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n. jvarelia, l. CxeiZe<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />
(informatika da marTvis sistemebi)<br />
@`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />
n. jvarelia, l. CxeiZe<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />
(informatika da marTvis sistemebi)<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009<br />
damtkicebulia stu-s<br />
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo<br />
sabWos mier
uak [331.45:681.3] (075.32)<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi<br />
cnebebi da debulebebi, informatikis, marTvis sistemebTan da personalur<br />
kompiuterebTan usafrTxo muSaobis sakiTxebi. <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />
Tanamedrove miRwevebis poziciidan ganxilulia mavne da saSiSi faqtorebi,<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis gajansaRebis, muSakTa janmrTelobisa da <strong>Sromis</strong>una-<br />
rianobis SenarCunebis gzebi _ organizaciuli, teqnikuri, samedicino-<br />
profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi.<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia sawarmoo garemos komfortuli<br />
pirobebiT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi: mikroklimati, ventilacia, kondi-<br />
cireba, ganaTeba, xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi, eleqtrodanadgarebTan<br />
usafrTxo muSaobis pirobebi, xanZarsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis<br />
fakultetis yvela specialobis bakalavrebisa da magistrantebisaTvis,<br />
umaRlesi profesiuli swavlebis studentebisaTvis; saxelmZRvanelo sain-<br />
tereso da sasargeblo iqneba am sferoSi dasaqmebuli muSakebisaTvis.<br />
recenzenti sruli profesori z. wveraiZe<br />
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />
ISBN 978-9941-14-494-3<br />
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi<br />
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis<br />
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.<br />
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Tavi I<br />
1.1. <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminologia<br />
Sroma _ adamianis mizanmimarTuli moRvaweobaa. sawarmoSi Sesrulebul<br />
Sromas sawarmoo moRvaweoba ewodeba.<br />
sawarmoo moRvaweoba xorcieldeba samuSao zonaSi.<br />
samuSao (sawarmoo) zona aris iatakidan 2,2 m an meti simaRlis sivrce an<br />
moedani, romelzec muSaobis procesSi mudmivad an droebiT imyofeba momuSave.<br />
muSaobis procesSi samuSao zonaSi warmoiqmneba negatiuri faqtorebi,<br />
romlebic uaryofiTad moqmedeben momuSaveze, iwveven janmrTelobis<br />
gauaresebas, travmas an daavadebas. negatiuri faqtorebis warmoqmna<br />
ganapirobebs sawarmoo garemos iseT Tvisebas, romelsac sawarmoo garemos<br />
saSiSroeba ewodeba. sawarmoo garemos saSiSroeba <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis<br />
ZiriTadi cnebaa. negatiuri sawarmoo faqtorebi iyofa saSiS da mavne<br />
faqtorebad.<br />
saSiSi sawarmoo faqtori iseTi faqtoria, romlis moqmedeba adamianze<br />
iwvevs travmas an letalur dasasruls. saSiSi sawarmoo faqtori moixseneba<br />
rogorc travmasaSiSi faqtori.<br />
mavne sawarmoo faqtoris moqmedeba iwvevs guneba-ganwyobis gauaresebas,<br />
xolo xangrZlivi moqmedeba _ daavadebas.<br />
saSiS da mavne sawarmoo faqtorebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri.<br />
mavne faqtorebis maRali doneebi gardaiqmnebian saSiS faqtorebad. magaliTad,<br />
samuSao zonaSi mavne nivTierebis maRali koncentracia iwvevs mZime mowamvlas<br />
da sikvdilsac ki; radiaciis maRali done iwvevs sxivur daavadebas, romlis<br />
drosac organizmSi aRiniSneba Seuqcevadi, organizmisaTvis SeuTavsebeli<br />
cvlilebebi.<br />
saSiSi sawarmoo faqtoris moqmedeba iwvevs travmebs da ubedur<br />
SemTxvevebs. travma _ garemo faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli adamianis<br />
organizmis dazianebaa. matravmirebeli faqtoris mixedviT travma SeiZleba<br />
iyos:<br />
3
<strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminologia dadgenilia saxelmwifo<br />
standartebis, normebis, wesebis kompleqsis safuZvelze.<br />
meqanikuri _ organoebis da qsovilebis mTlianobis darRveva;<br />
Termuli _ damwvroba, moyinva;<br />
qimiuri _ qimiuri nivTierebebis moqmedebiT gamowveuli;<br />
barotravma _ haeris atmosferuli wnevis mkveTri cvlilebebiT<br />
gamowveuli;<br />
ewodeba.<br />
eleqtrotravma _ eleqtruli denis moqmedebiT gamowveuli;<br />
fsiqiuri _ mZime fsiqologiuri faqtoris moqmedebiT gamowveuli;<br />
travmiT damTavrebul uecar da daugegmav SemTxvevas ubeduri SemTxveva<br />
mavne sawarmoo faqtoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedeba iwvevs profesiul<br />
daavadebas. magaliTad, vibraciis xangrZlivi moqmedeba vibrodaavadebis<br />
gamomwvevia; xmauri iwvevs siyrues; radiacia _ sxivur daavadebas.<br />
Sroma unda iyos usafrTxo!<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> _ moRvaweobis mdgomareobaa, romlis drosac gamoricxulia<br />
saSiSroebis gamovlena.<br />
dacva~.<br />
`<strong>Sromis</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>~-sTan erTad farTod gamoiyeneba cneba _ `<strong>Sromis</strong><br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis qveS igulisxmeba sakanonmdeblo aqtebis sistema,<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri, organizaciuli, teqnikuri, sanitariul-higienuri,<br />
samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis da saSualebebis erToblioba,<br />
romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon <strong>Sromis</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>, adamianis janmrTeloba da<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong>unarianoba.<br />
sawarmoo sanitaria mavne sawarmoo faqtorebis Sesamcireblad da<br />
asacileblad mimarTuli organizaciuli RonisZiebebis da teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebis sistemaa.<br />
sawarmoo sanitariam unda uzrunvelyos: normaluri mikroklimaturi<br />
parametrebi; racionaluri ganaTeba; xmauris da vibraciis mavne moqmedebis<br />
Tavidan acileba; sanitariul-sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobis funqcionireba.<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> higiena _ adamianis organizmze moqmedi sawarmoo garemos<br />
faqtorebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa, romelic sawarmos teqnologiis, SromiTi<br />
4
procesebis, nedleulis, masalebis, sawarmoo narCenebis mavne zemoqmedebis<br />
Seswavlis safuZvelze, gamoimuSavebs higienur, samkurnalo-profilaqtikur<br />
normatiul RonisZiebebs.<br />
usafrTxoebis teqnika organizaciuli RonisZiebebis da teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebis sistemaa, romlis mizania saSiSi sawarmoo faqtorebis<br />
zemoqmedebis Tavidan acileba. usafrTxoebis teqnikaSi igulisxmeba: sawarmoo<br />
mowyobilobebis, procesebis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>; sawarmoSi axali manqanebis,<br />
meqanizmebis, instrumentebis, SemoRobviTi da mablokirebeli sistemebis,<br />
avtomaturi signalizaciis, kompiuteruli sistemebis danergva.<br />
xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvis sistema organizaciuli RonisZiebebis da<br />
teqnikuri saSualebebis erTobliobaa. isini mimarTulia xanZriT gamowveuli<br />
faqtorebis asacileblad da materialuri danakargebis Sesamcireblad.<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis uzrunveyofis umniSvnelovanes etapad iTvleba<br />
saSiSroebis identifikacia.<br />
saSiSroebis identifikacia aris saSiSroebebis garCeva; maTi warmoqmnis<br />
mizezebis dadgena; saSiSroebis albaTobis, sididis da Sedegebis droiTi da<br />
sivrciTi maxasiaTeblebis dadgena.<br />
1.2. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis samecniero baza<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis samecniero baza efuZneba: travmatizmis da daavadebebis<br />
Teoriul da eqsperimentul kvlevas; profesiuli daavadebebis, mowamvlebis,<br />
xanZrebis, afeTqebebis, sawarmoo travmatizmis yovelmxriv analizs; warmoebaSi<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis mecnierul analizs; warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli nivTierebebis,<br />
masalebis da nakeTobebis usafrTxoebis kvlevas; usafrTxoebis teqnikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT meqanizaciis, avtomatizaciis, distanciuri marTvis,<br />
telemeqanikis, mablokirebeli mowyobilobebis, kompiuteruli sistemebis<br />
Sefasebas.<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis da maTi analizis safuZvelze iqmneba samuSao<br />
adgilebze mavne da saSiSi sawarmoo faqtorebis gamovlenis, maTi<br />
profilaqtikisa da salikvidacio zomebis SemuSavebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
5
`<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis~ disciplina warmoiqmna mravali sxva mecnierebis SerwymiT,<br />
rogoricaa socialur-uflebrivi, ekonomikuri, samedicino, teqnikuri da sxva.<br />
`<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis~, rogorc disciplinis, warmatebiT asaTviseblad saWiroa<br />
fizikis, qimiis, eleqtroteqnikis, maTematikis, sxva sabunebismetyvelo da<br />
zogadteqnikuri mecnierebebis safuZvlebis codna. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacva da<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> mWidro kavSirSia ergonomikasTan, sainJinro fsiqologiasTan,<br />
medicinis yvela dargTan, garemos dacvasTan da rig sxva mecnierebebTan,<br />
romlebic asaxaven adamianis cxovelmyofelobis sakiTxebs da problemebs.<br />
jansaRi, usafrTxo da maRalmwarmoebluri <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebi farTo<br />
mecnierul kvlevebs efuZneba.<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis samecniero-teqnikuri programis ganxorcielebiT<br />
dakavebulia <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis dargobrivi institutebi, <strong>Sromis</strong> higienis da<br />
profesiuli daavadebebis laboratoriebi da umaRlesi saswavleblebis<br />
teqnologiuri usafrTxoebis kaTedrebi.<br />
6
Tavi 2. <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi<br />
2.1. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> procesSi aRZruli sazogadoebriv-SromiTi urTierTobebi<br />
regulirdeba `saqarTvelos konstituciiT~, `saqarTvelos kanonTa kodeqsiT~,<br />
droebiTi sakanonmdeblo aqtebiTa da saqarTvelos prezidentis<br />
brZanebulebebiT. `saqarTvelos <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsSi~, romelic iuridiul<br />
normaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, <strong>Sromis</strong> Sesaxeb ZiriTadi debulebebi<br />
mocemulia TavebSi: `<strong>Sromis</strong> dacva~, `samuSao dro~, `dasvenebis dro~, `qalis<br />
Sroma~, `axalgazrdobis Sroma~, `zedamxedveloba <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonebis<br />
Sesrulebaze~ da sxv. `saqarTvelos <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsi~ awesrigebs<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb muSakTa SromiT urTierTobebs sawarmosTan,<br />
dawesebulebebTan da organizaciebTan (miuxedavad maTi sakuTrebisa da<br />
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa); saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Sroma<br />
Tavisufalia; iZulebiTi Sroma akrZalulia; muSaks ufleba aqvs moiTxovos<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxo da jansaRi pirobebis Seqmna da samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis moSlisas miyenebuli zianis mTliani anazRaureba<br />
(muxli 2).<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsi gansazRvravs muSakis dasvenebis uflebas (muxlebi<br />
57-74). es ufleba uzrunvelyofilia samuSao kviris xangrZlivobis, mTeli rigi<br />
profesiebis da sawarmoebisaTvis Semoklebuli samuSao dRis, Ramis periodSi<br />
Semoklebuli samuSao drois dadgeniT; yovelwliuri anazRaurebadi<br />
Svebulebisa da yovelkvireuli dasvenebis dReebis dawesebiT. <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa<br />
kodeqsiT gansazRvrulia muSakTa janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba, romelsac<br />
uzrunvelyofs profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebisa da garemos gajansaRebis<br />
RonisZiebebis CatarebiT, mozardi Taobis janmrTelobaze zrunviT, bavSvTa<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> akrZalviT (Tu igi dakavSirebuli araa swavlebasTan da SromiT<br />
aRzrdasTan). samuSao drois xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes 41 saaTs<br />
kviraSi, xolo ekonomikuri da sxva saWiro pirobebis Seqmnis kvalobaze unda<br />
ganxorcieldes ufro Semcirebul samuSao kviraze gadasvla. <strong>Sromis</strong> mavne<br />
pirobebian samuSaoze dasaqmebuli muSakebisaTvis samuSao kviris<br />
7
xangrZlivobaa ara umetes 36 saaTi (muxli 43, 44). im sawarmoebis, saamqroebis,<br />
profesiebis sia, romelic iZleva Semcirebuli xangrZlivobis samuSao kviris<br />
uflebas, mtkicdeba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.<br />
zeganakveTuri samuSaoebi kanonmdeblobiT dauSvebelia. zeganakveTuri<br />
samuSaoebi dasaSvebia mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi da mxolod sawarmos,<br />
dawesebulebis, organizaciis profkavSiris nebarTviT. TiToeuli muSakisaTvis<br />
es samuSao zedized ori dRis ganmavlobaSi ar unda aRematebodes 4 sT-s,<br />
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ki _ 120 saaTs. zeganakveTuri samuSaos anazRaureba<br />
pirveli ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi erTnaxevari odenobiT xdeba, xolo momdevno<br />
saaTebisa _ ormagad. zeganakveTuri samuSaos kompensacia dRemagieris micemiT<br />
dauSvebelia (muxlebi 54, 55, 56, 86). <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsSi<br />
reglamentirebulia dasvenebis dro, romelsac miekuTvneba: Sesveneba samuSao<br />
dRis ganmavlobaSi kvebisa da dasvenebisaTvis, yoveldRiuri da yovelkvireuli<br />
dasveneba, sadResawaulo arasamuSao dReebi da Svebuleba (muxlebi 57-74).<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsSi dadgenilia sawarmos administraciis<br />
movaleobani (<strong>Sromis</strong> janmrTeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, muSakTa <strong>Sromis</strong><br />
sworad mowyoba, maTi <strong>Sromis</strong>a da sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobeseba da<br />
sxv.). administracias ekisreba muSa-mosamsaxureTaTvis instruqtaJis Catareba<br />
usafrTxoebis teqnikis, sawarmoo sanitariis, xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvisa da<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis sxva wesebis Sesaxeb (muxli 143). masve ekisreba <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis<br />
instruqciis yvela moTxovnis Sesrulebaze mudmivi kontroli. Tavis mxriv,<br />
muSa-mosamsaxureni valdebulni arian mkacrad daicvan <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis<br />
instruqciebi (muxli 144). <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsSi dadgenilia qalebisa da<br />
mozardebis <strong>Sromis</strong> gamoyenebis SezRudvebi mZime da saSiS samuSaoebze, Ramis<br />
saaTebSi, simZimeTa gadatanaze da misT.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobiT 16 welze naklebi asakis pirTa<br />
samuSaoze miReba dauSvebelia. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi sawarmos profkavSirTan<br />
SeTanxmebiT nebadarTulia samuSaoze 15 wlis asakis mozardTa miReba.<br />
swavlisagan Tavisufal dros SeiZleba samuSoze 14 wlis asakis mozardis<br />
miReba erT-erTi mSoblis an misi Semcvleli piris TanxmobiT msubuqi samuSaos<br />
Sesasruleblad, romelic zians ar miayenebs mis janmrTelobas da ar<br />
daarRvevs swavlebis process (muxli 167).<br />
8
16-dan 18 wlamde mozardebisaTvis dadgenilia 36 saaTiani samuSao kvira, 15<br />
wlidan 16 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis ki _ 24 saaTiani samuSao kvira. saswavlo<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlisagan Tavisufal dros momuSave moswavleTa samuSao<br />
dro maqsimaluri xangrZlivobis naxevars ar unda aRematebodes (muxli 44).<br />
kanonmdeblobiT akrZalulia <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebi-<br />
saTvis gamoyofili saxsrebisa da saWiro masalebis xarjva sxva miznebisaTvis<br />
(muxli 145). <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonTa kodeqsiT gansazRvrulia spec. tansacmlisa da<br />
individualuri dacvis saSualebebis, sapnisa da gamauvnebeli saSualebebis,<br />
rZisa da samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri kvebis produqtebis gacema, agreTve cxel<br />
saamqroebSi muSebis uzrunvelyofa gaziani mariliani wyliT (muxlebi 146-149).<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia da moqmedebs <strong>Sromis</strong><br />
dacvis sxvadasxva normatiuli dokumenti: <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis standartebi,<br />
sanitariuli da samSeneblo normebi da wesebi. usafrTxoebis teqnikasa da<br />
sawarmoo sanitariis wesebi, mowyobilobis konstruqciis usafrTxoebis<br />
moTxovnebi, debulebebi saxelmwofo zedamxedvelobis organoebis moRvaweobis<br />
Sesaxeb, <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis standartTa sistemebi.<br />
standartTa sistema moicavs: saxelmwifo standartebs, dargobriv<br />
standartebs da sawarmoo standartebs.<br />
sanitariuli da samSeneblo normebisa da wesebis jgufs miekuTvneba:<br />
`samrewvelo sawarmoTa proeqtirebis sanitariuli normebi~, romlebic<br />
iTvaliswineben, sanitariul-teqnikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqss teqnologiuri<br />
procesebis Taviseburebebisa da samSeneblo konstruqciebTan kavSiris<br />
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT;<br />
teqnologiuri procesebis sanitariuli wesebi da sawarmoo<br />
mowyobilobebisadmi higienuri moTxovnebis realizacia uzrunvelyofs<br />
atmosferoSi da Camdinare wylebSi mavne nivTierebaTa mospobas an minimumamde<br />
dayvanas, xmauris, vibraciis, ultrabgeris, eleqtromagnituri talRebis,<br />
statikuri eleqtrobisa da maionizirebeli gamosxivebis mospobas an<br />
maqsimalurad Semcirebas, adamianTa fizikuri daZabvisa da gadaRlis<br />
Semcirebas. wesebSi teqnikuri procesis calkeuli saxisaTvis <strong>Sromis</strong><br />
janmrTeli da usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelsayofad moyvanilia konkretuli<br />
RonisZiebebi.<br />
9
samSeneblo normebi da wesebi, rogoricaa:<br />
_ `samrewvelo sawarmoTa generaluri gegmebi~,<br />
_ `xanZarsawinaaRmdego normebi~,<br />
_ `sawarmoo Senobebi~,<br />
_ `administraciuli da sayofacxovrebo Senobebi~,<br />
_ `bunebrivi da xelovnuri ganaTeba~,<br />
_ `gaTboba, ventilacia da kondicireba~,<br />
_ `xmaurisagan dacva~ da sxv. gansazRvraven proeqtirebis normebs.<br />
ganasxvaveben usafrTxoebis teqnikisa da swarmoo sanitariis erTian,<br />
dargTaSoris da dargobriv wesebs. erTiani wesebi saxalxo meurneobis yvela<br />
dargze vrceldeba. dargTaSorisi da dargobrivi wesebi ganamtkiceben <strong>Sromis</strong><br />
usafrTxoebisa da higienis uzrunvelyofis umniSvnelovanes garantiebs<br />
ramdenime an erT dargSi.<br />
aRniSnuli normatiuli dokumentebis garda <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis sferoSi<br />
moqmedeben debulebebi: saxelmwifo saxanZro zedamxedvelobaze, saxelmwifo<br />
energetikul zedamxedvelobaze, profkavSiris teqnikur inspeqciaze, <strong>Sromis</strong><br />
dacvis komisiaze. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis samsaxuris organizeba da <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis<br />
sferoSi Tanamdebobis piris movaleobani ganisazRvreba usafrTxoebis<br />
teqnikasa da sawarmoo sanitariaSi samuSaoebis Sesaxeb tipuri debulebebiT.<br />
2.2. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze zedamxedveloba da<br />
kontroli<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxo da janmrTeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofis sistemis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawilia <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis normebisa da wesebis Sesrulebaze<br />
saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba, sazogadoebrivi da Sigasauwyebo kontroli.<br />
yvela sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa da organizaciaSi miuxedavad maTi<br />
sakuTrebisa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa, <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobis,<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobiTi sxva aqtebis moTxovnaTa<br />
Sesrulebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs saqarTvelos <strong>Sromis</strong>,<br />
janmrTelobisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros <strong>Sromis</strong> inspeqcia.<br />
10
es zedamxedveloba xorcieldeba: <strong>Sromis</strong>a da dasvenebis drois, <strong>Sromis</strong><br />
xelSekrulebis, mozardebisa da qalTa <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvaze; momuSaveTaTvis<br />
samuSaos Sesrulebisas sxeulis dazianebis an sxva zianis miyenebiT<br />
gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis wesis, warmoebaSi momxdari ubeduri<br />
SemTxvevebis gamokvlevisa da aRricxvis debulebis Sesrulebaze;<br />
teqnologiuri procesebis, sawarmoo Senobebis, teqnologiuri mowyobilobebis,<br />
satransporto saSualebebis, sanitariul-sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobebis,<br />
saventilacio da makondicionirebeli sistemebis, muSakTa individualuri<br />
dacvis saSualebebis Sesabamisobaze <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebisa da samrewvelo<br />
sanitariis moTxovnebTan; agreTve gamwmendi nagebobebisa da mowyobilobebis<br />
swor eqspluataciaze da sxv. (muxli 237).<br />
saxelmwifo energetikuli zedamxedvelobis organoebi, romlebic Sedian<br />
saqarTvelos energetikis saministros sistemaSi, axorcieleben saxelmwifo<br />
zedamxedvelobas eleqtro- da siTbogamomyenebeli danadgarebis usafrTxo<br />
momsaxurebaze saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis debulebis Sesabamisad (muxli 239).<br />
saxelmwifo sanitariul zedamxedvelobas sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebis,<br />
organizaciebis mier higienuri normebis, sanitariul-higienuri da sanitariul-<br />
epidemiis sawinaaRmdego wesebis dacvaze axorcieleben saqarTevlos <strong>Sromis</strong>,<br />
janmrTelobisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros sanitariul-<br />
epidemiologiuri samsaxuris organoebi _ saqarTvelos sanitariuli<br />
zedamxedvelobis debulebis Sesabamisad, xolo zogierT ubanze_saTanado<br />
saministros, saxelmwifo komitetebis da uwyebebis samedicino samsaxuri<br />
(muxli240).<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobisa da <strong>Sromis</strong> wesebis dacvis sazogadoebriv<br />
kontrols axorcieleben profesiuli kavSirebi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT<br />
(muxli 241). <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis sazogadoebriv inspeqtorebs irCeven profkavSirTa<br />
jgufebi. maT movaleobas Seadgens samuSao adgilebze usafrTxoebis<br />
moTxovnebis Sesrulebis, sawarmoo travmatizmisa da profesiul daavadebaTa<br />
Tavidan asacilebel RonisZiebaTa droulad Catarebis kontroli.<br />
administraciul-teqnikuri personalis (ostati, ubnisa da saamqros ufrosebi)<br />
mimarT, romlebic ar Seasruleben sazogadoebrivi inspeqtorebis winadadebebs,<br />
aRiZvreba disciplinaruli pasuxismgebloba.<br />
11
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacis kontrolis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia Sigasauwyebo<br />
kontroli, romelsac axorcielebs administracia.<br />
2.3. pasuxismgebloba <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT Tanamdebobis pirebs, romlebsac brali<br />
miuZRviT <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobisa da <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis wesebis darRvevaSi,<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis SeTanxmebebiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebaTa<br />
SeusruleblobaSi an profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobisaTvis xelis SeSlaSi,<br />
ekisrebaT disciplinaluri, administraciuli, materialuri an sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pasuxismgebloba (muxli 242).<br />
disciplinaruli pasuxismgebloba iTvaliswinebs SeniSvnas, sayvedurs,<br />
sastik sayvedurs, an daTxovnas.<br />
administraciuli pasuxismgebloba iTvaliswinebs gafrTxilebas an<br />
dajarimebas.<br />
materialuri pasuxismgebloba Tanamdebobis piris mimarT gamoixateba<br />
dazaralebulis sasargeblod Tanxis mTlianad an nawilobriv dakavebiT.<br />
Tanamdebobis pirisaTvis, romelmac daarRvia <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis wesebi,<br />
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsiT.<br />
Tu <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis kanonebis darRvevas SeiZleboda mohyoloda ubeduri<br />
SemTxveva, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba iTvaliswinebs 1 wlamde<br />
patimrobas, Tu Tanamdebobis piris mizeziT moxda ubeduri SemTxveva, maSin is<br />
isjeba sam wlamde patimrobiT, xolo Tu <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis kanonebis darRvevas<br />
