msoflio kultura

qeTevan kakitelaSvili, giorgi niJaraZe, nino Ciqovani, 

irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli 

msoflio kultura 

Tbilisi 

2012

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

himni 

`Tavisufleba~ 

leqsi daviT maRraZisa 

Cemi xatia samSoblo, 

saxate mTeli qveyana, 

ganaTebuli mTa-bari, 

wilnayaria RmerTTana. 

Tavisufleba dRes Cveni 

momavals umRers didebas, 

ciskris varskvlavi amodis 

da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba. 

dideba Tavisuflebas, 

Tavisuflebas dideba.

qeTevan kakitelaSvili, giorgi niJaraZe, nino Ciqovani, 

irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli 

msoflio kultura 

X/XI/XII 

moswavlis wigni 

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da 

mecnierebis saministros s. s. i. p. ganaTlebis xarisxis 

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier.

sarCevi 

Sesavali 6 

1. mravalferovani msoflio 7 

2. ra aris kultura? 10 

3. arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi, 

romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura? 14 

4. ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura? 17 

5. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi 19 

6. ra ganasxvavebs adamians sxva cocxali arsebebisagan? 21 

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura? 23 

8. genetika da kultura 26 

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo: Cven rom sxvagan an sxva dros gvecxovra 29 

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi 33 

11. sazogadoeba 38 

12. socializacia 41 

13. identoba 44 

14. civilizacia 47 

15. marginaloba 50 

16. kontrkultura 52 

17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala 58 

18. subkultura 61 

19. kulturis universaliebi 65 

20. zRapari 68 

21. magia 70 

22. miTi 74 

23. religia 77 

24. mkurnaloba da medicina 79 

25. simbolo 86 

26. xelovneba 90 

4 msoflio kultura

27. samarTali 94 

28. Sroma, profesia da hobi 99 

29. rekreacia 104 

30. TamaSi 106 

31. dro 109 

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro 114 

33. ena. niSanTa sistemebi 118 

34. enis „tyveobaSi“ 122 

35. araverbaluri komunikacia 126 

36. kulturaTa difuzia 130 

37. asimilacia 132 

38. masobrivi kultura 135 

39. ratom aris maskultura masobrivi? 138 

40. globalizacia 142 

41. globalizacia _ safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba? 147 

42. masmedia 152 

43. kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi 156 

44. kultura da genderi 162 

45. kulturaTa tipologia 166 

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba 169 

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba 173 

48. kulturuli Soki 176 

49. stereotipi 179 

50. kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: rasizmi da qsenofobia 182 

51. istoriis gakveTilebi 184 

52. eTnocentrizmi 189 

53. eTnorelativizmi 192 

54. interkulturuli komunikacia. interkulturuli dialogi 195 

sarCevi 

5

Sesavali 

ra warmoidgine, roca am wignis saTauri waikiTxe? albaT, upirvelesad, msoflios 

sxvadasxva regionSi, sxvadasxva dros Seqmnili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, ferweris 

nimuSebi, literaturuli da musikaluri qmnilebebi... magram mxolod es aris kultura? 

ratom imosebian da ikvebebian adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad? ratom aqvT gansxvavebuli 

warmodgena silamazeze, sikeTesa da borotebaze, samarTalze, usamarTlobaze, 

Tavisuflebaze? ratom xumroben, brazoben, zeimoben da glovoben sxvadasxvagvarad? 

ratom anawileben gansxvavebulad dros, romelic, TiTqos, yvelgan erTnairad 

gadis?... saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxvis Semdeg aRmoaCen, rom es gansxvavebebi kulturiT 

aris ganpirobebuli _ Cven kulturulad mravalferovan msoflioSi vcxovrobT. 

swored es mravalferovneba _ gansxvavebebi warmodgenebSi, Sexedulebebsa da, 

zogadad, cxovrebis wesSi _ aRgviZravs interessa da cnobismoyvareobas. kulturuli 

gansxvavebebis codna da gacnobiereba gvazRvevs qsenofobiuri da rasistuli 

ganwyobebisagan, rac araerTxel gamxdara msoflios yvelaze sisxlismRvreli da 

tragikuli movlenebis safuZveli. Tanamedrove globalizebul samyaroSi, rodesac 

sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi yoveldRiurad xvdebian erTmaneTs swavlis, 

muSaobisa Tu dasvenebis dros, es codna warmatebuli TviTdamkvidrebis erT-erTi 

umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa. kulturuli mravalferovnebis, rogorc faseulobis, 

aRqma uaRresad mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis, radgan saqarTvelo 

yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris sxvadasxva religiisa da kulturis mqone adamianebis 

samSoblo. 

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia X/XI/XII klasis moswavleTaTvis. 


mravalferovani msoflio 1 

gifiqria imaze, ratom ocnebobs TiT qmis 

yvela Cvengani mogzaurobaze? SeiZ leba imitom, 

rom „sxva samyaroSi“ mox vedra yovelTvis 

saintereso, mimzidveli da saxalisoa; es 

amravalferovnebs yovel dRiur cxovrebas, 

amdidrebs Cvens codnas da gamocdilebas. 

mogzaurobis dros aucileblad geqneboda 

fotokamera, Seecdebodi gadageRo lamazi 

peizaJebi, xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, 

saintereso momentebi. TvalSi gecemoda 

adamianebis gansxvavebuli qceva _ misalmebis 

wesi, madlobis gadaxdisa Tu bodiSis moxdis forma, Cacmuloba, samzareulo, 

musika, sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemo... (motanili suraTebi swored kulturul 

mravalferovnebas asaxavs). mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg megobrebs, pirvel 

rigSi, albaT, imas mouyvebodi, ra iyo SenTvis uCveulo da gansakuTrebuli, ucnauri 

_ mimzidveli Tu miuRebeli. 

yofilxar saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi? sul ramdenime saaTi dagWirdeba 

imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCino bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebis wesis saocari 

mravalferovneba. saqarTveloSi erTmaneTs enacvleba sxvadasxva kuTxisa da 

eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis manera, kilo, 

tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, kerZebi, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi... 

samwuxarod, SeuZlebelia imogzauro yvelgan da naxo yvelaferi, rac sainteresoa, 

Tumca dRes, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis saSualebiT, dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi 

moaxerxeb virtualur mogzaurobas da informaciis miRebas sxvadasxva qveynisa da 

sazogadoebis Taviseburebebze. 

davaleba 

l gaixsene, sad gimogzauria da gamoyavi 

mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebidan 

SenTvis yvelaze sagulisxmo epizodi. 

warmoidgine, ra uintereso iqneboda 

cxovreba, adamianebi erTnairebi rom 

iyvnen. Cven yovelTvis gvizidavs da 

cnobismoyvareobas aRgviZravs is, rac 

ucxo da, erTi SexedviT, Znelad gasagebia. adamianebi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi Sromoben 

da isveneben, uxariaT da glovoben, avadmyofoben da mkurnaloben, zrdian bavSvebs da 

iTviseben TaobaTa gamocdilebas, gmoben borotmoqmedebas da ganadideben saTnoebas, 

1. mravalferovani msoflio 

7

iaponeli qali suSiT 

xinkali 

l erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, 

imas, rac adamianebs aerTianebs da, amave dros, sxvebisagan 

ganasxvavebs, kultura ewodeba. 

sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs, romlebic, rogorc ukve 

vTqviT, sxvadasxvagvarad azrovneben, grZnoben da iqcevian, 

xSirad uWirT erTmaneTis gageba. magram, amave dros, isini 

mravali saerTo problemis winaSe dganan _ globaluri daTbobis, 

garemos dabinZurebis, ekonomikuri krizisis, terorizmis, 

Sidsis, siRaribis... am problemaTa daZleva mxolod saerTo 

ZalisxmeviT Tu moxerxdeba, erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi ki 

warmatebiT marto maSin xorcieldeba, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia 

kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi. 

davaleba 

l imsjele, globaluri problemebis erToblivi gadaWrisas 

ratom unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi? 

Tanamedrove globaluri samyaro swavlis, muSaobis Tu dasvenebis dros erTmaneTs 

axvedrebs sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs. gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba Cvens 

cxovrebas ufro sainteresos, mimzidvels, naklebad konfliqturs xdis. adamians, 

romelic flobs mravalferovan kulturul garemoSi orientaciisa da komunikaciis 

unar-Cvevebs, warmatebis mopovebis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs rogorc sakuTar 

samSobloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT. sxva kulturis adamianebTan urTierToba da 

TanamSromloba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven erTmaneTis msgavsad an erTnairad unda 

moviqceT an vifiqroT, aramed imas, rom kargad vicnobdeT sakuTar kulturas, mis 

faseulobebs da, amis safuZvelze, vecnobodeT da pativs vcemdeT sxvebs, aRviqvamdeT 

maT, rogorc Tanasworebs. 

kiTxva 

swamT, qmnian xelovnebis nimuSebs, magram yvelafer amas 

sxvadasxvagvarad akeTeben. sazogadoebebi gansxvavdebian eniT, 

religiiT, zne-CveulebebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT, warmodgeniT 

silamazeze, dasaSvebsa da akrZalulze, samarTlianobasa da 

usamarTlobaze, Tavazianobasa da uzrdelobaze... 

l eTanxmebi Tu ara mosazrebas: „adamians, romelic flobs mravalferovan kulturul 

garemoSi orientaciisa da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs, warmatebis mopovebis meti 

SesaZlebloba aqvs rogorc sakuTar samSobloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT“? pasuxi 

daasabuTe. 


mecniereba kulturis Sesaxeb 

yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan adamiani swored 

kulturiT gansxvavdeba. ra aris kultura, rogor warmoiSva 

da ganviTarda cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesi sxvadasxva 

dros da adgilas, arseboben Tu ara adamianebi, romlebsac 

ar gaaCniaT kultura; ra aris kulturuli Soki, ras 

niSnavs stereotipi da ra problemebi SeiZleba Seqmnas man 

kulturaTaSoris urTierTobaSi; ras mivirTmevT, rogor 

vimosebiT da vsaubrobT; rogoria Cveni warmodgena sakuTar 

Tavsa da sxvebze; ra aris globalizacia da emuqreba Tu 

ara msoflios gaerTgvarovnebis safrTxe - am da sxva bevr 

saintereso sakiTxs, romelsac saxelmZRvaneloSi gaecnobiT, 

swavlobs kulturis kvlevebi. mecnierebis es sfero gasuli 

saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda, dRes ki msoflioSi 

mimdinare procesebis asaxsnelad mis monacemebs sul ufro 

farTod iyeneben. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi igi sxvadasxva saxeliT 

damkvidrda: kulturis kvlevebis garda, mas kulturologias 

da kulturis mecnierebebsac uwodeben. 

saSinao davaleba 

l dawere ese: „Cven mravalferovan msoflioSi vcxovrobT“. 

1. mravalferovani msoflio 

9

2 

ra aris kultura? 

kultura erT-erTi yvelaze farTod 

gavrcelebuli sityvaa rogorc samecniero 

literaturaSi, ise yofiT metyvelebaSi. 

mas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. zogi 

kulturas xelovnebasTan da, zogadad, 

adamianis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobasTan 

aigivebs, zogi _ zrdilobasa da qcevis 

wesebTan. magram kultura gacilebiT 

rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomenia, 

romelic samyaroSi adamianis moRvaweobis 

yvela sferos moicavs: yofas, cxovrebis 

stils, msoflmxedvelobas, normebs, 

faseulobebs, tradiciebs, xelovnebas, 

literaturas... swored amitom, am fenomens araerTi mecniereba swavlobs: arqeologia, 

istoria, eTnologia, sociologia, filosofia, anTropologia, fsiqologia; gasuli 

saukunis Sua xanebSi ki kulturis kvlevebi mecnierebis calke mimarTulebad 

Camoyalibda. 

sociologia (berZn. moZRvreba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb) _ mecniereba adamianebis, 

adamianTa jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis socialuri cxovrebis, socialur 

urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb. 

fsiqologia (berZn. fsiqe _ suli, logos _ moZRvreba) _ mecniereba adamianis 

fsiqikisa da misi funqciobis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. 

filosofia (berZn. sibrZnis siyvaruli) _ mecniereba samyarosa da masSi adamianis 

adgilis Sesaxeb. 

anTropologia (berZn. anTropos _ adamiani, logos _ moZRvreba) _ mecniereba, 

romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis yovelmxriv Seswavlas. igi ikvlevs adamianis 

fizikuri tipis ganviTarebas, kulturul da enobriv msgavsebebsa da 

gansxvavebebs drosa da sivrceSi 

kultura (cultura) laTinuri sityvaa da niadagis damuSavebas niSnavs. garda amisa, 

laTinur enaSi sityva kultura aRniSnavda dasaxlebas, mfarvelobas, Tayvaniscemas 

da, rac mTavaria, aRzrdas, gonebis varjiSsa da, saerTod, gonebriv Sromas. Zveli 

romaelebi Tvlidnen, rom gonebis varjiSi da „damuSaveba“ Tavisufali adamianis 

xvedria. 


davaleba 

l daakvirdi zemoT motanil fotoebs: romeli gamosaxuleba ganekuTvneba bunebas da 

romeli _ kulturas? ra niSniT ganasxvave isini? 

2. ra aris kultura? 

11

antikur epoqaSi gavrcelebuli warmodgeniT, adamianis garemomcveli samyaro or 

nawilad iyofoda: bunebad _ naturad, anu imad, rac adamianisagan damoukideblad 

Seiqmna da kulturad _ „meore bunebad“, romelic Seqmnili an gardaqmnilia adamianis 

mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturis meSveobiT adamiani qmnis „axal samyaros” da 

sakuTar Tavs. TiToeuli kultura unikaluri da ganumeorebeli mTlianobaa, romlis 

farglebSi adamiani swored ase, da ara sxvagvarad, aRiqvams garemomcvel sinamdviles, 

Tavis Tavsa da sxvebs. 

mecnierebi amboben, rom dReisaTvis kulturis 500-mde gansazRvreba arsebobs. 

erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli da cnobili ganmartebiT, romelic britanel mecnier 

eduard bernet tailors ekuTvnis, „kultura... aris mTlianoba, romelic moicavs 

codnas, rwmenas, xelovnebas, morals, wes-Cveulebebs da nebismier sxva unarsa da 

Cvevas, romelsac adamiani iTvisebs rogorc sazogadoebis wevri”. 

saqarTveloSi sityva „kultura“ me-19 saukunidan gavrcelda, Tumca kulturis, 

rogorc bunebisagan gansxvavebuli sinam dvilis gageba ufro adrec arsebobda. 

magaliTad, vaxuSti bagrationi (1696-1757) saqarTvelos Sesaxeb werda: „garna ars 

queyana Suenieri da nayofieri yovliTa RvTisa mier da ara xelovnebiTa kacTa“. 

swored „xelovnebiTa kacTa“ Seqmnili sinamdvile gaxlavT kultura. 

kulturis zogierTi gansazRvreba mokle da sxartia, Sesa bamisad, advilad 

gvamaxsovrdeba, sxvebi _ ufro vrceli da rTuli. ai, zogierTi saintereso ganmarteba: 

kultura _ es aris 

l xalxis cxovrebis zogadi wesi; 

l qceva, romelsac vswavlobT; 

l koleqtiuri codnis saganZuri; 

l garemosa da sxva adamianebTan Seguebis xerxebis erToblioba; 

l naleqi, romelsac tovebs istoria; 

l cxovrebis gzamkvlevi, ruka. 

kulturis meSveobiT vecnobiT Cveni qveynisa da msoflios awmyosa da warsuls. 

adamianTa sazogadoebas, kulturis garda, sxva meqanizmi ar gaaCnia, rom kacobriobis 

mier dagrovil codnasa da gamocdilebas eziaros, amitom kulturas kacob riobis 

mexsierebasac uwodeben. 

da bolos, ramdenime gansazRvreba, romlebic cnobil mwer lebsa da mecnierebs 

ekuTvnis: 


l kultura niSnavs - icode yovelive saukeTeso, rac Tqmula da rac gafiqrebula 

qveyanaze (meTiu arnoldi, ingliseli poeti da kritikosi); 

l kultura yvelaferia. igi ar aris mxolod wignebis wera da saxlebis Seneba. 

kulturaa is, Tu rogor vicvamT, rogor gviWiravs Tavi, rogor davdivarT, 

rogor vikeTebT halstuxs... (eme sezeri, martinikeli mwerali, poeti, 

dramaturgi); 

l kultura gansakuTrebuli codnis erTobliobaa, romelic Tavs iyris erT 

saerTo ojaxSi da misi TiToeuli wevris sakuTrebas warmoadgens (oldos 

haqsli, ingliseli mwerali, eseisti da kritikosi); 

l uxeSad rom vTqvaT, kulturaa yvelaferi is, rasac Cven vakeTebT, da rasac 

maimunebi ar akeTeben (lord raglani, britaneli samxedro moRvawe); 

l Tevzi mxolod wylis gareSe grZnobs, rom igi misTvis aucilebelia. Cveni 

kulturac wyaliviTaa. Cven misiT vsazrdoobT, vcxovrobT da vsunTqavT misi 

meSveobiT (fons trompenaarsi, Tanamedrove holandieli mecnieri, kulturis 

fsiqologiis mkvlevari); 

l sazogadoebis kultura Sedgeba imisagan, rac saWiroa vicodeT da saWiroa 

gvwamdes, raTa Cveni qceva misaRebi iyos sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisaTvis 

(uord gudinafi, amerikeli anTropologi); 

l termini “kultura” aRniSnavs specifikur adamianur Taviseburebebs, romlebic 

ganasxvavebs homo sapiensis modgmas yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan (vilhelm 

ostvaldi, germaneli qimikosi, nobelis premiis laureati). 

kiTxva 

1. Seni azriT, romeli gansazRvreba gamoxatavs yvelaze srulad kulturis arss? 

2. rogor gesmis mosazreba, rom kulturis meSveobiT adamiani qmnis „axal samyaros” da 

sakuTar Tavs? 


l Seni azriT, rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes „kulturuli adamiani“. 

2. ra aris kultura? 

13

3 

arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? 

arseboben adamianebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura? 

xSirad amboben, rom adamianebi metad an naklebad kulturulni arian. miiCneven, 

rom adamiani, romelic operaSi dadis, Sampa nurs wrupavs da mxatvruli literaturiT 

tkbeba, ufro kulturulia, vidre is, vinc fexburTis matCs ar acdens, luds eZaleba 

da, Tu kiTxulobs, mxolod sportul gazeTs. adamianis „metad kulturulad“ aRqmas 

safuZvlad udevs warmodgena, rom igi miekuTvneba maRal socialur fenas, Sesabamisad, 

ufro ganaTlebulia, aqvs daxvewili gemovneba da manerebi. 

kulturis aseTi gageba SeiZleba gavrcelebuli iyos yovel dRiur cxovrebaSi. 

mecnierebi ki Tvlian, rom „kulturuloba“ ar ganisazRvreba socialuri mdgomareobiT, 

ganaTlebis doniT an gemovnebiT. modi, vnaxoT, ramdenad marTebulia saubari „maRal“ 

da „dabal“, „ganviTarebul“ da „CamorCenil“, „karg“ da „cud“ kulturebze. 

amerikeli anTropologi jon monegeni Semdeg istorias gviambobs: 

“Cemma mistekma 1 megobrebma sanadirod dampatiJes. iRbliani nadiroba ar gamovida, 

sul oriode patara ciyvis mokvla movaxerxeT. dRis bolos Cems megobrebs mTisken 

mivyvebodi. isini Cemze bevrad win midiodnen. rodesac mTis mwvervals mivaRwie, davinaxe, 

rom isini xis Ziras raRacas Semoxveodnen da gacxovelebiT laparakobdnen. mivuaxlovdi, 

aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT maTgans xidan futkris ska Camoegdo. gapobili skidan fiWa, Tafli 

da futkris Wuprebi moCanda. Cemi megobrebi skis SigTavss, Wuprebis CaTvliT, pirisken 

miaqanebdnen. erT-erTi maTgani adga da Tqva: „mismineT, Cven Tavazianad ar viqceviT.” is 

daixara, aiRo fiWis, Taflis da Wuprebis mozrdili ulufa da me momibrunda: „miirTvi, 

jon.” mivxvdi, rom uaris Tqma arafriT SeiZleboda. Rrmad CavisunTqe, Cemi ulufa pirSi 

Cavide da gadavylape. 

erTi wlis Semdeg erTgvari revanSi aviRe, rodesac ramdenime maTgani, visTan 

erTadac sanadirod viyavi, CemTan saxlSi sadilad davpatiJe. siurprizis saxiT xaxvis 

wvniani movamzade, rac vihakaSi arasodes Semxvedria. rodesac kerZi sufraze mivitane, 

SevamCnie, rom stumrebi ar Cqarobdnen Wamis dawyebas. Semdeg SevniSne, rom erT-erTma 

maTganma wvniani magidis ukan gadaRvara. rodesac vkiTxe, yvelaferi rigze iyo Tu ara, 

jer gaCumdnen, bolos ki erTma zizRiT Tqva, rom xaxvs saSineli suni aqvs da didi 

raodenobiT misi Wama adamians asulelebso.” 

ra kavSiri aqvs am istorias kulturasTan? pirvel rigSi, is aCvenebs, rom amerikelebs 

da mistekebs gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT imis Sesaxeb, ra aris sakvebad vargisi 

da ra _ ara. es kulturis nawilia, ase vaxarisxebT ara mxolod sakvebs, aramed yvela 

sxva sferosac. jonis zizRi gamoiwvia iman, rom misi kulturisaTvis mweri paraziti 

da mavnebelia da igi, erTmniSvnelovnad, ar miiCneva sakvebad. mis mistek megobrebSi 

ki zizRi xaxvis wvnianma gamoiwvia, radgan, maTi azriT, xaxvi mxolod sanelebelia da 

1 mistekebi _ meqsikis erT-erT StatSi, vihakaSi mcxovrebi xalxi. 


iseve Seuferebelia kerZis mosamzadeblad, rogorc CvenTvis _ 

mdogvi an pirSuSxa. 

cnobili amerikeli anTropologi franc boasi (1858- 

1942) ambobda, rom TiToeuli Cvengani „kulturis saTvales” 

atarebs, romlis meSveobiT aRviqvamT garemomcvel samyaros 

da vsazRvravT Cvens moqmedebebs. am `saTvaliT~ vxedavT 

sxva kulturebs, gaucnobiereblad, vadarebT maT Cvensas da 

vsazRvravT, ra aris „kargi“ da „cudi“. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, 

sxva kulturas Cveni kulturis meSveobiT aRviqvamT. Cveni 

kulturis Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogorc 

vxedavT mas. kultura, rogorc saTvale, ganapirobebs Cvens franc boasi 

mier samyaros xedvas. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom kultura 

gansazRvravs, erTi SexedviT, „bunebriv“ reaqciebsac ki. kveba kulturis rTuli 

sistemis nawilia, is ar aris mxolod SimSilis dakmayofilebisaken mimarTuli qmedeba, 

aramed aseve gamoxatavs Cvens mier SeTvisebul codnas samyaros Sesaxeb. 

yvela kultura unikaluri da Taviseburia. ena da Jestebi, religia da socialuri 

urTierTobebi, saqorwino da ojaxuri tradiciebi, sakvebi da dasveneba-garTobis 

formebi, samuSao, ganaTleba, sakomunikacio, ekonomiuri da politikuri sistemebi, 

janmrTelobaze zrunva, teqnikuri saSualebebi da teqnologiebi garemo pirobebisa 

da sxva kulturebTan urTierTobis gavleniT yalibdeba. ar arsebobs universaluri 

sazomi, romliTac Sefasdeboda kulturis ganviTarebis done da misi mniSvneloba. 

roca sxva kulturis xalxs akvirdebi, 

zogi ram _ magaliTad, Cacmuloba, 

misalmebis wesi da sxva _ aSkarad 

gxvdeba TvalSi, zogi _ naklebad, zogi 

ki saerTod SeumCneveli grCeba. modi, 

kultura aisbergis saxiT warmovidginoT. 

aisbergis modeli naTlad gamoxatavs 

kulturis rTul da mravalferovan 

xasiaTs. aisbergis mxolod mcire nawili 

(1/8) Cans wylis zemoT, wylis qveS ki 

ufro didi, uxilavi nawilia dafaruli. 

kulturis is elementebi, romelic erTi 

SexedviTac TvalSisacemia (magaliTad, 

ena, arqiteqtu ra, 

ritualebi, anbani, xelovneba, sakvebi, samzareulo, samosi, 

musika, aveji, samkauli da a.S.), SeiZleba SevadaroT aisbergis 

zeda nawils. kulturis fundamenturi elementebi (normebi, 

faseulobebi, msoflmxedveloba...), romlebic warmoadgens 

safuZvels kulturis „xiluli“ nawilisaTvis, SeiZleba 

SevadaroT aisbergis uxilav nawils. ama Tu im kulturasTan 

Sexvedris sawyis etapze, ver Se vicnobT fundamentur elementebs, 

romlebidanac xiluli nawili momdinareobs. 

3. arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi, 

romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura? 

15

davaleba 

l Seecade, pasuxi gasce gakveTilis saTaurSi dasmul kiTxvebs. pasuxi daasabuTe. 

jgufuri samuSao 

l daiyaviT ramdenime jgufad da cxrilSi mowodebuli maxasiaTeblebi moaTavseT 

romelime nawilSi: A-Si isini, romlebic advilad gxvdeba TvalSi, B-Si - SedarebiT 

Znelad SesamCnevi, C-Si - romelTa danaxva mxolod maSin SegiZlia, Tu kargad icnob 

kulturas. SegiZliaT daamatoT maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ar aris dasaxelebuli 

CamonaTvalSi. 

ganixileT romelime kultura, romelsac jgufis wevrebi ase Tu ise icnobT. 

daasaxeleT da CawereT TiTo nawilSi, sul mcire, or-ori maxasiaTebeli, romlebic, 

Tqveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia am kulturisaTvis. 

Tavazianoba, zrdiloba ❑ stumarTmoyvareoba ❑ 

saubris manera ❑ moZraobis wesebisadmi damokidebuleba ❑ 

sajarod gamoxatuli emocia ❑ ojaxi ❑ 

genderuli rolebi (socialuri 

rolebis ganawileba qalsa da 

mamakacs Soris) ❑ misalmeba ❑ 

iumori ❑ piradi urTierTobebi ❑ 

megobroba ❑ Jestebi ❑ 

presa da sxva media ❑ punqtualurobis xarisxi ❑ 

mniSvneloba, romelic eniWeba sazogadoebriv 

da pirad cxovrebas ❑ sxvis, ucxosadmi damokidebuleba ❑ 

Sromis iaraRi ❑ folklori ❑ 

arqiteqtura ❑ religia ❑ 

sufra ❑ dakrZalvis wesi ❑ 

qcevis wesebi ❑ TaobaTa Soris damokidebuleba ❑ 

materialuri keTildReoba ❑ kariera ❑ 

ganaTleba ❑ demokratia ❑ 

mediis Tavisufleba ❑ xelovnebis nimuSebi ❑ 


atom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura? 4 

kiTxva 

l Seni azriT, rogor warmoiSva sxvadasxva kultura da ratom 

aris isini esoden mravalferovani? 

msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan aRebuli adamianis genetikuri 

masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze, biologebma daaskvnes, rom 

dRes dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela adamiani odesRac afrikis 

kontinentze, saharis samxreT regionSi mcxovrebi adamianis 

genetikuri memkvidrea. zogi lingvisti iziarebs biologebis 

hipoTezas da miiCnevs, rom yvela arsebuli ena afrikidan iRebs 

saTaves. biologiuri da lingvisturi monacemebi cxadyofs, 

rom Cven yvelas saerTo winapari gvyavs. 

grafiul, klimatur, socialur da politikur 

garemoSi cxovrobdnen. Sesabamisad, 

isini gansxvavebulad aRiqvam dnen 

samyaros, erT maneTs. zogi xalxi saTvis 

ucxo adamianTa gamoCena Cveuleb rivi 

ambavi iyo - maT miwa-wyalze vaWarTa 

qaravnebi moZraobda, xan erTi dampyrobeli 

gamoCndeboda, xan meore. sxvebi 

ufro gancalkevebulad cxov robdnen, 

maRal mTebs, gauval junglebs an 

udabnoebs Soris moqceul teritoriaze. 

es ganapirobebda samyaros gansxvavebul 

aRqmas, sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas 

erTmaneTisa da sxva xalxebisadmi. 

4. ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura? 

ram ganapiroba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli 

mravali kulturis warmoSoba? 

klimatur, demografiul da sxva 

cvlilebebs mohyva adamianis gansaxleba 

afrikis mTel konti nentze da 

danarCen msoflioSi. saukuneebisa da 

aTaswleulebis manZilze adamianebi 

sxvada sxva, Zalian mravalferovan geo- 

17

erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, kul tura _ es 

aris garemosa da sxva adamianebTan Seguebis xerxebis 

erToblioba. Tu fotoebs davakvir debiT, davinaxavT, 

rom es xerxebi erTnairi ver iqneboda sazogadoebebisaTvis, 

romlebsac esoden gan sxva vebul garemoSi 

(tundra, stepi, tropikebi, mTa, udabno...) cxovrob dnen. 

dRes dedamiwaze 7 miliardamde adamiani cxovrobs 

da maT Soris ar moiZebneba ori erTnairi. Cven sxvadasxva 

feris kani da aRnagoba gvaqvs, gvacvia gansxvavebuli samosi 

da sxvadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT silamazes. zogs erTi 

RmerTi swams, zogs _ mravali, zogs ki saerTod ar swams; 

zogierTi warmoudgenlad mdidaria, zogi ki ukiduresad 

Rataki. erTi sityviT, Tanamedrove msoflio uaRresad 

mravalferovania, magram, amave dros, Zalian „mWidro“. mis 

calkeul nawilebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs ekonomikuri 

interesebi, vaWroba, migracia, turizmi... dRes msoflios winaSe mdgari mTavari 

gamowveva globaluri _ mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saWirboroto _ gadawyvetilebebis 

miRebaa. mravalkulturul samyaroSi 

gadarCenis mTavari gza, pirvel rigSi, 

sakuTari kulturuli faseulobebis 

gaazrebaa, Semdeg ki _ maTi kulturuli 

faseulobebis gacnoba, visTanac gvaqvs 

urTierToba. globalur gamowvevebze 

pasuxis gacema moiTxovs imas, rom 

viswavloT urTierToba erTmaneTTan, 

miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad vcxovrobT, 

romeli kulturis warmomadgeneli varT, 

rogoria Cveni ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. 

davaleba 

1. mas Semdeg, rac kacobrioba mTel dedamiwaze gansaxlda, gadarCenis saWiroebam 

kulturulad gansxvavebuli gzebis Ziebas misca biZgi. magaliTad, civi klimatis 

qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian, vidre tropikuli klimatis 

qveynebSi. rogor fiqrobT, ratom? 

2. qveynebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebi mravali omis erT-erTi safuZveli 

gamxdara. rogor fiqrob, xalxTa Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis gaqrobis 

SemTxvevaSi, konfliqtebi aRar iqneba? 

3. warmogidgenia msoflio kulturuli mravalferovnebis gareSe? miuxedavad imisa, 

rom kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba garkveul barierebs qmnis qveynebs Soris, isurvebdi 

erTgvarovan samyaroSi cxovrebas? ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare eqneboda mas? 

gadmoeci am sakiTxebisadmi Seni damokidebuleba. 


Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi 5 

ici, rom Cven dnm-is daaxloebiT 40% saerTo gvaqvs 

matlTan, 60% _ qaTamTan, 80% _ TagvTan da 95%-ze meti _ 

adamianis msgavs maimunebTan? 

adamianis msgavs maimunebs Soris adamianTan genetikurad 

yvelaze axlos dgas Simpanze, masTan dnm-s daaxloebiT 98% 

gvaqvs saerTo; Semdeg modis gorila, romelTanac dnm-s 97% 

viziarebT; orangutangTan ki es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 96% 

aRwevs. 

Cven, adamianebi, sakuTar Tavs homo 

sapienss (homo sapiens), anu gonier 

adamians vuwodebT da vTvliT, rom Cveni 

biologiuri saxeoba gansakuTrebulia 

mTel planetaze. yvela saxeobas 

aqvs garkveuli Tviseba, rac mas 

danarCenebisagan gamoarCevs: zogi ufro 

swrafia, zogi _ ufro Zlieri, zogi _ 

ukeT Seguebuli sacxovrebel garemosTan. 

dedamiwaze arsebuli 10 milionze meti 

biologiuri saxeobidan zogierTi ufro 

axlos dgas adamianTan, vidre sxva. ra 

aris is, rac ganasxvavebs adamians yvela 

danarCeni cocxali arsebisagan? 

amrigad, biologiurad Cveni uaxloesi naTesavebi adamianis msgavsi maimunebi arian. 

manamdec, sanam mecnierebisaTvis dnm-is Sesaxeb gaxdeboda cnobili, cxadi iyo, rom 

adamianis msgavsi maimunebi Zalian gvgavdnen, maT bevri ram SeeZloT gaekeTebinaT 

ise, rogorc Cven vakeTebT, xandaxan ki _ ukeTac. eqsperimentebma cxadyo, rom maTi 

myisieri (xanmokle) mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre adamianisa, sagangebo wvrTnis 

SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT gaigon asobiT 

sityvis mniSvneloba, axerxeben ufro 

rTuli iaraRebis gamoyenebas, vidre Cven 

warmogvidgenia. 

5. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi 

erTi SexedviT, maimunebisagan yvelaze 

metad garegnobiT ganvsxvavdebiT, 

Tumca, aRmoCnda, rom adamianisa da 

Simpanzes 5 Tvis embrionis garCeva Zalian 

rTulia, maTi ConCxi da guliscemac ki 

sruliad erTnairia. dabadebis Semdegac 

axalSobilebi erTmaneTis msgavsi arian. 

19

patara Simpanzes sxeuli daaxloebiT 5 milioni Reri TmiT aris dafaruli. Tu 

axalSobil bavSvs davakvirdebiT, mis sxeulzec SevamCnevT Tmas da, ra gasakviric ar 

unda iyos, maTi raodenobac iseTivea, rac Simpanzis, ubralod, adamianis Tma ufro 

Txeli da moklea. 

msgavsebebi amiT ar amoiwureba. aRmoCnda, rom adamianis msgavs maimunebs 

SeuZliaT gamoamJRavnon „sikeTe“ an erTmaneTze zrunva. magaliTad, jgufis wevrebi 

TanagrZnobas iCenen brZolaSi daSavebuli Simpanzes mimarT, isini zrunaven masze, 

aCveneben, rom esmiT misi tkivili. 

Cikagos zooparkSi sami wlis biWi gorilebis volierSi Cavarda da goneba dakarga. 

igi askilogramiani gorilebis garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. moulodnelad, erTma mdedrma 

gorilam biWi aiyvana da nazad daarwia, TiTqos misiani yofiliyos. es Zalian „adamianuri” 

qceva iyo, Tumca, cxadia, Cven ar viciT, ra motivebi amoZravebda am dros gorilas. 

cdebis Sedegad mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom sivrciTi orientaciis unari adamianebs 

da adamianis msgavs maimunebs Tanabrad aqvT ganviTarebuli, Tumca am ukanasknelT 

igi ufro adre uviTardebaT. amis axsna imiT SeiZleba, rom bavSvebi ufro metad da 

didxans arian ufrosebze damokidebuli da ar saWiroeben sivrceSi damoukidebel 

orientacias mtrisgan Tavdasacavad an sakvebis mopovebis mizniT. 

davaleba 

1. gaixsene magaliTebi cxovrebidan, filmebidan an literaturuli nawarmoebebidan, 

romlebic cxovelebis „adamianur“ qcevas asaxavs. 

2. klasSi moawyveT diskusia: miuxedavad msgavsebisa, Simpanze isev xidan xeze xtis, 

adamiani ki kosmosSi mogzaurobs. ra aris amis mizezi? ra gvaqvs Cven iseTi, rac maT 

ar aqvT? ra aris dnm-s is 1,6%, rac Cven adamianad gvqmnis? 


a ganasxvavebs adamians sxva cocxali arsebebisagan? 6 

adamianebisaTvis samyaro simboloebiT 

aris datvirTuli. ras niSnavs es? 

vefxvTan Sexvedrisas Svelica da 

uiaraRo adamianic erTnairad moiqcevian 

_ gaqceviT uSvelian Tavs (Tu moaxerxes, 

ra Tqma unda), radgan vefxvi orivesaTvis 

mtacebelia, romelic maT sicocxles 

emuqreba. magram SvlisaTvis vefxvis 

„mniSvneloba“ amiT da mxolod amiT amoiwureba, adamianisaTvis ki vefxvi, garda amisa, 

Zlierebis, simamacis, silamazis gansaxierebacaa _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovelive 

amis simboloa. amitom vefxvis saxels arqmeven bavSvebs: gavixsenoT qarTuli saxeli 

vefxia, golfis Cempioni Taiger (inglisurad vefxvs niSnavs) vudsi, vefxvs gamosaxaven 

droSebze, eTayvanebian da wminda cxovelad aRiareben, iyeneben safirmo niSnad da a.S. 

erTi sityviT, adamianisTvis vefxvi gacilebiT metia, vidre mxolod didi, zolebiani, 

saxifaTo cxoveli. 

Taiger vudsi 

Cven, adamianebi, garkveul mniSvnelobas vaniWebT 

garemomcveli samyaros yvela Semadgenel nawils _ mcenareebs 

(tirifi sevdiani xea, muxa _ Zlieri), mTebs („wminda mTa“, „amayi 

mTa“), mdinareebs (wminda mdinare _ gangi, nilosi), ferebs 

(CvenSi Savi glovis feria, TeTri _ siwmindis...), aseve ricxvebs 

(yvelam viciT, rom 13 Tars ricxvad iTvleba), sxeulis nawilebs 

(marcxena xeli uwminduria, marjvena _ dalocvili), moZraobebs 

(Tavis daxra mowiwebis niSania)... swored amiT gamoixateba 

mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simbolizaciis, anu 

mniSvnelobis miniWebis unari, rac ganasxvavebs mas yvela sxva 

biologiuri saxeobisagan. 

6. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi 

simbolo _ niSani, romelic SeiZleba 

aRniSnavdes sagans, movlenas, 

bgeras da sxva. 

simbolizacia _ adamianis unikaluri 

unari, mniSvneloba mianiWos 

sagnebsa da movlenebs. 

cxadia, rom vefxvTan dakavSirebuli 

mdidari simbolika, ZiriTadad, im 

qveynebSi arsebobs, sadac es cxoveli 

binadrobs. afrikaSi, sadac vefxvi ar 

cxovrobs, mis „rols“ lomi TamaSobs, 

samxreT amerikaSi _ iaguari da a.S. 

maSasadame, erTi da igive ram sxvadasxva 

qveyanaSi, sxvadasxva kulturaSi SeiZleba 

sxvadasxva simboloTi gamoixatos. 

magaliTad, CvenSi eSmakobis gansaxiereba 

melaa, Crdiloamerikel indielebSi _ 

yorani, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi 

_ kurdReli. 

iaguaris qandakeba 

_ actekebis kultura 

21

vefxvis gamosaxuleba Tamilebis droSaze 

kiTxvebi 

1. romeli safirmo niSnebi ici da ras aRniSnavs isini? 

jgufuri samuSao 

simboloebs konkretuli, SeTanxmebuli 

mniSvneloba aqvT konkretuli kulturis 

matarebeli xalxisaTvis. simboloa asobgera, 

sityva, sanoto da sagzao niSani, 

cifri. simboloebi erTgvari orientirebia, 

romlebic adamianebs erTmaneTTan 

urTierTobas uadvilebs da SesaZlebels 

xdis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. 

swored amitom, kulturologiis erTerTma 

fuZemdebelma, amerikelma mecnierma 

lesli uaitma kulturis Semdegi ganmarteba 

SemogvTavaza: kultura _ es aris sagnebisa 

da movlenebis erToblioba, romelic 

dakavSirebulia mxolod adamianisTvis 

damaxasiaTebel simbolizaciis unarTan. 

2. Tu ukavSirdeba es niSnebi konkretul qveynebsa da kulturebs? 

l daiyaviT jgufebad da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi furcelze CamowereT an daxateT rac 

SeiZleba meti simbolo. 


aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura? 7 

yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic adamians ganasxvavebs adamianis msgavsi 

maimunisagan, aris metyvelebis unari, romelic Cvenma Soreulma winaprebma daaxloebiT 

200 000 wlis win SeiZines. swored am periodidan iRebs saTaves Tanamedrove adamianis 

saxeoba _ homo sapiensi. ena aris is iaraRi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis komunikacias, 

swavlasa da swavlebas, gamocdilebis gaziarebas, TanamSromlobas. 

mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, 

adamianebis kultura, Tu ar CavTvliT 

enas, romelic marTlac unikaluria, 

mxolod xarisxiT gansxvavdeba zogierTi 

cxovelis cxovrebis wesisagan. kulturis 

mkvlevrebi am azrs ar iziareben da Tvlian, 

rom adamiani ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT 

ase martivad: Simpanze + ena. 

adamianebi vamayobT Cveni istoriiT 

da kulturiT, modi vnaxoT, aqvT Tu ara 

sxva saxeobis warmomadgenlebs, Tundac 

Cvens uaxloes biologiur naTesavebs, 

Tavisi istoria da kultura? 

istoria aris Tanmimdevruli faqtebi da movlenebi, romelTa mimdinareobis 

manZilze Tavad saxeobebi biologiurad ucvleli rCebian. istoriis qona niSnavs imas, 

rom jgufi/erToba gardaqmnis garemos da, masTan erTad, sakuTar Tavsac. kacobriobis 

istoriis manZilze teqnikur da teqnologiur miRwevebs Tan axlda socialuri, 

ekonomikuri, politikuri cvlilebebi adamianTa sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, 

adamianis mier mudmivi sacxovreblis agebam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ojaxsa 

da socialuri urTierTobebis sxva sferoebze. rac Seexeba Simpanzeebs, marTalia, 

sul asiode welia, rac maT sagangebod swavloben, magram mecnierebi askvnian, rom 

maT cxovrebaSi istoriuli mniSvnelobis raime cvlileba ar momxdara da isini iseve 

cxovroben, rogorc aseul aTasobiT wlis win: iseTive sacxovrebelSi, iseTive, 

ZiriTadad genetikurad ganpirobebuli wesebiT. 

yvela cocxali arsebisaTvis mniSvnelovania momavali TaobisaTvis informaciisa 

da gadacema, anu axalgazrdebis aRzrda. informacia gadaecema mSoblidan Svils, 

gamocdilidan _ gamoucdels, ufrosidan _ umcross. gamoyofen informaciis 

gadacemis sam safexurs. pirvel, yvelaze martiv safexurze informaciis gadacema 

mxolod instinqtis doneze xdeba: magaliTad, virTagva sakvebad irCevs imas, rasac 

suniT dedis rZes amsgavsebs. meore safexurze informaciis mimRebi „dainteresebulia“ 

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura? 

23

misi miRebiT, informaciis gadamcemi ki „gulgrilia“ Sedegisadmi. amas imitacias an 

dakvirvebiT swavlas uwodeben: magaliTad, maimuni an bavSvi akvirdeba ufross da 

am gziT „swavlobs“. mesame, yvelaze maRal safexurze ki informaciis mimRebica da 

gamcemic mizanmimarTulad moqmedeben: rogorc imitaciis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis 

mimRebi akvirdeba ufross/gamocdils, magram es ukanasknelic akvirdeba mimRebis 

qcevas da usworebs, Tu is ver axerxebs Sesabamisad moqmedebas. es aris pedagogika 

da igi mxolod adamianebSi gvxvdeba. pedagogika moicavs dakvirvebas, Sefasebas da 

Carevas. 

katas mihyavs Tagvi knutebTan, 

romlebmac Semdeg sul ufro da ufro 

meti warmatebiT unda SeZlon Tagvze 

nadiroba. aris Tu ara es pedagogika? _ ara, 

radgan kata ar amJRavnebs dainteresebas 

SedegiT. Tu knuti ver axerxebs Tagvze 

nadirobas, xom ar miscems mas mSobeli 

“damatebiT” Tagvs, raTa igi Tavis da-Zmebs 

daewios? mecnierebs ar aqvT monacemebi 

imis Sesaxeb, rom cxovelebi afaseben 

Svilebis qcevas da cdiloben “wvrTnis” 

mowesrigebas. 

aRwerilia SemTxveva, roca Sinaurma katam daiWira knutis mier gaSvebuli Tagvi da 

daubruna mas, magram es iyo reaqcia Tagvze da ara knutis „warumatebel“ mcdelobaze. 

SimpanzeebTan, TiTqos, SeiniSneba pedagogikis msgavsi movlena, magram ara velur 

bunebaSi, aramed mxolod adamianebTan kontaqtis pirobebSi. kidev erTi gansxvaveba: 

sxva saxeobebSi wvrTna Semofarglulia, ZiriTadad, sakvebis mopovebiT, adamianuri 

pedagogika ki mraval sferos moicavs. igi miznad isaxavs ara mxolod arsebuli Cvevebisa 

da gamocdilebis gadacemas, aramed gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli individebis 

miRwevaTa SenarCuneba-gadacemasac. 

Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo aTwleulebSi mecnierebma cxovelTa Soris 

qcevis iseTi formebi aRmoaCines, romlebic Zalian waagavs kulturuls. magaliTad, 

Simpanzeebis erTma jgufma daiwyo ori qvis gamoyeneba kerketi kaklebis gasatexad. es 

jer erTma, „geniosma“, Simpanzem moaxerxa, Semdeg ki mas sxvebmac mibaZes. sxva sityvebiT, 

Simpanzeebis konkretul jgufSi gaCnda codna, romelic aragenetikuri gziT gadaecema 

Taobidan Taobas. kultura ki swored esaa. magram mecnierebi varaudoben, rom 

metyvelebis da sxva informaciuli saSualebebis gareSe amgvari codna aramdgradia 

da ramdenime Taobis Semdeg gaqreba, ase rom SimpanzeebSi srulyofili kulturis 

arsebobaze saubari jerjerobiT naadrevia... 


ogorc vnaxeT, gansxvaveba adamiansa da sxva saxeobebs Soris, biologiuri 

TvalsazrisiT, arcTu didia. Tumca swored am umniSvnelo sxvaobam gaxada SesaZlebeli 

adamianis mier kulturis Seqmna. mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma simboluri 

azrovnebis unarma ganapiroba enis, istoriis, religiis, mecnierebis da, rac mTavaria, 

axali Taobis aRzrdis, misTvis informaciisa da gamocdilebis gadacemis mTeli rigi 

meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba. es ukanaskneli ki kulturis SenarCunebis aucilebeli 

pirobaa. 

davaleba 

1. Seni azriT, Cans Tu ara adamianTa realobaSi TaobaTa Soris informaciis gadacemis 

(aRzrdis) samive safexuri? moiyvane magaliTebi. 

2. Seadare erTmaneTs adamianTa da cxovelTa „pedagogika”. 

3. daasabuTe, ratom aris SeuZlebeli, rom cxovelebs hqondeT istoria da kultura? 

4. rogor gesmis, rom axali Taobis aRzrda kulturis SenarCunebis aucilebeli pirobaa? 

5. adamians, yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs eWvi, rwmena, iumori... 

Seni azriT, kidev ra Tvisebebi SeiZleba daematos am CamonaTvals? imsjele, ramdenad 

aris isini mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli? 

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura? 

25

8 

genetika da kultura 

adamianebma Seqmnes kultura da aman gansazRvra maTi unikaluroba Cveni planetis 

binadarTa Soris. magram adamiani, kulturulTan erTad, biologiuri arsebacaa, 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ biologiuri saxeoba. am TvalsazrisiT, igi cocxali bunebis 

erT-erTi „rigiTi“ wevria. yovel saxeobas axasiaTebs specifikuri agebuleba, 

garegnoba, fiziologiuri procesebi, kvebis racioni, qcevis Taviseburebebi da 

a.S. yvela maTgans aqvs raRac gansakuTrebuli: kus _ javSani, spilos _ xorTumi, 

Jirafs _ grZeli kiseri... adamians, rogorc biologiur arsebas, ar gaaCnia arc 

basri kbilebi da klanWebi, arc maxvili mgrZnobeloba, arc gansakuTrebuli Zala, 

arc fexmardoba. samagierod, bunebam mas uboZa unikaluri organo, romelmac homo 

sapienss gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moutana mTel planetaze. 

albaT mixvdi _ saubaria adamianis Tavis tvinze, romlis meSveobiTac Cven 

vazrovnebT, uzarmazari moculobis informacias vimaxsovrebT, vwerT leqsebs, 

vityuebiT, vqmniT manqanebs, vloculobT, erTi sityviT, kulturas viTvisebT, 

vaviTarebT mas da Tavad vcxovrobT kulturaSi. naTqvami rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, 

warmovidginoT, rom adamianma memkvidreobiT miiRo saxli, zogi ram Semata, rom 

sacxovreblad ufro moxerxebuli gamxdariyo da masSi cxovreba ganagrZo. asevea 

kulturis SemTxvevaSi. 

adamiani orbunebovani arsebaa _ mis raobas, adamianad yofnas gansazRvravs ori 

sawyisi _ biologiuri da kulturuli. 

adamianis biologiur sawyiss ganapirobebs misi genotipi _ memkvidreobiTi 

informaciis matarebeli bioqimiuri warmonaqmnebis, genebis urTulesi kombinacia. igi 

gansazRvravs yoveli konkretuli adamianis (iseve rogorc cxovelisa Tu mcenaris) 

unikalur garegnobas, agebulebas, mokled, anatomiisa da fiziologiis Taviseburebebs 

(gamonakliss Seadgenen e.w. erTkvercxovani tyupebi, romelTac erTnairi genotipi 

aqvT da swored amitom hgvanan ase erTmaneTs). 

yoveli konkretuli adamiani ibadeba unikaluri genetikuri programiT, sadac 

„Cawerilia“ misi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis „gegma“: garegnoba (magaliTad, Tvalebis 

Tu Tmis feri, cxviris forma Tu zoma da a.S.), aRnagoba (simaRle, kidurebis sigrZe, 

Zvlebis sisqe da a.S.), fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi (sisxlis jgufi, sasicocxlo 

procesebis tempi da intensivoba da a.S.). garda amisa, tvinisa da zogierTi sxva 

organos agebulebis Taviseburebebi, agreTve biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis 

(e.w. hormonebis) gamomuSavebis intensivoba, romelic isev da isev genetikuradaa 

gansazRvruli, ganapirobebs inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, mexsierebis moculobas, 

musikalur, sportul Tu maTematikur niWs, xasiaTis Taviseburebebs _ guneba-ganwyobis 

swraf an nel cvlas, midrekilebas ufro dadebiTi an uaryofiTi grZnobebisadmi. 

fsiqologebi xasiaTis amgvar gansxvavebebs e.w. temperamentis tipebs ukavSireben. 


qvemoT motanil saxumaro naxatze, romelic cnobil daniel karikaturist herluf 

bidstrups ekuTvnis, naCvenebia, Tu rogor iqceva sxvadasxva temperamentis adamiani - 

erTi da igive kulturis warmomadgenelic ki, erTsa da igive situaciaSi: erTi brazobs, 

meore sruliad gulgrili rCeba, mesame tirils iwyebs, meoTxe ki xarxars. 

magram genetikuri programis 

arseboba sruliadac ar niSnavs 

mis ganxorcielebas. esa Tu is 

genetikuri niSani rom gamovlindes, 

aucilebelia Sesabamisi 

garemo pirobebi. 

ai, arnold 

Svarcenegeri. rasakvirvelia, 

mas hqonda 

Seudarebel aTletad 

qcevis genetikuri 

monacemebi. magram cudi 

kvebis, infeqciebis, 

mavne nivTierebebis, 

momqancveli 

fizikuri Sromis da 

sxva araxelsayreli 

garemoebebis gav leniT, 

SeiZleba, igi susti da 

sneuli gazrdiliyo da 

kaliforniis Statsac 

sxva gubernatori 

hyoloda. 

8. genetika da kultura 

cnobilia, rom me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan 

moyolebuli, adamianis saSualo simaRle mniSvnelovnad 

gaizarda da zrdas ganagrZobs. mecnierebi amis 

ramdenime mizezs asaxeleben, maT Soris umTavresia 

kvebis xarisxis, sanitariul-higienuri da sacxovrebeli 

pirobebis gaumjobeseba. es kargad aCvenebs garemo 

pirobebis mniSvnelobas genetikuri SesaZleblobebis 

gamovlinebisaTvis. 

garemom, SeiZleba, didi roli iTamaSos ama Tu 

im genetikuri niSnis gavrcelebaSi. magaliTad, 

saqarTveloSi pirveli jgufis sisxli yvelaze xSirad 

samegrelos mcxovreblebSi gvxvdeba. axsna Zalian 

sainteresoa. 

