokratiis arsis, <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
demokratiis meqanizmis, mniSvnelobas. amgvarad, izRudeba is<br />
potenciurad Ria sivrce, romelic eris momavali ganviTarebis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis gamiznul politikuri brZolis SesaZlo<br />
variantul vels gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. ganviTarebis miznebi legitimacias<br />
iZens codnis <strong>da</strong> ara politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis safuZvel-<br />
41
marina musxeliSvili<br />
ze. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba statistis rolamde, romelic mas<br />
obieqturad winaswargansazRvrul ganviTarebaSi eniWeba, nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom Tavisi momavlis Semoqmedis roli Seasrulos.<br />
aseTi saxiT politikuri ganviTarebis procesi <strong>da</strong>xuruli xdeba<br />
am procesis poperiseuli gagebiT <strong>da</strong> mas utopiuri socialuri<br />
inJineriis elementebi erTvis. post-sabWoTa sivrcisaTvis,<br />
romelmac mravali aTwleuli gaatara politikuri legitimaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis swored aseTi saSualebis pirobeb-<br />
Si, mocemul midgomaSi axali araferi ar aris, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom<br />
ganviTarebis mizani Seicvala: komunizmis nacvlad gvaqvs demokratia,<br />
xolo marqsizm-leninizmis specialistebis nacvlad<br />
gvyvavs demokratizaciis specialistebi.<br />
amgvarad, Cveni meore debulebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis<br />
arsis (substanciis) <strong>da</strong>mcirebis Sedegad (empiriulad CamoTvladi)<br />
formaluri institutebis CamonaTvalamde <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis eqsperti-teqnokratebis xelSi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT<br />
reprezentatiuri xasiaTi <strong>da</strong> ar SeuZliaT proceduruli<br />
demokratiis ganxorcieleba Tun<strong>da</strong>c elitarul-reprezentaciur<br />
doneze.<br />
42<br />
3. winaswarmetyveleba, romelic<br />
sakuTar Tavs qmnis<br />
rogorc ukve iTqva, demokratizacia, demokratiis Senebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia garegan ganzomilebad nimuSebze.<br />
amitom is <strong>da</strong>xuruli teleologiuri proeqtis ideologiur<br />
saxes iRebs. am procesSi mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>a CarTuli,<br />
romelic ganfenilia droSi, Tumca _ sasrulSi. rac ufro<br />
meti eqspertuli “codna” <strong>da</strong> maRali xarisxis teqnokratiuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba iqneba gamoyenebuli <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis misaRwevad,<br />
miT ufro swrafad iqneba is miRweuli. “winaswarmetyveleba”,<br />
romelic mocemulia Tavad procesis saxelwodebaSi –<br />
“demokratizacia”, demokratiis miRweva _ sakuTari Tavis Semoqmedi<br />
xdeba.<br />
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebani <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si politikur<br />
rols imitom TamaSoben, rom momavlis codna, romlis prognozsac<br />
isini yovel mocemul momentSi iZlevian, Tavad am momavals<br />
cvlis <strong>da</strong> procesis monawileebis racionalur strategiebze<br />
gavlenas axdens. “winaswarmetyveleba, romelic Tavis<br />
Tavs qmnis” – es aris movlenebi, romlebic ar moxdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
isini rom nawinaswarmetyvelebi ar yofiliyo. winaswarmetyvelebas,<br />
romelic Tavis Tavs qmnis, ukuefeqtic SeiZleba
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
hqondes: nawinaswarmetyvelebi movlenebi SeiZleba swored<br />
imitom ar moxdes, rom isini iwinaswarmetyveles. aseTi winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
yvelaze cnobili magaliTia marqsistuli<br />
klasobrivi brZola, romelmac meoce saukunis istoria Secvala.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelmac Tavisi<br />
momavlis Sesaxeb raRac icis, ufro sxvagvarad viTardeba,<br />
vidre is, romlisTvisac momavali ucnobia.<br />
demokratiis gagebisadmi substanciuri midgomis siZliere<br />
procedurulTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ganuyofelia demokratizaciis,<br />
rogorc istoriulad ganpirobebuli procesis Taviseburebisgan,<br />
romelic TiTqos gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia. aseTi gagebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
is gamoxatulad iZens poperiseul istoricistul xasiaTs<br />
(aqve aRvniSnavT, rom es xdeba procesis droSi ganfenilobis<br />
fonze, e.i. demokratizacia aseTi gagebiT aris ara gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis<br />
paketi, romlebic iwyeba <strong>da</strong> sruldeba or-sam weliwadSi,<br />
aramed droSi gacilebiT ufro gaWimuli procesi). am gagebas,<br />
romelic periferiul qveynebSi demokratiis mSeneblobis<br />
praqtikul politikaSi dominirebs, gansakuTrebiT didi politikuri<br />
mniSvneloba gaaCnia. is rekursiulad gansazRvravs<br />
bevr movlenas, iwvevs efeqts “winaswarmetyvelebisa, romelic<br />
sakuTar Tavs qmnis”, zogjer Sebrunebuli niSniT. politikuri<br />
urTierTqmedebis procedura <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis diqtats<br />
eqvemdebareba. politikuri procesis racionalurad moqmedi<br />
monawileebi amas warmatebis miRwevis mizniT iTvaliswineben.<br />
praqtikosi politikosebi TavianT qmedebebs xSirad usa<strong>da</strong>geben<br />
nakarnaxeb imedebs, isini Tavisi interesebisaTvis eqspluatacias<br />
uweven demokratizacias, rogorc politikur paradigmas.<br />
amave dros, Tavad es idea Tu ideologia rekursiulad<br />
gavlenas axdens msoflio ganviTarebaze. es is codnaa, romelic<br />
axal realobas qmnis, xolo axali realoba sruliad ar<br />
emTxveva imas, rac nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo.<br />
iseve, rogorc komunizmis marqsistulma Teoriam Secvala<br />
meoce saukunis politikis saxe TavisTavad, Tavisi artikulirebuli<br />
arsebobiT, aseve demokratizaciis, rogorc istoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasrulis Teoriam, Secvala postsabWoTa sivrcis mravali<br />
qveynis (<strong>da</strong> ara marto maTi) istoria. Tumca, im momenti<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
rodesac warmoiSva demokratiuli tranzitebis Teoria,<br />
xolo fukuiama gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> moarul ideas istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis<br />
Sesaxeb liberaluri demokratiis saxiT, kacobrioba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mimxv<strong>da</strong>riyo, rom es swored is aris, rac arasodes iqneba;<br />
ar iqneba swored imitom, rom misi formulireba ukve mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is sazogadoebebi, romlebmac<br />
43
marina musxeliSvili<br />
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb ician, rom isini demokratizaciis procesSi<br />
imyofebian, sruliad sxva sazogadoebebia, vidre isini,<br />
romlebmac TavianTi momavali ki ar ician, aramed ubralod<br />
aSeneben imas, rac surT, rom hqondeT. amitom is, rasac isini<br />
qmnian, SeiZleba arc iyos cudi ram, magram es is aRar iqneba,<br />
rasac maT uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen.<br />
amasTanave, saqme is ki araa, rom potenciurma diqtatorebma<br />
ician, risi un<strong>da</strong> eSinodeT <strong>da</strong> isini TavianTi diqtaturebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis meTodebs gamoimuSaveben. amis analogiurad, liberaluri<br />
demokratiebi gamoimuSaveben socialuri politikis me-<br />
Todebs imisaTvis, rom Tavi <strong>da</strong>icvan Zalauflebaze proletariatis<br />
im pretenziebisgan, romlebic komunizmis Teoriis Sedegad<br />
warmoiSva. saqme is aris, rom potenciuri diqtatorebi<br />
srul oportunizms avlenen <strong>da</strong> demokratiisaTvis pirvel mebrZolebad<br />
iqcevian. isini Tavad demokratiis saxes cvlian sruliad<br />
axali mimarTulebiT. politikurad Tanaswori procedurebisgan<br />
dRevandeli gandgoma yovelTvis SeiZleba aixsnas momavalSi<br />
warmatebis miRwevis aucileblobiT.<br />
erT-erT naSromSi jorj sorosi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom im winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
principebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic Tavis<br />
Tavs qmnis, mas kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmara <strong>da</strong> xeli Seuwyo,<br />
konkurentebisaTvis momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis saqmeSi moego.<br />
sorosma ico<strong>da</strong>, rom konkurentebi erkvevian bazris prognozebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>, rom es prognozebi arasdros<br />
aRsruldeba. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive <strong>da</strong>emarTa demokratias saqar-<br />
TveloSi, oRond Sebrunebuli efeqtebiT. saqarTeloSi e. w. Ria<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria, romelic vardebis revoluciiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, aris istoria imis Sesaxeb, rogor wamoego<br />
Tavad sorosi imave ankesze, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c Ria sazogadoebis<br />
nacvlad man xeli axali <strong>da</strong>xuruli paradigmis ganviTarebas Seuwyo.<br />
man cu<strong>da</strong>d gaugo Tavis maswavlebels, popers <strong>da</strong> saboloo<br />
jamSi is gaakeTa, risi winaaRmdegic iyo poperi: Tavad gamovi<strong>da</strong><br />
winaswarmetyveli-politikosis rolSi. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad man<br />
proceduruli midgomis gamoyeneba sca<strong>da</strong>. is iZulebuli iyo,<br />
komunikaciebis im saSualebebs <strong>da</strong>yrdnobo<strong>da</strong>, romlebic arasimetriulia<br />
am midgomasTan mimarTebaSi (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).<br />
amis Sedegad mis mier gamoyenebuli komunikaciis saSualebebi<br />
(saerTaSoriso fondebi <strong>da</strong> en-ji-o Tavad iqca Setyobinebad _<br />
uwyebad; maT politikuri funqcia SeiZines.<br />
SeiZleba sawinaaRmdego azric gamoiTqvas, romlis Tanaxmad<br />
demokratia warmoadgens ualternativo prioritets ganviTarebuli<br />
demokratiebisTvisac. am qveynebis moqalaqeebi,<br />
44
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
romlebic TavianT sistemebs akritikeben, amodian imave <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong><strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> principebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic demokratias udevs<br />
safuZvlad. magram winaswarmetyveleba, romelic Tavis Tavs<br />
qmnis, gansxvavdeba demokratiul idealebze orientaciis <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>sagan<br />
imiT, rom am winaswarmetyvelebas gaaCnia konkretuli<br />
faqtobrivi orientirebi, romlebic neoinstitucionalizmma<br />
warmoSva. demokratiis mSenebloba dominanturi paradigmis<br />
modeliT – es ar aris igive, rac ocneba, ukeTesad mivuaxlovdeT<br />
demokratiis idealebs politikuri sistemis<br />
srulyofis gziT. demokratizacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi<br />
iqceva winaswarmetyvelebad, romelic Tavis Tavs qmnis, Tu gansazRvreba<br />
imis, rac aris demokratia <strong>da</strong> am nimuSisken Semdgomi<br />
winsvlac mocemuli sazogadoebis kompetenciis farglebs<br />
miRma aris (SesaZloa, misi periferiulobis gamo).<br />
konkretuli institutebis, rogorc ganviTarebis orientirisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mibaZvis nimuSis, SemoReba demokratizaciis ideologiis<br />
warmoSobis aucilebeli komponentia, rac movlenaTa ganviTarebaze<br />
axdens gavlenas. is meore planze moaqcevs am institutebis<br />
RirebulebiT araerTgvarovan mniSvnelobas, ugulebelyofs<br />
Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobas. es ukanaskneli axasiaTebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTSi arsebul institutTa erTobliobas, romlebic liberaluri<br />
konstituciuri demokratiis safuZvels warmoadgenen.<br />
amgvarad, xdeba ugulebelyofa am institutebis diskursiuli<br />
mniSvnelobisa, romelic SeiZleba araerTmniSvnelovani<br />
yofiliyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva viTarebaSi. <strong>da</strong>savleTis politikuri<br />
institutebis Riaoba, romelTa fardobiTi Riaoba sayovelTaod<br />
aris aRiarebuli, “ixureba”, rogorc ki isini iZenen “mniSvnelobis”<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara “proceduris” Sinaarsobliv <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas.<br />
demokratizaciam “icis” im miznebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> miaRwios <strong>da</strong> demokratiis institutebs ganixilavs, rogorc<br />
aseTebs <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli konteqstualuri<br />
winaaRmdegobebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saSualebas. amis Sedegad<br />
xdeba sazogadoebis misa<strong>da</strong>geba momavali institutebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT. am TvalsazrisiT is Seesabameba utopiuri<br />
ganviTarebis poperul gegmas “etapobrivi inJineriis” sapirispirod.<br />
es aris Cveni mesame debuleba.<br />
4. demokratizacia, rogorc globalizacia<br />
rodesac vamtkicebT, rom demokratizacia Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba<br />
demokratiis mSeneblobisgan, isic un<strong>da</strong> mivuTiToT,<br />
raSi mdgomareobs amgvari gansxvavebis mizezebi; ratom ar Se-<br />
45
marina musxeliSvili<br />
iZleba iseT qveynebSi, rogoric aris saqarTvelo, gavakeToT<br />
igive, rasac Tavis droze <strong>da</strong>savleTis demokratiebi akeTebdnen.<br />
Cven <strong>da</strong>vimowmeT makluieni <strong>da</strong> mivuTiTeT erT-erT yvelaze<br />
ufro arsebiT konteqstze, romelic am gansxvavebis xasiaTs<br />
cxadyofs. amgvar konteqsts warmoadgens globalizacia.<br />
globaluri komunikacia qmnis im arasimetriul (garegnulad)<br />
konteqsts, romelSic demokratiis mSenebloba demokratizaciis<br />
niSnebs iZens. globalizaciis mimarT periferiuli<br />
procesebi gareSe gavlenebs ganicdis, romlebic gamoricxavs<br />
Zveli demokratiebis istoriuli gamocdilebis gameorebas.<br />
nebismieri sazogadoebis ganviTareba erTdroulad ramdenime<br />
mimarTulebiT xdeba, romlebic erTmaneTze gavlenas<br />
axdens, magram, amave dros, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia. aseTia,<br />
magaliTad, ekonomikis ganviTareba, kulturuli cvlilebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. amgvari cvlilebebi nawilobriv stiqiurad <strong>da</strong> winaswar<br />
moumzadeblad mimdinareobs, xSirad ki isini <strong>da</strong>gegmilia <strong>da</strong><br />
imarTeba. am dros mniSvnelovani is aris, rom <strong>da</strong>gegmili <strong>da</strong> warmarTuli<br />
cvlilebebi un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes realur <strong>da</strong> ara warmosaxviT<br />
gamowvevebs; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini sargeblobas<br />
ar moitans <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas avnebs kidec.<br />
warmovidginoT iseTi situacia, rodesac <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> “xe<strong>da</strong>vs”<br />
gamowvevis nawils, dgams nabijebs maTze sapasuxod <strong>da</strong> ver<br />
amCnevs sxva nawils, romelic aranakleb problematuria. is sa-<br />
Sualebas aZlevs movlenebs, romlebic am gamowvevebis Sedegia,<br />
stiqiurad ganviTardes. ase, neoliberaluri politika SeiZleba<br />
mimarTuli iyos ekonomikuri produqtiulobis zr<strong>da</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri maCveneblebis momatebaze. amasTanave, mas<br />
SeiZleba uyuradRebad <strong>da</strong>rCes is, rom am dros izrdeba ekonomikuri<br />
uTanasworobac. raRac momentSi uTanasworobis zr<strong>da</strong>m<br />
SeiZleba iseTi saSiSi socialuri formebi miiRos, rom ekonomikis<br />
Semdgomi zr<strong>da</strong> SeuZlebeli gaxdes (magaliTad, mosaxleobis<br />
gaRaribebuli fenebi Svilebs ganaTlebas ver miscemen,<br />
ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c ekonomika <strong>da</strong>kargavs kvalificiur sawarmoo Zalas).<br />
Tu aseT viTarebaSi mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> Zlier<br />
ideologizirebulia, maSin is SeiZleba miiswrafodes neoliberaluri<br />
politikis, rogorc ekonomikis ganviTarebis erTaderTi<br />
swori formis, kidev ufro metad gaZlierebisken. amas-<br />
Tanave, man SeiZleba kvlavac ugulebelyos socialuri problemebi<br />
mxolod im mizeziT, rom RaribTa saprotesto gamosvlebs<br />
is aRiqvams, rogorc reaqciuls (rasac SeCereba sWirdeba)<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara rogorc demokratiuli procesis nawils. qvemo-<br />
46
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>n momdinare “Setyobineba” imis Sesaxeb SeiZleba imitom iyos<br />
ugulebelyofili, rom Setyobinebis arxi (komunikaciis saSualeba)<br />
– proceduruli demokratia – metismetad susti aRmoCndes<br />
dominantur ideologiasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
Tavis droze evropaSi komunizmis aCrdilma <strong>da</strong>iwyo siaruli.<br />
is mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>, rom kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> liberalizmis miRwevebs<br />
sazogadoebis yvela fena Tanabrad ar miesalmebo<strong>da</strong>. ma-<br />
Sin es Setyobineba ara Tu gaigzavna, aramed is gaiges kidec.<br />
demokratiuli komunikaciis arxi ara Tu <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, aramed gaZlier<strong>da</strong><br />
misi uwyveti muSaobis mizniT: meoce saukuneSi politikuri<br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisufleba masiuri gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Znelia ar <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT, mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n gamogvrCes,<br />
ugulebelvyoT ekonomikuri uTanasworobebi, romlebic<br />
kapitalizmma warmoSva. amasTanave, isini (maTi mowesrigebis meqanizmebi)<br />
ukve didi xania kargad aris integrirebuli Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiebis procesualur modelebSi. magram globalizaciis<br />
ganviTareba warmoSobs axal uTanasworobebsa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebs,<br />
romlebic aranaklebad mwvavea, vidre maTi kapitalisturi<br />
winamorbedebi, romlebic jer kidev imyofeba araartikulirebad<br />
sferoSi <strong>da</strong>, amasTanave, ar eqvemdebareba mowesrigebas<br />
proceduruli demokratiis farglebSi. Tumca, maTi<br />
ar<strong>da</strong>naxva an maTi miCneva ubralod reaqciul gamonaxtomebad<br />
mxolod Rrmad ideologizirebul a<strong>da</strong>mianebs SeuZliaT.<br />
axal uTanasworobaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
is, rac socialur-kulturul identurobebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
komunikaciis liberalizaciam, axal – globalurinformaciul-komunikaciur<br />
sivrceSi Sesvlam saqarTveloSi,<br />
rusulis nacvlad, gamoiwvia axali “prestiJuli” enis – inglisuris<br />
– warmoSoba. gaCn<strong>da</strong> codnis, simboloebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvevebis<br />
kompleqsi, romlebic am enaze <strong>da</strong>myarebul sainformacio sferos<br />
ukavSirdeba. samuSaos Sovna, maRali anazRaureba, prestiJi,<br />
Tanamdeboba <strong>da</strong> sxva axla uSualod ukavSirdeba inglisuris<br />
codnasa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis informatiul-komunikaciur sferoSi<br />
CarTvas. politikuri <strong>da</strong> informaciuli kodebis globalizebuli<br />
samyaro mosaxleobis mxolod nawilisTvis aris<br />
xelmisawvdomi, romelmac Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT (xolo Semdeg ucbad<br />
– revoluciis Sedegad) maRali politikuri klasis adgili<br />
(“niSa”) <strong>da</strong>ikava, maSin, rodesac mTels <strong>da</strong>narCen mosaxleobas<br />
jer ar miuRia ukanaskneli wlebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebisgan uSualo mogeba.<br />
piriqiT, ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> socialurad “sxva mosaxleoba”<br />
droTa viTarebaSi ara marto sul ufro wagebuli xdeba,<br />
47
marina musxeliSvili<br />
aramed is Tavisi identurobiT “meorexarisxovan” a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
rigSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<br />
iseTi “jadosnuri” sityvebi, rogoric aris demokratia, samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, evropa <strong>da</strong> sxva, mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ara mTels <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan, aramed<br />
mis nawilTn. amis Sedegad maTi Sinaarsoblivi <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis Tanabari<br />
ganxilva garTul<strong>da</strong>. sazogadoebis erTi <strong>da</strong> igive fenebi<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> globalizaciis, aseve demokratizaciis avangardSi.<br />
amdenad, demokratiis “arseba” gax<strong>da</strong> “swavlebadi” <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
“Camoyalibebadi”. is <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia codnasTan <strong>da</strong> ara gagebasTan.<br />
komunikaciis arxi (globalizacia) <strong>da</strong> Setyobineba, romelic<br />
am arxiT ga<strong>da</strong>icema (demokratia), airia.<br />
amgvari debuleba garkveuli gagebiT marqsistulad JRers:<br />
Tavis droze marqsic amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom burJuazia universaluri<br />
<strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>s saxiT Tavis viwro klasobriv interesebs<br />
icavs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, liberalurma demokratiebma gauZles<br />
am kritikas, xolo klasobrivi eqspluataciis Teoriam drois<br />
gamoc<strong>da</strong>s ver gauZlo. es debuleba SeiZleba kidev ufro marqsistuli<br />
gavxadoT, Tu warmoqmnil winaaRmdegobebs <strong>da</strong>vukav-<br />
SirebT ara globalizacias, aramed axali ekonomikuri bazisis<br />
ganviTarebas: postindustriul, informatiul ekonomikas,<br />
romelic warmoqmnis axal zednaSens <strong>da</strong> axal klasobriv <strong>da</strong>yofas.<br />
SeiZleba gamwvavebis ukidures zomamde mivideT <strong>da</strong> ganvacxadoT,<br />
rom axali warmoebis axali ekonomikuri saSualebebi,<br />
romlebic axal ekonomikur baziss axasiaTebs, aris ara miwa,<br />
kapitali an sxva materialuri resursebi, aramed codna <strong>da</strong> Cvevebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tu amavdroulad mosaxleobis is fenebi, romlebsac<br />
ukeTesad miesvleba am resursebTan (romlebic Tavisi arsebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluria) <strong>da</strong> romlebic axal mmarTvel klass warmoqmnian,<br />
mTels <strong>da</strong>narCen mosaxleobas marginalebad aqceven.<br />
u<strong>da</strong>oa, rom Cvens <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si aseTi Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong>farulad<br />
(aseTi formiT araartikulirebulad) mxurvale gamo-<br />
Zaxilsa <strong>da</strong> mraval momxres hpovebs. amitom isini minimum ganxilvasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> refleqsias imsaxurebs. magram SekiTxva, romelic<br />
mocemuli statiis konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vsvaT, sxva aris: SeuZlia<br />
Tu ara Cvens politikur sistemas “demokratizaciis” meSveobiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xarSos axali globaluri winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> uTanasworobani<br />
ise, rogorc es gaakeTes liberalurma demokratiebma<br />
ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT?<br />
demokratiis unari, gaumklavdes konfliqtebs, romlebic<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis uTanasworobis Sedega<strong>da</strong>a gaCenili, Zlieri<br />
48
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
argumentia “substanciuristebis” sasargeblod: maTi azriT,<br />
demokratiuli institutebi TavisTavad ar SeiZleba sabolo<br />
jamSi gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod maT mier, vinc maT propagan<strong>da</strong><br />
gauwia. is, rom maTi Camoyalibeba mox<strong>da</strong>, es ganviTarebis<br />
mxolod pirvel etapzea mniSvnelovani. SemdgomSi es araarsebiTi<br />
xdeba. elodeT am institutebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias <strong>da</strong> Tqveni<br />
demokratizacia demokratiis nayofs moitans. Tqveni Svilebi<br />
demokratiis periodSi icxovreben.<br />
magram uTanasworobebs, romlebsac globalizacia warmo-<br />
Sobs, erTi axali Tavisebureba aqvs, romelic winamorbedi konfliqtebisTvis<br />
ar aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. isini Cndeba ara erTi<br />
sazogadoebis farglebSi, aramed msoflio masStabiT. amitom<br />
arCevnebis demokratiuli instituti ar aris procedurulad<br />
swori pasuxi am gamowvevaze; magaliTad, amerikis prezidents<br />
mxolod amerikelebi irCeven, xolo msoflio bankis eqspertebs<br />
saerTod aravin irCevs. principSi, saerTaSoriso institutebi<br />
ver iqneba demokratiuli <strong>da</strong> uTanasworobani, romlebic<br />
maT funqcionirebas ukavSirdeba, reprezentaciis gziT ar<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iWreba. marTalia, es institutebi mimarTulia demokratiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad, magram maT Tavisi arsiT<br />
mainc mxolod substanciuri cvlilebebisTvis xelSewyoba SeuZlia;<br />
Tavisi arsebobis faqtiT isini ukve arRveven politikuri<br />
procesis monawileTa procedurul Tanasworobas.<br />
ase magaliTad, mesame samyaros qveyanaSi genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myareba ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT SeiZleba: erTi gzaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>vweroT sakonstitucio kanoni Tanasworobis universaluri<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad, romlebic a<strong>da</strong>mianis liberalur<br />
uflebebSia Cadebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s misi Sesruleba vaiZuloT.<br />
meore gza aseTia: SevqmnaT pirobebi imisaTvis, rom kacebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebma kanonis miRebaSi procedurulad Tanabari<br />
monawileoba miiRon <strong>da</strong> saSualeba mivceT maT, awarmoon is, rasac<br />
erToblivad miiCneven mizanSewonilad. Sedegebi erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
meore SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Zlier gansxvavdebodes, gansakuTrebiT<br />
islamur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. “Tanasworoba” pirvel <strong>da</strong> meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad gansxvavebuli iqneba: pirvel Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi misi legitimacia arss <strong>da</strong>emyareba, xolo meore Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi – proceduras. <strong>da</strong>savluri liberaluri demokratiebi<br />
yovelTvis am dilemis winaSe idgnen. maT axasiaTebs Tavisi<br />
Sinagani uTanasworobebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, rac maT kidevac aniWebs<br />
Ria <strong>da</strong> dinamiur xasiaTs. amasTanave, iq Tanasworobis legitimacia<br />
yovelTvis xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> yvelaze sust mxares, rac sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxuliyo winaaRmdegoba arssa <strong>da</strong> pro-<br />
49
marina musxeliSvili<br />
ceduras Soris. mesame msoflios qveyana sxva viTarebaSi imyofeba:<br />
misTvis dilema <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ara marto Tanasworobis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gagebasTan, romelic sazogadoebis SigniT arsebobs,<br />
aramed imasTanac, rom Tanasworobis legitimacia demokratizaciis<br />
droSis qveS uZlieres mxares ukavSireba, anu politikur<br />
de-legitimaciasa <strong>da</strong> imaT marginalizacias, visTvisac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SemoRebuliyo Tanasworoba. amave dros, sxvaobis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva<br />
arssa <strong>da</strong> proceduras Soris sakmaod rTuldeba. <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
procduruli Tanasworobis gaZlierebas moaqvs politikuri<br />
dividendebi uTanasworobis usustesi mxarisTvis, maSin paradoqsulia,<br />
rom substanciuri Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>cva uZlieres-<br />
Ta sasargeblod xdeba.<br />
demokratiis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris procesis am kritikaze ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
pasuxi SeiZleba movisminoT. pirveli pasuxi aseTia: SevwyvitoT<br />
demokratiis ganviTarebisTvis saerTaSoriso xelSewyoba.<br />
meore pasuxi: gavaZlieroT es xelSewyoba <strong>da</strong> mivmarToT<br />
is ufro proceduruli miznebisaken. pirveli pasuxis ganxilva<br />
mivandoT radikalur antiglobalistebs (“Zirs sorosi”) <strong>da</strong><br />
SevCerdeT meoreze.<br />
uTanasworobebi, romlebic globalizacias ukavSirdeba,<br />
arsebobs <strong>da</strong> iarsebebs imisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, moqmedebs Tu<br />
ara saerTaSoriso fondebi <strong>da</strong> organizaciebi. saerTaSoriso<br />
fondebis (globaluri samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>) muSaobis<br />
erT-erTi mTavari miRweva aris arsebiTad ara is, rasac isini<br />
demokratizaciis qveynebisaTvis akeTeben, aramed is, rasac isini<br />
TavanTi qveynebisaTvis akeTeben, rodesac exmarebian maT im<br />
problemebis refleqsurad gaazrebaSi, romelTa Sesaxeb iyo<br />
mocemul statiaSi laparaki. am problemaTa gageba didi xania<br />
aRar aris axali bevri <strong>evropuli</strong> fondisTvis, romlebic cdiloben,<br />
gakvalon axali midgoma Tanasworobis proceduruli<br />
aspeqtis mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad. globaluri, magram antiglobalisturi<br />
– aseTia is saerTaSoriso, msoflio samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>,<br />
romelic cdilobs warmoiqmnas warsuli wlebis gamocdilebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiTa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari rolis gacnobierebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
is problema, rom es jer kidev aris komunikaciis calmxrivi,<br />
arasimetriuli arxi <strong>da</strong> Setyobinebis Sinaarsis cvlileba,<br />
ar cvlis imas, rom Tavad komunikaciis arxi rCeba istoriulad<br />
axal politikur institutad, romelsac inovaciisa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis<br />
axali formebis Ziebis Sedegad jer kidev mouwevs transformireba<br />
iseT institutad, romelic Tavisi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
Sesabamisi iqneba.<br />
50
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
adgili <strong>da</strong> alagi:<br />
komunaluri Tanasworobi<strong>da</strong>n plebsis<br />
demokratiamde<br />
politi ewodebis moqalaqesa mun Sina mkvidrsa.<br />
sulxan-saba, “leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>”<br />
SeiZleba is Taoba, romelic komunaluri cxovrebis wess<br />
marTlac moeswro, ukve ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis pirzea (an mavans un<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
ase iyos), magram ratomRac iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos<br />
isinic, vinc qveyanas ufro gvian moevlina, viwro saTavsoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTo samzareuloebis oxSivariT gamZafrebul<br />
swrafvas priviligirebul-komfortul ze<strong>da</strong> fenaSi “gaWris”<br />
mainc pavlovis pirobiTi refleqsiviT atareben.<br />
sinamdvileSi aq, rogorc Cans, Tavs isev a<strong>da</strong>mianuri “naklovani<br />
buneba” avlens <strong>da</strong> ze<strong>da</strong>piruli msgavsebac, etyoba, am safuZvli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
modis. analogia erTaderTia, rasac ena <strong>da</strong> kultura<br />
gvTavazobs, Torem saqme zoga<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>mianuri senis gamovlenis<br />
Zveli romaulisgan sakmaod gansxvavebul movlenasTan,<br />
kerZod, _ qarTul sinamdvilesTan gvaqvs. arc sabWoTa drois<br />
“komunaluri yofa” yofila romauli samoqalaqo cxovrebis<br />
wesis identuri (laT. commune-<strong>da</strong>n, rac sazogadoebriv, saerTo<br />
qonebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> arc sityva plebsi esa<strong>da</strong>geba srulad<br />
im warmonaqmns, rasac Cveni amoZravebuli, saSovarze gamosuli<br />
masa qmnis.<br />
marTalia, cota ar iyos saeWvod JRers Jan-Jak rusos mosazreba<br />
_ is vinc pirvelad SemoRoba miwa <strong>da</strong> ganacxa<strong>da</strong> _ “es<br />
Cemia!” _ TaRliTi <strong>da</strong> matyuaraao, magram, meore mxriv, Znelia<br />
mas ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmo, rom samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s safuZveli<br />
swored am “TaRliTobam” Cauyara. Tumca, Cveni bolo aTwleulebis<br />
gamocdileba rusos mosazrebis pirveli nawilis ueWveli<br />
gaziarebis cdunebisakenac gvibiZgebs.<br />
rom ara guSindel “Tanaswor uqonelTa” dRevandeli zRvar<strong>da</strong>udebeli<br />
sixarbe, SeiZleba gverwmuna, rom rusoseuli “bednieri<br />
sazogadoebisken” <strong>da</strong>brunebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba<br />
51
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
marTlac kerZo sakuTrebis uaryofaa. Tu mmarTveli elitis<br />
mcirericxovan wres mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT, sabWoTa <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT civilizaciis ukusvlis<br />
rusos ocnebis xocSesxmasTan Zalze axlos idga. magram, rogorc<br />
Cans, “macduri” ara qonebriv biwsa Tu ubiwoebaSi, aramed<br />
sxvaganaa Casaxlebuli...<br />
zogi ityvis, Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT am ucxo terminebis, ucxo enisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> azrovnebis “naglejebis frials”, Cven Cveni kultura <strong>da</strong><br />
tradicia gagvaCnia <strong>da</strong> imas vendoTo. marTalic iqneba, oRond<br />
im gagebiT, rom is safuZvlebi, rac <strong>da</strong>savluri tipis civilizacias<br />
apirobebs, “ucxo xili” arc Cveni winaprebisaTvis yofila.<br />
didi xania “gacxad<strong>da</strong>” is, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianur mankier bunebas<br />
biwierebisagan eTikuri norma icavs. es norma kvalavac erTaderTia,<br />
rac materialuri momxveWelobis ukidegano swrafvas<br />
zRu<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> mas saerTo sargeblobis, aRmSeneblobis kalapot-<br />
Si agdebs.<br />
xanmokle a<strong>da</strong>mianur cxovrebas yofis warmaval-efemeruli<br />
doni<strong>da</strong>n myar <strong>da</strong> Sorsmaval RirebulebaTa sferosken swored<br />
zneobrivi miswrafeba warmarTavs. <strong>da</strong>sturisaTvis isev<br />
enas un<strong>da</strong> mivmarToT. sulxan-sabas epigrafad gamotanili<br />
ganmartebis Sinaarsze qvemoT iqneba saubari, aq ki yuradReba<br />
am gamonaTqvamis erT, bolo sityvaze SevaCeroT: mkvidri<br />
_ n. mk¢dri. am ukanasknels ki aseTi ganmarteba aqvs _ <strong>da</strong>nia<strong>da</strong>gebuli.<br />
TviT “<strong>da</strong>nia<strong>da</strong>gebulis” Zireul sityvas, nia<strong>da</strong>gs,<br />
saba ase ganmartavs: “maradis myofi, n. sania<strong>da</strong>go (anu samaradisod<br />
saxmari)”.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, sityva “nia<strong>da</strong>gis” pirveladi mniSvneloba<br />
maradis (nia<strong>da</strong>g) myofobas gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> savaraudoa, rom Tanamedrove<br />
qarTul enaSi am sityvis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
_ miwis nayofieri fena, humusi (laT. humus), meoradi warmoSobisaa,<br />
xolo ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi mniSvneloba _ risame safuZveli,<br />
sayrdeni, bazisi an piroba ki <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli swored adreul<br />
gaazrebasTan aris.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n naTeli xdeba, rom sityva “nia<strong>da</strong>gis” konotacia mravlismomcvelia,<br />
rom miwis nayofieri fena ara nebismieri, maT<br />
Soris bunebrivi, aramed swored is garemoa, sa<strong>da</strong>c maradi<br />
kvlavwarmoeba xdeba. amas ki, sxva sityvebiT, kulturuli sivrce<br />
an kulturuli veli hqvia. TviT laTinuri sityva kulturac<br />
(cultura) xom agrokulturi<strong>da</strong>n (agri-cultura) modis <strong>da</strong> paralelizmi<br />
am SemTxvevaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> azris sakacobrio civilizaciur<br />
safuZvlebTan Tanaziarobas un<strong>da</strong> migviTiTebdes.<br />
52
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
swored Tanaziarobas, radgan nasesxobisa <strong>da</strong> wabaZvis Sem-<br />
TxveviTobisagan mas is organuli sistemuroba ganasxvavebs,<br />
romelic imave sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi aSkarad vlindeba.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, im saTqmelis gaTvaliswinebiT, risTvisac es<br />
werili iwereba, yuradReba sistemuri erTianobis mxolod<br />
erT, calkeul magaliTze un<strong>da</strong> gavamaxviloT. kerZod, Tu nia<strong>da</strong>gi<br />
miwis is nawilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c mudmivi kvlavwarmoeba xdeba,<br />
maSin enaSi kulturul <strong>da</strong> arakulturul garemoTa gansxvavebuli<br />
gaazrebac aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aisaxebodes. adgilisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> alagis sabaseul ganmartebebSi es momenti Zalze kargad<br />
vlindeba:<br />
alagi ewodebis, sa<strong>da</strong> kaci <strong>da</strong>jdes anu <strong>da</strong>dges, anu <strong>da</strong>idvas<br />
rame; xolo adgili qveyanisa nakveTTa anu mciresa<br />
rasme saxlTa aRsaSenebelTa anu <strong>da</strong>baTa <strong>da</strong> saxlebTa <strong>da</strong><br />
savena£e <strong>da</strong> misTanaTa adgili.<br />
ese igi, nia<strong>da</strong>gi adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>miani samu<strong>da</strong>mod (sania<strong>da</strong>god)<br />
efuZneba (mkvidrdeba), xolo alagi _ sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinare,<br />
amwuTieri survilebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba<br />
xdeba. <strong>da</strong> es yvelaferi swored eTikuri sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n modis _<br />
marTalia, am qveyanaze yvelaferi warmavalia, magram a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
samoRvaweo orientiri mxolod maradiulTan mimarTebiT<br />
moiazreba <strong>da</strong> dgindeba.<br />
<strong>da</strong> axla Tu epigrafad gamotanil ganmartebas <strong>da</strong>vubrundebiT,<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT iTqvas, rom sabaseul ganmartebaSi<br />
sityva “mkvidri” ara binadrobis cenzs, aramed cxovrebis<br />
im wess gulisxmobs, romelic “sania<strong>da</strong>god” mosul a<strong>da</strong>mians, polits<br />
saSovarze gamosuli mompoveblisagan ganasxvavebs. xolo<br />
TviT ucxo, berZnuli warmoSobis sityva “politi” (qalaq-saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebi<strong>da</strong>n, “polisi<strong>da</strong>n” <strong>da</strong> albaT, aristoteles<br />
saxelmwifo wyobi<strong>da</strong>n _ “politea”) Cvens dRevandel problemur<br />
situacias Zalzed moxerxebulad esa<strong>da</strong>geba. <strong>da</strong> aq mxolod<br />
mimdinare, koniunqturuli momenti, anu is, rom bolo xans<br />
CvenSi politis sinonims, sityva “moqalaqes” yavli gauvi<strong>da</strong>, ar<br />
igulixmeba...<br />
plebeic moqalaqea, oRond politisgan gansxvavebiT moqalaqeoba<br />
misTvis ara Rirseba-movaleobis, anu mkvidrobis, aramed<br />
advili xelmisawvdomobis, ioli mopovebis saSualebaa...<br />
amitomac, zemonaTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: politi<br />
“adgilis kacia”, xolo plebei _ “alagis a<strong>da</strong>miani”.<br />
53
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
politi rudunebiT qmnis, zrunavs, awesrigebs, afarToebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TavganwirviT icavs im adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mkvidrobs. plebeis mizani ara Seqmna, aramed im adgilas,<br />
ufro sworad, im alagas moxvedraa, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro xelsayrel<br />
viTarebaSi aRmoCndeba. is mxolod iRebs, isakuTrebs imas,<br />
risTvisac ar uSromia, rac ar <strong>da</strong>umsaxurebia. tradicia mis-<br />
Tvis carieli sityvaa, kulturul garemos misTvis mxolod<br />
utilitaruli mniSvneloba aqvs, istoria misgan aq <strong>da</strong> am wuT-<br />
Si iwyeba. is fexmsubuqi, sulswrafi <strong>da</strong> winamaswaraa, igi mciredi<br />
sarfianobis gamo (“puri <strong>da</strong> sanaxaoba”) sarisko avantiurebSi<br />
advilad ebmeba _ aqtiurad monawileobs politikur<br />
intrigebSi, ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebsa <strong>da</strong> revoluciebSi. magram ar<br />
icavs Tavis garemos. piriqiT, saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi an<strong>da</strong><br />
protestis niSnad, zogjer tovebs kidevac qalaqs, “samkvidros”<br />
(cnobilia plebsis romi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis, secessio-s SemTxvevebi,<br />
xolo plebsis zeobis xanaSi roms <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli jari<br />
hyav<strong>da</strong>). politi _ tradicia, adgilis maradiulobasTan wilnayari<br />
suliskveTebaa, plebei _ alagTa momgebianoba, koniunqtura<br />
<strong>da</strong> privilegiaa.<br />
yvelaferi CamoTvlili istoriis krizisul periodebSi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>xva regionsa <strong>da</strong> kulturaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeliT vlindeba:<br />
oxlokratia, brbos moZaleba, masaTa ajanyeba, nuvoriSTa<br />
Tu medroveTa zeoba, “m<strong>da</strong>bioTa gaaznaureba”, snobizmi <strong>da</strong> a.<br />
S. <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
<strong>da</strong> albaT, es regularuli xasiaTi iZleva sababs imisa, rom<br />
zogi moazrovne Tu inteleqtualuri doqtrina aseTi tipis<br />
periodebs obieqtur movlenad miiCnevs. amas ki, sabolood,<br />
sazogadoebrivi mTlianobis imgvar warmodgenamde mivyavarT,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c yovelgvari subieqturi, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri neba <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
zneobrivi norma azrs kargavs. aseTi midgoma, rogorc<br />
Cans, pasuxismgeblobis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis an inteleqtualuri<br />
umweobis SeniRbvis mcdelobaa _ erTgvari Tavis<br />
marTleba, alibia imaTTvis, vinc “sania<strong>da</strong>go” <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>iviwya...<br />
albaT am sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar eRirsebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom ara “istoriuli alibis” (igulisxmeba “istoriul-materialisturis”)<br />
kidev erTi axali “obieqturi tendencia”, e. w.<br />
globalizacia, romelic istoriul-qronologiuri kanonzomierebis<br />
bolo gamovlenaa (qronologiuri provincializmi).<br />
“dialeqtikur meTodze” aRzrdil zogierT moRvawes aviwydeba,<br />
rom amgvar viTarebas negatiurTan erTad pozitiuri mo-<br />
54
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
mentic un<strong>da</strong> axldes (Tun<strong>da</strong>c imitom, rom negatiuri TviTkmari<br />
ar aris, is uaryofiTi raRac sxvasTan mimarTebaSia, im<br />
“sxvasTan”, romlis gareSe uaryofa azrs kargavs...). Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTisa <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTis balansis kvlevas, aRvniSnoT<br />
mxolod, rom pozitiuri, anu is, rac imedis momcemi SeiZleba<br />
iyos, isev <strong>da</strong> isev RirebulebaTa “sania<strong>da</strong>go” konteqstSi SeiZleba<br />
iyos moZiebuli.<br />
“kari bednierebisaken Signi<strong>da</strong>n iReba,” _ ambobs kirkegori<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cveni svlis gezic swored am orientirs un<strong>da</strong> mihyves. es asea,<br />
radgan mudmivi TavismarTlebis, alibTa alibis <strong>da</strong>usrulebel-ganmeorebadi<br />
velis jojoxeTuri dubelasagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevi<br />
myari mosaWidis an sayrdenis moZieba sxvagan, gar<strong>da</strong> pirovnul-zneobrivi<br />
ganzomilebisa, verc odesme moxerxebula<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc axla SeiZleba moxerxdes...<br />
maRalfardovani sityvebia?! marTalia, namdvilad asea. ma-<br />
Ralfardovani sityvebi ki male cvdebian! gansakuTrebiT ma-<br />
Sin, roca sarbielze masa gamodis <strong>da</strong> yvelafris Tavis Tavze<br />
mozomva-morgebas iwyebs. plebeisaTvis (snobisaTvis) sityvac<br />
privilegirebulobis niSania <strong>da</strong> amitomac masis kaci TavgamodebiT<br />
iwyebs enobriv sivrceSi “curvas”. <strong>da</strong> radgan niSani mis-<br />
Tvis naxevrad mistikuri kodia, im alagis karis gasaRebia, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
yvelaze meti privilegia “iSoveba”, is gamorCeul, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ucxo warmomavlobis sityvebs – gagebis mcdelobis<br />
gareSe etaneba.<br />
Sedegad viRebT enobriv-kulturul sivrces, sa<strong>da</strong>c sityva-<br />
Ta, cnebaTa Seryvnis Sedegad RvlarWvnili fuWsityvaobis<br />
provincializmi zeobs (msgavsad plebsisa, zogs sityva provincializmic<br />
aRizianebs. aseTebs SeiZleba SevaxsenoT Tamaz<br />
WilaZis SesaniSnavi ganmarteba: “provincia pirovnebis samSobloa,<br />
xolo provincializmi _ brbosi”). aseTi viTareba sabolood<br />
an enaTa aRrevis, “babilonis godolis” sindromiT an<br />
yovlismcodne <strong>da</strong> yovlisSemZle beladis movlinebiT mTavrdeba.<br />
Tu Cvens sajaro sivrces, masmediasa <strong>da</strong> komunikaciis sxva<br />
saSualebebs ga<strong>da</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, advilad <strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, rom am gzas<br />
vadgevarT...<br />
Cven mxolod is sityvebi gagvaCnia, rac gagvaCnia, sxva Znelad<br />
“saSovaria”, miT ufro, rom am saqmeSi (“Sovnis saqmeSi”)<br />
did ricxvTa, masis kanoni konkurenciisaTvis adgils aRar tovebs.<br />
ho<strong>da</strong>, gvin<strong>da</strong> Tu ar gvin<strong>da</strong>, im imediT, rom viRacas mainc<br />
<strong>da</strong>afiqrebs, “yavlgasul” sityvebsa <strong>da</strong> cnebebs movixmobT imis<br />
gasagebad, Tu ra gvWirs <strong>da</strong> ra gvemarTeba?!... <strong>da</strong> Tu aseTi mid-<br />
55
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
goma viRacas gamorCeulobis pretenziad miaCnia, sjobs <strong>da</strong>m-<br />
Sviddes _ gar<strong>da</strong> qilikis, lanZRva-ginebisa <strong>da</strong> lafis srolisa,<br />
es pozicia sxvas, saxarbielos, arafers izi<strong>da</strong>vs. Tumca, rogorc<br />
Cans, “Canacvlebis” moqnili meqanizmi am pozicias, am<br />
adgils, epataJuri TviTgvemis, mazoxisturi populizmis mimdevarTa<br />
saxeiro alaga<strong>da</strong>c aqcevs...<br />
<strong>da</strong> kidev, bevrs sityvebi, “masa”, “plebsi”... yursa Wris <strong>da</strong><br />
aRizianebs _ aqao-<strong>da</strong>, xalxis brbod moxsenieba Tavxedoba <strong>da</strong><br />
uzneobaao. marTlac, SeiZleba am sityvebs Seuracxmyofeli<br />
elferi Tan sdevs, magram isini aq ara Sefasebis, aramed aRweris<br />
mizniT moixmoba. “komunaluri egalitarizmi<strong>da</strong>n (Tanasworobi<strong>da</strong>n)”<br />
demokratiul, samoqalaqo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze winaswari<br />
Semzadebis, zneobriv-konceptualurad gaazrebuli sayrdenebis<br />
gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>svlas gaurkveveli viTareba mohyva. sityva<br />
“plebsic” swored amgvar socialurad gaurkvevel <strong>da</strong><br />
arastratificirebul warmonaqmns miesa<strong>da</strong>geba. plebsi ara<br />
mxolod m<strong>da</strong>bioTa, upovarTa, uvicTa <strong>da</strong> ubirTa erTobaa, aramed<br />
iseTi nazavia, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelanairi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri masalaa aTqvefili.<br />
istoriul, Zveli romis plebss miwaTmoqmedebTan, xelosnebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaWrebTan erTad eqimebi, mxatvrebi, maswavleblebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> e. w. lumpen-proletariati Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad formalur-uflebrivi<br />
Tanasworobisa, plebsi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mTlianad<br />
xelisuflebaze (patriciebze) iyo. ase rom, paralelizmi<br />
aSkaraa, socialurad Tanaswor, magram uqonel moqalaqeTa<br />
erToba, romlis uflebriv-yofiTi mdgomareobis mdgradobas<br />
marTvis sabWoTa sistema uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>, am ukanasknelis<br />
rRvevis Sedegad plebsis mdgomareobaSi Cavar<strong>da</strong>. diax! Cven<br />
yvela plebss SevadgenT, Cven<strong>da</strong> uneburad plebeebi gavxdiT _<br />
yvelani!<br />
xolo “patriciebis” (qveynis mamebis) adgili formalurad<br />
carieli <strong>da</strong>rCa. gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodis erovnul-patriotuli<br />
lozungebis ukan an maTTan erTad yovelTvis swored am “carieli<br />
adgilis” <strong>da</strong>kavebis motivi Tanaob<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> radgan es adgili<br />
legitimurad (kanonierad) aravis ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, sarbielze is<br />
xalxi gamoCn<strong>da</strong>, romlis Zvradoba an alagTa mimocvlis unari<br />
adrec maRali iyo.<br />
am sulswraf <strong>da</strong> elferis mar<strong>da</strong>dcvalebad xalxs sazogadoebis<br />
Wkva<strong>da</strong>lagebuli nawili konkurencias ver gauwev<strong>da</strong> (<strong>da</strong><br />
albaT, jer kidev ver gauwevs, radgan aseT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sagrZnoblad<br />
SeTxelebuli fena ver xvdeba, rom ukve plebsis nawilia).<br />
56
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
termini “konkurenciac” laTinuri warmomavlobisaa <strong>da</strong> misi Zireuli<br />
sityvis, con-curre-s pirveli mniSvneloba jgufur qmedebas,<br />
xalxis forumsa an/<strong>da</strong> sxva sajaro adgilas SequCebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamis Sexla-Semoxlas gulisxmobs. “a<strong>da</strong>miani masis” cxovelmosiloba<br />
maRali swored amitom aris _ is marto arasdros<br />
moqmedebs, TavisnairebTan erTad yovelTvis raRac dinebis<br />
an viRacas momxreTa alagas dgas.<br />
Tanamedrove, “<strong>da</strong>lagebul” sazogadoebebSi konkurencias<br />
kanoniTa <strong>da</strong> instituciebiT Semofargluli, sruliad garkveuli<br />
veli aqvs <strong>da</strong>Tmobili. sxvanairad arc iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
mis Camoyalibebas safuZveli Tavis droze arakonkurentunarian,<br />
wamgebian poziciaSi jiutad mdgom pirovnebaTa Zalisxmeva<br />
udevs. iseTi pirovnebebisa, romelTa moRvaweobis suliskveTeba<br />
luTeris sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices: “aqa<br />
vdgevar <strong>da</strong> sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs” (enobrivi asociacia qar-<br />
TulSi: “fexic ar moucvlia”, an sijiutis sinonimi – “fexmidgmuli”<br />
iliasTan...).<br />
swored amgvar a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Zalisxmevam <strong>da</strong> suliskveTebam Seqmna<br />
iseTi sazogadoebrivi sivrce, sa<strong>da</strong>c konkurenciis meqanizmi<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sferoebis intensiur funqcionirebas<br />
ganapirobebs. magram pirobasa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, SemzRu<strong>da</strong>v<br />
“CarCos” an/<strong>da</strong> safuZvels amgvari socialuri organizmisa<br />
swored is <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong> uqmnian, romelTa “tareba-floba”<br />
mxolod suverenul pirovnebas SeuZlia...<br />
amitomac amgvari pirovnebebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi an<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>maval, im pirobebSi, roca konkurencia “upatrono<br />
adgils” alagad aqcevs, sazogadoebriv arenaze koleqtiuri<br />
pirovneba, “a<strong>da</strong>miani masa” gamodis. mmarTvel elitaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
pasuxismgeblobas yovelTvis privilegiac axlavs, aseT dros<br />
mxolod ukanasknelis, privilegiis flobis “SemZle” xalxi<br />
xvdeba. <strong>da</strong> radgan “alagis kacis” cnobierebis “topologias”<br />
ara sania<strong>da</strong>go kvanZebi, aramed mopovebisa <strong>da</strong> TviTga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />
vitaluri impulsebi qmnian, socialuri organizmis yovel<br />
“SeSfoTebas” aseTi kaci mxolod instiqtiT “nasazrdoebi” qmedebiT<br />
pasuxobs.<br />
amitomac, Tu arnold toinbis moviSveliebT, gamowvevas,<br />
romelic yovel axal drosa <strong>da</strong> viTarebas moaqvs, aseTi mmar-<br />
Tveli elita an saerTod ugulebelyofs, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mxolod sworxazovani analogiiT pasuxobs _ gamosavals<br />
ukusvliT, maSveli “qronologiuri Zafis” gaswvriv eZebs. Sedegi<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi katastrofulia _ Zalauflebas xelT<br />
57
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
kvlav Semdegomi “masis kaci” igdebs an xelisuflebaSi, igive<br />
arnold toinbis TeoriiT, ucxo, “<strong>da</strong>mpyrobi” modis.<br />
ase rom, aqtualur gamowvevaTa sapasuxo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miReba kvlav <strong>da</strong>grovil problemur kiTxvaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wra-pasuxzea<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli _ gvyavs ki mmarTveli elita? <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
gvyavs, rogoria igi?<br />
1. inteligencia <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualebi. sabWouri gansazRvrebiT<br />
“inteligencia” gonebrivi SromiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
socialur fenas an jgufs ewodebo<strong>da</strong>. wamyvan an Zalauflebis<br />
subieqtad ki im saxelmwifoSi mSromelTa, muSaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
glexTa klasi cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. magram warmmarTveli Zalis, kompartiis<br />
aparats, romelic Zalauflebas realurad flob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
mainc inteligencia avseb<strong>da</strong>. ese igi, elitas, mmarTvel elitas,<br />
sabWoTa sistemaSi inteligencia qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi mdgomareoba saR azrs efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram arc uazrobi<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong>. bolSevikebs gansakuTrebulad<br />
originaluri araferi gamougoniaT, isini rusuli<br />
imperiis SeuTavseblis ZaliTa <strong>da</strong> mzakvrobiT SeTavsebis<br />
qimerul politikas Rirseulad agrZelebdnen. marTalia, TviT<br />
sityva inteligencia ucxouri, <strong>da</strong>savluri warmoSobisaa (laT.<br />
intelligens _ mcodne, gamgebi, keTilgonieri), magram im warmonaqmns,<br />
romelsac es saxeli <strong>da</strong>erqva, <strong>da</strong>savlur tradiciasTan<br />
saerTo cota hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
termin “inteligenciis” moxmarebis sixSire <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturul<br />
sivrceSi Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia. ase imitom xdeba, rom am sityvas<br />
mxolod zogadi, abstraqtuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. im iSviaT<br />
SemTxvevebSi, roca am termins mimarTaven, mis miRma ara konkretuli<br />
socialuri fena an jgufi, aramed inteleqtualTa<br />
warmosaxviT-krebsiTi erToba igulisxmeba. TviT inteleqtuali<br />
ki, istoriuli xedviT, igive biurgeri an burJuaa, anu moqalaqea<br />
(germanuli bürger-ica <strong>da</strong> franguli bourgeois-c moqalaqes<br />
niSnavs), igi Cveulebrivi mesakuTrea, materialurTan<br />
erTad codniT, inteleqtualur sakuTrebasac flobs <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
saSualo fenis warmomadgenelia.<br />
marTalia, axal<strong>evropuli</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi erTi SexedviT TiTqos<br />
“wyvetiT”, revoluciuri gzebiT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />
TviT “mesame wodeba”, romelmac <strong>da</strong>sabami axal socialur warmonaqmns,<br />
Tavisufal moqalaqes (biurgers, burJuas) misca,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmniswina <strong>evropuli</strong> sazogadoebis sruliad organuli<br />
nawili iyo. evropisgan gansxvavebiT im periodis ruseTSi mo-<br />
58
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
qalaqe ki ara, wera-kiTxvis mcodnec Znelad moiZebnebo<strong>da</strong>. amitomac<br />
process, romelic ruseTSi petre didis reformebiT<br />
iwyeba <strong>da</strong> romelsac toinbi “vesternizacias” uwodebs, xelovnurad,<br />
manifestebiTa <strong>da</strong> “ukazebiT” Seqmnili, <strong>da</strong>Cqarebulad<br />
ganaTlebamiRebul moxeleTa fena axorcieleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saxelmwifo aparatis (mmarTvelobasTan erTad warmoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samxedro saqmis) evropul yai<strong>da</strong>ze ga<strong>da</strong>wyobis mizniT warmoqmnil<br />
am, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> evropizirebul, fenas funqciuri korelacia<br />
ara <strong>da</strong>savluri, aramed aRmosavluri mmarTvelobis<br />
sistemasTan aqvs. rusuli inteleqtualuri fena, romelic <strong>da</strong>sabams<br />
petres reformebi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs, mibmul-<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
mTlianad xelisuflebaze iyo.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifos wmin<strong>da</strong> aparatuli marTvis<br />
pirveli precendenti arabebma Seqmnes. arabuli imperiis, xalifatis,<br />
marTvis struqturas safuZveli (modeli) u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi<br />
momTabare xalxis tomobrivma wyobam misca. xalifatis yvela<br />
mcxovrebi umaRles mmarTvels, xalifas, Tanabrad morCileb<strong>da</strong><br />
(an emonebo<strong>da</strong>). aq warmomavlobiTi warCineba ar arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
(gamonakliss mxolod winaswarmetyvelis, muhamedis STamomavalni<br />
warmoadgendnen).<br />
a<strong>da</strong>m mecs xalifatis sazogadoebrivi wyobis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad<br />
erTi Canaweri moaqvs, sa<strong>da</strong>c abasidebis karis moxele xalifatis<br />
mosaxleobas klasebad yofs. xalifasa <strong>da</strong> vezirebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> aq arian warCinebulni, romlebic simdidrem aRamaRla<br />
<strong>da</strong> saSualo fena, romelic warCinebulebTan miRebuli codnis<br />
wyalobiT aris gaTanabrebuli. “<strong>da</strong>narCeni a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ki Wu-<br />
Wyiani qafia, <strong>da</strong>Waobebuli nakaduli <strong>da</strong> m<strong>da</strong>bali qmnilebaa. yoveli<br />
maTgani mxolod saWmelsa <strong>da</strong> Zilze fiqrobs.”<br />
ese igi, _ askvnis meci _ “warCinebulad a<strong>da</strong>mians im dros<br />
fuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri warmateba _ ori ukiduresad vulgaruli<br />
ram aqcev<strong>da</strong>” (sxvaTa Soris, sityva “vulgaruli”, romelic<br />
laTinuri sityvi<strong>da</strong>n, vulgaritas _ xalxi, masa _ momdinareobs,<br />
mniSvnelobiT “plebeurTan” Zalze axlosaa...). miRweuli<br />
maRali mdgomareobis SenarCuneba ki <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mxolod<br />
xalifas (an mmarTvelis) wyalobaze iyo. amitomac RvTismetyvelni,<br />
iuristebi, literatorebi, mecnierebi <strong>da</strong> sxva ganaTlebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romelTac Tavis rCena mxolod saxelmwifo<br />
aparatSi samuSaos miRebiT SeeZloT, Tanamdebobaze aryofnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi “<strong>da</strong>narCeni a<strong>da</strong>mianebisagan” TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebodnen.<br />
usaqmod <strong>da</strong>rCenili Tanamdebobis maZiebelni,<br />
rogorc meci gadmogvcems, an qalaqis quCebSi <strong>da</strong>exetebodnen<br />
59
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
<strong>da</strong> brbos “tvins urevdnen”, an provinciebSi SfoTsa <strong>da</strong> ganxeTqilebas<br />
Tesdnen.<br />
mkacrad centralizebulma aparatulma marTvam, romelic<br />
swored tomobriv-mxedruli simartivis gamo xalifatis aRmaval,<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobis periodSi Zalzed efeqturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, sabolood<br />
arabuli imperiis stabiluri arseboba ver ganapiroba. xalifatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>susteba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sla metwilad biurokratiuli mar-<br />
Tvis araefeqturobam <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, moxeleTa korumpirebulobam<br />
ganapiroba.<br />
rogorc Cans, arabuli aparatuli marTvis modeli safuZvlad<br />
aRmosavleT romis imperiis bizantiad transformirebasac<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo. Semosevebisa <strong>da</strong> omebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>sustebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pataravebuli<br />
aRmosavleT romis imperia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rjulis<br />
barbarosTa moZalebas gar<strong>da</strong> saomari <strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa, efeqturi<br />
marTviTac un<strong>da</strong> gamklavebo<strong>da</strong>. SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
isic, rom reforma swored xatTmebrZolma imperatorebma gaatares<br />
(VII saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n).<br />
umetesi teritoriebisa, romelsac im drois aRmosavleT<br />
romis imperia (formalurad Tu nominalurad) flob<strong>da</strong>, yofili<br />
elinisturi samyaros nawils Seadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitomac aq, am<br />
sivrceSi, aRmosavlur <strong>da</strong> antikur-berZnul kulturaTa urTierTmorgebis<br />
pirveli (arc ise warmatebuli) gamocdileba ukve<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, disonansi romaul kulturasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
marTvis sistemaSi SemoWril, axlad<strong>da</strong>saxlebul tomebsac<br />
Semohqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
ase rom, aRmosavluri centralizebuli (despoturi) mar-<br />
Tvis sistemisaken ga<strong>da</strong>xra sruliad logikuri iyo _ regionebSi<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleTa <strong>da</strong>niSvnam, Temurma mmarTvelobam,<br />
adgilobrivi (maT Soris SemoWrili, barbarosuli) mosaxleobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis akrefa, aseve, jaris Sevsebis<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrac uzrunvelyo.<br />
meore mxriv, umetesi mosaxleobisaTvis ucxo instituciis,<br />
eklesiis winaaRmdeg xatTmebrZoleobis droSis qveS warmarTulma<br />
Setevam ideologiurTan erTad pragmatuli Sedegic<br />
moitana _ monastrebsa <strong>da</strong> eklesiebs xatebTan <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
nawilebTan erTad mamulebic CamoerTva. amas ki eklesiis rolisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilis Sesusteba <strong>da</strong> misi “miwaze RvTis monacvle”<br />
imperatorisadmi sruli <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba mohyva.<br />
centralizebuli marTvis aparatulma sistemam pirvel xanebSi<br />
bizantias, iseve rogorc Tavis droze arabul imperias,<br />
warmatebebi moutana _ X saukunisaTvis ara marto arabuli<br />
60
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
eqspansiis SeCereba, aramed aRmosavleT romis imperiis teritoriebis<br />
TiTqmis mTliani <strong>da</strong>brunebac moxerx<strong>da</strong>. magram Semdgom<br />
periodSi, XII saukunisaTvis, aSkara gax<strong>da</strong>, rom ori gansxvavebuli<br />
principis Tanaobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli aparatul-biurokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifo wyoba Tanadroul moTxovnebs (gamowvevebs)<br />
ver pasuxob<strong>da</strong>. aseT mdgomareobas ki bizantiis imperiis<br />
kraxi sruliad kanonzomierad un<strong>da</strong> moetana...<br />
arabuli xalifatis <strong>da</strong>susteba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sla, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, imave<br />
marTvis aparatuli sistemis siClungis Sedegia. magram ze<strong>da</strong>piruli<br />
msgavsebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, saqme or – arsobrivad gansxvavebul<br />
movlenasTan gvaqvs. arabuli saxelmwifo wyoba<br />
socialuri organizaciis tomobriv princips calsaxad Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TviT formas, anu saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis<br />
struqturas, meoradi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> – is mxolod mmar-<br />
Tvelis, beladis xelSeuxebeli avtoritetis ganmtkicebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> nebis gatarebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. TviT es principi ki arabuli<br />
yofis eqstremaluri moTxovnilebebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
