saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia
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0<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

<strong>akademia</strong><br />

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli<br />

literaturis instituti

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa<br />

akademiuri gamocemis<br />

m T a v a r i s a r e d a q c i o k o l e g i a<br />

mTavari redaqtori<br />

teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, SeniSvnebi da<br />

saZiebeli daurTo<br />

tomis redaqtori<br />

mxatvari<br />

~ilias fondi~<br />

2007<br />

3

6<br />

cisana yifSiZe, lamara SavguliZe<br />

ilia ilia WavWavaZe<br />

WavWavaZe<br />

TxzulebaTa TxzulebaTa TxzulebaTa akademiuri akademiuri gamocemis<br />

gamocemis<br />

gamocemis<br />

X X tomi<br />

tomi<br />

(anotacia)<br />

ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa akademiuri<br />

gamocemis X tomSi Sedis 1888 wels gaz.<br />

`iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli publicisturi werilebi<br />

da qarTuli saTavadaznauro bankis sxdomebze<br />

warmoTqmuli sityvebi. toms axlavs rogorc<br />

samecniero aparati, aseve Tematuri, pirovnebaTa,<br />

geografiul saxelTa da periodul gamocemaTa<br />

anotirebuli saZieblebi.<br />

winamdebare tomSi Semavali werilebi ianvridan<br />

aprilamde momzadebulia cisana yifSiZis mier,<br />

xolo aprilidan wlis bolomde _ lamara<br />

SavguliZis mier.<br />

wels es orive nawili Seerwya erTmaneTs da<br />

mTel tomze Catarda saredaqcio samuSaoebi.

daudgromeloba<br />

tfilisi, 4 ianvari<br />

Zvelma weliwadma iWinWyla, iWinWyla da<br />

bolos sulis amoxdomaze rom mivida, gviTxra: nu<br />

geSinianT, tyuili farTifurToba iyovo,<br />

politikis cazed Tu nisli da burusia, mainc<br />

fiqri nurafrisa gaqvTo, arsaidam ar daiWeqavso.<br />

axali weliwadi baSvia jer da sakvirvelic ar<br />

aris mostyuvdes. gana kai niSani kia, rom axali<br />

weliwadi motyuebiT dawyebul iqmnas? mSvidobianoba,<br />

ra Tqma unda, friad sasurvelia da rac<br />

sasurvelia, imas kaci advilad ijerebs, magram<br />

tyuilis dakvebeba veraferi nugeSia axalis<br />

wlisaTvis: mTeli weliwadi sul tyuiliT ivlis.<br />

TviTon am 1888 wels amiT ara daakldeba ra, da<br />

Cven ki, adamianebs, Cveni dagvemarTeba.<br />

am nislsa da burusSi mcireodeni Suqi da<br />

naTeli rom win gavimZRvaroT, iqneba Zvelis<br />

weliwadis sicrues da orpirobas cotaodeni<br />

kbili movsWraT da mis mier samkvidrod<br />

datovebuls tyuils Tamasuqebs Zalianac ar<br />

mivendneT. jer yvelazed uwinares es unda vTqvaT,<br />

rom mSvidobianobis daurRvevlobis mizezi is ki<br />

ar aris, viTomc Sinagani garemoeba samSvidobod<br />

iyos yvelgan mowyobili da cixe Signidam ara<br />

7

htydebodes. am mxriT, ara gvgonia, kaci tyuils<br />

imedebs miendos. Sinagani mizezebi bevria saqmis<br />

aSlisa da awewvisaTvis da am wylulis gasam-<br />

Teleblad malamos Sedgena TviT imisTana mkurnalsac<br />

ki ver mouxerxebia, rogoric T. bismarkia.<br />

evropis SigneulobaSi didi mousvenari buRi<br />

htrialebs da yvelam icis SigniT datrialebuls<br />

buRs ra boloc mosdevs. marTalia, hcdiloben am<br />

buRs sarqveveli ar axadon, magram esec ician, rom<br />

gangeb dagubebuli buRi ris moqmedi da momavlinebelia.<br />

didxans saqmis ase datoveba SeuZlebelia,<br />

saSiSaria, xolo am xvalindels SiSs<br />

ufro hrCeoben, vidre dRevandelis dRis aSlasa<br />

da xelis gamoRebasa. rada? imitom, rom dRevandeli<br />

dRe moumzadebelia da aravin dajere-buli<br />

ar aris, bedi vis miawvdis xels burTis gamosatanad<br />

moednidam. amitomac didni momqmedni evropis<br />

politikaSi marto imis cdaSi arian, rom Zali da<br />

Rone garedamac moikribon, sxvisiTac gaimagron<br />

zurgi maSin, rodesac arafers ara hzogven Tavisi-<br />

Tac gaZlierebulni dahxvdnen uecars sve-bedsa.<br />

Sesdga amis gamo egredwodebuli samTa kavSiri<br />

germaniisa, avstriisa da italiisa da T. bismarki<br />

yvelas eficeboda, rom am samTa kavSirs sxva ara<br />

aqvs ra azrad, garda mSvidobianobis daurRvevlobisa.<br />

amasve iZaxoda avstria da nametnavad italia.<br />

am bolo xanebSi italiam rogorRac guli gaugrila<br />

samTa kavSirsa da sTqva, rom me arc jibe da<br />

arc xeli ar momdevs sxvisaTvis an fuli vxarjo,<br />

an kacio. am saxiT es samTa kavSiri Signidamve<br />

mohdunda da ablanduli gamodga da ara gviristiT<br />

nakeri.<br />

Tund egec ar iyos, gana marTla evropa marto<br />

am sams saxelmwifozea dandobili da sxva aravin<br />

aris? T. bismarkma es kargad icoda da radganac<br />

danarCenebSi inglisi yvelazed ufro sanatreli<br />

8

iyo germaniisaTvis, amitomac T. bismarkma ingliss<br />

dauwyo laquci da meoTxe mekavSired moiwvia.<br />

xolo inglisi egre advilad ar aeTreva xolme<br />

sxvis survilsa. inglisi minam erTxel gamosWris,<br />

jer aTasjer gahzomavs xolme. inglisma SeuTvala,<br />

rom didad sapatioa CemTvis TqvenTan erTad yofna,<br />

magram, ukacraod, me Cveulsa var yovel SemTxvevaSi<br />

Cems sakuTars interesebs vekiTxebode da marto<br />

im interesebis mixedviT vmoqmedobdeo, Tqveni<br />

kavSiri ki Tavzed momaxvevs Tqvens interesebsac<br />

da amiT xel-fexs ver Sevikravo.<br />

Cvena gvgonia, rom amisTana pasuxma Zalian ukan<br />

daswia saqme aSlisa. eseTi pasuxi imasa hniSnavs,<br />

rom xvalisa xvalem iciso da me dRes xel-fexSi<br />

borkils ar gaviyri; rasac xvale hmagonebs, ise<br />

moviqcevio. SiSic bismarkisa aq aris: xvalem rom<br />

safrangeTis momxreoba agonos imisTana Roniers<br />

saxelmwifos, rogoric inglisia, maSin saswori<br />

gamarjvebisa vin icis saiT gadiwevs. es SiSi<br />

umizezo ar aris, Tu gavixsenebT lord CerCilis<br />

yofnas ruseTSi da safrangeTisa da inglisis<br />

daaxloebas erTmaneTSi morigebiTa. erTsa da<br />

meorezedac xval dawvrilebiT movilaparakebT da<br />

exla ki amas vityviT, rom dRevandeli hoaraoba<br />

politikisa, tokva da nZreva sasworis uRlisa<br />

ufro imazea damokidebuli, Tu viskena iqms pirsa<br />

inglisi. inglisi, rogorca vsTqviT, jerxanad ise<br />

iqceva, rom orad gayofil evropis Sua sdgas da<br />

samoqmedod arc erTs mxares ar emxroba, radganac<br />

TviTveuli mxare calke gamoelis mis gadmobirebas.<br />

amasTan TviTon inglisic arc erTs mxares<br />

imeds ar uwyvets, da inglisis momxreoba xom<br />

TviTveulis mxaresaTvis metad saxarbielo da<br />

sanatrelia, amitomac, Cvena gvgonia, rom mizezi<br />

exlandelis politikis wajeg-ukujegobisa amaSi<br />

unda moinaxos da moiCxrikos.<br />

9

10<br />

TSi<br />

tfilisi, 5 ianvari<br />

lord CerCilis mosvla ruseTSi, Cvenis<br />

fiqriT, umizezo ar aris, Tumca evropis JurnalgazeToba<br />

ki irwmuneba, rom lord CerCili<br />

TavisiT wavida ruseTSi da araviTari<br />

diplomatiuri mindobiloba ara hqoniao. Cvena<br />

gvgonia, rom lord CerCilis misvla pirdapiri<br />

niSania inglisisa da ruseTis daaxloebisa im<br />

zomamde mainc, rom mosarigebels laparaks gza<br />

gaexsnas.<br />

marto Cven ara vfiqrobT ese. gazeTi<br />

“Indenpendance Belge”-i ambobs, rom SesaZloa ruseTis<br />

mTavrobam es SemTxveva gamoiyenos da Sesaferi<br />

RonisZieba ixmaros, rom inglisi gadauyenos samTa<br />

kavSirsao. meore mxriT, isic safiqrebeliao, rom<br />

lord CerCilis wasvla ruseTSi inglisma<br />

moiwadina imisTvis, rom orSi erTi amoirCios: an<br />

miudges samTa kavSirsa, an ruseTsa da<br />

safrangeTsao, imisda mixedviT, romeli mxare<br />

ufro sasargeblod eCveneba inglissao. vin icis,<br />

iqneba inglisma ukve icis, ras dahpirebia<br />

germaniao da exla ki hsurs Seityos, ras<br />

dahpirdeba ruseTi, Tu vincobaa mas miemxroba<br />

inglisio.

inglisis da ruseTis erTmaneTTan daaxloveba<br />

didi muqaraa osmaleTisaTvis. ruseTi Zalian<br />

emdureba osmaleTs, radganac bolgariis saqmeSi<br />

osmaleTi metad orWobad iqceva da vin icis,<br />

osmaleTs rom ruseTTan erTad Tavi gamoedo da<br />

gulaxdilad emoqmedna, iqneba bolgariis saqme ase<br />

ar awewiliyo da am awewvas bolo mohReboda.<br />

inglisic gulamRvreulia osmaleTzed am bolos<br />

xanebSi, jer imitom, rom egviptis konvencia<br />

osmaleTma TiTqmis Tavze daaxia inglissa da mere<br />

stambolSi raRac qseli gaaba, rom dRevandeli<br />

hedifi egviptisa tefik-faSa, kaci inglisisagan<br />

dayenebuli da inglisis saamuri, taxtidam<br />

gadmoabZanos da mis magier winandeli,<br />

inglisisagan gadayenebuli hedifi ismail-faSa, mama<br />

tafik-faSisa, dasvas. am qselis gabmisaTvis<br />

sulTanma ismail-faSas neba misca stambolSi<br />

dabinavebuliyo imisda miuxedavad, rom inglisi<br />

dids uarzed idga da uTvlida sulTans, magis<br />

neba ar misceo. exla vin icis, iqneba am orgziT<br />

gulnatkenma inglisma osmalos javris amoyra<br />

moiwadina da amisaTvis sxvas ukeTes ras ipovida<br />

evropaSi, Tu ar ruseTTan daaxlovebas. esec erTi<br />

mizezia, rom ingliss ruseTSi CerCilisaviT sando<br />

kaci gamoegzavna mosalaparakeblad.<br />

safrangeTsa da ingliss Soris dRes arc erTi<br />

imisTana TvalsaCino mizezi ar aris, rom<br />

daaxlovebas daeSalos. erTi suezis arxis saqme<br />

iyo, romelmac sakmaod didi SuRli Camoagdo<br />

safrangeTsa da ingliss Soris. jer kidev 1885 w.<br />

pariJSi gamarTes am or saxelmwifoTa laparaki<br />

mosarigeblad, magram ver mohSveldnen. am saganzed<br />

laparaki daiwyes xelaxlad 1887 wlis ianvarSi<br />

da 21 oqtombers 1887 wlisas gaaTaves morigebiTa<br />

ise, rom orive mxare kmayofili darCa. hebridisa<br />

da taitis kunZulebzed hqondaT kidev inglissa<br />

11

da safrangeTs erTmanerTzed samduravi da esec<br />

morigebiT da mSvidobianad gaaTaves 16-s noembers<br />

1887 wlisas da exla es orni saxelmwifoni<br />

ermanerTis keTilis msurvelni ufro arian, vidre<br />

mtrobisa. garda amisa, esec unda saxeSi viqonioT,<br />

rom gaZlierebam germaniisam amodena jarebis<br />

Senaxva moitana mTels evropaSi da germaniis<br />

bZanebloba metad mZime tvirTad daedva yvelas.<br />

amas yvelani hgrZnoben da nametnavad inglisi,<br />

romelsac karga xania WkvaSi ar mosdis germaniis<br />

farfaSoba evropaSi.<br />

yvela zemoxsenebuli rom erTad SevkriboT,<br />

advilad mivagnebT, ra atokebs dRevandelis<br />

politikis sasworsa xan iqiT da xan aqeT. Cvenis<br />

fiqriT, sasworis uRlis maqanebeli dRes<br />

inglisia, romelmac kargad icis Tavisis Tavis<br />

yadri da amitomac jer arc erTs mxares<br />

misdgomia da arc meores, vnaxoT sad ufro<br />

samjobinari iqmnebao. rom dRes inglisi ufro im<br />

mxriv aris midrekili, ra mxarec T. bismarks ar<br />

emxroba da WkvaSi ar mosdis, es jer imiTi<br />

mtkicdeba, rom T. bismarki TviTon ekurkureba im<br />

mxares, iqneba mec TviTon gavxde rasmeo, da mere<br />

imiT, rom Jurnal-gazeToba germaniisa rac Zali<br />

da Rone aqvs, iWaWeba da avad ixseniebs inglissa<br />

lord CerCilis ruseTSi wasvlis gamo, TiTqo<br />

alRo aRebuli aqvT, rom inglisi Sors ar aris<br />

miudges ruseTsa da safrangeTsao.<br />

12

sarbielze<br />

tfilisi, 7 ianvari<br />

germania dRes inglissa swamebs orpirobas da<br />

orgulobas. inglisi, mas aqeT, rac germania ase<br />

gahbatonda evropaSi, sul almacerad uyurebda<br />

germaniis farfaSobas. amas cxadad ambobda<br />

inglisi, roca mis saxelmwifo saqmeebs ganagebda<br />

liberalTa dasi gladstonis meTaurobiT. aki<br />

kinklaobac mouvidaT maSin gladstonsa da<br />

bismarksa. mas aqeT, rac inglisis saqmeebi Cauvarda<br />

xelSi konservatorebs, esenic ki Tumca gulSi<br />

hgrZnobdnen tkivilsa germaniis gabatonebis gamo,<br />

magram T. bismarks xaTrs unaxavdnen da, rac<br />

gulSi hqondaT, imis Tqmas cxadad vera hbedavdnen.<br />

germaniis gaZliereba rad unda afrTxobdes<br />

inglissa? sxva yvelafers, evropisaTvis saerTo<br />

mizezebs rom Tavi davaneboT da marto sakuTari<br />

interesi inglisisa viqonioT saxeSi, esec ki<br />

sakmao sabuTs aZlevs inglissa germanias eridos.<br />

germania veRar itevs xalxsa, metismeti viwroobaa<br />

mkvidrTaTvis da iZulebul xdis germanias xalxs<br />

sadme gared auCinos bina, weliwadSi, sul cota<br />

rom vsTqvaT, germaniidam, viwroobisa da umiwobis<br />

gamo, orasi aTasi kaci mainc ixizneba da gared<br />

13

gadis. es amodena xalxi SesaZloa mTlad<br />

daekargos germanias, Tu koloniebi ar daiWira<br />

sxva qveynebSi da iq ar daabinava gaxiznulebi.<br />

Sormxedveloba T. bismarkisa amas hgrZnobs da<br />

amitomac germania am xuT-eqvs weliwadis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ara erTxel waetana sxvadasxva<br />

adgilebs sxvadasxva qveynebSi dasaWerad. amis gamo<br />

SuRlic Camouvarda ispaniasTan da kinaRam omamde<br />

ar miaRwia am SuRlma. amasTan xom esec eWvgared<br />

aris, rom germaniam afrikaSi moiwadina<br />

koloniebis gamarTva da aq fexis mokideba. imas<br />

aRar vaxsenebT, rom sxvaganac xeli waiwvdina da<br />

inglisma da safrangeTma jibri gauwies da gZlad<br />

wawvdenili xeli daumokles.<br />

Tu Tavadi bismarki Sormxedvelia, arc<br />

inglisis saxelmwifo kacni arian Tvalmokleni da<br />

becni, amaT Zalian kargad ician, rom dRes iqneba<br />

Tu xval, germania sakolonio politikas unda<br />

ahyves da uamisod misi xsna da cxovreba Znelia.<br />

amas germania dResac iqmoda, rom Sin, evropaSi,<br />

bevri saSiSi da safrTxe saqme ara hqondes<br />

awewili da daulagebeli. raki germania sakolonio<br />

politikisaTvis moiclis da ise Zlieri iqmneba,<br />

rom am mxriTac Rone hqondes gaiwiv-gamoiwios,<br />

ueWvelia, win unda SeefeTos inglissa, romelic<br />

zRvaTa mflobelad cnobilia, koloniebiTa<br />

suldgmulobs, ikvebeba da cxovrobs da romelsac<br />

koloniebis SemweobiT dRes didi bazari uWiravs<br />

Tavis auarebel saqonlis gasasaReblad.<br />

ai moedani, saca inglisi da germania usaTuod<br />

unda erTmaneTs daejaxnen, Tu germania dReiszed<br />

metad gaZlierda, dReiszed metad gahbatonda da<br />

dReisze metad Rone moica. inglisi mohkvdeba da<br />

sakolonio politikaSi batonobas da<br />

upiratesobas aramcTu ar dauTmobs germanias,<br />

wilsac ki ar daudebs. inglisi rom ganzed udgeba<br />

14

germanias da almacerad uyurebs mis gandidebas da<br />

gaZlierebas, amisi mizezi es mosalodneli<br />

dajaxebaa evropis gared da, rasakvirvelia, rom<br />

inglisi samjobinarod hxedavs mis samermiso<br />

mters didi Rone ar mihyves samermiso<br />

brZolisaTvis.<br />

dRes ingliss amcneven, rom ufro germaniis<br />

winaaRmdegobas hrCeobs da ara hsurs, rom Tavisis<br />

mimxrobiT gaaZlieros egredwodebuli `liga<br />

mSvidobianobisa~, anu samTa kavSiri, romlis<br />

SedgenisaTvis T. bismarki ise Zlier iRvwoda. jer<br />

dResac inglisSi gamovida erTi wigni, dawerili<br />

Carlz darvinis mier da am wignSi es SiSi<br />

mermisisa inglisisaTvis cxadad gamoTqmulia.<br />

avtori am wignisa exlav urCevs inglissa, Sen<br />

Tavs upatroneo, germanias dResve guldagul<br />

dauxvdi da afrikaSi fexs nu moakidebinebo, Torem<br />

mere iqneba gvianRa iyoso.<br />

erTi sityviT, ingliss mizezi aqvs da<br />

sabuTiani mizezic, zurgi Seuqcios germanias da<br />

Tu samtrod ar gamoekidos, meSvelad mainc ar<br />

miekedlos. aravin icis, iqneba am mizezma<br />

imodenadac gasWras, rom inglisma Tu mxari ar<br />

misca, piri mainc ibrunos imaTken, visac guli<br />

natkeni aqvs germaniisagan. eseTi yofa da qceva<br />

inglisisa SemZlebelia sul mTlad Sescvalos<br />

evropis politika da saxelmwifoni erTmanerTSi<br />

sxvarigad moawyos. Cvenis fiqriT, dRes evropiis<br />

politika am xazsa da larzeda sdgas da imis<br />

mayurebelia, Tu inglisi ras gamoamJRavnebs Tavis<br />

Semdegis politikiTa. minam inglisi Tavis hosa Tu<br />

aras saqveynod da cxadad ar ityvis, evropa ise<br />

metnakleblobiT gayofilia dRes, rom arc erTi<br />

mxare omis atexas ver gahbedavs.<br />

15

16<br />

<br />

urTierToba<br />

tfilisi, 11 ianvari<br />

Cvena vnaxeT, rom inglisi veraferi saimedo<br />

saxelmwifoa germaniisaTvis, radganac germaniis<br />

gabatonebas da uSiSrad yofnas evropaSi<br />

aucileblad unda mohyves garedac gawev-gamoweva<br />

da es gared gawev-gamoweva usaTuod daajaxebs<br />

inglissa. aris evropaSi meore saxelmwifoc,<br />

romelTanac kavSiri didad sanatrelia<br />

germaniisaTvis da uromlisod sve-bedi germaniisa<br />

TiTqmis bewvzed unda ekidos. es saxelmwifo<br />

avstri-vengriaa.<br />

Cvens mkiTxvelebs ukve moexsenebaT, rom raki<br />

prusiam avstrias xeli daabanina germaniazed da<br />

gamodevna iqidam, mere SeerTebulma germaniam<br />

avstrias sxva moedani aniSna gasaZliereblad da<br />

samagieros asaRebad. es sxva moedani balkaniis<br />

naxevarkunZulia da aq germania, cxadliv Tu<br />

malulad, Zlier xels uwyobda da xels uwyobs<br />

avstriasa. amiT germanias hsurda da hsurs<br />

avtrias germaniis dakargvis mwvavi tkivili<br />

dauamos da danakargis samagieroTi gulic mougos.<br />

avstrias, damarcxebuls da dauZlurebuls<br />

germaniisagan sxva aRara darCa ra, garda imisa,

om unda asTrevoda germaniis politikas da imis<br />

nebazed earna. esec mohxda, 1866 wlidam<br />

dRevandlamde avstria marto germaniis<br />

mayurebelia da TiTqmis misis brZanebis momlodine.<br />

avstriis politika dReisamde am yofaSia.<br />

es aseTi yofa avstriisa Zalauneburia,<br />

garemoebisagan gamowveuli da garemoebazedve<br />

damokidebuli. Tumca am yofam avstrias piri<br />

balkaniis naxevarkunZulisaken aqmnevina, magram<br />

avstrias cali Tvali mainc isev germaniazeda aqvs<br />

darCenili da gulSi inaxavs imeds isev germaniaSi<br />

dabrunebisas. avstriam kargad icis, rom erTi dro<br />

aravis SerCenia da maxviliT gaZlierebuli<br />

SesaZloa maxviliTve dauZlurdes da maSin, vin<br />

icis, iqneba gzac gaixsnas dakargulis<br />

dabrunebisaTvis.<br />

am saxiT avstria, minam germania Zlieria,<br />

iZulebulia balkaniis naxevarkunZulzed miiqces<br />

mTelis Tavis RoniTa da Tu vinicobaa garemoebam<br />

eg Zliereba germaniisa rogorme Searyia, maSin<br />

bedniers SemTxvevas ar dahkargavs da germaniis<br />

isev xelSi Cagdebas usaTuod moiwadinebs.<br />

amitomac avstriis winaSe ornairni mcdelni<br />

arian dRes. erTis mxriT T. bismarki, romelmac<br />

icis, rom uavstriod evropaSi batonoba yovlad<br />

SeuZlebelia da yovels RonisZiebas hxmarobs,<br />

avstria ise magrad Caabas aRmosavleTis saqmeSi,<br />

rom arc angariSi da arc mocla aRara hqondes<br />

odesme germaniisaken gamoiwios gasabatoneblad.<br />

raki avstria egre Caebmis aRmosavleTis saqmeSi<br />

da germaniaSi gabatonebis survils am saqmes<br />

anacvalebs, maSin araviTari mizezi ar eqneba<br />

germaniasTan xeli-xels gadabmuli ar iyos da<br />

imasTan erTad da Tanxmad ar iaros. bosniisa da<br />

hercogovinis yovlad usabuTod daWera<br />

avstriisagan T. bismarkis saqmea da kargi mozdili<br />

17

naxtomic aris, rom avstrias aRmosavleTis<br />

saqmeSi kargad Seatopinos. dRes yvelani kargada<br />

hxedven, rom T. bismarks jerxanad angariSma ar<br />

umtyuna.<br />

meores mxriT mecadineoben, rom avstrias<br />

germaniaSi xelaxlad Sesvlis imedi ar moukveTon<br />

da daarwmunon, rom Tu evropaSi aSla ram<br />

mohxdeba da exlandeli imperia germaniisa<br />

damarcxdeba, SesaZloa avstriam Tavisi uwindeli<br />

adgili daiWiros germainiaSi, Tu aRmosavleTs<br />

Tavs daanebebs da aq sxvas dauTmobs moedansa.<br />

ra Tqma unda, rom arc erTi mxare arafers ara<br />

hzogavs Tanxebis micemisa da dapirebisaTvis.<br />

Wkviani diplomatia avstriisa amas kargada hxedavs<br />

da bolos gamoaCens, rogor gamoiyenebs avstria am<br />

orpirs garemoebas. dRes avstrias orive mxare<br />

erTsa da imave dros elaparakeba, rogorca sCans.<br />

ar viciT, romelis Tanxebi ufro saimedod<br />

eCveneba da es kia, rom avstria TiTqo cotaodnad<br />

gaucivda germanias da meore mxaresaken gadixara.<br />

amisi zogierTi niSnebia. marTalia, SesaZloa<br />

niSnebi niSnad dahrCes da politikis qaravani ki<br />

Tavis gzazed wavides, magram germaniisaTvis eg<br />

niSnebic didad Casafiqrebelia. germania, romelsac<br />

ori didi saxelmwifo, ruseTi da safrangeTi,<br />

amrezili uyurebs, am bolos xanebSi sul imis<br />

cdaSi iyo, rom xan erTi da xan meore<br />

gaecalkevebina da gaemartovebina. magram koWi<br />

alCud ver daujda. aravin icis: iqneba saqme ise<br />

wavides, rom TviT germania dahrCes martod da<br />

calked. amisaTvis bevri mizezia da sabuTi<br />

evropaSi. didebs emZimebaT germania da patarebi<br />

xom sulac hTriTian, veSapma ar gadagvylaposo.<br />

18

si<br />

tfilisi, 13 ianvari<br />

14 ianvari yovlad sadidebeli dRea yovelis<br />

qarTvelisaTvis. am dResa uqmobs, am dResa<br />

dResaswaulobs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eri da es dRea dRe<br />

micvalebisa Cvenis ganmanaTlebelis, mociqulTa<br />

sworis wminda ninosi. am Cvens, RvTismSoblis<br />

wilad xdomils qveyanas RvTismSoblisave locviT<br />

da kurTxeviT moevlina zegardamo STagonebuli<br />

wminda qalwuli, gadmolaxa Tavisis uZluris<br />

fexiTa mTani da kldeni, movida iq, `sadac<br />

RmerTni RmerTobdnen da mefeni mefobdnen~, pirqve<br />

daamxo salocavni kerpTmsaxurebisani da maTs<br />

adgilas aRmarTa jvari qristesi, jvari patiosani.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erma gadixsna guli, Sig ganibniva<br />

igi jvari patiosani jvarcmulis RmerTisa da<br />

TviTonac jvars ecva da aravis ki ar Searyevina<br />

arc Tavisi guli da arc gulSi Rrmad da<br />

mkvidrad gabneuli jvari. mas aqeT xuTmeti<br />

saukunea da mTeli es xuTmeti saukune gulSi<br />

jvariT da xelSi xmaliT ibrZoda, iRvwoda,<br />

sisxlsa hRvrida qarTveli kaci da naTeli<br />

bnelzed veravin Seacvlevina.<br />

Cvenis istoriis saxeli da dideba, CvenTa<br />

didebulTa winaparTa saswaulTmomqmedi mxneoba,<br />

19

Tavganwirva, Tavdadeba, vaJkacoba sul im naTeliT<br />

aris gansxivebuli, im SaravandediT aris mosili,<br />

romelic `Zelma WeSmaritebisam~, wminda ninos<br />

madliT da RvawliT aRmarTulma, mohfina mTels<br />

Cvens qveyanasa. am Zelzed sxivosanis asoebiT<br />

qristes wminda sisxliT dawerili iyo da aris<br />

igi mcneba, romelic udidesia, uZlieresia yovels<br />

sxva mcnebazed: giyvardes moyvasi Seni viTarca<br />

Tavi Seni.<br />

am mcnebis moZRvars eTayvana Cveni qveyana; igi<br />

aRiara RmerTad da imas aunTo Tavisi guli wminda<br />

sanTlad, romelic dResaqamomde ar gamqrala da<br />

arc gahqreba, minam ar gahqreba TviTon qarTvelica.<br />

am kacTmoyvare RmerTisaTvis iwama Cveni<br />

qveyana, amas anacvala, mas Seswira yovelive, rac<br />

ki adamians sabednierod aqvs moniWebuli, eklis<br />

gvirgvini daidga Tavzed, xuTmeti saukune<br />

gulgaudreklad atara Tavpirdasisxlianebulma,<br />

Cvens dromde Seumwikvlelad moitana da tanjulma<br />

da wamebulma Cven _ Svilebs gadmoqvca,<br />

exla Tqven iciTo.<br />

eklis gvirgvinia, magram TvalmargalitiT<br />

morTuls gvirgvins riTi CamohrCeba? gvirgvini<br />

wamebisa WeSmaritebisaTvis, kacTmoyvarebisaTvis,<br />

gvirgvini wamebis maSvralTa da tvirTmZimeTa<br />

nugeSisaTvis, gvirgvini wamebisa erTmanerTis<br />

Zmurad da siyvaruliT gankiTxvisaTvis, mSierTa,<br />

mwyurvalTa, sneulTa, sapyarTa da patimarTa<br />

Svelisa da xsnisaTvis, obolTa, qvrivTa, upatronoTa<br />

SewynarebisaTvis _ nuTu yovelive es igiv<br />

Tvalmargalitebi da ufro ukeTesnic ar arian?<br />

didi wameba didbunebovanobis niSania, rogorc<br />

didi Zlevamosiloba. didi wameba igiv didi<br />

gamarjvebaa, romelic wilad hxvdeba xolme<br />

didbunebovans kacsa, xolo gamarjvebuli bednieria<br />

imitom, rom TviTonac stkbeba miT, rac<br />

20

gamarjvebas moaqvs da wamebuli ki TviT iwvis<br />

sanTelsaviT da sxvas ki unaTebs.<br />

amitomac ekliani gvirgvini wamebulisa ufro<br />

uangaroa, ufro mimzidvelia, ufro sagulmtkivneuloa<br />

da, maSasadame, ufro mSvenieri, sasaxelo<br />

da sadidebeli. marto am wamebulTa hloculobs<br />

kacobrioba, marto am wamebulTa aRiarebs igi<br />

wmindanebad da Tayvansa scems locviTa da<br />

kurTxeviTa.<br />

ekliani gvirgvini, Cvens dRemde motanili<br />

CvenTa winaparTagan, am mSvenierebiTaA hSvenis, am<br />

saxeliTa saxelovanobs, am didebiT hdidebulobs.<br />

Tu visme samarTlianad eTqmis, rom TviT daiwvnen<br />

da sxvas ki gza gaunaTeso, es Cvens mama-papas<br />

eTqmis da madlobelni Svilni lmobierebiT pirqve<br />

unda davemxoT maT saflavTa winaSe da vugaloboT<br />

dideba didebulTa da qeba qebulTa.<br />

am samarTlian qeba-didebisaTvis sxva ukeTess<br />

dRes ver amoirCevs qarTveli, Tu ar dRes, Cvenis<br />

ganmanaTlebelis saxsovrad dawesebuls. mogvevlina<br />

wminda nino, gvamcno da gvaswava qristes<br />

rjuli da axalma mSvenierma aRTqmam ganaaxla<br />

Cveni qveyana axalis cxovrebisaTvis. qarTvelma am<br />

rjuls, am axals aRTqmas SeuerTa Zvelisagan<br />

yovelive is, rac ki ram Zvirfasia adamianisTvis<br />

da rac Tavis dReSi ar daZveldeba, minam adamiani<br />

adamianobs: SeuerTa mamuli da erovnoba. es sami<br />

erTmanerTis Rirsi sagani ise Caiwnen, ise<br />

Caqsovdnen erTmanerTSi, rom rjulis dacva<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> miwa-wylis dacvad gardiqmna da miwawylis<br />

dacva _ rjulis dacvad. rjuli Cvenis<br />

mamulis, Cvenis erovnobis xmlad iqca zedmisevisaTvis<br />

da farad _ zedmoseulTaTvis.<br />

qristianoba, qristes moZRvrebis garda, CvenSi<br />

hniSnavda mTelis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> miwa-wyals, hniSnavda<br />

qarTvelobas. dResac mTels amierkavkasiaSi<br />

21

qarTveli da qristiani erTisa da imave<br />

mniSvnelobis sityvebi arian. gaqristianebis magier<br />

getyvian, gaqarTveldao. Cvenma samRvdeloebam<br />

kargad icoda, rom mamuli da erovnoba, rjulTan<br />

erTad SeerTebuli, rjulTan SexorcTvisebuli,<br />

uZleveli xmalia da Seuleweli fari mtrisa<br />

winaSe. sityvas qadagebisas, swavlas, moZRvrebas<br />

sul imazed miaqcevda xolme, rom mamuli da<br />

erovnoba rjulamde gaapatiosnos, sarwmunoebamde<br />

aRamaRlos, aswios da yovelive am sams wmindas da<br />

udidess sagans, erTad SeerTebuls, TavdadebiT<br />

amsaxuros, TavgawirviT amoqmedos.<br />

ai sad da raSi hpoulobda Cveni uwindeli<br />

samRvdeloeba Tavis suliers da xorciels Rones,<br />

Tavis Zlierebas, pativiscemas! ai riT gaimagra<br />

samRvdeloebam sarwmunoeba qristesi am patara<br />

qveyanaSi, romelsac garSemo veSapi mtrebi exvivnen<br />

da hlamobdnen qristianoba Zirianad amoegdoT. ai<br />

ram moagerebina am patara qveyanas auarebeli<br />

mteri! mamuli da erovnoba miaSvela samRvdeloebam<br />

rjuls, rjuli _ mamulsa da erovnobasa da<br />

egred moZRvrebulma erma es sameba waimZRvara win,<br />

aTas xuTasi weliwadi omiTa da sisxlisRvriTa<br />

gamoiara da qarTvels binac Seunaxa da<br />

qarTvelobaca.<br />

am samTa uwmindaesTa saganTa SeerTebam aswia<br />

Cveni samRvdeloeba da daayena im maRal xarisxzed,<br />

sadac yoveli biji Rvawlia da samsaxuri qveynis<br />

winaSe. moRvawes da mosamsaxures yovelTvis didi<br />

pativi da saxeli aqvs da amitomac uwin<br />

sasuliero wodebaSi Sesvla da yofna did pativad<br />

da did Rirsebad miaCndaT. didni gvariSvilni,<br />

mefeTa ojaxisani da Zenic ki bednierad hracxdnen<br />

TavianT Tavs, Tuki eRirsebodnen sasuliero<br />

wodebis kacad gaxdomas, sasulierobaSi Sesvlas<br />

da samsaxursa. yvelam icoda, ra mZimea jvari<br />

22

qristesi, jvari mamulisa da erovnobisa da<br />

saxelic moRvawisa am simZimeSi iyo, es simZime<br />

apatiosnebda Rvawlsa, es tvirTi asxivosnebda<br />

samsaxursa da am patiosnebasa da sxivosnobaSi iyo<br />

Tavmowonebac da jildoc moRvawisa.<br />

am saxiT wminda ninos mociqulobiT mofenilma<br />

da damkvidrebulma qristianobam gvixsna Cven<br />

aramcTu sulierad, aramed xorcieladac. ima<br />

udidesma moZRvrebam, romelic qriste RmerTma<br />

mouvlina qveyanas xsnad da cxonebad, Tavisi<br />

Zlevamosili kalTa gadaafara CvenSi Cvens mamuls,<br />

Cvens erovnobas, viTa obolni Seikedla, Tavisis<br />

RvTaeburis Zal-RoniT gamohzarda, Sehmosa,<br />

STaudga guli rkinisa, gaumZRvara jvari patiosani<br />

da Zeli WeSmaritebisa da ai aTas xuTasi<br />

weliwadia am Zal-RoniT qristianobam Segvinaxa<br />

Cven Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni ena, Cveni vinaoba, Cveni<br />

erovnoba.<br />

qristianobis mofena da damkvidreba TviTon<br />

calked, TavisTavad didi Rvawlia da, rom<br />

qristianobam qviTkirsaviT Segvkra da gagvamagra,<br />

rom qristianoba gagviZRva mamulisa da erovnobis<br />

SerCenisa da xsnisaTvis, Rvawli igi gviorkecdeba,<br />

gvididdeba, gviZlierdeba. eg gaorkecebuli, eg<br />

gandidebuli Rvawli dagvdo Cven Cvenma<br />

ganmanaTlebelma wminda ninom. ai riT aris marTla<br />

sadidebeli, marTla sadiddResaswaulo igi dRe,<br />

rodesac Cveni eklesia didebiT ixseniebs am<br />

mociqulTa swors qalwulsa. ama RvTaeburis<br />

madliT mosilma mociqulma dagvawafa dauSrobels<br />

wyaros RvTaeburis WeSmaritebisas da mogvivlina<br />

igi moZRvreba, romelmac iSvila Cveni mamuli,<br />

Cveni erovnoba da erTsac da meoresac upatrona<br />

dRemde.<br />

kurTxeul xar Sen dedaTa Soris! dideba<br />

Senda, dideba!..<br />

23

24<br />

<br />

`meurne~<br />

tfilisi, 16 ianvari<br />

CvenSi saliteraturo moRvaweoba saerTod da<br />

Jurnal-gazeTobis saqme sakuTriv, jer kidev<br />

sxverpls iTxovs moRvawisagan. Jurnal-megazeTe,<br />

garda imisa, rom uwyalo Sromas unda<br />

daetyvevinos, dro da Jami unda Seswiros da<br />

Tvalebi gaiwyalos auarebel jafisgan, xSirad<br />

iZulebulia yovels amas Tavisi cotad Tu bevrad<br />

SeZlebuli jibec zed daabertyos. amnairad<br />

orgziTve unda gaiWiros saqme da gaiorkecos<br />

uamisodac mZime da rTuli saqme mwerlobis da<br />

moRvaweobisa. Cven aq imas aRar vaxsenebT, rom<br />

koRo-buzebis bzuilsac unda gauZlos da<br />

WiaRuebis ukbilo kbenasaca.<br />

amitomac, roca CvenSi kaci vinme Tavs imetebs<br />

da Jurnal-gazeTobas xelsa hkidebs, didis<br />

pativiscemiT saxsenebelia, da umadurobad<br />

migvaCnia, Tu vinme gulistkiviliT da siyvaruliT<br />

ar moeqca amisTana cotad Tu bevrad<br />

Tavganwiruls kacsa.<br />

ra Tqma unda, rom yvelgan da nametnavad<br />

CvenTan yovelgvars Jurnal-gazeTobas pirvel<br />

xanebSi bevri nakli, bevri uZlureba da uRonoba<br />

zed dahyveba xolme, magram amas ki aRaravin

hkiTxulobs, ra Znelia, rom pirvel xanSive axali<br />

saqme, axali dawyobileba, nametnavad axali<br />

saliteraturo organo, mTelis savsebiT, mTelis<br />

sisruliT gamogviCndes da dagvenaxos. amis<br />

argamkiTxveli, amis arSeugnebeli didis Wkuis<br />

patroni ar unda iyos, rogorc is, romelic<br />

moiTxovs, rom dRevandel dRes dargulma vazma<br />

dResve, dargvisave umal, yurZeni daisxas. Cvena<br />

gvgonia, rom amisTana damwunebeli kaci arc kargis<br />

gulisa unda iyos, imitom rom kargi da patiosani<br />

guli ar daavalebs kacs, SeuZlebeli SesZelio,<br />

da arc usayvedurebs, ratom ar SesZelio.<br />

yvelas Tavisi dro aqvs, Tavisi Jami, Tavisi<br />

garemoeba da mizezi, da amaebs Tavzed veravin ver<br />

gadaaxteba, imitom, rom am qveynierobazed araferi<br />

hCndeba, araferi ibadeba savsebiT, sisruliT da<br />

damTavrebiT. yvelafers Tavisi asaki aqvs zrdisa,<br />

warmatebisa da damTavrebisa da es xSirad<br />

aviwydebaT waramarad molaqlaqeTa, romelTac<br />

hgoniaT, rom raki mamalsaviT hyivian da<br />

boTverasaviT iyefebian, sofeli TavisTavad uecrad<br />

aSendebao. yiviliT da yefiT soflebi rom<br />

Sendebodes, maSin tyuilubralo laqlaqsac fasi<br />

daedeboda da ara gvgonia maSin eg exla ufasuri<br />

laqlaqi visme sulelebisaTvis da<br />

WkvapariebisaTvis daeTmo. egredwodebuli Widili<br />

arsebobisaTvis amis nebas ar miscemda.<br />

ybeds munji daaCumebso, naTqvamia. Cvenc am<br />

waramarad molaqlaqeebs davumunjdeT da<br />

mivmarToT im sagans, ramac zemoxsenebuli<br />

gvaTqmevina.<br />

axalma weliwadma mogvivlina axali moZme.<br />

daibada `meurne~. saxeli da dideba im kacs, vinc<br />

eg friad saWiro saqme iTava da ar SeuSinda arc<br />

jafas, arc xarjs, arc gulRvarZlobas<br />

zogierTisas, romelsac CvenSi wesad aqvs kicxva-<br />

25

kicxviT pirvel xanSive guli mouklas saqmis<br />

damwyebsa, xalisi gaufuWos da umadurobis Sxami<br />

gadaasxas wminda saqmes. Cven amiTi imisi Tqma ar<br />

gvinda, rom Tu ram nakli eqmneba am axals gazeTs,<br />

amazed xma aravin amoiRos. `meurnes~ redaqcia<br />

imodenad mixvedrilia, rom TviTonac ar ikadrebs<br />

es mosTxovos Cvens sazogadoebas da amasTan<br />

Zalian kargadac icis, ra Zneli da rTuli saqme<br />

aqvs natvirTi, da aq yvelas gulis mogeba,<br />

yovelisfriT savseoba, yovlad SeuZlebelia.<br />

amitomac yovels keTilmyofels Cvenis qveynisas<br />

farTo gza aqvs gaxsnili Tavisi rCeva amcnos<br />

redaqcias, Tavisi azri gauziaros, xolo<br />

`meurnis~ redaqcias sruli sabuTi da sruli<br />

simarTle aqvs, yvelas Cvengans mosTxovos<br />

pativiscemiT moqceva, gulwrfeli da<br />

gulmtkivneuli rCeva da azri.<br />

Cveni zne literaturuli metad garyvnilia da<br />

zogierTebis mowyalebiT jer karga xani gaivlis,<br />

vidre Tavis bazars dahkargavs tyuili sisini,<br />

tyuili bzuili ukbilo mtrobisa da Surisa,<br />

avyiaobis da kaparCxianobis uRono zedmoseva<br />

kbenisaTvis da dabaxanuri pirwylianoba lanZRvisa<br />

da TrevisaTvis. Cveni guliTadi survili, Cveni<br />

gulwrfeli rCeva yovelT uwinares is aris, rom<br />

Cvenma moZmem `meurnem~ arasfers amisTanas yuri ar<br />

aTxovos, Tvisi mxurvale mecadineoba ar moaklos<br />

Tavis saqmesa, ar gauneldes, ar gaugrildes Tavis<br />

mZime movaleobas da sulmdablobis Cirqiani<br />

umaduroba sulmdablobasve mianebos. Cven viciT,<br />

ra Znels saqmes mohkida `meurnis~ redaqciam xeli,<br />

Cven viciT, ra siZneles unda SeeWidos<br />

yovelisfriT da yovelis mxriT, Cven viciT,<br />

ramodenad unda gaiWiros Tavi SromisaTvis,<br />

ramodenad unda gamoimetos jibe xarjisaTvis. da<br />

marto am sabuTiT SegviZlian utyuarad vsTqvaT,<br />

26

om `meurnis~ daarseba, gaZRola da warmarTva<br />

sxverplia, Tavis gawirvaa.<br />

imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni amisTanaebSi gulgrili<br />

sazogadoeba dRes iqneba Tu xval dainaxavs am<br />

sxverpls, am uangaro samsaxurs `meurnisas~, imedi<br />

gvaqvs, rom TviTon `meurnec~ Tavisis sikeTiT da<br />

warmatebiT Tavs moawonebs mamulis patronebs da<br />

momvlelebs da `meurne~ Tavis drozed sayvarel<br />

gazeTad Seiqmneba da aucilebel saWiroebad<br />

yovelis ojaxisaTvis sofelSi. magram minam petre<br />

movidao, pavles tyavi gasZvrao, naTqnamia, da ai<br />

Cveni gulgrili sazogadoeba ras unda Caufiqrdes<br />

dResve: sircxvilia, sircxvili, kacma uangarod<br />

iSromos, usasyidlod jafa gaswios CvenTvis da<br />

Cven imodenad daunaxavni viyvneT, rom xarjis<br />

gasastumrebeli Ronsac ki ar vaZlioT.<br />

27

28<br />

<br />

sakiTxebze<br />

tfilisi, 18 ianvari<br />

kavkasiis sastatistiko komitetma SarSan erTi<br />

kargi samecniero ganZi SesZina kavkasias saerToda<br />

da Cvens qveyanas sakuTriv. man ganizraxa yoveli<br />

sastatistiko cnobani amoekribna egredwodebul<br />

`saojaxo siebidam~, romelnic Sedgenil iqmnen<br />

imisaTvis, rom utyuari angariSi hqonoda<br />

mTavrobas mkvidrTa ricxvisa samxedro<br />

begarisaTvis mosawodeblad da amasTanave imis<br />

sacnoblad, Tu ramdeni ojaxia imisTana, romelsac<br />

unda gaeweros sakomlo gardasaxadi.<br />

kavkasiis sastatistiko komitetma miando b-ns<br />

zeidlicsa, rogorc mTavars redaqtors, amokreba<br />

am sastatistiko cnobebisa, maTi ganxilva da<br />

SemuSaveba da mere dabeWdva imisda mixedviT<br />

ramodenadac es saintereso masala mecnierebisa<br />

mzad iqneba dabeWdvisaTvis. amasve, b-ns zeidlics,<br />

daavala komitetma samecniero TvaliT ganixilos<br />

yovelisferi da samecnierod SeimuSavos.<br />

dRes aqamomde b-nma zeidlicma dahbeWda oTxi<br />

rveuli. pirveli rveuli, romelic ipyrobs 115<br />

gverdsa, zaqaTalis olqs ekuTvnis, meore _<br />

axalqalaqis mazras, mesame _ Savi zRvis olqs<br />

(Черноморский Округ) da meoTxe _ darRos olqs

daRistanSi. siRnaRis mazris cnobanic mzad aris,<br />

xolo jer ibeWdeba da ar gamosula stambidam.<br />

Cven es oTxi rveuli dRes mogvivida da marto<br />

movaswariT xeldaxel gadaTvaliereba. rveulebi<br />

rigianad da lamazad aris dabeWdili da savsea<br />

saintereso cnobebiT, romelnic sakmao codniT<br />

Tav-Tavis adgilas rigzea dalagebuli. Cven dRes<br />

marto erTs friad sayuradRebo sagans SevniSnavT<br />

da am saganzed gavuwevT saubars Cvens<br />

mkiTxvelebs. es sagani miT aris SesaniSnavi, rom<br />

imisTana cnobas gvaZlevs, romelic pirdapir<br />

epirispireba da ar eTanxmeba sastatistiko<br />

mecnierebis sazogado daskvnasa.<br />

sastatistiko mecnierebas gamorkveuli aqvs,<br />

rom TiTqmis yvelgan evropaSi dedakacTa ricxvi<br />

sWarbobs mamakacTa ricxvsa. marTalia, mecniereba<br />

amasTan imasac ambobs, rom es metnakleboba<br />

zogjer hmatulobs, zogjer hklebulobs, magram<br />

arasodes ise ar icvleba, rom mamakacTa ricxvma<br />

gadaaWarbos. es ambavi miT ufro SesaniSnavia, rom<br />

dabadebiT mamakacTa ricxvi yovelTvis metia<br />

dedakacTa ricxvzed da maSasadame mamakacni unda<br />

ricxviT aRematebodnen dedakacTa. saqmiT ki ese ar<br />

gamodis. mecnierebas gamocnobili aqvs, rom<br />

xuTmetis wlis asakamde am orisave sqesis ricxvi<br />

Tanasworia da am asaks Semdeg ki mTels danarCens<br />

asakobaSi dedaTa rocxvi metia.<br />

yvelgan da yovelTvisao, ambobs mecniereba, vaJi<br />

ufro bevri ibadeba, vidre qalio, magram esec ki<br />

SeniSnulia, rom yrmobaSive sikvdiliTac vaJi meti<br />

ixoceba vidre qalio. es aris mizezi, romelic<br />

hmoqmedobs am oris sqesTa metnaklebobazed, jer<br />

roca asaksruli ar aris arc vaJi da arc qali.<br />

roca asaki ematebaT da sisruleSi Sedian,<br />

mamakacTa cxovreba ufro bevrs sxverpls iwiravs,<br />

radganac cxovrebas mamakacisas ufro bevri<br />

29

faTeraki da gansacdeli sdevso, magaliTebr,<br />

omebi, mogzauroba, zRvaSi mimavloba, mZime muSaoba<br />

madnebis xaroebsa da TxrilebSi da sxvani<br />

amisTanani.<br />

es faTerakiani da gansacdeliani cxovreba<br />

mamakacisa mohyvandaT Zvels mecnierebs imis<br />

mizezad, rom dedakacTa ricxvi yvelgan metia<br />

mamakacTa ricxvzed. xolo am ukanasknel xanebSi<br />

mecnierebam eWvi Seitana da ambobs, rom am<br />

metnaklebobis mizezi sul sxva unda iyos da<br />

maincdamainc es mizezebi ufro Rrmad mimalulni<br />

da Sors arian imaTzed, rac aqamomde egonaTo. am<br />

saxiT dedakacTa mamakaczed nametnoba Tumca<br />

mecnierebisagan aRiarebulia da damtkicebuli,<br />

magram amisi mizezi ki jer aqamomde gamorkveuli<br />

da napovni ar aris da elis mecnierebis sabuTians<br />

sityvas.<br />

am sazogado movlenas ar eqvemdebareba<br />

evropaSi mxolod belgia, italia, saberZneTi,<br />

serbia da ruminia da iqneba osmaleTica. am<br />

qveynebSi as mamakaczed sul cota rom vsTqvaT<br />

93 1 / 10 dedakaci modis, sul bevri _ 99 4 / 5. ra<br />

Tqma unda, rom evropiis sxva did qveynebSiac aris<br />

imisTana calke adgilebi, saca mamakacni ricxviT<br />

sWarboben dedakacTa, magram TviTveuli eseTi<br />

qveyana, erTad aRebuli, mainc dedakacTa<br />

nametanobas warmoadgens. mecnierebam jer<br />

zedmiwevniT ar icis, ra mizezia dedakacTa<br />

nametanobisa, sayovelTaod SeniSnulisa, da ra<br />

mizezia mamakacTa nametanobisa, gansakuTrebiT<br />

zogierTgan calked aRmoCenilisa, Tumca zogierTs<br />

mizezs ki gvisaxelebs mgoniaobiT.<br />

erTis sityviT, mecnierebas ueWvel<br />

WeSmaritebad miRebuli aqvs, rom ricxvi dedaTa<br />

sqesisa TiTqmis yovelTvis metia mamakacTa<br />

30

icxvzed da orTaSua ricxvi metobisa isea, rom<br />

21-s dedakaczed modis 20-i mamakaci.<br />

CvenSi sul sxva aRmoCenila. zaqaTalis olqSi,<br />

axalqalaqis mazraSi da Savi zRvis olqSi<br />

(Черноморский Oкруг) yvelgan dedakacTa ricxvi<br />

naklebia mamakacTa ricxvzed, xolo darRos<br />

olqaSiRa sWarbobs. zaqaTalis olqSi 53 2 / 3<br />

mamakaczed modis 46 1 / 3 dedakaci, axalqalaqisaSi _<br />

52 1 / 2 mamakaczed modis 47 1 / 2 dedakaci, Savi<br />

zRvisaSi _ 54 2 / 3-zed 45 1 / 3-i, xolo darRosaSi _<br />

49 3 / 4 mamakaczed modis 50 1 / 4-i dedakaci.<br />

metad RirsSesaniSnavi sagania es ambavi<br />

mecnierebis mkvlevarisaTvis rogorc zogadidam<br />

gamorCeuli da gamosaTvleli. rasakvirvelia, jer<br />

minam kavkavsiis Taobazed saerTod da<br />

amierkavkasiazed sakuTrad sruli cnobani ar<br />

daibeWdeba, adrea raime gadawyvetili iTqvas am<br />

saganzed. xolo Tu danarCen adgilebSiac aseTi<br />

Warboba aRmoCndeba mamaTa sqesisa dedaTa sqeszed,<br />

es ambavi metismetad Caafiqrebs mecnierebs da amis<br />

mizezis povna da axsna bevrs gauZlierebs<br />

wyurvils Ziebisas da kvlevisas. marTlada ra<br />

mizezi unda iyos, rom mkvidrT mricxveloba<br />

CvenSi sqesobis mixedviTa aramcTuU emowmeba, ase<br />

pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba kidec mecnierebisagan<br />

miRebul daskvnasa? nuTu saintereso ar aris jer<br />

amis axsna da gamokvleva da mere imis gamorkveva,<br />

Tu ras hniSnavs da ras moaswavebs es aseTi<br />

gansakuTrebuli ambavi?<br />

31

32<br />

yorani<br />

tfilisi, 19 ianvari<br />

aris qveyanazed bevri imisTana sagani, romlis<br />

gamoc hoc iTqmis da araca, radganac sagani an<br />

gamoZiebuli ar aris jer mTlad an metad rTulia<br />

da daxlarTuli da jer kacis Tvali ver<br />

mimwvdara mravalgvaris xlarTis erT krebulad<br />

danaxvisaTvis. aq amisTana saganzed bevri sabuTi<br />

aqvs kacs gaabas saubari, Tavisic sTqvas da<br />

sxvasac misi aTqmevinos. xolo qveynierobazed<br />

bevri imisTana sagnebic aris, romelT viTarebac<br />

cxadia, rogorc orjel ori _ oTxi. aq saubaris<br />

gabma da erTmanerTTan laparaki, sagnis viTarebis<br />

gadatrial-gadmot-rialeba, waRma-ukuRmad Treva<br />

da wewva, meti bargia. amisTanaebze laparaki<br />

sulgrZelobaa imis mxriT, vinc iZulebulia<br />

eCiCinos meores, rom orjel ori oTxiao, da imis<br />

mxriT ki, vinc am CiCinisaTvis visme<br />

iZulebulhyofs, metismeti sibriyvea da gonebis<br />

daxSuloba.<br />

magram ras izam, rom dRe ar gava, imisTana<br />

kacs ar Sexvde, romelsac bevri kveric rom<br />

uraxuno TavSi, ver gaagoneb, ver daanaxveb orjel<br />

oris oTxobas, Sesdgeba gaqir saxedarsaviT erTs<br />

uarzed da, rac gind bevri niSaduri moscxo, win

ijsac ver gadaadgmevineb, aras hozed ver<br />

Seacvlevineb. zogs es gaqiri dabadebiTve aqvs<br />

TiTqo dayolili da zned gadahqcevia, zogma ki<br />

gaqiri gangeb icis, imitom rom sarfaa, gaqirs<br />

gamorComac mosdevs, da sarfa da gamorComa xom<br />

dRevandelis dRis macxovrebeli sulia. am<br />

ukanasknelis juris gaqirebi metismetad<br />

gamravldnen da fexs ise ar gadasdgams kaci<br />

CvenSi, rom mTels amisTana jgufs ar wamohkras.<br />

aba imazed cxadi da ucilobeli ra aris, rom<br />

mosamarTles moCivaris ena unda usaTuod esmodes<br />

imitom, rom Tavis yuriT gagonili, Tavis yuriT<br />

smenili ufro utyuaria, ufro zedmiwevnilia,<br />

ufro marTalia da, radganac marTalia, ufro<br />

Seucdomels sabuTs aZlevs Seucdomelis gankiTxvisa<br />

da ganaCenisaTvis. mosamarTle da<br />

moCivari, romelTac erTmanerTisa ar esmiT,<br />

erTmanerTis ena ar ician, erTmanerTisaTvis<br />

munjebic arian da yrunica. amisTana mosamarTle<br />

da moCivari erTmanerTisaTvis aRar arian da amaTi<br />

erTad Sehyra swored imasa hgavs, rom mkvdari<br />

mkvdars aekida, saflavamde wamiReo.<br />

CvenSi didi xania naTqvami, rom `saca gageba ar<br />

aris, kargvaa samarTlisao~. aba WkvaTamyofelma<br />

kacma am ubralos da martivad Tqmuls<br />

WeSmaritebas saidamac hnebavs mouaros, Tu erTi<br />

iotis-odena imisTana ram upovos, rom im napovnis<br />

meoxebiT am WeS-maritebas mcireodeni Crdili<br />

uaryofisa Wkvazed xelauReblad miayenos. amas ra<br />

didi lari da xazi unda, rom mTqmels gamgoni<br />

unda da kargi gamgonica, da Tu mTqmels da<br />

gamgons erTmanerTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da<br />

arc gagoneba, maSasadame, arc gan-kiTxvaa da arc<br />

samarTali.<br />

`Новое Обозрение~-m Tavis meTaurs werilebSi<br />

saWirod dainaxa zogierT publicistisaTvis<br />

33

yurebidam bamba gamoecala da es orjel ori _<br />

oTxi rogorme CaewveTna. Tqvenc ar momikvdeT,<br />

daiwyes bRavili upatrono ZroxasaviT im<br />

zogierTebma: vis gaugonia, rom mTqmels gamgoni<br />

undao, da Tu unda, mTqmelma iswavlos gamgonis<br />

enao. Cveno Wkuis kolofno batoneboo, upasuxa<br />

`Новое Обозрение~-m: _ mTqmelni aTasni da aTi<br />

aTasni arian da gamgonebi ki TiTo-orola, da Tu<br />

swavlaa, am TiTo-orolas swavleba ufro advili<br />

ar aris, vidre aTasebisa da aTi aTasebisao:<br />

samarTali imisTana ram aris adamianisaTvis, rom<br />

marto Tavis daniSnulebas unda emsaxurebodes, da,<br />

Tu samara-Tali ors kurdRels gamoudga, verc<br />

erTs ver daiWerso.<br />

gaiba amazed laparaki da Cven marto<br />

sulgrZeleba `Новое Обозрение~-si gvikvirda, rom<br />

cercvs kedels amaod ayrida. raki `Кaвказ~-is<br />

publicistebma ar imorcxves da kacTa naTesaobas<br />

tanisamosiT arCeven, raki qveynis sasacilod<br />

TavmowonebiT gamoacxades, rom Cven nu gvexumrebiT,<br />

amierkavkasiis avkargianoba zedmiwevniT<br />

gviswavlia imisTana avtoritetebisagan, rogorc<br />

laqiebi da mzareulebi ariano, aba amis Semdeg<br />

rogorRa gauyad-ra Tavi `Новое Oбозрение~-m da ar<br />

moerida imaTTan laparaksa. nuTu `Новое Oбозрение~s<br />

dahviwyebia, rom mkvdari ar gacocx-ldeba da<br />

yorani ar gaTeTrdeba, rac ginda hxexo qviSiTa. an<br />

ra saWiroa? rwmenasTan rom hqondes kacs saqme,<br />

kidev ho, maSin Tqmasa da laparaks sabuTi aqvs,<br />

Caagoneb rasme, daajereb rasme. aq xom sul sxva<br />

mizezi iRvwis da hmoqmedobs. aba erTi sxva<br />

alalma dahqrolos am uarmyofel vaJbatonebs, Tu<br />

sul sxva hangzed ar daiwyon galoba da sul<br />

sxvanairad ar Cahbuqnon. arian qveyanazed imisTana<br />

juris falavnebi, rom rasac dRes mosaklavad<br />

34

sdeven, imas xval fexqveS gaeSlebian fiandazad,<br />

da ra gulmodginebiTac exla sdevnian samtrod,<br />

xval imav gul-modginebiT galobas etyvian:<br />

ui Sen ki Cagegrixe<br />

usurvazis wneliviTao.<br />

35

36<br />

<br />

mildiu<br />

tfilisi, 20 ianvari<br />

Cvens venaxebs SarSandel wels ewvia axali<br />

Wiri, romelsac mildiu daarqves mecnierebma. es<br />

Wiri saSineli Wiria da SeuZlian or-sams dRes<br />

mTelis venaxis mosavali srulad gaanadguros da<br />

venaxis patroni carielazed dasvas. am Wirisagan<br />

yurZnis marcvali hxmeba, scviva da am saxiT an<br />

srulad hRupavs mosavalsa, Tu gaZlierebulia, an<br />

arada bevrs aklebs. saSineli ufro miT aris, rom<br />

eg Wiri SesaZloa uecrad moevlinos da roca<br />

venaxi dasakrebad moweulia, ori-samis dRis winad<br />

gasCndes da gaafuWos.<br />

es mildiu sxvadasxva dros ewveva xolme vazs.<br />

maSinac, jer roca kvirti ar gamosula, kvirtis<br />

gamosvlis drosac, marcvlis gamotanisasac,<br />

TvalSesvlaSiac, mowevisa da damwifebis Jamsac,<br />

erTis sityviT, ar aris imisTana xana<br />

gazafxulidam wlis bolomde, rom es seni ar<br />

gauCndes venaxsa. Tu mildiu yurZnis mowevamde<br />

auCnda venaxs, vazs foTols uWknobs da ayrevinebs<br />

da mze uCrdilo vazzed axmobs da hSuSavs<br />

yurZensa. garda amisa, marcvali ara hsruldeba,<br />

wveni yurZnisa mJavea, radganac ufoTlobis gamo<br />

yurZens sazrdoeba aRara aqvs da Saqars veRar<br />

ikeTebs. mildiuTi dasneulebul vazis yurZeni<br />

gemrieli veRar aris da Rvinoc feriT mcqralia,

gemoTi mJave da ise dabalia, rom gasasyidad aRar<br />

hvargobs, suni da aromati Rvinos srulad<br />

ekargeba.<br />

Tu mildiu Seeyara venaxs maSin, roca yurZeni<br />

moweulia, bevrs aRarafers aklebs imitom, rom<br />

Tumca foTols ayrevinebs, magram damwifebuls<br />

yurZens foToli bevrs aRaras hSvelis, Tu<br />

mildiu ramdenime weliwadi zedazed ewvia venaxs,<br />

vazis zrda dayovndeba xolme, gazafxulzed cota<br />

rqas ikeTebs da imasac uRonos, da TviTon<br />

foTolic moyviTanoa da sneuli. mildiuTi<br />

sneuls vazs zamTris sicive Zalian hvnebs imitom,<br />

rom Ronegamoclili vazi sicives veRar itans.<br />

amboben, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi Zaliana hrgebs<br />

vazs barva da sasuqis dayrao.<br />

yovels amazed Cven dResa Tu xval vrclad<br />

movilaparakebT, exla ki gvsurs yuradReba venaxis<br />

patronebisa imazed mivaqcioT, rom aris Turme<br />

zogierTi gvari yurZnisa, romelsac es mildiu<br />

bevrsa aras aklebs da Tamamad uZlebs am sensa.<br />

garda amisa SeniSnulia, rom golvas da notiobas,<br />

sicxes da sigriles didi zedmoqmedeba aqvs am<br />

senis metnaklebobazed da TviTon venaxis<br />

mdebiarobasac, maRlobzea, Tu dablobze, didi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs Turme. sasurvelia, Cvenma venaxis<br />

patronebma, Tval-yuri adevnon TavianT venaxebs da<br />

SehniSnon: a) sad, ra dros da ra saxiT gamoCndeba<br />

xolme es seni; b) ragvars vazs ufro male da<br />

adre aCndeba; g) ragvari vazi ufro uZlebs da ar<br />

eCagvrineba; d) sad ra ufro xels uwyobs am senis<br />

gaZlierebas; golva, Tu notioba, sicxe Tu<br />

sigrile; e) zena da qvena qari rogor mohqmedobs<br />

am senis metnaklebobazed; v) maRlobs venaxs ufro<br />

etaneba es seni Tu dablobsa; z) urwyuli venaxi<br />

ufro uZlebs Tu morwyuli da sxva amisTanani,<br />

rac ki ase Tu ise gamosadegia, rom am saSinels<br />

37

mters mizezi, Zal-Rone SevutyoT da wamalic ram<br />

vupovoT.<br />

didis yuradRebis Rirsia es samwuxaro ambavi<br />

da am SemTxvevaSi aravin ar unda daizaros Tvalyuris<br />

devna da naxulisa da SeniSnulis anusxva,<br />

rom miT kacs saxsari mieces yovlis mxriT<br />

gamoirkvios es seni da Tu ram eSveleba, eSvelos.<br />

rac am senzed sadme cnobaa sxva qveyanaSi. Cven<br />

vecdebiT Tavis drozed yvelaferi vauwyoT Cvens<br />

mkiTxvelebs da am cnobebs rom Cvenis qveynis<br />

sakuTari cnobanic zed daematos, ufro dids<br />

Rones mogvcems am senTan brZolisas.<br />

38

tfilisi, 26 ianvari<br />

is saSineli Wiri venaxebisa, romelic amas<br />

winad Cvens meTaurSi movixsenieT da romelsac<br />

`mildiu~-s eZaxian, didi xani ar aris, rac<br />

evropaSi gaCnda. 1878 wlamde es Wiri aravis ara<br />

scodnia evropaSi, xolo amerikaSi ki didi xania,<br />

rac yofila da aris. pirvelad mildiu gamoCenila<br />

safrangeTSi da 1880 w. ramdenisame milionis<br />

venaxebi gaufuWebia. rogor gadmosula es Wiri<br />

amerikidam, aravin icis, xolo safrangeTsa swvevia<br />

1878 w. da aqedam mosdebia mTels evropas,<br />

gadasula ispaniasa, Sveicariasa, avstriasa da<br />

germaniaSi, 1881 w. misula samxreTs ruseTSi,<br />

osmaleTsa da saberZneTSi da SarSan zafxulSi<br />

xom Cvens qveyanasac ewvia, nametnavad kaxeTsa.<br />

Tu exlav ara eSvelara am Wirs, aucilebelia,<br />

rom Cvens venaxis patronebs carilezed dasxams<br />

da es Zalovani simdidre xelidam gamogvecleba,<br />

rogorc es moxda samxreTs safrangeTSi da<br />

Crdilo ispaniaSi. Cvenda sanugeSod, mecnierebma am<br />

Wirs wamalic upoves imodenad advilad<br />

mosaxerxebeli da iefi, rom TiTqmis aravis<br />

gauWirdeba ixmaros da venaxi dids gansacdels<br />

gadaarCinos. minam Cven am wamalzed vityodeT<br />

rasme, saWiroa jer SevityoT mizezi am saSinelis<br />

senisa, ra saxis senia da ra niSnebiT icnobeba.<br />

uamisod kaci advilad mostyuvdeba da sxvagvars<br />

rasme sens mildiumad miiCnevs.<br />

mildius movlenis mizezi pawia sokoa, anu obi,<br />

romelic pirvelSi mwvane nawils vazisas Sig<br />

agebulebaSi uCndeba, swovs am nawilis wvensa, am<br />

wveniT ikvebeba, TviTon mwvane nawils ki<br />

39

auZlurebs, sCagravs da bolos hklavs kidec. * am<br />

sokos, rogorc sxva yovelgvars mcenares, Tavisi<br />

Tesli aqvs. es Tesli Stoebian Rerozeda sxeds<br />

da es Rero gared gamodis da Tvalad sCans. ai es<br />

Reroebi, romelsac zed Tesli asxia, ueWvelia,<br />

utyuari niSania, rom vazs mildiu swvevia. es<br />

Tesliani Reroebi sokosi gared gamohyofen Tavs<br />

sneulis foTlidam da foTlis qveda pirzed rZis<br />

ferad, TeTrad daeyreba xolme ToTqo patarpatara<br />

xvavebiao. es TeTri xvavebi erTmanerTs ar<br />

gadaebmian xolme da ufro xSirad cal-calke<br />

arian da kargad gaerCevian erTmanerTisagan,<br />

zogjer ki erTad hgrovdebian. roca soko Tavis<br />

sisruleSi modis, maSin Teslis xvavebi<br />

daxviSrebul marilis xvavsa hgavs, an TiTqo<br />

fxvnilis Saqris jgufiao. Semodgomazed da<br />

nametnavad, roca foToli cvivnas daiwyebs, eg<br />

TeTri xvavebi ise aRar brwyinaven, rogorc winad,<br />

da molurjo feri scems. roca es TeTri xvavebi<br />

jer cotani arian da haoSi, romelic foTols<br />

qvemoTa pirzed aqvs xolme, ver gamoirCeva, maSin<br />

gamadidebelis miniT unda gaisinjos da advilad<br />

dasanaxi iqneba, haos qveS aris Tu ara TerTi<br />

sokos Teslis xvavi.<br />

erTi frangi terrel-de-Seni swers, rom<br />

yvelazed uwinares mildiu aCndeba xolme im<br />

foTlebs vazisas, romelic vazis Zirzed ufro<br />

axlo arian. es ambavi ueWveli marTaliao da<br />

maSasadame, pirvel xanSi mildiu unda eZion im<br />

foTlebzed, romelnic miwazed axloni arian. es<br />

metad didmniSvnelobiani ambavia, radganac<br />

pirdapir aCvenebs Wiris adgils da imasac Tu,<br />

Wiris gamoCenis umal sad unda miaSvelos kacma<br />

* yovelive, rasac mouTxrobT Cvens mkiTxvelebs mildiuzed, amoRebulia<br />

Jurnalidam `Русский Винодел~.<br />

40

wamali. igive terrel-de-Seni ambobs, rom vazi,<br />

rac axalia, ufro Zlier eurCeba am Wirsa da ar<br />

eCagvrinebao, xnieri vazi ki ver uZlebso da male<br />

Seiyris xolme Wirsao. esec meore saxelmZRvanelo<br />

cnobaa, romelic pirvel xanSi Zalian gauadvilebs<br />

kacs Wirian vazis povnas: mildiu axalzed ar<br />

unda eZebos, aramed ufro Zvels vazzeda.<br />

amis Semdeg Cven vacodinebT Cvens mkiTxvels,<br />

ra nawils vazisas erCis es Wiri da ra saxis<br />

niSnebi warmogvidgens TviTon Wirs gamosacnoblad.<br />

41

42<br />

tfilisi, 27 ianvari<br />

Cvena vsTqviT wina werilSi, rom mildiu<br />

yvelazed uwinares Seeyreba xolme miwasTan<br />

maxlobels nawilebs vazisas. sazogadod esec unda<br />

iTqvas, rom marto imisTana nawilebs auCndeba<br />

xolme, romelnic mwvaneni arian, saxeldobr,<br />

foTols, nedls ylortsa, jer ardarqavebuls,<br />

yvavils yurZnisas da TviTon yurZnis marcvals<br />

jer roca isvrimia da mwvane.<br />

foTolzed am saxiT gamoiCens xolme Tavs es<br />

saSineli seni. igi gamoaCndeba xolme foTols<br />

qvemo pirzed da yovelTvis im adgilebSi,<br />

romelic foTlis ZarRveb Suaa. am adgilebSi soko<br />

qula-qulad aCnevia. Zalian iSviaTi ambavia, rom<br />

soko zemo pirs foTlisasac gamoaCndes, an<br />

foTlis ZarRvsa da an Reros, romliTac foToli<br />

mikrulia rqazed. maSasadame, ueWveli niSnebi<br />

mildiusi unda moiZebnos foTlis qveda pirzed,<br />

sadac ufro xSirad gamoCndeba TeTri xvavebi<br />

sokos Teslisa, TiTqo obia mokidebulio. esec<br />

unda ar daviviwyoT, rom es TeTri xvavebi marto<br />

maSin gamoaCndeba xolme foTols, roca soko<br />

damTavrdeba, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, srulad<br />

momwifdeba. pirvel xanSi ki, roca vazi avad<br />

hxdeba da roca soko foTlis Sinagans<br />

agebulebaSia, maSin gared TeTri xvavi ar etyoba,<br />

amitomac Tu seni axlad swvevia vazsa, qvemo pirs<br />

foTlisas veras Seamcnevs kaci. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

kacma zemo piri foTlisa unda gasinjos. Tu vazs<br />

Sehyria seni, maSin zemo pirs foTlisas usaTuod<br />

unda aCndes winwklebi, anu laqebi da foTlis<br />

feric Secvlili unda iyos. es winwklebi, anu<br />

laqebi jer moyviTanoni arian, mere droTa<br />

mimavlobaSi Ria dariCinis frad iqcevian da<br />

bolos mTlad muq dariCinis feri Seiqmnebian.

zogjer moyviTano laqebi gamoaCndeba xolme<br />

vazis foTols sxva mizeziTac da ara mildiusagan.<br />

imis Sesatyobrad Tu, mizezi mildiu aris, Tu<br />

sxva ram, ai ra Rones hxmaroben: laqebiani<br />

foToli unda dasdoT Tbilsa da namian adgils<br />

da Tu vazs mildiu Sehyria, maSinve foTlis<br />

qvedapirzed TeTri xvavebi gamoCndeba, rogorc<br />

zemod avwereT. amisTana xerxi senis gamosacnobad<br />

metad advilia da saswrafoca. laqebi zemo pirs<br />

foTolzed rgvlebia, cal-calked aCndebian jer<br />

da mere roca izrdebian, erTmanerTSi gaebmian da<br />

gaerTdebian xolme. Tu es laqebi xSiria, SeiZleba<br />

kacma sTqvas, rom mildiu aris mizezi da Tu<br />

cotaa, maSin ki Znelad gamosacnobia, imitom, rom<br />

amisTana laqebi sxva mizeziTac SesaZloa daeyaros<br />

vazsa.<br />

Tu mildius garemoeba hSvelis da izrdeba,<br />

maSin foToli vazisa Savdeba, qvedapirs gabmiT<br />

ekideba obi, bolos foToli xmeba da Camodis<br />

Zirs, scviva. Tu namiani daria, Camocvivnuls<br />

foTolzedac kidev hxeirobs mildiu. maSin<br />

foTols molurjo feri edeba da samudamod<br />

hkvdeba. maSin, roca golviani daria, anu roca<br />

mildiu Semodgomaze gamoaCndeba vazs, soko mZimed<br />

izrdeba da moyviTano laqebic ara diddebian.<br />

zogjer foTlis ZarRveb Sua adgilebi,<br />

mildiusagan gafuWebulebi, gamohxmeba xolme da<br />

gamoscviva da foToli im saxiT hrCeba, TiTqo<br />

daCiTulia da gangeb daxvretilio. Semodgomazed<br />

mildiusagan gafuWebul foTolzed mravali laqa<br />

gamoCndeba xolme, romelnic Riafer yviTlidam<br />

muqyviTlamde bevrs sxvadasxvaobas warmoadgenen.<br />

Cvena vsTqviT, rom nedls ylortsac vazisas<br />

gamoaCndeba xolme mildiu. TeTr-TeTri qula<br />

mildiusi nedls ylorts marto wverebSi<br />

auCndeba. zogjer es wverebi uxmeba ylortsa da<br />

43

moatydeba xolme. rqasa da egredwodebul Savvazsa<br />

Tavis dReSi eg TeTri qula ar gamoaCndeba<br />

xolme. ylorti, romelsac sWirebia mildiu, alagalag<br />

CaSavdeba xolme da es CaSavebuli adgilebi<br />

Cadrekili aqvs. saca foToli hzis rqazed, iqidam<br />

vrceldeba seni, ylorts ciagi lurji feri edeba<br />

da amis Semdeg male kvdeba kidec. Tu amisTana<br />

ylortzed TeTri obi ara sCans, maSin sakmarisia<br />

ylorti cotas xans namian adgilas dasdoT da<br />

mildius TeTri qula maSinve gamoaCndeba mkvdars<br />

nawils ylortisas. yurZnis yvavils ki Zalian<br />

iSviaTad ewveva xolme mildiu. Tumca asea, magram<br />

aqac ki SeumCneviaT TeTri obi sneulebisa 1885 da<br />

1886 wlebSi.<br />

yurZnis marcvalzed, rogorca vsTqviT, maSin<br />

aCndeba mildiu, roca marcvali jer TvalSesuli<br />

ar aris da mwvanea. Tu mouwevars mtevans ewvia<br />

soko imodenad, rom hTeTrdeba mTeli mtevani<br />

sokos Teslian Reroebisagan, maSin marcvali<br />

amoiSriteba da scviva. es iSviaTad mohxdeba<br />

xolme da ufro xSirad SigadaSig uCndeba mtevans<br />

da SigadaSig afuWebs marcvalsa.<br />

zogjer mtevani ise hxmeba, rom garedam arc ki<br />

etyoba is TeTri niSani sneulebisa. visac hsurs<br />

Seityos, mildiusagan hxmeba mtevani, Tu sxva<br />

mizezisagan, gamxmari mtevani namians adgilas<br />

dasdos da Tu mildiu aris, maSinve TeTrad obs<br />

moikidebs. Zalian xSirad es TeTri obi aaCndeba<br />

xolme yunwebs, razedac marcvalni sxedan, maSin,<br />

rodesac sxvagan arsad ar gamoCndeba xolme.<br />

marcvals, ra adgilasac TeTri obi aqvs<br />

mokidebuli, tyavi ufuWdeba, unaoWdeba da bolos<br />

muq-lurjis ferad gauxdeba da gaumagrdeba<br />

xolme. Tu soko Zlierdeba, marcvali sul Zirs<br />

Camodis, scviva da mTeli mosavali iRupeba.<br />

44

ai, ramodenadac SeviZeliT, CamovTvaleT<br />

mizezebi da niSnebi mildiusi. amis Semdeg<br />

movixseniebT, ra uwyobs xels am saSinels Wirs,<br />

ras gadaaqvs erTis adgilidam meoreSi, ra drosa<br />

sCndeba da ra adgilebSi ufro hxeirobs da<br />

bolos vityviT, ra saSveli moupoves mecnierebma.<br />

45

46<br />

tfilisi, 28 ianvari<br />

amerikaSi, saca pirvel gamoCnda mildiu,<br />

SeumcneviaT, rom mildiu ufro hxeirobs<br />

dablobebsa da nestian adgilebSi, nametnavad Tu<br />

burusebis da uxvis namis Semdeg Tbili dari<br />

Sehxvdeba. SeuniSnavT, rom is venaxebi, romelic<br />

dids mdinareebzed axloa, an dids tbebzed,<br />

yvelazed Zalian gafuWebula mildiusagan. egeve<br />

SeumcneviaT safrangeTSiac, romelic yvelazed<br />

Zlier dahzaralda evropaSi am Wirisagan. am saxiT<br />

ueWvelad miRebulia yvelasagan, rom zRvis piras,<br />

mdinareebs da Waobebs axlos da dablob vakeebSi<br />

da nestian adgilebSi Zaliana hxeirobs mildiu.<br />

maRlobebzed, mTis ferdobebzed, anu gorebzed,<br />

romelTac mSrali qari hxvdebaT, nakleb erCis es<br />

seni venaxebsa, xolo Tu maRlobebi zRvis pirTan<br />

axloa, aqac ar indobs da Zlier afuWebs.<br />

esec SeniSnulia, rom wvimebis Semdeg, Tu<br />

siTbo 20 da 25 graduszed naklebi ar aris,<br />

mildiu gamoCndeba xolme. igi Tavs iCens maSinac,<br />

roca dilis nami didi icis, an burusiani, notio<br />

dReebia. mildius saxeireblad, rogorc winad<br />

vsTqviT, saWiroa nestianoba da siTbo. roca es<br />

orive garemoeba xels uwyobs, soko izrdeba,<br />

hmatulobs da vazs zed aCndeba. patara Tu<br />

agrilda, an mSraloba Camovarda, misi zrda<br />

Sehferxdeba xolme da xan sruladac Sesdgeba.<br />

radganac im adgilebSi, saca yurZeni modis,<br />

maisidam RvinobisTTvemde sakmao siTboa, amitomac<br />

mildiu maisidam dawyebuli RvinobisTTvemde<br />

SesaZloa gaCndes da miesios venaxsa. ara erTi da<br />

ori magaliTi yofila, rom am xanSi, maisidam<br />

RvinobisTTvemde, erTsa da imave venaxs mildiu<br />

swvevia eqvsjer da zogs xuTmetjerac.