27

warsulSi samegrelos teritoriis didi nawili daWaobebuli iyo da aq malaria 

mZvinvarebda. malariis gamomwvevi mikrobi, romelic koRo anofelesis kbeniT 

vrceldeba, sisxlis wiTel burTulakebs azianebs, ris Sedegadac avadmyofs aqvs 

perioduli cieb-cxeleba, Zlier sustdeba da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec. rogorc 

gamoirkva, pirveli jgufis sisxlis burTulakebi malariis mikrobis mimarT SedarebiT 

mdgradia. Sesabamisad, sisxlis pirveli jgufis mqone adamianebi ufro janmrTelebi 

iyvnen, ufro didxans cocxlobdnen da, rac mTavaria, met da jansaR STamomavlobas 

tovebdnen, romelsac sisxlis pirveli jgufis genebs gadascemdnen. ase TandaTan, 

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, samegreloSi (iseve rogorc yvelgan, sadac malariaa 

gavrcelebuli) matulobda sisxlis pirveli jgufis mqone adamianTa xvedriTi wili. 

Jasmini 

mZinare mzeTunaxavi 

davaleba 

rogorc ukve ici, sazogadoebebs silamazeze 

gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT. rogor fiqrob, 

ra kavSiria am warmodgenebsa da genetikurad 

gansazRvrul garegnul maxasiaTeblebs Soris? 

gaxsovs msoflios xalxTa zRaprebis 

mzeTunaxavebi da ufliswulebi? ratom aris zogi 

maTgani oqrosferTmiani da cisferTvaleba, zogi ki 

giSrisTvala, Ramis wyvdiadiviT Savi TmiT? 

...misi mSvenierebis aRwera eniT SeuZlebelia: 

maRalia, SavTvalwarba, tuCebi iamanis elvare 

sardions miugavs da tani _ Jasminis konas, _ 

es mzeTunaxavi Jasminia („aladinis jadosnuri 

lampari“). 

...mefisa da dedoflis nanatr qaliSvils feriebma 

mSvenieri garegnoba daanaTles. erTma Tqva: „dae, 

Seni Tma oqrosfer abreSums hgavdes“, meorem _ „dae, 

Seni Tvalebi iyos cisferi, rogorc mowmendili ca...“ 

(Sarl pero, „mZinare mzeTunaxavi“). 

Seni azriT, SeiZleba, rom mZinare mzeTunaxavisTvis 

feriebs „aladinis jadosnuri lamparis“ personaJis, 

mefis mSvenieri asulis, Jasminis garegnoba 

daenaTlaT? ratom? 

1. gaixsene magaliTebi, romlebic aCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi garemo 

adamianis genetikur memkvidreobaze. 

2. Seqmeni T sqema, romelic asaxavs Sens genetikur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebs. 


unebrivi da kulturuli garemo: Cven rom sxvagan an 

sxva dros gvecxovra 

Cven vnaxeT, rom erTi da igive genetikurad 

ganpirobebuli niSani, garemo pirobebis 

gavleniT, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. es 

faqti Tanabrad exeba yvela cocxal arsebas, 

adamianis CaTvliT. Tumca aq erTi „mcire“ 

gansxvavebaa. Tu mcenaresa da cxovelze 

mxolod bunebrivi garemo moqmedebs, adamiani, 

umTavresad, kulturuli garemos gavlenas 

ganicdis. magaliTi uamravia: adamiani ibadeba 

genetikurad ganpirobebuli metyvelebis 

momTabareebma, romlebic mudmivad gada adgildebodnen, Cvili bavSvebis usafrTxod 

da mSralad mgzavrobisaTvis Seqmnes sagangebo sawoli, romelic Semdeg sxva 

xalxebis nawilSic gavrcelda da sxvadasxva saxe miiRo. es patara sawoli _ akvani 

_ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamo iyeneboda CvenTanac. bolo dros, roca medikosebma 

upiratesoba Cvilis Tavis uflad gazrdas mianiWes da gaCnda sagangebo safeni, akvani 

sul ufro naklebad gamoiyeneba. 

unariT, magram ra enaze alaparakdeba igi, damokidebulia im enobriv garemoze, 

romelSic adamiani izrdeba. kultura gvaCvevs Wama-smis, Zilis da sxva biologiuri 

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis wesebs. 

Tqven ikiTxavT, maS ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi ase Zalian TviT erTi 

kulturis farglebSic? imitom, rom, jer erTi, adamianebs sxvadasxvagvari genetikuri 

memkvidreoba aqvT _ Tu bunebam ar giboZaT smena da xma, momRerali ver gaxdebiT; Tuki 

sxeulis kargi koordinacia „dagebedaT“, SesaZlebloba gaqvT, sportSi gamoiCinoT 

Tavi da a.S. meore da ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom TiToeuli kultura Zalze 

mravalferovania. saerTo kulturuli garemos yovel calkeul Semadgenel nawils 

Tavisi „mikrokultura“ aqvs: am ojaxSi adre adgomaa miRebuli da bavSvebsac amas 

aCveven; am skolaSi qimiis kargi laboratoriaa da moswavleebs eRviZebaT interesi 

am sagnisadmi; am sofelSi odiTganve Tixis nakeTobebs amzadeben da a.S. yovelive es 

met-naklebad moqmedebs adamianze da mas unikalur pirovnebad ayalibebs. 

da mainc, daakvirdiT, ramdeni saerTo gvaqvs Cven, qarTuli kulturis pirobebSi 

aRzrdil adamianebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, 

did umravlesobas) _ ena, tradiciebi, 

qcevis wesebi, warmodgenebi istoriasa Tu 

xelovnebaze da bevri, bevri sxva... 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamiani 

pirovnebad yalibdeba im SesaZleblobebis 

farglebSi, rasac misi kulturuli 

9 

mikrokultura _ adamianTa mcire 

jgufis (ojaxi, skola...) kultura, 

romelic ramdenadme gansxvavdeba 

sxva aseTive jgufebis 

kulturebisagan. 

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo. Cven rom sxvagan da sxva dros gvecxovra 

29

garemo sTavazobs. Svarcenegeris fizikuri monacemebis mqone adamiani sadRac me- 

15 saukuneSi rom dabadebuliyo, SesaZloa, is didi meomari gamosuliyo, magram 

verafriT gaxdeboda didi meomrebis rolebis Semsrulebeli, im martivi mizezis gamo, 

rom kinematografi mxolod me-19-20 saukuneebis mijnaze gamoigones. 

maS ase, adamiani genetikuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gavleniT yalibdeba. axla 

ki vnaxoT, rogor „asworebs“ kultura bunebis „Secdomebs“. 

kultura, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba adamianis biologiur Taviseburebebs. erTi 

wuTiT warmovidginoT, rom adamians aqvs ara xuTi TiTi, aramed eqvsi an sami. 

ramdeni rame Seicvleboda _ musikaluri instrumentebi da TviT musika, kompiuteris 

klaviatura, Jestebi _ mokled, yvelaferi, rac xuTTiTian xelebzea morgebuli. 

grZeli yurebi _ silamazisa 

da socialuri statusis niSani 

malaiziaSi 

CineTSi qalis silamazis aucilebeli 

elementi iyo patara zomis fexi. amitom gogonebs 

adreuli bavSvobidan mWidrod uxvevdnen fexebs 

da uviwroes fexsacmels acmevdnen. Sedegad, 

terfebi zomiT patara rCeboda, magram warmoudgenlad 

icvlida formas. asi welic ar aris 

gasuli, rac CineTSi es tradicia akrZales. 

Tumca xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca kulturis moTxovnebi 

ar Seesabameba, an, sulac, ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis 

biologias. martivi magaliTi: kulturaTa umravlesobaSi 

miRebulia frCxilebisa da Tmis SeWra _ kultura ereva 

bunebriv procesSi da cvlis mas. zogjer kulturisa 

da biologiis dapirispireba usastikes formebs iRebs: 

magaliTad, rogorc cnobilia, Zvel spartaSi fizikurad 

sust axalSobilebs xramSi agdebdnen, radgan spartelebi 

Tvlidnen, rom maT mxolod meomrebi WirdebodaT. 

gacilebiT ufro xSirad, adamianis anatomiasa da 

fiziologiaSi Careva misive keTildReobisaTvisaa 

gamiznuli _ medicina, romelic ama Tu im saxiT yvela 

kulturaSi arsebobs, sul ufro meti warmatebiT 

cdilobs Tandayolili Tu SeZenili daavadebebis da 

anomaliebis damarcxebas. 

adamianis garegnobis xelovnuri Secvla xSirad 

modiT da silamazis adgilobrivi standartebiT aris 

nakarnaxevi: plastikuri operaciebi bevrgan ukve 

Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. zog kulturaSi grZeli 

yurebia modaSi da maT xelovnurad igrZeleben mZime 

sagnebiT. 


da bolos, zogjer bunebiT boZebuli garegnobis Secvla religiuri rwmenawarmodgenebis 

gavleniTac xdeba. zogi religia Tavisi mimdevrebisagan moiTxovs tanze 

da saxeze ritualuri sviringebis an iarebis gakeTebas, gavixsenoT agreTve winadacveTa 

_ operacia, romelic aucileblad iTvleba iudaizmisa da islamis mimdevrebSi. 

kiTxva 

l mocemuli suraTebis mixedviT, 

ra gansxvavebebs xedavT adamianis 

biologiuri moTxovnilebis 

dakmayofilebis wessa da formaSi? 

Tqveni azriT, riT aixsneba es? 

afrikuli sadili 

evropuli sadili 

Cais sma evropulad 

Cais sma iaponurad 

qarTuli nadimi. niko firosmanaSvili (1862-1918) 

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo. Cven rom sxvagan da sxva dros gvecxovra 

31

davaleba 

1. gadaxaze rveulSi cxrili da SeavseT adamianis Sesabamisi niSan-TvisebebiT. 

genetikuri faqtorebiT gapirobebuli 

niSan-Tvisebebi 

socialur-kulturuli faqtorebiT 

gapirobebuli niSan-Tvisebebi 

2. gaixsene saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxeebi da soflebi, romelTa mcxovrebni 

tradiciulad misdeven xalxuri rewvis romelime dargs an xelobas. 

3. moiZie magaliTebi, roca: 

a) medicina „asworebs“ bunebis „Secdomebs“, 

b) adamianis garegnobaSi Careva ganpirobebulia religiiT, cxovrebis wesiT, esTetikuri 

SexedulebebiT an komerciuli mizniT. 


l dawere Txzuleba adamianis anatomiaze zemoqmedebis Tanamedrove saxeebis Sesaxeb, 

imsjele mis mizezebsa da Sedegebze. 


sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi 10 

warmoidgine, rom Tqven, ramdenime 

megobarTan erTad, ukacriel kunZulze 

aRmoCndiT, ai, aseTze. 

raze izrunebT pirvel rigSi? cxadia, 

sasmel wyalze. gagvimarTla! wyaro 

aRmovaCineT, wyurvili aRar Segvawuxebs. 

Semdegi problema _ gvSia! ai, palmebze 

qoqosebia, ramdenime miwazec agdia, 

`Cveni~ ukacrieli kunZuli 

gavtexoT... sul arafers sjobs, magram 

ufro gemrieli ram ar gvawyenda; iqneb vcadoT, Tevzi daviWiroT? gamogvivida _ 

napirTan ramdenime zanti Tevzi movixelTeT. magram ra, umad vWamoT? isev gagvimarTla 

_ erT-erT Cvengans sanTebela aRmoaCnda _ nafotebi movagroveT, Tevzi SevwviT, 

mivirTviT _ kargia!.. kidev ra? horizontze muqi Rrubeli gamoCnda, Tavsxmas 

gvpirdeba. modi, qoxi avagoT _ CavarWeT paloebi, gadavxureT totebiT, sakmaod 

myudro gamovida... uh! axla SeiZleba suli moviTqvaT da, maSvelebis molodinSi, 

cota davisvenoT _ Cven droebiT davikmayofileT ZiriTadi, sabaziso moTxovnilebebi, 

anu movipoveT is, rac aucilebelia sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis _ wyali, sakvebi, 

TavSesafari. 

cecxlis mopoveba xaxuniT 

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi 

rasakvirvelia, Cvens SemTxvevaSi 

yvelaferi kargad damTavrda _ meore 

dResve kunZuls qaTqaTa xomaldi moadga 

da rbili loginebis, cxeli yavisa da 

internetis samyaroSi dagvabruna... 

Cvenma Tavgadasavalma dagvafiqra, 

ram xela gza gaiara kacobriobam nayofis 

Segrovebidan internetamde da ra 

siZneleebis gadalaxva uwevdaT adamianebs 

mTel msoflioSi, rom, ubralod, Sim- 

SiliT ar daxociliyvnen. modi, Tvali 

gadavavloT im revoluciur aRmo Cenebs, 

romelTac mkveTrad Secvales kacob - 

riobis arseboba da romelTac uSualo 

kavSiri aqvT adamianis sabaziso moTxovnilebebTan 

_ kvebasa da sacxovrisTan. 

cecxlis mopoveba kaJiT 

33

uZvelesi adamianebi Tavs daaxloebiT ise irCendnen, rogorc Cven ukacriel 

kunZulze: SemgroveblobiT, anu daxetialobdnen tye-velad da moixmardnen 

yvelafers, razec xeli miuwvdebodaT _ kenkras, bolqvebs, mwerebs, patara cxovelebs, 

risTvisac uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis, xis an Zvlis iaraRebs xmarobdnen; avdrisagan 

dasacavad agebdnen saxeldaxelo qoxebs an iyenebdnen bunebriv TavSesafrebs _ 

mRvimeebs. daaxloebiT 1,5-2 milioni wlis win udidesi movlena moxda _ adamianma 

iswavla cecxlis gamoyeneba: jer bunebrivad, mexis dacemis Sedegad gaCenili 

cecxlis Senaxva, mogvianebiT ki misi mopoveba xaxuniT an kaJis meSveobiT. Sedegebi 

uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo: sakvebis xarisxis mkveTri gaumjobeseba, saimedo dacva 

nadirisagan, axali, ufro grilhaviani teritoriebis aTviseba. 

amis Semdeg, milion welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, RirsSesaniSnavi TiTqmis 

araferi momxdara, magram mere saqme sul ufro swrafad wavida win. 

Subi 

mSvild-isari 

sameTuneo rgoli Tixis WurWeli 

400-500 aTasi wlis win gaCnda Subi, ramac ufro 

efeqturi gaxada nadiroba _ sakvebis mopovebis erTerTi 

umTavresi saSualeba. mSvild-isris gamogonebis 

Sedegad nadiroba ufro usafrTxo gaxda: cxovelis 

monadireba SesaZlebeli iyo Sori manZilidanac. isriT 

daWrili, magram cocxlad gadarCenili cxoveli sakvebis 

erTgvar „marags“ qmnida, meore mxriv ki xels uwyobda 

cxovelTa moSinaurebas. magram yovelive amas kidev 350- 

400 aTasi weli daWirda. 

25-30 aTasi wlis win daiwyo Tixis damuSaveba: gaCnda 

mravalgvari WurWeli, SesaZlebeli gaxda produqtebis 

xangrZlivi Senaxva da Sor manZilze gadatana. mogvianebiT 

Tixisagan damzadda axali saimedo saSeni masala _ aguri 

da kramiti. 


Zv. w. me-10 aTaswleulidan safuZveli Caeyara miwaTmoqmedebas, rasac mohyva mudmivi 

dasaxlebebis warmoSoba da gavrceleba. amave periodSi adamianma ZaRli moiSinaura da 

erTguli megobari, monadire da daraji SeiZina. 

Zv. w. me-9 aTaswleuliT TariRdeba dedamiwaze napovni liTonis uZvelesi nivTi 

_ spilenZis samkauli, romelsac arqeologebma Tanamedrove erayis teritoriaze 

miakvlies. qvis xana dasasruls miuaxlovda. adamianma pirvelad SeZlo iseTi 

nivTierebis miReba, romelic bunebaSi sufTa saxiT praqtikulad ar moipoveba _ 

es iyo jer brinjao, mogvianebiT ki rkina. 

Zv. w. me-8 aTaswleuli: mecxoveleobis 

dasawyisi _ adamianma moiSinaura 

wvrilfexa saqoneli _ cxvari 

da Txa, rZis produqtebis, xorcisa da 

matylis saimedo wyaro. 

Zv. w. me-6-7 aTaswleuli _ adamianma 

gamoigona guTani, mosavlianoba mkveTrad 

gaizarda. gaCnda pirveli sarwyavi 

arxebi. 

Zv. w. me-5 aTaswleuli _ SuamdinareTSi 

gamoigones borbali da 

uremi. gamocxva pirveli puri. daiwyo 

cxenisa da Roris moSinaureba. 

Zv. w. me-4 aTaswleuli _ daiwyo 

msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlisa da 

qaTmis moSinaureba. indoCineTSi 

mohyavdaT brinji da Saqris lerwami. 

ukve Zv. w.-mde me-4 aTaswleulis miwurulisTvis, anu 5000 wlis win, gakeTda TiTqmis 

yvela is ZiriTadi aRmoCena (sakvebi produqtebi, saSeni masalebi, teqnologiebi), 

romelTa meSveobiT kacobriobam me-15 saukunemde moaxerxa sicocxlis uzrunvelyofa 

da planetaze gabatonebuli mdgomareobis mopoveba. rasakvirvelia, siaxleebis farTod 

gavrcelebas (vaWrobis, migraciebis, omebis procesSi) an damoukideblad aRmoCenas 

(magaliTad, mSvild-isari an borbali msoflios mraval regionSi damoukideblad 

gamoigones) saukuneebi da aTas wleulebi daWirda. gavrcelebisas siaxleebi, havisa 

da adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, saxes icvlida: zogan, 

ZiriTadad, mecxoveleobas misdevdnen, zogan _ miwaTmoqmedebas, zogan saxlebs xisgan 


borblis gamosaxuleba mzis taZarze indoeTSi 

qarTuli uremi 

35

agebdnen, zogan _ qvisa Tu Tixisagan. 

axal-axali aRmoCenebi Tu gamogonebebi 

(magaliTad, wylis an qaris wisqvili) 

xvewda teqnologiebs, umjobesdeboda 

kulturuli mcenareebisa da Sinauri 

cxovelebis jiSebi. 

me-15 saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba 

e.w. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqa, 

romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, „gaamTliana“ 

da erT sivrced aqcia Cveni planeta. 

CvenTvis saintereso TvalsazrisiT, am 

orTqlmavali 

xanaSi amerikis kontinentidan farTod 

gavrcelda simindi, lobio, kartofili, kakao da sxva mcenareuli kulturebi. 

me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi ki samrewvelo revolucia moxda. gaCnda energiis 

axali umZlavresi wyaroebi _ jer orTqli, Semdeg navTobproduqtebi, mogvianebiT _ 

eleqtroba. TandaTan soflis meurneoba samrewvelo safuZvelze gadavida _ aSenda 

uzarmazari fermebi da plantaciebi, romlebsac manqanebi emsaxureboda, ganviTarda 

axali teqnologiebi _ produqtebis dakonserveba, gayinva; qimiuri mrewveloba axalaxal 

sinTezur produqcias qmnida. ai, ase movediT Tanamedrove supermarketamde, 

sadac, praqtikulad, nebismieri sakvebis, sasmelis Tu sicocxlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis 

saWiro nivTebis SeZena SegviZlia. 

kiTxva 

l ukacriel kunZulze xomaldi erTi Tvis an erTi wlis manZilze rom ar gamoCeniliyo, 

rogor warimarTeboda Seni cxovreba? kidev ra saWiroebebis winaSe dadgebodi? 

davaleba 

l eqstremalur pirobebSi aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondes, Seni 

moTxovnilebebidan da saWiroebebidan romlebs ver daTmobdi? romel moTxovnilebebze 

ityodi uars? moaxdine Sens mier SerCeuli mTavari moTxovnilebebis ranJireba. 


1. moiZie informacia ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis formaTa Sesaxeb 

sxvadasxva kulturaSi. 

2. moiZie informacia me-19 da me-20 saukunis im aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 

dakavSirebulia adamianis sabaziso moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan. 

3. Caatare kvleva: Seadgine (an moipove) supermarketSi arsebuli produqciis sia da 


daaxarisxe Semdegi cxrilis mixedviT: 

produqcia, romelsac 

adamiani qvis xanaSic 

daamzadebda (Zv. w. V-IV 

aTaswleulamde) 


produqcia, romelic XV 

saukunis Semdeg iqneboda 

xelmisawvdomi 

produqcia, romlis 

damzadebasac adamiani XVIII 

saukunis Semdeg moaxerxebda 

37

11 

sazogadoebad ganixileba adamianTa is erToba, romlis wevrebsac yoveldRiuri 

urTierToba aqvT da erTmaneTis cxovrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen. yoveli 

adamiani sazogadoebis nawilia. imisaTvis, rom icxovro srulfasovnad, gyavdes ojaxi, 

megobrebi, miaRwio warmatebas, igrZno Tavi daculad, aucilebelia iyo sazogadoebis 

wevri. sazogadoebis wevroba niSnavs _ gqondes am erTobis sxva wevrebTan saziaro 

interesebi, faseulobebi, warmodgenebi. erTi da igive sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi 

adamianebi ayalibeben cxovrebisa da urTierTobis saerTo, yvelasaTvis misaReb wess, 

romelsac kultura gansazRvravs. 

sazogadoeba Sedgeba sxvadasxva asakis, profesiis, interesebis, socialuri rolisa 

da statusis mqone individebisagan. yoveli maTgani mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisTvis, 

radgan yvelas Seaqvs sakuTari wvlili mis arsebobasa da ganviTarebaSi. yovel 

diliT, rodesac viRviZebT, viwyebT urTierTobas ojaxis wevrebTan, Semdeg _ 

TanaklaselebTan, TanamSromlebTan, sruliad ucnob adamianebTan, romlebic 

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvraven Cvens yofas, imas, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT miznebis 

miRwevas. magaliTad, bevr Cvengans gadaadgilebisa da yoveldRiuri saqmianobisaTvis 

esaWiroeba transporti. Tu avtobusiT vmgzavrobT, mas aucileblad eyoleba mZRoli, 

romelic Tavisi yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT gviadvilebs cxovrebas. Tavis mxriv, 

SesaZloa, Cven gvqondes msgavsi gavlena sxva, CvenTvis sruliad ucnobi (an Tundac 

nacnobi) adamianebis cxovrebaze. warmoidgineT, es yvelaferi rom ar arsebobdes, 

rogori umweo da daucveli iqneboda TiToeuli Cvengani, albaT, Tavis gadarCenac 

gagviWirdeboda. gavixsenoT robinzon kruzo, daniel defos amave saxelwodebis 

cnobili romanis gmiri. man sakuTari miznis ganxorcieleba, anu ukacrieli kunZulidan 

Tavis daRweva mxolod sxvaTa xelSewyobiT SeZlo. 

robinzon kruzo da paraskeva 

sazogadoeba 

pirovneba, romlis usafrTxo da 

stabi luri cxovrebis erT-erTi Ziri- 

Tadi garantia sazogadoebis wevrobaa, 

Tavis mxriv, amave sazogadoebis mimarT 

garkveul valdebulebebs atarebs. Tu 

individi, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri, 

mova leobebs warmatebiT asrulebs, 

izrdeba misi piradi warmatebis perspeq 

tivac. igi, savaraudod, moipovebs 

maRal socialur statuss, eqneba 

kargi samsaxuri da a.S. meore mxriv, 

gaziarebuli wesebis uxeS darRvevas, 

SesaZ lebelia, sazogadoebis mxridan 

mkacri reaqcia da sanqciebi moyves. 

individs, SesaZloa, daekisros rogorc 


moraluri, aseve samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. pirveli, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, 

samarTleb riv pasuxismgeblobaze aranakleb mZimea. 

warsulSi sazogadoeba mkacrad gansazRvravda individis cxovrebis wess da 

socialur mdgomareobas. xSirad adamiani dabadebidanve garkveuli statusis 

matarebeli iyo da ar SeeZlo misi Secvla. magaliTad, batonymobis periodSi glexi 

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze batons emsaxureboda da am mxriv arafris Secvla SeeZlo. 

indoeTSi dRemde arsebobs kastebi, adamianebi ama Tu im kastis wevrad ibadebian da, 

iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, sicocxlis bolomde inarCuneben am statuss. 

adamianisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, saintereso 

magaliTebi moipoveba qarTul literaturasa da folklorSi. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi 

sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis darRveva, barTan SedarebiT, ufro mkacrad isjeboda. 

amis dasturia e.w. „mokveTis“ wesis arseboba. vinc ar iziarebda sazogadoebaSi dadgenil 

wesebs da upirispirdeboda maT, sazogadoebisgan moikveTeboda da iZulebiT tovebda 

sacxovrebel adgils. gaixseneT vaJa-fSavelas cnobili poema „aluda qeTelauri“. 

aluda, romelic sazogadoebis (Temis) erT-erTi lideria, uZveles xevsurul tradicias 

arRvevs da mosisxles marjvenas ar aWris. aseTi darRveva TviT aludasTvisac 

upatiebelia, igi iZulebuli xdeba, Temi datovos da masTan yovelgvari kavSiri 

gawyvitos. vaJas kidev erTi nawarmoebis, „mokveTilis“ erT-erTi mTavari personaJi 

baxa, romelic, aluda qeTelauris msgavsad, sazogadoebis pativiscemiT sargeblobs, 

kavSirs amyarebs xevsurebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil qistebTan. am saqcielis gamo, igi 

iZulebuli xdeba xevsureTidan gadaixvewos 

cnobil inglisel filosofos Tomas hobss (1588-1679) 

Tu davesesxebiT, adamianis cxovreba sazogadoebis gareSe 

xanmokle, usargeblo da, SesaZloa, saSiSic iyos. im faqts, rom 

Cven socialuri arsebebi varT, sxva adamianebTan urTierToba, 

anu sazogadoebaSi cxovreba ganapirobebs. sazogadoeba, erTi 

mxriv, gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT cxovrebas „gvaiZulebs“, 

xolo meore mxriv, warmatebebis miRwevisa da sakuTari Tavis 

realizaciis SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. 

kiTxva 

l Tu gagCenia odesme azri, rom sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebulad gecxovra? 

warmoidgine, rom marto cxovreba gadawyvite. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogor moawyobdi 

Sens yofas? 

11. sazogadoeba 

Tomas hobsi 

39

jgufuri muSaoba 

1. ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi niSnebi aqvs cxovrebas sazogadoebasTan erTad da mis 

gareSe? imsjele da Seavse T-sqema. 

cxovreba sazogadoebaSi cxovreba sazogadoebis gareSe 

2. imsjele andazis Sesaxeb: `Tavisufali rom iyo, kanonebs unda daemorCilo~. 


socializacia 12 

dabadebisas axalSobili ar gane kuTvneba 

romelime kulturas. rogorc ici, kultura 

genetikurad ar gadaecema. mxolod mSoblebis, 

maswavleblebis da sxvaTa xelSewyobiT yalibdeba 

bavSvi kulturisa da sazogadoebis wevrad, 

kulturul da socialur arsebad. am process 

socializacias vuwodebT. socializaciis 

procesSi Cven vswavlobT im kulturis enas, 

romelSic davibadeT, viTvisebT im sazogadoebriv 

rolebs, romelic cxovrebaSi unda „viTamaSoT.“ 

magaliTad, gogona swavlobs, Tu rogori 

diasaxlisi, da, megobari an, momavalSi, deda 

unda iyos. garda amisa, socializaciis procesSi 

axalgazrdebi swavla-ganaTlebis meSveobiT 

euflebian sakuTar profesiul rolebsac. 

ise, rogorc ufrosebi 

12. socializacia 

socializacia _ individis 

mier kulturuli 

normebis da faseulobebis 

SeTvisebis procesi. 

arc erTi biolo giuri saxe obis naSieri 

aris ufrosze ise xangrZlivad damoki debuli, 

rogorc adamianis. bavSvobisa da axalgazrdobis 

periodi SesaZleblobas iZleva, momaval 

Taobas gadaeces is codna da gamocdileba, 

romelic dagrovilia TaobaTa mier, unikaluria 

yvela sazogadoebisaTvis da maT erTmaneTi sagan 

ganasxvavebs. 

socializaciis procesSi yalibdeba pirovnebis 

Sexedulebebi, msofl mxedveloba, gemovneba, 

garemoebisa da mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan 

erTad, adamiani iTvisebs axal-axal socialur 

rolebs. 

41

socializaciis procesi dabadebidan 

iwyeba. adreuli bavSvobis wlebi yvelaze 

intensiuri socializaciis periodia, 

rodesac veuflebiT enas da vswavlobT 

Cvens kulturaSi arsebul ZiriTad 

warmodgenebsa da Sexedulebebs. 

sxvadasxva kulturaSi bavSvTa 

socializaciis gansxvavebuli meTodebi 

da saSualebebi gamoiyeneba. gamoyofen 

socializaciis or zogad tips _ formalur 

formaluri socializaciis procesi 

da araformalur socializacias. 

formaluri socializacia, ZiriTadad, 

saaRmzrdelo da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi 

- saklaso oTaxebSi, maswavleblebis da aRmzrdelebis garemocvaSi mimdinareobs, mas 

warmarTaven da akontroleben ufrosebi. araformaluri socializaciis dros bavSvi, 

umTavresad, mibaZviT, ufrosebis qcevis imitaciiT iTvisebs kulturis normebs da 

qcevis wesebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi dayofa pirobiTia da socializaciis es 

ori zogadi tipi sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebuli saxiT gvxvdeba. 

yovel sazogadoebaSi arsebobs 

e.w. socialuri institutebi. 

esaa organizebuli jgufebi, 

romlebic garkveul funqcias 

asruleben. socialur institutebs 

ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, uxucesTa 

sabWo, policia, an, sulac, Tamadis 

instituti saqarTveloSi. 

institutebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen 

adamianis sociali zaciis, 

sazogadoebaSi misi integraciis 

process, socializaciis agentebs 

uwodeben. esenia ojaxi, sabavSvo 

baRi, skola, sxva saganmanaTleblo 

dawesebulebebi, sanaTesao wre, araformaluri socializaciis procesi 

megobrebi, samezoblo/ezo, quCa, 

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da sxva. 


davaleba 

1. daxate wre da dayavi nawilebad. TiToeuli nawili gamoxatavs im jgufs, romelsac 

Tavs miakuTvneb da Sens rols am jgufSi. romeli jgufic ufro mniSvnelovania 

SenTvis, mas wris ufro didi nawili dauTme: 

megobrebi 

skola 

ojaxi 

sanaTesao wre 

samezoblo 

sabavSvo baRi 

ezo, quCa, ubani 

televizia 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tu saWirod CaTvli, Seavse CamonaTvali. 

arCevani daasabuTe. 

Seadare Sen mier Sesrulebuli davaleba Tanaklaselebis mier Sesrulebul 

davalebebs; imsjele msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb. 

2. dawere ese: „ojaxi _ umniSvnelovanesi socialuri agenti?“ 

12. socializacia 

43

13 

identoba 

identoba (laT. idem _ igive, msgavsi, 

identitas _ igiveoba) _ ama Tu 

im socialuri jgufisadmi 

mikuTvnebulobis gancda. 

Cven aTasobiT patara istoriisagan 

SevdgebiT 

moswavle. 

socialuri statusi _ pirovnebis 

mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi. 

identoba dakavSirebulia adamianis 

cxovrebaSi arsebul mTavar kiTxvebTan - 

„vin var me?” da „vin varT Cven?” 

adamiani sakuTar identobas 

ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi 

mikuTvnebulobiT sazRvravs. cxovrebis 

manZilze am jgufebis raodenoba izrdeba. 

adamians erTdroulad ramdenime identoba 

aqvs, magaliTad, igi dakavSirebulia ojaxTan, 

rogorc Svili, meuRle, Zma an da, mama an deda; 

amave dros is, Tavis ojaxTan erTad, romelime 

socialur, eTnikur da religiur jgufTan 

aigivebs Tavs, romelime qveynisa da regionis 

mcxovrebia, romelime profesiul sazogadoebas 

da asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba. es CamonaTvali 

kidev SeiZleba gagrZeldes, an misi Semadgeneli 

elementebi Seicvalos. magaliTad, qalaq romis 

mcxovrebi sakuTar identobas gansazRvravs 

rogorc romaeli, italieli, kaTolike, 

qristiani, evropeli, dasavleli. 

identoba gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas. 

ramdenadac erTi da igive pirovneba erTdroulad 

ramdenime identobis matarebelia, misi qceva 

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva viTarebaSi. magaliTad, 

igi sxvadasxvagvarad iqceva rogorc deda da 

rogorc TanamSromeli, rogorc Zma da rogorc 

rogorc ici, socializacia mTeli 

cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba. 

Sesabamisad, adamianis identoba mudmivad 

ivseba axali „patara istoriebiT“. 

kulturuli identoba individis 

cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi 

ganmsazRvrelia. adamianebi Tavs miakuTvneben ama Tu im jgufs, romlis wevrebTan 

erTad cxovroben konkretul teritoriaze, metyveleben ama Tu im enaze, aqvT saerTo 

religia, saerTo warsuli. kulturuli identoba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs 

gansazRvron, vin varT Cven da vin arian sxvebi. 


adamiani SeiZleba 

ganisazRvros rogorc 

arseba, romelsac SeuZlia 

Tqvas „me“, SeuZlia 

gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi 

rogorc damoukidebeli 

subieqti. 

13. identoba 

erix fromi, amerikeli 

fsiqologi 

identoba aris adamianTa 

warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, 

Tu vin arian isini, ras 

warmoadgenen da ra 

damokidebuleba aqvT 

sxvebTan. 

maikl hogi da dominik 

abramsi, 

amerikeli fsiqologebi 

identoba gvaZlevs 

adgils samyaroSi da 

warmoadgens kavSirs Cvensa 

da im sazogadoebas Soris, 

romelSic vcxovrobT. 

qeTrin vudvordi, 

amerikeli mecnieri da 

mwerali 

kulturuli identoba, konkretuli faseulobebisa da normebis gaziareba 

gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor Seasrulebs individi sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul „rols“. 

magaliTad, kulturebSi gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobs qalisa da mamakacis, 

axalgazrdisa da zrdasrulis, qvrivisa da dauqorwineblis qcevis, Cacmis, metyvelebis, 

interesebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb. 

adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis identificirebas misi sqesisaTvis kulturiT 

gansazRvrul socialur rolTan genderuli identoba ewodeba. 

stili _ Cacmuloba, varcxniloba, makiaJi, samkaulebi da aqsesuarebi, romelTa 

meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia mivxvdeT, rogoria adamianis identoba _ misi socialuri 

statusi, religiuri Sexedulebebi, eTnikuri kuTvnileba da sxva. 

45

saxaliso istoria: vin var me?! 

mark tveni 

tragikuli naTesaoba 

erTma filadelfielma moqalaqem Tavi moikla da Semdegi Sinaarsis werili 

datova: 

me SevirTe qvrivi qali, romelsac mozrdili qaliSvili hyavda. mamaCemma 

Seiyvara igi da colad SeirTo. ase rom, mamaCemi Cemi siZe gaxda, xolo geri _ 

dedaCemi, radgan is mamaCemis meuRle iyo. 

Cems cols SeeZina vaJi, romelic mamaCems colisZmad ekuTvnoda, me ki biZad, 

rogorc Cemi dedis Zma. 

mamaCemis colsac SeeZina vaJi. igi, ra Tqma unda, Cemi Zmac iyo da SviliSvilic, 

rogorc Cemi qaliSvilis vaJi. 

maSasadame, Cemi coli gaxda Cemi bebia, rogorc dedaCemis, anu Cemi geris deda, 

me ki, erTsa da imave dros, Cemi colisaTvis qmaric var da SviliSvilic. da 

radgan romelime adamianis bebiis qmari, amave dros, am adamianis babuac aris, 

gamodis, rom me sakuTari Tavis babuac vyofilvar. 

davaleba 

davaleba 

1. moZebne 5 axalgazrduli jgufis suraTi, magaliTad, pankebis, reperebis, hipebis, 

sqinhedebis da a.S. TiToeuli suraTi aRwere da axseni, rogor aRiqvamen isini 

sakuTar Tavs da rogor gamoxataven sakuTar mikuTvnebulobas konkretuli 

jgufisadmi. 

2. mocemul sqemis mixedviT aRwere, vin xar Sen? 

3. rogor auxsnidi ucxoels, vin aris qarTveli? pasuxi gamosaxe sqemiT, logikuri 

jaWvis saxiT: 

? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? 

46 msoflio kultura 

me

civilizacia 14 

gaixsene identobasTan dakavSirebuli 

gakveTilis bolos mocemuli davaleba, 

sadac logikuri jaWvis saxiT unda 

warmogedgina qarTvelTa identoba. 

identobis romeli done iyo yvelaze 

farTo, romeli maTgani gaerTianebda 

yvelaze met adamianTan, vis msgavsadac Tavs miiCnev? Tu imave gakveTilSi motanil 

romis moqalaqis magaliTze Seecdebi am davalebis Sesrulebas da identobis doneebs 

wreebis saxiT warmoidgen, aseT sqemas miiReb: 

am SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze farTo done dasavluri identobaa. mecnierTa nawili 

kulturuli identobis yvelaze farTo da mravali msgavsi niSnis momcvel dones 

civilizacias uwodebs. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, civilizacia aris saerTo 

14. civilizacia 

civilizacia (laT. civis, civilitas, civitas) _ 

moqalaqe, samoqalaqo, samoqalaqo 

sazogadoeba. 

47

niSnebis mqone kulturaTa pirobiTi erToba. kacobrioba aseTi erTobebisagan 

_ civilizaciebisagan _ Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari, sxvebisgan 

gansxvavebuli niSnebi aqvs, magaliTad, droisa da sivrcis aRqma, bunebisa Tu 

Sromisadmi damokidebuleba, amqveyniurisa da imqveyniuri samyaros Sesaxeb arsebuli 

warmodgena, religia, warsulisadmi damokidebuleba da sxva maxasiaTeblebi. 

erT mSvenier dRes rom kacobriobam gonier ucxoplanetelebTan kontaqti 

daamyaros, Zalze savaraudoa, rom gaCndes identobis kidev ufro farTo done _ 

„dedamiwelebi“. 

samuel hanTingtoni 

luis henri morgani 

civilizacia yvelaze vrceli erTobaa, romelsac 

adamiani Tavs miakuTvnebs an, sxvagvarad rom 

vTqvaT, romelTanac igi TviTidentifikacias axdens. 

civilizacia _ es aris yvelaze didi „Cven“, romlis 

farglebSi adamiani Tavs „Sin“ grZnobs. amave dros, 

igi gvyofs Cven maTgan, vinc am civilizaciis miRmaa. 

samuel hanTingtoni, amerikeli politologi 

me-20 saukunis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris 

daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 

s. hanTingtonma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom 

dRes msoflioSi arsebobs 8 civilizacia: 

dasavluri, marTlmadideblur-slavuri, 

muslimuri, konfuciuri, iaponuri, induisturi, 

laTinuri amerikisa da afrikuli, 

romlebic erTmaneTis msgavsi niSnebis 

mqone kulturebs moicaven 1 . uaxloes 

momavalSi msoflios saxes am civilizaciaTa urTierToba 

gansazRvravs. Tanamedrove samyaros konfliqtebi 

civilizaciaTa gansxvavebulobis da dapirispirebis 

Sedegia, ris gamoc maTma urTierTobam, SesaZloa, 

„civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis“ saxe miiRos. s. hanTingtonis 

versias didi gamoxmaureba da mwvave kamaTi mohyva. 

albaT, ufro xSirad civilizaciis sxvagvari gageba 

Segxvedria, romlis Tanaxmad, civilizacia ama Tu im 

sazogadoebis an, mTlianad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis 

safexuria. cnobili amerikeli anTropologi luis 

henri morgani (1818-1881) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda 

civilizebul da primitiul sazogadoebebs, romelTac 

1 hanTingtonis mier SemoTavazebuli am saxelwodebiT, marTlmadidebluri 

civilizaciis farglebs miRma rCebian, magaliTad, berZnebi, qarTvelebi, ruminelebi 

da zogi sxva marTlmadideblebi 


civilizaciis safexurisaTvis jer 

ar mieRwiaT. civilizaciis niSnebad 

miCneuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebis 

ganviTareba, simdidris dagroveba, miwis 

kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena, qalaqebis zrda, 

saxelmwifosa da damwerlobis warmoSoba, 

vaWrobis ganviTareba, mecnieruli codnis 

(ariT metika, geometria, astronomia) 

Casaxva, xelovnebis Seqmna da a.S. dRes, 

xSirad, civilizacia teqnikur da 

teqnologiur progresTan igivdeba. 

kiTxvebi 

1. CamoTvale civilizaciebi (istoriuli da Tanamedrove). 

davaleba 

buSmenebi 

2. romelia is niSnebi, romlebiTac kulturebi ama Tu im civilizacias miekuTvnebian? 

3. gaixsene civi omis Semdgom periodSi momxdari an mimdinare konfliqtebi da imsjele 

maT kulturul-civilizaciur safuZvlebze. moifiqre am konfliqtebis mogvarebis 

gzebi. 

4. civilizaciis romel gagebas asaxavs yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi gavrcelebuli 

gamoTqmebi: „civilizebuli samyaro“, „civilizebuli adamiani“, „civilizebuli 

qceva“ da sxva. 

l gakveTilSi mocemulia suraTi, romelic asaxavs „primitiuli“ sazogadoebebis 

cxovrebas. warmoidgine, rom xar me-19 saukunis evropeli politikosi, misioneri 

an mkvlevari. ris Secvlas ganizraxavdi am sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi, ratom da 

rogor? 

14. civilizacia 

49

15 

marginaloba 

marginali (laT. margo _are, kide, 

zRvari) _ Tavdapirvelad 

aRniSnavda wignis gverdis kides 

(arSias), Tavisufal adgils 

ZiriTadi teqstis gverdiT, 

romelic gamoiyeneboda minawerebis 

gasakeTeblad. dRes am sityviT 

aRiniSneba individebi da jgufebi, 

romlebic sazogadoebis `miRma~ 

aRmoCndnen. 

im adamianebs, romlebic sazogadoebisagan 

gariyulebi aRmoCndnen, akaki 

wereTeli Ramuras adarebs. 

dRes aseT adamianebs marginalebs 

uwodeben. es termini im individebs 

aRniSnavs, romlebic, ama Tu im mizezis 

gamo, ver an ar arian srulfasovnad 

CarTuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi; 

magaliTad, migrantebi _ erTi qveynidan 

meoreSi gadasuli pirebi, romlebic 

TavianT Cveul garemos mowydnen da 

axali garemo ver gaiTavises, agreTve 

usaxlkaroebi da a.S. 

usaxlkaro 

gaxsovs akaki wereTlis cnobili leqsi 

„Ramura“? Tagvs Tagvad yofna mobezrda 

da Citad qceva inatra. Tagunas survili 

Seusrulda da frTebi gamoesxa, magram, 

uCveulo garegnobis gamo, sxva Citebma 

aiTvalwunes da iZulebuli gaxda, isev 

TagvebTan dabrunebuliyo. frinvelad 

qceuli Tagvi aRarc Zvelma TanamoZmeebma 

miiRes. sabralo Tagunas sxva gza aRar 

hqonda, yvelas gaerida da bnel nangrevebSi 

daido bina. mas Semdeg igi samalavidan 

mxolod Ram-RamobiT gamodis. 

Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri wigni minawerebiT 

marginalobisadmi interesi ganapiroba dasavleTSi, 

gansakuTrebiT, amerikis Seer Tebul StatebSi migraciis 

aqtiurma procesma. sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmo mavlobis 

jgufebi, materialuri keTil dReobis Tu uzrunveli 

cxovrebis ZiebaSi, masobrivad tovebdnen sakuTar 

sacxovrebel adgils da ucxo qveyanaSi saxldebodnen. 

axal garemoSi damkvidrebis procesi yovelTvis rTulia, 

miT ufro maSin, roca mas Tan axlavs socialuri 

problemebi: umuSevroba, socialuri statusis da 

garantiebis arqona. viTarebas arTulebs isic, rom 

axal adgilas migrantebs aravin elis da maTi gamoCena 

damatebiT problemad aRiqmeba. swored aseTi viTareba 

iwvevs jgufis marginalizacias. es jgufebi marginalur 

mdgomareobaSi arian rogorc „maspinZel“, ise maTTvis 

mSobliur kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. 


individebisa da jgufebis 

marginalizacia SeiZleba gamoiwvios 

ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri 

sistemis mkveTrma cvlilebam. magaliTad, 

batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg marginalur 

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen soflis 

mcxovrebni, romlebmac ver SeZles 

axal realobasTan Segueba, dakarges 

Zveli statusi da, garkveuli drois 

ganmavlobaSi, ver SeiZines axali. 

davaleba 

15. marginaloba 

emigrantebi 

1. gaixsene ilia WavWavaZis, daviT kldiaSvilisa da sxva qarTveli mwerlebis 

personaJebi. imsjele, romeli maTgani SeiZleba CaiTvalos marginalad? 

2. imsjele, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalon marginalebad borotmoqmedebi da kriminaluri 

jgufebi? 

51

16 

kontrkultura 

kontrkultura upirispirdeba gabato 

nebul kulturas da ayalibebs 

umravlesobis kulturis sawinaaRmdego 

faseulobebsa da normebs. 

bevri Tqvengani atarebs jinsebs, 

aqsesuarebs mSvidobis simbolos 

gamosaxulebiT, biWebi _ grZel Tmas... 

gifiqriaT imaze, es, ubralod, modaa Tu 

raime ideis gamoxatuleba? 

biTlzi jenis joplini 

pink floidi jimi hendriqsi 

Tqven, albaT, usmenT biTlzs, jenis joplins, jimi hendrikss, pink floids, an 

1960-iani wlebis sxva momRerlebsa da jgufebs. mogwonT maTi musika? iciT raime im 

ideebis da msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb, ramac aseTi musikis Seqmna ganapiroba? 

1960-ian wlebSi dasavleT evropis qveynebi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 

manamde arnaxulma axalgazrdulma protestma moicva, romlis mizani kulturaSi 

revoluciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcileba iyo. amerikelma sociologma Teodor 

rozakma am moZraobas kontrkultura ewoda. 


kontrkultura upirispirdeboda imdroindeli dasavluri 

sazogadoebisaTvis Cveul, momxmareblur cxovrebis wessa da 

msoflmxedvelobas. kontrkultura moicavda studentebisa da 

hipebis moZraobas. 

kontrkulturuli ideebis mqone axalgazrdebis 

umravlesoba „nebiera bavSvebi“ iyvnen. kargma ekonomikurma 

da socialurma pirobebma SesaZlebloba misca maT, naklebad 

Sexebodnen cxovrebiseul realobas. yoveldRiuri 

problemebisagan Tavisufalni, did dros uTmobdnen swavlas, 

maTi uzrunvelyofili momavali winaswar gansazRvruli iyo. 

SeiZleba, swored amitom, isini idealistebad Camoyalibdnen. 

axalgazrdebs ar surdaT, gamoTxovebodnen bavSvobis idealebsa 

da uzrunvel cxovrebas, mieRoT realuri samyaro, sadac maT 

realuri valdebulebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi daekisrebodaT, 

amitom maT gadawyvites, arsebuli sinamdvile TavianTi 

idealuri samyaroTi CaenacvlebinaT. 

16. kontrkultura 

1958 wels jerld 

holtomis mier 

Seqmnili mSvidobis 

simbolo, romelic 

pirvelad britaneTSi 

birTvuli ganiaraRebis 

kampaniisas gamoiyenes, 

kontrkulturis 

mTavar simbolod iqca 

1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amerikuli da, mTlianad, dasavluri sazogadoebis 

ZiriTadi faseulobebi iyo piradi warmateba, Seupovari Sroma, drois racionaluri 

gamoyeneba, efeqtianoba da sargeblianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildReoba. am 

pragmatul faseulobebs da konkurenciaze damyarebul sazogadoebas studentebma 

daupirispires antimomxmarebloba, altruizmi, rogorc adamianTa urTierTobis 

safuZveli, socialuri da moraluri Tanasworoba, orientacia inteleqtualur da 

sulier faseulobebze. maga liTad, Tu umaRlesi ganaTleba warmatebuli kari erisa 

da keTildReobis winapirobad miiCneoda, meamboxe studentebis umrav lesoba swavlis 

60-iani wlebis 

meamboxe 

axalgazrdoba 

53

`mSvidoba, siyvaruli, musika, Tavisufleba, zeimi~ 

„Cven ... gvzaravs samyaro, 

romelic memkvidreobiT miviReT, 

bavSvobaSi Cven dadebiTad 

miviCnevdiT amerikis faseulobebs: 

Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba 

yvelasaTvis.“ 

port-huronis deklaracia 

”axalgazrdebi demokratiuli 

sazogadoebisaTvis”, 1962 weli. 

miznad samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobas Tvlida. es axalgazrdebi daupirispir 

dnen ara socialur an raime sxva konkretul problemas, ara med mTlianad dasavlur 

civilizacias. kontr kulturis warmomad genel TaTvis damaxasi aTebeli iyo 

Cacmis, qcevisa da, zogadad, garegnobis gans xva vebuli stili, rac sazogadoebisadmi 

protests gamoxatavda. im periodis musika da poeziac gamsWvaluli iyo kontrkulturuli 

ideebiT. 

„me ukve aRar SemiZlia gaviziaro amerikis _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRevandeli 

amerikis _ morali. xval, SeiZleba, daibados axali amerika da me movindomo mis 

nawilad gaxdoma, magram dRes me Cemi sakuTari morali maqvs da amerika mas ar 

iRebs”, - ase gamoxatavda Tavis pozicias erT-erTi studenti. 

„Cveni moRvaweoba nakarnaxevia 

grZnobiT, rom, SeiZleba, Cven varT 

ukanaskneli Taoba eqsperimentisa, 

romelsac sicocxle ewodeba“ (porthuronis 

deklaracia, 1962). „me 

rogorRac vgrZnob, rom Cven arc 

ise bevri dro dagvrCa Cveni ideebis 

dasaxvewad“ (erT-erTi hipis sityvebi). 

hipebi 


axalgazrdebi eWvqveS ayenebdnen dasavluri 

sazogadoebis unars, ecxovra mis mierve deklarirebuli 

Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da mSvidobis idealebis 

Sesabamisad. amitom maT imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis 

gancda daeuflaT. 

protestis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo vietnamis 

omi, romelsac studentebis didi nawili, iseve rogorc 

hipebi da sxva msgavsi moZraobebis warmomadgenlebi, 

danaSaulad miiCnevda. 

vietnamis omi _ 1955-1975 wlebis SeiaraRebuli 

konfliqti vietnamSi, laossa da kambojaSi. 1960iani 

wlebidan masSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli amerikis 

SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. daiRupa 

aTasobiT amerikeli jariskaci. 

1945 wels, meore msoflio omis damamTavrebel 

etapze, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma iaponiis ori 

qalaqis _ hirosimasa da nagasakis atomuri dabombva 

ganaxorcila. es birTvuli iaraRis politikuri 

zewolis mizniT gamoyenebis erTaderTi SemTxvevaa 

msoflio istoriaSi. pirveli bombi hirosimaSi 

6 agvistos Camoagdes, xolo meore _ nagasakiSi 

9 agvistos. dabombvis dResa da Semdegi Tveebis 

ganmavlobaSi damwvrobis, radiaciisa da sxva saxis 

dazianebisagan hirosimaSi 90 000-dan 166 000-mde, 

xolo nagasakiSi _ 60 000-dan 80 000-mde adamiani 

daiRupa, isini, umTavresad, samoqalaqo pirebi iyvnen. 


alen ginzbergi 

jek keruaki 

poetebi alen ginzbergi da 

jek keruaki, iseve rogorc 

„daRlili/dacemuli Taobis“ 

(„beat generation“) sxva poetebi, 

kontrkulturis sulier da 

ideur mamebad miiCneodnen. 

karibis krizisi _ civi omis periodis yvelaze mwvave dapirispireba sabWoTa 

kavSirsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris, romelmac birTvuli konfliqtis 

saSiSroebis winaSe daayena mTeli kacobrioba. es dapirispireba SeerTebul StatebSi 

cnobilia rogorc „kubis saraketo krizisi”, sabWoTa kavSirSi mas ”karibis kriziss” 

uwodebdnen, xolo kubaSi _ „oqtombris kriziss”. 1962 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoTa 

kaSirma kubaSi birTvuli raketebis ganlageba daiwyo. es iyo pasuxi 1961 wels 

aSS-s mier TurqeTSi birTvuli raketebis ganlagebaze, romelic sabWoTa kavSirs 

emuqreboda. krizisi 13 dRe gagrZelda. dapirispirebulma mxareebma SeTanxmebas 

miaRwies. sabWoTa kavSirma gaitana raketebi kubis teritoriidan, aSS moxsna kubis 

blokada, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki TurqeTidan gaitana birTvuli raketebi. 