mohyva ubeduri SemTxveva mZime SedegiT, maSin Tanamdebobis piri isjeba 5<br />
wlamde patimrobiT.<br />
12
Tavi 3. informatikis da marTvis sistemebTan muSaobisas <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis<br />
organizeba<br />
3.1. <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis organizebisadmi wayenebuli saerTo moTxovnebi<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebSi igulisxmeba adamianis janmrTelobaze, mis<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong>unarianobaze da guneba-ganwyobaze moqmedi sawarmoo faqtorebi.<br />
nebismieri <strong>Sromis</strong> produqtiuloba didad aris damokidebuli mis swor<br />
organizebaze, romelic moicavs samuSao adgilis aRWurvas avejiT, specialuri<br />
mowyobilobebiT, teqnikis saWiro saSualebebiT, aseve teqnologiur<br />
dagegmarebas da <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis srulyofas.<br />
samuSao adgilis organizeba miznad isaxavs samuSao adgilis aRWurvas<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> saSualebebiT da sagnebiT da maT funqcionalur ganlagebas.<br />
samuSao adgilis organizeba xels uwyobs fizikuri datvirTvis da<br />
gonebrivi energiis ekonomias, <strong>Sromis</strong> efeqturobis amaRlebas.<br />
samuSao adgilis swor organizebaSi igulisxmeba:<br />
− sanitariul-higienuri normebis dacva, samuSao saTavsebSi optimaluri<br />
mikroklimaturi parametrebis SenarCuneba; xmauris Tavidan acileba;<br />
racionaluri ganaTebis mowyoba;<br />
− fsiqofiziologiuri elementebi _ <strong>Sromis</strong> procesiT ganpirobebuli<br />
samuSao poza, fizikuri datvirTvebi, nervul-fsiqologiuri datvirTvebi<br />
da sxva;<br />
− esTetikis elementebi _ samuSao saTavsis feriTi kompozicia, mowyobi-<br />
lobebis, avejis, instrumentebis sworad dagegmva;<br />
− socialur-fsiqologiuri elementebi _ samuSao garemoSi fsiqologiuri<br />
klimatis Semadgeneli maxasiaTeblebis swori regulireba;<br />
− teqnologiuri procesis aRWurva uaxlesi teqnikuri mowyobilobebiT da<br />
saSualebebiT.<br />
13
3.2. informatikis, marTvis sistemebTan da kompiuterTan muSaobisas moqmedi<br />
mavne da saSiSi sawarmoo faqtorebi<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> organizaciis procesSi aucilebelia momuSaveze mavne da saSiSi<br />
sawarmoo faqtorebis zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswineba. sazogadoebis<br />
informirebulobasTan erTad gaizarda kompiuteruli teqnikis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc sawarmoebSi, ise saxlis pirobebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT aqtualuri<br />
gaxda kompiuteruli teqnikis gavlena adamianis janrTelobaze da<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong>unarianobaze.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemis operatori, programisti, personaluri<br />
kompiuteruli teqnikis mflobeli imyofeba dabalenergetikuli rentgenis,<br />
eleqtromagnituri, ultraiisferi da infrawiTeli gamosxivebis, statikuri<br />
eleqtrobis, xmauris da temperaturis maRali doneebis zemoqmedebis qveS,<br />
xolo Zrav-generatoris sistemidan freonis gaJonvis gamo SesaZlebelia<br />
momuSavis mowamvla.<br />
kompiuteris videomonitorma anu displeim, rogorc sxva progresulma<br />
siaxlem, adamianebs, erTis mxriv, gauadvila informaciis miReba-gadamuSaveba,<br />
gauadvila yofa, magram, meores mxriv, Seqmna axali problema _ `displeis<br />
daavadeba~.<br />
displei (videoterminali, videomonitori) _ informaciis vizualuri<br />
asaxvisaTvis gankuTvnili eleqtronuli mowyobilobaa. arsebobs ori tipis<br />
displei: videoterminali eleqtronul-sxivuri miliT da Txevad-kristaluri<br />
displei. eletronuli-sxivur videoterminalze muSaobisas icvleba garemos<br />
fizikur-qimiuri maxasiaTeblebi: eleqtromagnituri veli, statikuri<br />
eleqtroba, haeris aero-ionuri Semadgenloba, temperatura, tenianoba, ozonis,<br />
Jangbadis koncentracia da sxva mdgenelebi.<br />
TviT eleqtronul-sxivuri monitori aris rbili rentgenis, 200-400 nm<br />
ultraiisferi, 400-700 nm xiluli, 700-1050 nm infrawiTeli, 3 khc _ 30 mhc<br />
radiosixSiruli diapazonis, 0-3 khc ze- da infradabalsixSiruli diapazonis,<br />
eleqtrostatikuri velis gamosxivebis wyaro [1, 2, 3].<br />
14
eleqtruli velis daZabulobis maqsimaluri done registrirdeba displeis<br />
ukana panelTan, SedarebiT naklebi _ displeis ekranidan da korpusidan 10 sm-<br />
is daSorebiT.<br />
videoterminalTan da sxva teqnikasTan muSaobis procesSi icvleba samuSao<br />
zonis mikroklimati, mcirdeba garemos fardobiTi tenianoba da izrdeba<br />
temperatura, monitoris gaxurebuli kvanZebis TandaTanobiTi destruqciis gamo<br />
gamoiyofa Wvartli, kvamli da mavne airebi.<br />
garemos temperaturis gazrdas iwvevs momuSave eleqtrogamomTvleli<br />
manqanebis (egm) mier gamoyofili siTbo. Tu ar xerxdeba siTbos drouli<br />
gayvana, egm-is dgarebSi xdeba temperaturis aweva, rac iwvevs mTlianad<br />
agregatis gaxurebas. maRali temperatura uaryofiTad moqmedebs mexsierebis<br />
elementebze, iwvevs izolaciis, magnituri lentebis, perforuqebis gamoSrobas.<br />
normaze dabali tenianoba iwvevs informaciis matareblebis gamoSrobas,<br />
maRali tenianoba ki _ kvanZebis, kabelebis, sadenebis gajirjvebas.<br />
garemos maRali mtvrianoba aCqarebs informaciis Seyvana-gamoyvanis<br />
sistemis cveTas, auaresebs signalis miRebas. xanZris SemTxvevaSi did<br />
saSiSroebas warmoadgens freoni _ 400 0 C-ze zeviT is iSleba fosgenad da<br />
qlorwyalbadad, romlebic toqsikur nivTierebebs warmoadgenen.<br />
kompiuteris monitori iwvevs mxedvelobis organos gadaZabvas. gadaZabva<br />
vlindeba roca monitoridan pirdapiri sinaTle ecema mxedvelobiT<br />
analizators, gamosaxulebaze dakvirvebisas, gamosaxulebis wvrili detalebis<br />
(xazebi, simboloebi) garCevisas, mcire kontrastis, uxilavi cimcimis gamo da<br />
sxva. operatoris profesiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monitorze informaciis<br />
dakvirvebasTan dakavSirebuli muSaobis monotonuroba. monotonurobas Tan<br />
axlavs fiqsirebul samuSao pozaSi didxans yofna, didi raodenobis<br />
informaciis klaviaturidan Seyvanis da swrafad gamoyvanis aucilebloba,<br />
Sesvenebebis ararseboba. aranakleb mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sainformacio<br />
da inteleqtualuri xasiaTis datvirTvebi.<br />
15
3.3. kompiuterTan muSaobis gavlena operatoris organizmze<br />
kompiuterizaciis pirvel wlebSi, displeis momxmareblebSi iyo SemCneuli<br />
specifiuri mxedvelobiTi gadaRla, romelsac daerqva `kompiuteruli<br />
mxedvelobiTi sindromi~ (CVS-Computer Vision Syndrome). sindromis warmoqmnas<br />
mravali mizezi aqvs.<br />
evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli adamianis mxedvelobiTi<br />
sistemis Taviseburebaa, is rom adamianis Tvali aRiqvams nebismier obieqts<br />
(bunebis peizaJebi, naxati, dabeWdili teqsti da a.S.) arekvlil sinaTleSi.<br />
gamosaxuleba displeize principulad gansxvavdeba TvalisaTvis SeCveuli<br />
dakvirvebis obieqtebisgan. displeis ekrani anaTebs, cimcimebs, Sedgeba<br />
diskretuli wertilebisagan. kompiuteruli feradi gamosaxulaba ar<br />
Seesabameba bunebriv ferebs. magram mxolod displeize gamosaxulebis<br />
Taviseburebani ar aris mxedvelobiTi gadaRlis mizezi.<br />
kompiuterTan mravalsaaTiani muSaobis procesSi Tvals ar gaaCnia<br />
modunebis saWiro fazebi, Tvalebi mudmivad daZabulia. mxedvelobis organo<br />
ganicdis udides datvirTvas informaciis Seyvanisas, radganac operatori<br />
iZulebulia xSirad gadaitanos mzera ekranidan teqstze da klaviaturaze,<br />
romlebic imyofebian sxvadasxva manZilze da ganaTebis sxvadasxva pirobebSi.<br />
mxedvelobiTi gadaRlis Sedegad kompiuteris momxmareblebi uCivian:<br />
mxedvelobis dabindvas, sirTuleebs mzeris gadatanisas axlomdebare<br />
sagnebidan moSorebiT mdebare sagnebze da piriqiT, sagnebis gaorebas, ferebis<br />
Secvlas, TvalSi arasasiamovno SegrZnebebs _ wvas, `qviSis~ SegrZnebas,<br />
quTuToebis SewiTlebas, mtkivneul SegrZnebas Tvalis moZraobisas, tkivilebs<br />
Sublis, kefis areSi, saerTo gadaRlas [4, 5].<br />
aseT pirobebSi operatorebi avaddebian progresirebadi axlomxedvelobiT<br />
(miopia), astenopiiT da progresirebadi astigmatizmiT. progresirebadi miopia<br />
operatorebis profesiuli daavadebaa. astenopia aris daZabuli muSaobis<br />
Sedegad warmoqmnili paTologiuri gadaRla, romelic iwvevs<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong>unarianobis daqveiTebas da TvalSi funqionalur darRvevebs.<br />
16
miopiis warmoqmnas da ganviTarebas xels uwyobs <strong>Sromis</strong> araxelsayreli<br />
pirobebi _ arasakmarisi ganaTeba, samuSao adgilis araswori organizeba,<br />
obieqtsa da fons Soris dabali kontrasti da sxva.<br />
progresirebadi astigmatizmi aris Tvalis rqovanas Seuqcevadi<br />
cvlilebebi. is warmoiqmneba monitoris gamosxivebis, marcvlisebri gamosaxvis<br />
zemoqmedebis Sedegad. astigmatizmiT daavadebuli xedavs obieqts<br />
damaxinjebuli formebiT, gaorebul wvril obieqtebs. astigmatizmi ar<br />
ganikurneba.<br />
kompiuterTan muSaobis procesSi sxeulis statikuri poza, ganmeorebadi<br />
moZraobebi da samuSao adgilis cudi organizeba iwvevs xerxemal-kunTovani<br />
sistemis moSlas, kisris osteoqondrozs. ganmeorebadi datvirTvebis Sedegad<br />
kunTebSi grovdeba daSlis produqtebi, romlebic iwveven wvis, Cxvletismagvar<br />
mtkivneul SegrZnebebs. kompiuterTan sxeulis swori da moxerxebuli poza<br />
aucilebelia kisris, xelebis, zurgis daavadebebis profilaqtikisaTvis.<br />
sxeulis araswori da mouxerxebeli mdgomareoba zrdis datvirTvas<br />
xerxemalze, iwvevs kunTebis gadaWimvas, majis arxis sindroms. nax. #1<br />
warmodgenilia kompiuteris uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebis gavlena adamianis<br />
janmrTelobaze.<br />
nax. 1. kompiuteris uaryofiTi faqtorebis moqmedeba adamianze<br />
17
majis arxis sindromi _ majis travmaa. majis arxis sindromiT gamowveuli<br />
paTologiuri mdgomareoba Sualeduri nervis dazianebis mizezia.<br />
majis arxis sindromi aris kompiuterTan sxeulis araswori,<br />
mravalsaaTiani jdomis Sedegi, romlis drosac xdeba Sualeduri nervis da<br />
xelis myesebis gasieba.<br />
kompiuteris profesiuli momxmareblebis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebebia:<br />
_ sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis daavadebebi;<br />
_ mxedvelobis organoebis daavadebebi;<br />
_ cetralur-nervuli da gul-sisxlZarRvovani sistemebis daavadebebi;<br />
_ kuW-nawlavuri traqtis daavadebebi;<br />
_ alergiuli moSlilobebi;<br />
_ garTulebuli orsuloba da mSobiaroba;<br />
_ nayofze arasasurveli gavlena;<br />
_ onkologiuri daavadebebis sawyisi simptomebi.<br />
monitoris eleqtromagnituri veli iwvevs centralur nervul da gul-<br />
sisxlZarRvovan sistemebSi cvlilebebs. momxmareblebs aReniSnebaT nevrozebi,<br />
neirocirkularuli distonia, hipo- da hipertonia, sunTqvis organoebis<br />
daavadebebi, imunitetis daqveiTeba.<br />
statikuri eleqtrobis arseboba iwvevs videomonitoris ekranze<br />
antigenebis da baqteriuli floris Semcveli mtvris nawilakebis mizidvas.<br />
eleqtrostatikuri veli zrdis mtvris da kvamlis dadebiTad damuxtuli<br />
nawilakebis da ionebis koncentracias, romlebic xangrZlivad muSaobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi iwveven sasunTqi gzebis, xelebis da saxis kanis anTebebs.<br />
3.4. ergonomikis roli informatikis da marTvis sistemebis muSaobisas<br />
kompiuterul dargSi ergonomika warmoadgens axalgazrda sferos,<br />
romelic bolo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafad viTardeba da ufro da ufro<br />
aqtualuri xdeba. kompiuterTan momxmarebeli did dros atarebs da<br />
usafrTxoebis wesebis Seusrulebloba iwvevs guneba-ganwyobis da<br />
janmrTelobis gauaresebas. rogorc kvlevebma aCvena samuSao adgilis cud<br />
organizaciasTan erTad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi erTgvarovani<br />
18
moZraobebi janmrTelobis dazianebas iwvevs. adamiansa da kompiuters Soris<br />
funqciebis racionaluri ganawilebis da SeTanxmebis sferoSi farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba ergonomikuli meTodebi, romelic <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis da usafrTxoebis<br />
teqnikis amocanebis efeqturad gadaWris saSualebas iZleva. ergonomikuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebi mimarTulia mavne da saSiSi sawarmo faqtorebis<br />
likvidaciisken an minimumamde Semcirebisaken.<br />
ergonomika aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis teqnikur saSualebebTan<br />
da garemosTan adamianis an adamianTa jgufebis sistemur <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>s.<br />
ergonomikis terminologiaSi ixmareba termini `sistema-adamiani-manqana~ (sam).<br />
masSi igulisxmeba adamiani-operatoris an operatorTa jgufisagan da<br />
kompiuterisagan Semdgari sistema.<br />
sistema operatori-kompiuteri xasiaTdeba iseTi ergonomikuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa: socialur-fsiqologiuri, fiziologiuri,<br />
fsiqofiziologiuri, antropometriuli da higienuri maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
socialur-fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi iTvaliswinebs manqanis<br />
konstruqciis, agreTve samuSao adgilis Sesabamisobas momuSaveTa jgufis<br />
xasiaTTan. fsiqofiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebi iTvaliswinebs manqanis<br />
Sesabamisobas adamianis energetikul, mxedvelobiT, smeniT, SegrZnebiT, ynosviT<br />
da sxva SesaZleblobebTan da TaviseburebebTan. antropometriuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebi iTvaliswinebs momuSavis sxeulis, misi zomebisa da formis<br />
Sesabamisobas manqanasTan. aq igulisxmeba samuSao pozis moxerxebuloba,<br />
racionaluroba da a.S.<br />
higienur maxasiaTeblebSi igulisxmeba saTavsis ganaTeba, garemos<br />
temperatura, tenianoba, atmosferuli wneva, eleqtromagnituri velis<br />
daZabuloba, garemos toqsiuroba, xmauri, vibracia da a.S. yvela es faqtori<br />
gansazRvravs <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis komfortulobis xarisxs.<br />
3.5. adamianis analizatorebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
operatoris moRvaweobaSi adgili aqvs marTvis obieqtis da garemos<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebas e.i informaciuli modelis aRqmas.<br />
adamianis mier informaciis miRebis procesSi mis gonebaSi subieqturad<br />
19
aisaxeba moqmedi obieqtis xasiaTi da arsi, romelsac perceptiuli<br />
(SegrZnebiTi) ewodeba. perceptiuli faqtoris formirebis fiziologiur<br />
safuZvels warmoadgens analizatorebis muSaoba. analizatorebi aris<br />
mgrZnobiare nervuli warmonaqmnebis rTuli sistema. yoveli analizatori<br />
Sedgeba periferiuli receptorebisagan da Tavis tvinis qerqis nervuli<br />
centrebisagan. receptorebi _ mgrZnobiare nervuli boWkoebis daboloebebia<br />
(Tvalis badura, Siga yuri da sxva), romelTa saSualebiTac nervuli aRgzneba<br />
gadaecema centralur nervul sistemas. operatoris muSaobis procesSi<br />
mniSvnelovania mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi da taqtiluri (Sexebis grZnoba)<br />
analizatorebi.<br />
amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi operatorma unda aRmoaCinos, SeigrZnos<br />
da amoicnos signali. amocnobis procesi gamoisaxeba formuliT:<br />
sadac: _ signalis sididea; _ SegrZnebis mudmivi koeficienti<br />
(mxedvelobiTi analizatorebisaTvis =0,01; smeniTi analizatorebisaTvis<br />
=0,1; taqtiluri analizatorebisaTvis =0,3).<br />
operatori mxedvelobiTi analizatorebis saSualebiT iRebs informaciis<br />
mniSvnelovan moculobas (~93%). magaliTad: forma, feri, zoma, obieqtis<br />
sikaSkaSe, sxvadasxva indikatorebis Cvenebebi. mxedvelobiTi analizatoris<br />
gamRizianebeli aris sinaTlis energia. Tvalis baduraSi warmoqmnili<br />
impulsebis intensivoba damokidebulia obieqtis ganaTebulobis doneze da<br />
arekvlis Tvisebebze. sxvadasxva zedapiri xasiaTdeba arekvlis sxvadasxva<br />
koeficientiT: TeTri zedapirisaTvis arekvlis=0,9; yviTeli zedapirisaTvis<br />
arekvlis=0,75-0,65; mwvane zedapirisaTvis arekvlis=0,61-0,1; nacrisferisaTvis<br />
arekvlis=0,75-0,07; SavisaTvis arekvlis=0,07; lurjisaTvis _ arekvlis=0,55 [6].<br />
mxedvelobiTi analizatori SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc informaciis<br />
miRebis da gadacemis unaris mqone mili e.i. xasiaTdeba garkveuli<br />
gamtarunarianobiT.<br />
20<br />
.
organoebis sxvadasxva ubnis informaciis gamtarunarianobis sidideebi<br />
informaciis gadacemis ubani<br />
fotoreceptori (Tvalis badura)<br />
Tavis tvinis qerqi<br />
mTlianobaSi (adamianis sapasuxo<br />
moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT)<br />
21<br />
minimaluri<br />
gamtarunarianoba, biti/wm<br />
5,6·109 20-70<br />
2-4<br />
cxrili 1<br />
adamianisaTvis es moculoba Seadgens 4-8 erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel<br />
elements. mxedvelobiTi aRqmis SezRuduloba ganpirobebulia ara Tvalis<br />
baduris SesaZleblobebiT, aramed adamianis damaxsovrebis SesaZleblobebiT.<br />
mxedvelobis are xasiaTdeba adamianis uZravi Tvalis mier gansazRvrul<br />
kuTxur zonaSi detalebis garCevis unariT. detalebis mkveTri garCeva<br />
SesaZlebelia centraluri mxedvelobis zonaSi, mcire detalebis gareSe<br />
sagnebis amocnoba SesaZlebelia cxadi xedvis zonaSi, xolo obieqtebis<br />
aRmoCena periferiuli xedvis zonaSi sxvadasxva sagnebze mzeris gadatanis<br />
unaris gamo farTovdeba Tvalis mxedvelobis are, rac SerCevis da saWiro<br />
sagnis Ziebis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
mxedvelobiT aRqmas gaaCnia mxedvelobiTi reaqciis faruli _ latenturi<br />
periodi, rac misi inerciulobis Tvisebaa. latenturi periodi aris drois<br />
monakveTi signalis miwodebis momentidan SegrZnebis warmoqmnis momentamde.<br />
saSualod latenturi periodi Seadgens 0,16-0,24 wams, xolo aRqmis saSualo<br />
droa 0,2-0,5 wami.<br />
operatoris mxedvelobis organos mier saWiro obieqtis sainformacio Zebnaze<br />
daxarjuli dro SeiZleba Sefasdes Semdegi gamosaxulebiT<br />
Semdegia:<br />
sadac: aris Sesabamisad fiqsaciis da mzeris gadatanis dro;<br />
_ mzeris fiqsaciis raodenoba.<br />
sxvadasxva operaciebisaTvis mxedvelobiTi fiqsaciis drois mniSvnelobebi<br />
ricxvebis, asoebis wakiTxva _ =0,31 wami;<br />
pirobiTi niSnebis Zieba _ =0,30 wami;
indikatorebis mdgomareobis fiqsacia=0,27 wami.<br />
pirobiTi niSnebiT gamosaxuli<br />
situaciis gacnoba _ =0,04 wami;<br />
informatikis sistemebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia adamianisaTvis<br />
bgeriTi informaciis miwodebis sakiTxebs. adamianis smeniTi analizatori<br />
fiziologiurad Sedgeba gare, Sua da Siga yurisagan, agreTve smeniTi<br />
nervisagan da tvinTan dakavSirebul nervuli sistemisagan. bgeriTi signalebis<br />
subieqturi aRqma gansxvavdeba bgeris fizikuri maxasiaTeblisagan, radganac<br />
smeniTi analizatori sxvadasxvanairad SeigrZnobs sxvadasxva sixSiris bgerebs.<br />
dabali sixSiris bgerebi adamians esmis naklebad, vidre igive intensivobis<br />
maRali sixSiris bgerebi.<br />
telekomunikaciis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sityvieri<br />
informaciis gadacemas, romlis aRqmasa da gacnobierebaSi didi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba gadacemis temps. informaciis aRqma xdeba, rodesac gadacemis tempia 160<br />
sityva/wT.<br />
Tanxmovani asos warmoTqmis saSualo dro udris 0,02-0,3 wams, xolo<br />
xmovani asos warmoTqmis saSualo dro _ 0,35 wams.<br />
operatoris muSaobis procesSi sawyisi informaciis damuSavebisas<br />
ZiriTadi roli eniWeba adamianis individualur Tvisebebs _ azrovnebas da<br />
damaxsovrebis unars.<br />
#2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia miwodebul informaciaSi dasamaxsovrebeli<br />
simboloebis raodenoba<br />
simbolo<br />
aso<br />
ricxvi<br />
22<br />
analizatori<br />
mxedvelobiTi smeniTi<br />
6,92<br />
6,3<br />
6,55<br />
7,10<br />
cxrili #2<br />
dadgenilia, rom adamiani ukeT imaxsovrebs moulodnel da kargad nacnob<br />
signalebs. informaciis analizis procesSi operators uxdeba iseTi amocanebis<br />
gadaWra, rogoricaa gadawyvetilebis miReba. es procesi damokidebulia rig<br />
obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebisagan, radganac gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi individualuria. gadawyvetilebis miRebas SeiZleba axldes riski,<br />
gadawyvetileba miiRebodes didi sifrTxiliT, gadawyvetileba iyos inertuli<br />
da gawonasworebuli. gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze gavlenas axdens<br />
operatoris emociuri xasiaTi, roca gadawyvetileba miiReba emociur fonze.<br />
rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, operatorTa im jgufis efeqturoba, romelic<br />
samuSaos maRal profesiul doneze asrulebda, 1,5-jer meti iyo, vidre im<br />
operatorebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic samuSaos asrulebdnen rogorc yvela, e.i.<br />
ukeTes Sedegebs aRwevda `riskis mqone~ da profesionali operatorebi.<br />
3.6. operatoris samuSao adgilis ergonomikuli Sefaseba<br />
operatoris samuSao adgili aris informaciis asaxvis saWiro<br />
saSualebebiT da damxmare mowyobilobebiT aRWurvili obieqti. samuSao adgili<br />
SeiZleba iyos individualuri da koleqtiuri. samuSao adgilis organizeba<br />
damokidebulia operatoris mier gadasawyveti amocanebis xasiaTze da<br />
sagnobriv-sivrcobrivi garemos Taviseburebaze, romlebic gansazRvraven<br />
operatoris sxeulis muSa mdgomareobas, dasvenebisaTvis pauzebis<br />
SesaZleblobas, marTvis da asaxvis saSualebebis ganlagebas, individualuri<br />
dacvis saSualebebis aucileblobas, mowyobilobebis remontisaTvis da<br />
aRWurvisaTvis saWiro sivrces.<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong> komfortuli pirobebi uzrunvelyofen operatoris<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong>unarianobis optimalur dinamikas, janmrTelobis SenarCunebas da karg<br />
guneba-ganwyobas.<br />
samuSao mdgomareobis-pozis ergonomikuli SefasebisaTvis rekomendebuli<br />
kriteriumebi moyvanilia #3 cxrilSi.<br />
samuSao poza<br />
_ mdgomareoba<br />
mimmarTveli<br />
Zalvis<br />
raodenoba<br />
23<br />
momuSavis<br />
gadaadgilebis<br />
intensivoba<br />
jdomiTi 30-mde mcire<br />
monacvleobiTi 30-100<br />
saSualo<br />
Cveulebrivi<br />
dgomiTi 100-150 maRali<br />
cxrili #3<br />
xelis moZraobis<br />
mimarTulebebi<br />
win-ukan<br />
gverdze<br />
win-ukan<br />
gverdze<br />
win-ukan<br />
gverdze
samuSao adgilze operatoris saqmianobis erT-erT komponents warmoadgens<br />
muSa moZraobebi. maTi racionaluri organizeba qmnis gadaRlis Semcirebis<br />
pirobebs, operatoris <strong>Sromis</strong>unarianobis da nayofierebis gazrdis rezervs.<br />
adamianis mier Sesrulebuli moZraobis tempis mixedviT adamianis<br />
SesaZleblobebi xasiaTdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT:<br />
mbrunavi _ 4-4,8 br/wm;<br />
wamyvani xelis daWeriT _ 6-7 daWera/wm;<br />
arawamyvani xelis daWeriT _ 5-3 daWera/wm;<br />
dartymiTi moZraobis maqsimaluri tempi _ 5-14 dartyma/wm;<br />
xangrZlivi muSaobisas rekomendebuli tempi _ 1,5-5 dartyma/wm.<br />
mimdevrobiTi principis gamoyenebis dros mizanSewonilia daculi iyos<br />
kiTxvis stereotipi _ marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qveviT. operatoris<br />
moZraobis sivrciTi maxasiaTeblebi ganisazRvreba moZraobis traeqtoriiT da<br />
motoruli velis zomebiT _ miRwevadobis zonebiT.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT samuSao are iyofa sam ubnad:<br />
− axlo samuSao ubani _ manZili idayvidan xelebis mtevnebis CaTvliT.<br />
am ubanSi unda ganlagdes aucilebeli nivTebi;<br />
− Sualeduri samuSao ubani _ gaSlili xelebis miRwevadobis zona. am<br />
ubanSi unda ganlagdes arc ise xSirad mosaxmari nivTebi;<br />
− daSorebuli ubani _ iSviaTad mosaxmari nivTebisaTvis.<br />
3.7. personaluri eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis (pegm) saTavsebis mimarT<br />
wayenebuli moTxovnebi da samuSaoTa organizeba<br />
personaluri eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanis gamoyeneba unda<br />
xorcieldebodes maT mimarT wayenebuli sanitariul-higienuri normebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
sanitariul-higienur normebTan pegm-is Sesabamisoba mowmdeba Semdegi<br />
parametrebiT:<br />
− bgeriTi wnevis dasaSvebi done araumetes 50 db;<br />
24
− eleqtruli da magnituri velebis dasaSvebi doneebi, droebiTi<br />
ramdenadac pegm-is monitori aris dabalsixSiriani da maRalsixSiriani<br />
(2hc. . . 400 khc) susti eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis wyaro;<br />
− informaciis asaxvis dasaSvebi vizualuri parametrebi;<br />
− atmosferuli haerisaTvis dadgenili mavne nivTierebebis zRvruli<br />
dasaSvebi koncentraciebi;<br />
− rentgenuli gamosxivebis eqspoziciuri dozis simZlavre 5 metris<br />
manZilze nebismier wertilSi ar unda aRematebodes 1 mkzv/sT (100 mkr/sT).<br />
saTavsSi, sadac xdeba muSaoba personalur el.gamomTvlel manqanebTan,<br />
unda moewyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri ganaTeba. saTavsis fanjrebi unda iyos<br />
orientirebuli CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, da aRWurvili unda<br />