evrs udevnebia Tvali da amtkiceben, rom Tu<br />

romelsame adgilas Tbili dReebi mohyolia<br />

wvimebs, mildiu uTuod da aucileblad gaCndeba<br />

da gaZlierdeba umalveo. ai magaliTi, ra<br />

siswrafiT moedeba xolme es Wiri venaxsa, erTi<br />

mecnieri safrangeTisa mogviTxrobs:<br />

`kvira dRes erTgvars yurZenzed, romelsac<br />

Jake hqvian, araferi ar emcnevoda, orSabaTs<br />

gamoaCnda yviTeli laqebi zemo pirs foTlisas da<br />

imave feris xveulebi. samSabaTs es laqebi gaSavda<br />

da oTxSabaTs diliT qveda pirs foTlisas<br />

daefina TeTri qula Teslianis sokosi. am saxiT<br />

ormocdarva saaTSi mildium Zalian imata da soko<br />

aramcTu momwifda srulad, aramed Teslic dahyara<br />

da am Teslisgan Wiri advilad gadaedeboda sxva<br />

vazebsa da venaxebsa.~<br />

mSrali qari Zalian hvnebs am Wirsa da<br />

aramcTu imis gaZlierebas abrkolebs, sruladac<br />

hspobs zogjer. es vneba mSralis qarisagan<br />

SeumcneviaT 1881 w. alJirSi, saca es Wiri<br />

srulad mouspia erTnairs mSrals qars, romelsac<br />

sirokkos eZaxian. 1886 w. samxreT safrangeTSi<br />

imedgadawyvetils patronebs venaxebisas mosavali<br />

cotad Tu bevrad SehrCeniaT marto imis gamo,<br />

rom im wels zogierT adgilebSi mSrals qars<br />

udenia. amerikaSi ucdiaT da vazisaTvis zemodam<br />

safaravebi CardaxebsaviT gaukeTebiaT da am<br />

safaravebqveS sneuleba veRar gaZlierebula. amave<br />

mizeziT xeebzed aSvebuli vazi, Tu Zalian<br />

SefoTlili xe yofila, ise ar gafuWebula am<br />

senisagan, rogorc gared usafaravod darCenili<br />

vazi. vazis rqebs, romelic safaravis gared<br />

gamosula, wverebSi mTlad dasdebia TeTri obi<br />

mildiusisa da im nawils, romelic safarvelqveS<br />

dahrCenila, srulad araferi ara dastyobia-ra. am<br />

ambavs imiTi hxsnian, rom vazis foTols, romelic<br />

47

safarvelqveS aris, cvari ara hxvdeba da Tu cvari<br />

ar dahdga foTolzed, soko, Tundac gaCenili<br />

iyos, vera hxeirobs uwyloda. aqedama sCans, rom<br />

mildius saxeireblad aramcTu marto haeris<br />

nestia saWiro, aramed isic, rom es nesti, cvarad<br />

qceuli foTolzed, dagubdes, radganac Tesli<br />

sokosi marto wyalSi hxeirobs kargad.<br />

Cvena vsTqviT, rom roca foTlis SigniT soko<br />

momwifdeba da gared gamodis Tavis Stoian-<br />

ReroebiTa, am Reroebs Teslis parkebi asxia<br />

erTmanerTzed Sekunwluli. TiTo amisTana parki<br />

qinZisTavis odena Zlivs iqneba. am parkebs Tavisi<br />

yunwebi aqvs, romliTac mimagrebulia Rerozed.<br />

roca Tesli gaivseba da dasruldeba, es pawia<br />

parki moswydeba xolme yunwsa da erTi bewo niavi<br />

sakmaoa, rom Tesli aTs da ass verstzed waiRos.<br />

amisTana parkebi TiTo vazzed auarebelia xolme,<br />

marto erTs foTolzed Turme naxevar<br />

milionamdea.<br />

qarisagan motacebuli milionebi Teslisa<br />

wvimasaviT uCinarad daedineba xolme vazis<br />

foTolsa da Tu wvimis wveTi, anu cvari Sehxvda,<br />

maSinve hRvivdeba, gamouSvebs xolme isars, daesoba<br />

foTols, gaebneva Sig, Seva SigniT da asneulebs.<br />

mSrali haeri, agreTve sicivec Zalian swyins<br />

Teslsa, ese rom sneulebiT veRar hRvivdeba da<br />

isars ver ikeTebs foTolSi Sesasvlelad.<br />

amitomac cxadia, rom es Teslis parki zamTars<br />

ver uZlebs da sneulebac veRara hCndeba im<br />

Teslisagan, romelic zafxulSive dasrulebula.<br />

Tu egrea, zafxulSi dayril Teslisgan aRar unda<br />

gaCndes mildiu meore wels? es damtkicebulia,<br />

rom zafxulSi dayril Teslisgan mainc kidev<br />

sCndeba eg seni da amitomac hfiqroben, rom<br />

xsenebul parks garda mildiu imisTana Teslsaca<br />

48

hyris zafxulSi, romelic garSemo magars kans<br />

ikeTebs da amiT eurCeba zamTarsao.<br />

garda amisa, rom mSrali haeri Tu qari da<br />

sicive xels uSlis mildius gaZlierebas, aris<br />

Turme imisTana gvaris vazi, romelic an srulad<br />

ar ikarebs am sensa, an Zlier ar eCagvrineba. im<br />

wignSi, saidamac mTeli es cnobebi amoviReT Cven,<br />

dasaxelebulia amisTana gvaris vazebi da, Cvenda<br />

samwuxarod, mag saxelebSi arc erTis Cveneburis<br />

vazis Cveneburi saxeli ver vipoveT garda erTisa,<br />

romelsac avtori eZaxis `sirajuls~. amitomac<br />

sasurvelia, rom Cvenma venaxis patronebma am<br />

mxriT Tvali adevnon da gamoarkvion, ragvari vazi<br />

ar ikarebs am sens da ragvari eCagvrineba.<br />

49

50<br />

tfilisi, 29 ianvari<br />

Cvena vsTqviT, rom mecnierebma wamali upoves<br />

mildiusa da gvarwmuneben, rom uebari wamaliao.<br />

xolo amas gvirCeven, rom senis gaZlierebas ki ar<br />

unda vucadoT, aramed maSinve mivyoT xeli<br />

wamlobas, ra wamsac sadme vazs, Tundac SigadaSig,<br />

aCndeba seni. niSnebi xom, rac SeviZeliT, vrclad<br />

CamovTvaleT da Tu kacma bejiToba iqonia, am<br />

niSnebiT advilad Seatyobs senis gamoCenas da<br />

movlenas. amasTan amasac gvavaleben, rom Tu<br />

venaxis patronma erTs vazs mainc Seamcnia<br />

avadmyofoba, maSinve mTels venaxs unda dauwyos<br />

wamloba da ara marto sneuls vazsao. garda amisa<br />

axlomaxlo venaxis patronebic, Tundac sneulebis<br />

niSani imaTs venaxebSi ar iyos, unda Seudgnen<br />

Tavis venaxebis wamlobas. Cven ukve viciT, ra<br />

uecrad da ra siswrafiT vrceldeba es saSineli<br />

Wiri venaxisa da amitomac usneulo venaxebis<br />

wamloba marto metismeti sifrTxile ki ar aris,<br />

aramed aucilebeli saWiroebaa.<br />

sens yovelgan male unda miswreba, dasawyisSive<br />

unda Svela, nametnavad amisTana Wirs, rogoric<br />

mildiua, romelsac, Tu gaZlierda, aRara wamali<br />

ar ekideba da kacma venaxzed xeli unda aiRos.<br />

wamali mildiusi spilenZis Sabiamania (Медный<br />

купорос). amisaTvis mTlad lurji Sabiamania<br />

spilenZisa gamosadegi: aramcdaaramc TeTri laqebi<br />

ara hqondes, an mwvanefrad ara scemdes, erTnairad<br />

lurji unda iyos. ramodenadac wmindaa spilenZis<br />

Sabiamani, imdenad uebari wamalia. rkinis Sabiamanic<br />

aris (Железный купорос), magram es wamlad sul ar<br />

varga, usaTuod wminda da Seurevel spilenZisa<br />

unda.<br />

erTs Tixis WurWelSi, an spilenZisa an Tujis<br />

qvabSi sam girvanqanaxevari wminda spilenZis

Sabiamani unda CahyaroT da zed daasxaT oTxi<br />

boTli cxeli wyali. Sabiamani gaixsneba wyalSi da<br />

lurji wveni dadgeba. es kargad unda airios xis<br />

joxiTa da arevis Semdeg daucadoT vidre<br />

gacivdeba. roca gacivdeba, unda CaasxaT ori<br />

boTli niSaduris wyali (Нашатырный спирт). ra<br />

wamsac niSaduris wyali daesxmis, maSinve aiWreba<br />

wveni, Sededdeba sosanisfrad, da roca sul ors<br />

boTls daasxamT, isev male gaiSleba, gaixsneba.<br />

mere Zalian kargad unda mourioT. morevis Semdeg<br />

mSvenier muqi lurji wveni dadgeba wyarosaviT<br />

ankara.<br />

amis Semdeg unda an boWka, an sxva ram magari<br />

WurWeli aiRoT ormocdaToTxmetTungiani, Sig<br />

CaasxiT ormocdaTerTmeti Tungi wyali da<br />

zemoxsenebuli muqi lurji wyali daasxiT da<br />

kargad mourieT. es aris sruli wamali, romelsac<br />

mecnierebma `lurji wyali~ daarqves da Cvenc am<br />

saxels vixmarebT.<br />

`lurji wyali~ Zalian didxans Seinaxeba<br />

kargad dacmul boWkaSi, magram sjobia ki, rom<br />

kacma mzad zemoxsenebuli muqi lurji wveni<br />

iqonios, imitom rom cota WurWels, cota adgils<br />

axafrebs da swrafad SeiZleba `lurj wylad~<br />

gadakeTdes. amisaTvis is muqi lurji wveni<br />

Tungnaxevrians minis WurWelSi unda CaasxaT,<br />

kargad daucoT probkiT, qaRaldi miakraT zed da<br />

daaweroT: `6-i boTli muqi lurji wvenia,<br />

lurjis wylis mosamzadebeli~.<br />

amisTana WurWels Tunda 5-s, 10-s aavsebT am<br />

wveniTa, imisda mixedviT Tu ramodena venaxi gaqvT,<br />

da SeinaxavT, minam dagWirdebaT. winad momzadeba<br />

amisTana uebaris wamlisa da qonva didi ram aris<br />

venaxis patronisaTvis. roca Wiri gauCndeba venaxs,<br />

TiTo amisTana WurWels pirs moxsnis kaci,<br />

ormocdaToTxmetsTungians boWkaSi<br />

51

ormocdaTerTmet Tungs wyals daasxams, erTis<br />

minis WurWlis muq lurjs wvens Caumatebs,<br />

aurevs da wamalic mzad aris. saca mildiu ukve<br />

aris, an yofila, iq yvelgan venaxis patrons es<br />

lurji wveni winadve momzadebuli unda hqondes<br />

da amasTan isic usaTuod saWiroa, rom<br />

zemoxsenebulis zomiT hqondes micemuli spilenZis<br />

Sabiamani, niSaduris wyali da ise wyali.<br />

aris sxva uebari wamalic, romelsac<br />

`bordosis wvens~ eZaxian. amisTvis kacs ori<br />

WurWeli unda hqondes. erTs WurWelSi, ocdaaT<br />

TungianSi, hyrian spilenZis Sabiamans da ocdaoTxs<br />

Tungs wyals asxmen, meoreSi yrian qva-kirsa,<br />

wyaldausxmels, ocdaSvidmet girvanqas da<br />

naxevars da zed asxmen Svid Tungs da naxevars<br />

wyalsa. kiri unda mTlad gaiSalos wyalSi da<br />

comsaviT gasqeldes. Zalian kargad unda daerios<br />

kirsa, rom SigadaSig dagundebuli ara darCes ra.<br />

roca gacivdeba kiri, unda TiTebSua sinjos<br />

gaxsnili kiri, imis Sesatyoblad Tu, xom ara<br />

darCa-ra gauSlelad da gauxsnelad. Tu aRmoCnda<br />

amisTana ram, kidev kargad unda aurios kacma.<br />

roca spilenZis Sabiamani gaixsneba wyalSi da<br />

kiric sul mTlad gaxsnili iqneba da civi, maSin<br />

kiri da Sabiamani erTs dids WurWelSi, 45-<br />

TungianSi, erTad unda moaqcios kacma. gamova<br />

lamazi sosanis feri Txle, magram iseTi sqeli ki<br />

aRara, rogorc kiri iyo. am Txlesa hqvian<br />

`bordosis wveni~. es wveni rom dadgaT, Zirs<br />

sqels sosanis fers leqs gaikeTebs da zemodam<br />

ankara wyali iqneba. roca wamlad unda ixmaros<br />

kacma, unda usaTuod kargad daurios.<br />

roca seni gamoCndeba, maSinve unda es wamali<br />

Seasxa TviTveuls vazsa mTels venaxSi. amisaTvis,<br />

rasakvirvelia, kargi iqneba, rom uqaro da mSrali<br />

dRe iyos, rom wamali SerCes vazis foTolsa.<br />

52

zafxulis ganmavalobaSi ramdenjerme unda<br />

asxuros vazs es wamali, maSin ufro saimedoa da<br />

uebari. es ki unda davixsomoT, rom oris kviris<br />

winad dakrebamde wamali aRar unda ixmaros da<br />

aRar ukeTos vazsa. metad cudi ram aris, Tu es<br />

kacma daiviwya da usaTuod ar aasrula.<br />

15 maisidam dawyebuli mTelis zafxulis<br />

ganmavalobaSi oTxjer mainc es `lurji wyali~<br />

unda Seasxas kacma vazebs da mTeli venaxi am<br />

yofiT unda Semoiaros. am lurjs wyals dids<br />

badiebSi asxmen, Sig cocxs asveleben da amiT<br />

asxureben xolme vazs. Cveneburi kaci, minam amas<br />

yovelsave scdis, winaswarve gaitexs gulsa da<br />

ityvis: eriha!.. modi da Sen TviTveuls vazs calke<br />

es wamali gaukeTeo.<br />

tyuilad gaitexs guls da yovels amaSi Zneli<br />

ar aris ra. aris erTi maSina, romelic Zalian<br />

saxerxoa vazis gawuwvisa da sxurebisaTvis. am<br />

maSinas vermorelis maSina hqvian da<br />

SvidmetmanaTianic aris da ocdaxuTmanaTianic. am<br />

maSiniT erTs kacs dReSi oris dRis venaxis<br />

sxureba SeuZlian Turme.<br />

am saxiT arc wamalia Znelad gasakeTebeli da<br />

arc Zviria, arc maSinaa Zviri da arc bevri xarji<br />

unda vazis wamliT gawuwvas da mxolod survili<br />

da bejiTobaRaa saWiro, rom venaxis patronma<br />

venaxic da mosavalic gadairCinos am saSinelis<br />

Wirisagan.<br />

Cven am saqmes Tvalyurs avadevnebT da Tu rame<br />

sanugeSos SevxvdiT, Cvens mkiTxvelebs Tavis<br />

drozed vacnobebT. Zalian kargi iqneboda, rom<br />

Cveneburma venaxis patronma gvacnobos Tavisi<br />

naxuli, nacadi Tu gagonili im sakiTxavebis<br />

Taobazed, romelnic Cven Cvens werilSi<br />

CamovTvaleT exlaxan Cvenis gazeTis me-14 nomerSi.<br />

53

54<br />

<br />

mimarTuleba<br />

tfilisi, 21 ianvari<br />

lord CerCili rom ruseTSi wavida, Cvenma<br />

gazeTma am ianvris dasawyisis nomrebSi (##3,4)<br />

SehniSna, rom es ambavi axals mimarTulebas<br />

moaswavebs inglisis politikisas, romelsac<br />

dRevandel dRisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveni<br />

gazeTi ambobda:<br />

dRes ingliss amcneven, rom ufro germaniis<br />

winaaRmdegobas hrCeobs da ara hsurs Tavisis<br />

mimxrobiT gaaZlieros egredwodebuli `liga<br />

mSvidobianobisa~, anu samTa kavSiri, romlis<br />

SedgenisaTvis T-di bismarki ase Zlier iRvwoda.<br />

erTis sityviTa, vambobdiT Cven Semdeg: ingliss<br />

mizezi aqvs da sabuTiani mizezic rom zurgi<br />

Seuqcios germanias da Tu samtrod ara, meSvelad<br />

mainc ar miekedlos. aravin icis, iqneba am mizezma<br />

imodenadac gasWras, rom inglisma Tu mxari ar<br />

misca, piri mainc ibrunos imaTken, visac guli<br />

natkeni aqvs germaniisagan.<br />

guSindelma da guSinwindelma gazeTebma<br />

mogvitanes ambavi da es ambavi emowmeba Cvenis<br />

gazeTis naTqvamsa am oris kviris winad, mere ise

emowmeba, rom TiTqmis sityvasityviT imasve ambobs,<br />

rac Cvena vsTqviT.<br />

korrespondenti erTis gazeTisa iwereba<br />

londonidam, rom germaniis winaaRmdegi<br />

mimarTuleba TandaTan fexs ikidebs ingliasSia da<br />

hlamis mTeli eri inglisisa am mimarTulebas<br />

ahyveso. korrespondents mohyavs sityva erTis<br />

gamoCenilis kacisa, romlis saxelsac, Cvenda<br />

samwuxarod, ar gvatyobinebs da umatebs ki, rom<br />

es erTi imisTana sapolitiko moednis kaciao,<br />

romlis azric inglisSi miRebulia, rogorc<br />

sazogado arzri im didis dasisao, vis saxeliTac<br />

igi hlaparakobs xolmeo. am kacs auweria ra<br />

orpiri da matyuara politika T-dis bismarkisa,<br />

bolos uTqvams: `inglisis erma zurgi unda<br />

Seaqcios germaniasTan kavSirsa da sixaruliT<br />

gauwodos xeli yvelas, vis winaaRmdegac<br />

mimarTulia SeerTebuli Rone `mSvidobianobis<br />

ligisao~.<br />

garda amisa korrespondents mohyavs sityva<br />

gamoCenilis ekonomistisa, baron arCibald<br />

berdetisa, romelic vice-prezidentia erTis<br />

TvalsaCino sazogadoebisa da romelsac am<br />

sazogadoebis uSvelebels krebazed warmouTqvams,<br />

rom `movaleobaa Cvenis mTavrobisa, Cvenis<br />

sazogadoebisa, Cvenis dawinaurebulis kacebisa,<br />

erTis sityviT, TviTveul Cvenganisa, vecadneT,<br />

kisridam gadvigdoT mZime da didis xnis uReli<br />

germaniisao... droa, es yvelam vicodeT da kargad<br />

CaviWdioT gulSiao~.<br />

yovels amas korrespondenti TavisiT umatebs,<br />

rom es amisTana azrebi dadis exla inglisis eris<br />

yovels wodebaSi da imodenad Zlieria, rom<br />

iZulebulhyo salusberi gadawyvetili uari<br />

SeeTvala bismarkisaTvis, TqvenTan erTad kavSirSi<br />

monawileobas ar miviRebTo. `amave dros _ ambobs<br />

55

korrespondenti: roca amisTana winaaRmdegoba aris<br />

germaniis mimarT, inglisma, ra Tqma unda, didi<br />

yuradReba miaqcia imaT, vinc samermisod Tavis<br />

mokavSired eguleba da vis SemweobiTac gamoelis<br />

Tavis donezed daayenos uReli evropis sasworisa,<br />

romelic ase Zlier gadahxara Tavisaken germaniamo.<br />

am mxriT ingliss didi imedi aqvs Tavis<br />

exlandelis elCis safrangeTSi, romlis<br />

sadiplomato niWi da gamocdileba cnobilia<br />

TvalsaCinod da agreTve peterburgSi lord<br />

randolf CerCilisao, romelsac inglisis<br />

mTavrobam didi sapolitiko saqme daavalao~.<br />

Cven es yoveli mogvyavs imisaTvis, rom am<br />

axals mimarTulebas inglisis politikisas didad<br />

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTelis qveynis politikur<br />

avkargianobazed. es imisTana ambavia, rom<br />

SemZlebelia sve-bedi evropiisa sul axals gzazed<br />

warmarTos da vin ar icis, rom dRes marto<br />

evropaa gamgebeli qveynisa. marto brmani ara<br />

hxedven, rom orgvari reJimi ibrZvis dRes<br />

sapolitiko moedanzed da vis darCeba burTi da<br />

moedani, amazea damokidebuli mermisi yvelasi<br />

gamoukleblad. amitomac Tval-yuris devna, Zieba,<br />

gamorkveva, misi Tu bismarkis reJimi gaimarjvebs<br />

Tu mis winaaRmdegebisa, Cxirkedeloba ar aris,<br />

rogorc zogierTs brmasa hgonia da iqneba imazed<br />

meti da mZime saganic iyos, rac windauxedavebs<br />

Sinauris saqmeebis saxeliT xelzed dauxveviaT da<br />

politikis saqmeebis ayolas da meTvalyurobas<br />

uvicobis didgulobiT cxvir-zeviT icileben da<br />

Calis fasadac ar agdeben. ras izam? brma<br />

imisaTvis aris brma, rom ara dainaxos ra, yru<br />

kidev imisaTvis, rom ara gaigonos ra. rac visTvis<br />

bunebas ar gamoumetnia, dauklia, imas verakaci ver<br />

Seavsebs.<br />

56

gamo<br />

tfilisi, 22 ianvari<br />

qveyanazed mravalgvari avkacobaa, mravalgvari<br />

suldabloba da salaxanaoba, xolo yvelazed<br />

uaresi, yvelazed sazizRari, yvelazed Cirqiani, _<br />

urcxvobaa. qurds, magaliTebr, zogjer qurdoba<br />

epatieba, avazaks avazakoba, zogjer mkvlels<br />

kaciskvlasac ki Seundoben xolme, amisi ara erTi<br />

da ori magaliTia. am SemTxvevaSi qurdsa Tu<br />

avazaks zogjer imisTana mizezebi moepoveba, rom<br />

adamianis gulSematkivarobas gamoiwvevs xolme da<br />

avkacobas damnaSavisas cotad Tu bevrad<br />

Sesawynareblada hxdis da zogjer srulad<br />

misatevebladac.<br />

urcxvoba ki imisTana ram aris, rom arasodes<br />

adamianis guls Tavisaken sibraluliT ver<br />

moaxedebs. igi imodenad myralia, imodenad<br />

biwieria, imodenad sazizRari, rom kacs,<br />

urcxvobis mnaxavs, verasgziT ver moinadirebs da<br />

ver Seirigebs. igi mZovrsa hgavs da ramodenadac<br />

axlo miuxval, ufro hyars, da Tu xelic axeli,<br />

ufro aseTs suns amouSvebs, rom cxviris dacoba<br />

Tu uSvelis adamians, Torem sxva veraferi.<br />

57

iws urcxvobisas sazRvari ara aqvs. raki<br />

erTxel kacma urcxvobisaTvis piri gaixia, imas<br />

aRara daayenebs ra, Tunda aTasi alayi gaukeTo da<br />

aTasi nalo gamoaba. nu ggoniaT ki, rom urcxvoba<br />

uRono ram iyos. ara, igi Zlieria marto miT, rom<br />

urcxvobaa, da raki urcxvobaa, imis xelT<br />

baraqiani tyuilic aris, zorba unamusobac,<br />

samarcxvino sulelobac, sazizRari ciliswamebac,<br />

erTis sityviT _ yovelive Tavslafgadasasxmeli<br />

uwminduroba adamianisa.<br />

patiosans, namusians kacs xelTa aqvs marto<br />

patiosani da namusiani saxsari mtris mogerebisa<br />

da gaZRolisaTvis. Tu ar amisTana saxsars, igi<br />

xels ara hkidebs, Tu ar amisTana iaraRs, igi<br />

sxvas aras hkadrulobs, da amis gamo ufro<br />

hrCeobs damarcxebul iqmnas unamuso mtrisagan,<br />

vidre uwminduris iaraRiT eWidos da gaimarjvos.<br />

urcxvs da unamuso kacs ki amisi dardi ara aqvs:<br />

oRond Tavisi gaitanos da yovelgvars saZaglobas<br />

hkadrulobs, yovelgvars ukadris iaraRs xelsa<br />

hkidebs. ras unda ekrZalebodes da eridebodes!<br />

yovel amiT urcxvi kaci ufro Ronieria, ufro<br />

SemZlebelia patiosan da mocrxvs kaczed,<br />

romelic marto Seuginebel da patiosans farxmals<br />

hkadrulobs saxmareblad mterTan da sxva<br />

yoveli samarTlianad eTakileba, ezizReba. urcxvi<br />

kaci Ronieriao, rom vsTqviT, eg imas ara hniSnavs,<br />

rom gamarjvebulic igia, da Tund gamarjvebulic<br />

iyos, samarcxvino gamarjvebas isev patiosani<br />

damarcxeba sjobia, rogorc naZraxs sicocxles _<br />

saxelovani sikvdili.<br />

viciT, rom am saxarebas mglis Tavzed<br />

vkiTxulobT da amitom am saganzed grZlad<br />

laparaki sjobia SevwyvitoT da Cveni sityva<br />

darbaisel `Кавказ~-s mivmarToT.<br />

58

waikiTxeT am sasacilo gazeTis meTauri<br />

werili, daTariRebuli 21-s ianvriTa? Cven<br />

wavikiTxeT da uneblied wamoviZaxeT gaocebulebma:<br />

erihaa!.. ai, dauStvines rom ityvian, swored es<br />

aris. Tqven vina hyrixarTo, hyroyinebs `Кавказ~-i<br />

Tavmowonebulis yroyiniTa: marTalia, iveria<br />

ZvelisZveladganve cnobilia kacobriobis<br />

istoriisagan, magram Tqven, qarTvelebs, amiT rao?<br />

Tqven vina xarTo? guSindeli mosulebi, saidRanac<br />

moTreulxarT da iZaxiT ori aTasi wlis istoria<br />

gvaqvso? sada gaqvT Tqven istoriao? Tqveni<br />

istoria sul guSindeli ambavia da tyuilad<br />

mogaqvT Tavio.<br />

rogor ggoniaT? yovel amis laRad mTqmels<br />

sad unda amoayofinoT Tavi, Tu qveyanazed<br />

samarTalia? gana WkvaTamyofelma kacma, minam amas<br />

ityodes, yvelazed uwinares Tavis adamianobaze<br />

xeli ar unda aiRos!.. gana yovelive movaleoba<br />

Tavis qveynis winaSe ar unda daiviwyos da<br />

qvemZromsaviT marto miwa ar unda hlokos!<br />

gagigoniaT visme iseTi pirmoxeuli urcxvoba,<br />

rom kacma Tavis uwminduris sityvis gasayvanad<br />

ganZrax uarhyos sajarod, saqveynod, mecnierebac,<br />

istoriis ueWvelni naSTnic, samRTo da saero<br />

matianeTa mowmobac, Tavis Tavic da sxvaca! Tu<br />

kacs RmerTi gaswyromia da yuri daxSuli aqvs<br />

smenisaTvis, TvalTaxedvis unari sad janabaSiRa<br />

dahkargvia, rom Tavis gareSemo veRara hxedavs<br />

aTasis wlebis naSenebs da nakeTebsa. CvenSi xom<br />

ise fexsac ar gadasdgamT, rom amisTana utyuarni<br />

mowmeni Tvalwin ar aRgemarTon Tavisis didebiTa<br />

da saxelovanebiTa. CvenSi qvebic, qvebic ki<br />

hRaRadeben, rom saqme ise ar aris, rogorc<br />

`Кавказ~-s moswyurebia. CvenSi eg mkvdari, usulo,<br />

ugulo da ueno mowmenic ki mogviTxroben aTasis<br />

59

wlebis ambebsa, magram pirmetyveli, sulovani da<br />

gulovani `Кавказ~-i qvazed ufro qva yofila.<br />

erTi vikiTxoT, ra akakanebs egre laRad, egre<br />

urcxvad?<br />

TviTon `Кавказ~-ic mimxvdara, TviTon `Кавказ~sac<br />

ki ugrZvnia, rom styuis da aSkaradac styuis,<br />

styuis ise samarcxvinod, rogorc qveyanaze aravis<br />

ar umtyuvnia, ar ucruvnia. TviTonve gahkvirvebia<br />

Tavisi tyuili: kaco, es ra wamovroSeo, da<br />

wamoroSvilis CasafuCeCeblad ambobs: Cems naTqvams<br />

meve ver vikisrebo; raca vsTqvi, imis pasuxisgebas<br />

Cems Tavzed ver miviRebo.<br />

modi da amisTana TavSi dakruls da<br />

damTxveuls suliers eSxzed elaparake! maS ra<br />

eSmaki da qaji galaparakebs, Tu Sens naTqvams<br />

Senve ara hkisrulob da imis gamo pasuxisgebas<br />

Tavidam icileb? gana sadme gagonila, ese<br />

sasacilod agdeba beWdvisa, sityvisa, adamianisa da<br />

qveynisa, gagonila, kacma ise daibriyvos Tavisi<br />

msmenelebi, rom dilidam saRamomde atyuos da<br />

bolos uTxras: rac giTxariT, me magis<br />

pasuxisgebas ara vkisrulob, es icodeTo! iseTi ra<br />

Sescodes `Кавказ~-is mkiTxvelebma Tavis sayvarels<br />

gazeTs, rom es oinebi `Кавказ~-isa unda aitanon da<br />

pasuxisgebac ar mosTxovon? nuTu es abebi<br />

xmaamouRebliv unda gadahylapon? `Кавказ~-i<br />

amisTana malayebs rom gadadis Tavis mkiTxvelebis<br />

winaSe, nuTu hgonia, rom mis mkiTxvelebs grZnoba<br />

adamianuris Rirsebisa dakarguli aqvT da ver<br />

igrZnoben, rom `Кавказ~-i sasacilod igdebs yvelas<br />

erTad da TviTveulsa calke. gana utvino kacad<br />

ar unda myvandes miCneuli is, visac gavubedav da<br />

vetyvi: me vsTqvi da Cemis naTqvamis gamo<br />

pasuxisgebas ara vkisrulobo.<br />

60

sxva qveyanaSi rom gazeTi ase gabriyvdes da ase<br />

gaukadnierdes mkiTxvels, meore dResve gulnawyeni<br />

mkiTxveli SeuTvlis baraTiTa: Senma myralma sunma<br />

lamis damarCoso da Cems saxlSi nuRar<br />

gaiWaWanebo, fulzed nu inaRvli, SenTvis<br />

miCuqebiao. es sxva qveyanaSi da CvenSi? CvenSi,<br />

RvTisa da Tqvenis wyalobiT, yvelaferi<br />

mSvidobianad Caivlis.<br />

61

62<br />

<br />

aRmaSenebeli<br />

tfilisi, 23 ianvari<br />

ar viciT, sxva rogor hfiqrobs da Cven ki ise<br />

gvgonia, rom eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin<br />

iwyeba, roca eri, Tavis saubedurod, Tavis<br />

istorias iviwyebs. rogorc kacad ar ixseneba is<br />

mawanwala bogana, visac aRar axsovs, vin aris,<br />

saidam modis da sad midis, isec erad saxsenebeli<br />

ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTi gaswyromia da<br />

Tavisi istoria ar axsovs. ra aris istoria? igia<br />

mTxrobeli misi Tu, rani viyaviT, rani varT da<br />

rad SesaZloa viyvneT kvlavadac. istoria Tavis<br />

gulisficarzed iWdevs marto sulisa da gulis<br />

moZraobas erisas da am daWdeviTa, rogorc sarke,<br />

gvaCvenebs im Rones da sagzals, romelic<br />

momadlebuli aqvs ama Tu im ersa<br />

dRegrZelobisaTvis da gaZlierebisaTvis.<br />

ukeTesni da udidesni momqmedni erisa xom sxva<br />

ara arian ra, Tu ar eris gulisnadebis da<br />

wyurvilis gamometyvelni da gamaxorcielebelni,<br />

romelnic amis gamo TiTqo Semohqmedoben, TiTqo<br />

hqmnian istoriasa. amitomac es amisTana momqmedni,<br />

vambobT Cven, dauviwyarni unda iyvnen, Tu ers<br />

kidev eroba hsurs da dedamiwis zurgidam<br />

mtversaviT asagvelad ar gadaudvia Tavi. daviwyeba

amaTi, sakuTaris vinaobis daviwyebaa, da Tu kacs<br />

Tavisi vinaoba ar axsovs, riRas maqnisia? igi<br />

nadiria, romelsac, raki dedis ZuZus mohSordeba,<br />

aRar axsovs Tavis mSobeli da sicocxlis<br />

momniWebeli.<br />

garda imisa, rom am ukeTesTa da udidesTa<br />

momqmedTa meoxebiT da RvawliT vcxovrobT dResa<br />

da vsuldgmulobT, amaT sxva samsaxuric miuZRviT<br />

Cvenwina. isini cxoveli magaliTebi arian misi, Tu<br />

ra simaRlemde SeuZlian ers ama Tu im garemoebaSi<br />

miaRwios. ramodenadac didbunebovania amisTana<br />

momqmedi, ramodenadac es didbunebovanoba xSiria<br />

romlisame eris istoriaSi, imodenad ufro<br />

utyuari sawyao gvaqvs xelT eris sikeTis, Zal-<br />

Ronis da SemZleblobis awyvisaTvis. Tu guSin<br />

iyvnen Cemis sisxlisa da xorcis didebulni da<br />

saxelovanni kacni, ra mizezia, rom xvalac ar<br />

gamoCnden, Tu garemoebis igiveobas vigulisxmebT.<br />

garda imisa, rom am ukeTesTa da udidesTa<br />

momqmedTa meoxebiTa da RvawliT vcxovrobT dResa<br />

da vsuldgmulobT, amaT sxva mniSvnelobaca aqvT<br />

erisaTvis. eri Tavis gmirebSi hpoulobs Tavis<br />

sulsa da gulsa, Tavis mwvrTvnelsa, Tavis Rones<br />

da SemZlebelobas, Tavis xatsa da magaliTs.<br />

amitomac igi zogs imaTgans wmindanebis<br />

gvirgviniTa hmosavs da hloculobs. zogs<br />

didbunebovanobis SaravandediTa da Tayvansa scems<br />

sasoebiTa da madlobiTa, amitomac saWiroa imaTi<br />

xsovna, imaTi dauviwyaroba.<br />

`CvenTvis, adamianebisaTvis, saWiroao, _ ambobs<br />

brZeni seneka, _ imisTana kaci, rom mis mixedviT<br />

da magaliTiT SeviZloT sakuTaris xasiaTis<br />

gawvrTna da gamtkicebao. oh, ra bednieria igi,<br />

vinc aramcTu CvenTan yofniT gvwurTnis Cven,<br />

aramed marto Tavisis saxelis xsenebiTacao.~<br />

63

amisTana bednieri daviT aRmaSenebelia saqar-<br />

Tvelos erisaTvis. mis micvalebis dRe 26 ianvaria.<br />

xolo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ekklesia, romelic<br />

yovelTvis TavdadebiT hpatronobda Cvens ers da<br />

arasdros didebas erisas daviwyebas ar aZlevda,<br />

26 ianvars aqebs da adidebs saxelovans daviT<br />

mefes, romelsac utyuarma ganaCenma erisam,<br />

ekklesiis dalocviTa da kurTxeviT, aRmaSenebelis<br />

saxeli daarqva saukuno saxseneblad. am marTlada<br />

didebulma mefem erTad mouyara Tavi qarTvelobas.<br />

aoxrebuli qveyana aaSena, mteri gaufrTxo da<br />

gaufanta, da dRes Tu Cven Cvens binazed varT, es<br />

iqneba imisi Rvawli, imisi samsaxuric ufro iyos.<br />

dideba saxelsa missa!..<br />

xolo daviT aRmaSenebeli sadidebelia Cvengan<br />

ara marto saxelovan mefobiTa, aramed Tavis<br />

didbunebovan kacobiTac. igi, Tavgadadebuli<br />

moyvare Tavis erovnobisa da marTlmadidebelis<br />

sarwmunoebisa, didi pativismcemeli iyo sxvis<br />

erovnobisac da sarwmunoebisa. amisTana Semwynarebeli<br />

sxvisa maSin, rodesac igi yovladSemZlebel<br />

mbrZanebelad Seiqmna sxvadasxva Teslis da<br />

sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis erisa, amisTana sxva eris<br />

Rirsebis Tayvanismcemeli im droSi, roca kaci<br />

kacs SesaWmeladac ara hzogavda, amisTna<br />

kacTmoyvaruli pativiscema sxvis erovnobisa,<br />

sxvis sarwmunoebisa, nuTu sakvirveli da saocari<br />

magaliTi ar aris meTormete saukunis kacisagan!<br />

metiRa didbunebovanoba moeTxoveba gana meTormete<br />

saukunis kacs maSin, roca dRes, mecxramete<br />

saukunis dasasruls sakvirvelebad migvaCnia gladstoni<br />

rom irlandiis erovnobas da sarwmunoebas<br />

esarCleba imave kacTmoyvareobiT, ra kacTmoyvareobiTac<br />

daviT aRmaSenebeli sxva ers pativsa<br />

scemda! Cvens matianebs Tavi davaneboTYda vimowmoT<br />

sxva eris mematianeni. isinic ki aRtacebiT<br />

64

ixsenieben daviT aRmaSenebels, rogorc kacs,<br />

pativismcemels da Semwynarebels sxva erisas da<br />

sxva rjulisas.<br />

somexi maTe edeseli ambobs:<br />

`daviT iyo wminda, keTilmsaxuri, savse<br />

qvelmoqmedebiT da marTlmsajuli. daviTis<br />

garSemo ikribeboda danarCeni somexTa<br />

naTesavi, romelTaTvis man daafuZna saqarTveloSi<br />

qalaqi kori (gori), sadac mravali<br />

ekklesia da monasteri aaSena. miago Cvens<br />

naTesavs yovelgvari nugeSis cema da Sveba~.<br />

vardan didi swers:<br />

`daviTs araviTari siZulvili ara hqonda<br />

somxuris wirva-locvisa da ekklesiisa: igi<br />

xSirad idrekda Tavs Cvens xelqveS da<br />

iTxovda Cevns locva-kurTxevas~.<br />

eg kidev araferi, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli ase<br />

eqceoda somxebs, romelnic, rac unda iyos,<br />

qristianebi iyvnen da arian. didbunebovani<br />

kacTmoyvareoba daviT mefisa mahmadianebsac<br />

miefinaT, da miT ufro brwyinvalea es ambavi, rom<br />

mahmadianebi TviT daviT mefisa da misis eris<br />

sarwmunoebas erCodnen aRmosafxvrelad.<br />

mahmadianTa mwerali al-aini ai rasa swers;<br />

`daviTs sTxoves musulmanebma, rom<br />

qristianeT ara hqonodaT neba musulmanebTan<br />

erTad Sesvlisa abanoSi da aRekrZalna<br />

giaurebisaTvis maTi avad xseneba. daviTma<br />

yovelive es Txovna ausrula. daviTi Tavis<br />

Svilis dimitriTurT yoveldRe dadioda<br />

umTavress meCiTSi, ismenda samefo locvas da<br />

TviT yoranis kiTxvas. daviTi uxvad aZlevda<br />

fuls qaTibs da muaZinebs. man aaSena ucxo<br />

tomTaTvis qarvaslebi da sadgomi saxlebi<br />

moqalaqeTa, sudiebTa da poetTaTvis,<br />

romelTac ulufas uniSnavda. Tu vinme<br />

65

isurvebda tfilisis datevebas, gulsavsebiT<br />

xels upyrobda da mgzavrobis RonisZiebas<br />

aZlevda fuliT. daviTi ufro mets pativsa<br />

scemda musulmanTa, vidre mTavarni<br />

musulmanTani~. *<br />

yovelive es didsulovaneba da sulgrZeleba<br />

daviTisa maSin aris momxdari, roca Zlevamosili<br />

igi mefe srulad gabatonda Tavis qveyanaSi da,<br />

maSasadame, amisTana patiosani da ganaTlebuli<br />

qceva marto imis didbunebovan guls da gonebas<br />

unda mieweros da arafers sxvas. imas aRar<br />

vambobT, rom sneulTa, uRonoTa da sapyarTaTvis<br />

daviTma aaSena samkurnalo, TviTon xSirad<br />

dadioda am ubedurTa sanaxavad da mosakiTxavad.<br />

ai es didebuli mefe ra didebul kacur kacis<br />

saxesac mogvivlens Tvalwin da ra<br />

Tavmosawonebels sabuTs gvaZlevs xelTa. ai<br />

amisTana kacis xsenebaa gamacocxlebeli erisa da<br />

amisTana kacis arxsovna momakvdinebel codvad<br />

unda CaeTvalos ersa, romelmac igi hSva da Tavis<br />

ZuZuTi gamohzarda. Cvenma damcvelma ekklesiam es<br />

kargad icoda da amitomac 26 ianvari dagviniSna,<br />

rom weliwadSi erTxel mainc gavixsenoT es<br />

qarTvelisaTvis Tavmosawonebeli didebuli mefe,<br />

didebuli kaci.<br />

kacs ori saxeli unda hqondeso, _ ambobs Cveni<br />

eri: _ erTi aq dasarCeni, meore Tan wasayolio. es<br />

anderZi qarTvelisa ise aravis Seusrulebia,<br />

rogorc daviT mefesa. aq aRmaSenebelis saxeli<br />

darCa, rogorc mefes, da iq rogorc<br />

didbunebovanma kacma _ waiyolia saxeli<br />

wmindanisa, didebis gvirgviniT Semkobili.<br />

* rogorc es citata, isec zemoyvanilni, b-n d. baqraZis SeniSvnidam aris<br />

amoRebuli.<br />

66

skolebSi<br />

tfilisi, 25 ianvari<br />

rac ufro meti xani gadis, miT ufro<br />

cxaddeba, rom exlandeli pirveldawyebiTi<br />

sasoflo skolebi bevrs aras hmateben sofelsa<br />

calked da ersa saerTod. metismetad viwrozed<br />

htrialeben misi programmebi, romelnic TiTqmis<br />

marto imaze arian miCerebulni, rom wera-kiTxva<br />

aswavlon, wakiTxulis gagebis Rone mianiWon da<br />

SesZinon cotaodeni imisTana codnac, rac gonebis<br />

gamarTvas da gaxsnas hSvelis, Tqma ar unda, rom<br />

araraobaSi esec kargia. xolo exla mTavrobac da<br />

TviTon sazogadoeba ruseTisac hxedavs, rom<br />

yovelive es sakmao ar aris eris mozardis<br />

TaobisaTvis, hxedavs, rom glexobas da erTob<br />

mdabio xalxs saswavlebeli imisTana rasmesac<br />

unda aswavlides, rac xels Seuwyobs da uSvelis,<br />

rom dRe mudami garja da Sroma erisa ufro<br />

nayofieri hqmnas, ufro mometebulis codniT da<br />

zedmiwevniT warmarTul iyos.<br />

amitomac ruseTSi exla Zalian gaZlierebulia<br />

is azri, rom amisTana sasoflo skolebSi raime<br />

xelobis swavlebac SemoRebul unda iqnas<br />

imodenad vrclad da savsebiT, ramodenadac<br />

67

saWiroa mdabio xalxisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, rom<br />

udidesi nawili ruseTisa miwis mosavliT inaxavs<br />

Tavsa da uZRveba yovelgvars saxelmwifo, saero<br />

da sasoflo xarjsa. am saxiT, raki umTavresi<br />

Rone iqaur mkvidrTa miwaTmoqmedebaa, mTavrobas<br />

ganuzraxavs am xelobis saqmis swavlebac<br />

daavalos sasoflo skolas da miT moumarTos<br />

sofels xeli rigianis codniT warimarTos<br />

Tavisis cxovrebis gza.<br />

peterburgisa da moskovis gazeTebma mogvitanes<br />

ambavi, rom swavla-ganaTlebis saministros,<br />

daunaxavs ra erTis mxriT uRonoba da<br />

xelmokleoba exlandelis sasoflo skolisa da<br />

meores mxriT aucilebeli saWiroeba<br />

miwaTmoqmedebis swavlebisa, uTxovnia saxelmwifo<br />

qonebaTa saministrosaTvis, romodenime saxelmwifo<br />

miwa mouWras skolebs muqTad. saxelmwifo<br />

qonebaTa saministros es SesaZleblad ucvnia da<br />

Tanaxma gahxdomia.<br />

ruseTis gazeTebi didis sixaruliT miegebnen<br />

am ambavsa da hnatroben, rom am didad sasargeblo<br />

gadawyvetilebas win ara amouCndes ra<br />

dasabrkoleblad. es saqme metad rTulia da Cven<br />

ki dRes gazeTebidam marto is viciT, rom orsav<br />

saministros marto dedaazrobiT gaduwyvetia es<br />

saqme da gazeTebi dawvrilebiT aras gvatyobineben,<br />

rogor upiroben am dedaazris ganxorcielebas da<br />

gamoyenebas. zogierTi gazeTebi, acxadeben ra Tavis<br />

sixaruls am dedaazris gamo, amboben, rom ori<br />

metad Zneli mizezi win aRudgeba am keTils<br />

ganzraxvasa swavla-ganaTlebis saministrosas. erTi<br />

isa, rom pirvel xanebSi Znelad saSovarni<br />

iqmnebian maswavlebelni, agronomiis imodenad<br />

mcodneni, rom im simokliT mainc gauZRven<br />

swavlebas, rac saWiroa glexobisaTvis da meore<br />

isa, rom saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros, Tumca<br />

68

auarebeli saxelmwifo miwebi aqvs, magram iseTs<br />

adgilebSi, rom skolebzed Zalian Sors arian da<br />

ar emxrobian. pirvels mizezs, rogorc iqneba,<br />

Tavis drozed bolo moeReba, radganac SesaZloa<br />

maswavlebelT iswavlon sakmaod miwismoqmedebis<br />

saqme, xolo meore mizezi ki, TiTqmis<br />

aucilebelia iq mainc, saca soflis skolis<br />

axlomaxlo saxelmwifo miwebi ar moipoveba.<br />

ra Tqma unda, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSiac<br />

SesaZloa saqmes eSvelos ram. xolo saxelmwifo<br />

qonebaTa saministros moundeba soflis skolis<br />

axlo miwebi kerZo kacTac CamoarTvas da mis<br />

samagierod Sori miwebi misces. rasakvirvelia, aq<br />

saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros sarTis dadeba<br />

moundeba da es saqme imodenad didi ram aris, rom<br />

saxelmwifo am sarTis gaRebas ar unda SeuSindes.<br />

am gziT es meore mizezi Tu srulad ar moispoba,<br />

didad Sesustdeba mainc.<br />

69

70<br />

<br />

gamomzeureba<br />

tfilisi, 1 Tebervali<br />

axalma weliwadma didi samSvidobo imedi<br />

mogvca. saiTac ki miixedavT, yovelgan imis meti<br />

ara ismoda ra, rom RmerTma damifaros omis<br />

atexis fiqri gavitaro gulSio. bevrs es fici<br />

swamda da bolo ki akvirvebda, imitom rom am<br />

ficTan iaraRis mzadebis Cxara-Cxuric ismoda.<br />

marTalia, yovelTvis xerxiani diplomatia imas<br />

iZaxoda, rom TviT mag Cxara-CxurSia imedi<br />

mSvidobianobisa, radganac aTadam babadam ise<br />

yofila, rom visac mSvidobiT cxovreba hsurs,<br />

muSti moRerebuli unda eWiroso.<br />

esea Tu ara, pirvelni dReni am axal<br />

weliwadisani samSvidobo imediT mogvevlina da,<br />

vin icis, iqneba es pirveli TTve mainc axalis<br />

wlisa ise gagvetarebina, rom guli ar<br />

SegvSineboda riTime. xolo bedma esec SeiSura<br />

kacobriobisaTvis da am ianvris bolos xanebSi<br />

gamoatyvrina erTi imisTana ambavi, rom didi da<br />

patara Seafucxuna. berlinma da venam saWirod<br />

dainaxes gamoeqveynebinaT aqamde miTamda<br />

saidumlod Senaxuli pirSekruloba 1879 wlisa,<br />

romlis ZaliTac germania da avstria erTmanerTs

dahpirebian mieSvelnen, Tu vinicobaa an erTsa da<br />

an meores raime gansacdeli moevlineba ruseTis<br />

mxriT. amboben, amisTanave pirSekruloba daudviaT<br />

germaniasa da italiasa safrangeTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

germaniis gazeTebi ficiT iWaWebian, rom am<br />

gamoqveynebas 1879 wlis pirSekrulobisas sxva<br />

azri ara aqvs ra, garda samSvidobo imedis<br />

gaZlierebisao. am pirSekrulobam unda daarwmunos<br />

yvelanio, rom germaniasa da avstrias TviTon<br />

aravisTan Cxubi ara hsurT da arc gulSi aqvT<br />

Cxubis atexa Tavisis mxriT da Tu erTmanerTs<br />

hSvelas dahpirdebian, marto maSin, roca sxvas<br />

mouva survili amaTTan Cxubis atexisao. am saxiT<br />

germania da avstria mtris mogerebisaTvis<br />

Sehkvrian erTmanerTsao da ara mtris Tavzed<br />

dasxmisaTvisao. aqedam cxadiao, hficuloben venisa<br />

da germaniis gazeTebi, Tu sxva samtrod ar<br />

wamoatans amaT xelsa, mSvidobianoba daurRveveli<br />

iqnebao.<br />

safrangeTis gazeTebi sxva TvaliT uyureben am<br />

ambavsa. eseni iZaxian, rom xsenebul<br />

pirSekrulobis gamocxadebas ueWvelad mohyveba<br />

ufro mtkice daaxloveba ruseTsa da safrangeTs<br />

Soriso. maSasadame, es gazeTebi hxedven, rom aq<br />

raRac sxva suli htrialebs da ara samSvidobo<br />

ganzraxva, Torem Tu marTla gars mSvidobianobaa,<br />

maSin saSvelad erTmanerTisken miwev-mowevas ra<br />

sabuTi da mizezi unda hqondes.<br />

italiis gazeTebi ufro gulaxdilad<br />

hlaparakoben da iZaxian, rom amisTana sigelis<br />

gamoqveyneba TavisTavadac didi niSania JamTa<br />

viTarebisao da raki gamoqveynda, sCans<br />

politikuri mdgomareoba metad gaZnelda da<br />

damZimdao. zogni iqamdenac midian, rom am sigelis<br />

gamoqveynebaSi ultimatums hxedven mxolod<br />

Tavazianad da ridiT gamoTqmuls.<br />

71

sad aris marTali, eg jer RmerTma icis, xolo<br />

sakiTxavi es aris: Tu am rva-cxra weliwads<br />

saWirod hxedavdnen saidumlod Senaxvas am<br />

sigelisas, dRes raRam aiZula misi gamoqveyneba?<br />

an aqamomde vis umalavdnen, an dRes vis asmenen?<br />

amis pasuxs TviTon sigeli iZleva da<br />

saxeldobr, imisi mesame muxli. es muxli valad<br />

sdebs pirobis damdebTa, rom es sigeli da masSi<br />

moxsenebuli pirobani saidumlod iyos da marto<br />

maSin gamoqveyndes, roca orive mxare amazed calke<br />

moilaparakeben da gamoqveynebas saWirod dainaxven.<br />

Tu marTla am sigels sxva azri ara aqvs ra,<br />

garda samSvidobo imedis gaZlierebisa amisTana<br />

keTilis ganzraxvis damalva rad daunaxavT<br />

saWirod. Tu es keTili ganzraxvaa Sig da sxva<br />

araferi, ra dasamalavi iyo aseTi yvelasaTvis<br />

sasurveli da sasiamovno ambavi? sCans, aq sxva<br />

azri hqoniaT, sCans, aq isaris srolaa da marto<br />

mSvildis malva. Tund amasac Tavi davaneboT da<br />

erTi es vikiTxoT: Tu saWirod hxedavdnen<br />

saidumlod SeenaxaT es sigeli, 1879 wels, roca<br />

SedarebiT evropa ufro mosvenebuli iyo da<br />

cecxlmosakidebeli muguzrebi ase bevri ar iyo,<br />

rogorc dRes, exla, amJamad raRam aiZula orive<br />

mxare sigelis gamoqveynebisaTvis? aSkaraa, orsave<br />

pirobis damdebs SiSi ram ugrZvniaT da viRacas<br />

muqaras uTvlian, Tumca ki Soridam, gadakvriT.<br />

rom am azrs Tavisi sabuTi aqvs, amas sxvaTa<br />

Soris iqidamaca vxedavT, rom evropaSi lamis<br />

meore kavSiric Sesdges am germania-avstriaitaliis<br />

sapirispirod. safrangeTis gazeTebi ukve<br />

urCeven, visac jer ars, inglis-ruseT-safrangeTis<br />

kavSiri Seqmnan da amiTi moigerion TviTneboba da<br />

batonoba germaniisa, romlis manqanebi da<br />

xlarTebi mosvenebas ar aZlevs evropasa, amis gamo<br />

Tavidam fexamde SeiaraRebuls da mxedrobis<br />

72

Senaxvis xarjisagan qancgawyvetilsa. ai<br />

dRevandelis dRis didi mniSvneloba imaSia Tu am<br />

dRis viTarebam gamoiwvia es axali kavSiri<br />

inglis-ruseT-safrangeTisa da pirispir dauyena<br />

germaniis, italiis da avstriis kavSirsa. iqneba am<br />

axalma kavSirma ufro SeuZlebelhyos omi,<br />

radganac orive mxare ise Zalovani iqneba, rom<br />

egere advilad erTmanerTs ver Sehbedaven, magram<br />

es axali kavSiri rom dRevandels reJims<br />

Sescvlis, eg ki, Cvenis fiqriT, ueWvelia da metad<br />

sagulisxmiero didisa Tu patarisaTvis.<br />

73

74<br />

<br />

gaministreba<br />

tfilisi, 6 Tebervali<br />

mTeli qveyanaa da T-is bismarkis sityva,<br />

warmoTqmuli germaniis parlamentSi am ukanasknel<br />

dros, rac ki sadme Jurnalia, an gazeTi,yvela<br />

erTad da TviTveuli calke am sityvis gamo<br />

hlaparakobs, am sityvasa sjis da hxsnis. es sja<br />

da xsna miT ufro advilad SesaZlebelia, rom<br />

TviTon sityva T. bismarkisa hoc aris da araca,<br />

araca da hoc erTsa da imave dros erTsa da imave<br />

saganzed. ors saaTzed meti ilaparaka Turme<br />

`rkinis kanclerma~ da ise ostaturad, rom<br />

Tavidam bolomde yvela mayurebeli smenad<br />

gadaaqcia da mainc ara sTqva ra, ara sTqva ra<br />

imisTana, rom exlandels daxlarTuls saqmeebs<br />

evropiisas Suqi mohfenoda da saidumlod<br />

momqmedni marTulebi exlandelis politikisa<br />

cotad Tu bevrad mzezed gamofeniliyo.<br />

vambobT `ara sTqva ra~, magram, Tu gnebavT,<br />

imdeni ram sTqva, rom TviTveuls calke SeuZlian,<br />

rac hsurs, is amoikiTxos T. bismarkis<br />

sityvisagan. am SemTxvevaSi T. bismarkis sityva<br />

qvevrsa hgavs da rasac CasZaxeb, imas amoiZaxebs.<br />

amitomac ar aris arc erTi Jurnal-gazeTi, rom

meores eTanxmebodes am sityvis gamo da<br />

TviTveuls calke rac agondeba, is esizmreba,<br />

roca am sityvis kvanZis gamoxsnas waatans xolme<br />

xels.<br />

erTis sityviT T. bismarkis sityva WurWelia<br />

ise ostaturad gakeTebuli, rom TviTveuli<br />

Cvengani, saidac hsurs, yurs iqidam gamoabams. am<br />

sityvaSi muqarac aris da dayvavebac, samduravic<br />

da madlobac, wyromaca da Tavazac, Tavmowonebac<br />

da Tavmdablobac, kicxvac da pirferobac da<br />

bolos Tqmac da araTqmaca. amitomac<br />

mSvidobismoyvarenic aRtacebaSi modian am<br />

sityvisagan da omis monatrenica, yvelas sabuTi<br />

misca T. bismarkma misi sityva ise gamoiyenon,<br />

rogorc hsurT.<br />

im xanebSi, roca T. bismarki amnairs ambavs<br />

umzadebda evropas da roca TviT evropa didis<br />

gulisfancqaliT moelodda, aca, T. bismarki ras<br />

ityvis parlamentSio, mohxda erTi sxva saqme<br />

evropaSi imisTana, rom sxva dros bevrs yalxzed<br />

daayenebda da diplomatias didad aayayanebda. exla<br />

ki yvelani daatyveva T. bismarkis sityvam da<br />

jerovani yuradReba aravin miaqcia. miT,<br />

rasakvirvelia, xsenebuls saqmes Tavisi<br />

mniSvneloba ar dahkargvia exlandelis droisaTvis<br />

da am mxriT igi SeniSnulia germaniisa da<br />

avstriis Jurnal-gazeTebisaganac.<br />

ai saqme raSia: safrangeTSi mas aqeT, rac<br />

daemxo gobles saministro, arc erTma sxva<br />

saministrom Tavi ver daiWira didxans. daemxo mas<br />

Semdeg ruvies saministroc, romelmac Tan<br />

gaditana TviT grevis prezidentobac.<br />

gaprezidentda sadi-karno da amasac gauZnelda<br />

saministros Sedgena, mTavar-ministrobas aravin<br />

hkisrulobda, radganac aravin iyo imisTana,<br />

romelsac parlamentis momxreobis imedi hqonoda.<br />

75

mxolod erTi kaci floke iyo, exlandeli<br />

prezidenti palatisa, romelsac SeeZlo palatis<br />

umravlesobis momxreoba hqoniyo da romlis<br />

meTaurobas palata sxvazed ufro metad xels<br />

Seuwyobda da, maSasadame, Tu SesaZlo iyo mkvidri<br />

da xangrZeli saministro Semdgariyo, amis<br />

SemZlebeli marto floke egonaT.<br />

saministroebis dRemokleoba axali ambavi ar<br />

aris safrangeTisaTvis: iq saministroebi pantazed<br />

ufro advilad hcvivian, magram exla, roca evropa<br />

dRe yovel moelis dids gansacdelsa da es<br />

gansacdeli safrangeTsac ueWvelad moimwyvdevs,<br />

saWiroa imisTana saministro, romelsac unda<br />

xangrZliobis da fexmagrobis imedi hqondes<br />

rogorc SigniT, ise garedac. amas iTxovs dro da<br />

TviT mfarveloba safrangeTisa. saministro,<br />

romelic Tvis dRemokleobas Tavis gulSive<br />

atarebs, Sinac utexs kacs gulsa da gared xom<br />

mters aqezebs da aqezebs. garda amisa, dRemokle<br />

saministros samegobrodac xels aravin awvdis<br />

gabedulad imis SiSiT, rom vaiTu xval sxva<br />

movides da piri gvibrunoso. amitomac karga xania<br />

safrangeTi imis cdaSia, rom erTi imisTana<br />

saministro Sesdges, romelsac zurgi magari<br />

eqmneba parlamentisa da safrangeTisaganao.<br />

rogorc mogaxseneT, amisTana saministro kaci<br />

flokea dRes yvelasagan am mxriT miCneuli.<br />

xolo flokes gaministrebas erTi<br />

dasabrkolebeli mizezi hqonda dRes aqamomde.<br />

1867 welsa, roca gansvenebuli xelmwife<br />

imperatori aleqsandre II pariJSi bZandeboda,<br />

flokes, maSin jer ymawvilkacs, sadRac sajarod<br />

wamouZaxnia: `gaumarjos polSasao!~.<br />

rasakvirvelia, es amisTana sityva sawyenad<br />

darCenia ruseTsa da mas aqeT Tumca bevrma xanma<br />

gaiara da flokemac saxelmwifo kacTa Soris<br />

76

didad TvalsaCino adgili daiWira, magram ruseTis<br />

elCi safrangeTSi aramcTu axlo ar ikarebda<br />

flokes, aramed gasacnobladac erideboda.<br />

rogorRa unda moewviaT mTavar-ministrad is kaci,<br />

roca igi amodenad usiamovno iyo ruseTisaTvis.<br />

dRes xom ruseTi erTaderTi saxelmwifoa,<br />

romelic Tavis ZlierebiT ase Tu ise hlagmavs<br />

TviTnebobas germaniisas, am safrangeTis<br />

dauZinebel mtrisas. dRes xom ruseTi erTaderTi<br />

saxelmwifoa, romelic kargis TvaliT uyurebs<br />

safrangeTsa da imis waxdenas da gaqelvas aras<br />

gziT ar Seiwynarebs germaniisagan.<br />

ai am angariSma, am garemoebam dauSala, rom<br />

safrangeTma ar moiwvia mTavar ministrad floke.<br />

safrangeTs ruseTis ridi da Tavaza hqonda da<br />

daekrZala imis wyenas. xolo am bolos xanebSi<br />

ueWveli xma gaisma, rom ruseTis elCma erTs<br />

wveulobaSi neba misca flokes gasacnoblad<br />

warsdgenodao. exla damtkicebulia, rom floke<br />

marTla warudgeniaT gasacnoblad ruseTis<br />

elCisaTvis, elCi kargad dahxvedria flokes da<br />

mTeli naxevar saaTi erTmanerTTan usaubrniaT.<br />

bolos flokes didi sadilic gaumarTavs da<br />

miuwvevia ruseTis elCi. elCic swvevia da amiT<br />

didis xnis samduravi ruseTisa flokes Tavidam<br />

axsnia:<br />

`RirsSesaniSnaviao, _ ambobs erTi germanuli<br />

gazeTi: rom ruseTis warmomadgenelma es<br />

dRevandeli dRe airCia flokesTan<br />

daaxlovebisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, Tavisis<br />

mTavrobis nebarTviTao~.<br />

marTla rom SesaniSnavia. yvelam icis, floke<br />

ra banakis kacia da advilad mosalodnelia, rom<br />

sagareo politika safrangeTisa flokes<br />

gaministrebisve umal ufro gabedulad da fxianad<br />

daiwyebs moqmedebas, rom misi gaministreba<br />

77

moaxloebulia, eg aSkaraa. depeSam ukve mogvitana<br />

ambavi, rom exlandeli saminirtro tirrarisa<br />

hlamis gadadgomasao. amaSi daujerebeli ara aris<br />

ra: flokes gaministreba yvelasaTvis sasurvelia<br />

safrangeTSi da raki exla amas dasabrkolebeli<br />

mizezi aRara aqvs ra, raki ruseTma Seiriga<br />

floke, bevrad dasajeria, rom tirrars daiTxoven<br />

da flokes Caabareben saministrosa. raki tirraris<br />

gadadgomis ambavi zed mohyva flokes Serigebas,<br />

aSkaraa, rom flokes male vnaxavT mTavar<br />

ministrad safrangeTSi da es veraferi<br />

samaxaroblo ambavi iqneba germaniisaTvis.<br />

78

evropaSi<br />

tfilisi, 9 Tebervali<br />

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom inglisma cotad Tu<br />

bevrad Sors daiWira germaniasTan erTad Cabma<br />

sapolitiko saqmeSi da egredwodebuli `samTa<br />

kavSiri~ ver gadaiqca `oTxTa kavSirad~, Tumca T.<br />

bismarki amisaTvis Zalian mowadinebuli iyo da<br />

Zalian ekurkureboda inglissa. salusberis sityva<br />

am saganzed, Tumca metad frTxilad aris<br />

warmoTqmuli, magram mainc gvatyobinebs, rom guli<br />

cotad Tu bevrad moukeTda ruseTis mimarT im<br />

dassac inglisis erisas, romelic dRes aqamomde<br />

ruseTs ewinaaRmdegeboda da es winaaRmdegoba<br />

TiTqmis istoriul anderZada hqonda. am gzazed<br />

dgomas da svlas uwonebs exlandels saministros<br />

TviT liberalTa dasi, romelsac hmeTaurobs<br />

gladstoni da gladstoni xom cnobilia, viTarca<br />

almacerad mayurebeli germaniazed da nametnavad<br />

avstriazed. konservatorTa dasma am<br />

mowonebisaTvis madloba uTxra gladstons<br />

sajarod. sCans, T. bismarks jer xanad mainc<br />

veraferi imedi unda hqondes inglisisa, piriqiT,<br />

unda SiSic miscemodes, vai Tu sxvebs miemxroso.<br />

79

amis gamo da ufro metis sifrTxilisaTvis T.<br />

bismarki Seecada sxva meore da mesamexarisxovan<br />

saxelmwifoebSi moepovna momxreoba da<br />

sxvaTaSoris ispanias gauba amazed laparaki.<br />

rogorc etyoba, verc aq ujdeba alCu germaniasa.<br />

gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom 7-s Tebervals<br />

mWevrmetyvelobiT saxelganTqmuls orators<br />

ispaniisas, kastelars warmouTqvams sityva<br />

kortesSi exlandels sapolitiko mdgomareobazed.<br />

kastelars uTqvams, rom exlandeli evropa<br />

warmoadgens mSvidobianobas, Tavidam fexebamde ki<br />

saomrad SeiaraRebulsao. es yofa auZlurebs<br />

evropasa, swovs imis keTildReobas, mis sarCosabadebels<br />

pirqve amxobs da amasTanave samarcxvino<br />

Cirqsa scxebs evropis saxelsao. yovel am<br />

ubedurebis mizezad kastelari hxadis germanias,<br />

romelic didad Sescda, rom safrangeTi<br />

gadaimterao da CamoarTva elzas-lotarenio.<br />

ispanias urCevs oratori aramcdaaramc aravin<br />

Cagityuos omSia, Tu vinicobaa omi ram astyda<br />

didTa saxelmwifoTa Soriso. piriqiT, ispaniis<br />

erma unda moiTxovos, rom evropam saomari iaraRi<br />

dahyaros da safrangeTs misi elzas-lotareni<br />

daubrundes, esodenis usamarTlobiT, Zalad<br />

warTmeulio.<br />

cxadia, rom es gamoCenili kaci ispaniisa ufro<br />

safrangeTisken aris, vidre germaniisken. marTalia,<br />

amnairs midrekilebas didi manZili da mniSvneloba<br />

ara aqvs, Tu saxeSi miviRebT, rom eg midrekileba<br />

marto calke kacisaa, Tund imisTana<br />

gamoCenilisac, rogoric kastelaria. saqme is<br />

aris, rom aq kastelars sazogado azrisaTvis<br />

miugnia da igi mxolod gamosula sajaro<br />

sarbielzed ima azris mWevrmetyvel gamomTqmelad.<br />

es iqidama sCans, rom mTeli palata ispaniisa<br />

aRtacebiT mihgebebia kastelaris sityvas. `Tavis<br />

80

dReSio, ambobs iqauri korrespodenti erTis<br />

gazeTisa: Tavis dReSi ispaniis saero<br />

warmomadgenlobas ar miuRia kastelari egreTis<br />

aRtacebulis erTsulobiTa, rogorc am xanadao.<br />

ministrebi, respublikanelni deputatebi da<br />

konservatorebic ki gars Semoexvivnen kastelars<br />

da yvelani erTad da TviTveuli calke ulocavda<br />

da xels arTmevdao.~<br />

raki eseTis erTsulobiT daxvda ispaniis eris<br />

warmomadgenloba am saxelovans orators, maSin<br />

mis mier Tqmuls azrs didi Zali da Rone eZleva,<br />

rogorc azrs mTelis erisagan aRiarebuls. raki<br />

esrea, evropis politikosebma am azrs cotad Tu<br />

bevrad angariSi unda gauwion. mravalgvari<br />

manqanebi erTmanerTSi gasvla-gamosvlisaTvis ase<br />

Tu ise unda Sescvalon da am garemoebas imodenad<br />

Seuwonon, ramodenadac Rone ispaniisa saTvalavSi<br />

miRebuli hqonda aqamde erTsa Tu meoresa.<br />

es ambavi imiT ufroa SesaniSnavi Cvenis fiqriT,<br />

rom SiSi da zari germaniisa, romelic aqamomde<br />

yvelas enas ubamda evropaSi, exla rogorRac<br />

hneldeba da Tu yvelgan ara, zogierTgan mainc<br />

kantikuntad germaniazed gabeduli sityva ismis.<br />

vgonebT, es viTareba dRevandelis dRisa TviTon T.<br />

bismarksac ar gamohparvia da rom im SiSsa da<br />

zars kidev Tavisi avala misces da uwindeli<br />

mWreli fxa SearCinos, T. bismarkma saWirod<br />

dainaxa saqveynod parlamentSi daeqadna, rom<br />

germania Zlieria da marto RvTis SiSi aqvs da<br />

sxvisa araviso. germania Zlieria, magram marTlad<br />

uSiSari ar ikadrebs tyuilubralod qadilsa.<br />

sCans germanias gulSi cota ram fiqri Sehparvia,<br />

vaiTu Cemi SiSi, Cemi zari evropaSi ganeldes,<br />

didi da patara gamilaRdes da gabedviT rame<br />

Semombedoso.<br />

81

82<br />

sityva<br />

tfilisi, 10 Tebervali<br />

salisberis ukanasknelma sityvam sruliad<br />

erTianad Seipyro evropis mwerlobis yuradReba.<br />

germaniasa, avstriasa da safrangeTSi exla<br />

gacxarebuli laparakia im sityvis gamo, radganac<br />

igi exeba iseTs sagans, romelzedac damyarebulia<br />

evropis saqmeTa avad Tu kargad mimdinareoba.<br />

germaniasa da avstriaSi xsenebulma sityvam kargi<br />

STabeWdileba moaxdina da safrangeTi ki, rogorc<br />

gazeTebidgana sCans, Zalian daafiqra.<br />

saqme is aris, Tu vis miemxroba inglisi da<br />

visken daswevs politikis saswors. Tu dRemdis<br />

gaZnelebuls mdgomareobas evropisas bolo ar<br />

moeRo, amis mizezi is aris, rom namdvilad ar<br />

ician, Tu inglisi ra gzas daadgeba. rodesac<br />

namdvilad gamocxaddeba inglisis ganzraxva, maSin<br />

gamoCndeba, Tu ra mimarTuleba unda miiRos<br />

evropis politikam.<br />

rogorc vsTqviT, avstriis mmarTvelobasa da<br />

mwerlobaze kargi STabeWdileba iqonia im adgilma<br />

salisberis sityvidam, romelSiac naTqvamia, rom<br />

ruseTs araviTari ukanono ganzraxva ara aqvs<br />

bolgariis Sesaxebao. amaze ufro sasiamovnod is<br />

miuCneviaT, rom salisberis uTqvams: inglisis

aRmosavleTis politika sruliad eTanxmeba<br />

avstriisasao. zogierTTa azriT, salisberim<br />

ruseTs amiT aniSna, rom bolgariis saqmeSi nu<br />

Caerevio. zogni im azrisanic arian, viTom<br />

salisberis sityvidgana sCanso, rom inglissa,<br />

italiasa da avstrias Soris kavSiri ukve<br />

damyarebuliao. berlinSi amboben, viTom<br />

salisberis sityva imis niSania, rom inglisi am<br />

gzobiTac ar umtyunebs im istoriuls programas,<br />

romelsac dRemdis misdevda aRmosavleTis<br />

saqmeebSio. rogorc gazeT `Standard~-is<br />

korrespondenti iuwyeba, bismarkis azriT inglissa<br />

da germanias Soris kargi, Zmuri ganwyobileba<br />

Camovardao da germania yovelTvis mzad aris<br />

ingliss mxari misces, roca ki saWiro iqnebao.<br />

piriqiT, safrangeTis mwerlobaze salisberis<br />

sityvam cudi STabeWdileba iqonia. safrangeTis<br />

gazeTebi TiTqmis erTxmad imas hRaRadeben, rom<br />

inglisi Tavisis interesebis dasacvelad unda<br />

miemxros safrangeTsa da ruseTsa da ara avstriagermaniasao.<br />

germaniis gamarjveba inglisis<br />

sikvdils moaswavebso, radganac am orTa<br />

interesebi erTmanerTis winaaRmdegni ariano.<br />

inglisma xeli unda gauwodos ruseTsa da<br />

safrangeTsao, Tu rom hsurs mermisSi Zliers,<br />

mourigebels mopirdapires ar Sehxvdeso.<br />

bismarkis sityvam, romelmac amas winad<br />

aalaparaka mTeli evropa, didi TanagrZnoba<br />

gamoiwvia germaniasa da avstriaSi. aravis araferi<br />

ar uTqvams bismarkis winaaRmdeg, imodenad Zlieri<br />

STabeWdileba iqonia imis sityvam. magram am<br />

ukanasknels dReebSi gaisma xma bismarkis<br />

winaaRmdegac. profesorma Steinma dahbeWda erTi<br />

werili, romelSiac dawvrilebiT ganxilulia<br />

bismarkis sityva. Steini ambobs: imedi gvqonda,<br />

rom bismarkis sityva raime sxivs mohfenda<br />

83

dRevandels gaWirvebuls mdgomareobas evropisas,<br />

xolo exlac dafarulia, Tu ras apirebs germania.<br />

ar viciT, Tu ra movaleobas hkisrulobs germania<br />

avstriis Sesaxeb. bismarkis sityva, SesaZloa,<br />

kacma sxvadaxva rigad gaigoso.<br />

bismarkis sityvaSi bundad naTqvami iyo, rom<br />

germanias, garda avstriisa da italiisa, sxva<br />

saxelmwifoebic miumxriao. am ambavma didi<br />

laparaki gamoiwvia, Tu romeli saxelmwifoa<br />

italiasa da avstrias garda, romelsac germaniis<br />

mxare uWiravso. zogierTTa azriT, es saxelmwifo<br />

unda iyos ruminia, romelsac sakmao samxedro<br />

Zal-Ronec aqvso.<br />

84

politika<br />

tfilisi, 11 Tebervali<br />

yvelani iZaxodnen, rom inglisi angariSSi<br />

misaRebi saxelmwifo ar ariso, radganac arc<br />

sakmao jari hyavs da arc saomrad momzadebuliao<br />

da verc moemzadeba imis gamoo, rom misis<br />

mxedrobis Zal-Rone sul sxva weszea agebuli da<br />

dRes is wesi arasferSi gamosayeni ar ariso.<br />

amas iZaxodnen, magram saqmeTa garemoebam da<br />

sapolitiko xlarTma ingliss didi mniSvneloba<br />

misca dRevandelis dRisaTvis. exla is, uwin<br />

miTamda dawunebuli saxelmwifo, is miTamda<br />

uRono inglisi im yofaSia, rom orad gayofili<br />

dRevandeli evropa TiTqmis marto inglisRa<br />

Sescqeris, aba ras ityvis da pirs saiTa iqmso.<br />

dRes ingliszea TiTqmis damokidebuli omica da<br />

uomrobaca imisda mixedviT Tu saiT gaiwevs da vis<br />

Caudgeba mxarSi saSvelad. amitomac didi da<br />

patara dRes imazed hlaparakobs, imis gamocnobaSia<br />

Tu inglisi ras hfiqrobs, ras apirobs da ra gzas<br />

daadgeba.<br />

sagareo politikas inglisisas dRes aqamomde<br />

ori sxvadasxvagvari mimarTuleba aZlevda fersa,<br />

amaTSi xan erTi mimarTuleba imarjvebda, xan<br />

meore imisda mixedviT Tu ors umTavress dasSi<br />

85

omels Cauvardeboda xolme gamgeoba da mTavroba.<br />

liberalTa da radikalTa dasi, romelTac<br />

hwinamZRvrobs gladstoni, yovelTvis imazed idga,<br />

rom inglisi arasodes ar unda gaerios evropis<br />

davidarabaSi, Tu pirdapirs interess inglisisas<br />

ara emuqris ra da aravin etanebao. Cven ra xeli<br />

gvaqvso, roca evropiis saxelmwifoni erTmanerTs<br />

samtrod ekidebian da zogi sixarbiT, zogi<br />

SurisZiebiT, zogi cudmedidobiT erTmanerTs<br />

ormos uTxriano. Cven calkeda varT, oTxkuTxiv<br />

zRviT SemozRuduli, da minam Cvens saxels, Cvens<br />

pativs, Cvens qveyanas da Cvens interess aravin<br />

Seexarbeba, Cven CvenTvis viyvneT da Cveni Sinauri<br />

saqmeebi rigzed davawyoTo. Sinac bevri ram<br />

gvitiriso da Cvens tablas gared ra undao.<br />

konservatorTa dasi, romelT meTaurad dRes<br />

salisberia, sul sxva anderZs emsaxureboda dRes<br />

aqamomde. igi iZaxoda, rom roca evropaSi saqme<br />

aiSleba xolme da iweweba, Cven gulxeli ar unda<br />

davikriboTo. Cvens xmaamouReblobas is mohyveba,<br />

rom evropaSi Cvens qveyanas Sesabami pativi aRar<br />

eqmnebao, isini araferSi ar ereviano, ityvian, da<br />

imaT raRa unda ekiTxebodeso. evropiis<br />

krebulidam gamoklebulni SeviqmnebiT da aRaravin<br />

Cven aRarafers dagvekiTxebao. egred yofna da<br />

Tavzed xelis aReba erTi iqmnebao. garda amisa,<br />

inglisi erTi didTa saxelmwifoTagania evropaSi<br />

misis moqmedebis moedani TiTqmis mTeli qveyanaa,<br />

zRvasa Tu xmeleTzed erTi imisTana kunWulic ar<br />

aris, saca cotad Tu bevrad Cveni interesi ar<br />

iyoso da ra saqme unda mohxdes evropaSi imisTana,<br />

rom cotad Tu bevrad Cvenc ara gvtkendes, Cvenc<br />

ar Segvexebodeso. maS rogor unda davikriboT<br />

gulzed xeli, roca evropas sakamaTo da<br />

sadavidarabo saqme ram autydebao?<br />

86

am saxiT, erTi mmarTveli dasi inglisisa<br />

iZaxoda da iZaxis, nu gavereviT evropiis saqmeebSi<br />

da Sinaurs saqmeebs mivxedoTo, meore ambobda, rom<br />

gaurevloba ar iqnebao da usaTuod Cvenc<br />

monawileoba unda miviRoT ase Tu iseo. dRes ki<br />

sul sxvasa vxedavT. dRes, roca saqmeTa<br />

msvlelobam evropa TiTqmis orad gahyo, roca<br />

germania ase akviatebulia da amrezili iyureba<br />

aRmosavleTisakenac da dasavleTisakenac da<br />

yvelgan momxreobas eZebs, inglisic damZimebulia<br />

fiqrisagan, rogor gamoviyeno es gaWirebuli<br />

mdgomareoba evropiisao. konservatorebis gazeTebi<br />

erTxmobilad iZaxian, rom aba exla gvmarTebs Wkua<br />

gamoviCinoT da winadve aravis piroba ar mivceT,<br />

aravis ar mivudgeT da Tu evropaSi erTmaneTs<br />

daejaxebian, CvenTvis ufro kargi iqmnebao. Tu omi<br />

astyda, xom Zlieri omi iqneba da vinc ginda<br />

gaimarjvos, Cven Cveni lukma ar dagvekargebao,<br />

piriqiT, meomarni erTmanerTs Sealeven TavianTs<br />

Zal-Rones da omisagan daqancul-daRalulebs meti<br />

ra gza eqmnebaT, rom rac moviTxovoT, ar mogvcen<br />

Cven, romelnic Seulaxvelis RoniT dauRalvelni<br />

da dauqancvelni karzed mivadgebiTo. evropa<br />

axalis omisaTvis ilajgawyvetili iqmneba da Cven<br />

ki mTelis Cvenis RoniT win warvudgebiTo.<br />

iqneba es angariSi konservatorebisa marTalic<br />

gamodges, xolo saqme amaSi ar aris. saqme is aris,<br />

rom oriv didi dasi, romelic ase Tu ise win<br />

uZRvis inglissa, dRes TiTqmis Tanaxmani arian,<br />

Soridam uyuron evropiis seirsa. amis mayurebelT<br />

erTmanerTSi amrezilT saxelmwifoebs imisi ki ar<br />

eSinianT, rom inglisi mova da mzamzareuls<br />

sufrazed moikecavs da ukeTes kerZs waatans<br />

xelsao, aramed imisi, rom vaiTu gaWirebis dRes<br />

Cems mopirispires miawodos inglisma xeli<br />

saSvelad da me, Tundac gamarjvebuli davrCe,<br />

87

auarebeli xarji kaciT Tu fuliT fuWad<br />

Camitaroso. ai orWobad yofna inglisisa dRes<br />

amiT aSinebs yvelas da amitomac dRes, visac ra<br />

swyurian, is wyurvili ver mouklavs, xeli ver<br />

gamouRia, damaluli Svildi ver gamouCenia, Tumca<br />

isari ki hlamis gamotyorcnas, radganac mSvildi<br />

imodenad mozidulia.<br />

Cvena gvgonia, rom minam es orWoboba da<br />

hoaraoba inglisisa ar gaTavdeba, minam am mxriT<br />

ara gamomJRavndeba ra, ara gamohSuqdeba ra, im<br />

dromde xvalindel dRisaTvis evropas arc ho<br />

eTqmis da arc ara. am gamoSuqebis imediT,<br />

dRevandeli politikosebi, rasakvirvelia, imas<br />

Seecdebian, rom awewili saqme evropiisa<br />

diplomatias Caugdos sacoxnelad da diplomatia<br />

xom iciT ra didi ostatia. im dromde<br />

gaaWianurebs saqmes, vidre dro moawevs, rom<br />

bedisweris saaTma dahkras.<br />

aki gazeTebi gvauwyeben kidec, rom erTi<br />

gamwvavebuli saqme, saxeldobr, saqme bolgariisa<br />

kvlav sadiplomato gzazed hlamis wasvlasao. Tu<br />

es saqme marTla am gzazed dasdga, diplomatebma<br />

ician Tavs saiT uzmen, vidre dro da Jami sxvas<br />

rasme moiTxovs.<br />

88

mTavrobaSi<br />

tfilisi, 15 Tebervali<br />

mTeli evropa miqceulia exla imazed, rom<br />

Seityos Sesdgeba Tu ara meore kavSiri winaaRmdeg<br />

`samTa kavSirisa~, romelic T. bismarkma Sehqmna<br />

viTomda Tavmdebad mSvidobianobisa. es Tavmdeboba<br />

jer marto imaSi sCans, rom didi da patara<br />

hlesavs xmals da amzadbs abjarsa. es meore<br />

kavSiri SesaZlebelia mxolod ruseTsa,<br />

safrangeTsa da ingliss Soris, radganac jer arc<br />

erTi amaTgani xelSekruli ar aris aravisTan<br />

raime pirobiTa da aRTqmiTa da am mxriT srulad<br />

Tavisufalni arian, rogorca hsurT da mouxdebaT,<br />

ise moawyon TavianTi saqmeebi.<br />

rom saqmeTa viTarebam da politikis garemoebam<br />

safrangeTi da ruseTi erTmanerTs dauaxlova,<br />

amaSi eWvi aRaravisa aqvs dRes, Tumca yvelani<br />

irwmunebian, rom jer amaT Soris araviTari<br />

xelSekruloba ar ariso. venidam inglisis gazeTs<br />

`Standart~-s sweren, rom rusT-frangTa kavSiris<br />

Sesadgenad gamarTuli laparaki hlamis saqmed<br />

gadiqceso da kavSiri ganxorcieldeso. `ambobeno,<br />

_ iwereba korrespodenti: rom am orTa<br />

saxelmwifoTaASoris yovelive salaparako mizezi<br />

89

Tavidam moSorebulia da kavSiris dedaazri da<br />

sagani TanxmobiT gamorkevuliao. xolo safrangeTs<br />

jer vada ar dauniSnavs misi Tu, rodis unda<br />

Tavis ZalaSi Sevides ukve Sekruli kavSirio.~<br />

korrespondenciidam sCans, rom sagareo saqmeTa<br />

ministri fluransi dRes aqamomde ara<br />

ndomulobda Turme am kavSirsa.<br />

mas Semdeg ki, raki yovelTvis TavdaWerilma da<br />

sityvafrTxilma fluransma briansonSi sajarod<br />

sityva warmosTqva da miT italias gadahkra:<br />

Zalianac nu mogaqvs Tavio, fluransma ar SeiZleba<br />

azri ar gamoicvalos da kidev urCoba gauwios<br />

kavSiris Sedgenasao, ambobs korrespondenti da<br />

umatebs, rom amis gamo unda vifiqroT, rom<br />

tiraris saministros dReni daTvlilni aqvs da<br />

fxianis flokes gaministreba moaxloebuliao.<br />

prezidenti sadi-karno am dRes didi xania<br />

moelodineba da, ra Tqma unda, flokec uwyebulia,<br />

rom dResa Tu xval miwveul iqmneba mTavarministrad.<br />

erTi berlinis gazeTi am saganzed<br />

ambobs, rom flokes molaparakeba aqvs ferrisTan,<br />

romelsac viTom floke iwvevs axals<br />

saministroSi Sesasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, rom Tu<br />

es mouxerxda flokes, maSin dasi respublikelTa,<br />

romelic dids umravlesobas Seadgens<br />

parlamentSi, amisTana Serevnils saministros dids<br />

mxars miscems imitom, rom radikalebs eyolebaT<br />

Tavis warmomadgenelad saministroSi TviTon<br />

floke da oportunistebs _ ferri. raki am gziT<br />

es ori udidesi dasi exlandelis parlamentisa<br />

erTad SeerTebuli iqmneba, maSin saministro<br />

imodenad mkvidri da zurgmagari iqmneba,<br />

ramodenadac dRevandeli gaWirvebuli dRe<br />

hTxoulobs.<br />

ferri cnobilia rogorc kaci, romelsac, roca<br />

ministrad iyo, dedaazrad hqonda daaxloeba da<br />

90

morigeba germaniasTan da amitomac bevrni hSiSoben<br />

safrangeTSi, vaiTu imisma mowvevam saministroSi<br />

saqme wagvixdinos ruseTTanao. oportunistebis<br />

gazeTi `safrangeTis respublika~ ambobs, rom eg<br />

tyuili SiSiao imitom, rom diplomaturi<br />

ganwyobileba safrangeTsa da ruseTs Soris Tavis<br />

dReSi ise guliTadi ara yofila, rogorc ferris<br />

ministrobis drosao.<br />

Tu marTla ferrim raime adgili daiWira<br />

axals saministroSi, vin icis, maSin saiTa iqms<br />

pirsa safrangeTis politika. maincdamainc<br />

SeuZlebelia, rom dRevandels midrekilebas<br />

safrangeTisas cotad Tu bevrad mxari ar<br />

ecvalos. politikaSi xSirad iseTi uecari<br />

garemoeba gamotyvreba xolme, rom zogjer<br />

mtrobas megobrobad gardahqmnis da megobrobas<br />

mtrobad. `droni mefobeno~, rom ityvian, swored<br />

zedgamoWrilia politikazed, ise arasfers<br />

gaumarTldeba xolme es sityva, rogorc<br />

politikas, romelsac, Tu gvkiTxavT, survili ki<br />

ara, garemoeba atrialebs.<br />

gana droTa niSani ar aris episkopoz<br />

freppelis sityva warmoTqmuli 1-s Tebervls,<br />

safrangeTis parlamentSi!.. episkopozma aRniSna ra<br />

mtroba germaniisa safrangeTis mimarT, daumata:<br />

`Cvenc Cvenis mxriT bolomouRebel mtrobas<br />

xom ar viqoniebT germanelebTan. gabedviT<br />

dagarwmunebT, rom dro mova da Cveni grZnoba<br />

maTdami Zireulad Seicvleba mas Semdeg, raki isini<br />

nebayoflobiT da mSvidobianis gziT dagvibruneben<br />

elzas-lotarensa, rasakvirvelia, Sesaferis<br />

sasyideliTa, rac unda sTqvan da am gauTavebel<br />

krizisis mosaspoblad es saxsari advilad<br />

SesaZlebelia da mTlad eTanxmeba saqmeTa<br />

msvlelobis loRikasa. is, rac kasteliarma<br />

mWevrmetyvelobiT gamosTqva, dRes iqneba Tu xval,<br />

91

yvelas WkuaSi daujdeba da maSin evropaSi<br />

daiRaRadebs sazogado xma, romelsac<br />

saxelmwifoTa marTeblobam angariSi unda<br />

gauwios.~<br />

Tu ferris odesme daaxloveba hsurvebia<br />

germaniasTan, davijeroT, rom elzas-lotarenis<br />

ase Tu ise dabrunebas am survilSi adgili ara<br />

sWeria! xom cocxlad Caaqvavebda ferris<br />

safrangeTi, Tu gabriyvdeboda da uamisod<br />

mohSveldeboda germanias. ferri metad Wkviani<br />

kacia, da ase Tavis dReSi ar gabriyvdeboda arc<br />

maSin da arc arasodes. xom ar momwifda saamisod<br />

saqme, rom iq, parlamentSi episkopozma elzaslotarenis<br />

dabrunebazed sityva gautara<br />

safrangeTsa da aq saWirod daunaxavT moiwvion<br />

saministrod erTi imisTana kaci, romelic sagareo<br />

saqmeSi germaniasTan daaxlovebis msurvelia maSin,<br />

rodesac daaxloveba uelzas-lotarenod yovlad<br />

SeuZlebelia.<br />

92

mizezebi<br />

tfilisi, 16 Tebervali<br />

guSin Cven CamovagdeT sityva maszed, rom<br />

evropaSi zogierTgan mdinareobs azri meore<br />

kavSiris Sedgenisa winaaRmdeg `samTa kavSirisa~. am<br />

axal kavSirisaTvis igulisxmeba, rogorc ukve<br />

mogexsenebaT, sami didi saxelmwifo: ruseTi,<br />

safrangeTi da inglisi. ruseTsa da safrangeTzed<br />

rac saTqmeli iyo, guSin ukve vauwyeT Cvens<br />

mkiTxvelebs. dRes mogvixdeba laparaki marto<br />

imazed Tu, ra imedia inglisis mxriT, rom miudges<br />

ruseTsa da safrangeTsa da maTTan erTad meore<br />

kavSiri Seadginos evropaSi.<br />

inglisis momxreobazed laparaki daiwyo jer<br />

im dRidam, roca lordi CerCili ewvia ruseTsa da<br />

aqedam safrangeTsac estumra. es laparaki<br />

gaZlierda, roca Seityes, rom princi uelsisa,<br />

inglisis taxtis memkvidre, pariJSi mivida da<br />

prezidenti sadi-karno inaxulao. am ambavs<br />

safrangeTis gazeTebma yuradReba miaqcies da icnes<br />

niSnad daaxlovebisa. aq daujerebeli da<br />

SeuZlebeli ara iyo ra. mtroba safrangeTisa da<br />

germaniisa didis xnidam modis. slavianebi da<br />

germanelebic ar iTqmis, rom Zalian kargad iyvnen<br />

93

moTavsebulni erTmanerTTan da nametnavad<br />

ukanasknel droTa politika germaniisa metad<br />

gamwarda slavianebisaTvis. am bolos xanebSi<br />

gaZlierebuli sakolonio politika germaniisa<br />

verafers dRes uqadis inglisis sakolonio<br />

politikas. ai es garemoeba iZlevineba im sabuTs,<br />

romelic SesaZlebelad hxdis rusT-frangTinglisis<br />

kavSirsa.<br />

amas daumateT isic, rom inglisi didis ndobiT<br />

ver miendoba germanias, romelic megobris<br />

gacemazedac ise mardia, rogorc mterTan<br />

gamegobrebazed imisda mixedviT Tu, rodis ra<br />

ujobs. ai Tunda magaliTi. safrangeTis gazeTi<br />

`golua~ ai, rarigad amxilebs T. bismarksa. 1880<br />

w. T. bismarkma uTxrao safrangeTis elCs<br />

berlinSi, graf sen-vallies, zavi SevkraT<br />

germaniam, avstriam da safrangeTmao da sabuTad is<br />

moiyvanao, rom rac ki am saxelmwifoTa Soris<br />

omebi yofila, sargebloba darCeniaT marto<br />

inglissa da ruseTsao. safuZvlad am zavs is unda<br />

daedoso, rom erTi mtkaveli miwac ar daeTmos<br />

arc ingliss, arc ruseTs balkanis<br />

naxevarkunZulzeo. imisTvis, rom safrangeTis elCi<br />

moemxro sazaod, T. bismarks miTom eTqvas, rom<br />

nawils elzas-lotarenisas davubruneb<br />

safrangeTsao.<br />

Tu es marTalia, ra Tqma unda, rom imedi<br />

inglisis momxreobisa unda gauZlierdes germaniis<br />

mopirispireTa. garda amisa esec cnobilia, rom<br />

raki inglisi da ruseTi mohSveldnen erTmanerTs<br />

avRanistanis gamo, maT Soris jerxanad araviTari<br />

sadavo aRara aris ra, miT ufro, rom inglisis<br />

saxelmwifo kacebs imedi miscemiaT ruseTisagan,<br />

indoeTisaken ar gaviwevo da avRanistans Cems<br />

zedmoqmedebis gared vamyofebo. es TviTon<br />

94

salisberim warmosTqva zeda palataSi da qveda<br />

palataSi forgiusonma ganimeora.<br />

yovel aman ganacxovela imedi inglisis<br />

dazavebisa ruseTTan da safrangeTTan. aseTma<br />

mimarTulebam saqmisam Zalian Seafucxuna germania<br />

da germaniis gazeTebi dafiTa da naRariT<br />

gaiZaxian, rom eg ambavi daujerebelia, Tavis<br />

dReSi ar moxdebao. gana dasajerebeliao, amboben<br />

germaniis gazeTebi: rasac safrangeTidam<br />

iwerebiano? lord CerCils viTom eTqvas<br />

ruseTisaTvis, rom inglisi xels araferSi<br />

SegiSlis evropaSi, oRond formaluri piroba<br />

mogveci, rom Sua aziaSi ar gaiwev-gamoiwev da miT<br />

indoeTis sazRvarzed saomrad saqmes ar gagvixdio.<br />

gana es SesaZlebeliao! hkiTxuloben gaocebiT<br />

gazeTebi. nuTu inglisi, romelic ai es sami-oTxi<br />

Taoba samxreT-aRmosavleTs evropiisas zed alevs<br />

Tavis politikis SemZlebelobas, nuTu exla xels<br />

aiRebs da samxreT-aRmosavleTs evropiisas Tavis<br />

beds miaCemebso?<br />

es araferi, rom am zavs cecxlsaviT ekidebian<br />

germaniis gazeTebi, uamisoba imaT ar SeuZlianT<br />

imitom, rom Tu inglisi marTla miemxro ruseTsa<br />

da safrangeTsa, germanias cudi dRe daadgeba da<br />

iqneba dRevandeli mozavenic Semoefantnon,<br />

nametnavad italia, romelsac uinglisod<br />

safrangeTi cxviridam Zmars waadens Tavisis<br />

Zlieris flotiTa. saqme is aris, rom ganvleniani<br />

gazeTi inglisisa `Times~-i Zalian cxared eurCeba<br />

da uarhyofs yovels imeds inglisis<br />

daaxlovebisas ruseTTan da safrangeTTan. es<br />

gazeTi ambobs, rom inglisi xom ise ver<br />

dahzavdeba ruseTs, Tu xeli ar aiRo Tavis<br />

aRmosavleTis politikazed ruseTis<br />

sasargeblodao. amas inglisi Tavis dReSi ar<br />

indomebso. ingliss avstriasa da italiasTan<br />

95

erTad didi interesebi aqvs balkaniis<br />

naxevarkunZulzed da nametnavad bolgariis<br />

saqmeSio. amitomac inglisi gulgrilad ver<br />

dauwyebs yurebas imas, vinc aq Seecdeba gawevgamowevasa<br />

da Tavis bZaneblobis gaZlierebasao. Tu<br />

bismarki, Tavis dapirebisamebr, xels ar gasZravs,<br />

Tu vinicobaa vinme Seesia bolgariasa, inglisi,<br />

avstria da italia ukan ar daixeven da usaTuod<br />

Caerevian saqmeSio. raki saqme am wrezeda sdgas,<br />

ambobs `Times~, zavi da kavSiri ruseTsa da<br />

ingliss Soris SeuZlebelia da is imedebi,<br />

romlis mizezad lordi CerCili Seiqmna,<br />

araviTaris yuradRebis Rirsi ar ariso.<br />

es xom asea, magram, Cvenis fiqriT, inglisis<br />

gadadgomis fiqri T. bismarks, rogorc etyoba,<br />

gulidam amoRebuli ara aqvs. amas amtkicebs<br />

italiis yofa dRevandel dRes. italia metad<br />

gaumwvavda safrangeTsa. ase, rom evropas fiqri<br />

mieca, Tofi xom aqedam ar hlamis daWeqasao.<br />

italia, germaniisagan gulmocemuli, Zalian<br />

aupilpilda dRes safrangeTsa. es T. bismarkis<br />

wauqezeblad ar unda momxdariyo da ai ra<br />

angariSi unda hqondes T. bismarksa: italias da<br />

safrangeTs rom omi autydes, safrangeTi mTels<br />

zRvis pirs italiisas miusevs Tavis Zlier<br />

flotsa da Sehkravs mTlad. es safrangeTis<br />

flotis yofna xmelTaSua zRvaSi safrangeTis<br />

gaZlierebas moaswavebs am zRvazed da safrangeTis<br />

aq gaZliereba didad SehxuTavs inglisis<br />

interesebsa. aSkaraa, inglisi amas Zalian iuarebs<br />

da safrangeTi da inglisi erTmanerTs waeWidebian.<br />

T. bismarkis survilic es aris, italiis<br />

dRevandels aSlas winaaRmdeg safrangeTisa<br />

SesaZloa, rom swored es sarCuli edos da raki<br />

viciT es ambavi sada scems, metismeti ar iqneba<br />

vigulisxmoT, rom T. bismarks inglisisa da<br />

96

safrangeTis daaxlovebis suni misdenia da Tu ar<br />

am gziT, sxva veraferi mouxerxebia<br />

daaxlovebulni erTmanerTs daaSoros.<br />

rasakvirvelia, mermisis gamocnoba dRes Znelia.<br />

arvin icis xvalindeli dRe ras moitans. hosac<br />

imodenad sakmao sabuTi aqvs dRes, ramodenadac<br />

aras. politika sazogadod da nametnavad<br />

exlandeli swored gaqanebuls saqanelasa hgavs,<br />

xan erTi mxare adis maRla, xan meore imisda<br />

mixedviT Tu, vin ufro uked da Zlier ibuqneba<br />

saqanelis ficarzed da romelis mxridam. Cven aq<br />

marto saxeSi isa gvqonda, rom dRevandelis dRis<br />

azrTa mdinareoba evropiisa warmogvedgina zavTa<br />

Sedgenis Sesaxeb da danarCens xom dro<br />

gamoarkvevs.<br />

minam es zavTa Sedgenis saqme ase Tu ise<br />

gadaswydeba, ra Tqma unda, dros moiTxovs da rom<br />

es dro xelT hqondeT, politikam bolgariis saqme<br />

diplomatebs Caugdo gasaWianureblad da<br />

gaWianureba xom diplomatebis saqmea. Cvena gvgonia,<br />

es axali xana bolgariis saqmisa imis mets aras<br />

moaswavebs, rom viRasac hsurs dro iqonios<br />

sapolitiko marTulebis sxvafriv asatrialeblad<br />

da saxelmwifoebis erTmanerTSi sxvafriv gasayvangamosayvanad.<br />

cda bedis monaxevreao, naTqvamia, da<br />

raki sacdelad droc exla sakmaoa, moxerxebuli<br />

kaci ar iuarebs da SemTxvevas cdisas ar<br />

dahkargavs.<br />

97

98<br />

<br />

sakiTxi sakiTxi<br />

tfilisi, 17 Tebervali<br />

amierkavkasiisaTvis erTi metismetad friad<br />

sayuradRebo saqmea, romelic didi xania afiqrebs<br />

aqaurs mTavrobas da romelsac dRes aqamomde<br />

bolo ar uCans. es saqme dasaxlebaa Savi zRvis<br />

pirebisa, saidamac winandeli mkvidrni gaikribnen<br />

da adgilebi mas Semdeg dacarielda... am<br />

dasaxlebazed didi xania hzrunavs da hRonobs<br />

mTavroba da dRes aqamomde gaTavebuli ar aris, ra<br />

Teslis xalxs gauxsnas gza am dasaxlebisaTvis.<br />

bevri azri gamoiTqva am saganzed, bevri proeqti<br />

daiwera da arc erTma imodenad ar ixeira, rom<br />

saqmes bolo mohReboda.<br />

Cvenma mkiTxvelebma ukve ician, rom am<br />

ukanasknel xanebSi kamisiac Sesdga da miendo, rom<br />

am saganzed yovelive Sesabami cnoba Seekriba da<br />

gadawyvetili ram eTqva. kamisiam, samis<br />

sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTagan Semdgarma, Tavisi<br />

azri ukve gamosTqva da imazed dahdga, rom<br />

yvelazed ufro saxerxoa yazaxebi daasaxlos Savi<br />

zRvis pirebze mTavrobama da yazaxebis<br />

weswyobileba safuZvlad daudvas axalSenebsao.