_ arabeTis naxevarkunZulis mkacr sacxovrebel pirobebSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCena swored erTianobiT, beladisadmi sruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebiT SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>... <strong>da</strong> Tu amgvari xasiaTis erTianobam<br />
arabebs eqspansiis dros (e. i. isev eqstremalur pirobebSi)<br />
warmateba moutana, SemdgomSi, uzarmazari imperiis,<br />
anu kulturul-civilizaciuri warmonaqmnis marTvisaTvis<br />
– Seusabamo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
bizantiaSi ki reformis Sedegad socialuri organizaciis<br />
ori gansxvavebuli principis Serwyma mox<strong>da</strong>. iustinianes kanonmdebloba,<br />
romelic kurialur (anu moqalaqeTa <strong>da</strong> saSualo miwaTmflobelTa)<br />
mmarTvelobas akanoneb<strong>da</strong>, axal pirobebSi<br />
oficialuri kanonebiTa <strong>da</strong> naxevradoficialuri instruqciebiT<br />
nel-nela Seicvala. miRebuli saxelmwifo wyoba faqtobrivad<br />
tradiciul aRmosavlur erTmmarTvelobas uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> gvian romaulTan kavSirs mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad, nominalurad<br />
inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
romis senati<strong>da</strong>n genetikurad momdinare sinkliti basilevsis<br />
(imperatoris) SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi Zalauflebis morCil iaraRad<br />
iqca. xolo Sedegad miRebul sazogadoebriv wyobas istoriografebi<br />
zogjer “vertikaluri socialuri mobilurobis”<br />
epiTetiTac axasiaTeben. ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebebi marTlac saocari<br />
siswrafiT, aRmosavluri mmarTvelobis msgavsad xdebo<strong>da</strong> _<br />
guSindeli maRali Tanamdebobis moxele monarqis brZanebiT<br />
dRes SeiZleba m<strong>da</strong>bio gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, xolo energiuli, gamWria-<br />
61
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
xi <strong>da</strong> pirmoTne m<strong>da</strong>bio ki, piriqiT, basilevsis nebiT uzomod<br />
amaRlebuliyo...<br />
bizantiuri ierarqiuli sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c memkvidreobiT arga<strong>da</strong>cemad<br />
wodebaTa <strong>da</strong> titulTa oTxi (sul ki, qvedoneebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
_ Tvrameti) done arsebob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>savluri feo<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
ierarqiis mxolod dekoratiuli analogia. suzenersa<br />
<strong>da</strong> vasals Soris ufleba-movaleobis gamokveTili urTierTmimarTeba,<br />
anu klasikuri feo<strong>da</strong>lizmi, bizantiaSi ver Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxedrebisa <strong>da</strong> moxeleebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi, anu<br />
“stratigosTa <strong>da</strong> biurokratTa omSi”, gamarjveba ukanasknels,<br />
biurokratias ergo (maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba stratigosTa<br />
xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, marTvas mainc kvlav biurokratiuli<br />
aparati axorcieleb<strong>da</strong>).<br />
magram Tu kulturul-civilizaciuri forma mxolod<br />
iluzorul funqcias atarebs, maSin Si<strong>da</strong>, qmnad kanonzomierebas<br />
marTvis mravalmxriv qmedebaze gaTvlili sistema<br />
calsaxa, umartivesi donis, realurad moqmed (primitiul,<br />
tomobriv-klanuri Tanacxovrebis) pirovnul urTierTobamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>hyavs. bizantiaSic, misi arsebobis bolo periodSi,<br />
moxeleTa <strong>da</strong> gavlenian pirovnebaTa wreSi msgavsi ram mox<strong>da</strong>:<br />
nebismieri winsvla, qonebrivi Tu ierarqiuli, mxolod<br />
araoficialuri kavSirebiT, “filia”-Ti, anu megobrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
keTilganwyobis wyalobiT miiRweo<strong>da</strong> (ZvelberZnulad φιλοζ<br />
– megobaria).<br />
xolo TviT imperatorTa nebiT, imave periodSi uzarmazari<br />
Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> gavlena ierarqiul-marTvis struqturis<br />
gverdis avliTa <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis formiT<br />
xSirad medroveTa xelSi xvdebo<strong>da</strong>. aseTi pativis “Rirsi”, rogorc<br />
wesi, monarqisaTvis uvnebeli saWurisebi xdebodnen...<br />
amitomac, bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cema sulac ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos gasakviri, an<br />
mxolod sxvebze ga<strong>da</strong>sabralebeli.<br />
rogorc Cans, ruseTma bizantiuri marTvis Taviseburebani<br />
memkvidreobiT, qimerul simbolosTan, aRmosavleTiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTiT<br />
erTdroulad mziral orTavian arwivTan erTad miiRo.<br />
xolo, ber-monazon filofeis mier XVI saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
devizi: “moskovi mesame romia, meoTxe ki ar iarsebebs!”<br />
_ Semdgomi periodis ruseTis saxelmwifos (komunisturis<br />
CaTvliT) arsis ganmsazRvrel idead <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
am, rogorc berdiaevi Tvlis, aRmosavluri sulieri struqturis<br />
mqone xalxis kulturis Camoyalibeba laTinuri <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
ucxo tradiciebTan mudmiv <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
62
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
bizantiis <strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi samefos erTaderT marTlmadideblur<br />
saxelmwifod gamocxadebis Semdeg religiuri <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri<br />
aq, moskovis samefoSi, imdenad Seezar<strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs,<br />
rom TviT berZnuli eklesiac ki, romlisaganac gadmoi-<br />
Res marTlmadidebloba, araWeSmaritad, zianis matareblad<br />
cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. xolo bizantiuri marTvis modelis adreul rusul<br />
TviTmpyrobelur tendenciasTan morgeba ki swored despotiuri<br />
momentis TanaziarobiT aixsneba _ monarqi aqac religiuri<br />
lideris funqcias iTavseb<strong>da</strong> (ivane mrisxanes azriT,<br />
mefis movaleoba ara marto saxelmwifos marTva, aramed sulebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenacaa...).<br />
magram Tavis Tavze “centrirebuli” rusuli mesianisturi<br />
ideis mTlianobas saSiSroebas swored bizantiuri modelis<br />
ormagi buneba uqmni<strong>da</strong>. es momenti aSkarad maSin gamovlin<strong>da</strong>,<br />
roca petre didma qimera-arwivis <strong>da</strong>savleTisken mzirali Tavis<br />
mimarTulebiT “sarkmelis gaWra” <strong>da</strong> ruseTis samefos <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
tipis imperiad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna ganizraxa. ganxeTqileba<br />
(раскол), romelic am dros warmoiSva, ara marto religiuri sivrcis<br />
(новообрядчество-старообрядчество), aramed rusuli socialuri<br />
sferosa <strong>da</strong> kulturis mTeli Semdgomi periodis Tanmdevi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli faqtori gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ganaTlebuli fena, romelic petres reformebis Sedegad<br />
warmoiSva swored imitom, rom zemo<strong>da</strong>n, Zalismierad, uzenaesi<br />
nebiT iyo “Canergili”, ganxeTqilebis elements Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong>. XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis es fena sakmaod maRali<br />
kulturis a<strong>da</strong>mianebs moicav<strong>da</strong>, magram Sesabamisi kulturuli<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gi ruseTSi mainc ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. ZiriTadi masa<br />
imdroindeli rusuli Tavad-aznaurobisa <strong>da</strong> “Cinovnikebisa”<br />
umecari iyo _ maTi yovelgvar maRal miznebs moklebuli<br />
cxovreba uazrobasa <strong>da</strong> mconareobaSi miedinebo<strong>da</strong>. im drois<br />
ganaTlebul <strong>da</strong> kulturul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mdgomareobis warmodgena<br />
griboedovis “vai Wkuisagan” (Горе от ума-s) personaJis, Cakkis<br />
saxis mixedviT SeiZleba. tradiciuli wodebrivi wri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
“amovardnil” am martoxela a<strong>da</strong>mianebs samoqmedod mxolod saazrovno<br />
sfero rCebo<strong>da</strong>T (ideuri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba “<strong>da</strong>savleTelebsa”<br />
<strong>da</strong> “slavianofilebs” Soris), xolo aqtiur socialur<br />
qmedebaTa SeuZleblobam politikuri miswrafebis literaturis<br />
sferoSi ga<strong>da</strong>tana ganapiroba. XIX saukunis rusuli kulturis<br />
“oqros xana” (puSkini, lermontovi, turgenevi...) swored<br />
amgvari viTarebis Sedegia.<br />
63
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
TviTmpyrobelur wyobasTan kritikuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong><br />
rusuli xalxuri wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n sruli mowyveta kulturuli fenis<br />
unia<strong>da</strong>go, gaurkvevel mdgomareobas ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
inteligenciis winamorbe<strong>da</strong>d miCneva swored am mimarTebiT SeiZleba.<br />
gviandeli gamonaTqvamic, “WeSmariti inteligenti” _<br />
erTgvari surogatuli konstruqciaa, romelsac, CanafiqriT,<br />
saukunis pirveli naxevris kulturuli fenis meore naxevar-<br />
Si warmoCenil inteligenciasTan erTianobisa <strong>da</strong> memkvidreobiTobis<br />
ieri un<strong>da</strong> SeenarCunebina.<br />
kulturuli fena, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, XIX saukunis meore naxevar-<br />
Sic arsebob<strong>da</strong> (Tun<strong>da</strong>c, e. w. vercxlis saukunis Taoba), magram<br />
am droisaTvis es fena ukve ara wodebrivi niSniT, aramed im stabiluri<br />
mdgomareobiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>, romelsac profesiuli<br />
saqmianoba iZleo<strong>da</strong>. swored amitom naprali maTsa <strong>da</strong> imperiis<br />
mosaxle gaunaTlebelsa <strong>da</strong> Wrel masas Soris Zalze Rrma iyo.<br />
cnobili gamonaTqvami: “ruseTi Waobia, romelic inteligenciis<br />
Txeli apkiT aris <strong>da</strong>faruli”, am fenis araorganulobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi mdgomareobis simyifes gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>. magram TviT am<br />
kulturuli fenis “inteligenciad” moxsenieba qimeruli<br />
inversiis Sedegia _ am kulturul movlenas Zalze cota hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTo im warmonaqmnTan, rasac inteligencia, an ufro sworad,<br />
“revoluciuri inteligencia” ewodebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqme is aris, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad petre didis reformebis<br />
Sedegad warmoqmnil kulturul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mcirericxovan<br />
fenas mxolod erTi wodebis, Tavad-aznaurobis warmomadgenlebi<br />
Seadgendnen (ganaTlebamiRebuli m<strong>da</strong>bioebic Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobas<br />
erwymo<strong>da</strong>). amitomac, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad xelisuflebis<br />
mimarT kritikuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa, qonebriv-socialuri<br />
cenzi maT imperiis centrisagan moSorebiT, provinciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamulebSi uxifaTo cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis pirobas<br />
uqmni<strong>da</strong> (“zapadniki” Tu “slavianofili” “barinebi” garTobas-<br />
Tan erTad literaturul moRvaweobas umetesad TavianT mamulebSi<br />
eweodnen).<br />
Semdgom periodSi, saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis, imperiis<br />
modernizaciis tempis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, ganaTlebis miRebis<br />
SesaZlebloba jer sasuliero wodebis ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n, Semdgom<br />
ki “meSCanTa” (m<strong>da</strong>bioTa) <strong>da</strong> glexTa wri<strong>da</strong>n gamosul a<strong>da</strong>mianebsac<br />
miecaT (gansakuTrebiT, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg).<br />
aseT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa raodenoba ukve imdenad gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
amasTan, socialuri mdgomareobac imdenad gansakuTrebuli<br />
64
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
iyo, rom <strong>da</strong>narCeni mosaxleobisagan gamomacalkevebeli <strong>da</strong>saxelebis<br />
aucilebloba TavisTavad gaCn<strong>da</strong>. swored am dros<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong> termini “inteligencia”, romelsac CanafiqriT,<br />
erTi mxriv, axali socialuri warmonaqmnis funqciuri roli<br />
<strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, wina kulturul fenasTan uwyvet-gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
kavSiri un<strong>da</strong> mieniSnebina.<br />
magram, sinamdvileSi, rogorc xSirad xdeba ruseTSi,<br />
kvlav paradoqsuli situacia Seiqmna. mTlianad xelisuflebis<br />
nebaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli es axali socialuri warmonaqmni,<br />
moswy<strong>da</strong> ra Cveul, saxalxo nia<strong>da</strong>gs, sruliad gariyulsa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaucxoebul mdgomareobaSi (plebsur situaciaSi) aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sedegad, <strong>da</strong>savluri tipis ganaTlebis sawyisebs naziareb am<br />
tipis a<strong>da</strong>mianTa prozelituri enTuziazmi isev gansakuTrebulad<br />
rusuli gzebis ZiebaSi gaixarja. warmoiqmna iseTi<br />
axali rusuli cnobiereba, sa<strong>da</strong>c tradiciulma qsenofobiam<br />
<strong>da</strong> mesianizmma religiuris nacvlad socialuri elferi<br />
miiRo, xolo “raskolnikuri” tendencia revoluciur<br />
aRtkinebad gar<strong>da</strong>isaxa.<br />
es axali tipis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi pirvelad frangi mogzauris, markiz<br />
de kiustinis maxvilma Tvalma SeamCnia <strong>da</strong> maTi agresiul-<br />
Sovinisturi ganwyobis aRwera kidec <strong>da</strong>gvitova (1840 wlis mogzaurobis<br />
STabeWdilebani, romelic wignSi _ “nikoloz I-is<br />
ruseTi”, Sevi<strong>da</strong>, imdenad zusti <strong>da</strong> saxasiaToa, rom rusuli<br />
inteligenciis yoveli Semdgomi Taoba Tavs movaled Tvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gamabaTilebeli pasuxi <strong>da</strong>ewera). saukunis meore naxevarSi genialurma<br />
rusma mweralma dostoevskim Tavisi romani “eSmakeulni”<br />
(Бесы) swored am movlenas miuZRvna. diagnozi, romelic<br />
mweralma <strong>da</strong>sva erT sityvaSi, – “udReurni” (недосиженные) – SeiZleba<br />
Caetios. <strong>da</strong>boRmil a<strong>da</strong>mianTa am tipis martivi <strong>da</strong> totalitaruli<br />
xasiaTis SezRuduli Tvalsawieri, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaurkveveli socialuri roli <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli<br />
Seumdgaroba (udReuroba) xels im gamanadgurebeli muxtis<br />
<strong>da</strong>grovebas uwyob<strong>da</strong>, romelsac apokalifsuri katastrofa SeiZleba<br />
mohyolo<strong>da</strong>...<br />
dostoevskis romani-gafrTxileba, rogorc Cans, sakmarisi<br />
ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, Torem rom SeesminaT, es fena ufro mkveTr<br />
<strong>da</strong> xatovan, lamis grZnobad uSualobamde <strong>da</strong>sul Sefasebas<br />
xom ga<strong>da</strong>urCebo<strong>da</strong>?! saerTaSoriso proletariatis didi beladi<br />
Cveuli polemikuri gacxarebiT amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, inteligencia<br />
eris tvini ki ara, eqskrimentiao (de<strong>da</strong>nSi <strong>da</strong> vladimer leninis<br />
naSromTa gamocemebSi am ucxo warmoSobisa <strong>da</strong> mecnie-<br />
65
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
ruli ieris terminis nacvlad ubralo rusuli sityva, говно,<br />
figurirebs).<br />
“udReurTa kastis” eqstremistulma ganwyobam <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisma<br />
teroristulma qmedebam XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis ukve<br />
imdenad Searyia imperia, rom ise<strong>da</strong>c Txelma <strong>da</strong> naZaladevad<br />
Seqmnilma kulturulma ze<strong>da</strong>pirma revoluciis masazrdoebeli<br />
Waobis myrali, momwamlavi airi veRar Seakava... aseTi oxSivariT<br />
gajerebul garemoSi myof liberal-inteleqtualTa<br />
“cxvirabzekili” poza, revoluciis Teoretikosisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikosis,<br />
vladimer ulianovis azriT, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Ralatis tolfasi<br />
iyo (revoluciuri azrovneba samyaros Secvlas swrafi<br />
<strong>da</strong> erTjeradi aqtebiT imedovnebs, amitomac midgoma martivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> totalitarulia: “vinc CvenTan ar aris _ Cveni mteria!”).<br />
ho<strong>da</strong>, ra gasakviria, rom is fena, romelic leninma ase xatovnad<br />
“Seamko” <strong>da</strong> ueWvelia, inteligenciis qveS igi swored liberal-inteleqtualebs<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, revoluciis, anu bol-<br />
Sevikuri ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis pirvelive dReebi<strong>da</strong>n proletariatis<br />
diqtaturis lozungiT gaCaRebul terors emsxverpla.<br />
xolo TviT im plebsur warmonaqmns, kvintesenciur fenas,<br />
romelmac <strong>da</strong>sabami inteligenciis fenomens (an fantoms) namdvilad<br />
misca, ukve leninis memkvidrem, ioseb juRaSvilma “mouara”.<br />
am bolSevikuri beladis genialuri sicxadis tvinma <strong>da</strong><br />
bizantiurad momarTulma azrovnebam alRo rusuli mmarTvelobis<br />
Taviseburebas, rogorc Cans, yvelaze kargad auRo.<br />
upirvelesad, igi mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom revolucia, romelsac mTeli<br />
plea<strong>da</strong> marqsisti Teoretikosebisa msoflio-istoriul process<br />
ukavSireb<strong>da</strong>, sinamdvileSi arsobrivad wmin<strong>da</strong> rusuli<br />
movlena iyo <strong>da</strong>, amitomac, axali saxelmwifo sistema kvlav<br />
tradiciul <strong>da</strong> nacad, rusuli despoturi marTvis aparats<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fuZnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
inteligenciis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba ki rusul sivrceSi ara imdenad<br />
kulturuli, aramed <strong>da</strong> pirvel rigSi, im funqciuri aucileblobiT<br />
ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic swored mmarTvelobiTi<br />
sistemis moTxovnilebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>. stalinma es kargad<br />
ico<strong>da</strong>, imdenad kargad, rom rusuli aparatuli marTvis susti<br />
mxareebis gaTvaliswinebac SeZlo.<br />
TviTmpyrobelur-imperiuli gamocdileba cxadyof<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli, ganswavluli elementis<br />
(inteligenciis) mudmivi kvlavwarmoeba Sesabamisi fenis<br />
morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis qveS yofnis aucilebeli piroba<br />
iyo. magram gaurkveveli <strong>da</strong> arastabiluri socialuri mdgo-<br />
66
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
mareoba, naCqarevi <strong>da</strong> fragmentuli ganswavluloba, romelic<br />
aseT kvlavwarmoebas mosdev<strong>da</strong>, xels destruqciuli cnobierebis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa momravlebasac uwyob<strong>da</strong>. aseT a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi <strong>da</strong>grovili<br />
gauwonasworebeli fsiqikuri energia procesis iniciators,<br />
xelisuflebas, eqstremistul-revoluciuri formiT<br />
“ubrundebo<strong>da</strong>”...<br />
stalini jer kidev samoqalaqo omis dros mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom “yvelafers<br />
kadrebi wyveten”. ho<strong>da</strong>, kadrebis stalinuri rotacia<br />
(kremli<strong>da</strong>n “gulag”-amde gra<strong>da</strong>ciuli speqtriT), anu<br />
“wmen<strong>da</strong>” efeqturi swored tradiciuli rusuli mmarTvelobiTi<br />
sistemis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebisa <strong>da</strong> masSi “inovaciuri<br />
elementis” Setanis gamo gax<strong>da</strong>. mefis ruseTSi “bedis<br />
anabara” mitovebul fenas, inteligencias, axal qveyana-<br />
Si man, stalinma, “stabiluri statusi” SesZina. ara, klasamde<br />
es wvrilburJuaziuli warmonaqmni ver amaRldebo<strong>da</strong>, mowinave,<br />
proletaruli cnobiereba misTvis miuwvdomeli iyo.<br />
arc socialur fenad <strong>da</strong>toveba ivargeb<strong>da</strong>, vai Tu... ai, Sre<br />
(прослойка), arc miwieri <strong>da</strong> arc ciuri pozicia ki sruliad misaRebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
aseTi sendviCuri dispozicia, muSaTa <strong>da</strong> glexTa klasebs Soris<br />
gaurkveveli formis Sris saxiT ganTavseba, inteligencias<br />
aramyar, mudmivi mimocvlis pirobebTan erTad mudmivi fsiqikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis, <strong>da</strong>naSaulis kompleqsis gancdis mdgomareobaSic<br />
amyofeb<strong>da</strong>. es ki warmoSobili destruqciuli nerviuli<br />
energiis ara xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc mefis<br />
ruseTSi, aramed TviT fenis SigniT warmarTvis (kanalizirebis)<br />
SesaZleblobas iZleo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
periodulad ganmeorebadi stalinuri wmendebi <strong>da</strong>mnaSave-<br />
Ta (klasobriv mterTa, mavnebelTa, agentTa <strong>da</strong> a. S.) swored am<br />
fenaSi gamovlenis sababiT tardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amave fenis warmomadgenelTa<br />
diadi miznis, naTeli momavlisaken svlis “mar-<br />
Tlmorwmune” enTuziazms efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>. marTalia es enTuziazmi<br />
sakmaod male sayovelTao SiSma Secvala, magram amas mniSvneloba<br />
aRar hqon<strong>da</strong> _ aSvebuli urCxulis, totalitaruli<br />
manqanis “kvebisaTvis” aucilebeli mudmivi msxverplSewirva<br />
im ritualad iqca, romelic usityvo morCilebisaTvis saWiro<br />
mokrZalebasa <strong>da</strong> Zrwolas badeb<strong>da</strong>...<br />
magram aseTi sistema, aseTi wyoba verc TavisTavad (erTgvar<br />
“avtopilotis” reJimSi) muSaobs <strong>da</strong> verc didxans Zlebs _ stalinis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas swored am istoriuli kanonzomierebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli procesis <strong>da</strong>wyeba mohyva... imis mtkiceba, rom<br />
67
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
stalinis “memkvidreebi” ufro liberalurni <strong>da</strong> kacTmoyvareni<br />
iyvnen, aramarTebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> _ nikita xruSCovis kariera<br />
swored stalinur represiebSi uSualo <strong>da</strong> aqtiuri monawileobis<br />
wyalobiT Sedga. xolo misi “Rvawli” 1956 wels Tbilissa<br />
<strong>da</strong> 1962 wels novoCerkaskSi mSvidobiani mitingebis <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />
(anu <strong>da</strong>xvretis) aqciaSi imas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom “fericvaleba”<br />
am bolSevikur liders arc stalinis am qveyni<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdeg<br />
ganucdia.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rom reJimis Serbileba <strong>da</strong> Sesusteba mravalwliani<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis modunebiT Secvlis wmin<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
xasiaTis swrafvis gasagebsa <strong>da</strong> aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebel<br />
faqtorTan erTad <strong>da</strong>, metwilad, partiul liderTa <strong>da</strong><br />
biurokratTa SezRudulma Tvalsawierma, “ideologiurma sibecem”<br />
ganapiroba.<br />
is faqti, rom gare samyarosagan sruliad izolirebul,<br />
“rkinis fardiT” SemosazRvrul sabWoTa qveynis <strong>da</strong>xurul sivrceSi<br />
mZlavrad moqmedi represiul-ideologiuri manqana rigiTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis ise<strong>da</strong>c SezRudul Tvalsawiers “saWiro mimar-<br />
TulebiT”, utopiuri orientirebisaken warmarTav<strong>da</strong>, ucnauri<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaugonari sulac ar aris _ msgavsi ram sxvaganac xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva droSic momx<strong>da</strong>ra... dRevandeli ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n gasakvirad<br />
sxva ram SeiZleba mogveCvenos _ aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis umaRles eSelonSi myof<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebic Tava<strong>da</strong>c trialebdnen im samzareulo-<br />
Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c sazogado moxmarebis ideologiuri kerZi-fiqcia<br />
mzaddebo<strong>da</strong>, rigiTi sabWoTa moqalaqis sa<strong>da</strong>ri mentaluri<br />
done ratom un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>T?!<br />
sinamdvileSi am faqts, saerTod ki – movlenas, romelic<br />
calkeul, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> SemTxveviT xdomilebaTa donesaa amofarebuli,<br />
martivi axsna aqvs. sakmarisia sabWoTa ideologiis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli inversiuli konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n gasvla <strong>da</strong> yvelafers<br />
Tavisi adgili miecema _ stalinma marqsizm-leninizmis<br />
mier naqa<strong>da</strong>gebi proletariatis sakacobrio misiis ganmaxorcielebeli<br />
qveyana ki ara, tradiciuli rusuli imperiis<br />
“wiTlad Seferili” axali varianti Seakowiwa (sxvaTa Soris,<br />
es movlena yvelaze kargad <strong>da</strong> yvelaze adre emigraciaSi<br />
myofma stalinis mtrebma, rusma monarqistebma gaiges <strong>da</strong><br />
avtorisa Tu Semqmnelis Rvawlsac saTanado pativi maTve miages).<br />
ho<strong>da</strong>, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusul imperiul<br />
marTvaSi aRmosavluri morCilebis elementi Sefarulad<br />
Tu aSkarad yovelTvis Tanaob<strong>da</strong>, maSin partiul elitaSi, rbi-<br />
68
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
lad rom vTqvaT, ordinalur a<strong>da</strong>mianTa moxvedra sruliad gasagebi<br />
gaxdeba...<br />
aTasobiT partiuli funqcionerisagan raime gansakuTrebuli<br />
pirovnuli monacemebiT arc nikita xruSCovi <strong>da</strong> arc leonid<br />
breJnevi gamoirCeodnen. xolo maTi codnisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
done ki, gamoTqmis “saxazino”, biurokratiul-formalur<br />
stils rom mivmarToT, saSualo statistikuri sabWoTa moqalaqisas<br />
ar aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. is faqti, rom stalinis Semdeg swored<br />
aseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi moxvdnen uzarmazari qveynis saTaveSi,<br />
imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanas, sa<strong>da</strong>c aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
totalitaruli marTvis sistema batonob<strong>da</strong>, aRmosavluri<br />
tradiciis msgavsad, mxolod erTi, iseTi lideri, beladi<br />
an mama-marCenali SeiZleba hyolo<strong>da</strong>, romelic sxva <strong>da</strong>nar-<br />
CenT, yvelas, umaRlesi moxele<strong>da</strong>n rigiT moqalaqemde, Tanabar<br />
morCilebaSi, masis mdgomareobaSi amyofeb<strong>da</strong>...<br />
Tumca, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad garemo-pirobebisa <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualur<br />
monacemTa msgavsebisa, am ori partiuli lideris pirovnul<br />
miswrafebaTa xasiaTi <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobis stili erTmaneTisgan<br />
sruliad gansxvavdebuli iyo. breJnevi tipiuri, rusebi rom<br />
ityvian, “aparatCiki” iyo, misi “obivateluri” ganwyobis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad<br />
erTi filmis gmiris cnobili fraza SeiZleba moviSvelioT:<br />
“nu iqneba mxolod bunti!”. breJnevis magaliTi saukuneebSi<br />
gamocdili biurokratiuli marTvis “ukv<strong>da</strong>v” xasiaTs<br />
mkafiod avlens _ “aparati yovelTvis Tavis Tavze muSaobs”,<br />
is kanonierebis <strong>da</strong>cvis, maRali miznebisa <strong>da</strong> aRmSeneblobis,<br />
anu qveynis samsaxurSi mxolod iZulebiT (an beladis an<br />
sazogadoebis), mudmivmoqmedi nebis wyalobiT dgeba...<br />
nikita xruSCovi ki “udReurTa modgmis” im nawils ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelTa plebeur-mesianisturi aRtkineba bolSevikur<br />
orTodoqsias rwmenis sagnad swored mecnierul-universaluri<br />
ieris gamo iReben. mas swam<strong>da</strong>, rom marqsistul-leninuri<br />
utopia ganxorcielebadia; sjero<strong>da</strong>, rom stalinis barbarosulma<br />
nebam, “pirovnebis kultma” mecnierulad <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli<br />
procesis svlis gamrudeba gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> rom swor doqtrinasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebis SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomiereba<br />
jer sabWoTa xalxsa <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mTel kacobriobas<br />
sasurvel, bednier mizanTan miiyvan<strong>da</strong> (misi varaudiT, sabWo-<br />
Ta <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s 80-ian wlebisaTvis ukve komunistur formaciaSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ecxovra).<br />
ho<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTod, kacobriobis ganviTarebis<br />
“obieqtur kanonzomierebas” mindobili komunisti lide-<br />
69
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
ri, nikita xruSCovi, eWvs yvelaze swori msoflmxedvelobiT<br />
“SeiaraRebul”, Tu ideur poziciaze mdgom sabWoTa inteligenciis<br />
“marTlmorwmuneobaSi” rogor Seitan<strong>da</strong>?! ara-<strong>da</strong>, am,<br />
Tavis droze <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli sivrci<strong>da</strong>n nasesxeb <strong>da</strong><br />
rusul sinamdvileSi Canergil warmonaqmns, znisa <strong>da</strong> bunebis<br />
Tanaxmad, erTi an<strong>da</strong>zisa ar iyos, Tvali sxva mxares un<strong>da</strong> Wero<strong>da</strong>...<br />
e. w. <strong>da</strong>Tbobis periodi, romelic xruSCovis mmarTvelobas<br />
mohyva, pirvel rigSi, swored im represiul-wmendiTi meqanizmis<br />
SeCerebis Sedegia, romelic iqamde cixe-banakebis qselis<br />
“cimbirul susxiT” mTel imperiasa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal azrovnebasac<br />
<strong>da</strong>mzral mdgomareobaSi amyofeb<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa inteligenciac,<br />
rogorc ki sulis moTqmis saSualeba mieca, fiqrsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mzrunvelobas kvlav Tavisi Zireuli, kulturuli funqciis<br />
Sesrulebaze iwyebs. xolo amave fenis erTi nawilis tradiciulad<br />
saxasiaTo destruqciuli muxti, raskolnikur-revoluciuris<br />
nacvlad, disidentur saxes iRebs. aseTi mdgomareoba<br />
nikita xruSCovis ga<strong>da</strong>yenebis Semdgom, breJnevis mmarTvelobis<br />
xanasac <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa saxelmwifos arsebobis bolo periodsac<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>swv<strong>da</strong>...<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> inteligenciac, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, imave “qvabSi ixar-<br />
Sebo<strong>da</strong>”, mis arsebobasac igive, imperiuli marTvis aucilebloba<br />
gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, amasTan es warmonaqmni gansakuTrebul,<br />
erovnul saxes yovelTvis inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> es TiTqos<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piruli, egzotikuri ieris gamorCeuloba sinamdvileSi<br />
ufro Rrma <strong>da</strong> farTo kulturuli safuZvlebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareob<strong>da</strong>...<br />
am safuZvlis “gamoCxrekviT” garkveva ki ara TavisTavad<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviTkmar, aramed mxolod zogadsakacobrio konteqstSia<br />
SesaZlebeli...<br />
2. abelur <strong>da</strong> kaenur tradiciaTa konfliqti. “aha, magdeb<br />
dRes miwis pirisagan <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> mivefaro Sens saxes; devnili <strong>da</strong><br />
miusafari viqnebi amqveynad <strong>da</strong> yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi<br />
mokvla” (<strong>da</strong>b. IV, 14). kvlav-<strong>da</strong>-kvlav ismis Civili, radgan sasjeli,<br />
romelic kaenma Zmis mkvlelobis gamo <strong>da</strong>imsaxura, mis<br />
STamomavalT aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi Tan sdevs. <strong>da</strong> uWvelia,<br />
rom wmin<strong>da</strong> werilis teqstSi ZmaTamkvlelobis a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
codvis ukan is <strong>da</strong>pirispirebac igulisxmeba, romelic kacobriobas<br />
Tan, aseve aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi sdevs.<br />
abelisa <strong>da</strong> kaenis saxiT erTmaneTs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ori tipi, an<br />
kulturaTa ori Zireuli forma <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bibliuri<br />
70
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
ambavic am movlenas simbolurad gvamcnobs. <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg samoTxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoZevebul a<strong>da</strong>msa <strong>da</strong> mis modgmas RmerTma saarsebod<br />
iseTi <strong>da</strong>wyevlili miwa <strong>da</strong>uwesa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod ZeZvi <strong>da</strong> ekali<br />
aRmocendeba. un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoT, rom kaeni ganwesebas: “...<br />
<strong>da</strong> mindvris balaxi iyos Seni sazrdo” (<strong>da</strong>b. III, 18), ar <strong>da</strong>sjer<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> miwis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, miwis ze<strong>da</strong>piris funqciuri erTgvarovneba<br />
<strong>da</strong>irRva, velze iseTi adgili gaCn<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sazrdo moipovebo<strong>da</strong>. mesaqonle abels es siaxle, sa-<br />
Zovarze akrZaluri adgilis gamoCena, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ar moewonebo<strong>da</strong>...<br />
<strong>da</strong> movlili nakveTis gapartaxeba arc kaens un<strong>da</strong> moswonebo<strong>da</strong><br />
... konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris mcdeloba _ “uTxra kaenma<br />
Tavis Zmas, abels: gavideT velad” (<strong>da</strong>b. IV, 8) _ tragikulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>, velma orive ver <strong>da</strong>itia...<br />
<strong>da</strong> es, kacobriobis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi, bibliis<br />
mier simbolurad moTxrobili, TiTqos mxolod kerZo, yofi-<br />
Ti safuZvlis mqone <strong>da</strong>pirispireba kvlav grZeldeba, radgan<br />
arsebobas kulturaTa safuZvlebSi ganagrZobs. bolo saukuneebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulma civilizaciis calsaxa ganviTarebis<br />
mecnierulma xedvam am <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra ki ara, mxolod<br />
droebiTi miCqmalva, SeniRbva SeZlo. problemis konceptualur<br />
gagebasa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi konstruqciuli gzebis Ziebas inerciisa<br />
Tu sxva, pragmatul mosazrebaTa gamo saTanado yuradReba,<br />
rogorc ukanaskneli movlenebi cxadyofs, arc dRes<br />
eqceva...<br />
Jan Jak ruso cdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom imas, vinc miwis<br />
nakveTi pirvelma SemoRoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isakuTra, sxvebma <strong>da</strong>ujeres<br />
<strong>da</strong> Robe ar moarRvieso. arRvevdnen <strong>da</strong> mere rogor! abelisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kaenis dramatuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba kacobriobis istoriaSi<br />
uSualo<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> ufro metad, faruli saxiT mravaljer ganmeorebula.<br />
kulturaTa safuZvlebSi ga<strong>da</strong>suli “velisa <strong>da</strong> mindvris”<br />
konfliqtis muxti sazogadoebebsa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciebs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ZabulobaTa gaRvivebis mudmivmoqmed<br />
wyarod iqca <strong>da</strong> axlac aseTad rCeba.<br />
rusos negatiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba yvelaferi imis, maT Soris,<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis mimarT, rac, misi azriT, saxelmwifos<br />
warmoSobasa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi uTanasworobis Camoyalibebas<br />
ukavSirdeba, etyoba, mainc im epoqisaTvis saxasiaTo xedviT<br />
(aspeqtiT) iyo ganpirobebuli. ganmanaTleblobis Semdgom<br />
<strong>da</strong> masTan erTad, germanuli klasikuri filosofiac kacobriobis<br />
ganviTarebas erTian <strong>da</strong> calsaxa istoriuli procesis sa-<br />
71
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
xiT warmoidgen<strong>da</strong>, rac, saboloo angariSiT, xels evropocentristuli<br />
tendenciis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas uwyob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amgvari xedviT sakacobrio civilizacia iseT aRmaval erTianoba<strong>da</strong>a<br />
warmoCenili, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>evropuli</strong> done umaRles safexurad<br />
miiCneva, xolo yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni _ imave procesis wina an<br />
ganviTarebaSeCerebul safexurad aRiqmeba. marTalia, mTeli<br />
XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi aseTi istoriul-evoluciuri xedva<br />
safuZvlianad Seirya (Spengleri, ortega-i-gaseti, toinbi,<br />
hantingtoni, biukeneni...), magram bolo drois maRali teqnologiebiT<br />
ganpirobebuli msoflios “SemWidroebis” sul<br />
ufro yovlismomcveli <strong>da</strong> gamWoli procesi iseT globalur<br />
sinamdviles qmnis, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTian, sakacobrio civilizaciaSi<br />
yofnis SegrZneba kidev ufro mZafr elfers iZens..<br />
ara-<strong>da</strong>, bolo aTwleulebis destruqciul <strong>da</strong> katastroful<br />
movlenaTa rigi harmoniuli erTianobisaken svlis STabeWdilebas<br />
sulac ar tovebs. bipolaruli msoflios <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n Cavlili droc sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom globalur<br />
uwesrigobaTa <strong>da</strong> permanentul “SeSfoTebaTa” mizezebi<br />
ufro Sors, Zireul safuZvlebSi veZioT. xolo safuZvlebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xedvisas gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnas isic, rom ganvi-<br />
Tarebis evoluciuri xedva <strong>evropuli</strong> civilizaciis svlis<br />
mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>pirul-qronologiuri suraTis sqematuri warmodgenaa<br />
<strong>da</strong> rom, TviT am civilizaciisa <strong>da</strong>, miT ufro, sxva<br />
saxis civilizaciaTa Camoyalibebas iseTi kulturuli faqtoric<br />
ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>, romelic sayovelTaod miRebul sworxazovan,<br />
aRmavali ganviTarebis koncefcias mTlad ver eTanadeba.<br />
zemoT, SesavalSi, ukve aRiniSna, rom Tanamedrove SexedulebiT<br />
civilizaciis warmoSoba miwaTmoqmedebis Semosvlas-<br />
Tan, anu momTabare cxovrebis binadrobis, mkvidrobis wesiT<br />
Secvlis procesis <strong>da</strong>wyebasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. istoriul<br />
movlenaTa rigi am mosazrebis utyuar, logikur <strong>da</strong>sabu-<br />
Tebas iZleva, magram, amavdroulad, igive rigi siRrmiseul,<br />
qronologiur-xazovani dinebis miRma arsebul, Tanamdev kulturul<br />
xdomilebebs verSemCnevis saburvels qveS tovebs.<br />
marTalia, kulturis cneba <strong>da</strong>sabams swored miwaTmoqmedebis<br />
Semosvli<strong>da</strong>n iRebs, magram ukuqmedebiT igi ufro adreul<br />
movlenebzec ganivrcoba. cxovrebis wesi, romlis Camoyalibebasac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianma aTaseuli wlebi moandoma (cxovelTa moSinaureba,<br />
maTi movla <strong>da</strong> marTva, garemosTan a<strong>da</strong>ptacia <strong>da</strong> a. S.)<br />
swored kuturaa, radgan a<strong>da</strong>mianis ZalisxmeviTa <strong>da</strong> mondome-<br />
72
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
biT aris Seqmnili. amasTan, kulturis es tipi, romelic dResac<br />
“cocxlobs”, gansakuTrebuli cnobierebis, “abeluri tipis”<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miansa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis socialur erTobas ayalibebs. <strong>da</strong><br />
amitomac, kulturulogiuri kvleva qronologiuri sworxazovnebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinare monacvleobasTan erTad <strong>da</strong> zogjer<br />
nacvlad, Zireul <strong>da</strong>yofa-diferencirebasac un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes.<br />
bibliis mixedviT kaeni miwaTmoqmedia, xolo abeli _ mwyemsi,<br />
mejogea. simbolurad es a<strong>da</strong>mianTa is ori tipia, romelic<br />
Tanamedrove kacobriobis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n, anu mas Semdeg arsebobs,<br />
rac bina<strong>da</strong>rma tomebma xeli miwis <strong>da</strong>muSavebas, xolo mom-<br />
Tabareebma mejogeobas mihyves. orive tips sakuTari cxovrebis<br />
wesisa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare gansakuTrebuli wes-Cveuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradicia Camouyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miwaTmoqmedi xalxi, bunebrivia, swored imis gamo, rom binadrobis,<br />
mkvidrobis wess misdevs, sabolood qalaqebis Seqmnamde<br />
midis (sagulisxmoa, rom biblia pirveli qalaqis Semqmnelad<br />
kaens moixseniebs). es ukve binadrobis meore fazaa,<br />
romelic pirvelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisa <strong>da</strong> sivrciTi “Sem-<br />
Widroebis” ufro maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. saerTod ki bina<strong>da</strong>r<br />
xalxTa arseboba <strong>da</strong> saqmianoba drois niSniT xasiaTdeba:<br />
sivrcis mkacrad SemosazRvrul areSi fiqsirebulni TavianT<br />
qmedebas isini usasrulo xangrZlivobad warmodgenili<br />
drois kontinuumSi moiazreben (<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvac, adgili,<br />
romelsac sania<strong>da</strong>go mkvidroba Seesabameba, swored amgvari mimarTebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
un<strong>da</strong> momdinareobdes).<br />
momTabare <strong>da</strong> mejoge xalxi ki piriqiT _ arafers xangrZlivs<br />
ar qmnis <strong>da</strong> arc momavals “epotineba”. samagierod,<br />
sivrce maTTvis sul axali <strong>da</strong> axali, SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>v SesaZleblobaTa<br />
area (qarTulSi aqac droebiTi sadgomis Sesabamisi sityva,<br />
alagi gvaqvs). ase rom, kaenis simbolizms Seesabameba SekumSvis<br />
principi, romelic warmodgenilia droiTi xangrZliobis<br />
mixedviT, xolo abelisas _ gaSlis, anu ganvrcobis principi,<br />
romelic sivrciTi ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba. sxvanairad,<br />
“kaenis modgmis” tradicias, kulturas, SeiZleba intensiuri<br />
(laT. intensio _ <strong>da</strong>Zabva, gaZliereba) ewodos, xolo abelisas<br />
_ eqstensiuri (laT. extensivus _ gaWimva, <strong>da</strong>grZeleba,<br />
gafarToeba).<br />
Zireul, dro-sivrciT mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, orive kultura<br />
gansxvavebul simboloebs, ritualebsa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebs<br />
warmoSobs. miwaTmoqmedi xalxi imis gamo, rom metwilad saqme<br />
73
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
fiqsirebul, uZrav obieqtebTan, nivTier sagnebTan aqvs, vizualur<br />
simboloebs, xatebs qmnis. arsobrivi mniSvnelobis mixedviT<br />
vizualuri xati sivrciT formamde, geometriul sqemamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>iyvaneba. momTabare an mejoge xalxisaTvis yvelaferi,<br />
rac maT garkveul adgils miabams, maT Soris xatic, akrZalulia.<br />
amitomac isini mudmivi ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis mdgomareobisaTvis<br />
erTaderT Sesatyviss, xmovan simboloebs, qmnian.<br />
magram xedviT (vizualur) aRqmas mimarTeba sivrcesTan,<br />
xolo smeniTs (audios) _ drosTan aqvs. ase rom, mgrZnobelobiT<br />
doneze ZiriTadi principebis erTgvari Sebruneba xdeba:<br />
kaenur-miwaTmoqmedi, anu intensiuri kulturis xalxi, romel-<br />
Ta arseboba droiT xangrZliobas eqvemdebareba, plastikur,<br />
anu sivrciT formebs qmnian (arqiteqtura, skulptura, ferwera),<br />
xolo, abelur-mejoge, eqstensiuri kulturis xalxi piriqiT,<br />
droSi ganfenads _ fonetikurs (musika, poezia).<br />
aRniSnuli Zireuli gansxvaveba aseve gansxvavebul msoflaRqmasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamis mentalur-socialur garemos ayalibebs.<br />
kaenur, intensiur kulturebSi mowesrigebis principi sivrcesTan<br />
erTad, rogorc wesi, a<strong>da</strong>mianur erTobazec ganivrcoba<br />
_ individ-atomad gancalkevebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi garkveul,<br />
drois TanmimdevrobaSi gar<strong>da</strong>maval socialur (ierarqiul) <strong>da</strong><br />
struqturul mTlianobaSi erTiandebian. abeluri tipis xalxi<br />
ki usazRvro <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovani ganvrcobis tendenciis Tanaxmad<br />
ufro koleqtiur qmedebaze orientirebul <strong>da</strong> morCilebaSi<br />
Tanaswor, egalitaruli tipis (patriarqalur an tomobrivad<br />
Tanaswor) socialur erTobebs qmnian.<br />
zemoT gamoTqmul yovel mosazrebas mxolod Teoriuli<br />
xasiaTi aqvs. praqtika, cxovreba, istoria, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT<br />
ufro mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ria. Teoriuli hipoTezebica<br />
<strong>da</strong> martivi konceptebic swored sinamdvilis<br />
xdomilebaTa urTulesi “wnulis” ukan garkveuli sazrisis an<br />
kanonzomierebis aRmosaCenad iqmneba. wmin<strong>da</strong> saxiT xsenebuli<br />
eqstensiuri an intensiuri kulturebi (civilizaciebi) ar<br />
gvxdeba, miT ufro mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobam, Zalze umniSvnelo<br />
nawilis gamoklebiT, mkvidrobis cxovrebis wesi air-<br />
Cia. <strong>da</strong> swored es movlena badebs iluzorul xedvas _ Tu<br />
cxovrebis wesi TiTqmis yvelgan erTnairia, maSin kulturac,<br />
civilizaciac metnaklebad erTnairi <strong>da</strong> homogenuri un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos.<br />
miamituri ironiiTa <strong>da</strong> erTgvari niSnisgebiT SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas _ rogorc Cans, yofiereba cnobierebas yovelTvis ar<br />
74
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
gansazRvravs... miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom msofliom karga xania<br />
TiTqos unificirebuli politikuri formebi airCia (saxelmwifoTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>sazRvra, marTvis sistema, saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. S.), yovel calkeul qveyanaSi imas, rasac realobas an<br />
cxovrebiseul sinamdviles uwodeben, mkafiod Camoyalibebul<br />
(racionalurad gaweril) normebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> zogjer<br />
maT nacvla<strong>da</strong>c, is fenomeni gansazRvravs, rasac tradicias<br />
uwodeben.<br />
sityva “tradicias” mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc calsaxa mniSvneloba arc<br />
adre hqonia <strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg ki, rac “velurobisa <strong>da</strong> barbarosobis”<br />
koreqtul sinonimad iqca, misi terminuli gamokveTiloba<br />
xom sul gafermkrTal<strong>da</strong>. es sityva TiTqmis yvelafers esa<strong>da</strong>geba,<br />
rasac a<strong>da</strong>miani odesme Sexebia _ primitiuli wes-Cveulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
umaRles sulier <strong>da</strong> religiur ganc<strong>da</strong>mde. <strong>da</strong> radgan,<br />
rogorc zemoT iTqva, Teoriuli koncefciebi cxovrebaSi<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> saxiT iSviaTad xorcieldeba, amitomac yovel kulturaSi<br />
Zireuli, abeluri an kaenuri, tendenciis tradiciis saxeliT<br />
moxsenieba ufro marTebuli iqneba.<br />
nebismier kulturaSi civilizaciis es ori <strong>da</strong>sabamiseuli<br />
tendencia (an tradicia) erTdroulad arsebobs. gansxvavebas<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialur Tu erovnul organizmebs Soris am ori<strong>da</strong>n<br />
erT-erTis prevalireba ganapirobebs. amasTan, es prevalireba<br />
saukuneebSi gamotarebuli erT-erTi tendenciis mdgradi<br />
TanaobiT xasiaTdeba _ yoveli civilizaciis an kulturis<br />
tipi swored am niSnis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. Tumca, TviT<br />
kulturis SigniT ganmapirobebeli tradicia yovelTvis calsaxad<br />
dominirebadi ar aris.<br />
magaliTad, abeluri tradiciis zeobis klasikur gamovlenas,<br />
arabuli islamuri saxelmwifos (xalifatis) Seqmnas sruliad<br />
sapirispiro, kulturis intensiuri ganviTarebis periodic<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. IX-X saukuneebSi arabulma kulturam iseT maRal<br />
dones miaRwia (filosofia, astronomia, medicina, alqimia, ma-<br />
Tematika <strong>da</strong> sxv.), rom zogjer am periods “muslimur renesanssac”<br />
uwodeben. elinistur sivrceSi, romelic xalifatis sazRvrebSi<br />
moeqca, antikur-berZnuli kulturis SeWra <strong>da</strong> difuzia<br />
ukve TiTqmis aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am kulturis pirvelwyaroebis (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aristoteles naSromebis)<br />
aTvisebisa <strong>da</strong> gaTavisebis mcdelobam arabuli kulturis<br />
ganviTareba intensiur kalapotSi TavisTavad Caagdo.<br />
sabolood ki es procesi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, jer Senel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mere<br />
75
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
SeCer<strong>da</strong>, radgan winaaRmdegobaSi Zireul, eqstenciur tradiciasTan<br />
movi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xolo meore mxriv, imave intensiur-kaenuri tradiciis klasikuri<br />
gamovlena, antikur-elinuri polisuri kultura, balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZuli<strong>da</strong>n wina aziaSi Zalismieri ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />
Sedegad eqstensiur tipSi gar<strong>da</strong>isaxa (aleqsandre makedonelis<br />
imperia). Tumca, es magaliTi sapirispiro pozicii<strong>da</strong>n ganxilvisas<br />
ufro imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas warmoadgens, rom axlo<br />
aRmosavluri arealis mentalur-socialur tradicias Zalze<br />
myari fesvebi aqvs.<br />
<strong>da</strong> swored fesvebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobis kuTxiT xedvas an zemoT<br />
Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT civilizaciis<br />
svlisaTvis Tvalis miyolebas paradoqsul, istoriuli xasia-<br />
Tis xdomilebaTa sawinaaRmdego <strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivyavarT. rogorc<br />
cnobilia, Zveli samyaros pirveli samiwaTmoqmedo tradiciebi<br />
swored am regionSi Caisaxa. <strong>da</strong> Tu zemoT gamoTqmuli<br />
koncefcia sworia, Tu <strong>da</strong>fuZneba, miwis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba kaenur tradicas<br />
warmoSobs, maSin yoveli civilizacia, romelic am regionSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, upiratesad intensiuri tradiciis matarebeli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
sinamdvileSi tradicia, romelic am regions axasiaTebs, rogorc<br />
istoriuli warsuli <strong>da</strong> dRevandeloba gviCvenebs,<br />
eqstenciuri xasiaTisaa. <strong>da</strong> es sruliad logikuria, radgan,<br />
rogorc Zveli wyaroebi a<strong>da</strong>stureben, am arealSi samiwaTmoqmedo<br />
kulturis Camoyalibebamde <strong>da</strong> mas Semdegac, momTabare<br />
<strong>da</strong> mejoge tomTa gacxovelebuli mimosvla mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. bunebrivia,<br />
xalxTa mimoqcevis mborgav okeaneSi warmoSobili samiwaTmoqmedo<br />
kunZulebi (SuamdinareTis nayofieri miwebi<br />
mTeli am regionis Zalze mcire nawilia) <strong>da</strong>moukideblad <strong>da</strong> TavisTavad<br />
ver ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc Cans, pirveli civilizaciebis Camoyalibebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTod, am regionSi samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas<br />
ekonomikuri mizezebi aqvs (marqsistuli xedva, politekonomia<br />
aq amarTlebs. ise ki, am moZRvrebis eqstensiur tradiciasTan<br />
mimarTebis kvleva saintereso un<strong>da</strong> iyos...). savaraudoa,<br />
rom savele-saomari wrTobis tomebma permanentulad ganmeorebad,<br />
magram gamapartaxebel Semosevebs nayofieri samiwaTmoqmedo<br />
regionebis mudmiv Semosavlis wyarod ga<strong>da</strong>qceva<br />
arCies (an imis varaudic SeiZleba, rom am regionSi mejogeobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> miwaTmoqmedebis sruli gamijvna jer <strong>da</strong>srulebuli<br />
ar iyo). Sromis organizaciis is kooperaciul-koleqti-<br />
76
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
uri forma, romelic am civilizaciebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> (Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
sarwyavi sistemebi), mxolod abelur-eqstenciuri tradiciis<br />
xalxs SeeZlo Seeqmna.<br />
momTabare tomebis wvlils uZveles civilizaciaTa Seqmna-<br />
Si mravali istoriuli wyaro <strong>da</strong> mkvlevari a<strong>da</strong>sturebs _ am<br />
regionSi arsebuli yvela eqstensiuri tipis saxelmwifo warmonaqmni<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabams semituri Tu ariuli warmoSobis momTabare<br />
tomebTan urTierTobis Sedegad iRebs (dReisaTvis gaurkveveli<br />
mxolod Sumerebis warmomavlobaa. mesopotamiis Semdgom<br />
saxelmwifoebs arabeTis naxevarkunZuli<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli<br />
_ akadebi, arameebi, qaldeebi _ semituri tomebi qmnidnen.<br />
amas gar<strong>da</strong>, imave arealSi <strong>da</strong> egvipteSic Cv. w. a.-mde II aTaswleuSi<br />
ariuli tomebis, ariebis, anu giksosebis, mZlavri migraciac<br />
aRiniSneba). ase rom, makedonelis laSqrobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebul<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri intensiuri kulturis eqpansias aq, am regionSi,<br />
aTaswleulebSi Camoyalibebuli, Rrma eqstensiuri<br />
tradicia <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kaenuri, samiwaTmoqmedo tradicia, romelic intensifikaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> lokalizacias TavisTavad gulisxmobs, bunebrivia,<br />
swored iq ganviTardebo<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c garemo Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mSvidi<br />
arsebobis pirobebs qmni<strong>da</strong>. amgvari viTareba mxolod Zveli<br />
samyaros centri<strong>da</strong>n moSorebiT, periferiul regionebSi, Znelad<br />
misadgom, mTa-gorian adgilebsa <strong>da</strong> xmelTaSua zRvis kun-<br />
Zulebze SeiZleba yofiliyo. antikur-berZnuli polisuri civilizaciac<br />
swored amgvar arealze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli tradiciis<br />
ganviTarebis Sedegia.<br />
berZeni barbarosebis, aqaelebis, balkaneTis naxevarkun-<br />
Zulze SeWris Semdeg adgilobrivma tomebma (pelasgebma) sruli<br />
asimilacia ganicades. Tumca, meore mxriv, mikenuri civilizacia,<br />
romelic am SemoWris Semdeg peloponesze <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
sawinaaRmdego procesis, TviT barbarosTa kulturuli<br />
asimilaciis Sedegia. minoisur kulturas, romelic am region-<br />
Si berZnebis SeWramde batonob<strong>da</strong>, Zalze ganmxoloebuli, lokaluri<br />
xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong> (kunZuli kreta <strong>da</strong> msgavsi materikuli<br />
fragmentebi). mikenuri kultura, erTi mxriv, wina, am region-<br />
Si ukve arsebuli kulturis gagrZelebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, xolo,<br />
meore mxriv, aqaelTa jer kidev SerCenili eqstensiuri tendenciis<br />
gamovlenis Sedegic iyo.<br />
balkeneTis naxevarkunZulis sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze<br />
mikenuri kultura (an civilizacia) swored am tendenciis wyalobiT<br />
ganivrco. mikenuri tipis sasaxleebi <strong>da</strong> maT garSemo<br />
77
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
arsebuli <strong>da</strong>saxlebani (mikeni, tirinfo, pilosi, aTeni, fesalia...)<br />
saberZneTis sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, erTgvar civilizaciur qsels qmnidnen. <strong>da</strong> es, rogorc<br />
homerosi uwodebs, oqrouxvi <strong>da</strong> Zlevamosili civilizacia yvelaze<br />
didi saomari warmatebis Semdeg, troaze gamarjvebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sul mokle xanSi <strong>da</strong>emxo.<br />
Cv. w. a.-mde XIII saukunis bolos <strong>da</strong>wyebulma CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong><br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT balkaneTi<strong>da</strong>n SemoWril barbaros berZen-<br />
Ta doriuli tomebis Semosevam mikenuri kulturis done ukan<br />
TiTqmis aTasi wliT <strong>da</strong>wia. am <strong>da</strong>cemis epoqaSi, rogorc varaudoben<br />
Cv. w. a.-mde VIII saukuneSi mcxovrebi homerosi wina, “ilia<strong>da</strong>s”<br />
gmirTa xanas, “oqros saukuned” amitomac moixsenieb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magram rogorc berZnebis magaliTi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, intensiuri kulturis<br />
fesvebs Sesaferis, stabiluri ganviTarebis pirobebSi<br />
axali, cxovelmyofeli ylortebis gamotana yovelTvis SeuZlia<br />
_ klasikuri antikur-berZnuli kultura <strong>da</strong> civilizacia,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>cemis doriul periods mohyva, wina, mikenuri<br />
kulturis “aRorZinebad” SeiZleba iyos miCneuli.<br />
<strong>da</strong> aq xazi berZnebis istoriaSi gamovlenil erT saintereso<br />
<strong>da</strong> sagulisxmo moments un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze<br />
Semosvlis Semdeg aqaelebma Zlevamosili mikenuri<br />
civilizaciis Camoyalibebas <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Svidi saukune moandomes.<br />
<strong>da</strong>cemis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss, romelic dorielTa Semosvlas mohyva<br />
<strong>da</strong> klasikur, polisuri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis periods,<br />
drois TiTqmis imave xangrZliobis monakveTi yofs. es magaliTi<br />
imis TvalsaCino gamovlenaa, Tu ra mZime <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi<br />
procesia saWiro imisaTvis, rom Zireuli tradiciis erTi<br />
forma (am SemTxvevaSi – abeluri) meoreSi (kaenurSi, anu intensiurSi)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ewyos.<br />
axlo aRmosavluri regionis kulturuli tradiciis wina<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxilvisas aSkara xdeba, rom im regionSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi momTabare<br />
<strong>da</strong> mejoge modgmis xalxTa permanentuli (uwyveti) ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, miwaTmoqmedebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul kulturas<br />
TviTganviTarebis saSualebas, anu xelSeuxeblobis pirobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saWiro dros aravin miscem<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, es mosazreba gagebuli<br />
ise ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, TiTqos aq, am arealSi, civilizacia<br />
ar ganviTar<strong>da</strong> an primitiul, sawyis abeluri cxovrebis wess<br />
ver gasc<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ara-<strong>da</strong>, civilizaciis calsaxa ganviTarebis koncefciis mixedviT,<br />
romelic inerciisa Tu gauazreblobis gamo Cveul Se-<br />
78
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
xedulebebSi, rogorc wesi, aSkara an faruli saxiT dResac Tanaobs,<br />
swored aseTi <strong>da</strong>skvna SeiZleba gakeTdes. marTlac, Tu<br />
civilizacia (Tanac erTiani, anu Tanamedrove, <strong>da</strong>savluri) miwaTmoqmedTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves, maSin logikuria,<br />
rom ganviTarebis dro-sivrciTi xazi an veqtori mimarTuli<br />
mesopotamii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saerTod am regioni<strong>da</strong>n, evropisaken un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos. aseTi xedviT, gasagebia, rom <strong>da</strong>sawyisi, anu aTvlis wertili<br />
yovelTvis warsulSi iqneba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, am regionis<br />
dRevandel mdgomareobasac civilizaciis winadRed miCneviT<br />
martivi axsna eZleva.<br />
magram logika imitomacaa logika, rom Zalmosili orive<br />
mxares aris. imave veqtoris ukumimarTulebiT mkacr <strong>da</strong> calsaxa<br />
ganvrcobas uazrobamde mivyavarT _ iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c miwaTmoqmedebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli intensiuri cxovrebis wesi ar Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>,<br />
civilizacia saerTod ar un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes... ho<strong>da</strong>, uazrobisgan<br />
Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad isRa <strong>da</strong>gvrCenia, sruliad garkveviT<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionebSi aTaswleulebis<br />
win gaorebuli Zireuli tradiciis eqstesiuri Stos<br />
Sesabamisi civilizacia Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. am tipis civilizaciam,<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, SeiTavsa an moirgo intensiuri cxovrebis wesis<br />
miRwevebi, magram ise, rom Zireuli, eqstensiuri (abeluri)<br />
tradiciis prioriteti ar <strong>da</strong>rRveula.<br />
arabuli universaluri saxelmwifos, xalifatis, geografiuli<br />
moxazuloba, toinbis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, aTasi wliT <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli<br />
aqameniduri iranis SemosazRvras TiTqmis zustad imeoreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xolo aqameniduri irani, Tavis mxriv, asirielTa <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
saqmis gamgrZelebeli iyo. asirielebi _ babilonelebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> a. S. am rigis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel, gamWol RerZs swored Zireuli,<br />
aTaswleulebSi gar<strong>da</strong>mavali tradicia warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong><br />
Tu dRes CamoTvlilis msgavsi warmonaqmni, universaluri saxelmwifo<br />
axlo aRmosavleTSi aRar arsebobs, es aRniSnuli<br />
tradiciis moSlas sulac ar gulismobs. kultura, mentaloba,<br />
socialuri garemo an, Tu gnebavT, msoflaRqma aq aTaswleulebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi upiratesad abeluri tipisa iyo <strong>da</strong> dResac<br />
aseTad rCeba...<br />
antikur-berZnuli polisuri civilizaciis warmoSobam<br />
gza im droisaTvis sruliad axal mimarTulebas gauxsna. Tu<br />
wina, xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi gabneuli intensiur-samiwaTmoqmedo<br />
kulturebi, lokalizaciis arsobriv princips ver<br />
scildebodnen, berZnebma sakmaod vrceli regionis sistemuri<br />
mocvis precendenti Seqmnes. Zireul elements, anu atoms<br />
79
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
am sistemisa, berZnuli qalaqi, polisi, warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. polisi<br />
taZrebisa <strong>da</strong> sasaxleebis garSemo gaSenebuli <strong>da</strong>saxlebisgan,<br />
adreuli qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli wyobis warmonaqmni<br />
iyo.<br />
<strong>da</strong> aq kosmiuri wesrigisa <strong>da</strong> harmoniis xseneba SeiZleba ganbnevis,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xvevisa Tu abstraqtuli Temis naZaladevad Semotanis<br />
mcdelobad iyos miCneuli. Cvens saazrovno tradicia-<br />
Si miwisa <strong>da</strong> cis opozicias fesvi Rrma<strong>da</strong> aqvs gamj<strong>da</strong>ri. antikuri<br />
periodis berZnuli azrovneba ki swored aseTi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
morigebis mcdelobaa. <strong>da</strong>Sveba imisa, rom samyaro<br />
erTiania <strong>da</strong> es is punqtia, sai<strong>da</strong>nac berZnuli azrovneba, filosofia<br />
iwyeba, intensifikaciis procesis kanonzomieri gagrZelebaa.<br />
“TaRliTi”, rogorc ruso uwodebs, anu kaeni, miwis Semo-<br />
Robvis aqtiT ara mxolod Zmas (TanamoZmeebs) <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aramed axali “codvis” gamosyidvis, xeluxlebeli bunebis Selaxvis,<br />
samyaros qmnadobaSi Setanili sakuTari wvlilis gamarTlebis<br />
aucileblobis winaSec <strong>da</strong>dga. albaT, swored SemosazRvruli<br />
nakveTisa <strong>da</strong> usazRvro velis erTian mTlianobad<br />