iyos Jaluzis, fardebis tipis regulirebadi mowyobilobebiT.<br />
erTi samuSao adgilis farTi unda Seadgendes ara umcires 6 m 2 , saTavsis<br />
moculoba _ ara umcires 20 m 3 , saTavsis simaRle _ aranakleb 4 metrisa.<br />
saTavsebSi, sadac xdeba Warbi siTbos gamoyofa, aucilebelia momden-<br />
gamwovi ventilaciis sistemebis gaTvaliswineba. #4 cxrilSi warmodgenilia<br />
mikroklimatis optimaluri parametrebi.<br />
wlis<br />
periodi<br />
civi<br />
Tbili<br />
samuSaos<br />
kategoria<br />
msubuqi _ 1 а<br />
msubuqi _ 1 в<br />
msubuqi _ 1 а<br />
msubuqi _ 1 в<br />
haeris<br />
temperatura,<br />
0 C<br />
22-24<br />
21-23<br />
23-25<br />
22-24<br />
25<br />
haeris<br />
fardobiTi<br />
tenianoba, %<br />
40-60<br />
40-60<br />
40-60<br />
40-60<br />
cxrili #4<br />
haeris<br />
moZraobis<br />
siCqare, m/wm<br />
SeniSvna: 1 а _ jdomiTi samuSao, romelic ar saWiroebs fizikur datvirTvebs,<br />
energiis danaxarjiT 120 kkal/sT-mde;<br />
1в _ samuSao, romelic tardeba jdomiT an dgomiT mdgomareobaSi da<br />
dakavSirebulia sirTulesTan, energiis danaxarjiT 120-170 kkal/sT.<br />
kompiuterebi unda ganlagdes ise, rom bunebrivi sinaTlis nakadi samuSao<br />
magidas ecemodes marcxnidan (nax. 2).<br />
0,1<br />
0,1<br />
0,1<br />
0,2
saTavsebi, sadac moTavsebulia personaluri el.gamomTvleli manqanebi,<br />
nax. 2. saTavsSi kompiuterebis<br />
ganlageba<br />
warmoqmnis da darRvevebis profilaqtikisaTvis [7].<br />
nax. 3. kompiuterTan jdomisas<br />
operatoris swori pozicia<br />
26<br />
dauSvebelia samuSao adgilebis<br />
ganlageba oTaxis kuTxeSi an piriT<br />
kedlisaken (kedlidan daSoreba unda<br />
iyos aranakleb 1 metrisa). sasurvelia<br />
kompiuteri ise iyos ganTavsebuli,<br />
rom Tvalebis awevisa da mzeris<br />
gadatanisas SesaZlebeli iyos<br />
yvelaze ufro daSorebuli sagnis<br />
danaxva _ es aris mxedvelobiTi<br />
organos gantvirTvis erT-erTi xerxi.<br />
ramodenime kompiuteris arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi manZili kompiuteris<br />
monitorsa da meore kompiuteris ukana<br />
panels Soris unda iyos aranakleb<br />
2 metrisa, gverdiT panelebs Soris _<br />
aranakleb 1,2 metrisa. operatoris<br />
swori poza da xelebis ganlageba<br />
mniSvnelovania sayrden-mamoZravebel<br />
aparatSi daRlilobis sindromis<br />
nax. 4. klaviaturaze opera-<br />
toris xelebis ganlageba
ergonomikis bolo kvlevebma aCvena, rom idealur mdgomareobad iTvleba,<br />
roca klaviaturis daxris kuTxea 12-15 0 . klaviaturam unda uzrunvelyos yvela<br />
klaviSis da Rilakis Tavisufali, erTgvarovani svla. klaviSebis sayrdeni<br />
mowyobilobis minimaluri winaRoba unda Seadgendes 0,25 niutons, maqsimaluri<br />
_ 1,5 niutons. kompiuteris yvela funqcionaluri nawili (monitori,<br />
klaviatura, printeri, sistemuri bloki, mausi) ganlagebuli unda iyos myar<br />
zedapirze.<br />
samuSao magidis konstruqciam unda uzrunvelyos samuSao zedapirze<br />
mowyobilobebis da dokumentaciis optimaluri ganlageba maTi raodenobis da<br />
konstruqciis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
nax. 5. samuSao zonaSi kompiuteris da dokumentaciis ganlageba<br />
samuSao magida SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva konstruqciis, misi zedapiris<br />
sinaTlis arekvlis koeficienti unda Seadgendes 0,5-0,7.<br />
magidis simaRle В 3 unda Seadgendes 680-800 mm, magidis sigane _ 800, 1000,<br />
1200, 1400 mm.<br />
kompiuteri magidaze an dgarze iseTnairad unda iyos ganlagebuli, rom<br />
ekranidan informaciis dakvirvebis manZili L 1 ar unda aRematebodes 700 mm-s<br />
(optimaluri manZilia 450-550 mm). zogadad, dakvirvebis manZili airCeva ekranze<br />
gasarCevi niSnis simaRlis H da kuTxuri zomebis mixedviT:<br />
L1=H/2tg ( /2)<br />
ricxvebisaTvis da asoebisaTvis -s mniSvnelobebi unda iyos 15-dan 18-mde.<br />
ekrani simaRlis mixedviT unda iyos ganlagebuli iseTnairad, rom ekranis<br />
centrsa da dakvirvebis horizontalur xazs Soris kuTxe 1 20 0 -s Seadgendes.<br />
27
aucilebeli dokumentacia saWiroa ganlagdes marcxnidan ise, rom kuTxe 2<br />
ekransa da dokumentacias Soris kuTxe 2 Seadgendes 30-400-s, TviT<br />
dokumentaciasa da operatoris Tvals Soris manZili unda iyos 450-500 mm.<br />
samuSao skami (savarZeli) SeirCeva operatoris antropometriuli<br />
monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. skamis (savarZlis) konstruqciam unda<br />
uzrunvelyos fiziologiurad racionaluri samuSao poza, masze<br />
mosaxerxebeli unda iyos pozis Secvla, raTa Semcirdes zurgis da kisris<br />
kunTebis statikuri daZabuloba da ar dairRves sisxlis cirkulacia.<br />
skams (savarZels) unda hqondes asawev-wriuli moZraobebis Sesasrulebeli<br />
meqanizmi, unda xdebodes sajdomis da sazurges daxris kuTxis regulireba.<br />
skami (savarZeli) unda iyos advilregulirebadi da saimedo fiqsaciiT. skamis<br />
(savarZlis) simaRle iatakidan unda Seadgendes 400-500 mm, sazurges gadaxris<br />
kuTxe unda Seadgendes ±30 0 .<br />
statistikuri monacemebiT ergonomiulad sworad SerCeuli skami<br />
(savarZeli) CveulebrivTan SedarebiT:<br />
_ orjer amcirebs Secdomebs;<br />
_ 7%-iT zrdis yuradRebis koncentracias;<br />
_ 9%-iT zrdis aqtivobis SenarCunebis faqtors.<br />
savarZlis gadasakravi unda iyos praqtikuli, fizikuri datvirTvebisadmi<br />
mdgradi, higienuri da komfortuli.<br />
jdomis idealuri pozaa, rodesac fexebi mTlianad exeba iataks da<br />
muxlebis moxris kuTxe Seadgens ~90 0 . sayuradReboa is faqtoric, rom<br />
sajdomis kideebs unda hqondes rbili momrgvalebuli forma, raTa ar moxdes<br />
dawola periferiul sisxlZarRvebze [7].<br />
samuSao adgili unda iyos aRWurvili 300 mm siganis da 20 0 -iani kuTxiT<br />
daxris mqone fexebis dasadebiT. sadgaris zedapiri unda iyos daRaruli.<br />
3.8. kompiuterTan muSaobis usafrTxo parametrebi<br />
fsiqologiurma kvlevebma gamoavlina, rom kompiuterTan daZabuli<br />
muSaobis procesSi operators gadaRla aReniSneba muSaobis dawyebidan oTxi<br />
28
saaTis Semdeg. fiziologiuri maCveneblebis obieqturi cvlilebebi aRiniSneba<br />
orsaaTiani muSaobis Semdeg, amitom saWiroa Sesvenebis mowyoba.<br />
daRlilobis xarisxi ZiriTadad damokidebulia operatoris muSaobis<br />
xasiaTze, romelic SeiZleba iyos:<br />
a. _ informaciis miReba-gadmotanasTan dakavSirebuli samuSao;<br />
b. _ informaciis SeyvanasTan dakavSirebuli samuSao;<br />
g. _ kompiuterTan dialogis reJimSi SemoqmedebiTi samuSao.<br />
didi datvirTva mxedvelobiT organoze aRiniSneba informaciis Seyvanisas<br />
da dialogis reJimSi muSaobisas. am SemTxvevaSi damatebiT vlindeba Zlieri<br />
saerTo gadaRla. gadaRlis TvalsazrisiT dialogis reJimis samuSaoebi<br />
kompiuterul grafikasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebis identuria, romelic<br />
mxedvelobaze axdens mniSvnelovan datvirTvas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu ekrani pataraa, xolo gasarCevi detalebis simkvrive _ maRali.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, samuSaos daZabulobis da simZimis kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT dadgenilia SesvenebisaTvis saWiro dro.<br />
#5 cxrilSi warmodgenilia reglamentirebuli dasvenebis drois<br />
damokidebuleba samuSaos simZimis kategoriasTan, niSnebis raodenobasTan da<br />
samuSaos xangrZlivobasTan.<br />
Sesvenebebis dros rekomendebulia Tvalebis da saerTo varjiSebis<br />
Catareba. dauSvebelia Sesvenebebis gamoyeneba kompiuteruli TamaSebisaTvis.<br />
kompiuterTan<br />
muSaobis<br />
kategoria<br />
niSnebis raodenoba<br />
cvlis<br />
xangrZlivoba _<br />
8 sT.<br />
cvlis<br />
xangrZlivoba _<br />
12 sT.<br />
29<br />
kompiuterTan<br />
muSaobis<br />
xangrZlivoba<br />
cxrili#5<br />
Sesvenebebis<br />
jamuri dro,<br />
wuTSi.<br />
I 20000-mde 15000-mde 2 sT-mde 30- - - - - 70<br />
II 40000-mde 30000-mde 4 sT-mde 50- - - - - 90<br />
III 60000-mde 40000-mde 6 sT-mde 70- - - - - 120<br />
gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovs bavSvebis da mozardebis xangrZlivi<br />
yofna kompiuterTan, radganac es iwvevs progresirebad axlomxedvelobas.<br />
3 wlamde bavSvebis kompiuterTan yofna iwvevs mxedvelobiT da emociur<br />
datvirTvebs. 3-7 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis kompiuterTan TamaSisaTvis dro
unda Semoifarglos 15-20 wuTiT; me-2, me-5 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 15-20<br />
wuTiT; me-6, me-7 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 20 wuTiT; me-8, me-9 klasis<br />
moswavleebisaTvis _ 25 wuTiT; me-10, me-12 klasis moswavleebisaTvis _ 20-30<br />
wuTiT.<br />
studentebs, romlebsac muSaoba uwevT kompiuterTan, waeyenebaT damatebiTi<br />
moTxovnebi _ 1 kursis studentebisaTvis kompiuterTan muSaobis optimaluri<br />
droa 2 saaTi, maRali kursis studentebisaTvis _ 3 saaTi. TvalebisaTvis<br />
sasargebloa yovel 20-25 wuTSi saTanado varjiSebis Catareba.<br />
Ramis cvlaSi momuSaveTaTvis Sesvenebebis xangrZlivoba 30%-iT unda<br />
gaizardos, aseTi Sesvenebebi aucilebelia, mxedvelobiTi analizatorebis<br />
dasvenebisaTvis, gadaRlilobisa da nervul-emociuri daZabulobis Sesamcire-<br />
blad, hipodinamiis gavlenis asacileblad.<br />
3.9. kompiuterTan muSaoba mxedvelobis sxvadasxva defeqtis dros<br />
mxedvelobis defeqtis mqone pirebisaTvis kompiuterTan muSaobis<br />
SesaZlebloba ganisazRvreba, erTis mxriv samuSaos simZimis xarisxiT da<br />
meores mxriv _ mxedvelobis defeqtis saxiT.<br />
yvela is piri, romelic apirebs kompiuterTan muSaobas, unda gaesinjos<br />
eqim-oftalmologs.<br />
I kategoriis simZimis samuSaoebs miekuTvneba: informaciis gadmotana 20000-<br />
mde niSani/cvlaSi, informaciis Seyvana 15000-mde niSani/cvlaSi, 2<br />
saaTamde/cvlaSi dialogis reJimSi muSaoba. aseTi saxis datvirTvebi ar<br />
miekuTvneba mxedvelobiT-daZabuls da operatori ar saWiroebs specialur<br />
gasinjvas. sasurvelia mxedvelobis simaxvilis koreqcia ar iyos 0,4-ze naklebi,<br />
rac iZleva 60-70 sm-is siSoreze standartuli Sriftis wakiTxvis saSualebas.<br />
II kategoriis simZimis samuSaoebia: informaciis gadmotana 40000<br />
niSani/cvlaSi, informaciis Seyvana 30000 niSani/cvlaSi, dialogis reJimSi<br />
muSaoba 4 saaTamde/cvlaSi _ miekuTvneba daZabul samuSaoebs. aseT samuSaoebze<br />
dakavebul pirebs SeiZleba hqondeT Sorsmxedveloba da axlomxedveloba 8,0<br />
dioptriamde * , astigmatizmi 3,0 dioptriamde, mxedvelobis simaxvile koreqciiT<br />
30
0,5/0,2. dauSvebelia kompiuterTan samuSaod glaukomiT daavadebuli piris<br />
miReba.<br />
III kategoriis simZimis samuSaoebia _ informaciis gadmotana 60000<br />
niSnamde/cvlaSi, informaciis Seyvana 40000 niSnamde/cvlaSi, dialogis reJimi 6<br />
saaTamde/cvlaSi. aseT samuSaoebze daiSvebian: Sorsmxedvelebi _ 3,0<br />
dioptriamde, axlomxedvelebi _ 6,0 dioptriamde, astigmatizmis SemTxvevaSi _<br />
2,0 dioptriamde, mxedvelobis simaxvile koreqciiT aranaklebi 0,7/0,5.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom akomodaciis *** faqtori damokidebulia asakze<br />
(20 wlamde _ 5,0 dioptria, 21-25 wlamde _ 4,0 dioptria, 26-30 wlamde _ 3,0<br />
dioptria, 31-40 wlamde _ 2,0 dioptria). operators aucileblad unda hqondes<br />
binokularuli mxedveloba ** . dauSvebelia iseTi pirebis dasaqmeba, romlebsac<br />
aqvT midrekileba maRali TvalisSida wnevisadmi. II da III kategoriis simZimis<br />
samuSaoebisaTvis ikrZaleba iseTi pirebis dasaqmeba, romlebsac aReniSnebaT<br />
Tvalis anTebiTi da alergiuli daavadebebi, baduras da mxedvelobiTi nervis<br />
dazianebebi.<br />
iseTi programebis Sesrulebisas, romlis drosac feris faqtori<br />
mniSvnelovani informaciis matarebelia, dauSvebelia feriTi mxedvelobis<br />
defeqtis mqone adamianebis miReba, rogoricaa sibrmave wiTel (protonopia) da<br />
mwvane (deiteranopia) ferebze [8].<br />
*dioptria _ linzis an linzebis sistemis optikuri Zalis erTeuli, is udris linzis<br />
fokusuri manZilis (metrebSi) Sebrunebul mniSvnelobas;<br />
** binokularuli mxedveloba _ orive Tvalis mxedveloba, romlis drosac iqmneba sagnebis<br />
moculobiTi aRqma;<br />
***akomodacia _ sxvadasxva manZilze myofi sagnebis garCevis unari da Segueba.<br />
31
Tavi 4. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis muSaobisas sawarmoo<br />
garemos komfortuli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
4.1. mikroklimati da sahaero garemo<br />
sawarmos saTavsis mikroklimatur pirobebSi igulisxmeba garemos<br />
temperatura, fardobiTi tenianoba, haeris damtverianeba da moZraobis siCqare.<br />
sawarmoo mikroklimati udides gavlenas axdens adamianis funqcionalur<br />
moRvaweobaze, mis guneba-ganwyobilebaze, janmrTelobaze da marTvis<br />
saSualebebis saimedoobaze. sawarmoo saTavsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
mikroklimaturi parametrebis jamuri qmedeba. miuxedavad am parametrebis<br />
cvalebadobisa, sxeulis temperatura rCeba mudmiv doneze (36-37 0 C) adamianis<br />
organizmSi mimdinare rTuli fiziologiuri da refleqtoruli procesebi<br />
uzrunvelyofen sxeulis temperaturis mudmivobas. am process Termoregulacia<br />
ewodeba,<br />
haeris temperatura aris mikroklimatis siTburi mdgomareobis ZiriTadi<br />
parametri. temperatura izomeba celsiusis an kelvinis gradusebSi.<br />
haeris moZraobis siCqare sxvadasxva Zalebis zemoqmedebiT haeris nakadebis<br />
gadaadgilebis siCqaris veqtoria. adamiani haeris moZraobas SeigrZnobs 0,15-0,2<br />
m/wm siCqarisas. haeris maRali tenianoba aferxebs Termoregulaciis process,<br />
radganac kanis zedapiridan da filtvebidan mcirdeba tenis aorTqleba.<br />
dabali fardobiTi tenianobisas (20%-ze naklebi) adamians uCndeba zeda<br />
sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis simSrale.<br />
mikroklimatze gansakuTrebulad did gavlenas axdens saTavsebSi<br />
ganlagebuli eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebi (egm), damxmare mowyobilobebi,<br />
ganaTebis sistemebi, momsaxure personali. samanqano darbazSi egm-is mier<br />
siTbogamoyofis saSualo sidideebi Seadgens 310-400 vati/m 2 ; periferiuli<br />
aparaturis mier _ 125-140 vati/m 2 ; sanaTi mowyobilobebisagan _ 35-70 vati/m 2 .<br />
momsaxure personalis mier garemoSi gamoyofili siTbo damokidebulia<br />
momuSaveebis raodenobaze, samuSaos intensivobaze, mikroklimatur pirobebze.<br />
egm-is mier gamoyofili siTbo Seadgens jamuri siTbogamoyofis 80%-s;<br />
ganaTebis mowyobilobebis mier _ 12%-s; momsaxure personalis mier _ 1-2%-s;<br />
32
mzis radiaciis mier _ 6%-s. aqedan gamomdinare, eleqtrogamomTvleli<br />
manqanebis sTavsebi miekuTvneba e.w. `cxeli saamqroebis~ kategorias.<br />
adamianis organizmze, informatikis da marTvis sistemebis mowyobilobebis<br />
muSaobis xarisxze did gavlenas axdens haeris fardobiTi tenianoba. 40%-ze<br />
naklebi tenianoba iwvevs egm-is kvanZebis simyifes, izolaciis gauaresebas,<br />
statikuri eleqtrobis warmoqmnas. maRali tenianobis (80%-ze meti) pirobebSi<br />
mcirdeba izolaciis winaRoba, icvleba egm-is elementebis teqnikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
marTvis sistembTan momuSave personalis janmrTelobaze, guneba-ganwyobaze<br />
da egm-is elementebis muSaobis xarisxze did gavlenas axdens garemos maRali<br />
mtvrianoba.<br />
statikuri eleqtrovelis arseboba ganapirobebs antigenebis da<br />
baqteriuli floris Semcveli mtvris monitorTan mizidvas da mis zedapirze<br />
miwebebas. eleqtrostatikuri veli monitorsa da operators Soris zrdis<br />
mtvris da kvamlis dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebis da ionebis<br />
koncentracias. aseT pirobebSi xangrZlivi muSaoba iwvevs sasunTqi gzebis,<br />
saxisa da xelebis kanis daavadebebs. statikuri eleqtrobisagan dacva unda<br />
xdebodes sanitariul-higienuri normebis Sesabamisad, eleqtrostatikuri velis<br />
daZabulobis dasaSvebi done ar unda aRematebodes 20 v/saaTSi. imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rentgenis rbili gamosxiveba (monitoris anodTan 20...22<br />
kvolti), sqemis dengamtari ubnebis maRali Zabva haeris ionizacias iwvevs.<br />
adamianisaTvis mavne dadebiTi ionebis gamo, saWiroa egm-is darbazSi mudmivad<br />
tardebodes aeroionizaciis donis kontroli. operatoris sunTqvis zonaSi<br />
aeroionizaciis optimalur doned iTvleba, roca 1 m 3 haerSi orive niSnis<br />
matarebeli, msubuqi aeroionebis raodenoba Seadgens 0,015-dan 0,00015-mde.<br />
4.2. temperaturis, fardobiTi tanianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris<br />
normireba<br />
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis sawarmoo saTavsSi<br />
temperaturis, fardobiTi tenianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris optimaluri<br />
da dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi dadgenilia Warbi siTbos, samuSaos simZimis, wlis<br />
33
sezonis, teqnologiuri procesis specifikis, kerZod, egm-is usafrTxo da<br />
saimedo funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
#6 cxrilSi warmodgenilia moqmedi sanitariul-higienuri normebis<br />
Tanaxmad samanqano darbazisaTvis da egm-is dgarebis SesasvlelebSi mikrokli-<br />
matis parametrebis mniSvnelobebi.<br />
samuSao zonaSi temperaturis, fardobiTi tenianobis da haeris moZraobis<br />
siCqaris optimaluri mniSvnelobebi<br />
cxrili#6<br />
saTavsi<br />
samanqano darbazi<br />
egm-is dgarSi SesasvlelTan:<br />
_ samanqano darbazidan haeris<br />
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi;<br />
_ kondicionerebidan haeris<br />
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
temperatura, 0 C<br />
20-22 zamTarSi<br />
18-24 zafxulSi<br />
34<br />
18-20<br />
14-16<br />
parametri<br />
fardobiTi<br />
tenianoba,<br />
%<br />
50-60<br />
60-65<br />
60-70<br />
haeris<br />
moZraobis<br />
siCqare,<br />
m/wm<br />
0,2-0,3<br />
marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis saTavsSi atmosferuli wneva unda<br />
iyos 101325±200 pa. dadablebuli wneva auaresebs egm-dan siTbos gayvanas,<br />
amcirebs haeris Tbomaizolirebel Tvisebebs, xolo Warbi wneva (24-49 kpa) xels<br />
uSlis haeris normalur wrebrunvas saTavsSi [8].<br />
4.3. saTavsebis ventilacia da kondicionireba<br />
samuSao saTavsi aRWurvili unda iyos ventilaciis da kondicionirebis<br />
sistemiT. erTis mxriv, is agrilebs kompiuterebis kvanZebs (sistemuri bloki,<br />
monitori, printeri da sxva), meores mxriv, sufTa haeris nakadi amaragebs<br />
organizms JangbadiT. dauSvebelia kompiuterTan muSaobis dros sigaretis<br />
moweva, ris Sedegadac sisxlSi grovdeba mavne naxSirbadis monoqsidi.<br />
sigaretis moweva amcirebs kunTebis SemaerTebeli qsovilis simtkices, rac<br />
zrdis travmirebis albaTobas.<br />
_<br />
_
cnobilia, rom monitoris eleqtrostatikuri veli moqmedebs sahaero<br />
garemos ionur Semadgenlobaze. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom haeris<br />
uaryofiTi ionebi (aeroionebi) biologiurad sasargebloa, xolo dadebiTi<br />
ionebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs organizmze. adamianis organizmSi aeroionebis<br />
mTavari SemTvisebelia sasunTqi organoebi da kani. amavdroulad aeroionebs<br />
intensiurad STanTqavs televizoris kineskopi da monitori. TviT kineskopis da<br />
monitoris zedapiri atarebs dadebiT muxts, romlis neitralizacia uaryofiTi<br />
ionebiT auaresebs sahaero garemos. personaluri kompiuteris saTavsebSi<br />
aeroionebis nakleboba iwvevs Jangbadis Semcirebas da `mZime~ haeris SegrZnebas.<br />
daxuTul haerSi xangrZlivi muSaoba zrdis gadaRlilobas, negatiurad<br />
moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobaze da janmrTelobaze, amitom saWiroa saTavsebis<br />
ventilacia da kondicionireba, kompiuteruli teqnikis saTavsebis xSiri<br />
ganiaveba. TviT haerSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Semcveloba zdk-s ar unda<br />
aRematebodes, kerZod, amiakis _ zdk=0,2 mg/m 3 ; fenolis _ zdk=0,003 mg/m 3 ;<br />
formaldehidis _ zdk=0,01mg/m 3 ; qlorvinilis _ zdk=0,005 mg/m 3 .<br />
amiaki NH3 _ mkveTri sunis uferuli airi. T duR=33,4 0 C, T dn=-77 0 C, simkv. 0,59.<br />
SesaZlebelia aaleba 780 0 C da 15,5-27% koncentraciis pirobebSi. wyalSi ixsneba<br />
kargad. amiakiT mowamvlas mwvave xasiaTi aqvs _ Tvalisa da sasunTqi gzebis<br />
lorwovani garsis Zlieri gaRizianeba, cremldena, Tavis tkivili, gulisreva,<br />
saxmo xvrelis SeSupeba _ gagudvis SegrZneba, Tavbru, pulsis Sesusteba;<br />
Zalian saxifaToa amiakis wyalxsnaris moxvedra TvalSi. igi Rrmad aRwevs<br />
qsovilSi da SeuZlia Zlier daazianos Tvali, rac mJRavndeba mxolod<br />
ramdenime dRis Semdeg. gadaudebeli Terapia: TvalSi moxvedrisas _ farTod<br />
gaxelili Tvalis swrafad amorecxva wylis WavliT; vazelinis an zeiTunis<br />
zeTis Cazelva; saTvale-konservi, 30%-iani albucidis xsnaris CawveTeba. kanis<br />
dazianebisas _ sufTa wyliT morecxva; Zmris, limonis, marilmJavas 5%-iani<br />
xsnaris safenebi. sasunTqi gzebidan mowamvlisas _ sufTa haeri, Tbili wylis<br />
orTqlis (umjobesia Zmarnarevi) CasunTqva, dasalevad _ borjomiani an sodiani<br />
Tbili rZe. mogudvis SemTxvevaSi _ Jangbadi; saxmo xvrelis spazmis dros _<br />
kisris areSi siTbo, Tbili wyliT inhalacia; sunTqvis SeCerebisas _<br />
xelovnuri sunTqva. damawynarebeli saSualebebi (valerianis nayeni).<br />
profilaqtika: muSa saTavsebis saerTo da adgilobrivi ventilacia.<br />
35
fenoli C6H5OH _ damaxasiaTebeli sunis mqone uferuli kristalebi;<br />
simkv. 1,07. T dn=42 0 C, T duR=181,4 0 C. ixsneba wyalSi, spirtSi, eTerSi. fenolis<br />
wyalxsnars karbolmJava ewodeba. toqsikuroba: fenoli aRizianebs sasunTq<br />
gzebs. iwvevs Tavis tkivils, gulisrevas, Tavbrus, gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs<br />
kanze. profilaqtika: adgilobrivi da saerTo-cvliTi ventilaciis gamoyeneba;<br />
pirveladi daxmareba: zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis gaRizianebisas _<br />
sufTa haeri, tute inhalacia. eqimis gamoZaxeba.<br />
formaldehidi (WianWvelaldehidi) CH2O _ umartivesi alifaturi<br />
aldehidi, mkveTri sunis mqone ufero airi. T duR=-19,2 0 C. formaldehidis 40%-ian<br />
wyalxsnars formalini ewodeba. formalini gamoiyeneba: fenol-<br />
formaldehiduri da Sardovana-formaldehiduri fisebis warmoebaSi<br />
karbamiduli fisebis, fenolformaldehidis, izoprenis da sxva mniSvnelovani<br />
produqtebis misaRebad. muSa zonis haerSi gamoiyofa fenolformaldehiduri<br />
fisebisa da urotropinis daSlisas. formaldehidi Zlieri sawamlavia. iwvevs<br />
cilis Sededebas. gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs sasunTq gzebze, Tvalisa da<br />
cxviris lorwovan garsze. xangrZlivad moqmedebisas iwvevs bronqits,<br />
koniunqtivits, dermatits. individualuri dacva da profilaqtika: sasunTqi<br />
organoebis, kanis da Tvalis dacva; efeqturi ventilaciis gamoyeneba.<br />
pirveladi daxmareba: sufTa haeri, Tvalebis amorecxva wyliT, eqimis<br />
gamoZaxeba.<br />
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis, mowyobilobebis, samanqano darbazebis da<br />
sxva saTavsebis sufTa haeriT da optimaluri mikroklimaturi parametrebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba ventilaciiT da kondicionirebiT.<br />
ventilaciisaTvis saWiro haeris xarji (m 3 /sT) isazRvreba Warbi siTbos<br />
asimilaciis pirobebidan gamomdinare:<br />
L=Q Warb/cρ (t gaw.-t momd.)<br />
dasac: Q Warb _ gamoyofili siTbo, j/sT;<br />
c _ haeris xvedriTi Tbotevadoba, j/kg;<br />
ρ _ haeris simkvrive, kg/m 3 ;<br />
t gaw. _ gawovili haeris temperatura, 0 C;<br />
t momd. _ modenili haeris temperatura, 0 C.<br />
36
siTbogamoyofebis pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba gawovili da<br />
modenili haeris temperaturebis muSa sxvaobas (t gaw.-t mod). sxvaobis mniSvneloba<br />
unda iyos maqsimalurad didi, radganac amazea damokidebuli haeris kondici-<br />
onirebis, ventilaciis haersadenebis danadgarebis zomebi. (t gaw.-t mod) sxvaoba<br />
daSvebulia 6-11 0 C-is farglebSi. Tanamedrove samanqano darbazebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia 10 0 -iani sxvaoba. aseTi sxvaobis da 310 vt/m 2 pirobebSi<br />
xvedriTi xarji Seadgens 110 m 3 /sT, xolo 3 metris simaRlis darbazebisaTvis<br />
haercvlis jeradoba Seadgens 35.<br />
samanqano darbazSi optimaluri mikroklimaturi parametrebis Sesaqmnelad<br />
gamoiyeneba xelovnuri (saerTocvliTi, adgilobrivi) da bunebrivi ventilacia.<br />
Tanamedrove eleqtrogamomTvlel manqanebSi standartuli dgarebis SigniT<br />
specialur platebze damagrebulia mravali elementi da ventilatorebi qveda<br />
da zeda ganlagebiT (nax. 6).<br />
ventilatoris qveda ganlageba ganpirobebulia dgarebis konstruqciis<br />
dabali aerodinamikuri winaRobiT (50-60 pa-mde) da mcire TbogamoyofiT. Tu<br />
konstruqcia arahermetulia, elementebis gasaciveblad haeri miewodeba Warbi<br />
wneviT _ ufro efeqturia ventilatoris zeda ganlageba.<br />
maRali aerodinamikuri winaRobis da Warbi Tbogamoyofis pirobebSi,<br />
saWiro Tburi reJimis dasamyareblad gamoiyeneba ventilatoris ormxrivi<br />
ganlageba.<br />
nax. 6. egm-is dgarebis iZulebiTi ventilaciis variantebi:<br />
a) ventilatoris zeda ganlagebiT; b) ventilatoris qveda ganlagebiT.<br />
37
samanqano darbazSi efeqturi mikroklimaturi parametrebis damyareba<br />
damokidebulia haeris miwodeba-ganawilebis da namuSevari haeris gayvanis<br />
meTodebze e.i. ventilaciis sqemebze. Warbi Tbogamoyofebis da haercvlis<br />