im sazogadoebis krebaSi, romelsac eZaxian<br />

`Императорское вольно-экономическое общество~-s 4-s<br />

Tebervals didi baasi gamarTula am saganzed.<br />

Tavmjdomares krebisas b-ns sovetovs, mouxsenebia<br />

ra istoria am saqmisa da gadawyvetileba<br />

zemoxsenebulis kamisiisa, neba miucia am saganzed<br />

laparakisa jer bb-nT dukmasovisaTvis, iureviCisa<br />

da eropkinisaTvis, rogorc Savi zRvis pirebze<br />

adgil-mamulis moRvaweTaTvis.<br />

b-ns dukmasovs waumZRvarebia ra politikuri<br />

azri, uTqvams, rom im adgilebzed ucilobelad da<br />

ueWvelad yazaxebi unda daasaxlos mTavrobamao da<br />

mTlad dauWeria mxari zemoxsenebul kamisiisaTvis.<br />

b-ns iureviCs sul sxva azri warmouTqvams:<br />

yazaxebs araviTari unari ara aqvT axalSenobis<br />

misiis aRsrulebisaTvisao, igini amisaTvis yovlad<br />

gamousadegarni ariano, radganac, arc Cveuleba,<br />

arc maTis cxovrebis weswyobileba ar eSesabameba<br />

amisTana sakulturo saqmesao. Savi zRvis pirebis<br />

adgilebi haviT da miwis momcemlobiT imisTanani<br />

arian, rom yurZeni, Tambaqo da sxva amgvari<br />

sameurneo sagani hxeirobso da amitomac ukeTesi<br />

iqneboda, rom mTavrobam moiwvios dasasaxleblad<br />

qarTvelebi, imerlebi da megrelebi im<br />

adgilebidam, saca venaxebis xeli ician da berZnebi<br />

iqidam, saca Tambaqos moyvana gavrcelebuliao. b-ni<br />

eropkini daeTanxma b-ns iureviCs, rom yazaxebi am<br />

saqmisaTvis ar varganan da daumatebia, rom sxva<br />

rusebi ki Zalian kargad gamodgebiano.<br />

amaT Semdeg ulaparaknia b-ns egunovs. amas<br />

vrclad mouyvania yovelive, rac am saganze ho da<br />

ara Tqmula odesme. bolos Tavis sakuTari azri<br />

ase dauskvnia, rom, rasakvirvelia, Tu saxeSi<br />

miviRebT marto politikur saWiroebasao,<br />

sasurvelia abxazeTi gansakuTrebiT rusebiT iyos<br />

dasaxlebulio. xolo Tu havisa da ekonomiuris<br />

99

mxriT davuwyebT yurebas am saqmes, es azri da<br />

nametnavad kamisiisa, yazaxebi davasaxloTo,<br />

mcireodens kritikasac ver gaumklavdeba da ver<br />

gauZlebso. yazaxebis winaaRmdeg ilaparakes bevrma<br />

sxvebmac da sxvaTa Soris b-ma kotelnikovmaca.<br />

b-ma a.s. ermolovma, romelsac, Tu ara vcdebiT,<br />

saxelmwifoTa qonebis saministroSi TvalsaCino<br />

adgili uWiravs, SehniSna, rom am saqmeSi ori<br />

azria erTmanerTSi areuli da gadabmulio:<br />

politikuri da ekonomiurio. amasTan esec<br />

saTqmelia, rom pirvels sagans upiratesoba da<br />

ufro didi mniSvneloba eZlevao. eg politikuri<br />

azri mTlad unda Camoecalos am saqmesa, radganac<br />

politikis TvaliT saqmis gasinjva Cvenis<br />

sazogadoebis saqme ar ariso. Cven am saqmes unda<br />

movekidneT marto ekonomiuris mxriT da marto am<br />

mxriT unda gamovarkvioTo.<br />

Sesdgomia ra am mxriT saqmis gamorkvevas, b-ns<br />

ermolovs uTqvams, rom me TviTon minaxavs da<br />

misinjavs yazaxebis meurneoba da didi eWvi maqvs,<br />

rom eseni Savi zRvis pirebze raSime gamosadegni<br />

iyvneno sameurneod da miwis samoqmedodao. erTob<br />

eWvi maqvs, rom cariel adgilebis dasaSeneblad<br />

imaT ivargono da Cvenma axalSenobis saqmem amaTis<br />

dasaxlebiT imarjvos da ixeiroso.<br />

Tavmjdomares, b-ns sovetovs, mousmenia ra ese<br />

yoveli, warmouTqvams, rom yazaxebis uvargisoba<br />

Savi zRvis piris dasaxlebisaTvis winadvec aris<br />

danaxulio, amazed eWvi gamoiTqva jer kidev 1870<br />

wlis Semdegs xanebSio; rac Seexeba mas, rom rus<br />

kacs erTob niWi da unari aqvs axalSenobisa, amas<br />

mohwmobs mTeli Cveni istoria, Tumca zogierTni<br />

am niWsa da unars dResac uarhyofen. amisi<br />

cxoveli da brwyinvale sabuTi axali aToni aris,<br />

saca rusTa krebulma mokle xanSi verana adgilebi<br />

gaacocxla da aayvavao. kamisia metad calkerZ<br />

100

moekida am saqmesa, raki marto yazaxebi icna da<br />

ara mTeli rusoba gamosadegad zRvis pirebis<br />

dasaxlebisaTvisao. es nakli kamisiisa SevavsoT da<br />

egred Sevsebuli daskvna kamisiisa Cvenc miviRoTo.<br />

mTeli kreba ukleblad am azrzed daTanxmebula.<br />

ra Tqma unda, amisTana gadawyvetileba<br />

mosalodneli iyo krebulisagan da Tu Cven es<br />

ambavi ase vrclad amovwereT rusul gazeTebidam,<br />

marto imisaTvis, rom CvenTan erTad gaikvirvos<br />

mkiTxvelma: sad daikarga xma b-n iureviCisa,<br />

eropkinisa, kotelnikovisa, egunovisa da sxvaTa?<br />

101

aucilebloba<br />

102<br />

tfilisi, 22 Tebervali<br />

karga xania Cvens sazogadoebaSi htrialebs<br />

azri, rom Cveni saTavadaznauro skola ver uZRveba<br />

Cvens Tavad-aznaurTa saWiroebasao. amis mizezs<br />

hxedaven ara imasSi, rom viTom gamgeoba skolisa<br />

gulmodgined ar ekidebodes Tavis saqmesa. am<br />

mxriT samarTali iTxovs vsTqvaT, rom Cvens<br />

skolas TiTqmis wuni ara aqvs. gamgeoba Zalian<br />

hbejiTobs, Zalian guldadebiT asrulebs Tavis<br />

movaleobas sazogadoebis winaSe da skolas ise<br />

uvlis, rom codvaa kacma am mxriT raime<br />

usayveduros gamgeobas skolisas. ymawvilebs<br />

kargad inaxven, gonebagaxsnilobiT, codniT da znexasiaTiT<br />

Cvenis skolis ymawvilebi sxvazed metni<br />

Tu ar arian, naklebi xom ara da ara. marTla rom<br />

sasiamovnod gagakvirvebT ymawvilebis mkvircxlgoniereba,<br />

azriani sityva-pasuxi da zedmiwevniT<br />

cnobierad SeTvisebuli yovelive codna, rac ki<br />

skolas Tavisis programis mixedviT mouwvdia<br />

moswavleTaTvis. yvelani amas amboben, visac ki am<br />

mxriT usinjavs sikeTe skolisa. faqizoba da<br />

sikeTe tanTsacmelisa, qveSagebisa, saWmel-

sasmelisa da erTob mowyobiloba pansionisa<br />

iseTia, rom metis natvra bedovlaTobaRa iqneba.<br />

es yvelam icis, visac ki skola unaxavs da<br />

dauTvalierebia. amitomac yovel am mxriT aravin<br />

emdureba skolas, piriqiT, moswonT kidec da<br />

madlobis mets aravin aras hgrZnobs skolis<br />

gamgeobis mimarT. sazogadoeba Tu amazed<br />

hlaparakobs rasme, salaparako mxolod is aris,<br />

rom exlandeli programa skolisa Tavs ar modis<br />

da Cvens TavadaznaurTa saWiroebas ver uxdebao.<br />

dRevandeli programa skolisa iseTia, rom Cvens<br />

skolas TiTqo ori sagani aqvs misaRwevadao.<br />

mosamzadebeli klasebi skolisa amzadeben<br />

ymawvilebs saxelmwifo skolebSi Sesasvlelad da<br />

Tu iq ver mouxdaT Sesvla, amisaTvis kidev<br />

egredwodebuli progimnaziis klasebia TviTon<br />

skolaSi, romelSiac saxelmwifo skolebSi<br />

verSesuli ymawvilebi ganagrZoben swavlasa. am<br />

klasebSi ymawvilebs amzadeben egredwodebul<br />

klasikur swavla-ganaTlebis programiTa.<br />

ra Tqma unda, rom amasac Tavisi sabuTiani<br />

azri da mizezi aqvs. ymawvilebs am progimnaziis<br />

klasebidam SeuZlianT klasikur gimnaziebSi<br />

gadavidnen Sesafer klasSi, rasakvirvelia, Tu<br />

egzamens daiWeren. xolo ubedureba es aris, rom<br />

mas aqeT, rac sakonkurso egzamenebi daidva, TiToorola<br />

ymawvils Zlivs Sexvdeba xolme es<br />

bedniereba, danarCenni ki swavla-ganaTlebis<br />

SeumTavreblad unda daubrundes Sin Tavis dedmamasa.<br />

am saxiT gamodis, rom Cvens skolas yovlT<br />

uwinares sagnad aqvs sxva saswavlebelisaTvis<br />

amzados ymawvilebi da mere, Tu es ver mouxerxda,<br />

ymawvils akmaros progimnaziis kursi. marTalia,<br />

sul araraobas kidev esa sjobia: cota ram<br />

gagebuli mainc eqmneba progimnaziaSi<br />

kursSesrulebuls ymawvils, rigiani wera-kiTxva<br />

103

mainc ecodineba, sxva ara iyos ra. magram saqme<br />

imaSia: ris gamosadegia amisTana naxevar gzazed<br />

Tavminebebuli ymawvili? ra adgils daiWers<br />

cxovrebaSi da raSi gamoiyenebs Tavis ar<br />

SemTavrebuls swavla-ganaTlebasa?<br />

ai dRes amazea laparaki sazogadoebaSi da<br />

yvela amas hkiTxulobs: razed ilaxeba Cveni<br />

Svili berZnulisa da laTinuris swavlebiTa<br />

mTeli oTxi weliwadi? nuTu ufro ukeTesi ar<br />

iqneboda es auarebeli dro, mkvdar enebze<br />

dakarguli, sxvarigad gamoeyenebinaT Cvenis<br />

SvilebisaTvis da erTi imisTana ram eswavlebinaT,<br />

rom skolidam gamosuls raime saqmis unari<br />

hqonoda da maSasadame, saxsaric cxovrebisa? Tu<br />

amisaTvis oTxi weliwadi mosamzadebel klasebisa<br />

da oTxic progimnaziisa sakmao ar aris, is ara<br />

sjobia, ori Tu sami weliwadi kidev wavumatoT<br />

da erTi imisTana saswavlebeli gavmarToT, rom<br />

Cveni Svilebi gamodiodnen iqidam imisTana da<br />

imodenad SemTavrebulis codniT, romelic<br />

pirdapir cxovrebaSi gamosadegia da<br />

gamosayenebelio? klasikuris swavla-codniT<br />

momzadeba ymawvilisa im ded-mamisaTvis aris<br />

saWiro, visac SeZleba da Rone aqvs Svilebi<br />

hgzavnos universitetsa da sxva amisTana maRal<br />

saswavlebelSi. raki dRevandeli skola am azrs<br />

adgia, sCans, igi bolos da bolos mdidarTaTvis<br />

aris gamarTulio da mdidari xom uCvenskolodac<br />

Tavis Svils gazdis da moamzadebs, radganac<br />

amisaTvis SeZleba aqvso. Cvenma skolam saxeSi unda<br />

iqonios marto Cveni Raribi da SeuZlebeli<br />

Tavadaznauroba, romelic Tavis SvilisaTvis<br />

marto arsebiTs pursa hnatrulobs da, maSasadame,<br />

am did nawil TavadaznaurobisaTvis imisTana<br />

skolaa saWiro, rom iqidam kursSesrulebuls<br />

ymawvils sakmao codna hqondes arsebiTis puris<br />

104

Sovnisa, rom pirdapir cxovrebaSi gamoiyenos da<br />

cxovrebis sufrazed Tavisis codniT monagari<br />

kerZi iqonios.<br />

ai es azrebi htrialebs Cvens sazogadoebaSi da<br />

ar SeiZleba kacma amaT angariSi ar gauwios.<br />

TviTon skolis gamgeobasaca aqvs danaxuli<br />

naklebuloba dRevandelis skolisa da karga xania<br />

hzrunavs da hfiqrobs rogor da ra saxed<br />

gadaakeTos saTavadaznauro skola, rom marTals<br />

da ufro mwvavs saWiroebas Tavadaznaurobisas<br />

Seuferos. gamgeobis sasaxelod amas vityviT, rom<br />

igi am metad mZime da rTuls saqmeSi marto Tavis<br />

sakuTars codnas da gamocdilebas ar damyarebia<br />

da saWirod daunaxavs dahkiTxeboda sxva gareSe<br />

kacTac, romelnic amisTana saqmeSi cotad Tu<br />

bevrad mcodne kacebad cnobilni arian, warsuls<br />

paraskevs, 19 Tebervals, skolis gamgeobis<br />

mowveviT Sesdga TviTon skolis darbazSi kreba am<br />

saganzed. Cvenis gazeTis mkiTxvelebma ukve ician,<br />

garda gamgeobis wevrTa da skolis maswavlebelTa<br />

sxva gareSeni vin iyvnen miwveulni. am krebazed<br />

wakiTxul iqmna moxseneba T. levan vaCnaZisa,<br />

sakmaod vrceli da guldadebiT Semdgari. am<br />

moxsenebaSi naCvenebia, ragvar skolad unda<br />

gadakeTdes exlandeli saTavadaznauro skola. ra<br />

saubari gamoiwvia am moxsenebam, amas SemdegSi<br />

vauwyebT Cvens mkiTxvelebsa.<br />

105

106<br />

tfilisi, 24 Tebervali<br />

T-di levan vaCnaZis moxseneba Cvenis<br />

saTavadaznauro skolis gadakeTebis Taobazed,<br />

metad vrcelia da rTuli da amotomac Cven marto<br />

mis dedaazrs aRvniSnavT da dawvrilebiTs<br />

gamoZiebas ki Tavs davanebebT. jer imitom, saqme<br />

dedaazrSia yvelazed uwinares da mere imitom,<br />

rom dawvrilebiT gamoZiebisaTvis marto Cvens<br />

xsovnas ver davendobiT da sxva sabuTi xelT ara<br />

gvaqvs.<br />

b-ns vaCnaZes dedaazrad isa aqvs dayenebuli,<br />

rom TavadaznaurobisaTvis saWiroa imisTana skola,<br />

romelic usaTuod, cotad Tu bevrad,<br />

SemTavrebuls swavla-codnas aZlevdes moswavlesa<br />

da is swavla-codna pirdapir gamosayenebeli da<br />

mosaxerxebeli iyos cxovrebaSi. aq b-ns vaCnaZes<br />

mxari dauWeria im azrisaTvis, romelic marTla<br />

Cvens sazogadoebaSi htrialebs da romelic Cven<br />

ukve aRvniSneT Cvens meTaurs werilSi (`iveria~<br />

#41).<br />

raki es azri waumZRvarebia, b-ns vaCnaZes,<br />

rasakvirvelia, imis pasuxic unda moeca Tu,<br />

ragvari skolaa ganmaxorcielebeli xsenebulis<br />

azrisa. Cveni Tavadaznauroba sofelSi<br />

mcxovrebeli miwaTmflobeli da miwaTmomqmedi<br />

wodebaa. erTaderTi saxsari misis ekonomiuris<br />

cxovrebisa soflis meurneobaa. esevea TiTqmis<br />

erTaderTi saxsari danarCenis xalxisac CvenSi. bns<br />

vaCnaZes mis mier ganzraxuli skola swored am<br />

garemoebis da saWiroebis kvalobazed gamouWria.<br />

b-n vaCnaZis azriT, CvenTvis saWiroa<br />

egredwodebuli specialuri saswavlebeli da,<br />

saxeldobr, sameurno, saca unda iswavlebodes<br />

yovelgvari xeloba sasoflo meurneobisa. amisTana<br />

saswavlebeli sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. aris imisTana

saswavlebeli, romelic marto gawurTnils da<br />

mixvedrils muSakacs iZleva; aris meoris<br />

xarisxisa, romelic iZleva imodenad mcodne kacs,<br />

rom SeuZlian mamulis movla, Tavmdgomeloba,<br />

codniT da xerxianad gaZRola, Tavdarigoba da<br />

Taosnoba soflis meurneobis ase Tu ise<br />

mimarTvasa da wayvanaSi. aris mesame xarisxis<br />

saswavlebelic, egredwodebuli umaRlesi<br />

sameurno saswavlebeli, magram radganac es<br />

CvenTvis dRes miuwvdomelia, amazed aras vityviT.<br />

b-ns vaCnaZes meore xarisxis saswavlebeli<br />

amourCevia CvenTvis. sruli kursi am<br />

saswavlebelisa ipyrobs aTs weliwadsa. pirveli<br />

oTxi weliwadi hxmardeba mosamzadebel klasebs,<br />

meore oTxi weliwadi orgvar sagnebis swavlebas.<br />

erTgvari sagnebi zogadis ganaTlebisani arian da<br />

meore gvarni imisTana swavla-codnisani,<br />

uromlisaodac sameurno mecnierebas kaci ver<br />

iswavlis. ori danarCeni weliwadi gadadebulia<br />

gansakuTrebiT sameurneo xelobebis saswavleblad<br />

TeoriiT da saqmiT. rasakvirvelia, Zveli enebi<br />

laTinuri da berZnuli gamodevnilia<br />

saswavleblidam da samagierod amisa daniSnulia<br />

gaZlierebuli swavleba frangulisa imodenad, rom<br />

kursSesrulebulT Rone hqondeT angariSebi<br />

meurneobisa franguls enazed Seadginon xolme.<br />

mosamzadebels klasebs is daniSnulebaca aqvT,<br />

rom ymawvilebs aqedam SeeZloT sxva saxelmwifo<br />

saswavlebelSi Sesvla, Tu mSoblebi amas<br />

moiwadineben. maTzed mimyols oTxs klass sagnada<br />

aqvs zogad ganaTlebasac xeli Seuwyon da amasTan<br />

moswavles imodenad SesZinon swavla-codna<br />

bunebismetyvelebis sxvadasxva mecnierebisa,<br />

ramodenadac saWiroa meurneobis swavlacodnisaTvis<br />

sakuTrad. frangulis enis<br />

gaZlierebuli swavleba imiTia dasabuTebuli, rom<br />

107

Cvens saswavlebelSi kursSesrulebuls SeeZlos,<br />

Tu dro xels miscems, sazRvargared ufro<br />

vrclad da zedmiwevniT SeimTavros sameurneo<br />

swavla-codna, ese igi, aqauri nakli iq<br />

Seisrulos.<br />

Tumca b-ns vaCnaZes, Seuwonia Cveni saWiroeba<br />

Cvenis dRevandel jibisaTvis da saSualo<br />

programis sameurno skola amourCevia CvenTvis,<br />

magram esec ki unda vsTqvaT, rom igi hcdilobs am<br />

skolaSi SeZenili swavla-codna da xerxi am<br />

swavla-codnis saqmeSi gamoyenebisa sakmaod<br />

SemTavrebuli da sruli iyos saqmisaTvis. eg<br />

swavla-codna da xerxi im zomamde unda iyos<br />

usaTuod miRweuli, rom iq kursSesrulebuls<br />

eTqmodes: rac vici, imodenad sakmaod da rigianad<br />

vici, TeoriiT da saqmiT, rom SemiZlian visaqmo,<br />

viwarmovo da vimoqmedoo.<br />

ai dedaazri b-n vaCnaZis moxsenebisa da misi<br />

umTavresi mowyobiloba, romelic avtors<br />

dauniSnavs im dedaazris ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />

CvenTvis Zalian samwuxaro iqneba, Tu an xsovnam<br />

gviRalata, an saqmis ucodinarobam imodenad ar<br />

gaaWrevina Cvens Tvals, rom sxva arsebiTi<br />

mxareebic am moxsenebisa SegveniSna da<br />

dagvxsomeboda.<br />

yovelive wvlili, rac am dedaazrs an Sedegad<br />

mosdevs, an gansaxorcieleblad esaWiroeba, Cven<br />

gangeb ar movixsenieT aq, radganac krebaSi<br />

umTavresi baasi gamoiwvia TviTon dedaazrma da<br />

zogierTma arsebiTma mxarem moxsenebisam, wvlilni<br />

ki an mTlad gaurCevlad darCnen, an marto<br />

gzadagzad xelSexebul iqmnen.<br />

es werilic gagvigZelda da amitomac<br />

iZulebul varT baasi da saubari, am saganzed<br />

aRZruli krebaSi, SemdegisaTvis gadavdoT.<br />

108

tfilisi, 25 Tebervali<br />

19-s Tebervals, roca Cvenis saTavadaznauro<br />

skolis Taobazed Tavisi moxseneba waikiTxa b-nma<br />

vaCnaZem, yvelam marTali miuwyo am moxsenebas,<br />

rogorc guldasmiT, keTilsindisierad da<br />

guldadebiT naSromsa da SemuSavebulsa. baasi<br />

gaimarTa imis Taobazed, rom Sesaferia Tu ara<br />

sameurneo skolisaTvis imisTana programa,<br />

romelsac saxeSi aqvs zogadi ganaTlebac da<br />

gansakuTrebuli specialuri swavla-codnaca. b-n<br />

vaCnaZis azriT, mis mier ganzraxuli skola am<br />

ors sagans unda erTsa da imave dros<br />

emsaxurebodes. magaliTebr, oTxi mosamzadebeli<br />

klasi ufro imisaTvis aris saWirod danaxuli b-n<br />

vaCnaZisagan, rom ymawvilebi amzados sxvadasxva<br />

saxelmwifo saswavlebelSi Sesasvlelad da visac<br />

es ver mouxerxdeba, danarCeni klasebia<br />

ganzraxulis skolisa, romelTac amisTana<br />

ymawvilis swavla bolomde unda miiyvanon. garda<br />

amisa TviTon is Semdegi oTxi klasi, romelic<br />

sakuTriv specialur saswavleblis guls unda<br />

Seadgendes, zogadis ganaTlebisaTvisac cotad Tu<br />

bevrad gaangariSebulia.<br />

krebam yvelazed uwinares am TiTqmis orkecs<br />

daniSnulebas axalis saswavleblisas yuradReba<br />

miaqcia da sTqva, rom es orkecoba tyuilubralod<br />

daamZimebs ganzraxuls skolas, oris kurdRelis<br />

devna iqneba erTsa da imav dros da arc erTi<br />

xelSi ar Cauardeba saswavlebelsao. Tund egec<br />

ar iyoso, gana igi bunebismetyvelebis sagnebi,<br />

romelnic esaWiroeba specialurs sameurneo<br />

swavla-codnasao, ar arian SemZlebelni, rom<br />

ymawvils zogadi ganaTleba da gonebagaxsniloba<br />

SesZinono? kargad momarTuls, rigianad agebuls<br />

sameurneo saswavlebels, romelsac<br />

109

unebismetyvelebis sagnebis codna gzada aqvs<br />

Tavis daniSnulebis misaRwevad, sxva<br />

saswavlebelzed ara nakleb SeuZlian ymawvils<br />

goneba gauxsnas da zogadi ganaTleba misceso.<br />

amitomac nametanobaa Cvens sameurneo skolas<br />

kiserzed movaxvioT ori sagani, ori tvirTi,<br />

rogorc cal-calked sazidarni erTisa da imave<br />

saswavleblisaganao.<br />

sameurneo skolao, rogorc gansakuTrebuli,<br />

specialuri saswavlebeli, porvel klasidam<br />

ukanasknelamde marto erTs sagans unda<br />

emsaxurebodes, saxeldobr, imasao, rom ymawvils<br />

sameurneo mecnierebis swavla-codna misces da<br />

xerxic am swavla-codnis saqmeSi gamoyenebisao.<br />

amisTana skola TavisTavad zogadganmanaTlebelic<br />

ariso da amitomac kacma am skolas Tavisi<br />

sakuTari sagnebi unda akmaros da sxvadasxva<br />

sagnebi ar Caurios da programa ar aaWreloso im<br />

cdomilis azriT, viTomda bunebismetyvelebis<br />

sagnebi, Tunda imodenad, ramodenadac aucileblad<br />

saWiroa sameurneo mecnierebisaTvis, zogad<br />

ganaTlebas ar iZleviano. krebam dainaxa saWirod,<br />

rom programa samermiso saswavleblisa am mxriT<br />

iyos kargad mofiqrebuli da Sedgenili, anu uked<br />

vsTqvaT, pirvel klasidam ukanasknelamde erTi<br />

azri unda hqondes aRsasruleblad, ese igi, isa,<br />

rom swavla-codna sameurneo mecnierebisa SesZinos<br />

moswavlesao TeoriiT da saqmiT imodenad,<br />

ramodenadac saWiroa pirdapir saqmeSi gonierad da<br />

codniT CabmisaTvisao.<br />

mere gaimarTa laparaki imazed, rom im<br />

programas, romelic daniSnulia b-n vaCnaZisagan,<br />

ver aasrulebs sameurneo saswavlebelio; amisaTvis<br />

metad mokle xania dadebuli, sul mosamzadebel<br />

klaseb garda eqvsi weliwadia da es metad cotaa,<br />

rom saswavlebeli Tavis mravalgvar sagnebis<br />

110

swavlebas gauZRveso, nametnavad franguls enas<br />

xuT-eqvs weliwadSi imodenad ver iswavlian<br />

ymawvilebi, rom angariSebi swerono. garda amisa<br />

SehniSnes, rom b-n vaCnaZis moxsenebaSi<br />

gadametebuli adgili aqvs micemuli Teorias da<br />

praqtika am mxriT CamorCeniliao.<br />

ai umTavresi saubari razed astyda krebaSi.<br />

radganac am krebas azrad ara hqonia<br />

gadawyvetileba raime daedgina da marto<br />

rCevisaTvis da am saganzed azris<br />

aRebmicemobisaTvis iyo mowveuli, amitomac<br />

jerxanad sakmaod danaxul iqmna es erTmanerTis<br />

azrebis Setyoba... bolos b-nma Tavmjdomarem<br />

gamoacxada, rom ukanasknel sityvisaTvis kvlav<br />

iqmneba mowveuli amisTanave kreba da sTxova<br />

krebulsa ar daizaron da erTxel kidev Seiyarnen<br />

am rTulis da Znelis saqmis SesrulebisaTvis.<br />

amasTan b-nma Tavmjdomarem auwya krebas, rom erTi<br />

wevri saTavadaznauro kamitetisa apirobs am<br />

saganzed Tavis proeqtis warmodgenas da am<br />

proeqtis warmodgenisve umal daniSnul iqmneba<br />

axali krebao.<br />

Cvenc movucdiT am axals proeqts da mere<br />

vecdebiT am saganzed Cveni azric warmovsTqvaT.<br />

111

112<br />

<br />

evropaSi<br />

tfilisi, 23 Tebervali<br />

dRes evropaSi aqeT miixedav, Tof-iaraRis xma<br />

ismis, iqiT miixedav _ abjris Cxara-Cxuri. yvelgan<br />

raRac gaZlierebuli facafucia, raRac mzadebaa<br />

da erTi davidaraba. yovels ers evropisas,<br />

romelsac marto mSvidobianoba da myudrod yofna<br />

swyurian, xvalindeli dRe aSinebs, akankalebs. imas<br />

aRar vityviT es vai-vaglaxi, es SeTofiaraReba, es<br />

mzadeba ramodenad uRirs TviTveuls ers calke<br />

da yvelas erTad. midis auarebeli sarCosabadebeli<br />

da is gaumaZRari veSapi hylapavs,<br />

romelsac sulad tyvia-wamlis boli amosdis<br />

piridam, xelebad Tofi da xmali aqvs, muclad<br />

uzarmazari zarbazani da nayofad aTiaTasobiT<br />

mkvdari kaci. sul risTvis? marto imisTvis, rom<br />

T. bismarks da sxvas amisTanebs sabuTi hqondes<br />

sTqvas, rom RvTis meti Cven aravin SegvaSinebso.<br />

modiT da nu ityviT, rom am dRis mnaxveli da<br />

damswre kacobrioba sacodavi da Sesabralisi ar<br />

aris Tqo.<br />

es SeTofiaraRebuli mSvidobianoba, Tavidam<br />

fexebamde saomar abjarSi Camjdari da saomradve<br />

damklavebuli, TviT omze uaresia. omi, rac unda

iyos, an ho da an araa. eseTi mSvidobianoba ki arc<br />

erTia da arc meore da amiT aris adamianis<br />

sulisa da xorcis SemWmeli da damlevi.<br />

Tavmowonebuli saukune kia es mecxramete<br />

saukune!.. nuTu es dRevandeli yofa evropiisa<br />

Seefereba, eSesabameba yovels imas, rac<br />

kacobriobas SesZina am saukunem ukeTesTa da<br />

udidesTa kacTa meoxebiTa, RvawliTa da<br />

TavdadebiTa!.. mecniereba da xelobneba, romelnic<br />

RvTaeburs niWs adamianisas imisTvis gauCenia, rom<br />

Segviurvon da gviTxran: modiT, maSvralno da<br />

tvirTmZimeno, da Cven gangisvenoT Tqven, nuTu es<br />

RvTaeburni madlni dRes kacobriobas<br />

Semoswyromia? maS ra aris, rom erTic da meorec<br />

dRes miwveulni arian adamianis saJletad<br />

garjisaTvis! diaR, esenic ki hSvelian kacis xarbs<br />

da gamgelebuls guls imisTana iaraRi miscen<br />

xelSi, rom erTs wams mTeli laSkari, mTeli<br />

mxedroba mosTibos, rogorc balaxis Rero, arc<br />

mecniereba, arc xelovneba amisTana ukadriss<br />

samsaxurs ara hTakilobs da rodis? mecxramete<br />

saukuneSi. im saukuneSi, romlsac marTalis<br />

TavmowonebiT SeuZlian daiqados aqamdis unaxavi<br />

aRmateba adamianis gonebisa da mravalgvari<br />

warmateba.<br />

nuTu es aRmateba gonebisa, es mravalgvari<br />

warmateba, ase Zvirad naSovni, aseTis TavgawirviT<br />

SeZinebuli, unda marTla marto imas mohxmardes,<br />

rom erTmanerTi vxocoT da vJlitoT? Cvenda<br />

sabednierod, adamians jer qanci aqamde ar<br />

gaswyvetia, aqamde jer Zirs ar dauwevia da<br />

suliT da guliT ar gaTaxsirebula. qveyanaze<br />

kidev moipovebian imisTana didsulovanni kacni,<br />

romelTac es samarcxvino yofa evropiisa amZimebT<br />

da romelnic amis winaaRmdeg hRaRadeben da<br />

iRvwian dauZineblad. amaTi Rvawli da RaRadeba<br />

113

jer kantikuntad aris aqa-iqa, magram mermisi ki<br />

sruls gamarjvebas amaT uqadis.<br />

yoveli axali moZRvreba, nametnavad didi,<br />

advilad da male ar daiWers xolme cxovrebis<br />

moedanzed adgilsa. ramodenadac moZRvreba axalia<br />

da didi, imodenad didi manZilia mis dasawyisidam<br />

mis ganxorcielebamde. swored am kanons<br />

eqvemdebareba igi kacTmoyvaruli moZRvreba,<br />

romelic dRes hlamis kacTagan omebiT<br />

erTmanerTis Jleta da xocva srulad mospos da<br />

aRgavos dedamiwis zurgidam. dRes taatiT dadis<br />

es moZRvreba, magram dRedadRe momxre emateba da,<br />

maSasadame, Ronec da mxneobac eZleva dauRalavad<br />

svlisaTvis.<br />

am ukanasknel dReebSi gazeTebma mogvitanes<br />

ambavi, rom romis papi leon XIII mihmxrobia am<br />

moZRvrebasa. erTis gazeTis korrespondenti<br />

romidam iwereba, rom papi apirobs ors marts<br />

sityvis Tqmasa da hsurs gamoacxados, rom<br />

aucileblad saWiroa SuakacTa (третейским судом)<br />

samarTliT hTavdebodes yovelgvari erTaSorisi<br />

sadao saqmeebio. Tu es misi azri Sewynarebul da<br />

miRebul iqmneba saxelmwifoTagan. paps imedi aqvs,<br />

rom saxelmwifoni maSinve ahyrian TavianT<br />

mxedrobas Tof-iaraRs da amiT yovelive molodini<br />

gansacdelisa qveyanas Tavidam moSordebao.<br />

Tu es ganzraxva romis mRvdelmTavrisa<br />

marTalia, papi leon XIII saukunod madlobiT<br />

saxsenebeli iqmneba kacobriobisagan imisda<br />

miuxedavad, gasWris Tu ara misi ganzraxuli<br />

sityva saxelmwifoTa winaSe, imitom, rom zogjer<br />

Tqmac saqmea, nametnavad imisTana gvamisagan,<br />

romelsac auarebeli xalxi TayvaniscemiT da<br />

sasoebiT usmens. paps dRes mTeli kaTolikeni<br />

mTels qveynierobazed Tavis damrigeblad,<br />

mwvrTnelad, gzis maCveneblad da winamZRvarad<br />

114

hxadian da amitomac mravalTaTvis misi sityvac<br />

saqmea da rogorc Tesli nayofis gamomRebia.<br />

rasakvirvelia, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom<br />

saxelmwifoebma dResve aasrulon survili papisa,<br />

magram mis mier marto Tqmac imisTana saxelovani<br />

Rvawlia, romelic papis leon XIII-is saxels<br />

daamSvenebs istoriaSi.<br />

115

116<br />

<br />

germaniisaTvis<br />

tfilisi, 29 Tebervali<br />

aw gardacvalebuli imperatori germaniisa<br />

vilhelmi didad sayvareli kaci Seiqna<br />

germanielTaTvis mas Semdeg, raki danias CamoarTva<br />

Slezvig-golsteini, avstria gandevna germaniidam<br />

da bolos daamarcxa safrangeTi. minam safrangeTi<br />

gamgebeli iyo evropiis sve-bedisa, Zlier uSlida<br />

germaniis gaerTianebas im mizeziT, rom<br />

gaerTianebuli da miT gaZlierebuli germania<br />

saSiSar mezoblad eyoleboda da upiratesobasac<br />

CamoarTmevda evropaSi. roca vilhelmma, Tavisis<br />

genios TanaSemweebiT bismarkiT da moltkeTi, es<br />

didis xnis guliTadi wadili gaerTebisa<br />

aRsrulebaSi moiyvana, misdami siyvaruls da<br />

pativiscemas germaniaSi sazRvari ara hqonda.<br />

winad ki, saxeldobr, 1848 w., roca prusiaSi<br />

areuloba da aSliloba moxda, vilhelmma, maSin<br />

jer prusiis taxtis memkvidred yofilma,<br />

verafrad moawona Tavi ersa. erma igi icna<br />

reaqcionerad da imodenad aiTvalwuna, rom<br />

maSindelma prusiis mefem vilhelmis Zmam<br />

fridrix-vilhelm IV da misma ministrebma urCies<br />

prusiidam sadme gadaxvewiliyo da momduravs ers

mohSoreboda. vilhelmi gaixizna dromde inglisSi.<br />

mere, roca isev germaniaSi dabrunda, daniSnul<br />

iqmna mTavar spaspetad mxedrobisa, romelic<br />

gagzavnil iyo badenSi revolucionerebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. 1858 w. miiRo regentoba, radganac Zma<br />

misi, mefe prusiisa avad iyo da imis sikvdilis<br />

Semdeg 1861 w. gamefda kidec.<br />

gamefebis umalve daibara peterburgSi elCad<br />

gagzavnili grafi bismarki, romelic cnobili iyo<br />

viTarca moTave kaci memarjveneTa 1847 w.<br />

landtagSi. grafi bismarki daibara imisaTvis, rom<br />

rogorme moexerxebina da weswyobileba Seecvala<br />

parlamentisa, romelic maSin Zlier<br />

epirispireboda prusiis marTeblobasa.<br />

TviTon vilhelmi TavisTavad ar iyo imodenad<br />

didi, rogorc bolos dros garemoebam gamoiyvana.<br />

igi saxelovani saqmeebi, romelTac prusia did da<br />

Zlier germaniad Sehqmnes, germanias imodenad<br />

vilhelmisagan ar emadleba, ramodenadac im<br />

kacebisagan, romelnic vilhelmma moiwvia,<br />

daiaxlova sarCevad da samoqmedod. vilhelmis<br />

Rvawli germaniis winaSe is aris, rom didi niWi<br />

hqonda kacebis amorCevisa Tvisda TanaSemwed.<br />

kacebis amorCevac icoda da imaTi pativica. T.<br />

bismarki da grafi moltke man icna mravalTa<br />

Soris da moiSvelia imisTana Znel saqmeSi,<br />

rogorc gamgeobaa saxelmwifosSi. Setyobis niWma<br />

ar uRalata da TviTonac imodenad sulgrZeli<br />

iyo, rom maTs rCevas, maTs windaxedulobas da<br />

SorsmWvretelobas srulis ndobiT mxari misca.<br />

Tumca adrindeli midrekileba reaqcionuri<br />

bolomde SerCa imperators vilhelmsa da ase Tu<br />

ise hcdilobda jer prusiis da mere germaniis<br />

parlamentis frTebis Sekvecas, magram TviTon T.<br />

bismarkic amave midrekilebis kacia, nametnavad<br />

Sinaurs politikaSi da amitomac vilhelmisa da<br />

117

mismarkis erTmanerTSi ganwyobilebas Zlieri da<br />

magari safuZveli hqonda am mxriT.<br />

ar iTqmis, rom sagareo politikaSi eseTive<br />

Tanxmoba yofiliyo maT Soris. imperators<br />

vilhelms uyvarda saxloba ruseTis imperatorisa<br />

da TviT xelmwife imperatorica, viTarca Tavisi<br />

maxlobeli naTesavi. amitomac yovels saqciels<br />

bismarkisas, ruseTisaTvis sawyens, imperatori<br />

vilhelmi guliT ver moiwonebda xolme da<br />

zogjer uTanxmoebac mosdioda bismarkTan. amisda<br />

miuxedavad, T. bismarki mainc yovlad SemZlebeli<br />

kaci iyo da Zalian Sesuli Tavis imperatorTan,<br />

romelic bevrs ar uxirdeboda xolme T. bismarks,<br />

radganac icoda da swamda misi didgoniereba da<br />

TiTqmis utyuari Sormxedveloba.<br />

exla depeSebma gvacnobes, rom germaniis<br />

saimperatoro taxtzed asasvlelad memkvidre<br />

vilhelmisa fridrixi wavida sen-remodamo.<br />

fridrixi metad mZime avadmyofia da, rogorc<br />

mkurnalni amboben, imisi morCena Znelad<br />

sagulvebeliao. mainc am mZime avadmyofs gaubednia<br />

berlinSi wasvla sen-remodam, saca igi imyofeboda<br />

mosarCenad, rogorc haviT kargad Sezavebuls<br />

adgilsa. misi gaimperatoreba germaniaSi dids da<br />

mravalgvars saqmeebs moaswavebs, Tu davujerebT im<br />

xmebs, rac am axals imperatorzed winad ismoda,<br />

roca jer memkvidred iricxeboda. amboben, rom igi<br />

liberalebis momxrea da verafrad moswons T.<br />

bismarki da imisi politika, nametnavad Sinaurio.<br />

axal imperatoris meuRles xom Tvalis<br />

dasanaxavad ejavrebao T. bismarki. amasac amboben,<br />

viTomc axali imperatori ufro imisi momxrea,<br />

rom safrangeTs rogorme mohSveldes da<br />

mourigdeso.<br />

Tu yovelive es Wori ar aris, ra Tqma unda,<br />

rom axali imperatori bevrs cvlilebas da didis<br />

118

mniSvnelobis cvlilebasac moaxdens germaniaSi da,<br />

maSasadame, evropaSiac, radganac dRes evropaSi<br />

hbZaneblobs germania.<br />

rasakvirvelia, yovelive es jer ufro miTqmamoTqmaa,<br />

vidre dasabuTebuli ambavi da amitomac am<br />

miTqma-moTqmazed damyarebuli winadTqma risame<br />

dabejiTebiT jer SeuZlebelia. ori kvirac ar<br />

gaivlis dReis Semdeg da yvelaferi cxadi iqneba.<br />

yovel amis miuxedavad, mainc didis mniSvnelobis<br />

ambavia gardacvaleba imperatoris vilhelmisa<br />

imitom, rom am ukanasknel xanebSi ambobdnen,<br />

voTomc moxucebuls imperators didad hsurda,<br />

minam cocxalia, omi ar atexiliyo da suli amiT<br />

ar daemZimebinao.<br />

119

120<br />

<br />

imperatori<br />

tfilisi, 7 marti<br />

2-s marts depeSa movida berlinidam da<br />

gvacnoba, rom axal imperatoris fridrix III-is<br />

manifestma yvelgan Zlier kargad imoqmeda,<br />

nametnavad im sityvebmao, rom me yovel<br />

RonisZiebas vixmarebo Zlevamosils omebsac ki<br />

moverido da marto mSvidobianis gziT vecdebi<br />

saxelmwifos keTildReobisaTvisao. marTalia,<br />

Znelia exlandels ganaTlebuls droSi kacma,<br />

imperatoris taxtzed axlad asulma, gamotexilad<br />

sTqvas, omebs avstexo, Tundac gulSi eg edvas,<br />

magram imperator fridrixis manifestSi eg<br />

arsurvili omisa metad Zlieris sityvebiT aris<br />

gamoTqmuli da sagulisxmierod gamoTqmulia<br />

samSvidobo sityvebi ufro metis yuradRebis<br />

misaqcevad.<br />

am manifests rom zed davurToT reskripti, T.<br />

bismarkTan miwerili axalis imperatorisagan,<br />

maSin, xom ufro cxadad davinaxavT, ra hsurs da<br />

ra gzazed hdgeba axali imperatori germaniisa.<br />

Cvenis fiqriT, es reskripti ufro<br />

didmniSvnelobiania germaniisaTvis, vidre<br />

manifesti. depeSebi gvarwmuneben, rom am<br />

reskriptSi imperatori fridrixi guliTads

madlobas uTvlis T. bismarks dauZinebel<br />

SromisaTvis da acxadebs, rom me imperiis gamgeoba<br />

msurso konstituciisa da kanonebis Tanaxmad da am<br />

gziT nivTiers da suliers warmatebas erisas<br />

guldadebiT Sevudgebio.<br />

germaniis imperias arc aqamde aklda<br />

mzrunveloba mTavrobisa, magram yvelam viciT, rom<br />

T. bismarkis Sinauri politika, romelsac sagnada<br />

aqvs eg nivTieri da sulieri warmateba erisa,<br />

rogorRac hkoWlobda da agebuli iyo ufro<br />

Zvels moZRvrebazed, vidre axalis drois wessa da<br />

rigzed. yvelafers sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, isic<br />

sakmaoa sabuTad moviyvanoT, rom T. bismarks<br />

TvalSi eklad hqonda germaniis parlamenti, ese<br />

igi, kanonmdebeli krebuli germaniis eris<br />

warmomadgenelobisa. amitomac T. bismarki arc<br />

erTs SemTxvevas ar dahkargavda xolme, rom ar<br />

gahmklaveboda parlaments, roca parlamenti imis<br />

survilisamebr ar iqcevoda da ara erTxel<br />

ukadrisadac zurgi Seuqcevia Tavis mopirispire<br />

parlamentisaTvis. Cven adreveca vsTqviT, rom aw<br />

gansvenebuli imperatori vilhelmi T. bismarkis<br />

TviTnebobas ufro mxars aZlevda, vidre germaniis<br />

eris warmomadgenelobas. arc imperatori<br />

vilhelmi iyo didi momxre parlamentobisa.<br />

exla ki axali imperatori fridrixi, taxtzed<br />

asvlis umalve, TavaziT da tkbilad eubneba<br />

TviTon T. bismarks, me msurs konstituciisa da<br />

kanonebis Tanaxmad vmarTo Cemi saxelmwifovo. es<br />

imasa hniSnavs, rom me ver vumxrob imas, vinc<br />

parlaments, konstituciis da kanonebis ZaliT<br />

arsebuls, auxirdeba da win gadaeRobeba<br />

TviTnebobiTa da ZalmomreobiTao. Cvena gvgonia,<br />

rom zemoxsenebul sityvebs reskriptisas sxva<br />

mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes, nametnavad Tu saxeSi<br />

viqoniebT, rom igi sityvebi sakuTrad T. bismarkis<br />

121

mimarT aris miqceuli. Cven eseca gvgonia, rom T.<br />

bismarki ugemurad Seikravda warbs, roca am<br />

sityvebs Tvals mohkravda.<br />

Zliereba mTavrobisa kanonebis Tanaxmad qcevaa,<br />

egeve qcevaa utyuari da saimedo Tavmdebi eris<br />

keTildReobisa yovel mxriT, xorcielad Tu<br />

sulierad. ai germanias ra moswons da ra uxarian<br />

axalis imperatorisa, romelic qveyanas uqadis<br />

mSvidobianobas da germanias konstituciisa da<br />

kanonebis Tanaxmad gamgeobas da marTvasa. gared<br />

mSvidobianoba da Sin kanoniereba _ ai es ori<br />

sagani daudvia valad Tvisad imperators<br />

fridrixs da Tu Tavisi mzrunvelba amas miaqcia<br />

aRTqmisamebr, maSin utyuari ganaCeni erisa ukeTess<br />

xelmwifeTa Soris CasTvlis am axals<br />

xelmwifesac.<br />

asea Tu ise, fridrixi imperatorad Seiqmna Tu<br />

ara, cotad dascxra da ganelda is gaZlierebuli<br />

SiSi xvalisa, romelic ase Zlier uxuTavda<br />

dRevandlamde suls mTels evropasa. xom arc<br />

Zvels imperators surda omisa da Cxubis atexa<br />

da ratom maSin ara scxreboda da ara hneldeboda<br />

es SiSi? imitom, rom SiSis mizezi T. bismarki iyo<br />

da vilhelmis dros xom T. bismarki yovlad<br />

SemZlebeli kaci iyo da marto T. bismarkis<br />

Zlieri marjvena atrialebda sve-beds qveynisas. T.<br />

bismarki xom exlac aris isev im umaRles<br />

Tanamdebobazed, romelic epyra winad, da rad<br />

hneldeba da scxreba SiSi dRes? aSkaraa, qveyanas<br />

guli daujerebia, rom T. bismarks exlandelis<br />

imperatoris winaSe is xma da fxa aRar eqmneba,<br />

rac uwin, da raki SiSis mizezma iklo, ra Tqma<br />

unda, SiSic iklebda.<br />

es SiSis kleba daetyo birJasac, saca<br />

yovelgvarma safasurma qaRaldma am ukanasknel<br />

dReebSi sagrZnoblad aiwia, anu, uked vsTqvaT,<br />

122

oqro gaiefda. birJa politikis avkargianobis<br />

sasworia da iseTi mgrZnobieri uReli aqvs, rom<br />

mcireodeni cvlileba, sakeTilo Tu saboroto,<br />

maSinve aatokebs xolme da maSinve gvacnobebs<br />

SiSianobis niavi hqris politikaSi Tu<br />

mSvidobianobisa. dRes birJa am ukanasknels<br />

gvaCvenebs da imisi naCvenebi jer minam Cvenc<br />

davijeroT.<br />

123

124<br />

gzebi<br />

tfilisi, 8 marti<br />

marTalia, samSvidobo niavma daubera dRes<br />

evropasa da axalma imperatorma germaniisam didi<br />

imedebi misca, magram kacs uneblied win exideba es<br />

sakiTxavi: saidam da rogor Camovardeba es<br />

yvelasaTvis sasurveli mSvidobianoba? es<br />

sakiTxavi imitom ufro sabuTiania, rom yovelive<br />

didi saistorio SemTxveva, rogorc, magaliTebr,<br />

omis atexaa didTa saxelmwifoTa Soris, imodenad<br />

calke kaczed ar aris damokidebuli, ramodenadac<br />

erTad mogubebul garemoebaTa krebulzeda. rac<br />

unda Zlieri kaci iyos, igi ufro monaa, tyvea am<br />

garemoebaTa krebulisa, vidre bZanebeli da<br />

amitomac zemoxsenebuls sakiTxavs Tavisi sabuTi<br />

aqvs.<br />

germania Zlieri saxelmwifoa. misma saocrad<br />

mowyobilma mxedrobam TiTqmis uZlevelobis<br />

saxeli moipova evropaSi. rasakvirvelia, amisi<br />

mcodne kaci dids mniSvnelobas miscems<br />

gulisTqmas da survils am saxelmwifos<br />

gamgebelisas. samSvidobo survili mis exlandelis<br />

imperatorisa yvelas euwya TviT imperatorisagan<br />

da SeSinebuli guli evropiisa, cota ar iyos,

dawynarda. xolo safiqrebelad mainc hrCeba:<br />

rogor unda aisrulos Tavis sulgrZeli da<br />

kacTmoyvare survili imperatorma fridrixma, raki<br />

viciT, rom amisTanaebSi calke kacis wadili<br />

xSirad uRonoa xolme saqmeTa cvlilebisaTvis.<br />

am Tvramet da cxramet weliwadis ganmavlobaSi<br />

bevri imisTana baraqiani mizezi mizezs zed<br />

Seekeca, bevri imisTana naskvi Seikra, rom am<br />

mizezebis daSlas, am naskvis gamoxsnas ara hyofnis<br />

marto erTi survili Tund imisTana Zlieris<br />

kacisa, rogoric dRes imperatori fridrixia.<br />

minam safrangeTi gulidam ar amoiRebs wyurvils<br />

samagieros gadaxdisas da elzas-lorenis<br />

dakargvis simwvaves ar dainelebs, im dromde<br />

Znelia sTqvas kacma, rom evropas ca gadaewmindao.<br />

SesaZloa davijeroT gulwrfeloba imperatoris<br />

fridrixisa, SesaZloa viwamoT misi guliTadi<br />

survili, rom qveyanazed mSvidobianoba iyos,<br />

magram safrangeTis mayurebeli germania Znelad Tu<br />

iaraRs aiyris da Tavis far-xmals Zirs dasdebs<br />

da Tu germaniam iaraRi ar aiyara, ra xelsayrelia<br />

igi mSvidobianoba, romelic Tavidam fexamde TofiaraRSi<br />

hzis da damklavebulia saomrad.<br />

cxadia, rom minam safrangeTs xmlis vadazed<br />

xeli uvlia, germania ver gahbedavs iaraRis ayras.<br />

maSasadame, orSi erTi unda moaxdinos imperatorma<br />

fridrixma Tavis survilis aRsasruleblad: an<br />

safrangeTzed imoqmedos imodenad, rom muqarazed<br />

xeli aaRebinos, an safrangeTs unda dauamos<br />

tkivili elzas-lorenis dakargvisa. pirveli<br />

SeuZlebelia. Tavmomwone safrangeTi Tavis abrus<br />

gatexas evropaSi Tavis dReSi ar SearCens<br />

germanias, Tu germaniam imisTana ram ar ixerxa,<br />

rom safrangeTis Tavmomwoneobas kmayofileba<br />

misces. saqme amaSia. es bolgariis saqme, Cvenis<br />

fiqriT, advilad gasaTavebelia, Tu germaniam<br />

125

moindoma. aqedam SiSis molodini tyuili<br />

molodinia imitom, rom aq germaniis erTi sityva<br />

Wiradac eyofa am saqmesa da lxinadac. Cvena<br />

gvgonia, rom bolgariis saqme marqafaa im did<br />

saqmisa, romelic dasavleTs evropaSi cecxls<br />

inaxavs. es bolgariis saqme, vgonebT, ufro<br />

imisaTvis aris gangeb atexili T. bismarkisagan,<br />

rom zogierTi saxelmwifo am saqmes moaxvios da<br />

aRar moacalos safrangeTisaTvis xelis<br />

misawdomad.<br />

am saxiT mSvidobianobis dasamyareblad saWiroa<br />

dRes yvela saxelmwifom iaraRi aiyaros.<br />

safrangeTi Tavis tkivilis dauyuCeblad amas ara<br />

iqms. maSasadame, an imperatorma fridrixma es<br />

tkivili unda dauamos safrangeTsa, an Semoikrebos<br />

mTeli evropa, mSvidobianobis wyurviliT<br />

Zaldatanebuli da zneobrivis zedmoqmedebiT urCs<br />

safrangeTs Zirs daadebinos iaraRi. erTica da<br />

meorec imodenad imperator fridrixis xelSi ar<br />

aris, ramodenac garemoebaTa mZleobaSia.<br />

126

Rirsebebi<br />

tfilisi, 9 marti<br />

ramdenime dRe ruseTidam fosta ar iyo da<br />

gazeTebi ar moetana, exla gza gaixsna da gazeTebi<br />

ramdenisame dRisa erTad mogvivida. mTeli<br />

gazeTebi, rasakvirvelia, sul imperatoris<br />

vilhelmis gardacvalebis gamo hlaparakoben da<br />

visac ra agondeba, is esizmreba xvalindelis<br />

dRisa. yvelani ki imaze erTnairad Tanaxmani arian,<br />

rom micvaleba imperatoris vilhelmisa didi<br />

ambavia istoriisaTvis. Zlevamosili da evropaSi<br />

gabatonebuli Zlieri germania dRes aqamomde<br />

saTaveSi udga evropiis politikasa, romelic<br />

ugermaniod TiTqmis es oci weliwadia wkirsac<br />

xels vera hkidebs gadasabruneblad. maSasadame,<br />

advilad misaxvedria, rom imisTana kacis aryofna,<br />

romelsac sve-bedi germaniisa saxelovanad xelT<br />

epyra da am kacis magier sxva axalis kacis<br />

Cadgoma, didad sagrZnobeli da safiqrebelia ara<br />

marto germaniisaTvis, aramed mTelis<br />

evropiisaTvisac.<br />

amitomac dRes yvelani imis gamocnobasa da<br />

mkiTxaobaSi arian Tu, ra iqneba xval. am<br />

gamocnobisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, didi mniSvneloba<br />

127

aqvs axalis imperatoris znesa, grZnoba-xasiaTsa,<br />

mimarTulebas da midrekilebasa. amis gamo erTi<br />

gazeTic ar aris, rom imperator fridrixis<br />

Tvisebis da Rirsebis gamorkvevas ara hcdilobdes.<br />

samarTali iTxovs vsTqvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSi<br />

gazeTebi erTmanerTis Tanaxmani arian. yvelani<br />

amboben, rom axali imperatori mSvidobismoyvarea,<br />

omebi, Cxubi da sisxlisRvra ejavreba,<br />

Zalmomreobas, uZluris Cagvras hTakilobs, sxva<br />

qveynebis dapyrobis sixarbe ara aqvs, didi<br />

morCilia kanonierobisa da samarTlianobisa da<br />

didi pativismcemeli eris warmomadgenelobisao.<br />

yovel amas isic unda davumatoT, rom imperatori<br />

fridrixi kargad naswavli, kargad ganaTlebuli<br />

da momzadebuli kacia. yovelive es Rirseba<br />

imisTana kacSi, romelsac RmerTma arguna gamgeoba<br />

erTis uZlieresis saxelmwifosi, didi sabuTia,<br />

rom xvalindeli dRe ufro metis nugeSiT, metis<br />

sasoebiT moilodinos gulgatexilma adamianma,<br />

imodenad mainc, ramodenadac qveynis saqmeTa<br />

rTuli mdinareoba erTs kaczea damokidebuli,<br />

Tundac imisTana Zlierzed, rogoric dRes<br />

imperatori fridrixia.<br />

am nugeSs iZlevian ufros-erTi gazeTebi. xolo<br />

esec kargad ician yvelam, rom dRevandeli yofa<br />

evropiisa, amdeni awewili da aSlili saqmeebi,<br />

romelT gamoc guli emRvrevaT erTmaneTzed didTa<br />

da wvrilTa saxelmwifoebs, imodenad mZlavrni<br />

arian, rom ara calke kacis survilsa maTzed<br />

bZanebloba ar gauva. ai es garemoeba cotad Tu<br />

bevrad aZnelebs xvalindelis dRis sanugeSo<br />

naTelsa. exla jer minam germanias ver mouclia<br />

mgloviarobisagan, politika evropiisa<br />

miyruebulia, xolo saqmeni iseTs mdgomareobaSi<br />

arian, rom didxans yuris miyrueba SeuZlebelia<br />

da male moiTxoven Tavisas. dadgeba es dRe Tu<br />

128

ara, maSin gamomJRavndeba, garemoeba ramdenad<br />

Seuwyobs xels imperators fridrixs Tavisis<br />

keTilis survilis misaRwevad. am dRis lodinSi<br />

arian yvela gazeTebi, romelnic dRes xelTa<br />

gvaqvs da yvela saxelmwifoni, romelTac<br />

dRevandeli dRe uWirT.<br />

129

130<br />

mizezi<br />

tfilisi, 14 marti<br />

sakvirveli qveyanaa es safrangeTi. kvalSi rom<br />

CavudgeT, davinaxavT, rom yovlisfriT aRsavse<br />

qveyanaa: eri didad niWieri, bejiTi da gamrjeli,<br />

mecniereba gindaT, xelovneba, mrewveloba,<br />

yovelgvari vaWroba, aRebmicemoba, simdidre,<br />

literatura, ra gindaT, rom iq ara sduRdes da<br />

ar gadmodiodes. yovelive, rac qveynierobis<br />

madlad aris miCneuli kacTagan, yovelive calke<br />

da erTad uxvad miniWebuli da gafenili aqvs<br />

safrangeTsa. RmerTs TiTqo araferi ar dauzogavs<br />

am erisaTvis da marto erTi ram ar miumadlebia.<br />

safrangeTi yvelafers saxelovanad uZRveba,<br />

yvelaferi icis da marto Tavis Tavis movlas ver<br />

uZRveba, Tavis Tavis movla ar icis.<br />

Tvrameti weliwadia, rac respublikaa<br />

safrangeTSi da am Tvramets weliwadSi<br />

respublikis mometebuli Zal-Rone da dro Seelia<br />

marto imas, rom aTas Sinaur mterTagan Tavi<br />

daicvas, Tavi Seinaxos. respublika dauZinebel<br />

darajad edga Tavis Tavs, aca, aravin qurdulad<br />

ar momeparos da pirqve ar damceso. bevri dro<br />

aRara hqonda respublikas Tavisi sikeTe gamoeCina

da rac SeeZlo, is miemadlebina safrangeTisaTvis<br />

am Tvramet weliwadSi. verc erTma saministrom<br />

ver moimagra imodenad fexi, rom kacs eTqva, ai<br />

fexmagari, gulmagari da zurgmagari mTavroba<br />

daidgina safrangeTmao. am daudgromelobam abru<br />

gautexa safrangeTsa qveynierobis TvalSi da<br />

safrangeTi, TviTon bunebiTad Zlieri da Ronieri,<br />

uRonod da uZlurad gamodioda qveynis winaSe<br />

marto mTavrobis uRonobisa da uZlurobis gamo.<br />

daudgromels mmarTvelobas Znelad endoba kaci da<br />

amitomac safrangeTma ver moipova pirdapiri<br />

momxreoba evropaSi, Tumca am momxreobisaTvis ara<br />

erTi da ori sabuTiani mizezi iyo, saqmeTa<br />

garemoebisagan warmomdgari.<br />

ai dResac, roca safrangeTi apirobs erTi<br />

Zlieri da saimedo saministro iqonios flokes<br />

winamZRolobiTa, gamotyvra erTi imisTana ambavi,<br />

romelmac ar SeiZleba ar Caafiqros adamiani.<br />

generali bulanJe, samxedro kanonebis darRvevis<br />

gamo, mTavrobam gadaayena samsaxurisagan. astyda<br />

erTi aliaqoTi. generals bulanJes didi xma aqvs<br />

safrangeTSi, bevri momxreebi hyavs pariJSi da<br />

amboben, mxedrobaSiaco. am momxreebma TiTqmis omi<br />

gamoucxades exlandels mTavrobas safrangeTisas.<br />

saca ki palatis deputatis arCevani iniSneba, misni<br />

momxreni yvelgan general bulanJezed TiTs<br />

iSveren, ai deputatad amosarCevi kaci es ariso.<br />

es kidev araferi. calke gazeTi daaarses,<br />

romelsac sxva araviTari sagani ara aqvs garda<br />

imisa, rom general bulanJes gza gauxsnas<br />

umaRlesis Tanamdebobis dasaWerad safrangeTSi.<br />

es gazeTi amasac ara hkmarobs da hlamis TviT<br />

parlamentaroba safrangeTSi gaauqmos da<br />

safrangeTis sve-bedis gamgeoba marto erTis kacis<br />

xelSi Caagdos da es erTi kaci, rasakvirvelia,<br />

generali bulanJea. igi gazeTi ambobs, rom<br />

131

safrangeTis weswyobileba, konstitucia unda<br />

Seicvaloso, safrangeTis erma TviTon unda<br />

mouaros Tavis Tavsa erTis kacis xeliTao,<br />

romelic eris brZanebis amsruleblad unda<br />

iqmnaso da sxvani da sxvani. aba erTi gvibZaneT,<br />

safrangeTs rom Tavis Tavis movlisa da<br />

patronobis unari da madli qondes, amisTana ambebi<br />

SesaZlebeli iqmneboda, nametnavad amisTana<br />

gaWirvebul dros, roca xsna safrangeTisa<br />

erTsulad da erTgulad moqmedebaSia? nuTu<br />

WeSmariti mamulisSviloba amisTana ambavs sadme<br />

gahbedavda? maS, ris niSania es ambavi? dasawyisia<br />

dasasrulisa, Tu dasasruli dasawyisisa?<br />

132

feriscvaleba<br />

tfilisi, 15 marti<br />

marTlad aris naTqvami, droni mefobeno. am<br />

aTis Tu cametis wlis winad rom daswrebodiT<br />

Cvens TavadaznaurTa sagubernio krebasa, sxvas<br />

verasfers SehniSnavdiT, rom Seyrilan Tavadaznaurni<br />

marSlebisa da sxvaTa kanoniT aRniSnul<br />

moxeleTa amosarCevad. amis garda TiTqmis<br />

araviTari sarCieli sagani, araviTari gansasjeli<br />

da mosafiqrebeli saWiroeba ar gamodioda<br />

TavadaznaurTa krebis moedanzed. Tu ram moxeleTa<br />

arCevanis garda gamotyvreboda, isic marto is<br />

iyo, rom mTavrobasa vTxovoT danaSauloba<br />

apatios ama da am kacsao, an Tavadoba Tu<br />

aznauroba daukargavs sxvadasxva mizeziT amasa da<br />

amasa da viSuamdgomeloT, mTavrobam daubrunoso.<br />

yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, gulmtkivneulobis<br />

moZraobis saqmea da gulmtkivneulobiT moqmedeba<br />

aravis ekiJineba. magram yvelani dagveTanxmebian,<br />

rom amisTana saqmeebs araviTari zogadi<br />

mniSvneloba ara aqvs sayovelTaod mTel<br />

TavadaznaurobisaTvis, Tumca ki Txovnac aris da<br />

Txovnac da sagani Txovnisa maniSnebelia adamianis<br />

warmatebulobisa da am warmatebis metnaklebobisa.<br />

133

evropaSi andazad aris, rom miTxar vis icnob,<br />

getyvi ra kaci xaro. simarTle am andazisa ufro<br />

cxadi iqneba, rom vsTqvaT: miTxar ras iTxov da<br />

getyvi ra kaci xaro. Tu gnebavT am mxriT,<br />

winandel Cvens saTxovarebs zogadi mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda, mxolod rogorc sawyaos Cvenis<br />

warmatebulobis metnaklebobisas da TviTon<br />

Txovna ki Sesruldeboda, Tu ar Sesruldeboda,<br />

amiT arc ram daakldeboda Tavadaznaurobas, arc<br />

moemateboda: sagani Txovnisa amisTana iyo.<br />

radganac Cveni sagubernio krebani winad am<br />

viwro wreSi htrialebdnen, amitomac TviTon<br />

krebas arc gonebis gamrjeloba etyoboda, arc<br />

mxneoba moqmedebisa, duned da ugemurad<br />

gaimarTeboda kreba da isev duned da ugemurad<br />

daiSleboda xolme. es iyo mizezi, rom krebazed<br />

daswreba, monawileobis miReba bevrs aravis<br />

exarbeboda, bevrs aravis exaliseboda. TviT<br />

marSlebisa da moxeleTa amorCevas Tu yurs<br />

aTxovebda vinme, marto imisaTvis, rom maxlobels<br />

Tu megobars gza miscen pativisa da xarisxis<br />

mopoebisa. amomrCevelebs sxva araviTari azri ar<br />

miuZRoda win, roca xelSi kenWiT midiodnen<br />

arCevanis yuTisaken.<br />

exla dro gamoicvala. am bolos xanebSi Cvenma<br />

Tavadaznaurobam Tavis yofa-cxovrebazed cotad<br />

Tu bevrad Tvali aaxila. igi hxedavs, rom<br />

zogierTi uswormasworoba, zogierTi nakli<br />

SeiZleba Seswordes, Seivsos zogi mTavrobis<br />

SemweobiTa, zogi kanoniT nebadarTul<br />

TviTmoqmedobisagan. am ortotma mdinareobam<br />

mimarTulebisam Tvisi kvali ukve daaCnia Cvens<br />

TavadaznaurTa sagubernio krebas. rac xani gadis,<br />

Cvena vxedavT, rom sagubernio krebazed<br />

Tavadaznaurobas sxvadasxva sarCieli, sxvadasxva<br />

saWiroeba Seaqvs gasarCevad da gamosarkvevad. zogi<br />

134

imisTanaa, rom marto mTavrobis SemweobiT<br />

SesaZloa eSvelos rame da zogi imisTana, rom<br />

TviTon Tavadaznauroba hlamis TavisTavis<br />

hSvelasa, rasakvirvelia, imodenad, ramodenadac<br />

TviTon kanoni amis nebas iZleva.<br />

am mxriT metad SesaniSnavni arian ganaCenebi<br />

sagubernio krebisa 1882 wlisa, Tumca ki dRes<br />

aqamomde aravin icis, ra mohyva am ganaCenebs. Cven<br />

aq ver CamovTvliT yovels im sagans, romelic am<br />

wlis ganaCenebSia moxsenebuli. sakmaoa<br />

davasaxeloT Tunda marto saskolod fulis<br />

gaweris saqme, rom davinaxoT dRes cxovreba ra<br />

mZime da rTuls saqmes gvaZlevs Cven xelSi ase<br />

Tu ise gasaZRolad. am saqmiT Tavadaznaurobam<br />

icna erTi Tavisi udidesi saWiroeba da Tavis<br />

sasaxelod ara sxverpls ar moerida, rom am<br />

saWiroebas uSvelos rame sakuTaris RoniTa da<br />

SeZlebiTa.<br />

raki amisTana saqmeebzed Cvens Tavadaznaurobas,<br />

RvTis madliT, Tvali aexila, raki<br />

Tavadaznaurobas gulSi daeZra yovlad mxsneli<br />

azri TavisTavis Svelisa, moxeleTa arCevansac<br />

sul sxva rigis TvaliT unda dauwyos yureba<br />

dReis iqiT: asarCevni kacni unda SeurCios im<br />

saWiroebis gaZRolis simZimes da siZneles,<br />

romelsac dRevandeli dRe Tavadaznaurobas<br />

amcnebs da avalebs. amomrCevelma marto am<br />

saWiroebis gaZRolis sawyao unda daiWiros xelSi<br />

da im sawyaoTi Seudges kaci amorCevas. uamisod<br />

sarCieli bevri iqmneba da saqmis gamkeTebeli ki<br />

arc erTi da saqeburni ganaCenebi Tavadaznaurobis<br />

krebisani uqmad Caivlian. amisi magaliTi ara erTi<br />

da oria.<br />

dRes arCevanebi moaxloebulni arian. Cven<br />

Tavadaznaurobas hmarTebs winadve daufiqrdes am<br />

arCevanebis saqmes. wavida is uzrunveli dro,<br />

135

oca viZaxodiT: es kaci amovirCioT, dee, exla<br />

aman miiRos xarisxi da pativio. am azriT amorCeva<br />

axla codvaa da didi codvac. exla<br />

Tavadaznaurobas gagebulni, mixvedrilni, saqmis<br />

kacebi sWiria, Tu unda, rom Tavisi yofa-cxovreba<br />

warmarTos rigianad da dros Sesaferad. amas<br />

kacebi unda SeerCios, kacebi, romelTac codna,<br />

bejiToba, mxneoba da ganaTleba aqvT, rom<br />

mravalgvari saWiroeba Tavadaznaurobisa icnon<br />

TviTonac, TviTonac gaigon da am cnobiT da<br />

gagebiT maTdami mindobils saqmes bolomde<br />

jerovanad mihyvnen da Rirseulad emsaxuron.<br />

136

nakli<br />

tfilisi, 16 marti<br />

Cven mogvivida guSin patara wignaki, saca<br />

dabeWdilia sityva Tqmuli progimnaziis inspeqtoris<br />

b-n martinovskis mier wliur aqtis dros<br />

13 dekembers 1887 w. am wignakSi bevri ram metad<br />

sayuradReboa da samarTali iTxovs vsTqvaT, rom<br />

b-ni martinovski sakmao gulmodginebiT da<br />

siyvaruliT dakvirvebia da karga vrclad<br />

gaurCevia da gaurkvevia Tavisis sityvis sagani,<br />

sityvis sagnad auRia mTelis 1887 wlis moqmedeba<br />

da moRvaweoba tfilisis progimnaziis pedagogiur<br />

sabWosi. vinc am patara wignaks kvalSi Caudgeba,<br />

igi mTels mravalgvarobas am sabWos moqmedebisas<br />

cxadad warmoidgens, ise xerxianad, ise<br />

ganviTarebiT aris Sedgenili es wignaki. metad<br />

rTuli saqmea ymawvilebis swavlis da wvrTnis<br />

saqme, metad mravalkecia, metad mravali sagani da<br />

sarCielia am saqmis msvlelobis gzazed, Tund<br />

imisTana gzamokle da mcireodeni saswavlebeli<br />

iyos, rogoric progimnaziaa. wignakidama sCans, rom<br />

progimnaziis pedagogiurs sabWos bejiTad udevnebia<br />

am mravalgvarobisaTvis Tvali da mecadineoba<br />

ar dauzogavs, rom keTilad ganwyobilis saswav-<br />

137

leblis movaleoba progimnazias Tavisis mxriT<br />

warmatebiT Seesrulebina.<br />

Cven yovel im saganzed ver gavmarTavT saubars,<br />

raic CamoTvlilia b-n martinovskis mier Tqmul<br />

sityvaSi. Cven yuradRebas mivaqcevT marto erTs<br />

sagans, romlis gamoc b-ns martinovskis bevri<br />

rigiani da Sesaferi azri warmouTqvams da<br />

romelic dRes ruseTsa Tu evropaSi yvelas _<br />

mSoblebs, Tu pedagogebs Zlier alaparakebs da<br />

afiqrebs. am saganma Tavisi sakuTari saxelic<br />

dairqva da exla pedagogiaSi cnobilia `daqancvad~<br />

(переутомление). exlandeli saswavlebelio qancs<br />

aclis ymawvilsa da sulierad Tu xorcielad<br />

metismetad hRalavs da adunebso. amaSia TviT<br />

buneba sagnisa, romelsac daqancvas eZaxian. Exlandelni<br />

pedagogebi am saganzed dRes yvelgan<br />

hlaparakoben da am laparakma mTavrobis yuramdinac<br />

miaRwia. rogorc ruseTsa, isec sxvagan<br />

evropaSi mTavroba imis zrunvas Seudga, rom<br />

Seityos saqme swored esea Tu ara da Tu esea,<br />

wamali ram moupovos.<br />

ra Tqma unda, esre gaZlierebuli laparaki am<br />

`daqancvazed~ SeuniSnavad ar dahrCeboda<br />

progimnaziis pedagogiurs sabWos da b-ni martinovski<br />

gvauwyebs, rom sabWos uyuradRebod arc es<br />

friad didis mniSvnelobis sagani daugdia. igi<br />

ambobs: sazogadoebasa da Jurnal-gazeTobaSi uCivian<br />

daqancvas ymawvilebisas skolebSi. es Civili<br />

ismis rogorc ruseTSi, isec sazRvargared. Sazogadoebac<br />

da Jurnal-gazeTobac amis mizezs hxedavs<br />

ufro imaSi, rom viTom metad vrceli programaa<br />

swavlebisa. xsenebuli Civili usafuZvlo ar aris,<br />

xolo mizezi ki swored ar aris naCvenebio.<br />

b-n martinovskis mohyavs sabuTebi da ambobs,<br />

rom programis sivrceles ki ar unda daebralos<br />

eg daqancva ymawvilebisa, aramed uxerxobas, gul-<br />

138

grilobas ostatisasao. programao, ambobs igi,<br />

ostats marto aniSnebs gzasa, romelsac igi unda<br />

daadges, da srulebiTac ar avalebs, rom sibevre<br />

codna unda sTesos am gzazedao. b-ni martinovski<br />

magaliTebiT scdilobs daamtkicos, rom aw<br />

arsebuli programa vrceli ar aris. ramodenad<br />

marTalia amaSi b-ni martinovski, es pedagogebs<br />

gavarCevinoT, xolo igi amis Semdeg ambobs, rom<br />

raki programa vrceli ar aris, maS, mizezad<br />

ymawvilebis daqancvasa skolaSi sxva unda<br />

movuZebnoTo. mizezi is ariso, rom TviTon kurss<br />

sagnebisas skolaSi xSirad metismetad aganiereben,<br />

adideben ase, rom ymawvilis Rone veRar itanso.<br />

amas is mosdevso, rom ymawvilebi TviT skolaSi<br />

veRaras aswroben da ostatebisagan iZulebulni<br />

arian Sinac gasakveTebi gaikveTono. es saSinaod<br />

gasakveTebis micema kanonisagan ar aris dadgenili<br />

da marto Cveulebisagan aris erTxel da erTxel<br />

SemoRebulio.<br />

b-ni martinovski pirdapir ambobs, rom roca<br />

swavleba klasSi rigianad ar mihyavs ostats,<br />

maSin, rasakvirvelia, saSinaod unda misces Segirds<br />

gasakveTi saswavlebladao. xolo Tu maswavlebeli<br />

sindisierad gaanawilebs mTelis wlisaTvis<br />

swavlebis sagans, Seuwonavs swavlebis<br />

sagnis sidides ricxvs mTelis wlis gasakveTebisas,<br />

Tu yovel amis mosazrebiT gansazRvravs<br />

metnaklebobas codnisas, romelic man unda<br />

gadasces Segirds, Tu tyuilubralod wvrilmanebs<br />

ar gamoudgeba da marto saqmis ZarRvs Cahkidebs<br />

xelsa da Tu yovel amasTan sakmaod mxned ekideba<br />

saqmes, maSin saSinaod micema gasakveTisa metiao.<br />

b-ni martinovski samarTlianad emdureba da ar<br />

iwynarebs im ZvelisZvel Cveulebas, rom baSvs<br />

saSinaod gasakveTi mieces. ymawvili xuT-eqvss<br />

saaTamde hrCeba skolaSi, yovel dRe iq TiTqmis<br />

139

xuTi gasakveTi aqvs. rogor gauZlos ymawvilma<br />

amodena jafas, Tu Sinac gasakveTi ram miecema?<br />

gonebiTi jafa da Sromao, ambobs b-ni martinovski:<br />

yvelazed metad hswyins da hvnebs baSvsa da yvelazed<br />

metad Seuferebelia mis bunebisaTvis, romelic<br />

cocxlobas, moZraobas hTxoulobs da<br />

hsaWiroebso. Tu esea, maS metismetad datvirTva<br />

baSvisa amnairis jafiTa da SromiT raRa unda<br />

iyos?<br />

marTalia, ambobs b-ni martinovski, rom skola<br />

amitoma sZulT baSvebsao, sZulTo, rogorc Tavisi<br />

mCagvreli, autanelis Sromis damdebi da qancis<br />

gamwyvetio. raki gasakveTis gakveTa dilidam sa-<br />

Ramozed gadadiso da skolidam saxlSi, baSvebs da<br />

TviT mozdil ymawvilebsac ki skolis mniSvneloba<br />

aRar esmiTo. igi saswavleblad ki aRar miaCniaT,<br />

saca codna da swavla unda SeiZinon, aramed<br />

imisTana adgilad, saca marto amowmeben, gamohkiTxven<br />

xolma _ aba, Sin ra iswavleTo. amis<br />

sabuTad b-n martinovskis mohyavs b-n swavla-ganaTlebis<br />

mzrunvelis 1879 w. cir-kuliaris sityvebi.<br />

am saxiT gamodis, rom `daqancva~ Segirdebisa<br />

exlandels skolaSi ueWveli ambavia, radganac amas<br />

TviT swavla-ganaTlebis gamgebelni imowmebian.<br />

maSasadame, laparaki sazogadoebisa da JurnalgazeTobisa<br />

am daqancvazed tyuilad moWorebuli<br />

laparaki ar aris. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom<br />

zogi iZaxis amis mizezi programis vrceloba<br />

ariso da zogi _ ostatebis Tavis saqmis arcodna<br />

da gulgrilobiT qcevao. Cven marto sixaruli<br />

gvmarTebs, rom TviTon mTavrobas SeuniSnavs es<br />

erTi udidesi nakli skolebisa da raki es SeuniSnavs,<br />

programa aris am satkivaris mizezi Tu<br />

ostatebis avkargianoba, orsav SemTxvevaSi wamalsac<br />

advilad moipovebs.<br />

140

momavali<br />

tfilisi, 21 marti<br />

mas Semdeg, raki imperatori vilhelmi<br />

gadaicvala da taxtzed avida imisi memkvidre<br />

fridrixi, evropiis politika miCumda da<br />

miCumebulma Tvalebi miaStera axals imperators<br />

_ aba, ras ityvis da ras inebebso. sakvirvelic ar<br />

aris. germania pirvelis xmis mTqmelia exlandel<br />

evropiis koncertSi da raki pirveli xma<br />

hdumilebs, koncertic gaCumebulia. jer TviTon<br />

germanelebsac ki ver gamourkveviaT, ras niSnavs<br />

dRevandeli dRe da ras moaswavebs xvalindeli.<br />

yvelani amazed Tanaxmani arian, rom exlandeli<br />

imperatori mSvidobismoyvare kacia da evropiis<br />

mSvidobas tyuilubralod gansacdelSi ar gaabams.<br />

xolo amas ara hkmarobs erTxel da erTxel<br />

gulgaxeTqili evropa. evropas jer kidev guli<br />

gulis adgilas ara aqvs, Tumca imperator<br />

fridrixis sibrZne da mSvidobismoyvareoba swams.<br />

radganac asea, gazeTebi mainc Tavisas ar iSlian,<br />

dRevandels dRes Tirkmelebs usinjven da hsurT<br />

gamoicnon am bindbundSi, vin saiT miiwevs.<br />

yvelazed uwinares yvelas Tvali miqceulia<br />

maszed Tu, egred cnobili `samTa kavSiri~<br />

germaniisa, avstriisa da italiisa darCeba<br />

141

xeluxleblad, raSime Secvlas moiTxovs Tu<br />

srulad dairRveva da axali ram Sesdgeba. amazed<br />

ixarjeba dRes Jurnal-gazeTebis sityva da<br />

saubari.<br />

Tu gazeTebis mier motanil ambebs davujerebT,<br />

gamodis, rom eg `samTa kavSiri~ dRes dids<br />

gansacdelSia, radganac niSnebia, rom avstrias<br />

didi imedi aRar unda hqondes germaniis Svelisa,<br />

Tu vinicobaa bolgariaSi saqme wauxda da ruseTma<br />

winandebulad Casdga fexi. imis gamo, Tu vin ufro<br />

gaiZlierebs gavlenas bolgariaSi, avstria Tu<br />

ruseTi, imperatori fridrixio, amboben gazeTebi,<br />

erTs ubralo jariskacsac ar gamoimetebso. es<br />

advilad dasajerebelia, radganac imperatori<br />

fridrixi marTlada mSvidobismoyvarea da balkanis<br />

naxevarkunZulzed araviTars dids interess<br />

germaniisas ara hscnobs.<br />

amas garda amboben, rom imperatori fridrixi<br />

simarTlismoyvare kacia da yovelgvaris<br />

xelSekrulobis pativismcemelio. aqedam gamohyavT,<br />

rom igi ufro ruseTs dauWers bolgariaSi mxarsa<br />

im dromde, vidre ruseTi imazed mets ar<br />

moiTxovs, rac berlinis xelSekrulobiT<br />

dadgeniliao. aqedama sCans, rom avstria cota<br />

ukan aris dRes miyenebuli germaniisagan, radganac<br />

viciT, rom ruseTis magieroba bolgariaSi TviTon<br />

avstrias hsurda xelT egdo. Tu marTla saqme<br />

asea dRes dayenebuli, ueWvelia avstriam cotad<br />

Tu bevrad xma unda daimdablos bolgariis saqmeTa<br />

gamo da bevrs aras imedovnebdes germaniisagan. Tu<br />

am gzazed damdgarma evropiis politikam<br />

bolgariis Sesaxeb feri ar icvala sxvaTa da<br />

sxvaTa mizezTa gamo, avstrias fiqri unda mieces<br />

ganmartoebisa, calked, martod darCenisa. amis<br />

niSnebi dResac aris. aqamde xom princ ferdinandis<br />

daTxovnis gamo marto safrangeTi da germania<br />

142

emxroboda ruseTs da inglisi, italia da avstria<br />

ki eurCebodnen, exla ki gazeTebi amboben, rom<br />

inglisi da italia win aRar aRudgebian ruseTsa<br />

da ferdinandis mTavrobas bolgariaSi ukanonod<br />

aRiarebeno. avstriisaTvis es metismetad<br />

gulsatkeni unda iyos ara marto imiT, rom<br />

survili uqmad hrCeba gulSi, aramed imiTac, rom<br />

es ambavi aniSnebs sxva ufro saSiSars saqmes, ese<br />

igi, imas, rom SesaZloa ganmartovdes da mtrisa<br />

Tu moyvaris winaSe martodmarto darCes. Cvenis<br />

fiqriT, dRes avstria amis safiqrebelSia.<br />

143

144<br />

<br />

dakargva<br />

tfilisi, 22 marti<br />

Cven erTxelac gviTqvams da exlac kidev<br />

mizezi gvaqvs vsTqvaT, rom qveyana da misni madlni<br />

yovelTvis da yovelgan marto mSromelisa da<br />

gamrjelisa yofila da aris. sxvas yvelafers Tavi<br />

davaneboT da marto rom ekonomiurs cxovrebas<br />

davakvirdeT, amazed araviTars eWvs ver SevitanT:<br />

gamrjeli da mSromeli aris Semqmneli da momqmedi<br />

am cxovrebisa da Tavis kerZsac cxovrebis<br />

sufrazed marto igi hSoulobs sxvis<br />

dauyvedreblad, sxvis umunaTod. sxva yvelani<br />

naloebi arian am gamrjelsa da mSromelzed,<br />

aTasnair xvanjebiT gamobmulni. eseni gamrjelsac<br />

amZimeben da TviTonac ar ician, sad da rodis<br />

gauwydebaT wneli, romelsac xeli ukidiaT, da<br />

sad dahrCebian umweod, unugeSod, SimSiliT<br />

sulis amosaxdomad, da roca es ubeduroba<br />

SeemTxvevaT, hyvirian, gviSveleTo. uqmi, gaurjeli<br />

kaci, sxvis samadlod darCenili, am aucilebels<br />

beds ver wauva, Tundac zed oqros zodzed<br />

dasvaT. araviTari simdidre dausrulebeli ar<br />

aris. oqros zodic, rac unda didi iyos, Tavis<br />

drozed yinulisaviT daudneba uqms kacsa da Tu

TviTon ara, mis Svils, an SviliSvils mainc<br />

agrZnobinebs aucileblobas Sromisas da garjisas<br />

da simwvaves uqmobisas da gaurjelobisas.<br />

adamianis cxovreba, da nametnavad ekonomiuri,<br />

gauwyveteli Widilia da gamarjvebuli marto<br />

igia, vinc mxnea, saqmis kacia da xelidam ram<br />

gamosdis. visac es zne ara sWirs, imas am WidilSi<br />

fexzed ara daayenebs ra, rac unda ulolaoT da<br />

uaroT. kaci, romelic marto mWameli da<br />

STanmTqmelia da ara momqmedi da moamage,<br />

gadadebulia dedamiwis zurgidam asagvelad. igi<br />

yovelTvis uRonoa WidilisaTvis arsebobisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi da amitomac marto erTi ubralo<br />