warmodgenis (an gaerTianebis) aucilebloba <strong>da</strong>edo sababad samyaros<br />
Zvel berZnul metafizikur-kosmiur <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas.<br />
piTagoreli filolaosi, romlis naSromebis mixedviTac<br />
platonma Tavisi kosmiuri esTetika (dialogi “timeosi”) Seqmna,<br />
amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>: “buneba <strong>da</strong> samyaros wyoba Sedgenili usazRvrosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganmsazRvrelis mier aris, aseve _ mTeli samyaro<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelaferi, rac masSi aris” (diogene, VIII, 7, 85). xolo<br />
imis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad, rom samyaros wyoba <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi,<br />
rac masSia, sazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> usazRvros SeerTebis Sedegad<br />
aris Seqmnili, filolaoss swored “samiwaTmoqmedo”<br />
magaliTi moaqvs. mindorze, filolaosis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT,<br />
erTdroulad <strong>da</strong> erTad miwis samgvari nawili arsebobs: erTi,<br />
romelic sazRvrebisagan Sedgeba, meore _ sazRvrebisagan <strong>da</strong><br />
SemousazRvravi nakveTebisagan Semdgari, romlebic erTdroulad<br />
sazRvravs <strong>da</strong> arsazRvravs, xolo mesame _ SemousazRvravi<br />
sivrce.<br />
marTalia am or, erTmaneTTan arc igiveobiT <strong>da</strong> arc msgavsebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sawyiss, “sazRvarsa <strong>da</strong> usazRvros” piTagorelTa<br />
azriT (zoga<strong>da</strong>d ki antikuri msoflxedviT) kosmiuri<br />
harmonia aerTianebs, magram es Sexeduleba mxolod “ci<strong>da</strong>n<br />
motanili” ar yofila. realur a<strong>da</strong>mianur sazRvrebSi, anu fsiqikaSi,<br />
bunebis usazRvro <strong>da</strong> Slegi Zalebis anareklis arsebo-<br />
80
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
bas jer kidev wina, dionisur-orfeosuli (orgiazmuli) tradicia<br />
uSveb<strong>da</strong>. xolo, pragmatul sferoSi, samiwaTmoqmedo <strong>da</strong><br />
yofiT tradiciaSi ki usazRvros SemosazRvris geometriuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis aTaswlovani gamocdilebac arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong> swored amitom kaenuri tradiciis kulturaSi, rogorc<br />
zemoT aRiniSna, <strong>da</strong>fuZnebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare <strong>da</strong>sazRvris, anu formis<br />
micemis principi socialuri urTierTobis sferosac un<strong>da</strong><br />
Sexebo<strong>da</strong>. is faqti, rom sityva “komosi” (κωσµοξ) Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kanonzomier ganlagebas (meomarTa wyobas)<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cis TaRs mxolod Semdgom miesa<strong>da</strong>ga, swored gamoTqmul<br />
mosazrebas un<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>sturebdes.<br />
amitom, filolaosis mier motanili – mindorze sazRvrisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> usazRvros SeTavsebis magaliTi ara SemTxveviTi, aramed<br />
swored arsobrivi tradicii<strong>da</strong>n momdinarea. <strong>da</strong> axla Tu imasac<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom antikuri periodis berZnebis warmodgeniT<br />
sferuli formis kosmoss harmoniis kanonis Tanaxmad<br />
miwaze wre Seesabameba, maSin miwis nakveTebis ganlagebac<br />
mTlianobaSi ciklur (κικλοξ berZ. wrea) formas un<strong>da</strong> qmnides.<br />
samiwaTmoqmedo nakveTebiT garSemortymuli antikuri qalaqi,<br />
anu polisi, swored am modelis realur xorcSesxmas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
berZnebis warmodgeniT, Tu a<strong>da</strong>miani cvlis bunebriv garemos,<br />
sazRvravs <strong>da</strong> acalkevebs mis garkveul nawilebs, maSin de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli areali, anu oikumena sferuli cis Ta-<br />
Ris kosmiur harmonias mxolod aRniSnuli polisuri konfiguraciiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> morgebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan, imave harmoniis kanoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, wriuli principiT agebuli an nakveTTa rgoliT<br />
Semofargluli polisis Si<strong>da</strong> sawyisi, anu centri, gare rgolebTan<br />
(maT Soris SemousazRvrav, anu aqtualur usasrulobis<br />
principis mixedviT isev rgolur formasTan) proporciul<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
aseT adgils polisSi agora warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. xose ortega-igaseti<br />
erTgan agoras bliTis (rusebi rom eZaxian, бублик-is)<br />
cariel xvrels a<strong>da</strong>rebs. <strong>da</strong> am xumrobanarev Se<strong>da</strong>rebaSi “simar-<br />
Tlis natamali” namdvilad aris _ agora ara marto wriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebis “Canasaxuri” sawyisia, aramed <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad, SemousazRvravis<br />
pirveladi SemosazRvris “kvalic” aris <strong>da</strong> amis<br />
gamo polisis gareT <strong>da</strong>rCenil usazRvro aresTan simbolurproporciuli<br />
mimarTebis matarebelicaa.<br />
agora is adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sicarielisa, intensifikaciis<br />
process sivrculi SemWidroebis xarisxi ukidure-<br />
81
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
sad maRal donemde mihyavs. es momenti imdenad mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom intensiur <strong>da</strong> eqstensiur tradiciaTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
wina topologiuri Sesatyvisi veli-mindori (an -nakveTi) veliagoraTi<br />
SeiZleba Seicvalos, radgan am meore wyvilis kontrasti<br />
ufro mkveTri, TvalSisacemi <strong>da</strong>, rac gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania, ufro <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelicaa.<br />
amas gar<strong>da</strong> agoras, am “cariel xvrels” erTgvari, “Savi xvrelis”<br />
msgavsi Tvisebac SeiZleba mieweros. mas TiTqos yvelafris<br />
mizidvis unari aqvs _ a<strong>da</strong>mianebisac <strong>da</strong> imisac, rac a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
Seuqmnia. mimocvlisa <strong>da</strong> Sexvedris adgilad yofnis es funqcia<br />
metad mniSvnelovania, radgan agoras, Tanamedrove gagebiT,<br />
adreuli an pirveli “sajaro velic” ki SeiZleba ewodos.<br />
aq sagnobrivTan erTad (agoraca <strong>da</strong> romauli forumic upirvelesad<br />
sabazro moednebia) konceptualuri <strong>da</strong> simboluri<br />
gacvlac xdebo<strong>da</strong>. kacobrioba agorasagan <strong>da</strong>valebuli politikur-demokratiuli<br />
formebis gar<strong>da</strong> im koncefciebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
ideebiTac aris, romelic, mamar<strong>da</strong>Sviliseuli kalamburi rom<br />
movixmoT, agoraze gorviT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>...<br />
rogori Zlieric ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo “agoras veli”, intensiuri<br />
kulturis kristalizaciis polisuri areali tradiciul-lokaluri<br />
mocvis frglebs mainc ver scdebo<strong>da</strong>. antikurberZnuli<br />
kultura Seeca<strong>da</strong>, mTel oikumenas civilizaciuri<br />
sistemis, anu isev kosmiuri analogii<strong>da</strong>n momdinare “polisuri<br />
badis” saSualebiT gaswvdomo<strong>da</strong>. magram balkaneTis naxevarkuZulis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> calkeuli polisuri warmonaqmnebi, koloniebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> savaWro faqtoriebis saxiT, <strong>da</strong>savleTiT mxolod apeninis<br />
naxevarkunZulsa <strong>da</strong> siciliaze, xolo aRmosavleTiT mcire<br />
aziasa <strong>da</strong> umniSvnelo raodenobiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze<br />
<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>.<br />
polisuri civilizaciis ganvrcobis Semdgom mcdelobas,<br />
aleqsandre makedonelis SeWras axlo aRmosavleTSi, marTalia,<br />
sababad aqameniduri iranis <strong>da</strong>savleTiT mimarTuli agresia<br />
<strong>da</strong>edo, magram samxedro-politikurTan erTad am qmedebas<br />
kaenuri tradiciis kulturis farTomasStabiani eqspansiis mizanic<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. elinizmis epoqa, romelic am ori, antikur-elinuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri, tradiciis “Sexvedras” mohyva, ufro,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, kompromisul-ekleqtikur morigebas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
vidre romelime tradiciis dominirebas.<br />
sabolood ki aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis an ufro<br />
sworad, misi <strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegad warmoSobili saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebis<br />
politikuri sistema kvlav adgilobriv, aRmosav-<br />
82
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
lur, anu eqstensiuri tipis, tradicias <strong>da</strong>efuZna; xolo polisuri<br />
civilizaciis, anu kaenur-intensiuri, tradiciis tarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganvrcobis funqcia am elinistur periodSi romma<br />
ikisra.<br />
romauli saxelmwifo, pirvel rigSi, swored kaenur-intensiuri<br />
tradiciis ganvrcobis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> elinuri polisuri<br />
civilizaciis memkvidred misi miCneva mxolod am faqtoris<br />
gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg SeiZleba. marTalia, zogi mkvlevari<br />
an koncefcia romaul kulturas meoreulad, antikur-ber-<br />
Znulis saxecvlilebad miiCnevs, magram aseTi midgoma, etyoba,<br />
mainc analogiurobi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare aberaciis an cTomis Sedegia.<br />
romauli arqiteqturac, qan<strong>da</strong>kebac, Teatrica <strong>da</strong> filosofiac,<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, elinuri<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. amasTan erTad,<br />
romaul panTeonSi Sesuli laTinizirebuli berZnuli RvTaebani<br />
ori kulturis erTianobisa <strong>da</strong> maT Soris gar<strong>da</strong>mavali kav-<br />
Siris arsebobis STabeWdilebas kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>majerebel iers<br />
aZlevs. magram es yvelaferi gviandeli respublikisa <strong>da</strong> imperiis<br />
swored mizanmimarTuli morgeba-CarTvis politikis Sedegia.<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ki romulusis mier <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli <strong>da</strong>saxleba,<br />
gadmocemisa <strong>da</strong> legendis mixedviT, sword berZnebTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli<br />
qalaqis (kulturis) – troas – memkvidred<br />
cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> (Zmebi remusi <strong>da</strong> romulusi troa<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli<br />
gmiris, eneosis, STamomavlebad miiCnevian).<br />
Tu romauli legendis qronologias <strong>da</strong>vujerebT, Tu romi<br />
marTlac Cv. w.-mde 753 wels <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>, maSin gamodis, rom ber-<br />
Znul-elinuri civilizacia ara Sori-axlo, mezoblad, ara<br />
mxolod zRvis meore mxares an kunZul siciliaze, aramed uSualo<br />
siaxloveSi, TviT naxevarkunZulzec Tanaarsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
istoriuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, rom adreulSic <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki klasikur epoqaSi, italiis teritoriaze mraval ber-<br />
Znul faqtoriasTan erTad elinuri civilizaciis uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovani centrebic arsebob<strong>da</strong> (piTagorizmi, eleelebi).<br />
ase rom, rogorc Cans, romi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n elinuri civilizaciis<br />
alternatiuli warmonaqnmis funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tumca sakacobrio istoria mravali msgavsi magaliTiT mdi<strong>da</strong>ria,<br />
mainc saocaria, rom gamalebuli <strong>da</strong>axloeba an romis<br />
elinizacia mxolod Cv. w.-mde II saukuni<strong>da</strong>n, anu mas Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo,<br />
rac romma saberZneTi sabolood <strong>da</strong>ipyro. “pirquS laciumSi<br />
xelovnebaTa SetaniT <strong>da</strong>tyvevebulma saberZneTma ukmexi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyrobi Tavad <strong>da</strong>atyveva” _ horaciusis es gamonaTqvami,<br />
83
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, poeturi hiperbolizaciis magaliTia. sinamdvileSi<br />
romauli civilizaciis safuZvlebs an sayrdenebs cvlileba<br />
ar ganucdia, ZiriTadi Rirebulebani (RvTaebaTa <strong>da</strong> winaparTa<br />
Tayvaniscema, samarTali, samoqalaqo Rirseba <strong>da</strong> sxva)<br />
adreuli romi<strong>da</strong>n imperiis bolo dReebamde, yofiT doneze Tu<br />
ara, oficialurad mainc erTnairad dominirebdnen.<br />
marTalia elinurma xelovnebam romis ier-saxe Zalzed<br />
TvalSisacemad Secvala, magram im dros <strong>da</strong> ufro gvianac romaul<br />
sivrces kvals aRmosavluri kulturac amCnev<strong>da</strong> (Tun<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
vTqvaT, pompeis kedlis mxatvroba, romelic egvipturi<br />
zegavlenis magaliTia). <strong>da</strong> saerTod, elinuri kultura (Ziri-<br />
Ta<strong>da</strong>d xelovneba <strong>da</strong> filosofia) mainc ufro romauli sazogadoebis<br />
ze<strong>da</strong> fenaSi iyo miRebuli. istoriuli wyaroebi<br />
cxadyofs, rom mosaxleobis an moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan nawilSi<br />
aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiuri kultisa<br />
Tu wes-Cveulebis gavrceleba ukve gviani respublikis periodi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iwyeba. imperiis <strong>da</strong>cemiswina wlebSi ki, rogorc cnobilia,<br />
am tendenciam “masobrivi epidemiis” saxe miiRo...<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseTi mdgomareobis, aseTi “aRrevis” mxolod imperiis<br />
arealSi moxvedril mraval kulturaTa Soris mimdinare<br />
urTierTdifuziisa Tu urTierTmorgebis TavisTavadi, spontanuri<br />
procesiT axsnis mcdeloba arasakmarisTan erTad ara<strong>da</strong>majerebelic<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos. arsobrivi wvdomisTvis sagulisxmo<br />
miniSnebas an biZgs arc ukve Zalze zogadi, sayovelTaod mi-<br />
Rebul mtkicebad (ingliselebi rom ityvian, common sense-ad)<br />
qceuli abelur <strong>da</strong> kaenur an intensiur <strong>da</strong> eqstensiur kulturaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis konstatacia mogvcems. xsenebul konteqstSi<br />
elinur polisur civilizaciasac <strong>da</strong> romaul “universalur<br />
saxelmwifosac” erTnairi, cnebiT-nominaciurad uZravi<br />
<strong>da</strong> xisti gansazRvreba – adgili eZleva.<br />
ara-<strong>da</strong>, zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom kaenurma tradiciam xmel-<br />
TaSua zRvis CrdiloeT nawilSi civilizaciis ori precendenti<br />
Seqmna. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom orive maTgani amave regionSi<br />
arsebul ufro Zvel, abeluri tradiciis aRmosavlur civilizaciebs<br />
upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>, TiToulis arseboba ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo saerTo tradiciis gansxvavebuli msoflgancdiTi ganazrebiT.<br />
transcendenturisken, kosmiuri harmoniisaken mimarTulma<br />
elinurma azrovnebam <strong>da</strong>sazRvris an formirebis princips<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi ganzomileba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi simwyobre SesZina. romaelebi<br />
ki “brtyel” ganzomilebaSi <strong>da</strong>rCnen, <strong>da</strong>sazRvris<br />
84
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
arsobrivad intensiuri principiT usazRvros, anu eqstenciuris<br />
mocva ganizraxes. an, sxvanairad, romaelebi samyaros<br />
grZnobadi aRqmis, miTosuri cnobierebis im dones ver gascdnen,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c, gaugebarTan <strong>da</strong> mouazrebelTan “Seyra” an/<strong>da</strong> SeuTavseblis<br />
SeTavsebis yoveli mcdeloba, rogorc sakacobrio<br />
kulturis istoria cxadyofs, farul saidumloTa ganmasaxierebel<br />
qimerul arsebaTa “gamoxmobiT” mTavrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qimeras ki, rogorc cnobilia, sakuTari cxovelmyofeli<br />
energiis gamomuSaveba ar SeuZlia, misi arseboba mTlianad masobrivi<br />
emociis, Zrwunvis fsiqoenergetikazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
iqamde, vidre romauli saxelmwifos sivrceSi monaTesave, kaenuri<br />
tradiciis xalxi Tu Temebi erTvebodnen, orsaxovani ianusis<br />
simbolo mimdinare sasazRvro mijnaTa TavSeyra-gan-<br />
Wolvis process sakmaod kargad ergebo<strong>da</strong>. mas Semdeg ki, rac<br />
am sivrceSi gansxvavebuli, abeluri tradiciis xalxis CarTva<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo, universaluri saxelmwifos romaulma modelma, kompitaluri<br />
(laT. compitum _ gzajvaredini, meboZiri) Temis<br />
principma adreuli organuloba <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />
romaul sivrceSi abeluri tradiciis xalxis CarTvas winaparTa<br />
Tu gmirTa suliT gajerebul Zireul Rirebuleba-<br />
Ta “a<strong>da</strong>mianuri” zemoqmedebis muxtis Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Semcirebac<br />
mohyva. orsaxovani RvTaebis simbolizmma pativiscema-mowiwebis<br />
nacvlad Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebisa <strong>da</strong> Zrwola-SiSis qimeruli<br />
elferi SeiZina. sasicocxlo-SemoqmedebiTi organuli bmebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
“gamoTavisuflebuli” sulieri energia destruqciulSi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>isaxa. Sedegad, amgvar garemoSi Camoyalibebul moqalaqeTa<br />
“axali erTobis”, plebsis gauwonasworebuli miswrafebani<br />
roms mudmivi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis, xan Cagrulisa <strong>da</strong> xanac mCagvrelis<br />
teroris viTarebaSi amyofeb<strong>da</strong>... amitomac, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom van<strong>da</strong>lebze adre roms Si<strong>da</strong> barbarosi, plebsi,<br />
Seesia...<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasrul, albaT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom romaulma civilizaciam<br />
umniSvnelovanes miRwevebTan erTad cTomaTa samagaliTo<br />
gamocdilebac <strong>da</strong>gvitova. barbarosTa Semosevis Sedegad<br />
romis <strong>da</strong>cemis istoriuli faqtis saburvels miRma swored<br />
dReisTvisac aqtualuri mniSvnelobis cTomis magaliTi<br />
devs: kulturul tradiciaTa, RirebulebaTa “Sexvedra” gza-<br />
Ta an mijnaTa Seyris analogiuri ar aris. fsiqo-emociuri<br />
“fesvebis” mqone fenomenebi sacnaurni an gaziarebulni mxolod<br />
gverdigverd ganlagebiT an distanciis (Tun<strong>da</strong>c globaluri)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxviT ar xdeba. an, sxva sityvebiT, Rirebule-<br />
85
irakli mWedliSvili<br />
baTa ragind mWidro ganTavseba erTiani Semkrebi zeganzomilebis<br />
gareSe alagis efemerulobas ver gascdeba, sania<strong>da</strong>go<br />
adgilad ver iqceva...<br />
<strong>da</strong> kidev, SesaZlo Semo<strong>da</strong>vebis asacileblad: diax, elinebi,<br />
ase vTqvaT, gavidnen zeganzomilebaSi; diax, marTalia, rom am<br />
gasvlam maTi civilizacia mainc ver ga<strong>da</strong>arCina... magram es Sem-<br />
Txveva romaulisagan sruliad gansxvavebulia _ elinebi ara<br />
aRmosavluris an romaulis msgavs “universalur saxelmwifos”<br />
aSenebdnen, aramed kosmiuri harmoniis Sesatyvis zesaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
civilizaciis Seqmnas cdilobdnen. <strong>da</strong> am<br />
mcdelobis warumateblobis mizezi, an elinTa “<strong>da</strong>naSauli” is<br />
aris, rom maTi “mocaleobiTi” ganazreba-Wvreta transcendeciulSi<br />
gasvliT Tanadroul msoflios, Tanadrouli kacobriobis<br />
SesaZleblobaTa dones Zalze <strong>da</strong>Sor<strong>da</strong>. ramdenime saukunis<br />
Semdeg qritianul kulturaSi elinuri metafizikis<br />
kvlavaRdgoma swored gamoTqmuli mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>sturi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos... magram am <strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saubari Semdeg, momaval<br />
werilSi gagrZeldeba...<br />
86
eitingis diqtatura<br />
nana zardiaSvili<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom ganaTlebis wyurvili<br />
usazRvroa, magram xom ganaTldi, geyofa<br />
_ zedmeti raRa saWiroa!<br />
fiodor dostoevski, <strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong> sasjeli<br />
rogor iwyeba Cemi dRe? gaRviZebisTanave Zilis win baliSis<br />
qveS Senaxul distanciuri marTvis pults viReb <strong>da</strong> televizors<br />
vrTav. rogor mTvardeba Cemi dRe? imave distanciuri<br />
marTvis pultze avtomaturi gamorTvis reJims vayeneb <strong>da</strong> televizoris<br />
gugunis TanxlebiT viZineb. zustad aseve iqcevian<br />
Cemi Svilebic. Cveni cxovrebis soundtrack-i is xmebia, romelic<br />
teleekrani<strong>da</strong>n ismis, efeqturad axSobs SfoTian azrebs <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mxolod SfoTians. amboben, rom mozardi Tavisi cxovrebis 35-<br />
40%-s teleekranTan atarebs, zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani _ 20-25%s.<br />
gamoviTvale, rom ukve 12 weli uwyvetad, fexmoucvlelad<br />
teleekranTan gavatare <strong>da</strong> SemeSin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
* * * * *<br />
kargad maxsovs Cveni pirveli Sexvedra _ Cemma mezoblebma,<br />
airapetovebma, televizori iyides. saRamoobiT ezos bav-<br />
Svebi maTTan multfilmebis sayureblad <strong>da</strong>vdiodiT. mere<br />
Cvenc gagviCn<strong>da</strong> erTi bewo, vercxlisferi “zaria”. pira<strong>da</strong>d Cem-<br />
Tvis swored maSin <strong>da</strong>iwyo era, romelsac axla sainformacios<br />
uwodeben. im dros televizia SezRuduli droiT mauwyeblob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Tavisi programis udides wils sainformacio gamoSvebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mrewvelobaze, soflis meurneobaze, socialistur Sejibrebebze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemebs uTmob<strong>da</strong>. iyo ramdenime saganmanaTleblo<br />
programa, romlis yurebac Rir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelic gviyvar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
kidev filmebi <strong>da</strong> morCa. amitom dro bevri gvqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am Tavisufal<br />
dros yvela Taviseburad vatarebdiT: zogi ezoSi TamaSob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
zogi stumrad <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, zogi mSvenier saubrebSi monawileob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
zogic wigns kiTxulob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sabWoTa televiziis umTavresi funqcia yvelasTvis gasagebi<br />
iyo: is erT saqonels _ ganviTarebul socializms uwev<strong>da</strong><br />
reklamas. eTerSi mxolod erTi centraluri, sakavSiro <strong>da</strong><br />
87
nana zardiaSvili<br />
erTic respublikuri televizia gadio<strong>da</strong>. ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> araviTari<br />
satelevizio bazari, konkurencia <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, aravin<br />
ico<strong>da</strong> sityva reitingi. maxsovs, rogori interesiT vismendi<br />
ambebs imaze, rom amerikaSi uamravi arxi aqvT _ 60 <strong>da</strong> romelsac<br />
gin<strong>da</strong>, imas Sexe<strong>da</strong>v. isic maxsovs, rogor mindo<strong>da</strong> menaxa<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi ucxouri ga<strong>da</strong>cema, Tvali Semevlo romelime<br />
programisTvis, romelsac jadosnuri sityva “Sou” erqva.<br />
mere me teleJurnalisti gavxdi <strong>da</strong> televiziaSi <strong>da</strong>viwye mu-<br />
Saoba. ukve “perestroikis” dros e.w. centralurma televiziam<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri telearxebis Sesaxeb satelevizio cikli wamoiwyo.<br />
maSin vuyure pirvelad gasarTob “Toq-Sous” _ moxuci qalebi<br />
Tavis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qmrebTan qorwinebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanacxovrebis detalebze<br />
laparkobdnen. am detalebma, cxare diskusiam “araferze”<br />
ise gamaoca... momeCvena, rom es yvelaferi absurdulobiT<br />
sulac ar Camouvardebo<strong>da</strong> arc “vremias” <strong>da</strong> arc “na straJe iuJnix<br />
rubeJeis”. verafriT gavige, ratom un<strong>da</strong> mesmina am moxuci<br />
qalebisaTvis... “sxva kulturaa” _ <strong>da</strong>vimSvide Tavi <strong>da</strong> radgan<br />
ukve vicodi, rom sxva kulturisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulobisTvis pativi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> meca, amitom mec avdeqi <strong>da</strong> pativi veci.<br />
gavi<strong>da</strong> dro. Cven ganviTarebuli socializmis Senebas Tavi<br />
mivanebeT <strong>da</strong> Ria, samoqalaqo, samarTlebrivi sazogadoebis Seneba<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyeT. cenzura Sewy<strong>da</strong>, sityva gaTavisufl<strong>da</strong>, gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufali bazari <strong>da</strong> konkurencia. masobrivi komunikaciebis<br />
saSualebebma sruliad axali funqciebi SeiZines. me ki isev televiziaSi<br />
vmuSaobdi <strong>da</strong> vcdilobdi, drois sulisTvis ar me-<br />
Ralata. yvela ciklSi, romlis avtoric viyavi, novacias <strong>da</strong> novatorebs,<br />
reformebsa <strong>da</strong> refomatorebs vaqebdi. magram, rogorc<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, Tanadroulobisadmi adekvaturoba mainc makl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sul vocnebobdi erTi-ori iseTi saganmanaTleblo cikli<br />
wamomewyo, romelic masobriv mayurebels ar gaiTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> mcire, specifikur samizne jgufze iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gaTvlili.<br />
miT ufro, rom arxi, romelzec vmuSaobdi, saganmanaTleblo<br />
mawuyeblobas Tavis umTavres prioritetad asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magram me <strong>da</strong> Cems Zvelmodur miswrafebebs win obieqturi garemoebebi<br />
eRobebo<strong>da</strong>. am garemoebas reitingi erqva, is reitingi,<br />
romelic cota xnis ukan sulac ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelic<br />
axla yvelafris sazomad iqca. Excel-is cxrilebSi Camowikwikebul<br />
procentul maCveneblebs veraviTar kontrarguments ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispirebdi _ saqarTvelos mosaxleobas Wkvianuri ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi<br />
ar sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. sociologebi gvimtkicebdnen, rom<br />
monacemebi swori meTodologiiT iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> savsebiT reprezentatiuli<br />
iyo. ar <strong>da</strong>fiqrebulxarT, ra Zala aqvT ri-<br />
88
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
cxvebs? Tvalis tuSi, romelic wamwamebis sisqes 20%-s matebs;<br />
Sampuni, romelic 34%-iT amcirebs qertlis warmoqmnis saSiSroebas;<br />
kremi, romelic 97%-iT spobs celulits <strong>da</strong> partia,<br />
romelmac xmebis 99% moipova. ricxvebi, ricxvebi, ricxvebi...<br />
nuTu numerologia kvlav aqtualuria? yovel SemTxvevaSi me,<br />
rogorc profani, qvevi<strong>da</strong>n zeviT Sevyureb Cveni drois magebs,<br />
sociologebsa <strong>da</strong> marketologebs, maT idumal manipulaciebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> iZulebuli var virwmuno is, raSic marwmuneben.<br />
Tanamedrove televiziaSi yvelaze “magar” profesionalad<br />
is iTvleba, vinc SeZlebs maqsimalurad “didi segmentis <strong>da</strong>farvas”,<br />
yvelaze farTo “samizne jgufis” gulis mogebas anu mayurebelTa<br />
yvelaze didi procentis moxibvlas. Tendeba, televiziebSi<br />
“profesionalebi” midian <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Ramebamde cdiloben<br />
masobrivi mayureblis survilis amocnobas, misTvis siamovnebis<br />
miniWebas. teleJurnalistis profesionalizmi, misi<br />
adekvaturoba, drosTan Sesabamisoba swored am unariT fasdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> izomeba. mizezi martivia, televiziis Semosavali dRes<br />
reklamazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, reklamas ki mxolod im proeqteb-<br />
Si deben, romelsac yvelaze didi auditoria hyavs. yvelaze<br />
didi auditoria ki masobrivia, anu masaa.<br />
masa igivea, rac rigiTi a<strong>da</strong>miani. Cveni drois Tavisebureba<br />
isaa, rom rigiTi a<strong>da</strong>miani sulac ar ityuebs<br />
Tavs sakuTari “rigiTobis” Taobaze, piriqiT, uSiSrad<br />
ibrZvis rigiTad yofnis uflebisTvis, yvelas <strong>da</strong> yvelafers<br />
am rigiTobas awonebs. rogorc amerikelebi<br />
ityodnen _ gamorCeuloba cudi tonia. masa anadgurebs<br />
yvelafers gansxvavebuls, pirovnuls, saukeTesos.<br />
mas, vinc sxvebisgan gamoirCeva, vinc Taviseburad<br />
fiqrobs, gandevnis safrTxe emuqreba. samyaro yovel-<br />
Tvis masisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli umciresobis araerTgvarovan<br />
erTianobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dRes mTeli samyaro<br />
masad iqca.<br />
xose ortega-i-gaseti, masebis amboxi.<br />
roca axalgazr<strong>da</strong> viyavi, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaTa<br />
mTavari <strong>da</strong>mkveTi <strong>da</strong> momxmarebeli kompartia iyo, axla<br />
_ masobrivi, anu rigiTi mayurebeli <strong>da</strong>, misi Semyure, reklamis<br />
momcemi/<strong>da</strong>mkveTi. masobrivi mayureblis neba ki procentebiT<br />
gamoiTqmeba.<br />
masa referenti ar aris, radgan warmodgenis rigs<br />
aRar ganekuTvneba. is ar gamoxatavs Tavs _ mas zondi-<br />
89
nana zardiaSvili<br />
90<br />
rebas ukeTeben. is ar refleqsirebs _ mas testirebas<br />
utareben.<br />
Jan bodriari, mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi<br />
zondirebisa <strong>da</strong> testirebis Sedegebi ki aseTia: masas nebavs<br />
iumoristuli ga<strong>da</strong>cema 35%-iT ufro metad, vidre raime sxva,<br />
sainformacio gamoSvebebi – 21%-iT ufro Zalian, vidre raime<br />
sxva, xolo saganmanaTleblo _ mxolod 3%-iT un<strong>da</strong>, an kidev<br />
ufro naklebad <strong>da</strong> sul ufro naklebad. misi survili imperatiulia,<br />
upirobod Sesasrulebeli. <strong>da</strong> Tu winaT SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
cenzurisTvis gverdi agevlo, mogetyuebina, rigiT, imave<br />
masobriv mayurebels verafers mouxerxeb. <strong>da</strong> me mivxvdi, rom<br />
televiziam <strong>da</strong> satelevizio bazarma ganaxorciela is, rac ase<br />
moewonebo<strong>da</strong> lenins: mudmivmoqmedi <strong>da</strong> uwyveti “proletariatis<br />
diqtatura”. albaT cxadia, rom rodesac vambob sityva<br />
“proletariats”, sulac ar vgulisxmob im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, vinc mZime<br />
SromiT Soulobs lukma-purs. ubralod imis Tqma min<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
umravlesobam umciresoba sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa. me ki ase mixaro<strong>da</strong><br />
liberaluri demokratiis “<strong>da</strong>dgoma”, radgan vicodi, rom<br />
liberalizmi umciresobas umravlesobis diqtatisgan icavs.<br />
liberalizmi, <strong>da</strong> dRes es aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes,<br />
didsulovnebis zeobaa: es is uflebaa, romelsac<br />
umravlesoba umciresobas uTmobs, de<strong>da</strong>miwaze odesme<br />
gaJRerebul SeZaxilTa Soris es SeZaxili yvelaze ke-<br />
TilSobiluria. man gvauwya, rom amieri<strong>da</strong>n mtris arsebobas,<br />
rac mTavaria, Cvenze susti mtris arsebobas, veguebiT.<br />
aravin elo<strong>da</strong>, rom kacobrioba aseT nabijs ga<strong>da</strong>dgam<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aseT lamazs, aseT paradoqsuls, aseT natifs,<br />
aseT akrobatuls, aseT arabunebrivs.<br />
xose ortega-i-gaseti, masebis amboxi<br />
marTlac, es yvelaferi Zalze paradoqsulia, yovel Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi CemTvis: Tu demokratia <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali bazari ganuyofeli<br />
cnebebia, xolo Tavisufali bazris pirobebSi momxmarebeli<br />
“istoriis mTavari moqmedi gmiria” (Jan bodriari,<br />
mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi), radgan is <strong>da</strong>mkveTi <strong>da</strong> klientia,<br />
xolo momxmarebeli masobrivi cnebaa, maSin rogorRa<br />
icavs liberalizmi umciresobas umravlesobisgan? SexedeT<br />
kino <strong>da</strong> teleindustrias, zoga<strong>da</strong>d process, romelsac kulturuls<br />
vuwodebT, reitingiT marTuls, masze upirobod <strong>da</strong>mokidebuls,<br />
misi survilis morCils.
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
yovelTvis miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom masebi informaciis masobriv<br />
saSualebaTa gavlenas ganicdis... magram komunikaciis<br />
procesis aseTi gamartivebuli gagebisas ver vam-<br />
CnevT mTavars: masa bevrad ufro Zlieri mediumia, vidre<br />
yvela masobrivi informaciis saSualeba erTad aRebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad isini ki ar imorCileben masebs, piriqiT,<br />
masebi nTqavs <strong>da</strong> ipyrobs mas, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
morCilebas gaurbis. arsebobs ara ori, aramed mxolod<br />
erTi dinamika _ dinamika masisa <strong>da</strong> amave dros masobrivi<br />
informaciis saSualebebisa. Mass(age)is message.<br />
Jan bodriari, mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi<br />
vici, rom banalur SekiTxvebs vsvam, magram geficebiT, me<br />
ubralod aTasjer gagonils ki ar vimeoreb, yvela es kiTxva<br />
kidev erTxel TavisTavad <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> CemSi, rogorc konkretuli,<br />
xelSesaxebi gamocdilebis produqti.<br />
survilis generatori<br />
migiqceviaT yuradReba, rogoria “sareklamo Wrebi” arCevnebis<br />
dros? miaxloebiT aseTi:<br />
• sareklamo tixari<br />
• “Always”-is sareklamo rgoli<br />
• “Head and shoulders” – is sareklamo rgoli<br />
• politikuri partiis sareklamo rgoli<br />
• sxva politikuri partiis sareklamo rgoli<br />
• kbilis pastis sareklamo rgoli <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
• sareklamo tixari<br />
zustad am logikiTvea ganlagebuli banerebi quCaSi _<br />
erTze WurWlis sarecx saSualebas gvawoneben, meoreze _ politikur<br />
partias, anu Rirebulebebs, ideologias, kredos. saqoneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> ideologia erT sibrtyeSi moeqca. swored mas Semdeg,<br />
rac es TvalnaTeli ilustracia <strong>da</strong>vinaxe, mivxvdi, ras gulisxmoben,<br />
rodesac amboben, rom dRes politikam yvela sa<strong>da</strong>ve<br />
ekonomikas ga<strong>da</strong>abara, xolo zednaSeni <strong>da</strong> bazisi gaerTian<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samyaro orad gaiyo: saqonlad <strong>da</strong> momxmareblad. mayurebeli<br />
momxmarebelia, amitom televiziaSi mTavari reklama <strong>da</strong><br />
anonsia, radgan anonsic reklamaa, oRond Si<strong>da</strong> reklama, konkretuli<br />
telekompaniis produqciis reklama. ar vici, ramdena<strong>da</strong><br />
aqvT gacnobierebuli es <strong>qarTuli</strong> telekompaniebis xelmZRvanelebs,<br />
magram cxadia, rom TiTqmis yvela arxis samau-<br />
91
nana zardiaSvili<br />
wyeblo badeSi anonss <strong>da</strong> reklamas centraluri adgili ukavia,<br />
xolo ga<strong>da</strong>cemebs <strong>da</strong> filmebs maTi Tanmdevi movlenis, umniSvnelo<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebis roli aqvs <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli. SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>amoklo filmi,<br />
sareklamo Wris dros ga<strong>da</strong>axvio, mTavaria, anonsi <strong>da</strong> reklama<br />
gavides srulad. me TviTon, Cemi xeliT vakeTebdi amas, roca<br />
programebis direqciaSi vmuSaobdi. vicodi, rom anonsis gamotovebas<br />
aravin mapatieb<strong>da</strong>, rac Seexeba films, miT ufro samecniero<br />
xasiaTisas, misi <strong>da</strong>maxinjebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moklebisTvis araferi<br />
melo<strong>da</strong>. amas winaT “baSi-aCukis” imdenad Semoklebuli versia<br />
vixileT, rom filmis demonstrirebis Semdeg megobris SviliSvils<br />
kidev didxans vuyvebodi baSi-aCukis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals,<br />
vavsebdi lakunebs, romelic sarelamo Wrebma “SeWama”.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom mediis Teoria jer ar Seqmnila,<br />
magram teleJurnalistikis fakultetebze am ararsebul Teorias<br />
mainc aswavlian. yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi, raRa Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, CamoTvlilia zoga<strong>da</strong>d masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT Soris televiziis funqciebic. rogorc wesi, am<br />
funqciebs mediis Teoretikosebi ase gansazRvraven: sainformacio,<br />
sakomunikacio, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, rekreaciuli<br />
(garToba, <strong>da</strong>sveneba), ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> a.S. me ki mgonia,<br />
dRes televizias mxolod erTi funqcia aqvs _ es survilis<br />
generirebaa. me un<strong>da</strong> vuyuro televizors imisTvis, rom momindes:<br />
“Always”-is yidva maSinac ki, roca fertilur asakSi aRar<br />
var, “Head and shoulders”-is SeZena, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arasdros<br />
mqonia qertli, partiisTvis xmis micema, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom ar vici, ra un<strong>da</strong> am partias <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, un<strong>da</strong> momindes<br />
im ga<strong>da</strong>cemis yureba, romlis anonsic vnaxe imisTvis, rom<br />
mere misi yurebisas vuyuro sareklamo Wras <strong>da</strong> isev momindes<br />
yvelaferi is, rac un<strong>da</strong> momindes.<br />
92<br />
teleJurnalisti<br />
“Tanamedroveobas televizoris ekrani<strong>da</strong>n vicnob, Sua saukuneebs<br />
_ uSualod” – ase xsnis umberto eko Tavis gatacebas<br />
saSualo saukuneebiT. rodesac es sityvebi wavikiTxe, mivxvdi,<br />
rom umberto ekosgan gansxvavebiT, me yvelafers mxolod televizoris<br />
ekrani<strong>da</strong>n vicnob, absoluturad yvelafers. magaliTad,<br />
zafxulis mziani saRamos myudroebas mxolod satelevizio<br />
kadris meSveobiT SevigrZnob. Tu aseT mSvenier saRamoSi<br />
uSualod movxvdi, me mas ubralod ver vxe<strong>da</strong>v. is ki ara<strong>da</strong>, aRmovaCine,<br />
rom am bolo dros ynosva saerTod <strong>da</strong>vkarge <strong>da</strong> mivxvdi<br />
ratomac: es funqcia telemayurebels jerjerobiT ar sWirde
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
ba. madloba RmerTs, rom mesmis <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, vxe<strong>da</strong>v.<br />
ekranze aRbeWdili realoba is garemoa, romelSic vcxovrob.<br />
magram mas xom viRac qmnis. viRac, vinc arCevs Sesabamis<br />
faqtebs, movlenebs, a<strong>da</strong>mianebs <strong>da</strong> misTvis sasurveli TanmimdevrobiT<br />
alagebs. maT SeuZliaT sruliad umniSvnelo faqti<br />
mTavar movlenad aqcion, xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovani ise miCqmalon,<br />
rom veravin SeamCnios. es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi televiziebSi mu-<br />
Saoben <strong>da</strong> samyaros suraTs qmnian. me maTi TvaliT vxe<strong>da</strong>v <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi piriT vlaparakob. <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom maT profesiebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeli hqvia, modiT, areulobis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad<br />
yvelas teleJurnalistebi, an ubralod Jurnalistebi<br />
vuwodoT, miT ufro, rom Jurnalisti mainc procesis centraluri<br />
personaJia _ is, vinc ismis <strong>da</strong> Cans.<br />
Jurnalisti marTlac Zlevamosili figuraa, isaa, visac SekiTxvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>smis ufleba aqvs. hkiTxeT fsiqologebs, aseTi<br />
ufleba bevrs ar eZleva. Svilis oTaxSi gaufrTxileblad Sevardnil<br />
mSobels “aqvs ufleba” <strong>da</strong>svas SekiTxva: “ras akeTebdi?”<br />
<strong>da</strong> eWviT Sexedos teleekrans, sa<strong>da</strong>c sul ramdenime wamis<br />
win aSkarad Can<strong>da</strong> vulgaruli erotikuli filmis kadrebi;<br />
cols “aqvs ufleba” RamiT gvian <strong>da</strong>brunebul qmars mkacrad<br />
hkiTxos: “aqamde sad iyavi?”; maswavlebels “aqvs ufleba” moswavles<br />
uTxras: “ratom ar moamzade gakveTili?”; Jurnalists<br />
“aqvs ufleba” <strong>da</strong>svas nebismieri SekiTxva. es ufleba maT Cven,<br />
an raRac gaugebarma Zalam ga<strong>da</strong>sca. sabralo respondentma ki<br />
moRalate qmris, zarmaci moswavlisa <strong>da</strong> garyvnili mozardis<br />
msgavsad <strong>da</strong>smul SekiTxvaze un<strong>da</strong> upasuxos, ufro swored, pasuxi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> agos. gana SekiTxvis <strong>da</strong>smis ufleba avtoritaruli<br />
ufleba ar aris?<br />
sul raRac 150-200 wlis win am avtoritarul uflebas <strong>da</strong>,<br />
saerTod, misi saxeliT laparakis uflebas <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> gansakuTrebul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aniWeb<strong>da</strong>: “iveriaSi”, “ciskarSi”, “droebaSi”<br />
“Zaan magari” Jurnalistebi ibeWdebodnen: ilia WavWavaZe,<br />
niko nikolaZe, vaJa-fSavela, akaki wereTeli... isini warmoadgendnen<br />
qarTul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, rigiTi <strong>da</strong> ararigiTi qar-<br />
Tvelic maTi meSveobiT, maTi piriT laparakob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gavi<strong>da</strong> dro <strong>da</strong> masmediis saSualebebis raodenobam uTvalavs<br />
miaRwia. isini gamodian yoveldRe, dReSi orjer, saaTSi samjer.<br />
televizia ki perpetuum-mobiled iqca, is ar Cerdeba, is<br />
mudmivad mauwyeblobs <strong>da</strong> is bevria. warmoidgineT, sa<strong>da</strong>a imdeni<br />
vaJa-fSavela, ilia WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong> akaki wereTeli, rom yvela televiziis<br />
saStato Semadgenloba Seavsos? gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aravis<br />
93
nana zardiaSvili<br />
gauzomia Cveni klasikosebis publikaciebis reitingi. eWvi<br />
maqvs, rom monacemebi arc Tu saxarbielo iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. ara<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
gavarkvieT, maRali reitingi Jurnalistis profesionalizmis<br />
mTavari sazomia. ra un<strong>da</strong> icodes dRes qarTvelma teleJurnalistma<br />
imisTvis, rom mayureblis mowoneba <strong>da</strong>imsaxuros,<br />
ra un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos?<br />
1. sxapasxupiT laparaki.<br />
2. sufliori<strong>da</strong>n teqstis sxartad wakiTxva.<br />
3. interviuebs Soris erTi cicqna ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli teqstebis<br />
Casma<br />
4. respondentze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />
5. mikrofoniT xelSi defilireba<br />
...<strong>da</strong> meti, mgoni, arc araferi. amas winaT samsaxuri <strong>da</strong>vkarge<br />
<strong>da</strong> roca axlis moZieba <strong>da</strong>viwye, bevrma Cemma nacnobma TanagrZnobiT<br />
mkiTxa: “wera ici? ai, magaliTad, SegiZlia sainformacio<br />
bukleti moamzado?”. sruliad logikuri SekiTxvaa, me<br />
xom teleJurnalisti var. televiziaSi ki mTavari gamosaxuleba,<br />
imiji, kadria _ kadrebi wyveten yvelafers! sityvas <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli<br />
roli aqvs, miT ufro <strong>da</strong>weril sityvas. Tu vinme<br />
<strong>da</strong>kanonebuli balansis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets, mas aucileblad<br />
araprofesinalizmSi amxelen: “ ra aris es _ radioa?”<br />
94<br />
“... Cveni civilizacia image-oriented-ad iqca, is vizualur<br />
xatzea orientirebuli, es ki wignierebas akninebs”.<br />
umberto eko, gutenbergi<strong>da</strong>n internetamde<br />
iqneb amitomaa aseTi gulgrili Cveni <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> kargi<br />
teqstisadmi, iqneb amitom veRar gamoarCevs maT cudTagan,<br />
iqneb es <strong>da</strong>ltonizmi swored teleekranma gamoumuSava?<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vapirispiroT vizualuri <strong>da</strong> verbaluri<br />
komunikacia, ubralod, orive un<strong>da</strong> srulvyoT. saSualo<br />
sakuneebSi vizualuri komunikacia xalxisTvis werilobiTze<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. Sartris taZari<br />
Tavisi kulturuli mniSvnelobiT sulac ar Camouvardebo<strong>da</strong><br />
samyaros werilobiT xat-suraTs. taZari Tavisi<br />
drois televizori iyo. gansxvaveba isaa, rom, saSualo<br />
saukuneebis teleprogramebis mTavar re<strong>da</strong>qtors<br />
kargi wignebi uyvar<strong>da</strong>, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri fantazia hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
keTildReobisTvis irjebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
umberto eko, gutenbergi<strong>da</strong>n internetamde
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
magram Tu televiziis umTavresi funqcia survilis generirebaa,<br />
xolo warmatebis sazomi masobrivi mayureblis keTilganwyoba,<br />
maSin raRa saWiroa mdi<strong>da</strong>ri fantazia <strong>da</strong> kargi wignebis<br />
siyvaruli? piriqiT, rac ufro metad waagavs Jurnalisti<br />
Tavis mayurebels, rac ufro msgavsia auditoriisa <strong>da</strong> Jurnalistis<br />
TvalTaxedva, gemovneba, miT ufro zustad, ufro<br />
adekvaturad Seasrulebs is Tavis movaleobebs <strong>da</strong> amisTvis<br />
araviTari sociologiuri <strong>da</strong> marketinguli kvleva aRar <strong>da</strong>s-<br />
Wirdeba: “Сам себе фокус группа”. saSualo saukuneebis telere<strong>da</strong>qtoris<br />
namuSevari erTaderTobiT fasob<strong>da</strong>, Cveni drois teleJurnalistisa<br />
ki – tiraJiTa <strong>da</strong> masobriobiT.<br />
TAKE IT EASY<br />
rac aRar vmuSaob, uamravi dro maqvs <strong>da</strong> televizors mTeli<br />
dRe vuyureb _ saaTSi erTxel <strong>qarTuli</strong> axali ambebi, <strong>da</strong>nar-<br />
Cen dros ucxouri ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi, ufro xSirad rusuli, radgan<br />
inglisuri cu<strong>da</strong>d vici, xolo germanuli <strong>da</strong> italiuri saer-<br />
Tod ar mesmis.<br />
dRe saSineli dilis ga<strong>da</strong>cemebiT iwyeba, rusuli programebi<br />
mTlianad momxmareblis interesebzea ga<strong>da</strong>rTuli, qarTulebi<br />
TiTqos ufro mravalferovnebas iCemeben... yvela erTad<br />
ki optimisturi, ritmuli <strong>da</strong> xalisiania. me aseT intensiur mxiarulebas<br />
ver vuZleb <strong>da</strong> balansisTvis dili<strong>da</strong>nve kinoarxebze<br />
SemaSinebel trilerebs <strong>da</strong>veZeb. dilis ga<strong>da</strong>cemebs serialebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sainformacio gamoSvebebis erTferovani nakadi mosdevs.<br />
ai, sareklamo Wram myudroeba <strong>da</strong>mirRvia, me pults vi-<br />
Reb <strong>da</strong> sxva arxs vafareb Tavs. araviTari gansxvaveba, Semdeg<br />
reklamamde aq <strong>da</strong>vrCebi, es ga<strong>da</strong>cema xom tyupiscaliviT waagavs<br />
winamorbeds. axla ukve 60 arxi meca maqvs, magram es mravalferovneba<br />
im warsul, sabWoTa erTferovnebaze ufro monotonuria<br />
_ sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saTaurebi, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive Sinaarsi.<br />
vzivarT me <strong>da</strong> dro televizorTan, me imas vklav, is ki _ me.<br />
gamosaxuleba <strong>da</strong>xtis, <strong>da</strong>rbis, yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>klipuli, <strong>da</strong>Cexili<br />
<strong>da</strong> diskretulia. Tavbru<strong>da</strong>mxvevi tempi Tanamedrove televiziis<br />
warmatebisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia.<br />
ar vici, ramdena<strong>da</strong>a Semowmebuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
yovel 5 wuTSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis yuradReba dundeba <strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong>sveneba<br />
esaWiroeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, “magari” profesionalebi<br />
am mosazrebas upirobod iziareben: satelevizio ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
tempiani un<strong>da</strong> iyos, kaleidoskopuri, swrafi. sinele miuteve-<br />
95
nana zardiaSvili<br />
beli codvaa. <strong>da</strong>Weri, <strong>da</strong>Cexe, gawyvite, gatixre, ga<strong>da</strong>fare, gaaxmovane,<br />
<strong>da</strong>klipe, Torem mayurebels yuradReba moudundeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>grTavs. “<strong>da</strong>klipulobis” xarisxi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Sens progresulobas,<br />
Tanamedroveobas. ar <strong>da</strong>tovo erTi <strong>da</strong> igive kadri<br />
30 wamze didxans, Torem <strong>da</strong>viRupebiT.<br />
epoqis suli simsubuqesa <strong>da</strong> siswrafeSi gvavaldebulebs.<br />
“sad <strong>da</strong>ikarga mSvenieri, seriozuli saubari?” _ kiTxulobs<br />
mudmivad Cemi megobari. mSvenieri saubari, romelic sakuTar<br />
logikas miyveba <strong>da</strong> romlis drosac sityva azrTan erTad ibadeba,<br />
temps agdebs, amitom Zvelmoduria. wamyvanmac <strong>da</strong> respondentmac<br />
swrafad un<strong>da</strong> ilaparakon, nu movekidebiT zedmetad<br />
seriozulad sityvebs, maT mainc aravin usmens.<br />
saganmanaTleblo programebic amave midgomiT mzaddeba.<br />
Zvel egvipteze films moCvenebebis Sesaxeb filmi cvlis. mayurebeli<br />
orives erTnairi seriozulobiT aRiqvams <strong>da</strong> moCvenebebi<br />
iseTive realobad miaCnia, rogoric odesRac iyo egvipte.<br />
miT ufro, rom orive uxva<strong>da</strong>a ilustrirebuli rekonstruqciiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmiTi scenebiT. saerTod, dokumentur <strong>da</strong> samecniero-popularul<br />
filmebSi rekonstruqcias centraluri<br />
adgili eTmoba. rekonstruqcia sanaxaobrivia, informaciis<br />
monelebas aadvilebs, amsubuqebs. rogorc Cemi meore megobari<br />
ambobs, boloJamis erTi-erTi niSani isicaa, rom dokumenturi<br />
kino mxatvrulad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna, xolo mxatvruli _ dokumenturad.<br />
ase SeZenili codna tempfails hgavs, rogorc ki ZiriTad<br />
fails <strong>da</strong>xurav, isic myisierad qreba.<br />
maTi (masebis) <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba Sinaarsis an Tun<strong>da</strong>c Setyobinebis<br />
kodis mniSvnelobaSi verafriT moxerx<strong>da</strong>.<br />
masebs gzavnils sTavazoben, maT ki mxolod niSnebi ainteresebT,<br />
radgan simboloTa TamaSi Wris Tvals, stereotipebs<br />
emonebian <strong>da</strong> aRiqvamen mxolod imas, rac sanaxaobrivia.<br />
yvelaferi ukuRma trialdeba. imis nacvlad,<br />
rom masa energiad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas, informacia masis<br />
kvlavwarmoqmnis mizezi xdeba.<br />
Jan bodriari, mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi<br />
gaxsovT, rogor cdilob<strong>da</strong> liza simfsoni Tavis TanatolebSi<br />
popularoba moepovebina? miutevebeli codvasaviT malav<strong>da</strong><br />
imas, rom wignebi uyvar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> irwmunebo<strong>da</strong>, rom yvelaferi,<br />
rac ki icis, televizoriT iswavla. mxolod aseT codnas<br />
patiobdnen Tanatolebi _ msubuqs, martivs, SemecnebiTgasarTobs.<br />
96
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
dro<strong>da</strong>dro TiTqmis yvela soliduri arxi cdilobs Tavis<br />
badeSi erTi-ori inteleqtualuri ga<strong>da</strong>cema ganaTavsos. aseT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemebs SinaurobaSi “saimijos” uwodeben. maTi meSveobiT<br />
televiziis yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
funqcias uxdian xarks <strong>da</strong> Tavsac imSvideben<br />
_ Cven ki viciT, ra aris saWiro, magram ra vqnaT, masas<br />
aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi ar moswons.<br />
magram iqneb isea, rogorc bodriari ambobs _ moTxovnileba<br />
ki ar warmoqmnis saqonels, aramed warmoebis manqana _ mo-<br />
Txovnilebas. Cven ki, teleJurnalistebi <strong>da</strong> mayurebeli, erTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> imave procesis obieqtebica varT <strong>da</strong> subieqtebic.<br />
* * * * *<br />
winaT mxolod erTi televizori gvqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> distanciuri<br />
marTvis pultisTvis sisxlismRvreli omebi imarTebo<strong>da</strong>. gamarjvebuli<br />
absolutur Zalauflebas flob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>marcxebulebi<br />
mas SuriTa <strong>da</strong> boRmiT SevyurebdiT. axla Cven yvelas sakuTari<br />
televizori gvaqvs. is, romelic yvelaze didia, de<strong>da</strong>boZiviT<br />
sastumro oTaxis centrSi dgas. gaviRviZebT, erTmaneTs<br />
duned mivesalmebiT <strong>da</strong> mere mTeli dRe Cven Cvens ekranebs<br />
SevyurebT: biWs multfilmebi <strong>da</strong> boevikebi uyvars, gogos<br />
_ MTV, me _ politika <strong>da</strong> sainformacio gamoSvebebi. ra gvaqvs<br />
saerTo?! araferi – sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samizne jgufs ganvekuTvnebiT.<br />
televizia imis garantiaa, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi erTmaneTs<br />
aRar elaparakebian, sabolood izolirebulni, isini<br />
pirispir <strong>da</strong>rCnen sityvasTan, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>m upasuxod<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeba<br />
Jan bodriari, masmediis rekviemi<br />
Taroebze kargi, Wkvianuri wignebi devs. yoveldRe erTmaneTs<br />
vpirdebiT, rom xval romelimes ga<strong>da</strong>vSliT <strong>da</strong> waviki-<br />
TxavT. magram macdunebeli pulti martiv, msubuq, iol sanaxaobas<br />
gvTavazobs <strong>da</strong> Cvenc am cdunebas vnebdebiT. wignis dro<br />
aRar gvrCeba... <strong>da</strong> saerTod, aRarafris dro ar gvrCeba, radgan<br />
karga xania drois magivrad qronometraJSi vcxovrobT.<br />
97
98<br />
tribuna
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
globalisturi tendenciebis zegavlena<br />
saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaze anu<br />
memarcxene-konservatiuli diskursi<br />
(literaturuli pamfleti)<br />
avs Tu avi ar vuwodo, kargs saxeli ra <strong>da</strong>varqo?<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viTiani<br />
mogexsenebaT, qarTvelTa modgmis erTi Zveli xalxuri sibrZne<br />
ase JRers: marTlis mTqmels cxeni Sekazmuli un<strong>da</strong> hyavdeso.<br />
eg pragmatuli sibrZne, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, zogadsakacobrio<br />
xasiaTisaa, magram xom gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> masSi Caqsovili ironia<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>sul droTa uzogadesi gamowvevebis pirispir eulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili individis Rirsebaze zrunvas, xom aRviveb<strong>da</strong> masSi<br />
– Tun<strong>da</strong>c gaqcevis imediT – WeSmaritebis moZiebis ganc<strong>da</strong>s?<br />
diaxac, rom gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aRviveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ase iyo, magram ase aRar aris. globalizaciis epoqam am paradigmaSi<br />
SeniSvnebi Seitana, ukan<strong>da</strong>xevisTvis gamosadegi bilikebi<br />
erTbaSad ga<strong>da</strong>raza <strong>da</strong> SeparviT ironiul azrTa Tavisufali<br />
Widili – inteleqtualuri ZaladobiT, individi –<br />
eriT, eri – utyvi samoqalaqo masiT, xolo epoqaluri mniSvnelobis<br />
gamowvevebze adeqvaturi pasuxi – gaTiTokacebul<br />
msxverplTa avtomatizmamde misuli refleqsiiT Secvala.<br />
Rirseba, TviTgvema, sindisi, zneoba – es arqauli, arapragmatuli<br />
kategoriebi TiTqos sabolood gamoricxul-gaZevebulni<br />
arian Tanamedroveobis esTetur-eTikuri saTvalavi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
marTlac, mSobliuri planetis neomalTusianuri ideebiT ga-<br />
ZeZgili, ekologiurad <strong>da</strong>binZurebuli, resursebisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis<br />
mzardi deficitiT <strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>smuli cocxali sxeuli dRes<br />
araTu simarTlis maZiebeli individebiTa <strong>da</strong> maT mier Sekazmuli<br />
jiSiani cxenebiT, ufrore nair-nairi erebisa <strong>da</strong> konfesiebis<br />
wvrilmani <strong>da</strong> egoisturi interesebiTaa <strong>da</strong>xunZluli,<br />
uWirs multikulturuli tvirTis zidva, ganixilavs mas, rogorc<br />
RvTis risxvas <strong>da</strong> – mosalodneli sasjelis Sesamsubuqeblad<br />
– gasuli saukunis demokratiul principebs axal to-<br />
99
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
talitarul dekoracias ise bunebrivad usa<strong>da</strong>gebs, rom iesosdroindel<br />
farisevlebsac ki SeSurdebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c marto is rad Rirs, rom dResac erovnuli Tu konfesiuri<br />
TviTmyofadobis saxeliT de<strong>da</strong>miwis geopolitikuri<br />
ze<strong>da</strong>piri Zveleburad religiur-ideologiuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
qarcecxlSia gaxveuli – oRond gacilebiT uares ekonomikur<br />
<strong>da</strong> demografiul pirobebSi, vidre winaT. odesRac<br />
sabazisod miCneul RirebulebaTa saerTo gaufasurebas, maT<br />
gamofitvasa <strong>da</strong> gaubraloebas bolo ar uCans. saukunovani<br />
dramatizmiT aRsavse klasikuri siuJetebi mimdinare epoqam<br />
ukeTes SemTxvevebSi gaukuRmarTebul komerciul rimeikebad,<br />
uaresSi ki iaffasian komiqsebad gar<strong>da</strong>saxa. romeos Tavganwirva,<br />
otelos eWvianoba, mateo falkones kldesaviT utexi<br />
sijiute Tu ana kareninas suici<strong>da</strong>luri impulsebi Tanamedrove<br />
svingerebs sasacilod aRar yofniT. materialurma cnobierebam<br />
idealuri yofiereba beWebze <strong>da</strong>sca, xolo civma kompiuterulma<br />
inteleqtualizmma jer waleka, Semdeg ki ga<strong>da</strong>xna<br />
tradiciuli azrovnebis didi mwvane veli. ama qveynis<br />
ZlierTa yofiTma pompezurobam ideurad gamoSigna <strong>da</strong> miwas-<br />
Tan gaaswora luzerebisa <strong>da</strong> autsaiderebis – sinamdvileSi<br />
ki natifi <strong>da</strong> susti inteligentebis – odesRac mimzidveli<br />
egalitaruli sayofacxovrebo instinqtebi. bunebrivi skepticizmi<br />
usazRvro <strong>da</strong> sayovelTao cinizmSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>, samagierod<br />
osvencimis, wmin<strong>da</strong> inkviziciisa <strong>da</strong> totalitaruli<br />
cenzuris gamocdileba sabolood Camoiwera, arqivs Cabar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Tan ki warmatebiT gaicvala gonebanakluli kamikaZeteroristebis<br />
feTqebad art-aqciebze, konfesiuri eTnogenocidis<br />
recidivebsa <strong>da</strong> angaJirebuli eleqtronuli mediis<br />
TavzexelaRebul diqtatze. meoce saukuneSi jer nacizmis,<br />
Semdeg ki komunizmis globaluri ideologiebis istoriulma<br />
marcxma arnaxulad waaxalisa aranakleb globalisturi<br />
demokratia. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slam <strong>da</strong> varSavis paqtis<br />
gauqmebam Cveuli safrTxeebi gaaqro, simSvide <strong>da</strong>ubruna<br />
evropelebsa <strong>da</strong> amerikelebs.<br />
nel-nela TiTqos yvelaferi ise lagdebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc saWiroa,<br />
magram eSmaks, Turme, ar sZinebia. mileniumma ukvalod mainc<br />
ar Caiara <strong>da</strong> metismetadTav<strong>da</strong>jerebuli globalistebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> neoliberalebis Wkuis saswavleblad 11 seqtembris postremodernistuli<br />
mizanscenisTvis pirobebi Seamza<strong>da</strong>. "tyupebis"<br />
tragediis filosofiuri mniSvnelobis miCqmalva Cveuli<br />
politkoreqtulobis farglebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. tra-<br />
100
tribuna<br />
diciuli media-garemo TiTqos ga<strong>da</strong>iRala nevrasteniuli tyuilebis<br />
erTmaneTze gauTavebeli agorebiT, amitom, uaxlesi<br />
Taobis politikosebma, media-magnatebma, maT mier <strong>da</strong>qiravebulma<br />
inteleqtualebma <strong>da</strong> Tvalebcimcima telediqtorebma<br />
vinme al. makedonelis mier aprobirebul xerxs mimarTes <strong>da</strong> geopolitikuri<br />
kvanZis gaxsnas misi ga<strong>da</strong>Wra amjobines: niu-iorkis<br />
centrSi azvirTuli samSeneblo nagvis goras eraySi masobrivi<br />
ganadgurebis iaraRis ararsebuli mTebi <strong>da</strong>upirispires,<br />
axlo aRmosavleTis erT zedmetad Tavmomwone diqtators saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis normebi Tavze ga<strong>da</strong>axies, de<strong>da</strong>miwa –<br />
Tavisi mowinave kacobriobiT – polieTilenis gigantur parkSi<br />
SefuTes <strong>da</strong> Tavi erTiani sainformacio maryuJiT waukres.<br />
arc amas Cauvlia ukvalod.<br />
komunisturi alternativisa <strong>da</strong> faSisturi evgenikis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sabolood gamoTavisuflebulma XXI saukunis homo sapiens-ma<br />
(ufro sworad, misma <strong>da</strong>savlurma nairsaxeobam) kidev<br />
ufro ganimtkica imis TviTrwmena, rom sicocxle Tumca mSvenieri,<br />
magram uaRresad xanmoklea <strong>da</strong> TxemiT terfamde stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli<br />
hedonizmis WaobSi Caeflo. ase rom, totalitarizmi<br />
ukv<strong>da</strong>vi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. Tuki meoce saukunem mxolod <strong>da</strong>aCqara mecxrameteSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli procesebi, oc<strong>da</strong>meerTeSi aseTi piri<br />
uCans – ukve demokratiis saxeliT mogviwevs saR <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
individualur azrovnebaze xelis aReba. amis Sedegad<br />
masobrivma a<strong>da</strong>mianma – rogorc informaciuli halucinogenebiT<br />
gapipinebulma <strong>da</strong> mudmiv narkotikul transSi Cavardnilma<br />
biologiurma subieqtma – sabolood guli un<strong>da</strong> aiyaros sakuTari<br />
istoriul-genetikuri kodis xelovnuri gakeTilSobilebis<br />
miamitur <strong>da</strong> yovlad usargeblo mcdelobebze. yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, dReis ga<strong>da</strong>saxedi<strong>da</strong>n (zeg SeiZleba rame Seicvalos)<br />
biologiuri klonireba socialuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
mkvradSobil aRmoCenad, miSel uelbeki ki literaturi<strong>da</strong>n futurologiaSi<br />
komerciuli warmatebis misaRwevad SeWril<br />
umweo konkistadorad warmogvidgeba (imedi viqonioT, rom kacobriobis<br />
srul <strong>da</strong> saboloo sqesobriv ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebas hedonisti<br />
mandilosnebi ar <strong>da</strong>uSveben <strong>da</strong> momavlis mamakacs specifiuri<br />
zooparkis binadris, samuzeumo eqsponatis an, ukeTes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, pikantur gei-klubSi "a<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mi" <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />
personalis samwuxaro xvedrs aacileben). erTi sityviT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli planetaruli Tval-<br />
Tmaqcobisa, multikulturul sociumSi mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> usazRvro liberalizmis saamo <strong>da</strong> saTno princi-<br />
101
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
pebis Zalismieri Canergva mainc ver xerxdeba – erayi, irani,<br />
avRaneTi, kosovo, yarabaRi, afxazeTi, <strong>da</strong>rfuri, ruan<strong>da</strong>, metic:<br />
civilizebuli safrangeTis, germaniisa <strong>da</strong> inglisis islamuri<br />
getoebi amis TvalnaTeli magaliTebia. mokled, gasuli<br />
saukunis tradiciuli atlantizmiT gaJRenTili evrobiurokratiuli<br />
muxruWebi cvdeba, vnebiani diplomatiuri reveransebis<br />
xana warsuls bardeba, xolo globalisturi suliskve-<br />
Teba antiglobalizmis wvril-wvril naRmebze moxSirebul<br />
afeTqebebs veRar audis.<br />
asea, Zabvis gauTavebel zr<strong>da</strong>s adre Tu gvian aucileblad<br />
elviseburi gantvirTva mosdevs. arasaxarbielo prognozi ki<br />
aseTia: qsenofobiuri, mistikuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-rasisturi<br />
crurwmenebiT ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTul urTierTobaTa <strong>da</strong>kemsili Zafi<br />
erTxelac gamayruebeli tkacaniT gaskdeba <strong>da</strong> Cvens antagonistur<br />
multikonfesionalur samyaroSi sabolood mainc yvelafers<br />
<strong>da</strong>erqmeva Tavisi umartivesi saxeli: yvelas omi yvelas<br />
winaaRmdeg. wyveta wyvetisa <strong>da</strong> sisxli sisxlis wil! – savaraudod<br />