55

aseTi apokalifsuri gancda ganpiro bebuli iyo SiSiTa da sasowarkveTilebiT, 

romelsac atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis faqti (hirosima da nagasaki), karibis krizisi 

da vietnamis omi badebda. Tumca, es Taoba atomur saSiSroebas ufro farTod 

gaiazrebda. igi atomur iaraRs ganixilavda ara rogorc ubralod iaraRs, aramed 

rogorc amerikuli kulturis da, zogadad, dasavluri civilizaciis simbolos. amis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, gasagebi xdeba devizi _ „kultura borotebaa, sicocxle - sikeTe“, 

„ukan, bunebisaken!“ bunebriobisaken swrafva gamoixateboda hipebis garegnobaSic, 

protestis erT-erTi niSani iyo grZeli Tma da xazgasmiT daudevari damokidebuleba 

Cacmulobisa da higienis mimarT; narkotikebiTa da aRmosavluri religiebiT gataceba 

swored am „borotebiT“ aRsavse samyarodan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad miiCneoda. 

1970-ian wlebSi kontrkulturuli moZraoba minelda. amboxebul axalgazrdaTa 

didi nawili daubrunda cxovrebis miRebul wess da Tavad gaxda amerikuli kulturuli 

tradiciis gamgrZelebeli. Tavis mxriv, Seicvala amerikuli sazogadoebac _ gadaixeda 

is, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo „dasaSvebi“ an „misaRebi“ da ra _ ara. magaliTad, aRaravis 

ukvirda grZelTmiani da dauvarcxneli biWebi, daglejili jinsebi; hipebi amerikuli 

sazogadoebis Cveulebrivi nawili gaxda. rac adre bevrisTvis Sokismomgvreli iyo, 

axla kulturis Cveul nawilad iqca, metic _ moduradac ki miiCneoda. magaliTad, 

musikaluri industria uzarmazari raodenobiT awarmoebda popularuli rokjgufebis 

Canawerebs, imarTeboda grandiozuli rok-koncertebi, rac zogisTvis ukve 

ara protesti, aramed samuSao iyo, zogisTvis _ moxmarebis sagani, sxvebisTvis ki _ 

mogebis wyaro. 

vudstoki marto rok-festivali ar iyo, is male 1960-iani wlebis simbolod iqca 


davaleba 

1. gaixsene magaliTebi, rodesac erT dros sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebeli qceva, 

Cacmuloba da Sexedulebebi SemdgomSi misi kulturis nawili gaxda. 

2. Seni azriT, SeiZleba, rom radikaluri cvlileba kulturaSi kontrkulturuli 

amboxebis gareSe moxdes? 


57

17 

jeikob devisi 

livais strausi 

samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala 

jinss, romelic Taobebis manZilze ar gadadis modidan, 

saintereso „biografia“ aqvs. misi „winaprebi“ warmoSobiT 

italiis qalaq genuasa da safrangeTis qalaq nimidan arian. isini 

„gadabargdnen“ amerikaSi da saTave daudes sruliad uCveulo 

movlenas samosis istoriaSi _ jinsis Sarvals, romelmac, 

rogorc amboben, „msoflio Secvala“. 

sityva jinsi (jeans) italiis qalaq genuis (Genova) 

saxelwodebidan momdinareobs. es qalaqi ganTqmuli iyo sazRvao 

vaWrobiT. mezRvaurebs, romlebic drois did nawils zRvaSi 

atarebdnen, gamZle samosi WirdebodaT. amitom mis Sesakerad 

gamoiyeneboda masala, romelic Tavdapirvelad safrangeTis 

qalaq nimSi, ialqnebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. am masalas nimuri 

sarJa (Serge de Nîmes) ewodeboda. 

amgvarad, qsovils, romlisganac SemdgomSi jinsis Sarvlebs 

keravdnen, „denimi“ (qalaq nimis saxelwodebis mixedviT) ewoda, 

Tavad samoss ki _ jinsi _ rogorc ukve vTqviT, qalaq genuas 

saxelwodebidan (blue de Gene _ „lurji genuidan“). 

1848 wels kaliforniaSi oqro aRmoaCines, rasac cnobili 

oqros cieb-cxeleba mohyva: kalifornias oqros maZiebelTa 

uzarmazari talRa miawyda. san-francisko _ oqros ciebcxelebis 

komerciuli centri _ xelsayreli adgili gaxda 

savaWro biznesisaTvis. swored amitom, 1853 wels niuiorkidan 

san-franciskoSi, sabiTumo vaWrobis dawyebis 

mizniT, germaniidan emigrirebuli liob Strausi Cavida, 

Tumca mas am droisaTvis saxeli ukve Secvlili hqonda da 

dRes yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili livais strausi iyo. man 

aRmoaCina, rom oqros maZieblebs, pirvel rigSi, gamZle 

da magari masalisagan damzadebuli samosi WirdebodaT. 

Tavdapirvelad strausi maT brezentisgan keravda, Semdeg 

ki nimuri sarJis, anu denimis gamoyeneba daiwyo. 

mkeravma jeikob devisma (warmoSobiT rigeli iakob iofisi) 

denimis Sarvlebs erTi mniSvnelovani detali daumata: man 

gamZleobisaTvis Sarvlebze spilenZis samagrebis gamoyeneba 

daiwyo; radgan am siaxlis patentis asaRebad sakmarisi fuli 

ar hqonda, livais strauss mimarTa. 1873 wels maT patenti 

aiRes da aqedan daiwyo denimis Sarvlis, Tanamedrove lurji 

jinsis istoria. 


1930-ian wlebSi holivudis vesternis 

Janris kovboebi swored denimis 

SarvlebSi iyvnen gamowyobili. am droidan 

moyolebuli, jinsis Sarvali popularuli 

gaxda. 1940-ian wlebSi, meore msoflio 

omis periodSi, jinsis Sarvlebi naklebad 

ikereboda, Tumca danarCenma msofliom 

is zustad am periodSi, amerikeli 

jariskacebis meSveobiT gaicno. 

1950-iani wlebidan denimi popularuli 

gaxda axalgazrdebs Soris. satelevizio 

programebsa da filmebSi is „meamboxe“ 

mozardebis simbolod iqca. swored maT 

SemoiRes saxelwodeba „jinsis Sarvali“ 

(jean pants). Tavdapirvelad, amerikis 

SeerTebul StatebSi zogierTi skolis 

moswavleebs jinsis Sarvlis tareba ekrZalebodaT, magram 

1960-ian wlebSi mas ukve mravali universitetisa da kolejis 

studentebi icvamdnen. misi stili da forma mravalferovani 

gaxda _ ikereboda moqarguli, naxatebiani da sxva saxis jinsebi. 

mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris, sabWoTa kavSirSi jinsis 

Sarvali amerikis simbolod iqca, Sesabamisad, igi uaryofiTad 

aRiqmeboda da misi Sovna arcTu advili iyo. rogorc amerikuli 

kompaniebi acxadebdnen, isini xSirad iRebdnen werilebs mTeli 

msofliodan TxovniT, gaegzavnaT maTTvis jinsis Sarvlebi. 

1980-ian wlebSi jinsi ukve maRali modis nawili gaxda; 

cnobili dizainerebi sakuTari markiT uSvebdnen axali stilis 

jinsebs. 1990-ian wlebSi jinsebis gayidvis zrda SeCerda, Tumca, 

Tu erTmaneTs davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom amas jinsis 

popularobisaTvis didi ziani ar miuyenebia. 

1886 wlidan livais strausis 

kompaniam Tavis Sarvlebze tyavis 

patara iarliyis mikereba daiwyo. 

naxatze gamosaxuli iyo Sarvali, 

romelsac ori cxeni erTmaneTis 

sapirispiro mxares qaCavs. es reklama 

aCvenebda, ramdenad gamZle iyo 

livaisis Sarvali: or cxensac ki ar 

SeeZlo misi gaxeva. 

17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala 

maRali modis jinsi 

59

guruli mxedrebi 

amerikaSi 

kiTxva 

“cota xani vimuSave livais maRaziaSi. 

nametari mdidaria. imsimagre Sarvals 

keravs, rum meindomo ver daxev, Tanac 

Casacmavia kai.” 

ucnobi guruli mxedris Canawerebi 

irakli maxaraZis wignidan “guruli 

mxedrebi amerikaSi” 

l farTo moxmarebis nawarmidan (ar igulisxmeba mxolod 

tansacmeli) Tu SeiZleba kidev romelimeze iTqvas, rom man 

„msoflio Secvala“? 


l Caatare kvleva (ojaxSi, skolaSi, samezobloSi, sofelSi...) 

da daadgine, mosaxleobis ra nawils acvia jinsi. gansazRvre 

jinsis momxmarebelTa asakobrivi Semadgenloba. 


subkultura 18 

albaT, xSirad SegimCneviaT, rom Cvens irgvliv 

erTsa da imave enaze mosaubre adamianebi gansxvavebuli 

formiT da sityvebiT gamoxataven TavianT azrebs, 

gansxvavebulad iqcevian erTsa da imave situaciaSi. 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erTi kulturis farglebSi 

arsebobs gansxvavebuli jgufebi, romlebic 

gamoirCevian CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiT, gemovnebiT, 

interesebiT, leqsikiTa da metyvelebis maneriT, 

iumoriT, urTierTobis formebiT, faseulobebiT _ 

mokled, yvelaferi imiT, rasac, zogadad, cxovrebis 

wess vuwodebT. kulturaSi arsebul aseT gansxvavebul 

jgufebs aRniSnaven terminiT subkultura. 

kontrkulturisagan gansxvavebiT, subkulturis 

wevrebi ar cdiloben daupirispirdnen gabatonebul 

kulturas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maTi Sexedulebebi ar 

Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. subkultura cdilobs SeinarCunos 

sakuTari gansxvavebuloba. 

arsebobs eTnikuri, religiuri, asakobrivi, 

profesiuli da sxva subkulturebi. 

saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnikur subkulturebad 

SeiZleba miviCnioT is jgufebi, romlebic TavianT 

tradiciul cxovrebis wess inarCuneben da metnaklebad 

gansxvavdebian sazogadoebis danarCeni 

nawilisagan (azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, berZnebi, 

qurTebi, asirielebi, udebi, osebi, rusebi, 

ukrainelebi, Cexebi, polonelebi, germanelebi da 

sxvebi). religiuri subkulturis magaliTia muslimi 

da kaTolike qarTvelebi. es jgufebi swored imitom 

miiCnevian subkulturebad, rom warmoadgenen erTiani 

sazogadoebis nawils da, amave dros, gamoirCevian 

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT. kaTolike da muslimi 

qarTvelebis cnobili warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac 

mniSvnelovani kvali datoves qarTuli sazogadoebisa 

da kulturis istoriaSi, arian mixeil TamaraSvili, 

mixeil TarxniSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili, memed 

abaSiZe da sxvebi. 

18. subkultura 

zaqaria faliaSvili 

memed abaSiZe 

mixeil TarxniSvili 

61

subkultura (laT. sub - qve, cultura - 

kultura) _ sazogadoebis ama Tu 

im jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

faseulobebis, qcevisa da normebis 

sistema, romelic ganasxvavebs mas 

gabatonebuli kulturisagan. 

goTebis subkultura 1980-ian wlebSi warmoiSva 

inglisSi. maTi stilis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia 

Savi samosi, Savi Tma, muqi makiaJi. 

goTebis 

Ceqma 

ani _ maradiuli sicocxlis aRmniSvneli 

Zvelegvipturi ieroglifi, romelic goTebis 

kulturis simbolod iqca. 

zogierTi _ pirvel rigSi, axalgazrduli 

_ subkulturis warmomadgenelTaTvis 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

eniWeba stils, riTac isini gamoxataven 

romelime subkulturisadmi kuTvnilebas. 

stili gamoixateba rogorc simboloebiT, 

romelsac subkulturis wevrebi atareben, 

aseve CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiTa da 

JargoniT, musikaluri stiliT, romlis 

msmenelebic isini arian. 

sqinhedebis subkultura 1960-ian wlebSi Seiqmna 

britaneTSi. es saxeli jgufma misi wevrebis 

mokled SeWrili an gadaparsuli Tmebis gamo 

miiRo (ingl. skin _ kani , head _ Tavi). skinhedebis 

stilis ganuyofeli elementi iyo fexsacmeli 

`doqtor martines~, livaisis gadakecili jinsi, 

kubokruli perangi da Sarvlis samagrebi . 

rokerebis subkulturis 

aucilebeli 

atributia motocikli, 

maTi stilisTvis 

damaxasiaTebelia tyavis 

samosi, grZeli Tma da 

tatuirebuli sxeuli. 


arsebobs kriminaluri, e.w. `qurduli~ samyaros subkulturac. misi warmomadgenlebis 

ena/Jargoni, msoflmxedveloba da qcevis modelebi sagrZnoblad 

gansxvavebulia gabatonebuli kulturisagan. 

kiTxva 

1. daasaxele jgufebi, romlebic, Seni azriT, subkulturad CaiTvleba da daasabuTe 

Seni pasuxi. 

2. gamokveTe subkulturisa da kontrkulturis msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. 

davaleba 

l moiZie informacia qarTveli kaTolikeebisa da muslimebis Sesaxeb da imsjele 

maTi subkulturebis Taviseburebebze. Sesrulebul davalebas daurTe Sesabamisi 

vizualuri masala. 

damatebiTi informacia 

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi 

axal gazrduli subkultura - parkuri 

Camoyalibda. is Tavdapirvelad safrangeTSi 

Seiqmna. parkuri - es aris gadaadgilebis 

xelovneba, misi mizania sakuTari 

sxeulis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT 

erTi wertilidan meoremde manZilis maqsimalurad 

swrafad da efeqturad dafarva. 

treiseri (adamiani, romelic parkuriT aris 

gatacebuli) Tvlis, rom parkuri sportis, 

sabrZolo xelovnebisa da bilderingis 

(kedlebze cocva) garda, gansa kuTrebul 

msoflmxedvelobasac gulisxmobs. 

GT Crew-s (Georgian Traceur’s Crew _ 

qarTveli treiserebis jgufi) veb-gverdze 

treiserebi 

vkiTxulobT: „parkuri arc sportia, arc 

eqstremi da arc politika, es arsebobis xerxia. es aris sakuTari mTlianobis aRqma, 

gageba da TanamSromloba sakuTar sxeulTan, amavdroulad, Tanaarseboba qalaqTanac. 

es romantikaa, emociebis afeTqeba, vneba, moZraobebis Tavisufleba. parkuri _ 

es cxovrebaa. is cvlis cnobierebas da aiZulebs adamians yvelaferi sxvanairad 

aRiqvas. mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, warmateba SiSisa da tkivilis 

daZlevaSi afarToebs samyaros gagebis sazRvrebs. realobis aRqmis Secvlis gareSe 

parkuri SeuZlebelia. cxovreba parkuris wesebis mixedviT aris mudmivi moZraoba da 

yovelTvis mxolod swori bilikiT~. 

18. subkultura 

63

saxaliso istoriebi 

Cven ukve vaxseneT, rom sxva subkulturebTan erTad, arsebobs profesiuli 

subkulturebic _ iuristebis, maswavleblebis, maRaroelebis, Jurnalistebis da 

sxva. Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom Cven garkveuli warmodgena gvaqvs imaze, Tu 

rogorebi arian ama Tu im profesiis adamianebi. magaliTad, miCneulia, rom eqimebs 

gaurkveveli xelwera da ucnauri iumoris grZnoba aqvT, iuristebi ki bevrs da 

Tavbrudamxvevad laparakoben. cxadia, erTi profesiis yvela adamiani erTnairi ver 

iqneba, magram mainc gamoiyofa Tvisebebis, gemovnebis, interesebis, qcevisa da leqsikis 

Taviseburebebi, romelic ganapirobebs gansxvavebebs profesiul subkulturebs 

Soris. ai, ramdenime saxaliso istoria: 

J J J 

eqimma pacienti kabinetSi Seiyvana da eubneba: erTi kargi ambavi maqvs da erTic _ 

cudi. 

kargi, miTxariT. 

Tqveni gardacvalebis Semdeg am daavadebas Tqvens saxels daarqmeven. 

J J J 

saavadmyofos eqimebi gaificnen. xelmZRvanelobam ganacxada, rom eqimebis 

moTxovnebze imsjelebdnen maSinve, rogorc ki moiyvandnen farmacevts maTi 

transparantebis amosakiTxad. 


kulturis universaliebi 19 

albaT, bevri Tqven - 

ga nisaTvis nacnobia 

„stra tegiis“ tipis kompiute 

ruli TamaSebi. 

isini sxvada sxva asakisa 

da interesebis mqone 

adamianebisa Tvis aris 

gamiznuli, magram yvela 

maTgans saerTo principi aerTianebs: xdeba vir - 

tualur adamianTa (an adamianis magvar arsebaTa) 

jgufis cxovrebis modelireba. TamaSis Semqmnelebi 

iTvalis wineben (cxadia, gamar tivebuli saxiT) nebismieri 

sazogadoebis arse bobisaTvis aucilebel elementebs 

_ sakvebs, sacxovriss, fuls, sabrZolo Tu 

samuSao iaraRebs, satransporto saSualebebs da 

a.S., anu garkveul resur sebs, romelTac gankargavs 

moTa maSe (da rac ukeTesad akeTebs amas, miT maRalia 

TamaSSi miRweuli Sedegi). 

adamianebi moipoveben da gankargaven resursebs, 

qmnian wesebsa da kanonebs, swavloben da aswavlian, 

Sromoben da isveneben, ikvleven samyaros, qorwindebian 

da bavSvebs zrdian, yiduloben da yidian, ibrZvian da 

Tavs icaven, loculoben da msxverpls wiraven, Txzaven 

ambebs da xataven... yovelive CamoTvlils, ama Tu im 

formiT, uklebliv yvela kulturaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca, 

rasakvirvelia, Zalian gansxa vebuli saxiT. 

amrigad, sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris garkveuli saerTo elementebi ikveTeba, 

rom lebic yvela an TiTqmis yvela sazogado ebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maT kulturis 

universaliebs (laTinuri sityvidan „universalis“ _ saerTo, sayovelTao) 

uwo deben. ar arsebobs kultura, romelsac ar aqvs ena gramatikuli struqturiT, 

ojaxis esa Tu is forma, bavSvebze zrunvis sistema. yvela kulturaSi arsebobs 

socialuri institutebi _ adamianis cxovrebis raime sferos mosawes rigeblad 

gamomuSavebuli kanonebisa Tu tradiciebis erToblioba. institutebia, magaliTad, 

qorwineba (ra asakidanaa daSvebuli, visTan SeiZleba daojaxeba da a.S.), religia 

(misi adgili sazogadoebaSi, ritualebi da a.S.), sakuTrebis formebi (kerZo, saTemo, 

saxelmwifo da a.S.), marTvis da Zalauflebis sistema (beladi, mefe, uxucesTa sabWo, 

arCeviTi parlamenti da a.S.). xsenebuli institutebi yvela kulturaSia da, amgvarad, 

universaliebis ricxvs miekuTvneba (Tumca arsebobs institutebi, romlebic 

universaluri ar aris, magaliTad, Tamadis instituti qarTul kulturaSi). garda 

19. kulturis universaliebi 

qarTuli qorwili 

induri qorwili 

65

qarTuli taZari 

meCeTi 

sinagoga 

amisa, universaliebia xelovneba, TamaSi, samkauli, 

higienis wesebi da sxva, romelTa umravlesobasac sxva 

gakveTilebSi mokled gavecnobiT. 

TamaSi 

ojaxi 


kiTxva 

l rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara „iavnana“ kulturis universalia? moiZie sxvadasxva 

xalxis „iavnana“ da imsjele, erTi da igive funqciis garda, aqvT Tu ara maT raime 

saerTo? 

davaleba 

l Seadgine socialuri institutebis CamonaTvali or svetad: erT svetSi daajgufe 

universaluri institutebi, meoreSi ki - erTi an ramdenime kulturisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. 

19. kulturis universaliebi 

67

20 

zRapari 

iyo da ara iyo ra... 

sadRac iyo da Tan ar iyo... 

iyo da aris zRapris samyaro, sadac yovelTvis 

yvelaferi kargad mTavrdeba. 

Tumca Cven Tavidan daviwyoT: 

iyo da ara iyo ra... iyo dedamiwaze xalxi, romelsac 

ar Seuqmnia saxelmwifo, ar hqonia damwerloba, borbali, 

rogorc gadaadgilebisa da gadazidvis saSualeba... 

magram zRapari TiTqmis yvela xalxs aqvs. 

zRapari _ erTi SexedviT, bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnili, 

saxaliso da Wkvianuri ararealuri ambavi - adamianis 

fantaziis nayofia, romelic erT-erT umniSvnelovanes 

nacarqeqia 

sakacobrio universaliad miiCneva. sulxan-saba 

orbelianis ganmartebiT, zRapari “ars mogonebul 

tyuili ambavad SemWevrebuli da ara qmnili myofobiT“. 

zRapari Zalze Zvelia, zRaprebs yvebodnen 

manam, sanam adamiani weras iswavlida. is xalxuri 

mfrinavi xaliCa 

zepirsityvierebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. mravali aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi es 

fantastikuri moTxrobebi, romelTa idea, Tematika, siuJeti, Txrobis stili, enobrivi 

Taviseburebebi kargad asaxavs misi Semqmneli xalxis yofasa da istorias, zepirad 

gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, gadadioda xalxidan xalxSi, kulturidan kulturaSi. 

qarTulma xalxurma zepirsityvierebam uamravi zRapari Semoinaxa. ra Tqma 

unda, pirvandeli saxiT maT Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT; Tormeti qarTuli zRapari 

pirvelad me-17 saukuneSi Cauweria italiel misioner bernarde neapolels, 

romelic orjer iyo saqarTveloSi. 

amirani, kopala, pirquSi, samzevari, nacarqeqia, komble, wiqara Tu xuTkunWula 

_ ai, qarTuli xalxuri zRapris gmirebi, romelTa istoriebi uxsovari droidan 

Taobidan Taobas gadaeca, uamravjer gadakeTda da dRemde moaRwia. nacarqeqia 

zRapris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmiria saqarTveloSi _ zarmaci da uqnara, 

magram, amave dros, moxerxebuli da gonieri adamiani, romelic gamWriaxobiT aRwevs 

sawadels. gagaxsendaT CvenSi farTod gavrcelebuli gamoTqma _ „niWieria, magram 

zarmaci“? iqneb, amitom mogvwons ase nacarqeqia? meore mxriv, aseve popularuli 

gmiria komble _ Sromismoyvare, patiosani, amasTan erTad, uSiSari da samarTliani. 

zRapars, ambis zepir gadacemas, rogorc tradicias, zogierTi sazogadoebisaTvis 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. zog afrikul tomSi ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci 

yovel saRamos cecxlis garSemo krebda mTel ojaxs da zepiri Txrobis saSualebiT 

gadascemda informacias maTi tomis Sesaxeb: uambobda tradiciebze, Cvevebze, 

ojaxze... es iyo bavSvebis socializaciis, sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad 

Camoyalibebis saSualeba. zRapris moyolis tradicia iTavsebda skolis, ganaTlebis 

gadacema-miRebis funqcias. 


zRapris meSveobiT socializaciis tradicia 

mxolod udamwerlobo xalxebSi ar arsebula. zRaparma 

damwerlobis arsebobis pirobebSic SeinarCuna 

Tavisi funqcia da tradicia. magaliTad, msoflio 

literaturis erT-erTi Sedevri _ „aTas erTi Rame“ 

_ xatovnad da sainteresod gviambobs aRmosavluri 

muslimuri samyaros msoflmxedvelobaze, zne- 

Cveulebebze, adamianTa urTierTobaze, cxovrebis 

wesze. es aris aRmosavluri kulturis jadosnuri 

sarke da visac es kultura ainteresebs, masSi 

aucileblad unda Caixedos. 

20. zRapari 

aTas erTi Rame 

zRapari sazogadoebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri iyo, 

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda zRapris motivebi, 

siuJetebi, forma. igi gadadioda xalxidan xalxSi, 

qveynidan qveyanaSi. mogzaurebi, vaWrebi, elCebi sakuTar 

qveyanaSi dabrunebis Semdeg ucxo qveynis zRaprebs saxuravis binadari karlsoni 

yvebodnen. arsebobs e.w. moaruli siuJetebic, romlebic 

sxvadasxva xalxis zRaprebSi gvxvdeba da, rogorc fiqroben, erTmaneTisagan 

damoukideblad gaCnda. aseTia, magaliTad, ukvdavebis maZiebelTa ambebi, boroti 

dedinacvlebis, keTili jadoqrebis da sxva istoriebi. 

bevri ram, rac zRaparSi ocnebisa da fantaziis saxiT aisaxeboda, droTa 

ganmavlobaSi realobad iqca: mfrinavi xaliCa, wyliT savse Tasi, romlis saSualebiTac 

nebismieri adgilis danaxva SeiZleboda, jadosnuri sarke _ isini TviTmfrinavad, 

televizorad Tu kompiuterad mogvevlina. 

ganurCevlad misi warmoSobis adgilisa, zRapari erTnairad sayvarelia yvelasaTvis. 

aRmosavluri zRapris zogi personaJi _ aladini, jini da sxva _ uolt disneis 

multiplikaciuri filmebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmirebi gaxdnen. zRaprebi 

dResac iqmneba. albaT, ar gagiWirdeba Tanamedrove qarTveli da ucxoeli mwerlebis 

zRaprebis gaxseneba, romelTac siamovnebiT kiTxuloben bavSvebica da ufrosebic. 

yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom zRapris bolo keTilia _ sikeTe yovelTvis 

amarcxebs borotebas. 

Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, 

qato iqa, fqvili aqa... 

davaleba 

1. daasaxele msoflioSi cnobili mezRapreebi da maTi nawarmoebebi. 

2. gaixsene qarTuli da sxva xalxTa zRaprebi. imsjele maTi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis 

Sesaxeb. 


l moiZie qarTuli xalxuri da Tanamedrove zRaprebis TiTo nimuSi. warudgine klass 

da imsjele, rogor asaxavs isini sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. 

69

21 

magia 

magia (berZ. magia, laT. magic, magia) 

_ codna da praqtika, romelic 

emyareba zebunebrivi Zalebis Tu 

garkveuli qmedebebis meSveobiT 

sasurveli Sedegis miRwevis 

rwmenas. 

CvenSi, roca nacnobs vxvdebiT da 

vekiTxebiT _ „rogor xar?“, Zalian 

iSviaTad gvpasuxoben „kargad“, an 

„mSvenivrad“; gacilebiT xSirad 

gaigebT: „ise, ra...“, „vcocxlob 

jerjerobiT...“, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki 

_ „ara miSavs“, „normalurad...“ ratom? 

nuTu saqarTveloSi ase cotaa is, vinc 

„kargadaa“? Turme, saqme sul sxva ramaa. es uZvelesi rwmenis gadmonaSTia: Tu ityvi, 

rom kargad xar, SeniT boroti sulebi „dainteresdebian“, „daiTarsebi“, „Tvali 

gecema“, mokled, kargad iyavi da cudad gaxdebi... gamodis, rom Cveni pasuxiT Tavs 

vicavT avi Zalebisagan, „vatyuebT“ maT _ xom xedavT, isedac ar var kargad, Tqveni 

Careva aRar aris saWiro... 

ra Tqma unda, dRes ase cota Tu fiqrobs, magram am Cveulebis warmoSoba 

swored aseTia _ igi dacviT magias ukavSirdeba. magias miakuTvneben mravalferovan 

simbolur qmedebebs (Selocvebs, mkiTxaobas, zurgsukan gadafurTxebas, TiTebis 

gadajvaredinebas da a.S.), romlebsac adamianebi mimarTaven zebunebrivi Zalebis 

meSveobiT raRac miznis misaRwevad, magaliTad, axal mTvares fuli unda „daanaxo“, 

baraqa mogiva. magias miekuTvneba agreTve garkveuli qmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba _ 

magaliTad, saxlSi ar daustvino, fuli aRar geqneba. 

magiis Cvens droSic bevrs sjera, magram mainc gacilebiT naklebs, vidre es warsulSi 

iyo. aravin icis, sad da rodis mimarTes pirvelad Cvenma winaprebma magiur qmedebebs. 

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es moxda maSin, roca adamianma iaraRebis damzadeba daiwyo 

da, Sesabamisad, gaiazra, ra aris keTeba. kaJis natexisagan SeiZleba dana daamzado, 

magram TavisTavad es ar xdeba, aucilebelia adamiani, gamkeTebeli. aqedan Sors aRaraa 

daskvnamde _ rac garSemo arsebobs da xdeba _ xe, wvima, avadmyofoba _ yvelaferi 

viRacis mieraa gakeTebuli an keTdeba. vin akeTebs? _ uxilavi Zalebi, keTili an 

boroti sulebi... 

warmovidginoT: tomis saukeTeso monadire dasneulda, masSi borotma sulma 

daisadgura... mTeli tomi Sekrebilia da sinanuliT uyurebs, rogor sustdeba da 

uZlurdeba maTi TanamoZme; erTi CurCuls iwyebs: „gamokeTdi!“, „adeqi!“, mas meore 

ayveba, mesame, meoTxe; CurCuls SeZaxilebi cvlis, isini riTmuli xdeba, amas taSi 

emateba... ase grZeldeba didxans, da hoi, saocrebav! _ sneulma Tvali gaaxila, 

Semdeg wamodga kidec, ganikurna! Cvenma qmedebam gankurna! momavalSic ase unda 

moviqceT! magram... Semdeg sneuls ver vuSveleT... ratom? Zalian mZlavri avi suli 

aRmoCnda, anda araswor sityvebs vambobdiT, unda SevcvaloT... albaT, daaxloebiT 

amgvarad iSva samkurnalo magia. 


Zveli samyaroSi arsebuli warmodgeniT, magi 

_ jadoqari, saswaulmoqmedi _ sulebis idumal 

samyarosTan kavSiris xelovnebas flobda. igi, amave 

dros, mkurnalic iyo. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi magia 

alqimiasa da astrologiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli 

da idevneboda eklesiis mier. jadoqrebs sastikad 

uswordebodnen, koconze wvavdnen. magias ar aRiarebs 

arc erTi didi religia. 

mecnierebi magias uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa 

sistemad miiCneven. isini ganasxvaveben magiis or 

ZiriTad tips. erTi dafuZnebulia msgavs sagnebs 

Soris idumali kavSiris arsebobis rwmenaze. „tom 

soieris TavgadasavalSi“ aris aseTi epizodi: toms 

aqvs minis ori burTula, erTi uvardeba da ver 

poulobs; maSin meore burTulas ramdenjerme agdebs 

Zirs _ Tavis „megobarTan“ migordebao; meoTxe Tu 

mexuTe jerze SemTxveviT marTlac ase xdeba, rac 

toms arwmunebs arCeuli xerxis sisworeSi. an aviRoT 

e.w. mtruli magiis gavrcelebuli rituali: unda 

gaakeTo Tojina, mas mtris saxeli „daarqva“, Semdeg 

ki nemsiT „gangmiro“ _ mters igive daemarTeba. 

magiis meore tipi uSvebs kavSirs mTelsa da mis 

nawils Soris. bayayi Tu mokali, wvima wamova, radgan 

bayayi wyalSi cxovrobs, misi „nawilia“, nawilze 

zemoqmedeba ki mTelzec aisaxeba. sasiyvarulo magiur 

ritualebSi Seyvarebulis „mosazidad“ Zalian xSirad 

gamoiyeneba misi kuTvnili raime nivTi, Tundac 

Rili. Zveli romaelebi saidumlo adgilas saTuTad 

inaxavdnen moWril frCxilebsa da Tmebs, raTa xelSi 

ar CavardnodaT mtrebs, romlebsac SeeZloT magiis 

meSveobiT patronisaTvis zianis miyeneba. 

21. magia 

hekate _ magiis qalRmerTi 

berZnul mTologiaSi 

magiuri rituali 

saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis manZilze magia viTardeboda da rTuldeboda, 

Cndebodnen magiis „specialistebi“ _ mkiTxavebi, naTelmxilvelebi, grZneulebi, 

Samanebi... magia yvela kulturaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca Zalze gansxvavebuli formebiT. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze swored 

magia warmoadgenda samyaros axsnis ZiriTad princips; yvelaferi arsebuli, adamianis 

CaTvliT, gagebuli iyo rogorc uxilavi, keTili da boroti Zalebis moqmedebis 

asparezi. magiis wiaRSi TandaTan warmoiSva kulturis umniSvnelovanesi elementebi 

_ religia da xelovneba. 

71

cimbireli Samani 


sityva „Samani“ tungusuri enidan 1 modis, rac 

qarTulad saswaulmoqmeds niSnavs. Samani magic iyo da 

eqimbaSic. igi mkurnalobda, amave dros, zebunebriv 

ZalebTan urTierTobis meSveobiT, aTvinierebda 

stiqiebs, micvalebulTa sulebi gadahyavda sxva 

samyaroSi da a.S. 

kiTxva 

l ras efuZneba magiaSi samyaros axsna? 

davaleba 

l gaixsene SenTvis cnobili sxvadasxva crurwmena 

(gagonili, nanaxi an wignSi wakiTxuli), ucnauri 

Cveulebebi da qmedebebi. scade daakavSiro isini 

magiasTan da axsna maTi Tavdapirveli arsi. 

qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi magiuri Zalis rwmenis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa. 

maTi meSveobiT cdilobdnen xifaTis Tavidan acilebas, avadmyofis gankurnebas, 

bunebis Zalebze zemoqmedebas. ai, ramdenime nimuSi: 

surdos anu, rogorc mas uwodebdnen, „crintas“ dros avadmyofs gamdinare wyalSi 

daabaninebdnen pirs da ulocavdnen: 

crinta Savkar, SavpaWiWe, 

Savsa ZaRlsa gadavkide. 

ZaRli gaRma gamivarda, 

surdo wyalSi Camivarda. 

SeSinebulis locva aseTi iyo: 

alisasa, malisasa, 

Sagilocav gulisasa. 

gulo, dadeg alagasa, 

gulo, gulis alagasa. 

gulo, ram SagaSinao? _ 

elvam SagaSinao, 

Weqam SagaSinao, 

1 tungusuri ena alTaur enaTa jgufs miekuTvneba. aerTianebs aRmosavleT cimbirSi da manjuriaSi 

mcxovreb sxvadasxva xalxebs. 


nadirma SagaSinao, 

kacma SagaSinao, 

Tu ramac SagaSinao. 

wyali midgeba-modgeba, 

Tavis nadgomze dadgeba. 

gulo, dadeg alagasa, 

gulo, gulis alagasa. 

nadirisagan dasacavad ase Seulocavdnen: 

qriste RmerTo, 

Camoyare klikiteni rkinisani, 

gzani Sakren savalada 

tyisani da mindvrisani. 

nadirs misceno 

muxlni nabdisani, 

Tvalni miscen bambisani, 

kbilni miscen sanTlisani, 

miadgas kbili _ SeeJRaloso, 

gaxedos _ vera naxoso. 

esremc Saikvris nadiris pirio. 

sxva bevri saintereso Selocva SeiZleba amoikiTxoT wignSi „gvel movkal 

uflisaTvis. qarTuli Selocvebi“. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „ilia“, 1993. 

21. magia 

73

22 

miTi 

termini miTi, ufro zustad ki _ 

miTosi, berZnuli warmoSobisaa da 

aRniSnavs sityvas, naTqvams, ambavs. 

zevsi 

poseidoni 

anubisi _ sikvdilis RmerTi 

Zv. egvipteSi. xSirad 

gamoisaxeboda ZaRlis an turis 

TaviT. 

adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda da 

cdilobs axsnas samyaro, bunebrivi 

movlenebi Tu socialuri realoba, 

romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba. 

ratom gaCnda samyaro? vin, ram da rogor Seqmna 

igi? ratom Tovs? ratom wvims? sad Cadis mze? 

ratom Ramdeba? ratom cimcimebs varskvlavi? es im 

kiTxvebis mcire CamonaTvalia, romelzec adamianma, 

uZvelesi droidan dRemde, mravali gansxvavebuli 

pasuxi moZebna _ zebunebriv ZalebTan dakavSirebuli 

Tu mecnieruli. swored interesi, cnobismoyvareoba 

gaxda miTis Seqmnis safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela 

kulturaSi arsebobs miTi, rogorc samyaros axsnis 

erT-erTi forma. 

miTosi aris ambavi RmerTebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. 

masSi moTxrobilia, rogor Seiqmna samyaro, rogor gaCnda 

esa Tu is sagani da movlena, ratom, risTvis da vin Seqmna 

adamiani. igi aseve gadmogvcems gmirebis ambebs. miTSi 

moqmedi pirebi, RmerTebTan erTad, adamianebic arian. 

Tavis mxriv, RmerTebs adamianuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebT, 

arian borotebi da keTilebi, zogjer Surianebi da 

xarbebic. isini arseboben rogorc adamianebi da maTgan 

mxolod ori TvisebiT gansxvavdebian _ ukvdavebiTa da 

zebunebrivi ZaliT. 

Zveli samyaros xalxebis istoriis gacnobisas iseTi 

STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos adamianebi da RmerTebi 

erTad cxovrobdnen da eWvic ar gvepareba, rom, Tuki 

„drois manqaniT“ Zvel saberZneTSi movxvdebiT, iseve 

SesaZlebelia sadme zevss an poseidons gadaveyaroT, 

rogorc aTenis romelime moqalaqes. 

egviptis Zveli istoria erT mTlian miTs gavs, 

romelSic realoba da fantazia erTmaneTTanaa 

Serwymuli. rom ara piramidebi, samarxebi, taZris 

nangrevebi da, rac mTavaria, warwerebi, Zveli 

egviptis istoria miTadve darCeboda, iseve rogorc 

troa hainrix Slimanis aRmoCenebamde. 


asteti _ siyvarulisa da 

mxiarulebis qalRmerTi 

Zv. agvipteSi. gamosaxaven 

katis an katisTaviani 

qalis saxiT. 

miTebze saubrisas, pirvel rigSi, Zveli berZnuli 

miTebi gvaxsendeba da arcTu usafuZvlod _ maT klasikur 

miTebs uwodeben. Tumca miTi iseTive universaliaa, 

rogorc zRapari. erTi SexedviT, miTi da zRapari erTsa 

da igives _ ararealur ambavs _ gulisxmobs, Tumca maT 

Soris didi sxvaobaa. adamianebs imTaviTve swamdaT, rom 

zRaparSi moTxrobili ambavi arasdros momxdara, xolo 

miTSi gadmocemuli istoriisa ki sjerodaT. SeiZleba, 

Cven dRes zRaprad CavTvaloT aqilevsis, herakles, 

aTenas, gilgameSis, enqidus, dalis, oCopintres, amiranis 

da sxvaTa miTebi, magram im dros, rodesac es miTebi 

iqmneboda, isini mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli rwmenasTan 

da religiur warmodgenebTan, asaxavda samyaros Sesaxeb 

arsebul codnas. miTosuri samyaros realurobaSi 

eWvi aravis Sehqonda. dResac arsebobs sazogadoebebi, 

romelTa cxovrebis wess miTosuri warmodgenebi 

gansazRvravs. xalxur zRaparSi ar aris dakonkretebuli 

dro da adgili, sadac moqmedeba xdeba, miTSi ki 

piriqiT: berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebi olimpos mTaze 

cxovroben, promeTe/amirani kavkasionzea mijaWvuli da 

a.S. Tu miTi qarTulia, moqmedebac saqarTveloSi xdeba, 

Tu Suamdinaruli _ SuamdinareTSi da a.S. 

22. miTi 

hadesi da persefone 

sizife 

amoni _ mzis RmerTi Zv. 

egvipteSi 

75

odini da misi coli friga 

odini _ skandinaviuri miTologiis 

uzenaesi RvTaeba, sibrZnis, 

poeziis, magiis, omisa da sikvdilis 

RmerTi _ vazgardSi, valaskalfis 

sasaxleSi cxovrobda. aqedan igi 

Tvals adevnebda, Tu ra xdeboda 

skandinaviis cxra qveyanaSi. drodadro 

saxecvlili odini dedamiwas 

stumrobda, raTa enaxa, Tu rogor 

iqceoda xalxi da ras ambobdnen 

adamianebi mis Sesaxeb. 

qarTul zRaprebsa da miTebSi asaxulia, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen qarTvelebi 

samyaros: qarTuli warmodgeniT, samyaro vertikalur sivrces warmoadgens da 

dayofialia sam nawilad: skneli, romelic dasaxlebulia adamianebiT, zeskneli 

_ RmerTebisa da fantastikuri arsebebis samflobelo _ da qveskneli, romlis 

binadarnic boroti arsebebi arian. samyaros am sam nawils Soris moZraoba mxolod 

da mxolod RvTaebebs, RmerTkacebs da gmirebs SeuZliaT. 

amgvarad, miTi mxolod fantastikuri ambavi ar aris. es gaxlavT adamianTa warmodgena 

warsulisa da momavlis, samyaros warmoSobisa da cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa 

Sesaxeb. es kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxic miTis meSveobiT gaicemoda, universaluria 

yvela kulturisaTvis, swored amitom miiCneva miTi kulturul universaliad. 

miTologiam didi gavlena moaxdina xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargze. sxvadasxva 

miTosuri siuJeti xSiradaa gamoyenebuli saxviT xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, TeatrSi, 

kinoxelovnebasa Tu literaturaSi. 

davaleba 

1. gaixsene naxatebze gamosaxul personaJebTan dakavSirebuli miTebi. 

2. venis diagramis gamoyenebiT, erTmaneTs Seadare miTi da zRapari. 


1. moiZie sxvadasxva xalxTa miTebi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb da Seadare isini erTmaneTs. 

2. Seasrule naxati, aplikacia, posteri an mxatvruli Canaxati miTosur Tematikaze 

(miTiuri gmiri, saintereso epizodi da sxva). 


eligia 23 

yvela kulturaSi arsebobs rwmena- 

warmodgenebi zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb, 

romlebic SegviZlia gavaerTianoT 

terminiT religia. 

23. religia 

religia _ warmodgenaTa da qmedebaTa 

sistema, romelic emyareba 

zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmenas. 

sxvadasxva kulturaSi bunebrivad da zebunebrivad sxvadasxva ram iTvleba. 

magaliTad, esa Tu is daavadeba zogan raime baqteriis an virusis gavrcelebis 

Sedegad miiCneva, sxvagan ki _ zebunebrivi ZalebiT gamowveul movlenad. warmodgena 

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris da ra ar aris zebunebrivi, erTi sazogadoebis SigniTac 

icvleba. epidemiebi, wyaldidobebi, miwisZvrebi, vulkanis amofrqvevebi da kometebi 

erT dros zebunebriv Zalebs miewereboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi cxadi gaxda, rom 

isini bunebrivi movlenebia, Tumca bevrs dResac sjera, rom amaSi zebunebrivi 

Zalebis xeli urevia. 

religia dakavSirebulia adamianis moTxovnilebasTan, axsna mouZebnos mis irgvliv 

arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs. igi ganuyofelia rwmenisagan, romelic mxolod 

adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. religia gulisxmobs morwmuneTa jgufis 

arsebobas, Tumca, amave dros, religiuri gancda Rrmad individualuria. religia 

zRvars avlebs yoveldRiurobasa da zebunebriv, uCveulo movlenebs Soris, romlebic 

ar aris SezRuduli bunebis kanonebiT. igi moicavs ritualebs, morwmuneebisaTvis 

adgens qcevis maregulirebel mcnebaTa Tu normaTa sistemas, romelic gansazRvravs, 

Tu rogor unda moiqces morwmune am Tu im garemoSi. 

religia aRiarebs kavSiris SesaZleblobas adamianur da RvTaebriv samyaroebs, 

miwasa da cas Soris. sainteresoa, rom Zvel romaelTa qurumis saxelwodeba pontifex 

niSnavs „xidis gamdebs“ rac gamoxatavda mis funqcias, erTmaneTTan daekavSirebina 

amqveyniuri realoba da RvTiuri samyaro. 

RmerTebi da sulebi SeiZleba iyvnen idumalebiT moculni an advilad misawvdomni, 

adamianuri saqmeebiT dainteresebulni an gulgrilni maT mimarT. zog sazogadoebaSi 

RmerTebis ierarqia ar arsebobs, zogSi ki RmerTebsa da sulebs Soris Zalaufleba 

isevea gadanawilebuli, rogorc es adamianebSi xdeba. 

uZvelesi arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, rom religia arsebobda 

kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze. istoria mraval religiur sistemas 

icnobs; zogi maTgani aRar arsebobs, zogs ki dResac bevri mimdevari yavs. 

77

eligiis Camoyalibebas win uZRoda rwmenisa da ritualebis ganviTarebis 

grZeli gza. rwmena-warmodgenaTa erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli formaa totemizmi 

_ tomsa da romelime cxovels, mcenares an bunebriv movlenas Soris arsebuli 

sulieri kavSiris rwmena. magaliTad, cxovelis, kerZod, daTvis kultis arseboba 

dadasturebulia saqarTvelos teritoriaze, tyibulis raionis sof. cucxvaTis 

mRvimis arqeologiuri monacemebiT. uZveles sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli iyo 

fetiSizmi _ sagnebis Tayvaniscema, romelTac, TiTqos, zebunebrivi Tvisebebi 

qondaT. arsebobda winaprebis kulti, agreTve sulebis rwmena da bunebis 

gasuliereba, rasac animizmi ewodeba. aseve gavrcelebuli iyo magia. mags garkveuli 

qmedebebisa da Selocvebis meSveobiT gavlena unda moexdina adamiansa da bunebriv 

movlenebze (ix. gakveTili „magia“). 

mogvianebiT gaCnda ufro rTuli warmodgenebi 

Teos _ berZn. RmerTi. sulze, mis arsebobaze adamianis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 

imqveyniur samyaroze, RmerTebsa da gmirebze. Zvel 

saberZneTSi RmerTebis mkacri, mowesrigebuli sistema arsebobda, magram religiuri 

da miTologiuri personaJebi jer kidev ar imijneboda erTmaneTisagan, radgan berZnebi 

RvTiur da miwier samyaros erT mTlianobad aRiqvamdnen (gaixsene berZnuli miTebi). 

TandaTan Camoyalibda Teisturi religiebi, isini aRiareben RmerTs, romelsac SeuZlia 

Tavis mierve Seqmnili wesrigis Secvla, romelsac araferi daemaleba, romelsac 

SegiZlia mimarTo gasaWiris dros. Teisturma religiebma mkafiod ganasxvaves miwieri 

da zeciuri samyaro, sxeuli da suli. aseTi religiebia: iudaizmi, qristianoba, islami. 

aRmsarebloba adamianTa jgufis, eTnosis, eris, saxelmwifos identobis erT-erTi 

mTavari niSania. zogierTi xalxis an saxelmwifos identobas mxolod religia (da 

ara, magaliTad, ena, teritoria Tu eTnikuri kuTvnileba) gansazRvravda, magaliTad, 

ebraelebisas _ iudaizmi, bizantiisas _ marTlmadidebloba, arabTa saxalifos _ islami. 

dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasamde aRmsarebloba arsebobs, maT 

Soris, poliTeisturi (mravalRmerTiani), monoTeisturi (erTRmerTiani), 

gvar-tomobrivi (gavrcelebulia xalxebSi, romelTac SenarCunebuli aqvT 

gvarovnuli urTierTobebi, magaliTad, avstraliis aborigenebi), nacionaluri 

(konkretul eTnikur an politikur sazRvrebSi moqceuli _ magaliTad, induizmi, 

konfucianeloba, Sintoizmi, sikhizmi) da msoflio (zenacionaluri) religiebi, 

romlebic scildeba konkretuli eTnikuri jgufisa Tu saxelmwifos farglebs da 

aerTianebs yvela adamians, dabadebis adgilis, enisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis 

miuxedavad (qristianoba, budizmi, islami). 

davaleba 

1. imsjele religiis, magiisa da miTosis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. 

2. gaixsene samuel hanTingtonis mosazreba „civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis“ Sesaxeb; ratom 

CaTvala s. hanTingtonma religia civilizaciis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad. 


mkurnaloba da medicina 24 

ra aris janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba? am kiTxvaze sxvadasxva kulturas 

gansxvavebuli pasuxi aqvs. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom daavadebis srulyofili mkurnaloba 

SeuZlebelia im bunebrivi, socialuri da kulturuli garemos codnis gareSe, sadac 

adamianebi cxovroben. erTi kulturis warmomadgenlebi ama Tu im avadmyofobiT 

ufro xSirad avaddebian, meoreni ki _ ara, mkurnaloba erT jgufSi ufro efeqturia, 

vidre meoreSi. Cveni Sexedulebebi janmrTelobis, avadmyofobisa da mkurnalobis 

Sesaxeb Cvenive kulturis gamoxatulebaa. 

Tanamedrove medicina mravali sxvadasxva kulturisa da tradiciis 

urTierTSexvedris Sedegad Seiqmna. es iyo erTgvari „kulturuli mogzauroba“ 

antikuri berZnuli da romauli samyarodan axloaRmosavlur arabul kulturaSi, 

Soreul aRmosavleTSi, CineTsa da indoeTSi, da, Semdeg, kvlav evropaSi, sadac 

medicina sabolood Camoyalibda rogorc samecniero codnis sfero. 

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi medicina ukiduresad swrafi tempiT viTardeba, amave 

dros, sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba daavadebis diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis 

sxvadasxva kulturebSi arsebul gamocdilebas, xalxur medicinas. 

uZveles droSi avadmyofobas xsnidnen jadoqrobiT, demonuri Zalebis zemoqmedebiT 

an RvTis nebiT. daavadebulis gankurnebisaTvis zogjer dResac mimarTaven Selocvas, 

Tilismas Tu sxvadasxva siwmindes. 

erT-erTi Zvelegvipturi papirusi, romelic Zv. w. daaxloebiT 

1550 wliT TariRdeba, 900-mde wamlis aRwerilobas moicavs. 

egvipteSi samedicino codnis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo 

mumificirebis tradiciam: Zvel egviptelebs Rrmad swamdaT 

imqveyniuri cxovrebis, cdilobdnen daecvaT micvalebulis 

sxeuli gaxrwnisagan da mumificirebasac am mizniT misdevdnen. 

samkurnalo saqmis mfarvel RvTaebebad isida da lomisTaviani 

soxmeti miiCneodnen. 

24. mkurnaloba da medicina 

mxedvelobis 

mkurnaloba Zvel 

egvipteSi 

Zvelegvipturi 

qirurgiuli 

iaraRis reliefuri 

gamosaxuleba. qom 

ombos taZari 

Sumerebis samedicino codnis amsaxveli uZvelesi werilobiTi Zegli Zv. w. me-3 

aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba. masSi mocemulia sami saxis (cxeli safenebis, Sinagani 

da garegani samkurnalo saSualebebis) 15 recepti. 

79

Tanamedrove samedicino simboloebis da terminebis Seqmna Zvel berZnebs 

ukavSirdeba. isini kargad icnobdnen Zveli egviptis, babilonis, indoeTis samkurnalo 

tradiciebs. berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, medicinis RvTaebad asklepiosi 

iTvleboda, igi RmerTi-mkurnalisa da RmerTi-winaswarmetyvelis, apolonis Svili 

iyo. asklepiosis samlocveloebi samkurnalo adgilebad iTvleboda. gadmocemis 

mixedviT, asklepiosi daqorwinda kunZul kosis mmarTvelis qaliSvilze. SemdgomSi 

es kunZuli gadaiqca Zveli saberZneTis samedicino ganaTlebis erT-erT centrad. 

asklepiosis Svilebidan cnobili 

arian higia _ janmrTelobis qalRmerTi, 

romlis saxelidan modis sityva „higiena“ 

da panacea _ wamliT mkurnalobis 

mfarveli, romelic yvela daavadebas 

kurnavda. antikuri xelovnebis nimuSebSi 

asklepiosi warmodgenilia kombliT, 

romelzec gvelia Semoxveuli, xolo misi 

qaliSvili higia ki tunikaSi gamowyobili 

axalgazrda, lamazi qaliSvilis saxiT, 

romelsac xelSi gveli uWiravs da Tasidan 

aWmevs. SemdgomSi gvelSemoxveuli 

kombali da Tasi bevr qveyanaSi medicinis 

q. pompeis gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili romauli 

samedicino instrumentebi. italia Cv. w. 79 w. 

gardis xidi, safrangeTi. Zv.w. Is. romauli akveduki. 