SemTxveva hkmaris xolme Zirs dasces da pirqve<br />

daamxos.<br />

magisTana kacs, rogorc uZiro qvevrs, rac<br />

ginda bevri CaayaroT, vera simdidre ver gauZlebs.<br />

simdidre imisTana bunebisaa, rom yovelTvis<br />

miurbis xelidam uunaros da uqms da miezideba<br />

unarian da saqmian kacisken. es ekonomiuri rkinis<br />

kanonia da ise gardauvali, aucilebeli,<br />

daurRveveli, rogorc yovelive buneburi kanoni.<br />

vinc am rkinis kanons eWideba gadasatexad, is<br />

ufro adre TviTon gadatydeba amao bRauWobaSi; is<br />

tyuilada scdeba, tyuilad acdens sxvasaca da<br />

tyuilad aferxebs, ayovnebs svlas warmatebis<br />

gzazed, radganac marTals gzas Tvals aridebs da<br />

tyuils Robe-yores ki etaneba. marTalia,<br />

wyalwaRebuli xavss eWidebao, magram sakiTxavi es<br />

aris: wyals rad waaRebina Tavi, da Tu waaRebina,<br />

ra simagrea xavsi? xavsi xom tyuili nugeSia da<br />

tyuili nugeSi ris maqnisia gamrudebulis,<br />

gafuWebulis saqmis gamosasworeblad,<br />

gamosakeTeblad?<br />

vCiviT, rom mamulebi xelidam migvdiso da<br />

viZaxiT gviSveleTo. vin ityvis, Svela kargi ram<br />

145

aris. vsTqvaT, dRes gviSveles da mamulebis<br />

xelidam xelSi gadasvla gaaCeres. rodemdis? ra<br />

sabuTi gvaqvs xelTa, rom xval amave dReSi ar<br />

CavcviviT, Tu is mizezni, romelTac am<br />

`gviSvelemde~ migviyvanes, isev ise xeluxlebelni<br />

darCnen? kidev imas vityviT: vinc uqmia, vinc ar<br />

irjeba mamulSi, vinc ar uvlis, ara hpatronobs<br />

rigianis SromiTa, mxneobiTa da gamWriaxobiTa,<br />

imas mamuli xelSi ar daudgeba, ara da ara.<br />

SveliT SeiZleba mamulis xelidam wasvla orissamis<br />

dRiT, Tund xuTis-eqvsis wliT Sehferxdes.<br />

mere? mere xom isev is dRe dagvadga, Tu mamuls,<br />

rogorc simdidres, imis ekonomiur bunebisamebr<br />

ar moveqceviT. Svela am SemTxvevaSi wylulis<br />

garedam gamTelebasa hgavs maSin, rodesac Cirqi<br />

wylulisa Sigve agebulebaSia Cabrunebuli da<br />

Cagubebuli. gana amisTana morCena morCenaa?<br />

wyluli Ziridam, Signidam unda iyos gamTelebuli<br />

da morCenili. madli amasa aqvs da morCenac amasa<br />

hqvian, Torem garedam Svela uqmis kacisaTvis, igiv<br />

xavsia wyalwaRebulisaTvis.<br />

mamulebi xelidam migvdiso, visgan ismis es<br />

Civili? aba am CivilSi gamoarkvieT Tund<br />

erTaderTi xma imisTana wodebis kacisa, romelic<br />

Tavis Sromasa da gamrjelobazea damyarebuli?<br />

glexi sCivis amas? ara; vaWari, aReb-micemis kaci<br />

sCivis amas? ara. mRvdeli, diakvani hyviris:<br />

gviSveleTo? ara. xom ver davuficavT, rom amaTSi<br />

an erTs, an meores, an mesames mamuli ara hqondes.<br />

ratom eseni ara sCivian, mamulebi xelidam<br />

migvdiso? imitom, rom mamulis yadri mis<br />

ekonomiur bunebisamebr amaT kargad ician, imitom<br />

rom yvela eseni TviTon irjebian, TviTon mxneoben,<br />

imitom rom mamuls uyvars gamrjeli xeli da<br />

gamrjelis xelSi darCena da yofna mamulis<br />

ekonomiuri bunebaa, imisi daniSnulebaa. Cven kidev<br />

146

cota vsTqviT: amaTi mamulebi aramcTu marto<br />

darCenasa hkmaroben amaT xelSi, aramed sxvis<br />

mamulebic ki amaTs xelSi Casacvivnelad<br />

miezidebian yovelis uqmis kacis xelidam. es<br />

aucilebeli Sedegia, gautexeli bunebaa<br />

yovelgvaris simdidrisa, romelic yovelTvis uqms<br />

miurbis, rom saqmians kacs mieces.<br />

maS viRa sCivis mamulebis xelidam gaclasa?<br />

marto Tavadaznauroba. maSasadame, Wiric uqmobisa<br />

aq aris dabudebuli da dabinavebuli. am Wirs<br />

Signidam wamloba unda. is wyluli uqmobisa unda<br />

gamoirwyas da agebulebisagan gamodevnil iqmnas.<br />

xsna imaSia, Tu Tavadaznaurobas fiqrad is ara<br />

aqvs, oRond dRes ki kuWi rogorme garedam<br />

SveliT gaviZRovo da xval ki Tunda qva qvazedac<br />

nu iqnebao. saqme andrias da petres dRevandeli<br />

kuWi ki ar aris savalalo da sanaRvleli<br />

TavadaznaurobisaTvis, aramed mTeli<br />

Tavadaznauroba mTelis misis awmyoTi da<br />

mermisiTa. amitomac mizezi mamulebis xelidam<br />

wasvlisa iq unda moinaxos, sadac TviT<br />

ekonomiuri buneba mamulebisa utyuarad xels<br />

gviSvers da gvaniSnebs. mizezi Cveni sakuTari<br />

uqmobaa, Cveni sakuTari gaurjelobaa da am mizezs<br />

iq unda mowyveta, saidamac momdinareobs. Tu es<br />

mizezi isev ibatonebs CvenSi, milionebic rom<br />

Cagvayaron, dro mova da mainc imave dReSi<br />

CavcviviT, rac milionebamde viyaviT. romels uqms<br />

da gaurjels kacs daudga xelSi milionebi, aba<br />

erTi miixed-moixedeT da ise ganikiTxeT aq<br />

gamoTqmuli azri! an gana ar arian imisTana<br />

Tavadni, Tu aznaurni, romelnic mxneoben,<br />

irjebian, yairaToben da rigianad hpatronoben da<br />

uvlian mamulebsa. ratom amaT ar miurbiT xelidam<br />

mamuli? aba erTi amisTana Tavadi, Tu aznauri<br />

gviCveneT, rom sCiodes da hyvirodes, mamuli<br />

147

xelidam mimdiso? amisTana kacs rad wauva mamuli<br />

xelidam? piriqiT, sxvac mouva, Torem Tavisi xom<br />

SerCeba da SerCeba. kidev vityviT: xsna mxneobasa<br />

da garjaSia. ese unda moiqces yvela, visac hsurs<br />

148<br />

fexi mTebr dasdgas qveyanad,<br />

tinurad damtkicebuli,<br />

viTa qarqveti qarTagan,<br />

ar iqmnas motacebuli.

miubrundnen<br />

tfilsi, 28 marti<br />

Zalian ambebia am bolos dros evropaSi da,<br />

Cvenis fiqriT, didad sayuradRebonic, rogorc<br />

niSanni droebisa. sams dids saxelmwifos,<br />

safrangeTs, ingliss, germanias TiTqo daeRala<br />

Tvali gared yurebiTa, TiTqo garedam da gared<br />

aRaraferi ar awuxebT, TiTqo saqmeebi ise moewyo<br />

da dahlagda, rom saxelmwifom Tavisi aqamde<br />

gaborotebuli da samtrod mayurebeli Tvali<br />

Tavis Sinaobazed miaqcios mSvidobianad da yovlad<br />

uSiSarad.<br />

safrangeTSi gamoicvala saministro. mTavarministri<br />

tirari iZulebul gahxda gadamdgariyo<br />

mTelis Tavis saministroTi. marTalia, dRegrZeloba<br />

am saministrosi pirvel dRidganve aravisa<br />

swamda da imis gadayenebas dRedRezed moelodnen,<br />

xolo sayuradRebo aq is aris, Tu ra saganzed<br />

moasxletina safrangeTma am saministros Tavisi<br />

uamisodac moumagrebeli fexi. bulanJes momxre<br />

deputatma palatisam lagerma sarCieli Seitana<br />

palataSi, rom aw arsebuli konstitucia, mar-<br />

Tvelobis wes-wyobileba Secvlil unda iqmnaso da<br />

iTxova dauyovneblad garCeva am sarCielisa.<br />

149

saministrom es dauyovnebloba iuara da gamoacxada,<br />

rom Tu palata Seiwynarebs lageris sar-<br />

Cielsa, saministro iZulebul iqmneba samsaxurs<br />

Tavi daanebos da sxva kacebs dauTmos gamgeoba<br />

safrangeTisa. palata am muqaras ar SeuSinda,<br />

sarCieli lagerisa Seiwynara da saministromac<br />

Tavisi muqara Seasrula, aiRo da gadadga.<br />

am saxiT safrangeTis palatam aRiara saWiroeba<br />

da dauyovnebloba konstituciis xelaxlad gadasinjvisa<br />

da Secvlisa. azri konstituciis xelaxlad<br />

gasinjvisa da Secvlisa karga xania htrialebda<br />

safrangeTSi, xolo safrangeTi, sagareo<br />

saqmeTa gamo, Tu sxva raime mizeziTa, vera hbedavda<br />

dRes-aqamomde mag azrisaTvis gza gaexsna. raki<br />

exla mag azrs gza misca, unda vifiqroT, rom<br />

safrangeTs guli damSvidebuli aqvs da sagareo<br />

saqmeebis mdgomareoba nebas aZlevs dids da Znels<br />

saqmes konstituciis gadasinjvisas Seudges. es<br />

kia, rom bevrs ara sjera, viTom saqmeTa mdgomareobam<br />

neba misces safrangeTs mag rTuls da mZime<br />

Sinaurs saqmes xeli mohkidos. amboben, eg marto<br />

sababad daixvia xelzed pala-tamao, rom tirars<br />

adgili daaclevinos da flo-kes saministros<br />

daaWerinos eg daclili adgilio. asea Tu ise,<br />

mainc SesaniSnavia es ambavi saf-rangeTisaTvis im<br />

mxriT, rom amisTana awewils dros mag saganzed<br />

wamoakvrevina fexi yofils saministros.<br />

inglisi ufro cxadad, gadawyvetilad da<br />

gabedulad daubrunda Tavis Sinaurs saqmes.<br />

salusberis saministrom Seitana palataSi erTi<br />

imisTana radikaluri kanonproeqti Sesaxeb adgilobrivis<br />

TviTmarTvelobisa, rom qveyanas ukvirs<br />

da marTladac sakvirvelia, nametnavad Tu saxeSi<br />

viqoniebT, rom konservatorebis saministrom iTava<br />

es marTlada didi da uzarmazari saqme. am<br />

proeqtiT adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobas didi<br />

150

moedani ukeTdeba, yovelgvari RonisZieba eZ-leva<br />

adgilobrivs saWiroebas daubrkoleblad gauZRves<br />

da am sferaSi aravisagan arara daSla ara hqondes.<br />

warmoidgineT, dedaTa sqessac ki mieniWa am<br />

proeqtiT ufleba monawileoba miiRos adgilobriv<br />

saqmeTa warmoebaSi. es kanonproeqti iseTi kargi<br />

ram aris, rom TviT salusberis saministros<br />

mopirispirenic ki qebas uTvlian am proeqtis<br />

moTaveebs da hpirdebian momxreobas.<br />

amave dros germaniac awyobs da alagebs Tavis<br />

Sinaurs saqmeebs. imperatorma fridrixma ukve<br />

warmosTqva taxtzed asvlis umalve Tavisi azri<br />

Sinaur saqmeTa Sesaxeb. saxelovans manifestSi da<br />

ufro saxelovans reskroptSi T. bismarkis<br />

saxelzed man cxadad auwya qveyanas, rom me konstituciisa<br />

da kanonebis Tanaxmad msurs vimefovo.<br />

es sityvebi carieli qadili ar gamodga, rogorc<br />

bevrs egona.<br />

germaniaSi T. bismarkis da gansvenebul<br />

imperatoris meoxebiT dRes aqamomde iseTi wesi<br />

iyo, rom TviToeuli calke ministri pasuxismgebeli<br />

iyo marto im saqmeebis gamo, romelic<br />

hqonda mindobili. am wesis gamo rac unda moexdina<br />

calke ministrs, sxvani yursac ar ibertyavdnen<br />

da amitomac ministri germaniisa ufro xelqveviTi<br />

iyo T. bismarkisa, misis nebis aRmasrulebeli,<br />

vidre mTelis saministros wevri, romelic<br />

valdebuli unda hyofiliyo calke, sxvaTa ministrTa<br />

daukiTxavad ar esaqma. eseTis garemoebis gamo<br />

yoveli calke ministri damorCilebuli hyvanda<br />

T. bismarksa, romlis TviTnebobazed iyo damokidebuli<br />

darCena da gandevna TviTveulis calke ministrisa.<br />

am sferaSi T. bismarki TiTqmis Tavisufali<br />

batoni iyo da parlamenti ki germaniisa<br />

hdumilebda. amitomac gamocvla erTis ministrisa<br />

da imis adgilas Cayeneba meorisa danarCens minis-<br />

151

trebs arc sciodaT, arc scxelodaT: imaTTvis<br />

sul erTi iyo, vis dasvamda T. bismarki ministrad.<br />

exla ki imperators fridrixs ubZanebia, rom<br />

mTeli saministro erTianad pasuxismgebeli iyos<br />

rogorc SinaurTa, ise sagareoTa saqmeTa gamo.<br />

amisaTvis Seuqmnia egredwodebuli `samefo sabWo~,<br />

saca TviTveuli ministri Tanaswori wevria yvelasi.<br />

rac mZime da didi saqme aRmoCndeba, Sinauri<br />

Tu sagareo, eTisa Tu meoris ministris kuTvnili,<br />

saerTod yvela ministrebma erTad unda gasinjon<br />

da erTad unda ganagon. TviT imperatoria<br />

Tavmjdomare am sabWosi. am saxiT dReis amas iqiT<br />

pasuxisgeba daedeba mTels krebuls ministrebisas<br />

erTad, visic kuTvnili saqmec ginda iyos.<br />

es ambavi verafrad moswonebia T. bismarks,<br />

romlis TviTnebobasac amiT frTa ekveceba, magram<br />

mainc dahmorCilebia da roca samefo sabWos pirveli<br />

kreba hqonia, am sabWosaTvis vrclad mouxsenebia<br />

dRevandel sagareo saqmeTa viTareba.<br />

imperatori fridrixi kmayofili darCenila am<br />

moxsenebisa.<br />

am saxiT erTi didi nawili imperator fridrixis<br />

manifestisa da reskriptisa ganxorcielebul<br />

iqmna da amiT dReis amas iqiT fexmokidebulad<br />

unda CaiTvalos pasuxismgebloba mTelis<br />

saministrosi germaniis parlamentis winaSe da<br />

TviT saministroc parlamentis azris denas da<br />

svlas unda SeerCios xolme.<br />

saSiSars rasmes rom moeloddes evropa, arc<br />

safrangeTi aiCenda, Cvenis fiqriT, konstituciis<br />

xelaxlad gadasinjvis tkivilsa, arc inglisi<br />

Seudgeboda xsenebuls dids saqmes TviTmarTvelobisas<br />

da arc germania _ parlamentis gzazed<br />

dadgomas. sCans, gareTa saqmeTa mdgomareoba yovel<br />

amis nebas iZleva da nuTu es droTa niSani ar<br />

aris?<br />

152

gamijvna<br />

tfilisi, 29 marti<br />

Cven gadavaTvaliereT gamocxadebuli aqaurs<br />

oficialurs gazeTSi `gegma gamijvnisa~, am<br />

wlisaTvis daniSnulisa. Cven SevniSneT, rom<br />

zogierTi is adgilebi, saca SarSan iyo dawyebuli<br />

gamijvna, wels aRar aris gegmaSi moxsenebuli. am<br />

saxiT, rasakvirvelia, ukve dawyebuli gamijvna im<br />

adgilebSi gaCerdeba da vin icis, xelaxlad<br />

rodisRa moubrundebian dawyebulis da mere<br />

SeCerebulis gamijvnis gangrZobasa.<br />

Cvenis fiqriT, aseTi svla gamijvnisa metad<br />

uxerxulia da saziano mamulis patronebisaTvis.<br />

an ra wesi da rigia, rom jer erTs alagas<br />

daiwyeben gamijvnas, ar gaaTaveben da mere adgebian<br />

da sxva adgilas gadadian. ra azri unda hqondes<br />

aseTs gadasvla-gadmosvlas? vinc icis da Tavis<br />

Tavzed gamoucdia ra aris gamijvnis dawyeba<br />

mamulSi da Sua gzazed gauTavebelad datoveba, is<br />

advilad igrZnobs mTels uxerxulobas amgvaris<br />

wesisas.<br />

raki gasamijvnelad miwaTmzomeli Seva xolme<br />

mamulSi, im adgilas mTeli rigi da wyobileba<br />

mamulis mflobelobisa usaTuod aireva da mamuli,<br />

anu imisi nawilebi, romelnic patronebs manamde<br />

153

udavoda sWeria, sadavod gaxdeba xolme. amas<br />

mosdevs Cxubebi, cema-tyepa da vai-vaglaxi.<br />

Cveneburs gamijvnas rogorRac daekveba erTi<br />

ucnauri zne: imis magierad, rom xeli moumarTos<br />

sadavo mamulebis udavod gardaqmnas, igi udavos<br />

sadavoda hqmnis xolme. es yvelgan SeniSnulia da<br />

dRes aqamomde saSveli veravis upovnia da iqneba<br />

arc uZebnia. raki es saocari zne Tana sdevs<br />

gamijvnasa, raki iqac ki davas aCens, saca manamde<br />

ara yofila arc dava da arc daraba, loRika<br />

saqmisa imas iTxovs, rom erTs mamulSi dawyebuli<br />

gamijvna gauwyvetliv gangrZomili iyos, vidre<br />

srulad damTavrdebodes da gaTavdebodes.<br />

uamisod gamijvna, aSlis ra xolme mamulis<br />

mflobelobis didis xnis rigsa, egre aSlilad<br />

stovebs ramdenisame wliT. gamocxadebuli<br />

gamijvnis dros dava am welTa ganmavalobaSi<br />

Zlierdeba TandaTan, sadavo mamulebs modaveni<br />

erTmaneTs aRar anebeben saxmarad, raTa<br />

mflobeloba mamulisa xmarebiT daisabuTon, da<br />

eseTi yofa iqamde midis, rom Cxubi, ketebis<br />

triali da zogjer daWra da kvlac Tavs iCens<br />

xolme iq, saca gamijvnamde cotad Tu bevrad<br />

mSvidobianoba iyo. Cven imas aRar vityviT, Tu<br />

rarigad ayovnebs da azianebs eseTi yofa<br />

ekonomiurs winsvlasa da warmatebasa imitom, rom<br />

erTs mamuls ori da sami mocile patroni uCndeba<br />

da TviTveuli imasa scdilobs, rom erTmaneTs<br />

fexi ar Seadgmevinon mamulSi.<br />

am gamijvnis gegmis SemadgenelT usaTuod<br />

pativsadebi mizezi ram eqmnebaT, rom erTs adgils<br />

dawyebls gamijvnas aCereben da meore adgilas<br />

gadaaqvT, xolo is vneba, rac am gadatangadmotanas<br />

gamijvnisas moaqvs, imodenad Zlieria,<br />

imodenad samZimoa, rom yovelive am vnebis Tavidam<br />

acilebas unda eqvemdebarebodes. saqme usaTuod ise<br />

154

unda moewyos, yovelisferi ise unda SeerCios da<br />

Seeferos, rom erTgan dawyebuli gamijvna<br />

ganuwyveteli iyos, vidre gaTavdeba. rac am mxriT<br />

abrkolebs exladnels wess gamijvnisas, yovelive<br />

igi acilebul unda iqmnas, Tundac Znelad<br />

asacilebelic iyos. isa sjobia, erTgan mainc<br />

gaTavdes xolme saqme, vidre aTasgan dawyebul<br />

iqmnas gauTaveblad.<br />

155

156<br />

<br />

cxovrebaSi<br />

tfilisi, 30 marti<br />

germanias daudga axali xana cxovrebisa. T.<br />

bismarkis Sinaurs politikas didi gansacdeli<br />

moelis, rogorc etyoba ukanasknels depeSebs.<br />

yvelani moelodnen, rom imperatori fridrixi da<br />

T. bismarki erTmaneTTan vem movlen nametnavad<br />

Sinaur saqmeTa gamo da ai exla amis Taobazed<br />

veraferi xmebi ismis T. bismarkis sanugeSod.<br />

ukanasknelma depeSebma moitanes ambavi, rom<br />

imperatori fridrixi bevrSi ar eTanxmeba T.<br />

bismarks da amis gamo T. bismarks fexi Seutokda<br />

da iqneba samsaxursac daeTxovoso.<br />

Tumca T. bismarkis Cveulebrivi muqara<br />

yovelTvis isa hyofila, rom Tu Cemi sityva ar<br />

gava, samsaxurzed xels aviRebo, magram es muqara<br />

sWrida gansvenebuli imperatoris dros.<br />

imperatori vilhelmi yovelTvis ufrTxoda am<br />

muqarasa da bolosdabolos iZulebul Seiqmneboda<br />

xolme dauTmos T. bismarksa, romelsac is didi<br />

Rvawli miuZRvoda, rom gabzaruli da wvrilwvrilad<br />

darRveuli germania gaaerTa da erT<br />

uZlieres saxelmwifod gardaaqcia. gasWris es<br />

axali muqara T. bismarkisa imperator fridrixis<br />

drosac Tu ara, eg jer kidev gamosacnobia.

om imperatori fridrixi guliT<br />

mowadinebulia T. bismarks rogorme mSvidobianad<br />

ganSordes, amazed eWvi aravisa aqvs. nametnavad<br />

axali imperatrica viqtoria xels moumarTavs<br />

amaSi imperators fridrixs da vin icis, iqneba<br />

aqezebs kidec. magram T. bismarki sxva kacia. didi<br />

saxeli aqvs germaniaSi, imitom rom germanias didi<br />

samsaxuri gauwia. es TiTqmis oci weliwadia, T.<br />

bismarkma ise maRla aswia manamde uRono da ujano<br />

germania, rom evropaSi brZaneblad gahxada da<br />

gaabatona. amisTana kacis samsaxuridan gadayeneba<br />

saxumari saqme ar aris da ara gvgonia, advilad<br />

gasabedic iyos. germanias swams T. bismarki,<br />

romelsac dRes aqamomde bedma arc erTxel ar<br />

umtyuna da rac moiwadina, yvelgan burTi<br />

moednidam gaatanina gamarjvebiT. es germaniam<br />

kargad icis da Znelad Tu moiwadinebs, rom<br />

germaniis sve-bedis gamgebelad sxva kaci SeiSvnios<br />

da Seiferos, vidre TviTon T. bismarki cocxalia<br />

da garja SeuZlian.<br />

es garemoeba ar SeiZleba saxeSi ar miiRos<br />

imperatorma fridrixma da minam Tvisda<br />

survilisamebr moawyobs saqmes, ar SeiZleba asjer<br />

ar daufiqrdes da angariSi ar gauwios. marTalia,<br />

exlandels germaniaSi bevri imisTana elementia,<br />

romelic suliT da guliT miemxroba imperators<br />

fridrixs, roca igi Sinaurs reformebs Seudgeba.<br />

marTalia, mTeli dawinaurebuli germania, dRes<br />

aqamomde didad emduroda T. bismarks, romelic<br />

Sinaurs saqmeebSi cotad Tu bevrad hkoWlobda da<br />

uimisoc ar iyo, rom hxuTavda germanias da<br />

hbawravda ase Tu ise. magram sagareo saqmeebSi<br />

Zlevamosiloba da gamarjveba T. bismarkisa iseTi<br />

cxadad didebuli ram iyo, rom am didebulobis<br />

winaSe yovelive samduravi mdumarebda da Tu xmas<br />

157

zogierTjer iRebda, imasac uRonod, ridiT da<br />

uimedod.<br />

bevri am momduravTagani darwmunebuli iyo,<br />

rom germaniis exlandel mdgomareobaSi ubismarkod<br />

yofna SeuZlebelia; kargia Tu cudi T. bismarki,<br />

igia erTaderTi kaci, romelsac SeuZlian mZime<br />

tvirTi germaniis sve-bedisa didis imediT da<br />

nugeSiT hzidos. ai yovlad SemZlebeloba T.<br />

bismarkisa raSi iyo da raSia dResac. garda amisa<br />

bevri wili momduravTagani amasaca hfiqrobs, rom<br />

T. bismarkisagan Seqmnili erToba germaniisa jer<br />

marto erTmaneTzed miblanduli saqmea da ara<br />

qviTkiriT SeduRebuli da Sexorcebuli. es<br />

miblandulobaa Signeuli seni exlandelis<br />

germaniisa da es seni imdenad Zlieria, rom<br />

SesaZlebelia Tavis drozed Tavi iCinos da is<br />

didebuli Senoba T. bismarkisa nablandebzed<br />

CairRvas da daafrakdes. am seniT sneuls germanias<br />

rom exla T. bismarki moaSoron, maSin germaniis<br />

ubedurebas sens ki aRar daabraleben, aramed im<br />

garemoebas, rom T. bismarki daiTxoves da sve-bedi<br />

germaniisa mdare kacebs Caugdes xelSio. am saxiT<br />

rasac T. bismarkisagan Seyrili seni TavisTavad<br />

uzams germanias, is dahbraldeba imaT, vinc T.<br />

bismarkis adgilas Casdgebian.<br />

rac unda sTqviT da am brals veravin<br />

itvirTebs germaniis winaSe. am bralis SiSi<br />

usaTuod Seaferxebs imperators fridrixs, roca<br />

iZulebul iqmneba romelsame garkveuls gzas<br />

daadges T. bismarkis gamo. metismetad safrTxiloa<br />

T. bismarkis Seryeva da Setokeba. didi<br />

gabeduloba unda, rom kacma es moaxdinos<br />

dRevandels dRes germaniaSi. amitomac gvgonia,<br />

rom imperatori fridrixi yovel Rones ixmarebs<br />

saqme am ganwirulobamde ar mivides. rac unda<br />

saqme gamwvavdes, maincadamainc daujerebelia, rom<br />

158

T. bismarks germaniis imperiis kancleroba ar<br />

SerCes da CamoerTvas. bevri-bevri es SesaZloa<br />

mohxdes, rom prusiis mTavar-ministrobazed xeli<br />

aaRebinon da marto germaniis imperiis<br />

kanclerobaRa dautevon.<br />

159

160<br />

<br />

safrangeTSi<br />

safrangeTSi<br />

tfilisi, 4 aprili<br />

jer gobles saministro fexzed idga<br />

safrangeTSi, rom yovelis kacis Tvali am<br />

qveyanaSi miqceuli iyo flokezed, romelic dRes<br />

aqamomde palataSi Tavmjdomareobda. ambobdnen,<br />

rom floke erTaderTi kaciao dRes, romelsac<br />

SeuZlian dRegrZeli, mkvidri da Zlieri<br />

saministro Seadginoso. amisTana saministro didi<br />

xania sanatrelad gahxdomia safrangeTsa, radganac<br />

sxvadasxva dasebis erTmaneTTan mtroba da SuRli<br />

arc erTs saministros didxans ar ayenebda fexzed<br />

da amisTana daudgromeloba da uxanoba<br />

marTeblobisa Sinac ubrkolebda saqmeebs<br />

safrangeTsa da garedac abrus utexda.<br />

tiraris saministro rom Sesdga, yvelani amas<br />

iZaxodnen, mkvdrad dabadebuli saministroa,<br />

sadRexvaliod mxolod daniSnulio da im dromde<br />

gasZlebso, vidre flokes garemoeba xels<br />

Seuwyobs da zogierTi damabrkolebeli mizezi<br />

gzidam Camoeclebao. momwifda saqme flokes<br />

gaministrebad Tu ara, tiraris saministros fexi<br />

moasxletines da flokes gauxsnes gza. gahxda<br />

floke mTavar ministrad safrangeTSi, Seadgina

saministro da Tavisi programa warudgina kidec<br />

palatasa.<br />

yovel amis damswre kacs unda efiqra, rom ai<br />

exla ausrulda safrangeTs sanatreli, mTavar<br />

ministrad dahdga imisTana kaci, romlisaganac<br />

moelodebodnen mkvidrs, Seuryevels da<br />

xangrZlivs saministrosa da maSasadame imasac, rom<br />

gamWriaxobasTan da mxneobasTan erTad dro da<br />

xanic eqmneba am saministros safrangeTisagan<br />

mowadinebuli reformebi moaxdinos. egre ki ar<br />

gamovida, es fiqri cariel fiqrad dahrCa da<br />

axals saministros flokesas pirvel fexis<br />

gadadgazedve aeSalnen. sakvirveli eria es<br />

safrangeTis eri: daucxromelia da daudgromeli!<br />

dRe mudam sduRs da gadmodis. eseTi ambavi, _ ra<br />

Tqma unda, _ cocxlobis niSanic aris, magram<br />

mxolod maSin, roca amisi saTave TviTon<br />

sicocxlea da ara Wirveuloba `me Tu Senaobisa~,<br />

ara jabri da javri TavTavisobisa.<br />

safrangeTs gvamSi erTi sazareli seni<br />

Casdgomia da is seni ar aZlevs mosvenebasa, rom<br />

Tavis namdvils avkargianobas bejiTad da<br />

mocaleobiT daukvirdes, gasasworebeli gaasworos<br />

da ukve gasworebuls da kargs ufro didi avala<br />

da didi gza misces misis Stoebis daubrkoleblad<br />

yovel mxriv gadaSlisaTvis. aq ibrZvian, sduRan,<br />

imRvrevian da sxvasac amRvreven marto sxvadasxva<br />

dasni, Wirveulad damdgarni erTxel da erTxel<br />

daCemebul azrzed, rom Tu me moveqcevi<br />

marTeblobis kenwerozed, Tu me Sevxtebi<br />

qandarazed da sve-beds safrangeTisas me Cavigdeb<br />

xelSi, maSin cxondeba qveyanacao, maSin vixsniT<br />

safrangeTsa yovelis uswormasworobisa da<br />

ubedurebisaganao. ai es `me Tu Senaobaa~ igi Wia,<br />

romelic Signidamve hRrRnis am RvTisagan yovel<br />

sxva mxriT dalocvils qveyanasa da ersa.<br />

161

amis gamo yoveli dasi TviTveulad calke<br />

Tavis sakuTars Tavs emsaxureba da TviTon<br />

safrangeTi ki TiTqmis daviwyebuli aqvT. erTi<br />

iZaxis, rom bonapartobaa mxsneli safrangeTisa da<br />

rac bonapartobas ar moaswavebs, imas dauZinebel<br />

mtrad uxdeba; meore iZaxis, _ bonapartoba ris<br />

maqnisia, orleanobaa imedi xsnisao; mesame hyviris,<br />

Sors rad misdixarT, ai bulanJe, romelic bedma<br />

xelT mogvca qveynis gasabedniereblad da amas<br />

unda gza mivceTo, da bevri sxva amisTana.<br />

yvelafers amas rom guli movuCxrikoT, gamova,<br />

rom erTs bonapartoba unda, meores orleanoba,<br />

mesames bulanJeoba marto imisaTvis, rom TviTonac<br />

maRla asaxtomad kibe gamarTos. gana TviTveuli eg<br />

saxsari xsnisa ar gamoucdiaT? bonapartobam ra<br />

xeiri daayara safrangeTsa? miwasTan gaasworebina<br />

germanias, ori mozrdili da Zvirfasi provincia<br />

daakargvina da yovel amasTan sircxvili<br />

damarcxebisa aWama qveyanas, romelsac manamde<br />

uZlevelobis saxeliT Tavi mohqonda da romelic<br />

amis gamo bZaneblobda evropaSi. orleanebma raRa<br />

sikeTe moutanes? iqamde miiyvanes safrangeTi, rom<br />

sasowarkveTilma qveyanam 1848 w. revolucia<br />

moaxdina da ilajgawyvetilma, areulobiT<br />

daRalulma da daqanculma qveyanam Tavis nebiTve<br />

waiWira yelSi sabeli da orive wveri sablisa<br />

xelSi misca imisTana kacs, rogoric iyo<br />

napoleoni III.<br />

TiTqmis yvela dass safrangeTisas Tavisi dro<br />

da Jami hqonia Tu ram SeeZlo daenaxvebina<br />

safrangeTisaTvis. verc erTma imodenad ver axeira<br />

safrangeTi, ramodenadac TviTon safrangeTi<br />

hnatrulobda da hnatrulobs. Cven ver vityviT,<br />

rom am `me Tu Senaobis~ dasTa Soris imisTananic<br />

ar hyofiliyvnen, romelTac amoqmedebda saqveyno<br />

sarbielzed marto erTi WeSmariti mamuliSviloba<br />

162

da guliTadi siyvaruli safrangeTisa. magram<br />

amaTganac bevri ara gamodna ra swored im<br />

mizeziT, rom sxva dasebi, marto Tavis TavisaTvis<br />

mzrunvelni, mocaleobas ar aZlevdnen safrangeTis<br />

saqmes dahbrunebodnen. mTels dRes imaSi<br />

aRamebdnen da Rames imaSi aTenebdnen, rom cxadad<br />

Tu qurdulad sxva dasebi ar dagvecnen, ar<br />

dagvamxon da safrangeTi Tavis ymad ar gaixadono.<br />

am saxiT safrangeTis WeSmaritad moyvareni dasni<br />

Tavisis qveynis bedis kars mcvelebad da<br />

darajebadRa edgnen da dro da mocaleoba aRara<br />

hqondaT Sin xvnisa da TesvisaTvis.<br />

maS ra aris Tu ar `me Tu Senaobis~ Jini da<br />

Wirveuloba dRevandeli ambavi safrangeTisa.<br />

tiraris saministro daamxo palatam imis gamo,<br />

rom am saministrom ar Seiwynara dauyovnebliv<br />

garCeva im sarCielisa, romelic konstituciis<br />

xelaxlad gadasinjvas hTxoulobda. Sesdga axali<br />

saministro flokesi da am saministrom, sxvaTa<br />

Soris, Tavis programaSi daasaxela xelaxlad<br />

gadasinjva konstituciisa. erTi kai mozdili<br />

nawili palatisa, oportunistobis saxeliT<br />

cnobili, mTlad gadaudga flokes amis mizeziT da<br />

amboben, raki es mohxdao, flokes saministro<br />

didxans Tavs veRar daiWerso. es ambavi da<br />

tiraris saministrosi rom erTmaneTs SevufardoT,<br />

Cveni qarTuli mdabiuri andaza gamova: `gaviqcevi<br />

qariani mqvian, davdgebi _ lajianio~, anu `mizezmizez<br />

da dos marili akliao~.<br />

modiT da sTqviT, rom aq saqme da siyvaruli<br />

qveynisa hmoqmedebs da ara Jini da Wirveuoba `me<br />

Tu Senaobisa~. guSin daiwunes kaci imisTvis, rom<br />

me konstituciis xelaxlad gadasinjvas ver<br />

vikisrebo, dRes iwuneben kacs imisTvis, rom me<br />

konstituciis xelaxlad gadasinjvas vkisrulobo<br />

da emuqrebian kidec, raki egrea, didxans ver<br />

163

gaxeirebTo. modiT da aq an Tavi gaigeT da an<br />

bolo.<br />

xval vacnobebT mkiTxvels _ rogor miegebnen<br />

flokes saministros misda programis mixedviT<br />

Sina Tu gared. es miT ufro sayuradrebo da<br />

sagulisxmieroa, rom amazed aris damokidebuli<br />

flokes saministros xangrZlioba, romlis Semdeg<br />

advilad safiqrebelia klemansos gaexsnas gza<br />

mTavarministrobisa. klemansos gaministreba kidev<br />

bevrs axals moaswavebs saSinao da sagareo<br />

politikisaTvis.<br />

164

safrangeTSi<br />

safrangeTSi<br />

tfilisi, 5 aprili<br />

yvelas moexseneba gazeTebidam, rom floke<br />

gamTavarministrda Tu ara, Seudga im programis<br />

Sedgenas, romelic Cveulebrivad unda waredginos<br />

xolme palatas yovel axal saministrosagan da<br />

romelic aRsaarebaa imis Tu, _ ras hpirdeba<br />

axali saminstro qveyanas da ra aqvs sagnad<br />

Tavisis moqmedebisaTvis samermisod. programis<br />

Sedgena cotad Tu bevrad dauyovnda flokesa.<br />

mizezi amisi is iyo, rom flokes hsurda imisTana<br />

programa Seedgina, rom yvela gavlenians dass<br />

sanugeSo rame hqonoda programaSi moxsenebuli. es<br />

imisaTvis iyo saWiro, rom yvela gavlenians dass<br />

palatisas monawileoba mieRo saministroSi da<br />

amiT umravlesoba palatisa momxred gahxdomoda<br />

axals saministros. xolo flokes ver mouxerxda<br />

Tavisi dawyobileba. radikalTa azrTa sZlies da<br />

programaSi CarTul iqmna ori muxli: erTi Sesaxeb<br />

konstituciis xelaxlad gadasinjvisa da meore<br />

gancalkeveba ekklesiisa saxelmwifosagan.<br />

am orma muxlma SeuZlebel hyo erTs<br />

saministroSi moTavseba sxvadasxva gavlenian<br />

dasisa. oportunistebma uari uTxres flokes da<br />

165

egreTwodebulma `memarcxeneTa kavSirmac~ iuara<br />

egreTi programa da dRes es gavleniani nawili<br />

palatisa mtrad gahxdomia flokes. floke yovel<br />

amis gamo iZulebul Seiqmna Seedgina Tavisi<br />

saministro gansakuTrebiT radikalTa dasis<br />

warmomadgenelTagan. aman ufro gaamwvava momduravni<br />

programisa da saqme iqamde mivida, rom flokes<br />

kicxva dauwyes uSverisa da umarTebulo sityviTa.<br />

yvelazed uSveris sityviT ixseniebs flokes<br />

gazeTi `memarcxeneTa kavSirisa~ `Journal des Debatas~<br />

swored miwasTan asworebs igi am kacs, romelsac<br />

amodena xani safrangeTi iwvevda saministrod da<br />

romelic dRes mTavarministria. am gazeTzed<br />

cotad Tu bevrad dawinaurebuli gazeTi `Temps~ic<br />

hkicxavs axals saministros, Tumca ki ise ar<br />

igineba, rogorc `Debats~-i. Tu flokes marTla<br />

hsurda erTad moTavseba yovelis gavlenianis<br />

dasisao, ambobs `Temps~-i, jer unda efiqrna<br />

maszed, rom gaeuqmebina igi muxlni programisa,<br />

romelnic mizezni arian ganxeTqilebisao. eg<br />

muxlni gancalkevebaa ekklesiisa saxelmwifosagan<br />

da konstituciis xelaxlad gadasinjvao.<br />

gaz. `Republique Francaise~ ambobs, rom am sagnebis<br />

gamo laparakis atexa dRes, roca respublikas<br />

yovel mxridam saSinels mtrobas uqadian,<br />

respublikis dacvas ki ar moaswavebs, aramed<br />

sazogadoebur wesis darRvevasa. eg imasa hniSnavs,<br />

rom ufro Rrmad mohsurvebiaT amRvreva qveynisa,<br />

romelsac moelis quCis anarxia da cezariuli<br />

demagogiao. gazeTis `Siecle~-is azriT axali<br />

saministro mkvdrad dabadebuli bavSvia.<br />

reaqcionuri gazeTebi xom amaze Sorsac midian<br />

da iqamde Tavs gadian, rom amboben: `safrangeTi<br />

Tavis dReSi amisTana samarcxvino xelSi ar<br />

Cavardnilao~. erTis sityviT, rogorc reaqcionu-<br />

166

i gazeTebi, isec zomier-liberalurebi aeSalnen<br />

samtrod axals saministros da male damxobas<br />

uqadian.<br />

ucxo qveynebis gazeTebi ufro autacebliv da<br />

WkvadasmiT saubroben da sjian flokes<br />

ministrobis Taobazed da cotad Tu bevrad<br />

TanagrZnobiT da mowonebiT ixsenieben, nametnavad<br />

germanuli gazeTebi. ra Tqma unda, rom<br />

autacebeli, Wkvadamjdari sityva ucxo qveynelTa<br />

dids samsaxurs ver gauwevs flokesa. saqme<br />

Signidam cixis gatexis SiSSi aris. aq gakapasebuli<br />

Wirveuloba sxvadasxva dasebisa SemZlebelia<br />

imodenad awewos saqme, rom qveyana aSalos da<br />

aamRvrios da flokes saministros fexi<br />

moasxletinos. orSi erTi darCenia flokes: an<br />

yovels gansacdels dasTa brZolisas mieces, _<br />

rac gamova, gamovideso; an exlandeli palata<br />

daiTxovos da axali arCevanebi dahniSnos, ese igi,<br />

daekiTxos safrangeTis ersa. orive Zneli<br />

gasabedia, pirveli imitom, rom palata usaTuod<br />

fexs wamoakvrevinebs, radganac SesaZloa, oportunistebma<br />

da memarcxeneTa kavSirma mxari miscen<br />

memarjveneTa, da yovlad uZleveli umravlesoba<br />

palatisa Sesdges winaaRmdeg axalis saministrosi<br />

da maSin xom erTs dResac veRar ixeirebs axali<br />

saministro, daTxovna palatisac da axalis<br />

arCevanebis daniSvnac didad saSiSia, Tu kaci<br />

daukvirdeba im ambebs, rac bulanJes gamo mohxda<br />

am bolos xans safrangeTSi. radganac exlandel<br />

wesebis ZaliT erTsa da imave kacs SeuZlian kenWi<br />

Camoataros erTsa da imave dros yvela departamentSi,<br />

amitomac saSiSia, rom bulanJes kenWis<br />

yra plebiscitad ar gadaeqces da maSin vin icis<br />

ra mohxdes safrangeTSi. am gaWirebul<br />

mdgomareobisagan rogor daixsnis Tavs axali<br />

saministro amas dro gamoaCens.<br />

167

168<br />

<br />

krizisi<br />

tfilisi, 6 aprili<br />

maSin, rodesac safrangeTi safalavnod<br />

gamklavebuls bulanJes mier atexils xaTabalaSia,<br />

arc germanias eTqmis mSvidobiT da mosvenebiT<br />

yofna. aqac aimRvra da aiSala saqme, mizezi amisi<br />

is aris, rom aq fexi Seutokda kacs, romelic<br />

dRes aqamomde kldesaviT magrad idga da sve-beds<br />

germaniisas saiTac undoda, Tavs iqiT uzamda. T.<br />

bismarks sakmaod agrZnobina axalma imperatorma,<br />

rom, marTalia, Zvirfasi, Rvawldamdebi da geniosi<br />

kaci xaro, magram marto Sens nebayoflobazed ver<br />

vamyofeb germanias, romelsac Tavisis nebisa da<br />

survilis gamomTqmeli parlamenti hyavs da Tavis<br />

far-xmlad kidev Tavisi kanonebi aqvso; yovelive<br />

Seni moqmedeba am ors Rones germaniisas,<br />

parlamentsa da kanonebs unda eqvemdebarebodeso.<br />

es, gana TqmaRa unda, tyviasaviT mohxvdeboda<br />

gulSi imisTana TviTneba rkinis kacs, rogorc T.<br />

bismarkia, romelsac Tavis sicocxleSi sxva kanoni<br />

ara scodnia, garda Tavisis nebisa, da romelsac<br />

Tavis xangrZliv cxovrebis mimdinareobaSi rac ki<br />

win dahxvedria da gadahRobia, mtversaviT<br />

gautania. exla am kacs eubnebian: ara, Cveno kargo,<br />

dReisamasiqiT Seni neba usaTuod unda Seewonos

sxvis nebasacao. ai swored aq aris igi mizezi,<br />

romelmac gaaCina egreTwodebuli `krizisi<br />

kanclerisa~. eg aris Tavdapirveli mizezi,<br />

romelmac iZulebul hyo T. bismarki samsaxuridam<br />

gadadgomis Txovna mierTmia imperatorisaTvis. es<br />

mizezi aRmoCnda TiTqmis pirvel dResve, roca<br />

fridrixi imperatorad gahxda. xolo aqamde es<br />

mizezi Tavs ar iCenda ese cxadad, rogorc dRes<br />

da T. bismarki tkivils gulSi inaxavda dromde.<br />

ikiTxavT, risTvisao? ar risTvis:<br />

pirvel xanSive T. bismarks rom moendomebina<br />

samsaxuridam gadadgoma, ras ifiqrebda germania?<br />

gana ar ityodnen: ai Tavisi TviTneboba undoda<br />

parlamentsa da kanonebzed maRla daeyenebina,<br />

imperatorma es ar indoma da amis gamo T. bismarki<br />

samsaxuridgan gadadgao. egre dayenebuli saqme<br />

TiTqmis mTels TanagrZnobas germaniisas da<br />

evropiisasac gaditanda imperator fridrixzed da<br />

mTels wuns dasdebda T. bismarks, viTarca kacs,<br />

romelmac amdveni Rvawli dasdo germanias, amdveni<br />

erTguleba gauwia da TviTneboba Tvisi ki ver<br />

dauTmo da ver Seswira. T. bismarki, es marTla<br />

didebuli da saxelovani kaci amisTana brals ver<br />

daidebs istoriis winaSe, amisTana sabuTs<br />

kicxvisas ver Caugdebs xelSi Tavis<br />

mopirdapireebs. gulSi Tumca es dauTmobloba<br />

hqonda da aqvs, magram saqveynod ki amis<br />

gamomJRavnebas unda mohridebiyo. aseca hqmna. sxva<br />

mizezs moucada, imisTana mizezs, romlis gamoc<br />

samsaxuridam gadadgomamdec mieyvana saqme da<br />

TanagrZnobac germaniisa da evropiisa SehrCenoda.<br />

amisTana mizezad Seeqmna Sinauri, saojaxo saqme<br />

imperatoris saxleulobisa.<br />

jer 1884 w. laparaki iyo, rom exlandeli<br />

imperatori da maSindeli memkvidre fridrixi<br />

Tavis qals viqtorias aTxovebs da aZlevs yofils<br />

169

olgariis mTavars aleqsandre batenbergelsao.<br />

mas aqeT es xma miswyda da am bolos xanebSi T.<br />

bismarkma xelaxlad Seityo, rom es Zveli ambavi<br />

hlamis ganaxlebasa. imperatorma pirdapir auwya T.<br />

bismarks, rom Cems qals viqtorias aleqsandre<br />

batenbergelsa vrTamo. T. bismarkma didad iuara,<br />

Sors daiWira da Tamamad moaxsena Tavis<br />

xelmwifes, rom SeuZlebelia eg saqme mohxdes,<br />

vidre me germaniis politikis gamgebeli varo. eg<br />

imperatricas neba ariso, ubrZana Turme<br />

imperatorma: da me ver davuSli Cems qals<br />

bednierebasao. T. bismarkma neba iTxova<br />

moelaparakos imperatricas. amis nebadarTulma T.<br />

bismarkma vera gaawyo ra da imperatricam ubrZana,<br />

Tqveni sabuTebi sakmaoni ar arian, rom viTom mag<br />

gaTxovebam Cemis qalisam vneba ram moutanos<br />

germaniasa da amitom Tqven ver dageTanxmebiT da<br />

Cemis qalis bednierebas ver gavwiravo. T.<br />

bismarkma es ambavi daixvia xelzed, mizezad<br />

gaixada da samsaxuridgan gadadgomis Txovna<br />

miarTva imperators. T. bismarkis momxreebma<br />

kacebma calke da gazeTebma calke dafi da naRara<br />

dahkres amazed mTels germaniaSi da dids da<br />

pataras yurSi CaawveTes, rom T. bismarki aseTi<br />

Tavgamodebulia germaniisaTvis, rom imperatoris<br />

qalis bedis gawirvasac ki ar SeuSinda germaniis<br />

bednierebisaTvisao.<br />

es ostatoba SeumCnevlad ver darCeboda<br />

visganac jer ars da ai am ostatobas win ra<br />

dauyenes: gaTxoveba imperatoris qalisa ukeTess<br />

dromde gadadebul iqmna da T. bismarksac,<br />

rasakvirvelia, samsaxuridam gadadgoma unda<br />

gadaedo. dRes es saqme am wreSi htrialebs. am<br />

saxiT uxerxes T. bismarks da es misda sasaxelo<br />

da sxvisTvis ki mosamdurebeli mizezi xelidam<br />

gamoacales. Cvenis fiqriT, egreTwodebuli<br />

170

`krizisi kanclerisa~ jerxanad Seferxebulia da<br />

Tavidam moSorebuli ki ara. Tu krizisis Wapani<br />

gasawydomia, swored iq gaawyvetineben T. bismarksa,<br />

saca marTlad wvrilia: TviTneboba T. bismarkisa<br />

aris igi wvlili da Tu fexatokebuls kanclers<br />

gawyveta unda, ara gvgonia, sxvagan sadme<br />

gaawyvetinon da miT Tavisi muqarac aasrulebinon<br />

da germaniis gulic moagebinon.<br />

egre xsnian exlandels kriziss depeSebi<br />

berlinidam venaSi gagzavnilni. am saxiT gamodis,<br />

rom sapired krizisisa aris viTomda Tavgamodeba<br />

T. bismarkisa germaniis bednierebisaTvis, sarCulad<br />

ki is aris, rom T. bismarki hTakilobs Tavisi<br />

TviTneboba daumorCilos germaniis imperatoris<br />

survils, rom germaniaSi marto germania<br />

ganagebdes TvisTa saqmeTa da ara calke kaci,<br />

Tund imisTana saxelganTqmuli, rogoric T.<br />

bismarkia.<br />

171

172<br />

<br />

avadmyofoba<br />

avadmyofoba<br />

tfilisi, 13 aprili<br />

dRevandels dRes evropaSi politikis ZarRvis<br />

cema TiTqo Semdgaria. aqamde gamwvavebulni saqmeni<br />

dRes TiTqmis mihneldnen da ukan mihdgnen. dRes<br />

bevrs aRaravis axsovs bolgaria, egvipte,<br />

avRanistani, safrangeTisa da germaniis dauZinebeli<br />

mtroba da erTmaneTis muqara da qadili. yoveli<br />

es mihCumda im ambebis winaSe, rac moisma am<br />

bolos kviraSi Sarlotenburgidam Sesaxeb<br />

imperator fridrixis avadmyofobisa. SiSi am<br />

ambebisa daeca mTels germanias da TiTqmis mTeli<br />

kacobriobac, Sepyrobili da datyvevebuli am<br />

ambebiT, marto imazea miqceuli Tu, _ rogor<br />

gadurCeba germaniis imperatori Tavis ukanasknels<br />

gansacdels, romelic am xanebSi metad gaZlierda.<br />

imperators fridrixs gauZnelda avadmyofoba da<br />

erTxanad safiqrebelic gahxada misi sicocxleo,<br />

gvauwyes gazeTebma da depeSebma, da Tumca exla<br />

ukeTobaSia Turme imperatori, magram jer kidev<br />

mainc SiSi srulad ar aris gafantulio.<br />

RmerTma hqmnas, molodini qveynierobis<br />

gulSematkivarTa ar gamtyundes da imperatori<br />

fridrixi, Tu srulad ara, xangrZlivad mainc

gamokeTdes. jerxanad Cvenc sasoeba viqonioT, rom<br />

dRegrZeloba misi ase udrovod ar moispos, raTa<br />

mis mier aRniSnul kacTmoyvarul politikas,<br />

WkuiT ganviTarebuls da guliT gamTbars<br />

survilsa da ganzraxvas fesvi magrad moekidebinos<br />

im saxelmwifoSi, romelic TiTqmis hwinamZRvrobs<br />

exlandels qveynierobasa da romelsac mTeli<br />

evropa uyurebs rogorc Zliers momqmeds saqveyno<br />

asparezzed.<br />

rac unda iyos, maincdamainc xelmwifeba<br />

imperatoris fridrixisa kvaldauCnevelad ar<br />

Cauvlis germanias da mis mier mTels evropasac.<br />

sul Svidi kviraa, rac imperatori fridrixi<br />

Cahdga germaniis sve-bedis saTaveSi da es xanmokle<br />

xelmwifebac ki germaniis istoriaSi daiWers<br />

didad SesaniSnavs adgilsa da STamomavlobas<br />

guliTadis madlobiT moaxedebs imperators<br />

fridrixzed. imisma maRalma kacTmoyvareobam,<br />

romelmac Svidobiani, xmaamouRebeli, Cumi<br />

warmateba Tavis erisa arCia yovels xmaurobasa da<br />

qeba-didebas omebSi gamarjvebisas, ar SeiZleba<br />

Tavisi dvrita ar dasdos da germania ar<br />

gamoacocxlos am didebul moZRvrebisaTvis.<br />

dRes aqamomdenac iyvnen germaniaSi imisTana<br />

warCinebulni kacni, romelTac guli marto<br />

amisTana moZRvrebisaTvis ucemdaT, magram yovlad<br />

SemZlebeli moZRvreba Zalmomreobisa, bismarkis<br />

mier fexgadgmulisa, xmas ar aRebinebda amisTana<br />

kacebs da esenic gulxeldakrebilni da<br />

xmaamouRebelni elodnen ukeTes dReebs. es<br />

ukeTesni dReni daudgaT, raki fridrixi<br />

gaxelmwifda, da dRes am moZRvrebam Zali da Rone<br />

moica da gulisnadebi ukeTesTa kacTa gaRvivda<br />

viTarca Tesli, romelsac moxvda gamacocxlebeli<br />

nami noyiers miwaSi. am Tesls win veRara<br />

daudgebara, igi Tavis Zirs, Reros da Stoebs<br />

173

gaikeTebs, rogorc yoveli, rasac ki erTxel da<br />

erTxel sicocxle daeZvris xolme. amitomac<br />

gvgonia, rom imperator fridrixis Semdeg<br />

sistemas bismarkisas iseTi gabeduli, kadnieri da<br />

mouridebeli svla aRar eqmneba, rogorc aqamomde<br />

hqonia da muxas vaSli asxiao, amas T. bismarki ise<br />

xSirad veRar gaigonebs germaniaSi, imitom rom<br />

yurmoWrili ymoba, Tu dRes jer kidev bolo<br />

moRebuli ar aris, Zlier mainc Seryeulia im<br />

kacis Svidis kviris xelmwifebiTa, romlis cotad<br />

Tu bevrad xangrZlivad sicocxles hnatrulobs<br />

yoveli patiosani da Tvalaxilebuli kaci.<br />

am Svidis kviris xelmwifebam Searyia didis<br />

xnis sistema T. bismarkisa da radganac mermisic am<br />

mokle xnis xelmwifebis dedaazrTa ekuTvnis,<br />

amitomac advilad gamosacnobia, rom dReis amas<br />

iqiT T. bismarkma didi angariSi unda gauwios am<br />

ukve gaRviebul dedaazrTa, romelTac imedi<br />

gamarjvebisa Tavis simarTlesa da bunebaSive aqvT.<br />

am azrebs SesaZloa gamarjveba dauyovndes da ar<br />

SeiZleba ki, rom gamarjveba bolosdabolos mainc<br />

amaT ar dahrCes. amitomac vsTqviT, rom imperator<br />

fridrixis xanmokle xelmwifebac ki<br />

kvaldauCnevelad ar Cauvlis germaniasao, imitom<br />

rom mis mier daZruli da gaRviebuli azri,<br />

viTarca marTali da WeSmariti, TanTan sul<br />

matebaSi Seva da gaZlierdeba.<br />

174

`mxsneli~<br />

tfilisi, 14 aprili<br />

erTis gazeTis korrespondenti safrangeTis<br />

Sesaxeb ambobs: `Cvens Tvalwin erTi ucnauri da<br />

didisdidad saintereso ambavia dResa. oriode<br />

kacma, marTalia, mxneebma da niWierebma, magram<br />

sxvafriv ki Ronemoklebulebma, amarTes droSa<br />

xalxSi saxelgaTqmulis generlisa, mTeli ieriSi<br />

miitanes mesame respublikis parlamentarobis<br />

sistemazed da mTeli omi gamarTes sasargeblod<br />

Tavis arCeul generlisa... am oriode kacisagan<br />

atexili moZraoba lamis erT uSvelebel niaRvarad<br />

gadaiqces da Tan waiRos yovelisferi, rac win<br />

daxvdebao. amitomac saSineli SiSi da krZalva<br />

SeudgaT mis mopirdapireebsao~.<br />

vin aris igi kaci, romlis saxeliT ase SesZres<br />

TiTqmis mTeli safrangeTi? is kaci gaxlavT<br />

generali bulanJe, romelsac oportunistebis<br />

dasma jer samxedro ministroba CamoarTva da<br />

bolos xom sruladac gadaayena samxedro<br />

samsaxuridam. aba Tu esea, da axla me vicio,<br />

daiqada am bednierma generalma da ai dRes lamis<br />

qadili Seusruldes.<br />

175

a kacia es generali bulanJe? amis pasuxs<br />

dabejiTebiT TviTon misni axlobelnic ver<br />

ityvian. ra unda am kacs? amazed TviTon<br />

bulanJesac ki pasuxi ver miucia. ver miucia<br />

imitom rom is, rasac exla bulanJe ambobs, pasuxi<br />

ar aris. igi ambobs, rom me minda dRevandeli<br />

enaWartala da ybedi parlamenti gadavayeno, sxva<br />

axali parlamenti amovarCevino, safrangeTis erisa<br />

da konstituciis wesi xelaxlad gadavasinjvino<br />

da gadavakeTebinovo. amazed eubnebian, eg xom<br />

marto gzaa, eg xom marto Ronea risame misaRwevad<br />

da gviTxariT, mag gziT da RoniT ris miRweva<br />

gsurTo. ris miRweva msurs, me magazed Cemi<br />

sakuTari planebi maqvso, da jer veravis vetyvio,<br />

upasuxnia Turme bulanJes.<br />

Tu bulanJe kacobiTac gamoucnobelia da<br />

moZRvrebiTac gamourkveveli, maS misma saxelma ra<br />

manqanebiTRa awewa mTeli safrangeTi imodenad,<br />

rom lamis yvelaferi erTmaneTs axalos da<br />

daajaxos? amisi mozezi imodenad misis saxelis<br />

Rirseba da Saravandedi ar aris, ramodenadac<br />

TviTon safrangeTis dRevandeli avkargianoba. mas<br />

aqeT, rac respublika daarsda safrangeTSi, eri<br />

Sinauri yofacxovrebis gankargebas hnatrobda<br />

yoveldRe. parlamentma, romelic dasTa simravlem<br />

erTmaneTSi angariSebis gasasworebel salaybod<br />

gadaaqcia, moawyina Tavi safrangeTsa Tavisis<br />

uxeirobiT da uqmobiT. am laqlaqa da TiTqmis<br />

yovlad uqm parlamentis xelSi verc erTma<br />

saministrom Tavi ver daiWira imodenad, rom dasTa<br />

brZolisagan moclis dro hqonoda gaekeTebina<br />

rame. amitomac erTs dros, roca oportunistebis<br />

dass gavleniani xma hqonda, es dasi hqadagebda<br />

parlamentis daTxovnasa da sxva saparlamento<br />

kacTa arCevansa, radganac egona, rom safrangeTis<br />

eri amoirCevda oportunistebis dasis kacebs da<br />

176

miT gaZlierebulni da mxarmocemulni xelT<br />

Caigdebdnen xangrZlivad safrangeTis sve-bedis<br />

gamgeobas. oportunistebis mxriT, amgvaris azris<br />

dena iyo safrangeTSi. meores mxriT radikalTa<br />

dasi hTxoulobda reformebs Sinaur<br />

yofacxovrebis gansakargeblad. dRes es ori<br />

udidesi dasia parlamentSi. sxvagvar dasebsac,<br />

romelsac parlamentSi Tavisi warmomadgeneli<br />

hyvandaT, Tavisi sakuTari tkivili da wyurvili<br />

hqondaT da am mizeziT erTi meores ar aclida<br />

saqmis keTebas da tyuilubralozed exarjebodaT<br />

tyuilubralo mWevrmetyveloba. saqme ara<br />

gamodioda ra, frazebis meti. daiRala safrangeTi<br />

lodiniTa, daeRala Tvali, daeRala guli, bevrma<br />

aiTvalwuna exlandeli parlamenti, rogorc ver<br />

SemZlebeli saqmisa risame da verc damdginebeli<br />

imisTana mTavrobisa, romelsac xangrZlivad<br />

gaeZlo da, maSasadame, dro hqonda moqmedebisaTvis.<br />

xSirad amisTana gulnaklulobis da<br />

guldawyvetilobis dros eri wyalwaRebulsaviT<br />

xavss eWideba, raki meti gza ar aris. amisTana<br />

dros samduravi da ukmayofileba aris xolme igi<br />

mRvrie wyali, romelSiac yoveli pativmoyvare<br />

kaci Tevzis Weras hndomobs. aq TviTon Rirseba<br />

kacisa, romelic xelT igdebs xolme badesa,<br />

arafers SuaSia da marto uRirsoba JamTa<br />

viTarebisa moqmedebs. amisTana dros, muTaqac rom<br />

dasvaT, SesaZloa, xalxis Tvali mizidul iqmnas<br />

da motyuebuli.<br />

ai, swored es dro ixelTa oriode gamWriaxma<br />

kacma da gamoatyvrina generali bulanJe<br />

safrangeTis mxsnelad. ai kacio, uTxres<br />

safrangeTs: romelic am uqms da uxeiro<br />

parlamentsac Tavidam mogaSorebT da ukanonod<br />

Semdgars uRono konstituciasac gadagikeTebTo,<br />

ese igi, reformebs moaxdenso. bulanJemac es<br />

177

daixvia xelzed da dRes pirSi burTs udebs<br />

calke oportunistebs, romelTac exlandelis<br />

parlamentis daTxovna hsurdaT, calke radikalebs,<br />

romelTac reformebi undodaT. erTsac da<br />

meoresac me vkisrulob da movaxden Tu<br />

TviTveulis Tqveganis survili tyvili midebmodeba<br />

ar aris eris Tvalis asaxvevad, win raRad<br />

meRobebiTo? am saxiT am oris gavlenian dasis<br />

iaraRiTve ibrZvis dRes bulanJe.<br />

bevrs ara sjera, rom bulanJe risame<br />

SemZlebeli iyos, magram guldawyvetils da<br />

gulnakluls yoveligvari qadili da dapireba<br />

advilada swams xolme da rasakvirvelia, rom<br />

qadili da dapireba laRis generlisa zogierTma<br />

nawilma daijera safrangeTSiac. dRes, Tu<br />

bulanJes saxeli moqmedobs safrangeTSi, eris<br />

guldawyvetilad da gulnaklulad yofnis<br />

wyalobiT moqmedobs da ara imiT, rom igi marTla<br />

RirsebiT SeniSnuli da saimedo kacia.<br />

iqneba yovelis RirsebiTac Semkuli iyos,<br />

magram jer araviTari sabuTi ar aris, araviTari<br />

magaliTi, rom romelime Rirseba misi<br />

gamoCeniliyos. safrangeTisaTvis mas araviTari<br />

saqebel-sadidebeli samsaxuri ar gauwevia.<br />

dRevandelis yofacxovrebis momduravebma Tu<br />

general bulanJes Cahkides xeli Tavisis<br />

ganzraxvis gansaxorcieleblad, marto imisaTvis,<br />

rom am generals saxeli aqvs gavardnili<br />

safrangeTSi, radganac ministrobis dros, cxviric<br />

rom daecemina, dafa-naRaras dahkravda xolme,<br />

viTomda didi ram saqme gavakeTe da miyureT ra<br />

kaci varo. amisTana SuSxuna da farTi-furTis<br />

kaci zogjer gzas gaikafavs xolme safrangeTSi,<br />

magram SuSxunasaviT male icis rogorc<br />

alaplapeba, isec Caqroba. xolo ubedureba es<br />

178

aris, rom xSirad es SuSxunoba metad Zvirad<br />

ujdeba xolme safrangeTsa.<br />

dRes safrangeTs amis SiSi aqvs da amas swuxan<br />

miT ufro, rom am SiSis gamo safrangeTs evropiis<br />

mwyobrSi Tavisi Sesaferi xma ar eqneba, radganac<br />

cixe misi Signidamve iryeva da bevrnairad<br />

gansacdelSi gamovlils safrangeTs zari ryevis<br />

Ronesac ubaTilebs da xalissac uklavs sagareo<br />

moqmedebisaTvis im andazisa ar iyos, rom roca<br />

Sin balRebi gitirian, gareT tablas ra undao.<br />

179

180<br />

<br />

amerikaSi<br />

tfilisi, 19 aprili<br />

evropam rac gind Zlierad iRvawos<br />

kacobriobis sabednierod Tavis ukeTesTa SvilTa<br />

meoxebiT, rac gind misTa dawinaurebulTa da<br />

warCinebulTa SvilTa sakvirvelebani aRmoaCinon<br />

civilizaciis da kulturis win sabijeblad da<br />

warsamateblad, mainc evropa Zveli qveyanaa, tansa<br />

da erTob agebulebaSi bevri ram Zveli CasWedvia<br />

da amis gamo Znelad iTvisebs axalsa cxovrebaSi<br />

gansaxorcieleblad.<br />

ramdeni didni WeSmaritebani da maRalni moZRvrebani<br />

hRaRadeben dRes evropaSi udidesTa mkvlevarTa<br />

da moZRvarTagan, magram erni evro-pisani<br />

jer kidev brmani da yruni arian erTisaca da<br />

meorisaTvisac.<br />

rada? imitom rom aq axalma rom gza<br />

gaikvlios da adgili daiWiros cxovrebis moedanzed,<br />

jer unda Zveli Camoicalos gzisagan da moedanze<br />

adgili daaclevinos. gandevna Zvelisa da<br />

Cayeneba axalisa orkeci saqmea, orkecad, ormxrivad<br />

saomaria. ormxrivi, orkeci omi Znelia da

gamarjvebisaTvis orkecs mxneobas da vaJkacobas<br />

iTxovs da dids drosac hndomulobs.<br />

evropa am mxriT axogamosaRebels adgilsa<br />

hgavs: jer ZeZvebi, bardebi Zvelisani unda amoiWras,<br />

maTi jirkvebi, fesvebi dalpes da amoyril<br />

iqmnas da mere moixnas da daiTesos dasaTesiTa.<br />

amas karga xniT gamudmebuli jafa unda da<br />

amitomac auarebeli dro gadis xolme WeSmaritebis<br />

aRmoCenidam da moZRvrebis movlenidam maTTa<br />

ganxorcielebamde.<br />

aba ramdeni xania mas aqeT, rac kacobriobis<br />

sabednierod adamianis gulSematkivarTa kacTa<br />

umoZRvres qveynierobas, rom kaci kacisaTvis<br />

mWameli mgeli ar unda iyoso; rom omi,<br />

sisxlisRvra da erTmaneTis Jleta samarcxvino<br />

ram aris im sulierisaTvis, romelic RvTis saxiT<br />

da mgzavsebiT movlenilia qveyanazedao: rom erTmaneTis<br />

Jleta marto pirutyvs, mxecsa da nadirs<br />

epativeba da ara pirmetyvels adamians, romelsac<br />

mimadlebuli aqvs utkbilesi da umaR-lesi<br />

RvTaeburi niWi siyvarulisa, sibralulisa da<br />

simarTlisao. ra aris qveyanazed imisTana, siyvarulma,<br />

sibralulma, simarTlem ara sZlios da<br />

gulnatkenoba ar gaamrTeloso? Tu calke kacni<br />

erTmanerTs usisxlod hSveldebian, roca sadavo<br />

ram, an SuRli, anu mtroba CamouvardebaT, ratom<br />

saxelmwifoni ki ver mohSveldebian erTmanerTSi<br />

usisxlodveo? gana kaci maSin sxvaa, roca calkea<br />

da maSin sxva, roca Tavis mgzavsTa krebulSiao?<br />

amis mqadagebelTa didi xania iwames, rom<br />

SesaZloa yovelgvari mizeziani saqme, romelic exla<br />

saTavea xolme omebisa saxelmwifoTa Soris,<br />

imave gziT gaiwmindos da dasruldes, ra gziTac<br />

hTavdeba xolme calke kacTa Soris. moZRvarTa,<br />

mqadagebelTa da ukeTesTa kacTa iwames es<br />

SesaZlisoba da ar iwama evropiis erma, Tumca ara<br />

181

erTi da ori magaliTi hqonia Tvalwin am SesaZlisobis<br />

dasamowmebeli. aseTia Zveli evropa, romelsac<br />

ZvelisZvelTagan dasCemebia erTmanerTis<br />

srva da Jleta, roca saxelmwifoTa Soris raime<br />

mizeziani saqme aCndeba da rasakvirvelia, rom<br />

SeCveuls Wirsa hrCeobs, vidre SeuCvevels lxinsa.<br />

sul sxvaa Crdilo-amerikis Statebi: iq axals<br />

win ar Seejaxeba xolme Zveli, imitom rom TviTon<br />

axali saxelmwifoa, axali eria, imisi sitoria<br />

sul asis wlis saqme ar aris da agebulebaSi ara<br />

aqvs gabneuli ekali da xiWi Zvelis cxovrebis<br />

ZeZvebisa da bardebisa. iq guSini ar aris, iq<br />

marto dRevandeli dRea da xvalindeli da amitom<br />

rac dRes moaqvs sadReisod Tu saxvaliod, is<br />

angariSs ar uwevs guSindelsa, romelsac uxanobiT<br />

Znelad amosayreli jirkvi da fesvi jer ar<br />

gaukeTebia.<br />

es aris mizezi, rom zemoxsenebuli moZRvreba,<br />

evropaSi dabadebuli da gaCenili, amerikaSi<br />

gauZneleblad gaizarda imodenad, rom dRes<br />

cxovrebaSi Tavis samkvidro da samoqmedo adgils<br />

hTxoulobs. gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom am ukanasknels<br />

xanebSi SeerTebul Statebis senatSi erTs<br />

mis wevrs sarCieli Seutania imis Taobazed, rom<br />

dawesebul iqmnas mediatoreTa samudamo sasamarTlo,<br />

romelmac unda gaasamarTlos da moarigos<br />

erTmanerTSi SeerTebuli Statebi, inglisi da<br />

safrangeTi Tu vinicobaa am saxelmwifoTa Soris<br />

raime Cxubi da ganxeTqileba astyda. es sarCieli<br />

avalebs prezidents State-bisas gamoelaparakos am<br />

saganzed safrangeTsa da inglissa da saxarjod<br />

amisa daniSnul iqmnas 80000 dolari. Tu es<br />

moxerxda, SeerTebuls Statebs inglisTan da safrangeTTan<br />

Tavis dReSi omi ar autydeba.<br />

1889 wels didi dResaswauloba unda gaimar-<br />

Tos amerikis StatebSi imis gamo, rom am wels<br />

182

usruldeba Statebs asi weliwadi mas aqeT, rac<br />

inglisisagan Tavi daixsnes da Crdilo-amerika<br />

Tavisufal saxelmwifod Seiqmna. radganac am dResaswaulobis<br />

gamo vaSingtonSi Tavs moiyrian<br />

delegaciebi mTelis amerikis respublikebisa,<br />

amitomac emzadebian, rom zemoxsenebuli sarCieli<br />

maSin ganxorcieldes da mediatoreTa samarTali<br />

dawesdeso.<br />

safrangeTis gazeTi `Temps~-i abmobs, rom<br />

mediatoreTa sasamarTlo advilad dasawesebelia<br />

da mosaxerxebeli amerikis StatebisaTvis erTis<br />

mxriT da meores mxriT inglisisa da<br />

safrangeTisaTvisa, xolo marto im saqmeTa gamo,<br />

romelic Sesaxebeli iqmneba amerikisao. evropaSi<br />

ki SeuZlebelia eg moxerxdeso, radganac evropa<br />

jer umiwawylobiT SexuTulia ase, rom Zlivs<br />

itevs xalxsa da gawev-gamowevaSi, ra Tqma unda,<br />

erTmanerTis zians ar moeridebian, da mere<br />

erTmanerTis mtroba da jabri, ZvelisZvelidgan<br />

naanderZevi da Zval-rbilSi gabneuli ise Zlieria,<br />

rom evropa mag samSvidobo dawesebulebas ver<br />

moixdenso.<br />

Cvenc magas vambobT da sxvas arafers. eg<br />

Zuleba, mtroba da jabri evropiis erTa Soris ra<br />

aris, Tu ara Jangi Zvelis cxovrebisa? swored eg<br />

Jangia mizezi, rom im kacTmoyvaruls da yovlad<br />

patiosans moZRvrebas ar ikarebs dRevadeli evropa<br />

maSin, rodesac eri axali, axali qveyana, ZvelTa<br />

CveulebaTa da anderZTagan damoukidebeli da<br />

dauCagvreli, xelgaSliT da gulgaSliT iTvisebs<br />

kacTa sabednierod.<br />

Tu RmerTma hqmna da kacobriobis sasaxelod<br />

amerikam am mxriT Tvisi sawadeli aisrula, es didi<br />

magaliTi iqmneba evropiisaTvisac. maSin evropa<br />

TvaliT mainc dainaxavs imas, rasac Zvelisagan<br />

Jangmokidebuli goneba da guli vera hxedavda.<br />

183

184<br />

<br />

inglisSi<br />

tfilisi, 20 aprili<br />

inglisis sve-bedis gamgeobas da ase Tu ise<br />

svlasa Zvel droTagan sayevarSi udgas ori didi,<br />

sxvadasxva moZRvrebis dasi. erTs vigebis dass<br />

eZaxian da meores toriebisas. es saxelebi<br />

daerqvaT 1679 w., roca uSvilo mefis karlos IIisaTvis<br />

memkvidre unda amoerCiaT. mas dRes aqeTia<br />

inglisis gamgeoba, gared Tu SigniT, xan erTs<br />

dass Cauvardeboda xolme xelSi, xan meores<br />

imisda mixedviT Tu, _ ra dros romlis dasis<br />

miZRvreba hpoulobda inglisis erSi momxreobas.<br />

moZRvreba vigebisa is iyo Tavdapirveladve, rom<br />

daZvelebuli kanonebi, safuZvlad dadebulni<br />

saxelmwifosaTvis, Secvlil iqmnan droTa da<br />

Wkua-gonebis warmatebis mixedviTa, toriebi ki<br />

gulmodgine mosarCleni iyvnen Zvelis inglisis<br />

weswyobilebisa.<br />

roca dro moiTxovda xolme romelsame<br />

cvlilebas, maSin inglisis eri Tavis sve-beds<br />

Caabarebda xolme vigebsa, da roca inglisis eri<br />

dainaxavda, rom cvlilebani jer xanad sakmaoni<br />

arian da axlad SemoRebuls wess dro unda<br />

fesvis gadgmisa da damkvidrebisaTvis, maSin

gamgeobisaTvis moiwvevda xolme toriebsa. mTeli<br />

istoria saSinao da sagareo politikisa inglisSi<br />

am orTa dasTa moRvaweobisagan aris warmomdgari.<br />

evropiulis sityviT rom movnaTloT es dasebi,<br />

vigebi liberalTa dasis kacni arian da toriebi _<br />

konservatorTa dasisani.<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi uwindeli saxelebi _<br />

vigebi da toriebi rogorRac daviwyebas miecnen da<br />

TandaTan am dasTa aRsaniSnavad evropiuls<br />

saxelebsRa hxmaroben. dRes xmarebaSia<br />

saxelsawodeblad ufro liberalebi da<br />

konservatorebi, vidre vigebi da toriebi.<br />

gladstonis saxelovan proeqtis Semdeg<br />

irlandiis TviTmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, erTi didi<br />

nawili moswyda liberalTa dass, romlis moTaved<br />

darCa gladstoni da mieriva konservatorebis<br />

dassa, romelsac hwinamZRvrobs dRes markizi<br />

salusberi. am gadamdgarT liberalTa mainc kidev<br />

SeirCines dedaazrni uwindelis liberalobisa<br />

yovelgvar saSinao da sagareo saqmeSi da Tavis<br />

amxanagebs gaeyarnen mxolod irlandiis gamo,<br />

radganac saxelmwifos erTobis darRvevad miiCnies<br />

miniWeba irlandiisaTvis calke parlamentisa,<br />

rogorc gladstoni da imisi dasi hTxoulobs. ra<br />

Tqma unda, am gadamdgarTa liberalTa, romelsac<br />

win uZRvebian gartingtoni da radikali<br />

Camberleni, konservatorTa dasSi Seitanes axali<br />

sio da Searyies imisi uwindelni dedaazrni. am<br />

axalma siom da Seryevam ukve Tavi iCina dRes.<br />

dRevandeli proeqti konservatorTa dasisa Sesaxeb<br />

inglisis TviTmmarTvelobisa iseTi Zireuli<br />

cvlilebaa Sinaur politikisa, rom TviT<br />

gladstnelni liberalebi gakvirvebulni arian da<br />

sixaruliT taSs ukvren Tavis mopirispire<br />

konservatorebs.<br />

185

amitomac Camberlensa da sxvaT imis mgzavsTa<br />

sabuTi aqvT sTqvan dRes, rom inglisSi aRar aris<br />

uwindeli vigoba da torioba, am saxelebma da<br />

dasTa mniSvnelobam Tavisi dro-Jami moiWama da<br />

dRes inglisis bedi xelT upyria erTis mxriT<br />

erTs nawils inglisis erisas, romelsac hsurs<br />

calke parlamenti mianiWos irlandielebs da<br />

meores mxriT meore nawils, romelsac eg ara<br />

hsurs. vin gaitans Tavisas am or nawilSi _ amis<br />

pasuxis mTqmeli da gadamwyveteli TviT inglisis<br />

eria, xolo konservatorebs rom fexTa qveS miwa<br />

gamoecalaT, rom maTTa uwindel dedaazrTa<br />

safuZveli SeeryaT da feri da mimarTuleba<br />

ecvalaT es yovlad SesaniSnavi ambavia. rom<br />

konservatorTa dasma, Tu srulad ara, bevrSi<br />

mainc, daiviwya Tavisi Zvelni anderZni, bevri<br />

dasTmo Tavis Zvel dedaazrTagan da bevrSi dahyva<br />

liberalTa dedaazrTa, _ amisi didi da utyuari<br />

sabuTi inglisis TviTmmarTvelobis proeqtia,<br />

romelic salusberim am konservatorTa meTaurma<br />

_ Seitana am bolos dros parlamentSi da<br />

romelmac meorejel wakiTxvis dros gamoiwvia<br />

erTiani taSi da sixaruli mowonebisa.<br />

186

WeSmariteba<br />

tfilsi, 24 aprili<br />

ra moitana qveynad mkvdreTiT dRes aRdgenilma<br />

Zeman RvTisa da kacisaman? ra moavlina kacTa<br />

naTesavis saxsnelad da sacxovneblad? man moitana,<br />

man moavlina `marTali~, ese igi, madli da<br />

WeSmariteba. `rjuli mosesagan moeca, _ ambobs<br />

ioane naTlismcemeli, xolo madli da WeSmariteba<br />

qristes mier iqmna~.<br />

ra aris igi `madli da WeSmariteba~, romelsac<br />

`marTali~ hqvian da romlis aRdgenasac dRes<br />

sixaruliT hgalobs mTeli qristianoba?<br />

`marTali~ TviTve gvamcnevs Tavis Tavsa. igi<br />

gveubneba saxarebis sityviT:<br />

`me var gza da me var WeSmariteba da<br />

cxovreba, me var puri cxovrebisa. romeli<br />

movides Cemda, ara hSiodes da romelsa<br />

hrwmenes Cemi, ara sada swyurodes. me var<br />

puri cxovrebisa. mamaTa TqvenTa sWames<br />

mananai udabnosa da moswydes. me var puri,<br />

romeli zeciT gardamohxda _ ukeTu vinme<br />

sWamos, ara mohkvdes.<br />

`me var naTeli soflisa, romeli Semomidges<br />

me, ara vidodes bnelsa, aramed aqvndes<br />

naTeli cxovrebisa. me var venaxi<br />

187

WeSmariti. daadgeriT Tqven CemTana da me<br />

TqvenTana. viTarca igi nasxlevsa ver<br />

xelewifebis nayofisa gamoRebad TaviT<br />

TvisiT, ukeTu ara egos venaxsa zeda,<br />

agredve Tqven, ukeTu ara dadgreT CemTana.<br />

`amas getyviT Tqven, raTa sixaruli Cemi<br />

TqvenTana egos da sixaruli Tqveni<br />

savsebiT iyos. rameTu ese ars mcneba Cemi,<br />

raTa iyvarebodeT urTierTars, viTarca me<br />

Segiyvaren Tqven. ufrosi amisa siyvaruli<br />

aravis aqvs, raTa suli Tvisi dasdvas<br />

megobarTa TvisTaTvis.<br />

`mSvidobasa dagiteveb Tqven, mSvidobasa<br />

Cemsa migcem Tqven. wyaloba mnebavs da ara<br />

msxverpli, rameTu ara movved wodebad<br />

marTalTa, aramed codvilTa sinanulad~.<br />

`marTali~ aris aRTqma urTierTobisa,<br />

siyvarulisa, erTmanerTisaTvis sulis dadebisa,<br />

erTmanerTis SendobiT gan-kiTxvisa.<br />

es aris xsna da cxovreba kacTa naTesavisa.<br />

amis gared yovelive fuWia, yovelive<br />

uqmia. `marTals erTaderTi mcneba aqvs,<br />

erTaderTi kanoni:<br />

`yoveli romeli gindes Tqven, raTa giyon<br />

kacTa, egredca Tqven hyavT maTda mimarT~.<br />

amaSia mTeli arseba, mTeli buneba yovlad<br />

mxsnelis `marTalis~, amaSia TviTon cxovel-myofeli<br />

`marTali~. sxva sawyao ar aris `marTalis~<br />

miwyvisaTvis, `marTalis~ aRxsnisaTvis, `marTalis~<br />

codnisa da gagebisaTvis. rac gindodes SenTvis, is<br />

moindome sxvisTvis da mTeli `marTali~ aRsrulebul<br />

geqmneba. Znelia amis qmna da marto Znelad<br />

saqmnelia saqeb-sadidebeli moq-medisaTvis. viwroa<br />

gza `marTlisa~, magram mihyavs sacxovneblad, sacocxleblad.<br />

`marTalive~ gvib-Zanebs _ `SevediT<br />

188

iwrosagan bWisa, rameTu, vrcel ars bWe da farTo<br />

ars gza, romelsa mihyavs warsawymedelad~.<br />

`marTali~ kldea, romelzedac SesaZlisia<br />

mxolod ageba da aSeneba kacTa naTesavis<br />

bednierebisa, sixarulisa, Svebisa da<br />

lxenisa, amitomac igi unda uyvardes<br />

yvelas Tavis Tavzed ufro.<br />

`romelsa uyvardes mama, anu deda ufros<br />

Cemsa, brZanebs `marTali~, _ ara ars Cemda<br />

Rirs da, romelsa uyvardes Ze, anu asuli<br />

ufros Cemsa, igi ara ars Cemda Rirs da<br />

romelman ara aRiRos jvari Tvisi da ar<br />

Semomidges me, igi ara ars Cemda Rirs~.<br />

`marTali~ erTaderTi ukvdavi wyaroa cxovrebisa<br />

da visac hsurs daewafos am ukvdav wyaros<br />

cxovrebisas, man unda dasTmos yovelis-feri da<br />

Seudges mas. yovlad SemZlebelia `marTali~.<br />

brmaTa Tvals uxels, yruTa smenas aZlevs, mSiers<br />

aWmevs, mwyurvals asmevs, SiSvels hmosavs, sapyarsa,<br />

sneuls hkurnebs. ubedurT nugeSs cems,<br />

codvilT mowyalebiT ganikiTxavs da mterTaTvisac<br />

ki hloculobs. wyaloba hnebavs mas da ara<br />

msxverpli, sinanuli da ara msjavri, mSvidoba da<br />

ara SfoTi, siyvaruli da ara Zuleba, Zmoba da<br />

ara mtroba, sicocxle da ara sikvdili.<br />

iwameT da SeudegiT `marTalsa~, rameTu igi<br />

marTla ukvdavi wyaroa kacTa cxovrebisa da<br />

yovlad SemZlebelia xsnad da cxovrebaT kacTa,<br />

yovlad SemZlebelobas `marTlisas~ _ am cxovrebis<br />

wyarosas _ ase gvixatavs Cveni didgonebiani,<br />

sityvamoswrebuli sasiqadulo poeti, d.<br />

guramiSvili: cxovrebis wyarom dahSrita<br />

jojoxeTs cecxlis alebi,<br />

zed miesxura, dahmosa<br />

xorciTve mkvdarTa Zvalebi,<br />

189

190<br />

Caudga suli ukvdavi,<br />

misca aRdgomis Zalebi,<br />

eSmakT daulpo werili,<br />

adams gaduwyda valebi.<br />

erTi axali evropieli mwerali TiTqmis amasve<br />

ambobs qristes mier movlinebuls `marTalzed~.<br />

`aRTqmam marTalisam da siyvarulisam, _<br />

ambobs igi: daarRvia saflavi, kacTa<br />

borotebisa da kacTa umarTlobisagan<br />

gaTxrili: bneli gaanaTa Tavisis naTeli-<br />

Ta. Seitkbo, Seivrdoma suli adamianisa,<br />

imis sindiss, imis fiqrs, imis ZarRvs<br />

hSTabera Tavisi didi da Zlieri Rone.<br />

sityvam `marTalisam~ sZlia borotsa. igi<br />

TviT jojoxeTSi Cavida codvaTagan gamosaxsnelad~.<br />

eseve mwerali meore adgilas ase hlaparakobs<br />

qveynis xsnad qristes mier moZRvrebuls, `marTalzeda~:<br />

`marTali ukvdavia, cocxalia saukunod,<br />

dausruleblad. imas vera Rone kacTa<br />

naTesavisa ver Sehmusravs, TviTon sikvdilic<br />

ki uRonoa imis winaSe, `marTali~<br />

gasces, gamcemeli Seimusra da `marTali~<br />

ki kvlavac aris. igi awames da uvnebeli<br />

darCa. Seagines da igi ki mainc hlocavda<br />

mginebelTa da Seundobda. eklis gvirgvini<br />

daadges da igi ki mainc hbrwyinavda.<br />

moakvdines da igi kvlav aRzdga<br />

mkvdreTiT, momavlinebeli misi amaRlda<br />

cad da TviTon igi ki darCa qveyanadao!~<br />

ufro ukeTesad hglovobs kacTa umadurobas<br />

Cveni d. guramiSvili, ufro cxovlad gvixatavs<br />

mas, Tu rogoris mtrobiT moeqca kacTa naTesavi<br />

misda macxovrad movlinebuls `marTalsa~:

`vai ra kargi saCino<br />

ra avad migiCnieso!<br />

macxovnebeli Sen maTi<br />

wamwymendlad migiCnieso.<br />

RvTis saidumlo gagtexes,<br />

gulSi ver dagitieso,<br />

ocdaaT vercxlad gagyides<br />

isic ki danabnieso.<br />

Segipyres Tvisi damxsneli,<br />

sabeli mogaxvieso;<br />

magra Segikres xelebi<br />

ufalsa ara gTnieso.<br />

avazakzeda gagcvales,<br />

baraba maT irCieso;<br />

urigo sityva Segkadres,<br />

gaglanZRes, gagaTrieso.<br />

frCxilTa giyares lerwami,<br />

nunebi agatkieso,<br />

yvrimals gces Tvalebakrulsa,<br />

gkiTxes: vin gcema, sTqvi, eso?<br />

xeldabanilTa SoltiT gces,<br />

msxverpls sisxli Seurieso;<br />

dagadges eklis gvirgvini,<br />

golgoTad migiwvieso.<br />

Sesamoseli gagxades,<br />

qlamidni mogaxvieso;<br />

jvarzed gagakres, xel-fexTa<br />

lursmani gagiwieso.<br />

mogkles ubralo braliTa<br />

qveyana Searyieso,<br />

mze danabneles, mTvareca,<br />

varskvlavni daafrqvieso.<br />

jvariT gadmogxsnes, wagraggnes,<br />

tiloSi wagaxvieso,<br />

dagmarxes, mkvdarsac ar gendnen,<br />

191

192<br />

gars mcvelni Semogxvieso.<br />

ase moeqcnen im `marTals~, romelic moevlina<br />

kacTa naTesavs xsnad da cxovnebad. igive didgonebiani<br />

da sityvamoswrebuli poeti am saxiT<br />

hkvirobs kacTa siborotes da umadurobas<br />

`marTalis~ mimarT:<br />

ar vici, rad hqmnes ugbilTa,<br />

avi ra SegamCnieso?<br />

mkvdars aRudgendi, hkurnavdi<br />

keTrovans, wyalmanikierso,<br />

brmas Tvals uxeldi, cis-cisad<br />

arCendi eSmakierso,<br />

utyvs ena sZRvnidi, yrus smenas,<br />

sapyarTa svlas mSvenierso.<br />

amis mets aras etyodi:<br />

esevdiT RmerTs zecierso,<br />

mSvidad scxovrobdiT, nu uzamT<br />

erTmaneTs Tqven udierso;<br />

gaikiTxevdiT glaxakTa,<br />

asmev-aWmevdiT mSierso...<br />

rasac keTils iqmT, RmerTi Tqven<br />

mogagebT mis magierso.<br />

orsav gzas wrfels win udebdi<br />

xorciels da sulierso,<br />

amis sanuqfod Sen maTa<br />

sikvdilsa SegamTxvieso.<br />

ai amasve rogor mogviTxrobs zemoxsenebuli<br />

evropieli mwerali, sagulisxmoa Sesadareblad:<br />

`gaisma misi (ieso qristesi) Zlieri<br />

styva marTlisa da siyvarulisa da brmaT<br />

aexilaT Tvalni, keTrovanni ganikurnen,<br />

kacni ubraloni suliTa da guliT Seudgnen<br />

didebuls moZRvars `marTlisas~...

jvarakidebuli da mis qveS tanCadrekili,<br />

gvemuli, nerwyvuli, Seginebuli, gaupatiurebuli<br />

vidoda igi RvTiv movlinebuli<br />

maxarobeli `marTalisa~ golgoTazed<br />

jvarTsacmelad da wamebisaTvis.<br />

... ganvlo mTeli igi gza wamebisa<br />

udrtvinvelad, Seurisxavad, miuteva<br />

mwamebelTa TvisTa, jvarcmul iqmna<br />

jvarzed xelfexdalursmuli, da mohkvda<br />

wyurvilisagan Ronemixdili da eklis<br />

gvirgviniT mosili... mokvda, rom<br />

sikvdiliTa sikvdili dasTrgunos da<br />

saflavebis Sinada cxovreba mianiWos~.<br />

SeamTxvies sikvdils qveynis xsnad movlinebuli<br />

`marTali~, mohkvda igi, magram kvlav aRzdga...<br />

qriste aRzdga! aRzdga masTan erTad<br />

`marTalica~. vin miemTxvios, vin eziaros, vin<br />

Seudges `marTalsa~? vina aRvides maRalsa mas<br />

mTasa wmindasa?<br />

* gr. orbelianis leqsia.<br />

suliTa wrfeli, mSvidi guliT<br />

fiqriT ganwmendil,<br />

vis ar Seexo zakvis gesli<br />

Zmisa gankiTxvad,<br />

da siyvaruliT Seiwyala<br />

cdomili vnebiT...<br />

vinca am soflis didebasa,<br />

mzeebr mnaTobsa,<br />

monebr ar misdevs, scnobs ra mis Suqs<br />

fuW warmavalsa.<br />

vinc Zlierebas xmiTa maRliT<br />

amcno simarTle<br />

da Zmas dacemuls misca xeli<br />

da aRadgina... *<br />

193

194<br />

<br />

safuZvlebi<br />

tfilisi, 3 maisi<br />

gazeTebma mogvitanes amas winaT ambavi da Cvens<br />

`iveriaSic~ Tavis drozed movixsenieT, rom<br />

prusiaSi dedaTa saswavleblebSi SeuniSnavT<br />

daqancva gonebisa moswavleTa qalTaTvis<br />

metismetis swavlebisa gamo. amis gamo zogierTi<br />

axali wesebi daudgeniaT, rom moswavleTa qalTa<br />

garja da Sroma Semsubuqebul eqmnaT. Tu ar meti,<br />

eseTive qancgawyveta suliTa da xorciTa didi<br />

xania SehniSnes evropaSi moswavle vaJebsaca da<br />

amis gamo TiTqmis mTeli literatura Sesdga,<br />

nametnavad germaniasa da safrangeTSi, saca am<br />

ambavma ufro Zlier Tavi iCina, _ da daanaRvla,<br />

rogorc iqaurni gamgebelni swavla-ganaTlebis<br />

saqmisani, agreTve ded-mamanica.<br />

Cvena gvgonia meti ar iyos, gamovarkvioT,<br />

Cvenis SeZlebisamebr, mizezni amisTana samwuxaro<br />

ambisa im TxzulebaTagan, romelTa avtornic<br />

moekidnen am saqmes Sesaferis gulmtkivneulobiTa.<br />

am ukanasknel xanebSi sapedagogio<br />

literaturaSi gaxSirda xmamaRlad RaRadeba, rom<br />

exladnelis skolis yofa-mdgomareoba evropaSi<br />

Tavs ar modis da axals mozards Taobas sCagravs,<br />

radganac calmxrivia da calkerZoo. yvelani

amazed Tanaxmani arian, rom exlandeli skola<br />

ufro imazea mimarTuli, rom, rac SesaZloa, bevri<br />

codna aZlios moswavlesa da zne-xasiaTis<br />

wvrTvna, sworeba da gamarTva ki mTlad<br />

uyuradRebod aris datovebulio. am calkerZod<br />

skolis momarTvis Sedegze ai ras ambobs erTi<br />

avtori:<br />

`samwuxaro suraTi warmoudgeba Tvalwin<br />

yvelas, visac ar eSinian pirdapir Sexedos<br />

marTals da Tvali TvalSi gauyaros. TiTo-orola<br />

magaliTs garda, exlandeli ymawvili kaci janiT<br />

metad uZluria, saSinlad ZarRvmoSlili da<br />

modunebuli, TiTqo sneuliao. sakmaoa mcire ram<br />

dabrkoleba daxvdes da maSinve uRonobisagan<br />

xelebs Camohyris; guls uxeTqavs, xaliss uklavs<br />

yoveli saqme, romelic ki cotad Tu bevrad mxned,<br />

medgrad xelis mokidebas hTxoulobs, xangrZlivs,<br />

daJinebuls, gulgautexels bejiTobas da garjas.<br />

ar aris igi Cveuli TaviT TvisiT isazros,<br />

ifiqros da amis gamo advilad eZleva uaryofas<br />

Zvelisas da sruliadac ara hnaRvlobs<br />

uarhyofilis sanacvlod axali ram Caayenos.<br />

yovel amis gamo exlandelni ymawvilkacoba didad<br />

ubeduria da Zalian iSviaTad SemZlebelia, rom<br />

gonierad, WkvadasmiT da sasargeblod TaviT<br />

TvisiT gaakeTos ram da iRvawos. igi uRonoa<br />

TviTmoqmedebisa da moRvaweobisaTvis.<br />

`zogni amaTgani, _ ambobs Semdeg igive avtori,<br />

_ da es zogni sakmaod blomad arian, nametnavad<br />

cotaodnad SemZlebel ojaxisani _ mTels Tavis<br />

sicocxles imas andomeben, rom proteqciiT lukma<br />

puri iSovnon da scxovreben pirutyvsaviT dRedReurad,<br />

TviTonac ar ician, risTvis arian da<br />

sad midian: sWamen, smen, TamaSoben qaRalds,<br />

htancioben, arSiyoben, hmsaxuroben imdenad, rom<br />

jamagirebi iRon. es jura xalxi mTlad<br />

195

xelasaRebeli xalxia, yovlad uvargisi, uxeiro,<br />

ararais maqnisi. amaT mkvdari aqvT yovelive<br />

fantazia, yovelive azri, yovelive grZnoba,<br />

naZiral grZnobis garda. codna, skolaSi<br />

miRebuli, zogjer sakmaod bevrica, amaTTvis meti<br />

bargia da male daebRertebaT, gaefantebaT xolme<br />

cxovrebis gzazed.<br />

`sxvani ufro niWierni _ xelgamomavalni arian<br />

da jer skolaSive gamoarkveven xolme, _ ra<br />

saqonelsa aqvs gasavali sazogadoebis bazarSi ama<br />

da am dros. amaTi fantazia, aRfrTovanebuli<br />

advilad gamdidrebis cocxal magaliTebiTa, win<br />

gadufens xolme sarCoians gzas veqilisas,<br />

mkurnalisas, inJinerisas, arxiteqtorisas,<br />

mziTvian colis, Tu SemZlebel qmris SerTvisas _<br />

erTis sityviT, uxatavs im gamorkveuls ideals<br />

xerxian kacisas, romelsac sagnada aqvs advilad<br />

gamdidreba da mere maZRari gancxroma gaurjelad<br />

da uSromelad. am juris xalxi yvelazed uaresni,<br />

yvelazed mavnebelni muqTamWamelni arian da<br />

metismetad saSiSarni Tavis qveynisaTvis, radganac<br />

yovel wuTs mzad arian mihyidon imisi sve-bedi<br />

imas, vinc mets miscems~.<br />

ra Tqma unda, rom avtori aq hlaparakobs<br />

ufroserTze, umravlesobazed. vin ityvis, rom<br />

TiTo-orola sasixarulo magaliTic ar iyos<br />

exlandels ymawvilkacobaSi. uamisoba xom qveynis<br />

ukuqceva iqneboda. avtori marto umravlesobis,<br />

ufros-erTis uferulobas, uRonobas, uxeirobas<br />

gvaniSnebs da amaSi ara gvgonia igi gaamytyunos<br />

vinmem. igi ambobs, rom:<br />

`bevrma ymawvilkacma ar icis, ra gzas daadges<br />

da saiT wavides; amis gamo ymawvili kaci<br />

sasowarkveTilebas eZleva, guli utydeba,<br />

aRarafrisaTvis erCis. es sasowarkveTileba da<br />

gulis gatexa Wkvas uSrobs, grZnobas uxSobs,<br />

196

uklavs yovels xaliss moqmedebisas, romelsac<br />

misgan moelis imisi samSoblo da romlisaTvisac<br />

am samSoblos gauwevia Rvawli im imediT, rom<br />

Cemis Svilis moqmedeba odesme gamomadgeba da<br />

erTiorad mainc mizRavs Cemis Rvawlis<br />

samagierosao~.<br />

es marTlada samwuxaro suraTi<br />

ymawvilkacobisa bevrs udga Tvalwin, magram _<br />

erTis mweralisa ar iyos _ es bevrni an ar<br />

hxedven amas, an hxedven da marto hkicxven da<br />

hkilven TviTon ymawvilkacobas, abezReben<br />

sazogadoebis winaSe, sdevnian da abrus utexen,<br />

imis magier, rom guldasmiT Caukvirdnen TviTon<br />

mizezs, TviTon saTaves am marTlada samwuxaro da<br />

mermisisaTvis saSiSar movlenisas. mecnierni,<br />

romelTac marTalis gulmtkivneulobiT<br />

miuqceviaT yuradReba am unugeSo suraTisaTvis,<br />

mizezs hxedven yovelT uwinares im sazogado wris<br />

uferulobasa da uvargisobaSi, saca norCi suli<br />

baSvisa pirvel iRviZebs da mere zrdaSi Sedis.<br />

rasakvirvelia, rom im wres, saca baSvi pirvel<br />

xanidamve htrialebs, didi gavlena aqvs mTels<br />

adamianis mermiszed. baSvis norCi suli da guli<br />

metad mgrZnobieria da male damCnevi avisa da<br />

kargisa, da amitomac wre, saca baSvi da mozardi<br />

suls ibrunebs, Tavis beWeds avisas da kargisas<br />

aucileblad zed daasvams xolme. am saxiT,<br />

araviTari eWvia, rom TviTon wres cxovrebisas<br />

didi zedmoqmedeba aqvs mozardis Taobis<br />

mermiszed. xolo aris meore saganic, romelsac,<br />

Tu ara meti, naklebi zedmoqmedeba ara aqvs<br />

adamianis av-kargianad gamosvlazed. eg meore<br />

sagani skolaa. evropaSi am mxriT gamoiZies es<br />

exlandelis skolis yofa-mdgomareoba da erTs<br />

dids brals im samwuxaro ambisas, romelic Cven<br />

197

zeviT movixsenieT, TviTon skolis exlandels<br />

yofa-wyobilebasa sdeben.<br />

ragvaria es brali da ramodenad sabuTiania _<br />

amas Semdegs nomerSi vacnobebT Cvens mkiTxvelebs.<br />

198

tfilisi, 4 maisi<br />

Cven wina werilSi imazed SevwyviteT sityva,<br />

Tu, _ mecnierni ragvars bralsa sdeben exlandels<br />

skolas da ramdenad sabuTianad ukiJineben, rom<br />

Tavis daniSnulebas ar asrulebso. vidre am<br />

bralsa da sabuTebis CamoTvlas SevudgebodeT,<br />

jer pirvelad saWiroa vicodeT, _ ra unda<br />

moeTxovebodes skolas. amis pasuxad bevrs<br />

gamouTqvams azri da yvela es azri,<br />

sxvadasxvaferad gamoTqmuli, erTs safuZvelzea<br />

agebuli, erTis saTavidam warmomdinarebs. es<br />

safuZveli, es saTave is aris, rom skola erTsa<br />

da imave dros unda swurTvnides kidec baSvsa da<br />

aswavlides kidec. wurTvna da swavla xelixels<br />

gadabmuli unda vidodes skolaSi.<br />

wurTvna sxvaa da swavla sxva. erTs erTi<br />

sagani aqvs da meores _ sxva. wurTvna mimarTulia<br />

zne-xasiaTis zrdasa da ganviTarebaze da swavla<br />

ki _ gonebis gaxsnasa da msjelobis gaZlierebaze.<br />

sakmao ar aris, rom kaci mecnieri iyos, didi<br />

swavla mieRos, bevri codna SeeZinos. amasTanave<br />

igi kai kacic unda iyos da kaikacobis<br />

SemZlebelobac hqondes. es kaikacoba da kaikacobis<br />

SemZlebeloba marto zne-xasiaTisagan eZleva<br />

adamians. avi kaci ramodenadac mecnieria da didad<br />

swavluli, imodenad ufro Zlier saSiSaria, ufro<br />

didad mavnebelia. es yvelam icis da, gvgonia,<br />

bevrsac Tavis TvaliT unaxavs da gamoucdia. rad<br />

unda iyos kaci avi, roca mxolod swavlulia da<br />

ara zne-xasiaT gawurTvnilica?<br />

savseba erTob adamianisa imaSia, rom mis<br />

gonebis aRmatebulobas Sewonil hqondes<br />

aRmatebuloba zne-xasiaTisaca. saWiroa zne<br />

gawmendili da gafaqizebuli hqondes patiosnebiTa,<br />

namusianobiTa, kacTmoyvareobiTa da samarTlianobis<br />

199

grZnobiTa. uamisod misi msjeloba da yofaqceva<br />

erTmaneTs gadudgeba, erTmaneTs ar SeeTanxmeba,<br />

misi azri sxva iqneba da yofaqceva sxva, goneba<br />

erTs etyvis da guli sxvas aqmnevinebs. uzneoba,<br />

uxasiaTobac es aris da am uzneobiTa da<br />

uxasiaTobiT aris avi zneuwrTvneli swavluli<br />

kaci.<br />

WeSmariti ganaTleba ganviTarebul gonebis da<br />

gawurTvnilis zne-xasiaTis erTmaneTTan SeuRlebaa<br />

ganuyrelad. Tu kacs an erTi aklia, an meore, igi<br />

ganaTlebuli ar aris da, Cvenis fiqriT, isev<br />

gonebaganuviTarebeli da zne-xasiaT gawurTvnili<br />

kaci sjobia, vidre goneba ganviTarebuli da znexasiaT<br />

gauwvrTvneli. xolo zne-xasiaTis wurTvna<br />

didad damokidebulia sawavlasa da codnazeda, da<br />

amitomac Cvena gvgonia, rom Tu skolas unda Tavis<br />

daniSnuleba Seasrulos, eg swavla-codna znexasiaTis<br />

wurTvnasac unda SeurCios, ese igi im<br />

Tvisebis swavla-codna unda aZlios, rac gonebis<br />

gaxsnilobasaca hSvelis da zne-xasiaTis wurTvnasa<br />

da damTavrebasac uxdeba da hrgebs.<br />

rasakvirvelia, zne-xasiaTis warsamateblad<br />

wurTvnas skolaSi Tavisi sakuTari gzaca aqvs,<br />

Tavisi sakuTari saxsarica. am SemTxvevaSi didad<br />

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTels gamgeobas skolisas<br />

saerTod da ostats da moxeles calke. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi didi ram aris ostatis<br />

moxerxebuloba, yofaqceva, magaliTi, sifrTxile,<br />

windaxeduloba. erTs mSveniers ambavs gviambobs<br />

erTi mwerali maszed Tu, _ windaxedulad da<br />

gonierad moqceva ostatisa ris SemZlebelia znexasiaTis<br />

wurTvnisaTvis. Tumca gZelia es ambavi,<br />

magram ise kargi ram aris, rom gvsurs sul<br />

amovweroT da miT vasiamovnoT Cvens mkiTxvelsa.<br />

ai es ambavi:<br />

200

`imis dasamtkiceblad Tu, _ rarigad lbilia<br />

buneba baSvisa da ra advilad SesaZloa baSvs<br />

STaagonos keTili, Tu gonebagaxsnili kaci xelsa<br />

hkidebs saqmes da siyvaruliT eZleva Tavis<br />

daniSnulebas, Semdegi momxdari ambavia. am<br />

ramdenisame wlis winaT erTma ymawvilma kacma,<br />

gaaTava universiteti Tu ara, ostatis Tanamdeboba<br />

miiRo erTs saswavlebelSi. pirveli gasakveTi<br />

ergo saSualo klasSi, saca ufro mozrdilni<br />

Segirdebi arian, ese igi, baSvobidam yrmobaSi<br />

gadamdgarni. am xanSi ymawvilebi ufro celqebi da<br />

mousvenarni arian. direqtorma auwya baSvebs<br />

axalis ostatis vinaoba, TviTon ostatmac oriode<br />

tkbili sityva uTxra ymawvilebs da dauyovnebliv<br />

Seudga swavlebis saqmes. gasakveTis axsnis dros<br />

dasWirda klasis dafazed wera. roca wera daiwyo,<br />

ra Tqma unda, zurgSeqceuli iqmneboda da<br />

Segirdebs vera hxedavda. am dros dafas moxvda da<br />

zed daajda daReWili qaRaldi, rasakvirvelia,<br />

erT-erTis Segirdisagan nasroli. ostatma ukan<br />

arc ki moixeda da ganagrZo wera, miTam-da<br />

sayuradRebo ara moxda-rao. roca gaaTava wera,<br />

miubrunda Segirdebs da uTxra: `ymawvilebo, dRes<br />

Cemi pirveli gasakveTia, pirveli nabijia<br />

ostatobis sarbielzed. samarTalsa vsTxov Tqvens<br />

patiosnebas, Tqvens sinidissa. aba ifiqreT, _ mas<br />

Semdeg, ra upatiurebac momayena erTma Tqvenganma,<br />

_ ra gamwarebuli grZnoba unda gamyves me Tan<br />

Tqvenis klasidam, saca Cems sicocxleSi pirvelad<br />

daviwye swavleba Segirdebisa. me ar minda vicode,<br />

me ar minda Sevityo, vin aris damnaSave am Cems<br />

gaupatiurebaSi. ra saWiroa!.. dee ganikiTxos is<br />

imismave sindisma. me miT ufro ver gamigia Cemis<br />

gamaupatiurebelis saqcieli, rom man jer ar icis,<br />

rogori ostati var da rogori kaci.<br />

201

`iqneba, Tqvenis siyvarulis Rirsi gamovdge.<br />

jer gamicaniT, gamomcadeT da mere gamikiTxeT.<br />

diaR, batonebo, samwuxaroa, rom Cemi pirveli<br />

gamosvla sapedagogio sarbielzed amisTana ambiT<br />

daiwyo. xelmeored mogaxsenebT, rom me ar minda<br />

Sevityo vin aris am ukadrisis celqobis momqmedi.<br />

damnaSavis saxeli rom Sevityo, _ vin icis, mec<br />

kaci var _ iqneba gulSi imisi javri Caviyolio<br />

da javrma cotad Tu bevrad imaze guli<br />

amayrevinos~.<br />

`roca ostatma gaaTava laparaki, SegirdebSi<br />

Cumi CoCqoli astyda. daiwyes aqeT-iqiT CurCuli,<br />

erTi meores raRacas eubneboda, meore mesames da<br />

egre mTels klass acnobes erTmaneTis<br />

gulispasuxi. bolos wamodga fexzed erTi maTgani<br />

da uTxra ostats: `neba momeciT me moviTxovo<br />

TqvenTan bodiSi yvelas magier: yvela Cemi<br />

amxanagebi gTxoven gvapatioT eg metad cudi<br />

saqcieli erTis Cvenganisa~. ostatma sixaruliT<br />

miiRo bodiSi da gamoucxada, rom samudamod<br />

daviwyebas miveci es ambavi da gulidam amoviReo.<br />

am dRis Semdeg am axalgazrda ostatis saqme ise<br />

kargad gaimarTa, rom ukeTesi ar undoda: Zalian<br />

male moipova siyvaruli da pativiscema Tavis<br />

Segirdebisagan mTels xuTsave klasSi, romlebSiac<br />

igi aswavlida~.<br />

erTi aseTi Wkvianuri, gulTbili saqcieli<br />

ostatisa ufro Zlier moqmedobs baSvis<br />

gaadamianebazed, vidre samisa da oTxis wlis<br />

zepireba gramatikisa, Tu sxva risame amisTanisa.<br />

Cven am ambavma metad gagvigZela werili da rac<br />

saTqmeli gvqonda, imasac gadagvaxvevina. Cvena<br />

gvgonia, rom amiT bevri ara daSavda ra da Tu<br />

daSavda, vecdebiT, SemdegSi danaSauli vipativoT.<br />

202

tfilisi, 5 maisi<br />

Cven wina werilSi laparaki gvqonda znexasiaTis<br />

wrTvnazed. xolo ra aris es znexasiaTis<br />

wrTvna, es ki ver avxseniT. amis axsnas<br />

didi gamoZieba unda da CvenTvis ki amJamad<br />

sakmarisi iqneba vsTqvaT, rom zne-xasiaTis wrTvna<br />

zrdaa Sinaganis kacisa, Tu egre iTqmis. radganac<br />

Sinaganoba kacisa misi sulieri vinaobaa, misi<br />

sulieri bunebaa, maSasadame, wrTvna zne-xasiaTisa<br />

zrdaa, garkvevaa misis sulieris vinaobisa,<br />

sulieris bunebisa, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, misis<br />

kacobisa, adamianobisa. amitomac zne-xasiaTis<br />

wrTvna erTi udidesi, uaRresi sagania skolisa,<br />

radganac gaadamianeba kacisa Tavi da boloa<br />

yovelgvaris wrTvnisa, zrdisa da ganaTlebisa.<br />

sxvani amaze ufro Sors midian da, _ swored<br />

mogaxsenoT, _ arc usabuTod. es sxvani amboben,<br />

rom zne-xasiaTis wrTvna aramc Tu udidesi,<br />

aramed erTaderTi sagania skolisa, misi pirveli<br />

da ukanaskneli daniSnulebaao. skolas amis meti<br />

sxva araviTari sagani ar unda hqondes da yoveli<br />

Rone amas unda mihmarTos da moaxmaroso. kacs Tu<br />

Rone aqvs gamoirkvios patiosani sagani cxovrebisa<br />

da, viTarca gamorkveulis sagnis kaci, qveyanaSi<br />

iyos erTi ram keTili TaviT TvisiT, misi<br />

sulieri vinaoba sasurvelad dadgenilia da<br />

gamarTuli. ai swored es Rone da xerxi<br />

gamorkvevisa, patiosani wyurvili da xerxi<br />

qveyanaSi erT ramed yofnisa unda kacs SesZinos<br />

skolam. amisaTvis unda iwrTvnebodes kaci<br />

skolaSi. uamisod igi arafris maqnisia, rac unda<br />

bevri swavla da codna hqondes, imitom rom<br />

uamisod imisi swavla-codna uqmi saunjea da<br />

TviTon kaci daketili zandukia uqmad mdebare<br />

saunjisa.<br />

203

amitomac TviTon swavla da codna, romelsac<br />

skola iZleva, ise unda iyos gaangariSebuli da<br />

SerCeuli, rom zne-xasiaTis wrTvnas, am<br />

erTaderTs sagans Tvisas, gauZRves da<br />

emsaxurebodes. swavla-codnis Zleva marto im<br />

azriT, rom kaci swavluli da mcodne iyoso, amao<br />

da bolomoubmeli wadilia skolisa.<br />

dRes yvelasagan cxadad danaxulia, rom verc<br />

erTi skola, Tundac universiteti, imodena<br />

savsebiT codnas ver iZleva, rom kaci marTla<br />

mecnieri da swavluli iyos, am swavla-codnaze<br />

Seyenebuli da gaCerebuli. es ambavi miT ufro<br />

sabuTad saxmaria, rom exlandeli skola, Tunda<br />

universiteti, marto swavla-codnis SeZenazea<br />

mimarTuli da agebuli da sxva arafrisaTvis ar<br />

aclis arc maswavlebels, arc moswavlesa.<br />

Tumca esea, magram Cven arc erTi kaci ar<br />

gvaxsovs, rom universitetidam, Tu sxva skolidam<br />

gamosvlis umal Tavi eCinos mecnierebasa da<br />

swavla-codnaSi. visac Tavi uCenia, imas skolis,<br />

universitetis Semdeg uSromia da es Sroma imiT<br />

hqonia gaadvilebuli, rom skolas, universitets,<br />

_ hqonia fiqrad, Tu ar hqonia, _ mainc ase Tu<br />

ise ucodinebia, sad da rogor gaignos swavlacodnis,<br />

mecnierebis gza. am saxiT, Tumca<br />

exlandels skolas gansakuTrebul sagnad swavlacodnis<br />

SeZena aqvs, magram am sagans amaod<br />

ebRauWeba da vera gziT vera swvdeba. vimeorebT,<br />

Tu dRes mecnierni da swavlulni arian, marto<br />

imiT, rom skolisa da universitetis Semdeg<br />

TviTon TaviT TvisiT SeuZeniaT swavla da codna.<br />

maSasadame, skolam ise unda amzados da<br />

swurTvnos, rom kacs Rone, xerxi da wyurvili<br />

hqondes erT radme yofnisa qveynis sasargeblod;<br />

Rone, xerxi da wyurvili hqondes, patiosani ram<br />

sagani cxovrebisa iqonios; Rone, xerxi da<br />

204

wyurvili hqondes, yovel amisaTvis moipovos<br />

Sesaferi swavla-codna. egre mowyurebuli,<br />

gaRonierebuli da xerxiani kaci araviTars<br />

siZneles saqmisas ar SeuSindeba, ar Seudrkeba da<br />

zne-xasiaTobac es aris.<br />

exlandeli skola ki sul sxva sagans misdevs<br />

da es zne-xasiaTis wrTvna Tavminebebulia.<br />

exlandeli skola marto imis cdaSia, rom patara<br />

baSvis TavSi, rac SesaZloa, bevri codna dastios,<br />

ymawvils bevri ram aswavlos marto codnisa da<br />

swavlisaTvis da ara kacis gaadamianebisaTvis.<br />

amitomac arc kacad-Ra vargoben exlandeli<br />

ymawvilebi da arc imaTis swavla-codnidam gamodis<br />

ram. amitomac skolaSi miRebuli swavla-codna<br />

meti bargia imaTTvis da arc ki enanebaT, rom<br />

cxovrebis gzazed es bargi dRedadRe ekargebaT,<br />

rogorc meti ram.<br />

`eseTi yofa da mimarTuleba exlandelis<br />

skolisa, _ ambobs erTi mecnieri: _ erTi<br />

usaSinelesi da udidesi cdomaa adamianis yovel<br />

sxvaTa cdomaTa Soris. ymawvilis norCs gonebas<br />

vtvirTavT, sabarguleda vxdiT ricxviT auarebel<br />

da mravalfer codnisaTvis, imisda gamourkvevlad<br />

Tu, _ ra azriT vSvrebiT amasa. imis magier, rom<br />

bunebisamebr vzardoT, vwurTvnoT suli, Cven<br />

marto imasa vscdilobT, rom baSvs gavugeSoT<br />

mxolod niWi gonebisa da xsovna cifirebisa,<br />

saxelebisa, weliwadebisa, samaTematiko figurebisa,<br />

sagramatiko formebisa. amas Cven iseTis axirebiTa<br />

vscdilobT, imodenad ricxviT bevrs da didis<br />

sawyaoTi vuwyavT, rom baSvi mTlad iqanceba<br />

xorciT, aRara aqvs dro arc Tavis bunebur<br />

Tbisebis TavisTavad gaxsnisa da warmatebisaTvis,<br />

arc imisaTvis, rom am auarebel saswavlebel<br />

sagneb Soris gamoarkvios, gaignos ram.<br />

SesvenebisaTvisac ki aRara hrCeba dro<br />

205

Tavisuflad mieces fiqra uimisod, rom zed ar<br />

dasqerodes dauZinebeli gulis asarevamde<br />

moZulebuli ostati, anu zedamxedveli~.<br />

`aswavlian gramatikas, ariTmetikas, geografias,<br />

istorias, _ ambobs sxva mwerali: _ da umTavress<br />

azrs, umTavress sagans skolisas ki iviwyeben,<br />

saxeldobr, imas, rom skolam unda uSvelos, Rone<br />

misces Segirdis zne-xasiaTs TavesTavoba iCinos da<br />

gaiwurTvnos warsamateblad da gansaviTareblad~.<br />

`Tu am gziT ara hSvelis skola Segirdsao, _<br />

ambobs igive: _ maSin aRarc idealia, aRarc Ronea<br />

TavdamWeri avSi da wamaxalisebeli kargSi da<br />

sakuTriv amaebisagan ki daiwvnis xolme ukeTesni<br />

Tvisebani adamianis zne-xasiaTisani, saxeldobr:<br />

kacTmoyvareoba da samarTlianobao~.<br />

marTalic aris. kacuris kacobis TavidaTavi<br />

Rirseba es ori grZnobaa. Tu samarTliani xar da<br />

kacTmoyvare, maSin yvelaferi xar, savse kaci xar,<br />

imitom rom iRvaweb da imoqmedeb SeZlebisamebr,<br />

radganac uqmad yofnis nebas grZnoba<br />

samarTlianobisa ar mogcems am wuTisofelSi, saca<br />

oflis wurviT unda hyidulobdes TviTveuli<br />

Tavis kerZs cxovrebisas, da keTilismomqmedic<br />

iqnebi, radganac avkacobis nebas ar mogcems<br />

grZnoba kacTmoyvareobisa. SeZlebisamebr iRvawe da<br />

imoqmede keTili, _ sxvas amis mets arasa sTxovs<br />

qveyana Tavis Svilsa, da skolam swored amisTana<br />

Svili unda gauzardos qveyanas, amisaTvis gauxsnas<br />

goneba, amisaTvis gauRos guli.<br />

es amisTana azri skolis movaleobazed axali<br />

ambavi ar aris. amis saTaves saSualo saukunoebSi<br />

vpovulobT da maSindel didbunebovan kacebs<br />

araerTxel warmouTqvamT, Tu ra axirebulia<br />

kacobrioba yovel imaSi, rac erTxel dauCemebia,<br />

amas gvimtkicebs am azris istoria: aba, am jer<br />

kidev saSual saukunoebSi gaRviZebuls azrs am<br />

206

mecxramete saukuneSiac Tavisi kuTvnili adgili<br />

ver dauWeria.<br />

Semdegs nomerSi am istorias vuambobT Cvens<br />

mkiTxvelebsa.<br />

207

208<br />

tfilisi, 7 maisi<br />

mokled rom movsWraT, rac gZlada vsTqviT<br />

exlandels skolazed, gamova, rom dRevandels<br />

skolas saxeSi aqvs marto Wkva-gonebis warmateba<br />

da gaZliereba, Tumca bevrs SemTxvevaSi saqme ise<br />

mihyavs, rom verc erTsa swvdeba da verc meores.<br />

exlandeli swavla-codna skolisa Tumca hSvelis<br />

kacs gonebis TvaliT daanaxvos da gonebisave<br />

yuriT gaagebinos, rac kacis gareSemo arsebobs da<br />

Tavs iCens, magram adamianis saqcielzed ki TiTqmis<br />

srulebiT ara hmoqmedobs. amitomac dRevandels<br />

dRes advilad SesaZloa SehxvdeT, _ kaci codniT<br />

erTi iyos, moqmedebiT da cxovrebiT ki srulebiT<br />

sxva. es imitom aris, rom dedaazrni, skolaSi<br />

swavla-codniT gamorkveulni, marto formalurad<br />

arian miRebulni da ara maTis Sinaganis azriTa,<br />

ara maTis buneburis SinaarsiTa.<br />

amas naTlad gvixatavs mecnieri vessio,<br />

romelic ambobs:<br />

`berZnebsa da romaelebs filosofosi<br />

aswavlida, _ ase rom vsTqvaT _ quCaSi, yvelgan<br />

eCveneboda mTelis Tavis Segirdebis krebuliTa,<br />

cxovrebas cxovrebaSive akvirdeboda, uxsnida da<br />

ganumartebda misTa movlenaTa, esaubreboda da<br />

ekamaTeboda xalxsa, erTis sityviT, sazogado,<br />

sayovelTavo moRvawe iyo. exla filosofosi<br />

gansakuTrebulad mwignobari kacia, ufro xSirad<br />

meTeoriea. Cven iSviaTad Segvxvdeba xolme mosmena<br />

misis cocxalis sityvisa, ufro iSviaTi SemTxvevaa<br />

misi saubari CvenTan. ufros-erTi marto imaTs<br />

Txzulebas hkiTxulobs, isic maSin, Tu<br />

filosofosma gvaRirsa da saqveynod gamoamJRavna<br />

Tavisi sistema. ZvelTa filosofosTa mimdevari<br />

SesaZlo iyo gecnaT misis cxovrebisagan, imitom<br />

rom stoikad, Tu sofistad yofna hniSnavda, rom

cxovrebiTac stoikia, anu sofisti. exlandels<br />

droSi ki aramcTu me, an Tqven gamovicnobT, rom<br />

Cveni nacnobi pozitivistia, aramed SesaZloa<br />

TviTon orma pozitivistma, rac unda xSirad<br />

inaxulon erTmaneTi, erTmaneTsve ver gaugon, rom<br />

erTisa da imave filosofiur sistemis mimdevarni<br />

arian. exlandels filosofias aqvs saqme marto<br />

Wkva-gonebasTan da cxovrebis movlenaTa gagebasTan<br />

adamianis mier, arc adamianis saqcielzedRa<br />

mohqmedobs, arc arkvevs da win uZRvis adamianis<br />

TviTmoRvaweobas~.<br />

am saxiT, jer Zvel droSive scodniaT, rom<br />

swavla-cidna skolaSi zne-xasiaTis sawurTvnel<br />

Roned unda ixmarebodes da ara iqmnas marto<br />

TavisTavad sanugbari ram, TavisTavad sanatreli.<br />

am azrma Zvelis droidam ufro metis garkveviT,<br />

ufro metis sicxadiT Tavi gamoiCina saSualo<br />

saukunoebSi, sakuTriv maSin, roca egreTwodebuls<br />

sqolastikas saZirkveli Seerya da moZRvreba<br />

`humanobisa~ wamodga fexzed. es xana istoriisa<br />

gamoCenilia miT, rom adamianis Wkva-goneba didad<br />

gaZlierda, mravali ram Seigno da iswavla<br />

berZnebisa da romaelebis mweralTa nawerebisagan<br />

da mravali ram aRmoaCina. yvelazed udidesi<br />

aRmonaCeni am droisa, _ miSlesi ar iyos, _<br />

adamiania, ese igi, am saukunem axalis TvaliT<br />

miaxeda kacobrioba adamianis Rirsebazed da imis<br />

arsebobis saganzeda.<br />

`humanobis moZRvreba imaSi mdgomareobso, _<br />

ambobs erTi mwerali: _ rom adamiani Sehxarodes<br />

cxovrebas, elinebr sixarulis TvaliT uyurebdes;<br />

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kacis adamianuri Rirseba<br />

Rrmad pativcemul iyos da aranakleb Rrmadve<br />

Canerguli rwmena gvqondes, rom yoveli Rone da<br />

niWi adamianis bunebisa aucileblad saWiroa<br />

209

ganviTarebul da warmatebul iqmnas erTianad da<br />

gamouklebliv~.<br />

es pativiscema adamianis Rirsebisa daiwera<br />

Tavis droSazed humanobis moZRvrebam da es<br />

moZRvreba garkveviT gamosTqva maSin erTma<br />

italielma humanistma pikodela-mirandolma 1486<br />

welsa. am pikos sityviT, _ ai ras ubrZanebs<br />

RmerTi pirvels kacs adamsa:<br />

`me SenTvis, adamo, araviTari samudamo bina da<br />

sadguri ar momicia, araviTari samudamo da<br />

ucvalebeli saqme ar amiCenia. es imisTvis, rom<br />

saca Sen giamos, iq icxovro, rac gindodes, is<br />

saqme aiCino. me Sen arc sasikvdilod gamiCenixar,<br />

arc ukvdavad daminiSvnixar. es imisTvis, rom Sen<br />

TviTon iyo Senis Tavis mkeTebeli da iseTi saxe<br />

miiRo, rogoric Sen TviTona gsurs: Sen SegiZlian<br />

pirutyvamdinac Zirs Camoxvide da angelozamdinac<br />

ze axvide~.<br />

kacma rom Caixedos am striqonebSi da amasTan<br />

unarica hqondes, gamosarkvevi gamoarkvios da<br />

dasanaxavi dainaxos, CvenTan erTad ityvis, rom<br />

amazed martivad da amazed naTlad Znelia kacma<br />

gamosTqvasRa, rogorc adamianis arsebobis sagani,<br />

isec adamianis Rirseba.<br />

jer es pikos sityva ar iyo Tqmuli, roca<br />

italiaSi daiZra azri, rom skola agebul iqmnas<br />

humanobis moZRvrebis mixedviTa. amisi pirveli<br />

mesveuri iyo padueli humanisti vittorino dafeltre,<br />

romelic axalis pedagogiis mamad<br />

iTvleba dResac.<br />

amisi ambavi da sxvac danarCeni SemdegisaTvis<br />

gadidvas.<br />

210

tfilisi, 10 maisi<br />

vittorino da-feltre * , romelic, _ rogorc<br />

winada vsTqviT, _ pedagogiis mamad iTvleba, erTis<br />

Raribis ojaxis Svili iyo venetikis<br />

samflobeloSi da daibada 1378 welsa. imis<br />

yrmobis dros erTi aqa-iq moaruli ostati iyo<br />

ritorikisa da laTinuris enisa, metad<br />

saxelganTqmuli. es iyo jiovanni de-ravenna.<br />

pirveldawyebiTi swavla-ganaTleba vittorinom<br />

amisagan miiRo, mere paduis universitetSi<br />

gadavida da saocari wyurvili hqonda maTematika<br />

eswavla. xolo groSi ara hqonda fuli eZlia<br />

maTematikis erTaderT maswavlebelisaTvis paduaSi,<br />

biajio pelakanisaTvis, aiRo da mosamsaxured<br />

daudga da mosamsaxurobiT gasamrjelos uxdida<br />

Tavis ostatsa.<br />

male Seatyo vittorinom, rom biajio veraferi<br />

ostatia da amisagan veras gamorCeba. didis niWis<br />

patroni da amasTan cotaoden swavla-ganaTlebiT<br />

gzakvalgaxsnilic, vittorino ganSorda ostats<br />

da TviTon martoka Seudga sayvarelis mecnierebis<br />

swavlasa. male ise gaimarTa da ise iswavla, rom<br />

TviTve SeeZlo eswavlebina maTematika sxvisaTvis.<br />

1414 wels vittorinom venetikaSi ostatoba<br />

daiwyo: aiyvana ramdenisame didkacis Svili<br />

saswavleblad fuliT da Raribebs ki muqTad<br />

aswavlida. 1418 w. ritorikis profesoradac<br />

Seiqmna. am profesorobaSi ise gaiTqva saxeli, rom<br />

mantuanis hercogma jian franCesko honzagom<br />

miiwvia Tavis Svilebis aRmzrdelad. hercogma<br />

mSvenieri sadguri misca tbis piras, qalaqzed<br />

moSorebiT, da 1425 w. vittorino aq dabinavda<br />

* es cnobebi TiTqmis sityvasityviT amovswereT, cota ki SemoklebiT,<br />

Txzulebidam: ` pedagogiuri Teoriebi ganaxlebis epoqisa~.<br />

211

hercogis SvilebiTa da maTis tol-amxanagebiTa<br />

didkacTa SvilTagan. Tumca es skola marto<br />

hercogis da mis darbaiselTa SvilTaTvis<br />

daniSnuli iyo, magram vittorinom es ar<br />

Seiwynara da igi mantuis skola sayovelTao<br />

skolad gadaaqcia. am saxiT, skolis kari gaiRo<br />

yvela wodebis SvilTaTvis, rogorc mdidarTa,<br />

esec RaribTaTvis. xolo RaribTaTvis skolis<br />

maxloblad gahmarTa calke sadguri, saca igi<br />

aWmevda, asmevda, acmevda da aZlevda yovelisfers,<br />

rac skolaSi saxmarad saWiro iyo.<br />

Cven es mantuanis skolis mokle istoria<br />

imitom movixsenieT aq, rom igi erTi uZvelesi<br />

saSualo saswavlebeli iyo evropaSi, romelmac<br />

yvelazed uwin safuZvlad da saTaved daido axali<br />

moZRvreba humanobisa, vittorinos meTaurobiTa.<br />

vittorinos idealad, anu magaliTad, hqonda<br />

aTinuri `gimnasii~, saca erTnairi da Tanaswori<br />

yuradReba iyo miqceuli, rogorc ymawvilis Wkvagonebis<br />

ganviTarebasa da gaZlierebazed, isec<br />

Zval-xorc-janis gamagrebasa da gaRonierebazed.<br />

xolo misaRwevi sagani ki vittorinos skolisa<br />

zne-xasiaTis gawvrTvna, damTavreba da dadgena iyo.<br />

amitomac skolaSi swavleba da gareT haerzed<br />

varjiSoba erTi-erTmaneTs rig-rigad mosdevda.<br />

yovel dRes, daniSnuls saaTs, rac gind tarosi<br />

yofiliyo, ymawvilebi varjiSobdnen srbolasa,<br />

Widaobasa, curvasa, burTaobasa da SvildosnobaSi,<br />

zogjer nadirobis da Tevzobis nebasac aZlevda.<br />

zafxulobiT ostatebis TanaxlebiT ymawvilebs<br />

samgzavrod istumrebda da karga Sors, zogjer<br />

alpiis mTebSiac.<br />

Tumca swavlebis saxsrad Zveli enebi iyo,<br />

berZnuli da laTinuri, romelTac TviTon<br />

vittorino aswavlida ufross klasebSi, magram<br />

marto imisTana klassikebs akiTxebda, romelTac<br />

212

SeeZloT emoqmednaT ymawvilebis zne-xasiaTis<br />

gawrTvnasa da gamarTvazed. am klassikebis<br />

swavlebasTan erTad mxardamxar aswavlida<br />

maTematikas, romelic vittorinos miaCnda<br />

gonebisaTvis ukeTess savarjiSod.<br />

vittorino suliTa da guliT mieca Tavis<br />

skolas da ymawvilebs ise eqceoda, rogorc mama<br />

Svilebsa. skolas Seswira Tavisi sakuTari<br />

bedniereba: ar moekida arc ojaxs, arc col-<br />

Svilianobas. roca megobrebma urCies, coli<br />

SeirTe da SenisTana Svilebi dautove Sens<br />

qveyanasao, iman upasuxa, rom umagisodac sakmao<br />

Svilebi myvanan skolaSio.<br />

magrad idga ra platon filosofosis<br />

Tqmulzed, rom Tavisufali arseba Tavisuflad<br />

unda izrdebodeso utyep-ucemlad, vittorino<br />

uZRveboda Tavis Segirdebis wrTvnas magaliTiTa<br />

da CagonebiTa da marto Zalian iSviaTs<br />

SemTxvevaSi hxmarobda xorcTa sasjelsa. roca am<br />

gziT saqmis svlam daanaxva, rom saqme kargad<br />

midis, man samudamod da ukudaubruneblad ganaZeva<br />

Tavis skolidam xorcTa sasjeli. skolis rigi da<br />

wesi marto Tavis Tavis zneoburs gavlenazed<br />

daamyara am sakvirvelma kacma, romelzedac misi<br />

Tanamedrove ambobs, rom igi iyo zegardmo<br />

RvTaeburis madliT cxebulio. mxiarulad da<br />

xalisianad midioda skolis saqme, ase rom TviTon<br />

skolas `mxiaruli saxli~ daerqva saxelad.<br />

Cven ver vityviT, rom vittorinos skola<br />

unaklulo iyo. bevri ram aklda da vrclad rom<br />

agvewera, iqneba dagvenaxa zogi ram metic, xolo<br />

Cven Tu es ambavi mogvyavs, marto imisTvis, rom<br />

vittorinos azri, maSindelis skolis safuZvlad<br />

dadebuli, mxolod dasawyisia, fexis adgmaa<br />

axalis sapedagogio Teoriisa. maSasadame,<br />

vittorinos moqmedebas saskolo sarbielzed ise<br />

213

unda vuyuroT, rogorc dvritas, romelic mere da<br />

mere gaRvivda, rogorc kvirts, romelic mere da<br />

mere gaiSala da gadaixsna sxvaTa mecnierTa<br />

SemweobiTa.<br />

214

tfilisi, 7 ivlisi<br />

`iveriis ##92 _ 96 meTaurebis sagnad *<br />

aviReT exlandelis skolis viTareba sazogadod<br />

da Cven vsTqviT, rom erTi udidesi naklulovaneba<br />

is aris, rom exlandels skolas azrada aqvs, rac<br />

SeiZleba bevri swavla-codna SesZinos moswavlesa<br />

da zne-xasiaTis wurTvnas ki TiTqmis sruliad<br />

uyuradRebod stovebs. am swavla-codnasac iseTis<br />

didis sawyaoTi iZleva, rom moswavle Zliv-ZliobiT<br />

asdis, suliT da xorciT iqanceba, araqaTi<br />

uwydeba da bolos gamrjel, mxne, suliTa da<br />

xorciT Ronier adamianis magier uZluri, uRono<br />

da jangaleuli kaci gamodis skolidama. am saxiT,<br />

exlandeli skola mimarTulia marto gonebis<br />

aRmatebazed da sxva mxares adamianis bunebisas<br />

aramc Tu hSvelis, aramed sCagravs da hxuTavs.<br />

es SehniSnes mcnierTa da kacTmoyvareobiT<br />

gamsWvalulebma am didis Secdomis gasworeba<br />

moisurves. dedaazri exlandelis pedagogiis mimar-<br />

Tulebisa igia, rom adamiani unda iwurTvnebodes<br />

skolaSi yovel mxriT: gonebiT, zne-xasiaTiT, suliT<br />

da xorciT da arc erTi amaTgani ar unda<br />

Seewiros meores. es dedaazri, romelsac exlandelni<br />

mecnierni hlamoben daudvan skolas, axali<br />

ambavi ar aris. mag dedaazris saTave jer kidev<br />

saSual saukunoebSi moipoveba, saxeldobr, egretwodebul<br />

`ganaxlebis epoqaSi~, roca Tavi iCina<br />

humanobis moZRvrebama. pirveli kaci, romelmac<br />

humanobis moZRvrebaze aago skola, iyo italieli<br />

vittorino da-feltre. am kacis mokle istoria<br />

da imisi sapedagogio safuZveli ukve movaxseneT<br />

mkiTxvels `iveriis~ #96-Si.<br />

* bodiSs vixdiT mkiTxvelis winaSe, rom dRes isev Zvels ambavs unda<br />

davubrundeT. maSin daviwyeT da veRar SevasruleT sxvadasxva mizezebisa<br />

gamo da rac dagvaklda, exla gvsurs SevavsoT. (ix. `iveria~ # 96)<br />

215

es mamamTavari pedagogiisa ise aRsrulda, rom<br />

erTi striqonic ar dauweria axal pedagogiis<br />

Sesaxeb. igi marto saqmiT moqmedobda da ambobda,<br />

rom kargad moqmedeba sjobs kargad werasao.<br />

xolo imisi saqmiT moZRvreba unayofod ar darCa.<br />

imis dros scxovrobda ori sxva mecnieri, paduis<br />

profesori paolo verJerio da romis pedagogi<br />

matteo vejio. vittorinosagan saqmiT moZRvrebulni<br />

safuZvelni axalis pedagogiisa amaT samecniero<br />

wessa da rigSi Caagdes da TviTeulma maTganma<br />

sakmaod gamoCenili Txzuleba daswera. am saxiT,<br />

es ori kaci Seiqmna mecnierulad damfuZnebeli<br />

axalis pedagogiisa. amaTi naSromi imiTia<br />

gamorCeuli, rom TvalsaCinod, TvalnaTlad gamoTqmulia<br />

dedaazrni axalis sapedagogio sistemisa,<br />

warmomdgarni humanobis moZRvrebisagan.<br />

verJerio Tavis TxzulebaSi skolis safuZvlad<br />

sdebda am oTxs dedaazrsa: a) sagani aRzrdisa is<br />

aris, rom Tavis rigsa da weszed warmatebul<br />

iqmnas yovelni Zalni da niWni adamianisa, rogorc<br />

gonebiTni, ise zneobiTni, rogorc sulierni, ise<br />

xorcielni. b) swavlebaSi unda saxeSi miRebul<br />

iqmnas ara marto asaki da wlovaneba mowafisa,<br />

aramed misni gansakuTrebulni zneni da Tvisebani.<br />

g) radganac baSvis cocxalsa, mkvircxlsa da<br />

advilad aRmbeWdav bunebazed cocxali magaliTi<br />

ufro Zlier moqmedobs, vidre mkvdari wesi da<br />

darigeba, amitomac yvelazed ukeTesi Rone is<br />

aris, rom mowafes win gaduSalos ostatma<br />

cxovreba did-bunebovanTa kacTa, romelnic ase<br />

bevrni moipovebian Zvels droSi. d) swavla-codna<br />

da erTob ganaTleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos<br />

TavisufalTa <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> Seswavlazed. am <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

saTaveSi sdgas filosofia, romelic<br />

adamians gonebiTad Tavisufal hxdis. mas mosdevs<br />

mecniereba mWevrmetyvelebisa, romelic aswavlis<br />

216

kacs azris naTlada da lamazad gamoTqmas. mere<br />

modis bunebismetyveleba, romelic gvagebinebs harmonias<br />

yovel misas, rac arsebobs, da bolos istoria,<br />

romelic mogviTxrobs svlas da ganviTarebas<br />

mecnierebisas da mravals sasargeblo magaliTs<br />

Tvalwin gviyenebs.<br />

roca verJerio amaebzed hlaparakobs, bevrs<br />

exlandel droisaTvisac sasurvels azrsa da<br />

WeSmaritebas ambobs. magaliTebr, igi ambobs, rom<br />

Wkua-goneba mowafisa ufro warmatebaSi Sedis<br />

maSin, roca erTs romelsame Txzulebas<br />

safuZvlianad iswavlis, vidre maSin, roca<br />

xeldaxel da gakvriT gadaabulbulebs mravalsao.<br />

gadametebuli codna wvrilmanebisa metismetad<br />

amZimebs mowafis gonebasa, hqancavs da hRalavs<br />

ymawvilsa iqamde, rom bolosdabolos samudamod<br />

auZlurebs da asustebs. rogorc uwesuroba, ise<br />

metismeti mkacri wesiereba (disciplina) skolaSi<br />

erTnairad mavnebeliao. pirvel SemTxvevaSi suli<br />

da guli, erTob buneba da guneba mowafisa<br />

aRviraSvebulia, gaqsuebulia, mowafes ekargeba<br />

Rone TavdaWerisa da unari, xalisi garjisa da<br />

Sromisao; meore SemTxvevaSi gatanjuli da daSinebuli<br />

mowafe yovels mxneobasa hkargavs, niWi<br />

Taosnobisa da TviTmoqmedobisa ukvdeba, imitom<br />

rom visac yvelafrisa eSinian, is uRonoa raime<br />

saqmes Seudges TavisiTao.<br />

ufro metis sabuTianobiT da sistemiT gamoCenilia<br />

meore mecnieris vejios Txzulebao, ambobs<br />

avtori, romlis Txzulebidamac amovkribeT Cven<br />

rogorc es cnobani, isec winandelni. es misi<br />

Txzuleba axali pedagogia ariso, _ ambobs igi<br />

avtori, _ da baSvis aRzrdas dabadebis dRidganve<br />

Tana sdevso. vejio mTelis Tavis ZalRoniT<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba im Cveulebas, rom Svilebs ZiZas<br />

azrdevineben da cxared iRvwis, rom dedam TviTon<br />

217

awovos Svilsa. wesierad da marTalis<br />

gziTYganviTareba da warmateba sulisa da xorcisa,<br />

Canergva baSvis gulSi kargis magaliTebis<br />

SemweobiT keTilmomqmedis znisa da xasiaTisa unda<br />

iyos, vejios azriT, erTaderTi sagani aRzrdisa.<br />

vejioc, rogorc verJerio, im azrzed sdgas, rom<br />

aRzrdaSi saxeSi unda iqonion aramc Tu marto<br />

asaki mowafisa, aramed misni gansakuTrebulni<br />

zneni da Tvisebani. xolo vejio am saganzed ufro<br />

vrclad hlaparakobs. igi ambobs, rom sxvadasxvaa<br />

buneba sxvadasxva baSvisao. es sxvadasxvaoba baSvTa<br />

bunebisa imodenad Zlieria, rom ufro advialia<br />

mzes Seacvlevinon gza, vidre dabadebiT Tandayolilni<br />

midrekilebani baSvisa Seicvaloso. am<br />

sxvadasxvaobas unda Seeferos sxvadasxva<br />

RonisZiebac aRzrdisao. mkvircxls da Tamams baSvs<br />

sxvarigad unda moeqcnen, vidre mkdemares, morcxvsa<br />

da azizs ymawvilsao. eseve unda iqonion saxeSi<br />

Wkua-gonebis aRzrdaSiacao.<br />

amitomac vejio ded-mamebs ar urCevs, Svilebi<br />

imisTana skolaSi aZlion, saca bevri ymawvilebi<br />

arian, imitom rom TviT ukeTesi ostatic ki am<br />

SemTxvevaSi uRono iqneba TviTveuls baSvs calke<br />

adevnos Tvali da TviTveulis gansakuTrebuls<br />

bunebas da gunebas calke SeurCios gza gonebis<br />

gaxsnisa da zne-xasiaTis wurTvnisa.<br />

ai es samni _ vittorino, verJerio da vejio,<br />

arian pirvelni mesveurni axalis pedagogiisa da am<br />

saxiT, igi dedaazrni, romelnic dRes gaRviZebulni<br />

arian mecnierTagan, momdinareoben jer kidev<br />

meTxuTmete saukunidam. gansxvaveba marto imaSia,<br />

rom exla eg azrni ufro metis savsebiT, metis<br />

garkveviT, metis mecnierebiT da gamocdilebiT<br />

SemuSavebulni, ganviTarebulni arian da<br />

dasabuTebulnica.<br />

218

tfilisi, 8 ivlisi<br />

vittorinom, verJeriom da vejiom, am _<br />

rogorca vsTqviT, _ samma mesveurma axalis<br />

pedagogiisam, gza gauxsna pedagogiasa da maTma<br />

Teoriam axalis moZRvrebisam didi zedmoqmedeba<br />

iqonia Semdgomebzed. saxelovani dizideri erazmi<br />

rotterdameli, romelic daibada 1467 welsa da<br />

gardaicvala 1536 wels, erTi imaTgani iyo,<br />

romelTac bolosdabolos srulad dahfuSes<br />

Zveli sqolastikuri sistema skolisa da axali<br />

safuZveli daudves, humanobis moZRvrebazed<br />

agebuli. sapedagogio azrni erazmisa imiTi arian<br />

gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavni, rom erazmi<br />

aRmatebulis sasoebiT Tayvansa scems baSvsa da am<br />

sasoebisagan Sepyrobili iZleva sarCiels baSvis<br />

wurTvnisas da aRzrdisas. baSvio, ambobs igi,<br />

wminda taZaria suliswmindisa da sifrTxiliTa da<br />

siyvaruliT unda moeqcneno. igi ar eTanxmeba<br />

vejios, romelic baSvis buneburs midrekilebas<br />

metismets mniSvnelobas aZlevda. erazmi, piriqiT,<br />

amtkicebs, rom aRzrdas da wurTvnas SeuZlian<br />

srulad gardahqmnas baSvio. saqme imaSiao, rom am<br />

aRzrdama da wurTvnam baSvi Caigdos xelSi<br />

pirvel xanSive, norCobaSive da yovels mis fexis<br />

gadadgmas uwinamZRvroso.<br />

erazmis azriT, baSvma Semdegi kibe unda aiaros<br />

aRzrdisa da wurTvnis drosao: jer pirvelad<br />

ymawvilis norCs da male SemTvisebels gulSi<br />

unda Canergil iqmnas fesvi saTnoebisa, siyvaruli<br />

Semoqmedisa da rwmena misi, rom RvTisaTvis<br />

sacnauria aramc Tu saqmeni adamianisa, aramed<br />

gulis zraxvanica. roca am gziT suli da guli<br />

mowafisa sakmaod momzadebuli iqmneba, maSin<br />

mecnierebis swavlebasac unda Seudgnen da bolos<br />

xom unda ganuviTaron grZnoba movaleobisa da<br />

219

aswavlon, rogor unda moeqces da moepyras Tavis<br />

msgavs adamiansao. ymawvilis swavleba unda<br />

daiwyon, erazmis azriT, Svid, anu rva wlidam<br />

imisda mixedviT, Tu suliT da xorciT ra Ronisaa<br />

ymawvili. radganac am xanSi baSvs garToba da<br />

TamaSoba uyvars, amitom saWiroa swavla _<br />

wurTvna ise moewyoso, rom baSvma swavleba<br />

wvalebad ar miiCnioso. imazed uaresi ara aris ra,<br />

rom baSvma moiZulos swavla-codna, vidre<br />

Seignebdes erTisa Tu meoris sikeTesao.<br />

erazmi ostatisagan bevrs rasme hTxoulobs.<br />

Tu ostats hsurso, rom saqme emarjvos da<br />

keTilad imoqmedos baSvzeda, auarebeli codna<br />

unda hqondeso, ostatma TiTqmis yvelaferi unda<br />

zedmiwevniT icodeso. `Tqven metyviTo, ambobs<br />

erazmi, rom me dids tvirTsa vsdeb ostatsao.<br />

marTalia eg, magram erTs rom dids tvirTsa<br />

vkideb amiT sxva mravals vusubuqeb tvirTsao. me<br />

msurso, rom ostats gavlili hqondes mTeli<br />

sivrce kacTa mecnierebisa, imitom rom mowafeebs<br />

aRar dasWirdes TviTon hqmnan egeveo~. xolo esec<br />

sakmao ar aris, erazmis azriT, ostatisaTvis: igi<br />

unda iyos maRalis zneobis kaci, unda icodes,<br />

rogor moeqces baSvsa, unda SemZlebeli iyos<br />

moipovos siyvaruli da pativiscema ymawvilisao<br />

`pirveli Tavmdebi baSvis aRzrdis marjved<br />

msvlelobisa _ siyvarulia mowafisa ostatis<br />

mimarTo~ _ ambobs erazmi.<br />

erazmi Zalian eurCeba, Zalian hkicxavs, Tu<br />

gasakveTi xangrZlivia saswavlebelSi. xangrZlivad<br />

svla gasakveTebisa hRalavso Segirdis gulisyurs,<br />

qancs ulevs ymawvilsa da sulierad Tu<br />

xorcielad sCagravso. amitom rCevas iZleva, rom<br />

rac SeiZleba mal-male unda icvlebodes xolme<br />

saSromeli baSvisao: swavla, Sesveneba, seirnoba da<br />

220

garToba erTmaneTSi rig-rigad CarTuli unda<br />

iqmnaso.<br />

vejiosebr, erazmi samjobinarad hxedavs<br />

imisTana skolas, saca mowafeni bevrni ar arian.<br />

cota Segirdebiani skola sjobia, rogorc Sin<br />

aRzrdasa, ise bevr Segirdebian skolasao. Sin rom<br />

izrdeba ymawvili, Tvalwin aravina hyavso, rom<br />

upiratesobisa da jobnobisaTvis Seejibros vismes<br />

da Sejibreba ki am SemTxvevaSi didi Ronea baSvis<br />

warmatebisaTvisao. bevr Segirdebian skolaSi xom<br />

ostati uRonoa TviTveul baSvis bunebas calke<br />

adevnos Tvalyurio.<br />

221

222<br />

tfilisi, 9 ivlisi<br />

amaod ar Caiara sapedagogio mecnierebisaTvis<br />

vittorinos, verJerios, vejios da bolos erazmis<br />

Rvawlma da mecadineobam. amaTma sabuTianma da<br />

marTalma moZRvrebam TandaTan fexi gaidga da<br />

momxreni moipova jer kidev `ganaxlebis~ epoqaSive<br />

sxva qveynebSiac. maSindels safrangeTSi gza<br />

gaikvala axalma sapedagogio Teoriam gamoCenilis<br />

da saxelganTqmulis fransua rables meoxebiTa.<br />

fransua rable iyo frangi. igi daibada 1483 wels<br />

da gardaicvala 1558 welsa. Tumca pirvel xanSi<br />

rable ber-monazoni iyo, magram mere Seiqmna<br />

saxelovan romanistad da ufro saxelovan<br />

satirikosad. aman sruliad SeiTvisa axali<br />

sapedagogio moZRvreba erazmisa da mis winamyofTa,<br />

xolo ise ki, rogorc didbunebovans kacs<br />

Sehferis. rac kargi iyo axalis pedagogiis<br />

mesveurTa namoqmedarsa, Tu nawerebSi, yovelive<br />

igi miiRo da am miRebulzed fexmokidebulma<br />

ufro win waswiva sapedagogio moZRvreba da<br />

gaumata. amis gamo meti ar iqneba vsTqvaT, rom man<br />

Sehqmna sakuTari Teoria aRzrdisa da amaSi, didi<br />

gamWriaxoba, didi codna da didi Wkva-goneba<br />

gamoiCina.<br />

rables ar dauweria gansakuTrebuli<br />

sapedagogio Txzuleba, arc TviTon hqonia skola.<br />

erazmisebr rablesac Tavis Tavzed hqonda<br />

gamocdili mTeli simZime sqolastiuris<br />

swavlebisa, romelic ufro wvaleba da wamebi iyo<br />

baSvisa, vidre wrTvna da zrda, da romelsac<br />

azrada hqonda, marto wyalsaviT daswavleba<br />

wignisa da ara gageba sagnisa da qveynierobisa,<br />

amitomac, roca dro moeca, mTelis Tavis mwvavis<br />

eniT sasacilod aigdo sqolastiuri wesi<br />

swavlebisa da daswera mwvavi satira-romani,

omelsac `gargantua~ hqvian. am satiraSi erTis<br />

mxriT sasacilod agdebulia Zveli sqolastiuri<br />

wesi swavlebisa da meores mxriT gamoxatulia<br />

ideali axalis humaniuris swavla-wurTvnisa.<br />

erTic da meorec naCvenebia oris ymawvilis<br />

gamosaxviTa. am or ymawvilSi erTi Zvelis wesiT<br />

izrdeba da meore axalis wesiTa.<br />

axali wesi, rables mier moZRvrebuli, imaSi<br />

mdgomareobs, rom baSvi rac SeiZleba nakleb iyos<br />

momwyvdeuli oTx kedels Sua, radganac daxSuli<br />

da dabuRebuli haeri oTaxisa da umoZraobod<br />

yafna sCagravs ymawvilsa. ymawvili dReSi ufro<br />

bevri wili gareT unda iyos, haerzed. arc erTma<br />

saaTma dRisam uqmad ar unda Cauaros baSvsa:<br />

ostatma sacodneli da sawurTvneli yovelTvis<br />

unda moupovos baSvsa da erTs wuTsac usaqmurad<br />

ar unda amyofos. wignis kiTxvisaTvis da klasSi<br />

saswavleblad sakamoa sadilis win sami saaTi da<br />

sadilis ukanac sami. sxva dro ki SigadaSig da<br />

rig-rigad unda moxmardes imas, rom Segirds<br />

gaexsnas niWi dakvirvebisa, gamorkvevisa da<br />

amitomac saWiroa baSvma Tavis sakuTaris<br />

danaxviTa, sakuTaris moazrebiTa da gansjiTa<br />

icodinos buneba da cxovreba. seirnobs baSvi, Tu<br />

hTamaSobs, Tu tanis da agebulobis warsamateblad<br />

varjiSobs, sWams Tu svams, ostatma baSvis Tvali<br />

da goneba unda miaxedos yvelaferzed, rac ki<br />

sacodnelad da sawurTvnelad gamosadegia.<br />

rables sistemaSi tanis da agebulebis<br />

varjiSobas didi adgili uWiravs: burTaoba,<br />

kenWaoba, cxenzed jdoma, curva, Widaoba, _<br />

yovelive es saWirod danaxulia rablesagan.<br />

rables azriT, mozardma Tavis TvaliT unda<br />

gaicnos cxovreba da misi avkargianoba Tavis<br />

yuriT gaigonos. amitomac ostati unda atarebdes<br />

ymawvilsa fabrikebSi, samsjavroSi, saxelosnoebSi<br />

223

da eklesiebSi qadagebis sasmenladao da, rac<br />

saWiroa da SesamCnevi, SeamCnevinos da gaagebinoso.<br />

ase gaCnda da ase gaivso axali mimarTuleba<br />

pedagogiisa `ganaxlebis~ epoqaSi, romelic<br />

saSualo saukunoebs ekuTvnis. ra Tqma und<br />

exlandels skolas bevrSi CamorCeba skola<br />

`ganaxlebis~ droebisa. erTi didi upiratesoba<br />

exlandelis skolisa is aris, rom igi marto<br />

didkacTaTvis aRar aris da sayovelTaoa, rogorc<br />

didisa, ise patarisaTvis, rogorc mdidrisa, isec<br />

RaribisaTvis. arc imasa aqvs eWvi, rom exlandels<br />

skolaSi TviTon xerxi swavlebisa bevrad ukeTesia<br />

uwindelzed, magram esec ki unda iTqvas, rom<br />

exlandeli skola bevrSi ukan CamorComilia<br />

uwindelzed. dRes yoveliferi Sewiruli aqvs<br />

marto gonebis gaxsnas da daviwyebulia, rom<br />

adamians, Wkva-gonebis garda, gulica aqvs,<br />

romelsac kaikacobisaTvis iseTive wurTvna da<br />

gaxsna unda, rogorc codnisaTvis Wkva-gonebasa;<br />

daviwyebulia, rom kacs tani da agebulebaca aqvs,<br />

romelic wurTvniTa da varjiSobiT unda<br />

gaRonierdes, gajaniandes, gamagrdes, radganac<br />

janmrTeloba udidesi madlia, romelsac ki<br />

RmerTi mianiWebs xolme TvisTa rCeulTa. am mxriT<br />

exlandeli skola bevrSi Camouvardeba<br />

`ganaxlebis~ droebis skolebs, romelTac sagnada<br />

hqondaT Tanaswori warmateba adamianis sulisa da<br />

xorcisa. exlandeli skola, marTalia, bevrs<br />

codnas awvdis moswavlesa, magram calmxriv<br />

moqmedobs, xasiaTis wurTvnas TiTqmis Tavs anebebs<br />

da tanagebulebas adamianisas aramc Tu hSvelis,<br />

aramed hRalavs.<br />

igi avtori, romelmac yovelive zemoxsenebuli<br />

gvauwya, ambobs: `yvelam icis exlandelis skolis<br />

naklulevaneba da sakulaod ara erTi da ori<br />

cvlileba da Sevseba moelis exlandels skolasa.~<br />

224

vinatriT, rom SemcvlelTa da SemavsebelTa<br />

xandisxan yuri aTxovon istorias, zogjer ukanac<br />

miixedon da zogierTi ram SeiTvison im<br />

didbunebovan humanisteb-pedagogTagan, romelTac<br />

umoZRvres kacobriobas bevri ram mozardis Taobis<br />

sakeTildReod da sabednierod.<br />

225

226<br />

gamo<br />

tfilsi, 11 maisi<br />

mas aqeT, rac germaniis taxtze avida<br />

imperatori fridrixi, romelic SeebrZola<br />

bismarkis dauridebelsa da Tavgasuls politikas,<br />

evropas mSvidobianobis niavma dahbera da cotad<br />

Tu bevrad moasvena yvela, vinc omianobis<br />

molodinma dahqanca. marTlac, fridrixis winad<br />

sapolitiko saqme iseTis Cqaris nabijiT midioda<br />

win, rom yvelani dRe-dReze movelodiT<br />

saxelmwifoTa Setakebas, magram avida Tu ara<br />

germaniis taxtze mosarCle mSvidobianobisa da<br />

konstituciisa, imwamsve yvelas cotaodeni imedi<br />

mainc mieca, rom sanam fridrixi iqneba germaniis<br />

sve-bedis ganmgebelad, Tof-iaraRSi Camsxdari<br />

germania mSvidobianobas ar daarRvevso. marTlacda<br />

droebiT mainc Seswyda laparaki saerTo Setakebis<br />

Sesaxeb, magram rogorc exla sCans, eseTi imedi<br />

mSvidobianobis msurvelTa da mosarCleTa<br />

dRegrZeli ar aris, imitom rom is istoriuli<br />

naskvi, romelic unda gaexsna an gaepo bismarks,<br />

didis xnis gamonaskvuli aris da yvelani imas<br />

moelian, rom adre Tu gvian germaniis meTauroba<br />

wilad hxvdeba mxedrobis mosarCle memkvidres

fridrixisas da germaniis ganmgebloba xelSi<br />

Cauvardeba Tav. bismarkso.<br />

am oriode Tvis ganmavlobaSi mTeli evropa<br />

Tvalyurs adevnebs fridrixis avadmyofobas,<br />

radganac icis, rom imis avadmyofobazea<br />

damokidebuli evropis dRevandeli mSvidobianoba.<br />

yvelasa swams, rom Tu ar fridrixi,<br />

mSvidobianobaze laparaki uqmi iqneboda... am xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi cotaTi ar iyos, Semcirda pirveli<br />

STabeWdileba samSvidobo imedisa da evropis<br />

mwerlobam isev xmamaRla daiwyo laparaki saomrad<br />

mzadebis Taobaze. ucxoeli gazeTebi amboben, rom<br />

esa da es saxelmwifo amzadebs Tof-iaraRs da<br />

jarebsa, raTa Tavisi politikuri wadili<br />

Seisruloso da pirdapir Sexvdes yovelnairs<br />

gansacdelsao. inglisSi didi laparaki aqvsT<br />

jarebis Sevsebisa da SeTofiaraRebis Sesaxeb;<br />

gaiZaxian, rom inglisis samxedro ZalRone imdenad<br />

uZluri da moumzadebelia, rom TviT londonis<br />

dacvac gasWirdeba, Tu vinicobaa saqme omianobamde<br />

mividao. amitomac Sesaferi kanonproeqtia<br />

Setanili inglisis parlamentSi. germania xom<br />

mudam mzad aris saomrad, imisi samxedro ZalRone<br />

am Teqvsmetiode weliwadSi TandaTan warmatebaSi<br />

Sedis, da ra Tqma unda, rom yovels SemTxvevas<br />

pirnaTlad miegebeba. avstriasac ar Seuwyvetia<br />

saomrad mzadeba da jarebi gadahyavs-gadmohyavs.<br />

exla vnaxoT, ras sCadian patar-patara<br />

saxelmwifoebi. serbias ganzraxva aqvs jarebis<br />

mobilizacia moaxdinos. rogorc amboben, serbiasa,<br />

ruminiasa da bolgarias Soris morigeba arsebobs<br />

im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu vinicobaa omi atyda.<br />

agreTve isic viciT, rom balkanis slavianTa<br />

saxelmwifoebSi miSaobs ucxo gavlena. erTis<br />

sityviT, yvelgan didi mzadebaa. rasakvirvelia, am<br />

garemoebaTa Semxedvares ruseTs ar SeuZlian<br />

227

uyuradRebod dastovos Tavisi Zal-Rone, miT<br />

ufro, rom ucxoeli mwerloba ambobs, viTom<br />

ruseTs ganzraxva aqvs visme Seemklavos, Tumca<br />

ruseTma ukve daamtkica, rom omianoba imisaTvis<br />

saWiro ar aris da mSvidobianoba usaWiroesi<br />

saxsaria sakuTaris Zlierebis Sesamateblad da<br />

warsamateblad. marTlac, ruseTs rom omi<br />

undodes, didi xania SeeZlo brZolis velze<br />

gamosuliyo. sababi omianobisa xom didi xania<br />

arsebobs, Tundac igive bolgaria aiReT, romlis<br />

mdgomareobas yovelTvis SeuZlian saxelmwifoebi<br />

SeabrZolos.<br />

yovelive zemoT moxsenebuli imis sabuTia, rom<br />

dRevandeli mSvidobianoba mxolod droebiTia, rom<br />

sapolitiko saqme uwindeburad iwarmoebs, raki<br />

germaniis mdgomareoba Seicvleba.<br />

228

sakiTxze<br />

tfilisi, 12 maisi<br />

arc erTs ers ar gamouvlia imdeni satanjveli<br />

da wameba, ramdenic ebraelTa ers Tavs<br />

gadahxdenia. am odesme didebuls da<br />

saxelganTqmuls ers bedma xelidgan gamosxlita<br />

samSoblo da TviTmyofeloba da ganabnia igi<br />

mTelis dedamiwis zurgze, CaaTesla ucxo<br />

qveynebSi, sadac ebraelebs moeloda yovelgvari<br />

tanjva da wvaleba. aziasa da evropaSi, afrikasa<br />

da amerikaSi, yvelgan erTi da igive bedi sdevnida<br />

ubedurs ersa, romelic ibrZoda da ibrZvis<br />

yovelnairis saSualebiT, raTa Tavi daicvas da ar<br />

gaxdes msxverpli Zulebisa da wamebisa. amdeni<br />

xania es eri mogzaurobs mTels dedamiwis zurgze<br />

da am xnis gnmavlobaSi ara yofila iseTi<br />

satanjveli, romelic ebraelebs ar gamoecados.<br />

aba romeli sabuTi ar uxmariaT da xelze ar<br />

dauxveviaT ebraelTa sadevnelad da sawvaleblad?<br />

ar moipoveba iseTi istoriuli usamarTloeba,<br />

romelsac ebraelebi ar daeCagros. sdevnidnen<br />

ebraelebs _ viTarca ers, sdevnidnen _ viTarca<br />

Taviseburisa da gansakuTrebulis rjulis<br />

maRiarebelT, sdevnidnen _ viTarca usamarTlo<br />

ekonomiuris weswyobilebis warmomadgenelT da<br />

229

sxva erTa ekonomiur mCagvrelebs. mdevnelebi xan<br />

erTs sabuTs aZlevdnen upiratesobas, xan meores<br />

da arasodes ar damcxrala siZulili<br />

ebraelTadmi.<br />

exlac ki, rodesac egodens hRaRadeben<br />

kacTmoyvareobaze, imave sabuTebis ZaliT sdevnian<br />

imaT iqac ki, sadac TiTqos adgili ar unda<br />

hqondes siZulilsa da daundoblobas. es ramdeni<br />

xania evropaSi arsebobs egreTwodebuli<br />

antisemitiuri, ese igi ebraelTa mowinaaRmdege<br />

moZraoba, romelic scdilobs rac SeiZleba metad<br />

Seaviwrovos da dasCagros ebraelni. nametnavad<br />

avstriasa da germaniaSia Zlieri igi moZraoba,<br />

iseT wreSiac ki, romlisaganac naklebad<br />

mosalodneli da safiqrebeli iyo. Cven vambobT<br />

avstriisa da germaniis mwerlobisa da<br />

ganaTlebulis sazogadoebis erTs nawilze. zogi<br />

gazeTi mudmiv ebraelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZvis;<br />

studentebic ki, romlebisaganac safiqrebelic ar<br />

unda iyos romlisame erisadmi siZulili,<br />

saqveynod RaRadeben da moqmedeben ebraelTa<br />

winaaRmdeg. amas winaT venaSi akurTxes Zegli<br />

glazerisa, iusticiis ministrad namyofisa.<br />

glazeri gvartomobiT ebraeli yofila da<br />

amitomac, roca universitetis reqtorma fokelma<br />

daiwyo laparaki gansvenebulis cxovrebasa da<br />

moRvaweobaze, studentebma Sehqmnes iseTi<br />

xmauroba, rom universitetis mTavroba iZulebuli<br />

gaxda SeeCerebina dResaswauli. studentebi<br />

gamovidnen universitetis darbazidgan da, rogorc<br />

aRmoCnda, ufros-erTi antisemituris<br />

mimarTulebisa yofila. ase gasinjeT, antisemituri<br />

grZnoba ar dacxra arc mecnierebis taZarSi<br />

gansvenebulis saxelis winaSe. garda amisa, amas<br />

winaT, roca asamarTlebdnen Senerers, am<br />

ukanasknelis momxreebma saukunod aRiares,<br />

230

Senerers rom ebrZanebina CvenTvis, ebraelebs Tavs<br />

daeciT da amoswyviteTo, Cven xmaamouRebliv<br />

SevasrulebdiT imis brZanebasao.<br />

antisemitiurs moZraobas Zalian daufiqrebia<br />

germaniis mmarTvelobaca, amasa hmowmoben zogierTi<br />

gazeTebi, romelnic laparakoben ebraelTa yofamdgomareobaze.<br />

es gazeTebi amboben, rom sxva<br />

qveynebSiac TandaTan Zlierdeba antisemitiuri<br />

moZraobao. amis mizezi erovnuli siZulili da<br />

religiuri fanatizmi ki ar aris, aramed<br />

ekonomiuri Zliereba ebraelTa kapitalistebisa,<br />

romlebis xelSi grovdeba auarebeli simdidre<br />

safrangeTisa, germaniisa da sxva saxelmwifoebisao.<br />

am garemoebas ara marto ekonomiuri mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs, aramed politikuricao, da Tu ebraelTa<br />

ekonomiurs gaZlierebas Tavis drozed ar<br />

SevebrZoleniT, kapitali Seiqmneba yvela<br />

saxelmwifoebze ufro Zlieri da saSiSio.<br />

kapitalis xelSi moiqceva bedi da ubedoba erTa<br />

da mefeTao. yvelani imasa sCivian, rom<br />

antisemitiuri mimarTuleba TandaTan ufro da<br />

ufro Zlierdeba, nametnavad ganaTlebuls<br />

sazogadoebaSio.<br />

rasakvirvelia, es garemoeba metad<br />

safiqrebelia, radganac ganaTlebuls sazogadoebas<br />

didi gavlena aqvs evropis yofa-cxovrebaze. am<br />

nawils sazogadoebisas SeuZlian Tavisi kvali<br />

daaCnios ebraelTa bedsa da ubedobas.<br />

231

232<br />

<br />

presaSi<br />

tfilisi, 13 maisi<br />

rogorc guSinwina vsTqviT, pirveli<br />

STabeWdileba, romelic moaxdina fridrixis<br />

gamefebam, TandaTan mcirdeba. germanieli gazeTebi<br />

winandeburad Tamamad da medidurad laparakoben<br />

ruseTis Sesaxeb. amis mizezi, sxvaTaSoris, is<br />

aris, rom, rogorc gazeTebi gvacnobeben, germaniam<br />

xel-fexi ver Seukra ruseTis vaWrobasa da<br />

mrewvelobasa. amaswinaT, erTma germanielma<br />

oficiozurma gazeTma saqveynod aRiara, rom<br />

germaniisaTvis Zalian sasurvelia, ruseTis<br />

ekonomiuri yofa-mdgomareoba daiCagroso. meore<br />

oficiozuri gazeTi ambobs: am oris dRis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ruseTidgan movida 348 vagoni<br />

xorbali. es ambavi da agreTve is garemoebac, rom<br />

ruseTis fulis fasma aiwia, gvimtkicebs, rom<br />

sxvadasxva RonisZieba, romelic germaniam ixmara<br />

Tavisis meurneobis dasacvelad, uqmi yofila. Cven<br />

imedi gvaqvs, ambobs gazeTi, rom germaniis<br />

mTavroba SeebrZoleba am garemoebas da gzas<br />

Seukravs ruseTis xorbalsa, romelic egre uxvad<br />

SemoaqvT germaniaSio.