swored es gaxdeba XXI saukunis civilizaciuri Cixis<br />
yvelaze popularuli <strong>da</strong> erTob unugeSo slogani. ras izam,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani, yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> gulgrilic ki, mainc ubadruki,<br />
susti <strong>da</strong> saco<strong>da</strong>vi arsebaa – amitomaa, sul gaqcevasa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Cenaze rom miurbis Tvali. ra gasakviria, Tu mavani gamosavals<br />
– rogorc yovelTvis – mravalsaxieri qarizmuli aferistebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n umartivesi receptebis gamoweraSi eZebs <strong>da</strong> zogjer<br />
poulobs kidec. amasobaSi ki kosmiuri Serkinebis usasrulo<br />
asparezi, TviT usulo metagalaqtika, sa<strong>da</strong>c saukunis xangrZlivoba<br />
Cveneburi mikrowamis tolia, paralelebi erTmaneTs<br />
kveTs, xolo gamrudebuli sinaTle varskvlavi<strong>da</strong>n varskvlavamde<br />
kus nabijebiT vrceldeba – olimpiuri simSvidiT<br />
Sescqeris <strong>da</strong> urigdeba imas, rom sadRac miyruebul <strong>da</strong>sakargavSi<br />
mitovebuli misi erTi muwuki – TvaliT uxilavi gonieri<br />
WianWvelebis saco<strong>da</strong>vi panoptikumi – gauTavebeli militarizaciis,<br />
pasionaruli omebisa <strong>da</strong> eTnocentruli konfliqtebis<br />
kerad (gamrudebul sulierebaze rom araferi vTqvaT) Camoyalibebula.<br />
kosmogoniuri zRvari mikrosa <strong>da</strong> makros, klasikasa <strong>da</strong> kiCs,<br />
diadsa <strong>da</strong> sasacilos Soris am keraSi gvarianad morRveulia;<br />
<strong>da</strong> is garemoeba, rom msgavsi samganzomilebiani muwukebi metagalaqtikis<br />
tanze, albaT, trilionobiTaa amosuli, sulac<br />
ar uSlis mis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli mikroskopuli sulieri<br />
102
tribuna<br />
koloniis TviTmarqvia qurumebs – mimdinare istoriuli epoqis<br />
raRac uumcires etapze erebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebis procedurulad<br />
ganmtkicebul politikur Tu ideur liderebs<br />
– xan<strong>da</strong>xan (ara yvelgan <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis) banaluri sareklamo<br />
agentebis rolSic moevlinon de<strong>da</strong>miwis bina<strong>da</strong>rT (gavixsenoT,<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c, ga<strong>da</strong>mdgari gorbaCovis mier italiuri picis<br />
reklamireba, saakaSvilis Rvinoebi, berluskonis mravalmxrivi<br />
media-biznesi, de vilpenis warumatebeli kanonSemoqmedeba,<br />
bzeJinskis mier geopolitikur supermarketSi globalisturi<br />
saWadrako inventariT gawyobili <strong>da</strong>xli, fukuiamas<br />
inteleqtualuri oinebi kacobriobis istoriis <strong>da</strong>srulebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong> sxv.). sareklamo agenti Taviseburi<br />
profesiaa, warmatebis misaRwevad man konkurentis Camocilebis<br />
paralelurad klienturas produqti un<strong>da</strong> Seusa-<br />
Ros, ar <strong>da</strong>uSvas misi Cawola <strong>da</strong>, aba, gana gasakviria, Tuki<br />
globalizaciis epoqis moqurumo komediantebi mrevlisgan<br />
saorWofo kiTxvebis <strong>da</strong>smas pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu ver krZalaven, maT-<br />
Tvis pasuxis gacemas ostaturad Tavs arideben, an agvianeben<br />
mainc?! mravlismetyveli wayruebis xelovnebis zedmiwevniT<br />
floba xom maTi profesii<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. metnaklebad<br />
warmatebulma qurumebma ician, grZnoben mainc, rom<br />
xangrZlivi galaqtikuri istoriis nebismier monakveTze<br />
aRmocenebul samganzomilebian mikrokoloniaSi kritikulad<br />
moazrovneTa kritikuli masa (bodiSi tavtologiis-<br />
Tvis) araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar un<strong>da</strong> Sedges (Tu Sedga, myisierad<br />
ganqurumeba mouwevT sxva, ufro niWieri <strong>da</strong> cinikuri<br />
sareklamo agentebis sasargeblod). simarTlis gaxmovanebis<br />
moraluri problema maT winaSe, saerTod, karga xania aRar<br />
dgas – Tun<strong>da</strong>c mSobliur kolonias mTel Tavis binadrebianad<br />
warRvna emuqrebodes. samagierod, Sinagani diskomforti<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebuli, xolo sayvareli cxeni (manqana, iaxta, vertmfreni,<br />
TviTmfrinavi, kosmosuri xomaldi) araTu Sekazmuli,<br />
aramed movlili, <strong>da</strong>nayrebuli <strong>da</strong> komfortulad mosvenebulia<br />
Zvirfas personalur TavlaSi (moaswreben Tu ara<br />
mis gamoyenebas, sxva sakiTxia). amdenad, sareklamo agentisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavmomwone qurumis hibridi globalizaciis wilxvedr<br />
kacobriobas dRes swored amgvari sinTetiuri kentavris saxiT<br />
warmoudgeba. savaraudoa, rom momaval erTian multikultur<br />
garemoSi kacobriobis TviTmarqvia elitas – mis<br />
konformistul udidebulesobas – cxovelqmedebis erTa-<br />
103
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
derTi realuri <strong>da</strong> friad hedonisturi stimuliRa SerCeba:<br />
morigi msuye energetikuli ulufis garantirebuli molodini<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT globalizebul samyaroSi.<br />
magram yoveldRiurobas araferi aqvs saerTo arc Tvaluwvdenel<br />
metagalaqtikur sazomebTan, arc mucliTmezRapre<br />
kentavrebis mosalodnel degra<strong>da</strong>ciasTan <strong>da</strong> arc usulgulo<br />
<strong>da</strong> ampartavan abstraqtul WeSmaritebasTan. proklamirebuli<br />
globalizmisa <strong>da</strong> latenturi antiglobalizmis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
xanaSi minimalurad <strong>da</strong>saSveb moTxovnaTa simravle sa-<br />
Sualod "gapopsebuli" a<strong>da</strong>mianisgan gamravlebis tabulis<br />
codnasa <strong>da</strong> fexmardi cxenis Sekazmvas Tu ara, kalkulatoris<br />
moxmarebisa <strong>da</strong> msubuqi avtomanqanis <strong>da</strong>qoqvis unar-Cvevebs<br />
mainc Seicavs. aseTi individisTvis samyaros usasruloba<br />
ara imdenad metagalaqtikur sivrceebTan <strong>da</strong> globalizaciur<br />
procesebTan – ufro mSobliuri mwvane planetis bed-<br />
Tan, misi paralelebiTa <strong>da</strong> meridianebiT <strong>da</strong>seril kontinentebTan,<br />
metic – piradi mikrokosmis elementarul nawilakeb-<br />
Tan: qveyanasTan, qalaqTan, sofelTan, zogjer ubanTan, qu-<br />
CasTan, ezosTan, gansakuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevebSi – rbil savarZelTan,<br />
sayvarel televizorTan <strong>da</strong> sakuTar ganumeorebel<br />
loginTanac ki asocirdeba. am ubralo garemoebas yvelaze<br />
ambiciurad ganwyobilma romantikosmac ki angariSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gauwios – sxvanairad mis ambicias <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba arasdros<br />
uweria, xolo ocnebis uSreti ZaliT azvirTebuli saukeTeso<br />
logikuri konstruqciebis magivrad xelSi SerCeba<br />
oden ferfli, fiqcia, fiqri mRaRadeblisa u<strong>da</strong>bnosa Sina.<br />
ukbilo romantikosi saqurumod ki ara, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi<br />
saerTo <strong>da</strong>mcinavi ignoraciisTvis, uaresSi ki Tanamemamule-<br />
Ta zizRiani SefurTxebebisTvisaa – sifaTSi Selawunebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> zurgSi <strong>da</strong>miznebul tyviebze rom araferi vTqvaT – ganwiruli.<br />
saqmiani patriotizmi, yvelaze humanuric ki, Znelad<br />
itans zogadsakacobrio "manilovSCinisa" <strong>da</strong> meqanicisturi<br />
inteleqtualizmis saburvelSi gaxveul dezertirobas. globalizacia<br />
– jerjerobiT mainc – universaluri indulgencia<br />
rodia <strong>da</strong> erovnuli interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvaze xelis aRebas sulac<br />
ar gulisxmobs. marTalia, yvelani erT qvabSi vixarSebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> globalizaciis mZlavr dinebas nafotiviT ayolili<br />
saqarTvelo saerTo wesi<strong>da</strong>n gamonaklisi ver gaxdeba, magram<br />
isic gaviTvaliswinoT, rom global-enTuziastebis ocnebis<br />
koSkis – planetaruli liberalur-demokratiuli "miTlan-<br />
104
tribuna<br />
diis" – proeqti sinamdvileSi jer mxolod pirveli monaxazebis<br />
doneze Tua gawerili.<br />
amitomaa, rom globalizaciis msubuq marwuxebSic ki aqa-iq<br />
wamoiCiteba – xan realurad, xanac virtualurad, – wina epoqebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
urcxvad gadmoyolili imgvari tipis saWirboroto ki-<br />
Txvebi, romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>misamarTeba aqtualuri politikuri<br />
movlenebisken erTgvarad tabu<strong>da</strong>debulic kia; iTvleba, rom<br />
eris mier pasuxi aseT kiTxvebze erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mo<strong>da</strong>a gacemuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoxatuli referendumebis, plebiscitebis, mitingebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva masobriv-demokratiuli sanaxaobiTi procedurebis<br />
mier. marTlac, gana uxerxuli araa kolaboracionizmis<br />
morevSi ga<strong>da</strong>veSvaT <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis saxeliT inteleqtualuri<br />
gansjis obieqtad vaqcioT – sinamdvileSi ki<br />
eWvi SevitanoT – iseT sabaziso RirebulebebSi, rogoricaa,<br />
magaliTisTvis, arCeuli umravlesobis mier qveynis marTva,<br />
erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, saxelmwifo suvereniteti, ker-<br />
Zo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba an<strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratia?<br />
raRa Sors, 90-iani wlebis mitingebSi, veZioT simarTle, gavixsenoT<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c ukanasknel xans sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva interviuebsa Tu<br />
saerTaSoriso forumebze gacxadebuli burjanaZiseuli "Это<br />
выбор нации" – zoga<strong>da</strong>d me<strong>da</strong>savleTeobaze, an cxonebuli Jvanias<br />
legen<strong>da</strong>ruli "I’m georgian, therefore I’m european" – konkretulad<br />
evropielobaze.<br />
magram Seicavdnen ki xelisufalTa es sxarti gamonaTqvamebi<br />
sakuTar TavSi WeSmaritebas, <strong>da</strong> Tu Seicavdnen – ra zomiT:<br />
mTlian WeSmaritebas Tu oden mis marcvals? ra, me<strong>da</strong>savleTeoba<br />
mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc Tavisuflebis ideis saukeTeso gamovlinebaa,<br />
xolo antiglobalizmi – usaTuod <strong>da</strong>sagmobi fenomeni? an<br />
iqneb yofiTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT mowinave erTa<br />
mZleTamZle kavSirSi gaerTianebisken ltolva, fiqri multikulturul<br />
samyarosTan sulieri Serwymis xelsayrel pirobebze,<br />
ekonomikuri integraciisadmi midrekileba, jibeZlieri<br />
ucxoeli patronis maTrobela kultisadmi trfoba, politikuri<br />
Semgueblobac ki – TavisTavad Seicavs sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis <strong>da</strong>naSaulis utyuar niSnebs? iqneb evro erovnuli valutaa?<br />
an rusuli literaturaa krazanis bude? nuTu eris demokratiuli<br />
momavali marTlac Tavsebadia inteleqtualur<br />
ZaladobasTan, gulisamrev socialur uTanasworobasTan, yel-<br />
Si amosul beladomaniasTan, azrovnebis SezRudvasTan, SiSTan,<br />
TviTcenzurasTan, upasuxismgeblo akrZalvebTan?<br />
105
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
magram gana kritikuli azrovneba civilizaciis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ar ubiZgeb<strong>da</strong> "gonieri saWianWveleTis" ambiciur qurumebs tabuebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> dogmebis rRvevisken – winsvlis saxeliT ar tvir-<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong> ubralo mokv<strong>da</strong>vebis gaRizianebul gonebas qurumebis<br />
gmiruli saqcielis naTeli magaliTebiT, ar aqezeb<strong>da</strong> swavlulebs<br />
Tanadrouli sazogadoebis materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri ganviTarebisTvis<br />
aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> mimzidveli mecnierul-filosofiuri<br />
argumentaciis moZiebisken? <strong>da</strong> gana Cveni samSoblo<br />
im erTdroulad uumciresi <strong>da</strong> veeba samganzomilebiani koloniis<br />
elementaruli Semadgeneli nawilaki araa? Sevaxseneb yvelas,<br />
rom arsebobs, aravis gauuqmebia, uzogadesi "mudmivi" ki-<br />
Txvebi: ra? rogor? risTvis? – rac mimdinare qarTul cxovrebasTan,<br />
gnebavT qarTul politikasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba<br />
asec gaiSifros: ra aris Cveni saboloo mizani, ra gvin<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, riTi vapirebT, rom <strong>da</strong>vxvdeT<br />
globalizaciis Tanmdev "STanTqmiT" safrTxeebs – vam-<br />
CnevT ki saerTod maT?<br />
aq uamravi konkretuli – didi <strong>da</strong> patara – sakiTxia. globalizaciis<br />
sawyisma etapma xom Seiwira ukve <strong>qarTuli</strong> fexbur-<br />
Ti, Tbilisis zogierTi ubnis arqiteqturuli iersaxe, "komunisturi"<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> limonaTi <strong>da</strong> laRiZis wyali, moelis Tu ara<br />
igive bedi borjomsa <strong>da</strong> vazs – CvenTvis ufro kulturuli, vidre<br />
ekonomikuri yaidis fenomenebs? ras <strong>da</strong>emsgavseba sabolood<br />
Cveni umaRlesi skola? an<strong>da</strong> raa "Turqi-mesxebis" mosalodneli<br />
Camosaxleba – istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenis gulwrfeli<br />
mcdeloba, gauazrebeli <strong>da</strong> saxifaTo populizmi, Tu<br />
evrosabWosTan "samariaJo" Tema? gagvaCnia ki qarTvelebs<br />
erTiani erovnuli <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo Rirebulebani, Tu yovelive<br />
gaiTqvifa – erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod – uamravi kerZo Tu jgufuri<br />
komponentebiT Sezavebul materialistur koqteilSi? rogor,<br />
ranairi manqanebiT vapirebT mivaRwioT aRTqmul mizans<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsebobs ki marTlac aseTi mizani bunebaSi? <strong>da</strong> bolos: ra<br />
saWiroa amdeni jaxiri, risTvis vewameT, mxolod kinetikuri<br />
efeqtebisTvis <strong>da</strong> sakuTari feris mopovebisTvis msoflio rukaze<br />
(Tumca, es cota rodia)? nuTu SesaZlebelia eris geopolitikuri<br />
mniSvneloba martooden geografiul atlasSi saxelmwifo<br />
simbolikis aRniSvniT, sakuTar teritoriaze milsadenebis<br />
gatarebiTa <strong>da</strong> msoflio telesivrceSi ama Tu im politikuri<br />
lideris brtyel-brtyeli frazebis gaxmovanebiT<br />
Semoifarglos? bolos <strong>da</strong> bolo, xom arsebobs arc mTlad <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli<br />
moaruli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom qarTve-<br />
106
tribuna<br />
lebi dRemde ara Tavganwirvam <strong>da</strong> mterze xmliT Seskdomam<br />
(Tumca iyo Cvens istoriaSic didgori), aramed erovnuli elitebis<br />
labilobam, moqnilobam <strong>da</strong> uprincipobam (sxvanairad Tu<br />
gnebavT – <strong>da</strong>mpyroblis sisusteebze parazitizmma) mogvitana<br />
(Tumca iyvnen, iyvnen Cvens warsulSi qeTevan dedofalic <strong>da</strong><br />
cotne <strong>da</strong>dianic, magram saerTo istoriul aminds mainc saaka-<br />
Zeebi qmnidnen). sxva Tu araferi, petens apatia naxevarma safrangeTma,<br />
beneSs ki – mTelma Cexoslovakiam hitleris winaSe<br />
<strong>da</strong>Coqeba <strong>da</strong> kapitulacia, amis fasa<strong>da</strong>a parizi <strong>da</strong> praRa rom ga<strong>da</strong>urCnen<br />
miwasTan gasworebas <strong>da</strong> Cven, qarTvelebi, visi tikitomara<br />
varT aseTebi <strong>da</strong> vis <strong>da</strong>vkargivarT duniaze? ra, Tav<strong>da</strong>xra<br />
ar gvekadreba?<br />
gulwrfelad gagandobT, rom me, rogorc am opusis<br />
avtors, sulac ar mexateba gulze tradiciuli "mudmivi" ki-<br />
Txvebis esoden provokaciul, momlaSo-momwaro elferis<br />
mqone konteqstSi <strong>da</strong>sma, magram arc maTi xelisa <strong>da</strong> fiqris<br />
erTi mosmiT miusavleTis ukuneTSi gagzavna mimaCnia gamar-<br />
Tlebulad. piriqiT, uaryofiTad motivirebuli pasuxebis<br />
mtkice <strong>da</strong> xarisxiani ideologiuri qviTkiriT gamyarebas vinatrebdi,<br />
amis ucilobel pirobas ki uwinaresad Cems qveyanaSi<br />
saTanado inteleqtualur-politikuri amindis Seqmna-<br />
Si vxe<strong>da</strong>v (sagareo zewolis rolis <strong>da</strong>knineba, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSvebelia, magram Si<strong>da</strong>erovnuli efeqtebis gare faqtorebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>farva mainc gaumarTleblad mimaCnia, miT umetes,<br />
rom qveynis farglebs gareT xeli naklebad migviwvdeba). WeSmariti<br />
xifaTi, rogorc yovelTvis, eSmakiseuli detalebis<br />
formalizaciis sibrtyeSi Zevs. istoriuli magaliTebis meti<br />
raa qveyanaze? bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, "franciculad" gamomcxvari<br />
sisxliani tiranebis, pol potisa (saloT saris) <strong>da</strong> misi gundis<br />
– e.w. "wiTeli qhmerebis" – mier gasuli saukunis 70-ian<br />
wlebSi Tamami socialuri eqsperimentis poligonad gamoyenebul<br />
"demokratiul" kampuCiasac ki TiTqos gaaCn<strong>da</strong> suverenuli<br />
saxelmwifosTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli yvela formaluri<br />
niSani, magram, aba, ra TavSi un<strong>da</strong> ixalos vinmem imgvari suvereniteti,<br />
romelic sisxlis tbebTan, faSistur viviseqcias-<br />
Tan (biWebi erT milionamde apirebdnen qveynis mosaxleobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yvanas), kaciWamia niangebis fermebTan, sakuTari eris genocidTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> kacobriobis winaSe upatiebel, araa<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong>naSaulebTan<br />
iqneba gaigivebuli? ho<strong>da</strong>, gagvaCnia ki dRevandel<br />
qarTvelobas ganviTarebis msgavsi scenaris sawinaaRmdego<br />
uryevi Si<strong>da</strong>politikuri (sasurvel sagareoze rom arafe-<br />
107
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
ri vTqvaT) garantiebi, nebeloba an saTanado sazogadoebrivi<br />
imuniteti? varT mzad ki vaRiaroT, rom globalizaciis<br />
epoqaSic ki <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis ganmtkicebasa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebas,<br />
quCaSi droSebis qnevisa <strong>da</strong> yelyelaobis gar<strong>da</strong>, myari inteleqtualuri<br />
argumentebic esaWiroeba?<br />
zemoxsenebuli "mudmivi" kiTxvebi – raTa anaqronizmebis<br />
albaToba Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aviciloT – swored Tanamedrove, revoluciuri<br />
saqarTvelos politikur konteqstSi iTxovs pasuxs. iq,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c koniunqturas ayolili qarizmuli qurumebi Tu sareklamo<br />
agentebi, ama Tu im sapatio mizeziT, saWirboroto ki-<br />
Txvebze pasuxis patiosnad gacemas Tavs arideben, maTi verbaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>munaTebis tvirTi isev inteleqtualurad alalma<br />
mkvlevarebma un<strong>da</strong> zidon. me mgoni, moraluri TvalsazrisiT<br />
es savsebiT gamarTlebuli poziciaa.<br />
am poziciis <strong>da</strong>sacavad ki, albaT, Rirs goneba <strong>da</strong> mexsiereba<br />
<strong>da</strong>viZaboT <strong>da</strong> metagalaqtikis "WianWveleTi<strong>da</strong>n" dRevandel,<br />
"revoluciur – jer arnaxul" saqarTveloSi gadmovinacvloT.<br />
anu im qveyanaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c "vardebis" xaverdovani revoluciis<br />
mokle CarTviT agizgizebuli modernizaciis procesi<br />
2003 wlis <strong>da</strong>uviwyar noemberSi jer eqs-qurumis, prezident SevardnaZis<br />
mier tribunaze mitovebuli mwvane Cais eqspropriaciiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo, mere saswrafod politgamofenebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
saeqsporto sasaqonlo "brendebiT" Seimosa <strong>da</strong> Semdgom<br />
garkveulwilad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> kidec.<br />
nu <strong>da</strong>vizarebT imis aRniSvnas, rom noembris ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba,<br />
klasikuri tipis revoluciuri miwisZvrebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sxva Tu araferi, imiT maincaa alal mkvlevarTaTvis saintereso,<br />
rom man xelisuflebis saTaveSi "ratomac aras"<br />
principze aRzrdili gogo-biWebis Taoba moiyvana. ratom "ratomac<br />
aras"? Tun<strong>da</strong>c imitom, rom Tbilisis sportis sasaxleSi<br />
pirvelkurselebTan gamarTul did Sexvedraze qveynis<br />
revoluciurma prezidentma swored ase brZana: "roca meubnebian,<br />
rom amis Tu imis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia, me <strong>da</strong> Cemi megobrebi<br />
vambobT: ratomac ara? – <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi mSvenivrad<br />
gamogvdis". is sefe-sityva marTlac rom sagulisxmo iyo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
erTdroulad or propagandistul Tezas – "ratomac<br />
aras" parastudenturi Taobisadmi xotbis Sesxmasa <strong>da</strong> saku-<br />
Tari idealizmis xazgasmas moicav<strong>da</strong>. sazogadod, neitralur<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebels uneburad iseTi STabeWdileba SeiZleba Seeqmnas<br />
(iqneb mc<strong>da</strong>ric), TiTqos Tanamedrove saqarTvelos qarizmuli<br />
liderisTvis erTi miswrebaa, rom msmenelTa audi-<br />
108
tribuna<br />
toria oci wlisa <strong>da</strong> naklebis gogo-biWebisgan Sedgebodes.<br />
marTlac, xom SesaZlebelia, rom asakiT ufrosebs raRac<br />
uxerxuli kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong>ebadoT, uwverulvaSo ymawvilebis garemocvaSi<br />
ki zedmeti cifrebisa <strong>da</strong> fici-mtkicis gareSec iolad<br />
gadixar kaci fons. sakmarisia <strong>da</strong>sWeqo <strong>da</strong> rac SeiZleba<br />
omaxianad galanZRo Seni winamorbedi (mere ra, Tu adre is Seni<br />
mama-marCenali iyo), gauTaveblad imeoro, rom Seni <strong>da</strong> Seni<br />
gundis xelisuflebaSi mosvliT qveyanas, rogorc iqna, <strong>da</strong>adga<br />
saSveli <strong>da</strong> warmateba garantirebulia. nu <strong>da</strong>vukargavT,<br />
axalma qurumma piari <strong>da</strong> reklama, icocxle, kargi icis, magram,<br />
modiT, nurc imas <strong>da</strong>viviwyebT, rom piarsa <strong>da</strong> realobas<br />
Soris arsebul bunebriv napralSi kritikulad ganwyobili<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli erT Rrma grand kanions mainc <strong>da</strong>atevs, jvris<br />
uReltexilze rom araferi vqvaT. egaa oRond, rom egeTi <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi<br />
TvliTaa, xolo napralis siRrmis metnaklebad<br />
sworad SefasebisTvis minimalur politikur gamocdilebas<br />
mainc un<strong>da</strong> flobde, rac esoden akliaT samSoblos siyvaruliT<br />
gulanTebul ymawvilebs. sxvaTaSoris, dRevandeli saqarTvelo<br />
SesaniSnavi ilustraciaa imisa, Tu ra emarTeba<br />
tradiciul saxelmwifo struqturebs, Tun<strong>da</strong>c codvebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mZimebulebsa <strong>da</strong> naklebad efeqtianebs, rodesac maTSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />
xavsmokidebuli Cinosnebis magivroba "araformaluri"<br />
samoqalaqo seqtoris ambiciur pirmSoT uwevT. "vardebis<br />
revolucias" bunebrivad moyva, rac savsebiT mosalodneli<br />
iyo, korumpirebuli administraciuli aparatis generaluri<br />
wmen<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>gvianebulma samarTalma TiTqos puri Wamao<br />
<strong>da</strong> politsanagveze ga<strong>da</strong>bargebul bevr "Zvel" funqcioners<br />
revoluciaSi monawile arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi ("kmara",<br />
"Tavisuflebis instituti" <strong>da</strong> sxv.) fexadgmuli <strong>da</strong> mohunveibino<br />
aqtivisti Caenacvla, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, revolucias<br />
maTi karieruli miswrafebebic xom un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebina. dialeqtikis<br />
kanonebis kvalobaze imdenma friad simpaTiurma<br />
"en-ji-om" ise moulodnelad gamoaCina klanWebi <strong>da</strong> brWyalebi,<br />
rom gacocxlebis Sansi mieca jer kidev maradmwvane studentobis<br />
xanaSi miviwyebul marqsistul Tezas yofierebis<br />
pirveladobisa <strong>da</strong> cnobierebis meoradobis Sesaxeb.<br />
"vardebis" revoluciam" araTu mianiWa <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
samoqalaqo – arsebiTad ki opoziciur – seqtors misTvis<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saxelisuflebo funqciebi, aramed SeparviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>asnebovna kidec mavani, odesRac uwyinari <strong>da</strong> progresulad<br />
moazrovne "enjioSniki", Zalmomreobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usjelobis<br />
109
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
sindromis Zneladgankurnebadi formiT. ase magaliTad, erTerTma<br />
yvelaze gavlenianma "en-ji-om" – saqarTveloSi gan-<br />
Tqmulma "Tavisuflebis institutma" – qveynis revoluciur<br />
parlamentSi sruliad kanonier safuZvelze miavlina ramdenime<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino <strong>da</strong> politikurad momzadebuli Tavisi<br />
warmomadgeneli, romlebmac sakuTari niWis, marifaTisa<br />
Tu mizanswrafulobis wyalobiT sul male – sinamdviles<br />
Tvals Tu gavusworebT – saqarTvelos araoficialuri,<br />
"Crdilovani" parlamentisa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis rolis Sesruleba<br />
ikisres, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sworad gansazRvres saxelisuflebo <strong>da</strong>rtymis<br />
mTavari mimarTuleba – ideologia 1 . ra vici, rogorc<br />
opozicionerebi <strong>da</strong> yofili reJimis Tavga<strong>da</strong>kluli kritikosebi,<br />
msgavsi organizaciebi, SesaZloa, samagaliTod arTmevdnen<br />
Tavs nakisr valdebulebebs, magram saxelisuflebo<br />
inversiis cTunebebs isini aSkarad veRar uZleben. saubedurod,<br />
bevri maTgani umecrebis uxilav maxeSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> gabmuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> axla ZiriTad iaraRad cinizms iyenebs – amiT ki saku-<br />
Tari ambiciuri arakompetenturobis ga<strong>da</strong>farvas cdilobs.<br />
maTi aqtivistebi grZnoben, rom mudmiv miniSnebebs farTo sazogadoebriv<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze karga xania yavli gauvi<strong>da</strong>, situacia<br />
qveyanaSi Seicvala <strong>da</strong> am fonze (gansakuTrebiT Salva ramiSvilis<br />
gasamarTlebisa <strong>da</strong> girgvlianis gaxmaurebuli<br />
mkvlelobis Semdeg) savsebiT konstruqciuli kritikis atanac<br />
ki uWirT. mere kidev am yba<strong>da</strong>Rebuli politikuri grantebis<br />
Tema, amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli tyuil-marTali, gauTavebeli<br />
Worebi...<br />
ki, batono, sruli simarTlea, rom mixeil saakaSvili eris<br />
bela<strong>da</strong>d qarTvelma xalxma didi umravlesobiT airCia, magram<br />
1 sxvaTaSoris, "Tavisuflebis institutis" zogierT aqtivists – gansakuTrebiT<br />
"feradi" revoluciuri <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>s eqsportis <strong>da</strong>uRalav<br />
mcdelobaSi SemCneulT, – zogjer meoce saukunis revolucionerTa<br />
kerps, Ce gevarasac ki a<strong>da</strong>reben xolme. es Se<strong>da</strong>reba – meTodologiis<br />
TvalsazrisiT – iqneb samarTlianic ki yofiliyo, rom ara erTi, Cemis<br />
azriT, umniSvnelovanesi garemoeba: Ce gevara <strong>da</strong> misi komunisti Tanamoazreebi<br />
eTayvanebodnen socialur samarTlianobas mis yvelaze egalitarul<br />
formaSi, <strong>da</strong> yvela, maT Soris usastikesi, xerxiT ebrZodnen<br />
bobolebsa <strong>da</strong> kapitalistebs. qarTveli "Ce gevarebi" ki demokratiuli<br />
liberalizmis saxeliT realurad upirispirdebian Raribebsa <strong>da</strong> Cagrulebs,<br />
emxrobian ra socialuri usamarTlobis instituciur <strong>da</strong>kanonebas.<br />
"kmara", Tavis droSaze gamosaxuli gevariseuli muStiT, sinamdvileSi<br />
antibiurokratiuli "keTilSobili oligarqiatis” <strong>da</strong>mrtymeli Zalaa,<br />
xolo qarTveli "Ce gevara" ki – oqsiumoroni, sruli uazroba.<br />
110
tribuna<br />
es xom negatiuri, saprotesto arCevani ufro iyo – ise amouvi<strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikulad yvelas yelSi SevardnaZis uniaTo <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli<br />
reJimi. saakaSvilis xelisuflebis pir<strong>da</strong>pirma sagareo-saxelfaso<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebam (ase <strong>da</strong>ufaravad am tipis <strong>da</strong>finansebiT<br />
manamde palestinis avtonomiis administracia Tu <strong>da</strong>ikvexni<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram iq xom radikalurad gansvavebuli viTarebaa)<br />
wina planze saqarTvelos geopolitikuri ganviTarebis konspirologiuri<br />
versiebi wamowia. Zalze samwuxaroa, magram pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />
jorj sorosis mxri<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos Si<strong>da</strong> saqmeebSi Carevisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos axal xelisufalTa "yidvis" faqtologiur<br />
mxares awi odnav obieqturi <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelic ki veRar<br />
ugulvebelyofs – mas amis saSualebas Tavad sorosi ar miscems,<br />
am Temaze imdeni sajaro gancxadeba aqvs gakeTebuli.<br />
ho<strong>da</strong>, raRac angariSi xom un<strong>da</strong> gaewios <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si fexmokidebul<br />
azrs, an, Tu gnebavT, moarul eWvs imis Taobaze, rom<br />
batoni sorosi ara imdenad samagaliTo qvelmoqmedi, keTil-<br />
Sobili mecenati <strong>da</strong> msoflio demokratiis gulmxurvale adeptia,<br />
aramed mesianuri ideebiT Sepyrobili homo politikusi<br />
(Tun<strong>da</strong>c, keTilmosurne), romelic saqarTvelos tipis formalurad<br />
suverenul saxelmwifoebs, Turme, Tavis pirmSo "Ria<br />
sazogadoebis" koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n logikurad gamomdinare, politikuri<br />
eqsperimentebisa <strong>da</strong> sociokulturuli vnebebis gavrcelebis<br />
xelovnur arealad ganixilavs. ra vici, iqneb es yvelaferi<br />
tyuilia <strong>da</strong> ara marto sorosSia saqme, an iqneb mar-<br />
Tlac swored saqarTvelosmagvar mciremiwian poligonebze<br />
SalaSindeba globalisturi civilizaciis ganviTarebis samermiso<br />
sqemebi, <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod – iqneb siduxWiriT <strong>da</strong>Trgunul<br />
yovel umweo qveyanaze TiTo sorosi mainc arsebobs. lamazi,<br />
mere ra rom <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli, SeTqmulebis Teoriaa, ara? (ara<strong>da</strong><br />
istoriis nisli bevr ucnaurobas faravs, marto TiTqmis<br />
uZleveli tamplierebis "gankulakeba" rad Rirs, an<strong>da</strong>, ras ar<br />
itevs kidev mecnieruli konspirologia Sua saukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
dRemde moyolebuli?). amitom, sagranto <strong>da</strong>finansebis yba<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Rebul Temas, Cemi mokrZalebuli azriT, uxilavi ideologiuri<br />
ya<strong>da</strong>Ra un<strong>da</strong> aexsnas <strong>da</strong> saTqmelic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, Tanac – mSvidi,<br />
obieqtivisturi, <strong>da</strong> ara marginaluri, myvirala politikuri<br />
opoziciisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli isteriuli formiT. oh, es<br />
grantebi <strong>da</strong> grantiWamiebi... xom un<strong>da</strong> gairkves, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
am fenomenis moraluri mxare (finansuri Tu garkveulia);<br />
kerZod, ra iyo, ra aris <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> (an ar un<strong>da</strong>) iyos <strong>da</strong>saSvebi<br />
am TvalsazrisiT? maSin, rodesac Seni sakuTari "demokrati-<br />
111
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
uli"' saxelmwifo Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs ar (an ver) asrulebs,<br />
sinamdvileSi ki moqalaqeebis bedi fexze hkidia <strong>da</strong> umu-<br />
Sevrobis zr<strong>da</strong>s liberaluri memarjveneobis principebis mimarT<br />
Tavisi erTgulebiT xsnis, ra gza <strong>da</strong>rCenia am moqalaqes,<br />
miT umetes, Tu igi ara biznesmeni <strong>da</strong> Cinovniki, aramed, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT,<br />
mecnieri an msaxiobia, miT ufro – axalgazr<strong>da</strong>, ambiciuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalasi energiiT aRsavse? riTia aseT pirobebSi ucxoeli<br />
kerZo investorisgan, Tun<strong>da</strong>c politikurad angaJirebulisgan,<br />
aRebuli fuli romelime "keTili" adgilobrivi oligarqisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnul stipendiaze uaresi? arafriT. saerTod, ra<br />
principuli gansxvavebaa <strong>da</strong>finansebis am or wyaros Soris?<br />
araviTari – arc erTia biujetSi asaxuli <strong>da</strong> arc meore, socialuri<br />
samarTlianoba ki orive SemTxvevaSi antisocialuri subieqtivizmiTaa<br />
Canacvlebuli. pirwavardnil demagogias,<br />
umaqnis moralizatorobasa <strong>da</strong> Tavis motyuebas rom SeveSvaT,<br />
sagranto <strong>da</strong>finansebis Semosvlis pirveladi istoriuli foni<br />
xom mainc un<strong>da</strong> warmovidginoT kargad, gavixsenoT sibnele, sicive<br />
<strong>da</strong> usaxsroba naomar <strong>da</strong> gaRletil saqarTveloSi. qveyana,<br />
romelSic codna <strong>da</strong> wesiereba aRar fasob<strong>da</strong> – erTis mxriv,<br />
<strong>da</strong> sikvdils ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili, gonebagaxsnili, ucxo enebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
wignierebasTan arcTu mwyralad myofi axalgazrdebis mTeli<br />
wyeba – meores mxriv. mere <strong>da</strong> ra arCevani hqon<strong>da</strong>T? moberebuli<br />
mSoblebis kisrebze <strong>da</strong> samTavrobo kuponebze SimSiliani<br />
jdoma? aba, eg ra arCevania? mebrZol axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacs (Tu<br />
qals) uTuod raRac sxvaSi un<strong>da</strong> moeZebna gamosavali – emigraciaSi,<br />
iaraRis trialSi, qurdobaSi, kriminaliT <strong>da</strong>binZurebul<br />
biznesSi, politikaSi, arc samTavrobo korufciaSi Tanamonawileoba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> eTakila, Tavad gansajeT... aqeT ki, meore napirze,<br />
nel-nela fesvmomagrebul arasamTavrobo seqtorSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
maRalanazRaurebadi <strong>da</strong> sufTa saqmianoba egulebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yvela es arCevani tendenciebis saxiT Tanaarsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dRemde<br />
Tanaarsebobs saqarTveloSi, viTardeba kidec. egaa mxolod,<br />
rom sagareo <strong>da</strong>finansebis miRebas rac Seexeba, arasam-<br />
Tavrobo organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis mimarT moTxovnebi mainc<br />
gansxavebulia – yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase un<strong>da</strong> iyos. 1<br />
1 amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT un<strong>da</strong> gavixseno: '"vardebis revoluciis" Semdeg,<br />
2004 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis win, romelic "nacmoZraobis" triumfiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, telekompania "imedze" morigi politdiskusia gaimarTa,<br />
romelSic mec, rogorc socpartiis erT-erT "saxes", momiwia monawileoba.<br />
diskusiis erTi nawili maSinac sagareo <strong>da</strong>finansebas Seexo,<br />
kerZod, prezidentisa <strong>da</strong> misi ministrebis saxelfaso anazRaure-<br />
112
tribuna<br />
<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT "revoluciurs – jer arnaxuls".<br />
amerikas namdvilad ar aRmovaCen, Tuki erTxelac aRvniSnav,<br />
rom yvelanairi revolucia – yvelaze xaverdovani, xelovnuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kolbaSi gamoyvanilic ki – mainc sakuTrebis xelaxal<br />
<strong>da</strong> mtkivneul ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
amasTan, klasikuri sisxliani revoluciebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
globalizaciis epoqis "feradi" ("vardebis" <strong>qarTuli</strong>, "narinjisferi"<br />
ukrainuli <strong>da</strong> a.S.) revoluciebi xels uwyoben sakuTrebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas adre ukve Camoyalibebul elitebs<br />
Soris, revoluciuri masebis materialur interesebs ki, faqtobrivad,<br />
ugulebelyofen. ase rom, aseTi revoluciebi Sinaarsobrivad<br />
"memarjvene", formiT ki – "memarcxene" xasia-<br />
Tisaa. amrigad, "feradi" revoluciebis saxiT, saqme gaorebuli<br />
bunebis fenomenTan gvaqvs. magram am tipis revoluciebic,<br />
msgavsad klasikuri analogebisa, rogorc wesi, ori gansxvavebuli<br />
scenariT viTardeba: an – postrevoluciuri sazogadoebis<br />
lpoba-<strong>da</strong>WaobebasTan mibmuli Termidoruli ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba,<br />
an – Sokuri Terapiis gamoyeneba imave sazogadoebis<br />
swrafi <strong>da</strong> metad mtkivneuli modernizaciis mizniT (magram<br />
isic SesaZlebelia, rom orive scenari arasicocxlisunariani<br />
aRmoCndes <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m gamosavali kontrrevoluciaSi<br />
eZebos). sxva ambavia, rom erTob karikaturuli, <strong>da</strong>dgmuli,<br />
xelovnuri ieris mqone "feradi" revoluciebi, <strong>da</strong><br />
iqneb swored amaSi vlindeba garkveuli istoriuli kanonzo-<br />
bis sorosis fondisa <strong>da</strong> sxva arasaxelmwifo wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xdis wess<br />
(Tu uwesobas). me ki vicodi (axlac vici), rom ase ar varga, ar SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> am gziT problemebi eqmneba nebismier xelisuflebas, magram biWi xar<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaitane Seni azri, roca auditoriaSi am Temaze laparaks TiTqmis<br />
aravin miiCnevs saWirod <strong>da</strong> xelsac aqtiurad giSlian. mainc vixelTe<br />
dro, Cavigde mikrofoni <strong>da</strong> wamovwie es sakiTxi, SevekiTxe cxonebul<br />
premier Jvanias: "batono zurab! nuTu Tqven, suverenuli demokratiuli<br />
qveynis mTavrobis xelmZRvanels, ar geuxerxulebaT, rodesac<br />
sxdomas atarebT <strong>da</strong> iciT, rom Tqveni kolegebi xelfass ara saxelmwifosgan,<br />
aramed ucxoeli kerZo pirisgan iReben? saerTod, aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
ra <strong>da</strong>moukideblobazea laparaki?". batoni Jvania pasuxs ar gaeqca:<br />
me ufro is meuxerxulebao, rom pensionrebs fuli wavarTva <strong>da</strong> am<br />
fuliT ministrebs xelfasi movumatoo. maSin amiT Tema amoiwura, magram<br />
mere, rodesac Jvanias sityvebs Cavufiqrdi, mivxvdi, rom garkveul<br />
Sinagan diskomforts mainc ganicdi<strong>da</strong> (SeiZleba ise, rom sakuTar<br />
Tavs arc ki umxel<strong>da</strong>) es Wkviani kaci (zedmeti Wkuisgan rac <strong>da</strong>emarTa,<br />
yvelam viciT). aba, <strong>da</strong>ukvirdiT: ufro is meuxerxulebao – e.i. mainc euxerxulebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
keTili saqmeebis ki aravis euxerxuleba, miT umetes, moqmedsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> piaris fasis kargad mcodne gamocdil politikosebs.<br />
113
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
miereba, sajaro lanZRva-ginebisa <strong>da</strong> wivil-kivilis TanxlebiT<br />
sasamarTlo devnis xifaTisgan aTavisufleben Sesabamisi<br />
qveynebis ukve yofil, ga<strong>da</strong>mdgar umaRles xelmZRvanelebs<br />
(Seva<strong>da</strong>roT erTmaneTs ludoviko kapetisa <strong>da</strong> eduard SevardnaZis,<br />
nikoloz romanovisa <strong>da</strong> leonide kuCmas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c imre<br />
nadisa <strong>da</strong> askar akaevis bedi). saqme isaa, rom fsiqosocialuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT isini revolucionerebisTvis mainc axlobeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> gasagebi personaJebi arian. amitom, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi<br />
Svilobilebi maT Tavs anebeben, uaresSi – ki emigraciaSi<br />
wasvlas aiZuleben, magram usaxsrod <strong>da</strong> bedis anabara TiTqmis<br />
arasdros toveben.<br />
magram, batonebo, sakiTxavia, Tu ratom mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc Cven<br />
– saqarTvelo? nuTu esec mimdinare globalizaciis imperatiuli<br />
moTxovna iyo? Cven xom zustad iseve, rogorc sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris rRvevis periodSi, saklaso oTaxis wina rigSi Camwkvrivebuli<br />
TiTiT saCvenebeli "pirveli moswavleebi" aRmov-<br />
CndiT. faqtia, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi "vardebis" revolucia<br />
win uswreb<strong>da</strong> forToxlis wvenis <strong>da</strong>mkvrelur <strong>da</strong>wurvas kievis<br />
mai<strong>da</strong>nze, titebis cvenas yirgizeTSi, Seumwvari qababebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rigebas baqoSi, kartofilis umad xarSvis Cavardnil mcdelobas<br />
beloveJis miusafar tyeebSi...<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad <strong>da</strong> zogadi suraTis ukeT warmosadgenad<br />
mogviwevs saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi CaZiebac<br />
<strong>da</strong> imis aRiarebac, rom strategiuli TvalsazrisiT saqar-<br />
Tvelo globalizmis epoqaSic rCeba samxreTkavkasiuri Tavsatexis<br />
ZiriTad kvanZad, mis regionalur polusad, sa<strong>da</strong>c ikve-<br />
Tebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ikveTeba uamravi sagareo interesi.<br />
egaa oRond, rom strategia – strategiad, magram Cven, Tanamedrove<br />
qarTvelebs, Cvenive sasicocxlo interesebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, praqtikulad amogvewura "keTili tyuilebis"<br />
taqtikuri resursi. aRar gviRirs, Tun<strong>da</strong>c yvelaze mimzidveli<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmatebuli sareklamo agentebis xaTriT, Cveni sam-<br />
Soblos imaze ukeT warmoCineba, vidre – sinamdvileSia. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cvens Tvalwin fexadgmuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
avtokratia nel-nela klasikur diqtaturaSi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
mere gvianRa iqneba TiTze kbenani. aseT dros keTil tyuils<br />
isev mware simarTle sjobs. xdeba isec, rogor ar xdeba, roca<br />
TqmiTac <strong>da</strong>Savdebis, gin<strong>da</strong> kerZo, gin<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi.<br />
magaliTad, Woris doneze viciT, TiTqos TviT CerCilmac<br />
ki gawira koventris mosaxleoba geringis aviaciis <strong>da</strong>bombvisTvis,<br />
raTa ar "Caegdo" informaciis metad Rirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
114
tribuna<br />
kargad SeniRbuli wyaro nacisturi germaniis umaRles sardlobaSi<br />
(cnobilia, rom saxelmwifo cnobierebis matarebeli<br />
ubadlo ingliseli jentlmenebi eridebian sakuTari<br />
istoriuli arqivebis xelyofas <strong>da</strong> msgavs arafers <strong>da</strong>gi<strong>da</strong>stureben,<br />
magram arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom swored ase yofiliyo!).<br />
Cvens calke aRebul qarTul sinamdvileSic adre,<br />
yofili prezidentis dros, m<strong>da</strong>bal tyuils – <strong>da</strong> sulac ara<br />
keTils – xSirad meti sargeblis motana SeeZlo, vidre – simarTles.<br />
es ukanaskneli ise gaufasur<strong>da</strong>, rom fexmardi cxenebis<br />
SekazmviT simarTlis pirSi mTqmelebic ki aRar iwuxebdnen<br />
Tavs. Ziramde Camompali reJimi organulad ver itan<strong>da</strong><br />
simarTles – verc mwaresa <strong>da</strong> verc tkbils, qveynis aRmSeneblobisTvis<br />
aucilebeli pozitiuri iaraRis rolSi (ara<strong>da</strong>, SevardnaZis<br />
postkomkavSiruli administraciis umaRlesi eSeloni<br />
ufro mgrZnobiare rom aRmoCeniliyo bunuelis "bur-<br />
Juaziis msubuq xiblSi" Caqsovili kulturologiuri inveqtivebis<br />
mimarT <strong>da</strong> politikur prioritetad ara sakuTari jibis<br />
utifari gasqeleba, aramed qveyanaSi saSualo klasis Camoyalibeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>esaxa, iqneb momdevno wlebSi saqarTvelos aeridebina<br />
kidec Tavi fsevdoliberaluri totalitarizmis<br />
ferad-feradi impulsebis Semotevebisgan). globalizaciis<br />
ganTiadze civi omis gmiri (Tu antigmiri) <strong>da</strong> yvelaze didi fariseveli<br />
saqarTvelos istoriaSi – prezidenti SevardnaZe<br />
– qveyanas korufciuli garigebebisa <strong>da</strong> kompromatebis saSualebiT<br />
marTav<strong>da</strong>, magram mis qmedebebSi WeSmariti idealizmis<br />
nasaxic ki ar SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>. im idealizmisa, romelic misma<br />
memkvidrem udides ideologiur sikeTed gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. ra<br />
vqna, iqneb arc un<strong>da</strong> vamaxvilebde am wvrilmanze yuradRebas,<br />
magram mravalsaukunovani istoriuli praqtika naTlad metyvelebs,<br />
rom amgvari idealizmi – miT ufro pompezuri <strong>da</strong><br />
ugemovno, – masobrivi gamolenCebis xanaSi, xatovnad rom<br />
iTqvas, iseve bunebriva<strong>da</strong>a momarTuli Tavisufali individis<br />
nebis <strong>da</strong>saTrgunad, viT kompasis isari – CrdiloeTi polusisken,<br />
<strong>da</strong> sanam zedmetad kategoriulma <strong>da</strong> moraindo idealistebma,<br />
gnebavT, liberaluri siwmindeebis samaradJamod<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvisa <strong>da</strong>, gnebavT, saxelmwifos teritorialuri mTlianobis<br />
aRdgenis saxeliT, milionobiT a<strong>da</strong>mians ar ga<strong>da</strong>uares<br />
(es ki patara qveynisTvis, albaT <strong>da</strong>meTanxmebiT, arc ise cotaa),<br />
araTqmas mainc Tqma sjobs.<br />
magram Tqmac aris <strong>da</strong> Tqmac. erTis mxriv, axalbe<strong>da</strong>, bolomde<br />
arSemdgari saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis istoriuli moder-<br />
115
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
nizaciis gar<strong>da</strong>uvali procesis Tanmdevi uamravi provinciuli<br />
sisulelisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xris (es kidev rbila<strong>da</strong>a naTqvami)<br />
warmoCenisas JamTaaRmwerelma goni <strong>da</strong> obieqturoba ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>karos, xolo meores mxriv, mas yovelwams Tavs axseneben sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebuli maqsimebi, iseTebi, rogorc: "iare simarTliT",<br />
"wveT-wveT gamoidevne SengniT mona" an "a<strong>da</strong>mianebo<br />
– iyaviT fxizlad". uneburad kiseri ar waimtvrio boRmian<br />
paskviliantobasa <strong>da</strong> keTilganwyobil kritikas Soris gadebul<br />
uxilav bordiurze, ar <strong>da</strong>kargo jansaRi skepticizmis<br />
marTebuli dozis SerCevis unari, Tanac kidev TviT simarTle<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>aziano – sulac ar gaxlavT ioli saqme. e.w. "saxelmwifo<br />
interesma", miT ufro, arasworad gagebulma, raRac momentSi<br />
SeiZleba moiTxovos erTi ram, zogjer arasakmarisad adeqvaturi,<br />
xolo ambiciurma saavtoro TvalTaxedvam, faqtebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tendenciebis obieqturi analizis pirobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
– sruliad sxva <strong>da</strong> sapirispiriso. moTxovnaTa Soris<br />
konfliqti savsebiT mosalodnelia, kompromisis miRweva –<br />
garTulebuli, <strong>da</strong> nebismieri JamTaaRmwereli, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
misi rasobrivi, erovnuli Tu konfesiuri kuTvnilebisa, aseT<br />
dros mZime arCevnis winaSe dgeba. magram, Tuki erT gaxmaurebul<br />
nawarmoebSi alegoriuli formiT warmoCinebul sibrZnes<br />
<strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT (bulgakovis "ostatsa <strong>da</strong> margaritas"<br />
vgulisxmob) <strong>da</strong> gavixsenebT, Tu ra mwared isjeba sceni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
uniWo tyuilebis frqvevisTvis Teatralur samyaroSi cnobili<br />
konferansie (romanis erT-erTi gmiri), albaT, moveridebiT<br />
analogiur saqcielsa <strong>da</strong> plebsis sajijgnad sakuTari<br />
Tavis gawirvas. SevTanxmdeT, rom saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>trialebuli<br />
revoluciuri qarborbalas Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
ori sayovelTaod cxadi, praqtikulad aqsiomuri garemoeba:<br />
pirveli, – noembris ga<strong>da</strong>trialebam "TeTri melas"<br />
– eduard SevardnaZis – adgilze moiyvana odesRac opoziciuri,<br />
amJamad ki mmarTveli politikuri Zalis – nacionaluri<br />
moZraobis – qarizmuli lideri, msoflmxedveluri TvalsazrisiT<br />
jiSiani proamerikeli mixeil saakaSvili. meore – am Zireul<br />
saxelisuflebo cvlilebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili<br />
Seitana aSS-is imdroindelma elCma saqarTveloSi riCard mailsma.<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni detalebisa <strong>da</strong> niuansebis axsna-ganmarteba<br />
mTlianad publicistis xelSia. samwuxarod, tradiciuli<br />
publicistika revoluciuri movlenebis asaxvisas garkveul<br />
teqnikur sirTuleebs awydeba xolme. drois monakveTma <strong>da</strong>weri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoqveynebamde imdeni SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>itios, rom... ai,<br />
116
tribuna<br />
magaliTad: <strong>da</strong>wers publicisti X utyuar faqtebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
rom romeliRac problemur saxelmwifoSi yvelas Tvalwin<br />
yalibdeba, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, samxedro diqtatura. imuSava kacma,<br />
gaakeTa garkveuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi, saTanado analitikuri rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebiT<br />
mimarTa <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, wavi<strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qciaSi, magram<br />
rad gin<strong>da</strong> – sanam misi tvinis naJuri dRis sinaTles ixilavdes,<br />
im problemur qveyanaSi an ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba xdeba, an<br />
mSromeli masebis amboxeba, an axalgazr<strong>da</strong> maiorebi "beteerebiT"<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uvlian Zvelgazr<strong>da</strong> generlebs... erTi sityviT,<br />
aTasi ramaa mosalodneli <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes. sagareo<br />
keTilganwyobi<strong>da</strong>n (an misi deficiti<strong>da</strong>n) gamomdinare,<br />
sakmaod didi <strong>da</strong> Rirseuli qveynebis xelisufalnic ki ganicdian<br />
zogjer – Tanac yovelgvari saerTo-saxalxo arCevnebis<br />
gareSe – gasaocar metamorfozas. sazogadod, warumatebeli<br />
xelisufleba SeiZleba Seicvalos mSvidobianad, sagareo ZalasTan<br />
samxedro konfliqtSi marcxis Sedegad, rogorc<br />
odesRac saberZneTSi an argentinaSi; an ubodiSod, Zalis gamoyenebiT,<br />
Tu wasasvleli mTavroba zedmetad jiutobs, gawiruli<br />
lideri ki savarZels epotineba, sisxlis tborebSi <strong>da</strong>curavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> sadisturad eqaCeba miusavleTSi milionobiT u<strong>da</strong>naSaulo<br />
<strong>da</strong> principSi apolitikur a<strong>da</strong>mians – rogorc odes-<br />
Rac demokratiul kampuCiaSi, Talibur avRaneTsa an idi aminis<br />
tiraniis fexqveS gaTelil ugan<strong>da</strong>Si. samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
badeSi gaxveuli saxelmwifos meTauri ver iqneba <strong>da</strong>zRveuli<br />
verc iZulebiTi teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>Tmobebisgan <strong>da</strong><br />
verc haagis samsjavroze wabrZanebisgan – rogorc serbeTSi.<br />
igi SesaZlebelia sakuTari megalomaniis msxverpli gaxdes <strong>da</strong><br />
sicocxle civ yazarmaSi <strong>da</strong>asrulos – rogorc rumineTSi.<br />
magram masve ZaluZs droulad Wkua ixmaros, "CaZiros" yvelaze<br />
odiozuri politikuri figurebi sakuTari garemocvi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
uari Tqvas oficialur regaliebze, kerZo piris statusiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofildes, memuarebis weriT gaerTos <strong>da</strong> mSvi<strong>da</strong>d moyuCdes<br />
mSobliuri qalaqgareTis keTilmowyobil rezidenciaSi<br />
– rogorc saqarTveloSi. mokled, publicisti mudmivad drois<br />
wnexis qveSaa moyolili, Tanac muSaobis procesSi arc is<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aviwydebodes, rom fukuiamasa <strong>da</strong> hantingtonis klasikad<br />
aRiarebuli nimuSebi mainc gasagebi eniT <strong>da</strong>werili eseebia<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara – samecniero terminologiiT ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli traqtatebi.<br />
aba, warmoidgineT: raoden myvirala iarliyis mikereba SeuZlia<br />
revoluciur saqarTveloSi amJamad mimdinare proce-<br />
117
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
sebisTvis romelime nametnavad intrigan publicists. magali-<br />
Tad, aseTis – garewrebis aRlumi. magram intriganic ki un<strong>da</strong><br />
xvdebodes, rom es iarliyi gaumarTlebeli <strong>da</strong> iaffasiani "deJa<br />
viu" iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod. garewrebi xom yovelTvis blomad<br />
iyvnen <strong>da</strong> arian, yvela epoqaSi swored maT "mihyavT stosi". ase-<br />
Tia TviT istoriis buneba <strong>da</strong> am bunebis nebiTaa, rom yvelaze<br />
idealisti xelisufalic ki zustad im zomiT iryvneba, ra zomiTac<br />
mas amis uflebas misi savarZlis garSemo atuzuli garemocva<br />
aZlevs. sxva mxriv ki forma yovelTvis mza<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>Crdilos<br />
Sinaarsi.<br />
CvenTanac, saqarTveloSi, "vardebis revoluciis" Sedegad<br />
pirvel yovlisa mkveTrad Seicvala forma. rogorc Cans,<br />
globalizaciis istoriulad sawyis etapze <strong>da</strong>dgenili geopolitikuri<br />
parametrebis ukeT <strong>da</strong>cvis moTxovnam dRis wesrigSi<br />
saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli '"moqkavSiruli" paradigmis<br />
ganaxlebis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>sva <strong>da</strong> SevardnaZis <strong>da</strong>xavsebuli<br />
reJimisTvis gveliviT kanis gamocvla swored aseTi feriscvalebis<br />
winapiroba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> – amaSi namdvilad SemiZlia <strong>da</strong>veTanxmo<br />
pativcemul <strong>da</strong> arapativcemul opozicias. aq xom<br />
arc uvargisi oligarqiuli wyoba Secvlila <strong>da</strong> arc sazogadoebis<br />
mentaloba – Cvens irgvliv <strong>da</strong> zeviT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, isev<br />
is a<strong>da</strong>mianebia, romelTac Tvali SevardnaZis dros SeeCvia,<br />
erovnuli burJuazia ki rogori uprincipo <strong>da</strong> kompradoruli<br />
sulis matarebelic iyo, iseTsaved <strong>da</strong>rCa. Seicvala diaxac<br />
forma, rogorc raRac bolomde amoucnobi <strong>da</strong> bundovani<br />
siRrmiseuli cvlilebebis garegnuli gamoxatuleba. igi<br />
mkveTrad gaaxalgazr<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis<br />
asakiT ormoc wels ga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli deputati, ministri, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
sruluflebiani <strong>da</strong> sagangebo elCi – ukve lamis raritetia.<br />
samagierod, oc<strong>da</strong>xuTi-oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlisa <strong>da</strong> realur umaRles<br />
ganaTlebas moklebuli (romeliRac modur amerikul Tu<br />
evropul kolejSi xanmokle kursebis CamTavreba situacias<br />
ar cvlis) maRali rangis Cinosani – savsebiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa.<br />
amgvari tipis "saxelmwifo moRvawis" saxeze dro<strong>da</strong>dro<br />
gamoCekili naZaladevi Rimili, rogorc wesi, mxolod ni-<br />
Rabia, romlis qveS qveynis pirveli pirisadmi aRmatebuli<br />
loialobis grZnoba imaleba. mTavari erTgulebaa, Torem<br />
SromiT wignakSi Canaweri nebismieri SeiZleba iyos, Tanac ase-<br />
Ti wignaki xSirad arc arsebobs bunebaSi. aseTi tipis uwyebrivi<br />
xelmZRvanelis kompetenturobis dones mniSvneloba ara<br />
aqvs, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, xolo gulis siRrmeSi – gansa-<br />
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tribuna<br />
kuTrebiT mZime klinikis gar<strong>da</strong> – man TviTonac SesaniSnavad<br />
uwyis Tavisi WeSmariti fasi. reJimis mier kanis revoluciurad<br />
gamocvlam araTu gza gauxsna adre miuRwevadi saxelisuflebo<br />
himalaebisken axali Taobis ambiciur <strong>da</strong> energiul<br />
axalgazrdebs, aramed <strong>da</strong>arwmuna isini (imedia, droebiT)<br />
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis srul umaqnisobaSi. bolos <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, maTi qceviTi principebi xom saqarTvelosTvis lamis<br />
gausaZlis 90-ian wlebSi yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>, rodesac "Cvens mere<br />
gin<strong>da</strong>c warRvnas wauRia yvelaferi" maqsimaSi Caqsovili WeSmariteba<br />
araTu romeliRac guSindelma bartyma, mravalma<br />
Wkua<strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>rma <strong>da</strong> pativcemulma a<strong>da</strong>mianma irwmuna. amitomac<br />
saxelisuflebo sa<strong>da</strong>veebis "Zvelgazrdebi<strong>da</strong>n" asakiT umcrosebisTvis<br />
xmauriani ga<strong>da</strong>cema – "vardebis revoluciis" saxelwodebiT<br />
istoriaSi ki swored es procedura Sevi<strong>da</strong> – SesaZlebelia<br />
ganvixloT, rogorc warmatebuli SurisZiebis<br />
mcdeloba <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi reaqcia "Zvelgazrdebis" uTvalav<br />
zneobriv kompromisebze avbediT 90-ianebSi. "vardebis revoluciis"<br />
safuZvelSi Caido ara korumpirebuli sazogadoebis<br />
radikaluri uaryofis survili (Tumca amaze Zalian bevrs<br />
laparakoben <strong>da</strong> kidev mets ilaparakeben), aramed – postsab-<br />
WoTa "demokratiiT" saerTo ganxiblva <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
umravlesobis TiTqmis fiziologiuri zizRi aw ga<strong>da</strong>mdgari<br />
prezidentis pirovnebis mimarT. axalgazrdulma ga<strong>da</strong>trialebam<br />
Tavze <strong>da</strong>amxo postsabWoTa qarTvel funqcionerebs saxelmwifo<br />
marTvis maT mier <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli korumpirebuli<br />
struqtura <strong>da</strong> wesebi. gamarjvebulebma moaxerxes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tipis autsaiderebis, revanSistebis, cxovrebisgan uRvTod<br />
gawiruli, <strong>da</strong>Cagruli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mobilizeba <strong>da</strong> eleqtoraluli<br />
gaerTianeba, maTi mTvlemare ocnebebis reanimireba;<br />
revoluciis Semdeg ki <strong>da</strong>urTes yvelafer amas politikuri<br />
yofaqcevis sruliad axleburi, eiforiuli stili, romelic<br />
– sxva sikeTesTan erTad – gulisxmobs mosaxleobis ofliTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> wvalebiT mopovebuli sabiujeto saxsrebis mxolod saku-<br />
Tari TvalTaxedvis mixedviT gankargvas. SevardnaZis mmar-<br />
Tvelobis uiRblo epilogSi, rodesac biujeti Tvi<strong>da</strong>n Tvemde<br />
Sagrenis tyaviviT ikumSebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ubralo xalxamde TiTqmis<br />
aRaraferi aRwev<strong>da</strong>, paliatiuri kanonierebis fargleb-<br />
Si mainc sruldebo<strong>da</strong> erTgvari saparlamento dekorumi, rasac,<br />
Tu ara vcdebi, biujetis formaluri sekvestri moyvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
xolme. ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis Semdeg ki axalgazr<strong>da</strong> uzurpatorebma<br />
– sakuTari SefasebiT ki samSoblos mxsnelebma – saer-<br />
119
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
Tod ukuagdes <strong>da</strong>CamiCebuli burJuaziuli kanoniereba. Zveli<br />
"mayuTCikebis" gankulakebisa <strong>da</strong> sabaJo-sagasasaxado administrirebis<br />
gamkacrebis Sedegad biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong> revoluciis pirvel wlebSi ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
mSvenieri sababi viwro mmarTveli jgufis, ufrore kastis,<br />
fsevdosaxelmwifoebrivi "xuSturebisa" <strong>da</strong> "xoSebis"<br />
maqsimalurad <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisTvis (ara mxolod es, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, magram esec). rasac <strong>da</strong>sTes, imasve moimki, <strong>da</strong> savsebiT<br />
Segnebuli maqvs, rom Cemi Taobis ZiriTadi nawili axla maT<br />
Sorisaa, vinc adre <strong>da</strong>Tesils imkis, magram mainc araa sasiamovno,<br />
rodesac momdevno Taobebis cxovrebis azri, arsi <strong>da</strong><br />
sulieri imperativi gamoxatvas upirvelesad, rogorc Cans,<br />
viRac-viRacebisTvis mogebis zemaRali normis uzrunvelyofis<br />
mizniT, TanamoqalaqeTa Tvalis axvevasa <strong>da</strong> gamudmebuli<br />
piar-kampaniebis agorebaSi hpovebs. mainc sakiTxavia – nuTu<br />
es yvelaferi gavleniani globalizatorebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong><br />
uxeSi SekveTaa, Tu maTac iseve "vexutebiT", "vabamT" <strong>da</strong> "vabolebT",<br />
rogorc Cveni mamebi <strong>da</strong> papebi (represirebulebs,<br />
cxadia, ar vgulisxmob) "exutebodnen", "abamdnen" <strong>da</strong> "abolebdnen"<br />
uZraobis <strong>da</strong>locvil xanaSi kremlSi mokalaTebul gerontokratebs?<br />
amaze <strong>da</strong>majerebeli pasuxi ar gamaCnia. eWvs<br />
isic iwvevs, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri msoflmxedvelobis universaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRiarebuli kategoriebi: "transfarentoba", "Riaoba",<br />
"amomrCevelTa winaSe pasuxismgebloba" dRes ganixileba rogorc...<br />
vcdilob rac SeiZleba delikaturi viyo, magram... rogorc<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis kerZo, intimuri cxovrebisadmi garkveuli<br />
upativcemuloba – rodesac "transfarentobaSi" sazogadoebrivi<br />
tualetis "kabinkaSi" xis Zveli karis axali SuSis kariT<br />
Secvlis sajaro rituali igulisxmeba. albaT, swored<br />
amas Tu uwodeben Cveni Wabuki reformatorebi idealizms.<br />
arsobrivad ki xelisuflebaSi mosuli axalgazrduli kastis<br />
sazogadoebriv-politikuri moRvaweoba erTiani kargad <strong>da</strong>gegmili<br />
<strong>da</strong>zverviTi operaciis STabeWdilebas tovebs. am operaciis<br />
komponentebia: jaris ga<strong>da</strong>iaraReba, asfaltis ga<strong>da</strong>geba<br />
qalaqis mTavar quCebze, oficialuri pirebis ucxouri<br />
voiaJebis iracionaluri <strong>da</strong> sruliad gaumarTlebeli sixSire,<br />
nairnair biznesebSi vulgaruli reketisa <strong>da</strong> SantaJis sa-<br />
SualebiT CarTva, samuSao adgilebis ganuwyveteli <strong>da</strong> aSkarad<br />
antikonstituciuri gauqmeba-Semcireba sabiujeto sferoSi,<br />
qveyanaSi finansuri policiis gavlenis gazrdis mizniT<br />
kompromatebiT umowyalo manipulireba <strong>da</strong> a.S. yovelive ze-<br />
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tribuna<br />
moTqmuli (<strong>da</strong> bevri kidev sxvac) am operaciis mxolod mcire<br />
<strong>da</strong> TvalSi sacemi elementebia. xelisufalTa yvela es qmedeba<br />
– rogorc metnaklebad misaRebi <strong>da</strong> gamarTlebuli, ise saeWvo<br />
<strong>da</strong> msubuqi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri SezizRebis momgvreli mainc –<br />
obieqturad moiTxovs niWier propagandistul demagogias<br />
rogorc angaJirebuli ucxoeli <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebis gulis mosalbobad,<br />
ise sakuTari mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>saSoSmineblad. ise ki,<br />
ra korufciasa <strong>da</strong> finansur <strong>da</strong>rRvevebze SeiZleba seriozulad<br />
msjeloba, roca Sromisunarian mamakacTa didi umravlesobis<br />
legaluri Semosavlebi ver aRwevs sacxovrebel minimums,<br />
xolo masobrivi umuSevrobiT gamowveul fsiqosocialur<br />
problemebs miaqvs qveyana, paralelurad ki sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
arasabiujeto fondebi (maT Soris, saprezidentoc), vin icis,<br />
saiT mimarTaven akumulirebul saxsrebs. bunebrivia, rom<br />
aseT pirobebSi forma, marTlac, gvarianad jabnis Sinaarss,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zveli, <strong>da</strong>msk<strong>da</strong>ri fasadebis Wrela-Wrula ferebSi ga<strong>da</strong>-<br />
Rebva (rac, TavisTavad, SesaZlebelia saxalisoc iyos <strong>da</strong> misasalmebelic)<br />
prioritetad iTvleba CanTxleuli salifto<br />
meurneobisa Tu CaJangebuli sakomunikacio qselebis aucilebel,<br />
magram ZviradRirebul remontTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. ise, Jam-<br />
TaaRmweri aqac frTxilad un<strong>da</strong> iyos: bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, romelma<br />
intriganma moigona, TiTqos asfaltis <strong>da</strong>geba <strong>da</strong> fasadebis<br />
ganaxleba cudia? mec man<strong>da</strong> var – sulac araa cudi. sxva<br />
ambavia, rom elementaruli logikis Tanaxmad, gamaTxovrebuli,<br />
valebSi Cavardnili qveyana, romlis mosaxleobis naxevarze<br />
meti umartivesi yofiTi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas ver audis,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> eridebodes gaumarTlebel xarjebs. magram "vardebis<br />