Jozef piton de turneforis naxati Tbilisis 

akvedukis gamosaxulebiT. XVIII s. dasawyisi. 

ZiriTadi simbolo gaxda. 

medicinis mamad wodebulma hipokratem, 

romelic Tavs asklepiosis STamomavlad 

Tvlida, safuZveli Cauyara klinikur 

medi cinas _ eqimis regularul dakvirvebas 

avad myofze, misi mdgomareobisa da 

mkurna lobis mimdinareobis aRweras. 

dResac bevr qveyanaSi eqimebi samedicino 

saqmi anobis dawyebis win „hipokrates 

fics“ deben. 

asklepiosi Zvel romSi eskulapes 

saxeliT iyo cnobili. romaelebma Zveli 

berZnebis codna medicinis da higienis 

sferoSi kidev ufro ganaviTares. omis 

dros eqimebi da maTi vaJebi samxedro 

samsaxurisagan Tavisufldebodnen. 

romauli kanonebis zogierTi paragrafi 

sisufTavesa da moqalaqeTa 

janmrTelobis dacvas exeboda. romSi 

arsebobda akvedukebi (wyalsatari, 

romliTac wyali TviTdinebiT 

miemarTeba dasaxlebuli punqtebisaken), 

kerZo da sazogadoebrivi abanoebi da 

tualetebi (forikebi). qalaq pompeis 

gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda arqeologiis 

istoriaSi pirveli samedicino instrumentebis 

sruli nakrebi. 


omis imperiis dacemis Semdeg berZnul-laTinuri 

samedicino kultura arabebis wyalobiT Semoinaxa. me-9-10 

saukuneebSi berZnulidan arabul enaze iTargmna hipokratesa 

da sxva moazrovneebis TiTqmis yvela samedicino Txzuleba. 

amasTan, arabebma medicina gaamdidres mniSvnelovani 

naSromebiT ofTalmologiaSi, infeqciur sneulebebSi, 

Seqmnes uzarmazari samedicino enciklopedia „yovlismomcveli 

wigni medicinaze“. samedicino traqtatebSi 

aRwerilia samkurnalo saSualebebi, sxvadasxva daavadebaTa 

simptomebi da mkurnaloba. 

abu al-kasimi (laT. albukasisi) (936-1013) 

udidesi andalusieli arabi qirurgi iyo. mis 

mier Seqmnilma samedicino traqtatma, romelic 

axlo aRmosavlur da berZnul-romaul klasikur 

swavlebas aerTianebs, gansazRvra evropuli 

qirurgiuli procedurebis saxe renesansamde. 

kiTxva 


asklepiosi 

galeni, avicena da hipokrate, ilustracia avicenas 

`medicinis kanonis~ evropuli gamocemidan. 

avicenam, galenisa da hipokrates principebze 

dayrdnobiT, SeimuSava medicinis sruli 

sistema. amitom, sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas 

mcxovrebi am sami moazrovnis erTad gamosaxva 

maT swavlebas Soris arsebulikavSiris erTgvari 

aRniSvnaa. 

l ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Tanamedrove dasavlur da Cinur medicinas Soris? 

davaleba 

1. ratom aerTianebs mumificirebis tradicia Zveli egviptelebis religiur 

warmodgenebsa da samedicino codnas? 

2. gaarkvie, romel balaxeul an sxva saSualebebs iyeneben dRemde adamianebi 

samkurnalod? 

3. gaixsene istoriidan, ra viTarebaSi iTargmna qarTul enaze „wigni saaqimoi“? 

81

enesansis periodSi evropam kvlav „aRmoaCina“ 

antikuri kulturuli memkvidreoba, maT Soris, 

samedicino sferoSic. es, upirveles yovlisa, swored 

arabi moazrovneebis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. 

antikuri filosofosebis zogi naSromi originalis 

saxiT aRar arsebobda da mxolod arabuli Targmanis 

saxiT iyo xelmisawvdomi. 

oqros kveTis principis kvlevisa da idealuri 

proporciebis ZiebaSi, adamianis anatomiis Seswavla 

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda, rasac udidesi 

mniSvneloba hqonda medicinis ganviTarebisaTvis. 

tradiciuli Cinuri medicina msoflmxedvelobis 

ganuyofeli nawilia da gansazRvravs Cinelebis 

cxovrebis wess. amdenad, is Tavisi roliT da 

mniSvnelobiT, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba medicinisagan 

dasavlur sazogadoebebSi. dRes CineTis jandacvis 

sistemaSi Tanabrad gamoiyeneba dasavluri da 

tradiciuli mkurnalobis meTodebi. mkurnalobis 

xerxebidan gansakuTrebiT cnobilia mcenareuli da 

cxoveluri saSualebebi da akupunqtura _ nemsebiT 

mkurnaloba, rac xels uwyobs organizmis Sinagani 

wonasworobis aRdgenas da SenarCunebas. 

leonardo da vinCis anatomiuri eskizebi. 

leonardo da vinCim, renesansis epoqis udidesma 

mxatvarma da swavlulma, gvamebis gakveTis 

Sedegad gamoikvlia adamianis sxeulis agebuleba. 

renesansis mxatvrebis anatomiurma kvlevebma 

srulyves Sua saukuneebis evropul kulturaSi 

arsebuli warmodgena adamianis sxeulis Sesaxeb. 

abu ali ibn-sina, laT. avicena 

(980-1037). 

abu ali ibn-sina iraneli eqimi 

da swavluli iyo. man Seajera 

misi droisTvis arsebuli 

aRmosavluri (arabuli) 

da evropuli samedicino 

tradicia da xalxuri 

medicina. misi memkvidreoba 

Tanabrad gaiTavisa rogorc 

arabulenovanma, ise 

evropulma kulturebma, aqedan 

gamomdinare, gasagebi xdeba, Tu 

ratom SemogvrCa misi saxelis 

ori _ arabuli da laTinuri 

forma. 

wiTeli ebrauli qudi: 

1360 wlis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, qalaq 

romis yvela ebrael mamakacs wiTeli 

qudi unda etarebina, raTa SesaZlebeli 

yofiliyo maTi qristianTagan gamorCeva. es 

damamcirebeli kanoni, gamonaklisis saxiT, 

mxolod eqimebs ar exeboda. 


medea. 

evelin de morgani (1855-1919). 

legendis Tanaxmad, medicina 

kolxeTis mefis, aietis 

qaliSvilis saxelwodebidan 

momdinareobs, romelic 

mkurnalobis xelovnebas 

flobda. 


Zveli qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebidan irkveva, 

rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobdnen 

„mecnierni kurnebisa“, „xelovani mkurnalni“, 

rom lebic avadmyofs yovelmxriv swavlobdnen, 

arCev dnen samkurnalo saSualebebs, yuradRebas 

aqcevdnen daavadebaTa gamomwvev geografiul da 

klimatur faqtorebs. arsebobda saavadmyofoebi da 

iTargmneboda samedicino Txzulebebi. 

werilobiT wyaroebSi ixsenieba jara _ qirurgi, aqimi 

_ Terapevti. aTonis iverTa monasterTan ramdenime 

saavadmyofo arsebobda, maT Soris specializebuli 

saavadmyofo keTrovanTaTvis _ leprozoriumi. 

daviT aRmaSenebelma gelaTis monasterTan daaarsa 

qsenoni _ saavadmyofo. miCneulia, rom me-13 saukunis 

dasawyisSi Targmnili „wigni saaqimoi“ medicinis 

saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyeneboda. 

sulxan saba orbelianis cnobili leqsikoni 

moicavs 50-mde anatomiur-fiziologiur termins, 

daavadebaTa 160-mde saxelwodebas, daavadebis 

simptomTa aRmniSvnel 40-mde sityvas, 140-mde 

samkurnalo mcenaris dasaxelebas. 

zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis karabadini, 

me-15 saukune. masSi saocari sizustiTaa 

ganxiluli medicinis rogorc Teoriuli, ise 

praqtikuli sakiTxebi. varZiis afTiaqi 

83


1. moiZie informacia berZnuli miTologiidan: ratom 

iyo kombalze Semoxveuli gveli asklepiosis da 

medicinis simbolo? 

2. gamoikvlie daviT batoniSvilis pirovneba da moiZie 

informacia mis wignze „iadigar daudi”. 


hipokrates fici 

`vficav apolon mkurnalsa, asklepiossa, higiasa da 

panaceas, da yvela RmerTsa da qalRmerTsa, mowmeebad 

vracx ra maT, rom keTilsindisierad, Cemis Zal-Ronisa 

da Cemis mixvedrilobis Sesabamisad aRvasrulo qvemore 

aRTqma da werilobiTi valdebuleba: 

l vinc Semaswavla mkurnalobis xelovneba, Cemi mSoblebis Tanasworad miviCnio igi, 

gavunawilo mas Cemi monagari da saWiroebisas Sevewio gasaWirSi; 

l misi STamomavalni Cems Zmebad miviRo da es xelovneba, Tuki isini mis dauflebas 

moisurveben, Sevaswavlo usasyidlod da yovelgvari pirobis gareSe; 

l rCeva-darigebani, zepiri gakveTilebi da yovelive danarCeni moZRvrebisa vamcno 

Cems ZeT, ZeT Cemi maswavleblisa da mowafeebsac, romelnic Sekrulni arian 

valdebulebiTa da ficiTa saeqimo kanonis kvalobaze da aravis vamcno sxvas. 

l Cemi Zal-Ronis Sesabamisad mxolod da mxolod sasargeblo ganweseba davudgino 

avadmyofs da averido yovelgvar vnebis miyenebas da usamarTlobas. 

l ar mivce arcerT mTxovnels momakvdinebeli saSualeba da arca gza vaswavlo 

aseTi zraxvis Sesrulebisa; 

l aseve ar mivce arc erT qals muclis mosaSleli pesariumi. 

daviT batoniSvilis (me-16-17ss.) 

enciklopediuri xasiaTis 

naSromi ìadigar daudi~ 

maSindeli medicinis TiTqmis 

yvela ZiriTad sakiTxsexeba. 

l spetakad da umwikvlod movixmaro Cemi cxovreba da Cemi xelovneba. romel 

saxlSic Sevide, mxolod avadmyofis sasikeTod SevaRo am saxlis kari da ar iyos 

gulsa Cemsa winaganzraxva, umarTebuloba da avi survili, miTumetes zraxvani 

samijnuroni qalTa mimarT da mruSobis ndoma kacTa mimarT, arca azatTa da arca 

monaTa mimarT. 

l odes mkurnalobis Jams _ an Tu sxva dros _ yuri movkra anda vixilo raime kacTa 

cxovrebidan, raica ar unda iqnes gamJRavnebuli, saidumlod miviCnio da aravis 

gavumxilo igi. 

l da me, ganuxrelad Semsrulebelsa ficisa, bedniereba mxvdes cxovrebaSi da Cemsa 

xelovnebaSic, da madidon kacTa ukuniTi ukunisamde, xolo ukeTu davarRvio 

fici anda cru aRTqma davdo, piruku momegos me”. 


Tanamedrove eqimis fici 1 

l vxdebi ra samedicino profesiis warmomadgeneli, sazeimod vficav: 

l Cemi cxovreba mivuZRvna adamianis samsaxurs; 

l Rirseuli pativi da madliereba mivago Cems maswavleblebs; 

l keTilsindisierad da Rirseulad Sevasrulo Cemi profesiuli movaleoba; 

l pacientis janmrTeloba gavixado Cems umTavres sazrunavad; 

l Sevinaxo CemTvis mindobili saidumlo pacientis sikvdilis Semdegac ki; 

l SeZlebisdagvarad davamkvidro saeqimo profesiis keTilSobiluri tradiciebi; 

l kolegebi miviCnio Zmebad da debad; 

l ar davuSva pacientis asakis, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, aRmsareblobis, 

rasis, sqesis, erovnebis, politikuri Sexedulebebis, seqsualuri orientaciis, 

socialuri mdgomareobis zegavlena Cemi profesiuli movaleobis aRsrulebaze; 

l kvlavac usazRvro pativi vce adamianis sicocxles misi CasaxvisTanave, 

veraviTarma Zalam ver maiZulos gamoviyeno samedicino codna kacTmoyvareobis 

kanonebis winaaRmdeg; 

l am aRTqmas vdeb sazeimod, nebayoflobiT da uangarod. 

1 miRebulia: 

- msoflio samedicino asociaciis generaluri asambleis mier, Jeneva, Sveicaria, 1948 wlis 

seqtemberi. 

ganaxlebulia: 

- 22-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, sidnei, avstralia, 1968 wlis agvisto; 

- 35-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, venecia, italia, 1983 wlis oqtomberi; 

- msoflio samedicino asociaciis 46-e generaluri asambleis mier, stokholmi, SvedeTi, 1994 wlis 

seqtemberi. 


85

25 

simbolo 

simbolo (berZn. simbolon) _ niSani, 

romelic SeiZleba aRniSnavdes 

sagans, movlenas, bgeras da sxva. 

„msoflios emblemebi da simboloebi 

marTaven, da ara sityva da kanoni“, ambobda 

Cineli filosofosi konfuci. simbolo 

lakonurad asaxavs sagans, movlenas an 

cnebas, romlis gamoxatvasac mravali 

sityva daWirdeboda. 

simboloebs didi Zala da zemoqmedebis unari aqvT. isini, erTi mxriv, Seicaven 

informacias, codnas ama Tu im pirovnebis, jgufis, sagnis an institutis Sesaxeb, 

meore mxriv ki iwveven emociur gancdas. 

brZolis dros aRmarTuli droSa armiis suliskveTebas gansazRvravda: sanam 

droSa frialebda, gamarjvebisaTvis brZola grZeldeboda. daxrili droSa 

kapitulacias (agreTve glovas) niSnavda, warmatebis aRsaniSnavad ki gamarjvebuli 

mxare qalaqis an cixis Tavze sakuTar droSas aRmarTavda. rogorc wesi, 

damarcxebuli mxare gamarjvebuls qalaqis gasaRebs da sakuTari Zalauflebis 

niSnebs _ kverTxs, gvirgvins da, pirvel rigSi, droSas gadascemda. TeTri droSa 

dResac brZolis Sewyvetas da molaparakebis SeTavazebas aRniSnavs. 

religiuri simbolika 

adamianis nebismieri saqmianoba, Sexeduleba, idea Tu 

rwmena simboloTi gamoixateba. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis 

evropaSi xelosanTa da vaWarTa gildiebs, aseve me- 

19 saukunis saqarTveloSi amqrebs sakuTari, saqmianobis 

Sesaba misi simboloebi hqondaT; dRes Tavisi simboloebi 

aqvT, magaliTad, univer si tetebs, wiTeli jvrisa da 

wiTeli naxevarmTvaris organizacias, pacifis tebs, mwva - 

neebs, sxvadasxva saerTa Soriso organizacias _ gaeros, 

iuneskos, natos; aseve simboloTa saSualebiT ganvasxvavebT 

erTmaneTisagan ama Tu im religiis aRmsareblebs; 

simboloebiT aris datvirTuli olimpiuri TamaSebic, 

sadac gamarjvebuli sportsmenis dajildoebis 

ceremoniali saxelmwifo droSis aRmarTvis da himnis 

Sesrulebis fonze mimdinareobs. 

olimpiuri Cempioni laSa 

SavdaTuaSvili saqarTvelos 

saxelmwifo droSiT. 


simboloebi kulturidan kulturaSi „mogzauroben“ 

da mniSvnelobas icvlian. magaliTad, 

varskvlavis gamosaxulebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi 

gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. xuTqimiani 

var skvlavi Sumerul miTologiaSi qalRmerT 

iSTaris simbolo iyo, antikur epoqaSi is samyaros 

mSvenierebis simbolod iTvleboda, radgan 

bunebis harmoniasa da proporcias gana saxierebda, 

qristianobaSi xuTqimiani varskvlavi 

beT lemis varskvlavsa da qristes xuT Wrilobas 

aRniS navs, wiTeli xuTqimiani varskvlavi, romelic 

sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis 

qveynebis saxelmwifo atributikis aucilebeli 

simbolo iyo, dRes totalitarizmis simbolod 

aRiqmeba. ori erTmaneTze dadebuli varskvlavi 

uZvelesi droidan ciuri da miwieri sawyisebis 

kavSirs gamoxatavda. dRes eqvsqimiani daviTis 

varskvlavi („magen davidi“ _ daviTis fari) 

israelis saxelmwifos simboloa. 

25.simbolo 

samxedro 

piris samxre 

sabWoTa kavSiris 

gerbi 

israelis droSa 

arsebobs „samecniero simboloebi“, romelTac, ZiriTadad, zust da sabunebismetyvelo 

mecnierebebSi iyeneben. magaliTad: F _ Zala, W _ vati, T _ dro, A _ amperi da a.S. 

erTi da igive sagani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 

iyos niSani, meoreSi _ emblema, mesameSi ki _ simbolo. 

magaliTad varskvlavi samxreebze niSania, gerbze 

_ emblema, xolo beTlemis Tavze gamosaxuli ki _ 

simbolo. emblema _ esaa simbolos grafikul-vizualuri 

gamosaxuleba. jvari _ qristianuli samyaros simbolo 

_ saqarTvelos droSaze gamosaxulia, rogorc emblema. 

TeTr fonze gamosaxuli xuTi wiTeli jvari TavisTavad 

warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnul simbolos _ droSas. 

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis 

saxelmwifo universitetis gerbze gamosaxulia 

iremi, romelic ZuZus awovebs nukrs. es, zogadad, 

universitetis ideis _ TaobaTa erTobis, ufrosis mier 

umcrosisaTvis codnis, sibrZnis gadacemis simboloa. 

irems sxvadasxva xalxSi gansxvavebuli simboluri 

datvirTva aqvs, magaliTad, CineTSi iremi simdidrisa 

da warmatebis simboloa, keltebs ki swamdaT, rom 

RmerTebis kuTvnili jogebi swored irmebisagan 

Sedgeboda. saqarTveloSi gamorCeuli miTologiuri 

da istoriuli gmirebi iremTan arian wilnayarni: 

amirani irmis faSvSi gaizarda, laSa-giorgi da erekle 

mefe irmis ZuZunawovad iTvlebodnen. rogorc Cans, 

iremi keTili sawyisis, siuxvis simboloa. 

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

droSa 

Tbilisis saxelmwifo 

universitetis gerbi 

87

wminda nino vazis jvriT 

vazis CuqurTma, sveticxoveli 

Tbilisis gerbi stilizebuli 

vazis gamosaxulebiT 

garda oficialuri/saxelmwifo atributikisa, 

romelic saxelmwifos simbolikas warmoadgens, 

arsebobs kidev sxva, am Tu im xalxisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos 

yvelaze ufro „qarTul“ simbolod? savaraudod, 

es gaxlavT vazi. iSviaTad Tu naxavT saqarTveloSi 

eklesias vazis CuqurTmis gareSe. vazi imTaviTve iyo 

bunebis siuxvis simbolo. ioanes saxarebis mixedviT, 

qriste sakuTar Tavs vazs uwodebs: „me var vazi 

WeSmariti, da mama Cemi mevenaxea“. vazis simbolika 

Seerwya qarTvelTa gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas 

venaxisadmi. wminda ninom swored vazisgan Sekra 

jvari, romlis saSualebiTac moaqcia qarTvelebi. 

simboloebi ara mxolod xatovan gamosaxulebebSi, 

aramed werilobiT teqstebSic aisaxeba. albaT 

gaxsovT cnobili sagalobeli, romelic mefe demetre 

pirvels ekuTvnis: 

davaleba 

Sen xar venaxi, axlad aRyvavebuli, 

morCi keTili, edemSi danerguli, 

alva sulneli, samoTxiT gamosruli, 

RmerTman Segamko, veravin gjobs qebuli, 

da TaviT TvisiT mze xar gabrwyinvebuli. 

l wina gakveTilebSi moiZie simboloebi da imsjele maTi 

mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb. 


1. moiZie sxvadasxva qveynis saxelmwifo simbolika 

da imsjele maTze mocemuli gamosaxulebebis 

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. 

2. moiZie informacia me-20 saukuneSi saqarTvelos 

saxelmwifo simbolikis istoriis Sesaxeb. 

3. moiZie informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs àlma 

mater~ da daukavSire igi Tbilisis saxelmwifo 

universitetis gerbze gamosaxul simbolos. 



Sveicariis saxelmwifo droSa, TeTri jvari wiTel 

kvadratSi, tradiciulad gamoxatavda Tavisuflebas, 

Rirsebas, erTgulebas. igi kvadratuli formisaa, msgavsi 

formis droSa, Sveicariis garda, mxolod vatikans aqvs. 

1648 wlis vestfalis zavis mixedviT, evropis 

saxelmwifoebma aRiares Svei cariis damoukidebloba 

da neitra liteti. fiqroben, rom qveynis dRevan deli 

saxelmwifo droSis Seqmna am periods ukavSirdeba. Sveiicariis saxelmwifo droSaa 

mas safuZvlad daedo Sveicarieli jariskacis samosi, 

romelzec gamosaxuli iyo TeTri jvari wiTel fonze, 

rac qristianul rwmenas gamoxatavda. 1848-1889 wlebSi droSas qonda Sveicariis 

samxedro droSis statusi, 1889 wlidan ki igi arsebobs rogorc saxelmwifo droSa da 

erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi. dRes Sveicariis droSa saxelmwifos neitralitetis, 

demokratiis da mSvidobis simbolod miiCneva. 

1906 wels, Sveicariis droSis safuZvelze, Seiqmna saerTaSoriso humanitaruli 

organizaciis „wiTeli jvris“ droSa, am organizaciis damaarseblis anri dunanis 

(Henri Dunant) sapativcemulod, romelic Sveicariis moqalaqe iyo. 

nepalis saxelmwifo droSa erTaderTi araoTxkuTxedi 

formis droSaa. igi am saxiT 1962 wlidan arsebobs. misi 

mkveTri wiTeli feri omSi gamarjvebis da nepaleli 

xalxis simamacis simboloa, lurji daboloeba ki 

mSvidobas da harmonias aRniSnavs. ori samkuTxedi 

simbolurad gamoxatavs himalais mTebs da qveyanaSi 

gavrcelebul or ZiriTad religias _ induizms da 

budizms, ciuri sxeulebi _ nepaleli xalxis ukvdavebas 

da imeds, rom nepali iarsebebs iseve didxans, rogorc 

mze da mTvare. mTvare aris nepalelTa simSvidis, xolo 

mze maTi mrisxanebis simbolo. 

albaT, yvelas ecnoba sasurveli kompiuteris Tu 

mobiluri telefonis simbolo _ mokbeCili vaSli, 

nepalis saxelmwifo droSaa romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelze saxelganTqmuli 

brendis Apple-is niSania. miiCneven, rom stiv jobsis 

mier daarsebuli korporaciis warmatebas swored 

am vaSlma Seuwyo xeli. vaSli aris srulyofilebis, 

silamazis simbolo da maradiul axalgazrdobasa da 

silamazes ganasaxierebs, mokbeCili vaSli ki im xilis 

gamoxatulebaa, romelic adamma da evam igemes, swored 

is miiCneva Semecnebis simbolod. 

25.simbolo 

89

26 

artemida SvliT (diana 

versaleli). 

ZvelberZnuli qandakebis 

romauli asli. luvri, parizi. 

xelovneba 

dedamiwis zurgze ar moiZebneba xalxi, romelsac 

ar aqvs xelovnebis sxvadasxva forma _ cekva, musika, 

mxatvroba... swored amitom ganekuTvneba xelovneba 

kulturis universaliebs. 

bevr enaSi ar moipoveba xelovnebis aRmniSvneli 

sagangebo sityva, SeiZleba imitom, rom xelovneba xSirad 

religiuri, socialuri da politikuri cxovrebis 

ganuyofel nawilad gvevlineba. 

ra aris xelovneba? Sen warmoidgine, am kiTxvaze pasuxi 

arcTu advili gasacemia da xelovnebis sayovelTaod 

gaziarebuli ganmarteba arc arsebobs. modi, ase 

SevTanxmdeT: xelovnebas ganekuTvneba nawarmoebi 

(magaliTad, qandakeba), qmedeba (magaliTad, cekva), 

teqsti (magaliTad, leqsi), romelic adamianebSi (ar aris 

aucilebeli _ yvelaSi) aRZravs esTetur grZnobas („ra 

mSvenieria!“, „ra lamazia!“, „ra kargadaa gakeTebuli!“, 

an sulac, „au, ra magaria!“; esTeturi grZnoba SeiZleba 

uaryofiTic iyos _ „ra uSnoa!“, „ras gavs!“). aq ori 

sayuradRebo momentia: erTi, rom xelovnebis nimuSi 

adamianis mier unda iyos Seqmnili, Torem esTeturi grZnoba bunebis qmnilebebmac 

SeiZleba aRZras _ lamazma xem an mSvenieri garegnobis adamianma; da meore, xelovnebis 

nimuSs aucileblad Wirdeba sxva adamiani _ mayurebeli Tu msmeneli, erTi sityviT, 

Semfasebeli. xelovnebis zogi gansazRvreba xazs usvams mis emociur maxasiaTeblebs. 

xelovnebis nimuSi gadmoscems avtoris emociebsa da mis ideebs, xolo mnaxvelSi ki is 

iwvevs grZnobebs. emociebi da ideebi sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba: xatviT, qsoviT, 

sxeulis dekoraciiT, musikiT, cekviT, mwerlobiT. 

xelovnebis is sferoebi, romlebic dRes damoukideblad arsebobs, Soreul 

warsulSi adamianis yoveldRiuri yofis nawili iyo. alJirSi, israelSi, marokoSi 

aRmoCenilia niJarebis mZivebi, romlebic 82-100 aTasi wlisaa. isini samkaulis 

Soreul winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT. 

savaraudod, xelovnebis sxva formebic arsebobda, magaliTad, cekva. gaxsovT, 

rogor warmovidgineT samkurnalo magiis Casaxva? TiTqmis darwmunebiT SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom pirvelyofili magiuri ritualebi mTeli jgufis riTmuli moZraobisa 

da SeZaxilebis TanxlebiT mimdinareobda. riTmi kravs jgufs, TiTqos Zalas matebs 

da aZlierebs mas _ gavixsenoT skandireba mitingebsa Tu stadionebze, an aRlumze 

samwyobro nabijiT mimavali samxedro nawili. 


xelovnebis formebi TandaTan viTardeboda, 

ixveweboda, rTuldeboda; 

gansxvavebuli ritualebi sxvadasxva 

riTmSi sruldeboda; gaCnda pirveli 

musikaluri instrumentebi _ qvis dafdafi, 

lerwmis Tu Zvlis salamuri; nel-nela 

cekva gamoeyo magias da TavisTavadi 

Rirebuleba SeiZina _ garTobisa da 

gantvirTvis. 

magiidanve amoizarda saxviTi 

xelovneba. gamoqvabulebSi napovn qvis 

xanis naxatebze xSiradaa gamosaxuli 

isriT Tu SubiT gangmiruli cxovelebi. 

gaxsovT „msgavsebis magia“? _ daxatul 

isars namdvili isari pirdapir nadiris 

gulisken unda miemarTa... sanadiro 

magiasTan dakavSirebuli mxatvroba 

ise ganviTarda, rom, rodesac me-19-20 

saukuneebis mijnaze evropis ramdenime 

gamoqvabulSi cxovelebis uzarmazari, 

gasaocari ostatobiT Sesrulebuli 

ferweruli gamosaxulebebi aRmoaCines, 

bevrma mecnierma arc ki daijera, rom es 

yvelaferi qvis xanaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo 

Seqmnili. dRes es mxatvroba msoflio 

xelovnebis saganZurSia Sesuli. geniosebi 

qvis xanaSic ibadebodnen. 

genialuri mxatvris pablo pikasos 

sityviT, ”altamirasTan SedarebiT, 

sxva yvelaferi dabali donisaa.” altamiras 

gamoqvabulebi espaneTis samxreTiT 

mdebareobs. 1868 wels adgilobrivi 

monadire SemTxveviT waawyda 

maT. kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebis 

Seswavla mogvianebiT daiwyo. gamoqvabulis 

kedlebze naxatebi imdenad 

kargad iyo Semonaxuli, rom didi xnis 

ganmavlobaSi specialistebs eeWvebodaT 

maTi siZvele. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi 

sabolood dadasturda, rom es 

naxatebi 16 000 wlis winandelia. dRes 

altamiras mRvime iuneskos kultu ruli 

memkvidreobis Zeglebis siaSia Setanili. 

26.xelovneba 

qarTuli erovnuli cekva 

Zveli egvipte. kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSi 

altamiras gamoqvabulis kedlis mxatvroba. 

91

sami lamazmani. iaponeli mxatvari 

kitagava utamoro (me-18 saukune) 

aq ver ganvixilavT xelovnebis yvela formisa 

Tu mimarTulebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas, 

vityviT mxolod, rom uZveles did civilizaciebSi 

_ egvipteSi, SuamdinareTSi, CineTSi, indoeTSi, 

saber ZneTsa Tu romSi _ xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela 

ZiriTad formas vxvdebiT: musikas, mxatvrobas, 

qandakebas, arqiteqturas, poezias, Teatrs. aq 

ukve arian profe sionalebi _ karis mxatvrebi 

Tu moxe tiale musikosebi. da veravin ityvis, rom 

mogvianebiT Seqmnili Sedevrebi „ukeTesia“, vidre 

maSindeli _ namdvili xelovneba ar Zveldeba. 

xelovnebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba gverdi 

avuaroT mis kavSirs religiasTan. religiuri 

wesebi da dogmebi xelovnebaze uzarmazar gavlenas 

axdenda; xelovnebis zogi forma ikrZaleboda da 

idevneboda, zogic yvelanairad waxalisdeboda. 

magaliTad, iudaizmi da islami krZalaven cocxali 

arsebebis gamosaxvas, amitom am religiis mimdevar 

xalxebSi monumenturi mxatvroba, portreti 

da qandakeba ar ganviTarebula, samagierod, 

muslimur kulturaSi umaRles dones miaRwia 

ornamentisa da kaligrafiis xelovnebam. 

qristianobaSi amgvari akrZalva ar iyo, ris 

gamoc qristianul samyaroSi saxviT xelovnebas ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba mieca; Tumca 

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi igi eqvemdebareboda 

eklesiis mkacr zedamxedvelobas (es exeba 

xelovnebis sxva formebsac _ musikas, Teatrs da 

a.S.). mxolod aRorZinebis xanidan moyolebuli, 

xelovneba aRar ifargleba religiuri TemebiT 

da uzarmazari nabijebiT midis win. 

arabuli kaligrafiis nimuSi 

samTavisis taZari. XI s. 


xelovnebaze udidesi gavlena aqvs teqnikur progress. 

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi xelovnebis tradiciul 

formebs Seemata axlebi _ fotografia da kino, xolo 

gasuli saukunis miwuruls _ kompiuteruli xelovnebis 

mravalgvari forma. xelovneba masobrivi gaxda. 

liTxva 

l gaixsene istoriidan Tu saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi 

xelovnebidan antikuri xanis Sedevrebi da maTi 

avtorebi. 

davaleba 

l imuSaveT jgufebad. yovelma jgufma Camoweros 

wilisyriT Sexvedrili regionis, epoqisa Tu stilis 

(egvipte, SuamdinareTi, antikuri xana, Sua saukuneebi, 

aRorZinebis xana, baroko, klasicizmi, romantizmi... 

axali dro, uaxlesi dro) xelovnebis sxvadasxva 

dargis qmnilebebi. 

26.xelovneba 

baleti 

93

27 

samarTali 

samarTali kulturis erT-erTi universaliaa. yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT, 

samarTali aris wesebis erToblioba, romelic sxvadasxva gziT aregulirebs 

adamianebis qcevas da warmoadgens upirveles mediators, momrigebels adamianebis 

urTierTobaSi. ramdenad gansxvavebulia igi sxvadasxva xalxebSi? cnobili frangi 

fizikosi da moazrovne blez paskali ambobda: „is, rac alpebs iqiT WeSmaritebaa, 

alpebs aqeT sicruea“. 

xamurabis stelis fragmenti 

stela xamurabis kanonebiT 

jer kidev Zvel babilonSi, Zv. w. me-18 saukuneSi, 

mefe xamurabim Seqmna kanonTa krebuli _ yvelaze 

srulyofili samarTlis Zegli Zvel mesopotamiaSi. 

Tumca kanonTa krebulebi iq manamdec arsebobda. 

Zv. w. me-7 saukuneSi saberZneTSi aTenis mmarTvelma 

drakonma qalaqs Zalze mZime kanonebi dauwesa. dResac, 

mkacri, mZime kanonebis aRsaniSnavad, viyenebT termins 

„drakonuli kanonebi“. drakonis kanonebi solonma 

_ berZenma sazogado moRvawem _ Secvala, romelic 

demokratiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis formis erT-erT 

sulisCamdgmelad iTvleba. 

muslimur samyaroSi moqmedebs SariaTi _muslimuri 

kanonTa kodeqsi, romelic yurans emyareba. 

SariaTis kanonebs xSirad warmoadgenen, rogorc 

raRac gaqvavebul, saSinel wesebs, romlebic gulgrilia 

adamianis mimarT, Tumca mas Zalian didi 

inteleqtualuri safuZveli aqvs. xSirad SariaTi 

ar eTanxmeba imas, rac Cven migvaCnia sworad, magram 

es aris saukuneebis manZilze gamovlili, droSi 

gamocdili da, rac mTavaria, konkretuli kulturis 

Sesabamisi sistema. demokratiuli Rirebulebebi ar 

aris universaluri da is, rac demokratiulad miiCneva 

dasavleTSi, SeiZleba sruliad sawinaaRmdegod aRiqmebodes 

aRmosavleTSi, sadac urTierTobis, saxelmwifos 

mowyobis, genderuli rolebis gadanawilebis 

da a.S. absoluturad gansxvavebuli tradiciaa. 

giorgi lobJaniZe, aRmosavleTmcodne 


saqarTveloSi kanonSemoqmedebiTi tradicia 

uZvelesi droidan arsebobs. kanonTa krebulebidan 

gansakuT rebiT cnobilia giorgi brwyinvalis samar- 

Tlis wigni „Zeglis dadeba“, beqasa da aRbuRas „wigni 

samarTlisa kacisa Secodebisa yovelive“. iTarg mneboda 

ucxouri samarTlis Zeglebic, magaliTad, e.w. 

„moses samarTali“, berZnuli, romauli, siriuli 

kodeqsebi. sxvadasxva samarTlis Zeglis ganaxleba, 

erTian krebulSi moqceva da xelaxali damkvidreba me- 

18 saukunis dasawyisSi vaxtang VI moRvaweobas ukav- 

Sirdeba. amis gamo vaxtang VI sjulmdeblad iwodeba. 

vaxtang VI 

kanoni samarTlis aRsrulebis saSualebaa. Tumca arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac 

igi usamarTlobas emsaxureba: magaliTad, sabWoTa periodSi, 30-ian wlebSi arsebuli 

kanonebis safuZvelze, fizikurad ganadgurda mravali aTasi adamiani. Tengiz 

abulaZis filmi „monanieba“ kargad aRwers totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi arsebul 

usamarTlobas. 

samarTali da kanonebi manamdec arsebobda da moqmedebda, sanam adamiani maT 

werilobiT formas miscemda. amis naTeli dadasturebaa adaTebze damyarebuli da 

zepirsityvieri saxiT Taobidan TaobisaTvis gadacemuli CveulebiTi samarTali. 

Tavad sityva adaTi arabulad Cveulebas niSnavs. swored adaTebs emyareba, 

magaliTad, svaneTSi, xevsa da fSav-xevsureTSi arsebuli samarTalwarmoebis wesi, 

romelmac uxsovari droidan moaRwia. sasamarTlos funqcias Temis sabWo asrulebda. 

bralmdeblad maxvSi (svaneTSi) an xevisberi (fSav-xevsureTSi) gamodioda. xevisberi 

da maxvSi Temis saxeliT laparakobdnen da Tavadve axorcielebdnen kanonis 

zedamxedvelobas (gavixsenoT „aluda qeTelauri“). kavkasiis mTianeTSi farTod iyo 

gavrcelebuli sisxlis aRebis, Zmadnaficobis, qalis motacebis adaTebi. zogierTi 

maTgani dResac SemorCenilia. 

sisxlis aRebis adaTi gavrcelebuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTisa da skandinaviis 

qveynebSi, aseve albaneTsa da kavkasiaSi, italiaSi igi vendetas saxeliTaa cnobili. 

es aris samarTalwarmoebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis regulirebis erTgvari wesi, 

romelic misaRebi da marTebuli gaxldaT garkveul drosa da sivrceSi manam, sanam 

igi warmoadgenda danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis formas da ara SurisZiebas. sisxlis 

aRebis adaTi dafuZnebuli iyo principze „kbili kbilis wil“, rac gulisxmobs 

Semdegs: mkvlelobis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSave an misi ojaxis romelime wevri 

sikvdiliT isjeboda, amasTan erTad, mkvlelis ojaxi did materialur zaralsac 

ganicdida. dRes sisxlis aRebis wess socialuri sargeblis motana ar SeuZlia, 

metic _ is sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad iTvleba da kanoniT isjeba (gavixsenoT 

Temur da gela babluanebis filmi „memkvidreoba“). 

27.samarTali 

95

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, kanonebTan erTad, icvleboda maTi sisruleSi 

moyvanis formebic. Tanamedrove etapze damnaSavis wameba kanoniT isjeba, odesRac 

ki mTavar mtkicebulebas swored wamebis dros miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cveneba 

warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri prokurori andrei viSinski ambobda, 

aRiareba marTlmsajulebis dedofaliao. istoriidan yvelasaTvis kargad aris 

cnobili sxvadasxva saxis sajaro sasjelebi: Zelze gasma, koconze dawva, CamoxrCoba, 

daxvreta, giliotinisa da eleqtroskamis meSveobiT dasja. zogi maTgani dResac 

moqmedebs ama Tu im qveyanaSi. bevrgan, saqarTvelos msgavsad, sikvdiliT dasja 

gauqmda da igi samudamo patimrobiT Seicvala. 

davaleba 

1. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs samarTlis sistemebis gansxvavebulobas sxvadasxva 

xalxebSi? istoriidan gaixsene da Seadare erTmaneTs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva 

qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi. 

2. rogor fiqrob, samarTlianoba da samarTali, kanoniereba da samarTlianoba erTsa 

da igives niSnavs? 

3. rogor gesmis debuleba, rom sisxlis aReba warmoadgenda danaSaulis Tavidan 

acilebis formas? 

4. sazogadoebis winaSe pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, gaavle 

paralelebi gakveTilTan „sazogadoeba“, imsjele am sakiTxze. 

Semajamebeli davaleba 

l SesaZleblad migaCnia sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionireba samarTlis gareSe? 

ra moxdeba, dawerili samarTali rom ar arsebobdes? 



giliotina 

1789 wels, safrangeTis revoluciis dros, sikvdiliT 

dasjis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, safrangeTis nacionaluri 

asambleis wevrma, eqimma Jozef-ignas giliotenma Semdegi 

winadadeba wamoayena: sikvdilmisjili Tavis mokveTiT 

unda daisajos; es unda gakeTdes umtkivneulod, martivi 

meqanizmis gamoyenebiT. 

revoluciamde safrangeTSi Tavis mokveTiT mxolod 

eqimi Jozef-ignas gilioteni 

didebulebs sjidnen da es najaxis an sxva iaraRis 

gamoyenebiT xdeboda. sikvdilmisjilTa ojaxis wevrebi 

xSirad fulsac ki uxdidnen jalaTs, raTa mas sasjeli swrafad da, SeZlebisdagvarad, 

umtkivneulod aResrulebina. rigiTi moqalaqeebis sikvdiliT dasja CamoxrCobiT an 

sxva, kidev ufro saSineli formiT (Zelze gasma, borbliT dasja, koconze dawva...) 

xdeboda. 

1791 wels nacionalurma asambleam gadawyvetileba miiRo, rom Tavis mokveTiT 

dasja yvela sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveze gavrcelebuliyo, ganurCevlad maTi 

wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa. amiT xazi esmeboda yvela adamianis Tanasworobas. Seiqmna 

specialuri komiteti, romelSic samedicino fakultetis anatomiis profesori J.i. 

giliotenic Sedioda. Tavis mokveTis „martivi meqanizmis“ eskizis Semqmnelebad 

ki frangi antuan luisi da germaneli inJineri da klavesinis ostati tobias Smidti 

iTvlebian. meqanizmma saxeli eqim giliotenis gvaridan gamomdinare miiRo. 

am droidan moyolebuli, giliotina safrangeTSi sikvdiliT dasjis erTaderT 

kanonier formad iqca. mas sxva qveynebSic iyenebdnen. 

marTalia, Jozef-ignas giliotenis saxeli istoriaSi sikvdilis am meqanizmis 

wyalobiT Sevida, magram unda iTqvas, rom Tavad igi, zogadad, sikvdiliT dasjis 

mowinaaRmdege iyo da fiqrobda, rom mis mier SeTavazebuli umtkivneulo da, aqedan 

gamomdinare, ufro humanuri sasjeli pirveli nabiji iqneboda sikvdiliT dasjis 

gauqmebis gzaze. Jozef-ignas gilioteni aRiarebuli 

eqimi iyo. eduard jeneris mier vaqcinaciis (acra) 

gamogonebis Semdeg, igi gaxldaT parizis vaqcinaciis 

komitetis prezidenti, parizis medicinis akademiis 

erT-erTi damfuZnebeli. 

„sikvdilis manqanis“ ideis avtorobis „pativi“ mZime 

tvirTi aRmoCnda J.-i. giliotenis STamomavalTaTvis. 

maT TxovniT mimarTes safrangeTis mTavrobas, 

giliotinasTvis saxeli SeecvalaT, magram uari miRes da 

SemdgomSi Tavad Seicvales gvari. 

27.samarTali 

giliotina 

97

saxaliso kanonebi 

l texasis StatSi yofnisas, Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT Tqvens siyvarulSi, nu 

warudgenT megobrebs samjer erTsa da igive qals, radgan amis Semdeg is Tqvens 

oficialur colad CaiTvleba. 

l floridaSi gauTxovar qalebs paraSutiT xtoma ekrZalebaT. aseve ar SeiZleba 

sacurao kostumiT simRera da dReSi samze meti TefSis gatexva. 

l indianas StatSi oqtombridan martamde abazanis miReba akrZalulia. aseve ar 

SeiZleba manqanebis gayidva kvira dRes. 

l q. denverSi (kolorados Stati) akrZalulia mtversasrutis Txoveba. 

l alabamaSi ikrZaleba saabazanoSi viris, arkanzasSi ki niangis Seyvana. luizianaSi 

isjeba adamianis kbena. 

l alabamaSi ar unda marTo manqana Tvalebaxveulma, niu-iorkSi saxuravidan 

gadmoxtomis gamo dagsjian (Tu ukve dasjili ar daxvdi). 

l aidahoSi akrZalulia aqlemze Semjdari Tevzaoba. 

l dakotaSi danaSaulia CeqmebiT Zili, merilendSi - TeatrSi lomTan erTad misvla, 

q. atlantaSi ki - telefonis boZze Jirafis mibma. 

l niu jersiSi patronma katebs eJvani unda Camokidos, raTa Citebma maTi miaxloeba 

gaigonon. 

l safrangeTSi akrZalulia rkinigzis liandagze xvevna-kocna, aseve, dapatimreba 

ar agcdeba, Tu Rors napoleons daarqmev. 


Sroma, profesia da hobi 28 

Sroma adamianis Tandayolili unaria. 

cxovelebi da frinvelebic „Sromoben“: 

ageben budeebs, Txrian soroebs, futkrebi 

akeTeben fiWas da amzadeben Tafls... 

magram, adamianisagan gansxvavebiT, es 

yvelaferi instinqtis, genetikuri programebis safuZvelze xdeba, adamiani ki Sromis 

process gaazrebulad, gonebis meSveobiT warmarTavs. swored adamianis Sromis 

Sedegia kultura, radgan, rogorc ukve viciT, kultura aris adamianis mier Seqmnili 

an gardaqmnili „meore buneba“. 

adamianis Tavdapirveli saqmianoba Semgrovebloba da nadiroba iyo; Semdeg gaCnda 

miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba. kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, adamianTa 

saqmianoba ufro mravalferovani gaxda. daiwyo Sromis diferenciacia: adamianebi 

iwafebodnen garkveul saqmeSi - meTuneobaSi, metalurgiaSi; gaCndnen oqromWedlebi, 

qvismTlelebi; Camoyalibda profesiebi, romelTa daufleba sagangebo codnis miRebas 

moiTxovs: eqimi, zeinkali, mkeravi, agronomi, maswavlebeli, mZRoli da sxva. 

saqmianobis mixedviT, adamianebi socialur jgufebad iyofodnen; am dayofas 

sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli forma hqonda. upirvelesad, ganasxvavebdnen 

gonebrivi da fizikuri SromiT dakavebul adamianebs; pirveli Tavisufal moqalaqeTa 

xvedri iyo, fizikurad ki monebi, Sua saukuneebSi _ glexebi, Semdeg _ daqiravebuli 

muSebi Sromobdnen. Zveli moazrovneebi Tvlidnen, rom Tavisufali adamiani amuSavebs 

gonebas, iseve rogor mona _ miwas. 

àdamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dRes yovel 

adamians aqvs Sromis, samuSaos Tavisufali arCevis, Sromis samarTliani da xelsayreli 

pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan dacvis ufleba. 

Sroma kacobriobis universaluri 

Tvisebaa: adamianebi dedamiwis nebismier 

kuTxeSi Sromoben. magram ama Tu im 

qveynis geografiuli, klimaturi da sxva 

garemoebebi ganapirobebs saqmianobis 

Taviseburebebs. magaliTad, zRvis 

piras mcxovreb xalxebSi, rogorc wesi, 

viTardeba naosnoba da masTan dakav- 

Sirebuli dargebi. 

28.Sroma profesi da hobi 

hobi (ingl. hobby) _ rameTi gataceba, 

saqmianoba, romelsac samuSaodan 

Tavisufal dros misdeven 

garTobisa da dasvenebis mizniT. 

uZvelesi adamianis iaraRebi 

99

umerangi 

egvipteSi nilosis delta rTuli „mosaTvinierebeli“ 

iyo, misma mowesrigebam da sairigacio 

sistemis Seqmnam ganapiroba sainJinro saqmis 

ganviTareba. sainJinro da samSeneblo xelovnebis 

mwvervalia piramidebi, romlebic msoflios erTerT 

saocrebad iTvleba. 

samuSao, sanadiro da sabrZolo iaraRs uZvelesi 

adamianic amzadebda. msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi 

aRmoCenili es martivi iaraRi Zalian gavs erTmaneTs. 

magram arsebobs konkretuli xalxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

iaraRebic, magaliTad, bumerangi, romelic 

avstraliis aborigenebma Seqmnes. 

miwaTmoqmedebas dedamiwaze mcxov reb xalxTa umravlesoba misdevs, Tumca miwas 

sxvadasxva wesiTa da saxiT amuSaveben. magaliTad, mTagoriani landSaftis gamo, 

samxreT saqarTveloSi, mesxeTSi naklebad iyo samiwaTmoqmedo savar gulebi. am 

problemis gadaWris mizniT, mosaxleobam mTebi terasebad, miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis 

gamosadeg sivrced aqcia. 

terasebi, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis savargulebi, sxva 

kulturebSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad filipinebSi, provincia ifugaoSi aris adgili, 

romelsac msoflios merve saocrebasac uwodeben. igi zRvis donidan 1 500 metrze 

mdebareobs da daaxloebiT 10 360 kvadratul kilometrs moicavs. fiqroben, rom 

iq terasebi xelsawyoebis minimaluri gamoyenebiT, metwilad xeliT aSenda 2000 

wlis win. terasebs wyliT amaragebda uZvelesi sarwyavi sistema. adgilobrivebs aq 

brinji da bostneuli dResac mohyavT. 

arsebobs mosazreba, rom maias tomebi savargulebs xelovnurad qmnidnen. 

Waobebidan ezidebodnen niadags, romelsac aTavsebdnen winaswar mow yobil 

terasebze da iyenebdnen sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu lebisaTvis. 

terasebi samcxe-javaxeTSi terasebi filipinebSi 


dedamiwaze uamravi, erTi SexedviT ucnauri saqmianoba 

arsebobs. ici, rom Zvel romSi „dasaflavebis jambazis“ 

profesia arsebobda? es adamiani dasaflavebis procesiis 

dros gardacvlilis msgavsad imoseboda, ikeTebda misi saxis 

mixedviT damzadebul niRabs da sxva jambazebTan erTad 

cekvavda gardacvlilis garSemo. romaelebi miiCnevdnen, 

rom es amSvidebda gardacvlilis suls da amxiarulebda 

mosaxleobas. am adamianebs aqtiorebi erqvaT. 

minebis wmenda, TiTqos, Cveulebrivi saqmianobaa, magram 

warmoidgineT, ra saSiSi da riskiani xelobaa caTambjenis 

minebis wmenda. fotoze gamosaxuli mamakaci dubais erTerTi 

caTambjenis 50-e sarTulis minebs wmends. 

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu 

ra aris garToba, rasac Tavisufal dros vuTmobT, da ra _ 

samuSao. nadiroba, romelic odesRac adamianis ZiriTadi 

saqmianoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi pirveli profesia 

iyo, SemdgomSi gatacebad da garTobad iqca. Tumca nadiroba 

dResac arsebobs, rogorc profesia: egerebi - profesionali 

monadireebi - dahyvebian moyvarul monadireebs da Tvalyurs 

adevneben nadirobis wesebis dacvas. 

profesiulis garda, adamianebs aqvT sxva interesebic. 

magaliTad: eqimi, SeiZleba, amave dros iyos filatelisti; 

inJineri _ kulinariiT gatacebuli da a.S. es aris hobi. 

operaciidan gamosuli, daRlili eqimi, SeiZleba, roials 

miujdes da gantvirTvisaTvis daukras beThovenis sonata, an 

universitetis profesorma momqancveli dRis bolos biliardi 

iTamaSos. rogorc xedavT, erTi da igive saqmianoba erTi 

adamianisaTvis specialobaa, meorisaTvis ki hobi da garTobis 

saSualeba. arseboben, magaliTad, profesionali fexburTelebi 

da fexburTis TamaSis moyvaruli sxvadasxva profesiis 

adamianebi. 

xSirad piriqiTac xdeba _ hobi iqceva ZiriTad saqmianobad. 

magaliTad, iaponelebs aqvT juja xeebis gamoyvanis Zalze 

saintereso tradicia, romelsac bonsai ewodeba (iaponurad 

bon _ qoTani, sai _ Cargva). es aris sxvadasxva jiSis xeebis 

zusti juja aslebis gamoyvana. am tradicias didi xnis 

istoria aqvs, rogorc Cans, igi iaponelebma Tavdapirvelad 

hobis saxiT, saxlis galamazebis mizniT moigones. dRes ki es 

Cveulebrivi profesiaa: bonsais xelovnebas sagangebo codna 

esaWiroeba. bonsai 


dasaflavebis jambazi 

Zvel romSi 

101

inebsa Tu dawesebulebebSi xSirad 

gvinaxavs sxvadasxva formisa da 

zomis akvariumebi. akvariumistikiT 

(ekosistemis Seqmna daxurul xelovnur 

wyalsatevSi), rogorc Cans, adamianebi 

ZvelTaganve iyvnen dainteresebuli, 

radgan akvariumis winamorbedi 

xelovnuri wyalsatevebi jer kidev 

Zvel egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi 

gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ki es hobi imdenad popularulia, rom sxvadasxva 

saxis Tevzebi, reptiliebi, amfibiebi bavSvebisa Tu ufrosebis sayvarel „Sinaur“ 

arsebebad iqcnen. garda amisa, sazRvao-sakurorto qalaqebisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze 

mimzidvel RirSesaniSnaobad swored okeanariumi iTvleba. garda dasvenebisa da 

garTobisa, akvariumebi profesiuli interesis sagania iqtiologebisaTvis, raTa 

maT ukeT moaxerxon sxvadasxva saxis Tevzebze dakvirveba da maTi Seswavla. 

saqarTveloSi arsebobs 

kompania “Eastern 

Promotion”, romlis 

saqmianoba ucxoel 

SemsrulebelTa 

koncertebis organizebaa. 

sainteresoa, rom 

kompaniis damfuZneblebi 

yofili wyalburTelebi 

arian, romelTac 

hqondaT hobi _ musika. 