maRali jeradobis gamo saTavsis ventilaciis mowyoba sakmaod rTuli<br />
amocanaa. sasurvelia haeris miwodeba da gawova umoklesi gziT xdebodes.<br />
nax. 7. haeris ganawilebis sqemebi:<br />
I. `zemodan-zeviT~; II. `zemodan-qveviT~; III. `qvemodan-zeviT~.<br />
nax. 7-ze I sqemis mixedviT egm-is elementebi civdeba dgarebSi ganlagebuli<br />
ventilaciis mier Sewovili haeriT. namuSevari haeri gaiyvaneba samanqano<br />
darbazis Weridan. sqema martivia da dabalefeqturi, radganac haeri dgarebSi<br />
Seiwoveba Weridan iatakamde manZilis gavlis Semdeg.<br />
II sqemis SemTxvevaSi haeri Sedis samanqanoSi perforirebuli Weridan,<br />
Seereva Tbil haers da gaiwoveba saventilacio mesrebidan. ventilaciis aseTi<br />
sqema xels uwyobs mtvris swraf mocilebas.<br />
III sqemis mixedviT sufTa haeri miewodeba teqnologiuri iatakisqveSa<br />
milebiT, saTavsis mTel perimetrze ganlagebuli momdeni mesrebiT da<br />
xvrelebiT. gamwovi mesrebi moTavsebulia sadgaris Tavze.<br />
garda zemoT moyvanili sqemebisa cnobilia haercvlis kombinirebuli<br />
sqemebi 60 sT -1 jeradobiT.<br />
38
ganxiluli sqemebis analizi iZleva Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis<br />
saSualebas: modenili sufTa haeris gasanawileblad da namuSevari haeris<br />
mosacileblad farTod gamoiyeneba teqnologiuri iatakqveSa da Werszeda<br />
sivrceebi; gamwovi mowyobilobebi moTavsebulia Tbogamomyofi danadgarebis<br />
Tavze. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaze efeqturad iTvleba haerganawilebis<br />
kombinirebuli da `III~ sqemebi. ventilaciis konstruirebis procesSi<br />
aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos haersadenebis, momdeni da gamwovi<br />
zondebis mtvrisagan gawmenda.<br />
haeris kondicirebis danadgarebis daniSnulebaa sahaero garemos<br />
parametrebis dasaSvebi doneebis SenarCuneba. amJamad gavrcelebulia haeris<br />
kondicirebis ori sqema: gancalkevebuli da SeTavsebuli (nax. 8, 9). gancalkeve-<br />
buli sistema aRWurvilia regulirebis ori zoniT. sistemis daniSnulebaa<br />
teqnikuri saSualebebis da samanqano darbazis uzrunvelyofa haeriT. aseTi<br />
sistemebi mizanSewonilia maRali simZlavris kompiuterebisaTvis.<br />
kondicirebis SeTavsebuli sqemis SemTxvevaSi haeri erTdroulad<br />
miewodeba samanqano darbazSi da egm-is elementebis gasaciveblad. amJamad<br />
gamoiyeneba II klasis filtrebiT, damtenianeblebiT aRWurvili КТА1-8ЭВМ da<br />
КТА1-25ЭВМ markis avtonomiuri kondicionerebi, isini uzrunvelyofen<br />
teqnologiuri iatakis qveS haeris miwodebas. ganvixiloT gacivebis da<br />
kondicirebis gavrcelebuli sqemebi.<br />
nax. 8. haercvlis SeTavsebuli<br />
sqema<br />
SeTavsebuli sqemis Tanaxmad samanqano darbazSi ganTavsebul avtomatur<br />
kondicionerebs (К) haeri miewodeba specialuri arxiT. garedan Semoyvanili<br />
39<br />
nax. 9. harcvlis gancalkavebuli<br />
sqema
gafiltruli da recirkulaciuri haeris Sereva xdeba Werszeda gamwov arxSi.<br />
am narevis nawili miewodeba egm-is dgarebSi, xolo meore nawili _ samanqano<br />
darbazSi.<br />
gancalkevebuli sqemiT gare haeri Seiwoveba dabali simZlavris mqone К1<br />
kondicioneriT, gadamuSavdeba, Seereva egm-idan gamosul haers. kondicioneri К2<br />
uzrunvelyofs dgarebSi haeris miwodebas da egm-is elementebis gacivebas. К2<br />
acivebs mxolod recirkulaciur haers.<br />
samanqano darbazSi haeris temperatura regulirdeba miwodebuli sufTa<br />
haeris temperaturis cvlilebiT.<br />
haeris temperaturis gazomva xdeba haersadenebSi moTavsebuli<br />
temperaturis gadamwodebiT.<br />
4.4. informatikis da marTvis sistemis saTavsebis ganaTeba<br />
Tanamedrove marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi sawarmoo ganaTebas waeyeneba<br />
higienuri da teqno-ekonomikuri moTxovnebi.<br />
sawarmoo ganaTebis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom operatorebis<br />
da programistebis muSaobis pirobebi dakavSirebulia mxedvelobiTi<br />
informaciis (90%-mde) arsebobasTan.<br />
ganaTeba da gasanaTebeli garemo xasiaTdeba Semdegi parametrebiT.<br />
sinaTlis nakadi Ф _ xilul diapazonSi (0,38-0,77 mkm) moqceuli<br />
eleqtromagnituri energiis nawilia. sinaTlis nakadi aramarto fizikuri,<br />
aramed fiziologiuri sididea, radganac axasiaTebs mxedvelobiT aRqmas.<br />
sinaTlis nakadis erTeulad miRebulia lumeni (lm).<br />
sinaTlis Zala I _ sinaTlis nakadis sivrciTi simkvrivea, romelic<br />
ganisazRvreba sinaTlis nakadis SefardebiT sxeulovan kuTxesTan (steradiani),<br />
romelSic is vrceldeba I=Ф/ω. sinaTlis Zalis erTeulia kandela (kd).<br />
ganaTebuloba E _ sinaTlis nakadis zedapiruli simkvrivea. ganaTebuloba aris<br />
zedapirze dacemuli sinaTlis nakadis Sefardeba zedapiris sididesTan<br />
E=Ф dac./S. ganaTebulobis erTeulia luqsi, 1 luqsi=1lm/m 2 .<br />
sikaSkaSe B _ sinaTlis Zalis zedapiruli simkvrivea da ganisazRvreba<br />
rogorc zedapiris mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis Zalis Sefardeba zedapiris<br />
40
farTobTan B=I/S. sikaSkaSis sazomi erTeulia kandela/m 2 . gasanaTebeli<br />
zedapiris sikaSkaSe damokidebulia arekvlis koeficientze<br />
r= Фarekl./ Фdac. sadac: Фarekl. aris zedapiridan areklili sinaTlis nakadi; Фdac _<br />
zedapirze dacemuli sinaTlis nakadi.<br />
arekvlis koeficienti aris fonis maxasiaTebeli. foni _ zedapiria,<br />
romelzec xdeba obieqtis garCeva. Tu r>0,4 _ foni naTelia; Tu 0,2≤r≤0,4 _ foni<br />
saSualoa; Tu r0,5 _ kontrasti didia; Tu 0,2≤ K≤0,5 kontrasti saSualoa, Tu K
gk aris Senobis SigniT gazomili ganaTebulobis Sefardeba Senobis<br />
gareT ganaTebulobasTan.<br />
saTavsebSi bunebrivi ganaTebulobis sidide damokidebulia weliwadis,<br />
dRe-Ramis droze, atmosferos gamWvirvalobaze, fanjrebis farTze, minebis<br />
xarisxze da SuqSeRwevadobaze, saTavsebis siRrmeze, saTavsebSi avejis,<br />
mowyobilobebis ganlagebaze, kedlebis, Weris arekvlis koeficientze.<br />
adamianis mxedvelobis organoebisaTvis bunebrivi ganaTeba Tavisi<br />
speqtraluri SemadgenlobiT ukeTesia vidre sxvadasxva wyaroebiT warmoqmnili<br />
xelovnuri ganaTeba. garda amisa, rac ufro naklebia xelovnuri ganaTebis<br />
moxmareba, miT ufro naklebia ganaTebisTvis gaweuli xarjebi da miT ufro<br />
mizanSewonilia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
4.5. ganaTebis sitemebi da saxeebi<br />
sawarmoo ganaTebis sistemebs waeyeneba Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi:<br />
_ samuSao adgilebis ganaTebis donis Sesabamisoba Sesasrulebeli<br />
mxedvelobiTi samuSaos xasiaTTan da tipTan;<br />
_ garemoSi da samuSao zedapirebze sikaSkaSis Tanabari da sakmarisi<br />
ganawileba;<br />
_ mkveTri Crdilebis, pirdapiri da areklili bzinvarebis ararseboba<br />
acileba;<br />
_ ganaTebulobis mudmivoba droSi;<br />
_ ganaTebuli mowyobilobebis mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis nakadis<br />
optimaluri mimarTuloba;<br />
_ eqspluataciis pirobebSi xangrZlivi muSaoba, ekonomiuroba, eleqtro-<br />
da xanZarmedegoba, esTetiuroba, moxerxebuloba da simartive.<br />
sinaTlis energiis wyaros mixedviT ganasxvaveben bunebriv, xelovnur da<br />
SeTavsebul ganaTebebs.<br />
konstruqciuli niSniT bunebrivi ganaTeba SeiZleba iyos fanjrebidan _<br />
gverdiTi calmxrivi da ormxrivi; zevidan _ saaeracio fanjrebidan,<br />
gamWvirvale gadaxurvebidan; kombinirebuli _ zevidan da gverdidan<br />
erTdroulad.<br />
42
mxedvelobiTi komfortis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad did rols<br />
TamaSobs ganaTebis pirobebi. erTis mxriv, informaciis aRqmas monitoridan<br />
araferma ar unda SeuSalos xeli, meores mxriv _ operatori kargad unda<br />
xedavdes klaviaturas, asakref teqsts qaRaldze da, urTierTobisas, gverdiT<br />
myof operatorebs.<br />
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis, mowyobilobis saTavsebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
gverdiTi calmxrivi bunebrivi ganaTeba. egm-is samuSao adgilebi unda<br />
ganlagdes ise, rom bunebrivi ganaTebis ZiriTadi nakadi modiodes marcxnidan.<br />
Tu ekrani mimarTulia fanjrisaken, saWiroa specialuri ekranebis mowyoba.<br />
fanjrebi unda iyos aRWurvili Suqgambnevi StorebiT da regulirebadi<br />
JaluzebiT. saTavsebSi bgk-is mniSvneloba unda iyos aranaklebi 1,5%-isa.<br />
samuSao zedapirebis arekvlis koeficientebi unda Seadgendes WerisaTvis 0,7-0,8;<br />
kedlebisaTvis 0,5-0,6; iatakisaTvis 0,3-0,4; magidisaTvis 0,4-0,5; klaviaturisaTvis<br />
0,4-0,6. kedlebis, interieris Seferiloba unda iyos baci-yviTeli, Zvlisferi,<br />
personaluri kompiuterebis magidis zedapiri _ naturaluri xisferi, baci-<br />
mwvane, baci-nacrisferi.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTavsebisaTvis bunebrivi ganaTeba araa sakmarisi, dRis<br />
saaTebSi xelovnuri ganaTeba gamoiyeneba.<br />
xelovnuri ganaTeba Sesasrulebeli amocanis xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />
iyos muSa, avariuli, saevakuacio da dacviTi.<br />
muSa ganaTeba mowyobilia samuSao saTavsebSi, gasasvlelebSi da<br />
transportis moZraobisaTvis gankuTvnil ubnebze.<br />
avariuli ganaTebis daniSnulebaa amoqmeddes saerTo ganaTebis uecari<br />
gamorTvisas (avariis SemTxvevaSi). aseTi ganaTeba mowyobilia uwyveti samuSao<br />
procesis saTavsebSi, rogoricaa samanqano darbazi, sageneratoro,<br />
sadispetCero da saxanZro punqti, dacvis saTavsi, kavSirgabmulobis oTaxi da<br />
sxva.<br />
saevakuacio ganaTeba saWiroa muSa ganaTebis avariuli gaTiSvisas<br />
saTavsebidan adamianebis usafrTxod gasayvanad. saevakuacio ganaTebis dros<br />
gasasvlelebis iatakis doneze, kibis ujredebSi da safexurebze ganaTebuloba<br />
unda Seadgendes 0,5 luqss. saTavsebidan gasasvlel karebze unda iyos<br />
specialuri mnaTi signali _ isrebi.<br />
43
saavario da saevakuacio ganaTebis sanaTurebis kveba unda xdebodes<br />
damoukidebeli wyarodan. mTlianad gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebis<br />
da mimdebare teritoriis dacviTi ganaTeba arasamuSao dros muSa ganaTebis<br />
nawils warmoadgens.<br />
konstruqciuli Sesrulebis mixedviT xelovnuri ganaTeba aris saerTo,<br />
adgilobrivi da kombinirebuli. saerTo ganaTebis SemTxvevaSi yvela samuSao<br />
adgili naTdeba saerTo ganaTebis sistemidan. adgilobrivi ganaTebisas<br />
sinaTlis nakadi mimarTulia mxolod calkeuli konkretuli samuSao adgilis<br />
gasanaTeblad. mxolod adgilobrivi ganaTebis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia,<br />
radganac is qmnis mkveTr Crdilebs da araxelsayrel faqtorebs, rasac Tan<br />
axlavs sxvadasxva ganaTebisadmi mxedvelobis adaptaciis aucilebloba.<br />
samanqano darbazis ganaTeba unda xorcieldebodes saerTo Tanabari<br />
sistemiT. administraciul-sayofacxovrebo saTavsSi, upiratesad dokumentaci-<br />
aze muSaobisas, daSvebulia ganaTebis kombinirebuli sistema _ saerTo<br />
ganaTebasTan damatebiT moqmedebs adgilobrivi ganaTeba.<br />
samuSao dokumentaciis zonaSi, magidis zedapirze, ganaTeba unda<br />
Seadgendes 300-500 luqss, sikaSkaSe ki ar unda aRematebodes 200 kd/m 2 -s.<br />
samuSao zedapirebidan (ekrani, magida, klaviatura) arekvlili bzinvarebis<br />
Semcireba xdeba sanaTurebis tipis sworad SerCeviT, samuSao adgilTan<br />
ganaTebis wyaros racionaluri ganlagebiT. am SemTxvevaSi ekranis sikaSkaSe ar<br />
unda aRematebodes 40 kd/m 2 -s.<br />
marTvis sistemebis saTvasebSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia maRali Suqgacemis<br />
mqone (80 lumeni/vatze da meti) ЛБ, ЛТБ markis luminescenciuri naTurebi.<br />
administraciuli saTavsebisaTvis daSvebulia 250 vati simZlavris<br />
metalohalogenuri naTurebis gamoyeneba. luminescenciuri naTurebi xasiaTdeba<br />
dabali sikaSkaSiT, maT mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlis speqtri axlosaa dRis<br />
sinaTlis speqtrTan, rac uzrunvelyofs ferebis swor aRqmas. amasTan,<br />
aRsaniSnavia luminescenciuri naTurebis uaryofiTi mxareebi: sinaTlis nakadis<br />
maRali pulsacia*, rac iwvevs stroboskopiul efeqts (obieqtis damaxinjebuli<br />
mxedvelobiTi aRqma); CarTvis rTuli da ZviradRirebuli sqema; garemos<br />
*airganmuxtis naTurebisaTvis sinaTlis nakadis pulsaciis koeficinti ar unda<br />
aRematebodes 10-20%.<br />
44
temperaturis cvlilebebis mimarT maRali mgrZnobeloba; vercxliswylis<br />
orTqlis Semcvelobis gamo utilizaciis sirTule.<br />
saerTo ganaTeba Sesrulebulia sanaTurebis uwyveti an wyvetili xaziT<br />
(el.gamomTvleli manqanebis rigebad ganlagebisas), xolo kompiuterebis<br />
perimetruli ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi sanaTurebis ganlageba unda iyos<br />
lokalizebuli, TiToeuli magidis Tavze da ufro metad operatorisken<br />
mimarTuli.<br />
el.gamomTvleli manqanebis saTavsebis gasanaTeblad gamoiyeneba sarkisebri<br />
mesriani ЛПО36 seriis sanaTurebi, romlis kompleqtaciaSi Sedis<br />
maRalisixSiriani gamSvebmaregulirebeli aparatura В4ПРА. maekranirebeli<br />
mesris da ganmbnevis gareSe sanaTurebis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. aseTi<br />
sanaTurebis maragis da pulsaciis koeficientebi Sesabamisad 1,4 da 5%<br />
Seadgens.<br />
samuSao zedapirebis ganaTebulobis kontroli xorcieldeba Ю117, Ю116<br />
tipis luqsmetrebiT. luqsmetri aris gadasatani xelsawyo, romelic Sedgeba<br />
selenis fotoelementisagan, magnitoeleqtruli mzomisa da SuqmSTanTqmelebi-<br />
sagan. selenis fotoelementi aris firfita, romelzedac datanilia<br />
SuqmgrZnobiare fena (speqtraluri mgrZnobeloba axlosaa Tvalis speqtralur<br />
mgrZnobelobasTan). es fena axdens sinaTlis energiis transformirebas<br />
eleqtrul energiaSi. fotoelementis zedapirze moxvedrili sinaTlis nakadi<br />
aRZravs eleqtrul signals, romelic gadaecema mzom xelsawyos da iwvevs<br />
isris gadaxras. eleqtruli denis sidide sinaTlis nakadis intensivobis<br />
proporciulia. 0-dan 100 luqsamde diapazonSi ganaTebuloba izomeba Ria<br />
fotoelementiT, mSTanTqmelis gareSe. mSTanTqmelebis gamoyenebiT<br />
ganaTebulobis gazomvis diapazoni mniSnelovnad farTovdeba (100000 luqsamde).<br />
4.6 informatikis, marTvis sistemebis saTavsebisaTvis bunebrivi da<br />
xelovnuri ganaTebis normebi<br />
samSeneblo normebisa da wesebis Tanaxmad bunebrivi ganaTebis<br />
reglamentireba xdeba bunebrivi ganaTebis (bgk) mniSvnelobiT. xolo xelovnuri<br />
45
ganaTebis normireba _ samuSao zedapirebze ganTavsebis zRvruli umciresi<br />
mniSvnelobebiT.<br />
ganaTebis normebi Sedgenilia mxedvelobiTi samuSaoebis klasifikaciis<br />
mixedviT, romlis drosac gasaTvaliswinebelia samuSaos Tanrigi da gasarCevi<br />
detalebis zomebi.<br />
rekomendebuli saerTo ganaTebulobis mniSvnelobebi warmodgenilia #7<br />
cxrilSi [9].<br />
saTavsi<br />
saerTo ganaTebis normebi informatikis da marTvis sistemebis<br />
saTavsebisaTvis<br />
gasanaTebeli zedapiris<br />
daSoreba iatakidan, m<br />
46<br />
saerTo<br />
ganaTeba,<br />
luqsi<br />
cxrili #7<br />
pulsaciis<br />
koeficienti<br />
samanqano darbazi h _ 0,8 500 15<br />
egm-Tan momuSave personalisaTvis h _ 0,8 500 15<br />
egm-is momsaxure teqnikuri persona-<br />
h _ 0,8 500 15<br />
lisaTvis<br />
informaciis arqivi _ 300 20<br />
saventilacio danadgarebi h _ 0,8 20* _<br />
kondicionerebi h _ 0,7 75 _<br />
eleqtrokveba da safare v _ 1,5-1,8 50* _<br />
analizuri laboratoria h _ 0,8 400 10<br />
saTadarigo nawilebis,<br />
ntebis, xelsawyoebis<br />
instrume-<br />
h _ 0,8 300 20<br />
sayofacxovrebo, garderobi iatakis done 75-150 _<br />
h _ horizontaluri sibrtye; v _ vertikaluri sibrtye; * _ varvara naTurebiT<br />
ganaTeba
Tavi 5. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi xmauris Semcirebis<br />
RonisZiebebi<br />
5.1. xmauris maxasiaTeblebi da misi normireba<br />
sawarmoo procesebis kompiuterizaciis, avtomatizaciis ganviTareba<br />
dakavSirebulia iseTi aparaturis da mowyobilobebis gamoyenebasTan, romlebic<br />
eqspluataciis procesSi warmoqmnian bgeriT rxevebs.<br />
fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiT xmauri bgeriTi procesia, romelic negatiur<br />
gavlenas axdens adamianis nervul sistemaze, mis smeniT analizatorebze.<br />
xmauri aris saTavsebSi moqmedi da gavrcelebuli mavne faqtori. adamianze<br />
xmauris mavne moqmedeba mravalnairia: 80 db-is donis xmauri iwvevs<br />
<strong>Sromis</strong>unarianos daqveiTebas; 100-120 db-is donis xmauris xangrZlivi moqmedeba<br />
iwvevs smenadobis Seuqcevad dakargvas; 120-140 db-is donis xmauri smenis<br />
organoebis meqanikuri dazianebis mizezia.<br />
xmauris moqmedeba ar Semoifargleba mxolod smenis organoze<br />
zemoqmedebiT. nervuli daboloebebiT xmauri gadaecema centralur da<br />
vegetatiur nervul sistemebs da maTi meSveobiT moqmedebs Siga organoebze,<br />
riTac mniSvnelovnad cvlis organizmis funqcionalur mdgomareobas.<br />
gadidebuli donis xmauris pirobebSi adamianebi uCivian Tavis tkivils,<br />
uZilobas, swrafadganviTarebad daRlilobas, yuradRebis Sesustebas,<br />
mexsierebis daqveiTebas. yvela es simptomi operatorebis, programistebis<br />
saqmianobaSi iwvevs samuSaos mwarmoeblobis Semcirebas da Secdomebis zrdas.<br />
impulsuri da araregularuli xasiaTis xmauri mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens<br />
adamianis janmrTelobaze.<br />
bgeriTi talRebi xasiaTdeba rxevis siCqariT υ (m/wm), bgeris wneviT P (pa),<br />
bgeris sixSiriT f (herci), bgeris intensivobiT I (vat/m 2 ). adamianis smenis<br />
organo aRiqvams bgeris rxevebs 16-dan 20000 hercamde sixSiriT. 16 hercis<br />
sixSiris qvemoT (infrabgerebi) da 20000 herci sixSiris zeviT (ultrabgerebi)<br />
rxevebi ar aRiqmeba adamianis smenis aparatiT.<br />
sivrceSi bgeris talRis gavrcelebisas, xdeba energiis gadatana, romelic<br />
ganisazRvreba bgeris intensivobiT. bgeris intensivobis qveS igulisxmeba<br />
47
drois erTeulSi talRis mier farTobis erTeulze gadatanili bgeris energia.<br />
intensivobis erTeulad miCneulia 1 vati/m 2 .<br />
bgeris intensivoba bgeris wnevasTan dakavSirebulia Semdegi gantolebiT:<br />
I=P 2 /ρ0⋅c,<br />
sadac: ρ0 aris garemos simkvrive, kg/m 3 ; P _ bgeris wneva, pa; c _ bgeris<br />
gavrcelebis siCqare, m/w.<br />
ρ0⋅c namravls garemos xvedriT akustikur winaRobas uwodeben. is axasiaTebs<br />
masalebis xmaurmaizolirebel Tvisebebs.<br />
yuriT aRqmul bgeris minimalur intensivobas smenadobis zRvari I0<br />
ewodeba. SedarebisaTvis, standartul sixSired miCneulia 1000 herci. aseTi<br />
sixSiris dros smenadobis zRvari I0=10 -12 vt/m 2 da Sesabamisi bgeris wneva<br />
ρ0=2⋅10 -5 pa.<br />
bgeris maqsimalur intensivobas, romlis drosac iwyeba mtkivneuli<br />
SegrZnebebi, mtkivneuli zRvari ewodeba. mtkivneul zRvarze I=10 2 vt/m 2 da<br />
P=2⋅10 2 pa. smenadobis da mtkivneulobis zRvars Soris mdebare ares smenadobis<br />
are ewodeba.<br />
bgeris intensivobis da wnevis cvlilebebis diapazoni Zalian farToa da<br />
amitom maTi Sefaseba absoluturi sidideebiT mouxerxebelia.<br />
adamianis smenis organo reagirebs ara bgeris intensivobis da wnevis<br />
absolutur namravlze, aramed maT fardobaze. imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes didi<br />
ricxvebiT operireba, a. belis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli logariTmuli erTe-<br />
uli _ decibeli (db). bgeris intensivobis done L (db) ganisazRvreba<br />
formuliT L=10lg (I/Io), xolo bgeris wnevis done Lp=20 lg(P/P0). Tu formulebSi<br />
CavsvamT Io, I an P0, P mniSvnelobebs _ miviRebT smenadi bgerebis diapazonis<br />
sidides.<br />
L1=Lp=L=10lg 10 2 /10 -12 =20lg 2⋅10 2 /2⋅10 -5 =140 db.<br />
amrigad, smenadi bgerebis diapazoni mdebareobs 0-dan 140 db zRvrebSi.<br />
bgeris intensivobis da bgeris wnevis done ar gansazRvravs xmamaRlobas,<br />
radganac adamians sxvadasxva sixSiris bgerebis mimarT gaaCnia sxvadasxva<br />
mgrZnobeloba, amitom sxvadasxva sixSiris bgerebis SedarebisaTvis<br />
SemoRebulia bgeris xmamaRlobis done, romelic izomeba fonebSi. magaliTad,<br />
48
erTnairi wnevis donis da sxvadasxva sixSiris (100 da 1000 herci) mqone ori<br />
bgera adamianis yuris mier aRiqmeba rogorc sxvadasxva xmamaRloba. pirveli,<br />
100 hercis mqone bgera esmis adamians rogorc ufro xmadabali, vidre meore.<br />
adamianis smenis organo gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea saSualo da maRali<br />
sixSiris (700-4000 herci), vidre dabali sixSiris (20-100 herci) bgerebis mimarT.<br />
xmamaRlobis done fonebSi ar iZleva xmamaRlobis fiziologiur<br />
SegrZnebas. imisaTvis, rom damyardes raodenobrivi kavSiri xmamaRlobis donesa<br />
da xmamaRlobis fiziologiur SegrZnebebs Soris, SemoRebulia xmamaRlobis<br />
subieqturi, sistemgareSe erTeuli _ soni.<br />
xmauris parametrebis Sefaseba xdeba oqtavur zolebSi.<br />
mTlianobaSi zolis daxasiaTebisaTvis aiReba saSualogeometriuli<br />
sixSire s.g. , sadac da Sesabamisad udablesi da umaRlesi<br />
sixSireebia.<br />
#8 cxrilSi moyvanilia gamoTvliTi teqnikis da mowyobilobebis<br />
saTavsebSi bgeris wnevis dasaSvebi doneebi.<br />
samuSao adgilebze bgeris wnevis dasaSvebi doneebi<br />
49<br />
cxrili #8<br />
oqtavuri zolebis saSualogeometri- bgeris<br />
saTavsi<br />
uli sixSireebi, hc<br />
eqvivalenturi<br />
63 125 250 500 1000 4000 8000 done, db<br />
egm-is teqnikuri<br />
personalis<br />
71 61 54 49 45 40 38 50<br />
administraciuli 79 70 63 58 55 50 49 60<br />
samanqano darbazi 83 74 68 63 60 55 54 65<br />
servisuli aparaturis<br />
saTavsi<br />
saventilacio<br />
94 87 82 78 75 71 70 80<br />
kamerebi, sageneratoro,<br />
meqanikuri saxelosnoebi<br />
99 92 86 83 80 76 75 85
5.2 informatikis, marTvis sistemebis teqnikuri saSualebebis xmauris wyaroebi<br />
da maxasiaTeblebi<br />
warmoSobis mixedviT xmauri SeiZleba iyos: meqanikuri (manqanebis<br />
detalebis rxevebi an maTi urTierTgadaadgileba) da aerodinamikuri (drekadi<br />
konstruqciebi, airebi, siTxeebi, eleqtruli manqanebi).<br />
marTvis saSualebebis da mowyobilobebis samuSao adgilebze gvxvdeba<br />
xmauris farTo speqtri. teqnikuri saSualebebi _ perforatorebi, qmnian<br />
meqanikur xmaurs; kondicionerebi, kompresorebi _ aerodinamikur xmaurs; Zabvis<br />
gardamqmnelebi _ eleqtromagnitur xmaurs. saTavsebSi aseve xmauris<br />
warmomqmnelia procesorebi, sabeWdi mowyobilobebi. perspeqtiul<br />
mimarTulebad iTvleba dabalxmauriani mowyobilobis konstruireba da<br />
gamoSveba, amitom SemoRebulia manqanebis xmauris teqnikuri normireba.<br />
standartisa da teqnikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT manqanis pasportSi<br />
miTiTebulia xmauris maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
#9 cxrilSi moyvanilia egm-is teqnikuri saSualebebis xmauris<br />
maxasiaTeblebi.<br />
egm-ebis teqnikuri saSualebebis bgeris simZlavris doneebi, db<br />
mowyobilobebi<br />
procesori<br />
EC-2050<br />
perfolentaze<br />
gamosayvani<br />
mowyobiloba EC-<br />
7022<br />
sabeWdi<br />
mowyobilobebi:<br />
EC-7030<br />
EC-7032<br />
perfolenta<br />
EC-9020-ze<br />
monacemTa<br />
momzadebis<br />
mowyobiloba<br />
magnitur lentze<br />
magrovebeli:<br />
EC-5010<br />
EC-7903<br />
EC-7018<br />
EC-7077<br />
EC-6012<br />
oqtavuri zolebis saSualogeometriuli sixSireebi, hc<br />
63 125 250 500 1000 4000 8000<br />
74 75 76 78 76 70 65<br />
73 78 72 80 86 89 88<br />
76<br />
78<br />
76<br />
80<br />
50<br />
78<br />
79<br />
84<br />
81<br />
86<br />
85<br />
84<br />
80<br />
69 74 75 74 74 73 74<br />
73<br />
53<br />
76<br />
61<br />
68<br />
74<br />
64<br />
80<br />
68<br />
68<br />
77<br />
80<br />
84<br />
72<br />
73<br />
80<br />
78<br />
84<br />
74<br />
82<br />
79<br />
74<br />
85<br />
75<br />
79<br />
69<br />
72<br />
77<br />
70<br />
74<br />
80<br />
80<br />
70<br />
71<br />
73<br />
64<br />
67<br />
cxrili #9
ogorc wesi, samanqano darbazSi, servisuli da periferiuli aparatebis<br />
saTavsebSi ganlagebulia xmauris mravali wyaro.<br />
saventilacio da kondicionirebis mowyobiloba _ danadgarebis xmauri (80-<br />
90 db) gadaecema Senobis konstruqciebiT da haersadenebiT samuSao saTavsebs.<br />
amitom aerodinamikuri xmauris dadableba maTi gavrcelebis gzebze<br />
warmoadgens bgeris intensivobis da wnevis donis Semcirebis ZiriTad amocanas.<br />
5.3. xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi<br />
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis saTavsebSi<br />
xmaurisagan dacva xorcieldeba Semdegi meTodebiT: xmauris Semcireba<br />
wyaroSive, individualuri da koleqtiuri dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba,<br />
sawarmoo saTavsebis racionaluri dagegmva da akustikuri damuSaveba. yvelaze<br />
efeqturia wyaroSive xmauris Semcireba an misi mimarTulebis Secvla, magram es<br />
iwvevs xmaurwarmomqmneli kvanZis konstruqciul gadakeTebas, rac moqmedi egm-<br />
isaTvis xSirad miuRebelia.<br />
aerodinamikuri xmauris Sesamcireblad gamoiyeneba xmaursaizolacio<br />
sadebi _ rezini, qeCa, korpi da amortizatoris mravali saxeoba. sadebi<br />
Tavsdeba manqana-aparaturis Zirsa da sayrden zedapirs Soris. magidaze<br />
moTavsebuli xmaurwarmomqmneli aparatura _ gamomTvlelebi, perforaciuli<br />
manqanebi unda moTavsdes sinTetikuri masalisagan damzadebul sadebze, an<br />
rbil qsovilze. TviT magidis fexebis boloebSi unda damagrdes 6-8 mm sisqis<br />
rbili rezinis an qeCis sadebi.<br />
farTo gavrceleba hpova xmaurmaizolirebelma gadamRobma konstruqciebma,<br />
rogoricaa: aguri, mina-bloki, xe da mkvrivi plastmasebi. maTi<br />