revoluciis" Semdgom saxelmwifo prioritetebis gansazRvra<br />
mTlianad mmarTveli kastis xelSi moeqca <strong>da</strong> ra gasakviria,<br />
Tuki saxelisuflebo vertikali sakuTari winasaar-<br />
Cevno <strong>da</strong>pirebebis mimarT gulmaviwyobam, erTgvarma "alchaimeris<br />
politikurma sindromma" moicva. Tanac mmarTvelobis<br />
am erTob TavzexelaRebul stils gladiatorobis waruSleli<br />
<strong>da</strong>Ric adevs. ras ar Sexvdebi aq kaci! Wkuamaxvili ideologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> policiuri provokaciebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvas opoziciuri<br />
politikosebis mimarT, sxart <strong>da</strong> moqnil samTavrobo "karuselebs",<br />
Tvalgulwarmtac rok-koncertebs gzebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
moednebze, qan<strong>da</strong>kebebis qalaqis erTi ubni<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi wowials,<br />
"SabaTobebisa" <strong>da</strong> sazafxulo-savele axalgazrduli banakebis<br />
gamarTvas, susti saparlamento opoziciis cinikur<br />
ignorirebas <strong>da</strong> a.S. amasTan, qveyanaSi minimum ori metnakle-<br />
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giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
bad xelSesaxebi reforma xorcieldeba: policiuri <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba-mecnierebis.<br />
pirvelis Sedegebi ufro TvalnaTeli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTia. marTalia, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevebi<br />
rogorc cixeSi, ise cixis gareT, gaxSirebulia, magram<br />
samagierod qveyanaSi statusurad amoiZirkva tradiciuli<br />
meqrTame avtoinspeqcia <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT civilizebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> ZviradRirebuli (avtomanqanebi, sawvav-sapoxi, mobiluri<br />
kavSiri <strong>da</strong> sxv.) sapatrulo samsaxuri. policiuri reforma,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yvela sirTulisa, ideologiurad mainc ufro<br />
momwifebuli iyo, rameTu SevardnaZis policias ise<strong>da</strong>c aRaravin<br />
endobo<strong>da</strong>, imden binZur saqmeSi (a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gatacebebi<br />
gamosyidvis mizniT, gauxsneli mkvlelobebi, korufciuli<br />
garigebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) aRmoCndnen gareuli policiis yofili<br />
maRalCinosnebi. saganmanaTleblo reforma ki – globalizatorTa<br />
mzardi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT – gacilebiT<br />
ufro saTuTia, Tanac, aq kriminalTan Sexeba naklebad gvaqvs.<br />
dReis viTarebiT ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis reformam –<br />
gansakuTrebiT "erTiani erovnuli gamocdis" proeqtis<br />
TvalSisacemi warmatebis Semdeg – ukve miaRwia e.w. "Seuqcevadobis<br />
wertils", Tumca <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> mainc <strong>da</strong>bneulia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
misaRebi gamocdebis korufciis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n gamoxsna<br />
– es calsaxad kargia, magram amasTan reformis farglebSi<br />
mkveTrad ikveceba samecniero Statebi <strong>da</strong>, amrigad, pasuxgaucemelia<br />
ZiriTadi kiTxva: ra un<strong>da</strong> qnas studentma umaRlesi<br />
saswavleblis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg, qveyana <strong>da</strong>tovos? anu<br />
marTla reformaa es, Tu <strong>da</strong>cinva <strong>da</strong> TvalebSi nacris Seyra?<br />
sazogadod, myari Zveleburi Senobis <strong>da</strong>ngreva – miT umetes<br />
Tu binadrebi gamosaxlebuli ar arian – <strong>da</strong> mis adgilas ca-<br />
Tambjenis aRmarTva ioli rodia. Tanac, es aRmSenebloba mar-<br />
Tla guliT un<strong>da</strong> moiwadino. sagamocdo cieb-cxeleba iqeT<br />
iyos, magram ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis ucvlel ministrs (bni<br />
kaxa lomaia), rogor Cans, amas gar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli aqvs ori<br />
sakmaod delikaturi saqmis mogvareba: qveynis mTavari universiteti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobisa) politikurad<br />
arasaimedo "Zveli" profesuris gaZeveba <strong>da</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
kardinaluri saxecvlileba, rac dRes akademiis prezidiumis<br />
rolis <strong>da</strong>kninebaSi, mecnierebis finansuri marTvis<br />
berketebis miTvisebasa <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli samecniero institutebis<br />
faqtiur moSlaSi gamoixata. sazogadod, mecniereba-<br />
Ta akademiis sistemaSi karga xania, rac skan<strong>da</strong>luri viTareba<br />
Seiqmna. akademiis yofilma prezidentma, akademikosma Tavxe-<br />
122
tribuna<br />
liZem, popularul yovelkvireulSi kompromatebis Semcveli<br />
werilis gamoqveynebisTanave fexi <strong>da</strong>hkra <strong>da</strong> gaiqca mezobel<br />
ruseTSi (akademiis prezidentis gaqceva istoriuli paradoqsebisa<br />
Tu bufonadis sferos ufro ganekuTvneba – sadRac<br />
simenonsa <strong>da</strong> diurenmats Sorisaa), kolegebma ki viTomc<br />
araferio, ise uCumrad airCies axali prezidenti – midi <strong>da</strong><br />
ende akademikosebs amis mere! erTi sityviT, ganaTlebis saministros<br />
reformatorebma moxdenili hukebis mizanmimarTuli<br />
gamoyenebiT moaxerxes akademiuri profesuris nok<strong>da</strong>un-<br />
Si Cagdeba, Tumca, vaWroba <strong>da</strong>interesebul jgufebs Soris<br />
grZeldeba <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi winaa. sazogadod, am reformis SesaZlo<br />
warmateba (Tu warumatebloba) Zalauneburad ukavSirdeba<br />
CvenSi sabWoTa droi<strong>da</strong>n SemorCenili (e.w "SromiTi")<br />
inteligenciis istoriul beds (swored inteligenciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ara Sou-biznesTan ase Tu ise <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Semoqmedi elitarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> globalizaciasTan wilnayari "enjioSniki" inteleqtualebisa,<br />
romelTac araTu gaaCniaT inteligentobis<br />
pretenzia, aramed xSirad salanZRav konteqstSiac ki moixseneben<br />
am cnebas). ara<strong>da</strong>, inteligenciis socialuri roli<br />
dRevandel saqarTveloSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre<br />
es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. mentaluri TvalsazrisiT<br />
es formiT erovnuli, SinaarsiT ki sabWouri, "naftalinmoyrili"<br />
strati Tu fena (axal ruseTSic asea) socialur rezervuarSi<br />
"Capresili" mudmivad minavlebuli sawvavi masalaa,<br />
romelsac kolosalur politikur gulubryvilobasTan<br />
erTad swrafad aalebis imanenturi Tviseba Tu instinqti axasiaTebs<br />
– misi am unaris gareSe Cven uaxles istorias namdvilad<br />
moakldebo<strong>da</strong> eSxi <strong>da</strong> pewi. amitom, "SromiTi inteligenciis"<br />
TemiT manipulireba siRrmiseuli politikuri procesebis<br />
realuri menejerebisTvis sakmaod didi cTunebaa. aq kidev<br />
erTi xifaTia mosalodneli. "soros-reforma" mecnierebis<br />
sferoSi obieqturad tovebs usamsaxurod uamrav ganaTlebul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> – am parametris mixedviT – Zalauneburad<br />
emsgavseba 60-iani wlebis Cinur "kulturul revolucias" Tavisi<br />
hunveibinuri eqscesebiT. analogia savsebiT TvalSisacemia.<br />
marTlac, iqac <strong>da</strong> aqac Zveli, avtoritetuli kadrebis<br />
samuSao adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n gayra <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi azris sruli<br />
ignoracia; iq – kampania jer liu Saocisa, Semdeg ki lin biaos<br />
winaaRmdeg, aq ki sabWoTa mecnieruli skolebis yvela brunvaSi<br />
triali, egaa oRond, rom personaliebia Secvlili: komunisti<br />
maos nacvlad arenaze globaluri humanisti jorj<br />
123
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
sorosi moqmedebs. mere ki, mosalodnel perspeqtivas rom<br />
warmoidgen kaci, umal amogitivtivdeba mexsierebaSi senis sanapiros<br />
mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi <strong>da</strong>frTianebuli ori ganTqmuli poli:<br />
Jan-pol sartri – ganswavluli mwerali <strong>da</strong> inteleqtuali,<br />
romelsac Tavisken memarcxeneebic eqaCebian <strong>da</strong> memarjveneebic,<br />
<strong>da</strong> pol poti – inteleqtuali mowodebiTa <strong>da</strong> pirveladi<br />
biografiuli anamneziT (ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTiani wlebis parizi,<br />
sorbonaSi fexadgmuli qhmeri studentebis patriotuli wre,<br />
safrangeTis kompartiis trockistuli frTa, memarcxene<br />
presasTan TanamSromloba <strong>da</strong> a.S.). ras izam, Tavis droze orive<br />
poli sruliad gulwrfeli seriozulobiT <strong>da</strong>eWi<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis<br />
usaSvelo tvirTs <strong>da</strong> pirveli maTgani, rogorc<br />
amboben, meores ukidegano socialur siTamames sulac ar<br />
amadli<strong>da</strong>... savsebiT SesaZlebelia (ver gamovricxavT), rom<br />
planetaruli Zalebi, romelTa qmedebebi CvenSi yovlisSem-<br />
Zle b-ni sorosis saxels ukavSirdeba, patara, koxta <strong>da</strong>, rasakvirvelia,<br />
demokratiul saqarTvelos momavalSi bananis<br />
Tu ara, man<strong>da</strong>rinis qveynis beds mainc umzadeben. ho<strong>da</strong>, ra jan<strong>da</strong>ba<strong>da</strong>a<br />
maSin saWiro aq mraval<strong>da</strong>rgobrivi universitetebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa tipis multifunqcionaluri akademiis Senaxva?<br />
WeSmariti mecniereba dRes saerTaSoriso klasis samecniero<br />
centrebSi viTardeba, finansuri resursebi SezRudulia,<br />
xolo ZvelmanebSi gamowyobili erovnuli warmoSobis<br />
mecnierebi – gansakuTrebiT asakSi Sesulni – Saragzaze modebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> droze misaxveti mtveria, meti araferi... modiT,<br />
gamovZerwoT postsabWoTa saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n raRac ganviTarebuli<br />
keniis magvari, xolo keniis miwaze araviTar akademiebs<br />
– TviT mecnierebze rom araferi vTqvaT – arasodes gauWaWanebia,<br />
samagierod iq iyo <strong>da</strong> dResac arsebobs saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
kargad ekipirebuli policiuri nawilebi. ideologiuri<br />
kuTxiT aq yvelaferi sruliad gasagebi <strong>da</strong> ToTo bavSvis<br />
cremliviT gamWvirvalea. vinai<strong>da</strong>n sabWoTa xelisuflebisgan<br />
saqarTvelos – ganviTarebadi keniisgan gansxvavebiT – memkvidreobiT<br />
ergo Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mowinave mecniereba <strong>da</strong> teqnika<br />
mTeli Tavisi universitetebiT, akademiebiT, institutebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> diplomirebuli specialistebis aSkarad gaberili kontingentiT,<br />
– hka magaT suyvelas. gamovacxadoT yvelaferi es koloniuri<br />
epoqis gadmonaSTad, socializmis reliqtad, <strong>da</strong> win<br />
– keniisken! SesaZlebelia, saqarTvelosTvis – misi mosaxleobis<br />
temperamentis, istoriuli ambiciebisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri<br />
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT – saukeTeso varianti<br />
124
tribuna<br />
swored tradiciuli demokratiuli institutebis (konstitucia,<br />
arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) safarqveS moqmedi avtokratiuli,<br />
servisul-egzotikuri tipis naxevradmonarqiis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebaa.<br />
aqauri buneba zedgamoWrilia mcire turistuli samoTxis Sesaqmnelad:<br />
amisTvis sakmarisia investiciebis mozidva <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazuri problemis mSvidobianad mogvareba – mTavroba ki<br />
ise<strong>da</strong>c iRliaSi gveyoleba amodebuli. globalizaciuri demokratiis<br />
epoqaSi – <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis asec iyo sinamdvileSi –<br />
musikas ukveTavs swored is, vinc ixdis. SeiZleba Seme<strong>da</strong>von,<br />
TiTqos nametani gavutie e.w. "samecniero konspirologiis"<br />
mimarTulebiT, magram kacobriobis istorias odnav Tu<br />
icnob, konspirologiur Teoriebs xelis erTi mosmiT ver gaacamtvereb,<br />
ufro soliduri argumentebia saWiro. bolos <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis istorias vinme liCo<br />
jelisa <strong>da</strong> misi masonuri loJis P-2-is mier italiaSi saxelmwifo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis mcdelobac axsovs. Zalian axlos iyvnen<br />
warmatebasTan. egec konspirologiaa? sayovelTao<strong>da</strong>a cnobili,<br />
rom Tanamedrove neomalTusianelobam ukve moaswro<br />
"oqros miliardis" sakmaod mwyobr koncefciad Camoyalibeba,<br />
romelic seriozulad ganixileba bevri TvalsaCino sociologis,<br />
demografisa <strong>da</strong> politologis mier. es "kacTmoyvare"<br />
koncefcia araTu ideologiurad aRvivebs planetarul<br />
uTanasworobas <strong>da</strong> amarTlebs, ase vTqvaT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Rirebulebis<br />
"miliardebis" arsebobas de<strong>da</strong>miwaze, aramed wyals<br />
asxams globalizatorTa im (imedia, arasaukeTeso) frTis wisqvilze,<br />
romelic planetaze Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> miliardobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis<br />
yovlad gausaZlisi socialur-ekonomikuri garemos<br />
saboloo "gayinvas" eswrafvis. gasagebia, rom am metismetad<br />
"humanuri" Teoriis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia<br />
raRac zogadsakacobrio masStabis mkacri iuridiuli<br />
matricis SemuSavebis gareSe, matricisa, romelic erTxel <strong>da</strong><br />
samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>akanoneb<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva "miliardebisTvis" miCenil<br />
adgils kacobriobis socialur ierarqiaSi. amgvari perspeqtiva<br />
pira<strong>da</strong>d me gulze sulac ar mexateba, magram planetaruli<br />
resursebis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiTi amowurvis kvalobaze Soreul<br />
momavalSi pirmcinare <strong>da</strong> keTilganwobili "demokratiuli<br />
hitlerizmis" gamarjvebis sruli gamoricxva, albaT, SeuZlebelia.<br />
sxvaTaSoris, Cven axalgazr<strong>da</strong> xelisufalTa<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n zogierT tradiciul erovnul faseulobaze, erTi<br />
SexedviT, gaumarTlebeli zewola, SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos<br />
maTi sruliad gulwrfeli surviliT _ rogorme moaswron<br />
125
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> mogvipovon uZvirfasesi bileTi "oqros miliardisTvis"<br />
gankuTvnil matarebelze.<br />
narkvevis <strong>da</strong>skvniT nawilSi, albaT, gamarTlebulia globalizaciis<br />
sawyisi etapis kval<strong>da</strong>kval saqarTveloSi Seqmnili<br />
politikuri reJimis erTgvari <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba. avtoris subieqturi<br />
STabeWdilebiT, dRes Cems Tanamoqalaqeebs – idealistebsac<br />
<strong>da</strong> urwmuno Tomebsac – demokratiul fasads amofarebuli<br />
avtokratiuli reJimis Camoyalibebis xanaSi uwevT<br />
cxovreba. am reJimis TvalSisacemi niSnebia (mxolod zogier-<br />
Ti): a) ekonomikaSi – fsevdoliberaluri centralizmis praqtikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> memarjvene-liberaluri sabazro Teoriebis Sexamebis<br />
sakmaod absurduli mcdelobebi (Tun<strong>da</strong>c, rad Rirs<br />
mTavrobis ekonomikuri blokis xelmZRvanelis, b-n kaxa benduqiZis<br />
mier SeTxzuli aforizmi: "qveyanaSi iyideba yvelaferi<br />
sindisis gar<strong>da</strong>". sindisis gayidvaze ra mogaxsenoT, magram<br />
mdinareebi <strong>da</strong> wyalsatevebi, mgoni, marTlac gayidvis pirasaa<br />
ukve, sxarti memarjvene "benduqizmebiT" monusxuli<br />
qarTveli xalxi ki jerjerobiT samarcxvino dumilsa <strong>da</strong> gaugebar<br />
simSvides inarCunebs), Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali ekonomikuri<br />
klanebis erTob cinikuri <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva iuridiuli fandebi-<br />
Ta <strong>da</strong> saneleblebiT Sekazmuli urTierTSezr<strong>da</strong>; b) politikur<br />
filosofiaSi – idealisturi yaidis ritorikiT Selamazebuli<br />
radikaluri pragmatizmi; g) propagan<strong>da</strong>Si – politikuri<br />
oponentebis delegitimacia gamudmebuli, lamis paranoiduli<br />
mcdelobebi sabWoTa epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli Taobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
"mtris xatis" gamoZerwvisa, sakuTriv demokratiis<br />
masze gauTavebeli msjelobebiT Canacvleba; d) saxelmwifo<br />
marTvaSi – saxelisuflebo umwifrobis aSkarad gamoxatuli<br />
sindromi, subieqtivizmi <strong>da</strong> voluntarizmi (rames xom ar gagonebT?),<br />
mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli profesiuli kriteriumebis<br />
mkveTri <strong>da</strong>qveiTeba; e) sagareo politikaSi – amerikaSi,<br />
naklebad evropaSi, SeTxzuli politikuri koncefciebis<br />
(zogjer Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi) moTxovnebis mimarT<br />
eqstatikuri morCileba, ramac TiTqos un<strong>da</strong> gagviadvilos<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n finansuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro-teqnikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis miReba, garkveulwilad <strong>da</strong>gvicvas didi Crdiloeli<br />
mezoblis agresiuli nabijebisgan <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos<br />
qveynis usafrTxoeba (obieqturoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
axalma ruseTma Tavisi qmedebebiT – xan gauazrebeliT, xanac<br />
gaazrebulad aramegobruliT – Tavadve CamoiSora saqarTvelo,<br />
ubiZga mas amerikisken <strong>da</strong>, Cemi azriT, istoriuli dro<br />
126
tribuna<br />
imisTvis, rom saqarTvelos politikurma elitam SeZlos Zveli<br />
poziciebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba ruseTis avanscenaze, ukve Cavlilia<br />
– Tumca, SesaZloa, vcdebode kidec); v) Si<strong>da</strong> politikaSi<br />
– parlamentis funqcionaluri rolis <strong>da</strong>knineba, policiuri<br />
instituciis saxelmwifo wyobis xerxemlis rangSi ayvana, ker-<br />
Zo satelefono saubrebis (amboben!) gaxSirebuli mosmenebis<br />
praqtikis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba, a<strong>da</strong>mianis konstituciur uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvisadmi nihilisturi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba; z) saproceso samarTlis<br />
sferoSi – u<strong>da</strong>naSaulobis prezumciis principis<br />
faqtobrivi ugulebelyofa, prokuraturis gavlenis hipertrofirebuli<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>, saxelisuflebo SekveTebis usityvo Sesruleba<br />
sasamarTloebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, saerTo ganukiTxaoba. zogadi<br />
suraTi ki ase gamoiyureba: demokratia, Tavisi mosabezrebeli<br />
principebiT, naklebad mniSvnelovania, mTavari ki<br />
swori sagareo politikuri orientaciis SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong> aSSis<br />
regionaluri interesebis (geografiuli siaxlove zedmetad<br />
islamur iranTan, kaspiuri navTobis tranziti <strong>da</strong> a.S.)<br />
zusti gaTvaliswinebaa. yovelive amas ki Tan erTvis novatoruli<br />
xasiaTis fsiqosocialuri Canafiqri – TaobaTa <strong>da</strong>mkvreluri<br />
cvla modernizaciis saxeliT, realuri socializmis<br />
epoqaSi aRzrdili, <strong>da</strong>kacebuli <strong>da</strong> odesRac warmatebuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gamodevna aqtiuri cxovrebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n, rac Cafiqrebuli<br />
futurologiuri eqsperimentis mniSvnelovani<br />
Semadgeneli nawili gaxlavT.<br />
bolos, globalizacii<strong>da</strong>n momdinare SesaZlo regionaluri<br />
safrTxeebis ukeT warmosaCenad Sevecdebi mkiTxveli erTi<br />
warmosaxviTi mizansceniT gavaxaliso. mogexsenebaT, politologebs<br />
Zalian uyvarT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva konferenciebSi monawileoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmovidginoT, Tu rogor pe<strong>da</strong>nturad imzadebs<br />
erT-erTi aseTi konferenciis tradiciuli coffee-breikis<br />
dros porcia "Cibos" romeliRac politologiuri metri<br />
(cxadia, yofili marqsisti), rogor ikvlevs igi, yaviT savse<br />
WiqiT xelSi, gzas sadRac <strong>da</strong>rbazis boloSi <strong>da</strong>landuli Tavisufali<br />
skamisken <strong>da</strong> sabolood imkvidrebs kidec adgils sanukvar<br />
magi<strong>da</strong>sTan. iq Cveni politologi jer odnav Seixsnis<br />
yelsabams, mere SvebiT amoisunTqavs, pirveli, yvelaze gemrieli<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxeli ylupis Semdeg, Tvalsac wyals <strong>da</strong>alevinebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> mezobel skamze aRmoaCens nacnobsa <strong>da</strong> kolegas, aseTsave<br />
politologsa <strong>da</strong> yavis moyvaruls (oRond <strong>da</strong>uvarcxnelsa <strong>da</strong><br />
yelsabamis gareSe). ylups ylupi mosdevs, magram kolegebi mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc<br />
ubrad xom ar un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen erTmaneTSi, amitom pir-<br />
127
giorgi lorTqifaniZe<br />
veli politologi iniciativas gamoiCens <strong>da</strong> mezobels profesiul<br />
Temaze saubars gaubams, gaandobs, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebelia<br />
uaresa<strong>da</strong>c ki gamosuliyo, magaliTad, ise, rogorc<br />
odesRac kambojaSi an amJamad TurqmeneTSi, saqarTvelo<br />
ki – rac ar un<strong>da</strong> Tqvan – mainc loialuri, ganaTlebuli<br />
qveyanaa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebma umaduroba ar un<strong>da</strong> gamoviCinoT, miT<br />
umetes, rom <strong>da</strong>gegmili eqsperimenti aq savsebiT normalurad<br />
mimdinareobs. "romeli eqsperimenti?" – zrdilobianad iki-<br />
Txavs Tmaawewili kolega. "rogor Tu romeli? xom un<strong>da</strong> gavarkvioT<br />
Tu risi momtania politikuri Taobebis swrafi<br />
cvla calke aRebul patara qveyanaSi, amiT xom mas ganviTarebis<br />
axali impulsi eniWeba, Tanac Zveli strategiuli kursis<br />
SenarCunebis pirobebSi, eg ki uaRresad aqtualuri saki-<br />
Txia. Tan <strong>da</strong>ukvirdiT, gana rusebi ikisrebdnen amgvari socialuri<br />
modelirebis <strong>da</strong>finansebas? ver qaCaven, Cven ki... mere<br />
ra, rom cota marTlac waagavs "kulturul revolucias",<br />
oRond demokratiuls, didi maos magivrad ki moe<strong>da</strong>nze<br />
mwvrTnelma civilizebuli misioneri jorj sorosi gamoiyvana".<br />
"moTamaSe mwvrTnelis ampluaSi xom ara?" – cotas "wauiazvebs"<br />
mezobeli. "gin<strong>da</strong>c ase iyos, mere ra? epoqa Seicvala,<br />
megobaro. axla, didi ambavi, Tu Cvens patara qveyanas kritikosebi<br />
xan poligons, xan ki sabavSvo baRs Sea<strong>da</strong>reben. ara<br />
uSavs, kritikasac gavuZlebT <strong>da</strong> mizansac mivaRwevT. simar-<br />
Tle Cvens mxaresaa. sxva Tu araferi, gana saintereso araa,<br />
Tu riTi <strong>da</strong>mTavrdeba yovelive es?". uyelsabamo politologi<br />
ki odnav Cafiqrdeba, Cumad Caaxvelebs <strong>da</strong> ityvis: "Zvirfaso<br />
kolega, bredberis erTi genialuri moTxroba Tu gaxsovT?<br />
ai, is, romelSic aRwerilia, Tu rogor ipyroben marsis mkvidrni<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwas, oRond, geTayva, uelsis klasikur romanSi ar<br />
agerioT"? "raRac ar maxsendeba. iqneb moaswroT <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsi<br />
mokled momiyveT, sanam yava bolomde ar <strong>da</strong>gvilevia". "siu-<br />
Jeti patara amerikul qalaqSi viTardeba. marsis mkvidrni<br />
didxans emzadebodnen omisTvis, magram kacobrioba fxizlad<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> wlebis ganmavlobaSi Tavs kargad icav<strong>da</strong>. magram bolos<br />
erT gamWriax marsels TavSi mosdis SesaniSnavi idea –<br />
idea a<strong>da</strong>mianTa modgmis patara naSierebis <strong>da</strong>briyvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gadmobirebisa. xom gagigiaT: cixe Signi<strong>da</strong>n tydebao. mokled,<br />
borotma marselebma troas cxenis roli, faqtobrivad, kacobriobis<br />
momaval Taobas, umweo balRebs <strong>da</strong>akisres. anu maT,<br />
vinc gamoucdelobis gamo uzomo<strong>da</strong>a Seyvarebuli yovelnair<br />
brWyviala biJuteriaze <strong>da</strong>, asaki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, buneb-<br />
128
tribuna<br />
riva<strong>da</strong>a midrekili garTobisa <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiuri trampa-cumpisken.<br />
moTxrobaSi im marselma bavSvebi Zalze iolad <strong>da</strong>iyolia.<br />
raRa bevri gavagrZelo, Tan yavac gamogvlevia... de<strong>da</strong>miwaze<br />
SeWris operacia uswrafesad xorcieldeba. erT mSvenier<br />
dilas keTili marseli Zias mier agdebuli baWaWyanebi<br />
sxartad iwyeben misi brZanebebis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong> mobezrebul<br />
mSoblebs – vinc maT kbilis gaxexvas, piris <strong>da</strong>banasa <strong>da</strong> swavla-ganaTlebas<br />
aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> – erTiani gegmis mixedviT acamtvereben.<br />
Tu xvdebiT, ratom <strong>da</strong> risTvis, Zvirfaso kolegav?<br />
vera? maSin getyviT: de<strong>da</strong>miwis marselebisTvis xonCiT misar-<br />
Tmevad. aba, feSqaS...".<br />
mokrZalebulad SegaxsenebT, rom es narkvevi uzogadesi xasiaTis<br />
erTi xalxuri sibrZniT <strong>da</strong>viwye. zedmet paTetiuroba-<br />
Si nu CamomarTmevT, magram rogor mogwonT am patara, xelovnur<br />
mizanscenaSi kodirebuli antixalxuri sibrZne?<br />
sibrZnea ki?<br />
129
130<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong><br />
diskursi
ian voriSeki<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba gasaviTarebeli –<br />
koncefciebi <strong>da</strong> mc<strong>da</strong>ri warmodgenebi<br />
sagareo <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis praqtika ukve saukuneze metia rac<br />
arsebobs, magram termini – “<strong>da</strong>xmareba gasaviTareblad” Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
axalia <strong>da</strong> droTa ganmavlobaSi misi mniSvneloba icvleba.<br />
dResac ki es termini sakmaod gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT<br />
gamoiyeneba imis mixedviT, Tu vin <strong>da</strong> rogor iyenebs.<br />
am sakiTxis ukeT gasaazreblad gTavazobT mokle istoriul<br />
eqskurss.<br />
es yvelaferi wina saukunebis gzagasayarze <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rodesac<br />
kolonizatorebma adgilobriv mosaxleobas sxv<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebebi SesTavazes. im droisaTvis frangi, britaneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva kolonizatorebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyvnen<br />
imiT, rom rac SeiZleba meti (bunebrivi) resursi <strong>da</strong>esakuTrebinaT<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT mier gakeTebuli investiciebic pirvel rigSi am<br />
mizans emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> – sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva infrastruqturis, magali-<br />
Tad, – navsadgurebis mSeneblobas, administraciis <strong>da</strong>fuZneba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. amasTanave, misonerebis meSveobiT isini cdilobdnen<br />
“adgilobriv primitiul kulturebSi civilizaciis” Setanas.<br />
misionerebis didi nawili iyvnen religiis warmomadgenlebi,<br />
romlebic socialuri infrastruqturis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebasTan<br />
erTad (mag. skolebi, saavadmyofoebi) adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi<br />
qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari saganmanaTleblo sistemis popularizacias<br />
eweodnen.<br />
mxolod 1940-iani wlebis bolos ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebam<br />
ufro struqturizirebuli xasiaTi miiRo <strong>da</strong> is aRar fokusirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod sakuTari interesebis msaxurze, an mxolod<br />
qristianobaze moqcevaze, aramed, sazogadod, mTel mosaxleobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo aqcentebis ga<strong>da</strong>tana <strong>da</strong> aseTi axleburi midgoma<br />
britanuli, franguli <strong>da</strong> holandiuri koloniuri sistemis nawilad<br />
iqca. portugalielma kolonizatorebma am mxriv naklebi<br />
cvlilebebi ganicades. mas Semdeg, rac 50-ianebSi britanelebma,<br />
xolo 60-ianebSi – frangebma TavianTi koloniebi <strong>da</strong>toves,<br />
maT yofil koloniebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> finansuri resur-<br />
131
ian voriSeki<br />
sebis mxriv vakuumi gaCn<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, es dro civi omis periods<br />
<strong>da</strong>emTxva, rodesac asparezze ori didi moTamaSe gamovi<strong>da</strong>:<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT evropis bloki, romlebic<br />
mniSvnelovani finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis gawevisas mxolod<br />
politikuri mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. am procesSi<br />
CaerTvnen, agreTve, <strong>da</strong>savleTi evropis sxva qveynebic, romelTa<br />
motivaciac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mravalferovani iyo – politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri, socialuri soli<strong>da</strong>roba, <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />
grZnoba koloniuri warsulis gamo. xSir SemTxvevaSi gasavi-<br />
Tarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba qveynis ramodenime interesis SerwymiT<br />
iyo nakarnaxevi. zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, zogadi termini<br />
– gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba – sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva midgomebsa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobebs<br />
SeiZleba moicavdes. aRmosavleT evropaSi 1990-ianebSi<br />
komunisturi sistemis <strong>da</strong>Slam didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia<br />
gasaviTarebel <strong>da</strong>xmarebis konceptSi. kerZod, Tu 1950ianebSi<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris mier gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmareba Statebis<br />
mier gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mesameds Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisTvis<br />
es Tanafardoba 3%-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>, xolo dRes<br />
TiTqmis nulamde <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
im periodSi Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo gare<strong>da</strong>n Tavsmoxveuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, termin “gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis”<br />
Secvla termin “ganviTarebis TanamSromlobiT”, romelsac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aesaxa ufro <strong>da</strong>balansebuli midgoma, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis mimRebi qveynis aqtiur monawileobas.<br />
diskusiis gasamartiveblad tradiciuli termini – “gasaviTarebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba” gamoyenebul iqneba mravalferovani saer-<br />
TaSoriso, – arasamxedro tipis, <strong>da</strong>xmarebis asaxvisaTvis.<br />
1996-1997 wlebis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis procesSi CarTuli<br />
sazogadoebrioba iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> angariSi gaewia iseTi<br />
mniSvnelovani movlenisTvis, rogoricaa globalizacia. es ki<br />
niSnav<strong>da</strong> sabazro principebisken reorientacias, Tun<strong>da</strong>c gasaviTarebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis sferoSi.<br />
Tumca, aseTma calmxrivma, ekonomikurma midgomam bevr qveyanaSi<br />
socialuri struqturebisa <strong>da</strong> servisebis rRveva <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. ufskruli <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreTs Soris kide ufro gafarTov<strong>da</strong>. es aRiarebul iqna<br />
msoflio bankisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier <strong>da</strong><br />
amis Sedegad axali strategia amoqmed<strong>da</strong>: “siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis<br />
programa”. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
sferoSi jer kidev Tavisufali bazris ekonomikuri principebi<br />
dominirebs, proeqtebs socialuri ganzomilebebi <strong>da</strong>ema-<br />
132
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
ta <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mimReb qveynebs neba <strong>da</strong>rTes, rom ganviTarebis<br />
sakuTari strategiebi SeemuSavebinaT. es strategia siRaribis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zlevis gansazRvrul mimarTulebebSi un<strong>da</strong> Tavsdebodes.<br />
gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis uaxles koncefcias warmoadgens<br />
gaeros mier SemuSavebuli “aTaswleulis ganviTarebis<br />
miznebi”, romelic droSi mkafiod gaweril miznebs gulisxmobs,<br />
anu 2015 wlisTvis siRaribis ganaxevrebas. Tumca, am ke-<br />
TilSobilur mizans yvela erTnairi enTuziazmiT ar uWers<br />
mxars. am mxriv, SeerTebuli Statebis gamorCeva SeiZleba,<br />
radgan moqmedi prezidenti <strong>da</strong> misi administracia jer kidev<br />
amtkicebs, rom siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis umTavres instruments<br />
vaWroba warmoadgens e.w. “gaJonvis an ganawilebis efeqtis”<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis miwodebis gzebi donori qveynebis gamocdilebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sexedulebebis mixedviT or ZiriTad mimarTulebad<br />
iyofa: socialuri <strong>da</strong>cva (ganaTleba jan<strong>da</strong>cvaSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva, umciresobebis <strong>da</strong>cva, konfliqtebis prevencia<br />
<strong>da</strong> mogvareba) an – ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba (vaWroba, investiciebi,<br />
valebis Semsubuqeba).<br />
amasTanave, arsebobs mzardi konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom<br />
qveynebi gansxvavdebian sakuTari mdgomareobiTa <strong>da</strong> potencialiT<br />
(resursebiT) <strong>da</strong>, amitom, maT mimarT gansxvavebuli midgomebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gamoyenebuli.<br />
oTxmocian wlebSi zogierTma donorma gamoTqva mosazreba,<br />
rom qveynebi or nawilad – “imedis momcemi” <strong>da</strong> “uimedod”<br />
gaeyoT. imedis momcemebma un<strong>da</strong> miiRon gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba,<br />
xolo uimedoebma – Semweobebi, raTa ga<strong>da</strong>rCnen. aseT qveynebSi<br />
(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d afrikaSi) nebismieri saxis investicia ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc resursebis flangva. aseTi radikaluri<br />
Tvalsazrisi maleve iqna uaryofili. rodesac globalizacia<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebsac Seexo, Semdegi suraTi miviReT: zogierT<br />
qveyanas aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> sakmarisi safuZveli imisTvis, rom<br />
“SejibrebaSi” CarTuliyo, zogierTi ki – CamorCa. zogierTebma<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve aRmoaCines, rom es procesi mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Raribebs<br />
Soris arsebul uTanasworobas kidev ufro aRrmavebs. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
zogierTma qveyanam moaxerxa, rom “matarebelSi adgili<br />
<strong>da</strong>ekavebina” gamgzavrebamde, zogi – rkinigzis sadgurSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa, xolo sxva, vinc “matarebels moaxta”, gvian mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
karebi ukve <strong>da</strong>ketili iyo <strong>da</strong> axla ase arian Camokidebulni <strong>da</strong><br />
yvelanairad cdiloben, rom ar Camovardnen matarebli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
ufro teqnikuri terminebiT, pirvelebs uwodeben “integ-<br />
133
ian voriSeki<br />
raciul qveynebs”, romelTa upirveles magaliTs wamoadgenen<br />
aRmosavleTi evropis, samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziisa <strong>da</strong> laTinuri<br />
amerikis zogierTi qveyana. meore jgufs “marginalizirebul<br />
qveynebad” moixsenieben <strong>da</strong> maTSi moiazreben bevr<br />
afrikul, centraluri aziisa <strong>da</strong> laTinuri amerikis qveyanas.<br />
mesame jgufs ganekuTvnebian iseTi qveynebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c integraciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> marginalizacias erTdroulad aqvs adgili. maTTvis<br />
erTi, gansazRvruli saxeli jer ar aris SerCeuli <strong>da</strong>, amitom,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad moixsenieben, mag.: “dezintegraciuli qveynebi”,<br />
“Sereuli qveynebi”, Tumca, arc erTi maTgani am qveynebSi<br />
Seqmnil situacias kargad ver gamoxatavs. aseTi qveynebia:<br />
indoeTi, CineTi <strong>da</strong> egvipte, sa<strong>da</strong>c uTanasworoba aSkara<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzardia. igive tendenciebi SeimCneva ruseTSic, Tumca,<br />
misi bunebrivi simdidris gamo is ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
rigs ar miekuTvneba.<br />
134<br />
gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miznebi<br />
terminis – gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba – mniSvneloba mxolod<br />
istoriuli mizezebis gamo ki ar icvleba, aramed im miznebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> midgomebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, romlebsac is isaxavs.<br />
zogjer aqcenti ekonomikur ganviTarebaze keTdeba, rogorc<br />
ZiriTad gamwev Zalaze. am dros mTavar samiznes vaWrobis<br />
finansuri sistemis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> korufciis Semcireba<br />
warmoadgens. azrovnebis aseTi modelis mTavar Sedegs struqturuli<br />
cvlilebebis politika warmoadgens.<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT yvela acnobierebs <strong>da</strong> aRiarebs imas, rom ekonomikuri<br />
parametrebis gaumjobesebaze ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
aspeqtebic arsebobs. mag.: zogierTi ganviTarebis oficialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis (Official Development Assistance (ODA) mimarTuleba<br />
miznad isaxavs qveynisTvis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebis<br />
ukeTesi SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong>xmarebis ufro<br />
farTo speqtris miwodebiT, maT Soris, – jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
sferoebSi.<br />
albaT, yvelaze ufro yovlismomcveli midgomaa siRaribis<br />
Semcireba, radgan es mxolod fizikur ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas ki ar gulisxmobs,<br />
aramed sicocxlis xarisxis gaumjobesebasac _ keTildReobis<br />
SegrZnebas, Tavmoyvareobis grZnobisa <strong>da</strong> statusis<br />
amaRlebas.<br />
bolos, arsebobs kidev erTi interesi, romelic aucileblad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, es aris gansazRvruli ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri berketebis <strong>da</strong>ufleba – arapir<strong>da</strong>pi
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
ri iqneba is Tu iseTive aSkara <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ufaravi, rogorc es civi<br />
omis dros xdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis gaerTianebebi<br />
politikurad maTTan <strong>da</strong>axloebul qveynebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
potenciur partniorebs investirebas sTavazobdnen. zogier-<br />
Ti qveynis SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo swored aseT qveynebs<br />
miekuTvneba, amgvari geopolitikuri interesi jer kidev mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asrulebs.<br />
konceptebi <strong>da</strong> terminebi<br />
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis koncepti<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> pirveladi miznebis Sesabamisad icvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yovelive es kargad xsnis gasaviTarebeli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmodgenebis (<strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli warmodgenebis)<br />
arsebobas.<br />
sazogadod, gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba gulisxmobs ormxriv<br />
an mravalmxriv <strong>da</strong>xmarebas teqnikuri (kompiuteruli<br />
aRWurviloba <strong>da</strong> personali) <strong>da</strong> finansuri saSualebebiT mTeli<br />
qveynis doneze saxelmwifo an kerZo fondebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
amitom, am statiaSi Cven vsaubrobT mTlianad qveynisTvis gaweul<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebaze <strong>da</strong> ara – calkeuli sajaro <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis,<br />
vTqvaT, saministrosTvis an njo-sTvis gaweul <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze.<br />
teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba, samxreTi-samxreTis gacvliTi programebis<br />
CaTvliT asaxavs materialur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, magaliTad,<br />
samedicino aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofas <strong>da</strong>, agreTve, codnis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemas treningebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis meSveobiT.<br />
codnis ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi monawileoben ucxoeli eqspertebi <strong>da</strong> moxaliseebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> es, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, gulisxmobs konsultaciebs, moklevadian<br />
<strong>da</strong>valebebs, zogjer ki – ramdenimewlian kontraqtebs,<br />
rogorc es xSirad xdeba e.w. “ganviTarebis mosamsaxureebis” Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi. samxreTi-samxreTis (an aRmosavleT-aRmosavleTis)<br />
gacvliTi proeqtebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gulisxmobs gacvliT vizitebs<br />
or organizacias an sajaro <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs Soris samxreTSi<br />
(afrika, azia, laTinuri amerika) <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTSi (aRmosavle-<br />
Ti evropa), raTa erTmaneTs sakuTari gamocdileba gauziaron<br />
(rogorc warmatebuli, aseve warumatebeli).<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba, rogoricaa biujetis subsidireba<br />
– Zalian popularulia <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki – skandinaviis saxelmwifoebsa <strong>da</strong> holandiaSi. es aris<br />
fulis SeTanxmebuli odenoba, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir ga<strong>da</strong>ericxeba<br />
mimReb qveyanas biujetis “Sesavsebad”. xSirad es midgoma<br />
didi sagareo valis mqone qveynebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba.<br />
135
ian voriSeki<br />
(samarTliani) vaWroba – savaWro barierebis Semcireba <strong>da</strong><br />
“ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis” meti SesaZleblobebis micema,<br />
raTa <strong>da</strong>savleTis bazrebze eqsportis xarjze miaRwion ganvi-<br />
Tarebas. am midgomas SeerTebuli Statebi <strong>da</strong> maT Soris prezidenti<br />
buSi prioritetulad miiCneven.<br />
am midgomasTan axlos dgas biznesinvesticiebis waxaliseba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, – “integraciul qveynebSi”, anu im qveynebSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs kvalificiuri muSaxeli, bazisuri samar-<br />
Tlebrivi pirobebi <strong>da</strong> kontrolirebadi korufcia, rac SesaZlebels<br />
xdis ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove biznesis warmoebas.<br />
amis TvalsaCino magaliTs CineTsa <strong>da</strong> indoeTSi mimdinare<br />
ganviTarebis procesebi warmoadgens.<br />
“SeRavaTiani” sesxebi <strong>da</strong> valis Semsubuqeba, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, “marginalizebuli” <strong>da</strong> did valebSi Cafluli qveynebisTvis<br />
aris gamiznuli, iseTi, rogorebicaa afrikisa <strong>da</strong> rig<br />
SemTxvevebSi samxreT amerikis qveynebi. SeRavaTiani sesxebi gamoeyofaT<br />
xolme samxreTuli qveynebis mTavrobebs. sesxis Se-<br />
RavaTiani pirobebi niSnavs an <strong>da</strong>bal procents, an ga<strong>da</strong>xdis<br />
grZelvadian sqemas (an orives erTad). bevri amtkicebs, rom am<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT “gasaviTarebel <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze”,<br />
radgan es ufro “ga<strong>da</strong>udebel Semweobas” an “nugeSiscemas”<br />
waagavs, rameTu umravles SemTxvevaSi am tipis <strong>da</strong>xmarebebi<br />
samizne qveynis ekonomikis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis strategias emsaxureba.<br />
vaSingtonSi arsebuli globaluri ganviTarebis centri<br />
kidev ufro Sors wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ramdenime elementis kombinirebiT<br />
e.w. ganviTarebis valdebulebis indeqsi (Commitment to Development<br />
Index - CDI) SeimuSava. es indeqsi Sedgeba 6 elementisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia donori qveynebis Sefaseba:<br />
tradiciuli gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
vaWroba<br />
investicia<br />
saemigracio politika<br />
zrunva garemos <strong>da</strong>cvaze<br />
mSvidobismyofeli samxedro operaciebi<br />
(stabilurobis <strong>da</strong>cva)<br />
es indeqsi mravalmxriv aris saintereso.<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> monetaruli TvalsazrisiT iaponia <strong>da</strong> SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi lideroben, am indeqsis mixedviT ki Zalian bevr qveyanas<br />
CamorCebian, xolo lideris pozicia <strong>da</strong>niasa <strong>da</strong> holandias<br />
ukaviaT.<br />
136
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
agreTve, am indeqsi (CDI) <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
erTi SexedviT <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli debatebis <strong>da</strong>mTavreba imis Taobaze,<br />
Tu romeli midgomaa ukeTesi. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs,<br />
rom yvela qveyanam <strong>da</strong>xmarebis erTnairi paketi un<strong>da</strong> miiRos.<br />
magaliTad, “integrirebadi” qveynebisaTvis saWiroa sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>xmareba, vidre “marginalizebuli” an e.w. “Sereuli”<br />
qveynebisTvis.<br />
gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis konceptis ukeT gasagebad modiT<br />
ganvixiloT, Tu ras niSnavs humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong><br />
Semweobis <strong>da</strong>xmareba (romelsac zogjer ga<strong>da</strong>udebel <strong>da</strong>xmarebasac<br />
eZaxian).<br />
Semweobis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ver ganvixilavT, rogorc gasaviTarebel<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas, radgan mas sruliad gansxvavebuli miznebi<br />
aqvs: ga<strong>da</strong>rCena <strong>da</strong> krizisuli mdomareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvana bunebrivi<br />
an a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mier gamowveuli ubedurebebis Semdeg ise-<br />
Ti ZiriTadi saSualebebis (maslous piramidis pirveli done)<br />
miwodebis gziT, rogoricaa – sakvebi, TavSesafari, samedicino<br />
saSualebebi, komunikacia, infrastruqtura. sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
midgomebia saWiro, rodesac saxelisuflo struqturebi<br />
ver akontroleben situacias, an saerTod aRar arseboben,<br />
rogorc, magaliTad, samoqalaqo omebis dros xdeba<br />
xolme. amitom, xSirad Semweobis <strong>da</strong>xmareba adgilobrivi xelisuflebisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad miewodeba qveyanas, rac gasavi-<br />
Tarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis SemTxvevaSi miuRebelia. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba<br />
isaa, rom Semweobis <strong>da</strong>xmarebisgan gansxvavebiT, gasaviTarebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba ara “calmxriv”, aramed “ormxriv moZraobas”<br />
gulisxmobs, rac <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mimRebi qveynis aqtiur<br />
monawileobas niSnavs.<br />
humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmareba warmoadgens specifikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
formas, gansazRvruli marginalizebuli an gansakuTrebulad<br />
mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi mosaxleobisTvis. is, Ziri-<br />
Ta<strong>da</strong>d, pirveladi moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas gulisxmobs<br />
<strong>da</strong> es SeiZleba iyos sakvebi, samedicino saSualebebi, Tav-<br />
Sesafari, satrasnporto saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. es aris calmxrivi<br />
midgoma <strong>da</strong> samizne jgufi met-naklebad pasiuri mimRebis<br />
rolSi gvevlineba. amitom, pir<strong>da</strong>pir rom vTqvaT, es ar aris<br />
“WeSmaritad” gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba, romelic qveynis ganviTarebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis gaZlierebas isaxavs miznad. Tumca,<br />
is SeiZleba iyos gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis nawili. Semweobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba Zalian mniSvnelovania farTomasStabiani samaSvelo<br />
RonisZiebis saWiroebis dros, gansakuTrebiT iqamde,<br />
137
ian voriSeki<br />
vidre gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba Semovidodes qveyanaSi. am situacias<br />
“gar<strong>da</strong>maval perio<strong>da</strong>d” moixsenieben <strong>da</strong> misi xangrZlivoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia adgilobriv garemoebebsa <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi<br />
situaciis gamosworebis tempze.<br />
138<br />
araswori warmodgenebi saerTaSoriso<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebaze<br />
gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb ramdennairi mniSvnelobac<br />
arsebobs, TiTqmis imdenive araswori an <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli gagebac<br />
gvxvdeba, xolo zogi maTgani miTosur xasiaTsac atarebs.<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlilia maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulebi,<br />
Tumca, es sia SeiZleba kidev gagrZeldes.<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom bevrs sjera miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba konkretulad aravis kuTvnileba ara aris,<br />
sinamdvileSi is arasdros yofila (<strong>da</strong> arc iqneba) momwodeblisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi interesisagan absoluturad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli. <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
mizezebi gansxvavebulia, iseve rogorc pirobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mimRebi qveynis SerCevis meqanizmebi. es gasagebia <strong>da</strong> misaRebic,<br />
Tu es interesebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi qveynis interesebs.<br />
Tumca, yovelTvis ase rodi xdeba. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac<br />
mimRebma qveyanam un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos, uari Tqvas Tu ara <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze,<br />
romelic TiTqmis aranairi sargeblis momtani ar iqneba.<br />
radganac Raribi qveynebis umravlesobas ar hyavs Zlieri<br />
xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli politika, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamokveTili<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> prioritetebi, saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs<br />
donori qveynebi an saerTaSoriso organizaciebi iReben.<br />
amis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens msoflio bankis samarcxvino<br />
struqturuli politika. zogjer, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mi-<br />
Rebisas korufciac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. orive Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi Sedegebi savalaloa.<br />
WeSmariti partnioroba<br />
kidev erTi gavrcelebuli miTia e.w. “WeSmariti partnioroba”.<br />
momwodebel <strong>da</strong> mimReb mxareebs Soris safuZvelSive Cadebuli<br />
uTanasworobis momentebi “WeSmarit TanamSromlobas”<br />
SeuZlebels xdis. mimRebi qveynebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mdgomareoba<br />
donorebs saboloo sityvis Tqmis saSualebas aZlevs. magram<br />
es imas ar niSnavs, rom ormxrivi sasargeblo urTierToba
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
SeuZlebelia. amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom TanamSromloba<br />
urTierTpativiscemas efuZnebodes. samwuxarod, im donorebsac<br />
ki romlebic sityva “partniorobas” iyeneben, yovel meore<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debaSi aviwydebaT a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTobebis erTerTi<br />
ZiriTadi ingredienti – sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> misi azris pativiscema.<br />
donorebs Soris koordinacia <strong>da</strong> TanamSromloba<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba msoflio mas-<br />
Stabis fenomenad iqca, jer kidev aqtualuria donorebis TanamSromlobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> koordinaciis Tema. maSin, roca Semweobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis dros adgilobrivi makoordinirebeli organos sisustis<br />
an ararsebobis gamo mainc arsebobs garkveuli Tanam-<br />
Sromloba (un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes kidec) donorebs Soris, gasavi-<br />
Tarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis dros es problema jer kidev mougvarebelia.<br />
donorebis nebismier konferenciaze an qveynis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
programebis angariSis mosmenisas ismis mowodebebi donorTa<br />
TanamSromlebisaken Tu ara, sul mcire koordinaciisaken<br />
mainc. sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswineba <strong>da</strong> Tanam-<br />
Sromlobis mimarT negatiuri ganwyoba jer kidev mniSvnelovnad<br />
aferxebs ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis efeqturobasa <strong>da</strong> efeqtianobas.<br />
TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT konkretul magaliTs: ramdenime<br />
wlis win holandiis mTavrobam oTx ZiriTad holandiur<br />
donor organizacias urTierTTanamSromloba aukrZala.<br />
isini iZulebuli gaxdnen (<strong>da</strong> axlac arian), rom erTmaneTTan<br />
urTierTobisas sabazro SejibrebiTobis principebiT exelmZRvanelaT.<br />
aseTma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam <strong>da</strong>bneuloba, xarjebis ga<strong>da</strong>farva<br />
<strong>da</strong> kontr-produqtuloba gamoiwvia.<br />
yvelaze Raribebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
bevri proeqtisa <strong>da</strong> programis ZiriTadi mizani yvelaze ga-<br />
WirvebulTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebaa. agm (aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi)<br />
umTavres miznad siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas isaxavs. Tumca, yvelaze<br />
metad gaWirvebulebisTvis <strong>da</strong> marginalizebuli jgufebisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis miwodebis mcdelobebi jer-jerobiT warumatebelia.<br />
aseTi jgufebisTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miwodeba gansakuTrebiT<br />
rTulia <strong>da</strong> amisaTvis sul ramdenime meqanizmi arsebobs.<br />
maT amisaTvis, sruliad <strong>da</strong>msaxurebulad nobelis premiac ki<br />
miiRes. Tumca, es SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>gvianebulic aRmoCndes sxvebis<br />
139
ian voriSeki<br />
<strong>da</strong>sarwmuneblad imaSi, rom maT magaliTs mibaZon.<br />
sazogadod, un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo politikaSi, programaSi<br />
an sistemaSi aseTi warmatebuli midgomebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis<br />
mcdelobebma warumateblad Caiares, radgan am procesebSi<br />
uSualod gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis CarTva gaZnelebulia,<br />
xolo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi did interess ar iCenen.<br />
amis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgenen: invalidebi, fsiqiatriulis<br />
pacientebi <strong>da</strong> mitovebuli moxucebi. ganviTarebis<br />
oficialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis (ODA), ganviTarebis TanamSromlobis<br />
an sxva ufro saintereso saxelis mqone organizaciebis<br />
mier gamoyofili <strong>da</strong>xmareba am a<strong>da</strong>mianebamde ver aRwevs. isini<br />
mxolod humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis an adgilobrivi NGO-ebis<br />
ime<strong>da</strong>d arian <strong>da</strong>rCenilni.<br />
140<br />
“erTi zoma yvelas ergeba”, an<br />
aslebis keTebis midgoma<br />
myari miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi modeli yvela situacias<br />
ergeba, dRemde arsebobs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ukve aTwleulebia,<br />
rac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>, rom aseTi midgoma araefeqturia <strong>da</strong><br />
kontr-produqtuli. idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom problemebi<br />
SeiZleba erTi stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli modeliT mogvardes. uamravi<br />
magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. erT-erTi yvelaze samarcxvino magaliTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia gaeros bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvis programasTan<br />
(UNICEF), romelmac SemoiRo e.w. “gza janmrTelobis baraTebisaken”<br />
(Road to health card), romlis meSveobiTac moxdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
5 wlamde bavSvebis regularuli awonva <strong>da</strong> amis meSveobiT<br />
kvebiTi ukmarisobebis drouli <strong>da</strong>dgena. <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
qveynebSi bavSvis saSualo wona (3500 grami) stan<strong>da</strong>rtad iqna<br />
miCneuli. Sedegad, aziuri qveynebis umravlesobaSi kvebiTi<br />
ukmarisobis uamravi SemTxveva <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>, radgan saSualo<br />
wona gansazRvrul stan<strong>da</strong>rtze <strong>da</strong>bali hqon<strong>da</strong>T. es Secdoma<br />
mxolod mas Semdeg gamoswor<strong>da</strong>, roca mixvdnen, rom rasobrivi<br />
sxvaobis gamo azieli bavSvebis saSualo wona iyo ara 3500,<br />
aramed 3000 grami.<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis iseTi sistemebis importirebam, romlebic (qveynis)<br />
maRal ekonomikur maCveneblebsa <strong>da</strong> pacientis gansazRvrul<br />
qcevas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis reformebis warumatebloba<br />
gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis<br />
nacvlad (rac reformebis upirveles mizans un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes)<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>amZima (magaliTad postsabWoTa sivrce
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
Si). aseTi Secdomebi mxolod ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis seqtorisTvis<br />
ar aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, maTgan arc komerciuli seqtoria<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRveuli. magaliTad, erT-erT qarTul bankSi rodesac<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites, rom klientze ufro metad orientirebuli<br />
gamx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen, aman bankis susti sqesis warmomadgenlebs garkveuli<br />
usiamovneba moutana: rodesac isini klientebs RimiliT<br />
ekiTxebodnen _ “riT SemiZlia gemsaxuroT”?, es klientebs<br />
arasworad esmo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> garkveuli drois Semdeg sakuTar<br />
misamarTebs sTavazobdnen.<br />
ganawilebis efeqti<br />
(vaWroba, sabiujeto <strong>da</strong>xmareba)<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aranairi <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli faqtebi<br />
ar arsebobs imisa, rom qveyanaSi zogadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis<br />
gaumjobeseba avtomaturad iwvevs RaribebisTvis situaciis<br />
gaumjobesebas (mdidrebis simdidris garkveuli nawili<br />
Raribebamdec aRwevs), am miTs aqtiurad uWeren mxars isini,<br />
vinc Tvlian, rom ekonomikis gaZliereba mTliani mosaxleobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT Soris ukiduresad Raribebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas<br />
gamoiwvevs. aseTi rwmenis upirveles gamovlinebad Seer-<br />
Tebuli Statebi gvevlineba, romelsac ufrosi asakis momxreebi<br />
saqarTveloSic hyavs, mag.: “mrewveloba ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqar-<br />
Tvelos”.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, gasakviri ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos, Tu ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas garkveuli imedgacrueba<br />
axlavs Tan, miTumetes, roca TviT donorebsac ki sruliad<br />
gansxvavebulad esmiT es procesi, xolo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mimReb<br />
qveynebSi ki zogjer warmoudgenlad <strong>da</strong>maxinjebulad aRiqvamen<br />
mas.<br />
amis gamosworebis erTaderTi gza imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
yvela erTad SeTanxmdes Tu ras gulisxmoben “gasaviTarebel<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi”, “ganviTarebis TanamSromlobaSi” an sxva msgavs<br />
terminSi. es statiac am kuTxiT garkveul mcdelobas warmoadgens<br />
<strong>da</strong>, pirobiTad, SeiZleba “mini-gasaviTarebeli <strong>da</strong>xmareba”<br />
<strong>da</strong>varqvaT.<br />
141
142<br />
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
kiTxva: meore msoflio omis Semdeg, dekolonizebuli qveynebis<br />
ekonomikuri aRorZinebis diskursiT, ekonomika ganviTarebis<br />
sferos politikis <strong>da</strong> praqtikis fokusSi imyofeba. im<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebis 1 ekonomikuri<br />
warumateblobis mizezebi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
icvleba, Tumca, warmateba arc erTs moutania. riT SeiZleba<br />
es aixsnas?<br />
pasuxi: ganviTarebis sferoSi moRvawe politikosebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnielebis umravlesoba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier kontrolirebuli<br />
an am qveynebis warmomadgenelia. Sesabamisad,<br />
masSi gabatonebuli azrovneba ufro am qveynebis interesebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saWiroebebs asaxavs, vidre – ganviTarebadi qveynebisas.<br />
ufro zustad, am azrovnebis mizania Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
2 ganamtkicos, rac safuZvelSive ganviTarebuli qveynebis<br />
sargebelzea mimarTuli. vinai<strong>da</strong>n globaluri ekonomika<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba, masTan erTad ki ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis saWiroebebi <strong>da</strong> interesebi, ganviTarebis sferoSi<br />
gabatonebuli azrovnebis mimarTulebac icvleba.<br />
ganviTarebis sferoSi arsebuli aseTi azrovnebis magali-<br />
Tad SeiZleba moviyvanoT ganacxadi ekonomikuri specializaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali vaWrobis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb. ekonomistebi<br />
didi xania amtkiceben, rom yvela qveyanas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki ganviTarebads, SeuZlia ixeiros specializaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufali vaWrobisgan, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca romelime<br />
erTi qveyana absoluturad gaimarjvebs konkurenciul brZolaSi<br />
meoreze <strong>da</strong> yvela saqonels Tavad awarmoebs. am argumentaciis<br />
yvelaze adreuli gadmocema xdeba rikardos Se<strong>da</strong>re-<br />
1 termini ganviTarebuli <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi qveynebi am teqstSi, gavrcelebuli<br />
interpretaciis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, gulisxmobs industriulad winwasul<br />
<strong>da</strong> naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs. Sesabamisad, pirvel jgufs<br />
miekuTvneba aSS, kana<strong>da</strong>, evropis qveynebi, iaponia <strong>da</strong> avstralia, meore<br />
jgufs ki – yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni (mTarg).<br />
2 termini Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawileba exeba ganviTarebul <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi Sromis Zalis specializacias SromiT-intensiur<br />
<strong>da</strong> kapital-intensiur warmoebaze, romelic istoriulad asocirdeba<br />
vaWrobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan, kapitalis kvlavwarmoebasa <strong>da</strong> industrializaciis<br />
procesebTan (mTarg).