Zvelma wyalburTelebma 

hobi ZiriTad 

saqmianobad aqcies da 

daiwyes festivalebis 

organizeba. es saqme 

warmatebuli aRmoCnda, 

“Eastern Promotion” -is 

organizebul 

koncertebSi monawileoba 

miiRes musikaluri 

samyaros msoflio 

varskvlavebma _ rei 

Carlzma, jeims braunma, 

maseo parkerma, jo 

kokerma, quliom, Sakiram 

da bevrma sxvam. 

qulios koncerti saqarTveloSi 

rei Carlzi da Eastern Promotion-is damfuZneblebi 


SeuZlebelia profesiisa da hobis Sesaxeb 

visaubroT da ar gavixsenoT germaneli 

mrewveli hainrix Slimani (1822-1890). misi 

gvari, miuxedavad biznesSi didi warmatebisa, 

SesaZloa, saqveynod cnobili ar gamxdariyo, 

rom ara hobi _ arqeologia. biznesmenma 

Seiswavla berZnuli da arabuli, waikiTxa 

homerosis nawarmoebebi da miznad daisaxa 

troas aRmoCena. mTeli Tavisi qoneba swored 

am saqmes Sealia da mizansac miRwia, miakvlia 

manamde zRaprad miCneul troas da unikaluri 

masala Semata sakacobrio kulturas. 


hainrix Slimani 

adamians Seswevs unari, drois swori ganawilebisa da gonierebis xarjze, Sroma da 

dasveneba, profesia da hobi ise SeuTanxmos erTmaneTs, rom warmatebiT moaxerxos 

rogorc profesiuli winsvla, aseve sxva interesebis dakmayofilebac. 

davaleba 

1. moiZie informacia saintereso, ucnauri da saSiSi profesiebis Sesaxeb. 

2. CamoTvale profesiebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad mxolod garToba iyo. 

3. moiZie informacia gamoCenili adamianebis hobis Sesaxeb. 

103

29 

qarTuli ezo 

rekreacia (laT. 

recreatio) _ aRdgena; 

sarekreacio sivrce 

_ dasvenebisa 

da Zalebis 

aRdgenisaTvis 

gankuTvnili adgili. 

rekreacia 

rekreacia dasvenebas, daxarjuli 

energiisa da Zalebis aRdgenas niSnavs. igi 

universaliaa da adamianis yofis iseTive 

Semadgeneli nawilia, rogorc Sroma. 

rogorc Cans, adamianisaTvis dasveneba 

imdenad mniSvnelovani ram aris, rom igi 

sagangebod zrunavs sarekreacio zonebis, 

dasasvenebeli adgilebis mosawyobad. 

inglisuri parki 

raWis Rvinoebidan saukeTeso TeTr Rvinod 

„wulukiZis TeTra“ iTvleba (igi amave saxelwodebis 

yurZnis jiSisagan mzaddeba). Rvinis sayidlad erTerTi 

glexis ojaxi migvaswavles. ezoSi SevediT, Cvens 

win ulamazesi baRnari gadaiSala: mwvaned mobibine 

mindorSi sxvadasxva feris yvavilebi moCanda, xviara 

vardi samzareulos erT-erT kedels Semoxveoda, 

mis win glexkacs akaciis boZebiT talaveri moewyo, 

CrdilSi mdgari kaklis kunZebisgan damzadebuli 

magida da skamebi bunebrivi gegonebodaT. ezom 

udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina, naTeli iyo, rom mis 

patrons Rvinoc saukeTeso eqneboda. 

aRfrTovaneba ver davmaleT da glexs naSromi 

movuwoneT. „es ezo, Svilebo, samuSaodan, venaxidan 

dabrunebuls „garTobaSi“ maqvs gakeTebuli, am 

saqmiT visveneb da siamovnebas viReb, aq vgrZnob 

Tavs yvelaze kargado“, gvipasuxa glexma. es ezo 

sarekreacio sivrcis qarTuli formaa. 

franguli parki 

Zalebis aRdgenis bunebrivi saSualebaa 

Zili, romlis drosac adamianis yvela 

organo da kunTi modunebulia da isvenebs. 

garda am bunebrivi saSualebisa, Tavad 

adamianma moigona rekreaciis uamravi 

forma: ezoebi, baRebi, parkebi... gavix se noT 

Tundac is, rom msoflios Svidi saoc rebidan 

erT-erTi swored semiramidas daki duli 

baRebia. arqiteqturasTan erTad, swo red 

sarekreacio zonebi gviqmnis pirvel STabeWdilebas 

ucxo qveynaSi mogzaurobisas. 


sarekreacio sivrceebi gansxvavebulia 

sxvadasxva xalxsa da kulturaSi, es ki mxolod 

klimatis, landSaftis, florisa da faunis 

sxvadasxvaobiT ar aris gamowveuli. magaliTad, 

franguli parkebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri 

parkebisagan: franguliSi, geometriuli 

figurebi da formebi Warbobs, inglisuri ki 

bunebvri formebs inarCunebs; ulamazesi baRebi 

aqvT iaponelebs, es aris bunebisa da adamianis 

usazRvro fantaziis Serwyma. 

baR-parkebis garda, arsebobs sxva uamravi 

sarekreacio adgili da saSualeba: biliardisa 

Tu boulingis saTamaSo klubebi, zoologiuri 

parkebi, akvaparkebi... 

29.rekreacia 

iaponuri parki 

zogierT zoologiur parkSi cxovelebs galiaSi ar aTavseben, isini Tavisuflad 

daseirnoben, adamianebi ki specialuri manqanebiT aTvaliereben zooparksa da mis 

binadrebs. samxreT afrikis respublikaSi arsebobs sastumro-zooparki, sadac, 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rolebia Secvlili _ „galiaSi“ adamianebi sxedan, anu sastumros 

nomrebi specialurad aris izolirebuli cxovelebisagan, romlebic Tavisuflad 

daseirnoben sastumros teritoriaze. 

albaT ici, rom mTel msoflioSi didi popularobiT 

sargeblobs ioga, rogorc energiis aRdgenis, janmrTelobis 

ganmtkicebisa da gantvirTvis saSualeba. igi saTaves indoeTSi 

iRebs. induri religiur-filosofiuri warmodgeniT, 

adamians sulieri da fizikuri varjiSiT SeuZlia miaRwios 

srulyofilebas, risTvisac yvelaze ukeTesi gza iogaa. igi 

dasavleTis qveynebSic gavrcelda, rogorc rekreaciis, 

dasvenebis, energiis aRdgenis, janmrTelobis SenarCunebis 

saSualeba. indoeTSi arsebobs iogas ramdenime mimarTuleba, 

romlebic religiur-filosofiur warmodgenebs efuZneba, 

xolo dasavleTSi Camoyalibda fitnes-iogas mimarTuleba, 

romelsac mxolod varjiSis, Zalebis aRdgenis, gamajansa- 

Rebeli datvirTva aqvs da ara religiur-filosofiuri. 

liTxva 

l Seni azriT, riT aris ganpirobebuli 

gansxvaveba sxvadasxva qveynis sarekreacio 

zonebs Soris? 

davaleba 

l isaubre rekreaciis formebsa da saSualebebze, 

romlebic Sen yvelaze metad mogwons. 

sportuli ioga 

religiur-filosofiuri ioga 

105

30 

bavSvebis TamaSi 

TamaSi 

albaT, ginaxavs saqsovi Zafis gorgaliT moburTave 

katis knuti, moTamaSe ZaRlis lekvebi an sxva cxovelebi. 

TamaSi mxolod adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unari 

ar aris, cxovelebic TamaSoben. Tumca adamianma, 

cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, Seqmna uamravi TamaSi: 

sabavSvoTi dawyebuli _ klasobana, Svidqvaobana, 

damalobana, koWobana, Cikori da sxva, sportis nairgvari 

saxeobebiT damTavrebuli _ fexburTi, Wadraki, kriketi... 

TamaSi kulturis erT-erTi universaliaa. msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis mier 

Seqmnili araerTi TamaSi gascda warmoSobis adgils; magaliTad, Wadraki saTaves 

indoeTSi iRebs, olimpiuri TamaSebi _ saberZneTSi, fexburTi ki _ britaneTSi, dRes 

ki maT mTel msoflioSi TamaSoben. yvela TamaSs aqvs saerTo mizani _ gamarjveba, 

wesebi, saTamaSo adgili da dro. TamaSi ar aris „Cveulebrivi“, „namdvili“ cxovreba, 

patara bavSvmac ki icis, rom TamaSis dros yvelafers akeTebs „viTom“. 

erTi mxriv, TamaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc araseriozuli, Sromis sapirispiro qceva 

(gaixsene ufrosebis SeniSvna _ „nu TamaSob, seriozulad dajeqi“, „saqmes akeTeb Tu 

TamaSob?“). TamaSis dros adamiani erToba, isevenebs da siamovnebas iRebs. swored 

amitom TamaSoben aramarto bavSvebi, aramed zrdasruli adamianebic. TamaSi maTTvis 

gantvirTvis saSulebaa. 

meore mxriv, arsebobs sportuli TamaSis profesiuli 

saxeobebi, magaliTad, fexburTi. fexburTelebi didi 

energiisa da Sromis fasad cdiloben gaxdnen Cempionebi. 

es maTTvis ara garToba, aramed seriozuli saqmea, 

profesiaa (gaixsene gakveTili „Sroma, profesia da hobi“). 

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zogierTi TamaSi msoflio 

masStabis gaxda, zogi ki mxolod adgilobriv 

tradiciebSi SemorCa. sainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi 

arsebuli bevri uZvelesi TamaSi dRemde Semoinaxa. 

ZaRlebis TamaSi 

„qarTvelebis odeni sxvadasxvagvari saTamaSo TiTqmis arc erTs xalxs ar aqvs da 

yovelgvari saTamaSoc uTuod iseTia, romelic Wkua-gonebasa da sxeuls swvrTnis, 

avarjiSebs. yvelas ar CamogiTvliT aq, ... davasaxeleb mxolod „burTaobas”... 

burTaobis dros Tvali, fexi, xeli, Tavi, tani da yoliferi Tanasworad eCveva 

simardes. qarTul saTamaSoebs bavSvebi Tavis xeliT akeTeben, magaliTad, tafa-riks 

TviTon gamosWrian xolme, Svildkodals ikeTeben, burTs Tavis xeliT amzadeben, da 

es Sroma kidev ufro ayvarebs patara patrons Tavis sakuTrebas“, _ ase ixsenebs akaki 

wereTeli Tavisi bavSvobis sayvarel TamaSebs TxzulebaSi „Cemi Tavgadasavali“. 

akaki wereTlis mier CamoTvlili TamaSebidan bevri aRar arsebobs, Tumca erT-erTi 

maTgani _ „burTaoba“, romelsac meorenairad „lelos“ uwodeben, dRemde SemorCa. 


lelo dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli 

sportis uZvelesi erovnuli saxeobaa. es aris 

gunduri TamaSi burTiT. moTamaSeTa mizania burTis 

mitana mowinaaRmdege gundis piriT xazTan da lelos 

gatana. TamaSobda ubani ubanTan, sofeli sofelTan, 

Temi TemTan. lelo sabrZolo momzadebis erT-erT 

ZiriTad saSualebad iTvleboda. guria-samegreloSi 

lelos dResac TamaSoben. 

laxti saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi 

gavrcelebuli xalxuri TamaSia. moTamaSeebi iyofian 

or gundad. Semoxazaven 6-8 nabijis siganis wres, 

TamaSisaTvis saWiroa imdeni qamari, ramdeni wyvilic 

TamaSobs. maT qamarze fexis dadgmis ufleba ar aqvT. 

Tavdamsxmelebi garSemo uvlian da wridan laxtis 

gamotacebas cdiloben. Tu erTi qamris xelSi Cagdeba 

mainc moaxerxes, danarCenebs advilad gaitaceben, 

radgan SeuZliaT gatacebuli qamriT damcvelebs 

wvivebSi scemon da wridan sxva qamrebic gamoitanon. 

aseve daSvebulia wridan damcvelis gamoTreva da 

amiT misi TamaSidan gamoTiSva. roca yvela qamars 

moitaceben, Tavdamsxmelebi iwyeben mowinaaRmdegeTa 

„axurebas“ _ qamrebiT muxls qvemoT cemas. damcvels 

SeuZlia metoqisaTvis qamris warTmeva (ukan 

dabrunebul qamars daagorgoleben da wris SuagulSi 

dadeben), moieriSis wreSi SeTreva da TamaSidan 

gamoTiSva, mowinaaRmdegis „CaWra“ _ muxlqveviT 

terfis mortyma, rac mogebis tolfasia. amis Semdeg 

rolebi icvleba da TamaSi Tavidan iwyeba. 

30.TamaSi 

lelo 

laxti 

sajildao qva 

sajildao qvis aweva _ Sejibri qvis awevaSi _ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi 

gavrcelebuli sportis xalxuri saxeobaa. arsebobda sajildao qvis awevis 

ramdenime safexuri: qaris gatareba, anu qvis miwidan aReba, muxlamde aweva, aweva da 

nabijis gadadgma, mkerdamde aweva, Tavs zemoT aweva, Sekazmul cxenze gadagdeba. 

dawesebuli iyo sxvadasxva jildo: vinc lods odnav mainc aacilebda miwas, xuTi 

vercxliT unda dajildoebuliyo; „vinc muxlamde awevda, erT muWa vercxls 

uboZebdnen, xolo vinc mkerdamde aitanda, vercxliT qudis avsebas pirdebodnen“ 

(giorgi SatberaSvili). svaneTSi, sofel kalis saTemoSi, me-11 saukunis kvirikes 

salocavis ezoSi, kvirikoba dRes (28 ivlisi) imarTeboda Sejibreba sajildao qvis 

awevaSi, romelsac „baCa-liked“ erqva. zogierTi lodi daaxloebiT 140 kilorgams 

iwonida, sajildao qvis awevaSi zogjer qalebic monawileobdnen, romlebic 

SedarebiT mcire zomis lodebs eWidebodnen. 

107

qarTuli kompiuteruli TamaSi `didi 

qarTvelebi~ _ vaJa-fSavela 

davaleba 

droTa ganmavlobaSi esa Tu is TamaSi formas 

da, zogjer, Sinaarssac icvlis. magaliTad, dRes 

gogonebi saxlobanas sxvanairad TamaSoben da 

ara ise, rogorc maTi dedebi an bebiebi. Cndeba 

axali TamaSebi. bevri maTgani kompiuteruli 

teqnologiebis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba 

(gaixsene „strategia“ gakveTilidan „kulturis 

universaliebi“). sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iqmneba 

cnobili kompiuteruli TamaSebis „adgilobrivi“ 

versiebi, magaliTad, saqarTveloSi arsebobs 

seria „didi qarTvelebi“, romelTa naxva SegiZlia 

misamarTze http://gm.ambebi.ge/ 

1. gaixsene gakveTili „socializacia“ da imsjele, ramdenad SeiZleba TamaSi 

socializaciis agentad CaiTvalos? 

2. moiZie informacia Sens kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli romelime Zveli TamaSis Sesaxeb. 

TamaSoben Tu ara mas dRes? 


dro 31 

dro, TiTqos, adamianisgan damoukideblad 

arsebobs, ar eqvemdebareba 

mis zemoqmedebas. warsuls, awmyosa da 

momavals drois bunebriv monakveTebad 

miviCnevT. magram, kargad Tu davakvirdebiT, 

dro iseTive kulturuli 

artefaqtia, rogoric, magaliTad, 

magida an saxli. yvela kultura droSi 

arsebobs, magram TiToeuli kultura 

gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, anawilebs 

da gamoxatavs dros, gansxvavebul 

mniSvnelobas aniWebs an, zog SemTxvevaSi, 

sruliadac uyuradRebod tovebs mas. 

klefsidra 

droisadmi gansakuTrebuli yurad- 

RebiT dasavluri kulturebi gamoirCeva, 

Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela erTnairad 

ara. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi cxovrebis wess „dro karnaxobs“, 

cxovrebis tempi Zalian swrafia, xolo 

safrangeTSi, italiaSi an, Tundac, 

saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba, cxovreba droze 

naklebad „damokidebulad“ miviCnioT. 

31.dro 

artefaqti (laT. arte _ xelovnuri, 

factum - gakeTebuli) _ adamianis 

naxelavi, mis mier Seqmnili an 

gardaqmnili. 

mzis saaTi 

drois gazomva, misi msvlelobis Seswavla uZvelesi 

droidan adamianis erT-erT mizans warmoadgenda. 

amisaTvis mravali sxvadasxva xelsawyo Seiqmna _ mzis 

saaTi, wylis saaTi (klefsidra), qviSis saaTi, meqanikuri 

saaTi, eleqtronuli saaTi. istoriis manZilze saaTma 

mniSvnelovani adgili daikava adamianis cxovrebaSi. dRes 

Cven warmoudgenlad migvaCnia zedmiwevniT zusti drois 

codnis gareSe arseboba, Tumca es yvela kulturaze 

erTnairad ar iTqmis. zogi kultura met mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs sizustes, punqtualurobas, saqmianobis droSi 

ganawilebas da droulad Sesrulebas, zogi _ naklebs. 

droisadmi damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs cxovrebis 

tempic: dro, TiTqos, erTgan ufro swrafad midis, 

vidre sxvagan. is kulturebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT 

afaseben drois efeqtur gamoyenebas, cxovrebis maRali 

tempiT xasiaTdeba; saaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao 

garemos aucilebeli atributia. 

mzis saaTi, gelaTi 

109

wminda ieronime 

mxatvari ios van kleve. me-16 saukune. 

kaTolikuri eklesiis erT-erT 

mamad miCneuli. wm. ieronime xSirad 

gamoisaxeboda Tavis qalasTan 

erTad. am naxatze Tavis qala, saaTi 

(zeda marjvena kuTxeSi) da TiTqmis 

Camwvari sanTeli amqveyniuri 

cxovrebis swrafmavlobas gamoxatavs. 

msoflio saaTi berlinSi 

me-15 saukunis astronomiuli 

saaTi praRaSi, CexeTi 

sizustes iaponiaSi kidev ufro didi yuradReba 

eqceva, vidre evropasa da amerikaSi. es cxadad Cans 

iaponiis rkinigzis sistemis magaliTze: Tu evropaSi 

„dagvianeba” niSnavs ganrigidan 15 wuTze met gadacdenas, 

anu, Tu matarebeli 14 wuTs daagvianebs, es mainc 

droulad iTvleba, iaponiaSi dasaSvebad miiCneva 

ganrigSi miTiTebuli droidan mxolod erTi wuTis 

farglebSi gadacdena. 

citgloge, me-13 saukunis saaTi 

bernSi, Sveicaria. 

saaTis koSki sigiSoaraSi, 

rumineTi 

daaxloebiT 1000 wels abatma 

herbertma (946-1003), romelic 

Semdgom romis papi silvestr 

II gaxda, gamoigona pirveli 

meqanikuri saaTi. manve xeli 

Seuwyo arabuli mecnierebis 

miRwevebis, ariTmetikisa da 

maTematikis gavrcelebas evropaSi, 

xelaxla gaacno Tanamed 

ro veebs saangariSo da 

astrono miuli xelsawyoebi, 

romlebic antikuri peri odis Semdgom daviwyebas 

mieca. daaxloebiT me-12 saukunidan germaniaSi gaCnda 

pirveli koSkis saaTebi, romlebiTac male mTeli 

evropa daifara. qalaqis moednebze ganTavsebuli 

saaTebi drois garkveul monakveTSi rekviT mTel 

qalaqs auwyebdnen ara mxolod zust dros, aramed 

axsenebdnen drois warmavlobasac. 

xSirad saaTebi eklesiebzec keTdeboda da es 

SemTxveviTi ar iyo: qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, 

drois svlasTan erTad, ukanaskneli samsjavroc 

axlovdeboda. es yvela qristians unda xsomeboda 

yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi. ase rom, 

saaTis rekva eklesiebis samrekloebidan ukanasknel 

samsjavrosa da, masTan erTad, drois dasasrulsac 

axsenebda Tavis mrevls. 


samreklodan da minareTidan qristian da muslim morwmuneebs 

locvis drois dadgomas auwyeben 

kiTxva 

saaTis koSki miunhenSi, 

germania 

l erTi amerikeli mecnieris TqmiT, amerikuli xuTi wuTi meqsikur erT saaTs udris _ 

es is droa, romelic, daTqmul Sexvedraze dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi, bodiSis moxdas 

gavaldebulebs. ra SemTxvevaSi vixdiT dagvianebisaTvis bodiSs saqarTveloSi? 

davaleba 

1. gaixsene drosTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva gamoTqma da axseni, droisadmi rogor 

damokidebulebas asaxavs isini. 

2. gamoikvlie, drois ra monakveTs gulisxmobs sityvebi „axlave“, „male“, „xuT wuTSi“, 

„axlaxan“. 

3. warmoidgine da imsjele adamianTa cxovrebaze meqanikuri da eleqtronuli saaTebis 

ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. 

4. daakvirdi transportis moZraobis grafiks, miuTiTebs Tu ara droisadmi garkveul 

damokidebulebaze sazogadoebaSi _ magaliTad, punqtualurobasa an drois 

yairaTian moxmarebaze? 

31.dro 

111


cxovreba drois gareSe 

braziliaSi, tropikul junglebSi mcxovrebi pirahas tomi daaxloebiT 350-400 

adamians iTvlis. am tomis xalxi monadireobiTa da SemgroveblobiT aris dakavebuli. 

isini sakuTar Tavs uwodeben hiaitihi, rac niSnavs „marTalni, Seumcdarni“. 

pirahas kultura da ena unikaluria yvela arsebul kulturasa da yvela cocxal 

enaTa Soris. es Taviseburebebi mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da kamaTis 

safuZveli gaxda. 

amerikeli lingvisti daniel evereti, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi 7 wlis manZilze 

cxovrobda pirahas xalxTan da aTeulobiT wlis manZilze ikvlevda maT enasa da 

kulturas, miiCnevs, rom pirahas enis Seswavla ukiduresad rTulia. es Sefaseba 

ucnaurad SeiZleba mogveCvenos, radgan pirahas ena mxolod 3 xmovansa da 8 Tanxmovans 

Seicavs da leqsikuri TvalsazrisiTac erTob mwiria. Tumca, am enas axasiaTebs 

tonalobebis, maxvilebis da marcvalTa sigrZis/xangrZlivobis uaRresad rTuli 

mravalferovneba. amitom pirahas enaze molaparake adamians ise SeuZlia gamoTqvas 

xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi, rom saubari ufro metad stvenas, simReras an zuzuns 

emsgavseba. garda amisa, pirahas enaSi zmnis struqturac uCveulod rTulia. am enis 

unikaluroba, rogorc lingvistebi miiCneven, isaa, rom pirahas ena erTaderTia, 

romelsac ar gaaCnia qvewyobili winadadeba. magram yvelaze uCveulo mainc is aris, 

rom am enaSi saerTod ar arsebobs feris, ricxvebis, raodenobis (mxolod „ramdenime“ 

da „meti“), aseve droisa da warsulis aRmniSvneli sityvebi. zmnas ar aqvs warsuli dro. 

ar arsebobs aranairi codna tomis warsulis Sesaxeb, pirahas xalxs ar hyavs gmirebi, ar 

gaaCnia zepiri istoriebi winaprebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac uyvebian axalgazrda Taobas. 

ar aqvT miTebi da samyaros SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi, arc xatvis 

tradicia, romelic sxva kulturebSi damaxsovrebis 

erT-erTi saSualebad miiCneva. 

daniel evereti 

amerikeli lingvisti 

daniel evereti miiCnevs, rom ena kulturis mier 

iqmneba, pirahas kulturas ki ar ainteresebs warsuli da 

momavali, Sesabamisad, isini arc mis enaSi aisaxa. pirahas 

kulturis arsi aris „cxovreba aq da axla“. erTaderTi, 

rasac pirahasTvis mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, aris 

is, rac xdeba awmyoSi. awmyoSi cxovreba xsnis imasac, 

rom maT ar aqvT miTebi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. maTi 

azriT, yvelaferi, rac aris, yovelTvis iyo. ramdenadac 

mniSvnelovani ar unda iyos awmyoSi momxdari movlena 

Tu adamiani, is maleve miecema daviwyebas. pirahas 

tomSi sul ramdenimes SeiZleba axsovdes, magaliTad, 

Tavisi bebiebisa da babuebis saxeli. pirahas xalxi ar 

interesdeba imiT, rasac uSualod ar xedavs an ganicdis, 

maTTvis abstraqtuli ideebi ar aris mimzidveli _ 

yvelafers sagnobrivi Sesatyvisi unda moeZebnebodes. 


magaliTad, maT maSinve dakarges interesi ieso qristes mimarT, rogorc ki gaiges, 

rom is aravis unaxavs. 

aseve gulgrilia piraha momavlis mimarTac. maTi saqmianoba tovebs STabeWdilebas, 

rom isini ar zrunaven momavalze ise, rogorc amas vakeTebT Cven. Cveni TiToeuli 

„dRevandeli dRis“ mniSvnelovan nawils ikavebs fiqri da zrunva „xvalindel dReze“. 

magram pirahas xalxi ase ar iqceva: magaliTad, isini arasodes imarageben sakvebs, 

rasac moipoveben, maSinve iTviseben. isini ar iyeneben xorcis Sebolvis xerxs misi 

Senaxvis mizniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ician am xerxis Sesaxeb; fqvilsac mxolod 

ramdenime dRis samyofs fqvaven. 

cxadia, rodesac ar aris codna zusti ricxvebis, raodenobis, gamoTvlis Sesaxeb, 

iq ver ganviTardeba codna drois Sesaxebac. Tu enaSi ar aris sityvebi ama Tu im ideis 

gasaviTareblad, es ideebi ver Camoyalibdeba. Tumca, aris iseTi magaliTi, rodesac 

varlpiris xalxma (avstralieli aborigenebi), romelTa raodenobis aRmniSvneli 

sityvebi Semoifargleboda „erTi, ori, bevri“, iswavla Tvla inglisurad. magram 

pirahas tomi aqac unikaluri aRmoCnda _ daniel evereti rva Tvis manZilze aswavlida 

maT Tvlas portugaliurad, magram verc erTma maTganma ver iswavla Tvla aTamde. 

d. evereti darwmunebulia, rom es ar miuTiTebs pirahas xalxis inteleqtualur 

SesaZleblobebze, aramed imaze, rom isini, ubralod, ar miiCneven Tvlas da ricxvebs 

saWirod Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis. 

pirahas tomi ar cxovrobs garesamyarosgan izolirebulad, magram es maT cxovrebis 

wesze gavlenas ar axdens. pirahas xalxi gamorCeviT konservatiulia. magaliTad 

SeiZleba erTi istoria moviyvanoT. pirahas xalxi yoveldRiurad iyenebs kanoes (navs) 

TevzaobisaTvis. rodesac kanoeebi Zveldeba da xmarebisaTvis uvargisi xdeba, mis 

nacvlad isini, droebiT, xis qerqs iyeneben. amitom d. everetma moiyvana xelosani, 

romelmac maT kanoes damzadeba aswavla. garkveuli drois Semdeg, rodesac maT kidev 

dasWirdaT kanoe, pirahas xalxma ganacxada: „piraha ar amzadebs kanoes!“ 

diskusia 

l pirahas xalxis magaliTze, imsjeleT kulturisa da enis mimarTebis Sesaxeb drois 

konteqstSi. 

31.dro 

113

32 

cikluri da sworxazovani dro 

albaT, TiToeul Tqvengans, weliwadSi erTxel mainc, uxdeba qalaqidan sofelSi 

an soflidan qalaqSi wasvla. SeamCnevdiT, rom drois mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvaria 

urbanul da agrarul sivrceSi. qalaqSi drois yovel monakveTs garkveuli mniSvneloba 

aqvs, magaliTad, swavla da samsaxuri yovelTvis konkretul dros iwyeba, Sesvenebac 

saaTis mixedviT aris gawerili, imis miuxedavad, weliwadis ra droa da rogori amindia 

ama Tu im dRes. sofelSi droisadmi damokidebuleba 

gansxvavebulia: aq ufro meti mniSvneloba drois did 

monakveTebs eniWeba, vidre wuTsa da wams. sofelSi, 

sameurneo saqmianobis specifikidan gamomdinare, 

yuradReba eqceva weliwadis dros, ganTiads, naSuadRevs 

an mwuxrs, cota vinme Tu akvirdeba saaTebsa da wuTebs 

imis gasarkvevad, rodis garekos saqoneli saZovarze, 

rodis mowvelos Zroxa, an rodis gavides mindorSi 

samuSaod. samagierod, yuradReba eqceva aminds, imas, 

romelime konkretul dRes wvims Tu Takara mzea. 

davaleba 

l imsjele, sofelSi maRviZaras ise aqtiurad iyeneben, rogorc qalaqSi? 

actekebis wriuli formis 

kalendari 

mecnierebi ganasxvaveben 

drois orgvar aRqmas 

_ ciklurs/wriuls da 

swor xazovans. pirveli 

gagebis mixedviT, dro 

ganme orebadi ciklebis 

monac vleobaa. drois 

aseTi gageba dama xasiaTebeli 

iyo mravali Zveli 

kulturisaTvis, maga liTad 

egvipturi, Suamdi na ruli, 

induri da sxva. aseTi aRqma 

drois buneb rivi ciklebis (magaliTad, weliwadis droebi, 

okeanis miqceva da moq ceva, mdinarebSi wylis donis 

cvalebadoba, mTvaris ciklebi da a.S.) monacvleobas da 

mudmiv ganmeorebadobas eyrdnoboda. sazogadoebebi, 

kalaCakra _ `drois borbali~ 

induisturi da budisturi 

religiisa da filosofiisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli koncefciaa, 

romlis mixedviT dro 

cikluria da ganmeorebadi 

periodebisagan Sedgeba 

romle bic drois cikluri aRqmiT xasiaTdeba, naklebad zrunavs warsulis Senaxvasa 

da damaxsovrebaze, radgan, maTi azriT, amqveynad yvelaferi meordeba. Sesabamisad, 

moma valic ar aris zrunvis sagani, radgan iqac yvelaferi winaswar gansazRvrulia. 

cikluri drois kulturebi, umTav resad, awmyoze arian orientirebuli. 


droisadmi damokidebuleba, iseve rogorc kulturis sxva maxasiaTeblebi, enaSi 

vlindeba. qarTulSi sityva „win” asocirdeba momavalTan, xolo „ukan” _ warsulTan. 

rodesac adamianis gamxneveba gvinda, mas veubnebiT _ ukan nu moixedav, yovelTvis 

win iyureo. amiT vgulisxmobT, rom igi warsulisgan unda gaTavisufldes da 

momavalze izrunos. magram, amasTanave, qarTul enaSi gvaqvs sityvebi _ „guSinwin“, 

„winaT“, „ramdenime wlis win“ _ romlebic warsul dros ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, aq 

SeiZleba davinaxoT dros cikluri aRqmis magaliTi, rodesac warsuli da momavali 

erTi mTlianobaa da rac „winaT“ _ warsulSi iyo, is dagvxvdeba „win“ _ momavalSic. 

drois cikluri aRqma gansakuTrebiT 

damaxasiaTebelia im sazogadoebebisaTvis, 

romelTa cxovreba da saqmianoba mWidrod aris 

dakavSirebuli drois bunebriv ciklebTan. 

urbanul sivrceSi ki, sadac saqmianobis sxva 

sferoebi ganviTarda (magaliTad, vaWroba, 

xelosnoba, warmoeba), droisadmi gansxvavebuli 

damokidebuleba Camoyalibda. aseTi gageba 

gulisxmobs dros, rogorc sworxazovans, 

wrfivs, romelsac aqvs dasabami da dasasruli 

an, sulac, usasruloa. aseTi dro Seuqcevadia, 

misi dabruneba SeuZlebelia, Sesabamisad, 

warsulSi Cadenili qmedebebic ar eqvemdebareba 

cvlilebebs. 

davaleba 

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro 

qarTuli borjRali mzis simboloa, 

romelic, amasTanave, drois wrebrunvas 

gamoxatavs. es simbolo gamosaxulia 

uZvelesi periodis ritualur da 

sayofacxovrebo nivTebze, Sua 

saukuneebis arqiteqturul Zeglebze 

da Tanamerove saxelmwifo da sxva 

simbolikaSi 

l Zveli berZeni tragikosis agaTonis (Zv.w. 448-400) sityviT, erTaderTi ram aris 

miuwvdomeli RmerTisTvis: Secvalos warsuli. 

Seni azriT, drois aRqmis romel koncefcias gamoxatavs agaTonis sityvebi? 

amgvarad, sworxazovani 

drois koncefciis farglebSi, 

drois swrafi svla 

Zalian mZafrad ganicdeba. 

warsuli mkafiod aris 

gamijnuli momavlisagan. 

iwyeba zrunva imisaTvis, 

rom samudamod gasuli 

warsuli daviwyebas ar 

mieces _ iqmneba istoria. 

amasTanave, drois sworxazovani 

gageba gulisxmobs, 

istoriuli drois xazi, romelic xazovani drois koncefcias 

gamoxatavs 

115

om momavali adamianebze, maT saqmianobazea damokidebuli, rac naklebad SeiniSneba 

cikluri drois koncefciaSi. 

droisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebebs, 

romelic tradiciebis SenarCunebisaken arian midrekili da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebebs, 

romlebic siaxleebis damkvidrebas aniWeben upiratesobas. 

davaleba 

1. imsjele, Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois aRqma cikluria Tu 

sworxazovani. 

2. moiZie informacia qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 

dakavSirebulia sezonuri ciklebis monacvleobasTan. 

3. sworxazovani drois idea bibliidan iRebs saTaves. Tumca bibliis teqstebis 

sxvadasxva monakveTSi drois rogorc cikluri, ise sworxazovani koncefcia 

vlindeba. waikiTxe fragmentebi eklesiastes wignidan da imsjele masSi asaxul 

drois aRqmaze. 

4. daakvirdi mocemul koordinatTa sistemas da imsjele, rogor aris asaxuli enaSi 

drosTan damokidebuleba. 

სკნელი 



aRmoxdeba mze da Cadis igi, ubrundeba Tavis adgils da kvlav iqidan amobrwyindeba. 

samxreTisaken mihqris qari, gabrundeba CrdiloeTisken; brunavs, brunavs, mihqris 

qari da ubrundeba isev Tavis wres. 

yvela mdinare zRvebisaken miedineba, zRva ki mainc ar aRivseba; mdinareni saiTkenac 

miedinebodnen, kvlavac iqiTken miedinebian. 

rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive moxdeba; araferia mzis qveS axali. 

naxaven rasme da ityvian: aha, axali. [magram] esec yofila Cvens winare saukuneSi. 

yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am cisqveSeTSi. 

Jami Sobisa da Jami sikvdilisa; Jami danergvisa da Jami dangreulis aRmofxvrisa. 

Jami mokvdinebisa da Jami gankurnebisa; Jami ngrevisa da Jami Senebisa. 

Jami tirilisa da Jami sicilisa; Jami glovisa da Jami lxinisa. 

Jami qvaTa mimofantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa; Jami mijnurTa paemanisa da Jami 

maTi gayrisa. 

Jami povnisa da Jami dakargvisa; Jami Senaxvisa da Jami gaflangvisa. 

Jami darRvevisa da Jami Sekervisa; Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa. 

Jami siyvarulisa da Jami siZulvilisa; Jami omisa da Jami mSvidobisa. 

yovelive erT adgils miva; yvelaferi miwisganaa da yvelaferi miwad iqceva. 

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro 

eklesiaste 

117

33 

ena, niSanTa sistemebi 

komunikacia (laT. communicare _ 

sayovelTaod gaxdoma) _ aris 

kavSiris damyarebis, codnis an 

informaciis gadacemis procesi 

or an mraval individs, jgufs Tu 

kulturas Soris. 

Sen ukve ici, ra aris simbolo, sagnebisa da movlenebis 

simbolizaciis unari, rasac adamianis unikalur 

Tvisebad miiCneven. cnobili germaneli filosofosis 

ernst kasireris azriT, adamiani „simboloTa badiT“ aris 

SemosazRvruli da am badeSi, miTosTan, xelovnebasTan, 

religiasTan erTad, enas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. ena 

simboloTa sistemaa. am simboloebis _ sityvebis _ 

mniSvneloba gaziarebulia konkretuli sazogadoebis 

wevrTa mier, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gasagebia am 

sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis. rogorc enaTmecnierebi 

varaudoben, dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5-6 aTas 

sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. metyvelebis unari, 

romelic enis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, adamianis 

damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi umTavresi niSania, romlis 

saSualebiT gamovTqvamT azrebs, sityvieri formiT 

gamovxatavT grZnobebs. 

sxva biologiuri saxeobebisagan 

adamians, upirvelesad, ena da metyvelebis 

unari gamoarCevs. misi meSveobiT adamianebi 

erTmaneTTan urTierTobas amyareben. ena 

informaciis dagrovebis, swavlebisa da 

swavlis, TanamSromlobis, gamocdilebis 

gadacemis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa. 

cxovelTa sakomunikacio sistemebisagan 

ena, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom 

adamiani mas biologiuri memkvidreobis 

saxiT ki ar iRebs, aramed swavlobs. 

Sesabamisad, enobrivi komunikacia, TiTqmis 

srulad, swavlebazea dafuZnebuli. 

ena, rogorc komunikaciis ZiriTadi 

saSualeba, kacobriobis evoluciis 

Sedegad Camoyalibda. igi ar gaCenila uceb, 

istoriis erT konkretul etapze, aramed 

aTaswleulebis manZilze viTardeboda. 

ganviTarebis romeliRac safexurze Cvenma 

winaprebma daiwyes bgerebis kombinireba. 

gaCnda danawevrebuli metyveleba. bgeriTi 

sistemebi, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi 

iyenebdnen, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda 

enebad. 

ernst kasireri 


istoriul da socialur cvlilebebTan erTad, ena 

mudmivad viTardeba. Cndeba axali sityvebi, icvleba 

maTi mniSvneloba. magaliTad, regveni Zvel qarTulSi 

axalgazrdasa da gamoucdels niSnavda, dRes ki sulelis, 

briyvis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. icvleba ara marto 

literaturuli ena, aramed yofiTi metyvelebac: 

Jargoni, romelsac Tqveni mSoblebi iyenebdnen, SesaZloa, 

TqvenTvis sruliad gaugebari iyos da piriqiT. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ena kulturis „saxlia“: igi 

asaxavs kulturaSi arsebul yvela warmodgenas, 

Sexedulebas, damokidebulebas, tradicias. TiToeuli 

Cvengani samyaros aRiqvams mSobliuri enis meSveobiT, 

romelSic Tavmoyrilia TaobaTa codna da gamocdileba. 

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, roca ivane javaxiSvili, TanamoazreebTan 

erTad, qarTuli universitetis daarsebisaTvis iRvwoda, qarTuli samecniero 

terminologia, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda. misi Seqmna universitetis mecnierTa 

pirveli Taobebis damsaxurebaa. „Cven unda CamovayaliboT mecnieruli 

WeSmaritebani im enaze, romelzec gavigoneT dedis alersi da warmovTqviT 

pirveli sityva. es iqneba im didi kulturis aRorZineba, romelic winaprebma 

dagvitoves“, aRniSnavda universitetis pirveli reqtori petre meliqiSvili. 

swored am droidan damkvidrda mecnierebasa da yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi dRes 

farTod gavrcelebuli terminebi _ Jangbadi, wyalbadi, mJava, tute, naerTi, 

zeJangi, rkinigza, uReltexili, gantoleba, asanTi da sxva. 

axal terminebs, qarTuli enis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qmnidnen ilia WavWavaZe 

da me-19 saukunis sxva qarTveli moRvaweebi. magaliTad, iliam daamkvidra sityvebi: 

Sinaarsi, TvalTaxedva, uaryofa, ufleba, mmarTveloba, rwmuneba, kacobrioba, 

erovneba, mTavroba da zogi sxva, akakis ekuTvnis Sexmatkbileba, gaiZvera, bobola, 

niko nikolaZes _ liandagi, orTqlmavali. am sityvebis nawili Zveli qarTulidan 

iyo aRebuli, nawili iqmneboda arsebuli Zirebis gamoyenebiT. 

adamianebi aseve xSirad iyeneben niSanTa 

enas. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba is sistemebic, 

romlebiTac smenadaqveiTebuli da 

metyvelebis unars moklebuli adamianebi 

sargebloben komunikaciis procesSi. es 

sistemebi moicavs sabaziso Jestebis 

SezRudul raodenobas, romelic salaparako enaSi gamoyenebul bgerebs Seesabameba. 

maTi kombinirebis Sedegad yalibdeba sityvebi da mniSvnelobebi. 

arsebobs saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli niSanTa sistemebi, romelTa gareSe 

Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianTa urTierToba Zalian Zneli iqneboda. isini 

Tanabrad gasagebia qarTvelisa da frangisTvis, Cinelisa da brazilielisTvis _ 

33.ena, niSanTa sistemebi 

piqtograma (laT. pictos _ daxatuli, 

berZn. grama _ Canaweri) _ pirobiTi 

niSani, naxati; 

piqtografia _ xatovani damwerloba. 

119

sanoto niSnebi 

saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli 

niSnebi _ piktogramebi 

yvelasTvis, visac saqmiani an diplomatiuri 

misiiT, saswavleblad, samuSaod Tu turistad 

mogzauroba uwevs. am niSnebs piqtogramebs 

uwodeben. 

da bolos, niSanTa sistemebs ganekuTvneba 

sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi gamoyenebuli 

simboloebi, sanoto sistema, morzes anbani da 

sxva, romelTac aseve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli 

mniSvneloba aqvs. 

sagzao niSnebi maTematikuri simboloebi 


kiTxva 

l niSanTa kidev romel sistemebs icnob? 

davaleba 

davaleba 

1. moifiqre da moiZie qarTuli sityvebi, romelTa mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi 

Seicvala. 

2. CamoTvale dRes gamoyenebuli sityvebi, romlebic ucvlelad gadmovida sxva 

enebidan. 

33.ena, niSanTa sistemebi 

121

34 

enis `tyveobaSi~ 

kodireba _ procesi, romlis 

Sedegad informacia gardaiqmneba 

simboloebad da konkretuli 

mniSvnelobis matarebeli xdeba. 

ena nebismieri kulturis aucilebeli 

komponentia. adamiani samyaros swored 

enis meSveobiT aRiqvams da enisave 

meSveobiT qmnis mis suraTs; rogorc 

mecnierebi amboben, enaSi kodirebulia 

arsebuli sinamdvile. ras niSnavs es? 

mivmarToT magaliTs. 

Cven ferad samyaroSi vcxovrobT _ xiluli sinamdvile uamravi feris sagnebisa Tu 

sivrceebis saxiT gvexateba. magram fizikosisaTvis feri _ es aris sxvadasxva sixSiris 

eleqtromagnituri gamosxiveba, e.w. speqtri, romelsac aRiqvams adamianis Tvali da 

Sesabamis signalebs gadascems tvins. tvini ki miRebul informacias ferebad „alagebs“ 

_ garkveuli sixSiris talRebs erT ferad aRiqvams, sxvas _ sxva ferad. magram ra 

fers ra saxeli daerqvas, amas tvins ena karnaxobs. qarTul da bevr sxva enaSi Svidi 

ZiriTadi feris aRmniSvneli sityva arsebobs: wiTeli, narinjisferi, yviTeli, mwvane, 

cisferi, lurji, iisferi. magram zog enebSi ZiriTad ferTa ricxvi sxvaa. arsebobs 

enebi, romlebSic mTeli speqtri sul or feradaa dayofili. es ar niSnavs, rom amgvar 

enebze molaparake adamianebi Cvenze uaresad arCeven ferebs; ubralod, maTi enebi 

sxvanairad axdenen samyaros erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis _ feris _ 

kodirebas. 

adamianisTvis imdeni feri arsebobs, ramdenis aRmniSvneli sityvac aris mis 

mSobliur enaSi. cnobilia, rom inglisurSi ferebis aRmniSvneli naklebi sityvaa, 

vidre zogierT sxva enaSi, Tundac qarTulSi. Tu qarTulSi cisfer da lurj ferebs 

vasxvavebT, inglisurSi es ori feri erTi sityviT (blue) aRiniSneba. 

gadavinacvloT Tvalidan yurze. mTel msoflioSi mamlebi daaxloebiT erTnairad 

yivian, magram qarTulad molaparakeebs es yivili gvesmis rogorc „yiy-li-yo“, 

ingliselebs „qoq-e-dudl-du“, rusebs _ „ku-ka-re-ku“, Cinelebs _ „go-ge-go-go“, 

sparselebs _ „qu-qu-li-qu“, somxebs _ „wu-Rru-Ru“, filipinelebs _ „tik-ti-la-ok“ 

da a.S. rogorc xedav, yvela am mibaZviT sityvaSi raRac saerToa, magram gansxvavebac 

bevria; es imis maCvenebelia, rom sxvadasxva enaSi erTi da igive mocemulobis (Cvens 

SemTxvevaSi _ mamlis yivilis) kodireba SeiZleba gansxvavebulad moxdes. 

rasakvirvelia, zemoTqmuli exeba ara marto ferebsa da bgerebs, aramed ufro 

rTul cnebebsa da faseulobebs; sabolood ki gamodis, rom ena Tavisebur „tyveobaSi“ 

aqcevs adamians _ igi „iZulebulia“, ise aRiqvas sinamdvile, rogorc amas ena karnaxobs, 

rogorc es sinamdvile kodirebulia enaSi. 


sainteresoa evropuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis _ msoflio literaturis 

Sedevrebis _ Targmanebi sxvadasxva (ZiriTadad aRmosavlur) enaze. mTargmnelebi 

iZulebuli iyvnen, gaeTvaliswinebinaT ama Tu im enis da, Sesabamisad, kulturis 

Taviseburebebi Targmanis Sesrulebis dros, sxvagvarad mkiTxvels misi aRqma 

gauWirdeboda. amgvarad Seiqmna originaluri saxelwodebebis nawarmoebebi, 

romelTa dedanTan dakavSireba, erTi SexedviT, Zalian rTulia. ai, ramdenime 

maTgani: hariet biCer sTous „biZia Tomas qoxi“ Cinurad ase iTargmna _ „Savi mona 

cas SehRaRadebs“; servantesis „don kixoti“ _ „raindi satanis cxovrebis aRwerad“ 

iqca; iaponiaSi gamocemul puSkinis „kapitnis qaliSvils“ grZeli da poeturi 

saxeli daerqva _ „yvavilis guli da peplis suli. saocari ambebi ruseTidan“; lev 

tolstois „omi da mSvidobis“ saTauris Targmani ki Semdegnairia: „yvavilTa glova 

da mwuxare tirifebi, anu saSineli brZolebis sisxliani nakvalevi CrdiloeT 

evropaSi“. 

rogorc ukve ici, ena komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualebaa. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi 

am funqcias ar asrulebs, an nawilobriv asrulebs, rTulia sazogadoebaze, rogorc 

mTlian da unikalur organizmze saubari. amis naTeli magaliTi Cveni qveynis istoriaSic 

gvxvdeba: swored qarTuli enis funqciis problema afiqrebdaT „Tergdaleulebs“ me- 

19 saukunis 60-iani wlebSi. ilia da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom am periodamde 

arsebuli saliteraturo qarTuli ena sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilisTvis _ 

aristokratiisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. es, Tavis mxriv, arTulebda socialur fenebs 

Soris komunikacias, rac sazogadoebis erTianobis safuZvelia. „TergdaleulTa“ 

iniciativiT gatarda enis reforma, xmarebidan amoiRes ramdenime aso-niSani, riTac 

igi gacilebiT moqnili da yvelasTvis misawvdomi gaxda. qarTuli enis is forma, 

romelzec dRes Cven vsaubrobT da vwerT, am epoqidan iRebs saTaves. Tu Seadareb enis 

reformamde da reformis Semdeg daweril poetur da prozaul nimuSebs, gansxvavebas 

TvalnaTliv dainaxav. 

piter breigeli (1525-1569). babilonis 

godoli. 

bibliuri Tqmuleba babilonis godolis 

Sesaxeb gadmogvcems, Tu rogor alaparakdnen 

adamianebi sxvadasxva enaze. mecnierebma 

ar ician enis warmoSobis zusti dro. ar 

viciT, hqonda Tu ara rodesme kacobriobas 

saerTo ena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arseboben 

monaTesave enebi, TiToeuli maTgani 

unikaluri da TviTmyofadia. lingvistebi 

miuTiTeben, rom erTi enis sxvadasxva 

variantis Camoyalibebaze did gavlenas 

axdens konkretuli kultura. magaliTad, 

inglisuri mSobliuri enaa ingliselebisa 

da amerikelebisaTvis, avstralielebisa da 

samxreT afrikelebisaTvis, magram isini am enis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul versiebs 

iyeneben. 

34.enis `tyveobaSi~ 

123

eduard sepiri 

b. uorfi ikvlevda 

CrdiloeT 

amerikis adgilobriv 

mosaxleobas, 

kerZod, amerikeli 

indielebis toms 

_ hopis. man aRmo- 

benjamen li uorfi 

aCina, rom am tomis 

enaSi ar moiZebneba 

sxvadasxva droiTi kategoriis aRmniSvneli 

gramatikuli formebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, 

maT ar aqvT sityvebi, romlebic aRniSnaven 

warsuls, awmyos da momavals. es faqti gviCvenebs, 

rom hopis tomis warmomadgenlebs droisadmi 

friad Taviseburi damokidebuleba aqvT. 

mSobliuri enis kategoriebi, gramatikuli formebi 

da leqsikuri maragi gansazRvravs adamianis azrovnebas, 

mis qcevas da garesamyarosadmi damokidebulebas. 

es mosazreba cnobil amerikel mecnierebs eduard 

sepirsa (1884-1939) da benjamen li uorfs (1897-1941) 

ekuTvnis. ena gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor yalibdeba 

da gamoixateba azri. Cven ar SegviZlia viazrovnoT 

sakuTari enis „miRma“, CvenTvis samyaro iseTia, 

rogoradac misi aRqmis SesaZleblobas ena gvaZlevs. 

magaliTad, im xalxis enaSi, sadac Zlieri naTesauri 

kavSirebi arsebobs, naTesavis aRmniSvneli bevri 

sxvadasxva sityvaa. Tu qarTulSi ganvasxvavebT deidas, 

mamidas, bicolas, inglisurSi maT mxolod erTi sityviT 

moixsenieben _ aunt. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mazlTan 

da qvislTan, an rZalTan da mulTan dakavSirebiT, 

inglisur enaSi msgavsi dayofa ar gvxvdeba, yvela 

maTgans aRniSnaven sityvebiT „brother-in-law“ da „sisterin-law“. 

hopis tomi 

amgvarad, Cven sakuTari enis erTgvar „tyveobaSi“ vimyofebiT. SeiZleba Tu ara 

am „tyveobisagan“ Tavis daRweva? ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba. yoveli axali enis Seswavla 

axali samyaros Secnobaa, rac avsebs da afarToebs adamianis msoflmxedvelobas. 

erTi sityviT, rogorc didma germanelma poetma goeTem Tqva, „ramdeni enac ici, 

imdeni kaci xar“. 


enis codna ar niSnavs mxolod sityvebis mniSvnelobisa da gramatikis wesebis 

daswavlas. magaliTad, iranSi dRemde arsebobs “zrdilmetyvelebis” metad 

Taviseburi instituti, e. w. “Taarofi”, romelic gulisxmobs da gvaswavlis imas, 

Tu ra pasuxi unda miagebo SenTvis naTqvam komplimentsa Tu keTil sityvas. Tu es 

ar ici, sparsuli rac ar unda kargad icode, iraneli, rogorc uzrdels, laparaks 

didxans mainc ar gagibams. magaliTad: roca geubnebian, rom sparsulad kargad 

laparakob an lamazad gamoiyurebi, Sen ueWvelad unda uTxra: „Tqveni Tvalebi 

lamazad xedaveno“. an kidev: roca romelime qalbatoni SemTxveviT zurgiT 

aRmoCndeba da amis gamo sazogadoebas bodiSs mouxdis, rogorc wesi, zrdilobiani 

kaci miugebs: „ras brZanebT, qalbatono, vards zurgi da piri ara aqvso!“ 

kiTxva 

giorgi lobJaniZe, aRmosavleTmcodne 

l ramdeni sxvadasxva sityviT aRiniSneba qarTulsa da SenTvis cnobil romelime sxva 

enaSi wvima? ganTiadi? Seni azriT, raze miuTiTebs es gansxvaveba? 

davaleba 

1. saskolo programidan gaixsene me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qarTveli 

mwerlebisa da poetebis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, qarTvel 

romantikosTa leqsebi) da Seadare isini „Tergdaleulebis“ (i. WavWavaZe, a. 

wereTeli da sxva) nawarmoebebs. imsjele maT Soris arsebul enobriv msgavsebebsa da 

gansxvavebebze. 