ogorc hxedavs mkiTxveli, germanias eSinian,<br />

rom ruseTi ekonomiurad ar gaZlierdes; ruseTis<br />

gaZliereba sakuTar ubedurebad miaCniaT. ase<br />

hfiqroben oficiozuri gazeTebi, romlebic<br />

mmarTeblobis mimarTulebisani arian. erTis<br />

sityviT, imave ambis mowame varT, romelic am<br />

samiode TTvis winad sayovelTao salaparako iyo<br />

mwerlobasa da diplomatiaSi.<br />

am Zvelis ambis ganmeorebas, rasakvirvelia,<br />

Zalian unda Caefiqrebina ruseTis mwerloba;<br />

marTladac zogi rusuli gazeTi amxedrebula<br />

germaniel gazeTebis winaaRmdeg. `germanieli<br />

gazeTebi muqaras gviTvliano, ambobs erTi rusuli<br />

gazeTi: da droa Cvenc Sesaferi pasuxi gavsceTo.<br />

gana Cven SegviZlian, xmaamouRebliv SevscqerodeT<br />

am ambavs? ara, es yovlad SeuZlebelia, radganac<br />

xmis amouRebloba am SemTxvevaSi ar SehSvenis<br />

politikurad TviTcnobiersa da damoukidebels<br />

saxelmwifosao~.<br />

`germania erTs romelsame RonisZiebas ki ara<br />

hxmarobs Cvens winaaRmdega, aramed sistematiurad<br />

sdevnis Cvens vaWrobasa da mrewvelobasao.<br />

ruseTmac igive RonisZieba unda ixmaros germaniis<br />

winaaRmdeg, ese igi, unda Seaviwrovos germaniis<br />

vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis gavrceleba ruseTSi;<br />

amis Semdeg SesaZloa SevamciroT germaniel<br />

qveSevrdomTa uflebani Cvens samflobeloSio~.<br />

samarTlianad hkiTxuloben ruseTis gazeTebi:<br />

`ris imedsa da nugeSs gvaZlevs Cveni mSvidobiani<br />

politikao? yoveli Cveni cda mSvidobianobisa da<br />

megobrobis dasacvelad sruliad uqmi gamodga.<br />

rogorc sCans, amgvari saqcieli damamcirebelia<br />

Cvenis Rirsebisa da sruliad xels ar gviwyobso~.<br />

nametnavad awuxebs rusuls gazeTebs is<br />

garemoeba, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg RaRadeben<br />

mSvidobianobis mosarCle imperatoris mefobis<br />

233

dros. marTlac, avida Tu ara taxtze fridrixi,<br />

ruseTis mwerlobas imedi mieca, rom ruseTisa da<br />

germaniis ganwyobileba usaTuod gankargdebao.<br />

sakvirveli saqmea, ambobs erTi rusuli gazeTi, _<br />

rom mSvidobianobis mosarCle imperatoris mefobis<br />

dros oficiozuri gazeTebi, romelnic sruliad<br />

damokidebulni arian mmarTvelobaze, egeTis<br />

medgrobiT ibrZvian ruseTis winaaRmdeg. TiTqo<br />

gangeb, roca depeSa gvacnobebs, rom fridrixi<br />

TandaTan ukeT ariso, mogvdis muqaris depeSa;<br />

oficiozuri gazeTebi aras cxrebian da bismarkis<br />

politikurs sistemasa hqadagebeno.<br />

dasasrul, gazeTebi imas amboben, rom germaniis<br />

meTaurebisagan Cven ar unda movelodeT Cvenis<br />

interesebis dacvasao. isini mxolod germaniis<br />

interesebisa da saWiroebis mixedviT moqmedeben da<br />

es sruliad Sesawynarebelia. xolo Cvens<br />

interessa da saWiroebas Cvenve unda<br />

gamovesarClneT, gavixsenoT bismarkis sityva<br />

berlinis kongresze warmoTqmuli: `me ar<br />

SemiZlian rusze ufro rusoba gavwiovo~, am<br />

sitvebis azri xom is aris, rom bismarkisaTvis<br />

germaniis saWiroebisa da keTildReobis garda<br />

araviTari mosazreba ar arsebobso.<br />

234

wlisTavi<br />

tfilisi, 14 maisi<br />

26-s aprils kavTisxevis sasoflo skolam<br />

gadaixada Tavisis arsebobis aTis wlis<br />

dResaswauli; skolam moigona aTis wlis<br />

moRvaweoba. sazogadoebamac Tvali gadaavlo<br />

skolis viTarebasa da istorias da im dRes<br />

sruliad unda darwmunebuliyo, rom skola imis<br />

cxovrebaSi lamparia ganaTlebisa; rom skolam<br />

SesZina sofels mciere drois ganmavlobaSi<br />

didZali mxne da mcodne wevri, romelTac<br />

SeuZlianT pirnaTlad gauZRvnen Wirsa da lxinsa.<br />

aTi weliwadi maincdamainc didi araferia<br />

sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magram daxedeT ra<br />

moumoqmednia skolas am mcire drois ganmavlobaSi,<br />

ra SeuZenia soflisaTvis. dRiTidRe rom Tvali<br />

adevno kacma romelsame saqmes, dids warmatebas<br />

veras SeniSnavs, radganac TiTo dRe metad mcire<br />

wvlils umatebs saqmes da TviT wvlili ki dids<br />

Sromasa da mecadineobas moiTxovs xolme. magram<br />

rodesac dids gzas gaivliT da gaixsenebT TviT<br />

gzasa da yovelsave, rac SegmTxveviaT da Tavs<br />

gadagxediaT, maSin ki darwmundebiT, rom Znelad<br />

savleli da Zneli gza SegimoklebiaT da<br />

235

SegiZlianT daafasoT, aswon-daswonoT da<br />

simarTlis TvaliT SexedoT Tqvens warsuls.<br />

dRiTidRe kacs ar SeuZlian didi warmateba<br />

SeniSnos Taviss Tavs an romelsame saqmes, magram<br />

rodesac TviT kaci an saqme momwifdeba, maSin ki<br />

ufro utyuarad SesaZloa davafasoT erTisa da<br />

meoris avi da kargi; SegiZlianT Sesaferad da<br />

samarTlianad aswon-daswonoT sakuTari an sxvisi<br />

viTareba maSin, rodesac ramdensame weliwads<br />

erTbaSad Tvals gardaavlebT. dro ukeTesi da<br />

ufro samarTliani msajulia kacTa moqmedebisa da<br />

moRvaweobisa. aba, moigoneT, magaliTad, romelime<br />

sazogado saqme, romelic didis wvalebiT da<br />

vaebiT atarebs am wuTisofels. Tu dRe-dRe<br />

mizdieT kvalSi am saqmes, zogjer<br />

sasowarkveTileba da uimedoba SegipyrobT;<br />

amisaTvis aravin gasakicxi da saginebeli ar aris,<br />

magram roca im saqmes istoriulad gadaavlebT<br />

Tvalsa, maSin ki ufro advilad warmoidgenT<br />

yovels dabrkolebas, romelic TviT saqmes<br />

SemTxvevia, ufro rigianad da utyuarad daafasebT<br />

TviT saqmis mniSvnelobas, ufro utyuarad<br />

gahzomavT gavlils gzasa. diaR, dro saukeTeso da<br />

ufro utyuari msajulia yovelisave saqmisa,<br />

garemoebisa.<br />

aviRoT, magaliTad, soflis skola. ra aris<br />

skola, vina da ra aris ostati? soflis skola<br />

xom sruliad myudro da mSvidi dawesebulebaa,<br />

umetes nawilad xelmokle, romlis ufroserTi<br />

mowame siRaribesa da umecrebaSi Sobilia; ostati<br />

xom sruliad ucnobi da mudmiv SromaSi garTuli<br />

da Tan nivTierad xelmokle muSakia, romelsac<br />

kisrad adevs mZime da rTuli movaleoba. Tu yvela<br />

im dabrkolebas gaixseniebT, romelic gzazed<br />

eRobeba yovels axals saqmes, dawesebulebas,<br />

azrsa, Tqven imasac advilad warmoidgenT, rom<br />

236

sasoflo skolis da ostatis savleli gza iaTi<br />

da vardiT mofenili ar aris. amisda miuxedavad<br />

keTili saqme, azri brZolidgan gamarjvebuli<br />

gamodis, gza uadvildeba da yvelani, vinc<br />

gulgrilad da cudis, an iWvneulis TvaliT<br />

Sehyurebdnen winaT, gzas uTmoben da TviTonve<br />

xels uwyoben. amgvarivea kavTisxevis skolis<br />

viTareba da istoria. winaT maswavlebeli TiTqmis<br />

erTaderTi mosarCle iyo swavla-ganaTlebisa,<br />

erTaderTi kaci iyo, romelsac sxvebze ufro<br />

naTlada hqonda warmodgenili swavlis sargebloba<br />

da mniSvneloba; TviT maswavlebeli eubneba<br />

sazogadoebas, rom me Tavdapirvelad marto<br />

viyavio, arc megobari da arc TanamgrZnobi ara<br />

myavdao, magram dRes ki darwmunebuli var<br />

vuyvarvar Cems Segirdebs da aris iseTi<br />

sazogadoeba, romelic mudam mzad aris xeli<br />

momimarTos da wamaxalisoso. diaR, sruliad<br />

marTalsa brZanebs b-ni maswavlebeli. Tu<br />

Tavdapirveladve erTi samiode kaci TanaugrZnobda<br />

skolas, samagierod exla ki samasze meti Segirdi<br />

mSoblebiTa da naTesavebiTurT swavla-ganaTlebis<br />

TanamgrZnobelia da xelis Semwyobeli. dReis iqiT<br />

soflis sazogadoebas kidev ufro gaumtkicda is<br />

azri, rom skola adamianTa cxovrebis gzis<br />

manaTobelia. kavTisxevis Segirdebs gza gaukvalavT<br />

zogs sxva saswavleblebisaken, zogi xelosnobas<br />

mohkidebia, zogi samsaxurSi Sesula, zogi mamapapis<br />

saqmes dasdgomia, erTis sityviT, visac<br />

skolaSi uswavlia, cxovrebis sarbielze adgili<br />

daumkvidrebia da ase Tu ise eweva Taviss uRels.<br />

exla warmoidgineT, rom mTels sazogadoebas<br />

Seemata samasis umecris wevris magier amdenive<br />

cotaTi mainc naswavli wevri, romlebic<br />

cxovrebaSi Seitanen Tav-TavianTs wvlils<br />

sinaTlisas. gaixsenieT, rom skolis Segirdebs<br />

237

mciredi mainc gageba aqvsT samSoblo qveynis<br />

viTarebisa da awmyosi, rom isini stkbebian ara<br />

romlisame pirutyvulis siamovnebiTa da<br />

grZnobiTa, aramed mwerlobis nawarmoebiTa da<br />

TanaugrZnoben yovels keTil saqmes, da Tqven<br />

naTlad warmoidgenT, Tu ris SemZlea myudro<br />

sasoflo skola da imisi ostati, romelsac<br />

soflis maswavlebloba arc simdidres uqadis da<br />

arc didkacobas. ai, es aris imis mizezi, rom<br />

mTeli kavTisxevis sazogadoeba egeTis keTilis<br />

gZnobiT moepyra sakuTars skolas da<br />

idResaswaula imisi daarsebis dRe; es aris imis<br />

mizezi, rom sazogadoebam moisurva, imave<br />

saswavleblis Segirdis TavosnobiT, sasoflo<br />

biblioTekis gamarTva da am sagnisaTvis ar<br />

daiSura Sesawiravi, da ai rarigad matulobs da<br />

izrdeba keTili azri da saqme, rarigad matulobs<br />

ricxvi keTilis saqmis mosarCleTa da momxreTa.<br />

kavTisxevis skola xom igeTive skolaa,<br />

rogoric sxva soflebSiac moipoveba; beds<br />

imisTvis araviTari upiratesoba ar miuniWebia da<br />

amitomac am skolis magaliTi, imedia, gulSi<br />

CaeWdeva sxva skolebis moRvaweTac, romlebsac<br />

sabuTi eZlevaT Caukvirdnen TavianTs warsuls da<br />

aswon-daswonon igi.<br />

238

maiss)<br />

mas aqeT, rac banki daarsebula es mecamete<br />

weliwadia. es mecametedjer bankis gamgeoba sdgas<br />

Tqvens winaSe gansakiTxavad. xolo gankiTxva arc<br />

erTxel am camets weliwadSi aseTis<br />

guliswyromiT da risxviT ar mogvsevia rogoc<br />

dRes, da, swored mogaxsenoT, arc amisTana marjve<br />

xelCasaWidebeli mizezi hqonia dRemde. ras<br />

brZanebT? daxe, gamgeobam bankisam ra Caidina?<br />

viZaxiT dRes marjvniv da marcxniv, Sina da gared;<br />

Cven, bankis patronebma, Cvens mojamagireebs<br />

gadauwyviteT, rom ama da am saqmezed sami aTasi<br />

Tumani daxarjeTo, imaT ki auRiaT da jer pirvel<br />

ianvramde aTi aTaszed meti Tumani dauxarjavT da<br />

Tanac gveubnebian, oTxi aTasamde kidev moundebao.<br />

vis ar aeSleba Tavzed Tma am saSinelebis<br />

gamgonsa!<br />

`saqme marTla dRes asea: swored sami aTasi<br />

Tumani gadagviwyviteT da Cven ki aTi aTasi<br />

davxarjeT da amasTanave mogaxsenebT, oTxi<br />

aTasamde kidev moundebao. aq risxvas da wyromas<br />

didi sabuTi aqvs marto am sityvebzed rom<br />

davdgeT da aRarasfers sxvas yuri ar vaTxovoT,<br />

imitom rom, TviTneboba ara saqmeSi ar varga da<br />

nametnavad bankisaSi, xolo erTi es vikiTxoT:<br />

239

marTlis samarTlis qmna iqmneba, rom sxvas<br />

aRarasfers yuri ar vaTxovoT, ese igi, ar<br />

gamoviZioT, rada hqmna gamgeobam esa, ra<br />

aucilebelma saWiroebam aqmnevina es amodena fuli<br />

aiRo da gadayara usargeblod, Tu es fuli<br />

dakarguli ar aris da mogeba da sargebloba<br />

mogvitana ram.<br />

kacis mkvlelsac ki hkiTxven xolme, rad<br />

mohkali kacio. Tu Sesawynarebels mizezs hnaxven,<br />

Seiwynareben cotad Tu bevrad mizezis mixedviT<br />

da bevri magaliTic yofila, aris da iqneba, rom<br />

sulac Seundoben da apatieben. ai amgvars<br />

ganikiTxvas viTxovT Tqvengan da amgvaris<br />

samarTliT moWrili xelic ki ara stkiva<br />

adamiansa. me imas ki ar mogaxsenebT, usaTuod<br />

gagvamarTleT-meTqi. me marto gTxovT,<br />

gasamarTlebeli varT Tu gasamtyuvnebeli,<br />

marTali samarTali mogveciT.<br />

`Cven amisi imedi gvaqvs, rom es imedi ara<br />

gvqondes, arc ki vemsaxurebodiT Tqvens saqmes da<br />

TviTon saqmec ki Txilis naWuWad ar eRireboda.<br />

kidev mogaxsenebT, Cven gvaqvs amisi sasoeba,<br />

imitom rom am Tormets weliwadSi arc erTi<br />

usamarTloba xSirad Cvenzed xmalamoRebiT<br />

moseuli, Tqvengan aqedam daumarcxebeli ar<br />

wasula.~ ai amiT nugeScemulni SevudgebiT saqmis<br />

gamoZiebas. Cveni mopirispireni, romelTac,<br />

ueWvelia, marto bankis sikeTis wyurvili<br />

alaparakebs, mogaxseneben, rom Cven aRarasfers<br />

gamoZiebaSi SevdivarT. Cven marto es viciT da<br />

marto es kmara vicodeT, rom sami aTasis Tumnis<br />

neba mogeciT da Tqven ki oTxi da xuTi imodena<br />

dahxarjeT Cvenda daukiTxavad. aq principia,<br />

dedaazria saqmisa darRveulio.<br />

`marTalia, Cven amas ara vmalavT. Cveni<br />

danaSauli es aris. exla vikiTxoT: ra principi<br />

240

davarRvieT? is, rom patronis daukiTxavad misma<br />

rwmunebulma kacma arasferi ar unda hxarjos.<br />

kargi da patiosani. Cvenc didi pativismcemelni<br />

varT yovelgvar principisa. magram gana ar aris<br />

imisTana garemoeba, rom am or cecxlSua daayenos<br />

kaci: an principi daixsen da saqme gaswire, an<br />

saqme daixsen da gaswire principio. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

ra gvijobs: saqmis gadarCena, Tu principisa?<br />

Tqveni `ho~ Tu `ara~ am sakiTxzed `ho~ da `ara~<br />

iqneba imisi Tu, _ principia saqmisaTvis gaCenili<br />

qveyanazed, Tu saqme principisaTvis.<br />

`me nebasa gTxovT erTi magaliTi moviyvano.<br />

vsTqvaT, RmerTma ki dagvifaros da, cecxli<br />

waekida banks. bankSi erTi imisTana kasa dgas,<br />

romelSiac inaxeba mTeli avladideba bankisa da<br />

romelsac samoci kaci adgilidam Zlivs dasZravs.<br />

vsTqvaT, gamovdivar da vuZaxi xalxs: gviSveleT,<br />

kasa gadagvirCineT! aravina gvSvelis, radganac<br />

cecxli garSemortymulia da kassis gadarCena ar<br />

SeiZleba Tu ar TavgamometebiT. vxedav ra, rom<br />

mTeli qoneba ikargeba, viZaxi: vinc gadaarCens, ai<br />

aTasi Tumani miiRos. am dros modis ivane Tu<br />

petre da meubneba; kaco, ro aZlev, vis fuls<br />

aZlev? jer sazogado kreba Sehyare da mere<br />

miecio. minamde rom kassa daiwvas? _ dee daiwvas,<br />

oRond principi nu daiwvebao. rogor ggoniaT,<br />

kassis gadarCenas ufro moiwonebdiT, Tu<br />

principisas?<br />

`es magaliTi srulebiT ara hgavs imas, ramac<br />

Cven iZulebuli gagvxada is dagvexarja, ris nebac<br />

ara gvqonda. cecxli, RvTis madliT, aras<br />

ekideboda, Tumca ki davalebul da saqmis<br />

gulmtkinveul kacisaTvis isic cecxlis mokidebaa,<br />

roca Tu dayovnda, daaxana, siCqares siCqariT ar<br />

moeqca, mibarebuli saqme ar wauxdeba, an im<br />

sargebels, im xeirs ar moutans patrons,<br />

241

isTvisac TviTon saqmea daniSnuli. amasac Tavi<br />

davaneboT. me es magaliTi moviyvne imisTvis, raTa<br />

naTlad gveniSnebina, rom yofila, aris da iqneba<br />

kvlavac imisTana SemTxveva, roca saqmes unda<br />

Seewiros yovelive forma, yovelive principi,<br />

imitom rom TviTon forma, Tu principi saqmis<br />

sikeTisaTvis aris da ara saqmis sikeTe formisa<br />

da principisaTvis.<br />

`bevrni imisTanani arian, rom Cems naTqvams<br />

sofizms daarqmeven xolme. exlac ityvian, rom<br />

yoveli, raca vsTqvi, sofizmiao. saxeli saqmis<br />

bunebas ver Sescvlis: me rom petre damarqvan,<br />

mainc ilia WavWavaZe viqnebi. Tu es Cveni Tqmuli<br />

sofizmia, dee, iyos sofizmi. mxolod imas ki<br />

vityvi, rom swored am ybadaRebuls sofizmzed<br />

aris damyarebuli meaTe tomis me-2197 muxli *<br />

sazogado kanonebis, romelnic CvenTvisac<br />

savaldebuloa. minam es kanoni kanonad aris, vinc<br />

ram unda sTqvas da ra saxelic unda daarqvas,<br />

amis Wkvianurs windaxeduls da marTlis marTals<br />

erTs bewvsac veravin ver daaklebs. amitomac,<br />

roca gveubnebian, aq principia, dedaazria<br />

darRveulio, isic usaTuod unda daumaton, rom<br />

darRveulia gauWireblad, ese igi, roca<br />

aucilebeli SemTxveva da saqmis sikeTe amas ar<br />

iTxovso. sruli principi swored aseTia. ai, am<br />

* aq TviTon es muxli kanonisa wakiTxul iqmna, ai igi kanonic: в<br />

обстоятельствах, не терпящих отлагательства, правлению может быть<br />

предоставлено право решать дела своею властью и свыше суммы, в уставе<br />

предназначенной, но с тем, чтобы за необходимость и последствия таких<br />

решений члены правления сами уж и ответствовали перед общим собранием<br />

акционеров.<br />

aq SehniSnes, rom mag kanoniT Tavs ver imarTlebs gamgeobao, radganac mag<br />

kanonis ZaliT TviTon krebam unda mianiWos eg nebao. amazed i. WavWavaZem<br />

upasuxa, rom me amiT ki ar vmarTlulob Tavsa, aramed amiT mindoda<br />

meCvenebina, rom Cemi sityva sofizmi ar aris, piriqiT, safuZvladac udevs<br />

kanonsa-meTqi.<br />

242

principis ZaliT upasuxa ieso qristem, roca<br />

usayvedures, rom SabaTs, ese igi, uqme dRes<br />

sneuls rada hkurnavo, akrZalulia, Cveni<br />

principiao. es imitomao, upasuxa ieso qristem,<br />

rom kurneba sneulisa keTili saqmea da keTils<br />

saqmes SabaTi veravis ver dauSliso, radganac<br />

SabaTi kacisaTvis aris gaCenili da ara kaci<br />

SabaTisaTvisao.<br />

`Cveni nugeSi imaSia, Tu es erTaderTi<br />

uwvalebeli da yovel SemTxvevaSi Seuryeveli<br />

principi Cvenken aRmoCndeba. exla vikiTxoT: iyo<br />

ram Cven win imisTana garemoeba, romelic iTxovda<br />

saqmis sargebloba gverCivna sxva yovel imisTana<br />

principis ukvdavebasa, romelic, Tund Zalian<br />

iSviaTad, _ unda emorCilebodes saqmes, _ Tu<br />

SesaZlo iyo arc mwvadi damwvariyo, arc Samfuri,<br />

ese igi, saqmec ar wamxdariyo da principic<br />

Senaxuliyo. Cvens moxsenebaSi, romelic dRes<br />

xelmeored wakiTxul iyo Tqvens winaSe, sakmaod<br />

vrclad CamoTvlilia igi sabuTebi, romelnic<br />

amtkiceben, rom Cven swored aucilebeli gaWireba<br />

dagvawyda Tavzed, Tu am sabuTebs vinme Tqvengani<br />

ara sjerdeba, gvibZaneT, da mogaxsenebT kidev<br />

ufro vrclad.<br />

`diaR, batonebo, me mgonia cxadia, rom Cven or<br />

wyalSua viyaviT: an formas da friad saWiro<br />

formasac unda avyolodiT da saqmezed xeli<br />

agveRo, an saqme gagvekeTebina da formaze agveRo<br />

xeli. Cven ukanaskneli virCieT da Cveni danaSauli<br />

Tqvens winaSe es aris. vsTqvaT, davaSaveT, axla<br />

aRar vikiTxavT ra waxda amiT? is waxda, rom<br />

Cveni aTi aTasi Tumani romelsame bankSi unda<br />

debuliyo samas Tumnad, an xuTas Tumnad, Tu<br />

sargeblian qaRaldebs viyiddiT, da exla ki Tqvens<br />

sakuTars qonebaSi sdevs da aTas samas Tumanzed<br />

meti sargebeli moaqvs. Tu es saqme is waxdenaa,<br />

243

dee, Cvenc amisTana saqmesTan TanawavxdeT. xolo<br />

amas ki nu daviviwyebT, rom, roca saqmis patrons<br />

ar esmis wanaxdeni ra aris da sargebloba da<br />

xeiri ra, amisTana kacis saqmes qveyanazed veravin<br />

ver endoba, suli da guli bankisa ki qveynis<br />

ndobaa, uamisod banki erTs dResac ver iWaWanebs.<br />

`dasasrul, Cems saubars imiT gavaTaveb, riTac<br />

daviwye. es swored cameti wliwadia, rac Cven am<br />

bankis saqmes vemsaxurebiT, da am camets<br />

weliwadSi Tormetjer ganvkiTxulvarT Tqvengan.<br />

es ukanaskneli gankiTxva mecametea da radganac<br />

mecametea, cudi niSania imisTvis, vinc am wels<br />

bewvis xidzed unda gaiaros. me Semxvda dRes rigi<br />

am bewvis xidzed gavlisa imitom, rom am avTvala<br />

da avniSana wels me an unda xelaxlad Camovitaro<br />

kenWi, _ an winadve uari vTqva. am orSi ras<br />

moviwadineb _ eg Cemi saqmea. me mxolod amasa<br />

gTxovT, Cems bankSi yofnas, Tu aryofnas nu<br />

gadaaxrevinebT nurc iqiT, nurc aqeT. ar<br />

mogwonvarT, ar vargivar, RmerTma ise advilad<br />

bankis valebi mogaSoroT, rogorc advilad<br />

Tavidam me momiSorebT. yovlad umizezodac. aq<br />

aravin samduravsac ar gakadrebT, xolo banks<br />

gaufrTxildiT.<br />

`erTi didi da Zlieri ZarRvi gafrTxilebisa<br />

gankiTxvaa patronisagan davalebulis kacisa da<br />

imis moqmedebisa. roca qveyana hxedavs, rom igi<br />

umaRlesi instancia, romelsac sazogado kreba<br />

hqvian, saqmes fxizlis da marTlis TvaliT<br />

dastrialebs, wrfelis gulistkiviliT uvlis,<br />

yovels nabijs saqmis msvlelobisas codnis<br />

TvaliT da marTlis gankiTxviT sinjavs, ndobac<br />

bevria: ndobaa-meTqi, marto ndobaa dedaboZi<br />

yovlis bankisa da nametnavad Cvenisa, romelic<br />

didsa da pataras Tavis gaCenis dRidamve dRes<br />

aqamomde niSanSi aqvs amoRebuli da TavSi<br />

244

ufaCunebs, ar viciT ki rad. amitomac samarTliani<br />

gankiTxva aravisaTvis saTakilo ar aris, piriqiT,<br />

uamisoba sikvdilia bankisaTvis, dedaboZis<br />

gamoclaa SenobisaTvis.<br />

`am mxriT gankiTxvas didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

yovlisferSi sazogadod da bankis saqmeSi<br />

sakuTriv da Cven Tavs unda mivulocoT, rom es<br />

gankiTxva Cveulebad gagvixda da TandaTan<br />

Zlierdeba da hmatulobs. diaR, batonebo,<br />

araviTars saqmes, nametnavad sazogados,<br />

ganukiTxvelad ar unda mivekidneT, xolo<br />

samarTlianad ki. me aq gangeb gavimeore<br />

`samarTlianad~-meTqi. eg imasa hniSnavs, rom kacma<br />

arc `ho~ unda sTqvas, arc `ara~ romelsame<br />

saganze, Tu sagnis viTareba ar gamouZiebia, ar<br />

ucvnia, ar gamourkvevia, erTis sityviT, Tu `hosa~<br />

an `ara~-saTvis marTali, utyuari sabuTi ara aqvs.<br />

yvela es aucilebeli saWiroebaa, magram sakmao ar<br />

aris marTlis samarTlis qmnisaTvis. TviTon<br />

ganaCeni zed marTalzed unda iyos gamoWrili da<br />

ara gulSi Caxveul raRac xvanjzed. uamisod<br />

gankiTxva gankiTxva ki ar aris, Worikanaobaa da<br />

Worikanaoba xom kudian melasa hgavs, romelsac<br />

rac agondeba, is esizmreba xolme. ai amgvari<br />

gankiTxvaa igi foni, romelic arCobs ndobasa da<br />

hRupavs saqmesa.<br />

`Cveni nugeSi, Cveni sasoeba is aris, rom arc<br />

Tqven ikadrebT amisTana gankiTxvas da arc Cven<br />

dagvamdableT imodenad, rom amisTana gankiTxvas<br />

SegvWidoT. Cven bevri sabuTi gvaqvs es<br />

sasixarulo da sasiqadulo nugeSi viqonioT<br />

Tqvenzeda. aki mogaxseneT am camets weliwadSi<br />

Tormetjer gangikiTxavT Tqvengan amorCeuli<br />

kacebi da Tormetjerve marTals Tavisi gautania<br />

da arc erTxel ar SehbRalula `qmna marTlisa<br />

samarTlisa~, romelic SoTas sityviT, `xesac<br />

245

Seiqms xmelsa nedlad~, ese igi, mkvdarsac<br />

gaacocxlebs. es yovlis kacis macocxlebeli<br />

RvTaeburi madli marTalis samarTlis qmnisa Tu<br />

Tqveni xmalia, Cveni faric es aris.~ am marTalis<br />

samarTlis qmnis RvTaebur madlisaTvis migvindvia<br />

Tqveni ganaCeni masze Tu wagixdineT Tqveni<br />

mondobili saqme, Tu gagikeTeT.<br />

246

mrewvelobisaTvis<br />

tfilisi, 27 maisi<br />

ramdenad damabrkolebelia warmoebisa da<br />

mrewvelobisaTvis sameurneo iaraRebis siZvire da<br />

maTze baJis dadeba, amas aSkarad mogviTxrobs<br />

`macne~. me-17 #-Si, gazeTi ambobs: yovelTvis,<br />

yovelgvar warmoebaSi, didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

rogorc im masalis sikarges, romlisaganac<br />

iaraRia gakeTebuli, agreTve imasac, Tu es iaraRi<br />

ramdenad kargad da daniSnulebis mixedviT aris<br />

mowyobili. igi muSa, romelic ukeTesis iaraRiT,<br />

an manqaniT muSaobs, rasakvirvelia, yovelTvis<br />

ajobebs imas, romelic ufro dabalis Rirsebis<br />

masaliT da ufro cudad mowyobilis iaraRiT an<br />

manqaniT muSaobs, radgan ufro mets da ukeTess<br />

nawarmoebs miiRebs, vidre meore. amis Sesaxeb b-n<br />

vereSCagins kargi magaliTi mohyavs: daniaSi<br />

damzadebuli karaqis sadRvebi iaraRi, an<br />

gasaniavebeli manqana aviRoT: maTi datrialeba, am<br />

iaraRiT muSaoba siamovnebaa, dros gatarebaao!<br />

finliandiaSi damzadebuli karaqis sadRvebiT<br />

momuSaves ki imodena Zala adgas, rom sul oflSi<br />

unda gaiwuros, vidre erT-or girvanqa karaqs<br />

amoiRebs.<br />

247

magram es araferiao, amboben: Cven yovelTvis<br />

SegviZlian daviqiraoT muSa da muSis daqiraveba<br />

ufro iafad dagvijdeba, vidre Cveneburzed<br />

ukeTesis iaraRis yidvao. magram nuTu es marTali<br />

ariso, ambobs b-ni vereSCagini. sruliadac ara,<br />

cxovrebaSi swored amis winaaRmdegs vxedavT.<br />

ramdenadac xalxi erTs romelsame adgilas, an<br />

qveyanaSi naklebia, ramdenadac xalxs kultura<br />

naklebad dastyobia da miwebi SeumuSavebeli aqvs,<br />

imdenad saWiroa gaufrTxildeT muSaxels da es<br />

xeli ufro gamosadeg da saWiro saganzed<br />

vamuSaoT. xolo gaumjobesebuli da bevrjel<br />

Zalian uxerxo iaraRebis da manqanebis xmarebis<br />

dros xalxi metad nela gadasdgams xolme win<br />

fexs da iqneb sxva erma, romelic imazed ukeTes<br />

garemoebaSi iqneba, ukanac daswios da ekonomiurad<br />

mTlad dasces kidec, da, raRa Tqma unda, im<br />

xalxis Sromas, romelic Zvelis, uxerxo<br />

iaraRebiT imuSavebs, naklebi nayofi eqmneba da<br />

naklebadac dajildovdeba, vidre im xalxisas,<br />

romelic ara Tu ukeTes garemoebaSi awarmoebs<br />

Taviss meurneobas, aramed bevrad ukeTes<br />

iaraRebiTac. rom am qveynebs da maT mkvidrT ar<br />

CamovurCeT da maTzed gaSorebiT naklebs<br />

sargeblobas ar viRebdeT Cvens SromaSi, saWiroa<br />

Cvenc imisTanave gaumjobesebulis iaraRebiT<br />

vimuSaoT, rogoriTac isini muSaoben. Zalian<br />

samarTlianad ambobs b-ni vereSCagini, rom, Tu<br />

gvsurs momavalSi mainc CvenSi imisTanave<br />

gaumjobesebuli iaraRebi da manqanebi gvqondes,<br />

rogoric, magaliTad, sazRvargareT aqvsT, saWiroa<br />

yvela RonisZieba vixmaroT, rom sazRvargareT, iq,<br />

sadac ukeTesis iaraRiT muSaoben da sadac am<br />

iaraRebs amzadeben, SeviswavloT am iaraRebis<br />

damzadeba da davaarsoT CvenSi imisTana qarxnebi,<br />

sadac SegveZlos sazRvargareT Seswavlulis<br />

248

wesebiT davamzadoT CvenTvis saWiro da gamosadegi<br />

iaraRebi da manqanebi. magram, jerjerobiT,<br />

samwuxarod, am gaumjobesebuli samuSao iaraRebis<br />

damzadebis saqme sul sxva gzas adgao. CvenSi ase<br />

hfiqroben: gaumjobesebuli iaraRebi saWiroa<br />

xalxisaTvis, es iaraRebi ucxo qveynebidan<br />

SemoaqvsT da amgvarad is fuli, romelsac<br />

ucxoelebs vaZlevT am iaraRebSi, tyuilubralod<br />

gadis Cvenis qveynidgan, xolo Tu am iaraRebis<br />

Semotana gaZneldeba, `maSin momuSave xalxi<br />

iZulebuli iqneba Tavisi moTxovnileba Sinaur<br />

mrewvelobis iaraRebiT daikmayofilos da amgvarad<br />

Cveni fuli Cvenive darCebao. amas gardac Cveni<br />

Sinauri mrewveloba, e. i. samuSao iaraRebisa da<br />

manqanebis warmoeba warmatebaSi movao~.<br />

rasakvirvelia, kargi iqneboda, rom Cveni fuli<br />

CvenSive darCeniliyo, warmoebac ganviTarebuliyo<br />

da saWiro iaraRebis SeZena ufro gaadvilebuliyo<br />

da gaiafebuliyo, magram saqme jerjerobiT ase ar<br />

aris. Sinauri, samSoblo warmoeba im iaraRebisa,<br />

romelzedaca gvaqvs exla laparaki, Tumca<br />

yovelgvar mfarvelobis qveS aris, mainc SesamCnevs<br />

warmatebaSi ar Sedis da, siafis magivrad,<br />

ruseTSi damzadebuli iaraRi mometebuls<br />

SemTxvevaSi ufro Zviradac jdeba, vidre<br />

sazRvargaredgan Semotanili, da am ukanasknelzed<br />

ki gacilebiT dabalis Rirsebisaa, ase rom baJis<br />

dadebiT da am gziT ucxoeTidgan iaraRebis<br />

Semotanis gaZnelebiT, samSoblo warmoeba samuSao<br />

iaraRebis warmatebaSi Zalian da Zalian nel-nela<br />

Sedis. TviT momuSave xalxic amiT dids zaralSia<br />

da, rogorc ukve vsTqviT, ucxo qveynebis xalxi<br />

mudam gvjabnis ekonomiurs asparezzed. ramdenadac<br />

saWiro da sasurvelia, rom Sinauri warmoeba<br />

samuSao iaraRebisa da manqanebisa warmatebaSi<br />

Sevides, imdenadve, da ufro metadac, saWiroa<br />

249

Cvens xalxs gauadvildes axalisa da<br />

gaumjobesebulis iaraRebisa da manqanebis SeZena,<br />

romlebis xmarebiT mas gauadvildeba muSaoba,<br />

ufro mets awarmoebs da keTildReobac ufro<br />

male daetyoba.<br />

250

fridrixi<br />

tfilisi, 4 ivnisi<br />

germanias ewvia Zlieri istoriuli gansacdeli,<br />

romelic gadaswyvets ara marto germaniis<br />

Tavgadasavals, aramed mTelis evropisas. dRes<br />

depeSam gvacnoba, rom imperatori fridrixi samis<br />

TTvisa da erTis kviris mefobis Semdeg<br />

gardaicvala dids tanjvasa da wvalebaSi 3-s<br />

ivniss, dilis 11 saaTze. es samwuxaro ambavi,<br />

Tumca amas yvelani elodebodnen am samis TTvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, Tavs zars dascems yvelas, vinc<br />

kacTmoyvareobisa da mSvidobianobis momxre da<br />

mosarClea.<br />

fridrixis sicocxle da sikvdili _ orive<br />

tragikulia, radganac am kacs ar dascalda<br />

Tavisis azrisa da gulis wadilis Sesruleba,<br />

imisi sicocxle gamudmebuli brZola iyo im<br />

politikasTan, romlis gamo mTeli evropa da<br />

germania Tof-iaraRSi Camjdaria da saomrad<br />

gamklavebuli. is gza, romliTac fridrixi<br />

msvlelobda gamefebamde, xanmokle mefobis dros<br />

kidev ufro gauZnelda. germaniis sve-iRbali bedma<br />

maSin arguna, roca igi Sepyrobili iyo mZime<br />

avadmyofobiT, romelmac gamoCenil mecnier eqimTa<br />

xelovnebac ki sZlia. ai, amgvar avadmyofobis<br />

dros fridrixi iZulebuli iyo Tavisis azris<br />

251

ganxorcielebas Sesdgomoda da Tan winaaRmdegoba<br />

unda gaewia im politikisaTvis, romelic<br />

germaniaSi didi xania, rac damkvidrebula.<br />

istoriaSi iSviaTia iseTi mefe, romlis<br />

Tavgadasavalma da sikvdilma imdeni mwuxareba<br />

gamoiwvios, ramdensac fridrixis sicocxle da<br />

sikvdili gamoiwvevs. yvelam icoda, rom<br />

fridrixis mefoba dRegrZeli ar iqneboda, rom,<br />

roca iqneba, evropis politikis saTaveSi isev<br />

Zveli dasi Cadgeboda, romelsac mTelma evropam<br />

gza ver Seacvlevina, magram kacTmoyvareTa guli<br />

da grZnoba fridrixisaken iwevda. sami TTve<br />

sruliad araferia erTa cxovrebaSi, magram am<br />

mcire dros ganmavalobaSiac fridrixma samudamod<br />

aRbeWda Tavisi kvali istoriaSi da am kvals<br />

angariSi unda gauwion fridrixis mimarTulebis<br />

mowinaaRmdegeTa. Tumca ueWvelia, rom dReis iqiT<br />

fridrixis mimarTuleba damarcxebuli iqneba,<br />

magram imisma dedaazrma mainc frTa Seisxa.<br />

princ fridrix-vilhelm-nikoloz-karli, Ze<br />

imperatoris vilhelmisa, daibada 1831 wels 18-s<br />

oqtombers. gansvenebuli swavlobda gamoCenilis<br />

mecnier-istorikos ernest kurciusis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT. 1850 wels fridrixi Sevida<br />

bonis universitetSi, sadac gansakuTrebulis<br />

gulmodginebiT swavlobda istorias. mxedrobaSi<br />

fridrixi gamoicada SlezvigSi 1864-s welsa.<br />

1866-s wels ramdenjerme daamarcxa avstriis<br />

jarebi. fridrixi arasdros ar TanaugrZnobda<br />

bismarkis politikas da amitomac ar iRebda<br />

pirdapirs monawileobas germaniis saxelmwifo<br />

saqmeebSi da xSirad devnilic iyo. Tumca TviTon<br />

warCinebuli sardali iyo, magram omi Zaliana<br />

sZagda. pirvels prezidents reixstagisas, samsons,<br />

uTxra: Tqven ar ginaxavT da ar iciT, ra aris<br />

omi. me ki gamovscade omianoba da unda giTxraT,<br />

252

om udidesi movaleoba adamianisa is aris, rom<br />

rogorme Tavidgan aicilos sisxlisRvrao.<br />

fridrixi yovelTvis samSvidobo mimarTulebisa<br />

da azris kaci iyo da ai, sad aris imis mizezi,<br />

rom egodeni ukmayofileba Camovarda fridrixsa<br />

da bismarks Sua. fridrixs ara swamda Tavgasuli<br />

da mediduri politika bismarkisa, konstituciis<br />

mosarCle iyo da ramdenjerme didi gansacdeli<br />

miayena bismarkis Zlierebasac ki. Cven ramdenime<br />

werili vuZRveniT fridrixis politikas da<br />

bismarkTan Setakebas, da amitom aq naTqvams ar<br />

ganvimeorebT. memkvidre fridrixisa imisi Svili<br />

vilhelmia, romelic am dReebSi unda ekurTxos da<br />

avides taxtze.<br />

253

254<br />

II<br />

tfilisi, 15 ivnisi<br />

didi xania, rac evropis politikis saTaveSi<br />

Cadga germania da mTelis evropis yuradReba<br />

mipyrobilia berlinisaken, magram, vgonebT, es<br />

yuradReba ise Zlieri arasodes ara yofila,<br />

rogorc am oTxiode TTvis ganmavlobaSi, roca<br />

germaniam daasaflava ori imperatori, sxvadasxva<br />

mimarTulebis mimdevarni, da roca istoriam<br />

germaniis sve-bedi arguna axals da axalgazrda<br />

imperators vilhelms meores. es yuradReba<br />

imdenad Zlieria, rom evropa lodiniT sruliad<br />

daiqanca da lamis gulis friali auvardes<br />

politikuris mdgomareobis gamourkvevlobisa gamo.<br />

mTelma evropam icis, rom dRes Tu xval iseTi<br />

ram ambavi unda moxdes, romelmac avad Tu kargad<br />

unda gadaswyvitos evropis Tavgadasavali. yvelam<br />

uwyis, rom didi xania, rac is naskvi gamoikvanZa,<br />

romelic evropam berlinSi unda gamoxsnas; yvelam<br />

icis, rom es saqme metad rTuli da saSiSia,<br />

magram arc is aviwydebaT, rom evropa, Zalianac<br />

rom moindomos, versad wauva anderZs istoriisas;<br />

rom, adre Tu gvian, evropam angariSi unda<br />

gauwios Zvelis politikis mimarTulebas. jer

kidev vilhalm pirvelis mefobis ukanasknels<br />

xanebSi evropis saxelmwifoTa urTierToba metad<br />

gamwvavebuli iyo da saqmis gadasawyvetad<br />

saxelmwifoni kinaRam brZolis velzed ar<br />

gamovidnen. vilhelmisave dros Sesdga samTa<br />

saxelmwifoTa kavSiri, romelsac unda ewarmoebina<br />

evropis bedi da ubedoba. maSin sapolitiko<br />

saqmeTa msvleloba metad Cqaris nabijiT midioda<br />

win da evropa dRe-dReze moeloda sisxlisRvras,<br />

Tumca saxelmwifoni erTxmad gaiZaxodnen, rom<br />

evropas mSvidobianoba unda davumkvidroT da<br />

omianoba aravisaTvis ar aris sasurvelio.<br />

magram gardaicvala Tu ara moxuci vilhelmi,<br />

saqme sxvarigad datrialda, samefo taxtze avida<br />

fridrix mesame. gulwrfeli da erTguli<br />

mosarCle mSvidobianobisa. marTlacda sasikvdilod<br />

ganwirulma fridrixma, romelsac didi xania fexi<br />

samareSi edga, uarhyo winandeli Tavgasuli,<br />

dauridebeli politika bismarkisa da saqveynod<br />

aRiara, rom mSvidobianoba da eris uflebaTa<br />

pativiscema burji da saZirkvelia adamianTa<br />

keTildReobisao. roca fridrixi germaniisaTvis<br />

araCveulebrivs politikas daadga, mSvidobianobis<br />

momxreTa da mosarCleTa cotaodeni imedi miecaT<br />

da yvelam Tavisuflad amoisunTqa, Tumca<br />

dRemokleoba axalis imperatorisa eWvs gareSe<br />

iyo. fridrixis mxneobam da simtkicem TviT<br />

Seupovari da yovlad SemZle bismarkic ki<br />

daafiqra da daanaRvliana da, vgonebT, fridrixis<br />

xanmokle mefobis dros bismarkma pirvelad aiRo<br />

eWvi Taviss Zlierebaze. magram amgvars<br />

mimdinareobas saqmisas bolo mouRo mZimem,<br />

uZlevelma senma fridrixisam. oTxmocdacxrametis<br />

dRis mefobis Semdeg fridrixic gardaicvala da<br />

taxtze avida sicocxliT da mxneobiT savse,<br />

255

suliT da xorciT janmrTeli Wabuki _ vilhelm<br />

meore.<br />

am ambavma kidev ufro Seipyro evropis<br />

yuradReba da exla yvelani imas kiTxuloben, Tu<br />

ras moutans germanias da evropas axali<br />

imperatori, saiTken gamoabams yurs evropis<br />

politikas, ra azrisa da mimarTulebis kaciao?<br />

yvelani elodebian im dros, roca gamoirkveva<br />

vilhelmis politika. vilhelmi jer kidev<br />

axalgazrda kacia da namdvilad aravin icis,<br />

raodens politikurs gamWriaxobas,<br />

Sorsmxedvelobas da gambedaobas gamoiCens.<br />

ramdenadac gamorkveuli da cnobili iyo fridrix<br />

mesamis warsuli da cxovreba, imdenad<br />

gamourkveveli da ucnobia vilhelmisa.<br />

sanam fridrixi taxtze avidoda, yvelas<br />

gazomili hqonda imisi ZalRone; yvela icnobda<br />

imas, viTarca warCinebuls sardals, magram<br />

omianobis mowinaaRmdeges, konstituciisa da<br />

mSvidobianobis mosarCles. imis Svils vilhelms<br />

ki jer-jerobiT dro da saSualeba ar hqonia<br />

Tavisi ZalRone eCvenebina qveynisaTvis an brZolis<br />

velze, an Sinaurs Tu gareSe politikaSi. erTiRa<br />

viciT dabejiTebiT, rom igi mxedrobis moyvarulia<br />

da bismarkis politikis momxre. fridrixma, roca<br />

taxtze avida, saqveynod aRiara Tavisi mSvidobiani<br />

politika da zrdilobianad gahkicxa bismarkisa,<br />

vilhelmma ki jer mihmarTa germaniis jars da<br />

mere ersa, magram imis namdvilis azris amokiTxva<br />

manifestidgan didad saZnelo saqmea. vilhelmi<br />

ambobs saqveynod, rom mxedroba aris saZirkveli<br />

germaniis Zlierebisao; rom me papiCemis da<br />

mamiCemis gza-kvals ar davagdebo. rogorc<br />

mkiTxveli hxedavs, am sityvebidgan Znelad<br />

gamosacnobia, Tu ra gzas daadgeba axali<br />

imperatori _ papisas Tu mamisas.<br />

256

ai, is sakiTxavi, romelzedac dRes Tavs<br />

imtvreven evropis Jurnal-gazeTebi. zogi<br />

xmamaRlad ambobs, rom vilhelmi daadgeba Tavisis<br />

papisa da bismarkis politikasao; zogni ki im<br />

azrisani arian, rom SeuZlebeli saqmea axalma<br />

imperatorma angariSi ar gauwios Tavisis mamis<br />

anderZs da mimarTulebasa, romelmac dReis iqiT<br />

sapatio adgili daiWira germaniis sazogadoebaSio.<br />

aba vnaxoT, dro ras mogvitans da vis<br />

winaswarmetyvelebas gaamarTlebs.<br />

257

258<br />

mimarT<br />

tfilisi, 16 ivnisi<br />

guSindels meTaurSi is azri warmovsTqviT,<br />

rom dRevandeli politikuri mdgomareoba<br />

evropisa gamorkveuli ar aris da dabejiTebiT<br />

aravin icis, saiTken gamoabams yurs politikas<br />

axali imperatori germaniisao. sxvadasxva<br />

mwerloba da sxvadasxva dasi sul sxvadasxvas<br />

amboben da erTs gadawyvetils azrze ver<br />

damdgaran, da es garemoeba kidev ufro aZnelebs<br />

evropiul sazogadoebis mdgomareobas, radganac<br />

evropis Tavgadasavali amJamad imazea<br />

damokidebuli, Tu saiTken daswevs vilhelm meore<br />

saswors politikisas. fridrixis gamefebamde<br />

evropa or banakad iyo gayofili. germania, avstria<br />

da italia erTsa da imave politikas misdevdnen,<br />

romelic sruliad eTanxmeboda ruseTisasa da<br />

safrangeTisas. is samTa kavSiri mowadinebuli iyo<br />

aelagma safrangeTi da ruseTisaTvis gza Seekra<br />

balkanis naxevarkunZulze. amitomac im samTa<br />

kavSirisaTvis winaaRmdegoba unda gaewia ors<br />

Zliers saxelmwifos: ruseTsa da safrangeTs.<br />

germaniama da avstriam kargad icodnen da kidevac<br />

ician, rom ruseTi da safrangeTi imdenad Zlierni

arian, rom samTa kavSirsac ar SeuSindebian, Tu<br />

vinicobaa saqme Zalaze midga. agreTve isic<br />

icodnen, rom kavSiri ruseTsa da safrangeTs<br />

Soris mosaxerxebelia, Tu rom erTi, an meore<br />

rogorme ar daakmayofiles da rom uamisod<br />

saxelmwifoTa SebrZoleba yovlad ueWveli da<br />

aucilebelia. Tu rogorme ruseTi, an safrangeTi<br />

daakmayofiles, maSin arc erTi maTgani saomrad<br />

Tavs ar gaiwiravda, samTa Zlier saxelmwifoTa<br />

Semxedvare. am SemTxvevaSi, raki saqmes TavianTi<br />

sasargeblod moagvarebdnen, germania da avstria<br />

omianobas ar isurvebda, radganac sagani imaTis<br />

politikisa miRweuli iqneboda mSvidobianis<br />

saSualebiT.<br />

exla unda vikiTxoT, visi dakmayofileba ufro<br />

unda eadvilebodes germanias, ruseTisa Tu<br />

safrangeTisa? eWvs gareSea, rom dRevandels<br />

mmarTeblobas germaniisas azradac ar mouva<br />

safrangeTis dakmayofileba, radganac safrangeTis<br />

dakmayofileba germanias SeuZlian mxolod<br />

erTisRa saSualebiT, saxeldobr elzas-lorenis<br />

daTmobiT. maSasadame, germanias isev ruseTis imedi<br />

unda hqonoda im angariSiT rom ruseTi da<br />

avstria moerigebina da am or saxelmwifos<br />

erTmaneTisaTvis angariSi gaewmindaT. es saqme rom<br />

am rigad moawyos germaniam, maSin omi sruliad<br />

saWiro ar iqmneba, radganac marto safrangeTi ver<br />

ikisrebs brZolis velze gamosvlas, imitom rom<br />

TiTqmis mTeli evropa imisi mowinaaRmdege iqneba.<br />

marTalia, es saqme metad rTulia, magram germanias<br />

yovelive RonisZieba unda exmarna, rom rogorme<br />

ruseTis guli moego. amitomac imperatorma<br />

vilhelm meorem, avida Tu ara samefo taxtze,<br />

dids mTavars vladimer aleqsandres-Zes uTxra,<br />

rom `me msurs ruseTTan megobroba davicva da<br />

SemTxvevas veZeb, rom xelmwife imperators Cemi<br />

259

guliTadi wadili gamovucxadovo.~ am ambavma kargi<br />

STabeWdileba moaxdina rusuls mwerlobaze,<br />

radganac raki germania ruseTTan kavSirs da<br />

megobrobas ganamtkicebda, maSin safrangeTi<br />

krintsac ver dasZravda germaniis winaaRmdeg da,<br />

maSasadame, mSvidobianobac daculi iqmneboda.<br />

ramdenadac kargi STabeWdileba moaxdina am ambavma<br />

ruseTis mwerlobaze, imdenad cudi zedmoqmedeba<br />

iqonia safrangeTSi. safrangeTis gazeTebi TiTqmis<br />

erTxmad gaiZaxian, rom vilhelmis gamefeba kargs<br />

arafers moutans safrangeTsao. marTlacda arc<br />

erTis saxelmwifosaTvis iseTi saZnelo ar aris<br />

dRevandeli politikuri mdgomareoba, rogorc<br />

safrangeTisaTvis. Tu omi astyda, Zneli saTqmelia,<br />

vin gaimarjvebs da Seusruldeba Tu ara<br />

safrangeTs didis xnis wadili da ganzraxva. Tu<br />

germania ruseTs mourigda, maSin evropa oms didis<br />

xniT Tavidgan aicilebs da safrangeTi iZulebuli<br />

iqneba didis xniT mainc gulSi Caiklas Tavisi<br />

mtkice ganzraxva. orsave SemTxvevaSi safrangeTis<br />

mdgomareoba metad Zneli da mZime iqmneba.<br />

saqme, maSasadame, is aris, Seisrulebs Tu ara<br />

germania Taviss gulis wadils, ese igi<br />

daakmayofilebs Tu ara ruseTsa, romelmac<br />

egodeni mecadineoba ixmara mSvidobianobis<br />

dasacvelad. jer am saqmis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiT ara<br />

viciT ra, garda imisa, rac imperatorma vilhelmma<br />

aRiara didis mTavris vladimer aleqsandres Zis<br />

winaSe da rac guSindelma depeSam gvacnoba<br />

peterburgidgan. depeSam ambavi mogvitana, rom<br />

xelmwife imperatorma inaxula imperator<br />

vilhelmis elCi generali papeo. amasTanave depeSam<br />

gvacnoba, rom didi mTavari vladimer aleqsandres<br />

Ze umaRlesis brZanebiT wavida moskovis, varSavis<br />

da vilnos samxedro olqebis jarebisa da cixesimagreTa<br />

dasaTvalierebladao. am ambis<br />

260

gamoisobiTac gadawyvetils verafers vityviT,<br />

radganac ar viciT, aqvs Tu ara raime kavSiri<br />

germaniis elCis mosvlas peterburgSi da didis<br />

mTavris vladimeris mogzaurobas, xolo ueWvelia,<br />

rom xsenebuli ambavi cotad Tu bevrad im gzis<br />

maCvenebelia, romelsac dRes politika dasdgomia.<br />

261

262<br />

<br />

soflad<br />

tfilisi, 18 ivnisi<br />

b-ni p. umikaSvili guSindels werilSi Seexo<br />

iseTs saxsars swavla-ganaTlebis warmatebisas<br />

saqarTveloTi, romelic Rirsia sazogadoebis<br />

gansakuTrebulis yuradRebisa. avtorma aRniSna<br />

iseTi saWiroeba, romelic ueWveli da yvelasaTvis<br />

advilad SesamCnevia. b-ni umikaSvili mogviTxrobs,<br />

rom dro iyo, roca ramdenime skola imarTeboda<br />

xolme TiTo weliwadSi, maSin, rodesac exla imis<br />

naxevaric ar imarTeba, da amis mizezi is ki ar<br />

aris, viTom xalxs gahqrobodes erTxelve<br />

aRZruli azri swavla-ganaTlebis saWiroebaze,<br />

aramed isa, rom patara da Raribs sofels ar<br />

SeuZlian Seinaxos sakuTari skola. TiTqmis yvela<br />

dids soflebSi gamarTulia skolebi, romelnic<br />

marTla rom xeiroben; xolo darCnen patar-patara<br />

soflebi, romelTac Zalian uWirsT sakuTaris<br />

skolebis gamarTva. rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia es<br />

soflebi uskolod darCnen marto imisTvis, rom<br />

Raribni arian. am soflebisaTvis erTaderTi<br />

saxsari swavla-ganaTlebisa moZravi skolaa,<br />

romelic dids xarjs ar moiTxovs da, maSasadame,<br />

ramdensame patara sofels erTad imisi Senaxva da

gaZRola ar gauWirdeba. CvenSi didZali patara<br />

sofelia, romelic swored am gaWirebuls<br />

mdgomareobaSia, da dRemdis imaze, vgonebT, ara<br />

ufiqrniaT ra. amas winaT qsnis xeobidgan<br />

gvwerdnen, rom axalgoris skolas inaxavs Svidi<br />

samamasaxliso da skolaSi ki dRemde oTxiode<br />

ymawvilis meti aravina swavlobso. amisi mizezi,<br />

rasakvirvelia, is aris, rom soflelebs,<br />

romlebic saskolo gadasaxads ixdian, skola ar<br />

emxrobaT siSoris gamo da amitomac ymawvilebs<br />

ver atareben skolaSi.<br />

rogorc hxedavT, Tu marto mudmivis skolis<br />

gamarTvaze vifiqreT, maSin patar-patara soflebi<br />

uskolod darCeba. erTaderTi saxsari b-nis<br />

umikaSvilis azriT, moZravis skolebis gamarTvaa<br />

da am azrs SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT, Tu<br />

Cvenis soflebis viTarebas CavukvirdebiT. amitomac<br />

unda visurvoT, rom umikaSvilis azri marto<br />

azrad ar darCes, aramed saqmed iqces. rogorc<br />

umikaSvilive ambobs; moZravis skolebis gamarTva<br />

maincadamainc saZnelo saqme ar aris, da Tu raime<br />

dabrkoleba SeemTxvia am azris ganxorcielebas, es<br />

isev Cvenive mouxerxebloba iqneba da TviT saqmis<br />

siaxle.<br />

amgvaria patar-patara, Raribis soflebis<br />

mdgomareoba, romelic jerjerobiT marTla rom<br />

unugeSoa, magram arc im didis soflebis<br />

mdgomareobaa maincadamainc sanatreli, romelTac<br />

sakuTari skolebi aqvsT. SeniSnulia, rom soflis<br />

skolaSi swavladamTavrebulebi ramdenisame wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi iviwyeben naswavlsa. soflis kacis<br />

cxovreba isea mowyobili, rom ymawvils<br />

yoveldRiuri ganuwyveteli Sroma akargvinebs<br />

swavlis xaliss da cnobismoyvareobas da,<br />

maSasadame, skolas is sargebloba ar moaqvs<br />

xalxisaTvis, romlis motanac SeuZlian. es sagani<br />

263

Cven TiTqmis uyuradRebod dagvigdia da<br />

sistematiurad ara gagvikeTebia ra, rom skolis<br />

saqmes xeli SevuwyoT. aw arsebuls skolebs<br />

SegviZlian davexmaroT, sxvaTaSoris, sasoflo<br />

biblioTekebis gamarTviTac. ramdensame sofelSi<br />

TviT maswavlebelTa da zogierT mokeTeTa<br />

meTaurobiT kidevac gaimarTa sasoflo<br />

biblioTekebi, magram ufros-erTs sofels jer<br />

kidev ara aqvs biblioTeka. ai, am garemoebasac<br />

yuradReba unda vaTxovoT da xeli unda<br />

mivawodoT dids soflebsac, romelTac kargada<br />

aqvsT Segnebuli swavla-ganaTlebis mniSvneloba.<br />

visac soflis skolaSi uswavlia, is, ueWvelia,<br />

didad moxaruli iqneba sasoflo biblioTekis<br />

daarsebisa. mivigonoT Tundac kavTisxevis skolis<br />

aTis wlis dResaswauli, romelzedac soflelebma<br />

didi sixaruli da TanagrZnoba gamoiCines, roca<br />

erTma skolis moswavleTaganma aRZra azri<br />

biblioTekis daarsebis Sesaxeb. mTelma<br />

sazogadoebam TanagrZnobiT miiRo es azri da<br />

cotaodeni fulic Seagrova biblioTekisaTvis.<br />

Cveni `wera-kiTxvis sazogadoeba~ movalea am<br />

ors sagans aTxovos yuradReba da daakmayofilos<br />

ueWveli saWiroeba Cvenis erisa...<br />

264

SemoReba<br />

tfilisi, 20 ivnisi<br />

didi xania ismoda xma, rom umaRlesi mTavroba<br />

ruseTSi Sesdgomia exlandeli asignaciebi mospos<br />

da axalis saxis asignaciebi gamosces exlandelis<br />

sanacvlod. es xma dRes gamarTlda: 28 maiss<br />

xelmwife imperators keTil unebebia bZaneba<br />

eboZebina senatisaTvis am saqmis Sesaxeb. es<br />

umaRlesi bZaneba ukve dabaWdilia `kanonebis da<br />

mTavrobis gankargulebaTa krebulSi~ #53.<br />

dRevandeli asignaciebi rom SemoRebul iqmna<br />

uwindelis samagierod, rasakvirvelia, vada iyo<br />

daniSnuli Zvelis asignaciebis axalzed<br />

gadasacvlelad da vinc am vadazed ar<br />

gadascvlida, imas unda dahkargoda fuli. Cven<br />

gvaxsovs TiTo-orola magaliTi, rom CvenSi zogma<br />

glexkacobam, nametnavad fSav-xevsureTSi, ar<br />

daijera es gankarguleba mTavrobisa Zvelis<br />

asignaciebis axalzed gardacvlis Sesaxeb,<br />

radganac umecar xalxSi xma dahyares soflis<br />

wurbelebma, rom eg xma tyuilia, undaTo<br />

gagabriyvono, fuli gamogaCeninono da sxva<br />

amisTana. ra angariSi hqondaT soflis wurbelebs<br />

amisTana xmebis dayraSi, ar viciT, xolo es ki<br />

aSkaraa, ro amisTana xmebma SeaSina glexkacoba da<br />

265

Zveli asignaciebi, imis magier rom axalzed<br />

gadacvalon, qilebSi daamalvina. amasobaSi<br />

gadacvlisaTvis mTavrobis mier daniSnuli vada<br />

gadavida da roca Zvelis saxis asignaciebs aRar<br />

iRebdnen, mxolod maSin mixvda glexkacoba, rom<br />

saSinlad motyuebuli iyo Tavis<br />

keTilmyofelTagan.<br />

rom es ase ar mohxdes exlac, roca xelmwife<br />

imperatoris umaRlesi bZaneba ukve gadacemulia<br />

senatisaTvis aRsasruleblad, Cven saWiroda<br />

vxedavT am bZanebisagan igi muxlni amoviRoT<br />

sayovelTavo sacnobelad, romelnic am saqmeSi<br />

saxelmZRvaneloni arian xalxisaTvis.<br />

bZanebis sityvisamebr, gadasacvlelad<br />

daniSnulia asignaciebi mxolod ocdaxuTmanaTiani,<br />

erT Tumniani, xuTmanaTiani, sammanaTiani da TiTo<br />

manaTiani. gadacvla yvela am xarisxis<br />

asignaciebisa rig-rigad aris daniSnuli. yvelazed<br />

uwinares gadasacvlelad daniSnulia<br />

ocdaxuTmanaTiani asignacia, mere erT Tumniani da<br />

egre rig-rigad gadava umdables xarisxis<br />

asignaciebze.<br />

asignaciebis gadacvla SesaZloa jer mxolod<br />

saxelmwifo banksa da mis kantorebSi da mere ki,<br />

finansTa ministris nebarTviT, TandaTan neba<br />

miecemaT asignaciebis gadacvlisa bankebis<br />

ganyofilebaTa da xazinebsa.<br />

ra dros unda daiwyos ocdaxuTmanaTianis cvla<br />

da agreTve sxva Rirseulobis asignaciebisa, _ eg<br />

mindobili aqvs finansTa ministrsa, im pirobiT ki,<br />

rom cvla dawyebul iqmnas am 1888 wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi da 1890 wlis pirvels ianvramde<br />

yvela Rirebulobis asignaciebisTvisac ukve gza<br />

iqmnas gaxsnili gadasacvlelad. rom yvelam<br />

winadve Seityos da icodes ra saxisaa axali<br />

asignaciebi. saxelmwifo banki da misi kantorebi,<br />

266

agredve xazinebi davalebulni arian axal<br />

asignaciebis nimuSebi gamohkidon imisTana<br />

adgilebze, saca xalxi hxvdeba.<br />

savaldebulo vada Zvelis asignaciebis axalzed<br />

gamocvlisaTvis daniSnulia sami weliwadi,<br />

saxeldobr, 1890 wlis pirvel ianvridam 1893<br />

wlis privel ianvramde. vinc am vadas gadaacilebs,<br />

Zveli asignaciebi gaubaTildeba da, maSasadame,<br />

fuli daekargeba.<br />

meti ar iqneba, rom Cvenma guberniis<br />

mmarTvelobam Zvelis asignaciebis axalzed<br />

gadacvlis wesi da rigi gadaaTargmninos aqaurs<br />

enebzed da yvela soflis calke marTvelobas<br />

gaugzavnos xalxSi gamosacxadeblad da<br />

gasavrceleblad. amiT bevrs umecars xalxs<br />

daixsnis zaralisagan, Torem, _ vin icis, _<br />

sixarbem zogierTis kacisam iqneba aqac gamoabas<br />

raime kudi im imediT, rom gamovrCe rasme<br />

uvicobas da umecrebasao.<br />

267

268<br />

<br />

dapirispireba<br />

tfilsi, 21 ivnisi<br />

maSin, rodesac mTelis evropiis gazeTebi<br />

imazed arian Semdgarni Tu _ ras moaswavebs<br />

gaimperatoreba vilhelm II-sa germaniaSi, ra rigad<br />

Sescvlis es ambavi an saSinao, an sagareo<br />

politikas germaniisas da, maSasadame, mTelis<br />

evropiisasac. swored am dros erTs dids<br />

saxelmwifoSi saSinao da sagareo politikam<br />

hlamis feri da mimarTuleba icvalos. es<br />

saxelmwifo inglisia.<br />

konservatorTa politika, romelsac dRes<br />

salusberis meTaurobiT xelT upyria yovelgvar<br />

saqmeTa marTva da gamgeoba inglisSi, cuds<br />

niSnebsa hxedavs Tavis dRegrZelobisaTvis.<br />

salusberi da misi dasi Zlier Cafiqrebulia,<br />

radganac SiSi Sehparvia da hxedavs, rom momxreoba<br />

inglisisa da mis parlamentisa dRedadRe<br />

usustdeba da amsTanave gladstonsa da mis<br />

momxreebs Rone da ricxvi ematebaT da<br />

uZlierdebaT. irlandiis politika exlandelis<br />

mTavrobisa, romelic araviTars RonisZiebas ar<br />

erideba irlandiis gulis asamRvrevad, aRar<br />

moswonT ingliselebs da rogorc Jurnal-

gazeTobaSi, agreTve sazogadoebaSi sayveduri da<br />

kicxva mTavrobisa dRiTidReEufro xSirdeba da<br />

hmatulobs. gamarjveba gladstonelebisa calcalke<br />

arCevanebzed metismetad cxadi niSania, rom<br />

awindel mTavrobazed inglisis ers guli aRar<br />

miuwvs da am mTavrobas abru utydeba da<br />

ufuWdeba.<br />

es ambavi TviT gladstonelebmac kargad<br />

SehniSnes da gulSi gaeRviZaT imedi, rom<br />

konservatorebs simagre fexTa qveSeTidam eclebaT<br />

da, dRes iqneba Tu xval, ufleba saqmeTa<br />

gamgeobisa inglisSi gladstonelebs CauvardebaT<br />

xelSi. amis sacdelad gladstonelebma erTi Rone<br />

iRones. ganizraxes parlamentSi Seitanon sarCieli<br />

maszed, rom mTavrobas parlamentma sayveduri<br />

gamoucxados irlandiis saqmeTa gamo. am<br />

sayveduris gamocxadeba da salusberis<br />

ministrobidam gadadgoma mTelis Tavis dasiTa<br />

erTi iqneba.<br />

bevri gulTmisnoba ar unda, kacma winadve<br />

gamoicnos, rom exlandeli parlamenti arasgziT<br />

ar dahyveba gladstonelebis survilsa da<br />

xsnebuls sarCiels uarhyofs, es<br />

gladstonelebmac kargad ician, raki esea, raRad<br />

SeaqvT es sarCieli parlamentSio? ikiTxavs<br />

mkiTxveli. imitom SeaqvT, rom es sagani<br />

kenWuyrelad ar Caivlis da kenWisyra kidev<br />

gamoaCens ramodenad aris gadaxrili parlamenti an<br />

erTisa da an meoris mxarisaken. aTiode xmiT rom<br />

ajobos am SemTxvevaSi salusberis dasma da<br />

momxreebma gladstonis dassa da momxreebsa, es<br />

TiTqmis gamarjvebad CaeTvlebaT gladstonelebs,<br />

imitom rom maSin salusberi am mcire umetesobiT<br />

aRar indomebs inglisis marTvasa da iZulebul<br />

iqmneba es dRevandeli parlamenti daiTxovos da<br />

axali arCevanebi dahniSnos axalis<br />

269

parlamentisaTvis. es imasa hniSnavs, rom<br />

salusberi inglisis ers mimarTavs da imas<br />

daekiTxeba _ ras hfiqrobo.<br />

raki saqme am zomamde miva, gladstonelebi<br />

winadve daimedebulebi arian, rom inglisis eri<br />

maTs sasargeblo pasuxs ityvis da axals<br />

parlamentSi maTs momxre deputatebs airCevs da<br />

gamohgzavnis. amisTana bolo axalis arCevanebisa<br />

bolos mouRebs salusberis saministros,<br />

salusberi Tavisis dasiT Camoecleba da<br />

gladstons da mis dass dauTmobs adgilsa. es<br />

angariSi gladstonelebisa usabuTo ar aris da<br />

Wkuas axloa.<br />

am dawyobilobis aRsasruleblad<br />

gladstonelebma ukve saqmec daiwyes. 10-s ivniss<br />

erTma ukeTesma momxrem gladstonisam jon<br />

morleim ukve Seitana parlamentSi xsenebulis<br />

azriT sarCieli da iTxova mag sarCielis garCeva.<br />

mTavrobam am sarCielis gasarCevad dRec ukve<br />

dahniSna da dRes mTeli inglisi gulisfancqaliT<br />

elis, _ riT gaTavdeba saqme.<br />

Cven es ambavi moviyvaneT imisTvis, rom<br />

dRevandel politikisaTvis am ambavs didi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs. yvelam icis, rom, raki<br />

germaniaSi vilhelm II gaimperatorda, bismarks<br />

Seesxa frTebi, erTxanad axlad gansvenebulis<br />

imperatorisagan cotad Tu bevrad Sekvecili.<br />

axali imperatori didi momxrea bismarkisa da,<br />

maSasadame, T. bismarkis politikis gabatoneba<br />

germaniasa da evropaSi ueWvelia jer xanad mainc.<br />

gladstoni da misi dasi ki verafrad ewyoba T.<br />

bismarkis politikas. T. bismarkis ZlierebisaTvis<br />

evropaSi salusberi ufro sasurveli da samxro<br />

kacia. amitomac inglisSi salusberis gadadgoma<br />

saministrodam da gladstonis gaministreba T.<br />

bismarkis sasurvels politikas cotad Tu bevrad<br />

270

saqmes svlas gauZnelebs da ai aq aris didi<br />

mniSvneloba evropiisaTvis im ambavisa, romelsac<br />

dRes inglisSi Tavi gamouCenia da saswors<br />

gamarjvebisas erTisa Tu meoris dasisas ase<br />

SesaniSnavad sZravs da atokebs.<br />

iqneba aq iyos igi faruli mizezi, rom axals<br />

imperators germaniisas garkveviT ver<br />

gamoucxadebia programma Tvisis sagareo<br />

politikisa da jerxanad sjerdeba marto hoaraobiT<br />

laparaksa am saganzed. sakvirvelic ar<br />

aris, rom ase vifiqroT, imitom rom germaniis<br />

exlandel politikisaTvis sulerTi ar aris, _<br />

vin iqneba gamgebeli da winamZRomeli inglisSi, _<br />

salusberi, romelsac fexTa qveS miwa eryeva, Tu<br />

gladstoni, romelic TandaTan ufro fexs ikidebs<br />

da TanagrZnobas hpoulobs. jer minam es saqme ase<br />

Tu ise ar gaTavdeba, ara gvgonia germaniis<br />

politikam gulaxdiloba gamoiCinos da<br />

gamorkveuli ram an sityviT sTqvas an saqmiT<br />

imoqmedos.<br />

271

272<br />

<br />

sakiTxebze<br />

tfilsis, 22 ivnisi<br />

`Новое Обозрение~-s guSindels nomerSi (#1553)<br />

erTi werili iyo dabeWdili, quTaisidam<br />

mowerili, Sesaxeb CvenTa saadgilmamulo bankebis<br />

SeerTebisa. pativcemuli avtori TviTon sagnis<br />

bunebasa da viTarebazed arafers hlaparakobs,<br />

erTi sityviTac ar ixseniebs mas, Tu ra gziT, ra<br />

pirobiT unda gaidos am orTa bankTa Soris xidi<br />

SeerTebisa, erTis sityviT, TviTon sagnis<br />

Signeulobas da Tirkmelsa gverds uqcevs, TiTqo<br />

am saqmeSi es mxare sagnisa ar Seadgendes arasfers<br />

sagulisxmierosa. mTelis werilidam marto isa<br />

sCans garkveviT da xazgasmiT, rom igi imdureba da<br />

samduravis mizezad gviTiTebs b-n avaliSvilis<br />

marTlada windauxedav sityvazed, tfilisis bankis<br />

sazogado krebaSi warmoTqmulszed am sagnis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