xmaurmaizolirebeli Tvisebebi damokidebulia konstruqciis gabaritebze,<br />
masaze, fenebis raodenobaze, xmauris speqtrze. dabalsixSiriani xmauris<br />
acileba ukeTesia mZime konstruqciebiT, maRalsixSiriani xmaurisaTvis _<br />
SedarebiT Txeli da msubuqi SemoRobvebis mowyoba.<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi xmauris donis Sesamcireblad gamoiyeneba akustikuri<br />
ekrani, romlis moqmedeba emyareba masze dacemuli bgeris talRebis STanTqmaze<br />
da arekvlaze. ekranebi mzaddeba mTliani, myari furclebisagan an farebisagan,<br />
51
omlebzec xSirad orive mxridan datanilia 50 mm sisqis xmaurmSTanTqmeli<br />
masala. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos is garemoeba, rom dabalsixSiriani e.i.<br />
ufro grZeli talRebi advilad Semouvlian SemoRobvas, amitom ekranis<br />
gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia saSualo da maRalsixSiruli xmauris<br />
Sesamcireblad.<br />
Tu ar xerxdeba xmauris Semcireba wyaroSi, zedapiridan arekvlili<br />
talRebis Semcireba miiRweva xmaurSTanTqmiT. xmaurSTanTqma aris akustikurad<br />
damuSavebuli zedapirebis Tviseba Seamciros bgeris intensivobis done bgeris<br />
energiis siTbur energiaSi gardaqmnis xarjze. xmaurSTanTqma samanqano<br />
darbazis servisuli da periferiuli aparaturis saTavsebis xmauris<br />
Semcirebis martivi da efeqturi RonisZiebaa.<br />
masalis unari, STanTqas masze dacemuli bgeris talRa, xasiaTdeba<br />
bgeraSTanTqmis koeficientiT α=E ST/E dac. α=1-is SemTxvevaSi masala mTlianad<br />
STanTqavs bgeris talRebs. xmaurmSTanTqmelad iTvleba iseTi masalebi da<br />
konstruqciebi, romelTa bgeraTSTanTqmis koeficienti α≥0,2.<br />
saukeTeso xmaurmSTanTqmeli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba boWkovan-forovani<br />
masalebi: fibrolituri filebi, minaboWko, mineraluri bamba, foroplasti,<br />
forovani polivinilqloridi da sxva. es masalebi 8-15 decibeliT amcireben<br />
xmauris dones.<br />
#10 cxrilSi moyvanilia zogierTi samSeneblo masalis da konstruqciis<br />
mier bgeris STanTqmis koeficientis mniSvnelobebi.<br />
bgeris STanTqmis efeqti izrdeba saTavsis simaRlis Semcirebisas. 6<br />
metris simaRlis saTavsSi mizanSewonilia xmauris wyarosagan minimalurad<br />
dacilebuli Camokiduli Weris mowyoba. didi farTobis saTavsebSi (500 m 2 -ze<br />
meti), xmauris wyarosagan kedlebis SesamCnevi dacilebis gamo, ar axdenen maT<br />
dafarvas xmaursaizolacio masaliT.<br />
52
masalebis da konstruqciebis bgeris STanTqmis koeficientis sidideebi<br />
cxrili #10<br />
SemoRobvis tipi masala an konstruqcia<br />
oqtavuri zolebis saSualogeometriuli<br />
sixSireebi, hc.<br />
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000<br />
betoni 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,04<br />
iataki<br />
xis iataki<br />
5 mm sisqis linoleumi<br />
0,1<br />
0,02<br />
0,1<br />
0,02<br />
0,1 0,08<br />
0,03 0,03<br />
0,06<br />
0,04<br />
0,06<br />
0,04<br />
xe-boWkovani fila, h=25 mm. 0,18 0,11 0,19 0,39 0,95 0,56<br />
SeRebili betoni 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,02<br />
gadamRobi<br />
konstruqcia<br />
(kedlebi, Weri)<br />
aguris kedeli<br />
zeTis saRebaviT dafaruli<br />
kedeli<br />
mSrali baTqaSi<br />
0,02<br />
0,01<br />
0,02<br />
0,03<br />
0,01<br />
0,05<br />
0,03 0,04<br />
0,02 0,02<br />
0,06 0,08<br />
0,05<br />
0,03<br />
0,08<br />
0,07<br />
0,03<br />
0,05<br />
xis paneli, h=10 mm 0,25 0,15 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,04<br />
bgeraSTanTqmeli<br />
konstruqciebi<br />
perforirebuli akustikuri<br />
fila, h=20 mm<br />
minaboWkos sagebi, h=50 mm<br />
0,03<br />
0,4<br />
0,17<br />
0,85<br />
0,68<br />
0,98<br />
0,98<br />
1,0<br />
0,86<br />
0,93<br />
0,45<br />
0,97<br />
fanjara silikaturi mina 0,35 0,25 0,18 0,12 0,07 0,04<br />
haersadenebidan, saventilacio da kondicionirebis danadgarebis arxebidan<br />
marTvis mowyobilobebis saTavsebSi SeRweuli xmauris Semcireba xdeba<br />
mayuCebis gamoyenebiT. mayuCi SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri (xmaurmSTanTqmeli<br />
masaliT) da reaqtiuli (masalis gareSe). am mizniT gamoiyeneba aqtiuri mayuCebi<br />
_ milovani, firfitovani da kameriani. milovan mayuCSi xmauris Semcireba<br />
damokidebulia Sida amogebuli zedapiris farTze, perimetrze, amosageb<br />
masalaze. maRali sixSiris xmauris CasaxSobad amosagebi fenis sisqe unda<br />
Seadgendes aranaklebi. 20-30 mm-s, dabalsixSiriani xmauris Sesasusteblad ki _<br />
80-100 mm. firfitovani da kameriani mayuCebi gamoirCeva konstruqciis sirTuliT<br />
da didi gabaritebiT. [10]<br />
Tu samuSao adgilze ar xerxdeba xmauris donis Semcireba dasaSveb<br />
zRvramde, gamoyenebul unda iqnas individualuri dacvis saSualebebi.<br />
konstruqciuli Sesrulebis mixedviT, individualuri dacvis saSualebebs<br />
miekuTvneba: xmaursawinaaRmdego sayurisi, muzaradi, CaCqani. rogorc wesi,<br />
saTavsebSi sakmarisia dacvis martivi saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa<br />
elastiuri masalisagan damzadebuli xmaursawinaaRmdego sadebi.<br />
E<br />
53
Tavi 6. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis eleqtro<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />
6.1. eleqtruli denis moqmedeba adamianze<br />
eleqtruli danadgarebi, egm-is mowyobilobebi adamianisaTvis did<br />
saSiSroebas warmoadgens, radganac eqspluataciis procesSi an saremonto<br />
profilaqtikuri samuSaoebis Catarebisas momuSave SeiZleba Seexos Zabvis qveS<br />
myof nawilebs.<br />
eleqtrodanadgaris specifiuri saSiSroebaa dengamtari sadenebis, egm-is<br />
korpusis izolaciis dazianeba. eleqtrul denze adamianis reaqcia vlindeba<br />
mxolod maSin, rodesac is mis sxeulSi gaivlis.<br />
adamianis sxeulSi gamavali eleqtruli deni iwvevs Termul,<br />
eleqtrolitur, meqanikur da biologiur moqmedebas.<br />
Termuli moqmedeba vlindeba sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis sidamwvreSi,<br />
eleqtrolituri-organuli siTxeebis (sisxli, limfa) daSlaSi da maTi<br />
fizikur-qimiuri Semadgenlobis cvlilebaSi. meqanikuri moqmedeba iwvevs<br />
kunTovani qsovilis gaxleCas. denis biologiuri moqmedeba mdgomareobs deniT<br />
organizmis qsovilebis aRgznebaSi.<br />
eleqtruli denis mravalferovani zemoqmedebis Sedegia eleqtruli travma<br />
da eleqtruli dartyma. eleqtrul travmebs miekuTvneba: sxvadasxva xarisxis<br />
damwvrobebi; kanis moliToneba-eleqtrorkalis moqmedebis Sedegad kanis<br />
siRrmeSi gamdnari liTonis umciresi nawilakebis SeWra; monacrisfro-<br />
moyviTalo feris eleqtruli niSnebi kanze; eleqtroofTalmia-eleqtrorkalis<br />
gamosxivebiT Tvalebis dazianeba.<br />
eleqtruli dartymis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezia denis biologiuri<br />
moqmedeba, romelic mdgomareobs organizmis sasicocxlo funqciebisaTvis<br />
mniSnelovani bioeleqtruli procesebis darRvevaSi.<br />
eleqtrotravmebis gamomwvev mizezebs miekuTvneba:<br />
_ momsaxure personalis mier eleqtrousafrTxoebis wesebis da instruqciebis<br />
daucveloba;<br />
_ eleqtrosadenebis izolaciis dazianeba;<br />
_ gaumarTavi damcavi saSualebebis da instrumentebis gamoyeneba;<br />
54
_ Zabvis qveS myof mowyobilobebis dengamtar nawilebTan uneblie Sexeba;<br />
_ mowyobilobebis damcavi Camiwebis an danulebis gaumarTaoba an ararseboba.<br />
6.2 eleqtruli deniT daSavebis Sedegze moqmedi faqtorebi<br />
adamianSi denis gavlisas, Sedegebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari,<br />
dawyebuli umniSvnelo gaRizianebiT da damTavrebuli letaluri dasasruliT.<br />
ZiriTadi, rac gansazRvravs deniT daSavebis Sedegs aris adamianis sxeulSi<br />
gamavali denis Zalis sidide. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianze denis<br />
moqmedebis xangrZlivobas, mis sixSires da sxeulSi denis gavlis gzas.<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtoria aseve adamianis eleqtruli winaRoba da modebuli<br />
Zabva.<br />
denis Zala. deniT daSavebis ZiriTad faqtorad iTvleba adamianSi<br />
gamavali denis Zalis sidide. sagrZnobi deni aris adamianis sxeulSi gamavali<br />
deni, romelic iwvevs gaRizianebas. cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi gaRizianebis<br />
gamomwvevia denis Zala 0,5-1,5ma, xolo mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi – 5-7ma.<br />
damWeri denis moqmedeba iwvevs xelis kunTebis spazmur SekumSvas, romlis<br />
drosac adamiani damoukideblad ver xsnis TiTebs, romelSic moqceulia<br />
dengamtari sadeni. zRvruli damWeri cvladi denis Zala tolia 10-15 ma,<br />
zRvruli damWeri mudmivi deni _ 50-60ma.<br />
fibrilaciuri deni organizmSi gavlis Semdeg iwvevs gulis fibrilacias.<br />
fiblaciis iseTi mdgomareobaa, rodesac guli wyvets gansazRvruli<br />
TanmimdevrobiT SekumSvas da adgili aqvs gulis kunTis boWkoTa calkeul<br />
arakoordinirebul `biZgebs~, romlis drosac wydeba gulis tumbos funqcia da<br />
SeiZleba momentaluri sikvdiliT damTavrdes. cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi<br />
zRvruli fibrilaciuri denis Zala udris 100ma, mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi _<br />
300-500 ms. 5 amperze meti deni myisierad aCerebs guls.<br />
eleqtruli denis moqmedebis xangrZlivoba. gulze denis xangrZlivi<br />
moqmedeba mTavrdeba mZime SedegiT. fibrilaciis gamo deniT daSavebis simZime<br />
damokidebulia imaze, Tu kardiociklis romel fazas emTxveva gulze denis<br />
gavlis dro. Tu denis moqmedebis xangrZlivoba udris an aRemateba<br />
kardiociklis dros (0,75-1 wami), gamavali deni gadafaravs gulis muSaobis<br />
55
yvela fazas, rac saSiSia organizmisaTvis. Tu denis moqmedebis dro 0,2 wamiT<br />
moklea kardiociklis xangrZlivobaze, daSavebis simZeme mkveTrad mcirdeba.<br />
denis moqmedebis xangrZlivobis gavlena daSavebis simZimeze gamoisaxeba<br />
empiriuli formuliT , sadac _ gamavali denis Zalis sidide, ma; _<br />
moqmedebis xangrZlivoba, wm.<br />
daSavebis xarisxi damokidebulia adamianSi denis gavlis gzaze. Tu denis<br />
gavlis gzaze aRmoCndeba sicocxlisaTvis mniSvnelovani organoebi, rogoricaa<br />
guli, filtvi, Tavis da zurgis tvini, maSin daSavebis safrTxe didia.<br />
eleqtrotravmebis analizis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom denis gavlis gzebi<br />
mravalgvaria: `xeli-xeli~, `xeli-fexi~, `Tavi-fexebi~, `fexi-fexi~ da sxva.<br />
`fexi-fexi~ SemTxvevaSi gulze gaivlis saerTo denis 0,4%, `xeli-xeli~ _ 3,3%.<br />
eleqtrodanadgarebis momsaxurebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom erTnair<br />
pirobebSi, 300 volt Zabvamde did saSiSiroebas warmoadgens samrewvelo<br />
sixSiris (50 herci) cvladi deni. ufro didi Zabvisas mudmivi deniT daSavebis<br />
safrTxe mkveTrad izrdeba. did saSiSroebas warmoadgens denis sixSire 50<br />
hercidan 1000 hercamde. 1000 hercis zemoT arsebobs Termuli damwvrobis<br />
saSiSroeba.<br />
adamianis eleqtruli winaRoba. adamianis sxeuli eleqtrodenis gamtaria.<br />
eleqtrul dens did winaRobas uwevs kani. kani Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi fenisagan:<br />
gare-epidermisisa da Siga-dermasagan. epidermisi Tavis mxriv Sedgeba<br />
ramodenime fenisagan, romelTagan yvelaze gareTa fenaa rqovana. mSral da<br />
dauzianebel mdgomareobaSi rqovana dieleqtrikia, misi xvedriTi winaRoba<br />
Seadgens 10 5 -10 6 oms. rqovanas dazianebis SemTxvevaSi organizmis winaRoba 1000-<br />
5000 omamde ecema. Siga organoebis winaRoba udris 200-500 oms. adamianis<br />
sxeulis winaRoba cvladi sididea. igi damokidebulia kanis mdgomareobaze,<br />
garemo pirobebze, eleqtruli wredis parametrebze da sxva.<br />
eleqtrousafrTxoebis pirobebi damokidebulia saTavsebSi garemos<br />
parametrebze (temperatura, tenianoba, dengamtari mtvris arseboba da sxva).<br />
datenianebul saTavsSi iqmneba deniT daSavebis xelsayreli pirobebi.<br />
dengamtari mtvris arseboba eleqtruli kontaqtis xelSemwyobia, rogorc<br />
dengamtar nawilebTan, aseve miwasTan.<br />
56
6.3. eleqtromowyobilobebis dengamtar nawilebTan Sexebis saSiSroebis<br />
analizi<br />
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobis saTavsebi gamoirCeva<br />
qselebis, denebis tipis da Zabvis doneebis mravalsaxeobiT. marTvis teqnikis<br />
da sistemebis kveba xorcieldeba 50 hercis sixSiris, 380/220 volti Zabvis mqone<br />
samfaza qselidan, calkeuli mowyobilobebis ki _ 5-dan 380 voltamde Zabvis<br />
rogorc cvladi, ise mudmivi denis erTfaza qselidan.<br />
gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas warmoadgens dengamtar nawilebTan orpolusa<br />
(nax. 10) Sexeba, roca adamiani aRmoCndeba qselis sruli muSa Zabvis qveS.<br />
sxeulSi gamavali denis Zalis sidide iqneba , sadac aris qselis<br />
fazuri Zabva, v., xolo _ adamianis winaRoba, om.<br />
nax. 10. samfaza qselTan orpolusa Sexebis sqema<br />
rogorc formulidan Cans, adamianSi gamavali denis Zalis sidide<br />
damokidebulia qselis Zabvasa da adamianis winaRobaze. amdenad, usafrTxoebis<br />
erTerT zomad miCneulia qselis muSa Zabvis dadableba. magram teqnikuri<br />
pirobebis Tanaxmad, egm-is calkeuli blokebis muSa Zabvis sidide aRwevs iseT<br />
mniSvnelobebs, romlis drosac denis Zala bevrad aRemateba zRvrul damWer<br />
sidideebs da utoldeba fibrilaciuri denebis mniSvnelobebs.<br />
eleqtrotravmatizmis SemTxvevebis analizma aCvena, rom samrewvelo<br />
danadgarebis eqspluataciis procesSi orpolusa Sexeba iSviaTia. ufro xSirad<br />
adgili aqvs izolirebulneitralian da Camiwebulneitralian qselebTan<br />
erTpolusa Sexebas (nax. 11, 12). erTpolusa Sexeba naklebad saSiSia, radgan<br />
adamianze moqmedi Zabva 1,73-jer naklebia xazur Zabvaze, Sesabamisad naklebi<br />
57
sididis deni gaivlis adamianSi. erTpolusa Sexebisas adamianSi gamavali denis<br />
Zala damokidebulia neitralis reJimze. neitrali aris generatoris an<br />
transformatoris gragnilebis SeerTeba Camamiwebel mowyobilobasTan.<br />
nax. #11-ze warmodgenilia adamianis erTpolusa Sexebis sqema izolirebuli<br />
neitralian samfaza qselTan. naxazze r 1, r 2, r 3 aris izolaciis winaRobebi,<br />
xolo C1, C2, C3 _ qselis tevadoba. qselTan erTpolusa Sexeba qmnis Sekrul<br />
eleqtrul wreds: pirveli fazis transformatoris gragnili-sadeni 1-adamiani-<br />
miwa-meore da mesame fazis aqtiuri da tevaduri winaRobebi r 2, r 3, C2, C3 _ sadeni<br />
2, 3 _ meore da mesame fazebis transformatoris gragnilebi.<br />
nax. 11. samfaza izolirebulneitralian qselTan adamianis Sexebis sqema<br />
dauSvaT, rom r 1=r 2=r 3=r iz., Sesabamisad C1= C2,=C3= C, maSin adamianSi gamavali<br />
denis Zalis sidide gamoiTvleba formuliT<br />
ad=3U/(3Rad+riz), Tu U=220 v, Rad=1 kom-s, riz=7 kom-s, miviRebT, rom ad=66 ma,<br />
rac warmoadgens saSiSroebas, Tu gavzrdiT riz=500 nax. 12. Camiwebulneitralian<br />
samfaza qselTan<br />
adamianis Sexebis sqema<br />
kom-s, miviRebT ad=1,32 ma, rac adamianSi gamoiwvevs<br />
mxolod denis SegrZnebas. formulidan da<br />
gamoTvlebidan Cans, rom Tu uzrunvelyofili iqneba<br />
izolaciis winaRobis maRali done, erTpolusa<br />
Sexeba mcire tevadobis izolirebulneitralian<br />
qselTan usafrTxo iqneba.<br />
nax. #12 warmodgenilia Camiwebulneitralian<br />
samfaza qselTan erTpolusa Sexebis sqema.<br />
erTpolusa Sexebisas Seikvreba eleqtruli wredi: transformatoris gragnili<br />
1-sadeni 1-adamiani-miwa-Cammiweblis winaRoba r0-transformatoris gragnili 1.<br />
58
adamianSi gamavali denis sidide gamoiTvleba formuliT: ad=U/R ad. realur<br />
pirobebSi adamianis winaRobasTan erTad ganixileba fexsacmlis da iatakis<br />
winaRobebi. saorientaciod fexsacmlis winaRoba aiReba 1,5-8000 komi, iatakis<br />
winaRoba SeirCeva Semdegi monacemebis mixedviT: mSrali, xis iataki _ 10000<br />
komi; nestiani, xis iataki _ 20-25 komi; mSrali, betonis iataki _ 75 komi;<br />
nestiani, betonis iataki _ 1,5 komi.<br />
am monacemebidan Cans, rom fexsacmlis da iatakis arseboba mniSvnelovan<br />
gavlenas axdebs denis Zalis sidideze. am SemTxvevaSi zemoT moyvanili<br />
formula miiRebs Semdeg saxes ad= U/(R ad+ r fex.+ r iat.), Tu U=220 v, R ad=1 koms,<br />
r fex.= r iat=75 koms, denis Zala ad=1,46 ma, rac iwvevs mxolod denis SegrZnebas.<br />
ganxiluli magaliTebidan Cans, rom adamianis daSavebis safrTxe<br />
izolirebulneitralian qselSi CarTvisas ufro mcirea, vidre Camiwebulne-<br />
itraliani qselebis SemTxvevaSi, radganac izolirebulneitralian qselebSi<br />
damatebiT moqmedebs sadenebis izolaciis winaRobebi. gaTvlebma aCvena, rom<br />
Tanabar pirobebSi, izolirebulneitralian qselSi CarTvisas adamianSi<br />
gamavali denis sidide 11-jer naklebia, vidre daSavebis deni Camiwebulne-<br />
itralian qselSi CarTvisas.<br />
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis garda, garkveul saSiSroebas warmoadgens<br />
bijuri Zabva. eleqtruli qselis izolaciis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi sadeni<br />
SeiZleba aRmoCndes miwaze. am SemTxvevaSi moxdeba denis gandineba miwaSi. Tu<br />
adamiani imyofeba gandinebis zonaSi, misi fexebi miiReben garkveul<br />
potencials. udidesi elqtruli potenciali aRiniSneba sadenis miwasTan<br />
Sexebis adgilas. gandinebis wertilidan 1 m siSoreze Zabvis vardna Seadgebs<br />
68%-s. 10 m-is siSoreze _ 92%-s. 20 m-is manZilze bijuri Zabvis mniSvneloba<br />
Ubiji=0. bijuri Zabvis SemTxvevaSi deni gaivlis gziT `fexi-fexi~. Tu Ubiji mniSvneloba aRemateba 100-500 v-s, moxdeba fexebis kunTebis krunCxva, adamiani<br />
daecema miwaze, ris Sedegadac daSavebis simZime mkveTrad gaizrdeba.<br />
eleqtruli deniT gamowveuli ubeduri SemTxvevebis analizi iZleva<br />
saSualebas gamovlindes daSavebis ZiriTadi mizezebi:<br />
_ Zabvis qveS myof dengamtar nawilebTan uneblie Sexeba;<br />
_ dacviTi saSualebebis gaumarTaoba;<br />
_ sawarmoo mowyobilobebis liTonur nawilebze (SemoRobva, korpusebi,<br />
59
garsacmi) Zabvis gadasvla;<br />
_ gamorTuli eleqtrodanadgarebis SecdomiT CarTva.<br />
6.4. eleqtruli denisagan dacvis zomebi<br />
eleqtrotravmatizmis asacileblad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba marTvis<br />
sistemebis saTavsebSi moqmedi eleqtrodanadgarebis momsaxurebis swor<br />
organizebas. eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis wesis Tanaxmad<br />
eleqtrodanadgarebi da qselebi SeiZleba iyos: 1000 v-is zeviT Camiwebuli da<br />
izolirebuli neitraliT; 1000 v-mde Camiwebuli da izolirebuli neitraliT.<br />
eleqtrodanadgarebis aseTi dayofa iZleva saSualebas SemuSavdes<br />
konstruqciebis mimarT optimaluri moTxovnebi, xolo momsaxure<br />
personalisaTvis _ usafrTxoebis zomebi da saSualebebi. marTvis sistemebis<br />
elqtromowyobiloba miekuTvneba 1000 v-mde momuSave danadgarebs. gamonakliss<br />
warmoadgens mxolod ramodenime kilovoltis mqone ekranis pultebi, displei,<br />
eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki.<br />
saTavsebis garemo, romelSic imyofeba informatikis, marTvis sistemebi,<br />
mowyobiloba, moqmedebs aparatura _ danadgarebis eleqtrul izolaciaze. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT ganasxvaveben usafrTxo saTavsebs, saTavsebs gazrdili<br />
safrTxiT da saTavsebs gansakuTrebiT gazrdili safrTxiT.<br />
usafrTxo saTavsebia _ mSrali, umtvero, romelSic haeris temperaturaa<br />
18-22 0 C, xolo fardobiTi tenoanoba _ 40-60%.<br />
gazrdili safrTxis saTavsebi xasiaTdeba haeris 75%-iani fardobiTi<br />
tenianobiT da maRali (+35 0 C-ze meti) temperaturiT, dengamtari mtvris<br />
arsebobiT; gansakuTrebulad saSiSs miekuTvneba 100%-iani fardobiTi<br />
tenianobis mqone saTavsebi (kedlebi, mowyobiloba, dafarulia teniT), qimiurad<br />
agresiuli garemo, romelic iwvevs izolaciis dazianebas. saTavsis kategoriis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT saWiroa garkveuli dacviTi zomebis Catareba. magaliTad,<br />
gazrdili safrTxis saTavsebSi unda moixmarebodes ormagi izolaciis mqone<br />
eleqtroinstrumenti, gadasatani sanaTurebi, romelTa Zabva ar unda<br />
aRematebodes 42 volts.<br />
60
gansakuTrebulad saSiS saTavsebSi gadasatani sanaTurebis Zabva unda<br />
Seadgendes 12 v-s, xolo 42 v Zabvis mqone eleqtroinstrumentis sargebloba<br />
daSvebulia dieleqtrikuli xelTaTmanebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
mowyobilobebis profilaqtikuri momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT, saremonto-<br />
samontaJo samuSaoebis Catareba daSvebulia Zabvis moxsniT da Zabvis moxsnis<br />
gareSe. Zabvis moxsnis gareSe samuSaoebs miekuTvneba egm-is calkeuli kvanZebis,<br />
blokebis gamarTva. aseTi samuSaoebi(1000 v-ian eleqtrodanadgarebSi)<br />
garkveuli teqnikuri da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis Catarebas moiTxovs,<br />
rogoricaa: dengamtari nawilebis SemoRobva, dieleqtrikuli botebis,<br />
xaliCebis, xelTaTmanebis, maizolirebelsaxeluriani instrumentebis<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
6.5 Ddacvis teqnikuri saSualebebi<br />
eleqtruli denisagan adamianis dasacavad gamoiyeneba Semdegi teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebi: SemomRobi mowyobiloba, dengamtari nawilebis izolacia (muSa,<br />
damatebiTi, ormagi,gaZlierebuli), damcavi Camiweba, danuleba, amorTva,<br />
potencialTa gaTanabreba da sxva. CamoTvlili saSualebebis sxvadasxva<br />
variaciaSi gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs adamianebis dengamtar nawilebTan<br />
Seuxeblobas, xolo Zabvis qveS aramyof dengamtar liTonur nawilebs daicavs<br />
Zabvis gadasvlisagan.<br />
SemomRobi mowyobilobebi Sesrulebulia mTliani garsacmebis,<br />
saxuravebis, 25×25 mm-iani badeebis saxiT. uwvadi damcavi garsacmebiT<br />
SemoRobilia eleqtruli wredis gamTiSvelebi. SemoRobvebi icavs adamians<br />
eleqtruli rkalisagan.<br />
izolaciis fizikuri arsi mdgomareobs denis Zalis sididis SezRudvaSi.<br />
izolaciis mdgomareoba damokidebulia masalaze, eleqtrodanadgaris<br />
konstruqciaze, sawarmo garemos mikroklimatur pirobebze (temperatura,<br />
tenianoba, orTqli, mtveri). izolaciis xarisxi xasiaTdeba denis gadinebis<br />
winaRobiT. eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis wesebis Tanaxmad qselis nebismier<br />
ubanze or mcvels Soris gadinebis deni ar unda aRematebodes 0,001 a.<br />
izolaciis winaRoba R iz unda Seadgendes 500000 oms, an aranakleb 1000⋅U (U _<br />
61
danadgaris Zabva). 1000 voltamde Zabvis eleqtrodanadgarebSi izolaciis<br />
perioduli Semowmeba xdeba M1101 tipis magometris gamoyenebiT. 50 hercis<br />
sixSiris mqone qselebSi izolaciis mdgomareobis mudmivi kontrolisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba ПКИ, ТКТ-60 tipis aparatura. izolaciis winaRobis Semcirebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aparatura gamoscems xmovan an sinaTlis signals. usafrTxoebis<br />
asamaRleblad, sadenebis funqcionaluri daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
SemoRebulia izolaciis Semdegi Seferiloba: Savi _ Zalovani qselebisaTvis,<br />
wiTeli-marTvis, sazomi da cvladi denis signalizaciis da cvladi denis<br />
qselebisaTvis, lurji _ mudmivi denis analogiur qselebSi, momwvano-yviTeli<br />
_ Camiwebis qselebisaTvis, cisferi _ nulovan sadenTan mierTebuli<br />
sadenebisaTvis. ormagi izolacia zrdis xelis eleqtroinstrumentis<br />
saimedoobas.<br />
damcavi Camiweba. damcavi Camiweba aris izolirebulneitralian qselebSi<br />
gamoyenebuli teqnikuri saSualeba damcav CamiwebaSi igulisxmeba eleqtro-<br />
danadgaris aradengamtari nawilebis winaswari mierTeba miwasTan an mis<br />
eqvivalentTan.<br />
nax. 13. damcavi Camiwebis sqema<br />
nax. #13-ze warmodgenilia izolirebulneitralian qselTan mierTebuli<br />
eleqtrodanadgari, romelzec moxda erTerTi fazis mokle CarTva korpusze.<br />
danadgaris korpusi Camamiwebeli mowyobilobiT mierTebulia miwasTan. damcavi<br />
Camiwebis moqmedebis principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamianis Sexeba<br />
korpusTan usafrTxoa, radganac Camamiwebeli qmnis damcavi Camiwebis wreds<br />
adamianis CarTvis wredis paralelurad. radganac Camamiweblis wredis<br />
winaRoba (4-10 omi) naklebia adaminis winaRobaze (1000 omi), ZiriTadi deni wava<br />
R C.m. wrediT, adamianSi ki gaivlis denis usafrTxo mniSvneloba. magaliTi: Tu<br />
62
izoliaciis r iz=10000 oms, R ad=1000 oms, U=220 volts, Camamiweblis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi I ad=3U/(3R ad+r iz) Tanaxmad I ad≈51 ma, rac adamianisaTvis did<br />
saSiSroebas warmoadgens. magram Tu R C.m=10 oms, I ad=3 U/ r iz (R ad/ R Cm), miviRebT,<br />
rom I ad=0,66 ma, rac iwvevs mxolod denis SegrZnebas. eleqtrodanadgarebis<br />
mowyobis wesis Tanaxmad damcavi Camiweba gamoiyeneba 380 v cvladi denis da 440<br />
v mudmivi denis eleqtrodanadgarebSi, transformatirebSi, kabelebis<br />
garsacmebisaTvis, SemoRobvebisaTvis, gadasatani da gadaadgilebadi eleqtro-<br />
mimRebisaTvis.<br />
damcavi Camiweba warmnoadgens Camamiweblis da Camamiwebeli sadenebis<br />
erTobliobas. Camamiwebeli SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri, bunebriv<br />
Camamiweblad iyeneben foladis milebs (wvadi airebis da siTxeebis milebis<br />
garda), kabelebis liTonur garsacmebs, rkina-betonis saZirkvlebs.<br />
xelovnuri hirizontaluri Camamiweblebi SeirCeva mowyobilobebis farTis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. vertikaluri Camamiweblebi mzaddeba foladis milebisagan,<br />