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
biTi upiratesobis doqtrinaSi, romelic qveynebis specializaciis<br />
modelebs maT mier sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqonlis warmoebaSi xarjebis<br />
”Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi” an ”SefardebiTi” upiratesobis safuZvelze<br />
ganixilavs. am Teoriis Tanamedrove versia, e.w. hekSerolin-samuelsonis<br />
(h-o-s) Teoria gvirCevs, rom qveynebma un<strong>da</strong><br />
moaxdinon specializacia maTi ”xarjebis bunebrivi upiratesobis”<br />
Sesabamisad. xsenebuli bunebriv xarjTa upiratesobebi<br />
TiTqos bunebrivi faqtorebis siuxviT un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganpirobebuli.<br />
Sesabamisad, qveynebma un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinon specializacia<br />
iseTi saqonlis warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> eqsportSi, romelic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
metad moicavs bunebrivad uxvad arsebul warmoebis faqtors.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n ganviTarebad qveynebSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT uxvia samuSao Zala<br />
<strong>da</strong> miwa <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mwire _ kapitali (<strong>da</strong> teqnologia), amdenad,<br />
es qveynebi un<strong>da</strong> specializdnen xsenebuli sawarmoo faqtorebis<br />
ufro intensiurad momxmarebeli saqonlis warmoebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> eqsportSi, anu soflis meurneobis, nedleulsa <strong>da</strong>, SesaZlebelia,<br />
SromiT-intensiur mrewvelobaSi. Sedegad, ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli qveynebi un<strong>da</strong> specializdnen kapital- <strong>da</strong> teqnologia-intensiuri<br />
produqciis warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> eqsportze, radgan<br />
warmoebis es faqtorebi maTSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT uxvad moipoveba.<br />
amgvarad, doqtrina amtkicebs, rom aseTi specializaciis safuZvelze<br />
xsenebul qveynebs Soris Semdgari gacvla un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
orivesTvis momgebiani <strong>da</strong> warmoebis faqtorebze erTnairi<br />
amonagebi un<strong>da</strong> moitanos. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom es<br />
ukanaskneli, amave dros, niSnavs, rom samuSao Zalis ganviTarebadi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ganviTarebulSi migraciis aranairi mizezi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
arsebobdes, radgan xelfasis done, sabolood, ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSic gaizrdeba.<br />
cxadia <strong>da</strong> sayovelTaod cnobili Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi upiratesobis<br />
TeoriisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli rigi Teoriuli problemebisa<br />
mis orive, rikardoseul <strong>da</strong> h-o-s, versiaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aris misi <strong>da</strong>Svebebis ararealisturoba.<br />
pirvel rigSi, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi xarjebis zogadi Teoriis<br />
(anu Tanamedrove h-o-s Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> misi rikardoseuli winamorbedis)<br />
<strong>da</strong>SvebiT, yvela qveyanas, arsebiTad, SeuZlia yvela<br />
saxis saqonlis warmoeba, Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso fasebis<br />
SefardebiTi koeficientis moZraoba sazRvrulia. es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom Tu ganviTarebad qveyanas ar SeuZlia misaReb fasSi<br />
garkveuli saqonlis importireba, mas un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos am produqciis,<br />
TumcaRa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali xarjebiT, warmoeba<br />
adgilze. aseT viTarebaSi warmoebis adgilobrivi xarjebi<br />
143
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
adgenen am qveynebSi fasebis moZraobis zRvars _ maTi zr<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod im donemdea SesaZlebeli, ramdenic <strong>da</strong>jdebo<strong>da</strong> importi.<br />
Tumca, situaciaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganviTarebadi qveynebi specializdebian<br />
mxolod erT an ramdenime saqonelze <strong>da</strong> ar gaaCniaT<br />
SesaZlebloba, awarmoon importirebuli saqonlis umetesoba,<br />
arsebiTad, maT poziciebi sakmaod sustia, miT umetes, Tu<br />
savaWro molaparakeba gacilebiT mravalferovani produqciis<br />
bazis mqone qveyanasTan mimdinareobs. msgavs situaciaSi ver<br />
mtkicdeba specializaciisgan <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso vaWrobisgan<br />
usaTuo sargeblis arseboba orive qveynisTvis.<br />
meorec, sayovelTaod cnobilia SefardebiTi xarjebis Teoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sveba vaWrobaSi CarTuli yvela qveynisTvis warmoebis<br />
xarjebis ucvleli an klebadi bunebis Sesaxeb. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs,<br />
rom Tu ganviTarebadi qveynebis mrewvelobis<br />
umetesi nawilisTvis xarjebis kleba Cveulebrivi praqtikaa,<br />
rac simarTles Seesabameba kidec (gansakuTrebiT maTi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis adreuli etapisTvis), Cndeba mrewvelobis am <strong>da</strong>rgebis<br />
waxalisebis mZlavri argumenti anu e.w. Cvili warmoebis 1<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebis myari safuZveli iqmneba. empiriuli kvlevis umetesoba<br />
aCvenebs kidec, rom ganviTarebis adreul etapze warmoebis<br />
umetesi nawilisTvis xarjebis kleba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
yvela qveynisTvis, ganviTarebads rom Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT.<br />
mesame, h-o-s Teoriis mixedviT, kapitali <strong>da</strong> teqnologia<br />
aris qveynebis bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> ara SeZenili dovlaTi. faqtobrivad<br />
ki, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, kapitalis <strong>da</strong>groveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi aris ganviTarebis procesis<br />
Sedegi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, ar warmoadgens bunebriv mocemulobas.<br />
amdenad, dinamiur garemoSi myof ganviTarebad qveynebs<br />
aranairi saWiroeba ara aqvT SromiT- <strong>da</strong> bunebriv resursebintensiur<br />
produqciaze specializacia moaxdinon.<br />
gavimeoreb, rom zemoT moyvanili Teoriuli problemebi sayovelTaod<br />
cnobili, TumcaRa, xSirad ignorirebulia ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli qveynebis akademikosebis tradiciul swavlebebSi.<br />
amas mivyavarT kiTxvamde: Tu arsebobs qveyana, romelic<br />
faqtobrivad warmatebuli iyo Teoriis mier rekomendirebuli<br />
specializaciis <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis liberalizaciis politikis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi? amaze sapasuxod dReisTvis ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebisTvis Tvalis ga<strong>da</strong>vleba sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad,<br />
rom arc erT maTgans realurad ar ganuxorcielebia<br />
1 warmoebis ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>rgis mimarT proteqciuli politikis gatareba<br />
(mTarg.)<br />
144
aseTi specializacia-plus-vaWrobis liberalizaciis strategia.<br />
me-19 saukuneSi britaneTis maSin dominirebadi industriuli<br />
Zalis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs am strategiis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
imdorindelma ganviTarebadma qveynebma, rogoric iyo<br />
aSS, germania <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi, sruli ignorireba gaukeTes <strong>da</strong><br />
agresiuli eqsportis waxalisebis <strong>da</strong> importis Canacvlebis<br />
strategiebis ganxorcielebas miyves xeli. sayuradRebo faqtia,<br />
rom aSS-is mTavroba icav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> exmarebo<strong>da</strong> sakuTari warmoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebis umravlesobas britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> evropis sxva<br />
qveynebTan konkurenciul brZolaSi. aseve faqtia, rom britaneTi,<br />
me-19 saukuneSi Tavisufali vaWrobis udidesi momxre,<br />
sakuTar industriis bazas icav<strong>da</strong> indoeTi<strong>da</strong>n iafi manufaqturis<br />
(tansacmlisa <strong>da</strong> teqstilis nawarmis) importisagan.<br />
marTlac, britaneTma ise Sors Setopa, rom indoeTSi<br />
bizness aukrZala tansacmlisa <strong>da</strong> teqstilis yvela im nawarmis<br />
warmoeba, romlebic raime saxiT konkurencias uwev<strong>da</strong> britanul<br />
produqcias. ufro axlo warsulSi vakvirdebiT aSS-isa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>evropuli</strong> mTavrobebis mier kolosaluri subsidiebis gacemas<br />
sakuTari soflis meurneobis seqtorebisTvis, romlis<br />
jamic Sokirebad wliur Tanxas _ 300 miliard evros (evropa-<br />
Si) <strong>da</strong> 270 miliard evros (aSS-Si) Seadgens. soflis meurneobisTvis<br />
gaweuli <strong>evropuli</strong> subsidiebi evrokavSiris biujetis<br />
naxevars aRemateba. ufro metic, 1960-an wlebSi mimdinare tarifebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong> tarifebze generaluri SeTanxmebis<br />
(GATT) sawyisi raundi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, aSS <strong>da</strong>Jinebulad<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom soflis meurneobis produqcia, tansacmeli <strong>da</strong><br />
teqstilis nawarmi liberalizaciis dRis wesrigSi ar Sesuliyo,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi liberalizaciis aRiarebuli umaRlesi<br />
mniSvnelobisa ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis. es produqcia<br />
GATT-is dRis wesrigSi mxolod mis bolo, e.w. urugvais raundSi<br />
Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxolod mas Semdeg, rac aSS-ma <strong>da</strong> evropam moaxdines<br />
sakuTari soflis meurneobis seqtorebisadmi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
institucionalizacia (msoflio bankisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
savaluto fondis 1 politikis meSveobiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi<br />
soflis meurneobisTvis saSinao <strong>da</strong>xmarebis rRvevis paralelurad)<br />
<strong>da</strong> tansacmlis warmoebis umetesi nawilis ganvi-<br />
Tarebad qveynebSi ga<strong>da</strong>tana. mokled, vaWrobis liberalizaciis<br />
praqtikas ganviTarebul qveynebSi yvelaferi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>varqvaT<br />
vaWrobis liberalizaciis gar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1 amis Semdeg ms <strong>da</strong> ssf (mTarg.)<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
145
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
zemo Tqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong>skvna cxadia: vaWrobis liberalizacia<br />
aris is, rasac mdi<strong>da</strong>ri qveynebi cdiloben Tavs moaxvion<br />
Tavis savaWro partniorebs <strong>da</strong> SesaZlo konkurentebs sakuTari<br />
interesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. es interesebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebis soflis meurneobis, nedleulisa <strong>da</strong> iafi<br />
mrewvelobis mwarmoebleblad <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebaa. am saxis saqonlis<br />
buneba, iseve rogorc misiT vaWrobis mmarTveli globaluri<br />
instituciuri struqturebi, imas moaswavebs, rom ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebs xelewifebaT sakuTari fasebis karnaxi. amdenad,<br />
gasakviri ar aris, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciis praqtikaSi<br />
ganmxorcielebeli ganviTarebuli qveynebi (mag., afrikis, la-<br />
Tinuli amerikisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT aziis bevri qveyana) imaze uares<br />
mdgomareobaSi arian dRes, vidre liberalizaciamde iyvnen,<br />
maSin, roca aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi <strong>da</strong> CineTi, romlebmac<br />
eqsportis stimulirebaze orientirebuli agresiuli industrializaciis<br />
strategia gaatares, swraf zr<strong>da</strong>s ganicdian.<br />
kiTxva: parsonisa <strong>da</strong> veberis droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
ganviTarebis sferoSi mimdinare dominanturi analizi<br />
ganviTarebul <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebad qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>grovili materialuri<br />
dovlaTis gansxvavebul doneebs gansxvavebuli faseulobebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri organizaciis formebis arsebobiT<br />
xsnis. Tqveni azriT, ra aris ganviTarebis doneebs Soris gansxvavebis<br />
mizezi? ratom aris zogi qveyana Raribi <strong>da</strong> zogi ki<br />
mdi<strong>da</strong>ri dRes?<br />
pasuxi: am kiTxvebi<strong>da</strong>n pirvelze sapasuxod un<strong>da</strong> vTqva, rom<br />
Semosavlis donebs Soris gansxvavebis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi mizezi<br />
aris Sromis globaluri <strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> globalur ekonomikur<br />
sistemaSi am qveynebis roli. dRes ganviTarebadi qveynebi erT<br />
sul mosaxleze Semosavlis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>axloebiT im doneze<br />
arian, rogorzec iyvnen dRes ganviTarebuli qveynebi maT kolonizaciamde<br />
(sadRac me-15 saukunis bolosken). kolonizaciiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo dRevandeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebis<br />
ngrevisa <strong>da</strong> dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebis saWiroebebisadmi<br />
maTi misa<strong>da</strong>gebis procesi, ramac am qveynebis ekonomika<br />
<strong>da</strong>aknina, <strong>da</strong>amaxinja ra maTi zrdis potenciali. kerZod,<br />
koloniuri batonobis qveS myofi ganviTarebadi qveynebi gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnen<br />
nedleulisa <strong>da</strong> iafi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis<br />
mimwodeblebad momxmareblebisTvis kolonizator qveyneb-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong> monuri an kabalur pirobebSi myofi samuSao Zalis _<br />
plantaciebisTvis, romlis mflobelebic ganviTarebuli qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iyvnen. amave dros, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa indoe-<br />
146
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
Ti, sawyis etapze myofi industrializaciis procesic moiSala.<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom im droisTvis indoeTi britaneTze<br />
gacilebiT win waweuli iyo tansacmlisa <strong>da</strong> teqstilis<br />
teqnologiiTa <strong>da</strong> nou-hauTi, maSin roca britaneTi am produqciis<br />
bazaze industrializacias mxolod me-18 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> me-19 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aviTareb<strong>da</strong>. swored im<br />
droisTvis indoeli mewarmeebis britanelebze am xarjTupiratesobis<br />
Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong> induri tansacmlis britaneTSi<br />
mZlavri Sedineba. britaneli mewarmeebis xmauriani protestis<br />
sapasuxod britaneTis mTavrobam jer maRali tarifebi <strong>da</strong> qvotebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>awesa induri tansacmlisa <strong>da</strong> teqstilis importze, Semdeg<br />
ki, rogorc adre aRvniSne, mTlianad aukrZala indoel mewarmeebs<br />
im nawarmis gamoSveba, romelic konkurencias uwev<strong>da</strong><br />
britanuls. rogorc aseve aRvniSne, adre, britanuli xelisuflebis<br />
es qmedeba maT mier evropeli <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT amerikeli<br />
industriuli konkurentebisTvis Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />
doqtrinis qa<strong>da</strong>gebis fonze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
me-20 saukuneSi, kolonizaciis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg, yofilma<br />
koloniebma ganagrZes Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli rolis TamaSi. es qveynebi dResac iafi nedleulis<br />
<strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobis produqciis mimwodeblebi arian.<br />
magram axla maTi umetesoba <strong>da</strong>matebiT iaf samrewvelo produqcias<br />
awvdis ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebs. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom koloniebsa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis sabrZanebloebSi monebisa <strong>da</strong> kabaluri pirobebiT <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli<br />
samuSao Zalis ayvanis nacvlad, rogorc es koloniur<br />
periodSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, TanamedroveobaSi ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynis mewarmeebi ga<strong>da</strong>aadgileben sawarmoo procesis im nawils,<br />
romelic iaf samuSao Zalas moiTxovs am Zalis adgilsamyofelSi<br />
_ ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Sromis globaluri <strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />
amgvari saxiT SenarCuneba ekonomikuri kontrolis,<br />
saerTaSoriso instituciuri struqturebis, ideologiebis,<br />
disfunqciuri adgilobrivi elitebis, politikuri<br />
kontrolisa <strong>da</strong>, roca aucilebelia, pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
samxedro intervenciebis kombinaciiT xdeba.<br />
ekonomikuri kontroli tipiurad valSi myofi ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebisa <strong>da</strong>/an ormxrivi <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis nakadebis<br />
1 formas iRebs. perkinsis STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi wigni aCvenebs,<br />
1 ormxrivi <strong>da</strong> mravalmxrivi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis nakadebSi (bilateral and multilateral aid<br />
flows) igulisxmeba or an ramdenime qveyanas Soris <strong>da</strong>debuli molaparakeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebis sqemis Sesaxeb (ufro xSirad sesxis saxiT) (Targm.)<br />
147
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis umetesi nawilis<br />
ganmavlobaSi aSS aSkarad cdilob<strong>da</strong> qveynebis valSi Cagdebas<br />
maTi ekonomikuri politikis marTvis sa<strong>da</strong>veebis mosapoveblad.<br />
1 mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli uTvalavi<br />
kvleva gvawvdis detalebs, Tu rogor xdebo<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis mier ucxouri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gamoyeneba ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebis sakuTar pirobebze <strong>da</strong>saTanxmeblad.<br />
ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso instituciuri struqturebi,<br />
romlebic Sromis arsebul saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebis status<br />
qvos inarCuneben, moicavs ssf-s, mb-s <strong>da</strong> msoflio savaWro<br />
organizacias (SemdgomSi mso). es organizaciebi ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis mier imarTebian <strong>da</strong> maTi interesebiT nakarnaxev<br />
politikas atareben. am konteqstSi mxolod imis aRniSvnac sakmarisia,<br />
rom mb-is prezidentis <strong>da</strong>niSvnis ufleba mxolod aSSis<br />
prezidents aqvs <strong>da</strong> ssf-is aRmasrulebel direqtors evropelebi<br />
waradgenen masze mxolod aSS-is mier vetos <strong>da</strong>debis<br />
uflebis pirobebSi, an is, rom mso-is xelmZRvanelebis umetesoba<br />
am posti<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>ufaravad SeuerT<strong>da</strong> erTi<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynis biznes analitikur-kvleviT centrs. 2<br />
Sromis arsebuli <strong>da</strong>nawilebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri ideologiebi<br />
umeteswilad ekonomikuria. rogorc wesi, isini exeba ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli qveynebis mier rekomendirebul ekonomikur strategiebs.<br />
es ideologiebi, Cveulebriv, SeTavazebulia ”mecnieruli<br />
Teoriis” saxiT maRali klasis ”mecnierTagan” <strong>da</strong> anga-<br />
Jirebulia mravalricxovani mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri statiebiTa <strong>da</strong> wignebiT.<br />
xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mecnierTa waxaliseba<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSi Tavisi Setyobinebis gasavrceleblad<br />
konsultaciebisa <strong>da</strong> gamosvlebis saxiT. ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
studentebs eZlevaT saswavlo <strong>da</strong>finanseba am ”Teorebis”<br />
Sesaswavlad <strong>da</strong> maT praqtikaSi gasatareblad sakuTar<br />
qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisTanave, imis gaucnobiereblad, rom es<br />
Teoriebi im ayvavebas uTxrian Zirs, romlisTvisac TiTqos<br />
gamiznulni arian. ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxmarad ganvi-<br />
Tarebul qveynebSi Seqmnili ideologiis karg magaliTs warmoadgens<br />
e.w. Tavisufali vaWrobis Teoria <strong>da</strong> masTan asocirebuli<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi upiratesobis doqtrina, romelic adre<br />
vaxsene. am Teoriis de<strong>da</strong>azri, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, isaa,<br />
1 j. perkinsi (2004) ”ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli mkvlelis aRiareba”, sanfransisko:<br />
beret-koleris gamomcemloba. Perkins, J (2004) “Confessions of<br />
an Economic Hitman”, San Francisco: Berret-Koehler Pub. Inc<br />
2 igive think tank inglisurad (mTargm.)<br />
148
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
rom yvela qveyanas SeuZlia ixeiros specializacii<strong>da</strong>n (risi<br />
warmoebac gamosdiT) <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan Tavisufali vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n politikuri <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom mTavrobebi ar un<strong>da</strong> ecadon<br />
sakuTari eqsporti waaxalison an ucxouri importi Seaferxon.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sayovelTaod cnobilia Teoriis<br />
ramdenime sabediswero xarvezi <strong>da</strong> isic, rom igi arasodes<br />
yofila warmatebuli ekonomikis maxasiaTebeli, Teoria<br />
iswavleba, rogorc vaWrobis safuZveli umetes stan<strong>da</strong>rtul<br />
saswavlo masalebSi <strong>da</strong> gamoiyeneba (sxva msgavs saeWvo ”TeoriebTan”<br />
erTad) saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis<br />
umravlesobis mier sakuTari politikis <strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad.<br />
sxva magaliTebi safinanso seqtoris <strong>da</strong> kapitalis angariSis<br />
liberalizaciis, sajaro sawarmoebis privatizaciis, ekonomikuri<br />
momsaxurebis gakomerciulebis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong> sxva Teoriebia.<br />
disfunqciuri elitebis waxaliseba gulisxmobs mb-isa <strong>da</strong><br />
ssf-is msgavsi institutebis mier rekomendirebuli politikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> strategiebis Sedegad iseTi elitebis ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyobas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romelic industrializaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong>s aferxebs. es elitebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
Sedgeba safinanso seqtorsa <strong>da</strong> vaWrobaSi moqmedi pirebisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong> rentis-maZiebel 1 samTavrobo oficialuri pirebisagan.<br />
pirveli ori aixsneba mb-sa <strong>da</strong> ssf-s mier finansuri seqtoris<br />
saqmianobis maniakaluri waxalisebiTa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
ekonomikebSi saprocento ganakveTis zrdiT, xolo ukanaskneli<br />
warmoadgens am ori institutis mier makroekonomikuri<br />
stabilizaciis politikis argumentebis sa<strong>da</strong>rqveS sajaro moxeleebis<br />
xelfassa <strong>da</strong> pirobebze Tanmimdevruli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uval Sedegs. kidev erT disfunqciur elitas, romlis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>c SeiniSneba ganviTarebad qveynebSi ganviTarebulis xel-<br />
Sesaxebi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sedegad, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis samsaxurebia.<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ganviTarebadze politikuri gavlenis<br />
varjiSi, Cveulebriv, im politikosebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris meSveobiT<br />
xdeba, romlebic cnobilni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis<br />
interesebis mimarT megobruli ganwyobiT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, romel sistemas ekuTvnian _ demokratiuls Tu ara-demokratiuls.<br />
bunebrivia, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi kraxs ganicdis, rogorc<br />
uaxles warsulSi mox<strong>da</strong> eraysa <strong>da</strong> avRaneTSi, pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
samxedro variantis gamoyeneba xdeba.<br />
1 rentis Zieba aris termini, romelic gamoiyeneba korufciuli bunebis<br />
saqcielis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad (mTarg.)<br />
149
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis umniSvnelovaness warmoadgens<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebaSi mikuTvnebuli roli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Tav<strong>da</strong>Rwevis prevencia. umTavresad<br />
es niSnavs im erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis strategiebisTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gawevas, romelic ganaxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />
uaxles warsulSi aRmosavleT aziisa <strong>da</strong> CineTis ekonomikebSi.<br />
amas mivyavar kiTxvamde – ratom viTardeba zogi qveyana<br />
maSin, roca zogi siRaribeSi suls Rafavs? pasuxi martivia: is<br />
qveynebi, romlebic ganviTardnen, Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebaSi<br />
mikuTvnebuli rolisgan gaTavisufldnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
konkurentunariani kapitalisturi ekonomikis Seneba. farTod<br />
ar aris cnobili, rom dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebis<br />
dovlaTisTvis mTavar safrTxed, faqtobrivad, aRqmulia ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebis erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTareba,<br />
romelSic am qveynebis industriebi aRar emsaxureba ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebis interesebs, aramed konkurencias uwevs maT<br />
maTsave bazrebze, awarmoeben ra imave saqonels, rasac ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli qveynebi.<br />
es garkveulwilad paradoqsulad mogeCvenebaT, radgan ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebi <strong>da</strong> maT mier kontrolirebadi saerTaSoriso<br />
ekonomikuri institutebi (rogoricaa mb, ssf <strong>da</strong> mso)<br />
TiTqos ganviTarebadi qveynebis kapitalisturi ganviTarebis<br />
waxalisebiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. realurad ki maTi mizani aria<br />
(<strong>da</strong> yovelTvis iyo) sakuTari interesebis <strong>da</strong>cva. es niSnavs ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyobas; iseTis, romelic ar uqmnis safrTxes ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebs erovnul sakuTrebaSi myofi biznesiT, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia maT bizness gauwios konkurencia globalur<br />
bazarze. es ukanaskneli faqti sakmaod cxadi xdeba imis gacnobierebis<br />
Semdeg, rom arc erT ganviTarebad qveyanas, romelic<br />
mb-isa <strong>da</strong> ssf-is yuradRebis qveS moeqca <strong>da</strong> ”<strong>da</strong>xmareba” miiRo,<br />
ar ganucdia ekonomikuri zrdis mdgradi swrafi tempi,<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi ara am ori organizaciis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad. ”Si<strong>da</strong> samzareuloSi” Caxedulma, mbis<br />
yofilma mTavarma ekonomistma iozef stiglicma araerTxel<br />
aRniSna, rom mxolod is qveynebi iyvnen warmatebulebi, romlebmac<br />
ar misdies am ori institutis ”rCevas” <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebas.<br />
stiglicma aseve aRniSna, rom 1990 w.w.-ebSi aSS-is mTavroba<br />
aqturad aqezeb<strong>da</strong> ssf-is ruseTis mier aSS-sTvis ekonomikuri<br />
safrTxis gawevis yvela safuZveli moespo. stiglicis mier<br />
sajaro ganacxadi<strong>da</strong>n cxadia <strong>da</strong>skvna: ssf-is mizani iyo prezi-<br />
150
dent elcinisdroindeli ruseTis kapitalisturi ganviTarebis<br />
ganadgureba. rasakvirvelia, am institutis mier ruseTis-<br />
Tvis advokatirebuli politikebis ufro yuradRebiani kvleva<br />
aCvenebs, rom isini ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobisTvis,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali ekonomikebis umetesobis CaTvliT, rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />
msgavsia, rasac kidev <strong>da</strong>vubrundebi. kidev erTi argumenti<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad, rom ganviTarebulma qveynebma aqtiurad<br />
scades erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis blokireba,<br />
gamodis mark kurtisis safuZvliani kvlevis Sedegad gamocemuli<br />
wigni<strong>da</strong>n saTauriT ”tyuilis qseli: britaneTis nadvili<br />
roli msoflioSi”. 1 am wignSi kurtisi sagareo saqmeTa saministros<br />
dokumentebs imis saCveneblad iyenebs, rom britaneTis<br />
gavleniani wreebis aRqmaSi maTi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis realur safrTxes<br />
erovnuli kapitalisturi reJimebis ganviTareba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> ara, vTqvaT, – komunisturi an socialisturi re-<br />
Jimebi. faqtobrivad, erovnul kapitalistur mTavrobebze<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi xSirad komunizmis safrTxiT iyo gamarTlebuli.<br />
kurtiss britaneTis am orpirobis araerTi magaliTi mohyavs.<br />
kiTxva. dRevandel dRes ganviTarebis sferoSi mimdinare<br />
diskursi umetesad siRaribis garSemo trialebs, misi ukiduresi<br />
formebis msoflioSi ganaxevrebac ki aris miznad <strong>da</strong>saxuli<br />
2015 wlisTvis. amisaTvis jefri saqsi, gaeros generaluri<br />
mdivnis kofi ananis specialuri mrCeveli <strong>da</strong> gaeros mileniumis<br />
proeqtis direqtori, axali meTodis SemoRebas advokatirebs,<br />
romelsac is klinikur ekonomikas uwodebs. saqsi<br />
uars acxadebs siRaribis a<strong>da</strong>mianebis sizarmaciTa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobebis<br />
korumpirebulobiT axsnaze <strong>da</strong> mouwodebs ”geografiuli<br />
izolaciis, <strong>da</strong>avadebebisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi katastrofebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetadi<br />
problemebis” mogvarebisken soflis meurneobis<br />
waxalisebiT, sabaziso jan<strong>da</strong>cvis gaumjobesebiT, pirvelad <strong>da</strong><br />
profesiul ganaTlebaSi investirebiT, sufTa wylisa <strong>da</strong> sanitaruli<br />
pirobebisa <strong>da</strong> soflebSi eleqtroenergiis uzrunvelyofiT.<br />
rogor fiqrobT, SeZlebs es, rogorc is uwodebs, 5<br />
didi intervencia siRaribis mankieri wris garRvevas?<br />
pasuxi. siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis strategiebi romelTa pirvelad<br />
<strong>da</strong> umTavres fokuss ar Seadgens swrafi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis waxaliseba, sinamdvileSi verasodes SeZleben siRaribis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zlevas mdgradi saxiT. uaresi, maT SeiZleba gaaRrmavon<br />
kidec siRaribe grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi politikosebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
1 “Web of Deceit: Britain’s Real Role in the World”<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
151
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
sxvebis realuri amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze yuradRebis gafantvis<br />
Sedegad. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania ganviTarebad qveyneb-<br />
Si ekonomikuri zrdisa <strong>da</strong> siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiebze<br />
xSirad Semxvedri gaugebrobis axsna. xSirad moismenT,<br />
rom mb-sa <strong>da</strong> ssf-s <strong>da</strong> maTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ormxrivi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
procesebis problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini ekonomikur<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s astimulireben siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis xarjze.<br />
Tumca, zemoTxsenebuli<strong>da</strong>n naTeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom am strategiebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> procesebs Zalian cota esaqmebaT ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis waxalisebasTan. amgvarad, isini ara marto naklebad<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>interesebuli siRaribis <strong>da</strong>ZleviT, aramed ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis waxalisebis naklebi interesi aqvT. swrafi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis xelSewyoba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, siRaribis mdgradi<br />
Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod agresiuli erovnuli kapitalisturi<br />
ganviTarebis procesis Sedegad miviRoT, romlis<br />
mizania mrewvelobis sferoSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli im kompaniebis<br />
waxaliseba, romlebic jiqurad SeebrZolebian konkurenciul<br />
asparezze ganviTarebuli qveynebis kompaniebs maTsave<br />
bazrebze. swored amitom, gasakviri ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom siRaribis<br />
udides Semcirebas uaxloes warsulSi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
aRmosavleT aziasa <strong>da</strong> CineTSi, msoflios uswrafesad ganvi-<br />
Tarebad nawilSi, maSin, roca msoflios im nawilSi, romelic<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi globaluri ekonomikuri<br />
insitutebis yuradRebis centrSia, siRaribe sul ufro<br />
Rrmavdeba.<br />
axla mivubrundeT sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rom zrdis<br />
procesebis warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>Zvris Semdeg ganviTarebadma qveynebma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon am procesis ekonomikuri sargeblis<br />
mniSvnelovani wilis ga<strong>da</strong>tana mosaxleobis umravlesobis sacxovrebeli<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis amaRlebaSi. cnobilia, rom amis<br />
Cagdebas SeuZlia Tavad zrdis procesi safrTxeSi Caagdos<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri deformirebis gamo. amdenad, ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis nayofis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis mxolod sabazro Zalebis<br />
amara <strong>da</strong>toveba ar SeiZleba. saxelmwifos sWirdeba am<br />
procesSi aqtiuri CarTva. Tumca, <strong>da</strong> esec mniSvnelovania, am<br />
procesma ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>azaralos ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong>. es imitom,<br />
rom siRaribis mdgradi <strong>da</strong>Zleva mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
procesis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viviwyoT, rom ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebis umravlesobaSi arsebul saSinel siRaribes<br />
swored dinamiuri zrdis procesis ararseboba udevs<br />
safuZvlad.<br />
152
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
kiTxva. ukve meore aTwleulia, rac ”socialisturi bloki”<br />
<strong>da</strong>iSala <strong>da</strong> axlad aRmocenebul qveynebs gar<strong>da</strong>maval mdgomareobaSi<br />
myofni ewo<strong>da</strong>T. amasobaSi maTSi mimdinare cvlilebebi<br />
gaanalizebul iqna mb-is araerT kvlevaSi, tranzitulobis<br />
(gar<strong>da</strong>mavlobis) fenomenis Sesaswavlad Seiqmna axali institutebi,<br />
SemuSav<strong>da</strong> specifiuri indikatorebi <strong>da</strong> maT mixedviT<br />
qveynebis ranJirebac ki mox<strong>da</strong>. magaliTisTvis, mb-isa <strong>da</strong> ssfis<br />
mier a.w. 12 seqtembers gamocemuli angariSis mixedviT saxelwodebiT<br />
”biznesis warmoba 2006-Si: dsT-s ekonomikebi reformis<br />
temps aviTareben”, saqarTvelo reformebis ganxorcielebis<br />
mxriv regionSi pirvel, xolo msoflioSi meore adgilze<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxel<strong>da</strong>. ras fiqrobT, ra ekonomikuri perspeqtivebi<br />
aqvT saqarTvelos msgavs qveynebs?<br />
pasuxi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis winasityvaobaSi un<strong>da</strong> vaRiaro,<br />
rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis eqsperti ar var. amdenad, gTavazobT<br />
kiTxvaze pasuxi yofil sabWoTa blokisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT<br />
evropis qveynebSi (romelTac xSirad ”tranzitul ekonomikebad”<br />
moixsenieben) mimdinare zogadi reformebis WrilSi gavce.<br />
mTavari sakiTxi, rasac min<strong>da</strong> am dros Sevexo, aris is, rom<br />
ufro kapitalistur gzaze qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>myvan reformebs aqvT<br />
qveynisTvis sargeblis motanis potenciali ekonomikuri<br />
zrdisa <strong>da</strong> ayvavebis waxalisebis saxiT. Tumca, isini ar un<strong>da</strong> gavaigivoT<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi myof, an Tun<strong>da</strong>c, sazogadod,<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebisTvis mb-isa <strong>da</strong> ssf-is mier rekomendirebul<br />
e.w. pro-sabazro reformebTan. es imitom, rom rogorc<br />
adre vaxsene, am institutebis mier rekomendirebuli reformebi<br />
Tavisi arsiT kapitalisturi ganviTarebis waxalisebas ki<br />
ar emsaxurebian, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasargeblod<br />
maT globalur ekonomikaSi integracias. amis gasagebad ganvixiloT<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>vamali ekonomikisTvis sajarod gacxadebuli<br />
dRemde arsebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi.<br />
pirveli, rasac SevamCnevT aris is, rom mb-isa <strong>da</strong> ssf-is mier<br />
marTuli<strong>da</strong>n sabazro ekonomikaze adreul gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi<br />
TiTqmis ar xdeba zr<strong>da</strong>ze orientirebuli ekonomikuri<br />
strategiebis, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT aziisa <strong>da</strong> CineTis<br />
ekonomikebis mier ganxorcielebuli eqsportze orientirebuli<br />
mrewvelobis msgavsi procesebis waxaliseba. amis nacvlad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>maval ekonomikebSi am institutebis pirveladi fokusia<br />
makroekonomikuri stabilizacia, an ufro martivad rom<br />
vTqvaT, inflaciis gakontroleba. amis erTi uSualo Sedegia<br />
153
interviu hovard nikolasTan<br />
saprocento ganakveTis swrafi zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amiT sasworis ga<strong>da</strong>xra<br />
industriuli saqmianobisgan miRebuli mogebi<strong>da</strong>n finansur<br />
an gasesxebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulze. mraval gar<strong>da</strong>maval ekonomikaSi<br />
pirvel wlebSi mTavrobis valis saprocento ganakve-<br />
Ti dolarze gaangariSebiT wliur 30%-mde avar<strong>da</strong>. es niSnavs,<br />
rom mrewveloba kerZo <strong>da</strong>finansebis efeqtur SimSils ganicdi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amave dros, imave <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli markoekonomikuri<br />
stabilizaciis interesebSi, sawyis etapze mox<strong>da</strong> valutis<br />
gacvlis kursebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsireba, ramac gar<strong>da</strong>maval inflaciur<br />
garemoSi maTi masiuri <strong>da</strong> swrafi revalvacia gamoiwvia.<br />
aman ufro metad <strong>da</strong>aziana industriuli seqtori, gansakuTrebiT<br />
misi eqsportze orientirebuli nawili. Sesabamisad,<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> farTo deindustrializacia, rac, mc<strong>da</strong>rad braldeba<br />
yofili sabWoTa sistemis moZvelebul produqciul <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri<br />
bazas. cxadia, rom am ukanasknelsac miuZRvis<br />
wili, magram arnaxulma saprocento ganakveTma <strong>da</strong> saocrad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>fasebulma valutis gacvlis kursma viTarebis <strong>da</strong>mZimebaSi<br />
lomis wvlili Seitana.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>maval ekonomikebSi ekonomikuri katastrofis agorebis<br />
dros ssf-isa <strong>da</strong> mb-is (<strong>da</strong> evropis ganviTarebis bankis) mier<br />
waxalisebuli politika moicav<strong>da</strong> sabiTumo fasebis liberalizacias,<br />
farTomasStabian privatizacias, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi<br />
myofi msxvili samrewvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slas <strong>da</strong> vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalis moZraobis liberalizacias.<br />
seqtoris doneze yuradReba eTmobo<strong>da</strong> finansur seqtors,<br />
nedleulis amoRebas, eqsportze orientirebul soflis meurneobas,<br />
ucxour Senatanze <strong>da</strong>mokidebul samrewvelo produqcias<br />
<strong>da</strong> zogierTi (finansuris gar<strong>da</strong>) momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>rgis ganviTarebas,<br />
rogoricaa turizmi. aq, albaT, mniSvnelovania imis<br />
aRniSvna, rom sabWoTa respublikebis umravlesoba waxalisebul<br />
iqna ganeviTarebinaT nedleulis warmoeba, maSin, roca yofili<br />
socialisturi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi _ ucxour,<br />
gansakuTrebiT evropul Senatanze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mrewvelobaa.<br />
aseve sayuradReboa samuSao SesaZleblobebis mongrevis<br />
Sedegad gar<strong>da</strong>mavali ekonomikebi<strong>da</strong>n ganviTarebulSi gamdinare<br />
samuSao Zala <strong>da</strong>balkvalificirebuli Sromatevadi <strong>da</strong>valebebis<br />
Sesasruleblad, romlebsac droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis muSakebi sul ufro naklebad Tanxmdebian,<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi im anazRaurebiT, rac maTze gaicema.<br />
mb-isa <strong>da</strong> ssf-s mier ar mox<strong>da</strong>ra gar<strong>da</strong>maval ekonomikeb-<br />
154
ganviTarebis <strong>evropuli</strong> diskursi<br />
Si arc erTi produqciis warmoebis waxaliseba, romlebic konkurencias<br />
gauwev<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebulSi nawarmoebs. marTlac, na-<br />
Telia, rom potenciurad saSiSi mrewveloba Cumad, <strong>da</strong> zogjer<br />
arc ise Cumad, iqna moSlili.<br />
es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom gar<strong>da</strong>maval qveynebSi mimdinare<br />
mb-isa <strong>da</strong> ssf-is mier naqebi ekonomikuri reformebi ar<br />
aris im tipis, rom momavalSi nebismiers am qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n warmatebuls<br />
gaxdis. sinamdvileSi am ori institutis mier gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
ekonomikaSi mimdinare reformis mowoneba e.w. ”sasikvdilo<br />
kocnaa”. mxolod imis gaxseneba sakmarisia, ra enTuziazmiT<br />
gamoexmaura orive organizacia ruseTSi kapitalis angariSis<br />
<strong>da</strong> finansuri bazris liberalizacias rublis kraxis win,<br />
an maT mier argentinis mier 1990 w.w.-ianebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
ekonomikuri strategiis arakvalificiuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, ramac<br />
gamoiwvia gviandel 1990 w.w.-ebSi masobrivi ekonomikuri<br />
krizisi.<br />
intervius uZRvebo<strong>da</strong> irma alfeniZe<br />
155
156<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea
nacionalizmi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba<br />
zaza firaliSvili<br />
SesaZloa, vinmesTvis moulodneli an miuRebelic ki iyos,<br />
magram, vfiqrob, rodesac ganaTlebaze vsaubrobT, sakiTxi,<br />
upirvelesad, axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> nacionalizmis ragvarobaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isvas: ras SeiZleba niSnavdes <strong>qarTuli</strong> nacionalizmi<br />
dRes, aq <strong>da</strong> axla, im samyaroSi, romelSic aRmovCndiT?<br />
vfiqrob, yvelaze mokle <strong>da</strong>, imavdroulad, zogadi pasuxi<br />
am kiTxvaze Semdegi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>: es niSnavs, rom Cveni <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> TiToeuli Cvengani adeqvaturi un<strong>da</strong> iyos im samyarosi,<br />
romelSic varT. am rakursSi ganaTleba nacionalizmis<br />
instrumentad iqceva. es ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu erTxel kidev<br />
gavixsenebT, rom nacionalizmi niSnavs ara im karikaturul<br />
nacional-fetiSizms, romelic sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
axden<strong>da</strong> Cveni sasicocxlo Zalebis paralizebas <strong>da</strong>,<br />
erTgvari, istoriuli kunstkameris eqsponatebad gvaqcev<strong>da</strong><br />
yvelas, aramed survils, rom Cven, rogorc koleqtiurma personam,<br />
ganacxadi gavakeToT, rom Cven aq <strong>da</strong> axla varsebobT,<br />
rom Cvens arsebobas Rirseba aqvs <strong>da</strong> rom aq, Cveni kulturis<br />
sxeulSi SesaZlebelia raRac Zalze mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>ibados.<br />
nacionalizmi xom Rirseuli arsebobis nebis manifestirebaa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara warsulis sxeulze parazitireba. bolSevizmi swored<br />
am ukanasknelad aqcev<strong>da</strong> rusul imperiaSi moqceuli xalxebis<br />
“nacionalizmebs” <strong>da</strong> amiT axden<strong>da</strong> maTi istoriuli Zalebis<br />
paralizebas. erTi mxriv, es TiTqos nacionalizmi iyo,<br />
magram – istoriulad unayofo <strong>da</strong> xelTupyari. nacionalizmi<br />
aq <strong>da</strong> axla yofnis nebaa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sistemac swored<br />
amgvari nacionalizmis upirvelesi iaraRia. ganaTleba swored<br />
sazogadoebis istoriul iaraRad esmo<strong>da</strong>T napoleonis<br />
okupaciis droindel prusielebs, meiZis an meore msoflio<br />
omis Semdgomi epoqebis iaponelebs, Tanamedrove Cinelebs Tu<br />
koreelebs.<br />
preteristuli nacional-fetiSizmi sakuTar Tavs aiZulebs,<br />
rom mxolod erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>dgenil istoriul<br />
formebSi iarsebos <strong>da</strong> gamudmebiT iglovos warsulis<br />
gamo. ara<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos cxadi un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom Tuki raime boro-<br />
157
zaza firaliSvili<br />
teba arsebobs amqveynad, pirvel rigSi, es aris sulierebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>konservebis survili <strong>da</strong> amaze jer kidev saxarebaSia laparaki.<br />
rac ufro didia amgvari <strong>da</strong>konservebisaken miswrafeba,<br />
miT metia sazogadoebis araadeqvaturobis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> miT<br />
ufri cxadia, rom amgvari <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ver gauZlebs istoriul<br />
gamoc<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
ganvlilma orma aTeulma welma naTlad <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, Tu raoden<br />
didia Cveni sazogadoebis araadeqvaturobis xarisxi <strong>da</strong><br />
amaSi lomis wili swored mankier ganaTlebis sistemas miu-<br />
ZRvis. ganaTleba, rogorc sabWoTa sinamdvilesTan Rirseuli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis gza, uzneoc iyo <strong>da</strong> absurdulic. ufro metic, sab-<br />
WoTa sinamdvile Tavisi istoriuli eqsperimentis mizeziT Tavad<br />
iyo sruliad araadeqvaturi <strong>da</strong> Sob<strong>da</strong> personebs, romlebic,<br />
rogorc merab mamar<strong>da</strong>Svili ambob<strong>da</strong>, “iq ar arian, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
arian”. am sinamdvileSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> inteleqtualuri elitis<br />
mier SemuSavebul iqna ganaTlebis aradeklarirebuli <strong>da</strong> araformaluri<br />
koncefcia, romelic gansakuTrebiT intensiurad<br />
80-ian wlebSi amuSav<strong>da</strong>. igi umTavres amocanad personis kulturis<br />
<strong>da</strong>konservebuli formebiT aRWurvas miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. amiT<br />
kulturac un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo <strong>da</strong> personac, rogorc misi<br />
agenti <strong>da</strong> maSin amaSi logikac iyo <strong>da</strong> gamarTlebac.<br />
amasTan, meores mxriv, am tendenciam ganaTlebis ideis centrSi<br />
eTnogenetikuri narativebis moZaleba gamoiwvia. istoriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> filologiuri codna zoga<strong>da</strong>d ganaTlebis sinonimad<br />
iqca. Tavad ganaTlebam ki, amgvari calganzomilebianobis<br />
gamo, erTgvari traibaluri iniciaciis elferi miiRo _<br />
am gamoTqmas yovelgvari ironiis gareSe viyeneb. igi, pirvel<br />
rigSi, niSnav<strong>da</strong> personis inkorporacias kulturis gaxevebul<br />
formebSi. calke saubris Temaa, Tu ra sabediswero Sedegi<br />
iqonia aman Cvens bedze <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis pirveli<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi. politikuri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
qcevis arqetipebi mTlianad istoriul-filologiuri imperativebiT<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> konstruirebuli. Tuki manam amis saSualebas<br />
bolSeviki ideologebi ar gvaZlevdnen, 80-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Cveni saskolo programebi, yovelgvari saRi azris sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ivso kulturis <strong>da</strong>konservebuli produqtebiT.<br />
yvelani vcdilobdiT ara imas, rom rogorc istoriuli<br />
persona, erTiani sakomunikacio sivrcis Tanamonawileni gavmx<strong>da</strong>riyaviT,<br />
aramed, Cven<strong>da</strong> uneburad, vqmnidiT erTgvar<br />
utopiur inteleqtualur garemos, romelsac Tavisi dro <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisi sivrce hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
158
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, Cven <strong>da</strong>vadeqiT gzas, romelsac Zalze<br />
xSirad adgebian xolme mcire erebi: ganaTlebis sistemas<br />
upiratesad viSveliebdiT rogorc instruments imisa, rom<br />
istoriaSi axlad <strong>da</strong>brunebulebs sakuTari Rirseba <strong>da</strong> Rirebuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>gve<strong>da</strong>sturebina <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ugulebelyofil iqna is<br />
amocana, romelic ukve vaxseneT: personisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
adeqvaturobis amocana.<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg situacia kidev ufro<br />
garTul<strong>da</strong>: saqarTvelos istoriis erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave programas<br />
xSirad erTi <strong>da</strong> imave saxelmZRvaneloebiT axalgazrdebi<br />
erTnairad swavlobdnen skolebsa <strong>da</strong> umaRles saswavlebleb-<br />
Si. ufro metic, gamoica saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebSic maTematikur<br />
kanonzomierebaTa interpretacia istoriuli faqtebiT<br />
Tu kulturis ZeglTa arqiteqturis meSveobiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
istorikosebi <strong>da</strong> filologebi nacionaluri religiis<br />
erTgvar qurumebad ufro gaiazrebodnen, vidre ganmanaTleblebad.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamovtydeT, rom ganaTlebis sistema xSirad Zalze<br />
ucnauri metafizikuri tvirTis qveS aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> moqceuli.<br />
<strong>da</strong> es gagrZel<strong>da</strong> manam, sanam Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ar <strong>da</strong>viwyeT imis gaazreba,<br />
rom iq ara varT, sa<strong>da</strong>c varT <strong>da</strong> rom samyaro ulmobelia<br />
im yvela sazogadoebis mimarT, romelsac zRvari ver gauvlia<br />
mavanTa nacional-utopiur fantaziebsa <strong>da</strong> sinamdviles<br />
Soris.<br />
cxadia, kulturuli identobis uzrunvelyofa ganaTlebis<br />
nebismieri sistemis erT-erTi aucilebeli mizania, ufro metic<br />
– fun<strong>da</strong>menturi mizani. Cven ki igi, bevrwilad, paTetikuri<br />
nacionalizmis substanciiT moqsovil im inteleqtualur<br />
sacobad vaqcieT, romelmac amdeni argumenti misca ultraliberaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong> pragmatuli ganaTlebis momxreebs. es iyo aSkara<br />
Cixi. amgvar koncefcias esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong> ara pirovneba, aramed<br />
egzotikuri niRabi, romelic sruluflebianad CaerTvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
im fsevdoepikur <strong>da</strong> yalbi paTetikiT gaJRenTil speqtaklSi,<br />
romelic mavani ideologebisaTvis “erovnulis” sinonimi<br />
iyo. ganaTlebis, rogorc kulturuli identobis uzrunmvelmyofi<br />
fenomenis, funqcia hipertrofirebul iqna <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>fara<br />
yvela sxva funqcia.<br />
ganaTlebis sistemas brmad mindobili tipiuri mowafe moklebuli<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> im lingvistikas, romelic mas am utopiuri<br />
inteleqtualuri garemos farglebs gareT sakomunikacio sivrcis<br />
monawiled gaxdi<strong>da</strong>. igi naklebad situaciuri, qmediTi <strong>da</strong><br />
adeqvaturi iyo. ara<strong>da</strong>, araadeqvaturi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, afun-<br />
159
zaza firaliSvili<br />
qciuri persona ubedurebaa sakuTari TavisTvisac <strong>da</strong> garemomcvelebisTvisac.<br />
amiT Cven gamovkveTeT ganaTlebis sistemis meore SesaZlo<br />
funqcia: es aris personisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis unari, srulfasovnad<br />
miiRon monawileoba im sakomunikacio sivrceSi, romelic<br />
Tanamedrove samyaros raobas gansazRvravs. swored es<br />
akl<strong>da</strong> Cvens ganaTlebis sistemas <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Canafiqris<br />
Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis reforma swored am disbalansis winaaRmdeg<br />
iyo mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> am werilis avtoric mTlianad uWer<strong>da</strong><br />
mas mxars.<br />
yovelgvari pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis kulturuli identobis uzrunvelyofaze<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovani amocana xom personaSi<br />
(<strong>da</strong>, Sedegad, mTels <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si) sxva personebTan (<strong>da</strong>, ma-<br />
Sasa<strong>da</strong>me mTel <strong>da</strong>narCen samyarosTan) sakomunikacio sivrcis<br />
formirebis unaris gaviTarebaa. mowafes un<strong>da</strong> SevTavazoT<br />
erTgvari formalizebuli inteleqtualuri garemo, romel-<br />
Sic sxvebTan erTad SeZlebs moZraobas <strong>da</strong> romlebic ar iqneba<br />
mxolod hermetul mTlianobad gagebuli nacionaluri<br />
kulturis nayofi. persona un<strong>da</strong> eziaros im paradigmebs, romlebic<br />
mas funqcionalursa <strong>da</strong> komunikabelurs gaxdis. es<br />
aris elementaruli ganaTlebis safexuri (nu avurevT mas <strong>da</strong>wyebiT<br />
ganaTlebaSi), Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ganaTlebis aucilebeli<br />
minimumi.<br />
samarTlebriv normas xSirad gansazRvraven, rogorc zneobis<br />
minimums. igi ar aris Tavad zneoba, igi zneobis is minimumia,<br />
romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianTa TanacxovrebisaTvis aris aucilebeli.<br />
igi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, formalizebuli zneobis garemoa. amis<br />
analogiurad, ganaTlebis minimumi ar aris Tavad ganaTleba.<br />
igi, samarTlebrivi normis msgavsad, ganaTlebis im minimums gamoxatavs,<br />
romelic garduvalia sazogadoebisaTvis. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, kulturac, zneobaca <strong>da</strong> religiac ki im destruqciuli<br />
potencialis msxverplad SeiZleba iqces, romelic<br />
hermetulobisa <strong>da</strong> TviT<strong>da</strong>konservebisadmi eqskluzivistur<br />
miswrafebaSi imaleba. amitomac SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom kanonica<br />
<strong>da</strong> codnac (ganaTlebis minimumis azriT) Cveni Tanaarsebobis<br />
formaluri garduvalobania <strong>da</strong> erTiani sakomunikacio<br />
sivrcis Seqmnis Taobaze erTgvari socialuri konvenciis<br />
produqtebs warmoadgens.<br />
ver vityvi, rom ganaTlebis reformis es wanamZRvari aramarTlzomieria.<br />
ufro metic, mas Cveni inteleqtualuri<br />
cxovreba un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyvana im karCaketilobi<strong>da</strong>n, romlis mi-<br />
160
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
xedviTac e.w. kosmopolituri mecnierebebi (fizika, maTematika,<br />
sociologia <strong>da</strong> sxvani) araerovnul fenomenebad gaiazrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> wamoWril kiTxvebze pasuxebs istoriasa <strong>da</strong> literaturaSi<br />
veZebdiT.<br />
merab mamar<strong>da</strong>Svili fizikis institutSi erT-erTi gamosvlisas<br />
saubrob<strong>da</strong> imaze, Tu gonebis sizarmace rogor Sobs<br />
amalgamebs, anu im situaciaze, rodesac raRac sicxades, <strong>da</strong>fiqrebis<br />
gareSe, meore azrTan erTad iReb. magaliTad, Tu vinmes<br />
<strong>da</strong>veTanxmeT, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> araagresiuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT, maSin amalgamis ZaliT imazec<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tanxmde, rom homoseqsualistebs pativi un<strong>da</strong> sce<br />
<strong>da</strong> sajaro<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> gamoxato es; Tu <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdi, rom religiuri<br />
umciresobebi ar un<strong>da</strong> devno, maSin marTlmadidebeli eklesiis<br />
rRvevazec un<strong>da</strong> izruno; Tu aRiareb, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulierebis<br />
safuZveli marTlmadidebeli qristianobaa, maSin amas<br />
isic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>umato, rom yvela sxva aRmsarebloba nebismieri<br />
xerxiT un<strong>da</strong> ganidevnis; Tu aRiareb, rom genderuli Tanasworoba<br />
sikeTea, isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiaro, rom ufali “mama RmerTad” ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moixseniebodes (amis magaliTebi ukve arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
eklesiebSi). es is inteleqtualuri maxea, romelSic maSinve<br />
aRmoCndebi, rogorc ki fiqrs <strong>da</strong>anebeb Tavs, rogorc ki<br />
sworxazovan logikas gahyvebi, rom Tu <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri orientacia gaqvs, “qoqola <strong>da</strong>ayaras” JanrSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> agino ruseTs.<br />
msgavsi amalgamebi Cvens wyevlad iqca bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi xom uyvarT farTo monasmebi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
iolad eqcevian amalgamaTa tyveobaSi. un<strong>da</strong> vaRiaroT,<br />
rom ganaTlebis reformac mis maxeSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, misken mieqaneba: Tu cxadia, rom nacional-feti-<br />
Sizmisa <strong>da</strong> nacional-misticizmiT <strong>da</strong>sneulebuli ganaTlebis<br />
sistema istoriulad impotent <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s ayalibebs, isic<br />
un<strong>da</strong> miiRo, rom misgan kulturuli identobis uzrunvelyofis<br />
yvela niSani un<strong>da</strong> ganidevnos, uaryofili un<strong>da</strong> iqnas is paradigmebi,<br />
romelTa wyalobiTac Cven qarTvelebi gvqvia <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
sxva vinme. Tu cxadia, rom un<strong>da</strong> gamovideT uunaro egzotikuri<br />
niRbebis mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove samyaros adeqvaturni<br />
gavxdeT, maSin uari un<strong>da</strong> vTqvaT yvelafer imaze, rac<br />
gangvasxvavebs saSualo yoveldRiur amerikelisagan, Svedisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. <strong>da</strong> Tu pirvel etapze ganaTlebis reforma ase Tu<br />
ise inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> wonasworobas am or poluss Soris, yovel Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, deklarirebis doneze mainc, saukeTeso <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
161
zaza firaliSvili<br />
tradiciisamebr dRes gaCn<strong>da</strong> saSiSroeba, rom iniciativas xel-<br />
Si igdeben isini, vinc yvelaze iolad eqceva am ukve axali amalgamebis<br />
tyveobaSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqme mxolod ganaTlebis sistemas ar Seexeba. sul ramdenime<br />
wlis win CvenSi popularuli iyo Teoriebi, romelTa Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
tradiciuli <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong> liberaluri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
<strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas uSli<strong>da</strong> xels. vfiqrob,<br />
mavanTa dekonstruqtivistuli meditaciebi, romlebiTac gaivso<br />
Cveni mas media <strong>da</strong> romlebic mravalricxovani seminarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> vorkSofebis mTavari Tema iyo, swored am saqmes emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaCndnen a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic araCveulebrivad xalisiT<br />
kisrulobdnen erovnuli kulturis sxeulis lpobis bacilaTa<br />
rols 1 . Tvalsa <strong>da</strong> xels Sua izrdebo<strong>da</strong> axali amalgamis<br />
maxeSi moqceulTa, erTgvar homo enjiotikus-Ta raodenoba.<br />
ultraliberaluri neomarqsizmi xom abstraqtuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
abstraqtuli uflebebis lingvistikaSia CaWerili <strong>da</strong><br />
isteriulad iSorebs Tavi<strong>da</strong>n yvelafers, ramac SeiZleba eWvi<br />
gauCinos.<br />
cxdia, tradiciuli <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>, marTlac, SeiZleba<br />
aRmoCndes konfliqtSi samoqalaqo RirebulebebTan, magram es<br />
srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar SeiZleba imas niSnavdes, vizrunoT, rom gamosavali<br />
kulturis TviTmkvlelobaSi <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT. ara<strong>da</strong>, CvenSi<br />
arian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, vinc cdilobs, rom liberaluri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
<strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>s saxeliT kulturuli suicidis gziT waiyvanon<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. saamiso instrumentad fsiqoanalizs iyenebn<br />
is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic, rogorc mgonia, Tavad iyvnen <strong>da</strong><br />