es samduravi rom pativcemuls avtors marto<br />

b-n avaliSvilzed Seeyenebina, Cven aras vityodiT<br />

da mis werils dRes salaparako sagnad ar<br />

gavxdidiT, radganac, b-ni avaliSvili, Tu<br />

dainaxavda saWirod, TviTon gascemda ase Tu ise

pasuxs. Cven Tu dRes am saganzed CamovagdeT<br />

sityva, marto imisTvis, rom avtori ise b-ns<br />

avaliSvils ar emdureba, rogorc TviT tfilisis<br />

bankis sazogado krebas, saca viTom arc erTs kacs<br />

xma ar amoeRos da sityva ar Seebrunebinos b-n<br />

avaliSvilisaTvis, romelmac cota windauxedavad<br />

da moufiqreblad axsena Cveni imierni moZmeni.<br />

Cvenis sazogado krebis xmis amouReblobas b-n<br />

avaliSvilis naTqvamzed avtori amyarebs `Новое<br />

Обозрение~-s werilebzed da krebaze damswre<br />

kacebis mowmobaze. `Новое Обозрение~-s werilebi ar<br />

wagvikiTxavs Cven da damswre kacebis mowmobazed<br />

ki amas vityviT, rom imaT is ar gadauciaT<br />

avtorisaTvis, rac marTla krebazed mohxda. Cven<br />

bevri sagani ar viciT imisTana, romelsac iseTis<br />

gulmxurvalebiT da gulistkiviliT mohkidebodes<br />

kreba, rogorc am SeerTebis sagansa. aT Tu<br />

Tormet kaczed metma da maT Soris orma<br />

gamgeobis wevrmac ilaparaka am SeerTebis gamo da<br />

arc erTs maTgans didis sixarulis da siamovnebis<br />

garda ara gamouTqvams-ra am SeerTebis gamo.<br />

Tu arc erTma krebis wevrma saWirod ar<br />

dainaxa sityva Seebrunebina b-n avaliSvilisaTvis,<br />

eg Cvenis krebis gulgrilobas ki ar unda<br />

daebralos, aramed TviTon b-n avaliSvilis<br />

sityvas, romelsac araviTari sayuradRebo Rirseba<br />

ara sWirda da imisTanaebze laparaki wyalis nayva<br />

gamovidoda, Cvens krebas amisaTvis arc xalisi<br />

hqonda da arc mocaleoba. ukeTesi pasuxi b-n<br />

avaliSvilis Tqmulisa is iyo, rom aravin yuri ar<br />

aTxova, radganac am SemTxvevaSi yuris Txoeba<br />

daumsaxurebeli jildo iqneboda.<br />

amas imiTi vamtkicebT, rom b-n avaliSvilis<br />

garda sxva yvelam, krebaSi am saganzed<br />

molaparakem, aRtacebiT da didis sixaruliT<br />

273

miiRo azri orTa bankTa SeerTebisa da am<br />

SeerTebis gamo bevri gulmxurvale sityvac iTqva.<br />

am saxiT b-ni avaliSvili sul martodmarto darCa<br />

Tavis Seuferebel naTqvamiTa. ass kaczed meti iyo<br />

im krebazed da arc erTma maTganma ar moiwadina<br />

aramc Tu momxreoba b-n avaliSvilisa, aramed xma,<br />

krinti ar dasZra imis Sesaxeb, rac b-n<br />

avaliSvilma sTqva, da am saxiT imisi naTqvami<br />

TiTqo erTs yurSi SeuSva da meoridam gauSva.<br />

amazed meti sityvis SebrunebaRa iqneba qveyanazed?<br />

amazed Zlieri ganaCeni daidginebaRa visime<br />

naTqvamzed?<br />

asSi erTis cdoma da asSi erTis danaSauli<br />

gana sabuTia, rom danarCvens oTxmocdacxramets<br />

kacs samduravi SeuTvalon? ai, Cvenis azriT, ra<br />

mxriT aris SesaniSnavi werili, romlis gamoc<br />

dRes Cven sityva CamovagdeT. umarTlod,<br />

usabuTod, tyuilad dasjili iqneba Cveni<br />

sazogadoeba, rom es samduravi samduravad darCes,<br />

da vimedovnebT, avtori xsenebulis werilisa<br />

dagvimadlebs, rom sabuTi miveciT SecdomiT<br />

gamowveuli samduravi Cvens sazogadoebas aacilos.<br />

rom yvela piruTvnels da gulwrfels kacs<br />

swored Cven mier zemod Tqmuli azri unda<br />

gamoetana im Cvenis krebisagan, saca winadadeba<br />

SeerTebisa garCeul iqmna, amas amtkicebs TviT<br />

ganaCeni krebisa, erTxmad dadgenili. Tu es sakmao<br />

ar aris, vimowmebT mTels ass kacs krebisas da<br />

TviTon redaqcias `Новое Обозрение~-sas, romlis<br />

zogierTni wevrnic daeswrnen xsenebuls krebazed.<br />

sasurvelia, rom CvenTa imier da amier moZmeTa<br />

Tavis dReSi ar ifiqron, rom Zmurad gamowvdili<br />

xeli Zmuradve gulmxurvalebiT CamorTmeuli ar<br />

iqneba. RmerTma gvixsnas amisTana fiqrisagan!..<br />

274

progimnaziebSi<br />

tfilisi, 24 ivnisi<br />

warsuls wels saero ganaTlebis saministrom<br />

daadgina, rom gauqmebul iqmnas mosamzadebeli<br />

klasebi gimnaziebsa da progimnaziebSi. Tavis<br />

droze am gankargulebis Sesaxeb didi laparaki<br />

iyo mwerlobaSi, saqme yovelis mxriT gasCxrikes.<br />

bevri iTqva rogorc imis sasargeblod, ise<br />

winaaRmdegac. sxvadasxva sazogadoebam, erobam,<br />

qalaqebma TavianTi azri warudgines mTavrobas,<br />

romelmac saministros gankarguleba ganixila<br />

mwerlobisa da sazogadoebis azris mixedviT.<br />

umTavresad is azri iyo warmoTqmuli, rom<br />

mosamzadebeli klasebi metad saWiroa, rom imaTi<br />

gauqmeba sasurveli ar ariso. am azris<br />

dasamtkiceblad Sesaferi da Sesawynarebeli<br />

sabuTic iyo moxsenebuli. amitomac saministros<br />

gankarguleba mTavrobam ganixila kanonmdeblobiTis<br />

wesiT da rigiT da saWirod icno zogi ram<br />

cvlileba Seetana saministros gankargulebaSi.<br />

saministros azriT, mosamzadebeli klasebi<br />

sruliad unda gaeuqmebinaT, xolo exla, rogorc<br />

sCans `marTeblobis debulebaTa da gankargulebaTa<br />

krebulidgan~ (`собрание узаконений и распоряжений<br />

275

правительства~), dadgenilia, rom saxelmwifom<br />

Tavisis xarjiT ar unda Seinaxos mosamzadebeli<br />

klasebio. es gankargulebac ar Seexeba yvela<br />

gimnaziebsa da progimnaziebsa. im adgilebSi, sadac<br />

mkvidrni rusis tomisani ar arian da rusuls<br />

enaze ara laparakoben, iq saxelmwifo Tavis<br />

xarjiT Seinaxavs mosamzadebels klasebs. Suagul<br />

ruseTSi mosamzadebel klasebis arseboba<br />

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad esaWiroeba<br />

sazogadoebas es klasebi. Tu saWiroeba didi da<br />

Zlieria, maSin sxvadasxva sazogado<br />

dawesebulebaTa unda gamoiRon fuli mosamzadebel<br />

klasebis Sesanaxad, vinicobaa swavlis fuli,<br />

romelsac Segirdebi ixdian sakmao ar iqmnas<br />

klasebis gasaZRolad, amnairad, sadac<br />

mosamzadebeli klasebi saWiroa mTavrobis azriT,<br />

iq TviT sazogadoebam unda ikisros imaTi Senaxva;<br />

sadac saWiro ar aris, iq sruliad gauqmebuli<br />

iqneba. xolo iq ki, sadac mkvidrni rusulis<br />

tomisani ar arian da rusuls ara laparakoben, iq<br />

TviT saxelmwifo kisrulobs xarjs.<br />

rogorca sCans winandeli gankarguleba<br />

saministrosi SesamCnevad Secvlilia. sazogadoeba,<br />

romelic hgrZnobs swavla-ganaTlebis saWiroebas,<br />

ueWvelia xarjsac ar daerideba da marTeblobas<br />

Seumsubuqebs xarjsa da Sromas, da imedic aris,<br />

rom sazogadoeba raki xarjs ikisrebs, saqmesac<br />

ufro fxizlad da gonivrulad moekideba.<br />

CvenSi, rogorc marTeblobis gankargulebidgana<br />

sCans, mosamzadebel klasebis Senaxvas isev<br />

mTavroba kisrulobs, radganac aqaurni mkvidrni<br />

umetes nawilad arc rusis tomisani arian, arc<br />

rusuls laparakoben da arc sakmaod bevri<br />

saswavleblebi aqvsT...<br />

erTi sxva cvlilebac Semoaqvs axals kanons<br />

swavla-ganaTlebis saqmeSi. dRemdis mosamzadebel<br />

276

klasebidgan pirvels klasSi gadahyavT yvela<br />

ymawvilebi, romlebic egzamens daiWerdnen; exla ki<br />

egzameni sakamaTo (sakonkurso) unda iyos, raica<br />

metad Zneli iqneba norC bavSvebisaTvis. amieridgan<br />

mxolod im ymawvils gadaiyvanen, romelic<br />

saukeTesod daiWers egzamens; sxvebi ki<br />

iZulebulni iqmnebian saswavlebeli miatovon.<br />

maSasadame, mosamzadebel klasebis Segirdebi da<br />

garedgan moyvanilebi gaTanabrebulni iqmnebian<br />

TavianTs uflebaSi.<br />

ra mouvaT im ymawvilebs, romlebic sakamaTo<br />

egzamens ver daiWeren? mSoblebma da naTesavebma<br />

isini an sxva saswavlebelSi unda gadaiyvanon da<br />

an sruliad unda gamoasalmon swavla-ganaTlebasa.<br />

radganac es garemoeba sasurveli ar aris arc<br />

mSoblebisa da arc ymawvilebisaTvis, amitomac<br />

aucilebeli iqmneba pirvel paralelur klasebis<br />

daarseba. meti gza ar aris, am klasebis Senaxva<br />

isev mSoblebma da sazogadoebaT unda ikisron. Tu<br />

es azri ganxorcielebul iqmna, maSin sakamaTo<br />

egzameni maincadamainc saZnelo da safrTxo ar<br />

iqneba ymawvilebisaTvis. vinc saukeTesod ver<br />

daiWers egzamens, is SesaZloa gadiyvanon<br />

paralelurs pirvels klasSi da amnairad<br />

iZulebuli ar iqmneba saswavlebeli miatovos, an<br />

sxva romelsame saswavlebelSi gadavides. es<br />

paraleluri klasebi imdenad saWiroa, rom,<br />

vgonebT, sazogadoeba imis xarjs ar SeuSindeba...<br />

277

278<br />

<br />

ignorireba<br />

tfilisi, 2 ivlisi<br />

vilhelm meoris gaimperatorebas germaniaSi<br />

bevrs rasme swamebdnen evropaSi gulswrafni<br />

diplomatebi da gazeTebi. egonaT, rom<br />

gaimperatordeba Tu ara axalgazrda vilhelm II,<br />

erTi alianqoTi astydeba evropaSio da saSinelis<br />

Weqa-quxilisaTvis politikuri ca<br />

RrublebiTYSeikvriso. yovelive es gamtyunda:<br />

vilhelm II gaimperatorebam dRevandeli<br />

politikuri avkargianoba ver gamoarkvia imodenad<br />

mainc, rom kacma sTqvas ras moaswavebs dRevandeli<br />

dRe da ras moitans xvalindeli.<br />

gamorkvevas viRa sCivis. Cvenis fiqriT,<br />

dRevandeli politikuri moZraoba isev is wajegukujegobaa,<br />

rac vilhelm I-is dros iyo. cota<br />

xnobiT fridrix III-is imperatorobam rogorRac<br />

sxvanairad aatoka uReli politikis sasworisa da<br />

bolos, rom xani dascaleboda, isic iZulebul<br />

iqmneboda isev is eZebna, rasac exla eZebs germania<br />

da rasac vilhelm I-is dros eZebda. germaniis<br />

yofa-mdgomareoba dRes imisTanaa, rom ase unda

moiqces, Tu Tavis saqmis adre da male waxdena<br />

ara hsurs.<br />

vilhelm I-is dros ukanaskneli weliwadni<br />

germaniam imas Sealia, rom Tavis sakuTaris<br />

simagrisaTvis SemZlebelTa saxelmwifoTagan<br />

kavSiri Seedgina, radganac xmlis vadazed<br />

xeldadebuli safrangeTi gaborotebulis TvaliT<br />

uyurebda germanias da javris amoyras scdilobda<br />

da dResaca scdilobs. maSin mouxerxda germanias<br />

zavis Sekvra avstriasTan da ruseTTan da Sehqmna<br />

egreTwodebuli `samTa imperatorTa kavSiri~.<br />

gatyvra uecrad bolgariis saqme da avstriasa da<br />

ruseTs erTmaneTis sacilobeli saqme CamouvardaT.<br />

samTa imperatorTa kavSiri SeuZlebeliRa gaxda da<br />

daiSala. germania or wyals Sua iyo. an unda foni<br />

daedo ruseTisaken, an avstriisaken. sxva gza ar<br />

iyo. gaWireba germaniisa imaSi mdgomareobda, rom<br />

erTisa Tu meoris wyena saSiSi iyo da orisave<br />

ameba ki arasgziT ar moxerxdeboda.<br />

maSin germaniam dauwyo kurkuri jer inglissa,<br />

amave dros didad da didad moutkbilda italias.<br />

inglisTan veras gahxda da italia ki daiyolia da<br />

Sesdga isev samTa kavSiri, _ germaniisa, avstriisa<br />

da italiisa. es gauadvilda germanias imiT, rom<br />

avstrias da italias balkaneTis naxevarkunZulzed<br />

erTmaneTTan advilad mosarigebeli angariSebi<br />

aqvT. raki es ase moxda, ruseTma da safrangeTma<br />

erTmaneTs xma misces da erTmaneTs dauaxlovdnen.<br />

germanias es daaxloveba ver eWaSnika. advilad<br />

mosaandovebelia radac: germania am or didTa da<br />

Zlier saxelmwifoTa Suaa da Znelia wina da<br />

ukaniT moseuls oms kaci gauZRves, Tu omi<br />

astyda.<br />

ai mizezi, romelmac dRes aiZula germania<br />

xelaxlad Seudges mokavSireTa Zebnas evropaSi.<br />

aSkaraa, germanias ugrZvnia, rom avstria da<br />

279

italia an saimedoni ar arian, an imodenad<br />

uRononi, rom sasurvels mxars ver miscemen, Tu<br />

evropis aSlilobam germania omSi CaiTria. Tu<br />

esea, ra Tqma unda, rom germania iZulebulia<br />

ruseTs rogorme guli mougos da Tavis momxred<br />

gaixados. dRes germania amis cdaSia da misi<br />

imperatori xom apirobs kidec peterburgSi<br />

wasvlas xelmwife imperatoris sanaxavad.<br />

am ambavs Jurnal-gazeTebi dids mniSvnelobas<br />

aZleven evropiis politikisaTvis im mxriT, viTom<br />

imperatori vilhelmi II imedovnebs moarigos<br />

avstria da ruseTi balkaneTis saqmeSi da isev<br />

uwindeli samTa imperatorTa kavSiri Sehkras. Cven<br />

ar viciT ramodenad gahmarTldeba es imedi,<br />

Jurnal-gazeTebisagan winaswarad gamoTqmuli. Cven<br />

dRes marto imasa vxedavT, rom erTis mxriT<br />

germania iZulebulia ruseTis momxreoba eZios da<br />

meoris mxriT vxedavT, rom safrangeTi da inglisi<br />

germaniis angariSebisagan gamoricxulia. dRes es<br />

ori didi da SemZlebeli saxelmwifo gariyulia<br />

da gacalkevebuli.<br />

Cven ara gvgonia, rom amisTana mimarTulebas<br />

politikisas gauyuCdes da gauCumdes an<br />

safrangeTi, an inglisi. germaniis gazeTebi swameben<br />

kidec safrangeTsa, rom igi italiasa da belgiaSi<br />

raRaca qselsa hqsovso safrangeTis<br />

sasargeblodao da saqme ise mihyavso, rom lamis<br />

Tavisi gaiyvanos da, Tu mTavroba ara, italiisa da<br />

belgiis erni mainc gadibiros da miimxroso.<br />

SeuZlebeli aq ara aris ra da ramodenad ki<br />

marTalia es ambavi, _ Cven ar viciT. amas ki yuris<br />

Txoveba unda, rom germania dRes arsad da<br />

arasferSi arc ki ixseniebs arc safrangeTsa da<br />

arc inglissa, TiTqo es ori Zlieri saxelmwifo<br />

qveyanazed arc ki arsebobso. esec SesaniSnavia,<br />

rom imperatorma vilhelm II, roca Tavisi sityva<br />

280

mihmarTa germaniis parlaments, avstria, italia,<br />

ruseTi tkbilis sityviT moixsena da safrangeTsa<br />

da inglisze ki erTi sityvac ar dahxarja.<br />

safrangeTis arxseneba advilad aRsaxsnelia da<br />

inglisis arxseneba ki yvelas akvirvebs da aocebs.<br />

inglisis gazeTebi am saganzed wyeniT<br />

hlaparakoben.<br />

281

282<br />

<br />

tfilisi, 3 ivlisi<br />

erTs dros didi da gacxarebuli laparaki<br />

hqonda evropiis literaturas da nametnavad<br />

ruseTisas egreTwodebul `dedaTa emansipaciis~<br />

Taobazed. momxreni am saqmisa hxedavdnen, rom<br />

exlandeli urTierToba mamaTa da dedaTa sqesisa<br />

ver aris samarTlianad mowyobili da aSenebulia<br />

umarTlo moZRvrebazed, viTom dedakaci mamakacTa<br />

tyve da mona ariso da amis gamo bevrSi uflebas<br />

Tavisufalis adamianisas moklebuliao. amis<br />

mixedviT daCagrulTa dedaTa momxreni swerdnen<br />

da hqadagobdnen, rom qalebs unda mieniWoT<br />

yovelive ufleba, rac mamakacTa aqvT miniWebuli,<br />

ase rom am or sqesTa Soris urTierToba<br />

samarTlianis TanasworobiT dadgenil iqmnas kacTa<br />

cxovrebaSio.<br />

bevri kargi ram iTqva amazed, bevri sabuTiani<br />

`ho~ da `ara~ gamomJRavnda da bevric uqmi,<br />

windauxedavi sityva daixarja. maincdamainc sabuTi<br />

aqvs kacs sTqvas, rom es sagani sakmaod<br />

gamorkveulia dRes da Teoriulad mravalkecad da<br />

gonebadasmiT garCeuli da gaCxrekili. Cven es<br />

buneba da istoria am friad sayuradRebo saqmisa<br />

aq dRes oriode sityviT movixsenieT, imitom rom

azrad ara gvaqvs am sagnis buneba da istoria<br />

dawvrilebiT gamovikvlioT.<br />

Cven marto is gvinda vsTqvaT, rom am<br />

Teoriulad sakmaod kargad garCeulma saqmem<br />

sazogadoebis yuramde srulis savsebiT ver<br />

miaRwia. bevrs kacsa, Tu qalsa hgonia dResac rom<br />

aq marto imazea laparaki, viTomc am emansipaciis<br />

saqmeSi sxva ara aris ra, garda imisa, rom qalTa,<br />

Tu dedaTa mxolod ufleba mieniWoT da imas ki<br />

aRaravina hfiqrobs, rom ar aris arc erTi imisTan<br />

ufleba kacTa urTierTobaSi, romelsac ar<br />

mosdevdes movaleobaca. marTalia, mamakacs<br />

exlandels cxovrebaSi bevri imisTana ufleba aqvs,<br />

romelic samarTlianad qalsac ekuTvnis, magram<br />

mamakaci amasTanave msaxuria saxelmwifosi,<br />

qveynisa, sazogadoebisa, ojaxisa da yovelgvari<br />

mZime tvirTi adamianTa rTulis cxovrebisa kisrad<br />

adevs. dRes qalebi rom iZaxian, _ mogveciT<br />

uflebao, es Zaxili Tumca samarTliania, magram<br />

hrCeba xmad mRaRadeblad udabnosa Sina: imitom<br />

rom yvelani hxedven, rom qalebi bevrwilad uqmni<br />

da uvargisni arian im mokled Semoxazul wreSiac<br />

ki, romelSiac dRes imyofebian, da im mcireodens<br />

movaleobasac ver uZRvebian, rac dRes mizomili<br />

aqvT sazogadoebasa, Tu ojaxobaSi.<br />

es dRevandeli uqmoba da uvargisoba qalebisa<br />

xelzed daxveuli aqvT yvelas, vinc ki dedaTa<br />

emansipacias ar emxroba da ewinaaRmdegeba. TiToorola<br />

magaliTi saqmiTa da gamWriaxobiT<br />

gamoCenil qalebisa am winaaRmdegobis sabuTs bevrs<br />

aras arRvevs. am magaliTebs marto bednier<br />

SemTxvevad sTvlian da ufros-erTs qalzed ki<br />

isev is uvargisobis azri hrCeba.<br />

amerikaSi igrZnes qalebma, rom es asea da<br />

samarTlianis emansipaciis mosapoveblad imas aRara<br />

sjerdebian, rom iZaxon: ufleba mogveciTo. imaT<br />

283

ufro ukeTesi saxsari, ukeTesi gza amourCeviaT.<br />

imaT ufiqrniaT, rom qveyanas unda davanaxvoT, rom<br />

Cvenc SegviZlian radme yofna qveyanazed, Cvenc<br />

SegviZlian yvela movaleobas adamianisas<br />

gavuZRveT, Cvenc SegviZlian aramc Tu xeliT<br />

garja, Sroma, saqmis keTeba, aramed gonebiTac,<br />

WkviTac da arc erTsa da arc meoreSi mamakacs ar<br />

CamovuvardebiTo. am patiosans gazraxvas<br />

Sesdgomian da, rogorc hnaxavT, sakvirvelis<br />

ZlevamosilobiTac SeusrulebiaT.<br />

amis dasamtkiceblad Cven moviyvanT saocars<br />

ambebs, erTis germanulis Jurnalidam amokrebils.<br />

am ambebis mixedviT utyuarad gamoarkvevs kaci Tu,<br />

ris SemZlebeli aris qali da ra monawileobas<br />

hRebulobs igi amerikaSi sazogado cxovrebis<br />

warsamateblad da rarigad ecileba mamakacs<br />

cxovrebis moedanzed, satexniko sarbielzedac ki.<br />

es ambebi miT ufro sakvirvelia, rom qalis<br />

gamWriaxobasa da SemZlebelobas imisTana saqmeSi<br />

gviCvenebs, romelic dRes aqamomde qalisaTvis<br />

ufro xelmiuwvdomeli egona adamians.<br />

igi germanuli Jurnali ambobs: Crdiloamerikis<br />

arxivebidam amokrebiliao cnobani, rom<br />

qalebs amerikaSi 1900 patenti miuRiaT maT mier<br />

mogonil sxvadasxva maSinebis gamo. erTi am saqmis<br />

mcodne amerikeli umatebs: is ki angariSSi ar<br />

mogvyavs, rom bevri qali dahxmarebia mamakacs<br />

amisTana saqmeSio. es xom saocaria da saocari,<br />

ufro sakvirveli is aris, rom iqaur qalebs<br />

imisTana saqmeSic gamouCeniaT Tavi, romelic<br />

qalis cxovrebazed erTob Sors aris da qalis<br />

bunebas unda eucxovebodes. magaliTebr, erTs<br />

qals, gvarad maters, niuiorkSi mougonia<br />

teleskopi miwis qveSeTisaTvis (подземный телескоп),<br />

qals gvarad montgomers _ foladis javSani<br />

saomar xomaldisaTvis, qals goSams _ axalgvari<br />

284

zarbazani, qals bizels _ wylisagan gadasarCeni<br />

navi, qals tanneis _ maSina zRvaSi daRupul<br />

xomaldebis amosaRebad da sxvani. saqalo saqmeSiac<br />

gamouCeniaT Tavi. magaliTebr, qals rozentals<br />

ufro ukeTesi sakeravi maSina mougonia, vidre<br />

aqamomde iyo.<br />

yovelive es, rasakvirvelia, Zlieri sabuTia<br />

`dedaTa emansipaciis~ momxreTaTvis da amisTana<br />

sabuTs sityvas Seubrunebs mxolod kerpoba da<br />

jiutoba adamianisa. ar iqneba urigo, rom Cvenma<br />

qalebmac yuri aTxovon amisTana magaliTebs da<br />

xalisi moipovon amisTana moRvaweobisa da<br />

moqmedebisaTvis.<br />

285

286<br />

weli<br />

tfilisi, 14 ivlisi<br />

Cven araerTxel gviTqvams, rom istoria<br />

erTaderTi mtkice da SeuSleli sigelia, rkinis<br />

ficarzed rkinis asoebiT amoWrili oqmia,<br />

romelic hmowmobs ers, vin yofila da ra yofila<br />

guSin, vin aris da ra aris dRes!..<br />

am sigels, am mowmobas eris vinaobisas da<br />

SemZlebelobisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, viTarca<br />

dids taZars, saca asvenia didni saxsovarni, didni<br />

xatni warsulisa da yofilisa.<br />

amisTana dids saxsovars, dids xats<br />

warsulisas dRes dResaswaulobs mTeli<br />

marTlmadidebloba ruseTis imperiisa. 15 ivliss<br />

am cxraasis wlis winad ruseTma miiRo naTeli<br />

qristes sarwmunoebisa da dRes ruseTi didis<br />

zariT da didebiT dResaswaulobs am didebuls<br />

dRes Tavis istoriisas.<br />

naTelReba ruseTisa mohxda 988 w. 15 ivliss<br />

kievSi, maSindel ruseTis dedaqalaqSi, mociqulTa<br />

sworis wminda vladimiris mier. jer minam wm.<br />

vladimiri gamTavrdeboda da mis mier ruseTi<br />

miiRebda qristes sarwmunoebas, qristianobis<br />

gamavrcelebelni moZRvarni saberZneTidam xSirad

hqadagobdnen qristes rjuls rusTa Soris. imaTis<br />

RvawliT qristianoba SigadaSig zogierTs alagas<br />

ruseTSi fexmokidebuli iyo jer kidev igoris<br />

dros, romelic olegis mermed gamTavrda da<br />

gadaicvala 945 w. kievSi iyo qristianTa ekklesia<br />

wminda ilias saxelobaze da TviT igoris mxedrobaSi<br />

iyo ara erTi da ori gaqristianebuli<br />

mxedari rusTagani. igoris meuRlem, wminda olgam,<br />

xom TviTonac miiRo qristianoba da imis dros<br />

cotad Tu bevrad gaZlierda ruseTSi qristianoba,<br />

radganac wminda olga, TviT qristiane, swyalobda<br />

qristianeTa.<br />

xolo saxeli da dideba ruseTis naTelRebisa<br />

dainarCuna igoris da olgas SviliSvilma vladimirma,<br />

romelmac daiWira kievi 960 welsa da<br />

erTmTavroba ruseTisa daafuZna. mociqulTswori<br />

wminda vladimiri jer pirvel xanSi warmarTi iyo.<br />

warmarTobis dros ruseTi Tayvans scemda<br />

sxvadasxva RmerTebs, romleT Soris pirveli adgili<br />

eWira peruns, RmerTs cecxlisas, da ufro<br />

Weqa-quxilisas da elvisas; meore iyo volosi,<br />

RmerTi saqonlisa da pirutyvisa, strabogi, bZanebeli<br />

qarisa, daJbogi da xorsa, romelT saxelTa<br />

Tayvans scemdnen mzesa. am umTavresTa RmerTTa<br />

garda Tayvansa scemdnen mravals sxva meorexarisxovan<br />

RmerTebs, magaliTebr, wyalisas, tyeebisas<br />

da mebrve sxvaTa.<br />

qristes rjulis moZRvarTa, saberZneTidam mosulTa,<br />

Seuryies vladimirs warmarToba da<br />

STaagones sarwmunoeba qristesi iqamde, rom moiwadina<br />

gaqristianeba. es wadili ganucxada Tavis<br />

kariskacTa da mxedrobasaca. amasobaSi vladimirs<br />

mouxda wasvla tavridaSi saomrad da roca iqaurs<br />

qalaqs korsuns alya Semoartya da aReba gauZnelda,<br />

maSin aRTqma dasdva, Tu aviReb, movinaTlebio.<br />

korsunma bolosdabolos veRar gauZlo<br />

287

vladimiris mxedrobas da kari gauRo. roca korsuni<br />

dahmorCilda, maSinve vladimirma gaugzavna<br />

mociquli saberZneTis imperatorebs vasiliss da<br />

konstantines, iTxova colad maTi da anna da<br />

SeuTvala Tvisi survili gaqristianebisa. gaxarebulma<br />

imperatorebma maSinve gamohgzavnes Tavian-<br />

Ti da anna, Tan gamoatanes mRvdlebi, romelTac<br />

naTelsces rusis mTavars, mis Svilebs da mxedrobasa<br />

988 welsa.<br />

kievSi vladimirma ubZana Sehmusron samsxveploni<br />

da pirqve daamxon buTni. peruni gamoabmevina<br />

cxenis kuds da joxis cemiT CaaTrevina da<br />

gadaagdebina dnepris mdinareSi. saberZneTidam gamogzavnili<br />

mRvdlebi daiarebodnen sxva qalaqebsa<br />

da dabebSi da hqadagobdnen qristianobas. xalxi,<br />

romelic sazogadod egre advilad vera stovebs<br />

xolme Zvelsa, urCobda da sanatrelis siswrafiT<br />

ar eZlevoda axals rjulsa. ra naxa es<br />

vladimirma, ubZana kievelebs, rom dedabudianad<br />

mogroviliyvnen dnepris mdinaris kidezed. aq<br />

didis yofiT da ambiT naTeliRo xalxma. es<br />

mohxda 15 ivliss 988 welsa da mas aqeT cxraasi<br />

weliwadia. am cxraaswlovanobas ruseTis naTel-<br />

Rebisas dResaswaulobs dRes mTeli ruseTi kiev-<br />

Si, ese igi, im Zvels qalaqSi, saca pirvel moinaTla<br />

ruseTis eri da Tanaziar eyo<br />

marTlmadidebels qristianobas.<br />

gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom didZali samzadisia<br />

mTels ruseTSi da nametnavad kievSi am didebulis<br />

dRis didebulad daxvedrisaTvis. TiTqmis mTelis<br />

ruseTis samRdveloebisagan wargzavnilni arian<br />

warmomadgenelni, raTa daeswrnen am saxalxo<br />

dResaswaulsa da pativi scen sadResaswaulo<br />

dRes. Cvenma mkiTxvelebma ician, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

saeqzarxosodamac wargzavnilia yovlad samRvdelo<br />

episkopozi aleqsandre.<br />

288

soflad<br />

tfilisi, 16 ivlisi<br />

wels daniSnulia da am cotas xanSi<br />

aRsrulebaSiac unda movides arCevanebi soflis<br />

sammarTvelos moxeleebisa. Cven SevityeT, rom<br />

erTs tfilisis axlos myofs samamasaxlisos<br />

mouwadinebia mamasaxlisad amoirCios sasuliero<br />

wodebis kacis Svili, romelsac sakmao swavlacodna<br />

miuRia da im samamasaxlisoSi sofluri<br />

mdgomareoba aqvs da mamul-dedulica.<br />

amasTanave SevityeT, rom mazris ufrosis<br />

TanaSemwe, romelsac mindobili aqvs xsenebuls<br />

samamasaxlisoSi arCevanebi moaxdinos, hbrkoldeba<br />

im mizeziT, viTomc, Tu ar glexis wodebis kacs,<br />

sxvas aravis kanoniT neba ara aqvs arCeul iqnas<br />

soflis marTvelobis moxeledao. marTalia, CvenSi,<br />

Tu xsovna ar gvRalatobs, jer magaliTi ar<br />

yofila, rom soflis moxeled sxva vinme arCeul<br />

yofiliyos, Tu ar glexis wodebis kaci, magram<br />

umagaliToba imisTana saqmeSi, saca cxadi kanonia,<br />

mosatani ar aris. miT ufro, rom TavisTavadac<br />

didad sasurvelia, saarCevano wre momwyvdeuli ar<br />

iyos marto glexobis viwro fargalSi da ufro<br />

289

farTo gza hqondes ukeTesTa kacTa saSovrad da<br />

asarCevad, Tunda glexobis wris garedac.<br />

Tunda amasac Tavi davaneboT da marto is<br />

viqonioT saxeSi, rom glexobis wris gared ufro<br />

advilad moipoveba gonebagaxsnili kaci, cotad Tu<br />

bevrad mcodne da ganaTlebuli. amisTana kaci<br />

soflis moxeleobaSi metad sasurvelia da<br />

sanatreli, rogorc TviT glexobisaTvis, isec<br />

mTavrobisaTvisac. glexobisaTvis imitom, rom<br />

cud-ubralod aravis ar daaCagvrinebs Tavis<br />

saxelos kacsa, radganac ecodineba Tavisi<br />

uflebac glexTa gamosasarCleblad, saca kanoni<br />

nebas aZlevs da Tavisi movaleobac mTavrobisa da<br />

Tavis sazogadoebis winaSe. amisTana kaci Tavis<br />

moxeleobas im sapatio xarisxzed daayenebs,<br />

romelic ganzraxulia TviT kanonmdeblobisagan da<br />

romelic dRes TviT moxeleTa umecrebiT da<br />

gaugebrobiT metad dabla daweulia da<br />

pativayrili.<br />

mTavrobisaTvisac sasurvelia soflis<br />

moxeleobaSi imisTana kaci, romelic SemZlebeli<br />

iqmneba gankarguleba mTavrobisa rigianad, wesierad<br />

gaigos da rigianad da WkvadasmiT aasrulos.<br />

Torem exla ufros-erTgan soflis moxeleni<br />

soflis mwerlis xelSi arian da rac mweralsa<br />

hsurs, imazed moawerinebs xels mamasaxliss, Tu<br />

sxva moxeles, anu rogorc mweralsa hsurs, ise<br />

gaagebinebs mTavrobis mowerilobas, Tu<br />

gankargulebas da imas ki aRar vityviT, rom<br />

xSirad TviTon kanonsac ki gadausxvaferebs xolme<br />

moxerxebuli mwerali, radganac wignis armcodne<br />

da srulad uvici kaci am SemTxvevaSi male<br />

motyuvdeba xolme Tund imisTana cotaodenad<br />

mcodnisagan, rogoric soflis mweralia,<br />

exlandel moxeleTa uvicobisa da umecrebis gamo<br />

exla sofelSi hmoxeleobs jamagiriT dayenebuli<br />

290

mwerali da ara sazogadoebisagan amorCeulni<br />

moxeleni. amas, rasakvirvelia, didi vneba moaqvs<br />

yvelasaTvis.<br />

ra saWiroa aq vrclad CamoTvla sabuTebisa,<br />

romelnic ase aSkarad hlaparakoben imazed, rom<br />

saxeiroa soflis samarTvelos moxeleebad neba<br />

hqondeT amorCeul iqmnan yvela wodebis kacni,<br />

Tuki TviTon soflis sazogadoeba moiwadinebs da<br />

Rirsad dainaxavs. ra saWiroao, imitom vambobT,<br />

rom TviTon kanons yovelive es sabuTi Cvenzed<br />

uked danaxuli aqvs, radganac kanoni nebas iZleva<br />

soflis moxeleebad amorCeul iqmnan yvela<br />

wodebis kacni. soflis sammarTvelos debuleba<br />

pirdapir bZanebs amasa. me-88 muxli am debulebisa,<br />

ganmartebuli mTavrobisagan, ambobs, rom SesaZloa<br />

`sapatio wodebis~ (привилегированное сословие)<br />

kacnic amoirCios soflis sazogadoebam Tavis<br />

moxeleTa, Tu amisTana kacs sofluri mdgomareoba<br />

aqvso.<br />

Cvenda samwuxarod, amJamad xelT ara gvaqvs<br />

xsenebulis debulebis wigni, Torem sityvasityviT<br />

amovwerdiT am ganmartebas kanonisas ujeroTa<br />

dasajereblad. xolo raca vsTqviT, isic<br />

sakmarisia vaRiaroT, rom aravis kanonieri mizezi<br />

da sabuTi ara aqvs dauSalos sasulieros Tu sxva<br />

wodebis kacis Svils amorCeul iqmnas soflis<br />

moxeled, Tu sofluri mdgomareoba aqvs da<br />

TviTon sofeli Rirsad scnobs da amoirCevs. amis<br />

nebas iZleva TviTon kanoni da, maSasadame, win<br />

veravin aeRobeba.<br />

291

292<br />

<br />

proeqti<br />

tfilisi, 2 agvisto<br />

arc erTi seni adamianisa imisTana sazareli da<br />

saSineli ar aris, rogorc cofi. marTalia,<br />

mecnierebam saxelovan pasteris RvawliT iqamde<br />

miaRwia, rom es saSineli Wiri cotad Tu bevrad<br />

Seumsubuqa isec tanjuls kacobriobas, magram<br />

uebar wamlobamde ki jer kidev Sors arian<br />

kacTmoyvare micnierni, bevrs iZaxian, bevrs<br />

irwmunebian, rom viTomc ama da am kacma<br />

sakvirveli wamali icis da dacofianebuls<br />

arCenso, magram dabejiTebiT Tqma ar SeiZleba, rom<br />

cofis wamali uebarad napovni iyos. adamianis<br />

gonebas bevri ram SeuZlian da mis yovlad<br />

SemZleblobis imedi unda viqonioT, rom dResa Tu<br />

xvale mecniereba mag wamalsac miagnebs da<br />

daixsnis adamians im saSinelis Wirisagan,<br />

romelsac cofi hqvian. minam ki es moxdeba,<br />

adamians sxva ara darCenia ra, rom rac SeiZleba<br />

Seacotavos SemTxveva dacofianebisa, anu ukeT<br />

vsTqvaT, mizezi dacofianebisa cotad Tu bevrad<br />

Tavidam aicilos.<br />

cofi, rogorc moexsneba mkiTxvels, ar<br />

auCndeba xolme adamians uimisod, Tu kaci nakbeni

ar aris cofianis pirutyvisagan. pirutyvTa Soris<br />

zogi Sinauria, magaliTebr ZaRli da kata,<br />

romelTa auCndebaT xolme cofi da zogi gareuli,<br />

magaliTebr mgeli. mgeli, romelsac ise xSirad ar<br />

hxvdeba kaci, iSviaTad Seiqmneba xolme mizezad<br />

adaminis gacofianebisa. nametnavad qalaqebSi<br />

mcxvrebni am mizezs mocilebulni arian. ZaRli da<br />

kata ki, romelic TiTqmis yovels mosaxlesa hyavs<br />

saxlSi, sofelsa, Tu qalaqebSi, umTavresni<br />

mizezni arian saSinelis senis modebisa da<br />

gavrcelebisa. maSasadame, Tu mizezis morideba da<br />

acileba aq saqmes uSvelis rasme, kacma aq unda<br />

eZios wamali, ese igi, am mxriT unda ecados<br />

ramodenad SesaZloa gaabaTilos cotad Tu bevrad<br />

mizezi gacofianebisa.<br />

ruseTis gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom mTavrobas<br />

swored am mxriT miuqcevia yuradReba am<br />

saqmisaTvis. samkurnalo departaments SinaurTa<br />

saqmeTa saministrosas exlaxan Seudgenia vrceli<br />

proeqti da am proeqtSi CamoTvlilia<br />

RonisZiebani, mimarTulni maszed, rom rac<br />

SeiZleba Seucotavos adamians SemTxveva cofianis<br />

pirutyvisagan dakbenisa. am RonisZiebaTa Soris<br />

moxsenebulia Semdegi: a) akrZalul iqmnas quCaSi<br />

gamoSveba ZaRlisa, Tu pirakruli ar iqneba, ise<br />

ki, rom wyalis sma SeeZlos. b) upatrono<br />

mawanwala ZaRli da kata, saca SehxvdeT,<br />

dahxocon. g) ZaRlis patronebs gadasaxadi daedoT<br />

da am gziT mogrovilis fuliT eZlios<br />

gasamrjelo sakuTrad am saqmisaTvis daniSnuls<br />

zedamxedvels komitetsa, anu moxeleebsa. zoma<br />

gadasaxadisa, imazed iqmneba damokidebuli, Tu, _<br />

ra saWiroebisaTvis hyavT patronebs ZaRlebi.<br />

magaliTebr, ZaRlis patronebs fulebSi SeRavaTi<br />

eqmnebaT qalaqSi mcxovrebTa winaSe, radganac<br />

moqalaqeebs ZaRli ufro qeifisa da<br />

293

siamovnebisaTvisa hyavT, vidre saWiroebisaTvis, da<br />

d) TiTo mokluls mgelzed jildod safasuria<br />

dadebuli.<br />

amJamadao, amboben gazeTebi, es proeqti<br />

samkurnalo departamentma gaugzavna yvela<br />

gubernatorebs da azri mosTxova. roca es azrebi<br />

moikribeba, gadisinjeba da egre momzadebuli<br />

proeqti wardgenil iqmneba dasamtkiceblad<br />

kanonmdeblobis wesiTa.<br />

azrni da ganzraxva am proeqtisa metad<br />

mosawonia da TanasagrZnobi. es kia, rom kargad<br />

gawyobil qalaqSi ZaRli marTla marto qeifisa<br />

da siamovnebis sagania da aq araviTari<br />

xelSekruloba ar unda emZimos qalaqSi<br />

mcxovrebsa. sofeli ki uZaRlod ver gasZlebs,<br />

sofelSi ZaRli yaraulia, patronia soflelis<br />

avladidebisa. igi udga sofelSi saxls darajad,<br />

igi uvlis cxvars, Zroxas, Rors, cxens da<br />

uimisod arc erTs soflels erTis fexis<br />

gadadgmac ar SeuZlian. es gansxvaveba soflisa da<br />

qalaqisa marTalia winad danaxulia samkurnalo<br />

departamentisagan. Cvenis fiqriT, ZaRlis patroni<br />

sofleli srulad amoSvebuli unda iyos<br />

gadasaxadisagan. es miT ufro advili saqmea<br />

soflisaTvis, rom iq amis zedamxedveli moxele,<br />

SesaZloa, muqTic iyos im gziT, rom es<br />

zedamxedveloba Cahbardes soflis nacvals,<br />

romelsac araviTari gasamrjelo ar eZleva da<br />

arc imodena saqme aqvs Tavis nacvlobisa, rom am<br />

mxriTac ar gauZRves sofelsa da imis saWiroebas.<br />

294

brZola<br />

tfilisi, 3 agvisto<br />

mTeli kaxeTi modebulia Turme mildiuTi,<br />

romelic axladgamoCenili senia vazisa da<br />

saSineli senic. amboben, rom am senis gemo wels<br />

kaxeTSi rTvels TiTqmis rac ki moeliano, vazs<br />

foToli da mtevani scviva da am saxiT mosavali,<br />

sul mTlad Tu ara, bevri da Zalian bevri wili<br />

xelidam ecleba venaxebis patronebsao. am senzed<br />

Cven grZlad laparaki gvqonda Cvens gazeTSi:<br />

awerili iyo misi niSnebi, misi viTareba,<br />

gavrceleba da naCvenebic iyo misi wamalica.<br />

wamali napovnia da uebari wamalica da exla<br />

marto isRa darCenia venaxebis patronebs, rom am<br />

wamals xeli Cahkidon da daixsnan TavianTi Tavi<br />

didis zaralisa da zianisagan.<br />

xolo am wamlobam rom uararaod ar Cauaros<br />

mcdels patronsa venaxisas, Cven am saganzed<br />

zogierTs Cvens azrs ganvuziarebT Cens mkiTxvels.<br />

cnobilia, rom mildiu gadamdebi senia da igi<br />

gadaaqvs adgilidam adgilzed niavs da amrigad<br />

gadatanils mtvers, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, Tesls<br />

senisas SeuZlian mTeli venaxi sam-oTxs dRes<br />

daasneulos. raki seni am gziT vrceldeba,<br />

295

amitomac marto erTs venaxSi wamloba magdens<br />

verafersa iqms, radganac SesaZloa axlomaxlo<br />

venaxebidam igive seni xelaxlad gamoitanos niavma<br />

da xelaxlad gaaCinos mildiu. am saxiT wamloba<br />

tyuilubralod Cauvlis nawamls venaxsa. am<br />

garemoebas yuri usaTuod unda aTxovos kacma, Tu<br />

surs, rom venaxis wamlobam uqmad ar Cauaros.<br />

esec unda viqonioT saxeSi, rom ocs verszed<br />

niavsa da qars gadaaqvs Tesli senisa. maSasadame,<br />

venaxebis gadarCenisaTvis aucileblad saWiroa,<br />

rom wamloba venaxisa yvela venaxis patronebma<br />

erTs dros daiwyon mTels im adgilebSi, saca<br />

venaxebia. es miT ufro advilia, rom wamali amisi<br />

iefia da TviTon wamloba vazisa iseTi martivia da<br />

urTulo, rom xarji bevri ara aris ra. amboben,<br />

erTs kacs dReSi SeuZlian oris dRis venaxis vazs<br />

TviTveulad calke Seasxas wamalio da wamalic<br />

iseTi uebaria, rom senisagan gadarCena yovels<br />

eWvs gareSea.<br />

Tumca am gziT SesaZloa venaxis patronebma<br />

gadaarCinon venaxebi senisagan, magram, rogorc<br />

mogexsenebaT Cveni daudevroba, yvelani ar<br />

daudeben Tavs am saqmesa da zogi uwamlebs<br />

venaxebs da zogi ki ara. rom es ase ar moxdes,<br />

saWiroa mTavrobam savaldebulod gahxados venaxis<br />

wamloba da vinc am valdebulebas Tavis drozed<br />

ar aasrulebs, maSin jer pirvelad jarima<br />

gadaaxdevinon da amave dros amis meTvalyure<br />

moxeles neba hqondes venaxis patronis xarjzed<br />

TviTon Seudges wamlobas da xarji Tavis drozed<br />

azRvevinos urCs patronsa<br />

rasakvirvelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad<br />

saWiroa venaxis patronebs xelTmZRvaneli mcodne<br />

kaci hyvandes da aswavlides rogor unda wamlis<br />

xmareba. garda amisa, adgilobrivve saWiroa mcodne<br />

kacisagan wamali keTdebodes da amisaTvis saWiro<br />

296

masala iqve axlos iyos saSovari. TviT igi<br />

WurWeli, romelic wamlis vazzed Sesasxavad ukve<br />

aris mogonili, adgilobrivve unda iyos mitanili<br />

gasasyidad, Torem imisi Soridam dabareba metad<br />

gauZnelebs saqmes venaxis patronsa.<br />

yovelive es araviTars siZneles ar<br />

warmoadgens. didi saqme ar aris, rom savenaxe<br />

adgilebSi TiTo-orola mcodne kaci gagzavnos<br />

mTavrobam, Tunda mevenaxeebis xarjiT, da amaT<br />

daavalos xelmZRvaneloba gauwios venaxis<br />

patronebsa, Tvalyuri adevnon soflis moxeleebis<br />

SemweobiT, rom yvela venaxis patronma Tavis<br />

drozed uwamlos venaxsa, wamalic da wamlis<br />

Sesasxmeli WurWeli iqav adgilas iqonion<br />

gasasyidad.<br />

aq araviTars xarjs ar unda SeuSindnen venaxis<br />

patronebi, radganac xarji amisi magdens arafers<br />

Seadgens da mogeba ki didi iqneba, imitom rom<br />

patrons venaxisias mTeli misi naamagari venaxSi<br />

ukleblad SerCeba da amiT gadurCeba uSvelebels<br />

zarals am saSinelis senisas.<br />

meti ar iqneba, rom Telav-siRnaRis<br />

Tavadaznaurobam amisaTvis sagangebo kreba Sehyaros,<br />

Seadginos am saganzed vrceli weswyobileba<br />

da iSuamdgomlos mTavrobis winaSe, raTa igi<br />

weswyobileba damtkicebul iqmnas sayovelTao<br />

savaldebulod. mTavroba ar daiSurebs oriode<br />

mcodne kaci miaSuros xelTmZRvanelad venaxis<br />

patronebsa da arc gauWirdeba mTavrobas wamali<br />

da wamlis Sesasxmeli WurWeli miataninos gasasyidad<br />

iq, saca saWiroebaa. Cvenis fiqriT, es erTaderTi<br />

gzaa, rom kaxeTi da erTob is adgilebi,<br />

saca mildiua gaCenili, gadaarCinon dids zaralsa<br />

da ziansa. aq erTobiT unda brZola, TviTveulad<br />

calke kaci ver gaemklaveba am sens da veras<br />

daaklebs: SeerTebuli Rone da mcdelobaa saWiro.<br />

297

Zieba<br />

298<br />

tfilisi, 23 agvisto<br />

veraferi sanatrelia is dRe, ra dReSiac<br />

Caagdo venaxis patronebi kaxeTisa calke wyeulma<br />

nacarma da calke ufro wyeulma mildiuma. mTeli<br />

venaxebi Turme modebulia am orgvaris seniTa da<br />

lamis wlevandels mosavalzed sul mTlad xeli<br />

aaRebinos. nacario, amboben, bevrgan sxvaganac<br />

ariso, magaliTebr, qarTlSi, imereTSi, somxeTSi,<br />

magram ise gabmiT ki ara, rogorc kaxeTSia Turme.<br />

kaxeTSi xelaRebiT Seuyria nacari da Tanac es<br />

SeCvenebuli mildiuc zed darTvia. es mildiu jer<br />

marto kaxeTSia gaxSirebuli da sxva adgilebSi<br />

jer araviTari niSani am saSinelis senisa ar<br />

aRmouCeniaT.<br />

1854 wlidam saqarTveloSi gaCnda<br />

egreTwodebuli `nacari~ da mas aqeTia venaxebis<br />

patronebs Zlier azaralebs. ar iqna es saZageli<br />

seni ar gaecala Cveneburs venaxebs! Tumca am<br />

bolos xanebSi TiTqo am avadmyofobam iklo,<br />

zogierTs adgilas zogjer sulac aRar<br />

gamoCenila ase, rom TiTqmis imedic miecaT<br />

srulad gadavardeba da mogvSordeba Tavidamao,

magram wels ki isev Tavi iCina winandelis<br />

ZlierebiT da zed daemata kidev mildiuca. am<br />

bolos xanebSi vazs zedazed sxvadasxva axali<br />

mteri uCndeba, erTimeorezed imodenad uaresi da<br />

xelSeuvali, rom kacs uneblied fiqrad mosdis<br />

vazs xom ar daudga xana gadaSenebisa, an mTlad<br />

amovardnisa dedamiwis zurgidamao. magaliTi<br />

mcenareTa gadaSenebisa, Tu amovardnisa ara erTi<br />

da oria qveynierobazed. mecnierTa ramdeni naSTi<br />

amouCeniaT mcenarisa Tu cxovelisa dedamiwaSi,<br />

romelnic erT dros yofilan da exla ki aRar<br />

arian.<br />

rasakvirvelia, amisi Tqma vazzed metismetia,<br />

magram ra ifiqros kacma, roca hxedavs, rom<br />

filoqsera, nacari, mildiu, kidev sxva raRac<br />

axali seni, romelsac `vazis yvavils~ eZaxian da<br />

sxva bevri amisTana ase zedazed daatyda Tavs<br />

vazsa da kaci Tavis mxriT mTelis mecnierebis<br />

ZalRoniT ebrZvis da TiTqmis vera gauwyvia ra.<br />

vazis am dReebSi Cavardnam, _ ra Tqma unda, im<br />

sasowarkveTilebamde ar unda miiyvanos kaci, rom<br />

srulad imedi gadaiwyvitos vazis mosavlis<br />

gamobrunebazed, xolo dRes ki mTels erTs<br />

mdidars mxares Cvenis qveynisas TiTqmis<br />

erTaderTs wyaros cxovrebisas xelidam ase<br />

uwyalod aclis. memamuleni kaxeTisa didad<br />

Sewuxebulni arian da ar ician riT irCinon da<br />

gamoikvebon Tavi am umadurs weliwadsa. kaxeTSi,<br />

rogoc mogexsenebaT, umTavresi da upirvelesi<br />

ekonomiuri Rone Rvinoa. sxva yoveli miwis<br />

mosavali Tu mohyavT, Tavis samyofi mohyavT da<br />

Zalian iSviaTia, rom bazarSi gasatanad kaxelma<br />

sxvas rasme mosWidos xeli, garda Rvinisa.<br />

erTaderTi sagani Rvinoa, romelsac kaxeTi hyidis<br />

da amiT uZRveba yovelgvars xarjsa Sina Tu<br />

gareT.<br />

299

dRes ki, rogorc vsTqviT, am erTaderTs<br />

wyaros gamoaklda venaxis patroni kaxeTisa da<br />

Tavis wamxdaris venaxis mayurebelma aRar icis<br />

riT gauZRves Tavis Tavsa da Tavis ojaxs. ra Tqma<br />

unda, Zalian gauWirdeba kaxeTs wlevandels wels<br />

ram moagvaros, samermisod ki meti ar iqneba erTs<br />

Cvens sarCiels yuradReba miaqcios.<br />

raki venaxi ase saeWvo wyarod gaxda da<br />

amodena gansacdeli Tavs dastrialebs, marto<br />

venaxzed nuRar davamyarebT Cvens avladidebasa da<br />

sarCo-sabadebelis moxveWas: sxva ram<br />

sawarmoebelic moviSvelioT, sxvas rasmesac<br />

movkidoT xeli. ra Tqma unda, ugzoobis gamo<br />

imisTana rasme ver movkidebTYxelsa, rac ver<br />

aitans bazarSi gadatanis xarjs. puri, qeri,<br />

simindi da sxva amgvari saxmari marcvleuloba ver<br />

aitans bazarSi gadatanis xarjsa, radganac amgvari<br />

saqoneli sapalnad didia da fasad ki cota fasi<br />

aqvs. maSasadame, yovelive amisTana sawarmoebeli<br />

imodenad aris mosayvani, ramodenadac SigniT<br />

kaxeTSive saWiroa. amazed meti kaxeTgareT ver<br />

gaitaneba da Tu gaitaneba, imodena dajdeba misi<br />

waReba, rom TviTon gadatanilis fasi Zlivs<br />

moiSorebs gadatanis xarjs. maSasadame, kaxeTma<br />

Tavis sameurneod imisTana ram unda moigvaros,<br />

rom fasad Zvirad hRirdes da sapalnadac didi<br />

sazidi da mZime gadasatani ar iyos. Rvinoc,<br />

marTalia, didi da mZime sazidia, magram imodenad<br />

kai fasSia, rom gadatanis xarjsac hfaravs da<br />

Tavis saRiralsac cotad Tu bevrad sakmaod<br />

hSoulobs.<br />

amisTana sawarmoebelisaTvis kaxeTi Tavisis<br />

haviTa, Tu miwa-wyliTa Zalian gamosayenebelia<br />

gamrjelis kacisaTvis. ra ar gnebavT, rom ar<br />

movides kaxeTSi! abreSumi, romelic Cvens<br />

xsovnaSiac ki didad naqebi iyo qalaqis bazarSi,<br />

300

amba, Tambaqo, alisarCuli, zafrana,<br />

egredwodebuli Cinuri WinWari, svia, sxva<br />

mcenareni, romelTaganac zeTi ixdeba, saferado<br />

saRebavad keTdeba da sxva bevri amisTana advilad<br />

mosayvania kaxeTSi da dids xelsac miscems muSaksa<br />

da mwarmoebelsa. yovels amas didi bazari aqvs<br />

zogs CvenSive, magaliTebr, tfilisSi, zogs<br />

sazRvargareTac.<br />

rasakvirvelia, Cven am mokle werilSi bevrs<br />

veras vityodiT maszed Tu, ra da ra aris<br />

mosayvani da xelmosakidebeli kaxeTisaTvis da Tu<br />

Cven ase gakvriT davasaxeleT zogierTi mcenare,<br />

marto imisaTvis, rom agveniSna igi azri, romlis<br />

mimarT unda miiqces yuradReba kaxelebisa, raTa am<br />

gziT aRmoiCinon sxva ram sagani meurneobisa<br />

sarCosabadebelis mosapoveblad da, raki venaxi<br />

amdens gansacdelSia, marto venaxebzed ar aiSenon<br />

imedi cxovrebisa da Tavis rCenisa.<br />

301

302<br />

<br />

saxsari saxsari<br />

tfilisi, 24 agvisto<br />

qveyanazed rom marto b-nni Savrovebi iyvnen,<br />

romelTaTvisac orasi aTasis kacis erTad, erTs<br />

dRes gawyveta arafers TabauTs Seadgens, maSin es<br />

qveyana, adamianis cxovrebisaTvis gamosayeni,<br />

adamianisave yasab-xanad gadaiqcevoda da TviT<br />

adamiani saklav pirutyvada. RvTis madliT, jer<br />

kidev kacobrioba iqamde ar misula, rom adamiani<br />

dasakep xorcad igulisxmos b-n Savrovisamebr da<br />

arc TviTon qveyanas dauTmia Tavisi Tavi b-n<br />

SavrovebisaTvis saburTaod da sameidnod. b-n<br />

Savrovebis garda arian qveynad, Cvenda sanugeSod,<br />

imisTana kacnic, romelnic imas ki ar fiqroben,<br />

rogor da ra gziT aJletinon xalxi, aramed imas,<br />

rom rogorme acocxlon da adRegrZelon.<br />

amisTana kacni bukiTa da naRariT ara hyvirian,<br />

rom Cven aseTi da iseTebi varTo. isini<br />

mSidobianis guliT sxedan Tavis oTx kedel Sua<br />

da dRedaRam aTieben imazed, rom adamians mZime<br />

tvirTi cxovrebisa Seumsubuqon, daixsnan<br />

mravalgvar Wirisa da senisagan, wvaleba da<br />

tkivili dauamon, simware da simokle cxovrebisa<br />

cotad Tu bevrad gautkbilon, gaugrZelon<br />

siamovnebisa da bednierebisaTvis. es Cumni muSakni,

adamianis bednierebisaTvis Tavmdablad<br />

Tavganwirulni da Tavdadebulni, ubuknaRarod<br />

mcxovrebni qveyanazed, Tavis drozed ufro didis<br />

qebiTa da didebiT moixsenebian madlobel<br />

kacobriobisagan, vidre adamianis JletaSi<br />

gamoCenilni napoleonebi da sxva amisTanaebi,<br />

romelTac dRes adideben didni da patarani.<br />

es amisTana kacni mecnierobis msaxurni arian<br />

da mecnierobis yovladSemZlebelobas iwveven<br />

bednierebis mosafenad qveyanazed adamianTa<br />

sasixarulod da sadRegrZelod. marTalia, am<br />

mecnierobis msaxurTa Soris imisTananic arian,<br />

rom madliT savse Ronieroba mecnierebisa imazed<br />

miuqceviaT, rom rac SeiZleba uebari da ukeTesi<br />

saxsari miscen adamians adamianisave saJletsaxocavad,<br />

xolo Cvenda sasixarulod, imisTananic<br />

bevrni arian, romelnic dRedaRam dauZineblad<br />

irjebian kacTa saxsnelad Wirisa da vaglaxisagan<br />

da amisaTvis arasfers ara hzogaven, zogjer<br />

sicocxlesaca.<br />

erTi amisTana magaliTi dRes Tvalwin gvidga.<br />

8-s agvistos safrangeTis samecniero <strong>akademia</strong>Si<br />

saxelovanma pasterma gamoacxada, rom odesis<br />

sabaqteriologo sadgurSi doqtorma gamaleim<br />

aRmoaCina saxsari xoleris acrisao. doqtors<br />

gamaleis upovnia, anu, uked vsTqvaT, aRmouCenia<br />

xoleris gesli, romlis Zal-Ronec ucdia<br />

mtredsa da zRvis Rorzeda. am gesls ise<br />

umoqmednia, rom erTi Tu ori wveTi sisxli<br />

mtredisa, mowamlulisa am xoleris gesliT,<br />

sakmaod aRmoCnda, rom mTlad saRi mtredi, anu<br />

zRvis Rori rva da Tormetis saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />

daexocna. doqtors gamaleis sityviT es mis mier<br />

aRmoCenili xoleris gesli rom aucras saRs<br />

cxovels, xoleris Seyris SiSi aRar eqnebao.<br />

xolo asacrelad es gesli pirdapir ar ixmareba.<br />

303

jer erTs romelsame cxovels unda aucras,<br />

amisagan meores, meorisagan mesames da am saxiT<br />

gesli TandaTan hneldeba da bolos<br />

momakvdinebeli Zala ekargeba. am gziT<br />

momzadebuli gesli aRarafers avnebs Turme<br />

acrilsa, xolo im sikeTes ki sZens, rom acrils<br />

aRar ekareba xolera da xolerisagan aRaraferi<br />

SiSi aqvso.<br />

Tu es gamarTlda, doqtor gamaleis saxeli<br />

saukunod saxsenebeli iqeba kacobriobisaTvis.<br />

doqtori gamalei mtkiced guldajerebulia, rom<br />

es mis mier aRmoCenili saxsari xolerisagan<br />

xsnisa uebaria. amis dasamtkiceblad igi swers<br />

doqtors pasters, rom me mzada var Cem mier<br />

aRmoCenili xolerisagan gadasarCeni acra Tqvens<br />

laboratoriaSi Tqven Tvalwin movaxdinovo<br />

samecniero akademiis TanadaswrebiTao. rom aq<br />

arafris SiSia da acra xolerisa mavnebeli ar<br />

aris da amasTanac uebaria xolerisagan<br />

gadasarCenad, doqtori gamalei Tavis Tavs ara<br />

hzogavs da swers pasters, me TviTon avicri<br />

xoleris geslsa Tqvens winaSe da mere waval iq,<br />

saca gaZlierebuli xoleraa da amiT dagimtkicebT,<br />

rom Cemi saxsari, xolerisagan gadasarCeni,<br />

uvnebelia da uebaricao.<br />

aq marto is ki ar aris sasaxelod doqtoris<br />

gamaleisa, rom eg saxsari aRmoaCina, aramed isica,<br />

rom ara hSiSobs, ar izogavs Tavs adamianis<br />

sabedniero saxsaris aRmosaCenad Seswiros da<br />

gaimetos Tavi. marTalia, ityvian, raki<br />

darwmunebulia uvnebelobasa da uebarobazed, ra<br />

Tavis gawirvaRaa magisTana saqcieli<br />

gamaleisaTvisao, magram eg acra adaminazed jer<br />

nacadi ar aris da sicocxlec kacisaTvis iseTi<br />

tkbilia, rom didad gasabedia kacma Tavi imisTana<br />

sacdels misces, romelsac, advilad SesaZlebelia,<br />

304

sikvdilic mohyves: sul risTvis? sxvis<br />

saxsnelad.<br />

adamians rom am Wir-vaglaxians qveyanazed<br />

nugeSad da sasixarulod amisTana kacebi ara<br />

hyvandes, _ es cxovreba cxovrebad ar eRireboda<br />

da dideba da saxelic adamianobisa carieli<br />

farTi-furToba iqmneboda. amisTana kacebiT hSvenis<br />

qveyana da qveyanasTan erTad kerZo RvTisaadamianica.<br />

roca b-nT SavrovebisTana kacebi TavaRebulad<br />

saqveynod gaiZaxian, rom orasi aTasis kacis erTs<br />

dRes gawyveta CemTvis arafers angariSs Seadgenso,<br />

ase rom, warbsac ar Sevixrio da am saSinels<br />

klebas klebadac ar CavTvlio, maSin didad<br />

sanugeSoa imisTana kacis naxva, romelic Tavsa<br />

swiravs sxvis saxsnelad sikvdilisagan. es<br />

amisTana kaci verafrad daumSvenebs mxars b-nT<br />

Savrovebs, Tu vinme gakadnierdeba da usaxelo<br />

Savrovebs gverdT mouyenebs saxelovan gamaleiebsa.<br />

305

306<br />

Sesaxeb Sesaxeb<br />

tfilisi, 31 agvisto<br />

jer SarSanve astyda CvenSi laparaki, rom<br />

tfilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa skola ver<br />

akmayofilebs Cvens exlandels moTxovnilebasa.<br />

metad didi fuli sWirdeba, didi xarji undeba da<br />

Cvens xelmokle SeZlebas mZime tvirTad awevso.<br />

amis gamo Sesdga azri, skolas sxvagvari gza da<br />

mimarTuleba miscen imisda mixedviT, rom Tu<br />

xarji ar iklebs, sargeblobam mainc ufro meti<br />

nayofi moitanoso. es azrebi TviTon skolis<br />

gamgeobas daebada da am gamgeobam SarSanve ara<br />

erTi da ori kreba moaxdina, TvisTa wevrTa da<br />

gareSe mcodne kacTagan Semdgari im ganzraxviT,<br />

rom am tkivils raime wamali dasdon da TiTon<br />

skola gadaakeTon ise, rom ufro uked<br />

Seeferebodes Cvens dRevandels saWiroebasa da<br />

moTxovnilebas.<br />

daiwera da gasinjul-gadaCxrekil iqmna<br />

ramdenime proeqti da, rogorc gvaxsovs, gamgeobam<br />

skolisam verc erTi proeqti ver icna sakmaod da<br />

sabolovod araviTari gadawyvetileba ar daadgina.<br />

Cven Cvens gazeTSi am saganzed Cveni azri<br />

warmovsTqviT Tavis drozed da, rogorc viciT,

arc es Cveni azri iqmna mowonebul skolis<br />

gamgeobisagan. ra Tqma unda, skolis gamgeoba ufro<br />

zedmiwevniT mcodnea yovel imisi, rac skolas da<br />

imis gadakeTebas Seexeba da amitomac metismeti<br />

kadniereba iqmneboda samduravi ram viqonioT Cvenis<br />

azris dawunebis gamo. xolo sasurvelia am<br />

erTxel aZruls saWiroebas skolis ase Tu ise<br />

gadakeTebisas Tavisi dasasruli miscemoda miT<br />

ufro, rom TviTon skolis gamgeobas yvelazed<br />

ukeT ucvnia es saWiroeba da amisTana saqmeSi<br />

dayovneba da daxaneba Tu ar avnebs, aras argebs<br />

saqmesa.<br />

Cven am friad rTulsa da sayuradRebo<br />

saganzed imitom CamovagdeT dRes sityva, rom<br />

gvecnobebina mkiTxvelTaTvis igi azri, romelic<br />

dRes kantikuntad htiralebs Cvens sazogadoebaSi<br />

da romelsac sabuTianoba etyoba. es azri imaSi<br />

mdgomareobs, rom exlandeli skola marto<br />

mosamzadebelklasian skolad gadaiqces oTxis<br />

ganyofilebiT; sxva danarCeni klasebi gauqmdes im<br />

dromde, vidre Rone da SeZleba xels<br />

Segviwyobdes. am gziT, amboben, xarji skolisa<br />

exlandel ori aTas xuTas Tumnidam aTass, anu<br />

aTas oras Tumanzed Camoxdebao. am mosamzadebel<br />

klasebs is gansakuTrebuli sagani unda hqondeso,<br />

rom baSvebi saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi<br />

Sesasvlelad amzadoso. Tu vinicobaa, aq<br />

kursgaTavebuli romelime ymawvili ver daiWers<br />

egzamens saxelmwifo saswavlebelSi Sesasvlelad,<br />

anu sxva raime mizeziT ver Seva, igi gadavides<br />

winamZRvrianTkaris skolaSi. amisaTvis<br />

winamZRvrianTkaris skolas mieces Sesaferi<br />

Semweoba im fulidam, rac exlandels xarjs<br />

skolisas gadarCebao. am saxiT, Cvenis<br />

saTavadaznauro skolis ymawvils ori gza eqmneba<br />

gaxsnili: erTi saxelmwifo saswavlebeli da<br />

307

meore sameurneo skola winamZRvrianTkarisa. am<br />

saxiT Cvens saTavadaznauro mosamzadebels<br />

skolaSi kursSesrulebuli, unugeSod ar iqmneba<br />

darCenili, rogrc exlaa.<br />

Cven, rasakvirvelia, marto ZarRvi azrisa<br />

aRvniSneT aqa, dawvrilebiT da yovelis mxriT<br />

garkveva azrisa Cvenzed uked mcodnesaTvis<br />

migvindvia. Cven mxolod amas vityviT, rom<br />

zemoxsenebuli azri usabuTo ar aris da meti ar<br />

iqneba skolis gamgeobam am mxriTac gamoikvlios<br />

exlandelis Cvenis skolis saqme da mis gamo<br />

Tavisi ganaCeni sTqvas. Cvenis fiqriT, jer xanad,<br />

roca SeZlebiT ase uRononi varT, ukeTess veras<br />

movagvarebT. vin icis, iqneba amgvarad Secvlam<br />

skolisam imodena fuli gadagvinarCunos<br />

exlandelis xarjisagan, rom im fuliT ukeTesni<br />

Segirdni da moswavleni sxva umaRles<br />

saswavleblebSiac gagvazardinos Sina Tu gareT.<br />

yovelive es advilad mosalodnelia da amitomac<br />

zemoxsenebuli azri am mxriTac didad<br />

Sesawynarebelia, Tu sxvafriv araviTari<br />

dabrkoleba ar aRmouCnda. sasurveli mxolod is<br />

aris, rom es azri rac SeiZleba male gamoiZios<br />

da gamoirkvios skolis gamgeobam, radganac xana<br />

swavlebisa, saca aris unda dawyebul iqmnas da Tu<br />

cvlileba ram moelis skolas, es cvlileba exlav<br />

moxdes.<br />

308

TviTneboba<br />

tfilisi, 6 seqtemberi<br />

imperatori germaniisa fridrixi rom<br />

gardaicvala, Cvena vsTqviT, rom Tumca xelmwifeba<br />

imis xanmokle iyo, sul sami TTve, magram am aw<br />

gansvenebulis imperatoris mier aRZruli azrebi<br />

Tavis adgils moipoveben germaniaSi da amitomac<br />

safiqrebeli ar aris, rom keTilganzraxvani am<br />

keTilisa da kacTmoyvare imperatorisa amaod da<br />

uqmad Caivliano. am winaTqmas didi niWi<br />

winaswarmetyvelobisa ar undoda, Tu rom kacs<br />

cotad Tu bevrad gagebuli eqmneboda germaniis<br />

wina kacTa azris moZraoba da viTareba. germaniaSi<br />

yofilan da arian kidec imisTana kacebi,<br />

romelTaTvisac cxovreba cxovrebad ar aris, Tu<br />

rom yoveli biji, Tund imisTana niWierisa da<br />

Zlieris kacisa, rogoric bismarkia, sazogado<br />

gankiTxvas ar eqvemdebareba da pasuxisgebisagn<br />

axsnili da Tavisufali iqmneba.<br />

germaniaSi, Tumca kargaxania parlamenti, ese<br />

igi eris warmomadgenelTa krebuli arsebobs,<br />

magram saministroebi pasuxismgebelni ar arian am<br />

krebulis winaSe. igini yurmoWril ymasaviT<br />

309

eqvemdebarebian marto T. bismarksa da TiTqmis<br />

marto imisagan ganikiTxebian. parlamentma, rac<br />

gind azri da mimarTuleba icvalos, es cvlileba<br />

arafriT daetyoba xolme saministroebs da am<br />

saxiT eris warmomadgeneloba germaniaSi ise<br />

yovlad SemZlebeli ar aris, rogorc magaliTebr,<br />

safrangeTsa, inglissa da sxva amisTanaebSi.<br />

amitomac germaniaSi ministrebi ise malmal ar<br />

icvlebian parlamentis mimarTulebis mixedviT,<br />

rogorc sxvagan da raki fexs moikideben<br />

saministroSi, iqamde arian ministrebad, vidre T.<br />

bismarks exerxeba da eameba.<br />

es amisTana mdgomareoba germaniisa WkuaSi ar<br />

mouvida imperators fridrixs da taxtzed asvlis<br />

umalve Tavisi gonieri Tvali am tkivils<br />

germaniisas miapyra. man moisurva Camoegdo<br />

germaniaSi saministroebis im weszed dayeneba, rom<br />

pasuxismgebloba maTi gaZlierebuliyo da miT<br />

TviTneboba saministroebisa da maTTan erTad T.<br />

bismarkisa alagmuliyo. imperators fridrixs ar<br />

dascalda am wesis dadgineba, magram mis mier<br />

frTaSesxmulma azrma Tavisi ar daiSala da,<br />

rogorc etyoba, lamis Tavisi gaitanos kidec.<br />

dRes germaniaSi, rac ki damoukidebeli kacia<br />

Tu gazeTi, sul imas gaiZaxian, rom awindel<br />

weszed darCena saministroebisa SeuZlebelia:<br />

saministroebi parlamentis gankiTxvas da<br />

parlamentis winaSe pasuxisgebas unda<br />

eqvemdebarebodeso. am azrisaa Turme TviT axali<br />

imperatoric vilhelmi da es yvelas ukvirs da<br />

eoceba. ukvirs da eoceba imitom, rom dRes<br />

aqamomde egonaT, viTom axali imperatori<br />

yvelaferSi T. bismarkis damyolia da mis uneburs<br />

arafers moaxdenso. rom am saxiT saministroebis<br />

gadakeTeba da gardacvla verafrad saamuria T.<br />

bismarkisaTvis, es aSkaraa. T. bismarki jer<br />

310

imperator fridrixis dros eurCeboda amgvars<br />

ganzraxvasa da exlac misi momxre gazeTebi<br />

arafers ara hzogaven, rom yovelis Tavisis<br />

ZalRoniT winaaRudgnen am axals survilsa. T.<br />

bismarkis mxriT esec unda yofiliyo, radganac, es<br />

ganzraxuli cvlileba yvelazed uwinares<br />

Camoaclis fxas imis batonobasa da TviTneba<br />

mZlavrobas.<br />

Tumca am cvlilebis mopirdapired imisTana<br />

SemZlebeli kacia germaniaSi, rogorc bismarki,<br />

magram meidnidam burTs mainc am cvlilebis<br />

momxreni gaitanen dRes iqneba Tu xval, radganac<br />

marTali amaTken aris am SemTxvevaSi. dRes<br />

germaniaSi bervni arian, romelTac samoqmedo<br />

sagnad am cvlilebis moxdena auRiaT da amisaTvis<br />

iRvwian da irjebian da raki imperatori<br />

vilhelmic mowadinebuli iqmneba, T. bismarkic<br />

iZulebul gaxdeba ukeTesTa survils<br />

daemorCilos, an ara da gadadges samsaxuridam.<br />

imisi gadadgoma, ara gvgonia, imperatorma<br />

vilhelmma inebos da amitomac ufro safiqrebelia,<br />

rom T. bismarki tkiviliT gulSi daemorCileba<br />

Tavis uneburs saqmesa, roca meti gza aRar eqmneba.<br />

311

312<br />

germaniis germaniis germaniis politika politika evropisa evropisa da<br />

da<br />

aziis aziis aziis qveynebis qveynebis mimarT mimarT> mimarT<br />

tfilisi, 7 seqtemberi<br />

am mokle xanSi germaniam ori imperatori<br />

damarxa da mesames, axals Caabara Tavisi sve-bedi.<br />

am zedazed cvlam imperatorebisam imisTana<br />

qveyanaSi, romelic dRes TiTqmis marto hbatonobs<br />

evropaSi da saqveyno politikas cibrutiviT<br />

atrialebs, ena mucelSi Caugdo sityvamoyvaruls<br />

diplomatias, xma gaakmendina da marto yurebi<br />

aacqvetina _ aca, ra gamova risaganao. mas aqeTia<br />

diplomatia kudmeZebariviT dahrbis bardebSi, xan<br />

iqa hsunavs, xan aqa da mainc T. bismarkis naskvebs<br />

verc Tavi upovna da verc bolo.<br />

germaniis axalma imperatorma daimkvidra mamapapaTa<br />

samkvidrebeli Tu ara, darbazoba daiwyo<br />

evropaSi. jer xelmwife imperators ewvia<br />

petergofSi, aqedam Sveciisa da daniis<br />

xelmwifenic inaxula, axla apirebs naxvas<br />

avstriis imperatorisas da italiis mefisas.<br />

veravis gaugia es siaruli ras moaswavebs. zogi<br />

ambobs, rom germaniis imperators es TavaziT<br />

mosdiso, hsurso Tavisebr gvirgvinosnebs pativi<br />

sces da salami misces maTsave qveyanaSio. iqneba<br />

esec iyos, magram amisTana ambavi da es salamis

survili, vgonebT, pirveli gagonebaa evropaSi. Tu<br />

xsovna ara gvRalatobs, arc erTs<br />

axladgamefebuls gvirgvinosans ese erTmaneTzed<br />

miyolebuli darbazoba ar mouxdenia. aqedam is<br />

gamohyavT, rom, sCans, sxva mizezi ram unda iyos<br />

am misvla-mosvlisao. ra mizezi unda iyos<br />

amisTana? ai amocana, romelsac zed SeeWra<br />

maxvilgoniereba diplomatiisa, rogorc namgals<br />

fxa yanisa. es mizezi dabejiTebiT veravis auxsnia<br />

jerxanad.<br />

karga xania kia ande auRes T. bismarkis<br />

politikas. ors didsa da Zlier saxelmwifoTa,<br />

ruseTsa da safrangeTs Sua momwyvdeuli germania<br />

mosvenebuli ar unda iyos. amaT rom erTmaneTs<br />

xeli miawvdinon, germaniis Zliereba, germaniis<br />

sve-bedi dids faTeraksa da gansacdelSi Cavardeba,<br />

ra Tqma unda, rom SorsmWvreteli mWreli Tvali<br />

bismarkisa am viTarebazea gaSterebuli da yoveli<br />

misi ostatoba da xerxianoba imas unda Seelios,<br />

rom es xelis miwvdena ar moxdes da ruseTsa da<br />

safrangeTs Sua xidi Castexos. safrangeTis<br />

ganSoreba ruseTisagan yovlad moufiqrebelia,<br />

imitom rom safrangeTi marto elzas-lotarenis<br />

dabrunebiT daimSvidebs germaniazed gaborotebuls<br />

gulsa. germaniam kidev Tavisis imperatoris piriT<br />

amas winaT saqveynod gamoacxada, rom erTs<br />

mtkavels miwasac aravis davuTmobo, vidre<br />

germanias erTi jariskaci mainc kidev eyolebao.<br />

maS aqedam T. bismarkis tkivils araferi wamali<br />

moepoveba, igi safrangeTis guls verasgziT ver<br />

moigeriebs da, maSasadame, verc daiyoliebs<br />

ruseTisagan ganze gadgomisaTvis.<br />

am saxiT germanias Tavis gaWirebisagan<br />

daxsnisaTvis erTi gzaRa aqvs am SemTxvevaSi:<br />

ruseTs unda dauaxlovdes da ai, amboben, viTomc<br />

am daaxlovebisaTvis wavida imperatori vilhelmi<br />

313

useTSio. magram aqac erTi xifaTia. ruseTis<br />

daaxloveba moipoveba marto maSin, Tu germania<br />

balkaneTis politikas ruseTisas xels Seuwyobs<br />

da momxreobas gauwevs. es saqme italiisTvis da<br />

nametnavad avstriisaTvis metad uamuri iqneba da<br />

miT ufro mouxerxebeli germaniisagan, rom italia<br />

da avstria germaniasTan zavSekrulni arian da<br />

dRes kudikudze aqvsT gadabmuli. am saxiT, Tu<br />

avstria moimdurva, SesaZloa, rom axla avstriam<br />

gauwvdinos xeli safrangeTsa da maSin isev xom is<br />

gamova: vais gaveyare da uis Seveyareo.<br />

Tavidam bolomde rac bolgariis saqmem Tavi<br />

wamohyo, mas aqeT es garemoeba abrkolebs<br />

moqmedebas germaniisas da iZulebul hxdis am or<br />

kldeT Sua Tavisi navi ise ataros, rom arc erTs<br />

kldes moxvdes da arc meores Seexalos. eseTi<br />

tareba SeuZlebelia da am yofaSia dRevandeli<br />

naRveli T. bismarkisa da amave naRvelSi iyo<br />

Tavdapirveladve. balkaneTis saqme amis gamo TiTqo<br />

Tavminebebulia dRes da yvela erideba xelis<br />

xlebas, rom araferi astydes aqedama. is wyurvili<br />

ki, rom safrangeTi calke gaiyvanos, marto<br />

daagdos, meSveli da momxre moacalos, germanias<br />

dRe da Ram mosvenebas ar aZlevs. exla amboben,<br />

rom germania am wyurvilis mokvlas italiidam<br />

moeliso.<br />

am bolos xanebSi T. bismarkma imdeni ixerxa,<br />

rom italia da safrangeTi erTmaneTs gadahkida da<br />

saqme iqamde miiyvana, rom kinaRam omi ar aatexina<br />

erTmaneTs Soris. afrikaSi mflobeloba,<br />

xmelTaSua zRvis pirebze, didad saxarbieloa<br />

safrangeTisa da italiisaTvis, radganac am<br />

napirebis mflobeli, mflobeli iqmneba im didis<br />

gzisa, romelsac es xmelTaSua zRva warmoadgens.<br />

T. bismarkma aq Soridam daawyebina italias<br />

aurzauri safrangeTis winaaRmdeg da massovaSi,<br />

314

mewamulis zRvis piras, Seayrevina safrangeTis<br />

interesi. T. bismarkma kargad icoda, raki aq dava<br />

autydeboda italiasa da safrangeTsa, tunissa da<br />

tripoliszed advilad gadavidoda da<br />

tripolisisa da tunisis saqme xom uomrad ar<br />

gadarCeboda, radganac italia da safrangeTi<br />

orive erTnairad etanebian erTsaca da meoresac.<br />

es saqme aSlida egviptis saqmesac, suecis<br />

arxisasac, saca inglisic didad gareulia am<br />

saxiT es saxelmwifoni erTmaneTSi daerevodnen,<br />

erTmaneTs daejaxebodnen, safrangeTi omebSi<br />

gaebmoda da maSin Tu ram gulSi javri aqvs<br />

germanias safrangeTzed, am javrs Tavisuflad<br />

amoiyrida.<br />

safrangeTma gaugo es ostatoba da massovis<br />

gamo aSlili saqme Tavidam aicila didis<br />

sifrTxiliTa da windaxedulobiT ase, rom am<br />

saqmem is maxvili ar galesa, riTac T. bismarks<br />

hsurda gaegmira safrangeTi. inglisic TiTqmis<br />

miuxvda, rom aq T. bismarks hsurs politikis<br />

gaxurebul ToneSi Cacvivnuli kutebi sxvis xeliT<br />

amoiRos da sxvis dauZlurebiT TviTon<br />

gaZlierdes, maSin rodesac uamisodac misi<br />

Zliereba examuSeba inglissa. amis gamo inglisma<br />

TiTqmis samegobrod piri ibruna safrangeTisaken<br />

da aman yurebi acqvetina T. bismarks. erTs dros<br />

am bolos xanebSi xmebic iyo, viTom safrangeTi,<br />

inglisi da ruseTi erTmaneTs moutkbildneno. amis<br />

mnaxvelma T. bismarkma italias urCia, metismetad<br />

nu gaizviadeb Tavsa da gangeb gaficxebuli<br />

massovis saqme rogorme gaaneleo. es saqme dRes<br />

aramc Tu ganelda, mTlad Cahqra kidec ase, rom<br />

jer xanad aqedam safrangeTs araviTari gansacdeli<br />

ar moelis da, maSasadame, evropac jer xanad<br />

aqedam uSiSaria.<br />

315

es xom asea, xolo sakvirveli is aris, roca<br />

T. bismarks evropaSi koWi alCud ar daujdeba<br />

xolme, maSinve Sua aziaSi, saca inglisi da<br />

ruseTi erTmaneTSi mosargebleni arian, saqmeebi<br />

aiweweba da sawyali abduraxmani, emiri<br />

avRanistanisa, bewvzed daekideba xolme. visi xeli<br />

atokebs iq marTulebs, gulaxdilad aravin ambobs,<br />

xolo vis ara hsurs, rom inglissa da ruseTs<br />

Sua sadavidarabo da samtro sagani ar arsebobdes,<br />

es yvelam kargad icis. dResac Sua aziaSi,<br />

saxeldobr avRanistanSi, areulobaa da taxts<br />

emirisas exlandels emirs ecilebian ajanyebulni.<br />

am aSlilobas ar SeiZleba ruseTma da inglisma<br />

yuri ar aTxovon, radganac orivesaTvis didi<br />

interesia or mocileTa Soris vin gaimarjvebs da<br />

amitomac inglisisa da ruseTis iq erTmaneTzed<br />

gadakideba, jer erTi, rom evropiis saqmeTaTvis<br />

imodenad ver moaclis verc erTsa, _ da meore<br />

isa, rom am orTa saxelmwifoTa Soris<br />

ganxeTqileba moxdeba. erTica da meorec<br />

xelTSemwyobia germaniisaTvis da imis<br />

momxreTaTvis.<br />

am saxiT jer xanad evropa miCumebulia,<br />

yovelive mwvavi saqme, rogorc, magaliTebr,<br />

balkaneTisa da sxva amisTanisa, miZinebulia da<br />

esec iqneba, vidre T. bismarks alCu daujdebodes.<br />

sxva saxelmwifoni rac gind erTmaneTze<br />

gulamRvreulni iyvnen, rac gind mowadinebulni<br />

iyvnen erTmaneTs cxvirpiri daakawros, omis atexas<br />

ver gabedven, Tu germaniam ar moiwadina, germania<br />

ki ar moiwadinebs oms im dromde, vidre Tavis<br />

saqmes ise ar gasCarxavs, rom gamarjveba ueWveli<br />

iyos niSanSi amoRebul mterzeda da rom samtrod<br />

niSanSi amoRebuli hyavs germanias evropaSi orSi<br />

erT-erTi Zlieri saxelmwifo, amas eWvi ar unda.<br />

am orSi erTis amorCeva imdenad germaniis<br />

316

survilze ar aris damokidebuli, ramdenadac<br />

garemoebazed: sadac wvrili gamoaCndeba<br />

dRevandels gaWimuls Toks politikisas, iq<br />

ecdeba germania Tokis gawyvetas.<br />

am dromde, rasakvirvelia, T. bismarki sul imas<br />

iZaxebs da iZaxis kidec, rom yoveli Cemi<br />

mecadineoba mSvidobianobas moaswavebso da es<br />

Zaxili dasajeric aris im dromde, vidre omi<br />

SesaZlebeli iqneba germaniisaTvis.<br />

317

318<br />

<br />

amierkavkasiaSi<br />

tfilisi, 13 seqtemberi<br />

erTi didi danaklisi amierkavkasiisa is aris,<br />

rom amodena mxareSi erTi araviTari umaRlesi<br />

saswavlebeli ar aris. mozardi Taoba amis gamo<br />

iZulebulia an marto gimnaziebis kursi ikmaros,<br />

radganac bevrs uqonlobisa gamo ar SeuZlian<br />

ruseTSi wasvla da iq damTavreba swavlisa; an, Tu<br />

SeZleba aqvs, midis da xSirad eZleva yovelgvar<br />

gansacdels CvenTvis Seuwynarebel havisas,<br />

garemoebisas da waRma-ukuRma trialisas. es nakli<br />

exlandels droSi, roca puri arsobisa ase Zneli<br />

saSovaria TviT umaRles saswavlebelSi<br />

kursSesrulebulisaTvis, erTs umTavress tkivils<br />

Cvenis qveynisas Seadgens, radganac mis gamo Cveni<br />

Svilebi iZulebul arian cxovrebis moedanzed<br />

sxvas, ufro metad naswavls, metad mcodnes,<br />

dauTmon adgili da TviTon ki xelcarielni<br />

darCnen usaqmod da, maSasadame, uRonod<br />

cxovrebisaTvis saxsaris mosapoveblad. am saxiT<br />

Svili, romelic unda mieSvelos ojaxs, ded-mamas,<br />

saxl-kars, qveyanas, Seiqmneba xolme ufro<br />

ojaxisa, ded-mamisa da qveynis bargad, vidre mwed<br />

da meSvelad.