2. waikiTxe sareklamo sloganebi da ecade axsna, ram gamoiwvia aseTi paradoqsuli 

Targmanebi? romeli faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba gamorCaT sareklamo kampaniis 

dros? 

kentukis Semwvari qaTmebi CineTSi. slogani _”TiTebs Caikvnet, iseTi gemrielia” _ 

iTargmna ase : ”moiWame Seni TiTebi”. 

pepsi taivanSi. slogani: „gamococxldi pepsis TaobasTan erTad“ gardaiqmna frazad: 

”pepsi gaacocxlebs Sens winaprebs”. 

sigareti salemi iaponiaSi. slogani: ”salemi _ SeigrZeni Tavisufleba”. Targmani: 

”salemis mowevisas ise gamococxlebulad grZnob Tavs, TiTqos Seni goneba 

Tavisufali da carielia”. 

fordis avtomobili ”kaliente” meqsikaSi. rodesac aRmoCnda, rom manqanebi ar 

iyideboda, kompaniam gaarkvia, rom “caliente” Jargoni iyo da ”meZavs” aRniSnavda. 

jeneral motorsis avtomobilma ”nova” seriozuli fiasko ganicada centralur da 

samxreT amerikaSi. espanurad “no va” niSnavs ”is ar dadis”. 

amerikis aviaxazebma gadawyvita pirveli klasis salonis tyavis savarZlebis reklamireba 

meqsikur bazarze. slogani ”ifrine tyavSi” (“Fly in leather”) sityvasityviT gadaTargmnes, 

es ki espanurad niSnavs ”ifrine SiSvelma” (“vuela en cuero”). 

34.enis `tyveobaSi~ 

125

35 

araverbaluri komunikacia 

adamianisTvis ena ar aris komunikaciis erTaderTi saSualeba. urTierTobis 

procesSi mosaubris ganwyoba, garda sityvebisa, mimikiT, JestebiT da sxva niSnebiT 

gamoixateba. mniSvnelovania ara marto is, Tu ra aris naTqvami, aramed isic, Tu rogor 

aris naTqvami. Cven viyenebT komunikaciis verbalur (sityvier) da araverbalur gzebs, 

raTa gamovxatoT enTuziazmi, mowyeniloba, mwuxareba, mxiaruleba da a.S. kultura 

gvaswavlis garkveul manerebs da stils, romelic Tan unda axldes ama Tu im saxisa 

da Sinaarsis saubars. 

zogierTi emocia, magaliTad _ 

sixaruli, mwuxareba, gaoceba, SiSi, 

gabrazeba, sevda _ yvela kulturaSi 

met-naklebad erTnairad gamoixateba 

da aRiqmeba. magram sxvadasxva kultura 

gansxvavebulad gansazRvravs imas, 

Tu ramdenad TavSekavebiT an Riad 

unda gamoixatos emociebi. magaliTad, 

zogierTi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi 

mxiarulebas, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro 

TavSekavebulad gamoxataven; zogierT 

kulturaSi kacebi naklebad icinian, 

vidre qalebi. Rimilis da moRuSvis 

xangrZlivoba gavlenas axdens adamianebis 

garegnobasa da ierze (magaliTad, saxeze 

naoWebis sixSireze da a.S.). erTTaTvis 

ufro mravlismetyvelia mosaubris 

Tvalebi, meoreni met yuradRebas aqceven 

warbebis an piris moZraobas. 

SenTan sasaubro maqvs, _ mimarTavs aRmosavleli mamakaci amerikel meuRles. 

_ SeiZleba raRac gkiTxo? 

_ ra Tqma unda. 

_ xandaxan, roca me da Sen vsaubrobT, Sen laparaks wyvet, kbilebs maCveneb, 

Tvalebs Wutav da mere isev agrZeleb laparaks. ai, ase _ da igi cdilobs mimikis 

gameorebas. 

_ mere ra? ase Cems bednier da xalisian ganwyobas gamovxatav, mixaria, rom 

erTad varT da sasiamovno Temebze vsaubrobT. 

_ uh! _ SvebiT amoisunTqa kacma. _ me ki megona, es tiki 1 iyo da SeiZleboda Cvens 

Svilebze gadasuliyo. TqvenSi es normalurad iTvleba? es iseTi arabunebrivia! 

1 tiki _ gaukontrolebeli, uneblie moZraoba an qmedeba 


macxovreblebi ki tuCebis moZraobiT uTiTeben. 

rogor amyareben erTmaneTTan urTierTobas 

cxovelebi? rogor gadascemen isini informacias? 

bevr kulturaSi Tavis vertikaluri moZraoba 

ar niSnavs raimeze Tanxmobas, iseve rogorc 

horizontaluri moZraoba yovelTvis ar aRniSnavs 

raimes uaryofas (magaliTad, bulgarelebTan da 

sxva xalxebTan Tavis aseTi moZraoba, Cvengan 

gansxvavebiT, Tanxmobas gamoxatavs). brazilielebi 

sakuTar uaryofiT damokidebulebas TiTis 

daqneviT gamoxataven. amerikelebi da bevri 

sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi raimeze 

misaTiTeblad TiTebs iyeneben, madagaskaris 

Jesti, mimika da sxeulis moZraoba, 

rac adamianisaTvis komunikaciis damxmare 

saSualebaa, cxovelebisaTvis urTierTobis erTerTi 

mTavari formaa. magaliTad, ZaRlebi kudis 

qiciniT keTilganwyobas gamoxataven, kbilebis 

dakreWiT _ muqaras, mamali farSevangi kudis 

gaSliT mdedris moxiblvas cdilobs, mdedri 

cicinaTelebi mamrebis mosaxiblad ganaTebis 

sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven. futkrebi 

gzavnian mzveravebs, romlebic eZeben 

neqtriT mdidar adgilebs; skaSi dabrunebis 

Semdeg isini asruleben moZraobebs, 

romelsac Cven futkrebis cekvas vuwodebT. 

mzveravebi saocari sizustiT gadascemen 

muSa-futkrebs sakvebis adgilmdebareobas, 

agreTve imas, Tu ramdeni „sawvavi“ 

daexarjebaT maT iq misaRwevad: skidan 

gamofrenamde muSa-futkrebi aucileblad 

iReben sazrdod garkveuli raodenobis 

Tafls, raTa Zalebi moikribon. 

garda amisa, cxovelebi komunikaciisaTvis 

bgeriT sistemebsac iyeneben, isini moicaven 

bgeraTa garkveul raodenobas. adamianis 

msgavsi maimunebis bgeriTi sistemebi SedarebiT 

srulyofilia, Tumca maT SeZaxilebs sityvebad 

ver miviCnevT. 

35.araverbaluri komunikacia 

127

maimunebisTvis salaparako enis 

swavlebis mcdelobebma aCvena, rom 

maTi enobrivi SesaZleblobebi mwiria. 

1950-ian wlebSi amerikelTa ojaxma 

gazarda Simpanze, saxelad viki, 

rogorc sakuTari ojaxis wevri, magram, 

miuxedavad amisa, man mxolod oTxi 

sityvis daswavla SeZlo (“mama”, “papa”, 

“up” da “cup”). 

Simpanzeebs da gorilebs aqvT elementaruli enobrivi SesaZleblobebi. 

mecnierTa mier Catarebuli cdebi aCvenebs, rom maT SeuZliaT Jestebis enis 

safuZvlebis Seswavla da gamoyeneba, Tumca es adamianebis Carevis Sedegad xdeba 

da ara bunebrivad. magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Simpanzes Seaswavles 

amerikuli niSnebis ena, pirvel etapze Simpanzem TandaTanobiT Seiswavla 100-ze 

meti niSani, romlebic inglisuri sityvebis analogebs warmoadgendnen, Semdeg ki, 

maTi kombinirebis Sedegad, SeZlo elementaruli winadadebebis awyoba. gabrazebisas 

igi iyenebda SeZenil codnas da sxva maimunebs Seuracxmyofeli „gamoTqmebiT“ 

mimarTavda, magaliTad - „binZuri maimunebi“ da a.S. Tanamedrove eqsperimentebma 

cxadyo, rom maimunebs SeuZliaT iswavlon enis calkeuli elementebi, magram ara 

saubari. 

kiTxva 

1. ra emocias gamoxatavs 

TiToeul suraTze 

gamosaxuli mimika? 

2. zoologiis kursidan 

da mxatvruli 

literaturidan 

gaixsene, ra saSualebebs 

iyeneben cxovelebi 

komunikaciisaTvis. 

3. SeuZlia Tu ara cxovels 

adamianTan komunikacia? 

moiyvane amis magaliTebi. 


davaleba 

1. moswavleebi iyofian jgufebad. TiToeuli jgufi warmoadgens patara siuJets 

Jestebis gamoyenebiT, danarCenma jgufebma unda amoicnon Sinaarsi. 

2. moZebne mxatvrul literaturaSi araverbaluri komunikaciis gamoyenebis 

epizodebi da amowere isini rveulSi. 


ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaugebroba sxva kulturis 

warmomadgenelTan urTierTobaSi 

l zemoT aweuli cera TiTi msoflios zogierT nawilSi niSnavs _ yvelaferi kargadaa, 

maSin rodesac zogierT muslimur qveyanaSi (aseve sardiniaSi) is aRiqmeba, rogorc 

Seuracxymyofeli niSani. safrangeTSi da zogierT evropul qveyanaSi zemoT 

mimarTuli cera TiTi aRniSnavs erTs, maSin rodesac sxva qveynebSi „erTis“ 

gamosaxatad saCvenebeli TiTi gamoiyeneba. indoeTsa da indoneziaSi ki is niSnavs 

_ gisurveb yovelive saukeTesos. 

l yvelaferi kargadaa dasavleT evropis qveynebSi xSirad gamoixateba SeerTebuli 

cera da saCvenebeli TiTiT, romlebic kravs aso O-s. koreaSi da iaponiaSi ki es 

niSnavs axla droa fulze vilaparakoT, samxreT safrangeTSi aRniSnavs arafers, 

raRacas, rasac ar aqvs Rirebuleba. saberZneTsa, TurqeTsa da braziliaSi es 

Jesti vulgarulad miiCneva. 

l amerikaSi da arabul qveynebSi pauzebi sityvebs Soris ar aris xangrZlivi, 

indoeTSi, indoneziasa da iaponiaSi ki gaxangrZlivebuli siCume savsebiT misaRebia. 

iq fuWad molaparake cudad aRzrdil adamianad miiCneva, romelsac uWirs Tavis 

gakontroleba. 

l sicili TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi dakavSirebulia bednierebasa da mxiarulebasTan, 

xolo iaponiaSi is xSirad dabneulobisa da daucvelobis gancdas gamoxatavs. 

l bevr kulturaSi, ufrosebTan an ufro maRali socialuri statusis mqone 

adamianTan saubrisas maTTvis Tvalis arideba pativiscemis niSania, xolo, 

magaliTad, evropaSi TvaliT kontaqti yuradRebis gamoCenad aRiqmeba. 

35.araverbaluri komunikacia 

129

36 

difuzia _ gavrceleba, 

gavrcoba, SeRweva 

kulturis difuzia 

yovel diliT viRviZebT sawolSi, romlis 

winamorbedi odesRac axlo aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna, 

Semdeg ki Tanamedrove saxe evropaSi miiRo; 

gvaxuravs sabani, romlis damzadebis teqnologia 

aseve axlo aRmosavleTidan modis. sauzmis dros 

viyenebT Cinuri faifurisagan damzadebul TefSs, rkinis danas, romelic pirvelad 

indoeTSi gaakeTes, Cangals da kovzs, romlebic Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Seiqmna. 

egvipturi „warmomavlobis“ minis fanjridan gavxedavT aminds da, Tu wvims, saxlidan 

gasvlisas Tan centralur aziaSi gamogonil qolgas waviRebT. 

rogorc vxedavT, Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT uamrav nivTs, romlebic sxvadasxva 

kulturaSi Seiqmna, Tumca dRes Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. 

uZvelesi periodidan moyolebuli, kul- 

uZvelesi metalurgebi 

turis elementebi _ wes-Cveulebebi, rwmenawarmodgenebi, 

teqnologiebi, religia, ena da 

a.S. _ mudmivad vrceldeboda erTi kulturidan 

meoreSi. am process kulturis difuzia ewodeba. 

kulturis zogierTi elementi universaluri 

swored difuziis procesis Sedegad gaxda. 

magaliTad, miCneulia, rom daaxloebiT 10 aTasi 

wlis win miwaTmoqmedeba axlo aRmosavleTidan 

mTel evraziis kontinentze gavrcelda. aseve 

cnobili magaliTia liTonis dnobis teqnologiis 

sayovelTao gavrceleba. kulturis difuzias 

xels uwyobda migracia, savaWro-ekonomikuri 

urTierTobebi, omebi. 

cai luni 

qaRaldi Cinelma cai lunma gamoigona ax. w. 105 wels, daaxloebiT 

ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, igi ukve bevr adgilas gamoiyeneboda 

centralur CineTSi. me-8 saukunis bolodan qaRaldis warmoeba 

farTod gavrcelda arabul samyaroSi. evropelebs qaRaldi arabebma 

gaacnes, 1150 wels qaRaldis pirveli sawarmo aages espaneTSi da 

amis Semdeg misma warmoebam evropaSic moikida fexi. 

ganasxvaveben kulturaTa pirdapir da arapirdapir difuzias. pirdapiri difuziis 

dros sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze 

Tanacxovroben da kulturaTa difuzia uSualo kontaqtis Sedegia. magaliTad, 

qristefore kolumbis mier amerikis kontinentis aRmoCenamde evropelebisaTvis 

ucnobi iyo kartofili, pomidori, gogra, simindi, lobio, Tambaqo, aseve indauri. 

amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ki evropelTa wyalobiT gaecno cxens, Zroxas, 

cxvars, futkars, stafilos, yavas... pirdapiri kontaqtis dros ama Tu im kulturis 

elementebs pirvelad uSualo mezoblebi iTviseben, Semdeg isini TandaTanobiT ufro 

Sors vrceldeba. 


ukanasknel periodSi kulturaTa arapirdapiri difuzia globalizaciis erT-erT 

ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca. sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, radiom, 

televiziam da internetma sxvadasxva kulturis matarebel adamianebs arapirdapiri 

kontaqtis saSualeba misca. amis Sedegia dasavluri kulturis mzardi gavrceleba 

mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, vcxovrobT Tu ara dasavleTSi da gvaqvs Tu ara 

masTan uSualo kontaqti. 

zogjer kulturis esa Tu is elementi, warmoSobis adgilze metad, mimReb 

kulturasTan asocirdeba. 

rogorc cnobilia, dRes msoflioSi 

sportis yvelaze popularuli saxeoba 

_ fexburTi _ britaneTSi warmoiSva. 

miuxedavad amisa, bevrma fexburTis 

samSoblod, SeiZleba, brazilia daasaxelos. 

es imitom, rom fexburTi brazilieli 

xalxis kulturisa da yofis 

ganuyofel nawilad iqca da es qveyana, 

garda ulamazesi sanapiroebisa, swored 

fexburTiT aris cnobili msoflioSi. 

msoflios mravali qveynis restornebSi gagimaspinZldebian „befstroganoviT“ 

(beef - Zroxis xorci), Tumca cota vinmem Tu icis, rom am gemrieli kerZis saxeli 

rus graf aleqsandre grigoris Ze stroganovs ukavSirdeba. me-19 saukuneSi 

mas odesaSi hqonia kvebis obieqti _ „Ria sufra“, sadac Sesvla Tavisufali iyo 

nebismieri ganaTlebuli da wesierad Cacmuli adamianisaTvis. maT iq swored am 

kerZiT umaspinZldebodnen: es iyo swrafad da iolad mosamzadebeli, amave dros, 

noyieri da gemrieli sadili. Semdeg igi mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda da, ama Tu im 

qveynis kulinariuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxe miiRo. 

36.kulturis difuzia 

quCis fexburTi braziliaSi 

difuziis procesis Sedegad kulturis yvela elementi erTnairad ar vrceldeba. 

zogi maTgani SedarebiT umtkivneulod mkvidrdeba, radgan ar ewinaaRmdegeba 

adgilobriv tradiciebs, faseulobebs, normebs, socialur garemos, zogi ki seriozul 

winaaRmdegobas awydeba, cxovrebis damkvidrebul wesTan SeuTavseblobis gamo da misi 

damkvidreba met dros moiTxovs. magaliTad, moduri mokle varcxniloba, romelic 

Zalian popularuli iyo amerikel qalbatonebSi 1920-ian wlebSi, adgilobriv indiel 

qalebs Soris ar gavrcelda. mizezi martivi iyo: indielebi, tradiciulad, Tmas 

glovis dros iWridnen da amgvari varcxniloba maTTvis sikvdilTan asocirdeboda. 

davaleba 

1. moiZie kulturis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri difuziis magaliTebi. 

2. gaixsene „aisbergis modeli“ da imsjele, kulturis romeli elementebis difuzia 

xdeba ufro swrafad? 

131

37 

asimilacia 

asimilacia (laT. assimilatio) _ 

damsgavseba, STanTqma. 

amerikanizacia _ termini, romelic 

1907 wlidan gamoiyeneba da 

aRniSnavs aSS kulturisa da 

politikis gavlenas sxva qveynebze. 

xSirad miiCneva, rom es gavlena 

safrTxes uqmnis adgilobriv 

kulturul tradiciebs. 

asimilacia niSnavs ori sxvadasxva 

kulturis urTierTqmedebas, romlis 

Sedegadac erT-erTi maTgani kargavs 

sakuTar saxes da STainTqmeba meoris mier. 

me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis 

dasawyisSi es termini amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi gaCnda da „amerikanizaciis“ 

sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda; 

igi adgilobrivi amerikelebis (indielTa) 

kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis 

Secvlisaken mimarTul politikas aRniS- 

navda. SemdgomSi terminis mniSvneloba gafarTovda, dRes igi, zogadad, kulturuli 

TviTmyofadobis dakargvasa da sxvasTan Serwymas gulisxmobs. 

asimilacia xangrZlivi procesia da zogjer ramdenime Taobas moicavs. rogorc 

wesi, asimilacias ganicdian umciresobaTa jgufebi, agreTve migrantebi, romlebic 

TandaTan iTviseben umravlesobis faseulobebsa da zne-Cveulebebs. miCneulia, rom 

sruli asimilacia iSviaTi movlenaa. ufro xSirad xdeba kulturaTa calkeuli 

elementebis gaqroba an Sereva. 

modi, asimilaciis procesi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze ganvixiloT. 

imigraciam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mravali eTnikuri jgufis saerTo sam- 

Soblod aqcia. oskar hendlini _ Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi _ werda: „erTxel 

me gadavwyvite, damewera imigraciis istoria amerikaSi, magram Semdeg aRmovaCine, rom 

imigracia Tavad aris amerikis istoria“. 

aSS saxelmwifo beWedi 

aSS saxelmwifo beWedze laTinuri warweraa: 

E Pluribus Unum _ erTi mravlisagan. es fraza, 

faqtobrivad, aSS devizad iTvleboda 1956 wlamde, 

roca kongresma oficialur devizad aRiara In God We 

Trust _ Cven gvwams RmerTis. E Pluribus Unum amerikul 

monetebzecaa warwerili. es fraza 13 asos Seicavs, 

rac simbolurad gamoxatavda 13 kolonias, romlebic 

amerikis SeerTebul Statebad Camoyalibda. „rkinis 

ledis“ saxeliT cnobilma britaneTis yofilma 

premier ministrma margaret tetCerma SeerTebul 

StatebTan dakavSirebiT erTxel aRniSna, rom „arc 

erT sxva erSi ar gvxvdeba sxvadasxva rasisa da naciis 

esoden warmatebuli gaerTianeba saerTo kulturiT“. 


amerikaSi, evropel imigrantebTan da 

sxvadasxva dros afrikis kontinentidan 

Seyvanil SavkanianebTan erTad, adgilobriv 

amerikelTa mravali sxvadasxva tomi 

cxovrobda. es ukanasknelni iZulebuli 

iyvnen, TandaTan daetovebinaT TavianTi 

sacxovrebeli adgilebi, bevri maTgani 

epidemiebis Sedegad, Setakebebisa 

Tu ajanyebebis dros daiRupa, zogi 

tomi mTlianad gawyda, nawili ki 

asimilirda. me-18 saukunis bolodan aSS 

xelisufleba cdilobda adgilobrivi 

amerikelebis ganaTlebis xelSewyobas, 

maT „civilizebas“ da sazogadoebriv 

cxovrebaSi CarTvas. es politika xels 

uwyobda bunebriv asimilacias. 

me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebSi aSS 

xelisuflebam miiRo „aqti indielTa 

TviTgamorkvevisa da ganaTlebis xel- 

Sewyobis Sesaxeb“. dRes SeerTebul 

StatebSi federaluri mTavrobis mier 

aRiarebuli 562 satomo TviTmmarTveloba 

amerikelebis, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva war - 

momavlobis xalxisagan Semdgari eris idea gamoixateboda 

farTod gavrcelebuli metaforiT _ 

„sadnobi Rumeli“ (melting pot), romelic me-20 saukunis 

dasawyisSi gaCnda da kulturuli gaerTgvarovnebis 

TiTqosda umtkivneulo process asaxavda. amerikis 

sazogadoeba ganixileboda uzarmazar „SemoqmedebiT 

laboratoriad“, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli 

tradicia erTmaneTs ereoda da „gadaidnoboda“ axal 

kulturad, am „RumelSi“ moxvedrili ingliselebi, 

frangebi, germanelebi, irlandielebi Tu italielebi 

TandaTan kargavdnen sakuTar kulturul identobas 

da erTian sazogadoebad yalibdebodnen. 

37.asimilacia 

adgilobrivi amerikelebis fotoebi 1868-1924 

wlebSi 

arsebobs. aRiarebis mosapoveblad saWiroa warmomavlobis dasabuTeba, rac arcTu 

iolia. 

adgilobrivi amerikelebi Tanamedrove aSS mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.8% Seadgenen 

da TiTqmis SeumCnevelni arian mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis. isini cdiloben 

sakuTari kulturis gadarCenili elementebis SenarCunebas, dakargulis aRdgenas da 

axalgazrda TaobisaTvis gadacemas. 

amerikuli sadnobi Rumeli 

133

kiTxvebi 

1. msoflio istoriidan gaixsene asimilaciis magaliTebi da daasabuTe Seni arCevani. 

2. SegiZlia moiyvano magaliTebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, roca ucxo kulturuli 

jgufi asimilirdeboda qarTul garemoSi? 

3. gaixsene periodebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, roca qarTul kulturas asimilaciis 

safrTxe emuqreboda. 

diskusia 

l dRes imigrantebi, rogorc wesi, ufro myarad inarCuneben sakuTar kulturul 

normebsa da faseulobebs. imsjele, ra ganapirobebs amas? 

davaleba 

l moiZie saTanado masala da dawere mcire Txzuleba „Caina Taunisa“ (Chinatown) 

da „liTl italis“ (Little Italy) Sesaxeb. sad da rogor Camoyalibda isini, ras 

warmoadgenen dRes? 


gsmenia jorj balanCinis Sesaxeb? 

misi namdvili saxeli giorgi balanCivaZe gaxldaT. 

igi cnobili qarTveli kompozitorisa da sazogado 

moRvawis meliton balanCivaZis Svili da aseve cnobili 

kompozitoris andria balanCivaZis Zma iyo. meliton 

balanCivaZe wyaltubosTan axlos, sofel banojaSi 

daibada, dakrZalulia quTaisSi, bagratis taZris ezoSi. 

igi qarTuli saopero musikis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia. 

andria balanCivaZe ki sankt-peterburgSi daibada da 

TbilisSi gardaicvala, dakrZalulia didubis sazogado 

moRvaweTa panTeonSi. 

giorgi balanCivaZe, SemdgomSi jorj balanCini, 

1904 wels daibada sankt-peterburgSi da 1983 wels 

niu-iorkSi gardaicvala. daamTavra petrogradis 

konservatoria, iyo petrogradis1 jorj balanCini 

operisa da baletis akademiuri Teatris msaxiobi. 

1924 wels sazRvargareT gaemgzavra. jer safrangeTis sabaleto dasebSi moRvaweobda, 

1933 wels miiwvies SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac Seqmna amerikuli sabaleto skola 

da dasi `niu iork siTi balei~. dadgmuli aqvs 160-ze meti sabaleto speqtakli 

buenos-airesis, kopenhagenis, londonis, milanis da sxva qalaqebis TeatrebSi. jorj 

balanCini Tanamedroveobis udides qoreografad da amerikis klasikuri baletis 

fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli. 

1 pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg sankt-peterburgis saxelis germanuli forma rusuliT 

Seicvala da petrogradi ewoda. 


masobrivi kultura 38 

38.masobrivi kultura 

brendi _ saxelwodebis, simbolos da dizainis 

erToblioba, rac konkretul produqts 

sxvebisgan gamoarCevs. 

„Tanamedrove epoqa brendebs Soris gamarTuli 

samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZo lis velia“, werda 

erT-erTi internet-Jurnali. „mersedes benci“, 

„koka-kola“, „borjomi“ „naiki“, „roleqsi“, 

„bibisi“, „soni“, „nokia“, „makdonaldsi“, „boingi“, 

„Saneli“, „hugo bosi“, „ulqeri“, „universal 

fiqCersi“, „redisoni“ (zogierTi maTgani ix. 

suraTebze) _ SeiZleba CamovTvaloT kidev bevri samarko niSani, romelTa daniSnuleba 

rac SeiZleba meti momxmareblis mizidvaa. brendi ar aris mxolod logo, sareklamo 

gancxadeba an Tavad produqti, igi momxmareblis STabeWdilebebis krebulia. 

adamians cxovrebisaTvis uamravi ram esaWiroeba. yvelas unaxavs arqeologebis 

mier aRmoCenili nivTebi, romelsac adamiani moixmarda: WurWeli, samkauli, sabrZolo 

Tu sameurneo iaraRi... kacobriobam drois, 

energiisa da SesaZleblobebis didi nawili swored 

samomxmareblo nivTebis gamogonebas, Seqmnasa 

da ganviTarebas moaxmara. didi xnis manZilze 

adamiani, upirveles yov lisa, mwarmoebeli iyo; 

igi awarmoebda imas, rac Wirdeboda da swored 

imdens, ramdenic aucilebeli 

iyo moxmarebisa da 

vaWrobisaTvis. magram, 

evropaSi samrewvelo revoluciisa 

da qalaqebis 

zrdis kvaldakval, sul 

ufro meti adamianisaTvis 

gaxda xelmisawvdomi 

is, rac adre mxolod 

„maRali sazogadoebis“ 

viwro wrisaTvis iyo 

gankuTvnili. warmoebis 

zrdam, wignierebisa 

da ganaTlebis miRebis gasayovelTaoebam 

sazogadoeba ufro metad „momxmarebeli“ gaxada, 

vidre uwin. garda pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisa 

(tansacmeli, WurWeli, aveji da sxva), adamianTa 

farTo masebi iqcnen musikis, literaturis, 

135

xose ortega i gaseti 

mxatvrobis, Teatris, kinos „momxmarebelebadac“. 

amave dros, warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba da 

asortimenti gacilebiT Warbobs adamianis mier maTi 

moxmarebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, verasdros 

SevZlebT, Tundac erTxel gavsinjoT tkbileulis 

yvela is saxeoba, romelsac mwarmoeblebi gvTavazoben. 

xandaxan axal tansacmels vyidulobT ara imitom, rom 

Zveli gacvda, aramed modis axali moTxovnebidan 

gamomdinare. 

cnobili espaneli moazrovne xose ortega i gaseti me_20 

saukunis 30_iani wlebis dasawyisSi werda: „qalaqebi savsea 

xalxiT, saxlebi _ binadrebiT, sastumroebi _ mdgmurebiT, 

matareblebi _ mgzavrebiT, kafeebi _ stumrebiT, bulvarebi 

_ moseirneebiT, saxelganTqmul eqimTa misaRebi oTaxebi 

_ avadmyofebiT, Teatrebi, Tu iq Tanamedrove Temebze 

dadgmul speqtaklebs uCveneben _ mayureblebiT, plaJebi 

_ mzis gulze gasarujad gaSxlarTuli damsveneblebiT. 

rac guSin araviTar problemas ar warmoadgenda, dRes 

TiTqmis mudmivi problemaa: Tavisufali adgilebi ar aris“. 

yovelive aman ganapiroba masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibeba 

da ganviTareba. 

maskulturas vuwodebT popularul kulturas, 

romelic dRes adamianTa umravlesobisTvis 

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia. 

terminebi maskultura da popkultura 

sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. rodesac 

vicvamT jinsebs, Tvals vadevnebT popularul 

telegadacemebs, vuyurebT holivudis filmebs, 

laTinur-amerikul „sapnis operebs“, davdivarT 

makdonaldsSi, vsvamT koka kolas, vusmenT popmusikas, 

Cven „movixmarT“ maskulturas, romelic 

ZiriTadad, dasavlur samyaroSi iqmneba da 

udidesi adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove msoflioSi. 

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod 

maskulturis ucxouri nawarmi, aramed iqmneba 

adgilobrivi nimuSebic, romlebic sazogadoebaSi 

didi popularobiT sargeblobs. 


saqarTveloSi yvelaze reitinguli gasarTobi 

teleseriali „Sua qalaqSi“ amerikuli „megobrebis“ 

(„Friends“) analogia, Tumca masSi gaTvaliswinebulia 

Cveni kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi 

Taviseburebebi: adgilobrivi iumori, megobrebisadmi 

da mezoblebisadmi damokidebuleba, samsaxurebrivi, 

ojaxuri da naTesauri urTierTobebi, gvar-saxelebi 

da a.S., ris gareSec serialis reitingi eWvqveS 

dadgeboda da igi, SesaZloa, naklebad misaRebi 

yofiliyo saqarTvelos sazogadoebisTvis. 

aseve SegviZlia gavixsenoT britanuli „eqs 

faqtori“ („X Factor”) da qarTuli „niWieri“. bevrgan, 

maT Soris saqarTveloSi, arsebobs amerikuli „Ramis 

Sous“ formatis iumoristuli gadacemebi. 

es magaliTebi gvaCvenebs, erTi mxriv, maskulturis udides popularobas 

Tanamedrove msoflioSi da, meore mxriv, mis araerTgvarovnebas. miuxedavad 

dasavleTis ganmsazRvreli gavlenisa, maskulturis adgilobrivi produqcia avtorTa 

mier, umTavresad, sakuTari kulturis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba. 

makdonaldsis restornebis qseli - aTasobiT restorani mTel msoflioSi originaluri 

da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili msoflios bevr qveyanaSi. 

kiTxvebi 

maskulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli 

nawilia kinoindustria, Tanamedrove masobrivi kino, 

romlis centrad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, 

kerZod, holivudi miiCneva. holivuduri melodramebi 

Tu mZafrsiuJetiani filmebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas 

axdens sxvadasxva qveynis kinoindustriaze. amerikuli 

holivudis yvelaze cnobili gamoZaxili induri 

bolivudia 1 , romelic Tanamedrove kinoindustriis 

udidesi centria da sul ufro met popularobas 

ixveWs. metic, iTvleba, rom bevri cnobili holivuduri 

miuzikli (magaliTad, „mulen ruJi“) induri kinos 

gavleniT aris gadaRebuli. 

1. Seni azriT, ra ganapirobebs maskulturis ase farTod gavrcelebas da popularobas 

mTel msoflioSi? 

2. maskulturis romel produqcias xvdebi da iyeneb yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi? ratom? 

1 sityva bolivudi Seqmnilia amerikuli holivudis pirveli asos CanacvlebiT indoeTis qalaq 

bombeis (dRevandeli saxeli _ mumbai) saxelis sawyisi asoTi. holivudisagan gansxvavebiT, bolivudi 

ar aris realurad arsebuli adgilis saxeli. 

38.masobrivi kultura 

137

39 

yeenoba. lado gudiaSvilis naxati 

unda iTqvas, rom elituri kulturis 

warmomadgenlebi siamovnebiT monawileobdnen 

masobriv dResaswaulebSi, Rvinisa 

da ludis festivalebSi. 

dRes TiTqmis SeuZlebelia imis 

gansazRvra, Tu ra aris kulturaSi 

masobrivi da ra _ ara. beWdviTi 

mediis (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi), radios, 

televiziis da, Semdeg, eleqtronuli 

mediis gaCenam popularuli, masobrivi 

saopero speqtakli 

ratom aris maskultura masobrivi? 

maskulturaze saubris dros, 

albaT, gagiCndaT kiTxva: Tu arsebobs 

maskultura, maSin xom unda arsebobdes 

aramasobrivi, „elituri“ kulturac? 

zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom me-19- 

20 saukuneebamde „elitur“ da „saxalxo“ 

kulturebs Soris gansxvaveba metnaklebad 

mkafio iyo. elituri anu 

„maRali kultura“ moicavda xelovnebas, 

literaturas, klasikur musikas da a.S., 

saxalxo kultura ki _ quCis karnavalebs, 

dResaswaulebs, festivalebs da sxva. 

gavixsenoT, magaliTad, berikaoba da 

yeenoba saqarTveloSi. Tumca isic 

berikaoba. skulpturuli kompozicia TbilisSi, 

baraTaSvilis quCaze. moqandake avTandil 

monaseliZe. 

kulturis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. dRes 

maskulturis produqciiT sargeblobs 

TiTqmis yvela, ganurCevlad asakisa, 

socialuri warmomavlobisa, saqmianobisa, 

miuxedavad imisa, dadis Tu ara operaSi, 

usmens Tu ara klasikur musikas da 

kiTxulobs Tu ara Seqspirs. maskultura 

sayovelTaoa da sazogadoebis TiToeul 

wevri mas farTod moixmars. 


masobrivi komunikaciis, 

anu informaciis 

Sor manZilze swrafad 

gadacemis da farTo 

auditoriasTan urTier- 

Tobis umTavresi saSualeba 

radio, televizia 

da beWdviTi mediaa. me- 

20 saukunis bolos maT 

internetic daemata, 

Tumca, televiziasTan 

SedarebiT, mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis igi 

jerjerobiT nakleb xel misawvdomia. Cven yoveldRiurad 

viRebT sxvadasxvagvar informacias, 

vuyurebT filmebs, gasarTob telegadacemebs. Cven 

mier masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT miRebuli 

informaciis didi nawili maskulturis produqtia, 

romelic did gavlenas axdens Cvens yofaze, qcevaze 

da urTierTobebze. 

maskulturis gavrcelebaSi did rols asrulebs reklama. sityva reklama (frang. 

réclame) niSnavs sxvadasxva saSualebiT gavrcelebul informacias, potenciuri 

myidvelisa Tu momxmareblis yuradRebis mipyrobisa da interesis gaRvivebis 

mizniT. janmrTelobisa da socialuri sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil an saqvelmoqmedo 

miznisaken mimarTul reklamas, romelic ar aris komerciuli an winasaarCevno, 

socialur reklamas uwodeben. igi miznad isaxavs narkomaniis, alkoholizmis, Sidsis, 

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebisadmi da sxva socialuri problemebisadmi 

sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Secvlas. 

39.ratom aris maskultura masobrivi? 

mowevis sawinaaRmdego reklama avtobusze quCis reklamis saxeoba 

139

msoflioSi pirveli sareklamo biuro 1611 wels londonSi Seiqmna. dRes 

reklamirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba televizia, radio, filmebi, Jurnalebi, gazeTebi, 

interneti, sareklamo dafebi _ e.w. bilbordebi. 

koka-kolas reklama tramvaize britanuli enciklopediis nabeWdi reklama 

kiTxvebi 

1. masobrivi komunikaciis romel saSualebebs iyeneb? risTvis? 

2. axdens Tu ara reklama gavlenas Sens gadawyvetilebebze? gaixsene aseTi SemTxvevebi. 

3. ra gavlena aqvs masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT gavrcelebul maskulturas 

Cvens sazogadoebaze? pasuxi daasabuTe. 

davaleba 

l waikiTxe alberto moravias moTxroba „rogorc reklamaSi“ da imsjele reklamis 

rolze da Zalaze Tanamedrove samyaroSi 



berikaoba _ qarTuli xalxuri sanaxaoba, niRbebis Teatri, romelic nayofierebisa 

da Svilierebis kults ukavSirdeboda da yvelieris dasasruls imarTeboda. droTa 

ganmavlobaSi berikaobam dakarga sakulto-religiuri daniSnuleba, berikuli 

warmodgenebis Sinaarsi saukuneTa manZilze icvleboda, mdidrdeboda da Taobidan 

Taobas gadaecemoda. maTi Sinaarsi da moqmedebis xasiaTi berikebis niWsa da unarze iyo 

damokidebuli. Cvenamde moRweulia berikaobis 100-mde siuJeti. maTi nawili asaxavs 

ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis brZolas, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva 

fenas Soris urTerTobas. siuJetebis umetesoba komikuria da sayofacxovrebo 

Temazea Seqmnilia. berikaoba sxvadasxva saxisa iyo: berikebi xan kardakar dadiodnen, 

xan warmodgena sagangebod SerCeul moedanze imarTeboda, mas sazogadoebis yvela 

fenis warmomadgeneli eswreboda. berikaobis tradiciuli niRbebi iyvnen taxi, daTvi, 

Txa da sxva cxovelebi. 

berikebi mefis (sasiZo), kekelas (sarZlo), maWanklis, glexis, Tavadis, mosamarTlis, 

eqimis, xucesis, taxis, daTvis, Txis, xaris niRbebiTa da cxovelTa tyaviT imosebodnen. 

warmodgenas Tan axlda simRera da sakravieri musika. SemorCenilia ramdenime cnobili 

berikas saxeli: me-18 saukuneSi aseTebi yofilan oTar norioeli da oiana-buiana _ 

erekle meoris sasaxlis karis berika, romelic, gadmocemis mixedviT, gmirulad 

ibrZoda sparselebTan omSi; me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cnobili berika yofila 

abel revaziSvili. berikaobis warmodgena kaxeTSi SesaniSnavad aris aRwerili levan 

goTuas romanSi „gmirTa varami“. 

bolo ramdenime welia, berikaobis tradicia TbilisSic aRdga. Tavis wignSi “Zveli 

tfilisis literaturuli bohema” cnobili poeti ioseb griSaSvili agviwers yeenobis 

dResaswauls TbilisSi: 

yvelieris orSabaTs mTeli tfilisi yeenobis saTamaSod emzadeboda. qalaqi or 

ubnad iyo gayofili: isani da nariyala, baraTaSvili da erisTavi; isnis mxareze kaxeTis 

mebatoneebi: WavWavaZe, jorjaZe, ColoyaSvili, vaxvaxiSvili, jandieri. “yeenis” taxti 

seidabadis (botanikur baRTan) maRlobze idga. yeenad irCevdnen gonebamaxvil, oxunj 

da moxerxebul kacs. wowola qudiT Tavze da tanT gadmobrunebuli tyapuWiT, 

gamuruli saxiT virze ukuRma iyo amxedrebuli. aseve sasacilod iyo gamowyobili 

misi “amala”, romelic xalxs Seseoda da fuls sZalavda “yeenis xarkisTvis”. amasobaSi 

xalxi ajanyebisTvis xis xmlebs, xanjlebsa da Surdulebs amzadebda. ajanyebuli 

xalxi yeens tyved Caigdebda xelSi da mtkvarSi gadauZaxebda. gamxiarulebuli xalxi 

Segrovebuli fuliT nadimobda orTaWalis, veris Tu didubis baRebSi. 

yeenobis mTavar personaJebad zogjer sazogadoebis TvalsaCino adamianebi 

gamodiodnen. erT-erTi ukanaskneli “yeenoba” me-20 saukuneSi poet grigol abaSiZis 

monawileobiT gamarTula. 

39.ratom aris maskultura masobrivi? 

141

40 

globalizacia 

„asociaciobanas“ TamaSis dros, gadamwyveti qulis gaTamaSebisas, mowinaaRmdegem 

gamosacnob sityvad „hamburgeri“ miTxra. im imediT, rom Cems mewyviles saqmes 

gavuadvilebdi, asaxsnel sityvad „makdonaldsi“ vukarnaxe, Tumca man, warmatebaSi 

darwmunebulma, amis nacvlad „globalizacia“ wamoiZaxa. qulis dakargvis gamo 

gavbrazdi, magram, rodesac davfiqrdi, davrwmundi Cemi megobris simarTleSi: ra 

Tqma unda, „makdonaldsis“ xseneba, pirvel rigSi, „globalizaciis“ asociacias 

gamoiwvevda, radgan igi Tanamedrove globaluri samyaros erT-erTi mTavari 

simboloa. 

ras niSnavs globalizacia? 

daakvirdi mimdinare procesebs: mTeli rigi movlenebis gavlena erTi saxelmwifos 

sazRvrebs scildeba. magaliTad, iaponiaSi 2011 wels momxdari miwisZvra da cunami 

ara marto iaponiis tragedia iyo: fukuSimas atomuri eleqtrosadguris afeTqebas, 

SesaZloa, msoflio masStabis ekologiuri katastrofa gamoewvia. aseTive globaluri 

movlenaa terorizmi, romelsac ar gaaCnia sazRvrebi. navTobis fasis momateba 

londonis birJaze gavlenas axdens purisa Tu sxva produqtebis fasze TbilisSi. 

milanis modis kvireuli aisaxeba Cacmis stilze mTel msoflioSi, holivudSi 

gadaRebuli filmis premiera saerTaSoriso masStabis movlenaa, fexburTis msoflio 

Cempionati, olimpiuri TamaSebi Tu didi saerTaSoriso saCogburTo turnirebi 

erTnairad sainteresoa dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. 

sityva globalizaciis xsenebam, albaT, Senc makdonaldsi, koka-kola, holivudi, 

madona, inglisuri ena da sxva bevri iseTi ram gagaxsena, rac dasavlur, ufro 

zustad ki amerikul kulturas ukavSirdeba. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan 

mTavar „globalizatorad“, rogorc wesi, swored dasavleTi ganixileba. Tumca 

globalizaciaSi sxva kulturebsac SeaqvT wvlili: gavixsenoT iaponuri anime da 

suSi, induri ioga, afrikuli vuvuzela; CineTSi mobinadre panda (bambukis daTvi) 

cxovelTa dacvis msoflio organizaciis emblemad iqca. 

dapataravebuli msoflio 

termini globalizacia modis 

sityvidan global (global), 

rac frangulad sayovelTaos, 

mTlians, saerTos niSnavs. 

advili misaxvedria, rom cnebac, 

„gasayovelTaoebas“ aRniSnavs. 

ras niSnavs „gasayovelTaoeba“? 

ra, rogor an ratom unda gaxdes 

sayovelTao - samyaros xibli xom 

mis mravalferovnebaSia? 


masobrivi sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, TviTmfrinavis, sakabelo 

televiziis, internetis, mobiluri telefonisa Tu sabanko gadaricxvebis gaCenam 

ganapiroba saxelmwifoebs Soris mWidro da intensiuri ekonomikuri, politikuri da 

kulturuli urTierTobebi, migraciuli procesebi _ adamianTa jgufebis masobrivi 

gadaadgileba erTi qveynidan meoreSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, msoflio, TiTqos, 

„dapataravda“ da, gavrcelebuli gamoTqmiT, „erT did soflad“ an, rogorc xSirad 

uwodeben, „globalur soflad“ iqca. ratom soflad? warmoidgine, rom soflis erTerTma 

mkvidrma raime saqme wamoiwyo, magaliTad, miwis nakveTis SemoRobva an saxlis 

SekeTeba. amis Sesaxeb mTeli sofeli maSinve igebs. mezoblebi, albaT, TviTonac 

Caebmebian am saqmianobaSi. muSaobis dros isini saubroben, xumroben, kamaToben, 

yvebian sxvadasxva ambavs, erTmaneTs uziareben Sexedulebebs, gamocdilebas. 

daaxloebiT aseTive urTierToba myardeba sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs 

Soris globalizaciis procesSi, adamianebi ecnobian erTmaneTis kulturul normebsa 

da faseulobebs. 

globalizaciis process siaxleebi Seaqvs kulturaSi. ra Tqma unda, mWidro 

politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gavlenas axdens kulturaze. Tumca ucxo 

kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli gansxvavebul garemoSi Taviseburad aisaxeba. modi, 

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT makdonaldsi, romelic amerikuli kulturis msoflioSi 

gavrcelebis erT-erT ZiriTad simbolod miiCneva. bevr qveyanaSi makdonaldsis 

meniuSi adgilobrivi kvebis racionisa da samzareulos gavlena aisaxa. 

indoeTSi makdonaldsis meniuSi ar aris Zroxis xorci, radgan indusebi mas ar 

miirTmeven; muslimebi da iudevelebi ar miirTmeven Roris xorcs da, Sesabamisad, 

arc momxmarebels sTavazoben mas; germaniaSi menius damatebuli aqvs ludi; Tevzis 

moyvarul norvegielebs saSualeba aqvT, makdonaldsSi Tevzisgan momzadebuli 

kerZi miirTvan; saqarTveloSi makdonaldsSi gaCnda samarxvo meniu, mak-lavaSi, 

rac kidev ufro sainteresoa, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze momxmareblebs qarTul 

nacionalur tansacmelSi gamowyobili restornis TanamSromlebi emsaxurebodnen. 

ai, ratom gaaxsenda Cems megobars „globalizacia“ makdonaldsis xsenebisas. 

makdonaldsis mravalferovani meniu 

germania 

(ludi) 

40.globalizacia 

norvegia (Tevzi) kanada (kiborCxala) 

143

saberZneTi 

(berZnuli sawebeli) 

kiTxva 

kosta-rika (brinji) hong kongi (brinji) 

Tbilisi (mak-lavaSi) 

l rogor fiqrob, aqvs Tu ara globalizaciis process gavlena Sens yoveldRiur 

cxovrebaze? 

davaleba 

1. daakavSire erTmaneTTan maskultura da globalizacia. Seni azriT, aris Tu ara 

maskultura globalizaciis procesis Semadgeneli nawili? pasuxi daasabuTe. 

2. gaixsene movlena, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos „globalurad“, anu movlenad, 

romelic erTnairad saintereso, sasikeTo, an saSiSia mTeli msofliosaTvis. 


l dawere ese „globalizacia da saqarTvelo”. 



swrafi kvebis istoria saqarTveloSi 

albaT, ici gemrieli da surnelovani laRiZis wylebis Sesaxeb. maTi Semqmneli 

iyo mitrofane laRiZe (1869-1960) _ qarTveli mewarme da 

qvelmoqmedi. igi quTaisSi, kokoCaSvilisa da ivanovskis 

afTiaqsa da ivanovskis limonaTis sawarmoSi muSaobda, 

sadac xileulis wvenebis momzadebis wesebi iswavla da, 

ivanovskis gardacvalebis Semdeg, TviTon Caudga saTaveSi 

sawarmos. 1902 wels igi sazRvargareT gaemgzavra da 

germaniasa da safrangeTSi gaecno xileulis wylebis 

damzadebis teqnologias. 

mitrofane laRiZis wylebma didi saxeli moixveWa. 

saerTaSoriso gamofenebze maT mravalgzis mieniWa 

pirveli xarisxis premiebi, oqrosa da vercxlis medlebi. 

laRiZis wylebi ise moswondaT, rom sazRvargareTac 

gahqondaT. TbilisSi myofi iraneli vaWrebi maT, 

rogorc gansakuTrebul saCuqars, iranis didebulebsa 

da warCinebul pirebs „feSqaSad“ ugzavnidnen. 

40.globalizacia 

Tbilisi (mak-lavaSi) 

mitrofane laRiZe, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavda, 

xilis wvenebis damzadebisas ar iyenebda araviTar 

sinTezur esenciasa da qimikats. igi axali 

xileulis wvenebiT amzadebda sasmelebs, SerCeuli 

hqonda esa Tu is raioni, sofelic ki, radgan, 

gansxvavebuli niadagisa da havis gamo, xilsac 

sxvadasxva gemo da surneli aqvs. magaliTad, 

Jolos tkbili wveni mxolod borjomis xeobaSi, 

umTavresad, bakurianSi gavrcelebuli xilkenkriT 

mzaddeboda. 

akaki wereTelma 1900 wels mitrofane laRiZis ualkoholo sasmelebs eqspromtad 

aseTi leqsi uZRvna: 

sasmelebis metoqe var, 

Rvinis, ludis, wylis da rZisa, 

xileulTa esencia _ 

mitrofane laRiZisa. 

gemoca maqvs, sunica maqvs 

gTxovT orive gamisinjoT, 

Torem ise rad mindixarT, 

moxvideT da gadibrinjoT. 

145

laRiZis wylebis jixuri. 

Tbilisi. aleqsandres baRi. 

1914w. 

Senoba TbilisSi, rusTavelis gamzirze, sadac ganTavsebuli 

iyo `laRiZis wylebi~. 

1906 wels m. laRiZem ukve TbilisSi gaxsna Tavisi limonaTis qarxana da maRazia. 

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirveli fenovani xaWapuri da TbilisSi pirveli aWaruli 

xaWapuric swored rusTavelze mdebare „laRiZis wylebSi“ gamoucxviaT. SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom es iyo swrafi kvebis erT-erTi pirveli obieqti TbilisSi. igi male iqca 

Tbilisis savizito baraTad. aTwleulebis manZilze „laRiZis wylebi“ yvela Taobis 

Tbiliselebis usayvarlesi adgili iyo. 


globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba? 41 

Cemi megobari saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi 

muSaobs. samsaxuris gamo, xSirad uwevs 

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mogzauroba da cxovreba. 

erTi sityviT, igi Tanamedrove „globaluri 

soflis“ moqalaqed SeiZleba CaiTvalos. uamravi 

foto aqvs gadaRebuli. misi feisbuqis gverdis 

daTvalierebisas saintereso faqti SevniSne da 

minda, mas Senc miaqcio yuradReba. daakvirdi 

suraTebs, SegiZlia daasaxelo qveynebi, romlebSic 

es qalaqebi mdebareobs? 

amis gakeTeba, albaT, rTulia, radgan maT 

Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar aris, Tumca pirveli 

niu-iorkia, meore _ Sanxai, mesame ki tokio. wina 

gakveTilebSi ki vnaxeT, rom Cinuri, iaponuri, 

induri, evropuli, qarTuli Tu sxva qveynis 

sacxovrisebi sruliad sxvadasxvagvari iyo. 

iqneb swored es aris kulturis „gasayovel- 

Taoeba“, „gaerTgvarovneba“? 

globalizaciis procesi, romelic kulturaTa daaxloebas da maT Soris 

faseulobebis urTierTgaziarebas uwyobs xels, sazogadoebis mxridan araerTgvarovnad 

aRiqmeba. adamianTa arcTu ise mcire nawili globalizacias safrTxed miiCnevs. 

negatiuri damokidebulebis safuZveli, ZiriTadad, orgvaria _ ekonomikuri da 

kulturuli. globalizaciis kritikosTa erTi nawili miuTiTebs saSiSroebaze, 

romelic ucxo qveyanaSi damzadebuli produqciis Semotanas axlavs Tan da xels 

uSlis adgilobrivi nawarmis gavrcelebas. magaliTad, am Sexedulebis mixedviT, 

saqarTveloSi koka kolas damkvidrebas, SesaZloa, laRiZis wylis an romelime sxva 

qarTuli gamagrilebeli sasmelis warmoebis SeCereba mohyves. 

sxvaTa azriT, dasavluri faseulobebis gavrceleba safrTxes uqmnis sxva 

kulturebs da, SesaZlebelia, maTi TviTmyofadobis dakargva gamoiwvios. gaCnda 

samyaros amerikuli kulturis yaidaze mowyobis, misi meSveobiT tradiciuli 

Rirebulebebis Canacvlebis, gaqrobis SiSi. „globalizacia“ „amerikanizaciasTan“ 

gaigivda. ratom? imitom, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri Zliereba zurgs umagrebs 

dasavluri, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kulturis gavrcelebas. koka kola, imisaTvis 

rom yovelTvis lideri iyos, Semosavlebis did nawils reklamas axmars; TiToeuli 

41.globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba? 