badeebisagan, da sxva. isini zeda boloTi SeduRebulia horizontalurad<br />
moTavsebul SemaerTebel zolTan. gamoTvliTi centris saTavsebi aRWurvilia<br />
damcavi Camiwebis badisebri kontur-salteTi. kontur-salte Cawyobilia egm-is<br />
qveS badis saxiT, ujredebis zomiT 1200×1200 mm.<br />
egm-s yvela kvanZi, bloki, elementi, SeerTebulia kontur-saltesTan<br />
calkeuli sadenebiT. samanqano darbazSi gaTvaliswinebulia egm-is<br />
dabrkolebamdgradobis asamaRlebeli sqemuri Camiwebis kontur-salte. is<br />
Sesrulebulia 120 mm 2 kveTis mqone spilenZis saltesagan da Sexebis gareSe<br />
Cawyobilia ZiriTadi kontur-saltes paralelurad. orive kontur-salte<br />
mierTebulia erTmaneTTan gamanawilebel Zalovan karadaSi.<br />
damcavi danuleba. damcavi danuleba gamoiyeneba 1000 voltamde Zabvis<br />
cvladi denebis, rogorc izolirebulneitralian, aseve Camiwebulneitralian<br />
qselebSi. danuleba aris eleqtrodanadgaris liTonuri, aradengamtari<br />
nawilebis windawin mierTeba nulovan sadenTan. danulebis damcavi efeqti<br />
mdgomareobs korpusze CarTvis xangrZlivobis, anu adamianze eleqtruli denis<br />
63
nax. 14. damcavi danulebis sqema<br />
zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobis SemcirebaSi. es miiRweva eleqtrodanadgaris<br />
liTonuri korpusis transformatoris nulovan sadenTan mierTebiT. aseTi<br />
mierTeba korpusze fazur da nulovan sadenebs Soris warmoqmnis mokle<br />
CarTvis dens, romlis drosac amoqmeddeba dacva _ xdeba qselidan danadgaris<br />
avtomaturi gaTiSva. am SemTxvevaSi adamianSi gamavali denis sidide<br />
damokidebulia fazuri da nulovani sadenebis winaRobebis fardobaze.<br />
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos avariuli ubnis gamorTva, warmoqmnili<br />
mokle CarTvis denis mniSvneloba unda iyos didi. eleqtrodanadgarebis<br />
mowyobis wesebis Tanaxmad mokle CarTvis denis sidide nominalur dens 3-jer<br />
unda aRematebodes dnobadi mcvelis SemTxvevaSi, xolo avtomatis amoqmedebis<br />
nominalur dens 1,5-jer.<br />
damcavi amorTva. eleqtrotravmatizmis statistika aCvenebs, rom<br />
eleqtrotravmebis umetesoba gamowveulia dengamtar nawilebTan uSualo<br />
SexebiT e.w. eleqtrodanadgaris muSaobis normalur reJimSi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
arc erTi zemoaRwerili dacvis RonisZieba ar uzrunvelyofs adamianis dacvas.<br />
damcavi amorTva aris swrafmoqmedi, qselidan eleqtrodanadgaris avtomaturi<br />
gaTiSvis teqnikuri saSualeba. damcavi amorTva gamoiyeneba, rogorc<br />
izolirebulneitralian ise Camiwebulneitralian qselebSi. damcavi amorTvis<br />
mowyobiloba mudmivad akontrolebs qsels da parametrebis Secvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gaTiSavs qsels an ubans. amorTvis mowyobilobebi Sedgeba<br />
gadamwodisgan, gardamqmnelisa da Semsrulebeli elementisagan.<br />
potencialTa gaTanabreba _ bijuri da Sexebis Zabvebis Semcirebis<br />
damcavi teqnikuri saSualebaa. potencialTa gaTanabreba miiRweva konturuli<br />
64
Camamiweblis mowyobiT. konturuli Camamiweblidan denis Cadinebisas, konturis<br />
SigniT miwa iZens Camamiweblis potencials. amiT bijis da Sexebis Zabvebis<br />
maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi mcirdeba. gamoTvliT centrebSi potencialTa<br />
gaTanabreba xorcieldeba egm-is liTonuri dgarebis, sanaTurebis korpusebis<br />
da sxva mowyobilobebis mierTebiT damcavi Camiwebis kontur-saltesTan.<br />
6.6 pirveladi daxmarebis RonisZiebebi eleqtrodeniT daSavebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
eleqtrodeniT gamowveuli ubeduri SemTxvevebis dros pirveli daxmareba<br />
moicavs or etaps: dazaralebulis ganTavisuflebas denis moqmedebisagan da<br />
misTvis samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenas.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, daSavebis simZime didadaa damokidebuli denis<br />
zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobaze, amitom Zalian mniSnelovania dazaralebulis<br />
swrafi ganTavisufleba misgan. dazaralebulis ganTavisufleba denis<br />
zemoqmedebisagan SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT, magram pirveli da<br />
ZiriTadia eleqtrodanadgaris im nawilis an ubnis gamorTva, romelsac exeba<br />
dazaralebuli.<br />
gamorTva xdeba uaxlesi amomrTvelis, denmkveTis an sxva gamomrTvelis<br />
aparatis saSualebiT. Tu daSavebuli iatakidan an miwidan maRla imyofeba,<br />
saWiroa zomebis miReba, raTa igi ar daziandes Camovardnis dros.<br />
Tu danadgaris swrafi gamorTva SeuZlebelia, maSin saWiroa daSavebuli<br />
movaciloT dengamtar nawilebs, romelTac igi exeba. am dros damxmarem unda<br />
daicvas usafrTxoebis Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, raTa TviTon ar moxvdes<br />
kontaqtSi dengamtar nawilTan.<br />
400 voltamde Zabvis eleqtrodanadgarebSi daSavebuli SeiZleba<br />
dengamtari nawilidan gamoviyvanoT (gamovaTrioT) mSrali tansacmlis<br />
boloebze xelis mokidebiT. am dros ar SeiZleba SevexoT daSavebulis sxeuls,<br />
mis fexsacmels. aseve SeiZleba xelebis izolireba dieleqtrikuli<br />
xelTaTmanebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia daSavebuli sadens movaciloT<br />
mSrali ficriT an joxiT, an sadenis gadaWriT mSrali xistariani culiT.<br />
400 voltze meti Zabvis danadgarebSi dengamtari nawilisagan daSavebulis<br />
gasaTavisufleblad aucilebelia dieleqtrikuli xelTaTmanebisa da botebis<br />
65
gamoyeneba; agreTve unda vimoqmediT StangiT an specialuri maizolirebeli<br />
marwuxebiT.<br />
pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenis RonisZiebebi damokidebulia<br />
denis moqmedebisagan misi ganTavisuflebis Semdeg dazaralebulis<br />
mdgomareobaze. Tu dazaralebuli gonebazea, magram manamde gulwasuli iyo,<br />
saWiroa davawvinoT da eqimis mosvlamde uzrunvelvyoT misi sruli simSvide<br />
da pulsisa da sunTqvis kontroli.<br />
Tu dazaralebuli grZnobadakargulia, unda davawvinoT gulaRma,<br />
gavuxsnaT tansacmeli da mivceT Tavisuflad sunTqvis saSualeba, vaynosinoT<br />
niSaduris spirti, saxeze movasxuroT wyali. Tu dazaralebuls ar esinjeba<br />
pulsi, sunTqavs Zalian iSviaTad da araTanabrad, saWiroa dauyovnebliv<br />
Cautardes xelovnuli sunTqva da gulis masaJi.<br />
xelovnuri sunTqis arsebuli xerxebidan yvelaze efeqturia xelovnuri<br />
sunTqva `piridan pirSi~ an `piridan cxvirSi~ haeris CaberviT. am xerxis<br />
gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa dazaralebuli davawvinoT horozontalurad,<br />
gavuRoT piri. xorxis gasaxsnelad saWiroa dazaralebuls gadavuxaroT Tavi<br />
ukan, cali xeli movkidoT kefis qveS, xolo meore xeliT davawveT mis Subls<br />
manam, sanam nikapi da yeli ar aRmoCndeba erT swor xazze. Tavis aseTi<br />
mdgomareobis dros ena dacilebulia xorxis Sesasvlelidan, riTac<br />
uzrunvelyofilia haerisaTvis Tavisufali gasasvleli filtvebSi. amis Semdeg<br />
daxmarebis aRmomCeni Rrmad CaisunTqavs da Semdeg Zlierad Caberavs haers<br />
dazaralebuls pirSi, Tan cxviris nestoebi unda gadauketos saxiT (imisaTvis,<br />
rom pirSi Caberili haeri ukan ar gamovides). Semdeg gadaixreba ukan da axlad<br />
CaisunTqavs. am dros dazaralebuli akeTebs pasiur amosunTqvas. haeris<br />
Cabervis sixSire 1 wuTSi unda iyos 10-12-is toli.<br />
Tu dazaralebuls darRveuli aqvs gulis normaluri muSaoba,<br />
aucilebelia gulis gare masaJis Catareba. am dros dazaralebulis<br />
gulmkerdze xdeba ritmuli dawola, ris gamoc guli SeikumSeba mkerdis<br />
Zvalsa da xerxemals Soris da gamodevnis sisxls Rrudan. dawolis Sewyvetis<br />
Semdeg gulmkerdi da guli swordeba da ukanaskneli ivseba venebidan<br />
miwodebuli sisxliT.<br />
66
gulis masaJi mimdinareobs Semdegnairad: unda ganvsazRvroT mkerdis Zvlis<br />
qvemoTa mesamedis mdebareoba, davadoT masze erT-erTi xelisguli, Semdeg<br />
zemodan _ meore xelisguli da win gadaxrili korpusiT davawveT<br />
dazaralebulis gulmkerds. dawola unda moxdes swrafi biZgebiT ise, rom<br />
mkerdis Zvlis qvemoTa nawili Caizniqos 3-4 sm-iT, xolo msuqani adamianisaTvis<br />
_ 5-6 sm-iT. dawola xdeba daaxloebiT erTjer wamSi. yoveli 4-6 biZgis Semdeg<br />
keTdeba Sesveneba 2 wm, romlis drosac dazaralebuls utardeba xelovnuri<br />
CasunTqva. Semdeg, rodesac dazaralebuls ewyeba amosunTqva, xelaxla<br />
awarmoeben mkerdze dawolas zemoaRniSnuli sixSiriT morig Sesvenebamde.<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi dazaralebuls ar esinjeba pulsi, magram saxezea<br />
gamococxlebis sxva niSnebi (aRdgenilia damoukidebeli sunTqva,<br />
Seviwroebulia Tvalis gugebi da sxv.) amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos gulis<br />
fibrilacia, romlis drosac aucilebelia specialuri eleqtruli aparatis _<br />
defibrilatoris gamoyeneba.<br />
defibrilatorSi gulis normaluri muSaobis aRsadgenad gamoiyeneba 6<br />
kilovati Zabvis denis impulsebi 10 -10 wamis xangrZlivobiT. aseTi saxis<br />
impulsebis gulis areSi gatarebisas xdeba gulis ujredebis erTdrouli<br />
agzneba da gulis mTeli kunTis erTjeradi SekumSa. amis Semdeg SeiZleba<br />
aRdges gulis bunebrivi, riTmuli SekumSvebi.<br />
eleqtrodanadgarebis usafrTxo momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad maTi<br />
saxeobis, nominaluri Zabvis, mkvebavi qselis neitralis reJimis da saTavsis<br />
garemo pirobebis mixedviT gamoyeneba dacviTi RonisZiebebis kompleqsi. maT<br />
miekuTvneba: mcire Zabvis gamoyeneba, izolaciis dazianebis kontroli da<br />
profilaqtika, dengamtar nawilebTan miuwvdomlobis uzrunvelyofa, damcavi<br />
Camiweba, ormagi izolacia da damcavi amorTva.<br />
am dacviTi RonisZiebebis reglamentireba xdeba eleqtrodanadgarebis<br />
mowyobis wesebis da sxva moTxovnebis Tanaxmad.<br />
6.7. statikuri eleqtroba, moqmedeba da misgan dacva<br />
statikuri eleqtroba vlindeba maRali saizolacio Tvisebebis mqone<br />
masalebis gamoyenebisas. sxeulis eleqtrizacia ori araerTgvarovani<br />
67
zedapiris Sexebisas eleqtronebis da ionebis gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
rTuli procesia. aseTi zedapirebis Sexebisas warmoiqmneba ormagi eleqtruli<br />
fena. eleqtruli muxtis matarebeli zedapirebis meqanikuri gayofa maT Soris<br />
warmoqmnis potencialTa sxvaobas e.i. eleqtrul vels. eleqtrizaciis procesis<br />
gamomwvevia myari nivTierebebis damsxvreva-daqucmaceba, tyavis an rezinis,<br />
lentisebri transportioris muSaoba da Rveduri gadacema, cecxlsaSiSi<br />
siTxeebis (benzini, benzoli, toluoli, navTobi, eTeri) milebSi gadaqaCva,<br />
milebSi SekumSuli da gaTxevadebuli airebis moZraoba, fxvieri nivTierebebis<br />
Sereva, dieleqtrikuli masalisagan Sesrulebul iatakze an fenilze<br />
adamianebis gadaadgileba da a.S.<br />
myari nivTierebis zedapirze eleqtruli muxti warmoiqmneba mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi maTgani aris dieleqtriki, Tu orive sakontaqto zedapiri<br />
eleqtrogamtaria, warmoqmnili eleqtruli muxtebi swrafad ganibnevian<br />
(relaqsirdebian) da ar eqneba adgili eleqtrizacias. zedapirebs Soris<br />
manZilis gazrda adidebs potencialTa sxvaobas. Tu es sxvaoba gautolda<br />
zRvrul sidideebs, warmoiqmneba naperwkluri ganmuxtva. eleqtruli<br />
naperwkali warmoadgens statikuri eleqtrobis mniSvnelovan saSiSroebas.<br />
radganac ganmuxtvis energia tolia an aRemateba wvadi airebis, siTxeebis,<br />
mtvris an maTi narevis aalebis minimalur energias, warmoiqmneba xanZirs<br />
gaCenis an afeTqebis saSiSroeba.<br />
statikuri eleqtrizaciis movlenebi dakavSirebulia sahaero garemos<br />
mdgomareobasTan. normalur pirobebSi haeri xasiaTdeba maRali saizolacio<br />
TvisebebiT. mzis da kosmiuri sxivebis, miwis qerqis radioaqtiuri<br />
nivTierebebis da sxva maionizirebeli faqtorebis moqmedebis Sedegad haeris<br />
neitraluri molekulebi ganicdian ionizacias dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebis<br />
warmoqmniT. ionizaciis Sedegad haeri xdeba gamtari. statikuri eleqtrobis<br />
muxti aris ubeduri SemTxvevebis, xanZris gaCenis da afeTqebis mizezi.<br />
naperwklovani denis muxti mcirea, is ar iwvevs adamianis dazianebas, mas<br />
adamiani SeigrZnobs rogorc mtkivneul Cxvletas. garda amisa statikuri<br />
eleqtrobis muxti iwvevs produqciis wuns. statikuri eleqtrobis 100<br />
SemTxvevidan 39 modis xanZarze da afeTqebaze, 38 _ eleqtrul dartymaze, 23 _<br />
teqnologiur defeqtebze.<br />
68
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi statikuri eleqtroobis<br />
ganmuxtvis denebi warmoiqmneba egm-is nebismier elementTan Sexebisas. es denebi<br />
SeiZleba gaxdnen egm-is dazianebis da mwyobridan gamosvlis mizezi.<br />
adamianze maRali Zabvis eleqtrostatikuri velis sistematuri zemoqmedeba<br />
iwvevs centraluri nervuli, gul-sisxlZarRvovani da sxva sistemebis<br />
funqcionalur cvlilebebs. amitom samuSao adgilebze eleqtrostatikuri<br />
velis daZabulobis zRvruli dasaSvebi sidideebi normirebulia:<br />
eleqtruli velis zRvruli<br />
adamianze velis moqmedebis<br />
dasaSvebi Zabvebi E, kv/m<br />
xangrZlivoba t, sT<br />
1----------------------------------------------------------- 60<br />
2-----------------------------------------------------------42,5<br />
3-----------------------------------------------------------34,6<br />
4-----------------------------------------------------------30<br />
5-----------------------------------------------------------26,8<br />
6-----------------------------------------------------------24<br />
7-----------------------------------------------------------22,7<br />
8-----------------------------------------------------------21,2<br />
9-----------------------------------------------------------20<br />
warmoqmnili statikuri eleqtrobis muxtis sidideebi damokidebulia<br />
sakontaqto masalebis eleqtrul Tvisebebze _ xvedriT eleqtrul winaRobaze<br />
ρ. Tu ρ=10 5 omi.m-mdea, masalebi ar eleqtrizdebian, Tu ρ=10 8 omi.m an metia _<br />
masalebi Zlier eleqtrizdebian. milsadenebSi wvadi siTxeebis da<br />
nivTierebebis gatareba did safrTxesTan aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad,<br />
benzinis orTqlis afeTqebisaTvis sakmarisia mxolod 300 v potencialis<br />
arseboba. wvadi siTxeebis da feTqebadi nivTierebebis milebSi gatarebisas,<br />
muxtis warmoqmnis acilebis ZiriTadi RonisZiebebia _ yvela milsadenebis,<br />
cisternebis Camiweba da siTxeebis gadaadgilebis siCqaris Semcireba 3-4<br />
metramde wamSi [9, 10].<br />
marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi statikuri eleqtrobis sididis<br />
Sesamcireblad saWiroa: teqnologiuri iataki daifaros ACH markis calfena<br />
polivinilqloriduli, antistatikuri linoliumiT. dacvis sxva meTodebi<br />
mdgomareobs ionizirebuli airiT eleqtrostatikuri muxtis neitralizaciaSi.<br />
warmoebebSi farTod gamoiyeneba radioaqtiuri neitralizatorebi.<br />
69
samuSao adgilebze eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabulobis Semcirebis<br />
saerTo zomebia:<br />
ganoyeneba;<br />
mixedviT;<br />
_ samuSao zonidan eleqtrostatikuri velis wyaroebis mocileba;<br />
_ eleqtrostatikuri velis ekranireba;<br />
_ statikuri eleqtrobis muxtis sawinaaRmdego neitralizatorebis<br />
_ masalebis datenianeba;<br />
_ eleqtrizebadi masalebis Secvla araeleqtrizebadi analogebiT;<br />
_ sakontaqto zedapirebis SerCeva dabali eleqtrizaciis niSnis<br />
_ manqanebis, misi elementebis, milsadenebis Camiweba;<br />
_ masalebis eleqtrogamtarobis gazrda gamtari danamatebis da<br />
dafarvebis xarjze;<br />
_ teqnologiuri procesis specifikidan gamomdinare, mosaxmari da<br />
gadasamuSavebeli nivTierebebis datenianeba;<br />
mkacri dacva.<br />
_ sawarmo saTavsebSi <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis da uasafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebis<br />
70
nax. 15 eleqtromagnituri<br />
talRebis skala<br />
Tavi 7. eleqtromagnituri velebi da gamosxivebebi<br />
sixSiris mixedviT eleqtromagnituri rxevebis speqtri mdebareobs 5⋅10 -3 -<br />
10 22 hc diapazonSi. fotonebis energiis gaTvaliswinebiT ganasxvaveben<br />
aramaionizirebel da maionizirebel gamosxivebebs (nax. 15).<br />
samrewvelo sixSiris (50 hc) eleqtromagnituri velebis xangrZlivi<br />
moqmedeba adamianSi iwvevs Tavis tkivils, modunebas,<br />
uZilobas, maxsovrobis daqveiTebas, apaTias, gul-<br />
mkerdis areSi tkivilebs, gulis riTmis moSlas.<br />
SeiZleba ganviTardes centraluri-nervuli da gul-<br />
sisxlZarRvovani sistemebis funqcionaluri da sisxlis<br />
cvlilebebi.<br />
50 hc sixSiris eleqtruli da magnituri velebis<br />
daZabulobis zRvruli dasaSvebi sidideebis<br />
damokidebuleba maTi zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobasTan<br />
reglamentirebulia saxelmwifo standartiT da<br />
sanitariuli normebiT.<br />
eleqtruli velebi. 50 hc sixSiris da 5 kv/m<br />
daZabulobis mqone eleqtruli velis pirobebSi yofna<br />
daSvebulia mTeli samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi. 50-dan 20<br />
kv/m daZabulobis mqone eleqtrul velSi yofnis<br />
dasaSvebi dro iangariSeba formuliT T=(50/E-2), sT. 20-<br />
25 kv/m daZabulobis pirobebSi, personalis yofnis dro<br />
ar unda aRematos 10 wuTs. eleqtruli velis<br />
daZabulobis zRvruli dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi<br />
sacxovrebeli Senobis SigniT unda Seadgendes 0,5 kv/m;<br />
ganaSenianebis teritoriaze 1 kv/m; dasaxlebul<br />
teritoriaze (kurortebi, mwvane zonebi, qalaqis tipis<br />
dasaxlebebi) _ 5 kv/m; sahaero xazebis gadakveTis<br />
adgilebSi da I-IV kategoriis saavtomobilo gzebze<br />
_ 10 kv/m; dasaxlebuli adgilebis iqiT (sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi) _ 15<br />
kv/m; Zneladmisadgom da specialurad Semofarglul adgilebSi _ 20 kv/m.<br />
71
eleqtrostatikuri velis moqmedeba adamianze ganisazRvreba mis sxeulSi<br />
susti denebis (ramodenime mikroamperi) gavliT, romlis drosac<br />
eleqtrotravmebi ar aRiniSneba. magram denze refleqtoruli reaqciis gamo,<br />
dasaSvebia meqanikuri travmebi da simaRlidan Camovardna.<br />
eleqtrostatikuri velis moqmedebis zonaSi momuSaveebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia mosalodneli ganmuxtvis mimarT `fobiebi~, pulsis da<br />
arteriuli wnevis mouwesrigebloba.<br />
eleqtrostatikuri velebis daZabulobis zRvruli dasaSvebi<br />
mniSvnelobebi 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi dadgenilia 60 kv/m-is toli. 20 kv/m<br />
pirobebSi eleqtrostatikuri velebis daZabulobis zonaSi yofna ar<br />
normirdeba.<br />
magnituri velebi. magnituri velebis moqmedebis xarisxi damokidebulia<br />
samuSao zonaSi maqsimalur daZabulobis sidideze. magnituri velebis<br />
qronikuli zemoqmedebisas aRiniSneba nervuli, gul-sisxlZarRvovani, sunTqvis<br />
sitsemebis, momnelebeli traqtis funqciebis moSla, cvlilebebi sisxlSi.<br />
magnituri velebis lokaluri moqmedeba xelebze xasiaTdeba kanis qaviliT,<br />
galurjebebiT, SeSupebiT. samuSao adgilebze magnituri velis daZabulobis<br />
sidide ar unda Rematebodes 8 ka/m. 750 kv eleqtrogadacemis xazebze _ 20-25 a/m.<br />
radiotalRebi. aramaionizirebeli eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebis<br />
speqtris udides nawils Seadgens radiotalRebi (3 hc-3000 ghc), umciress _<br />
optikuri diapazonis rxevebi _ infrawiTeli, xolvadi, ultraiisferi<br />
gamosxivebebi. radiosixSiris diapazonis eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebis<br />
zemoqmedebis xarisxi da xasiaTi adamianze ganisazRvreba nakadis simkvriviT,<br />
gamosxivebis sixSiriT, moqmedebis xangrZlivobiT, dasxivebis reJimiT,<br />
dasxvivebuli zedapiris zomebiT, organizmis individualuri TvisebebiT da a.S.<br />
zemoqmedebis biologiuri efeqti vlindeba sxvadasxva saxiT: umniSvnelo<br />
Zvrebidan janmrTelobis seriozul darRvevamde. adamianis organizmis mier<br />
eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebis energiis STanTqmis Sedegia Tburi efeqti.<br />
garkveuli zRvruli sidididan adamianis organizmi ver axerxebs siTbos<br />
gacemas calkeuli organoebidan. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia gamosxivebebis<br />
moqmedeba sustadganviTarebuli ZarRvovani sistemis an arasakmarisi sisxlis<br />
mimoqcevis mqone organoebisaTvis da qsovilebisaTvis _ Tvalebi, tvini,<br />
72
Tirkmelebi, kuWi, saSarde da naRvlis buSti. Tvalebis dasxiveba iwvevs<br />
brolis SemRvrevas (kataraqtas). kataraqtis ganviTareba 300 mhc – 300 ghc<br />
sixSiriT da 10 mvt/sm 2 energiis simZlavriT gamowveuli Tvalis Seuqcevadi<br />
dazianebaa. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gadidebuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
xangrZlivi moqmedeba, iwvevs centraluri nervuli sistemis, mimocvlis<br />
procesebis moSlas. am dros aRiniSneba Tavis tkivili, arteriuli wnevis<br />
cvalebadoba, pulsis Semcireba, cvlilebebi gulis kunTSi, fsiqo-nervuli<br />
aSlilobebi, swrafadganviTarebadi daRla.<br />
yvela SemTxvevisaTvis radiosixSiruli diapazonis eleqtromagnituri<br />
gamosxivebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi ar unda aRematebodes 10 vt/m 2 , xolo<br />
xelis mtevnebis lokaluri dasxivebisas _ 50 vt/m 2 .<br />
infrawiTeli gamosxiveba. infrawiTeli gamosxiveba aris 780 nm-1000 mkm<br />
sigrZis talRebis mqone eleqtromagnituri gamosxiveba, romlis STanTqma<br />
iwvevs Tbur efeqts. biologiuri moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT infrawiTeli<br />
gamosxiveba iyofa mokletalRovan 780-1400 mn, saSualotalRovan 1400-3000 nm,<br />
maRaltalRovan 3000 nm – 10000 mkm ubnebad. maRali aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba<br />
mokletalRovani gamosxiveba, radganac is flobs fotonebis udides energias.<br />
maT gaaCniaT organizmis qsovilebSi Rrmad SeRwevis da qsoviluri siTxeebis<br />
STanTqmis unari.<br />
infrawiTeli gamosxivebis mimarT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea kanis<br />
safari da mxedvelobis organo. mwvave dazianebisas Cndeba sidamwvreebi,<br />
kapilarebis mkveTri gaganiereba, pigmentaciis gaZliereba _ minamberebis da<br />
mdnobelebis saxis wiTeli feri.<br />
mxedvelobis organoebis mwvave dazianebebi gamoixateba rqovanas da<br />
brolis SemRvrevaSi.<br />
infrawiTeli gamosxivebis uaryofiTi moqmedeba vrceldeba sxva<br />
sistemebze da organoebze, kerZod, miokardSi mimocvlis procesebze,<br />
organizmSi wyal-eleqtrolitur balansze, zeda sasunTqi gzebis<br />
mdgomareobaze da a.S.<br />
infrawiTeli gamosxivebis normireba xorcieldeba nakadebis jamuri<br />
doneebis intensivobis, talRis sigrZis, dasxivebuli zedapiris zomebis da<br />
damcavi spectansacmlis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
73
xiluli (sinaTlis) gamosxiveba. ix. 4.4. saTavsebis ganaTeba.<br />
ultraiisferi gamosxiveba. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba ewodeba optikur<br />
diapazonSi 200 nm-dan 400 nm-mde myof eleqtromagnitur gamosxivebas.<br />
biologiuri efeqtis mixedviT gamoyofen sam ubans: ultraiisferi gamosxiveba<br />
400-315 nm sigrZis talRiT, romelic xasiaTdeba susti biologiuri qmedebiT;<br />
315-280 nm sigrZis talRebi xels uwyobs garujvas, mozardebis dacvas<br />
raqitisagan; 280-200 nm sigrZis talRebi gamoirCeva gamokveTili<br />
baqteriociduli qmedebiT da aqtiurad moqmedebs cilebze da cximebze.<br />
ultraiisferi gamosxiveba Seadgens mzis gamosxivebis mTliani nakadis<br />
5%-s da aucilebelia adamianis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis. ultraiisferi<br />
sxivebis xangrZlivi ukmarisoba iwvevs organizmSi arasasurvel movlenebs,<br />
romelsac `sinaTlis SimSili~ uwodes. ultraiisferi gamosxiveba amcirebs<br />
organizmis mgrZnobelobas zogierTi mavne nivTierebebis mimarT (marganeci,<br />
vercxliswyali, tyvia) da xels uwyobs maT swraf gamoyvanas organizmidan.<br />
ultraiisferi gamosxivebis optimaluri dozebi aumjobesebs gulis<br />
ritms, sisxlwarmoqmnas, amaRlebs sunTqvis fermentis aqtivobas.<br />
ultraiisferi sxivebis xelovnur wyaroebad iTvleba gazganmuxtvis<br />
wyaroebi, eleqtruli rkali, lazerebi, plazmotronebi. isini SeiZleba gaxdnen<br />
mwvave da qronikuli daavadebebis mizezi. aseTi gamosxivebebisaTvis yvelaze<br />
ufro mgrZnobiare organo aris mxedvelobis organo. Tvalebis mwvave<br />
dazianebas eleqtrooftalmia ewodeba. qronikul daavadebebs miekuTvneba<br />
lorwovani garsis anTeba _ qronikuli koniunqtiviti, quTuToebis anTeba _<br />
blefariti, brolis SemRvreva _ kataraqta.<br />
kanze ultraiisferi talRebis intensiuri gavlena mimdinareobs mwvave<br />
anTebis formiT _ gawiTlebiT, SeSupebiT, buStukebis warmoqmniT, Zlieri<br />
pigmentaciiT, aqercvliT. xangrZlivi moqmedeba ki iwvevs kanis daberebas da<br />
kanze avTvisebian warmonaqmnebs. ultraiisferi sxivebis da mavne nivTierebebis<br />
kombinirebuli qmedeba iwvevs fotosensibilizacias _ organizmis gadidebuli<br />
mgrZnobeloba sinaTlis mimarT fotoalergiuli reaqciebis ganviTarebiT.<br />
kanis daucveli adgilebisaTvis (saxe, kiseri, xelis mtevnebi)<br />
ultraiisferi sxivebis zRvruli intensivobis done erTjeradi dasxivebisas,<br />
74
araumetesi 5 wuTi, ar unda aRematebodes 10 vt/m 2 . ultraiisferi sxivebisagan<br />
dasacavad gamoiyeneba spectansacmeli, saxis da xelebis dacvis saSualebebi.<br />
lazeris gamosxiveba. mecnierebaSi, saxaxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva<br />
sferoSi da medicinaSi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba optikuri qvanturi<br />