arian yovlad banaluri oidipalurobis gamoxatulebani. maT-<br />
Tvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> suliereba liberaluri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
aRmSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>myol <strong>da</strong> unebisyofo masalad un<strong>da</strong> qceuliyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT, rogorc manamde gvegona yvelas: qarTul<br />
sulierebas demokratia un<strong>da</strong> moemarjvebina, rogorc Tavisi<br />
istoriuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove garemoebebis adeqvaturi iaraRi.<br />
dRevandel samyaroSi xom mxolod demokratia iZleva erovnuli<br />
Zalebis mobilizebis saSualebas.<br />
1 erT-erT msgavs Tavyrilobaze erTma axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kacma vaJa-fSavela<br />
skatolangiiT <strong>da</strong>avadebulad moixsenia. (skatolangia – fsiqiuri <strong>da</strong>avadeba,<br />
romlis drosac avadmyofi ganavlis WamiT ikmayofilebs sqesobriv<br />
ltolvas). Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT imas, Tu ramdenad samarTliani an<br />
zneobrivia amgvari gancxadeba. yuradReba mivapyroT imas, rom saqme<br />
isev <strong>da</strong> isev tipiur amalgamasTan gvaqvs: Tuki tradiciuli <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong><br />
xels uSlis demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, maSin misi yvela forposti<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ingres, maT Soris vaJas avtoritetic.<br />
162
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>, Cven yvelas gvegona, rom Tavisuflebis xana dgebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom laparaki iyo <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulierebis gaRviZebaze bol-<br />
Sevikuri SeboWilobisagan, rodesac am sulierebis imitireba<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> giganturi simRerisa <strong>da</strong> cekvis ansamblebiT an mavan-<br />
Ta nacional-utopiuri meditaciebiT. dRes ki gviwevs aRiareba,<br />
rom amalgamis ZaliT ganaTlebis idealad iqca saSualoyoveldRiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlelis raRac ucnauri xateba.<br />
gavixsenoT filmi “puri <strong>da</strong> Sokoladi”. iq aris cnobili metafora:<br />
saqaTmeSi gamoketili italielebi SuriT adevneben<br />
Tvals Sveicareli axalgazrdebis laR cxovrebas. CvenSi xSirad<br />
axseneben xolme mas. igi, mavanTa azriT, araCveulebrivad<br />
Seesabameba <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulierebis dRevandel mdgomareobas.<br />
magram imave filmSi aris meore metaforac, saxeldobr, Tma-<br />
SeRebili italielis metafora. filmis mTavari gmiri Tmas<br />
iRebavs, raTa Sveicarelebs <strong>da</strong>emsgavsos <strong>da</strong> maTi samyaros Tanamonawile<br />
gaxdes. samwuxarod, Zalze seriozulia eWvi, rom<br />
ganaTlebis reforma miznad msgavsi TmaSeRebili italielebis<br />
tiraJirebis gziT midis.<br />
SevecadoT, problemas sxva mxri<strong>da</strong>nac SevxedoT. pe<strong>da</strong>gogis<br />
mizani konkretulia: man un<strong>da</strong> moZebnos swavlebis is formebi,<br />
romlebic konkretul mowafes konkretul inteleqtualur<br />
viTarebasTan dialogis reJimSi moaqcevs. imTaviTve cxadia,<br />
rom es ar gaxlavT erTi piris mier meorisaTvis informaciis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis ubralo procesi. nebismieri, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, erTi SexedviT<br />
umniSvnelo masalis miwodeba niSnavs, rom mimRebSi inteleqtis<br />
adeqvaturma mdgomareobam un<strong>da</strong> gaiRviZos. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, es ar iqneba cocxali procesi. maqs Seleri ganaTlebas<br />
sulis axal mdgomareobas uwodebs <strong>da</strong> amiT man sruliad<br />
zustad gamokveTa nebismieri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis umTavresi amocana.<br />
mowafeSi un<strong>da</strong> gacocxldes sulieri dinamikis is ganzomilebebi,<br />
romlebic aqamde Tvlemdnen. man “axali samSoblo”, rac<br />
igivea, axali sulis sayu<strong>da</strong>ri un<strong>da</strong> moipovos, ufro sworad,<br />
Zveli samSoblo axal naTelSi, axal ganzomilebebSi un<strong>da</strong> warsdges.<br />
ra <strong>da</strong>rgTanac ar un<strong>da</strong> gvqondes saqme, iqneba es fizika,<br />
maTematika Tu filosofia, nebismier maTganTan ziareba swored<br />
axali sayu<strong>da</strong>ris mopovebis aqtia. amdenad, ganaTleba am<br />
sityvis erTdroulad uzogadesi <strong>da</strong>, amavdroulad Zalian konkretuli<br />
azriT, iniciaciis aqts warmoadgens. misi gziT pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />
moswavles un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmaros, rom Tavisi arsebobis axal fazas<br />
eziaros.<br />
163
zaza firaliSvili<br />
vfiqrob, es ar aris idealisti pe<strong>da</strong>gogis ocnebebi. Tu kargad<br />
gavixsenebT sakuTar warsuls, yoveli axali maTematikuri<br />
Teorema Tu yoveli axali kargi leqsi swored axali naTlis<br />
potencias xsni<strong>da</strong> CvenSi. amis Semdgom ukve SeuZlebeli iyo<br />
sulis Zvel samSoblos mivbrunebodiT. aq ar aris laparaki sam-<br />
Soblos <strong>da</strong>kargvaze, laparakia mis permanentul rekonstruirebaze<br />
im gamowvevaTa Sesabamisad, romelTa winaSec samyaro<br />
gvayenebs.<br />
Tu pe<strong>da</strong>gogma ver miaRwia mowafis <strong>da</strong>yenebas am gzaze, tyuilad<br />
momc<strong>da</strong>ra. amitomac uwevs mas brZola sulis gaxevebulobasTan,<br />
aTasgvar inteleqtualur CvevebTan, koleqtiur normebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg (amitomac aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mistikuri<br />
iniciaciebi ritualur sikvdilTan) <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia mSvi<strong>da</strong>d iyos,<br />
Tuki gzad Semdgari mowafe ukve <strong>da</strong>moukideblad iwyebs moZraobas.<br />
sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, persona Tavis Tavisuflebis<br />
xarisxs ukve aRiqvams, rogorc iaraRs, rogorc instruments<br />
imisa, rom <strong>da</strong>amsxvrios is, ramac mkv<strong>da</strong>ri inteleqtualuri<br />
formebiT SeiZleba aavsos misi cnobiereba <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv,<br />
riTac axali perspeqtivebi SeiZleba gaixsnas svlis gzaze.<br />
cxadia <strong>da</strong> kamaTs ar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes, rom kulturuli identobis,<br />
rogorc safuZvlis gareSe es amocana ar aris Sesrulebadi,<br />
radgan swored is uzrunvelyofs mowafes im metafizikuri<br />
wanamZRvrebiT, romlebic un<strong>da</strong> amuSavdes kidec a<strong>da</strong>mianSi.<br />
esec adeqvaturobas gulisxmobs, oRond sxva rigisas:<br />
igulisxmeba, rom Tanamedrove samyaros adeqvaturma kulturulma<br />
sxeulma pirovneba un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos Tavisufali funqcionirebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli wanamZRvrebiT. kultura ar<br />
aris mxolod egzotika. igi, pirvel rigSi, aris is, rac saSualo<br />
yoveldRiurobis maxis safrTxisagan aTavisuflebs personas<br />
<strong>da</strong> romeliRac sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani narativis<br />
wevrad aqcevs. kultura personas sakuTari Tavisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
garemocvis mniSvnelobas u<strong>da</strong>sturebs <strong>da</strong> amiT sakuTriv a<strong>da</strong>mianur<br />
saxes aZlevs mas.<br />
samwuxarod, ganaTleba dRes nacional-fetiSizmsa <strong>da</strong> neomarqsistul<br />
ultraliberalizms Soris ideologiuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
konteqstSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> moqceuli, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ganaTleba an isev <strong>da</strong> isev traibaluri iniciaciis funqciisa<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos, an kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis<br />
funqcia radikalurad un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gandevnili ganaTlebis sistemi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(es aris dRevandeli sauniversiteto bataliebis<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi motivic) <strong>da</strong> ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es meo-<br />
164
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
re tendencia dRes ufro Zlieria, yvelaferi midis iqiT, rom<br />
miviRoT axali disbalansi <strong>da</strong>, Zneli ar aris gansazRvra imisa,<br />
Tu ras mogvcems igi: mogvcems socialur atoms, romelic<br />
socialurad funqciuri iqneba, romelic aRWurvili iqneba<br />
im socialuri lingvistikiT, romlebic misi socializaciis<br />
maRal xarisxs uzrunvelyofen, magram mTeli misi funqcionaloba<br />
socialur atomad yofniT amoiwureba. socialuri<br />
aRmoCndeba erTaderT ganzomilebad, romelSic man SeiZleba<br />
imoZraos maSinac ki, rodesac masSi uZiriTadesi egzistencialuri<br />
kiTxvebi gaCndeba sikvdilisa <strong>da</strong> sicocxlis, samyarosTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan Sexvedris, bedisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Sesaxeb.<br />
sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, miviRebT socialuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
funqciur, magram eqzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT kastrirebul<br />
personasa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, rodesac<br />
am viTarebaSi cnobierebis sxvagvari mdgomareobis mopovebis<br />
amocana imTaviTve gamoiricxeba. ufro metic, nebismieri<br />
ram, rac vulgarul socialur pragmatizms SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes,<br />
saSiSroebad aRiqmeba <strong>da</strong> ganidevneba. esec suicidis<br />
formaa, ufro sworad, es is viTarebaa, rodesac suicidi<br />
ukve aRsrulebulad iTvleba.<br />
bolos, reforma Cven imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom Cven ga<strong>da</strong>vrCeT,<br />
swored rom Cven – is xalxi, romelsac uSvia precedentebi<br />
rogorc traibaluri hermetulobisagan, ise snoburi<br />
TviTuaryofisagan _ Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> swored am bednier momentebSi<br />
warmdgara samyaros winaSe, rogorc Rirseuli <strong>da</strong><br />
mniSvnelovani. erTia sazogadoebis istoriuli a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis<br />
amocana <strong>da</strong> sxvaa mcdeloba, rom es <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> saswrafod<br />
iqnas moqceuli misTvis araadeqvatur <strong>da</strong> ucxo formebSi. es<br />
aris Zalian frTxilad gasavleli gza, romelzec erTnairad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ilaxos konservatizmica <strong>da</strong> snoburi kulturuli nihilizmic.<br />
Tuki raime un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>angrios ganaTlebis reformam, pirvel<br />
rigSi, es un<strong>da</strong> iyos is konservatizmi, romelic sabWoTa wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi CvenTvis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis erTaderTi gza iyo,<br />
dRes ki Cvenve gvborkavs. amocana un<strong>da</strong> iyos ara kulturis<br />
xelyofa, aramed im kvazikulturuli formebisa, romlebi-<br />
Tac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi samyaros viyaviT morgebulebi,<br />
nacional-utopiuri sizmrebisa <strong>da</strong> fantaziebis im sistemisa,<br />
romelic maSin xsna iyo CvenTvis, radgan sxvagvarad ver<br />
gavuZlebdiT istoriul wnexs, dRes ki Cvenive Zalebis paralizebas<br />
axdens.<br />
165
zaza firaliSvili<br />
amasTan, cxadia, ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
sistema imdenad <strong>da</strong>icalos centraluri <strong>qarTuli</strong> paradigmebisagan,<br />
rom igi moemsaxuros ara Cveni istoriuli a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis<br />
process, ara imas, rom Cven Rirseuli Tanamonawileebi<br />
gavxdeT erTiani kacobriuli cxovrebisa, aramed imas, rom saswrafod<br />
<strong>da</strong>vemsgavsoT Sveds, amerikels, norvegiels, mokled,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlelis im abstraqtul xatebas, romelic bunebaSi arsad<br />
ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> Tuki arsebobs, ubedurebaa.<br />
ganaTlebis problema kulturuli lingvistikis problemaa.<br />
ganaTlebis reformam un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom Cvenma momavalma<br />
Taobam imave enaze imetyvelos, ra enazec metyvelebs<br />
mTeli samyaro, magram un<strong>da</strong> imetyvelos, rogorc sakuTari<br />
kulturis Svilma <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc anonimurma <strong>da</strong> ufesvebo<br />
arsebam.<br />
vfiqrob, nacionalizmi ganaTlebaSi dRes swored amas un<strong>da</strong><br />
niSnavdes.<br />
166
zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
universitetis idea: ori paradigma<br />
nacionaluri universiteti evropaSi XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyis-<br />
Si Cndeba (simbolur TariRad 1810 wels berlinis universitetis<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZneba SeiZleba miviCnioT). nacionaluri universiteti<br />
gulisxmobs nacionaluri kulturisa <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri ganaTlebis<br />
konceptebs. nacionaluri kultura saeklesio kanonis<br />
mibaZviT qmnis sakuTar nacionalur kanons, romelic wmin<strong>da</strong>nTa<br />
nacvlad nacionalur gmirebs, nacionalur mwerlebs, xelovnebis<br />
warmomadgenlebs, filosofosebsa <strong>da</strong> xan<strong>da</strong>xan “nacionalur”<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong>nebsac ki moicavs (magaliTisaTvis, ioana<br />
arkeli _ Jana d’arki).<br />
nacionaluri kanonis centrs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, literatura <strong>da</strong><br />
filosofia ayalibebs. kerZod, XIX saukunis germaniaSi kanonis<br />
centri filosofia iyo, xolo inglisSi _ literatura.<br />
nacionaluri kulturis am Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
inglisuri universitetis koncefcia literatorma meTiu<br />
arnoldma gansazRvra, xolo germanulisa _ enaTmecnierma<br />
<strong>da</strong> filosofosma vilhelm fon humboldtma. aqe<strong>da</strong>n _ XIX saukunis<br />
universitetis ori tipi: ufro filosofiaze orientirebuli<br />
_ germanuli <strong>da</strong> ufro literaturacentruli _<br />
inglisuri (ix.: bil ridingsis monografia universiteti nangrevebSi).<br />
nacionaluri universiteti im adgils warmoadgens, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
codna ga<strong>da</strong>icema _ codna am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs nacionaluri<br />
kanonis Seswavlas, garkveulwilad, mis formirebas, translaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> revizias. universitetis nacionaluri tipi II<br />
msoflio omamde, faqtobrivad, ualternativoa. II msoflio<br />
omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolomde,<br />
nacionaluri universitetis idea seriozul krizisSia. am krizisis<br />
kulminacias 1968-74 wlebis “studenturi revoluciebi”<br />
warmoadgens. krizisi mTavrdeba universitetis axali tipis<br />
gamokveTiT, romelsac SeiZleba postnacionaluri universiteti<br />
vuwodoT. dRes, XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis, universitetis<br />
es tipi, faqtobrivad, sabolood Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ra gansxvavebaa nacionalursa <strong>da</strong> postnacionalur univer-<br />
167
zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
sitetebs Soris? upirveles yovlisa, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, is, rom<br />
axal universitetSi nacionaluri kanoni, faqtobrivad, aRar<br />
arsebobs (magaliTisaTvis, anglo-amerikul <strong>da</strong> germanul universitetebSi,<br />
Tumca jer-jerobiT narCundeba safrangeTSi.<br />
ix. amis Sesaxeb: jeison diuelis sayuradRebo statia: literaturis<br />
gansazRvreba). aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, codnis statusi<br />
gaugebari, xolo misi ga<strong>da</strong>cema _ sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro problemuri<br />
xdeba. nacionaluri kanonis radikalurma reviziam,<br />
ufro zustad, misma moSlam humanitarul mecnierebaTa marginalizacia<br />
gamoiwvia, xolo literaturul kvleva-ZiebaTa<br />
veli imdenad gaidRabna, rom TiTqmis yvela <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi moicva.<br />
filologia privilegirebuli mecnierebi<strong>da</strong>n meorexarisxovan<br />
disciplinad iqca, xolo istoriam kvlevis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
obieqti <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />
magram postnacionaluri universitetis mTavari niSani mainc<br />
isaa, rom misi funqcia ukve aRar aris “ganaTlebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis”<br />
formireba, dRes universiteti gvawvdis ara ganaTlebul,<br />
aramed “unar-Cvevebis mqone” individs, romelsac ZaluZs<br />
sabazro koniunqturis gamocnoba. aq mTavari is rodia, rom<br />
“codna” warmoadgens “produqts,” romelic kargad un<strong>da</strong> gaiyidos<br />
_ mTavari produqti ukve Tavad a<strong>da</strong>miania. swored is<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaiyidos warmatebulad <strong>da</strong> ama Tu im universitetis bren<strong>da</strong>d<br />
iqces.<br />
nacionaluri universiteti “ganaTlebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis” formirebiT<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. ganaTlebuli a<strong>da</strong>miani ki isaa, vinc<br />
icis nacionaluri kultura <strong>da</strong> am kulturis saTaveebi _ misi<br />
antikuri <strong>da</strong> qristianuli wyaroebi. “ganaTlebulma a<strong>da</strong>mianma”<br />
icis sakuTari kulturis genezisi <strong>da</strong> struqtura. rac Seexeba<br />
“unar-Cvevebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mians”, man icis rogor “miawodos”<br />
sakuTari Tavi <strong>da</strong>mqiravebels. mas aqvs ara imdenad erudicia,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c “kritikuli azrovneba” _ “kritikuli azrovneba”<br />
niSnavs ara imdenad sakuTriv “azrovnebas”, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c garkveuli<br />
sakiTxebisadmi (magaliTad, raRac faqtebisadmi) Camoyalibebul<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas an am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis adeqvaturad<br />
Camoyalibebis unars.<br />
imisaTvis, raTa Cveni saubari metismetad abstraqtuli ar<br />
aRmoCndes, moviyvan or magaliTs, ufro zustad, erTmaneTs<br />
Seva<strong>da</strong>reb literaturis or mkvlevars _ ernst robert kurciussa<br />
(1886-1956, bonis universitetis romanuli filologiis<br />
kaTedris xelZRvaneli) <strong>da</strong> eduard saids (1935-2003, kolumbiis<br />
universitetis inglisuri literaturisa <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>re-<br />
168
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
biTi literaturaTmcodneobis departamentis profesori),<br />
rogorc ori gansxvavebuli episetemes warmomadgenelsa <strong>da</strong><br />
reprezentators.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, <strong>da</strong>viwyeb imiT, Tu ratom aris es analogia<br />
legitimuri. orive maTganma moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rogorc<br />
konkretuli literaturis specialistma _ kurciusi romanisti<br />
iyo, kerZod, franguli literaturis specialisti, xolo<br />
saidi _ anglisti. orivem saxeli, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, erTi wigniT gaiTqva<br />
_ kurciusis SemTxvevaSi es iyo <strong>evropuli</strong> literatura<br />
<strong>da</strong> laTinuri saSualo saukuneebi (1948w.), xolo saidis<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ orientalizmi (1978w.). Tav-TavianT opus magnum-<br />
Si orive gac<strong>da</strong> kvlevis sakuTar specialur vels _ romanistfilologTan<br />
erTad kurciusi mogvevlina rogorc klasikosi-filologi,<br />
medievisti <strong>da</strong> germanisti, xolo saidi _ ar<br />
oden rogorc anglisti, aramed rogorc romanisti, orientalisti<br />
<strong>da</strong> filologiis istorikosi. amave dros, orive monografia<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> ideebis istoriasac moicavs.<br />
magram swored amgvar fonze kontrasti kidev ufro sagrZnobia<br />
_ kurciusis mizani germanuli literaturisa <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri<br />
kulturis konteqstis Cvenebaa. es konteqsti ki<br />
<strong>evropuli</strong> literaturaa, romelic SeuZlebelia gavigoT la-<br />
Tinuri saSualo saukuneebis gareSe. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mocemuli naSromi<br />
nacionaluri kulturis genezisisa <strong>da</strong> struqturis kvlevis<br />
magaliTia. magram kidev ufro mniSvnelovani im literaturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli tradiciis uwyvetobis Cvenebaa, romelic<br />
antikurobi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves. swored am tradiciaSi moiazrebs<br />
kurciusi sakuTar nacionalur kulturasa <strong>da</strong> literaturas.<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom wigni eZRvneba abi varburgs<br />
(gustav greberTan erTad), romlis saxelganTqmuli<br />
institutisa <strong>da</strong> biblioTekis mizani swored <strong>evropuli</strong> kulturuli<br />
tradiciis uwyvetobis Cveneba <strong>da</strong> misi kvleva-Zieba iyo<br />
(abi varburgTan erTad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT “varburgis skolisa”<br />
<strong>da</strong> varburgis institutis iseTi warmomadgnlebi, rogorebic<br />
iyvnen ervin panofski, fric zaqsli, ernst gombrixi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.). aqve un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom kurciusis monografia,<br />
garkveulwilad, iyo pasuxi im “axlo” konteqstze, romelSic<br />
mkvlevars cxovreba <strong>da</strong> moRvaweoba uxdebo<strong>da</strong> _ man<br />
wignze muSaoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
Sesabamisi reformebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
eduard saidis monografiis mizani principulad gansxvavebulia.<br />
wigni mimarTulia <strong>evropuli</strong> orientalisturi discip-<br />
169
zaza SaTiriSvili<br />
linisa (Tu disciplinaTa mTeli kompleqsis) <strong>da</strong> orientalizmis,<br />
rogorc ideologiis winaaRmdeg. mecnieris azriT, orientalizmi<br />
arabuli samyaros mimarT imave rols asrulebs, rasac<br />
antisemitizmi _ ebraelTa mimarT. sayuradRebo isaa, rom<br />
saidis kritikisa <strong>da</strong> “dekonstruqciis” obieqti aRmosavleTmcodneoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> “aRmosavluri filologiaa”, romelic, misTvis<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara <strong>da</strong>savluri imperializmis gamoxatuleba<br />
_ filologebi <strong>da</strong> kolonizatorebi erTi medlis or mxares<br />
warmoadgenen. mkvlevari cdilobs, aCvenos orientalizmis,<br />
rogorc konceptisa <strong>da</strong> disciplinis aRmniSvneli terminis,<br />
represiuli Sinaarsi, romelic malavs “<strong>da</strong>savleli a<strong>da</strong>mianis”<br />
upiratesobas. amasTan erTad, monografiis mizani imis<br />
Cvenebacaa, rom ar arsebobs neitraluri filologia, rom,<br />
erTi SexedviT, sruliad “uvnebeli” akademiuri muSaoba politikur<br />
angaJirebulobasa <strong>da</strong> represias malavs. magram, albaT,<br />
yvelaze ufro simptomuri saidis naazrevSi teqstologiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> filologiis, agreTve aRmosavluri enebis codnis mniSvnelobis<br />
Zalian <strong>da</strong>bali Sefasebaa. rogorc ingliseli aRmosavleTmcodne<br />
bernard luisi aRniSnavs (ix. misi naSromi: islami<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi, Tavi VI _ “aRmosavleTmcodneobis problemebi”,<br />
romelic saidis mosazrebaTa profesiulad momakvdinebel<br />
kritikas Seicavs), “teqstologiisa <strong>da</strong> filologiis amgvarma<br />
kritikam pirvel rigSi isini Seaguliana <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aime<strong>da</strong>, visac sur<strong>da</strong><br />
kariera aRmosavleTis SeswavliT Seeqmna, magram ver SeZlo<br />
an ar sur<strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur enaTa Seswavla maTi sirTulis<br />
gamo”.<br />
magram saidis monagrafiis mTavari paTosi esaa _ resentimenti-amboxi<br />
<strong>evropuli</strong> kulturisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciis winaaRmdeg.<br />
Tavis momdevno wignebSi (samyaro, teqsti, kritikosi, kultura<br />
<strong>da</strong> imperializmi) is Seufaravad a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs evropel<br />
filologebsa <strong>da</strong> literaturaTmcodneebs (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, germanuli<br />
filologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebs) erix auerbaxsa<br />
Tu leo Spitcers, ernst robert kurciussa Tu karl foslers<br />
evropocentrizmsa <strong>da</strong> imperializmSi, rom maT ierarqiulad<br />
moawyves Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis kvleva-<br />
Ta veli, sa<strong>da</strong>c centraluri pozicia “romanul samyarosa” <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ntes ukavia.<br />
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamomwvev mizezebze saubari<br />
Sors wagviyvan<strong>da</strong>, magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mainc un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos<br />
Semdegi: kurciusisa <strong>da</strong> saidis midgomaTa Soris arsebuli<br />
ufskruli sulac ar aris am mkvlevarTa individualur gan-<br />
170
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
sxvavebaTa Sedegi _ sxva “paraleluri biografiebis” SemTxvevaSic<br />
kontrasti analogiuri iqnebo<strong>da</strong> (magaliTisaTvis, auerbaxi<br />
<strong>da</strong> stiven grinblati, Spitceri <strong>da</strong> jefri hartmani, kete<br />
hamburgeri <strong>da</strong> homi baba).<br />
saqme isaa, Cvens winaSea humanitarul epistemeTa mkveTri<br />
(“revoluciuri”) cvla _ XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos gamoikveTa<br />
is, rac, sabolood, XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gaform<strong>da</strong><br />
axali postnacionaluri <strong>da</strong> postkulturuli epistemes saxiT<br />
(un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSos, rom am epistemes CamoyalibebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
roli miSel fukom, Jak deri<strong>da</strong>m, Jan-fransua liotarma,<br />
pol de manma <strong>da</strong> sxv. iTamaSes). rogorc igive bernard luisi<br />
SeniSnavs, am epistemes ZiriTadi dogmebi Semdegia: “ar arsebobs<br />
erTi WeSmariteba (xolo Tu arsebobs, is mainc miuRwevelia),<br />
ar arsebobs neitraluri codna _ nebismieri codna tendenciuria,<br />
xolo nebismieri diskursi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ZalTa urTierTmimarTebebis<br />
Sedegs warmoadgens. faqtobrivi sizuste sulac<br />
araa mniSvnelovani, mniSvnelovani oden mimarTebaa _ anu<br />
mkvlevaris motivebi <strong>da</strong> mizani _ Tu ra mimarTeba aqvs codnasTan<br />
mas, vinc codnas iyenebs”.<br />
Tanamedrove sauniversiteto sivrce swored am SexedulebaTa<br />
ganxorcielebis adgilia.<br />
171
172<br />
marina kandelaki<br />
rituali <strong>da</strong> aRzr<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mTielTa<br />
tradiciul yofaSi<br />
qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si bavSvis<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>s prioritetuli adgili ekava. aRzr<strong>da</strong>, anu yvela is garegani<br />
gavlena, rac <strong>da</strong>badebis Semdeg emateba individis Tan<strong>da</strong>yolil<br />
bunebas, mTlianad saojaxo garemocviT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
memkvidreobiTi <strong>da</strong> SeZenili, biologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri,<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili <strong>da</strong> Seswavlili, anu opozicia: bunebaaRzr<strong>da</strong><br />
_ universaluria a<strong>da</strong>mianTa modgmisTvis. tradiciaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul socialur garemoSi xsenebuli antiTezis<br />
uricxv elements Soris mTis regionis tradiciul yofaSi<br />
aRzrdisaTvis gankuTvnili saSualebebi TvalSisacemi TaviseburebebiT<br />
iyo aRbeWdili. es Taviseburebebi ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo mTielTa faseulobiTi kriteriumebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb<br />
qvemoT vilaparakebT.<br />
vecdebi, konkretuli eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze<br />
vaCveno saqarTvelos mTiani kuTxeebis (svaneTi, xevsureTi,<br />
fSavi, TuSeTi, mTiuleTi) magaliTze ritualis roli <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si. min<strong>da</strong>, warmovaCino mTielTa<br />
mier ritualis vizualurad aRqmis Sinaarsi, romelic Cadebulia<br />
Taobi<strong>da</strong>n TaobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemadi ritualuri qmedebebis<br />
bunebaSi. Cven visaubrebT aRzrdis erT konkretul aspeqtze:<br />
bavSvobis asaki<strong>da</strong>n vizualurad gacnobierebis aprobirebul<br />
meTodze, romelic gansakuTrebiT qmediTia zepir gadmocemebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> simboloebiT gaJRenTil tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. XX<br />
s. I meoTxedis CaTvliT, amgvari ritualuri qmedebebiT iyo<br />
gamsWvaluli saqarTvelos mTian regionSi moqmedi yvela sasicocxlo<br />
socialur-religiuri ujredi: ojaxi, teritorialuri<br />
Temi, xevi. cnobilia, rom yvela ojaxis mcirewlovani <strong>da</strong><br />
siyrmiseuli asakis bavSvi uSualod monawiloeb<strong>da</strong> religiursadResaswaulo<br />
ceremonialebSi. amgvari monawileoba gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />
mTis kuTxeebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel Sromis SezRudvebsac,<br />
rogorc asakobrivi, aseve sqesobrivi principiT: kaci<br />
(agreTve vaJi) kacebis saqmes asruleb<strong>da</strong>, qali (aseve gogona) –<br />
qalisas. yovelive amas bavSvi imTaviTve iTviseb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zRvar-
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ucileblad asruleb<strong>da</strong> Tavis saqmes mTis mkacr bunebriv<br />
pirobebSi. mTisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo cxovrebis mSvidi,<br />
reglamentirebuli <strong>da</strong> ganmeorebadi ritmi, rasac mTlianoba-<br />
Si mTielTa cxovrebis wesic ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>: mcire <strong>da</strong>saxlebebi,<br />
mcire soflebis urTierToba, mcire miwianoba <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />
sanadiro adgili, patara sakarmi<strong>da</strong>mo bostnebi, sarCo-sanovagis<br />
mopovebis sirTuleebi. yovelive es mTielTa awyobili,<br />
mowesrigebuli cxovrebis safuZveli iyo, romelsac arRvev<strong>da</strong><br />
xolme soflad Tu mis gareT momx<strong>da</strong>ri araordinaluri ambebi<br />
(gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba, qorwili, vaJis <strong>da</strong>badeba, mkvleloba, mezobeli<br />
kavkasieli tomebis xSiri mtacebluri Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva) <strong>da</strong> mTielebs mSvidi cxovrebis kalapoti<strong>da</strong>n agdeb<strong>da</strong>. maTi<br />
ojaxebi aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis mudmiv mzadyofnaSi iyvnen.<br />
araordinaruli SemTxveva, soflad an mis gareT momx<strong>da</strong>ri,<br />
umal vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi ga<strong>da</strong>mowmeba azrad aravis mosdio<strong>da</strong>:<br />
saqarTvelos mTisTvis ucxo iyo tyuilis an Woris gavrceleba;<br />
ndoba mTielTa tradiciuli yofis gamokveTili Tviseba<br />
iyo. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mTielebi bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n iTvisebdnen stumarmaspinZlobis<br />
uryev tradicias. mTielisTvis, rogori gaWirvebulic<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, stumari mu<strong>da</strong>m RvTisa iyo. Ramis<br />
gaTeva, stumris gamaspinZleba, saukeTeso sasmelis mirTmeva<br />
– rac ki ram moipovebo<strong>da</strong> saxlSi, yvelafers stumars miarTmevdnen<br />
xolme. Semdeg mas aucileblad soflis bolomde miacilebdnen.<br />
maspinZlis ojaxis sapatio <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli movaleoba<br />
iyo, sapasuxo vizitiT swveo<strong>da</strong> Tavis stumars.<br />
gamudmebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi kavkasieli tomebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>,<br />
amis sapirispirod, maTTan keTilmezobluri urTierToba araerTi<br />
gadmocemis (andrezis) safuZveli gax<strong>da</strong>. zepirgadmocemis<br />
nimuSebs sistematurad mouTxrobdnen axalgazrdebs. es<br />
iyo mTis istoriis siRrmiseuli gakveTilebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen<br />
axalgazrdebis aRzrdis, maTi suliskveTebis Camoyalibebis<br />
ZiriTad stimuls. sisxl-mesisxleobis myari tradicia,<br />
romlis rTul rituals mTieli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> yrmobi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
ecnobo<strong>da</strong>, masSi ayalibeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi moqmedebaSi mohyav<strong>da</strong><br />
Seuryeveli mcneba: „sisxli sisxlisa wil“, rac misi cxovrebiseuli<br />
moralisa <strong>da</strong> rwmenis, samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> usamar-<br />
Tlobis princips warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mTielTa gmiruli istoriuli warsulis Sesaxeb mravali monaTxrobi,<br />
mama-papaTagan zepirad Tqmuli gmiruli legen<strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
xalxuri leqsi axalgazrdebSi ganamtkiceb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi kuTxisadmi<br />
did siyvarulsa <strong>da</strong> misadmi uRalatobas. magaliTad, XX s. 50-<br />
173
marina kandelaki<br />
iani wlebamde, 3-4 Taobis retrospeqtivaSi, ver <strong>da</strong>vafiqsire<br />
mTis mZime pirobebi<strong>da</strong>n barSi sacxovreblad nebayoflobiT Camosaxlebis<br />
SemTxveva. amgvari suliskveTebiT izrdebo<strong>da</strong> mTielTa<br />
axalgazrdoba XX s.-is 60-ian wlebamde, roca mox<strong>da</strong> mTis<br />
iZulebiTi <strong>da</strong>carieleba, <strong>da</strong>, samwuxarod, mTiani regionis mosaxleobis<br />
sruli transformacia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT Cvens Temas: ritualis mniSvnelobas mTiel-<br />
Ta axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobis aRzrdisa <strong>da</strong> misi ganswavlis saqmeSi.<br />
Tema vrcelia, amitom mxolod ramdenime magaliTze SevaCereb<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
I magaliTi aris svanTa yofi<strong>da</strong>n. is Seexeba svanebSi gavrcelebul<br />
ritualur wess, romelic ojaxSi sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. mas XX<br />
s. <strong>da</strong>mdegsac ar hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>karguli Tavisi azri <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba.<br />
is CvenTvis cnobili gax<strong>da</strong> svanebis tradiculi yofis TviTmxilvelis,<br />
ali <strong>da</strong>viTianis xelnawerebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic iv. javaxiSvilis<br />
sax. istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis institutis xelnawerTa<br />
arqivSia <strong>da</strong>culi. maTi gamocema, samwuxarod, dRemde<br />
ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. masala XX s. 30-ian wlebSia Cawerili.<br />
saqme exeba svanebis tradiciul yofaSi Semonaxul luxor/<br />
lexor wess. sityva momdinareobs „xor“ Ziri<strong>da</strong>n, rac svanurad<br />
Sesawiravebisa <strong>da</strong> Semwirvelebis erTianobas aRniSnavs. amjerad<br />
xergianebis luxorze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.<br />
moqmedeba xdeba laxamulas TemSi, romelic XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis<br />
ori soflisgan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 120 komls aWarbeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
laxamulas xevs ekava enguris xeobis monakveTi, gaukacrielebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> tyed qceuli. xeobas mihyvebo<strong>da</strong> biliki, romelic<br />
samegrelos ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>, am gzaze <strong>da</strong>diodnen laxamulelni<br />
<strong>da</strong> zurgiT tvirTi ga<strong>da</strong>hqon<strong>da</strong>T. xSirad maT Tavs esxmodnen<br />
gareuli Rorebi, eSvebiT uxevdnen tomrebs, siminds ayrevidnebdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> mgzavrebis sicocxles safrTxes uqmnidnen. aRniSnul<br />
fonze mimdinare ambebis mTavari moqmedi piri iyo xergiani,<br />
laxamulaSi ganTqmuli tvirTmzi<strong>da</strong>vi. is uSvilo iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxs sxva muSa-xeli, gar<strong>da</strong> Tavad col-qmrisa, ara hyolia. miuxedvad<br />
amisa, xergians momWirne meuRlis, Tamrulis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT,<br />
ojaxi mainc gamarTuli hqon<strong>da</strong>. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,<br />
xergians asze meti tvirTi ga<strong>da</strong>utania laxamuli<strong>da</strong>n ori dRis<br />
savalze or-or marCilad (XIX s. svanuri fulis erTeuli). colqmars<br />
es marCilebi Senaxuli hqoniaT „didi luxoris“ ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelad,<br />
raTa saaqaos „qonebiani“ cxovreba saiqioSi ganegrZoT.<br />
es imedi efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> svanebSi mkvidrad moarul rwmenas, rom<br />
saaqaoSi yofnis dros SesaZlebelia qonebis saiqioSi „ga<strong>da</strong>ta-<br />
174
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
na“. amis aRsrulebisTvis saWiro iyo luxoris wesis Sesruleba<br />
zeimiT, RvTaebisadmi xarebis SewirviT <strong>da</strong> wesis amgebis saxelze<br />
maTi kurTxeviT saluxoro sufraze. sanacvlod maspin-<br />
Zeli yvelas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eloca. xergiani am wess sakuTari neba-surviliT<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong>, amitom mas „salxino luxori“ ewodebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xolo Tu luxors avadmyofis mosarCenad marTavdnen, mas „iZulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdils“ uwodebdnen. amjerad xergianebis Sesaxeb<br />
vsaubrobT <strong>da</strong> saqme pirveli tipis rituals exeba. saluxoro<br />
puri, arayi, yveli calcalke hqon<strong>da</strong>T momaragebuli. meluxore<br />
ojaxi Sesawirav xarebs ialaRebze asuqeb<strong>da</strong>, maTi moparvis<br />
ar eSino<strong>da</strong>: qurdi maT RvTaebaTa SiSiT ver gaekarebo<strong>da</strong>. xalxs<br />
Rrmad swam<strong>da</strong>, rom wm. giorgi mparavs sagangebod <strong>da</strong>sji<strong>da</strong> saSviliSvilod<br />
Sesaxelebuli (e.i. vinmes saxelze Sesawiri) xarebis<br />
SexebisaTvis. svanTa rwmenis Tanaxmad, RvTaebaTa saxelze<br />
Sewiruli xarebis xorci samzeoSi myofTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili,<br />
xolo saiqioSi isini am SemTxvevaSi kvlav xergians <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
meuRles xorcSesxmulni <strong>da</strong>xvdebodnen. es idea Seuryevlad<br />
qmediTi iyo yvela meluxorisTvis. ase gaTendebo<strong>da</strong> xergianis<br />
luxoris ga<strong>da</strong>xdis dRec. samzadisi, romelSic monawileob<strong>da</strong><br />
sanaTesao-samezoblo Tu saTemo-saxevo garemocva, sqesis, asakis,<br />
socialuri Tu ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganurCevlad,<br />
srul mzadyofnaSi xvdebo<strong>da</strong> rituals. sakurTxs kaloSi<br />
awyobdnen. xarebis marxilebze gawyobil gamxmar <strong>da</strong> gaWimul<br />
tyavebze <strong>da</strong>debdnen gamomcxvar purebs, godrebiT dgamdnen<br />
moxarSul xorcs, puris sacxobi gobebiT _ yvels, agreTve,<br />
godrebiT _ moxarSul Sekmazul lobios. sakurTxs miusxdebodnen<br />
xergiani meuRliTurT, orive SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad mor-<br />
Tul-mokazmulni. saluxoro sufrasTan oTxi wyvili col-qmari<br />
ij<strong>da</strong>: xergiani coliTurT <strong>da</strong> kidev sami wyvili, ojaxis wevri.<br />
Sewiruli iyo rva xari oTx col-qmarze <strong>da</strong> erTic wm. giorgis<br />
saxelze. iqve rig-rigad ewyo am cxra xaris Tavi <strong>da</strong> rqebze<br />
wyvil-wyvili sanTeli enTo. saluxoro sufras araferi akl<strong>da</strong>,<br />
fulic ewyo, ganZeul-samkaulic. xergians Tavisi mooqrovili<br />
Tofi mkerdTan hqon<strong>da</strong> midebuli. bapis (soflis mRvdlis)<br />
mier sufris kurTxevis Semdeg wveulebma col-qmars miuloces<br />
bednieri dRe. bevrma svanma inatra maTi bedi _ saiqioSi<br />
rva xaris yola, Tumca im dRes bevri col-qmari eria, romlebsac<br />
or-samjer hqon<strong>da</strong> luxori ga<strong>da</strong>xdili <strong>da</strong> maTi Rrma rwmeniT,<br />
maT meti xaric hyav<strong>da</strong>T saiqioSi. sufra savse iyo sanovagiT,<br />
bevri vaSli ewyo, TiTo vaSlSi TiTo marCili (vercxlis<br />
fuli) eso. es marCilebi xergianma laxamula<strong>da</strong>n yvahamde tvir-<br />
175
marina kandelaki<br />
Tis CatanaSi miiRo. sakurTxis kurTxevis Semdeg vercxliani<br />
vaSlebi xalxSi ga<strong>da</strong>yares <strong>da</strong> yvelam, bavSvebis CaTvliT, ixel-<br />
Ta, ramdenic SeeZlo. ase mZime tvirTis zidviT mopovebuli<br />
fuli vaSlebs ga<strong>da</strong>ayoles, xalxSi gaabnies, xergiani ki <strong>da</strong>imedebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa saiqioSi <strong>da</strong>mSvidebuli momavliT. Semdeg man<br />
tradiciuli sasmisi <strong>da</strong>dga ramdenime adgilas, Ria cis qveS. aq<br />
grZel sufraze aryiT savse gobebi idga, moxarSul verZs oxSivari<br />
asdio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ferdSi <strong>da</strong>na eso, gverdiT ewyo <strong>da</strong>Wrili puri.<br />
<strong>da</strong>levas mowadinebuli gobTan midio<strong>da</strong>, Tu is „wver-ulvaSiani<br />
iyo“, mas gaisworeb<strong>da</strong>, xelebs zurgze <strong>da</strong>iwyob<strong>da</strong>, gobs <strong>da</strong>ewafebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
nebismierad mosvam<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg xorcis lukmas moiTli<strong>da</strong>,<br />
purs miatan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sufras gaeclebo<strong>da</strong>, raTa sxvebisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>eTmo adgili. roca wveulTa <strong>da</strong>jdoma moTavdebo<strong>da</strong>, mepureni<br />
(aucileblad mamakacebi) <strong>da</strong>wnuli sakidlebiT purs moitandnen,<br />
xolo de<strong>da</strong>kacebi TiTo kacze or-or purs <strong>da</strong>sdebdnen.<br />
mepureebs „meRerRileebi“ mohyvebodnen. isini samni<br />
iyvnen, or maTgans sacxobi gobi ekava, mesame ki mozelil <strong>da</strong><br />
Sekmazul lobios an cercvs iReb<strong>da</strong> peSviT <strong>da</strong> moxdenilad deb<strong>da</strong><br />
meinaxeTa purebze. meRerRileebs mosdevdnen meyveleebi,<br />
Semdeg – mexorceni, erT maTgans mokle Samfurze acmuli moxarSuli<br />
xorciT savse sakideli ekava, meore kaci mwvadebs arigeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
TiTo meinaxeze TiTos. wesis Tanaxmad, xarebis Sewirvis<br />
dRes gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, romeli xarisgan<br />
gaecaT nedli mwvadebi soflis bavSvebisTvis. yvelaferi zustad<br />
iyo gaTvlili. mexorceebs meTafleni anu mesarajeni mohyvebodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> TiToeul meinaxeze savse gobi<strong>da</strong>n TiTo Rrma<br />
kovz gawurul Tafls an oTxkuTxad <strong>da</strong>Wril fiWiani sarajis<br />
naWrebs Camoarigebdnen. saluxoro sufris TavSi mjdomi moxuci<br />
didi TasiT locav<strong>da</strong> xergians <strong>da</strong> mis ojaxs, is SesTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
svanTa RmerTebs col-qmris saaqaoSi bednier cxovrebas <strong>da</strong> saiqioSi<br />
Sewiruli xarebis balnamde, puris lukmamde <strong>da</strong> aryis<br />
wveTamde SemwirvelTa sulis sasargeblod gamodgomas. amis<br />
Semdeg sufris Tavi gamoacxadeb<strong>da</strong> maspinZlis Txovnas: eWamaT,<br />
esvaT <strong>da</strong> moelxinaT. misi <strong>da</strong>locva ase sruldebo<strong>da</strong>: „kargo<br />
xevo <strong>da</strong> xevs gareSeno, vinc gaaxareT xergianis ojaxi, mSvidoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> bedniereba mogcemodeT. ojaxi rom gaaxareT, gagaxaroT<br />
svaneTis RmerTebma <strong>da</strong> Tu vinmes gulSi xinji aqvs sxvis mimarT,<br />
dRes <strong>da</strong>iviwyos <strong>da</strong> mtrobis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> SemdgomisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sdos“.<br />
sufraze sma-Wamis araviTari <strong>da</strong>Zaleba ar yofila. yoveli <strong>da</strong>mswreTagani<br />
aucileblad Sesvam<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gverdiT myofs <strong>da</strong>ulocav<strong>da</strong><br />
aryian sasmiss. soflis qalebs godrebiT mihqon<strong>da</strong>T ra-<br />
176
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
ime mizezis gamo iq armyofi Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis ulufa,<br />
agreTve axalgar<strong>da</strong>cvlilTa <strong>da</strong> mgzavrobaSi myof mamakacTa<br />
ulufa. arays boTlebiT anawilebdnen. gacema savaldebulo<br />
iyo, am valdebulebas tradicia edga sa<strong>da</strong>rajoze. luxoris ga<strong>da</strong>mxdeli<br />
col-qmari Camoivli<strong>da</strong> wveulTa rigebs, kaci – kacebisas,<br />
qali – qalTa mwkrivs <strong>da</strong> isini erTianad sTxovdnen eWamaT<br />
<strong>da</strong> esvaT. Txovna gulwrfeli iyo: saiqio ambavi xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> col-qmari <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo, rom ojaxis es mZime <strong>da</strong>naxarji<br />
mas imqveynad gamoadgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sewiruli ar <strong>da</strong>ikargebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TanmimdevrobiT gavyveT rituals. wesisamebr, wm. giorgisadmi<br />
himns aRavlendnen, oTxjer Camoayolebdnen arays <strong>da</strong> mexuTe<br />
Semovlaze Taflnarev Rvinos (rangs) gamoitandnen. is metad<br />
saamo iyo qalebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebisTvis. Rvinis Camomsxmelebi<br />
(mewdeebi) sajarod gamoacxadebdnen, rom rangs manzaviani<br />
(Taflis Wiri, anu uvargisi Tafli) ar eria. (am detals yuradReba<br />
imitom eqceo<strong>da</strong>, rom adre Catarebul luxorSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
SecdomiT Sereuli Tafli, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c, xalxis motyuebis<br />
gamo, xevma Taflis gamyidveli Serisxa). es faqti sajarod<br />
iqna gacxadebuli xergianis luxorSi, rogorc erTgvari profilaqtikuri<br />
zoma. luxorSi saWmel-sasmelis siuxve xevs ar<br />
ukvir<strong>da</strong>. es mama-papaTagan momdinare wesi iyo. gvian saRamos<br />
xalxi <strong>da</strong>Slas iwyeb<strong>da</strong>, ojaxi axlac wess ar arRvev<strong>da</strong>: oTx sasmis<br />
arays <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong> oTx gasasvlel adgilas <strong>da</strong> yovel wamsvlels<br />
arayze epatiJebo<strong>da</strong>. maspinZeli moxaruli rCebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom stumars saiqioSi cxovreba <strong>da</strong>utkbebo<strong>da</strong>. mogvianebiT igive<br />
stumari maspinZlad <strong>da</strong>uxvdebo<strong>da</strong> dRevandel maspinZels.<br />
xergianis luxors ara marto misi soflis, aramed mTeli xevis<br />
mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>eswro <strong>da</strong> xarebis xorcis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis moziare<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>. Sewiruli xarebis nawili sofels ergo, Signeuloba <strong>da</strong><br />
muclis qoni ojaxebSi ganawil<strong>da</strong>, mwvadebi soflis bavSvebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> orsul qalebs argunes. Sewiruli xarebis Tavebis wiliT<br />
maxloblebi asargebles. wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis saxelze gapirovnebuli<br />
xaris Signeuloba (faS-nawlavi) <strong>da</strong>narCeni xarebis Signeulobisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, ar gacemula: puris cxobisas is ojax-<br />
Si moxarSes <strong>da</strong> cxobaSi <strong>da</strong>mxmareebsac uwilades saojaxo purobis<br />
dros.<br />
amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli luxoris rituali wm. giorgis<br />
saxels ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>. ritualis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba ojaxisTvis svaneTis<br />
xev-soflisagan <strong>da</strong>locva iyo. amitom salaRobo luxors<br />
ojaxi didi zar-zeimiT ixdi<strong>da</strong>, xarebis did ricxvs swirav<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelis mosaxveWad Temsa Tu xevSi. svaneTSi msgavsi sazeimo<br />
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luxori ori axsovT. erTi Sedga balszemo mulaxSi, qurdianebis<br />
ojaxSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c 23 xari SeuwiravT, meore ki, viblianebis<br />
ojaxSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c 25 xari Seswires <strong>da</strong> oriT meti <strong>da</strong>kles ojaxis<br />
meti saxelisaTvis. luxoris ceremonialSi mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
erTad monawileob<strong>da</strong>, rogorc ufrosi, ise saSualo <strong>da</strong><br />
umcrosi Taoba. yvelasTvis gacxadebuli iyo ritualis Ziri-<br />
Tadi maxasiaTebeli: <strong>da</strong>grovili qonebis gaxarjva <strong>da</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
prestiJis, saxelis mopoveba.<br />
sisrulisTvis aRvniSnav, rom saluxoro xarebis ricxvi xu-<br />
Ti<strong>da</strong>n iwyebo<strong>da</strong>, naklebis Sewirvas luxors ar uwodebdnen. rva<br />
xari<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong> metis Sewirva ufro salaRobo-salxino<br />
luxorze icodnen (zemoT moyvanili magaliTi). luxoris<br />
wyvil-wyvili xarebi ufro col-qmars gulisxmobdnen, kenti<br />
xari ki saRvTod iyo miCneuli <strong>da</strong> misi Sewirva mxolod Rmer-<br />
Tebis, umTavresad patron-RmerTebis saxels ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
luxoris ga<strong>da</strong>mxdeli imden wyvil xars Seswirav<strong>da</strong> xolme, ramdeni<br />
wyvili col-qmaric iyo. aRTqmulis Sesrulebas win veraferi<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgebo<strong>da</strong>. swam<strong>da</strong>T, rom Seusruleblobas arc ojaxi,<br />
arc Tem-sofeli Tu xevi apatieb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca Tavad aRTqma bolomde<br />
nebayoflobiTi iyo. Sesawiravi xaris asakis um<strong>da</strong>blesi<br />
zRvari oTxi wliT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zemoT luxoris meore variantic, anu „iZulebiTi luxoric“<br />
vaxsene. Txrobis sisrulisTvis <strong>da</strong>vumateb, rom xarebis Sesaxelebas<br />
aqac kurTxeva mosdev<strong>da</strong>. mas bapi imaT saxelze atareb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
visi Sesaxelebulic iyvnen Sesawiri xarebi.<br />
colis an qmris gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis SemTxvevaSi cocxlad myof<br />
meuRles xelSi anTebuli sanTeli ekava, meore xeli ki xaris<br />
rqaze edo, vidre mRdeli locvas <strong>da</strong>asruleb<strong>da</strong>. am ceremoniis<br />
dros, meluxores Tu raime ganZi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, imiT morTul-mokazmuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo. xSirad iyo, rom meluxore qalebi am<br />
mizniT samkauls iTxovdnen kidec. ritualis Catarebis dRes,<br />
wesisamebr, oqtombris pirvel kvira dRes miiCnevdnen, mas laxoris<br />
mzis dRes uwodebdnen, is mTvaris ganaxlebas ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
utilitaruli momentic did rols asruleb<strong>da</strong>: xarebis<br />
Sewirvas Semodgomaze amjobinebdnen, rom „xorci ar <strong>da</strong>m-<br />
Wlevdeso“. soflis mamakacoba, luxoris ritualis Catarebamde<br />
ramdenime dRiT adre Tavs iyri<strong>da</strong> romelime ojaxSi. xarebs<br />
TiTo Wiqa aryiT <strong>da</strong>aTrobdnen xolme <strong>da</strong> erTbaSad moakvdinebdnen.<br />
mxolod saRvTod Sesawiri xari saritualod <strong>da</strong>Tqmul<br />
dRes un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eklaT. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad qons amoiRebdnen, faSvnawlavs<br />
iqve mdgom soflis qalebs Caabarebdnen gasarecxad.<br />
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<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
Signeuls mohyvebo<strong>da</strong> filtvebisa <strong>da</strong> gul-RviZlis gamoReba.<br />
filtvi ojaxis de<strong>da</strong>kacs eZleo<strong>da</strong>, RviZls ki naRvels moaSorebdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> salocavisTvis sufTa adgilze Samfurze acmuls<br />
<strong>da</strong>debdnen. barkal-gverdebs amoiRebdnen <strong>da</strong> gavis CaRrmavebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>gubebul Tbil sisxls soflis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> vaJkacebi <strong>da</strong>ewafebodnen.<br />
axla Tavi movuyaroT yovelive zemoTqmuls <strong>da</strong> ganvsazRvroT,<br />
risi <strong>da</strong>naxva <strong>da</strong> aRqma SeeZlo Tun<strong>da</strong>c am erT ritualSi<br />
monawile axalgazr<strong>da</strong>s, ra gamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong> codnas<br />
iReb<strong>da</strong> is masSi uSualo monawileobiT an zepiri gadmocemis<br />
mosmenis Sedegad.<br />
luxoris kultis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelad calkeuli ojaxi iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
faqtobrivad ki mis Tanaziarad mTeli sofeli, xSirad xevi<br />
gamodio<strong>da</strong>. svanTa ganmartebiT, calkeul sofels saerTo<br />
xeli sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc lxinSi, ise WirSi. luxoris dRe mTeli<br />
xeobis dRed miiCneo<strong>da</strong>, mezobel-stumrebi didian-patarianad<br />
kultis Tanamonawileni xdebodnen, rac kidev ufro ganamtkiceb<strong>da</strong><br />
pirovnebis, ojaxis, soflisa <strong>da</strong> xevis urTier-<br />
TkavSirs. aRniSnuli garemoeba TvalsaCinod aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
simbolur aqtebSi, romlebic yvela tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
axasiaTebs. Cvens konteqsSi mxedvelobaSi maqvs samsxverplo<br />
xarebis xorcis xevis yvela wevrze ganawileba-garigebis<br />
wesi. mowiled iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> orive sqesisa <strong>da</strong> yvela asakis<br />
warmomadgeneli, xolo vinc rituals raime mizeziT ver eswrebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
maTi kuTvnili wili saxlSi egzavnebo<strong>da</strong>T. albaT, droulia<br />
gavixsenoT mecnierulad <strong>da</strong>dgenili faqti: uZveles sazogadoebebSi<br />
sakuTrebisa <strong>da</strong> ganawilebis mTavar obieqts sakvebi<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. swored sakvebis ganawilebis sferoSi iyo<br />
SenarCunebuli ganawilebis yvelaze arqauli formebi. svane-<br />
Tis tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c qonebrivi uTanasworoba<br />
yvela momdinare SedegebiT saxezea, xalxuri tradiciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> religiuri ritualebis doneze XIX s. <strong>da</strong>mlevisa <strong>da</strong> XX s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad arsebobas ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> ganawilebis<br />
gamaTanabrebeli normebi, sqesobriv-asakobrivi tradiciuli<br />
normebis mkacri pirobebis <strong>da</strong>cviT. Tqmuli ar niSnavs paralels<br />
arqaul samyarosTan. es aris svanTa yofaSi <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli<br />
ganawilebis uZvelesi wesi, romelic samyaros xedvis<br />
erTiani sistemis „materialuri Srea“. luxoris wesi, misi rituali<br />
Tavisi mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobiT amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> calkeuli ojaxis<br />
samezoblosTan (soflis sxva ojaxebTan, xevTan) erTobisken<br />
mimarTul tendencias. rac Seexeba vizualur mxares, ker-<br />
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Zod, xaris mokvdinebis ritualis saojaxo wamowyebis ga<strong>da</strong>zr<strong>da</strong>s<br />
sasoflo-saxevo wesSi, agreTve saojaxo-sasoflo-saxevo<br />
trapezSi samsxverplo xarebis xorcis Tanabrad ganawilebis<br />
princips, yovelive es xazgasmiT aCveneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mswreTagan<br />
yvela Taobis warmomadgenels, rom mTis Zala erTobaSia. ase<br />
eziarebodnen isini mTis erT-erT mTavar faseulobas.<br />
erT arsebiT detals <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT: patron-uflis xari, romelic<br />
luxoris dRes mas ewirebo<strong>da</strong>, mTeli luxoris saRvTo<br />
Rirsebas uTanaswordebo<strong>da</strong>. misi gul-RviZli say<strong>da</strong>rSi an xevis<br />
samlocvelo adgilze mihqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> iq sazeimo viTarebaSi<br />
soflis bapi swirav<strong>da</strong> mas meluxore ojaxis sasargeblod. es<br />
ukanaskneli ki cdilob<strong>da</strong>, misi ojaxi bevrs <strong>da</strong>eloca. <strong>da</strong>saxarji<br />
saxevod iyo momzadebuli. mezoblebi kultis Tanamonawileni<br />
xdebodnen, rac ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> xevis wevrTa erTobas ganamtkiceb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ritualuri sufrisTvis samzadisi, romelic ramdenime<br />
dRes grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>, sqesobrivi principiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
puris cxoba mTlianad qalebs hqon<strong>da</strong> mindobili. am saqmeSi<br />
maTi qaliSvilebic pataraobi<strong>da</strong>nve monawilebdnen. yoveli saritualo<br />
puri calcalke iyo gaciebuli. asobiT puri ococad<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>wyobili. TiTo kacisTvis or-ori iyo gankuTvnili.<br />
saerTo raodenoba xSirad aTass gacilebiT aRematebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
„rom ojaxs nakli ar ganeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sircxvilSi ar Cavardniliyo“.<br />
oTx-xuT dReSi amdeni puris gamocxobas mravali xeli<br />
sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. xevis TvalSi es qalebis savaldebulo saqmed iyo<br />
miCneuli. <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad yvelas Tavisiani mohyav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mTavaria, rom sofeli yovelmxriv <strong>da</strong>umadleblad exmarebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxs. roca saxevo mniSvnelobis dReebisaTvis calkeul<br />
ojaxs Tu pirovnebas ar Seswev<strong>da</strong> Zala yvelaferi TviTon<br />
gaekeTebina, sxvisi <strong>da</strong>xmareba aucilebeli iyo. sxvac uSurvelad<br />
mzad iyo, <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewia, an ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>, riTic iyo <strong>da</strong>valebuli<br />
an momavalSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tava<strong>da</strong>c mezoblis <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
<strong>da</strong>sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. amgvarad, SromiT anazRaurebuli Sromis valis<br />
(an avansis) ganaRdeba orive mxaris ganwyobas amagreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yovelives xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen axalgazrdebi, mTis faseulobaTa suliskveTebiT<br />
imsWvalebodnen <strong>da</strong> swavlobdnen, rom Zala<br />
erTobaSia.<br />
zemoT ganxilul socialur-religiur wess didi mniSvneloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> mTielTa faseulobebis gansazRvrisaTvis. rwmenis<br />
Zalas Svilebs <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>nve unergavdnen. bavSvis rwmenis<br />
faqtors aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si mniSvnelovani roli eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. mTis<br />
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<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
bina<strong>da</strong>r svanebs miwa ise cota hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom wliuri sarCo ver<br />
mohyav<strong>da</strong>T, ramdenic ar un<strong>da</strong> emuSava mTels ojaxs. magram salocavs<br />
siRaribesTan araferi esaqmebo<strong>da</strong>. rasac salocavs<br />
aRuTqvamdnen, upirobod un<strong>da</strong> SeesrulebinaT. svanis mentaliteti<br />
imTaviTve rwmeniT, salocavisadmi pativiscemiT,<br />
msxverplSewirvis aucileblobiT iyo <strong>da</strong>muxtuli. ojaxis<br />
srulad amowvetis SemTxvevaSi luxors aravin ga<strong>da</strong>ixdi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
RvTaebis sarisxavic aravin rCebo<strong>da</strong>. XIX s. <strong>da</strong> XX s. <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis<br />
svanTa yofaSi luxoris ritualSi monawileoba, mas-<br />
Tan uSualod Sexeba Tu moxucebisgan mis Sesaxeb uamravi naambobis<br />
mosmena axalgazrdebSi qmni<strong>da</strong> myar safuZvels imisaTvis,<br />
rom maT ukeTesad gaecnobierebinaT sikvdilisadmi mTielTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. sikvdili ki koleqtiuri cnobierebis<br />
erT-erTi Zireuli parametria. is samyaros xedvis komponentia,<br />
romelic konkretuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi garkveul<br />
periodSi arsebobs. mTielis ritualuri aRzrdis sa-<br />
SualebiT axalgazr<strong>da</strong>s uadvildebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sicocxlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi faseulobebis arsSi garkveva (Sua saukuneebis <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis masalis kvlevaSi amgvari sakiTxebisadmi siRrmiseuli<br />
midgomiT safrangeTis „analebis“ skolis warmomadgenlebi<br />
gamoirCevian).<br />
tradiciuli xalxuri mentalobis doneze aRqmuli faseulobebi<br />
exmarebo<strong>da</strong> axalgazdobas, ukeTesad gaecnobierebina<br />
winaparTa Sexeduleba simdidreze, mis <strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xarjvaze.<br />
luxoris ritualis Catareba moxveWili qonebis gaxarjvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saiqioSi misi ga<strong>da</strong>tanis sawin<strong>da</strong>ri iyo. ritualis mTavar<br />
Semsruleblebs es moralur kmayofilebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
isini saiqio cxovrebisaTvis zrunavdnen. maT sarwmunod<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong>T sazogadoebis azri. luxoris ritualis <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebels,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mswresa Tu mis Sesaxeb monaTxrobis msmenels SesaZlebloba<br />
eZleo<strong>da</strong>, sikvdil-sicocxlisadmi xalxuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
ritualuri gamoxatulebis miRma misi Sinaarsi amoekiTxa.<br />
es sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis is sferoa, romelic gareSe<br />