147

warmatebuli filmis gadaRebisaTvis holivudSi aTobiT da asobiT milioni dolari 

ixarjeba; fexburTSi warmatebas is gundi aRwevs, romelsac didi Tanxebi aqvs kargi 

sportsmenebis SesaZenad. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive mosazrebis avtorebs seriozuli argumentebi aqvT, 

globalizacia calmxrivad, mxolod safrTxis Semcvelad ar unda gavigoT. marTalia, 

globalizaciis process seriozuli da yovlismomcveli cvlilebebi mohyva, magram 

mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom es cvlilebebi, umTavresad, kulturis zedapirul, xilul 

nawils (simboloebs, gmirebs, moxmarebas, modas) Seexo da naklebad _ fundamentur 

warmodgenebs samyaros, sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxvaTa Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu romelime 

aziur qveyanaSi siamovnebiT miirTmeven koka-kolas, es ar niSnavs, rom Seicvala 

maTi damokidebuleba ufrosebis an avtoritetebisadmi; Turqi axalgazrdebi iseve 

gansxvavdebian amerikeli axalgazrdebisagan, rogorc moxuci Turqebi _ moxuci 

amerikelebisagan. rogorc aRmoCnda, sazogadoebebs sakuTari identobis SenarCunebis 

saocari unari aqvs. sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, erTi mxriv, mWidrod 

daakavSira erTmaneTTan sazogadoebebi, meore mxriv ki gazarda kulturuli 

gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba. 

kvlevebma daadastura, rom kulturebi iSviaTad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs 

xangrZlivi Tanaarsebobis pirobebSic ki. sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris saukuneebis 

win gamovlenili gansxvavebebi dResac arsebobs, miuxedavad mudmivi mWidro 

urTierTobisa. 

erTi sityviT, medals yovelTvis ori mxare aqvs. kulturaTa mWidro 

urTierTkavSiri, ideebis, faseulobebisa da Sexedulebebis urTierTgacvla, Ria 

sazRvrebi, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaTa mravalferovneba adamians sruliad 

warmoudgenel SesaZleblobebs aZlevs. Cven SegviZlia warmatebulebi viyoT ara 

mxolod sakuTar qveyanaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac da, amave dros, ar movwydeT 

mSobliur kulturas. 

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavla niSnavs 

msoflio masStabiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis sivrceSi moxvedras: sauniversiteto 

sivrces ar aqvs sazRvrebi, es gaxlavT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gaxsnili, anu 

globaluri sivrce „patara did sofelSi“, sadac bejiTi swavlis, sakuTar 

Tavze muSaobis, mondomebisa da, SesaZloa, cota gamarTlebis Sedegad SeiZleba 

oqsfordisa Tu kembrijis, haidelbergisa Tu sorbonas universitetebis damTavreba. 

SenTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom profesionali, gamocdili adamianebis simravle 

saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis, kulturis ganviTarebis winapirobaa. 


gia dvali 

zaza faCulia 

araerTma qarTvelma miRwia msoflio masStabis 

aRiarebas da warmatebas: gavixsenoT kompozitori 

gia yanCeli, kinoreJisorebi oTar ioseliani da gela 

babluani, saopero momRerlebi paata burWulaZe 

da nino surgulaZe, baletis mocekvaveebi nino 

ananiaSvili da irma nioraZe, msaxiobebi merab niniZe 

da levan uCaneiSvili, fexburTeli kaxi kalaZe, 

kalaTburTeli zaza faCulia, fizikosi gia dvali da 

sxvebi. 

paata burWulaZis mier daarsebulma fondma 

„iavnanam“ uamravi sasikeTo saqme gaakeTa 

saqarTveloSi. mis mier organizebuli saqvelmoqmedo 

koncertebi gascda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, 

masSi monawileoben saopero samyaros msoflioSi 

aRiarebuli warmomadgenlebi. erTi mxriv, 

koncertebi konkretuli adamianebis problemebis 

mogvarebas emsaxureba, meores mxriv, misi meSveobiT 

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb informacias igebs saopero 

xelovnebis moyvaruli msoflio sazogadoeba. 

gia yanCeli 

rac Seexeba ucxoelebs, magaliTad, cnobili 

kinovarskvlavi, oskaris mflobeli msaxiobi nikol 

kidmani daibada da aRizarda avstraliaSi, warmatebas 

ki amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, holivudSi miaRwia. 

igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sarliz teronze, romelic 

samxreT afrikaSi, xelmokle ojaxSi aRizarda, dRes ki 

msoflio kinos erT-erTi yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavia. 

rogorc nikol kidmani, aseve Sarliz teroni mWidro 

kavSirs inarCuneben samSoblosTan. Sarliz teroni 


149

warmoidgine, rom swavla damTavrda, 

dadga zafxuli, daiwyo ardadegebi. 

albaT, zRva da baTumi gagaxsenda. 

Tanamedrove baTumi globalizaciis 

mier SemoTavazebul SesaZleblobaTa 

gamoyenebis kargi magaliTia. msoflios 

wamyvani biznesmenebi dainteresdnen 

misi turistuli potencialiT, ganxorcielda 

da daigegma uamravi axali 

proeqti, romelmac baTumi Tanamedrove 

turistul qalaqad aqcia. iq uamravi 

maRali donis koncerti tardeba. amave 

dros, baTumi gansakuTrebulia sakuTari, 

TviTmyofadi „suliT“ da „xasiaTiT“. 

globalizaciis procesi saSualebas gaZlevs, Seni kultura qveynis farglebs 

gareT gaitano da msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe TviTmyofadi saxiT wardge. 

erisionis koncertis afiSa suxiSvilebi. assa farTi 

„erisionma“ tradiciul qarTul cekvas Sous elementebi da Tanamedrove 

musikaluri instrumentebi Semata. Sedegi marTlac STambeWdavi iyo da msoflios 

sxvadasxva adgilas gamarTulma koncertebma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. igive 

SeiZleba vTqvaT suxiSvilebis ansamblze, romelic cdilobs, axali elementebis 

SetaniT gaamravalferovnos da ufro mimzidveli gaxados mdidari SemoqmedebiTi 

tradicia. eTnojazis msoflioSi warmatebuli jgufia ansambli „Sini“. 


globalizacia, romelmac samyaro „erT did soflad“ aqcia, ar gaxlavT calsaxad 

dadebiTi an uaryofiTi procesi. mas ori mxare aqvs. yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, 

Tu rogor gamoiyenebs adamiani, sazogadoeba Tu saxelmwifo Seqmnil realobas. 

davaleba 

1. gaixsene „aisbergis modeli“, daakavSire igi globalizaciis procesTan. 

2. daiyaviT globalizaciis damcvelebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad. TiToeulma 

jgufma daasabuTos, ratom aris an ar aris globalizacia safrTxe kulturis 

TviTmyofadobisaTvis? 

3. moiZie informacia dRes ucxoeTSi moRvawe cnobili qarTvelebis Sesaxeb. 


151

42 

media _ Sualeduri, 

Suamavali 

masmedia 

Tanamedrove msoflios saxis gansazRvraSi erTerT 

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs masmedia. televizia, 

radio, gazeTi, cifruli da eleqtronuli saSualebebi, 

romelTa meSveobiT informacia miewodeba farTo, 

geografiulad, socialurad da kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebas, adamianis 

umniSvnelovanes qmnilebaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. termini masmedia me-20 saukunis 20ian 

wlebSi gaCnda, roca radiomauwyeblobam, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gavrcelebam 

masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. dRes internetmediam warmoudgenlad gaafarTova 

komunikaciis saSualebebi. 

pirveli germanuli gazeTis 

“Relation” satitulo gverdi 

Tanamedrove eleqtronuli da beWdviTi media moicavs radio da 

telemauwyeblobas, sxvadasxva saxis audio da videosaSualebebs (xmis Tu 

gamosaxulebis Canawerebi, diskebi, videoproduqcia da sxva), filmebs, internets, 

mobilur telefons (telefonis uSualo funqciis garda, misi meSveobiT gadaicema 

uaxlesi ambebi, gafrTxilebani, horoskopi, musika, TamaSebi da a.S.), beWdviT da 

eleqtronuli gamocemebs (wignebi, Jurnalebi). 

adamiani odiTgan ocnebobda komunikaciis iseT saSualebebze, romlebic maT 

manZilis swrafad dafarvisa da Soreuli mxareebis ambebisaTvis Tvalis devnebis 

SesaZleblobas miscemda. gavixsenoT zRaprebi mfrinavi xaliCisa Tu jadosnuri 

sarkis Sesaxeb. informaciis Sor manZilze gadacemisaTvis sxvadasxva saSualebas 

iyenebdnen, magaliTad, sasimagro nagebobaTa koSkebze avardnili kvamli mosaxleobas 

mtris Semosevas auwyebda. 


legendis mixedviT, Zveli 

welTaRricxvis 490 wels, maraTonis 

brZolaSi berZenTa mier sparselTa 

damarcxebis Semdeg, berZenma macnem 

ramdenime aTeuli kilometri irbina, 

raTa aTenelebisaTvis gamarjvebis 

ambavi ecnobebina. man mTeli manZili 

Seusveneblad dafara, Tumca es 

sicocxlis fasad daujda da ambis 

Setyobinebidan ramdenime wuTSi suli 

ganuteva. 

Tanamedrove media saSualebebidan yvelaze xangrZlivi istoria aqvs gazeTs, 

romelmac dRevandeli saxe me-16 saukuneSi miiRo. erT-erTi cnobili moazrovnis 

sityviT, beWdurma produqciam samyaros forma da struqtura Secvala. 2007 wlis 

monacemebiT, yoveldRiurad msoflioSi 

gazeTebis 395 milioni egzemplari iyideba. 

me-19 saukuneSi gaCnda radio, romlis 

dasaxelebac laTinuri sityvidan modis da 

niSnavs _ vasxiveb. igi iqca informaciisa 

da garTobis mTavar saSualebad, 

radiomimRebi _ erT-erT mniSvnelovan 

nivTad ojaxisaTvis. Semdgom mas mocile 

gamouCnda televizoris saxiT. 

42.masmedia 

radiomimRebi 

antikuri periodis 

berZnuli qalaqebis 

centrSi arsebuli 

agora, vaWrobisa da 

politikuri diskusiebis 

garda, informaciis 

gadacemis adgilic iyo. 

aseTive funqcia hqonda 

romaul forums da 

`salaybod~ wodebul 

adgils Zvel TbilisSi. 

153

masmediis meSveobiT msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovrebi adamianebi erTmaneTs 

mWidrod daukavSirdnen, erTmaneTze damokidebuli gaxdnen. yvelaze Soreul 

kuTxeSi momxdari faqti maSinve xdeba cnobili mTeli danarCeni kacobriobisaTvis. 

media saSualebebiT vmogzaurobT iq, sadac, albaT, realurad arasdros movxvdebiT, 

vecnobiT adamianebs, romlebTanac arasdros mogviwevs pirispir Sexvedra, viRebT 

informacias CvenTvis saintereso nebismier sakiTxze, viZenT da vyidiT, vuwevT 

reklamas, gamovxatavT sixaruls Tu mwuxarebas. 

masmediis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom xSirad mas meoTxe xelisuflebas 

uwodeben - sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa Semdeg. igi 

xalxze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRia. vinc flobs informaciis saSualebebs, flobs 

Zalauflebasac. 

U 

18 

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis 

ganvi Tarebam mkveTrad Secvala 

samyaros saxe. interneti Tanamedrove 

msoflios simbolod iqca. misi 

meSveobiT praqtikulad nebismieri 

informaciis moZiebaa SesaZlebeli. 

amave dros, igi komunikaciis yvelaze 

mosaxerxebeli saSualebaa. saZiebo 

sistemebis, amouwuravi informaciis 

gverdiT arsebobs e.w. socialuri 

qselebi (Facebook, Twitter, Skype da sxva), 

romlebiTac adamianebi mudmivad 

ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, iZenen 

nacnobebs, megobrebs, saaTobiT 

saubroben. virtualurma samyarom, 

TiTqos, realuris adgili daikava. 

me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 

gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda Zaladobis faqtebi. amerikis kongresis 

warmomadgenlebma amis ZiriTad mizezad teleeTerSi Zaladobis 

gaxSirebuli Cveneba miiCnies da mouwodes telekompaniebis 

mflobelebs, SeemcirebinaT Zaladobis Semcveli telegadacemebi 

da filmebi. senatorma ilinoisis Statidan pol saimonma Semdegi 

sityvebiT mimarTa telekompaniaTa mesveurebs: „Tqven flobT 

iaraRs, romelic Tavisi siZlieriT uprecedentoa kacobriobis 

istoriaSi“. swored am periodSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis Semdeg 

SemoiRes asakobrivi zRvaris aRmniSvneli niSani filmebsa da 

telegadacemebze. 


Tanamedrove epoqaSi „namdvil“ omebs _ sabrZolo moqmedebebs _ rogorc wesi, 

Tan axlavs sainformacio omi: foto da telekamerebis, mobiluri telefonebis, 

internetis meSveobiT, monawile mxareebi cdiloben, msoflios maTTvis xelsayreli 

informacia miawodon. xSirad amas Tan sdevs kiber-omic _ Seteva veb-gverdebze, raTa 

mowinaaRmdeges ar hqondes am mniSvnelovani sainformacio saSualebis gamoyenebis 

SesaZlebloba. 

kiTxva 

l Seni azriT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom adamianTa urTierTobaSi virtualurma 

samyarom Caanacvlos realuri urTierTobebi? ra safrTxis Semcvelia virtualuri 

urTierTobebi? 

davaleba 

1. imsjele, ra rols asrulebs masmedia globalizaciis procesSi. 

2. masmediis saSualebebiT moiZie kviris yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena da daasaxele 

informaciis mopovebis wyaro. 

3. moiZie informacia gakveTilSi naxsenebi da naCvenebi media saSualebebisa da 

teqnologiebis gamomgonebelTa Sesaxeb. 

42.masmedia 

155

43 

kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi 

xSirad amboben: ramdeni adamianicaa, imdeni azri arsebobs. aranaklebi darwmunebiT 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni kulturacaa, imdeni gansxvavebuli axsna da Sefaseba 

SeiZleba hqondes erTsa da imave faqts, movlenas, situacias, Jests Tu saxis 

gamometyvelebas. yvela sazogadoebas aqvs ena, samzareulo, xelovneba, miTebi, religia, 

ojaxi, ekonomikuri sistema, naTesauri kavSirebi, xelisufleba, sacxovrebeli, 

higiena, qcevis wesebi, akrZalvebi da a.S. rogorc ukve ici, es universaliebi sxvadasxva 

sazogadoebaSi mravalferovani formiT gvxvdeba. magaliTad, adamianebi ikvebebian, 

magram is, Tu ras, rodis, sad, visTan erTad da rogor miirTmeven, sxvadasxva kulturaSi 

Zalian gansxvavebulia. aseve sxvadasxvagvaria misalmebis wesi, keTilganwyobis Tu 

undoblobis gamoxatvis formebi da sxva. erTi sityviT, kulturuli msgavsebebi da 

gansxvavebani erTi medlis ori mxarea. 

afrikuli qoxi 

iurta 

sad vcxovrobT? 

xata _ slavuri saxli 

indoneziuri saxli 


sari - indoeTi 

meqsikuri samosi 

43.kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi 

rogor vimosebiT? 

Sotlandiuri kilti qarTuli Coxa indoneziuri 

saqorwino samosi 

evropuli samosi 

qarTuli samosi. me-19 saukune niqabi 

perueli mamakacis samosi 

slovakuri samosi 

157

Cinelebis ojaxi sadilobisas 

ras da rogor mivirTmevT? 

Cinuri sufra 

frangebis ojaxi sadilobisas iranuli sufra 

kulturul msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs mxolod maSin „aRmovaCenT“, roca 

sakuTar kulturas sxvas vadarebT. gansxvavebebs vxedavT ara mxolod Cvensa da 

sxva kulturebs Soris, aramed Cveni kulturis dRevandel da adreul safexurebs 

Sorisac. 

rodesac evropelebma, msoflioSi mogzaurobis Sedegad, manamde sruliad 

ucnobi mxareebi aRmoaCines, isini gaocebuli iyvnen adgilobrivTa cxovrebis wesiT, 

romelic maTi cxovrebis wesisagan Zalian gansxvavdeboda; amis gamo, xSirad, maT 

„CamorCenilebad“ an, sulac, „velurebad“ Tvlidnen. Tumca evropeli mogzaurebi ar 

iTvaliswinebdnen, rom am xalxebsac, SeiZleba, ucnaurad da gaugebrad moCvenebodaT 

evropelebisaTvis sruliad Cveulebrivi qcevebi. 

sazogadoebebisaTvis, sadac bavSvebi mudam ufrosebTan erTad arian, dedis zurgze 

mokalaTebuli gadaadgildebian, maTTan erTad sZinavT, bavSvis marto datoveba 

maneJSi an calke sawolSi, SeiZleba, barbarosul da sastik mopyrobad Candes. 


sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen adamianis 

fizikur silamazesac. magaliTad, zog kulturaSi msuqani adamiani miiCneva lamazad, 

zogan ki simsuqnes problemad Tvlian da didi mondomebiT cdiloben mis daZlevas. 

erTi Tanamedrove anTropologis sityviT, simsuqne lamazia iq, sadac mxolod 

msuqnebi arian kargad. ras niSnavs es? sazogadoebebSi, sadac sakvebis naklebobaa, 

simsuqne kargi cxovrebis niSnad iTvleba. iq ki, sadac adamianebs naklebad aSinebT 

SimSilis safrTxe, sigamxdre ufro fasobs. Tu afrikaSi didi xnis megobar qals 

eubnebian, rom man wonaSi moimata, es niSnavs, rom is fizikurad ufro jansaRia, 

vidre adre, an kargad daisvena. xolo igive SeniSvna sxvagan Seuracxyofad miiCneva. 

ra aris silamaze? 

SeiZleba ferebs kulturuli mniSvneloba hqondeT? Turme, SeiZleba. zogierTi 

feri ama Tu im kulturaSi arsebul warmodgenebsa da grZnobebTanaa dakavSirebuli. 

magaliTad, wiTlis, TeTrisa da lurjis kombinacia amerikul kulturaSi pozitiur 

da patriotul grZnobasTan asocirdeba. CineTSi ki lurji/cisferi sikvdils 

ukavSirdeba. sportuli gundebi irCeven ferebs Tavis simbolod, romelic Semdeg 

siamayisa da miRwevebisagan ganuyofeli xdeba (narinjisferi - holandia, wiTeli da 

TeTri vardebi inglisSi da a.S.). ramdenadac ferebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia 

sxvadasxva kulturaSi, grafikuli dizainerebi amis gaTvaliswinebiT qmnian 

produqts sxvadasxva qveynisa da kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. 


159

kiTxvebi 

l erT-erT arabul qveyanaSi Setanili medikamentis kolofze mocemuli iyo 

samnawiliani sareklamo gamosaxuleba: 1. avadmyofi adamiani, 2. igi iRebs wamals, 3. 

gamojanmrTelebuli da bednieri adamiani. wamali ar gaiyida. ratom? 

diskusia 

l ufrosebis gamokiTxvis, Zveli fotosuraTebis, kinofilmebis safuZvelze, 

gamoikvlie, rogor Seicvala warmodgena silamazeze saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis 

dasawyisidan dRemde. 

davaleba 

l daakvirdi gakveTilSi mocemul suraTebze asaxul samoss, sacxovriss, sufras, 

samkauls da imsjele, ramdenad SesaZlebelia moiZebnos universaluri kriteriumi 

maT Soris saukeTesos gamosavlenad. 


es magaliTebi aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben sxvadasxva 

kulturis warmomadgenlebi, erTi SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo niuansebs: 

l amerikaSi da arabul qveynebSi pauzebi sityvebs Soris, Cveulebriv, ar 

aris xangrZlivi, indoeTsa da iaponiaSi ki pauza gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. 

gaxangrZlivebuli siCume savsebiT misaRebi da komfortulia indoeTSi, 

indoneziasa da iaponiaSi. iq fuWad molaparake cudad aRzrdil adamianad 

miiCneva, romelsac uWirs Tavis gakontroleba. evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikasa 

da avstraliaSi ki dumili uxerxulobas iwvevs. skandinavielebi ufro mSvidad 

xvdebian dumilis pauzebs saubris dros. 

l evropis xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebSi, laTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi, saharis 

samxreTiT, savsebiT misaRebia vaxSamze naxevari saaTiT dagvianeba, maSin rodesac 

germaniasa da SveicariaSi es uzrdelobad aRiqmeba. 

l aziis bevr qveyanaSi da centralur amerikaSi misaRebia vaxSmobis Semdeg wasvla, 

Tu adamiani ase ar moiqca, es niSnavs, rom is sakmarisad ar danayrda. indoeTSi, 

evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki vaxSmis Semdeg maspinZlis datoveba 

uzrdelobaa da mianiSnebs, rom stumars mxolod Wama undoda da ara maspinZlebis 

sazogadoebaSi drois gatareba. 


l iranul kulturaSi, rodesac vinmes sTavazoben, magaliTad, sasmels, 

Tavazianobad iTvleba daTanxmebamde ramdenjerme uaris Tqma. etiketis aseTi 

forma gavrcelebulia sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad, indoeTsa da indoneziaSi. sxva 

kulturebSi miRebulia mxolod erTxel SeTavazeba. 

l qristianul da muslimur kulturebSi patarZals TeTri samosi acvia, rac 

ubiwoebis simboloa, induistur kulturaSi ki TeTri samosi mwuxarebis niSania 

da mas qvrivebi icvamen. 


161

44 

kultura da genderi 

genderi (ingl. gender) _ 

enaTmecnierebaSi gramatikul gvars 

aRniSnavs. 

yvelam kargad viciT, rom adamianebi 

iyofian gogonebad da biWebad, qalebad 

da kacebad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, 

gansxvavdebian sqesobrivi niSniT. asevea 

cxovelebSic; sqesobrivi niSnebi _ 

magaliTad, xvadi lomis fafari, mamali farSevangis kudi biologiurad, genetikuradaa 

ganpirobebuli. biologiis kursidan, albaT, gaxsovs, rom sqesobrivi gamravleba 

genetikurad mravalferovani STamomavlobis gaCenas uzrunvelyofs, rac sasargebloa 

biologiuri saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. 

qalis saaTi 

rogorc ukve mravaljer aRvniSneT, adamianis 

unikaluroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ara mxolod 

biologiuri, aramed kulturuli arsebacaa. kultura 

msWvalavs adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferos, maT Soris 

sqesebs Soris urTierTobebs. yovel kulturaSi arsebobs 

uamravi wesi da norma, Tu rogor unda gamoiyurebodes 

an iqceodes gogona da biWi, kaci da qali. am 

kulturuli wesebisa da normebis nawili uSualod aris 

dakavSirebuli biologiur gansxvavebebTan. magaliTad, 

zogierT kulturaSi miRebulia wveris yoveldRiuri 

gaparsva, sxvagan piriqiT _ moSveba. cxadia, rom amgvari 

norma mxolod mamakacebze vrceldeba, radgan wveri 

mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli biologiuri niSania. 

magram arsebobs gacilebiT meti tradicia da norma, romlebic qalebs da kacebs, 

erTnair situaciaSi, qcevis gansxvavebul normebs karnaxobs. ai, majis ori saaTi. 

yoveli Tqvengani uSecdomod amoicnobs: es kacisaa, es ki qalis. ki, magram, ratomaa 

kacis saaTi ufro didi? iqneb kacebs uaresi mxedveloba aqvT? ara, aseTi ram ar 

dasturdeba. iqneb imitom, rom saSualod kacebi zomiT aRematebian qalebs? es ufro 

saintereso varaudia, magram Tu asea, maSin ratom 

xmaroben qalebi da kacebi erTnairi zomis wignebs, 

mobilur telefonebs, dana-Cangals, skamebs? 

iSviaTad, magram zogjer zoma Sebrunebuladaa 

„ganawilebuli“: magaliTad, im kulturebSi, 

sadac sayures orive sqesi atarebs (magaliTad, 

Tanamedrove dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi), mamakacis 

sayure, umetesad, sagrZnoblad mcirea qalisaze. 

maS, raRaSia aq saqme? modi, am SekiTxvas odnav 

mogvianebiT gavceT pasuxi, aq ki yuradReba 

mivaqcioT erT Zalian mniSvnelovan garemoebas: 

yvela kulturaSi qalebs da mamakacebs 

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs ara mxolod (da ara 

mamakacis saaTi 


imdenad) biologiuri niSnebi, aramed kulturuli wesebi da normebi: Zlieri gancdisas 

qalisaTvis dasaSvebia tirili, kacma ki Tavi unda Seikavos; mRvdelTmsaxuri mxolod 

kaci SeiZleba iyos; qalisaTvis SeiZleba maRal quslebze siaruli, kacisaTvis _ ara 

da a.S. amgvar gansxvavebebs genderuls uwodeben. 

bevr enaSi (romelTa ricxvSi qarTuli ar Sedis) yvela sagans _ suliers da 

usulos, saxels da cnebas garkveuli „sqesi“ anu gvari miewereba. magaliTad, 

germanulSi „magida“ _ mamrobiTi gvarisaa, „ojaxi“ _ mdedrobiTis, xolo „puri“ 

_ saSualosi. rogorc vxedavT, gramatikuli „sqesi“ sruliad sxva ramaa, vidre 

biologiuri. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi sityviT „genderi“ aRiniSneba yovelive is, 

rac qalebsa da kacebs arabiologiurad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan. sqesi, rogorc 

viciT, cxovelebsac aqvT, genderi ki _ mxolod adamianebs. genderi socialuri 

sqesia, rac gulisxmobs gansxvavebebs saxelebSi, CacmulobaSi, qcevis da metyvelebis 

wesebsa da maneraSi, saqmianobaSi da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi sqesi da genderi SeiZleba 

arc emTxveodes erTmaneTs _ biologiurad qali iqceodes ise, rogorc mamakaci da 

piriqiT. gakveTilis bolos moyvanilia amis ori magaliTi sxvadasxva kulturidan. 

genderul gansxvavebebs bavSvis dabadebidanve eyreba safuZveli. magaliTad, 

bevr qveyanaSi axalSobil gogonas, tradiciulad, vardisfer sabanSi axveven, biWs 

ki cisferSi. ramdenime TveSi dgeba saTamaSoebis dro: biWisaTvis _ burTi, manqana, 

xmali, gogonasTvis _ Tojina, WurWeli... mSoblebi da aRmzrdelebi, zogjer 

gaucnobiereblad, sxvadasxva Tvisebebs waaqezeben da waaxaliseben, biWebSi _ 

aqtiurobas, siTamames, Sejibrisaken miswrafebas („gogo xom ar xar!“), gogonebSi _ 

morcxvobas, Tavmdablobas, emociurobas („biWi xom ar xar!’). mimdinareobs genderuli 

socializacia, romlis Sedegadac bavSvi yalibdeba konkretul kulturaSi arsebuli 

genderuli normebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad. 

mecnierebma aCvenes, rom bevri Tviseba, romelic „bunebrivad“ iTvleboda qalisa Tu 

kacisaTvis, sinamdvileSi gansxvavebuli aRzrdis Sedegia. magaliTad, gavrcelebuli 

azris mixedviT, romelic mecnieruladac dasturdeba, qalebi ufro damyolni, 

damjerni arian, ufro advilad da xSirad icvlian Sexedulebebs, eTanxmebian sxvebs, 

vidre kacebi. magram 6-7 wlis bavSvebSi amgvari gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba, ase rom igi 

Tandayolili ar aris. rogorc irkveva, es gansxvaveba aRzrdis Sedegia _ kulturaTa 

umravlesobaSi gogonas aCveven morCilebas, unergaven azrs, rom gadawyvetilebebi 

kacebma unda miiRon. 

aq Cven mivadeqiT umniSvnelovanes 

problemas _ genderul uTanasworobas. 

warsulSic da awmyoSic, 

kulturaTa did umravlesobaSi 

mamakacebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba 

uWiravT, swored isini 

floben politikur, ekonomikur, 

religiur da ojaxur Zalauflebas, 

qalebis roli ki metwilad bavSvebis 

aRzrdiTa da ojaxuri saqmianobiT 

Semoifargleba. iTvleboda da 

44.kultura da genderi 

163

iTvleba kidec, rom mamakaci, silamazis garda, yvela sxva dadebiTi TvisebiT (Wkua, 

zneoba, sxvadasxva niWi da a.S.) bevrad sjobnis qals. sinamdvileSi, rogorc irkveva, 

mamakacebis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom mamakaci 

qalze fizikurad Zlieria, xolo mTeli es „ideologia“ mamakacis viTom „bunebrivi“ 

upiratesobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdgomareobis gamarTlebisTvis aris Seqmnili. 

Tanamedrove mecnieruli gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom, fizikuri siZlieris 

garda, qalebi arc erTi sxva maxasiaTebliT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs. sakmarisia 

iTqvas, rom inteleqtis donis dReisaTvis dafiqsirebuli ori umaRlesi maCvenebeli 

qalebs ekuTvnis. 

maRal, gabatonebul socialur mdgomareobas sxvadasxva simbolika usvams 

xazs; rac ufro maRalia statusi, rogorc wesi, miT ufro didi zomisaa Sesabamisi 

simboloebi: mefes yvelaze didi etli emsaxureba, generals didroni varskvlavebi 

umSvenebs samxreebs, miliarderi ugrZesi limuziniT mgzavrobs... gaxsovs qalisa da 

kacis saaTebi? diax, mamakacis saaTis sidide misi ufro maRali socialuri statusis 

gamoZaxilia... 

mecnierebma ramdenime Tvis bavSvi ise gamoawyves, rom misi biologiuri sqesis 

amocnoba SeuZlebeli iyo. Semdeg, maT axalgazrda qalebis or jgufs sTxoves, 

bavSvTan naxevar-naxevari saaTi gaetarebinaT. pirvel jgufs uTxres, rom bavSvs 

hqvia „zuriko“, meores ki _ „ninuca“. bolos orive jgufis wevrebs SesTavazes, 

gaeziarebinaT TavianTi STabeWdilebebi bavSvis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom pirveli 

jgufi bavSvs aRwerda ZiriTadad rogorc aqtiurs, „biWurs“, meore ki rogorc 

nazs, „pranWias“, „tipur gogos“. bavSvi, rogorc gvaxsovs, erTi da igive iyo. 

albaneli `nafici 

qalwuli~ 

albaneTi: „nafici qalwulebi“ 

albaneTSi mravali saukunis manZilze moqmedebda kanoni, 

romelic qalebs kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas arTmevda. roca 

ojaxSi mamakaci aRar rCeboda, mTel qonebas epatroneboda 

Soreuli, xSirad ara sisxliT naTesavi mamakaci. am usamarTlo 

kanonis sawinaaRmdegod albanelma qalebma aseTi xriki 

gamoigones. rodesac gvarSi ukanaskneli mamakaci kvdeboda, 

erT-erTi qali debda gauTxovrobis fics da xdeboda e.w. 

„nafici qalwuli“, anu... kaci! imoseboda rogorc kaci, svamda 

da eweoda, mamakacur samuSaos asrulebda, monawileobda 

kacebis TavyrilobebSi, maTTan erT oTaxSi eZina kidec. rac 

mTavaria, mamakacebi mas rogorc Tanaswors epyrobodnen 

da erTi wuTiTac ar axsendebodaT misi „qaluri“ warsuli. 

xdeboda biologiuri sqesis da genderis sruli dacileba. 

dRes, rasakvirvelia, Zveli kanoni gauqmebulia da es 

gasaocari tradicia warsuls Cabarda, Tumca jer kidev 

cocxalia ramdenime aTeuli „nafici qalwuli“. 


samoa: „qalisnairni“ 

samoas kunZulebze (okeania) gogonebi aqtiurad exmarebian dedas saxlis 

meurneobis gaZRolaSi. magram ra vuyoT, Tu ojaxSi mxolod biWebi ibadebian? ai, 

aseT SemTxvevaSi umcros biWs aRzrdian rogorc gogonas _ Sesabamisad acmeven, 

aswavlian saxlis saqmes da a.S. Cndeba axali, rogorc maT uwodeben, Fa’afafine, 

anu „qalisnairi, qalisebri“, romelic, adgilobrivTa rwmeniT, „mesame sqess“ 

ganekuTvneba (Cven ki viciT, rom es mesame sqesi ki ara, mesame genderia, anu socialuri 

sqesi). sagulisxmoa, rom „qalisnairni“ araviTar diskriminacias ar ganicdian da, 

Sesabamisad, arc fsiqologiuri travmebi awuxebT. maT sasiyvarulo urTierTobac 

ki SeuZliaT gaaban qalTan, Tumca mTeli cxovreba TavianTi genderuli rolis 

Sesruleba uwevT. 

kiTxva 

1. Seni azriT, arsebobs „qaluri“ da „mamakacuri“ profesiebi? pasuxi daasabuTe. 

2. gavlili masalidan romel sakiTxebs daukavSireb am gakveTilSi ganxilul Temas? 

davaleba 

l gaixsene magaliTebi istoriidan, literaturidan da Tanamedrove realobidan, 

romlebSic asaxulia genderuli rolebis ganawileba sxvadasxva epoqasa da 

kulturaSi. Camoayalibe Seni damokidebuleba eses saxiT. 

44.kultura da genderi 

165

45 

kulturaTa tipologia 

tipologia (laT. typus _ saxeoba) _ 

obieqtebis (sagnebis, movle nebis) 

dajgufeba garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebis, 

maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. 

modi, gakveTili aseTi davalebiT 

daviw yoT. gaecani qvemoT mocemul 

CamonaT vals da daajgufe raime niSnis 

mixedviT: 

„vefxistyaosani“ , novruz bairami, nariyala, versali, „abesalom da eTeri“, „SuSanikis 

wameba“, awyuris cixe, „mravalJamieri“, „aida“, „Cakrulo“, aRdgoma, sveti cxoveli, 

paseqi, „grigol xanZTelis cxovreba“, gelaTi, „sibrZne sicruisa“, koloseumi. 

SesaZloa, Seni da Seni megobrebis mier dajgufebisaTvis SerCeuli kriteriumebi 

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven yvelam airCieT 

erTi principi _ gamokveTeT saerTo niSnebi. 

swored aseve, ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT, kulturebic SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad 

dajgufdes, rasac kulturaTa tipologias uwodeben. dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionis 

kulturaTa Seswavlis Sedegad, mecnierebma gamokveTes garkveuli niSnebi, romlebsac 

tipologia emyareba. 

kulturaTa tipologia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli faseulobebTan, 

msoflmxedvelobasTan, cxovrebis wesTan. kulturebi gansxvavdebian an erTmaneTs 

gvanan pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis xasiaTiT, damokidebulebiT droisa da 

sivrcisadmi, individisa da jgufisadmi, tradiciisa da siaxlisadmi. 

me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi 

saerTaSoriso korporacia IBM-ma (International Business 

Machines Corporation) aRmoaCina, rom misi filialebi 

msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvari 

warmatebiT muSaobdnen. marTvisa da teqnikuri 

uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, korporaciaSi, 

TiTqos, yvelaferi rigze iyo. arsebuli problemis 

mizezebis asaxsnelad, korporaciis mesveurebma 

heert hopstede 

miiwvies holandieli fsiqologi heert hofstede. 

sagangebod SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze, man 

Seiswavla kompaniis 100 aTasze meti TanamSromeli msoflios masStabiT. aRmoCnda, 

rom problemebs muSaobis procesSi kulturul gansxvavebaTa gauTvaliswinebloba 

qmnida. IBM korporaciis TanamSromlebi nebismier qveyanaSi muSaobdnen erTnair 

ofisebSi, erTnairi grafikiT, erTnair samuSao pirobebSi, mzaddebodnen erTi 

da igive programebiT. am dros ki isini sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi 

iyvnen da gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT droisadmi, piradi da jgufuri 

pasuxismgeblobisadmi, samuSao sivrcisadmi, Zalauflebisadmi, qalisa da mamakacis 

rolisadmi da a.S. 


zogierT kulturaSi individis, calkeuli 

adamianis interesebs upiratesoba eniWeba jgufis 

interesebTan SedarebiT; mizani adamianis piradi 

interesidan gamomdinare isazRvreba; gacnobisas 

yuradReba eqceva imas, Tu ras warmoadgens 

Tavad es pirovneba da ara is jgufi (ojaxi, 

sanaTesao, samegobro), romelsac igi ekuTvnis. 

sazogadoebebi 

aseT kulturebs individualistur kulturebs 

uwodeben. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba SeerTebuli Statebis, avstraliis, didi britaneTis, 

kanadis, holandiis da zogi sxva qveynis kultura. 

amisagan gansxvavebiT, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac jgufis interesebi ufro 

mniSvnelovnad miiCneva. adamianebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze inarCuneben kavSirs 

ojaxTan, naTesavebTan, mezoblebTan da, xSirad, organizaciebTan, romelSic muSaoben; 

pirovnebis mizans jgufuri interesi gansazRvravs; adamiani fasdeba imis mixedviT, 

Tu romel jgufs miekuTvneba igi. aseT kulturebs koleqtivisturs uwodeben. 

aseTebad iTvleba saberZneTis, CineTis, indoeTis, meqsikis, taivanis, venesuelas da 

sxva kulturebi. 

kulturaTa dajgufebis kidev erTi modeli 

emyareba droisadmi damokidebu lebas. zogierTi 

kulturis warmomadgenlebi TavianT saqmianobas 

drois xangrZlivi mona kveTisaTvis gegmaven da 

mzad arian, Sedegsa da gaweuli Sromis sazRaurs 

didxans daelodon. maTTvis mniSnelovania ara 

samuSaos dasrulebis dro, aramed saboloo 

Sedegis maRali xarisxi. aseT kulturebSi 

(CineTi, iaponia, samxreT korea da sxva) 

fasobs momWirneoba, Seupovroba, socialuri 

valdebulebebis pativiscema. amis sapirispirod, zogi sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi 

orientirebuli arian swraf konkretul Sedegze, zustad gaweril samuSao grafikze, 

droSi konkretulad gansazRvrul anazRaurebaze (didi britaneTi, SeerTebuli 

Statebi, axali zelandia, avstralia da sxva). 

zogi kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis ufro komfortulia Ria, gaxsnili sivrce. 

magaliTad, ezoebi dabali RobeebiT, xolo samuSao kabinetebi gamWvirvale tixrebiT 

aris gamijnuli, kari mudmivad Riaa. magram aseT garemos Znelad Tu Seegueba adamiani, 

romlis samuSao oTaxis kari mxolod gansazRvrul dros iReba; igi ar aris miCveuli 

mudmivad sxvisi Tvalsawieris areSi yofnas. 

kulturebi gansxvavdeba imiTac, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba warsuls, awmyosa 

da momavals. warsulze orientirebuli sazogadoebebi gansakuTrebiT afaseben 

tradiciebs, winaprebs da mWidro ojaxur kavSirebs. awmyoze orientirebuli 

sazogadoebebisaTvis aqtualuria „aq da axla“, warsuli naklebad mniSnelovania, 

momavali ki _ bundovani da arawinaswarmetyvelebadi. momavalze orientirebuli 

sazogadoebebi aqcents akeTeben cvlilebebsa da progresze. 

45.kulturaTa tipologia 

rigi individualistur da 

koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi 

167

piradi sivrce 

kulturaTa tipologiis nebismieri modeli 

pirobiTia: ar arsebobs kultura, romelic zustad 

da mkafiod Seesabameba zemoT dasaxelebul 

maxasiaTeblebs. miuxedavad amisa, kulturaTa 

tipologiis sferoSi dagrovili codna Zalian 

mniSnelovania, magaliTad, diplomatebisaTvis, 

romelTac, sagangebod aswavlian kulturaTa 

Taviseburebebs. am faqtors aseve gansakuTrebul 

yuradRebas uTmoben saerTaSoriso biznes kompaniebi, 

TavianTi saqmianobisa da produqciis reklamirebis 

warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad. 

davaleba 

zog kulturaSi adamianebi uSualo 

kontaqtis dros erTmaneTTan axlos midian, 

sxvagan ki aseTi miaxloeba gaugebaria da 

piradi sivrcis darRvevad miiCneva. magaliTad, 

xmelTaSuazRvispirul da samxreTamerikul 

kulturebSi Cveulebrivad iTvleba saubris 

dros mxarze xelis dakvra, xelis gadaxveva, 

CrdiloeT evropis warmomadgenelTaTvis ki es 

damabneveli Jestia, romelic, SeiZleba, safrTxis 

momaswaveblad aRiqmebodes. 

1. gakveTilSi mocemuli tipologiis modelebis mixedviT, imsjele qarTuli 

kulturis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. 

2. gaixsene kulturis universaliebi da imsjele, ramdenad SeiZleba iyos romelime 

maTgani kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli. 


saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba 46 

„Cven kargad viciT, erTsa da imave mSoblebis Svilebs gvari erTi aqvT, 

magram saxelebi ki sxvadasxva. msgavsad amisa, Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxes, 

anu nawils, gvartomobis saxeli erTi da igive hqvia _ saqarTvelo, magram amave 

dros, TiToeul nawils Tavis sakuTari saxelic hqvia, swored ise, rogorc 

RviZl Zmebsa da debs sxvadasxva saxels uwodeben xolme. ai, is saxelebi: kaxeTi, 

qarTli, imereTi, samegrelo, guria, raWa, svaneTi...“, _ werda iakob gogebaSvili. 

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebni erTmaneTisagan gansxvav debian 

metyvelebiT, yoveldRiuri yofis elementebiT, sadResaswaulo da glovis 

ritualebiT. amave dros, yvela maTgani erTiani qarTuli kulturis nawilia, 

erTi saxelmwifo da saliteraturo eniT 1 . gansxvavebulma landSaftma, klimaturma 

pirobebma da istoriulma realobam gansazRvra cxovrebis wesis mravalferovneba 

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. 

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba qarTuli enis dialeqtebSic 

vlindeba. isini gavlenas axdenen qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebaze. 

qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebi gajerebulia ama Tu im kuTxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

dialeqtebiT, rac gansakuTrebul xibls sZens maT. 

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba 

dialeqti _ ama Tu im enaze 

metyvelebis regionulkuTxuri 

nairsaxeoba. 

1 saqarTvelos konstituciiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad aRiarebulia agreTve afxazuri ena. 

169

moxeveebis metyvelebis Taviseburebebi ilia WavWavaZis „mgzavris werilebidan“: 

_ ra gqvian, Zmobilo? _ vkiTxe me. 

_ ...lelT Runias mixmoben, _ momigo man. 

_ sadauri xar? 

_ sadavel? gaibotnidam, aqaiv mTaCia, Terg_kidurzed... 

_ kai adgilia es Tqveni adgili. 

_ araa gonjai: Cvens beCaobas Sehferobs. 

_ amisTana wyali, amisTana haeri swored bednierebaa. 

_ hm! _ Caicina moxevem. 

_ ras icini? 

_ sacinals vicini. carial stvamaqi magniT ver gaZRebis. 

_ aq Zalian mosavali unda icodes?! 

_ raid ar ecodinebis? adgil araa gonjai, patar gvaqvn: TviTvauls kacs or_ 

or Sabadis yana ar eqmnebis. viwrod varn. 

_ es didi gza did xels mogcemT. 

_ rai bedanaa gzai? ig misTvis vargobs, visec Tvis naSvrel_namuSever gasatan_ 

gasasyid aqvn. 

guruli dialeqtis magaliTi egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobidan: 

„paliastomis tba“ 

_ neta, ra qnes, beJukai da daTikelai rom mogvyoboden ukan tiviT? _ ikiTxa 

nikom. 

_ sicive SeaSinebda da zeiT karavSi meicTiden. sxvebic iyven, arc igini Cans. 

sibriyve maTi! am qariza geeswren, Tvara axla rom qari ameiWreba, TuTxmet dRes 

ar Cavardeba. mere ufro ar deixocebian am boRazSi yuryutiT! _ Tqva ivanem, 

romelic mZlavrad miaqanebda tivs da xandaxans umzerda cas. 

TuSuri dialeqti eTer TaTaraiZis leqsis mixedviT: 

yvela dilizd vemzadeb, 

avfrindebid, frii, 

muxlT mZime kupr Canasxam, 

Ten-binds far-xmals vxyrii. 

xvalizd garev vemzadeb 

cisk wavaliv, frii, 

fexT dolabeb Senabam, 

naocnebars vSlii. 

arav, arav Tavs veZalv, 

avfrindebiv, frii, 

myarad miwas minajaWv, 

TvaliTa cremls vscrii. 


facxa imeruli oda 

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba sainteresod aisaxeba sacxovrisis 

tipebSi. tradiciulad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi sacxovrebeli saxli qviTkirisa 

iyo, umetesad kramitiT gadaxuruli, win Ria aivani hqonda. dasavleT saqarTvelos 

barSi gavrcelebuli iyo oda saxlebi, romlebsac gars didi ezo ekra. ezoSi idga 

damxmare nagebobebi _ samzadi (samzareulo), nalia, saqonlis sadgomi da sxva. gurul 

da megrul oda saxls, nestiani havis gamo, xis an qvis boZebze dgamdnen. samegreloSi, 

oda saxlTan erTad, gavrcelebuli iyo jargvalic _ xis gauTleli morebisgan 

ulursmnod nagebi Senoba. afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT 

sxva regionSi, agebdnen facxas; es iyo wnulkedliani, TixiT Selesili, miwis iatakiani, 

wriuli an oTxkuTxa moyvanilobis sacxovrisi, romelsac isliT an CaliT xuravdnen. 

svaneTSi yovel gvars sakuTari koSki hqonda, romelsac TavdacviTi funqcia 

ekisreboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi sipi qvebiT agebul saxlebSi 

cxovrobdnen. aseTi sacxovreblebi SemorCenilia, magaliTad, SatilSi, mucoSi, 

omaloSi. mTis bevri sofeli mtrisgan kargad daculi erTgvari cixesimagre iyo. 

samcxe-javaxeTSi, ZiriTadad, erdoian-gvirgvinian darbazul saxlebs agebdnen. 

misi mTavari Tavisebureba safexurebiani gumbaTia, romelic sakvamuriT _ erdoTi 

mTavrdeba. centrSi cecxlis dasanTebi adgili, kera iyo. garda amisa, hqondaT 

miwisqveSa samalavebi _ daranebi. 

svanuri koSkebi Satili 

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba 

171

jargvali 

saqarTvelos kuTxeebi meurneobis tradiciuli dargebiTac gansxvavdeba. 

magaliTad, Cveni samSoblo mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis qveynad iTvleba, maRal mTiani 

regionebis garda, mas yvelgan misdeven, Tumca sxvadasxva kuTxeSi yurZnis moyvanisa 

da Rvinis dayenebis gansxvavebuli wesi arsebobs, rac ganpirobebulia yurZnis jiSebis 

mraval ferovnebiT. kaxeTi am mxriv gamorCeuli kuTxea. guriaSi gavrcelebulia 

„maRlari“ venaxi, sadac vazi xeebs auyveba; mis dasakrefad sagangebo kalaTs - gidels 

iyeneben. raWa-leCxumi cnobilia unikaluri RvinoebiT, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT 

aRsaniSnavia „xvanWkara“ (raWaSi) da „usaxelauri“ (leCxumSi). 

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis warmomadgenlebi 

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara mxolod yofiT, aramed 

qceviT, metyvelebis maneriT, Tavazianobisa da maspinZlobis 

formiT da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT. es gansxvavebebi TvalSisacemi 

xdeba, rodesac erTi romelime kuTxis warmomadgeneli meoreSi 

aRmoCndeba da misTvis uCveulo garemoSi amoyofs Tavs. eTnogra 

fiuli Taviseburebebi araerTi stereotipuli Sexedu lebis 

safuZveli gaxda, magaliTad, miCneulia, rom raWveli nelia, 

guruli _ ficxi, megreli _ moxerxebuli, imereli _ mkvircxli, 

kaxeli _ dinji da a. S. stereotipebi yvelaze cxadad saxaliso 

istoriebsa da anegdotebSi gamovlinda. 

davaleba 

mesxuri darbazuli saxlis gvirgvini 

gideli 

1. yurZnis ra jiSebia gavrcelebuli Sens regionSi? gamoikvlie, gvxvdeba Tu ara isini 

saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. 

2. qarTul literaturaSi moiZie saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovnebis 

amsaxveli magaliTebi _ ama Tu im kuTxis warmomadgenelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

metyveleba, Cacmuloba, kerZebi, yoveldRiuri yofis Taviseburebebi da a.S. imsjele 

maT Soris msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze. 

3. naxe qarTuli mxatvruli filmebi _ „imeruli eskizebi“ (reJisori nana mWedliZe), 

„siyvaruli yvelas unda“ (reJisori giorgi Sengelaia) da `memkvidreoba~ (reJisori 

gela babluani). imsjele filmebSi asaxul kuTxur Taviseburebebze. 

saxaliso TamaSi socialur qselze: http://apps.facebook.com/chemi_sakhli/ 


saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba 47 

qalaquri ezo 

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba 

„saRamos mTeli soxumi portSi iyo gamosuli. 

iyo bevri yvavilebi, orkestric, taS-fanduric, 

cxvirsaxocebis frialic, madloba, naxvamdis, 

mSvidobiT, magram yvelaferze meti mainc 

cremli iyo. soxumis moqalaqeni Tavisi sxeulis 

nawils, Tavis sisxls da xorcs _ berZnebs 

acilebdnen. berZnebi ukve asuliyvnen gemze, 

RrubeliviT TeTr da qaTqaTa „poseidonze“ da 

iqidan gviyvirodnen xelebis qneviT raRacas, 

zogs berZnulad, zogs rusulad, zogs 

afxazurad, zogs somxurad, zogs qarTulad...“ 

nodar dumbaZe, “Hellados” 

es citata nodar dumbaZis cnobili 

moTxrobidan kargad asaxavs saqarTvelos 

qalaqebis mravalkulturul garemos, 

romelic saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda. 

albaT, gsmenia qalaquri ezos 

Sesaxeb. qalaqis centrSi, quCidan 

alayafiT gamoyofil ezoSi, or an 

samsarTulian saxlSi erTad cxovrobdnen 

qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi, 

somexi memusikeni tfilisSi. d. ermakovis foto 

somxebi, ebraelebi, qurTebi, rusebi, 

ukrainelebi... maTi binis kari arasdros 

iketeboda; mezoblebs yoveldRiuri yofa aerTianebda: ezos centrSi, onkanTan, 

dRisiT diasaxlisebi saqmianobdnen - recxavdnen sarecxs, xarSavdnen murabebs, 

saRamos mamakacebi ikribebodnen, TamaSobdnen nards da dominos, arCevdnen politikis 

ambebs, iSleboda saxeldaxelo sufra. bavSvebi erTad izrdebodnen da ramdenime 

enaze saubrobdnen, erTi sityviT, erT did ojaxad cxovrobdnen, kargad icodnen 

erTmaneTis wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, icnobdnen mezoblebis naTesavebsa da 

megobrebs. 

„Svili mezrdeba pirdapir sagareo saqmeTa ministri. somxuri icis? _ icis, 

qarTulad laparakobs? _ TavisTavad, inglisurze dadis? _ dadis, Cveni meezovis, 

fizulis gogo cota qurTuls aswavlis? _ aswavlis...“ 

nodar dumbaZe, „maradisobis kanoni“ 

173

ebraeli qalebi. 

a. roiniSvilis foto 

qalaqis calkeuli ubnebi gansakuTrebuli 

siWreliT gamoirCeoda, magaliTad, TbilisSi 

_ avlabari, orTaWala, sololaki, quTaisSi _ 

yofili Saumianis quCa. swored amitom Sendeboda 

aseT ubnebSi, erTmaneTis siaxloves, sxvadasxva 

sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelTa salocavebi. 

mravalkulturuloba, rogorc wesi, 

qalaqebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca 

saqarTveloSi bevria iseTi daba Tu sofelic, 

sadac gansxvavebuli erovnebisa da religiis 

adamianebi cxovroben. 

xangrZlivma Tanacxovrebam gavlena iqonia 

sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis cxovrebis wesze, 

sameurneo yofaze. maT gaiTavises qarTuli 

kulturis rigi elementebi da, Tavis mxriv, gavlena 

moaxdines masze. es naTlad Cans sacxovrebeli 

Tu sameurneo nagebobebis, qorwinebis, glovis, 

dakrZalvis ritualebis magaliTze. eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi monawileoben 

erTmaneTis tradiciul dResaswaulebSi. urTierTgavlenis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi 

macxovrebelma TiToeulma eTnikurma jgufma SeinarCuna TviTmyofadoba. 

mravalkulturul sazogadoebaSi cxovreba ar aris dazRveuli sirTuleebisa 

da problemebisagan, rac SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara imdenad kulturaTaSorisma 

gansxvavebebma, ramdenadac maTma arasworma aRqmam da gagebam. qveynis mSvidobiani 

arseboba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli sxvadasxva eTnikuri, religiuri da 

kulturuli jgufebis harmoniul urTierTobaze. 

azerbaijaneli moswavleebi qarTul da azerbaijanul samosSi 


kiTxva 

l Seni azriT, ratom aris damaxasiaTebeli mravalkulturuloba ufro metad 

qalaqebisaTvis, vidre soflebisTvis? 

davaleba 

1. airCie saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi romelime eTnikuri umciresoba (somxebi, 

azerbaijanelebi, rusebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, osebi, qurTebi, asirielebi...) da 

CamoTvale misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebi, dResaswaulebi, saWmeli, samosi 

da sxva niSnebi. Seni azriT, ra elementebi aerTianebs dRes saqarTveloSi mcxovreb 

sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs? 