generatorebi an rogorc maT uwodeben lazerebi. lazeri ewodeba optikuri<br />
diapazonis (0,1-1000 mkm sigrZis talRis) eleqtromagnitur rxevebis generators,<br />
romlis moqmedeba dafuZnebulia iZulebiTi gamosxivebis gamoyenebaze.<br />
sxva eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebisagan gansxvavebiT, lazeris<br />
gamosxiveba gamoirCeva monoqromatuli (erTi sigrZis talRebi)<br />
kogerentulobiT (gamosxivebis yvela wyaro warmoqmnis talRebs erT fazaSi),<br />
sxivis mkveTri mimarTulobiT (gamosxivebis konis mcire gabneva).<br />
generaciis xasiaTis mixedviT lazerebi SeiZleba iyos impulsuri<br />
(gamosxivebis xangrZlivoba 0,25 wm), uwyveti moqmedebis lazerebi (gamosxivebis<br />
xangrZlivoba 0,25 wamze meti).<br />
organizmze lazeris gamosxivebis xarisxi damokidebulia dasxivebis<br />
intensivobaze, talRis sigrZeze, impulsis xangrZlivobaze, impulsis<br />
ganmeorebis sixSireze da aseve organoebis da qsovilebis biologiur da<br />
fiziko-qimiur Tvisebebze. lazeris sxivi sxvadasxva organoebze moqmedebs<br />
SerCeviT.<br />
lazeriT Tvalebis dasxiveba iwvevs rqovanas da brolis gamWvirvalobis<br />
Semcirebas, brolis gaxureba _ kataraqtas, baduras dazianeba _ mxedvelobis<br />
Seuqcevad darRvevebs, radganac ujredebi ar aRdgeba. lazeris sxivebiT<br />
dazianebis xarisxi damokidebulia Tvalebis ferze, mwvane da cisferi Tvalebi<br />
ufro ziandeba vidre muqi.<br />
kanze Tbur efeqts iwvevs 180-100000 nm. diapazonis nebismieri sigrZis<br />
talRebi, ris Sedegadac xdeba cilis Sededeba an bioqsovilis aorTqleba.<br />
kanis dazianeba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari: _ SewiTlebidan kanis Rrma<br />
defeqtamde. 1400 nm sigrZis lazeris sxivebs gaaCnia sxeulSi Rrmad SeRwevis<br />
unari. saSiSroebis mixedviT lazeris sxivebi 4 klasad iyofa: I klass<br />
miakuTvneben TvalebisaTvis da kanisaTvis sruliad uvnebel sxivebs; II klass<br />
miekuTvnebian lazerebi, romelic warmoadgens saSiSroebas Tvalebis pirdapiri<br />
da areklili sxiviT dasxivebisas; III klass miekuTvneba lazerebi, romelTa<br />
75
gamosxiveba warmoadgens saSiSroebas Tvalebis pirdapiri, areklili da<br />
gabneuli sxiviT dasxvivebisas; IV klasi moicavs iseT lazerebs, romelTa<br />
gabneul-areklili gamosxiveba 10 sm-is daSorebiT saSiSroebas uqmnis Tvalebs<br />
da kans [9].<br />
lazeris gamosxivebisagan dacvis RonisZiebebia: lazeris danadgaris<br />
saTavsSi optikur _ qvanturi generatoris ise ganTavseba, rom sxivTa konis gza<br />
ar gadiodes momsaxure personalis yofnis adgilebSi; sxivTa konis<br />
fokusirebis wertilis dacva diafragmiT; konis boloSi STanTqmelis mowyoba;<br />
lazeris saTavsSi ar unda iyos sarkisebri zedapirebi; individualuri dacvis<br />
saSualebebis (dieleqtruli xaliCebi, xelTaTmanebi, instrumentebi, damcveli<br />
saTvale da a.S.) gamoyeneba.<br />
7.1. maionizirebeli (radioaqtiuri) gamosxiveba<br />
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi da izotopebi farTod gamoiyeneba saxalxo<br />
meurneobis sxvadasxva dargSi. izotopi aris erTi da igive nivTierebis atomi,<br />
romelsac aqvs sxvadasxva atomuri wona. izotopebi iSlebian da iZlevian<br />
radioaqtiur gamosxivebas. adamianis organizmSi radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba<br />
iwvevs mTel rig Seqcevad da Seuqcevad procesebs. radganac adamianis<br />
organizmi Seicavs 75% wyals, dasxiveba iwvevs wylis radiolizs e.i.<br />
ionizaciis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Tavisufali maRali aqtivobis mqone<br />
radikalebi H + da OH - . isini Sedian qimiur reaqciaSi biologiuri qsovilis<br />
cilebTan, fermentebTan da sxva elementebTan, rac iwvevs organizmis<br />
bioqimiuri procesebis moSlas. TandaTanobiT am procesSi monawileobas iRebs<br />
organizmis sxva molekulebi, ris Sedegadac irRveva nivTierebaTa cvlis<br />
procesebi, neldeba da wydeba axali qsovilebis zrda, iqmneba axali qimiuri<br />
naerTebi. es naerTebi aris adamianis organizmisaTvis SeuTavsebeli naerTebi.<br />
sabolood wydeba calkeuli organos funqcionireba.<br />
radioaqtiuri dasxiveba organizmSi iwvevs sisxlwarmomqmneli organoebis<br />
funqciis moSlas; kuWnawlavuri funqciis darRvevas; organizmis imunitetis<br />
daqveiTebas; janmrTeli ujredebis avTvisebianSi gardaqmnas. es procesi<br />
SeiZleba gagrZeldes ramodenime saaTs, dRes, wels.<br />
76
adiaciuli efeqti SeiZleba iyos somatiuri da genetikuri.<br />
somatiuri efeqti vlindeba sxivuri daavadebis, sisxlis gaTeTrebis _<br />
leikozis, damwvrobis, avTvisebiani warmonaqmnebis saxiT.<br />
genetikuri efeqti vlindeba Semdgom TaobebSi.<br />
γ _ sxivebiT, 0,25 gr doziT dasxivebisas adgili aqvs mwvave dazianebebs.<br />
0,25-dan 0,5 grei-mde dasxivebisas aRiniSneba sisxlSi droebiTi, advilad<br />
regenirebadi cvlilebebi.<br />
1,5-2 grei iwvevs msubuqi formis sxivur daavadebas, romelic xasiaTdeba<br />
sisxlSi limfocitebis SemcirebiT.<br />
2,5-4 grei iwvevs saSualo simZimis sxivur daavadebas, aseve aRiniSneba<br />
leikocitebis swrafi Semcireba, adgili aqvs kanqveSa sisxlCaqcevebs da<br />
letaluri dasasruli dgeba dasxivebidan 2-6 kviris Semdeg.<br />
40-60 grei sxivuri daavadebis mZime formis gamomwvevia da adamiani kvdeba<br />
1 Tvis Semdeg.<br />
moyvanili magaliTebi miekuTvneba iseT SemTxvevbs roca ar tardeba<br />
medikamentozuri mkurnaloba.<br />
dReisaTvis farmakologias gaaCnia efeqturi preparatebi, romlebic<br />
kompleqsuri mkurnalobis pirobebSi, roca dasxivebis doza 10 grei-s ar<br />
aRemateba, gamoricxavs sikvdils.<br />
radiaciis zemoqmedebis xarisxi damokidebulia im viTarebaze adamiani<br />
dasxivda garemodan, Tu radioaqtiur nivTierebam SeaRwia organizmSi (sakvebis,<br />
CasunTquli haeris meSeveobiT). zogierTi nivTiereba grovdeba adamianis<br />
organizmSi, rac zrdis radiaciis dozas. radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoyvana<br />
organizmidan rTuldeba imis gamo, rom maT organizmi sxvadasxvanairad<br />
iTvisebs.<br />
radioaqtiuri natriumi, kaliumi, ceziumi, Tanabrad nawildeba organizmSi<br />
da qsovilebSi. stronciumi, radiumi, kalciumi, fosfori grovdeba ZvlebSi.<br />
ruTeniumi, poloniumi _ RviZlSi, TirkmelSi, elenTaSi. iodi-131 grovdeba<br />
farisebr jirkvalSi, romelic STanTqavs mTel iods srul gajerebamde.<br />
radioaqtiuri iodis dagroveba iwvevs farisebri jirkvlis hormonaluri<br />
statusis moSlas. gansakuTrebulad saSiSia iodiT gajereba bavSvebSi, radgan<br />
77
es organo maTi zrdisaTvis da ganviTarebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania vidre<br />
didebisaTvis.<br />
organizmSi moxvedrisas yvelaze saSiSia plutoniumis da poloniumis -<br />
sxivebi.<br />
maionizirebeli gamosxivebis ZiriTadi dasaSvebi doneebi da dozebi<br />
dadgenilia mosaxleobis Semdegi kategoriisaTvis:<br />
_ A kategorias miekuTvneba _ adamianebis jgufi, romelic muSaobs<br />
teqnologiur wyaroebTan;<br />
_ B kategorias miekuTvneba adamianTa jgufi, romelic ar muSaobs<br />
teqnologiur wyaroebTan, magram imyofeba dasxivebis zonaSi.<br />
_ danarCeni mosaxleoba.<br />
dasxivebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens bunebrivi uranis da<br />
Toriumis daSlis moklevadiani airadi produqtebi _ radon-222 da radon-220,<br />
romlis daSlis produqtia α-sxivebi, romelic SeisunTqeba haerTan erTad.<br />
radonis ZiriTadi nawili grovdeba daxurul, gauniavebel sivrceSi, is aRwevs<br />
binaSi saZirkvlidan an gamoiyofa mineraluri warmoSobis samSeneblo<br />
masalebisagan _ graniti, kaJmiwa, Tixa, aguri, silikaturi wida. saSiSroebas<br />
warmnoadgens radonSemcveli wylis orTqli. radonis maRali koncentracia<br />
dafiqsirebulia samzareuloSi, gamaTbobel xelsawyoebTan (bunebrivi airi).<br />
normirebuli sidideebi<br />
efeqturi doza<br />
eqvivalenturi doza:<br />
Tvalis brolisaTvis<br />
kanisaTvis<br />
idayvisa da terfebisaTvis<br />
dozebis ZiriTadi zRvrebi<br />
dozis zRvari, mzv<br />
kategoria A mosaxleoba<br />
20 mzv/w. 1 mzv/w.<br />
cxrili #11<br />
bunebrivi radiaciuli zona meryeobs adgilmdebareobis mixedviT.<br />
anomalur adgilebSi, sadac aris granitis masivebi an uamravi bunebrivi<br />
wyaroebi aRiniSneba bunebrivi radionuklidebis maRali koncentracia.<br />
polusebisaken mcxovrebi mosaxleoba Rebulobs 2-jer met dozas, vidre<br />
ekvatorze mcxovrebi, xolo maRalmTian raionebSi mcxovrebni 5-10-jer met<br />
78<br />
150<br />
500<br />
500<br />
15<br />
50<br />
50
dozas iReben, vidre zRvis doneze mcxovrebni. cxrilSi moyvanilia efeqturi<br />
eqvivalenturi dozebis mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva saxis dasxivebisaTvis:<br />
efeqturi eqvivalenturi dozebi<br />
dasxivebis saxe efeqturi eqvivalenturi doza<br />
feradi televizori, ekranidan<br />
2 m daSorebiT<br />
~0,01 mkzv<br />
feradi televizoris win wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri jdoma<br />
1 saaTiani jdoma TviTmfrinavSi:<br />
5-7 mkzv<br />
10-15 km simaRleze;<br />
4-7 mkzv<br />
18-20 km simaRleze<br />
10-30 mkzv<br />
radonis Aabazanis miReba 0,01-1 mkzv<br />
gulmkerdis rentgenografia 0,1-0,5 mzv<br />
rentgenuli mamografia 0,1-1 mzv<br />
kbilebis rentgenografia 2,-4 mzv<br />
rentgenuli tomografia 0,03-3 mzv<br />
filtvebis kibos rentgenodiagnostika 5-100 mzv<br />
kuWnaWlavis rentgenodiagnostika 0,1-0,25 zv<br />
γ-sxivebiT Terapia 0,2-0,5 zv<br />
79<br />
cxrili #12<br />
kompiuteruli tomografia dasxivebis dozis 5-50-jer Semcirebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva [10].<br />
7.2. eleqtromagnituri velebisagan da gamosxivebebisagan dacva<br />
eleqtromagnituri velebisagan da gamosxivebebisagan dasacavad<br />
gamoiyeneba Semdegi meTodebi da saSualebebi: gamosxivebis wyaroSi<br />
eleqtromagnituri energiis mSTanTqmelebis gamoyeneba; gamosxivebis wyarodan<br />
manZilis gazrda; gamosxivebis daekraneba; individualuri dacvis saSualebebis<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
ekranebi SeiZleba iyos Sekruli da Ria, sxvadasxva formis, zomis,<br />
perforirebuli, fiWuri an badisebri masalisagan damzadebuli. mZlavri<br />
maRalsixSiruli gamosxivebebis (1 ghc – 35 ghc) daekranebisaTvis gamoiyeneba<br />
fiWuri mesrebi. garemos eleqtromagnituri dabinZurebis asacileblad axdenen<br />
dasxivebis daekranebas badisebri da fiWuri ekranebiT.
ekranebi nawilobriv STanTqaven da nawilobriv ireklaven<br />
eleqtromagnitur energias. STanTqvis da arekvlis xarisxis mixedviT, ekranebi<br />
SeiZleba iyos amrekli da mSTanTqmeli. amrekli ekranebi Sesrulebulia 5 mm-<br />
iani sisqis mqone gamtari masalebisagan _ foladi, spilenZi, alumini.<br />
perforirebuli, badisebri da fiWuri ekranebis garda gamoiyeneba folgis da<br />
metalizirebulzedapiriani amreklebi.<br />
radiotalRebis mSTanTqmelad gamoiyeneba mSTanTqavi ekranebi. mSTanTqavi<br />
ekranebi damzadebulia sxvadasxva kompoziciuri masalisagan _ kauCuki,<br />
poroloni, penopolistiroli, penoplasti, metalokeramika da danamatebisagan _<br />
Wvartli, aqtivirebuli naxSiri, naxSirbadiani rkinis fxvnilebi. yvela ekrani<br />
unda iyos Camiwebuli, radganac warmoqmnili muxtebi unda Caedinebodes miwaSi.<br />
eleqtromagnituri velebisagan dasacavad xSirad gamoiyeneba liTonuri<br />
badeebi. isini uzrunvelyofen teqnologiur procesze dakvirvebas da bunebrivi<br />
da xelovnuri ventilaciis xarjze mowyobilobebis gaciebas. ekranebis<br />
efeqturoba fasdeba formulebiT, (db);<br />
ΔL=20 lg(E0/E); ΔL=20 lg(H0/H); ΔL=10 lg(ППЭ0/ППЭ);<br />
sadac E0, H0, ППЭ0 _ Sesabamisad, eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, magnituri<br />
velis daZabuloba, energiis nakadis simkvrive daekranebamzde;<br />
E, H, ППЭ _ igive parametrebi daekranebis Semdeg.<br />
eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebebisagan individualuri dacvis saSualebebs<br />
miekuTvneba: bambis kombinizonebi, kostiumebi, winsafrebi, saTvaleebi, niRbebi<br />
da a.S.. kombinizonis efeqturoba aRwevs 25-30 db-s. Tvalis dasacavad<br />
gamoiyeneba metalizirebuli, kalaSemcveli minebi, romlis efeqturoba<br />
Seadgens 25-35 db-s.<br />
7.3. maionizirebeli gamosxivebisagan dacva<br />
maionizirebeli gamosxivebisagan dasacavad saWiroa: gamosxivebis wyaromde<br />
manZilis gazrda; gamosxivebebis daekraneba; individualuri dacvis<br />
saSualebebis gamoyeneba.<br />
gamosxivebebis zRvrul sididemde dayvana xorcieldeba ekranebis<br />
gamoyenebiT. ekranis masalis SerCeva damokidebulia gamosxivebis tipze da<br />
80
energiis sidideze. alfa-nawilakebs gaaCnia maRali maionizirebeli Tvisebebi,<br />
magram isini swrafad kargaven energias, amitom maTgan dacvisaTvis sakmarisia<br />
haeris 10 sm fena, organuli minis ekrani (nax. #16).<br />
beta-gamosxivebisagan dasacavad rekomendebulia dabali atomuri masis<br />
mqone masalebi _ alumini, pleqsiglasi, karboliti.<br />
nax. 16. α, β, γ-sxivebis SeRwevadobis unari<br />
beta da gama-gamosxivebisagan kompleqsuri dacva xdeba kombinirebuli<br />
mravalfeniani ekranebiT. am ekranebis 1 fena gamosxivebis wyaros mxridan<br />
Sesrulebulia dabali atomuri masis mqone masalisagan, xolo Semdegi fena _<br />
maRali atmomuri masis mqone masalisagan _ tyvia, foladi.<br />
gama da rentgenis sxivebi xasiaTdeba maRali SeRwevis unariT. maTgan<br />
dasacavad gamoiyeneba maRali atmomuri masis da simkvrivis mqone nivTierebebi<br />
_ tyvia, volframi da masalebi _ foladi, rkina, betoni, Tuji, aguri.<br />
neitronuli gamosxivebisagan dacvas warmoadgens wyalbadSemcveli<br />
masalebi _ wyali, parafini, polieTileni. neitronis sxivebis maRali STanTqmis<br />
unariT gamoirCeva bori, beriliumi, kadmiumi, grafiti. radganac neitronuli<br />
gamosxivebis Tanmxlebia gama- sxivebi, saWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas mravalfeniani<br />
ekranebi: tyvia _ polieTileni; tyvia _ wyali da a.S.<br />
neitronuli gamosxivebisagan dacva warmoebs sxvadasxva konstruqciebis<br />
mqone mowyobilobebiT _ damcavi boqsebi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis seifebi,<br />
gadaadgilebadi da stacionaruli ekranebi.<br />
81
Tavi 8. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvis<br />
organizeba<br />
8.1 saxanZro saSiSroebis saerTo daxasiaTeba<br />
xanZari informatikis da marTvis sistemebisaTvis warmoadgens<br />
gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas, ramdenadac xanZari did safrTxes uqmnis<br />
momuSaveTa janmrTelobas da sicocxles da dakavSirebulia did materialur<br />
zaralTan. xanZris gaCena SesaZlebelia wvadi nivTierebis, damJangvelis da<br />
aalebis wyaros urTierTqmedebisas. marTvis mowyobilobebis da aparaturis<br />
saTavsebSi xanZris warmomqmneli samive komponenti arsebobs.<br />
marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi wvadi komponentebia-saTavsebis akustikuri<br />
da esTetiuri mopirkeTebisaTvis gamoyenebuli samSeneblo masalebi, tixrebi,<br />
fanjris rafebi, karebi, iataki, aveji, stelaJebi, perforuqebi da<br />
perfolentebi, sasignalo da Zalovani kabelebis, eleqtroZravebis, blokebis,<br />
dgarebis, karadebis izolacia, plastikuri masalebisgan Sesrulebuli<br />
konstruqciuli elementebi, egm-is kvanZebis da elementebis sawmendi siTxeebi.<br />
sawarmoo saTavsebSi mudmivad funqcionirebs mZlavri kondicionerebis<br />
centralizirebuli sistema. amitom Jangbadi, rogorc wvis procesis saukeTeso<br />
xelisSemwyobi, arsebobs saTavsis nebismier wertilSi.<br />
xanZris gaCenis kera SeiZleba gaxdes eleqtronuli sqema, eleqtrokvebis<br />
mowyobilobebi da xelsawyoebi, sxvadasxva darRvevebis Sedegad gadaxurebuli<br />
elementebi, eleqtronaperwkali, rkali da sxva.<br />
xanZarsaSiSroeba ganpirobebulia kabeluri xazebis, ventilaciis,<br />
kondicionirebis, egm-ebis eleqtrokvebis ganStoebuli sistemis arsebobiT.<br />
egm-Si samontaJo firfitebis, eleqtronuli kvanZebis, sqemebis,<br />
sakomutacio kabelebis, rezistorebis, kondensatorebis da sxva elementebis<br />
ganlagebis maRali simkvrive dakavSirebulia aalebis da anTebadobis<br />
saSiSroebasTan. elementebis maRali simkvrive iwvevs sxvadasxva kvanZebSi<br />
temperaturis matebas 80-100 -mde, rac SeiZleba saizolacio masalis aalebis<br />
mizezi gaxdes. aalebis da xanZris gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT<br />
kabelebi Sesrulebulia xanZarsawinaaRmdego danafariT.<br />
82
egm-is saremonto-profilaqtikuri samuSaoebisas gamoiyeneba sxvadsxva<br />
wvadi, da adviladaalebadi siTxeebi, gadasatani eleqtroaparatura, eleqtro-<br />
dreli, eleqtrosarCilavi da sxva, riTac iqmneba xanZris gaCenis damatebiTi<br />
kera. aseTi samuSaoebis Catarebisas aucilebelia saxanZro usafrTxoebis<br />
elementaluri wesebis dacva. eleqtromeqanikosis samuSao magida damzadebuli<br />
unda iyos uwvadi dieleqtrikuli masalisagan.<br />
wvadi siTxeebiT detalebis, ujredebis da sxva mowyobilobebis garecxva<br />
unda xdebodes momden-gamwovi ventilaciiT aRWurvil saTavsebSi. wvadi<br />
siTxeebi unda inaxebodes liTonis yuTebSi da maTi saerTo raodenoba ar unda<br />
aRematebodes normiT daSvebul raodenobas, aseve yuradsaRebia uwvavi<br />
analogebis gamoyeneba. xanZarsaSiS adgilad iTvleba informaciis Sesanaxi<br />
saTavsi, romelSic erTdroulad moTavsebulia perforuqebis, perfolentebis<br />
magnituri lentis diskebis didi raodenoba. xSirad es raodenoba aRemateba<br />
saTavsis wvad datvirTvas.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis eleqtromomarageba xorcieldeba<br />
satransformatoro qvesadguridan da Zrav-generatoruli agregatebidan.<br />
satransformatoro qvesadgurSi saSiSroebas warmoadgens Zravebis zeTiT<br />
gaciveba, radganac wvadi siTxis feTqvis temperatura Seadgens 135 0 C, xolo<br />
transformatoris gragnilis temperatura samuSao reJimSi 115-120 0 C Seadgens.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, saTavsebSi upiratesoba unda mieniWos mSral<br />
transformatorebs. Zrav-generatoruli agregatebis xanZar saSiSroeba<br />
ganpirobebulia gadatvirTvis, mokle CarTvis, eleqtronaperwklis arsebobiT.<br />
sawarmoo Senobebis da saTavsebis xanZarsaSiSroeba ganpirobebulia<br />
teqnologiuri procesiT, gamoyenebuli masalebis da nivTierebebis<br />
TaviseburebebiT. feTqebad- da xanZarsaSiSroebis mixedviT Senobebi da<br />
saTavsebi iyofa А, Б, В, Г, Д kategoriebad.<br />
А _ feTqebadxanZarsaSiS kategorias miekuTvneba: wvadi airebi,<br />
adviladaalebadi siTxeebi feTqvis temperaturiT araumates 28 0 C,<br />
romlebsac SeuZliaT Seqmnan feTqebadi orTqlhaeris narevebi, romlis<br />
drosac saTavsebSi viTardeba 5 kpa-ze meti Warbi wneva; nivTierebebi da<br />
masalebi, romlebic wyalTan, haeris JangbadTan an erTmaneTTan<br />
83
urTierTqmedebisas feTqdebian an iwvian, romlis drosac saTavsSi<br />
viTardeba 5 kp-ze meti Warbi wneva.<br />
Б _FEfeTqebadxanZarsaSiS kategorias miekuTvneba wvadi mtveri, boWkoebi,<br />
adviladaalebadi siTxeebi feTqvis temperaturiT 28 0 -ze zeviT. maT<br />
SeuZliaT warmoqmnan feTqebadsaSiSi mtver-orTql-haer narevebi, romlis<br />
aalebisas viTardeba 5 kp-ze meti Warbi wneva.<br />
В _ xanZarsaSiS kategorias miekuTvneba wvadi da Zneladwvadi siTxeebi, wvadi<br />
da Zneladwvadi myari nivTierebebi, masalebi,romlebic wyalTan,<br />
JangbadTan an erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebisas mxolod iwvian.<br />
Г _ kategoriaSi Sedis arawvadi nivTierebebi, masalebi cxel, gavarvarebul,<br />
galRobil mdgomareobaSi. maTi gadamuSavebis process Tan axlavs sxivuri<br />
siTbos, naperwklebis, alis gamoyofa.<br />
Д _ kategoriaSi Sedis arawvadi nivTierebebi, masalebi civ mdgomareobaSi.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebis umetesoba miekuTvneba<br />
xanZrasaSiS В kategorias.<br />
saxanZro profilaqtikis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens xanZris dros<br />
samSeneblo konstruqciebis dacva ngrevisagan da maRali temperaturis<br />
pirobebSi maTi medegobis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
konstruqciebis unars _ garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gauZlos xanZris<br />
zemoqmedebas da SeinarCunos saeqspluatacio funqciebi, cecxlmedegoba<br />
ewodeba. cecxlmedegobis zRvrebis da samSeneblo normebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
ganasxvaveben I, II, III, IIIа, IIIб, IV, IVа, V cecxlmedegobis xarisxs. informatikis<br />
da marTvis sistemebis ZviradRirebuli eleqtronuli mowyobiloba, aparatura,<br />
xelsawyoebi saxanZro kategoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, miekuTvneba<br />
cecxlmedegobis I da II xarisxs [11].<br />
Senobis erTi nawilidan meoreSi cecxlis gavrcelebis asacileblad<br />
mowyobilia xanZarsawinaaRmdego kedlebi, tixrebi, gadaxurvebi, zonebi,<br />
tamburebi, karebi, fanjrebi, sarqvelebi da sxva. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />
xanZarsawinaaRmdego gadaRobvebis cecxlmedegobis zRvrebi (saaTSi): kedeli _<br />
2,5; tixari _ 0,75; gadaxurva _ 2,5; kari da fanjara _ 1,2; tamburi, sarqveli _ 1.<br />
xanZrasawinaaRmdego tixrebi mowyobilia samanqano darbazebis servisuli<br />
da periferiuli aparaturis informaciis Sesanax saTavsebs Soris. samanqano<br />
84
darbazs da saTavss Soris, sadac ganlagebulia aparatura, xanZarsawina-<br />
aRmdego fanjara ar unda iRebodes. gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi waeyeneba<br />
sakabelo komunikaciis mowyobas da ganlagebas. satransformatoro<br />
qvesadguridan gamanawilebel faramde yvela saxis kabeli liTonis milebSi<br />
unda iyos ganTavsebuli.<br />
samanqano darbazebisaTvis kabeluri xazebi gayvanilia uwvadi masalisagan<br />
damzadebuli, asaxsneli teqnologiuri iatakis qveS, cecxlmedegobis zRvariT<br />
0,5 sT. teqnologiuri iatakis qveS sivrce dayofili unda iyos uwvadi<br />
tixrebiT (cecxlmedegobis zRvari 0,75 sT).<br />
8.2. saTavsebidan adamianebis evakuacia<br />
gasasvlelisaken iZulebiTi evakuaciis procesi xorcieldeba yvela<br />
saTavsidan erTdroulad. aseT situaciaSi iqmneba adamianTa ufro intensiuri<br />
nakadi, vidre normaluri moZraobisas. iZulebiTi evakuacia mimdinareobs<br />
xanZris warmoqmnili saSiSi faqtorebis mzardi moqmedebisas. amitom xanZris<br />
dros adamianebis <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> pirdapir kavSirSia SenobaSi yofnis drosTan.<br />
iZulebiTi evakuaciis procesi xorcieldeba saevakuacio gzebiT,<br />
derefnebiT, kibeebiT, gasasvlelebiT, romlis raodenoba da zomebi<br />
reglamentirebulia samSeneblo normebiT. saevakuacio gasasvlelebi ise unda<br />
iyos ganlagebuli, rom maT Soris minimaluri manZili Seadgendes ,<br />
sadac П aris saTavsis perimetri.<br />
TiToeul sarTulze unda iyos aranakleb ori saevakuacio gasasvleli.<br />
sanitariuli normebiT yovel 25 kacze unda iyos erTi saevakuacio gasasvleli,<br />
Tu manZili yvelaze ufro daSorebuli wertilidan saevakuacio gasasvlelamde<br />
ar aRemateba 25 m. 50 momuSaveze daSvebulia meore gasasvleli gare kibeze.<br />
saevakuacio gasasvlelis (karis) sigane dgindeba momuSaveTa saerTo<br />
raodenobiT da Seadgens 0,8 m-s, saevakuacio gasasvleli gzebis an derefnis<br />
sigane 2 m. saevakuacio kari unda iRebodes gareT. kibis marSis sigane unda<br />
iyos saevakuacio karis siganis toli. safexurebis zoma SeirCeva im<br />
mosazrebiT, rom SenarCundes horizontalur ubanze moZraobis toli ritmi.<br />
85
aqedan gamomdinare, safexurebis simaRle unda Seadgendes 15-18 sm-s, sigane 24-<br />
sm-s.<br />
saevakuacio gzebze dauSvebelia xraxnuli kibeebis, brunvadi, gasawevi<br />
karis mowyoba. kibes marjvena mxridan unda hqondes saimedo SemoRobva<br />
(moajiri). samanqano darbazSi Sesvla unda xdebodes tamburis gavliT, romlis<br />
kari unda iRebodes samanqano darbazisaken. saevakuacio gzaze unda<br />
funqcionirebdes rogorc bunebrivi, aseve xelovnuri avariuli ganaTeba.<br />
8.3. informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebis kvamlsawinaaRmdego<br />
dacva<br />
xanZris SemTxvevaSi adamianebis daRupvis mizezi xSirad xdeba ara cecxli<br />
da maRali temperatura, aramed Tbosaizolacio, akustikuri, dekoratiuli da<br />
sxva sinTetiuri mosapirkeTebeli masalebis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili<br />
toqsikuri produqtebi. amitom saxanZro profilaqtikis upirveles amocanad<br />
iTvleba Senobis kvamlsawianaRmdego dacva da sxvadasxva saTavsidan wvis mavne<br />
produqtebis mocileba.<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacva, Tu Senoba<br />
mravalsarTuliania da aRWurvilia salifto SaxtebiT, kibis ujredebiT<br />
haersadenebiT da a.S., romlis meSveobiTac kvamli advilad vrceldeba Senobis<br />
mTel vertikalSi. dadgenilia, rom wvis produqtebis gavrcelebis siCqare<br />
Senobis vertikalur arxebSi 20 m/wT-s aRemateba, xolo intensiuri<br />
dakvamlianeba xdeba xanZris gaCenidan 1-2 wuTSi.<br />
mravalsarTuliani Senobis kibis ujredis gaukvamlianeba miiRweva ori<br />
xerxiT pirveli xerxis SemTxvevaSi xdeba kibis ujredis gamoyofa mosazRvre<br />
saTavsebidan yru kvamlgaumtari kedlebiT. kibis ujredSi moxvedra xdeba<br />
aivnidan e.i. sahaero zonidan. xanZris SemTxvevaSi wvis produqtebi xvdeba<br />
sahaero zonaSi da atmosferuli difuziis gamo gaifanteba garemoSi.<br />
meore xerxiT kibis ujredebis gaukvamlianeba xdeba saventilacio<br />
danadgarebis saSualebiT sufTa haeris daWirxniT 5 pa wneviT (muSa reJimSi) da<br />
20 pa wneviT (avariul reJimSi). pirveli xerxi ufro saimedoa, xolo meore<br />
ufro komfortuli. gamoTvliTi teqnikis saTavsebSi centrebSi xSirad<br />
86