TvalisaTvis xSirad bindiT aris moculi. mTavari mizani<br />
ritualSi naTlad iyo ilustrirebuli. es iyo <strong>da</strong>grovili qonebis<br />
sajarod gaxarjvis demonstrireba, rac aris „qonebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zvris“ nimuSi tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, anu qonebis <strong>da</strong>groveba<br />
misi gaxarjvis mizniT. axalgazrdobisaTvis es isev <strong>da</strong><br />
isev iyo naTelyofa mTielTa sulieri principisa, romelic ase<br />
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas: „vagroveb-vxarjav, raTa <strong>da</strong>nagrovi<br />
imqveynad mivitano“. niSandoblivi iyo isic, rom amgvari gan-<br />
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wyobiT gamsWvaluli iyo rogorc mTis kvalobaze SeZlebuli,<br />
ise masze materialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofili ojaxi.<br />
mTiel axalgazrdebs mcirewlovani asaki<strong>da</strong>n aCvevdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
vizualurad aCvenebdnen cxovrebisul problemebs, cdilobdnen,<br />
maTSi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirseba ganmtkicebuliyo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
TvalSi maTi prestiJi amaRlebuliyo. luxoris rituali<br />
swored aRniSnul konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gagebuli. mocemuli<br />
rituali Tavisi Zalian Rrma emociuri konteqstiT axalgazrdebisaTvis<br />
iyo sruliad konkretuli monaTxrobi mTiel-<br />
Ta problemebis Sesaxeb, aseve, mowodeba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
Rirsebisa <strong>da</strong> prestiJis ganmtkicebisken.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom samzeosa (amqveynis) <strong>da</strong> SaveTis (imqveynis)<br />
xalxur gagebaSi waSlilia zRvari tradiciuli sazogadoebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenels Soris.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis socialuri mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> asaki, saqmianobis saxeoba<br />
Tu sulieri mdgomareoba, gansxvavebuli zneobrivi Tvisebebi<br />
– yovelive es gaTanabrebuli iyo sikvdilTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
mentalobis TvalsazrisiT. sikvdili Cveulebriv<br />
movlenad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SiSs ar iwvev<strong>da</strong>. is aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
bunebrivi gar<strong>da</strong>uvaloba, rogorc sicocxle sikvdilis<br />
Semdeg. sikvdili iyo gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong> ara ubedureba, is ar<br />
gaiazrebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc individualuri aqti: ritualur qmedebebSi<br />
gamosWvivis individis sociumTan uryevi kavSiri. mTielTa<br />
rwenis Tanaxmad, sikvdil-sicocxlis, samzeo-SaveTis<br />
zRvari gar<strong>da</strong>uval ufskruls ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. sikvdilis mimarT<br />
mTielTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa suliskveTeba,<br />
suliereba, idea, <strong>da</strong> ara am sazogadoebis, misi Semadgeneli<br />
ojaxebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.<br />
sikvdilis winaSe Raribi Tu SeZlebuli erTnairad Tanaswori<br />
iyo. msgavsi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sikvdilisadmi axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
adreuli Sua saukuneebis evropul yofas: sikvdili Cveulebriv,<br />
bunebriv movlenad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas „moSinaurebul sikvdils“<br />
uwodebdnen (f. ariesi).<br />
svanur luxorSi Cans a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Sinagani samyaro, maTi cnobierebis<br />
mimarTuleba. rituali imdenad STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi iyo, rom<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>mswre misi Tanamonawile xdebo<strong>da</strong>. rituali mianiSnebs<br />
sulier faseulobaTa u<strong>da</strong>o prioritetze materialurTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganxiluli<br />
rituali, iseve rogorc araerTi sxva rituali, xalxuri gagebiT<br />
bednierebis momtani wesi iyo. am dros aucilebeli iyo, rom<br />
yvela mowveuls maspinZlebi <strong>da</strong>eloca. xarebis mokvdineba <strong>da</strong><br />
182
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
msxverplSewirvaSi maTi simravle meluxoris saxelis moxve-<br />
WisaTvis gamiznuli qmedeba iyo, rac ojaxs saxelsac uxveW<strong>da</strong>.<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> svani xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seisisxlxorceb<strong>da</strong> im faqts,<br />
rom ufrosi Taoba uyoymanod misdev<strong>da</strong> qoneba-simdidris (saqoneli,<br />
puri, arayi, lobio, aseve fuli <strong>da</strong> sxva) <strong>da</strong>grovebas.<br />
misdev<strong>da</strong> imitom, rom Seesrulebina rwmeniT STagonebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
ara iZulebiTi socialuri aqti. es mTielTa mentalitetis<br />
arsebiTi momentia: tradicia mas qoneba-simdidris warmavalobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi prestiJis upiratesobas STaagoneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amitom iyo, rom umZimesi SromiT <strong>da</strong>grovili materialuri<br />
dovlaTi rwmenasa <strong>da</strong> sulier keTildReobas ewirebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT<br />
safasurad moixveWebo<strong>da</strong> saxeli <strong>da</strong> piradi avtoriteti sazogadoebis<br />
wevrTa Soris. xan<strong>da</strong>zmuli svanebi amis Sesaxeb mou-<br />
Txrobdnen <strong>da</strong> amas TvalnaTliv aCvenebdnen axalgazdebs,<br />
aswavlidnen im u<strong>da</strong>o WeSmaritebas, rom orientacia aRebuli<br />
iyo saxelovan yofnaze saaqaoSi <strong>da</strong> aseve uzrunvelyofaze saiqio<br />
cxovrebaSi gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg. amgvari rwmena Sesabamisi<br />
ritualiT aucileblad sajarod un<strong>da</strong> gacxadebuliyo<br />
sociumis winaSe, sa<strong>da</strong>c sulisTqma vizualurad iqnebo<strong>da</strong> na-<br />
Telyofili. swored am mizniT gaxarjav<strong>da</strong> mTieli Tavis, xSirad<br />
mware Sromis fasad mopovebul qonebas. mis ar<strong>da</strong>unjebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sajarod <strong>da</strong>xarjvas warmarTav<strong>da</strong> mTielis gonebaSi Cabudebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradiciiT Semagrebuli mZlavri impulsi <strong>da</strong> rwmena<br />
imisa, rom „rasaca gascem, Senia“.<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taoba izdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganimsWvalebo<strong>da</strong> azriT,<br />
rom mTielTa upirvelesi faseuloba moraluri xasiaTis Rirebulebaa,<br />
xolo simdidre, rogorc materialuri faseuloba,<br />
xSirad ukana planzea moqceuli <strong>da</strong> gaufasurebulia. un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRvniSnoT, rom yvela tradiciul sazogadoebSi faseuloba-<br />
Ta Skalaze swored xsenebuli kategoriebi pirveloben. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi qarTvel mTielebs Tavisi wvlili <strong>da</strong> originaloba SeaqvT<br />
saerTo sakacobrio kulturaSi.<br />
simdidris, rogorc materialuri faseulobis, meore planze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanas mravali ram a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. mTielTa TvalsazrisiT,<br />
mdi<strong>da</strong>ri kaci nakleb sandoa, xolo „kargi xeli“ mdi<strong>da</strong>rze<br />
ufro Raribs gaaCnia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, tradiciis Tanaxmad, „Zlieri“<br />
<strong>da</strong> „mdi<strong>da</strong>ri“ araadekvaturi cnebebia. magaliTad, svaneT-<br />
Si „Zlier gvarad“ asakovan mamakacTa simravliT gamorCeul<br />
gvars moixseniebdnen, rogorc prioritetuls.<br />
svanebis yofaSi <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli luxoris ritualis analogiurad<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT 1847 wliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli xelnawe-<br />
183
marina kandelaki<br />
ris monacemebi, romlebic TuSeTs Seexeba (Sedgenilia sof.<br />
eniselis mRvdlis ir. eliosiZis mier, s.-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis<br />
arqivis fondi, rus. enaze). analogiuri viTareba<br />
gvaqvs mTiuleTSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>mowmebulia xalxuri gaazreba<br />
ganZisa (r. TofCiSvili, mTiuleTis eqsp. masalebi, 1982)<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi miwaSi Caflva gamoyenebis gareSe, anu misi materialuri<br />
Rirebulebis gaufasureba, rac Taviseburad exmaureba luxorisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel qonebis <strong>da</strong>groveba-gaxarjvis wess.<br />
amgvarad, tradicia axalgazrdobas mTielTa yofaSi simdidris<br />
simbolur gagebas aswavli<strong>da</strong>. momavali Taoba am konteqstSi<br />
amoikiTxav<strong>da</strong> winaparTa cnobierebis, zneobis, rwmenis,<br />
Cveulebebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, yofiTi <strong>da</strong> sakraluri<br />
istoriis mniSvnelovan momentebs.<br />
luxoris magaliTze Sevecade meCvenebina, Tu ra aRmzrdelobiTi<br />
muxtiT iyo <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli xsenebuli rituali. is axalgazrdebs<br />
aswavli<strong>da</strong> mTielTa tradiciul kulturaSi orientacias<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT yuradRebas or urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul momentze<br />
amaxvileb<strong>da</strong>: es iyo, erTis mxriv, movlenis gamoxatuleba,<br />
misi vizualuri mxare, rasac luxoris ritualuri aspeqti<br />
moicav<strong>da</strong>, xolo meores mxriv, luxoris Sinaarsi, romelic mis<br />
mizanze _ imqveyniur keTildReobasa <strong>da</strong> amqveynad saxelis<br />
moxveWaze mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saerTo <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis mTuri gamovlinebaa RvTaebisadmi<br />
xaris Sewirvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma. aRniSnuli rituali<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian regonSi<br />
sruldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, rogorc wesi, saTemo-teritoriul iurisdiqciaSi<br />
Sedio<strong>da</strong>. Sewirva upiratesad saTemo salocavebisTvis<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> sasoflo Tu saTemo Tavyrilobebis dros.<br />
xari, rogorc wesi, im salocavebs ewirebo<strong>da</strong>, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
xatis ymobis gaerTianebis misias asrulebdnen. xalxuri<br />
mrwamsis Tanaxmad, xari Tavisi samkvidro<strong>da</strong>n ayril mosaxleobas<br />
ukan, mis samkvidro samosaxloSi eweva <strong>da</strong> winaparTa<br />
salocavisaken gzis gamkvlevis rols asrulebs. saerTod,<br />
xari farTo speqtris mqone arqetipia, romelmac gauZlo Jam-<br />
Tasvlas, man Tavi gamoavlina tradiciuli sazogadoebis socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong> miTosur struqturebSi. xarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
sakralur-yofiT <strong>da</strong> saweso konteqsts axalgazrdebis ganswavlis<br />
saqmeSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. yvela ZiriTad<br />
ritualur qmedebas, romlebic Tavisi ganmeorebadobis meoxebiT<br />
simtkices mateb<strong>da</strong> mxolod zepir tradiciaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul<br />
„sakanonmdeblo“ aqts, Sesrulebuls sakralur Tu<br />
184
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
profanul doneze, TvalsaCino Sedegi hqon<strong>da</strong> aRzrdis sferoSi.<br />
ritualebSi xaris msxverplSewirvis variabeluroba,<br />
xaris figuris warmoCena, masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli wesebi bolo<br />
dromde iyo Semonaxuli. axalgazrdoba, romelic amaSi monawileob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
iZen<strong>da</strong> mTuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobebis gamocdilebas.<br />
II magaliTi Seexeba pirovnebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis urTier-<br />
TmimarTebis erT aspeqts <strong>da</strong> misi SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis sajaro<br />
demonstrirebas. saqme exeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis kuTxeebis, kerZod, xevsureTisa <strong>da</strong> fSavis ambebs. sakiTxs<br />
_ „pirovneba-<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>“ _ tradiciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
mravali aspeqti aqvs. erT konkretul magaliTze SevCerdebi.<br />
is Seexeba sxva Tem-sofli<strong>da</strong>n gadmoxvewili piris miRebas<br />
axal Tem-sofelSi, agreTve misTvis yovelgvari <strong>da</strong>xmarebisa<br />
Tu mfarvelobis aRmoCenaze „xelSekrulebis“ ritualur<br />
sajaro „gaformebas“ or socialur jgufs Soris. erTis mxriv,<br />
es aris mimRebi ojaxi, sofeli, Temi, xolo meores mxriv, mfarvelobis<br />
maZiebeli. samkvidro<strong>da</strong>n ayra <strong>da</strong> sxva sacxovrebelSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svla upiratesad sisxl-mesisxleobis gamo xdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca<br />
arc ekonomiuri gaWirveba gamoiricxeba im mizezTa Soris,<br />
romlebic aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> mTiels xSirad ojaxianad ayriliyo <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva soflisa Tu sxva gvarisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. sxva sociumSi<br />
inkorporirebul pirs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi<br />
„amanaTs“ uwodebdnen. eTnografiul sinamdvileSi<br />
arsebobs mravalricxovani konkretuli monacemebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c detalurad<br />
aris aRnusxuli „ucxos“ anu sxva sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n an<br />
sofli<strong>da</strong>n mosulis axal sofelSi gawevrianebis rituali.<br />
msjeloba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> sajaro Tavyrilobaze, romelsac<br />
mimRebi sociumis ufrosi <strong>da</strong> umcrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi<br />
eswrebodnen. axalgazrdoba <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT eziarebo<strong>da</strong> proceduris<br />
wessa <strong>da</strong> rigs, misi Sesrulebis Tanmimdevrobas, amanaTis<br />
mimRebi soflisa <strong>da</strong> salocavis mesveuris – xuces-xevisberis<br />
mier axalmosulTa <strong>da</strong>locvisa <strong>da</strong> sociumis Sinaganawesis<br />
maTTvis gacnobis Taviseburebebs. <strong>da</strong>mswreni acnobierebdnen<br />
soflis Suamdgomlobis mniSvnelobas axali wevris miRebis<br />
saqmeSi, mfarvelobis maZieblis <strong>da</strong>ficebas mfarvelebisadmi,<br />
rac misgan erTgulebasa <strong>da</strong> yvela saqmeSi Tanadgomas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
swavlobdnen moRalatis gaZevebis wesebs, ismendnen<br />
xuces-xevisberis Suamdgomlobas. amanaTis ceremonialis<br />
monawileTaTvis naTeli <strong>da</strong> realuri iyo xuces-xevisberis mier<br />
warmoTqmuli sityvebi, romlebic maTi cxovrebiseuli kanon-<br />
185
marina kandelaki<br />
normebisa <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebisaTvis, maTi yofisaTvis iyo<br />
tradiciuli. yovelives erTvo<strong>da</strong> msxverplSewirva im jvar-salocavis<br />
saxelze, romelic maspinZeli soflisa (Tu Temis)<br />
mfarvelad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT swored<br />
xucesis mier amanaTis <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebis (<strong>da</strong>locvis) xmamaRla<br />
Tqmuli teqstia sayuradRebo. aq aqcenti keTdebo<strong>da</strong> mTielTa<br />
zneobriv faseulobaTa Sexsenebaze, Zmobis simyareze,<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m simarTlis Tqmisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis prioritetze,<br />
stumar-maspinZlobis tradiciis uryeobaze, amanaTad miRebulis<br />
SesaZlo mtrisgan <strong>da</strong>cvaze... amasve emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> xucesis<br />
mier warmoTqmuli <strong>da</strong>risxeba, romelic miRebuli amanaTis potenciur<br />
moRalateebs Seexeb<strong>da</strong>, anu maT, vinc ver gauwevs maspinZlobas<br />
mfarvelobis maZiebels. moRalate cxaddebo<strong>da</strong><br />
soflis piris gamtexad <strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong>risxeba Taobebs ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>...<br />
ritualis <strong>da</strong>mswreebisTvis imarTebo<strong>da</strong> ritualuri puroba,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c didian-patarianad soflis yvela mosaxle ikribebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es ufro trapezi iyo <strong>da</strong> ara Rreoba, sufraze didxans arasodes<br />
rCebodnen <strong>da</strong> male iSlebodnen. Sewiruli saklavis xorci<br />
iqve un<strong>da</strong> aTvisebuliyo, xolo misi Tav-fexi salocavis msaxurebs<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong>. zemoT CamoTvlili wesebis Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />
„neofiti“ „ucxod“ aRar iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. is xelovnuri naTesavis<br />
statusSi gamodio<strong>da</strong>. amanaTobis istoria, zepirga<strong>da</strong>cemuli<br />
Tu TvalnaTeli, axalgazrdebs „ucxos gaTavisebis“ wesebs<br />
aswavli<strong>da</strong>. isini uSualo magaliTebis safuZvelze ecnobodnen<br />
mTis teritoriul TemSi xelovnuri naTesaobis modelebs,<br />
maT aqtiur Cabmas fSav-xevsureTis komlobriv, sagvaro<br />
Tu saTem-sasoflo yofa-cxovrebaSi, mfarveli Tem-soflis<br />
salocavis sakralur sferoSi. amgvari codna-gamocdilebis<br />
miReba axalgazrdebis mier praqtikul miznebsac isaxav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan mTielTa TemSi amanaTebis miReba <strong>da</strong> maTi mfarveloba<br />
regularul xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. Temi miT ufro Zlierad <strong>da</strong> saxelianad<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rac met amanaTs Seinaxav<strong>da</strong>. rogorc<br />
vTqviT, am aspeqtSic aSkaraa mTielTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi faseulobis<br />
– saxelis mopovebis – aqcentireba. axalgazrdebis<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>c am ideiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
III magaliTi Seexeba XIX-XX s. <strong>da</strong>mdegis CaTvliT TuSeTis yofaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebul, agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva ku-<br />
TxeebSic moqmed rituals. ritualis <strong>da</strong>mswre iTviseb<strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mTavar, TvalSisacem momentebs, kerZod: 1. xarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
ritualis wamyvani iyo mamakaci, ojaxis Tavi, ojaxis diasaxlisis<br />
TanadgomiT. 2. xari Zlierebis sinonimi iyo. kargi<br />
186
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
vaJkaci „kai ymis“, „xaris“ epiTetiT moixseniebo<strong>da</strong>. 3. xaris<br />
msxverplSewirva gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone situaciebSi<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> (magaliTad, xat-samlocveloSi maTi sameurneo<br />
personalis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelTa „<strong>da</strong>sturT yenebis“ dros, susti<br />
gvaris Zlier gvarTan mfarvelobaSi Sesvlisa <strong>da</strong> maTi SeZmavebis<br />
momentebSi, sikvdilis konteqtstSi <strong>da</strong> sxva). meti sicxadisaTvis<br />
sailustracio masalas movitan Sekvecili saxiT:<br />
TuSeTSi, fSavsa <strong>da</strong> xevsureTSi gvarebis gamravalricxovnebis<br />
mizniT icodnen „xariT gaficvis“ wesis Sesruleba. misi arsi<br />
SemdegSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>: mcirewevriani ojaxis iniciativiT,<br />
ori gvari erTmaneTs gauZmavdebo<strong>da</strong>. rituali tardebo<strong>da</strong> samlocvelos<br />
teritoriaze. misi centraluri momenti iniciatori<br />
ojaxis warmomadgenelTa mier Sesawiri xaris moyvana <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
ritualuri mokvdineba iyo. ceremonials mTeli sofeli <strong>da</strong>eswrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> samsxverplo cxovelis xorcis ganawileba-aTvisebaSi<br />
erTianad monawileob<strong>da</strong>. yovelive salocavis mesveuris<br />
(xuces-xevisberis) meTaveobiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, yvela aucilebeli<br />
pirobis zusti <strong>da</strong>cviT (unislo amindi, weliwadis gansazRvruli<br />
dro, Sesrulebis adgili <strong>da</strong> moqmed pirTa gansazRvruli<br />
subordinacia, samsxverplo xorcis ganawilebis<br />
principis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> sxva).<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>mswre, didi Tu axalgazr<strong>da</strong>, qali Tu bavSvi xarsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi mokvdinebiT ganxorcielebul rituals aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gvaris warmomadgeneli ojaxis gaerTianebis,<br />
gaZlierebis sawin<strong>da</strong>rs: ritualis Tanmxlebi „vedrebis“<br />
Sesrulebis detalebi, rogoricaa „muxlgamarTviT“ dgoma,<br />
yvelas gasagonad gamoTqmuli aqtis mniSvneloba, „xariT Seyril“<br />
wevrebs Soris Sewiruli xaris xorcis umi saxiT Tanabrad<br />
ganawilebis wesi, Tasi<strong>da</strong>n xaris sisxlis Sesmis ceremoniali<br />
ritualis monawile axalgazr<strong>da</strong> vaJkacebis mier <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />
sxva detali, qmedebiTa <strong>da</strong> sityvebiT komentirebuli, warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
mTielTa axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taobis warsulisadmi ziarebis<br />
TvalsaCino skolasa <strong>da</strong> samomavlo mSvidobiani cxovrebisaTvis<br />
momzadebis sawin<strong>da</strong>rs.<br />
xari, rogorc socialuri erTobis simbolo, romelsac saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTSi socialur-kulturuli funqcia hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
warsulisa <strong>da</strong> awmyos erTianobis gaazrebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xaris kulturul gmirad warmoCenis idea, anu azri imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom am personaJs moaqvs xalxisTvis kulturis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
monapovari socialuri organizaciisa Tu rwmena-warmodgenebis<br />
saxiT, Semonaxulia folklorsa <strong>da</strong> xalxur gadmocemebSi,<br />
187
marina kandelaki<br />
magaliTad: „laSars movi<strong>da</strong> TilisZe, guldi<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong> xario“,<br />
an kidev: „Sin misvla moulocavdiT baTakaai Svilsao, sca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
aRar gavi<strong>da</strong>, gamosulia zRviTao, suleTSi ulakauri xari (e.i.<br />
kargi vaJkaci) saTaves zisao“ <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva.<br />
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba ikiTxos; ratom gavamaxvileT yuradReba<br />
xarze? imitom, rom gamokiTxul fSav-xevsurTa Soris<br />
umetesobam (xan<strong>da</strong>zmulebmac <strong>da</strong> axalgazrdebmac) aqcenti swored<br />
am sakiTxze gaakeTes. es bunebrivia, radgan xalxuri rwmenis<br />
Tanaxmad, swored es uZvelesi personaJi iyo Tanamonawile<br />
<strong>da</strong> „organizatori“ samkvidro<strong>da</strong>n ayrili mTieli mosaxleobis<br />
ukan, Tavis Zvel samosaxloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisa. is iyo gzis gamkvlevi<br />
mama-papaTa salocavebisken, iyo miviwyebulis aRmdgeni <strong>da</strong><br />
winaparTa nakvalevis saimedo mimdevari (mTiuleTi). yovelive<br />
zemoTqmulTan mimarTebaSi mravali magaliTis motana <strong>da</strong><br />
mravali waxnagis warmoCena SeiZleba „mamaTa <strong>da</strong> SvilTa“ Temas-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
bolos, <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos<br />
mTis tradiciul yofaSi rituali mxolod religiur-magiuri<br />
qmedeba ar yofila. rituali iyo is Zala, romelic mTielTa<br />
TemSi tradiciis Senaxvasa <strong>da</strong> socialuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebas<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels. mTielTa kulturul faseulobaTa Soris<br />
tradicias upirvelesi adgili ekava <strong>da</strong> amdenad, rituali axalgazrdobis<br />
aRzrdis qmediTi saSualebac iyo.<br />
188
zogadi ganaTlebis apologia<br />
(sokratuli dialogi)<br />
nestan ratiani<br />
guSin 1 stumrad viyavi Cems amerikel kolegasTan. axali saswavlo<br />
wlisTvis diadi wignebis 2 kursis silabusi un<strong>da</strong> Segvedgina.<br />
cota xanSi ramdenime stumaric SemogvierT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> CemTvis<br />
metad saintereso saubari gaimarTa.<br />
Sevecdebi, gadmogceT, ras Seexebo<strong>da</strong> es dialogi, miT umetes,<br />
rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi ar meguleba arc erTi a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />
romelic ramdenjerme ar gamx<strong>da</strong>riyos am<strong>da</strong>gvari saubris<br />
Tanamonawile. marTlac saocaria, magram CvenSi, profesionalic<br />
<strong>da</strong> araprofesionalic, mTeli SemarTebiT ganixilavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>obs ganaTlebis sistemis sakiTxebze. zogjer es Seexeba<br />
saskolo <strong>da</strong> zogjer – umaRles ganaTlebas. SesaZloa imitom,<br />
rom maT Svilebi ezrdebaT, SesaZloa imitom, rom qarTvelebs<br />
Zalian uyvarT <strong>da</strong>va <strong>da</strong> TavianTi azrebis gamoTqma, Tun<strong>da</strong>c maT<br />
amis Sesaxeb aravin arafers ekiTxebodes. is ki ar axsovT, rom<br />
sityvebi haerSive gaifanteba <strong>da</strong> saubari saubradve <strong>da</strong>rCeba,<br />
rac un<strong>da</strong> brZnul <strong>da</strong>skvnebamde mividnen mosaubreni.<br />
magram arsebobs erTi gamosavali, sityvebis furcelze ga<strong>da</strong>tana,<br />
radgan nawerebi xom mainc ufro didxans rCeba 3 . Tumca,<br />
Tuki am nawerebsac aravin Caxe<strong>da</strong>, maSin azri yvelafers<br />
ekargeba 4 . imeds vitoveb, rom am nawersac, erTi <strong>da</strong> ori kacis<br />
1 “guSin” pirobiTi cnebaa. am sityvas iyenebs platoni “saxelmwifos” pirvelsave<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debaSi, romelic dialogis formiTaa <strong>da</strong>werili. bodiSs<br />
vuxdi yvela mkiTxvels, vinc ambiciurobaSi CamiTvlis werilis aseT<br />
formas.<br />
2 igulisxmeba “The Great Books”, anu is teqstebi <strong>da</strong> avtorebi, romlebic saukuneTa<br />
manZilze ar “gacveTila”. es avtorebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
epoqebi<strong>da</strong>n exmianebodnen erTimeores, maT mier <strong>da</strong>smul sakiTxebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> TavianTi teqstebiT cdilobdnen, pasuxi gaecaT erTmaneTisTvis.<br />
3 cnobili romauli gamonaTqvami _ “Verba volant, scripta manent” qarTulad<br />
ase iTargmneba: “sityvebi gafrindeba, nawerebi rCeba”.<br />
4 platoni gviambobs (“saxelmwifo”, I, 327c,) rom erT-erT qalaqSi sazeimo<br />
msvlelobis sanaxavad Casul sokrates axalgazrdebi Seyovnebas sTxoven.<br />
filosofoss saxlSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba eCqareba <strong>da</strong> amitomac cdilobs<br />
axsnas, Tu ratom ver gaCerdeba maTTan. igi ambobs, rom SeZlebs <strong>da</strong>rwmunebas,<br />
raze<strong>da</strong>c axalgazr<strong>da</strong> polemarqosi miugebs, rom gamoricxulia vinmes<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmuneba raimeSi, Tuki es ukanaskneli saubars ar moismens.<br />
189
nestan ratiani<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>, sxvac bevri Caxe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fiqrdeba. . . Tun<strong>da</strong>c masSi araferi<br />
gaiziaros.<br />
saubarSi vmonawileobdiT ori qarTveli <strong>da</strong> oric amerikeli<br />
profesori (Cems Tavs dialogis gadmocemisas aRvniSnav sityviT<br />
“me”, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCenebs am<strong>da</strong>gvarad: “qarT. prof.”, “I prof.”, “II<br />
prof.”), ori qarTveli axalgazr<strong>da</strong>, erTi amerikuli akademii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(“mosw.”) <strong>da</strong> meore _ Tbilisis erT-erTi umaRlesi saswavlebli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(“stud.”). saubari <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ase warimarTa:<br />
_ (mosw.) sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistemis yvelaze didi Secdoma<br />
is iyo, rom Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi un<strong>da</strong> gagekeTebina arCevani<br />
<strong>da</strong> agerCia momavali specialoba. rogor SeiZleba, am asakSi<br />
zustad icode, gin<strong>da</strong> Tu ara, vTqvaT, qirurgoba. es xom umZimesi<br />
profesiaa <strong>da</strong> Znelad Tu vinme iazrebdes, ramden sirTules<br />
ukavSirdeba igi.<br />
_ (me) geTanxmebi. universitetSi cxrakacian jgufSi vswavlobdi.<br />
dRes mxolod samni vmuSaobT specialobiT (erTi germaniaSi,<br />
oric Tsu-Si), arc <strong>da</strong>narCenebi arian umuSevrebi, me vityodi,<br />
rom warmatebulnic ki arian TavianT saqmeSi; mxolod:<br />
erTi cnobili firmisTvis iRvwis, romelic sociologiur<br />
kvlevas awarmoebs, meore aseve didi kompaniisTvis (sc. jeoseli),<br />
mesamem Tavisi cxovreba Jurnalistikas <strong>da</strong>ukavSira <strong>da</strong>,<br />
mgoni, arc Semc<strong>da</strong>ra, meoTxe italiis saelCoSi trialebs, mexuTe<br />
sakmaod reitingul gamomcemlobas xelmZRvanelobs, meeqvse<br />
ki skolaSi qarTul enasa <strong>da</strong> literaturas aswavlis.<br />
_ (II prof.) Tuki cxra kaci<strong>da</strong>n sami muSaobs specialobiT, es<br />
araa cota, magram, Seni azriT, mTel saqarTveloSi statistikuri<br />
suraTi rogoria?<br />
amaze yvelam gavicineT, radgan Cemi jgufi marTlac bednieri<br />
gamonaklisia <strong>da</strong> TiToeulma movZebneT Cveni adgili cxovrebaSi.<br />
_ (me) statistikaze verafers getyviT, ubralod, yovelTvis<br />
vTvlidi, rom klasikuri filologiis ganxriT swavla met upiratesobas<br />
iZleva. mTavari upiratesoba ki kargi codnaa. Tumca,<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi sokrateseul sibrZneSi 1 <strong>da</strong>vrwmundi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sefaseba “kargic 2 ” cota ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad meCveneba. albaT,<br />
1 igulisxmeba platonis “sokrates apologia”, VI, 26d.<br />
2 samwuxarod, dRes “kargi” bevrs hgonia saSualo. masze metis aRsaniSnavad<br />
ki Semdegi epiTetebi gamoiyeneba “araCveulebrivi”, “arnaxuli”,<br />
“brwyinvale” <strong>da</strong> sxv. albaT, bevri dRes Tavis Sekavebis gamoxatvad<br />
Tvlis am uZveles sityvas. bibliaSi ki RmerTis Semoqmedeba am erTi sityviT<br />
fasdeba.<br />
190
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
metis micema SeiZleba studentebisTvis, SeiZleba ki ara, aucilebelic<br />
aris (Cvens ganyofilebaSi miRebulia avtoris kiTxva<br />
de<strong>da</strong>nSi. am dros ki enis gramatikuli mxare iwevs win. samwuxarod,<br />
xdeba isec, rom enis Seswavlis procesi Crdilavs teqstis<br />
sxva Rirebulebebs, Tumca, xSirad am <strong>Rirebulebebi</strong>s gasagebad<br />
gramatikis codnac ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia. rodesac iseT studentebs vaswavli,<br />
romlebmac ar ician ena elementarul doneze, mixdeba<br />
bevri iseTi niuansis ganmarteba, romlebic teqstSi ar Cans 1 ).<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) <strong>da</strong> ras akeTeb amisTvis?<br />
_ (me) samwuxarod, bevrs verafers. universitetSi Zalian SezRudulebi<br />
varT, saaTebi Segvimcir<strong>da</strong>. amitom meti ki ara, netav,<br />
is codna mainc migvacemina, rasac Tavis droze Cven gvaZlevdnen.<br />
_ (I prof.) ras gaakeTebdi, saSualeba rom gqondes?<br />
_ (me) yvelas <strong>da</strong>vumtkicebdi, rom araerTi fakultetis studentebma<br />
savaldebulod un<strong>da</strong> iswavlon antikuri avtorebi,<br />
aseve vurCevdi, rom klasikuri enebic SeeswavlaT.<br />
_ (stud.) ras ambobT, mkv<strong>da</strong>ri enebi? araferSi mWirdeba, raSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamomadges?<br />
_ (me) SegiZlia airCio kursi “klasikuri enebi Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi”.<br />
_ (I prof.) Sen aq Seni <strong>da</strong>rgis propagan<strong>da</strong>s ewevi <strong>da</strong> droze Tu<br />
ar gagaCumeT, SeiZleba arc arasodes Sewyvito. neba momeci (miubrun<strong>da</strong><br />
students) vikiTxo, ras gulisxmobdi, rodesac “sa-<br />
Wiroeba” <strong>da</strong> “gamodgoma” axsene? imas, rom codnas imitom vi-<br />
ZenT, rom is cxovrebaSi gamogvadges?<br />
_ (stud.) ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>.<br />
_ (I prof.) maSin isic un<strong>da</strong> miTxra, ra ici, ra gamogadgeba <strong>da</strong><br />
ra ara. an ufro zustad, is miTxari, ra ici, rom, rac gamogadgeba,<br />
is SenTvis kargicaa.<br />
1 magaliTad movitandi aseT faqts: antikuri literaturis istorias sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
fakultetis studentebi swavloben. vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini ar floben<br />
klasikur enebs, nawarmoebebs TargmaniT ecnobian. zogierT (<strong>da</strong>sanania,<br />
rom umetes wilad) Targmans ar axlavs mTargmnelis komentarebi.<br />
rodesac vaswavli homerosis “odiseas”, odisevsisa <strong>da</strong> kiklopis Sexvedris<br />
epizodSi imis axsna mixdeba, Tu ra orazrovneba imaleba saxel-<br />
Si “aravin”, romelsac mTavari gmiri irqmevs droebiT. Zvel berZnul<br />
“utiss” xom sityva “metisi” Seesabameba, amis gageba ki did Zalisxmevas<br />
moiTxovs enis arcodnis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
aseTive sirTules wavawydi sxva avtorebis Seswavlisasac, maTi CamoTvla<br />
Sors wagviyvans. amitomac aucileblad miviCnev enis codnas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
elementarul doneze, Tuki gvin<strong>da</strong> Sedegi: studentma marTla kargad<br />
gaigos teqsti.<br />
191
nestan ratiani<br />
_ (stud.) kargad ver gavige, ras mekiTxebiT.<br />
_ (I prof.) rodesac profesias irCevdi, ras miaqcie yuradReba:<br />
mSoblebma girCies Tu Tavad gaakeTe arCevani?<br />
_ (stud.) Cemi arCevani iyo, magram mSoblebic Tanaxmani iyvnen.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c me vswavlob, garkveuli Tanxaa ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeli,<br />
maT hqon<strong>da</strong>T ufleba Careuliyvnen <strong>da</strong> rCevac moecaT. Cems<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cemi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis mosazreba erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxva.<br />
_ (I prof.) es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, araCveulebrivia. magram arCevnis<br />
gakeTebisas raze fiqrobdi, mowodebaze Tu momaval sargebelze.<br />
an Seni mSoblebi ras aqcevdnen umTavres yuradRebas, Sens<br />
mowodebas Tu im sargebels, rac momavalSi, SesaZloa, naxo<br />
arCeuli profesii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare?<br />
_ (stud.) albaT, orives un<strong>da</strong> mieqces yuradReba.<br />
_ (I prof.) gifiqria imaze, rom zogjer isec xdeba, rom a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
erTi ram miaCnia mowodebad. gadis dro <strong>da</strong> mas axali gatacebebi<br />
uCndeba. me mainc mgonia, rom mowodeba iSviaTad Tu gagyveba<br />
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, cvalebadi kategoriebis<br />
ricxvs mivakuTvnebdi.<br />
_ (stud.) simarTle giTxraT, zustad arc mowodebis mniSvneloba<br />
mesmis. mowodeba, albaT, marto xelovnebisken ltolvas<br />
SegviZlia vuwodoT.<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) musikosis mowodeba musikaa, magram, rodis,<br />
ra asaki<strong>da</strong>n iCens Tavs aseTi mowodeba? gana amis <strong>da</strong>dgenas mSoblis<br />
intuicia ar sWirdeba? rogor ggonia, mocarti rom ar <strong>da</strong>badebuliyo<br />
Sesabamis ojaxSi, ra bedi eweo<strong>da</strong> mas?<br />
_ (mosw.) mgoni, egziuperi gamaxsen<strong>da</strong>. erT nawarmoebSi mogviTxrobs,<br />
rom matarebliT saxlSi brundebo<strong>da</strong>. vagonSi mas-<br />
Tan erTad glexis ojaxi mgzavrob<strong>da</strong>. CaZinebul <strong>da</strong>Rlil patara<br />
biWunas angeloziviT saxe hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram Zneli saTqmelia,<br />
misgan ra gaizrdebo<strong>da</strong>. mas xom, albaT, aranairi xelis Sewyoba<br />
ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong> ojaxisgan, Tun<strong>da</strong>c masSi “mocarts” sZinebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>nanebiT ambobs mwerali, rom uamravi aseTi geniosi<br />
“iRupeba” arasaTanado garemoSi.<br />
_ (stud.) geniosi ar <strong>da</strong>ikargeba. genia yovelTvis iCens Tavs.<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) magram yvelafers titanuri Sroma sWirdeba.<br />
TviT geniosebsac ki garja uxdebaT. didi albaTobaa imis, rom<br />
niWi Sromis gareSe <strong>da</strong>ikargos.<br />
_ (mosw.) amitom Tua, rom zogierT mSobels ar emeteba Svili<br />
sawvaleblad. un<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>zogos <strong>da</strong> ver imetebs pataras musikosobisTvis...<br />
_ (I prof.) ai, amas vgulisxmobdi mowodebasa <strong>da</strong> sargebelze<br />
rodesac vsaubrobdi. aseTi mSobeli gana ar fiqrobs iseTi<br />
192
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
profesiisTvis moamzados Svili, met sargebels rom moutans<br />
cxovrebaSi?<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) Tqven ar gaxsovT, magram sul raRac oc<strong>da</strong>aTi<br />
wlis win, saqarTveloSi iseTi aJiotaJi iyo samedicino institutSi<br />
Cabarebaze, verc ki warmoidgenT.<br />
_ (stud.) albaT, rogorc dRes iuridiulze...<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) <strong>da</strong> ramdenma mSobelma “gaswira” Tavisi Svili.<br />
mgoni, erT avadmyofze aTi diplomiani eqimi mainc modio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dRes bevri maTgani an umuSevaria an arasayvareli saqmiT aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli. mSoblebi viTom SvilisTvis momaval sargebelze<br />
fiqrobdnen <strong>da</strong> sruliad sapirispiro ram miiRes.<br />
_ (I prof.) amitomac arCevnis saSualeba yvelas un<strong>da</strong> hqondes.<br />
aSS-Si arsebobs ganaTlebis sistema, romelsac “Tavisufali<br />
ganaTleba” 1 hqvia. oTxi weli iReb kolejSi ganaTlebas, Semdeg<br />
ki irCev specialobas, Tanac nebismier dros rom Seicvalo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, yvelafris “Tavi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyeba” ar gixdeba,<br />
anu dro ar gekargeba.<br />
_ (me) pirvelad aSS-Si 1988 wels gavemgzavre. marTlac, Zalian<br />
gamiRima bedma, rom Cemi maspinZeli uiliams koleji 2 aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
esaa erT-erTi cnobili “liberal arts college”. min<strong>da</strong> giTxraT,<br />
rom im dros gamiWir<strong>da</strong> garkveva ganaTlebis sistemis am saxeobaSi.<br />
CemTvis sruliad gaugebari iyo, rom Cemi uaxloesi megobari<br />
ras aRar swavlob<strong>da</strong>, ivriTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli rusuli literaturiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli <strong>da</strong> momavalSi mean-ginekologobas<br />
apireb<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg ielis universitetSi gaagrZela swavla <strong>da</strong><br />
dRes san-franciskoSi muSaobs erT-erT kerZo klinikaSi.<br />
1 igulisxmeba “Liberal Arts College”-ebis qseli. maTi ricxvi aSS-Si Zalze<br />
bevria, Tumca, rogorc yvelgan, Zalian kargi kolejebis ricxvi cotaa.<br />
saerTod, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSno, rom termini efuZneba laTinur “septem<br />
artes liberales”-s. es iyo e. w. “Svidi Tavisufali xelovneba”, romlebic Tavis<br />
mxriv triviumad (sami gza) – gramatika, mWevrmetyveleba, dialeqtika<br />
– <strong>da</strong> kvadriviumad – ariTmetika, geometria, astronomia, musika –<br />
iyofo<strong>da</strong>. aRorZinebis xanaSi es iyo im ZiriTad saganTa nusxa, romelsac<br />
universitetebis mosamzadebeli fakultetebi sTavazob<strong>da</strong> msmenels.<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan am saxis ganaTleba elitur ganaTlebad iqca, romelic<br />
SemdgomSi “klasikurma ganaTlebam” Secvala.<br />
Tumca mogvianebiT “klasikur ganaTlebasac” <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> e. w. “realuri<br />
ganaTleba”. dRes pirvandeli saxiT arc erTi ganaTlebis tipi<br />
aRar arsebobs. “Tavisufali ganaTlebis” upiratesoba isaa, rom universitetSi<br />
am meTodiT oTxwliani swavlis Semdeg arCevnis gakeTeba<br />
ufro advili xdeba.<br />
2 uiliams koleji uiliamsTaunSia, masaCuseTsis StatSi. mas oraswliani<br />
istoria aqvs.<br />
193
nestan ratiani<br />
_ (stud.) raRac Zalian bevrs vlaparakobT eqimebze. sxva specialobebze<br />
ras ityviT, nuTu iuristis profesiis <strong>da</strong>sauflebla<strong>da</strong>c<br />
“liberal arts college”-s airCevs vinme?<br />
_ (me) SarSan jeims medison kolejSi 1 gaxldiT am meTodiT (sc.<br />
liberal education) swavlebis gasacnobad. kolejis kurs<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulebi<br />
aqtiurad moRvaweoben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifo struqturebSi.<br />
rac Seexeba iuridiul saswavleblebs, arc erTi maTgani<br />
ar ambobs uars, rom amgvari kolejebi<strong>da</strong>n swavla studentebma<br />
magistraturaSi maTTan gaagrZelon. ubralod, kolejis<br />
bukleti aseT studentebs rCevebs sTavazobs, rogor un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gegmon<br />
swavlis oTxi weliwadi axalgazrdebma, Tuki iuridiuli<br />
saswavleblebis magistraturaSi apireben momavalSi Cabarebas<br />
(magaliTad, urCeven maTematikis kargad swavlas, romlis<br />
kreditebis mopovebac miCiganis saxelmwifo universitet-<br />
Si SeiZleba). Tuki sxvas miznad politologia <strong>da</strong>usaxavs, mas<br />
sxva rCevebs aZleven (magaliTad, romelime enis Seswavlas, romelic<br />
aseve miCiganis saxelmwifo universitetis sxva fakultetze<br />
SeiZleba).<br />
_ (II prof.) esaa idealuri magaliTi imisa, rogor SeiZleba<br />
iTanamSromlos didma universitetma aseT kolejebTan <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
Tanaarseboben erTi didi universitetis farglebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tipis ganaTlebis struqturebi. dRes miCiganis saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti erT-erTi warmatebuli <strong>da</strong> mzardi universitetia.<br />
misi Riaoba <strong>da</strong> mzadyofna, warsulSi aprobirebuli<br />
yvelaferi saukeTeso <strong>da</strong>itovos ise, rom kari gauRos siaxleebs,<br />
aris am warmatebis saidumloebis mizezi.<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) SegiZlia, sxva ramis Sesaxebac gviambo, rac<br />
Cvenc gamogvadgeba?<br />
_ (me) jer imas getyviT, rom TiTqmis yvelafriT moxibluli<br />
<strong>da</strong>vrCi 2 . bevri universiteti minaxavs, kargic, Zalian kargic<br />
<strong>da</strong> cudic. vinmes xom ar gaukvirdeba, Tu vityvi, rom Zalian<br />
kargi oqsfordis erT-erT (erT-erTs imitom, rom me iqaur wesebs<br />
gavecani, Torem eWvic ar mepareba, rom yvela Zalian kargia)<br />
kolejs <strong>da</strong>varqva.<br />
1 yovelgvari ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebis gareSe vityvi, rom jeims medison koleji mi-<br />
Ciganis saxelmwifo universitetis yvelaze Rirseuli nawilia.<br />
2 am programas (ramdenime qarTveli leqtoris vizits) aSS saxelmwifo<br />
departamentis <strong>da</strong>finansebiT jons hopkinsis universiteti <strong>da</strong> miCiganis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti axorcielebdnen. Zalian bevri ram gavige<br />
aseve im konferenciaze, romelsac amave programis farglebSi veswrebodi<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelic Cikagos universitetSi (erT-erTi saukeTeso liberaluri<br />
ganaTlebis kuTxiT) Catar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
194
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
amaze yvelam gaicina, radgan oqsfordis msgavs universitetebSi<br />
marTlac msoflios saukeTeso specialistebi arian Tavmoyrilni.<br />
aq TiToeul profesorSi Tanabari doziTaa warmodgenili<br />
saukeTeso mkvlevarica <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso maswavlebelic.<br />
_ (me) aRtacebuli <strong>da</strong>vrCi ara marto Cemi kolegebis profesionalizmiT,<br />
aramed maTiTac, vinc sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebs emsaxureba. erT<br />
aseT ambavs mogiyvebiT. Zalian <strong>da</strong>vuaxlovdi ramdenime a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
– erTi iyo maTematikosi, erTic aRmosavluri enebis specialisti,<br />
ori istorikosi <strong>da</strong> erTic fizikosi. kolejis sasadiloSi<br />
vaxSamze cota Semagvian<strong>da</strong>. rodesac <strong>da</strong>minaxes, Cqara mixmes<br />
TavisTan. Turme kamaTobdnen, homerosi xmarobs Tu ara qal-<br />
RmerT herasTan mimarTebaSi romeliRac epiTets. iseTi gacxarebulebi<br />
iyvnen, Zlivs <strong>da</strong>vaSoSmine. sasacilod JRers, ara? me<br />
kidev, iciT, rogor min<strong>da</strong>, saqarTveloSic aseT sakiTxebze i<strong>da</strong>von<br />
gacxarebiT <strong>da</strong> ara politikaze. mgoni, Zalian zedmeti momdis<br />
ocneba... magram sxva dros aseTive gacxarebiT vikamaTeT Tomas<br />
manze <strong>da</strong> dostoevskize, Sveicerze <strong>da</strong> bergmanze.<br />
aq ki qarTvelma profesorma aRar <strong>da</strong>maca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamawyvetina:<br />
_ ki magram, ra gagikvir<strong>da</strong>, aseT ra wreebSi trialeb saqarTveloSi?<br />
ganaTlebuli megobrebi Tu ara gyavs, universitetSi mainc<br />
ar gxvdeba aravin?<br />
me gavnawyendi, radgan Tbilisis erT-erTi saukeTeso skola<br />
<strong>da</strong>vamTavre, universitetSic saukeTeso ganyofilebaze gavagrZele<br />
swavla <strong>da</strong> vTvli, rom CemsaviT bevrs ar umarTlebs,<br />
skolis megobrebic <strong>da</strong> universitetis megobrebic erTnairad<br />
saukeTesoni arian. Tanac amas isic <strong>da</strong>erTo, rom klasikuri filologiis<br />
kaTedraze vmuSaob <strong>da</strong> bevri kaTedra ver <strong>da</strong>ikvexnis<br />
iseTi kolegebiT, me rom myavs.<br />
_ ra gin<strong>da</strong> Tqva, sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistema sjob<strong>da</strong>?<br />
_ is ki ar sjob<strong>da</strong>, ager ukve ramdeni welia, rac yvelaferi<br />
iRupeba.<br />
_ <strong>da</strong> ras akeTebdiT Sen <strong>da</strong> Seni kolegebi imisTvis, rom ar <strong>da</strong>geRupaT?<br />
_ Cven ki vakeTebdiT <strong>da</strong> axlac vakeTebT, magram es ra SuaSia<br />
saerTo mdgomareobasTan?<br />
kidev kargi gagvaCeres, Torem, xom warmogidgeniaT, aseT<br />
laparaks sa<strong>da</strong>mde SeeZlo miveyvaneT?<br />
_ (II prof.) jer araferi mogiyolia jeims medison kolejze,<br />
iq ra mogewona?<br />
_ (me) Tun<strong>da</strong>c is, rom <strong>da</strong>vinaxe Cemi <strong>da</strong>rgis aucilebloba. dRes<br />
marto CvenTan ki ara, evropis universitetebSic uxdebaT imis<br />
195
nestan ratiani<br />
mtkiceba, rom klasikuri filologia mkv<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong>rgi araa. Tuki<br />
sworad miawodeb, igi yvela <strong>da</strong>rgis specialists gamoadgeba momavalSi<br />
1 . magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>vrwmundi, rom Zalian kargad SeiZleba<br />
aswavlo titus liviusi makiavelisTan erTad. aseT leqciebs<br />
ori profesori erTdroulad atarebs.<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) moicade, erTad laparakoben?<br />
_ (me) ara, erTmaneTs didi pativiscemiT usmenen, aseTive pativiscemiT<br />
usmenen studentebsac.<br />
_ (II prof.) namdvilad saukeTeso meTodia, rodesac leqcia e.<br />
w. “mrgvali magidis” principiT tardeba. es marTlac Zalian<br />
gansxvavdeba im auditoriebisgan, TqvenTan rom aris.<br />
_ (stud.) e. i. yvela leqcia patara saklaso oTaxSi tardeba?<br />
didi auditoriebi ar aris <strong>da</strong> jgufebic mcirericxovania?<br />
_ (me) didi auditoriebic aris, sa<strong>da</strong>c iseTive ganlagebiT sxe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
studentebi (<strong>da</strong> zogjer sxva saqmiT erTobian), rogorc<br />
CvenTan <strong>da</strong> iseTive saintereso (albaT, zogjer uintereso,<br />
Tumca me aseTi ar momismenia) leqciebs kiTxuloben maswavleblebi,<br />
rogorc CvenTan. zogjer leqtorebi am leqciebs furcli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ukiTxaven studentebs (<strong>da</strong> amaSi maT veravin <strong>da</strong>Zraxavs,<br />
radgan maTi momzadebulia), zogjer ki did oratorul niWs<br />
amJRavneben. aseTi leqciebis Semdeg kursi patara jgufebad<br />
iyofa <strong>da</strong> mosmenilis ganxilva seminarebze xdeba.<br />
_ (stud.) seminarebs xom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva maswavleblebi atareben.<br />
ra ician, raze saubrob<strong>da</strong> leqciaze “mTavari maswavlebeli”?<br />
_ (me) yvela “mTavari maswavlebeli” iyo. isini rigrigobiT ki-<br />
Txulobdnen leqciebs, <strong>da</strong>narCenebi ki mas studentebiviT<br />
eswrebodnen, ismendnen mis mosazrebebs <strong>da</strong>, eTanxmebodnen Tu<br />
ar eTanxmebodnen, amas ganixilavdnen studentebTan erTad seminarebze.<br />
_ (stud.) aqac SeiZleba am meTodis gadmoReba?<br />
1 xan<strong>da</strong>xan vfiqrob, rom gaivlis wlebi <strong>da</strong> literaturis istoriis mosmenili<br />
kursi<strong>da</strong>n bevri arc araferi emaxsovreba students. rogor iswavleba<br />
literaturis istoria – avtorTa CamonaTvali, maTi nawarmoebebis<br />
sia, mokle Sinaarsebi (radgan teqstebis wakiTxvas ZiriTadi nawili<br />
ver aswrebs), istoriis erTi grZeli xazi N saukuni<strong>da</strong>n dRevandelobamde.<br />
xom ar ajobeb<strong>da</strong>, gveswavlebina sakiTxi, mag. qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci, omi <strong>da</strong><br />
mSvidoba, RmerTebis krizisi <strong>da</strong> a.S. <strong>da</strong> am sakiTxebTan misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli Sesabamisi<br />
literaturuli teqstebi. sakiTxis “qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci” Seswavlisas<br />
aviRebdi evripides “medeas” (<strong>da</strong> ara marto am teqsts), studentebi<br />
or jgufad <strong>da</strong>iyofodnen <strong>da</strong> ikamaTebdnen “ho”-s <strong>da</strong> “ara”-s pozicii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
yvela Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> jer <strong>da</strong>ecva medea, Semdeg ki – iasoni.<br />
amgvari kursis gavlis Sedegad studentebs metyvelebac <strong>da</strong>exvewebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
<strong>da</strong> msjelobis unarsac SeiZendnen.<br />
196
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
_ (me) Zalian kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, antikuri literaturis<br />
istorias aqamde TiTqmis yvela humanitaruli fakultetis<br />
studenti swavlob<strong>da</strong>. am sagans calkeul jgufebs vaswavlidiT<br />
me <strong>da</strong> Cemi ramdenime kolega, albaT, xuTi an metic. calcalke<br />
vatarebdiT leqciasac <strong>da</strong> seminarsac. veravin moityueba,<br />
rom erTnairad icis <strong>da</strong> uyvars yvela avtori. me pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />
vaRiareb, romel avtorzec mecnierulad vmuSaobdi, im avtoris<br />
Semoqmedebis Seswavlisas leqciaze mTel Cem suls <strong>da</strong> guls<br />
vaqsov (sabednierod, bevri teqsti maqvs mecnierulad Seswavlili).<br />
Cemi kolegebi sxva avtorebs ikvleven <strong>da</strong>, eWvi ar mepareba,<br />
am teqstebis Seyvarebas cdiloben studentTaTvis. ar<br />
ajobebs, studentma siyvaruliT gamTbari leqciebi moisminos<br />
<strong>da</strong> seminarebze i<strong>da</strong>von leqtorTan, maTac iseTive grZnobebi<br />
aReZraT Tu ara? warmoidgineT, ra saxaliso <strong>da</strong> saintereso<br />
iqneba seminarebi, leqciebi ki yvelasTvis mravlismomcemi.<br />
_ (stud.) cota utopiurad meCveneba amis CvenTan ganxorcieleba.<br />
_ (I prof.) <strong>da</strong>merwmuneT, aqac ganxorcielebadia. me <strong>da</strong> nestani<br />
xom erTad vatarebT leqciebs 1 , zogjer erTmaneTs ar ve-<br />
TanxmebiT, magram erTimeores gulisyuriT vusmenT <strong>da</strong> studentebTan<br />
erTad varCevT yvela argumentsa <strong>da</strong> kontrarguments.<br />
Tanac, aseTi leqciebis dros erTmaneTisgan Zalian<br />
bevrs vswavlobT.<br />
_ (me) me xSirad viniSnav Tqven azrebs, aseve studentTa saintereso<br />
mignebebs, rom momavalSi gamoviyeno (xom maZlevT<br />
uflebas?) <strong>da</strong> Tqvenc xSirad iwerT xolme Cems mosazrebebs.<br />
_ (I prof.) ase oriveni vizrdebiT <strong>da</strong> studentebisTvisac Cveni<br />
leqciebi mosawyeni ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
_ (me) mosawyeni rogor iqneba, Cven xom e. w. slow reading-is me-<br />
Tods viyenebT.<br />
_ (stud. <strong>da</strong> mosw. erT xmaSi yvirian) <strong>da</strong> raSi gin<strong>da</strong>T, rom <strong>da</strong>gvarwmunoT,<br />
slow reading 2 araa mosawyeni?<br />
_ (I prof.) Cven nela ki ara, gul<strong>da</strong>smiT vkiTxulobT. varCevT<br />
yvela niuanss, vcdilobT, araferi gamovtovoT, radgan zog-<br />
1 2005 wlis zafxulSi, 2006 wlis meore semestrSi ukve CavatareT Tsu-<br />
Si leqciebi am meTodiT. <strong>da</strong>gegmilia zafxulisa <strong>da</strong> Semodgomis<br />
kursebic, romelsac, iseve rogorc wina kursebs, bredlis fondi<br />
afinansebs. amjerad Cven vaswavliT homeross, aristofanes, platonsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aristoteles. Semodgomaze profesori gia nodia waikiTxavs<br />
leqciebs makiaveli<strong>da</strong>n nicSemde. ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi informacia<br />
SegiZliaT moiZioT Cvens saitze: agile-tbs.org<br />
2 slow reading sityvasityviT iTargmneba rogorc “nela kiTxva”.<br />
197
nestan ratiani<br />
jer is, rac umniSvnelod SeiZleba mogveCvenos, RerZad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva<br />
xolme. antikur epoqaSi aRweril situaciebs Tanamedroveobas<br />
vu<strong>da</strong>rebT, xan<strong>da</strong>xan Tava<strong>da</strong>c gvikvirs, iseT raRacas<br />
aRmovaCenT.<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) istoria meordeba...<br />
_ (I prof.) marto magas ar vgulisxmob. arsebobs wigni, var me.<br />
ramdenjerac ar mivubrundebi diad wignebs, yoveli axali wakiTxvisas<br />
mikvirs, rom wina jerze ver <strong>da</strong>vinaxe, gamomrCa ra-<br />
Rac. ramdeni studentisTvis miswavlebia <strong>da</strong> saocaria, yvela<br />
jgufTan sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad mixdeba teqstis kiTxva.<br />
_ (me) am semestrSi Tukidides gavdiodiT. iciT, rom TanamedroveobasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebis TvalsazrisiT marTlac araCveulebrivi<br />
masalaa. Tun<strong>da</strong>c korinToelTa mier warmoTqmuli sityva<br />
(rodesac isini aTensa <strong>da</strong> spartas axasiaTeben 1 ) ise kargad<br />
esmiT axalgazrdebs <strong>da</strong>, rogorc wesi, qarTul-afxazur urTierTobas<br />
a<strong>da</strong>reben, aTensa <strong>da</strong> spartas ki aSS-sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs. amas<br />
xom arc erTi amerikeli studenti ar gaakeTebs?<br />
_ (II prof.) sainteresoa. kidev rame xom ar gagaxsendeba?<br />
_ (me) kidev? kidev, rodesac perikles cnobil sityvas 2 gul<strong>da</strong>smiT<br />
vkiTxulobdiT, erT students aseTi SekiTxva <strong>da</strong>eba<strong>da</strong>:<br />
amerikis im universitetSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Cveni prezidenti swavlob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
saswavlo savaldebulo programaSi Tukidide Tua Setanilio.<br />
_ (II prof.) araCveulebrivi mignebaa.<br />
_ (stud.) rogor, marTla asea?<br />
_ (I prof.) pasuxi <strong>da</strong>debiTia. xom xe<strong>da</strong>vT, saukuneebis win <strong>da</strong>werili<br />
wignebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic TiTqos un<strong>da</strong> gacveTiliyvnen<br />
droSi, xan ra wamoiwevs wina planze <strong>da</strong> xanac ra wamotivtivdeba.<br />
zogjer fiqrob, TiTqmis oc<strong>da</strong>aTi saukunis win <strong>da</strong>werili<br />
nawarmoebi rogoraa ase Tanamedrove. <strong>da</strong> kidev, rogor gvexmarebian<br />
es diadi wignebi, ukeTesobisaken SevcvaloT Cveni cxovreba,<br />
Cveni qveynis momavali.<br />
_ (stud.) gismenT <strong>da</strong> TiTqos raRac gavige kidec. SemiZlia ase-<br />
Ti SekiTxva <strong>da</strong>vsva: liberaluri ganaTleba specializacias<br />
upirispirdeba?<br />
_ (II prof.) Tuki cneba “<strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi” negatiur azrs ar<br />
CavdebT, maSin, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>. ganaTlebis es ori saxeoba ar<br />
ebrZvis erTmaneTs, maT SeuZliaT Tanaarseboba, jansaRi konkurenciac<br />
ki. erTni (sc.axalgazrdebi) TavianT momavals zus-<br />
1 Tukidide, peloponesosis omis istoria, I, 68-72.<br />
2 id. II, 35-42.<br />
198
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>evropuli</strong> idea<br />
tad gansazRvraven skolis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebisTanave, Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve irCeven<br />
specialobas <strong>da</strong> maleve Seudgebian xolme miznisken mimaval<br />
gzas, meoreni ki moc<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> farTo codnis srulyofas<br />
amjobineben. wagebuli arc erTi araa. dros fuWad arc erTi<br />
ar kargavs.<br />
_ (mosw.) meore gza mxolod humanitarul ganaTlebas gulisxmobs?<br />
_ (II prof.) ici, rogori saxiT Tqvi “humanitaruli ganaTleba”,<br />
TiTqos amaze usargeblo qveyanaze araferi iyos. maxsovs,<br />
erT Sekrebaze ra kargad Tqva profesorma gia nodiam: CvenTan,<br />
saqarTveloSi, miiCneven, rom humanitaruli ganaTleba qalebisTvisaa<br />
zedgamoWrilio. sxva Tu araferi, gaTxovdebian <strong>da</strong><br />
kargi dedebi iqnebian, Svilebs mainc wesierad gazrdiano.<br />
_ (qarT. prof.) marTlac, <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli var, rom humanitarul<br />
fakultetebze gogonaTa ricxvi bevrad aRemateba vaJebisas.<br />
_ (I prof.) me kidev gaocebuli var, rom Cems leqciebzec gogonebi<br />
yovelTvis metni arian. naxavT, ramdenime weliwadSi saqarTveloSi<br />
es rogorc Semobrundeba...<br />
_ (mosw.) am sakiTxze Cemi mosazreba maqvs.<br />
_ (I prof.) ici, Zvel berZnebs Zalian bevri sityvaTTamaSi aqvT,<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n erTi Cemi usayvarlesia: logosisa <strong>da</strong> lagosis Sesaxeb.<br />
pirveli iTargmneba rogorc “sityva”, meore ki – “kurdRelia”.<br />
amitomac, Tuki droulad ar SevwyvetT, logosi male lagosad<br />
iqceva <strong>da</strong> gagveqceva, Tanac ise, rom xelSi araferi SegvrCeba.<br />
erTs <strong>da</strong>vamateb: rodesac saqarTveloSi “Tavisufali ganaTlebis”<br />
prezentacias vakeTeb, Cems sityvas ase viwyeb: Carlz<br />
dikensis erT-erT nawarmoebs “didi imedebi” hqvia. me es xana,<br />
e. w. didi imedebis xana maSin <strong>da</strong>midga, rodesac universitetSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Camebarebina. esaa dro, rodesac erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas iReb cxovrebaSi, am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebam<br />
SeiZleba bednieric gagxados <strong>da</strong>, samwuxarod, SeiZleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>gRupos kidec. gaixseneT lev tolstois moTxrobis gmiri.<br />
rodesac ivan iliCi sasikvdilo sarecelze wevs, igi umwares<br />
WeSmaritebas xvdeba: mTeli misi cxovreba araswori iyo.<br />
rodis iRebs a<strong>da</strong>miani umTavres ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs? <strong>da</strong>badebisas?<br />
ara. a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavad ar irCevs im ojaxs, romelsac amqveynad<br />
movlinebiT abednierebs. aravis ZaluZs Tavisi nebiT air-<br />
Cios mSobeli de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mama. arc xuT-eqvsi wlis asakSi gveki-<br />
Txeba aravin, romel <strong>da</strong>wyebiT skolas avirCevdiT an vis visur-<br />
199
nestan ratiani<br />
vebdiT maswavleblad. ara<strong>da</strong>, ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs yvelafer<br />
amas a<strong>da</strong>mianis momavlis gansazRvraSi.<br />
magram, rac ar un<strong>da</strong> cu<strong>da</strong>d warimarTos yvelaferi, rogor<br />
ojaxSic ar un<strong>da</strong> vizrdebodeT, rogor skolasac ar un<strong>da</strong> vam-<br />
TavrebdeT, cxovreba erT Sanss gvitovebs. <strong>da</strong> ai, es Sansi Cven<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamoviyenoT, Cven un<strong>da</strong> gavakeToT is umTavresi arCevani,<br />
cxovrebis xazis arCevasac rom eZaxian. aravis vusurveb, rom<br />
Secdes aseT ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet etapze. aravis vusurveb, cxovrebis<br />
msvlelobam aCvenos, rom es Sansi ver gamoiyena, cxovrebis xazi<br />
sxvagvarad, arasworad warmarTa. zogierTi warumatebeli<br />
axerxebs Tavis cxovrebaSi koreqciis Setanas, magram bevri –<br />
vera <strong>da</strong> isini Tavs zedmetad grZnoben. yvelas un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos,<br />
rom “moergos”, Tavisi codniT “gaZvres” cxovrebis urTules<br />
labirinTebSi.<br />
am sityvas imitom veubnebi axalgazrdebs, rom ar min<strong>da</strong> arCevnis<br />
gakeTebisas Secdnen.<br />
Tqvenc mimoixedeT garSemo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmundebiT, ramdeni ivan<br />
iliCia Tqvens garSemo, gansakuTrebiT ki amas saqarTveloSi<br />
bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlenebi <strong>da</strong>ganaxeb<strong>da</strong>T: ufunqciod<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romelTac Tavis droze araswori ganaTleba<br />
miiRes <strong>da</strong> dRes ar ician, ra iRonon. imazec <strong>da</strong>fiqrdiT,<br />
rogoria gogonaTa (saklaso oTaxebSi) <strong>da</strong> vaJiSvilTa<br />
(saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis korpusebis gareT) Tanafardoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mixvdebiT, rom bevri maTganic momavali ivan iliCia.<br />
am axalgazrdebma, visac me mivmarTav, swori ganaTlebiT ara<br />
marto TavianTi momavali, aramed qveynis momavalic sasikeTod<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Secvalon. xom yvelas gsurT es?<br />
mets mec arafers vityvi <strong>da</strong> amiT <strong>da</strong>vasruleb kidec werils,<br />
Torem lagosad ga<strong>da</strong>qceuli logosi Cvenc gagveqceva.<br />
am dialogis gmirebi arc arseboben <strong>da</strong> arc ararseboben, aq<br />
aRwerili maTi saubaric nawilobriv gamogonilia, Tumca ar<br />
mogatyuebT <strong>da</strong> gagimxelT, rom calkeuli nawilebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
dros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilebSi marTlac momismenia.<br />
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