2. imsjele, ra sirTuleebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios kulturuli gansxvavebebis arasworma 

aRqmam da gagebam? 

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba 

175

48 

kulturuli Soki 

termini kulturuli Soki me-20 

saukunis 60-iani wlebidan 

damkvidrda. ase uwodeben 

Zlier, ZiriTadad, damTrgunvel 

grZnobebs, romelsac aRZravs sxva 

kulturis uCveulo Semadgenel 

nawilebTan Sexeba. es SeiZleba 

iyos gaoceba, gaRizianeba, Suri da 

agresiac ki. 

gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi 

saharis udabnoSi dakargul patara 

oazisSi kinodanadgari Caitanes da 

adgilobriv mcxovreblebs filmi 

aCvenes. „moZravma suraTebma“, cxadia, 

gakvirveba da aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, 

magram kidev ufro didi STabeWdileba 

udabnos binadrebze filmis Sinaarsma 

moaxdina _ moqmedeba didi mdinaris 

maxloblad mimdinareobda. mayureblebma 

ver daijeres, rom am raodenobiT wyali sadme SeiZleba arsebobdes. jer gaocdnen, 

Semdeg ki RimiliT gadaxedes erTmaneTs _ ver mogvatyuebT, raRac fandia, amdeni 

wyali mTels dedamiwaze ar ariso... oazisis mkvidrebma kulturuli Soki ganicades. 

SeiZleba vinmes kiTxva gauCndes: mdinare xom bunebis nawilia da ara kulturis? 

marTalia, magram mxolod nawilobriv: udabnos mcxovrebTa mier gancdili Soki 

mainc kulturuli xasiaTisaa, vinaidan maTi cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebs, 

mniSvnelovanwilad, wylis nakleboba gansazRvravs; mdinare ki ara marto bunebis, 

aramed kulturis nawilicaa _ igi aTvisebulia, masze gemebi moZraoben, mdinareze 

Txzaven leqsebs da iReben filmebs. 

kulturul Soks, rogorc wesi, 

ganicdis emigranti, saswavleblad wasuli 

axalgazrda, ucxo qveyanaSi samuSaos 

maZiebeli, mogzauri; zogi iTrguneba 

da didi xniT kargavs sicocxlis xaliss 

(rogorc mecnierebi amboben, depresia 

eufleba); zogi qedmaRlobiT „iaraRdeba“ 

_ „es raa, samagierod Cven iseTi mTebi 

gvaqvs, amaT rom arc daesizmrebaT“; 

kulturuli Soki 

zogsac uCndeba survili gaigos, Seimecnos, 

Seisisxlxorcos sxva kulturis miRwevebi. 

erTi sityviT, kulturuli Soki adamianze 

sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas axdens. 


gamoyofen kulturuli Sokis 5 safexurs: 

1. „Taflobis Tve“ _ garSemo yvelaferi axali, gansxvavebuli da dadebiTia. 

xalxi sasiamovno STabeWdilebas tovebs, adamiani enTuziazmiTaa ganwyobili 

siaxleebisadmi. 

2. dezorientacia/dabneuloba _ nacnobi da Cveuli araferia, axal kulturasTan 

Segueba metismetad did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. siaxlis SegrZneba TandaTan 

qreba da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis siZneleebi iCens Tavs. adamiani dabneulia, 

mas nostalgia eufleba; SesaZlebelia, janmrTelobis problemebic Seeqmnas 

_ uZiloba, ucxo sakvebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. es reaqciebi droTa 

ganmavlobaSi qreba. 

3. imedgacrueba da mtruli ganwyoba _ adamiani Tavs jer kidev daucvelad 

da daTrgunulad grZnobs, raSic sxvebs adanaSaulebs; uaryofs axal 

kulturas. SesaZloa, imaze fiqric daiwyos, rom samSobloSi yvelaferi 

bevrad ukeTesad iyo, vidre iq, sadac axla imyofeba. 

4. avtonomiis done/Seguebis dasawyisi _ adamiani ufro imedianadaa ganwyobili, 

rwmundeba, rom SeuZlia axal situaciasTan Segueba. 

5. damoukideblobis done _ axal kulturasTan adaptaciis safexuri 

gadalaxulia. adamiani Tavs komfortulad grZnobs. 

kulturuli Sokis es safexurebi pirobiTia da yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi 

zustad aseTi saxiT ar gvxvdeba. 

SeiZleba Tu ara gavumklavdeT kulturuli Soks? 

diax, SeiZleba, da ai, ramdenime rCeva: 

ucxo qveyanaSi gamgzavrebis win gaecani mis tradiciebs, normebs, naxe fotoebi, 

filmebi, daiswavle ramdenime sityva da winadadeba; 

Tu Soki mainc ganicade, icode _ es kulturuli Sokia, romelic droTa 

ganmavlobaSi gaivlis; 

Seecade moToko SiSi da „CarTo“ cnobismoyvareoba; 

daamyare kontaqti adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan. 

kulturuli Soki sakuTar kulturul garemocvaSic SeiZleba ganicado, magaliTad, 

sxva skolaSi, qalaqSi, soflidan qalaqSi, ojaxSi, organizaciaSi moxvedris 

dros, aseve maSin, rodesac sazogadoebaSi xdeba swrafi cvlilebebi _ Semodis axali 

teqnologiebi (magaliTad, kompiuteri), icvleba politikuri reJimi (magaliTad, 

sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg), an, sulac, Cndeba axali moda. zogierT adamianSi 

es iwvevs dabneulobas, miuReblobas, gaRizianebas, undoblobas... ras izam, bevr 

adamians uWirs ZvelTan, CveulTan ganSoreba da axal garemosTan Segueba. swored 

isini ganicdian kulturul Soks, Sin Tu ucxoeTSi. 

48. kulturuli Soki 

177

qarTveli studentis monaTxrobi 

maxsovs Cemi aRfrTovaneba, roca TviTmfrinavSi Cavjeqi axal universitetSi 

gasamgzavreblad. CrdiloeT evropis erT-erT qveyanaSi mivdiodi, swavla im 

universitetSi unda gamegrZelebina, romelzec vocnebobdi. axali nacnoboba, 

axali megobrebis SeZena meloda. 

pirveli kvira praqtikuli problemebiT iyo aRsavse: unda momeZebna bina, 

amerCia sagnebi, SemeZina wignebi. met daxmarebas velodi, magram Cemi xelmZRvaneli 

sul dakavebuli iyo: xan sadme miemgzavreboda, xan Sexvedraze eCqareboda, xan 

_ leqciaze. momdevno ramdenime kviris manZilze vfiqrobdi, rom aq Zalian civi 

xalxi cxovrobda. dRis ganmavlobaSi maT arafrisTvis ecalaT, samuSaos garda. 

mezoblebTan oficialuri da zedapiruli urTierToba mqonda. sul vfiqrobdi, 

rogorc SeiZleboda yovelive amis Secvla. kviris saukeTeso dRe SabaTi iyo, roca 

saRamoobiT saxlSi vrekavdi da Cemianebs vesaubrebodi. 

Semdeg erT-erTi studenti daqorwinda da wveulebaze dampatiJa. es 

araCveulebrivi iyo! gavicani axali adamianebi, bevri vimxiaruleT, isini TavianT 

cekvebs maswavlidnen, me _ Cemsas. Sinisken mimavali, vfiqrobdi: „axla ukve vici, 

rogor SeviZino megobrebi am qveyanaSi“. 

magram orSabaTs yvelaferi ise gagrZelda, TiTqos araferi momxdariyos. isini, 

visTanac ase kargad vgrZnobdi Tavs wina saRamos, derefanSi mokle gamarjobiT 

an xelis aweviT ifarglebodnen da TavianT saqmeebze miiCqarodnen. isev marto 

davrCi. ra ar gavakeTe sworad? rogorc Cans, es yvelaferi mxolod imas niSnavs, 

rom me ucxoeli da, maSasadame, gareSe piri var? 

Cemi gancdebi, albaT, saxeze mewera, imitom rom ramdenime dRis Semdeg erTerTi 

studenti, romelTan erTad im saRamos vcekvavdi, CemTan movida da mkiTxa, 

ra xdeboda. Cven visaubreT; man amixsna, rom yvelaferi Cveulebrivad iyo, da 

rom adamianebi aq mkafiod ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan samuSao da Tavisufal 

dros. Tavi ukeT vigrZeni. amis Semdeg Cven vsaubrobdiT xolme, es gogona da kidev 

ramdenime adamiani Cemi megobrebi gaxdnen. axla kargad var. muSaobis organizacia 

aq araCveulebrivia, amitom me aSkarad vgrZnob winsvlas Cem saqmeSi. adamianebi 

pouloben dros Cemi samuSaos Sesaxeb sasaubrod, Tu maT amas vTxov. miuxedavad 

amisa, Zalian maklia Cemi qveynis Cveuli siTbo. 

davaleba 

1. studentis monaTxrobSi gamoyavi kulturuli Sokis safexurebi (1-4), romelic 

axalgazrdam gaiara. 

2. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba kulturuli Soki iqces marginalobis (ix. gakveTili 15) 

safuZvlad? 

3. moiZie informacia `stendalis sindromis~, `parizis sindromis~ da ìerusalimis 

sindromis~ Sesaxeb. imsjele, ramdenad SesaZlebelia maTi dakavSireba kulturul 

SokTan. 


stereotipi 49 

kulturaTa Soris urTierTobis 

damabrkolebel faqtorTagan erTerTi 

yvelaze mTavari stereotipebia. 

xSirad Cveni warmodgena adamianebze 

ganpirobebulia zogadi codniTa da 

49. stereotipi 

stereotipi (berZn. stereos _ myari, 

tipos _ anabeWdi) _ iTargmneba 

rogorc „myari anabeWdi“. 

damkvidrebuli SexedulebebiT im jgufebis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian. 

magaliTad, vTvliT, rom yvela germaneli punqtualuria, warmatebuli mZleosnebi 

Savkanianebi arian, iseve rogorc jazis Semsruleblebi. am winaswari warmodgenebidan 

gamomdinare, xSirad vxedavT imas, rac gvinda rom davinaxoT, an ris danaxvis molodinic 

gvaqvs da uarvyofT yvela sxva SesaZlo informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba am 

molodins. Cven gvjera ara imis, rasac vxedavT, aramed vxedavT imas, risac gvjera. 

Tu veliT, rom romelime qveynis warmomadgeneli arakeTilganwyobilia ucxoelebis 

mimarT, maTi moqmedebac, savaraudod, winaswari molodinis Sesabamisad iqneba 

aRqmuli. 

stereotipi aris farTod gaziarebuli, standartizebuli, gamartivebuli da 

winaswar arsebuli warmodgena ama Tu im jgufis Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis 

Sesaxeb. 

stereotipuli damokidebuleba gulisxmobs individis Sefasebas eTnikuri, 

rasobrivi, socialuri, asakobrivi, religiuri, genderuli da sxva nebismieri jgufisadmi 

kuTvnilebis niSniT. ama Tu im jgufisaTvis miwerili myari maxasiaTeblebi jgufis 

yvela wevrze vrceldeba. es niSnebi moicavs rogorc fizikur, ise inteleqtualur 

da zneobriv mxares. stereotipi SeiZleba iyos rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri 

(„yvela amerikeli mdidaria“, „yvela frangi Zunwia“). 

stereotipebs or jgufad yofen: avtostereotipebad da heterostereotipebad. 

avtostereotipi gulisxmobs adamianTa jgufis warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, xolo 

heterostereotipi aRniSnavs erTi jgufis warmomadgelebis Sexedulebas sxva 

jgufebze. 

179

irlandielebi xSirad miiCneodnen ficx CxubisTavebad da loTebad. me-19 

saukunis erT-erT britanul karikaturaze irlandieli imigranti gamosaxulia 

rogorc maimunis msgavsi arseba, rasobrivad gansxvavebuli anglosaqsuri tipisagan. 

amerikul JurnalSi Harper’s Weekly dabeWdil ilustraciaze irlandieli 

negroiduli rasis warmomadgenlis msgavsad aris gamosaxuli da orive maTgani 

maimuns aris mimsgavsebuli. 

meore ilustracia aseve upirispirebs erTmaneTs anglosaqsuri warmoSobis 

qals da irlandieli qalis stereotipul saxes (New Physiognomy, New York, 1866). 

nacisturi 

propaganda miznad 

isaxavda ebraeli xalxis 

negatiuri stereotipis 

gamyarebas. suraTze 

dapirispirebulia 

mdidrulad Cacmuli 

ebraelebis wyvili 

(marjvniv) da Raribi 

ojaxi (marcxniv). 

xazgasmulia 

ebraelTa garegnobis 

stereotipuli niSnebi. 

ebraeli warmodgenili iyo rogorc mdidari, 

xarbi, Zunwi adamiani. is xSirad gamoisaxeboda 

rogorc vaWari, romelic fuls iTvlis da Zvirfas 

qvebs agrovebs. karikaturebze stereotipizebuli iyo 

maTi garegnobac: muqi kanis feri, xveuli Tma, grZeli 

kexiani cxviri, Txeli tuCebi da didi muqi Tvalebi. 

ebraelebis stereotipizacia evropaSi saukuneebis 

manZilze mimdinareobda. socialuri problemebis 

wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini xSirad „gantevebis vacis“ 

rols TamaSobdnen. nacistur germaniaSi (me-20 saukunis 

30-40-ian wlebi) periodSi antisemitizmma yvelaze mZafri 

forma miiRo. 


ogor gadavlaxoT stereotipebi 

l gavacnobieroT Cveni sakuTari winaswari warmodgenebi da stereotipebi sxva 

kulturasTan mimarTebaSi; 

l meti viswavloT da gavigoT sxva kulturis Sesaxeb. 

davaleba 

1. moiyvane fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi stereotipebis magaliTebi. 

2. romeli avtostereotipebis dasaxeleba SegiZlia? daajgufe isini pozitiur da 

negatiur stereotipebad. 

3. daakvirdi karikaturaze warmodgenil saxeebs da imsjele, ra ganwyoba SeiZleba 

Seiqmnas maT safuZvelze? 

4. gaixsene SenTvis cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebebi (Tomas main ridis, 

mark tvenis, jeims fenimor kuperis, hariet biCer stous da sxva) da moiyvane 

stereotipebis magaliTebi. 

diskusia 

l imsjele Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebul stereotipebze. daasaxele magaliTebi, 

isaubre, ra safrTxeebs Seicavs stereotipebi da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes maTi Tavidan 

asacileblad. 

49. stereotipi 

181

50 

rasa _ biologiuri/genetikuri 

maxasiaTeblebiT gansazRvruli 

adamianTa didi jgufi. 

kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: 

rasizmi da qsenofobia 

mravali saukunis manZilze sxvadasxva 

kulturis warmomadgenlebi qedmaRlurad 

uyurebdnen da arasrulfasovnad 

miiCnevdnen erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli enis, 

religiis, tradiciebis, Cacmulobis, kanis 

feris da sxva maxasiaTebelTa gamo. bevr enaSi ucxos, gansxvavebulis aRmniSvneli 

sityvebi, xSirad, damakninebel, uaryofiT ganwyobas gamoxatavs, xazs usvams sakuTar 

upiratesobas sxvasTan SedarebiT. amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia „barbarosi“, 

romelsac Zveli berZnebi sxva, maTTvis gaugebar enaze metyvel xalxs uwodebdnen, 

amave dros, aRniSnavdnen maT ”arakulturulobas”, ”aracivilizebulobas” da 

”CamorCenilobas”. 

segregacia _ gamoyofa, izolacia, 

gancalkeveba. 

gansxvavebuli kulturis, eTnosis 

an rasisadmi mtruli damokidebuleba 

rasizmisa da qsenofobiis safuZvelia, 

rac, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxis 

diskriminaciisa da konfliqtis mizezs warmoadgens. gansxvavebulis mimarT 

Seuwynarebloba umTavresi dabrkolebaa sxvadasxva kulturis adamianTa mSvidobiani 

TanaarsebobisaTvis. 

rasizmi emyareba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi adamianis 

gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis mTavari ganmsazRvrelia. warmodgena rasebis 

uTanasworobis Sesaxeb, Ziri Tadad, uflebriv gansxvave bebSi vlindeba. rasobrivi 

kuTvnileba xSirad kultu rasTan, eTnikurobasa da socialur-ekonomikur status 

Tan kavSirSi ganixileba. 

rasobriv da eTnikur safuZ velze 

adamianis uflebebis SezRudvas 

rasobrivi diskri minacia ewodeba. 

mis sxvada sxva formas Soris 

erT-erTi rasobrivi segregaciaa, 

rac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi 

sxva dasxva rasobrivi jgufebis 

erTmaneTisagan gamijvniT gamoixateba. 

sxvadasxva rasis adamianTa 

erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa zogierT 

qveyanaSi saxelmwifos mier iyo 

dakanonebuli da gulisxmobda 

erTi rasis uflebriv upiratesobas 

meoresTan SedarebiT. 

moswavleebi plakatebiT: `Cven ar gvinda zangebi Cvens 

skolaSi~, `Cven ar vivliT skolaSi zangebTan erTad~, 

`gaficva integraciis winaaRmdeg~. 


termini „rasobrivi diskriminacia“ niSnavs gansxvavebas, gandevnas, SezRudvas 

an upiratesobis miniWebas rasis, feris, warmomavlobis, nacionaluri Tu eTnikuri 

kuTvnilebis safuZvelze, romlis mizani an Sedegia ... adamianis uflebebisa da 

fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis SezRudva politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, 

kulturul da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva nebismier sferoSi. 

qsenofobia ucxoelebisa da maTi 

kulturis usafuZvlo da gauazrebeli 

SiSi, undobloba da siZulvilia. 

qsenofobiis SemTxvevebi dResac bevria. 

Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi CarTuli mxareebi xSirad ganicdian dapirispirebuli 

eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufis mimarT siZulvils. 

kiTxva 

gaeros saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela saxis rasobrivi diskriminaciis 

aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. niu iorki, 7 marti, 1966 

50. kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: rasizmi da qsenofobia 

qsenofobia _ berZn. qsenos _ ucxo, 

ucxoeli, fobos _ SiSi 

umetesad, negatiuri damokidebuleba 

ar aris ganpirobebuli konkretuli 

mizeziT, sxva eTnikur Tu religiur 

jgufTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, 

aramed gauazrebel, stereotipul 

winaswar ganwyobas warmoadgens. 

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sacurao adgili 

gankuTvnilia mxolod TeTri rasis 

warmomadgenlebisTvis 

l ra sityvebiT aRiniSneb(od)a sxva, ucxo qarTul da sxva enebSi? ra saxis gansxvavebebs 

usvams xazs es sityvebi? gamoxatavs Tu ara isini sakuTar upiratesobas sxvebTan 

SedarebiT? 

183

51 

istoriis gakveTilebi 

warwera abraze: `vemsaxurebiT mxolod TeTrebs, 

espanelebi da meqsikelebi ar daiSvebian~. 

1876-1965 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi moqmedebda e. w. jim qrous 1 

kanonebi, romlebic rasobrivi segregaciis 

iuriduli safuZveli iyo. es 

kanonebi Savkanian amerikelebs statusiT 

TeTrkanianebis Tanaswor, magram gancalkevebul 

jgufad aRiarebda. miuxedavad 

amisa, maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri 

uflebebi mniSvnelovnad izRudeboda. 

kanonis Tanaxmad, rasobrivi niSniT 

gamijnuli iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis 

yvela sfero _ skolebi, transporti, 

sapirfareSoebi, restornebi, sasmeli 

Sadrevnebi da sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris 

yvela sxva adgili. 

Teatris abra warweriT: `feradkanianTa Teatri~. aSS. 1950 weli. gancalkevebuli onkanebi TeTr- da 

feradkanianTaTvis (eliot urvitis foto). 

alabamas Statis qalaq montgomeriSi moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, avtobusSi 

gamoyofili iyo TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa seqciebi, romlebic moZravi niSniT 

imijneboda. mZRols SeeZlo gadaeadgilebina ”feradkanianTa seqciis” aRmniSvneli 

niSani, an saerTod aeRo is. TeTkanianebi avtobusis wina rigebSi sxdebodnen da 

TandaTan avsebdnen mas ukana rigebisaken, Savkanianebi piriqiT, ukana adgilebs 

ikavebdnen da TandaTan avsebdnen wina rigebs. Savkanianebs SeeZloT msxdariyvnen 

Sua rigebSi, sanam TeTrkanianTa seqcia gaivseboda. Tu orive seqcia Sevsebuli 

iyo da avtobusSi Savkaniani mgzavri amovidoda, is fexze unda mdgariyo, xolo 

Tu TeTrkaniani amovidoda, maSin TeTrkanianTa seqciasTan mdebare uaxloes 

rigSi msxdomi yvela Savkaniani mgzavri valdebuli iyo, gaeTavisuflebina adgili 

1 „jim qrou“ - afro-amerikelebis damamcirebeli saxeli, aSS-Si damkvidrda 1830-iani wlebidan. 


avtobusi TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani 

mgzavrebisTvis gamijnuli seqciebiT 

holokosti. nacisturi ideologiis 

Tanaxmad, erTmaneTisagan uflebrivad 

imijnebodnen germanelebi, rogorc 

umaRlesi, „ariuli rasis“ warmomadgenlebi 

da ebraelebi, romlebic arasrulfasovan 

rasad miiCneodnen. 

51. istoriis gakveTilebi 

TeTrkanianTa axali rigis Sesaqmnelad. 

Tu adgili aRar rCeboda, maT unda 

daetovebinaT avtobusi. 

Tu wina rigebi ukve dakavebuli 

iyo TeTrkanianTa mier, Savkanianebi 

jer wina karidan adiodnen avtobusSi 

mgzavrobis safasuris gadasaxdelad, 

Semdeg isev Cadiodnen da ukana karidan 

xelaxla adiodnen avtobusSi. xSirad 

xdeboda ise, rom avtobusi iZvreboda 

da safasuris gadaxdis Semdeg 

Savkaniani mgzavri veRar aswrebda 

SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili karidan 

asvlas. 

holokosti (berZn. holos _ mTeli, 

kostos _ damwvari) _ ebraelTa 

genocidi meore msoflio omis dros 

germaniasa da mis mier okupirebul 

qveynebSi. 

es fotoebi 1940 wels aris gadaRebuli. pirvel maTganze miTiTebulia, rom bavSvTa saTamaSo 

moedanze ebraelebi ar daiSvebian, xolo meoreze igive akrZalvaa kinoTeatrSi SesvlasTan 

dakavSirebiT. suraTebi daculia praRis ebraul muzeumSi. 

185

1935 wels nacistur germaniaSi SemoiRes antisemituri (ebraelTa winaaRmdeg 

mimarTuli) kanonebi, romlebic niurnbergis kanonebis saxeliTaa cnobili. am 

kanonebiT dadginda sqema, romlis safuZvelze unda garkveuliyo rasobrivi 

kuTvnileba, uaxloesi winaprebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT. „wminda“ 

ebraelad iTvleboda adamiani, romelsac ori Taobis winaprebidan sami an oTxi 

ebraeli hyavda. naxevrad ebraelad miiCneoda is, vinc iudaizmis mimdevari iyo da 

Sereul qorwinebaSi imyofeboda. maT mimarT kanoni gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo. 

germanuli sisxlis siwmindisa da pativis dacvisaTvis, kanoni krZalavda Sereul 

qorwinebas germanelebsa da ebraelebs Soris da ebraelebs germaniis moqalaqeobas 

arTmevda. 

ebraelTa uflebebis SezRudva gavrcelda nacisturi germaniis mier okupirebul 

yvela qveyanaSi. Seiqmna sakoncentracio banakebi („sikvdilis banakebi”), sadac „dabali 

rasis” warmomadgenlebs _ ebraelebsa da boSebs _ fizikurad anadgurebdnen. garda 

amisa, maTze sxvadasxva samedicino eqsperiments atarebdnen, iyenebdnen iZulebiTi 

samuSaoebisaTvis. istoriaSi arnaxuli gegmazomieri masobrivi ganadgurebis Sedegad, 

daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli daiRupa. 

aparteidi (holand. 

apartheid) _ gamoyofa, 

gancalkeveba. 

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom 

sacurao adgili gankuTvnilia 

mxolod TeTri rasis 

warmomadgenlebisTvis 

1948-1993 wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikaSi 

gabatonebuli iyo rasobrivi segregaciis samarTlebrivi 

sistema _ aparteidi. aparteidis periodSi samxreT 

afrikis mosaxleobis umravlesobis _ feradkanianebis 

_ uflebebi SezRuduli iyo mmarTveli TeTrkanianebis 

mier, romlebic Tavad umciresobas warmoadgendnen. 

rasobrivi segregacia samxreT afrikaSi koloniuri 

periodidan arsebobda, magram nacionaluri partiis 

mier misi dakanoneba 1948 wels moxda. 

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sapirfareSo gankuTvnilia mxolod 

SavkanianebisaTvis, feradkanianTa da azielebisTvis 


samxreT afrikis respublikis kanonmdebloba mosaxleobas oTx rasobriv 

jgufad yofda: Savkanianebi, TeTrkanianebi, feradkanianebi da azielebi. 1950 

wels SemoiRes piradobis mowmobebi, sadac miTiTebuli iyo rasa. Seiqmna sagangebo 

komisiebi im adamianTa mikuTvnebulobis gansasazRvrad, romelTa rasa mkafio 

ar gaxldaT. gancalkevebuli iyo sxvadasxva rasis sacxovrebeli adgilebi, rac 

xSirad Zaladobrivi gziT xdeboda. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo maTTvis, visi 

ojaxis wevrebi, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva rasisaTvis miekuTvnebinaT da erTmaneTisagan 

daeSorebinaT. kanoniT ikrZaleboda rasebs Soris Sereuli qorwinebebi. mTavrobam 

ganacalkeva saganmanaTleblo, samedicino da samoqalaqo momsaxurebis sferoebi. 

SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili momsaxureba xarisxiT gacilebiT CamorCeboda 

TeTrkanianebisas. gancalkevda plaJebi, avtobusebi, TavSeyris nebismieri sxva 

adgili. niSnebi warweriT „mxolod TeTrebisaTvis“ parkebSi skamebTanac ki 

iyo dadgmuli. segregacia ganaTlebis sferoSi gamoixateboda ara mxolod 

gancalkevebuli skolebis arsebobiT, aramed SavkanianTaTvis calke saganmanaTleblo 

sistemis SeqmniT. gansazRvruli iyo, rom Savkanian moswavleebs muSaTa rigebi 

unda SeevsoT. rac Seexeba universitetebs, ukve arsebul umaRles saswavleblebSi 

feradkanianebi ar daiSvebodnen, maTTvis Seiqmna axali universitetebi. 

kiTxva 

l Cven miCveulebi varT qarTul tolerantobaze saubars, axla „axali“ ucxoelebi 

gvyavs (Savkanianebi, samxreT-aRmosavleT azielebi, Cinelebi, Turqebi...), rogoria 

sazogadoebis damokidebuleba maT mimarT? 

davaleba 

l rasizmi da qsenofobia _ ara mxolod istoriuli fenomenebi, aramed 

yoveldRiurobis nawilia. klasSi moawyeT situaciuri TamaSi: „me ar var rasisti, 

magram...“ (transportiT mgzavrobisas Sens gverdiT dajda Savkaniani, sxva eTnikuri 

an religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT da a.S.). 

51. istoriis gakveTilebi 

187


ana franki 

ana franki ebraeli gogona iyo. igi 1929 wels daibada 

germaniaSi, mainis frankfurtSi. 1933 wels, xelisuflebaSi 

nacional-socialistebi movidnen. maTi antisemituri 

politikis gamo, frankebis ojaxi holandiaSi, 

emigraciaSi wavida. 1940 wels, germaniis mier holandiis 

okupirebis Semdeg, ebraelebis devna holandiaSic 

daiwyo, amitom 1942 wels frankebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, 

saidumlo TavSesafarSi gadasuliyvnen sacxovreblad 

da ase aecilebinaT Tavidan mosalodneli saSiSroeba. 

magram 1944 wels nacistebma TavSesafari aRmoaCines 

da misi mcxovrebni sxvadasxva sakoncentracio banakSi 

gadaiyvanes. 1945 wels ana franki bergen-belsenis 

banakSi tifiT gardaicvala. 

dRiuri, romelSic gogona TavSesafarSi cxovrebas aRwerda, meore msoflio omis 

Semdeg maleve gamoica. mas Semdeg ana frankis dRiuri yvela Taobis sakiTxavi wigni 

gaxda. 

fragmenti ana frankis dRiuridan 

„Cven ebraelebi varT da amitom 1933 wels, rogorc emigrantebi, holandiaSi 

wamovediT... sxvebiviT Cvenc ar gamogvelia sadardebeli cxovrebaSi. 1940 wlidan 

... jer omi dagvatyda Tavs, mere kapitulacia, ... axla ki daiwyo Cveni sacodaoba. 

diqtatoris 2 brZanebas brZaneba mosdevda. gansakuTrebiT ebraelTa mdgomareoba 

gauaresda. ebraelebs unda etarebinaT yviTeli varskvlavi, CaebarebinaT velosipedebi, 

ekrZalebodaT tramvaiT mgzavroba, avtomobilze xom laparakic zedmetia. raimes 

yidva mxolod samidan xuTamde SeeZloT _ isic mxolod ebraelTa savaWroebSi. 

saRamos rva saaTis Semdeg ara marto quCaSi gamosvlis, aramed baRSi da aivanze 

gaCerebis uflebac aRar hqondaT. ebraelebs aukrZales Teatrsa da kinoSi siaruli, 

verc sxva gasarTob adgilebSi Sedgamdnen fexs. maT ekrZalebodaT curva, CogburTisa 

da hokeis TamaSi, saerTod sportis yvela saxeoba. ebraelebs aRar hqondaT ufleba 

qristianebs swveodnen... amieridan mTeli Cveni cxovreba amgvari Zaldatanebis qveS 

moeqca.“ 

2 igulisxmeba adolf hitleri, germaniis kancleri 1933-45 wlebSi 


eTnocentrizmi 52 

arsebobs aseTi Zveli xumroba: erTi samxedro piri filosofosTa wreSi 

moxvda. usmina maT kamaTs uzogades sakiTxebze da Tqva: „Tu aseTi Wkvianebi xarT, 

mwyobriT ratom ar dadixarT?...“ 

Cvenma gmirma, romelic, cxadia, WkuiT 

ar gamoirCeoda, egocentrizmi gamoavlina. 

es sityva laTinuridan warmodgeba: 

„ego“ niSnavs „me“, xolo centri yvelam 

iciT, ra aris. egocentruls uwodeben 

adamians, romelic sakuTar faseulobebs, 

midrekilebebs, warmodgenebs Tu rwmenas 

52. eTnocentrizmi 

eTnocentrizmi niSnavs sakuTari 

kulturis miCnevas sxvebze 

aRmatebulad, sxva kulturebis da 

xalxebis qcevis Tu warmodgenebis 

Sefasebas sakuTari kulturis 

poziciidan. 

miiCnevs erTaderT sworad da yvelasaTvis aucileblad. Cveni anekdotis personaJi 

darwmunebuli iyo, rom is, rasac TviTon Tvlida saSur da, albaT, Znel saqmed, 

sxvebisTvisac aseTi unda yofiliyo. anekdoti anekdotad, magram egocentrul 

gamonaTqvamebs xSirad gaigonebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi: „ver gavige, rogor 

SeiZleba iyo vegetarianeli...“; „eg mTlad kargad ver aris, markebs agrovebs da sxva 

araferi ainteresebs...“; „amxela wigns ra gakiTxebs!“ da a.S. 

egocentrizmis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens eTnocentrizmi (berZ. „eTnos“ _ tomi, 

xalxi) _ roca sakuTari kulturis wesebi da normebi sworad da „WeSmaritad“ miiCneva, 

yvelaferi gansxvavebuli ki _ arasworad. 

gaxsovs franc boasis „kulturis saTvale“? sxva kulturas adamianebi afaseben 

sakuTari kulturis gadasaxedidan, romelsac nimuSad, sazomad miiCneven. sxva 

kulturis adamianebs ki „sakuTari saTvale“, sakuTari faseulobebi, Sexedulebebi 

da normebi aqvT. 

adamianebs sjeraT, rom swored maT kulturaSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, 

Sexedulebebi, zne-Cveulebebi aris marTebuli da zneobrivi. amitom gansxvavebuli 

faseulobani aRiqmeba rogorc ucnauri, naklebzneobrivi, CamorCenili da veluric 

ki. 

eTnocentrizmis magaliTebi mravlad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT msoflio istoriaSi. 

Zveli berZnebis mier kacobriobis dayofa elinebad da barbarosebad swored 

eTnocentrizmis gamoxatuleba iyo. berZnebi gamarTlebulad da sworad mxolod 

sakuTari cxovrebis wess miiCnevdnen, danarCeni samyaro ki maTTvis barbarosul, 

aracivilizebul, erTgvarovan sivrces warmoadgenda. eTnocentrizmis 

gamoxatuleba iyo aseve evropeli misionerebis damokidebuleba amerikis 

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi. misionerebis mizani iyo „swori“ rwmenis, zneobis, 

codnis, gemovnebis gavrceleba axladaRmoCenil kontinentze, romelic miiCneoda 

„primitiulad“ da „CamorCenilad“. 

189

eTnocentrizmis magaliTebi Tanamedrove samyaroSic bevria. erTi kulturis 

warmomadgenels SeiZleba uCveulod da miuReblad moeCvenos sxva kulturaSi 

arsebuli dakrZalvis wesi: zogierT sazogadoebaSi micvalebuls gardacvalebis 

dResve krZalaven, sxvagan ki datirebis mravaldRiani rituali aqvT. SefasebiTi 

damokidebuleba mJRavndeba samosisadmic. mraval adamianSi Rimils iwvevs Sotlandiur 

kiltSi gamowyobili mamakaci. 

ormagi eTnocentrizmis magaliTi 

iaponuri kulturisadmi miZRvnil mecadineobaze leqtorma studentebs uambo, 

rom iaponiaSi Zalze mkacri wesebi arsebobs saCuqrebTan dakavSirebiT. Tu erTma 

iaponelma meores raime aCuqa, aucilebelia sapasuxo saCuqari, magram zustad 

igive safasuris! ufro Zvirfasi sapasuxo saCuqari Zalian damamcirebeli da 

Seuracxmyofelia _ iTvleba, rom am gziT Sen ambob: „me Senze magari da mdidari 

var! Sen mxolod iaffasiani nivTebis yidvis Sno gaqvs!“ 

moulodnelad erTma studentma, zazam, Sublze ikra xeli da wamoiZaxa: „axla 

mivxvdi, rac moxda!“ gamoirkva, rom saerTaSoriso sazafxulo banakSi yofnisas 

zaza daumegobrda iaponel gogonas, romelmac wamosvlis wina dRes mas iaponuri 

suveniri aCuqa. zazam „qarTuli raindoba“ gamoiCina, fuli isesxa da ganSorebis 

dRes gogonas Zvirfasi saCuqari miarTva. amis mere ki moxda is, rasac leqtori 

yveboda _ gogonam zazasTan yovelgvari urTierToba gawyvita, dabloka misi 

telefoni da el-fosta, anu CaTvala, rom zazam mas ganzrax miayena Seuracxyofa. 

araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom ar mogvwons da miuReblad vTvliT imas, rac 

gansxvavebulia da ucxoa CvenTvis. ubralod, unda gvaxsovdes rom, rac normaluria 

CvenTvis, swored is SeiZleba gaugebari iyos sxvisTvis. amitom, azrsmoklebulia 

mcdeloba, Cveni Sexeduleba „sworisa“ da „arasworis“, „kargisa“ da „cudis“, „lamazisa“ 

da „uSnos“ Sesaxeb gadavitanoT sxva kulturaze da es gansxvavebebi sakuTari 

upiratesobis dasasabuTeblad gamoviyenoT. 

barnard Sou 

mweralma bernard Soum (1856-1950) ki eTnocentrizmi ase 

Seafasa: „barbarosi isaa, visac sakuTari tomis wesebi bunebis 

kanonebi hgonia“. 



akiremas tomSi gavrcelebuli rituali 

akiremas tomis yvela wevri yoveldRiurad asrulebs piris rituals. igi Sedgeba 

pirSi Roris jagris konis swrafi da daJinebuli moZraobebisagan. am ritualis 

garda, es adamianebi weliwadSi orjer midian wminda piris kacTan. es ukanaskneli 

flobs STambeWdavi raodenobis gansakuTrebul mowyobilobebs _ burRebs, qlibebs, 

marwuxebs da saxvretebs. am sagnebis gamoyeneba piridan boroti Zalebis gamodevnis 

dros adamianis warmoudgenel tanjvas iwvevs. wminda piris kaci muStrebis kbilebSi 

avadmyofobisagan warmoqmnil naxvretebs am mowyobilobaTa saSualebiT kidev 

ufro afarToebs, Semdeg ki am xvrelebSi jadosnur masalebs debs. Tuki kbilebze 

bunebrivad gaCenili xvrelebi ar arsebobs, maSin wminda piris kaci erTi an ramdenime 

kbilis mozrdil nawilis amtvrevs zebunebrivi nivTierebebis Casadebad. muStrebis 

azriT, mkurnalobis mizani avadmyofobis SeCerebaa. am ritualis Zalze wminda da 

tradiciuli xasiaTi naTelia iqidanac, rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi kvlav da 

kvlav, wlidan wlamde dadian wminda piris kacTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi kbilebi 

xrwnas ganagrZobs. 

nawyveti horas m. maineris statiidan „sxeulis rituali akiremas tomSi“ 

kiTxva 

l arsebobs Tu ara „piris rituali“ da „wminda piris kaci“ Sens kulturaSi? Tu 

arsebobs, aRwere msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. axla waikiTxe akirema marjvnidan 

marcxniv. imsjele, ris Cveneba scada amerikelma mecnierma horas m. mainerma? 

diskusia 

l imsjele zazasa da iaponeli gogonas qcevaze. romeli maTgani moiqca arasworad? ram 

gamoiwvia gaugebroba? rogor SeiZleboda misi Tavidan acileba? 

52. eTnocentrizmi 

191

53 

ing. relative _ 

SedarebiTi, 

SefardebiTi 

margaret midi 

melvil herskovici 

eTnorelativizmi 

eTnorelativizmi _ Sexeduleba, 

romelic emyareba yvela kulturis 

Tanabari mniSvnelobis aRiarebas. 

amboben, rom gemovnebaze ar daoben. SeiZleba, raRac 

mogvwondes an ar mogvwondes _ rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxva 

kulturaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom rac Cven gvxiblavs, 

aucileblad unda moswondes sxvasac da, miT umetes, rac 

CvenTvis gaugebari an miuRebelia, is calsaxad cudi, uvargisi, 

ugemovnebo an „CamorCenilia“. magaliTad, sufris etiketi 

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi. zogan miRebulia saerTo 

TefSidan xeliT Wama da gansakuTrebul pativad iTvleba, 

Tu maspinZeli stumars sakuTari xeliT miarTmevs pirvel 

lukmas. zogan sufris yvela wevrs sakuTari TefSi da dana- 

Cangali aqvs da, yuradRebis niSnad, maspinZeli araerTxel 

da daJinebiT sTavazobs stumars TiToeul kerZs. sxvagan 

sufris wevrebi ramdenime kovziT, CangliT, daniTa da WiqiT 

arian „aRWurvili“, kerZebis Tanmimdevroba da TiToeuli 

stumrisaTvis gankuTvnili ulufa ki imTaviTve gansazRvrulia. 

romeli wesi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ukeTesad da, Sesabamisad, 

yvelasaTvis savaldebulod? 

me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis mecnierebs daugrovdaT 

monacemebi, romlebic cxadyofda, rom dedamiwis sxvadasxva 

kuTxeSi adamianTa jgufebi sruliad gansxvavebuli wesiT 

cxovrobdnen, gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen samyaros, sxvadasxva 

warmodgena hqondaT sikeTesa da borotebaze, dasaSvebsa da 

akrZalulze, silamazesa da simaxinjeze. TandaTan Camoyalibda 

Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, kulturebi arian gansxvavebuli, 

da ara ukeTesi an uaresi, ganviTarebuli an CamorCenili. 

Taviseburebebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, 

rom isini „kulturis aisbergis“ mxolod xiluli nawilis kvleviT 

kmayofildebodnen, romelsac sakuTari kulturis „saTvaliT“ 

SeiaraRebulni akvirdebodnen. maTi eTnocentristuli xedva 

gulisxmobda dasavluri kulturis aRiarebas etalonad, 

romelic yvela danarCenisaTvis misabaZi unda yofiliyo. 

eTnocentrizmis sapirispirod, Camoyalibda axali Tvalsazrisi 

_ eTnorelativizmi. romlis Tanaxmad, Tu vTvliT, rom 

Cveni rwmena-warmodgenebi, qceva, normebi, samyaros aRqma Cveni 

kulturiT aris gansazRvruli, maSin vaRiarebT imasac, rom 

sxvaTa Sexedulebebi, warmodgenebi da msoflmxedveloba maTi 

kulturiT aris ganpirobebuli. eTnorelativizmis sinonimuri 

me-20 saukunis Sua xanebSi franc 

boasi da misi mowafeebi ruT benediqti, 

melvil herskovici da margaret midi 

aRniSnavdnen, rom adre mkvlevrebi 

yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen kulturuli 

ruT benediqti 


mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba termini 

kulturuli relativizmi. 

modi, davfiqrdeT, arsebobs universaluri 

sazomi, romlis mixedviT 

SevafasebdiT, romeli kultura SeiZleba 

CaiTvalos etalonad da sxva kulturaTa 

Sefasebis safuZvlad? 

eTnorelativizmi gulisxmobs sami mTavari principis gacnobierebas: 

l erTi kulturis aR qma da gageba SeuZlebelia meore kulturasTan Sedarebis 

gareSe; 

l erTi kulturis farglebSi arsebuli wesebi, zne-Cveulebani Tu Sexedulebebi 

ar SeiZleba Sefasdes sxva kulturis wesebis, zne-Cveulebebis Tu 

warmodgenebis gadasaxedidan; 

l konkretuli qceva, norma da Sexeduleba SeiZleba gavigoT da avxsnaT 

mxolod im kulturis farglebSi, romelSic is arsebobs. yoveli kultura 

rTuli sistemaa, romlis yvela detali erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. 

CvenTvis „ucnauri“, „araswori“ wesi Tu tradicia savsebiT bunebrivia sxva 

kulturisaTvis. 

amgvari midgoma aadvilebs urTierTgagebas kulturebs Soris. 

diskusia 

kiTxva 

53. eTnorelativizmi 

kulturuli relativizmi _ 

Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, 

kulturis Taviseburebebis 

gaazreba da gageba SesaZlebelia 

mxolod missave farglebSi. 

l rogorc fiqrob, gulisxmobs Tu ara kulturuli relativizmi, rom sxva an Cveni 

sazogadoebis qcevebi (magaliTad, monoba, wameba savaraudo damnaSavisagan Cvenebis 

misaRebad da sxva) ar unda ganvsajoT moraluri TvalsazrisiT? 

l veliT, rom Cveni kultura _ xuroTmoZRvreba, mravalxmiani simRera, 

mravalferovani samzareulo, stumarTmoyvareoba da sxva _ ucxoelTa interessa 

da aRfrTovanebas gamoiwvevs. warmoidgine, rom es ase ar moxda: stumari gulgrili 

darCa yovelive imis mimarT, riTac Cven ase viwonebT Tavs, xolo sufraze Tavazianad 

aRniSna, rom sacivi _ qarTuli samzareulos mSveneba _ gemrielia, Tumca mavnea 

janmrTelobisaTvis, radgan Termulad damuSavebul nigozs Seicavs. ras ifiqreb? 

rogor moiqcevi? 

warmoidgine: centraluri aziis erT-erT qveyanaSi maspinZelma siamayiT gagacno 

sakuTari qveynis kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobebi, Semdeg iurtaSi migipatiJa, sadac 

kumisiTa 1 da cxenis xorciT damzadebuli gemrieli kerZiT gagimaspinZlda. ras 

ifiqreb? rogor moiqcevi? 

imsjele am ori SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. Seni azriT, sad gadis zRvari eTnocentrizmsa da 

eTnorelativizms Soris? 

1 kumisi - cxenis rZiT damzadebuli Txieri produqti. 

193


adamianis uflebebi da kulturuli relativizmi 

axal ambebSi sul ufro xSirad gvesmis imis Sesaxeb, rom mTel msoflioSi 

irRveva adamianTa uflebebi. SemTxvevebi uamravia, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo 

dapatimrebiT dawyebuli da eTnikuri wmendiT damTavrebuli. Tumca, dasavleTis 

kritikul damokidebulebas am sakiTxisadmi msoflios sxva qveynebi uaryofiTad 

xvdebian da acxadeben, rom dasavleTma unda Sewyvitos adamianis uflebebze Tavisi 

subieqturi mosazrebebis sxvaTaTvis Tavs moxveva. iqneb marTebulia kulturuli 

relativizmis mkacri midgoma, romelic yvela kulturas TanabarmniSvnelovnad 

ganixilavs? aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba adamianis uflebebis universaluri 

standartebis SemuSaveba. 

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebas (1948 wels) erTi saintereso 

istoria ukavSirdeba: deklaraciis ganxilvis dros mecnierTa erTma jgufma, 

kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, 

warmoadgina sakuTari varianti, romlis mixedviTac, saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis 

yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba Taviseburad esmiT: 

„adamiani Tavisufalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis 

im gagebiT, romelic mis sazogadoebaSia miRebuli“. maTi azriT, yvela kulturas 

sakuTari faseulobebi, Tavisuflebis Tu samarTlis „sakuTari“ gageba aqvs, amitom, 

Tu deklaracia daemyareboda Tavisuflebis dasavlur princips, igi ver iqneboda 

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. 

viciT, rom yvela kulturas Tavisi eTikuri normebi aqvs, magram es normebi 

erTnair Rirebulebebs ar eyrdnoba. magaliTad, kulturebi SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba 

umciresobaTa da qalTa uflebebis mixedviT. zogierT sazogadoebaSi colebs klaven, 

rodesac qmari gardaicvleba; sikvdiliT sjian, Tuki maT mamisadmi an Zmisadmi 

daumorCilebloba gamoavlines. rogori iqneba kulturuli relativizmis momxreTa 

midgoma amgvari faqtebis mimarT? 

am kiTxvaze pasuxis araerTmniSvnelovnebis gamo, kulturul relativizms 

bevri kritikosi gamouCnda. maTi azriT, Tuki ar arsebobs moralis universaluri 

principebi, maSin arc tolerantobis principi SeiZleba iyos universaluri. da Tu 

tolerantoba aris universaluri principi, ratom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva msgavsi 

universaluri principebic? 


interkulturuli komunikacia. 

interkulturuli dialogi 

54.interkulturuli komunikacia. interkulturuli dialogi 

54 

interkulturuli komunikacia sxvada 

sxva kulturis warmomadge nelTa 

uSu alo urTierTobas gulisxmobs. Sen 

ukve ici, ramdenad mravalferovania 

kul turebi, ramdenad gansxvavdebian 

adamianebi CacmulobiT, qceviT, kvebis 

racioniT, sacxovrebeli garemoTi, SexedulebebiT, 

erTisa da imave sagnis Tu 

movlenis aRqmiT. rogorc naxe, ar aris 

ioli sakuTarisagan radikalurad, an 

Tundac umniSvnelod gansxvavebuli 

warmod genebis da Sexedulebebis mqone 

adamianis gageba da miReba, miT ufro, 

rodesac cota, an sulac araferi viciT 

misi kulturis Sesaxeb. 

modi, mokled SevajamoT, ra barierebis winaSe SeiZleba aRmovCndeT 

interkulturuli komunikaciis procesSi: 

1. enobrivi gansxvaveba. enis Seswavla gacilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre, ubralod, 

leqsikisa da gramatikis dauflebas, unda viswavloT _ ra, rogor, rodis, sad 

da ratom vTqvaT. erTsa da imave sityvas, SeiZleba, sxvadasxva mniSvneloba 

hqondes sxvadasxva situaciaSi. 

2. araverbaluri komunikaciis sfero, romelic moicavs Jestebs, pozas, mimikas 

da sxva saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac laparakis gareSe gamovxatavT, 

Tu ras vgrZnobT da ras vfiqrobT. Cveni kultura „gvaswavlis“ araverbalur 

komunikacias, romelic imdenad avtomaturia, rom masze iSviaTad vfiqrobT. 

magram „sxva“adamianma Seni Jestebi, mimika, Cacmuloba, fizikuri siaxlove 

an siSore, pirispir kontaqti (TvalebSi yureba), SeiZleba, sakuTari 

kulturidan gamomdinare axsnas da es sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes 

imisagan, ris Tqmac Sen gsurda. 

3. stereotipebi _ ganzogadebuli, gamartivebuli da winaswar arsebuli 

warmodgena ama Tu im jgufis Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. 

4. eTnocentrizmi _ miswrafeba, SevafasoT sxva kultura rogorc kargi an 

cudi, Cveni sakuTari kulturidan gamomdinare. 

195

Sen aseve ici, ra Sedegi SeiZleba 

gamoiRos kulturuli Tu rasobrivi 

gansxvavebebis safuZvelze erTi jgufis 

mier meoris uflebebis ugulebelyofam, 

erTis mier meoris arasrulfasovnad 

miCnevam. modi, vifiqroT imaze, 

ra alternativa SeiZleba hqondes 

Seuwynareblobis am ukidures 

gamoxatulebebs, ra mniSvneloba aqvs 

stereotipebis, rasizmis, qsenofobiis 

gadalaxvas imisaTvis, rom kulturulma 

mravalferovnebam Cveni cxovreba ufro 

saitereso gaxados da ar daamZimos is 

konfliqtebiTa da dapirispirebiT. 

kulturulad mravalferovan msoflioSi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva 

xalxebsa da jgufebs Soris harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofas. amis miRwevis 

saSualebaa interkulturuli dialogi. 

evropis sabWos gansazRvrebiT, interkulturuli dialogi aris procesi, 

romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenel individebsa da jgufebs 

Soris SexedulebaTa Ria, urTierTpativiscemaze dafuZnebul gaziarebas, rasac 

gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa da cxovrebis wesis gagebasa da gaazrebamde 

mivyavarT. 

interkulturuli dialogis problema gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 

mravalkulturuli da mravaleTnikuri qveynebisa da regionebisaTvis, sadac 

„sxvasTan“ kontaqti da masTan dialogi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobda da 

mTeli istoriis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca. aseT regionTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, 

magaliTad, kavkasia, samxreT-aRmosavleT evropa, baltiis qveynebi, centraluri 

azia da sxva. 

Tanamedrove msoflios calkeuli nawilebi sul ufro mWidrod ukavSirdeba 

erTmaneTs. Tu adre garkveuli manZilis dafarvas Tveebs da wlebs andomebdnen, dRes 

amis gakeTeba saaTebSia SesaZlebeli. sainformacio teqnologiebi, migracia, turizmi, 

romelic individualuridan masobriv movlenad iqca, pirispir gvaxvedreben “sxvas”, 

romelic yvelganaa da masTan Sexvedris Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia. globalizacia, 

erTi mxriv, ganapirobebs sxvadasxva kulturis matarebelTa mWidro kontaqts, meore 

mxriv, mkafiod avlens gansxvavebebs. aseT viTarebaSi, interkulturul dialogs 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. 


interkulturuli dialogis principebis daufleba saSualebas mogcems, 

gaiazro kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis sirTuleebi da Seecado maT gadalaxvas; 

gaacnobiero, rom qcevis wesebi, urTierTobani, warmodgenebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi 

sxvadasxvagvaria; daayeno sakuTari Tavi „ucxo“ kulturis warmomadgenlis adgilze. 

Cven yvelas SegviZlia urTierToba sxva adamianebTan, rogorc ar unda 

gansxvavdebodnen isini Cvengan, SegviZlia viswavloT maTi gageba. 

davaleba 

1. dawere Tema: ”interkulturuli komunikaciisa da dialogis mniSvneloba 

saqarTvelosaTvis”. 

2. waikiTxe Sens mier pirvel gakveTilze Sesrulebuli ese. Secvlidi rames? 

197

msoflio kultura

Transform your PDFs into Flipbooks and boost your revenue!

Delete template?

Save as template ?