gamoiyeneba kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacvis kombinirebuli sistema _ orive xerxis<br />
CarTviT.<br />
kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacvis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saTavsebidan<br />
da sarTulebidan wvis produqtebis gayvanas sakvamle Saxtebidan da<br />
Riobebidan. umetes SenobebSi sakvamle Riobebis funqcias asrulebs fanjrebi<br />
an sasinaTlo farnebi. sakvamle gamwov Saxtas yvela sarTulis doneze<br />
mowyobili aqvs avtomaturi sarqveli. gamwov SaxtaSi wvis produqtebis<br />
moZraoba iZulebiTia.<br />
xerxebma:<br />
8.4. xanZris qrobis xerxebi, cecxlsaqrobi nivTierebebi da aparatura<br />
xanZris qrobis praqtikaSi didi gavrceleba hpova wvis Sewyvetis Semdegma<br />
1. wvis keris gacieba mis zedapirze siTbotevadi cecxlmqrobi saSualebebis<br />
(wyali, qafi da sxv) dafrqveviT;<br />
2. wvis keris izolacia mis zedapirze maizolirebeli cecxlmqrobi<br />
saSualebebis (qviSa, qafi da sxv) dafeniT;<br />
3. wvadi airebis, mtvris, orTqlis koncentraciis ganzaveba wvis zonaSi<br />
inertuli airebis (azoti, naxSirbadis dioqsidi da sxv) SeyvaniT;<br />
4. wvis reaqciis siCqaris intensiuri damuxruWeba _ inhibireba nivTierebebis an<br />
wvadi haer-orTql-mtvris sistemebis maflegmatizirebeli nivTierebebiT an<br />
SemadgenlobebiT ganzaveba.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saxanZro dacvis meTodebis<br />
damuSavebisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos qrobis saSualebebis<br />
SerCevas, radganac xanZrisagan miyenebuli zaralis didi wili modis wyliT,<br />
qafiT da fxvnilebiT ZviradRirebuli mowyobilobebis, aparaturis,<br />
dazianebebze.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis mowyobiloba Zalian swrafad fuWdeba<br />
kvamlis Wvartlis, temperaturis mkveTri cvlilebebis moqmedebiT. zemoT<br />
CamoTvlili xanZris qrobis xerxebis efeqturoba damokidebulia xanZris<br />
ganviTarebis stadiaze, xanZris masStabebze, sxvadasxva masalis wvis<br />
Taviseburebebze.<br />
87
ganvixiloT xanZris qrobis gavrcelebuli saSualebebi.<br />
wyali. wyals gaaCnia cecxlis qrobis sami Tviseba: aciebs wvis zonas,<br />
azavebs moreagire nivTierebebs da axdens wvadi nivTierebebis izolirebas.<br />
xanZrisqrobis sxva saSualebebTan SedarebiT wyals gaaCnia maRali<br />
siTbotevadoba. 0 0 C-dan 100 0 C-mde gaxurebiT wyali STanTqavs 419 kjoul<br />
siTbos, xolo aorTqlebisas _ 2260 kjouls. aorTqlebisas wyali 1750-jer<br />
matulobs moculobaSi. wvad airebTan Serevisas xdeba maTi ganzaveba da narevi<br />
kargavs wvis unars. wyali xanZris qrobis qimiurad neitraluri da yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, magram arsebobs misi gamoyenebis garkveuli<br />
SezRudvebi. wyali mraval wvad nivTierebaze (benzini, navTi, eTeri, acetoni, da<br />
sxva) mZimea, amitom es nivTierebebi amotivtivdebian, wylis zedapirze da<br />
ganagrZoben wvas.<br />
wyali Seicavs mraval xsnad marils da is saukeTeso eleqtrogamtaria.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT eleqtrodanadgarebze wyliT xanZriT qroba dauSvebelia.<br />
wylis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia im obieqtebze, romlebic Seicaven tute<br />
liTonebs, kalciumis karbids, Caumqral kirs. isini advilad Sedian reaqciaSi<br />
wyalTan, qmnian afeTqebis saSiSroebas, gamoyofen feTqebadsaSiS momwamlav<br />
airebs da amiT xels uwyoben xanZris gavrcelebas.<br />
wyalqimiuri xsnarebi. xanZris qrobis efeqturobis asamaRleblad e.i.<br />
dasvelebadobis unaris gasazrdelad wyals emateba sxvadasxva tipis<br />
zedapirul-aqtiuri nivTierebebi (qafwarmomqmnelebi). magaliTad, wyalxsnari,<br />
romelic 0,5-2% zedapirul-aqtiur nivTierebas Seicavs, xanZris qrobis<br />
efeqturobis 2-jer gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. cecxlqrobis efeqturobis<br />
gazrda SesaZlebelia wylis siblantis gazrdidac. wylis Semsqeleblad<br />
gamoiyeneba poliakrilmJavas natriumis marili, meTilceluloza. `blanti~<br />
wylis moqmedeba imiT aixsneba, rom wvad zedapirs Txel fenad gadaefaros.<br />
cecxlmqrobi qafebi. qafi aris sistema, romlis dispersiuli faza aris<br />
airi. siTxeSi airis buStukebi warmoiqmneba qimiuri procesebis an siTxis da<br />
haeris meqanikuri Serevis Sedegad. xanZris qrobisas qafi gadaefineba<br />
nivTierebas da axdens mis izolirebas garemosagan. qafis daSlis procesSi<br />
Txevadi fena asvelebs da agrilebs wvis zedapirs. ganasxvaveben qimiur da<br />
haer-meqanikur qafebs.<br />
88
qimiuri qafi miiReba qafwarmomqmnel fxvnilze wylis moqmedebiT. fxvnili<br />
aris aluminis sulfatis, natriumis bikarbonatis da qafwarmomqmneli<br />
nivTierebis mSrali narevi. wyalTan urTierTqmedebisas gamoiyofa naxSirbadis<br />
dioqsidi 1 kg qafwarmomqmneli fxvnilis da 10 l wylis SereviT warmoiqmneba<br />
40-60 l koncentrirebuli emulsia, romelic Seicavs 80% naxSirbadis dioqsids,<br />
19,7% wyals da 0,3% qafwarmomqmnel nivTierebas. qafis mdgradoba warmoqmnidan<br />
daSlamde 40 wuTia.<br />
haer-meqanikuri qafi warmoadgens qafgeneratorSi miRebuli 80-99% haeris;<br />
9,7-0,96% wylis; 0,3-0,04% qafwarmomqmnelis meqanikur narevs. aseTi cecxlmqrobi<br />
narevis Tvisebebi ganpirobebulia jeradobiT, mdgradobiT da siblantiT.<br />
jeradobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben dabaljerad (jeradoba≤10), saSualojerad<br />
(jeradoba=10-200) da maRaljerad (jeradoba=200-1000) qafs.<br />
haer-meqanikuri qafis mdgradoba qimiurze naklebia. is adamianebisaTvis<br />
usafrTxoa da uvnebeli, ar iwvevs korozias, xasiaTdeba dabali<br />
eleqtrogamtarobiT.<br />
inertuli airebi. azoti, argoni, heliumi, naxSirbadis dioqsidi<br />
xasiaTdebian wvad airebTan da orTqlTan Serevis unariT, Sedegad wvis zonaSi<br />
mcirdeba Jangbadis koncentracia da wvis procesi wydeba. inertul airebSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia naxSirbadis dioqsids (CO2). 3,5 mpa wnevis<br />
pirobebSi CO 2 gardaiqmneba naxSirmJavad. misi Senaxva da transportireba xdeba<br />
foladis balonebiT 12,5 mpa wnevis pirobebSi. naxSirmJava swrafad orTqldeba<br />
(1 kg H2CO3 warmoqmnis 509 l airs), gadametcivdeba da warmoqmnis _ 79 0 C<br />
temperaturis mqone `Tovlis fantelebs~, e.w. ganzavebasTan erTad is<br />
efeqturad acivebs wvis keras.<br />
naxSirmJava saukeTeso saSualebaa eleqtrodanadgarebze xanZris<br />
Casaqrobad, radganac is dengaumtaria. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom naxSirmJaviT<br />
xanZris qrobisas aucilebelia adamianebis evakuacia saTavsebidan, radganac<br />
saTavsis haerSi Jangbadis koncentracia mkveTrad ecema CO2-is koncentraciis<br />
zrdis xarjze (CO2-is koncenracia ar unda aRematebodes 10%-s).<br />
inhibitorebi da flegmatizatorebi. es nivTierebebi amuxruWeben wvis<br />
qimiur riaqcias. amJamad xanZris Casaqrobad gamoiyeneba iseTi inhibitorebi,<br />
rogoricaa freoni 114B2 da freoni 13B1. isini ar atareben eleqtrodens, ar<br />
89
azianeben ZviradRirebul eleqtronul aparaturas, amasTan xasiaTdebian<br />
maRali dasvelebadobis TvisebiT.<br />
freoni 114B2 ufero siTxea, duRilis temperaturiT 46 0 C, TviTaalebis<br />
temperaturiT 580 0 C. 0 0 C-ze 1l siTxe warmoqmnis 86,5 l orTqls. cecxlqrobis<br />
unaris mixedviT 10-jer aRemateba CO2-s. freoni ar iwvevs egm-is eleqtronuli<br />
mowyobilobis korozias. freoniT xanZris qrobis dro Seadgens ∼60 wams, xolo<br />
wyliT an qafiT _ 10-15 wuTs. xanZris Semdeg freonis orTqli gaiwoveba momden-<br />
gamwovi ventilaciiT, xolo wylis an qafwarmomqmnelis xsnarebis mocileba<br />
xorcieldeba wyalsakrebebiT da sadrenaJo mowyobilobebiT.<br />
freoniani qrobis stacionaruli danadgarebi gamoiyeneba samanqano<br />
darbazebSi, teqnologiuri iatakisqveSa sivrceSi, sakabelo arxebSi, SaxtebSi,<br />
perforuqebis da perfolentebis Sesanax saTavsebSi.<br />
cecxlsaqrobi fxvnilebi warmoadgenen wvrilad daqucmacebuli<br />
mineraluri marilebis da sxvadasxva danamatebis meqanikur narevs. fxvnilovani<br />
narevebi gamoirCevian universalurobiT da cecxlqrobis maRali unariT<br />
(cecxlis Caqroba miiRweva 5-7 wamSi).<br />
fxvnilebis cecxlqrobis efeqti kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa: wvis zonaSi<br />
qimiuri reaqciis inhibireba, wvis zonis gaciveba; wvis zonis ganzaveba, rogorc<br />
fxvniliT, ise misi daSlis produqtebiT.<br />
fxvnilebi xasiaTdebian dieleqrtrikuli TvisebebiT, ar iwveven korozias,<br />
ar gamoirCevian toqsikurobiT. fxvnilebis naklad iTvleba maTi<br />
higroskopuloba, rac iwvevs maT datkepnas da dakoStebas.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebSi xanZris qrobis saSualebebis da<br />
xerxebis SerCeva damokidebulia xanZris gaCenis adgilze. wylis gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba programistebis saTavsebSi, biblioTekaSi, sakonferencio darbazebSi,<br />
damxmare da saTadarigo saTavsebSi.<br />
naxSirbadis dioqsidi da haer-meqanikuri qafi gamoiyeneba teqnikur<br />
sarTulebze, sakabelo jixurebSi, arxebSi, iatakisqveSa sivrceSi. samanqano<br />
darbazebSi, informaciis saTavsebSi, sakontrolo-mzomi aparaturis saTavsebSi<br />
efeqturia cecxlqrobis airadi mowyobilobebis gamoyeneba.<br />
90
xanZris likvidaciis sawyis stadiaze gamoiyeneba xanZris qrobis<br />
pirveladi saSualebebi: Sida saxanZro wyalgayvaniloba, xelis da gadasatani<br />
cecxlsaqrobebi, mSrali qviSa da sxva.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis saTavsebSi, SenobebSi saxanZro<br />
onkanebi dayenebuli unda iyos derefnebSi, kibis ujredebSi, SesasvlelTan e.i.<br />
SesamCnev da misawvdom adgilebSi _ 1,35 m simaRleze, kedelSi SeRrmavebul<br />
niSaSi saxanZo WaurTan da 10-20 m-is mqone sadawneo saxelurTan erTad. wylis<br />
dawnevam unda uzrunvelyos wylis kompaqturi Wavlis moqmedebis radiusi,<br />
aranakleb 6 m-isa [11].<br />
xanZris qrobis pirvelad saSualebebs miekuTvneba ОХП-10, ОХВП-10, ОУ-2,<br />
ОУ-5, ОУ-8, ОУ-25, ОУ-80, ОП-5-01 tipis cecxlsaqrobebi, romelTa teqnikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi moyvanilia #13 cxrilSi.<br />
ОХП-10 da ОХВП-10 tipis qimiuri qafis cecxlsaqrobebis teqnikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
ОХП-10 ОХВП-10<br />
korpusis tevadoba, l. 8,7 8,7<br />
qafis gamosvlis<br />
jeradoba, aranakleb<br />
5 50<br />
qafis Wavlis sigrZe, m. 6 4<br />
moqmedebis xangrZlivoba,<br />
60±5 50±10<br />
wami<br />
cecxlsaqrobis masa, kg:<br />
damuxtvis gareSe,<br />
4<br />
4<br />
damuxtuli<br />
14<br />
14,1<br />
tutovani nawili, gr 458,5 958<br />
mJavuri nawili, gr 470 450<br />
91<br />
cxrili #13<br />
Zabvis qveS myofi eleqtrodanadgarebSi xanZris qroba qimiuri qafis<br />
cecxlsaqrobebiT dauSvebelia.<br />
naxSirmJavur cecxlsaqrobebs miekuTvneba xelis, ОУ-2, ОУ-5, ОУ-8 tipis da<br />
gadasatani ОУ-25, ОУ-80 tipis mowyobilobebi.<br />
xelis cecxlsaqrobebi aris foladis maRalmdgradi baloni, romelic 6-7<br />
mpa wneviT da 20 0 C temperaturis pirobebSi Sevsebulia Txevadi naxSirmJaviT.
temperaturis matebiT wneva izrdeba da 31 0 C-ze naxSirmJava gadadis airad<br />
mdgomareobaSi, rac iwvevs cecxlsaqrobis ganmuxtvas. Txevadi naxSirmJavas<br />
gardaqmnas airad naxSirbadis dioqsidSi Tan axlavs temperaturis mkveTri<br />
vardna da `Tovlis~ uwvrilesi kristalebis warmoqmna. muSa mdgomareobaSi<br />
cecxlsaqrobis horizontalurad daWera dauSvebelia, radganac sifonidan<br />
naxSirbadis dioqsidis gamosvla Zneldeba.<br />
informatikis, marTvis sistemebis da mowyobilobebis saTavsebSi yovel 40-<br />
50 m 2 -ze gaTvaliswinebulia erTi xelis cecxlsaqrobi. xelis<br />
cecxlsaqrobebTan erTad farTod aris gamoyenebuli orborblian urikaze<br />
damontaJebuli gadasatani cecxlsaqrobebi da 2БР-2М tipis naxSirmJavuri<br />
stacionaruli danadgarebi.<br />
naxSirmJavuri cecxlsaqrobebis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
cxrili #14<br />
ОУ-5 ОУ-8 ОУ-25 ОУ-80 2ВР-2М<br />
balonis<br />
tevadoba, l<br />
5 8 25 40 40<br />
balonebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
1 1 1 2 2<br />
Wavlis sigrZe,<br />
m<br />
moqmedebis<br />
2,9 3,5 2,5 3,5 _<br />
xangrZlivoba,<br />
wm<br />
35 40 60 90 120<br />
Slangis<br />
sigrZe, m<br />
_ 0,6 3,4 10 30<br />
muxtis masa, kg<br />
damuxtuli<br />
35 5,6 17,5 28 50<br />
cecxlsaqrobis<br />
masa, kg.<br />
15 20,7 73 220 292<br />
ОП-5-01 tipis fxvnilovani cecxlsaqrobi Sedgeba korpusSi moTavsebuli<br />
fxvnilisagan, SekumSuli muSa airis (haeri an azoti) balonisagan, gamSvebi<br />
meqanizmisagan da muxtis gamosaSvebi mowyobilobisagan. cecxlsaqrobis<br />
moqmedebaSi moyvanisas muSa airi intensiurad afxvierebs fxvnils, gamodevnis<br />
mas saxelurSi, aRebs Camket sarqvels da fxvnilovani Wavli gadaefineba<br />
xanZris keras.<br />
92
ОП-5-01 tipis cecxlsaqrobis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
korpusis tevadoba, l 5<br />
muSa airis wneva balonSi, mpa 15<br />
fxvnilis Wavlis sigrZe, m 5<br />
Slangis sigrZe, m 0,6<br />
fxvnilis gamosvlis dro, wm 12-15<br />
muxtis masa, kg 5<br />
damuxtuli cecxlsaqrobis<br />
masa, kg<br />
10,5<br />
93<br />
cxrili #15<br />
amJamad gamoTvliTi marTvis sistemebis sawarmoo saTavsebSi ufro xSirad<br />
gamoiyeneba naxSirmJavuri da fxvnilovani cecxlsaqrobebi.<br />
8.5. saxanZro signalizaciis da xanZris qrobis avtomaturi sistemebi<br />
saxanZro avtomatikis mowyobilobebis daniSnulebaa xanZris aRmoCena,<br />
likvidacia, saSiSi faqtorebisagan adamianebis dacva. saxanZro avtomatika<br />
moicavs avtomatur saxanZro signalizacais (ass), dacviT-saxanZro signali-<br />
zacias (dss), xanZarqrobis avtomatur danadgarebs (xad) da maRalsarTuliani<br />
Senobebis kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacvis sistemebs. avtomaturi saxanZro<br />
signalizaciis sistemebis daniSnulebaa sawyis stadiaze xanZris aRmoCena da<br />
saxanZro dacvis samsaxurisTvis signalis Setyobineba xanZris gaCenis<br />
adgilmdebareobis da drois Sesaxeb. signalizaciis sistemas waeyeneba Semdegi<br />
teqnikuri moTxovnebi: mas unda axasiaTebdes amoqmedebis minimaluri<br />
inerciuloba, unda iyos gamoricxuli SecdomiTi amoqmedeba, esqpluataciis<br />
nebismier pirobebSi unda iyos saimedo.<br />
saxanZro signalizaciis ZiriTadi elementebia:<br />
_ saxanZro signalizaciis gadamwodi, romelic damontaJebulia<br />
potenciurad xanZar- da feTqebadsaSiS adgilebSi;<br />
_ eleqtronul-gamaZlierebeli bloki, romelic uzrunvelyofs gadamwodis<br />
distanciur kontrols;
_ Semsrulebeli bloki, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba xanZrsawinaaRmdego<br />
sistemis da signalizaciis blokis CarTva_amoqmedeba.<br />
signalizaciis sistemis mTavar elements warmoadgens gadamwodi.<br />
makontrolirebeli niSnis mixedviT isini iyofa siTboze, kvamlze da<br />
sinaTleze moreagire gadamwodebad.<br />
siTburi gadamwodebis moqmedeba efuZneba mgrZnobiare elementebis<br />
Tvisebebis Secvlaze temperaturis matebasTan erTad. mgrZnobiare elementebad<br />
gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva geometriuli formis mqone bimetaluri firfitebi,<br />
Termowyvilebi, naxevargamtaruli da magnituri masalebi. amJamad gavrceleba<br />
hpova ИП-105-2/1 markis magniturma elementebma. garemo temperaturis 70 0 C-mde<br />
awevisas TermomgrZnobiare feritebis magnituri gamWoloba mkveTrad ecema, rac<br />
iwvevs kontaqtebis gaTiSvas. aseTi gadamwodis inerciuloba 120 wams Seadgens.<br />
kvamlze moqmedi gadamwodis muSaobis principi efuZneba kvamlis aRmoCenis<br />
or xerxs: optikur-eleqtronul da radioizotopurs.<br />
radioizotopur gadamwodSi mgrZnobiare elementad gamoyenebulia Ria<br />
saionizacio da daxuruli sakompensacio kamerebi. orive kameraSi garemos<br />
ionizacia xdeba plutoniumis radioaqtiuri izotopis α-nawilakebiT.<br />
radioizotopur kvamlze moreagire gadamwodebis inerciuloba 10 wm-s Seadgens.<br />
aseTi gadamwodebis eqspluataciisas aucilebelia radiaciuli usafrTxoebis<br />
mkacri dacva. wyobidan gamosuli gadamwodebis da Sesacvleli gamosxivebis<br />
wyaroebis utilizaciisas da Camarxvisas daculi unda iyos radioaqtiuri<br />
nivTierebebis Camarxvis wesebi da normebi.<br />
sxivze moreagire saxanZro gadamwodebi reagireben Ria cecxlis sxivze.<br />
maT axasiaTebT maRali mgrZnobeloba da umniSvnelo inerciuloba (1-3 wm). maTi<br />
gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia iseTi wvis procesis aRmosaCenad, romelic swrafad<br />
viTardeba.<br />
informatikis da marTvis sistemebis ZviradRirebuli aparaturisa da<br />
danadgarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, haeris ventilaciis da kondicionirebis<br />
ganStoebuli sistemis arsebobiT, dafaruli komunikaciebis mravalsaxeobiT da<br />
simravliT, eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis elementebis aalebis specifikidan<br />
gamomdinare yvela saTavsSi unda iyos damontaJebuli kvamlze moriagire ori<br />
gadamwodi.<br />
94
kvamlze moqmedi gadamwodebebis ganlagebis normebi warmodgenilia #16<br />
cxrilSi.<br />
95<br />
cxrili #16<br />
gadamwodis erTi gadamwodis mier maqsimaluri manZili, m<br />
dayenebis simaRle, gasakontrolebeli<br />
m<br />
farTi, m2 gadamwodebebs gadamwodebidan<br />
Soris<br />
kedlamde<br />
3,5-mde 85 9,0 4,5<br />
3,5-dan-6,0 70 8,5 4,0<br />
6,0-dan-10,0 65 8,0 4,0<br />
10,0-dan-12 55 7,5 3,5<br />
saxanZro signalizciis sistemesTan erTad samanqano darbazebSi,<br />
informaciis Sesanax, servisuli da periferiuli aparaturis, egm-is teqnikuri<br />
momsaxurebis saTavsebSi saWiroa xanZris qrobis avtomaturi danadgarebis<br />
mowyoba. ganasxvaveben wylis, qimiur, qafis, airis, orTqlis da fxvnilovan<br />
xanZarsaqrob mowyobilobebs. saTavsebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba airiT xanZris<br />
qroba. xanZarsaqrob nivTierebad gamoiyeneba xladoni 114B2<br />
(tetraftordibromeTani). airis avtomaturi mowyobilobebi aRWurvilia xmovani<br />
da sxivuri signalizaciiT, romelic auwyebs saTavsebidan adamianebis<br />
evakuaciis aucileblobaze. gamafrTxilebeli signalizaciis CarTva xdeba<br />
cecxlsaqrobi nivTierebebis gamofrqvevamde 30 wamiT adre. erTdroulad<br />
amoqmeddebian egm-ebis eleqtrokvebis da ventilaciis gasaTiSi mablokirebeli<br />
mowyobilobebi.
1. http:/www.Aport.ru-drager.ru;<br />
2. http:/www.headNet.ru-Образование и наука;<br />
3. http:/www.Altavista.ru –medicus.ru./fitness;<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
4. http:/www.Google.com –Наука и техника;<br />
5. http:/www.Км.ru–БЖД<br />
6. http:/www.Ssga.ru- Санитарно-гигиенические требования при работе с ПЭВМ;<br />
7. Охрана труда в химической промышленности. Под редакцией Г.В. Макарова. М.; "Химия",<br />
1989, 493 с.;<br />
8. Баклашов Н.И., Китаева Н.Ж. Охрана труда на предприятиях связи и охрана окружающей<br />
среды. М., "Радио и связь". 1989, 286 с.;<br />
9. Долин П.А. Справочник по техника безопасности. М., Энергоиздат 1984.;<br />
10. Сибаров Ю.Г., Сколотнев Н.Н. Охрана труда в вычислительных центрах. М.,<br />
"Машиностроение". 1990, 192 с.;<br />
11. Волков О.М., Замулюкин А.Т. Противопожарная защита вычислительных центров. М.,<br />
Строииздат. 1982, 63 с.<br />
96
s a r C e v i<br />
Tavi I ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3<br />
1.1. <strong>Sromis</strong> usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminologia------------------------3<br />
1.2. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis samecniero baza----------------------------------------------------------------------5<br />
Tavi 2. <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi--------------------------------------------------------------7<br />
2.1. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi-----------------------------------------------------------7<br />
2.2. <strong>Sromis</strong> dacvis kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebaze zedamxedveloba da<br />
kontroli------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10<br />
2.3. pasuxismgebloba <strong>Sromis</strong> kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis------------------------12<br />
Tavi 3. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemasTan muSaobisas <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis<br />
organizeba--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13<br />
3.1. <strong>Sromis</strong> pirobebis organizebisadmi wayenebuli saerTo moTxovnebi--------13<br />
3.2. gamoTvliT teqnikasTan da kompiuterTan muSaobisas moqmedi mavne<br />
da saSiSi sawarmoo faqtorebi-------------------------------------------------------------------14<br />
3.3. kompiuterTan muSaobis gavlena operatoris organizmze-------------------------16<br />
3.4. ergonomikis roli gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemebis muSaobisas-------------18<br />
3.5. adamianis analizatorebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi---------------------------------19<br />
3.6. operatoris samuSao adgilis ergonomikuli Sefaseba-----------------------------23<br />
3.7. personaluri eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis (pegm) saTavsebis<br />
mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi da samuSaoTa organizeba------------------------24<br />
3.8. kompiuterTan muSaobis usafrTxo parametrebi------------------------------------------28<br />
3.9. kompiuterTan muSaoba mxedvelobis sxvadasxva defeqtis dros--------------30<br />
Tavi 4. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis muSaobisas sawarmoo garemos<br />
komfortuli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa--------------------------------------------------------32<br />
4.1. mikroklimati da sahaero garemo-----------------------------------------------------------------32<br />
4.2. temperaturis, fardobiTi tanianobis da haeris moZraobis siCqaris<br />
normireba---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33<br />
4.3. saTavsebis ventilacia da kondicionireba-------------------------------------------------34<br />
4.4. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebis ganaTeba----------------------------------40<br />
4.5. ganaTebis sitemebi da saxeebi----------------------------------------------------------------------42<br />
4.6 gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebisaTvis bunebrivi da xelovnuri<br />
97
ganaTebis normebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45<br />
Tavi 5. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebSi xmauris Semcirebis<br />
RonisZiebebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47<br />
5.1. xmauris maxasiaTeblebi da misi normireba------------------------------------------------47<br />
5.2 xmauris wyaroebi gamoTvliTi teqnikis da egm-is teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebis xmauris maxasiaTeblebi---------------------------------------------------------50<br />
5.3. xmauris Semcirebis RonisZiebebi-----------------------------------------------------------------51<br />
Tavi 6. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis eleqtro<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>------------------------------54<br />
6.1. eleqtruli denis moqmedeba adamianze--------------------------------------------------------54<br />
6.2 eleqtruli deniT daSavebis Sedegze moqmedi faqtorebi-------------------------55<br />
6.3. eleqtromowyobilobebis dengamtar nawilebTan Sexebis saSiSroebis<br />
analizi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57<br />
6.4. eleqtruli denisagan dacvis zomebi----------------------------------------------------------60<br />
6.5 Ddacvis teqnikuri saSualebebi--------------------------------------------------------------------61<br />
6.6 pirveladi daxmarebis RonisZiebebi eleqtrodeniT daSavebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65<br />
6.7. statikuri eleqtroba, moqmedeba da misgan dacva-------------------------------------67<br />
Tavi 7. eleqtromagnituri velebi da gamosxivebebi-----------------------------------------------71<br />
7.1. maionizirebeli (radioaqtiuri) gamosxiveba---------------------------------------------76<br />
7.2. eleqtromagnituri velebisagan da gamosxivebebisagan dacva-------------------79<br />
7.3. maionizirebeli gamosxivebisagan dacva------------------------------------------------------80<br />
Tavi 8. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemebis xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacvis<br />
organizeba-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82<br />
8.1 saxanZro saSiSroebis saerTo daxasiaTeba--------------------------------------------------82<br />
8.2. saTavsebidan adamianebis evakuacia--------------------------------------------------------------85<br />
8.3. gamoTvliTi teqnikis sistemis saTavsebis kvamlsawinaaRmdego dacva---86<br />
8.4. xanZris qrobis xerxebi, cecxlsaqrobi nivTierebebi da aparatura--------87<br />
8.5. saxanZro signalizaciis da xanZris qrobis avtomaturi sistemebi---------93<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96<br />
98
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />
gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 15.05.2009. qaRaldis<br />
zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6. tiraJi 100 egz.<br />
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77
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