exla, vinc codnis far-xmaliT ar aris<br />

SeWurvili da ise ara sdgas cxovrebis moedanzed<br />

saWidaod, iman uRono da uxelfexo kacsaviT<br />

marto sxvas unda Sehyuros, aca, vin ras<br />

gadmomigdebs, an vis ra gadarCeba, rom sxvis<br />

nasufraliT mainc Tavi vikvebovo. amisTana<br />

cxovrebas mglis tantali sjobia tyeSi, imitom<br />

rom tye ise unugeSo ar aris mglisTvis, rogorc<br />

exlandeli cxovreba im kacisaTvis, romelmac ara<br />

icis ra, romelsac ucodinarobiT xel-fexi<br />

Sekuruli aqvs saWidaod da moqmedebisaTvis da,<br />

maSasadame, iZulebulia uqmad iyos da<br />

xelgaunZrevad. ekonomiuri Widili, romelmac<br />

dRes ase yovelmxriv CaiTria da gaaba mTeli<br />

qveyana da romlis gare dRes adamians aRara<br />

darCenia ra sulis amoxdomis meti, metad<br />

Seubralebeli da Seuwynarebeli da sapyars<br />

gonebiTa Tu xelfexiTa yovel sasoebas arTmevs<br />

cxovrebisas, piridam lukmas aclis da tanjuls<br />

da jvarcmuls SimSiliTa saflavsac ki ar<br />

aRirsebs xolme muqTad da usasyidlod. aseTia<br />

dRevandeli dRe adamianisa da marto codnaa da<br />

gamrjeloba erTaderTi saxsari, rom<br />

Seubralebels ekonomiurs WidilSi kaci ar<br />

ganadgurdes da is mainc iSovos Tavis sarCenad,<br />

rac pirutyvsa da nadirs TiTqmis muqTad eZleva<br />

bunebisagan.<br />

am WidilSi igia gamarjvebuli, vinc mcodnea<br />

da, maSasadame ufro xerxiani. rasac ucodinari<br />

erTs dRes Sehqmnis da gaakeTebs, imas mcodne da<br />

xerxiani, iqneba, erTs saaTsac ar moundes. erTisa<br />

da imav saqmisagan ucodinarma rom orni marcvali<br />

gamoitanos, mcodne oTxsa da xuTs gamoitans. da<br />

radganac ekonomiurs WidilSi simarde, anu<br />

siadvile keTebisa da simravle nakeTebisa oradori<br />

fandia gamarjvebisaTvis, amitomac dRes burTi da<br />

319

moedani imisia, vinc erTsa da imave dros mardad,<br />

advilad akeTebs da bevrs. es ori sikeTe<br />

ucodinarobiT ar moipoveba. am sikeTebis<br />

erTaderTi amCeni da gamCarxavi marto codnaa da<br />

sxva araferi. ra Tqma unda, rom am codnisaTvis<br />

gimnaziebi da sxva amisTanebi dasawyisi bijia,<br />

marto gzaa da mzadeba. aq saWiroa umaRlesi<br />

saswavlebelic, rom kaci marto samzadiszed ar<br />

gaCerdes, rom dasawyiss dasasrulic moeces.<br />

marTalia, umaRlesi saswavleblebi bevria<br />

SigniTs ruseTSi, magram, rogorc vsTqviT, iqamde<br />

bevrs Cvengans xeli ar miuwvdeba, TiTo-orolas<br />

Tu miuwvdeba, isic, vin icis, ramodeni faTeraki<br />

da gansacdeli unda gamoiaros, rom Sin mSvidobiT<br />

movides. amitomac karga xania, rac umaRles<br />

saswavleblis uqonloba amierkavkasielT dardsa<br />

da naRvels Seadgens. jer 1880 wels astyda<br />

CvenSi laparaki universitetis gamarTvis Taobaze<br />

tfilisSi. am xmebisa da laparakis saqmed<br />

saTavadaznauro bankma gadaswyvita maSin ormoci<br />

aTasi manaTi Seawios, Tu vinicobaa tfilisSi<br />

universiteti gaimarTeba. amisave Sesawevrad<br />

tfilisis saqalaqo gamgeobam asi aTasi manaTi<br />

dahniSna da garda amisa aRuTqva muqTad dauTmos<br />

miwa universitetis saWiro SenobebisaTvis, mas<br />

aqeTia es saqme ase darCa da dRes tfilisSi arc<br />

erTi umaRlesi saswavlebeli ar aris.<br />

universiteti, Tumca sanatrelia tfilisisaTvis,<br />

magram amis gamarTvas didi lari da xazi unda, es<br />

isao, es esao da aTasi sxva mizezia imisi, rom<br />

universitetzed imedi ar viqonioT. xolo<br />

advilad mosalodnelia gaimarTos CvenSi sxva ram<br />

umaRlesi saswavlebeli, Tunda egreTwodebuli<br />

`umaRlesi saswavlebeli mrewvelobisa~ (высшее<br />

промышленное училище) imisTana fakultetebiT,<br />

romelnic Cvens saWiroebas ase Tu ise<br />

320

gamoadgebian da uSvelian. es miT ufro advilad<br />

mosalodnelia dRes, rom umaRlesma mTavrobam<br />

TviTon ganizraxa amisTana saswavleblebi<br />

damarTos iq, saca am mxriT naklebulobaa. ukve<br />

daarsebulia peterburgSi umaRlesad<br />

damtkicebuli komisia amnair saswavleblebis<br />

dasaarseblad ruseTSi da Cvenc rom mTavrobas am<br />

mxriT SevabraloT Tavi, meti ar iqneba.<br />

321

322<br />

sakuTaris interesisaTvis amoqmedebs da<br />

atrialebs. germanias sxvis dardi arca aqvs da<br />

arc awuxebs. TviTveuli saxelmwifo calke da<br />

yovelni erTad hgrZnoben, rom T. bismarki<br />

gaxurebul ToneSi purs germaniisaTvis acxobinebs<br />

yvelas erTad da TviToeuls calke, magram vera<br />

gauwyviaT ra Tavis TavisaTvis da vera uSveliaT<br />

ra. marTladac T. bismarkis qselSi ise arian<br />

gabmulni, ise arian SexvlanWul-SeboWvilni, rom<br />

Tavis sakuTar interesebisaTvis moZraoba ara<br />

aqvsT da meti gza ar aris marto germanias unda<br />

ukeTon saqme.<br />

am gziT germania mTels evropas yurmoWril<br />

ymasaviT gaixdida da rogorc unda, ise aTamaSebda<br />

ufro mourideblad, ufro kadnierad, rom erTis<br />

mxriT safrangeTi da meores mxriT ruseTi ar<br />

afiqrianebdes. es ori Zlieri saxelmwifo Tu ar<br />

udris germaniis, italiis da avstriis erTad<br />

Sekrebils Zal-Rones, bevriT naklebi xom mainc ar<br />

aris da ara.<br />

amaTi erTmaneTzed daSoreba da daubrkolebeli<br />

batonoba germaniisa evropaSi erTi iqneba. es<br />

yvelam icis. T. bismarks aq uZneldeba saqme da,<br />

rogorc etyoba, mTels Tavis gamocdilsa da<br />

araerTxel gamarjvebuls xerxsa dauZinebliv<br />

hxmarobs, magram alCu rogorRac ver ujdeba.<br />

amasTan arc is unda daiviwyoT, rom T.<br />

bismarks am bolos dros sxvafrivadac ver<br />

emarjveba. saqmeTa garemoebis gamo dayenebuli im<br />

mdgomareobaSi, rom unda hmalos Tavisi gulis<br />

nadebi, unda iorpiros, zogjer ityuos da<br />

Tvalebi aubas an erTs, an meores, T. bismarki, ra<br />

Tqma unda, arc erTs amisTana saxsars ar<br />

iukadrisebda da ar moerideboda, oRond ki Tavisi<br />

gaeyvana. dRes aqamomde yovelive amisTana saqcieli<br />

T. bismarkisa guldajerebiT aravin icoda, Tumca<br />

323

ki eWvi bevrsa hqonda. exla am cotas xanSi ki<br />

gamomJRavnda werilobiTi sabuTebi misi, rom T.<br />

bismarki amaebSi xels ver daibans. jer yvelazed<br />

uwinaress gamomJRavnda T. bismarkis miwer-mowera<br />

bolgariis saqmeTa Sesaxeb da aSkarad damtkicda,<br />

rom erTis mxriT ruseTs asiamovnebda da meores<br />

mxriT bolgarebs aqezebda ruseTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

mere gamomJRavnda sakuTari werili, romelic T.<br />

bismarks mierTmia gansvenebulis imperator<br />

fridrixisaTvis. am werilSi orpiroba da<br />

cbieroba T. bismarkisa ruseTis winaaRmdeg<br />

cxadzed cxadia. am bolos xanebSi daibeWda<br />

`dRiuri~ imperatoris fridrixisa, romelic<br />

`tkbil abebad~ ar eCveneba T. bismarksao, amboben<br />

gazeTebi. yovels amaebzed T. bismarks erTi da<br />

igive pasuxi aqvs micemuli: yalbi, tyuili<br />

qaRaldebiao.<br />

ar viciT, es qaRaldebi ramodenad gasWris,<br />

ramodenad miayenebs Suqs exlandels politikas<br />

da, maSasadame, ramodenad sxva TvaliT daanaxvebs<br />

evropas T. bismarkis gaqanebas, es ki viciT, rom<br />

carieli haSas kvra veraferi saxsari da Ronea<br />

Tavis gamarTlebisaTvis iq, saca amisTana sabuTebia<br />

wamoyenebuli.<br />

324

Sesaxeb<br />

tfilisi, 21 seqtemberi<br />

guSin gavixseneT, rom am bolos xanebSi erTma<br />

gazeTma samzRvargareT dahbeWda dRiuri aw<br />

micvalebulis germaniis imperatoris fridrixisa.<br />

exla am dRiuris wakiTxvis Semdeg ufro cxadia,<br />

ra kaci dahkarga germaniam calke da mTelma<br />

evropam sazogadod, roca gadaicvala cxonebuli<br />

imperatori, romelmac ixelmwifa marto sami TTve<br />

da am mokle xanSi moipova siyvaruli TiTqmis<br />

mTelis qveynisa.<br />

am dRiuridama sCans, rom germaniis gaerTeba da<br />

imperiad Seqmna, visi unari ufro yofila. 1870<br />

wels, roca germaniam ise saocrad da saSinlad<br />

gaimarjva safrangeTzed, rasakvirvelia, yvelas<br />

survili iyo germania gaeerTebina da imperia<br />

Seeqmna. magram mama fridrixisa imperatori<br />

velhelm I, am didis saqmis guliTadi mowadine,<br />

vera hbedavda es eqmna. Turme eSinodaT, vai Tu<br />

samxreTma germaniisam da gansakuTrebiT bavariam es<br />

ar iyabuloso, xeli miawodos avstriasa, romelic<br />

sixaruliT miegebeboda am xelis gamowvdenasa,<br />

viTarca mocile prusiisa, am gziT, TiTqmis mTeli<br />

naxevari germaniisa, moswydes prusiasa da erTi<br />

325

uSvelebeli alianqoTi da ganxeTqileba moxdeso.<br />

advilad SeeZlo am ganxeTqilebas srulad<br />

gaebaTilebina, gaeuqmebina mTeli is 1866 wlis<br />

Rvawli prusiisa, romlis Sedegic iyo avstriis<br />

gamogdeba germaniidam.<br />

TviTon dRes, yovlad gambedavi bismarki,<br />

ufrTxoda Turme maSin am garemoebas da vera<br />

hbedavda pirdapir da cxadad Sesdgomoda am<br />

germaniis gaerTebis saqmes imis SiSiT, rom<br />

samxreTi germania gagvidgeba da avstriasTan erTad<br />

xelaxlad agviSlis 1866 welSive gaTavebul<br />

saqmesao. gansvenebuli fridrixi, maSin jer<br />

taxtis memkvidred yofili, ufro SorsmWvreteli<br />

gamomdgara, vidre misi mama vilhelmi da qebuli<br />

bismarki. dRiuridama sCans, rom amas gaubedvinebia<br />

rogorc Tavis mamisaTvis, isec T. bismarkisaTvis<br />

am saqmis moxdena da germaniis imperiad gadaqceva.<br />

Tu amas viqmT, droc exla ariso, roca ase<br />

Zlevamosilni varTo, uTqvams Turme fridrixsa,<br />

Torem mere gvianRa iqnebao. karga xans eWida<br />

Turme fridrixi Tavis mamasa da bismarksa, vidre<br />

amas gaabedvinebda. gaabedvina, da dRes Tu germania<br />

gaerTebulia da imperiad qceuli, es fridrixs<br />

ufro unda mieweros, vidre sxvas vismes, imitom<br />

rom, Tumca 1870 wlis gamarjvebam moitana es<br />

saqme ase Tu ise gadasawyvetad, magram<br />

gadamwyveteli TiTqmis fridrixi yofila. gazeTebi<br />

amboben, rom Tu marTla ese yofila saqme, maSin<br />

T. bismarkis didebis gvirgvins erTi ukeTesi<br />

almasi unda amoecaloso da imperator fridrixis<br />

saxsovars gaukeTdeso.<br />

aqedam cxadia, rad ar eWaSnikaT T. bismarkis<br />

momxre gazeTebs am dRiuris gamoqveyneba: T.<br />

bismarkis Saravandeds cota ar iyos brwyinvaleba<br />

unda moakldes. amitomac es gazeTebi dRes iZaxian,<br />

rom eg dRiuri tyuilia, gangeb SeTxzulia,<br />

326

mogonilia visime, rom T. bismarks umtrono da<br />

avnono germanelebis TvalSi. xolo Cven Tu es<br />

ambavi movitaneT aq, imitom ki ara, rom T.<br />

bismarkis didebas naTeli movakloT, eg Cveni saqme<br />

ar aris. yvelas gamkiTxveli istoriaa da igi<br />

Tavis drozed daadgens Taviss utyuars ganaCens am<br />

saganzed. esec rom ar iyos, CvenTvis didi<br />

araferia T. bismarkia Tu fridrixi<br />

gamaxorcielebeli germaniis gaerTebisa da<br />

imperiad gardaqmnisa. CvenTvis sakmaoa vicodeT,<br />

rom dRes eg marTla didi saqme Sesrulebulia<br />

germaniaSi.<br />

Cven am dRiurzed CamovagdeT laparaki marto<br />

imitom, rom igi dRiuri naTlad gvixatavs, ra<br />

sdebia gulSi imperators fridrixs da, ra sikeTe<br />

moevlineboda qveyanas, rom dascaleboda da agre<br />

udrood ar gamosalmeboda wuTisofelsa Cven<br />

vambobT `qveyanas~ im sabuTiT, rom germania dRes<br />

qveynis winamZRolia politikaSi da rac aq<br />

moxdeboda da moxdeba, uraraod ar Cauvlida da<br />

ar Cauvlis aravisa. gaerTebul germaniis wesebis<br />

gamo taxtis memkvidre fridrixi erTs adgilas<br />

ambobs: `me ara mwams, rom guliTadis surviliT<br />

Tavisufali agebuleba mieces germanias da<br />

mgonia, rom es ganxorcieldeba marto<br />

SemdegSi, roca me viqnebi. igi, rac me am<br />

aTs weliwadSi vnaxe da gamovcade,<br />

kvaldaumCnevelad ar Caivlis, gaerTebuls<br />

erSi me vipovi Zliers momxreobas CemTa<br />

survilTa aRsrulebisaTvis, miT ufro, rom<br />

me viqnebi germaniis pirveli xelmwife,<br />

romelic warudgeba ers mTelis<br />

gulwrfelobiT da uangarobiT<br />

sakonstitucio dawesebulebaTa<br />

erTgulebisaTvis~.<br />

327

meore adgilas, Tavis dabadebis dReobis gamo,<br />

gansvenebuli fridrixi ambobs:<br />

`dRevandeli dResaswauloba Cemis dabadebis<br />

dRisa maiZulebs gansakuTrebul<br />

gulmodginebiT da guldasmiT Cavukvirde im<br />

dids saqmes, romlis gadawyveta Tavis<br />

drozed me Semxvdeba germaniis sapolitiko<br />

sarbielze. imedi maqvs, rom mermiss saomrad<br />

saqme aRar gamixdes da exlandeli omi<br />

ukanaskneli omi iqneba Cems sicocxleSi.<br />

ueWvelia, bevri didis imediT uyurebs im<br />

saqmes, romelic, Tu RmerTi inebebs, Tavis<br />

drozed Cem xelT iqneba. mec imedi maqvs ar<br />

gavamtyuno es maTi molodini, radganac<br />

vici, rom Rirsi viqnebi ima ndobisa,<br />

romelsac Cemdami hgrZnoben~.<br />

ai ra gultkbili da gulTbili kaci yofila<br />

igi, romelic ase udrood xelidam gamoecala<br />

germanias. gultkbilobisa da gulTbilobis garda,<br />

aq isic sCans Tu, ra didad safiqrebeli yofila<br />

gansvenebulisaTvis igi saqme, romelic beds mis<br />

xelT unda Caegdo. am saqmis simZime, sidide Rrmad<br />

da zedmiwevniT cnobili da gagebuli hqonia da<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi am simZimes, am sidides saqmisas<br />

hgrZnobs da gonebis Tvals akvirvebs. mas arc<br />

didi da saxelovani gamarjveba germaniisa<br />

safrangeTzed Tvals ubams da abruebs, rogorc<br />

bevrs sxvas germaniaSi, arc igi, rom Tavis<br />

drozed erTis uuZlieresis qveynis mpyrobeli<br />

Seiqmneba. igi yovelgan da yovel SemTxvevaSi<br />

marto imasa hnaRvlobs, imasa hnatrobs, rom Tavis<br />

ers imedi ar gaumtyunos, Tavisi saxeli<br />

alocvinos da madlobiTa da kurTxeviT<br />

moaxsenebios, am saxels igi eZebs ara<br />

sisxlismRrel omebSi, aramed Tavisis qveynis da<br />

eris mSvidobiansa da bedniers cxovrebaSi.<br />

328

gaZvireba<br />

tfilisi, 22 seqtemberi<br />

puri da erTob xorbaleuloba dRedadRe fasSi<br />

hmatulobs da dRes ruseTSi purisa da<br />

xorbaleulobis aRab-micemoba gaCaRebulia da<br />

imodenad gaZlierebuli, ramodenadac am Svid-rva<br />

weliwadSi ara yofila. es garemoeba<br />

kvaldauCnevelad ar Caivlis qveynisaTvisac,<br />

romelic Tumca msoflio bazrisaTvis arafers<br />

angariSSia Casagdebi, radganac aqedam magdeni<br />

araferi gadis gasasyidad, magram mainc Sinaur<br />

bazarSi fass sakmaod sagrZnobelad aswevs pursa<br />

da xorbaleulobazed. es fasis aweva miT ufro<br />

advilad mosalodnelia CvenSi, rom TviTon Cvens<br />

qveyanaSi wlevandeli puris mosavali bevrad<br />

naklebia wina wlebisazed. saqarTveloSi mosavals<br />

bevrgan emdurebian da marto TiTo-orola adgils<br />

asaxeleben, saca samyofi puri mosula. ganja,<br />

yarabaRi da qvemo qveynebi, romelnic puris<br />

mosavlis boRazad iTvelbian CvenSi, im<br />

mdgomareobaSi arian Turme, rom lamis TviTon<br />

gauxdeT wels puri sasyidlad. maSasadame,<br />

Sinauro bazari puriTa da xorbaleulobiT<br />

xelnaklebi iqmneba, radganac Sinauri mosavali<br />

329

wels magdens verafers moawvdis gasasyidad, rom<br />

es asea, dResve etyoba aqaurs bazrebs, saca purma,<br />

qerma, simindma am mosavlis pirvel xanebSive karga<br />

sagrZnoblad aiwia. safiqrebelia, rom dRedadRe<br />

fasebi ufro matebaSi unda Sevides, radganac dRes<br />

bazarSi gamodis jer SarSandeli wlisagan<br />

darCenili puri da merme mcireodeni Warbi<br />

wlevandelis mosavlisa. es narCeni wina wlebisa<br />

da mcireodeni Warbi wlevandelisa gamoileva Tu<br />

ara, bazars puri moakldeba da es kleba ufro<br />

daaZvirebs.<br />

amisTana SemTxvevaSi bevrsa hSveloda xolme<br />

Cvens Sinaurs bazars ruseTi: roca gauWirdeboda,<br />

puri SesaZlebelis iefobiT mohqonda xolme<br />

ruseTidam. wels ki purma da xorbaleulobam iqac<br />

sakmaod aiwia da vin icis ra simaRlezed dasdges.<br />

amisi mizezi is aris, rom sazRvargaredac wels<br />

mousavlianobas uCivian da puris naklebobas<br />

erTob msoflio bazarSi. Jurnali `Вестник<br />

Финансов~ gvauwyebs, rom oTxi didi qveyana,<br />

romelic garedam Semotanilis puriT iolad<br />

midiso, saxeldobr, inglisi, germania, italia da<br />

safrangeTi wels imodenad naklebad arian, rom<br />

TiTqmis naxevar miliards (488.000) fuTs purs<br />

moiTxoveno da am saxiT SarSandelzed 120<br />

milioni fuTi puri meti moundebaTo. ruseTis<br />

konsuli marselSi iwereba, rom aq puris vaWroba<br />

Zlier gaZlierebuliao da mTeli agvisto fasebi<br />

yovels cisamara dRes matebaSi iyovo. marselis<br />

vaWrebi purisa didZals purs hyiduloben Turme<br />

ruseTSi, mxolod didis sifrTxiliT ki iqcevian,<br />

rom erTbaSad savaWrod misevam fasebi Zalian ar<br />

aswios. didZali puris sapalneebi gaaqvT Turme<br />

odesidam londonis bazrisaTvis. yvela gazeTebi<br />

ruseTisa imowmebian, rom dRes purisa da erTob<br />

xorbaleulobis aReb-micemoba ruseTSi karga<br />

330

gaCaRebuli da gaZlierebuliao. am saxiT sCans,<br />

rom wels ief fasad puris mozidva ruseTidam<br />

saimedo ar aris da radganac amis gamo Cveni<br />

Sinauri bazari iZulebul iqmneba Tavisis metnaklebobiT<br />

gauZRves wlevandelis wlis<br />

saWiroebas, amitomac safiqrebelia, rom puri,<br />

qeri, simindi da sxva xorbaleuloba CvenSi<br />

sakmaod dids fass daidebs, rac ufro meti xani<br />

gava. Cveneburi vaWrebi ki, romelTac fasebis<br />

daweva Zaliana hsurT, iZaxian, rom<br />

xorbaleulobis fasis awevis mizezi droebiTiao,<br />

raki jarebi, romelnic TianeTSi da sxvagan<br />

banakebSi mogrovilni arian, daiSleba, fasebic<br />

maSinve daiwevso. iqneba am sityvas cotaodeni<br />

sabuTi hqondes, magram bevrSi ki didad saeWvoa,<br />

rom marto jarebis daSlam puris fasi daswios<br />

wlevandels welsa, roca puri cita movida CvenSi<br />

da Cvens gareT ki mTxovneli da myidveli<br />

uCvenodac gamravlda.<br />

331

332<br />

<br />

avstriaSi<br />

tfilisi, 4 oqtomberi<br />

mTeli Jurnal gazeTobaa da imperator<br />

vilhelmis stumrad wasvla italiasa da<br />

avstriaSi saidumloeba, romelic jerxanad Tana<br />

sdevs am ucnaurs misvla-mosvlas, veravis auxsnia,<br />

veravis gaugia, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am<br />

saidumloebazed, rogorc salesavs Carxzed, rac<br />

Zali da Rone aqvs iCarxeba Jurnal-gazeTebis<br />

saRerRelaSlili ena. zogi ambobs, rom germaniis<br />

imperatorma petergofSi yofnis dros ikisra<br />

rogorme moarigos erTmaneTSi ruseTi da avstria<br />

balkaneTis saqmisa gamo da amitomac naxva<br />

moisurva avstriis imperatorisa da italiis<br />

mefisa, uromelToTac es morigeba moulodneli da<br />

moufiqrebelia. es Suakacoba imitom ikisra<br />

germaniis imperatormao, umateben gazeTebi, rom<br />

jer guli moigos ruseTis imperatorisa da mere<br />

bolgariis saqmis mSvidobianad gaTavebiT erTi<br />

mwvavi mizezi aSlilobisa evropas Tavidam<br />

moaciloso. orive ganzraxva friad mosawonia, Tu<br />

marTalia.<br />

meore juris gazeTebi ki sul sxvas amboben,<br />

eseni iZaxian, rom avstriisa da ruseTis morigeba

SeuZlebelia uimisod, Tu am orma saxelmwifom<br />

erTmaneTs ara dauTmes rao da, radganac am mxriT<br />

oriveni magarzed sdganan, germaniis imperators<br />

yovelive imedi morigebisa unda dahkargodao. Tu<br />

es asea, raRad ikisrebda imisTana saqmes, romlis<br />

gatanis imedi winadve gadawyvetili unda<br />

hqonodao. arc es sityvaa usabuTo da Wkuazed<br />

Sors. maS riRasTvis aris saWirod danaxuli<br />

avstriis imperatorisa da italiis mefis naxva<br />

germaniis imperatorisagan? nuTu marto Tavazma da<br />

paticiscemam miiwvia imperatori vilhelmi amaT<br />

sanaxavad? arian imisTana gazeTebic, romelnic amas<br />

iZaxian, magram aravin ki ujerebs. xolo ufro<br />

Wkuadamjdari gazeTebi ki amboben, rom am<br />

gvirgvinosanTa stumar-maspinZlobas sxva sarCuli<br />

udevso. germaniis imperators hsurs pirdapir<br />

molaparakeba exlandel sapolitiko saqmeebze<br />

Taviss gvirgvinosan megobrebTa da momxreebTanao.<br />

am pirdapiris naxviTa da saubariT hsurso ufro<br />

gaaZlieros amaT ukve arsebuli kavSiri da<br />

momxreoba. germania uTavdebebs erTis mxriT<br />

italias Svelas, Tu vinicobaa safrangeTTan<br />

italias omi autydeba, an sxva ganxeTqileba ram<br />

Camouvardeba, da meoris mxriT avstrias, Tu<br />

vinicobaa balkaneTis saqme saimisod aiSleba da<br />

aiwewebao. TviTon ki germania amaTgan amisTanave<br />

Svelasa da momxreobas moiTxovs, Tu vinicobaa<br />

safrangeTTan dajaxeba mouxdeba. eseTi Tavdeboba<br />

urTierTisTvis winadac iyo am samTa<br />

saxelmwifoTa Soris da safiqrebelia, rom<br />

exlandelTa droTa viTarebam am Tavdebobis<br />

ganaxleba da gaZliereba moandoma germaniis<br />

imperatorsao.<br />

marTladac, kaci rom daukvirdes im sityvebs,<br />

rac erTmaneTs uTxres sadilzed avstriisa da<br />

germaniis imperatorebma, ueWvelia, rom aq ukve<br />

333

arsebulis kavSirisa da momxreobis gaZliereba<br />

ufro hsurvebiaT, vidre sxva rame. avstriis<br />

imperatorma adRegrZela imperatori vilhelmi da<br />

mTeli imisi saxloba, mas mermed dalia<br />

sadRegrZelo prusiisa da erTob germaniis<br />

`samagaliTo~ mxedrobisa, romelic Tavisis<br />

mxedrobis `amxanagad~ moixsenia. imperatorma<br />

vilhelmmac axsena avstriis mxedroba Tavisi<br />

mxedrobis `amxanagadve~. eseTs xsenebas<br />

mxedrobisas dids mniSvnelobas swameben gazeTebi.<br />

marTalic aris. mSvidobis msurvelT amisTana<br />

SemTxvevaSi Znelad Tu moagondebaT Tofi da<br />

iaraRi, ese igi mxedroba, da Tu moagondebaT,<br />

amxanagad xsenebas xom unda mohridebodnen da<br />

mohridebodnen nametnavad dRevandels dRes, roca<br />

yovelive amisTana sityva yumbarasaviT moxvdeba<br />

xolme uamisodac SeSinebuls yurs evropiisas.<br />

raki es `amxanagoba~ iTqva, cotad Tu bevrad<br />

aexada farda imperator vilhelmis stumrad<br />

wasvlasac avstriis imperatorTan.<br />

334

gasaWiri<br />

gasaWiri<br />

tfilisi, 5 oqtomberi<br />

am ukanasknels wlebSi umaRlesma mTvrobam<br />

gaaZliera Tavisi yuradReba da zrunva, mimarTuli<br />

maszed, rom miwaTmoqmedebas xeli Seuwyos da rac<br />

SeiZleba ukeTes gzazed daayenos warsamateblad.<br />

amisaTvis iZies da ikvlies exlandeli yofa<br />

miwaTmoqmedebisa, saca ki saWirod dainaxes da<br />

yovelis mxridam is ambavi movida, rom<br />

miwaTmoqmedeba da miwaTmomqmedni dids gaWirebaSi<br />

arian da ZlivZliobiT iolad midiano. es ambavi<br />

didi ram aris ruseTisaTvis, romelic TiTqmis<br />

marto miwaTmoqmedebiT scxovrobs, radganac<br />

esgvari mrewveloba erTi umTavresi da upirvelesi<br />

wyaroa mkvidrTa keTildReobisa da qonebisa.<br />

raki gaWirebaSi dainaxes esgvari mrewveloba,<br />

rasakvirvelia, Seudgnen mizezTa aRmoCenasa.<br />

bevrgvar mizezTa Soris aRmoCnda, rom mrewveloba<br />

miwaTmoqmedebisa xelfexSekrulia an miT, rom<br />

rkinisgzebis rigi da wesi, agreTve gadasatani<br />

fasi ver aris Seferebuli miwaTmoqmedebis<br />

saWiroebasTan, an miwaTmoqmedobas srulebiT<br />

araviTari gza ara aqvs Tavisi saqoneli adgilidam<br />

bazarSi gaitanos gasasyidad. es ugzoukvloba, es<br />

urigoba da uwesoba rkinisgzebisa da didi qira<br />

335

saqonlis gadatan-gadmotanisa, rasakvirvelia, didi<br />

dabrkolebaa yovelgvar mrewvelobisaTvis saerTod<br />

da miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis calked. yvelam icis, Tu<br />

momqmeds Tavis namoqmedar saqonlis bazarSi<br />

gatanis saxsari da gza ara aqvs, igi verc<br />

gaimravlebs saqonelsa, verc gamorCeba rasme. am<br />

mizeziT igi Zalauneburad iZulebulia ikmaros<br />

marto is, rac Sin saxmarisia da bevris keTebasa<br />

da moyvanazed xeli aiRos. es didi klebaa jer<br />

TviTon momqmedisaTvis da mere mTel mis<br />

qveynisaTvis, romlis saerTo simdidres imodena<br />

akldeba, ramodenadac momqmedi namoqmedaris<br />

gabevrebazed xels iRebs Zalauneburad.<br />

SehniSna ra mTavrobam, rom es mizezi,<br />

saxeldobr, ugzoukvaloba bevrs abrkolebs<br />

miwaTmoqmedobis mrewvelobas, Seudga am mizezis<br />

mospobas. daniSnuli iqmna kamisia SinaganTa saqmeTa<br />

ministris amxanagis senator plevos<br />

TavmjdomareobiT da daavala aRmoaCinos saxsari<br />

saSvelad miwaTmoqmedobis mrewvelobisa, mis<br />

aRsadgenad da warsamateblad. am kamisias<br />

miucilebel saWiroebad daunaxavs ganakargos<br />

exlandeli garemoebani sasoflo meurneobis<br />

saqonlis gadatan-gadmotanisa aramc Tu marto<br />

rkinisgzebzed, aramed gzatkecilebsa da sasoflo<br />

gzebzedac. amisaTvis hfiqroben Turme, rom dids<br />

rkinisgzebs soflebidam mosavali rkinisgzebive,<br />

saca SesaZloa, daukeTdes, saqonlis advilad<br />

mosazidad da amis Sesaxeb ukve arsebuls wesdebas<br />

xelaxlad upiroben gadasinjvas. garda amisa,<br />

senator plevos mouTxovnia erobaTagan saWiro<br />

cnobani maszed Tu, rogor mdgomareobaSi arian<br />

dRes gzatkecilebi da sasoflo gzebi. am gzebis<br />

Sesaxeb hfiqroben, rom gzis baJis Taobazed aw<br />

arsebuli wesebi ganakargon da gaaSeRavaTianon.<br />

gzaTa saministros mxriT miRebul iqmneba<br />

336

yovelive zomiereba, rom aw arsebuli gzebi<br />

ukeTess mdgomareobaSi Caayenos da axali<br />

gzatkecilebi gaiyvanos, saca saWirod danaxul<br />

iqmneba.<br />

sanatrelia, rom am mxriT Cvens qveyanasac yuri<br />

eTxovos. ara gvgonia, ruseTis imperiaSi bevri<br />

Cvenis qveynisTana momcemi da mdidari mxare iyos<br />

da ugzoobisa gamo ki ase ukan darCenilia da ase<br />

xelmoSlili. ara erTxel movswrebivarT imisTana<br />

SemTxvevas, rom, magaliTad, tfilisSi fuTi puri<br />

manaTi yofiliyos da oTxmoc raRaca verstzed<br />

amave wonis puri aT Sauradac aravis mihqonebodes<br />

ugzoukvalobis gamo. ra puri da ra sxva amgvari!<br />

yoveli Cveni nawarmoebi TiTqmis am yofaSia,<br />

radganac adgilidam gamotana meti jdeba ugzoobis<br />

gamo, vidre TviTon gamosatani saqoneli hRirs.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, amitomac Cveni miwaTmoqmedeba ara<br />

hZlierdeba, ar Sedis warmatebaSi da Zliv-Zlivad<br />

hsansalebs.<br />

337

338<br />

<br />

aucilebloba<br />

aucilebloba<br />

tfilisi, 11 oqtomberi<br />

Cven ara erTxel gvilaparaknia maszed, rom<br />

Cvens soflis meurneobas erTi sagrZnobeli wyaro<br />

Semosavlisa moaklda mas aqeT, rac arayis xdazed<br />

baJi daidva da egredwodebuli `aqcizoba~ Camovarda,<br />

am baJma da aqcizobam iqamde miiyvana saqme,<br />

rom wvril-wvrilad xda aryisa SeuZlebeliRa<br />

gaxda da WaWa-Txlis patroni glexkaci Tu<br />

Tavadaznauri iZulebul gaxda an WaWa-Txlidan<br />

aras gamorComiliyo, an im fasad gadaeyara, rasac<br />

inebebda da SeaZlevda didis qarxanis patroni.<br />

qvabebiT xda arayisa wvril-wvrilad dids xels<br />

aZlevda erTob yvelas, saca ki venaxebi aqvT, da<br />

amgvarma xdam baJsa da aqcizobas veRar gauZlo da<br />

sruliad moispo. gahqra am saxiT erTi imisTana<br />

gamosarComi xelsaqme, saca momyvani da gadamkeTebeli<br />

erTi da igive kaci iyo. raki wvrilma arayis<br />

mxdelebma Tavi ver daiWires da arayis xdas mainc<br />

bazari hTxoulobda, gaCnda TiTo-orola didi<br />

qarxana arayis xdisa iq, saca manamde oci da ormoci<br />

wvrili iyo. fulma Caigdo xelSi es mrewveloba,<br />

romelic aqamomde TviT miwaTmomqmeds<br />

xelT hqonda da xom mogexsenebaT fulis saqebari

Tviseba, rom eCosaviT sul Tavisaken iTlis da<br />

TviTmoqmeds ki pirSi Calas gamoavlebs xolme.<br />

mTavrobam yuradReba miaqcia amisTana<br />

garemoebas soflis meurneobisas arayis xdis Sesaxeb<br />

rogorc SigniT ruseTSi, isec CvenSiac da<br />

moisurva rogorme SesaZlebel gaxados es wyaro<br />

Semosavlisa ar dauSres soflis meurneobas. karga<br />

xans iZies am saqmis viTareba da imazed dasdgnen,<br />

rom memamuleebs zogierTi SeRavaTi da upiratesoba<br />

mieniWaT arayis xdisaTvis. xolo aman imodenad<br />

ar uSvela amgvars mrewvelobas, ramodenac sa-<br />

Wiro iyo. magaliTebr, ruseTSi 1886-1871 wlamde,<br />

ese igi, xuTis wlis ganmavalobaSi arayis xdisaTvis<br />

muSaobda 5011 qarxana da 1880-1885 wlamde,<br />

ese igi, xuT weliwadSi qarxnebma iklo da<br />

Camoxda 2449-ze, sxva sul gauqmda da am saxiT<br />

2562 qarxana moispo. es kleba ar Semdgara arc am<br />

ukanasknels aTs weliwadSi. magaliTebr, 1875<br />

wlis winaT moqmedobda 2966 qarxana da am<br />

wlidam 1884 wlamde es ricxvi Camoxda 2377.<br />

dResac ricxvi wvril qarxanebisa hklebulobs da<br />

sxvilisa ki hmatulobs ase ki, rom ocisa da<br />

ormocis magier erTi sxvili qarxana imarTeba.<br />

samwuxarod, xelT ara gvaqvs araviTari cnoba<br />

Cvenis qveynis Sesaxeb am sagnis Taobazed da<br />

gvgonia ki, rom eg kleba CvenSi ufro Zlieria da<br />

didi. magaliTebr, kaxeTSi, saca uwin iseTi sofeli<br />

ar iyo, rom aTiode qvabi mainc ara yofiliyo,<br />

exla mTels ors mazraSi oris didis qarxnis<br />

meti TiTqmis ara moipoveba ra.<br />

rasakvirvelia, wvril qarxnebis daklebiT TviT<br />

arayis sibevres ara dahklebia ra, piriqiT, ruseT-<br />

Si umatnia da hmatulobs kvlavac. magaliTebr,<br />

1875/6 wels gamouxdiaT sul 27.625.000 vedra<br />

uwylo spirti da 1885/6 wels ki 33.633.000.<br />

saqme marto imaSia, rom wvrili meurneoba<br />

339

soflisa am wyaros Semosavlisas gamoaklda da<br />

axalni wesni aqcizisa marto fulis patronTa da<br />

didTa memamuleTa gamoadga. es Zalian daeCniva<br />

soflis meurneobas saerTod, radganac didmamulianoba<br />

TiTo-orolobiT aris da wvrili meurneoba<br />

ki asi aTasobiT da metiTac. mTavrobam am<br />

ukanasknels dros yuradReba miaqcia am unugeSo<br />

yofas da ganizraxa am mxriT raime Semweoba<br />

aRmouCinos soflis meurneobas. exla yvelani<br />

erTxmad aRiareben, rom arayis xda karga didi<br />

ZarRvia wvril meurneobisaTvis, Tuki SesaZlebel<br />

iqmneba da am meurneobam uwindeleb xelT igdos.<br />

amisaTvis saWirod danaxulia gansakuTrebulis<br />

zomebis miReba, rom wvrili qarxanebi fexzed<br />

wamosdges da mxari mieces soflis meurneobas am<br />

mxriT gaZlierebisaTvis.<br />

marTalia, 1863 wels ruseTSi SemoRebulma<br />

wesma aqcizisam bevri Sehmata xazinas, magram mas<br />

dRes aqeT mTavrobas auarebeli saCivrebi Semosdis<br />

maszed, rome eg wesi soflis meurneobas bevrs<br />

aklebs. mTavrobas yovelive es saCivari ganxiluli<br />

aqvs Turme da daunaxavs, rom es saCivrebi xSirad<br />

erTierTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian rogorc sabuTebi-<br />

Ta, isec surviliTa, ese igi, rac erTs romelsame<br />

mxares ruseTisas kargad miaCnia, is meores mxares<br />

_ avad. rasakvirvelia, es asec unda yofiliyo,<br />

radganac ruseTi Tvals gaduwvdeneli qveyanaa da<br />

am did manZilze didi sxvadasxvaobaa havisa da<br />

miwisa, romelTzedac damokidebulia sxvadasxvaoba<br />

meruneobisaca. amis gamo rac erTs adgils<br />

mouxdeba, is SesaZloa ar mouxdes meoresa. am<br />

gziT finansTa saministros gauWirda saqmis gamorkveva<br />

da am saCivrebisagan erTisa risame azris<br />

gamoyvana. xolo saministrom am mravalgvar da<br />

sxvadasxva saCivrebisagan is sabuTi dainaxa, rom<br />

aryis xdis Taobazed wesni unda Seewonos da<br />

340

Seeferos adgilis sxvadasxvaobas, rom uamisod<br />

erTis adgilisaTvis sasargeblo wesi, SesaZloa<br />

mavnebeli iyos meoresaTvis.<br />

amis misaRwevad 1883 wels saministrom qaRaldiT<br />

mihmarTa sxvdasxva dawesebulebaTa, soflis<br />

meurneobis sazogadoebaTa, meqarxneebTa da calke<br />

kacTa, romelnic am saqmeSi arian da mosTxova<br />

saWiro cnobani. aqaurs soflis meurneobis sazogadoebasac<br />

mouvida saministrosagan qaRaldi am<br />

cnobebis Sesaxeb. saministroSi am gziT mohgrovda<br />

mravali cnoba da azri da yoveli es ganxilul<br />

iqmna gansakuTrebuls komisiaSi, saca mowveul<br />

iqmnen adgilis kacnica, sxvaTaSoris, Cvenis<br />

qveynidamac, aRmoCnda, rom am gziT Segrovili<br />

cnobanic sakmarisni ar arian saqmis yovel mxriT<br />

gamosarkvevad da gamonarkvevis Sesawonad sxvadasxva<br />

adgilis saWiroebisaTvis. ruseTis gazeTebi<br />

amboben, viTomc proeqti axalis wesebisa, am<br />

cnobebzed agebuli, ukve Seadgina kidec saministromao<br />

da warudgina saxelmwifo rCevas gansaxilveladao.<br />

magram bolos mainc saWirod daunaxavT<br />

Sevsebao im gziT, rom adgilzeve iyos gamo-<br />

Ziebuli yovelive viTareba am saqmisa da gamo-<br />

ZiebisaTvis mowveul iqmnen adgilis kacnio,<br />

romelTac dawvrilebiT ician Tavisis mxaris saqme<br />

arayis xdis Sesaxebo.<br />

rogorc ismis, axals wesebs aqcizisas azrad<br />

unda hqondes soflis meurneobas xeli Seuwyos,<br />

rom arayis xdis saqme xelidam ar wauvides da<br />

amiT qonebis Rone moipovos. yvela wvril<br />

qarxanas, _ ekuTvneba igi memamules, moijaradres,<br />

calke glexs, Tu glexTa krebuls, gza da SeRava-<br />

Ti unda mieces warmatebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis,<br />

oRond ki amgvars qarxanas soflis meurneobisa<br />

ecxos rame, ese igi, adgilis nawarmoebi ixmaros<br />

da arayis naxadi saqonlis saWmelad gamoiyenos.<br />

341

useTis gazeTebi TanaugrZnoben amgvars ganzraxulebas<br />

mTavrobisas.<br />

Tqma ar unda, rom umaRlesi mTavroba Cvenc<br />

mogvxedavs am mxriT da CvenSiac moiwadinebs<br />

arayis xdis saqmis ukeT mowyobas. Tqma ar unda,<br />

rom Cvens qveyanaSiac iqmneba gamoZiebuli yovelive<br />

viTareba arayis xdisa, imisi avi da kargi da<br />

yovel amisaTvis miwveul iqmnebian aqaurni<br />

mcodneni saqmisa. Cven mxolod sixaruliT migebeba<br />

gvmarTebs da rom es sixaruli cariel sixarulad<br />

ar darCes, ar iqneba urigo winadve mivixedmovixedoT,<br />

movemzadneT, Sesaferi da sabuTiani<br />

cnobebi Cvenis qveynisa xelT vigdoT da yvelazed<br />

saWiro ufro is aris, winadve SeviguloT imisTana<br />

kacebi, romelnic Rirs iyvnen mTavrobis mier<br />

misawvevad saqmis gamoZiebis dros, Torem carieli<br />

kiTxva leqciebisa, gaWianurebuli laparaki da<br />

zogadis frazebis gaprtyeleba Sors ar wagviyvans.<br />

aq saqmiani sityva unda, saqmiani sabuTi da<br />

yovelisave amis SeZleba gveqneba, Tu rom rigianad<br />

movemzadebiT da rigians, adgilis mcodne kacebs<br />

davavalebT Cvenis saWiroebis gamoTqmasa da<br />

garkvevas.<br />

Cvena gvgonia, meti ar iqneba, rom es samzadisi<br />

ikisron Cvenma marSlebma. amisaTvis saWiroa<br />

TviTveulma mazram TavadaznaurTa kreba moaxdinos,<br />

amoirCios sami-oTxi mixvedrili kaci da arayis<br />

xdis Sesaxebi cnobebi moakrebinos rogorc<br />

TavadaznaurobaSi, isec glexobaSia. yovelive es<br />

Sehmowmdeba da ganixileba saerTo krebaSi da<br />

SemuSavebuli warsdgeba mTavrobis winaSe. am gziT<br />

bevri sayuradRebo da sabuTiani av-kargianoba<br />

aRmoCndeba da Rirebulobac amas eqmneba mTavrobis<br />

TvalSi. Cveni gazeTi sixaruliT adgils miscems<br />

yovels, visac ki arayis xdis saqmis CvenSi ukeT<br />

mowyobisaTvis saTqmeli ram aqvs.<br />

342

uarmyofelni<br />

tfilisi, 12 oqtomberi<br />

safrangeTi dRes dids Wapan-wyvetasa da<br />

gaWirebaSia. mas aqeT, rac es mesame respublika<br />

daarsebula, ara gvgonia, amisTana gansacdeliani<br />

dRe sxva dasdgomodes safrangeTsa, Tu angariSSi<br />

ar CavagdebT pariJis areulobas respublikis<br />

pirvel xanebSi. aw arsebuli da momqmedi<br />

konstitucia dawunebulia exlandel<br />

saministrosagan maSin, rodesac jer kargad<br />

gamorkveuli ar aris amis Sesaxeb TviT eris azri.<br />

marTalia, karga xania zogierTi dasebi<br />

hTxoulobdnen konstituciis xelaxlad<br />

gadasinjvas, radganac bevrnairad wunsa sdebdnen,<br />

magram warmomadgenlobam erisam amazed uari sTqva.<br />

am bolos xanebSi am `gadasinjvis~ saqmem<br />

xelaxlad iCina Tavi bulanJes saxeliTa da vidre<br />

bulanJem sams departamentSi ar gaimarjva<br />

arCevanebSi, yuri ar aTxoves am saqmesa, Tumca<br />

`gadasinjva~ konstituciisa sxva mxridam unda<br />

wamomdgariyo fexzed, saxeldobr, iqidam, rom<br />

dRes safrangeTs ganagebs saministro radikalTa<br />

343

dasisa da am saministros ufro ekuTvnoda<br />

`gadasinjvis~ saqmis wamoyeneba, vidre sxvas visme.<br />

`gadasinjva~ konstituciisa, ese igi, Secvla,<br />

an sxva axalis muxlebis Setana bunebiTad saSiSi<br />

ar aris da amisTana saqmes inglisi sruliadac ar<br />

ufrTxis xolme. Cvens droSi inglisma ara<br />

erTxel Seitana Tavis konstituciaSi Zireuli<br />

cvlileba da yvela aman inglisis ers<br />

mSvidobianad Cauara, safrangeTi ki am mxriT sul<br />

sxva qveyanaa. misi ubeduroba metad didi<br />

mravaldasianoba aris da am mravaldasianobaSi<br />

amisTana mZime saqmis gadatareba mSvidobianis gziT<br />

metismetad Znelia da saeWvo. SiSi areulobisa,<br />

SiSi imisi, rom SesaZloa TviTon respublikis<br />

arseboba gansacdelSi Cavardes, raki erTxel<br />

SemTxveva miecemaT konstituciis Secvlazed<br />

sityva dasZran, es orgvari SiSi mosvenebas ar<br />

aZlevs imaTac, vinc sxva drosa da sxva<br />

garemoebaSi am gadasinjvisa da Secvlis guliTadi<br />

momxreni iqnebodnen da amave dros imaT ki aqezebs,<br />

visac aSla da areuloba qveynisa saTavisTavod<br />

sargeblobas rasme uqadis. dRes safrangeTSi<br />

momxrenica da uarmyofelnic am orgvaris SiSis<br />

TvaliT uyureben mTavar-ministris flokes<br />

proeqts `gadasinjvisas~. momxreni iZaxian, rom<br />

swored mag SiSis aRsaxocad da samudamod Tavidam<br />

asacileblad saWiroa gadasinjvao da uarmyofelni<br />

kidev amtkiceben, rom eg `gadasinjva~, mag SiSs<br />

ufro aZlierebs, radganac mtrebs respublikisas<br />

sabuTsa da SemTxvevas aZlevs TviT respublikis<br />

arsebobazed sityva Camoagdon, Ziri gamouTxaron<br />

da es ambavi mSvidobianad ar Cauvlis safrangeTsa,<br />

usisxlod erTi mxare meores ar dauTmobs aq<br />

arafersao.<br />

am saxiT orive mxareni aRiareben SiSsa,<br />

dRevandel dRis avkargianobisagan warmomdgarsa,<br />

344

xolo gansxvaveba is aris, rom erTisa da imav<br />

wamlisagan erTni moelian gankurnebasa SiSisagan<br />

da meoreni ki SiSis ufro gaZlierebasa da<br />

gandidebasa. es iTqmis mxolod imaTzed, vinc<br />

gulwrfelad eZleva konstituciis `gadasinjvis~<br />

saqmes da saxeSi aqvs marto safrangeTis<br />

bedniereba da sikeTe. xolo safrangeTis<br />

saubedurod bevrni imisTana calke kacni, Tu dasni<br />

arian, romelTac safrangeTis gansacdelSi Cagdeba<br />

arafrad miaCniaT, oRond TviTon ki sargeblobas<br />

rasme gamorCnen. eseni Tavisis hoTi, an araTi<br />

etanebian am saqmes imisda mixedviT Tu, SiSis<br />

aRmoxocva, an gaZliereba ra xels miscems maTs<br />

sakuTars sargeblobas da safrangeTis sikeTe ki<br />

ukan dayenebuli aqvT, anu srulad daviwyebuli.<br />

konstituciis xelaxlad `gadasinjva~<br />

safrangeTSi droTa moTxovnilebaa, miT ufro, rom<br />

aw arsebuli konstitucia konservatorTagan aris<br />

Sedgenili am Svidmet-Tvrametis wlis winad da<br />

bevrSi abrkolebs exlandels respublikas.<br />

radikalTa dass yovelTvis hqonia programmaSi<br />

azri da survili `gadasinjvisa~. amitomac<br />

mosalodneli iyo, rom am saqmis atexis dros<br />

mTeli liberaloba safrangeTisa `gadasinjvas~<br />

moudgeboda da mTeli konservatoroba uarzed<br />

dasdgeboda. xolo dRes safrangeTi imisTana<br />

mdgomareobaSia, rom am saqmem erTmaneTSi dahria am<br />

orgvaris mimarTulebis kacni. exla am<br />

`gadasijvis~ saqmeSi bevrs liberalsa da<br />

radikals winaaRmdegTa razmSi vxedavT da bevrs<br />

konservators da reaqcioners _ momxreTa Soris.<br />

kargia, Tu am gasvla-gamosvlaSi adgili rame aqvs<br />

safrangeTis siyvaruls. ueWveli kia, rom<br />

gulwrfeli da patiosani kaci orsave razmSi<br />

moipoveba, xolo saqme is aris, sad ramdenia<br />

amisTana kaci. Tu metoba daikuTvnes imaT, visac<br />

345

mRvrie wyalSi Tevzis Weras Tavis sakuTar<br />

sargeblobisaTvis gamoelian, maSin aravin icis aw<br />

dawyebuli saqme `gadasinjvisa~ ra bolos da<br />

dasasruls iqoniebs, imitom rom es saqme metad<br />

mizeziania, nametnavad dRevandels dRes. es<br />

amZimebs da awuxebs WeSmarits mamuliSvilebs<br />

safrangeTisas, ese igi, imaTac, visac wrfelis<br />

guliTa hsurT gadasinjva konstituciisa da<br />

imaTac, vinc wrfelis guliTve am `gadasinjvas~<br />

ufrTxian.<br />

346

guberniebSi<br />

tfilisi, 19 oqtomberi<br />

mkvidrTa janis simrTele erTi udidesi<br />

sazrunveli da sanaRvleli ram aris rogorc<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis, isec saxelmwifosaTvis. igi<br />

sazogadoeba, romelic amazed arasa hfiqrobs, ara<br />

saxsars da Rones ar eZiebs, rom mmusvreli xeli<br />

avadmyofobisa da sneulebisa riTime Sehkras<br />

SeZlebisamebr, igi sazogadoeba-meTqi Taviss<br />

janmrTelobazed xelaRebulia da, maSasadame,<br />

Tavisi dRegrZelobac arafrad miaCnia.<br />

am saerTo uzrunvelobisa da<br />

unaRvlelobisagan, rasakvirvelia, mdidari da<br />

SeZlebuli ise ara hzaralobs, rogorc Raribi da<br />

uqoneli. mdidars da SeZlebuls yovelTvis<br />

saxsari aqvs moiSvelios gaWirebis dros mkurnali<br />

da moipovos wamali senisagan gadarCenisa, Tuki eg<br />

gadarCena SesaZloa. xolo amisTanani yvelgan da<br />

yovelTvis iseTi cotani arian sxva uRono<br />

mkvidrTa Soris, rom amaTi xsna avadmyofobisagan<br />

bevrs arasfers Seadgens danarCen mcxovrebTa<br />

nametnaobaSi: eseni TiTqmis wveTni arian zRvaSi.<br />

bevri wili ki erisa, magaliTebr glexkacoba,<br />

nametnavad soflisa am mxriT srulad upatrononi<br />

347

da unugeSoni arian. amaT Tundac saxsari hqondeT<br />

da SeZleba, mainc gaxdebian avad Tu ara, Tavs<br />

verafriT uSvelian, radganac mTels maT mier<br />

misawdom aremareSi erTi mkurnali Tua, isic didi<br />

RvTis wyalobaa, xandisxan da zogan erTic ar<br />

aris xolme. am mizeziT mTeli es SedarebiT<br />

auarebeli eri mkiTxavebisa da sxva tyuilaeqimebis<br />

anabrad hrCebian da rasac TviTon<br />

sneuleba da avadmyofoba aklebT, imas es<br />

mkiTxavebi da tyuila-eqimebi usruleben xolme.<br />

am saxiT glexkacoba soflisa orgvars<br />

gansacdelSia: erTi gansacdeli avadmyofobaa da<br />

meore avad wamloba tyuil-eqimebisa da<br />

mkiTxavebisagan. Tu erTs gadurCeba, meores ki<br />

Znelad wauva xelidam da xSirad mosarCens kacs<br />

sikvdili Seiwiravs xolme, am gziT karga xalxi<br />

akldeba qveyanasa da imusreba tyuilubralod da<br />

TiTqmis yovlad umizezod. umizezod vambobT,<br />

imitom rom saxeSi gvyavs bevri wili imisTanani,<br />

romelnic ixocebian senisagan marto imis gamo,<br />

rom mkurnali da wamali ar eSovebaT. es<br />

uwamloba da umkurnaloba ufro dids zarals<br />

iZleva maSin, roca raime gadamdebi seni qveynis<br />

Wirad gamoCndeba xolme. maSin sikvdili xom<br />

rogorc saTibeli ise sTibavs didsa da patarasa<br />

da araviTari xsna aRar aris xolme<br />

umkurnalobisa da uwamlobis mizeziTa.<br />

ra Tqma unda, gaZliereba da gaboroteba<br />

avadmyofobisa, gadamdebis Wirisa da sxva<br />

amisTanisa bevr sxva mizezzedac aris<br />

damokidegbuli, magaliTebr Sinaurs<br />

mowyobilobasa, farezobasa, gafrTxilebasa, siTbosicivesa,<br />

sadguris siavkargesa da bevrs sxvazed,<br />

magram erTis tyuilubralod sasikvdilod<br />

gawirvaSi umkurnalobas da uwamlobas ukanaskneli<br />

adgili ar uWiravs. es yvelam kargad icis da esec<br />

348

unda yvelam kargad icodes, rom janmrTeloba Cems<br />

garemoSi Cemi sakuTari janmrTelobaa da sneuleba<br />

_ Cemi sakuTari sneulebaa, Tund mdidari viyo,<br />

Tund Raribi. amitomac erTob janmrTeloba<br />

mkvidrTa yvelasaTvis erTianad sazrunvelia da<br />

sanaRvleli.<br />

amas karga xania mihxvdnen Sida ruseTSi da iq<br />

dRes erTi imisTana erobac ar aris, rom amisaTvis<br />

gulmtkivneuli Tvali ar mieqcios da<br />

gulmtkivneuli da bejiTi mzrunveloba ar<br />

gaewios. saca ki eroba aris, yvelgan moiwvies<br />

saero xarjiT mkurnalebi, damarTes afTiaqebi,<br />

samkurnaloebi da xalxs am mxriT didi SeRavaTi<br />

da Semweoba aRmouCines. gazeTebma mogvitanes<br />

ambavi, rom exla TviT saxelmwifomac miaqcia<br />

mkvidrTa janmrTelobis saqmes Tavisi mzrunveli<br />

Tvali da ganuzraxavs am mxriT mieSvelos xalxsa.<br />

gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom Sina saqmeTa<br />

saministro Sesdgomia proeqtis Sedgenas imis<br />

Taobazed, rom sasoflo mkurnaloba ukeTess<br />

gzazed daayenos da guberniebSi, saca eroba jer<br />

ar aris Setanili, mTavrobas daunaxavs, rom dRes<br />

es saqme soflis janmrTelobisa ver aris kargad<br />

da Sesaferad mowyobili da agebuli da amis gamo<br />

soflis mcxovrebni mkiTxavebisa da tyuil-eqimebis<br />

xelSi scvivian. rom samermisod es aRar iyos,<br />

saministros ganuzraxavs mkurnalebis ricxvi da<br />

samkurnalo RonisZiebani gaabevros da gaaZlieros.<br />

amisaTvis daudgeniaT mazrebSi ramdenime mkurnali<br />

gaamravlon, agreTve maTi TanaSemweni da<br />

ferSalebi. radganac mkurnalebis nakleboba ufro<br />

aRmosavleTis guberniebSi SeuniSnavT, jer am<br />

guberniebSi moxdeba es cvlileba da mere sxva<br />

guberniebSiac.<br />

ar aris ruseTSi TiTiqmis sxva imisTana<br />

gubernia, saca aseTi naklebuloba iyos sasoflo<br />

349

mkurnalebisa da samkurnalo RonisZiebisa, rogorc<br />

CvenSi. am mxriT Cven Zalian ukan CamorCenilni<br />

varT sxva ruseTis guberniebzed da amis gamo<br />

aqaur mkvidrT didi zarali eZlevaT yovelgvar<br />

avadmyofobisa da sneulebisagan. CvenSi eroba ar<br />

aris, rom es didi saqme mkvidrTa janmrTelobisa<br />

kisrad idos, viTarca Tvisi uwmindaesi vali. da<br />

radganac TviTon umaRless mTavrobas unebebia am<br />

mxriT mieSvelos imisTana guberniebs, saca eroba<br />

ar aris, Cvenc imedi unda viqonioT, rom Cvenis<br />

soflebis janmrTelobis saqmesac eSveleba ram.<br />

rasakvirvelia, amas Cven mierac unda cda da<br />

Suamdgomeloba da es cda da Suamdgomeloba<br />

valad adevT imaT, visac amazed xma amoeRebaT<br />

Tavisis TanamdebobiTa da moxeleobiT.<br />

350

gamo<br />

tfilisi, 20 oqtomberi<br />

bevri laparakia, magram jer aravis gamoucvnia<br />

ra idumali azri aqvs germaniis axals<br />

imperators, rom taxtzed asvlis umal moiwadina<br />

sameufo karni evropiis saxelmwifoebisa daiaros<br />

da TviTveuli mflobeli didis saxelmwifosi<br />

pirispir inaxulos. rasakvirvelia, pirvel<br />

SexedviT advilad gamosaxsnelia es amocana, Tu<br />

marto sapires gavusinjavT da sarCuls yurs ar<br />

vaTxovebT. sapiris asaxsnelad isic sakmarisia<br />

vsTqvaT, rom germaniis axali imperatori<br />

mSvidobismoyvare kacia da hsurs yvelani<br />

mSvidobianobaze daiyolios, rom arsaidam omma ar<br />

ifeTqos.<br />

gana aseTi pasuxi am Znelad gamosacnobis<br />

amocanisa sakmarisia WeSmaritad cnobismoyvare<br />

kacisaTvis? Tu axali imperatori marTla<br />

mowadinebulia mSvidobianobisaTvis, es dRedaRam<br />

mzadeba jarebisa raRa aris? marTalia, naTqvamia,<br />

rom Tu mSvidobianad yofna gsurs, omisaTvis<br />

kargad momzadebuli unda iyovo, magram nuTu<br />

adamianisaTvis aucilebelia mSvidobianobinad<br />

yofnisaTvis dRemudam xelSi kombali eWiros,<br />

351

sxvis sacemlad moRerebuli? es gana buneburi<br />

wesi da rigia kacTa cxovrebisaTvis da ase unda<br />

iyos dRes, xval da mudam? aq rogorRac Tavi<br />

bolos ar ebmis da amitomac Znelad<br />

dasajerebelia, rom mSvidobis moyvareoba<br />

atarebdes germaniis imperators evropiis<br />

kardakar. aq sxva mizezi unda iyos.<br />

gana ara, kidec amboben sxvasa. magaliTebr,<br />

iZaxian, rom es kardakar siaruli marto imisaTvis<br />

ariso, rom germanias surso iseTi zavi Sehkras<br />

evropaSi sxvadasxva advilad mosabirebel<br />

saxelmwifoebTan, rom am zavs gared darCenilTa<br />

saxelmwifoTa veraferi gahbedon mozaveTa<br />

Zlierebis SiSiTao. TviTon germaniac Tu jarebis<br />

mowyobasa da mzadebaSia, eg imisTvis, rom Zlieri<br />

da SemZlebeli, mozaves ufro advilad iSovis,<br />

vidre uZluri da uRonoo.<br />

Cvenis fiqriT, arc aseTi axsnaa amocanisa<br />

Wkuazed axlo. maincadamainc ra mSvidobianobaa,<br />

roca adamiani, anu uked vsTqvaT, mTeli evropa<br />

erT uSvelebel saomar banakad aris gadaqceuli<br />

da iZulebulia Tavidam fexebamde SeiaraRebuli da<br />

xmalamoRebuli idges. arc axali imperatoria<br />

germaniisa iseTi Tvalauxilebeli kaci da arc<br />

imisi pirveli veziri T. bismarkia iseTi brma, rom<br />

ara hxedavdnen amisTana ucnauris yofis<br />

uTavbolobasa da xelfexmokleobas. rodemdis<br />

unda ewios es Wapani evropam SeTofiaraRebuli<br />

mSvidobianobisa? rodemdis unda gauZlos amodena<br />

xarjs, amodena gulisxeTqas xvalindelis dRis<br />

saSiSar molodinisas?<br />

amitomac Cvena gvgonia, rom es mSvidobianoba,<br />

romelic dRes germaniis politikis momxreebs<br />

enazed akeriaT, marto ferumarilia Savis<br />

fiqrebis galamazebisaTvis. aq germanias sul sxva<br />

tkivili awuxebs: TviTon germaniaa dids<br />

352

gansacdelSi, gansacdelisaTvis xids ikeTebs, rom<br />

Tavi gaitanos da igi didis RvawliTa da<br />

TavganwirviT mopoebuli erToba da Zliereba<br />

SarSandelis TovliviT ar daudnes xelSi.<br />

avstria da italia, romelTa gvirgvinosanni<br />

mflobelni ukve pirispir inaxula germaniis<br />

imperatorma, erTis mxriT hxedven, rom germania<br />

TviTveul maTgans xidad idebs da amitom zavi<br />

germaniasTan rogorRac examuSebaT da meores<br />

mxriT, ise gabazrulni arian T. bismarkis<br />

ostaturs xlarTebSi, rom Tavisi sakuTari<br />

moZraoba aRara aqvsT da Tu rCena undaT, T.<br />

bismarks unda sdion ukan. es or mxarezed yureba<br />

italiisa da avstriisa ar SeiZleba SeniSnuli ara<br />

hqondes imisTana gulTmisans kacs, rogorc T.<br />

bismarkia. amitomac advilad misaRebia isic, rom<br />

T. bismarki didis imediT ver daemyareba amaTs<br />

megobrobas. jerxanad, rasakvirvelia, pirobiT<br />

Sekrulni arian, magram es piroba T.<br />

bismarkisaTvis imdenad saimedo ar unda iyos,<br />

Cvenis fiqriT, rom xeli gamoiRos da Tavisi<br />

pirdapiri ganzraxuloba aisrulos, esi igi,<br />

safrangeTs miesios.<br />

es `ho~ da `ara~ samTa kavSiris mozaveobisa<br />

aris mizezi dRevandelis politikis uZraobisa da<br />

Tu es ar iyos, nuTu T. bismarki, Tavadac Zlieri<br />

da ufro gaZlierebuli avstriisa da italiis<br />

momxreobiT, an erTs dRes gaCerdeboda da ar<br />

daecemoda Tavzed safrangeTsa, romlis<br />

dauZinebeli mtroba gulSi eklad urWvia<br />

germanias da mosvenebas ar aZlevs xvalindelis<br />

dRis gansacdelis molodiniTa!..<br />

es mozaveTa hoaraobavea, Cvenis fiqriT, is<br />

mizezi, romelmac aiZula germaniis axali<br />

imperatori sxvadasxva xelmwifeebTan misvlad. man<br />

Tavis sakuTaris TvaliT da yuriT moisurva<br />

353

Seamowmos simtkice da gamtyuvnebloba im imedisa,<br />

romelsac misni mozaveni sityviT iZleodnen. am<br />

mxriT rom mas imedi gasZliereboda, erTs dResac<br />

ar daaRamebda, rom safrangeTisaTvis omi ar<br />

gamoecxadebina. jer, roca memkvidred iyo, gana<br />

marTla tyuilada hqonda xma dagdebuli, rom igi<br />

omis moyvare kacia da gambedavi. egre male ra<br />

gamoucvlida xasiaTs? igi dResac imave xasiaTisaa,<br />

mxolod garemoebam cota ar iyos frTa Seakveca<br />

da omis xalisi da gambedaoba gaunela.<br />

es ganeleba, iqneba, sasurveli iyos mTelis<br />

evropiisaTvis, xolo germaniisaTvis ki veraferi<br />

nugeSia, imitom rom, yvelam icis, germania uomrad<br />

ver gadaurCeba exlandels mdgomareobas<br />

evropiisas: omi da mere gamarjvebuli omi ise<br />

saWiroa misTvis, rom uamisod imisi Zliereba da<br />

TviTon erTianobaca bewvzed ekideba, dRe yovel<br />

gasacdelSi iqneba. es aseTi yofa metad mZimea da<br />

autaneli yovelis saxelmwifosaTvis da nametnavad<br />

germaniisaTvis, romelic or did saxelmwifos<br />

Suaa momwyvdeuli da romlis javri TviT<br />

germaniis erTs Zliers momxres _ avstrias, jer<br />

kidev gulSi aqvs Senaxuli.<br />

am saxiT germaniam, dRes iqneba Tu xval,<br />

usaTuod omi unda atexos da am omSiac usaTuod<br />

unda gaimarjvos. amas iTxovs misi arseboba, misi<br />

mdgomareoba da xsna. radganac germaniam kargad<br />

icis es, amitomac miss imperators guli unda<br />

Seejerebina da imedi italiisa da avstriis<br />

momxreobisa gaeZlierebina da gaemtkicebina,<br />

radganac uamisod mis mier Zneli gasabedia omi. am<br />

gulis SejerebisaTvis germaniis imperatorma<br />

inaxula pirispir sxvadasxva xelmwifeni da exla<br />

saqme imazea mimdgari, ra nugeSiT dahbrunda igi<br />

Tavisis mogzaurobisagan. Tu imedi da nugeSi<br />

gaumtkicda, mosalodnelia, rom dResa Tu xval<br />

354

SevityobT saqmeTa awewvas, aSlasa da gamwvavebas,<br />

Tu ara da, saqme isev T. bismarkis Tvalmaqcobaze<br />

mivardeba, rom evropiis politikaSi isev<br />

TvalxuWanoba gamarTos, vidre sasurveli dari<br />

daudgebaT. ase iqneba Tu ise, am mokle xanSi orSi<br />

erTi unda gamomJRavndes da mzeze gamoifinos.<br />

355

356<br />

<br />

evropaSi<br />

tfilisi, 23 oqtomberi<br />

Tumca yvelgan da yovelis mxriT iZaxian, rom<br />

mSvidoba da morigeba Camovarda evropaSio, magram<br />

evropas mainc guli gulis alagas ver dauyenebia<br />

da dResa hfrTxis xvalindelis dRis SiSiTa. an<br />

rogor daimSvidos guli, roca hxedavs, rom<br />

safrangeTi TiTqmis erTs miliards fuls iTxovs<br />

jarebis gaZlierebisaTvis, ramdensame milions<br />

avstria da egredve sxvanica. mSvidobao, mSvidoba<br />

da yvelas ki muqariT xeli xmalzed ukidia da<br />

Sinidam gared gamoiyurebian, aca, uecrad Tavzed<br />

aravin dagvesxaso.<br />

Tumca dRes yvelani am yofaSi arian, magram<br />

dRes arc erTi imisTana didi saxelmwifo ar aris<br />

evropaSi, rom, garedam SiSis garda, Sinauri didi<br />

tkivilic ar awuxebdes. avstria dids<br />

safiqrebelSia exla Cexebis saqmisa gamo da<br />

hlamis es orTaviani saxelmwifo samTava<br />

saxelmwifod gadaiqces. es ambavi avstriisaTvis<br />

didi sagonebelia da mermisi avstriisa iqneba am<br />

Cexebis saqmis ase Tu ise dabolovebazed ufro<br />

iyos damokidebuli, vidre romlisame Zlieris<br />

mteris damarcxebazed, germaniaSi atexilia

gardahqmna, anu uked vsTqvaT, SekeTeba<br />

konstituciisa im mxriT, rom pasuxugebel<br />

saministros magier pasuxismgebeli saimperio<br />

saministro dafuZnebul iqmnas da miT eris<br />

warmomadgenelobas, romelsac ekuTvnis gankiTxva<br />

ministrebisa, Rone zedmoqmedebisa gauZlierdes<br />

saSinao Tu sagareo saqmeTa msvlelobazed.<br />

inglisisa da irlandiis saqme jer gauTavebeli<br />

aqvs da esec imodenad didi saqmea, rom misi ase<br />

Tu ise gaTaveba SemZlebelia inglisis eris<br />

bedzed didi da Zlieri gavlena iqonios. italia<br />

kidev dRevandlamde zed gadagebulia imazed, rom<br />

saero mflobelobas italiis xelmwifisas aRar<br />

etanebodes da iCemebdes saekklesio uflebas<br />

romis papisa, romelsac dResac ver Seuwynarebia<br />

italiis gaerTianeba da romis qalaqis dapyroba<br />

da gadaqceva gaerTianebuli italiis sataxto<br />

qalaqad.<br />

xolo yvelazed mwvavi Sinauri saqme<br />

safrangeTsa aqvs da yvelazed dids gansacdelSiac<br />

aris dRes amis gamo es qveyana. es gansacdeli miT<br />

ufro sayuradReboa, rom Cvenis fiqriT,<br />

SemZlebelia zedmoqmedeba iqonios mTelis<br />

evropiis saerTo politikazed. saqme is aris, rom<br />

mTavar-ministrma safrangeTisam b-nma flokem<br />

Seitana, saca jer ars, proeqti konstituciis<br />

xelaxlad gadasinjvisa. amis gamo dRes mTeli<br />

safrangeTi fexzed dadga da gacxarebuli<br />

laparakobs. zogi `hos~ ambobs am gadasinjvazed,<br />

zogi `aras~, da aris erTi saSineli baasi da<br />

kamaToba momxreTa da aramomxreTa Soris. xma<br />

ismis viTomc TviTon prezidents respublikisas<br />

sadi-karnos WkuaSi ar mosdis es gadasinjvao da<br />

dResac cota ar iyos am gadasinjvas eurCebao.<br />

Cven ar gamovudgebiT imis CamoTvlas Tu riT<br />

ari mosawoni es proeqti flokesi da riT<br />

357

dasawuni. amas proeqtSi Sig Caxedva unda da Cven<br />

sagnad dRes es ara gvaqvs. Cven marto im ambavs<br />

mivaqcevT yuradRebas, romelic dRes gulwrfel<br />

moyvareebs safrangeTisas or dids banakada hyofs<br />

es gadasinjvis saqme. sxvani ki am saqmeSi marto<br />

wyalis amRvrevas moelian TavianT badeebis<br />

sasrolad, rom piri Caimtkbarunon daWerilis<br />

TevziTa.<br />

igi nawili safrangeTisa, romelic dRes<br />

gulwrfelad eurCeba am gadasinjvis saqmes, iZaxis,<br />

rom eg saqme Tumca sasurvelia, magram magisi dro<br />

ar aris exla, roca sxvadsxva dasTa Soris aseTi<br />

gamwarebuli da gawiwmatebuli mtroba da<br />

SuRliao. ueWvelia, eg gadasinjvis saqme moiTxovs<br />

mowvevas damafuZneblis krebulisas. am krebulzed<br />

mtreni respublikisani _ bonapartistebi da<br />

monarqistebi SemTxvevas ar dahkargven ar<br />

Camoagdon sityva maszed Tu _ iyos respublika<br />

kvlavac Tu respublikis magier monarqia<br />

daifuZnoso. aravin iciso dasTa ostaturi xerxi<br />

da xerxiani ostatoba ra pasuxs aTqmevinebs<br />

krebulsao. saarvinicod rad gavixadoT ukve<br />

dalagebuli da Cven mier erTxel Sewynarebuli<br />

arseboba respublikisao? Tund egec ar iyos, vin<br />

gviTavdebebs, rom raki saqme am mZime sakiTxavzed<br />

mivardeba, erTi saSineli arev-dareva erTmaneTSi<br />

ar mohxdes, roca krebuli Taviss hos, anu aras<br />

ityvis? respublikelni xom usisxlod ar<br />

gaswiraven respublikas da monarqielebs ar<br />

daulocveno da arc monarqielni, kamaTobiT da<br />

uaris TqmiT gamwarebulni, uCxubrad Camoeclebian<br />

respublikelebs gzidamao. gana exla imisTana dro<br />

aris, rom saamisod saqme gavixadoTo? gared<br />

mtris muqaras Zlivs vuZlebT da gana Wkua iqneba<br />

Sinac erTmaneTSi SfoTi avitexoTo?<br />

358

am SfoTisa da amboxis atexis SiSiT TviTon<br />

gadasinjvis moTave floke im azrisaa, rom am<br />

saqmeSi damafuZnebel krebuls mowveva ar undao.<br />

es saqme eqvemdebareba marto kongressa, romelic<br />

Sesdgeba palatisa da senatisaganao. amazed<br />

pasuxad eubnebian, rom vinicobaa TviTon<br />

kongreszed Camovardes laparaki damafuZnebel<br />

krebulis mowvevis Taobazed, maSin raRa vuSveloT<br />

saqmesao? eg ar SeiZlebao, ambobs Turme floke.<br />

rasakvirvelia, `ar SeiZlebas~ Tqma didi sabuTi<br />

ar aris imsTana TviTneba qveyanaSi, rogoric<br />

safrangeTia, miT ufro, rom damafuZnebel<br />

krebulis mowvevas mxars aZleven radikalebi<br />

klemansos winamZRolobiT da klemanso xom<br />

Tavisis dasiT Zalian gavleniani da SemZlebeli<br />

kacia dRes safrangeTSi.<br />

eseni iZaxian, rom damafuZnebel krebulis<br />

mowvevas araferi SiSi ar mosdevso, radganac<br />

krebuli mowveul iqmneba marto konstituciis<br />

gadasasinjavad da ara imisaTvis, rom safrangeTs<br />

forma mmarTvelobisa da gamgeobisa Seucvaloso.<br />

raki eri krebulisaTvis amoirCevs kacebs da<br />

miandobs marto konstituciis gadasinjvis saqmes,<br />

krebuls ra ufleba da neba eqmneba davalebul<br />

saqmes gverdi auqcios da armindobils xeli<br />

CasWidoso. ra Tqma unda, arc amisTana imedia<br />

ueWveli sabuTi, rom zemoaRniSnuli SiSi<br />

gauqardes safrangeTsa. safrangeTs gana erTi da<br />

ori magaliTi hqonia Tvalwin, rom mindobils<br />

kacs Tu krebuls aramindobili dauCemebia,<br />

TviTneboba gamouCenia da saqme Tavis nebazed<br />

wauyvania.<br />

esea Tu ise, dRevandeli dRe didi da mZime<br />

dRea safrangeTisaTvis igi safrangeTs sagareo<br />

saqmeTaTvis imodenad uRonoda hxdis, rom dRes<br />

safrangeTi erTs gariyulsa da wris gared<br />

359

darCenils saxelmwifosa hgavs. ra Tqma unda, es<br />

gadasinjvis saqme, am udroo dros bulanJesagan<br />

atexili, raki astyda, unda rogorme gaTavdes<br />

kidec. xolo safrangeTis mtrebi sixaruliT<br />

xelebs ifSvneten, imitom rom gaTavdeba Tu<br />

gagrZeldeba es gadasinjvis saqme, Sinauri SfoTi<br />

mravalgvar dasTa Soris safrangeTs mosvenebas ar<br />

miscems, sagareo saqmeTaTvis daauZlurebs da<br />

germanias amazed meti sxva ara undara. es<br />

mizeziani garemoeba safrangeTisa orsave wvers<br />

sapolitiko sabelisas xelT aZlevs uamisodac<br />

Tavgazviadebuls germanias da dRes germania,<br />

safrangeTisagan cotad Tu bevrad uSiSari, rasac<br />

moiwadinebs, imas izams. mosawadinebeli kidev<br />

germanias isa aqvs, rom aRmosavleTis da xmlTaSua<br />

zRvis saqmeSi avstriisa da italiis saamuri ambavi<br />

ram moaxdinos da miT davalebul da damunaTebul<br />

hyos erTica da meorec saSvelad, Tu vinicobaa<br />

dro ixelTa da safrangeTTan angariSebis<br />

gasworeba moindoma.<br />

Cvenis fiqriT, konstituciis gadasinjvas<br />

safrangeTSi dRes es mniSvneloba aqvs mTelis<br />

evropiis saerTo politikisaTvis. ara gvgonia,<br />

bevri xani gavides da ar SevityoT gazeTebisagan,<br />

rom germaniis farul manqanebiT aRmosavleTis<br />

saqme aiwewao da bolgariam aurzauri daiwyovo.<br />

jer exlav makedoniaSi raRasac eSmakoben da<br />

Woradac gaisma, viTom germaniam STaagona<br />

osmaleTsa, rom droa princi koburgeli<br />

bolgariis mTavrad damtkicebul iqmnaso. arc<br />

serbiis mefis milanis yofaqcevaa am mxriT<br />

umniSvnelo: mivida belgradSi da Zalad<br />

ganeqorwina Tavis gvirgvinosans meuRles<br />

natalias, romlis dedofloba avstrias TvalSi<br />

eklada hqonda da avstriis gamo germaniasac<br />

verafrad moswonda.<br />

360

mTavrobiT<br />

tfilisi, 27 oqtomberi<br />

italiaSi misvla metad Znel da mZime saqmed<br />

aris miCneuli xelmwifeTaTvis. marTalia,<br />

xelmwifeebis erTmaneTis Sexvedra da erTmaneTTan<br />

misvla-mosvla yovelT uwinares jer<br />

diplomatebis gasarigebeli saqme yofila<br />

yovelTvis, magram italiaSi romelisame xelmwifis<br />

misvlas erTi gansakuTrebiTi garemoeba abrkolebs.<br />

saqme is aris, rom italias dRes ori xelmwife<br />

hyavs, ornive erTsa da imave qalaqSi arian da<br />

erTsa da imave qalaqs Tavis sataxto qalaqad<br />

hxadian. erTi amTgani mefe humbertia, marTali da<br />

WeSmariti xelmwife italiisa da meore ki aris<br />

papi leon XIII, romelic ar uTmobs xelmwifobas,<br />

romSi mainc humberts, ar sCadis, eurCeba dRemde<br />

da hCemobs saero xelmwifebas, Tumca didi xania<br />

am saero xelmwifebazed xeli mTlad daabanines.<br />

es kidev araferi, roca erTi arxeinad<br />

xelmwifobs da meore ki imave dros iZaxis, ara,<br />

xelmwife me varo da aravin ki ujerebs. saqme is<br />

aris, rom erTi marTali xelmwifea, romelsac<br />

karga didi jari hyavs xmeleTisa Tu zRvisa da<br />

SemZlebelia mters umtros Tavisis RoniTa da<br />

361

moyvares umoyvros, meore kidev upirvelesi<br />

sasuliero gvamia, romelsac Tumca jari ara hyavs<br />

da uTofiaraRoa, magram mTelis qveynierobis<br />

keTilmorwmune kaTolikeni misi gulmodgine<br />

Tayvanismcemelni da morCilni arian. paps, rogorc<br />

erTaderTs da upirveless mRvdelmTavars<br />

kaTolikeTa sarwmuneobisas, yvelgan, saca ki<br />

kaTolikeni arian, didi gavlena, didi xma da<br />

saxeli aqvs. nu daviviwyebT, rom, sxvaTa Soris,<br />

avstria, germania TiTqmis savseni arian<br />

kaTolikeTa sarwmunoebis mkvidrTagan. ai, aseTi<br />

garemoebaa Tavi da Tavi mizezi dabrkolebisa,<br />

roca italiaSi wasvlas moisurvebs xolme<br />

romelime xelmwife.<br />

jer kidev germaniis exlandel imperatoris<br />

papas vilhelms I hsurda swveoda italiis mefes<br />

humberts, magram survili zed Seelia<br />

diplomatebis miTqma-moTqmas maszed Tu, rodis,<br />

sad da rogor moxdes es misvla da naxva. swored<br />

eseve emarTeba avstriis imperatorsaca, romelsac<br />

didi xania hmarTebs viziti italiis mefisa da<br />

jer ver gadauxdia zemoxsenebul garemoebis gamo.<br />

exlandelma imperatorma germaniisam minam wasvla<br />

gahbeda italiaSi, jer cxrajer gaazomina da<br />

aawonina diplomatias am wasvlis viTareba.<br />

am mokled naTqvamisagan cxadia, rad unda<br />

emZimebodeT an avstriis, an germaniis imperators<br />

wasvla italiaSi. aSkaraa, garemoeba iseTia, rom<br />

Tu wava vinme maTgani italiaSi, im azriT unda<br />

wavides, rom an arc mwvadi daswvas, arc Samfuri<br />

an ara da orSi erTi gaswiros. SeuZlebelia am<br />

SemTxvevaSi, rom arc mwvadi daiwvas da arc<br />

Samfuri, SeuZlebalia, rom orSi erTi ar<br />

gaiwiros. sxva rom ara iyos ra, jer erTi, es<br />

vikiTxoT, vis unda ewvivnen, visTan unda mividnen<br />

italiaSi xelmwifeni? Tu mefe humbertTan, papi<br />

362

iwyens, Tu papTan _ mefe humberti. ityvian<br />

oriveni inaxulono? Zalian kargi, magram romeli<br />

inaxulon xelmwifuris pativiT da romeli ara.<br />

gvirgvinosani stumari rogor moeqces an erTsa an<br />

meores? orsave xelmwifuris pativiT moeqces? maS<br />

am SemTxvevaSi orive xelmwifed unda aRiaros,<br />

isic, vinc marTali xelmwifea da isic, vinc<br />

xelmwifobas hCemobs. es xom orivesaTvis<br />

erTnairad sawyenia?<br />

Tunda amaebs yvelas Tavi davaneboT da marto<br />

es vikiTxoT: romels qalaqSi ewvion humbertsa?<br />

romSi? romSi xom papic aris da iZaxis, romi<br />

Cemiao. mividnen romSi da ar inaxulon papi? eg<br />

xom ukadrisoba iqmneba papisaTvis da amas rogor<br />

Caidenen? maS ewvion italiis mefes sxva<br />

romelsame qalaqSi da ara romSi? arc es<br />

SeiZleba, imitom rom italiis mefe iwyens da<br />

ityvis: raki roms eridebiT papis gamoisobiT, maS<br />

am qalaqs Cems sataxto qalaqad ara hxadiTo! maS<br />

xels uwyobT paps daiCemos romi sakuTrado!<br />

ai eseni da bevri sxva amisTana mizezi uSlian<br />

dResac zogierTs xelmwifeebs italiaSi misvlas<br />

humbertis sanaxavad. cxadia, rom visac iq misvla<br />

unda da amasTan papis amebac da humbertisac,<br />

sjobia ar mivides, imitom, rom aq orSi erTia<br />

usaTuod gasawiri. verc vilhelm I, verc avstriis<br />

imperatorma am orSi erTis romelisame gawirva<br />

ver gahbedes da amjobines italiaSi wasvlazed<br />

xeli aeRoT. xolo axalma imperatorma<br />

germaniisam, raki naxa, saWiroao italiaSi wasvla<br />

da humbertis pirispir naxva, ar SeuSinda imas,<br />

rom aq ar SeiZleba an mwvadi ar daiwvas, an<br />

Samfuri da romSi misvliTa orSi erTi an mefe<br />

humberti an papi unda gaewira. uamisoba ar<br />

iqneboda. ra Tqma unda, paps gaswiravda, radganac<br />

ulaSqro, ujaro, uTofiaraRo papi araferi<br />

363

nugeSia omSi da italiis mefe ki am mxriT didi<br />

zurgia germaniisaTvis.<br />

paps ramdenjerac Camougdia imperator<br />

vilhelmisaTvis laparaki Tavis unugeSod<br />

yofnazed, imdenjerve imperators TiTqmis banze<br />

augdia sityva da Sors dauWeria. erTis sityviT,<br />

paps aramc Tu imedi ram gamoutania germaniis<br />

imperatoris laparakisagan, aramed guli<br />

daujerebia, rom amisagan Tavis dReSi ara<br />

gamodnebara saCemodao. gamwyrala amazed papi da,<br />

rasakvirvelia, maxlobelnic aZliereben am<br />

wyromas, radganac amaTac imedi mTlad<br />

gadaswyvetiaT germaniazed. amboben, windaxeduls<br />

bismarks es ambavi metismetad swyeniao: papi,<br />

marTalia, ulaSqro, ujaro, uTofiaraRo sulieri<br />

gvami bZandeba, magram mainc didi xma aqvs, didi<br />

saxeli, didi pativi mTelis qveynierobis<br />

kaTolikeTa Soris sazogadod da germaniaSi<br />

kerZod. Tu germaniaSi papma momxreoba ar gauwia<br />

exlandelis imperatoris politikas, gza da kvali<br />

Zalian aireva, radganac kaTolikeTa dasi<br />

germaniaSi karga mozrdili dasia da morCilia<br />

papisa. T. bismarkma Zalian kargad icis, ra Zala<br />

aqvs papis sityvas da darigebas germaniis<br />

kaTolikeebzed, da amitomac advilad misaxvedria<br />

_ rada swyenia Semowyroma papisa exla, roca<br />

prusiis landtagisaTvis arCevanebia daniSnuli da<br />

gacxarebuli brZolaa dasTa Soris. Tqma ar unda,<br />

rom papi romis ar SearCens germanias Tavis<br />

javrsa.<br />

jer exlav, roca imperatori TiTqmis ori<br />

dRea ar aris, rac dabrunda Tavis qveyanaSi,<br />

gazeTebi amboben, rom papi Zalian moutkbilda<br />

safrangeTsa da germaniis jabriT hlamis<br />

safrangeTTan daaxlovebasao. erTi italiis gazeTi<br />

kidev iuwyeba, viTomc paps zogierTi gavleniani<br />

364

episkopozebi germaniisa daubarebia romSi<br />

darigebis misacemad maszed, Tu ragvar unda<br />

imoqmedon papis saerTmflobelobis aRsadgenad.<br />

zogierTni warmomadgenelni saekklesio dasisanic<br />

movleno germaniidam romSi, raTa valad idvan<br />

prusiisa da germaniis parlamentebSiac mxari<br />

miscen episkopozebis cdas saero mflobelobis<br />

aRdgenisaTvisao.<br />

ara gvgonia, am cdam saero mflobelobis<br />

aRdgenisaTvis Tavi daiWiros. xolo germanias ki<br />

rom cotad Tu bevrad mouwamlavs papi mosvenebis<br />

dReebsa, amaSi eWvi arvis ar unda hqondes.<br />

germaniaSi blomad arian erTgulni kaTolikeni,<br />

romis papis Tavdadebulad momxreni. eseni mainc<br />

eurCebian da eurCebian prusiis batonobas<br />

germaniaSi da exla Tu am urCobaSi romis papic<br />

win wauZRveba Tavis locva-kurTxeviT, SesaZloa<br />

germanias imodenad aewewos Sianuri saqmeni, rom<br />

amaSi gaebas da sakmaod veRar moicalos<br />

sagareoTaTvis, da maSasadame, verc ase<br />

Tvgazviadebulad ibatonos evropaSi. safrangeTi,<br />

jer gulnatkeni italiis exlandel<br />

saministrosagan da mere germaniisagan dReyovel<br />

ukadrisad xsenebuli, rasakvirvelia, magrad<br />

Camohkidebs xels papis survils safrangeTTan<br />

daaxlovebisas da ecdeba es viTareba dRevandelis<br />

dRisa rac SeiZleba kargad gamoiyenos.<br />

Semowyroma papisa Tvalad, iqneba, vinmem<br />

arafrad miiCnios, magram mag ambavs guli Signidama<br />

aqvs da SemZlebelia bevri usiamovnoba da vneba<br />

miayenos vilhelm II da T. bismarkis politikas<br />

germaniaSi, saca uamisodac ara erTi da ori<br />

momduravia am politikisa. am saxiT, Tu germanias<br />

aqamde sxvaze uxaroda Tvali, rom Sin saqmeebi<br />

aSlili aqvs da ver gasZRoliao, iqneba dReis amas<br />

iqiT germaniazedac ese gaaxaron sxvebma Tvali.<br />

365

366<br />

<br />

safrageTisadmi<br />

tfilisi, 28 oqtomberi<br />

nuTu marTla safrangeTi ise ganmartoebulia,<br />

ise yvelasagan ganze gayenebulia, ise yvelasagan<br />

xelaRebuli da gawiruli, rogorc iZaxian<br />

germaniis gazeTebi Tavisis Tavis sanugeSod? ara<br />

gvgonia.<br />

Cven amaswinada vsTqviT, rom germania Tumca<br />

bevrs hfarTifurTobs Tavisis megobrebiTa,<br />

avstriiT da italiiT, magram gulSi ki, ara<br />

gvgonia amaTi didi imedi hqonedes. Cven vambobT,<br />

rom verc avstria, verc italia ise ver<br />

daumoyvrdeba germanias, rom cali Tvali<br />

sxvisakenac ar eWiros erTsaca da meoresac.<br />

tyuilad iZaxian safrangeTi ganvamartoeTo,<br />

safrangeTs momxre da meSveli ara hyavs<br />

evropaSio. siyvaruli, megobroba, moyvroba da sxva<br />

amisTana Tbil-Tbili da tkbil-tkbili grZnoba<br />

politikaSi xom Txilis naWuWis fasadac ar gadis<br />

da am mxriT anusxva imisi, Tu vis Sestkiva guli<br />

safrangeTisaTvis, meti iqneba da arafrad<br />

Rirebuli. saqme is aris, saWiroa safrangeTi<br />

evropiisaTvis Tu ara; rom saWiroa, amazed eWvi

aravisa aqvs da, Tu saWiroa, safrangeTi Tavis<br />

dReSi marto ar iqneba evropaSi.<br />

safrangeTma TviTonac rom moindomos martod<br />

da calked yofna, evropa amas ar uyabulebs. es<br />

aSkaraa, imitom rom martoxeli, gancalkevebuli,<br />

umweod, umomxreod darCenili safrangeTi advilad<br />

gasaqeli iqmneba da gaqelva misi da Tavgasuli,<br />

sazRvardaudebeli batonoba germaniisa evropaSi<br />

erTi iqmneba. amas Tavis dReSi evropa ar<br />

moindomebs. piriqiT, evropisaTvis sasurvelia, rom<br />

saca Zlieri germaniaa, iq Zlieri safrangeTic<br />

iyos, rom erTmaneTi dahlagmon da am orSi erTma<br />

sxvazed ar ibatonos evropaSi, imitom rom<br />

batonobis mada da sixarbe marto am orma<br />

saxelmwifom gamoiCina jerxanad, safrangeTma<br />

napoleon III dros da germaniam mas aqeT, rac<br />

safrangeTzed gaimarjva.<br />

avstriisaTvis da italiisaTvis am mxriT<br />

safrangeTi didi ram aris da Znelad<br />

gamosametebelia. amitomac arc erTis amaTis<br />

megobrobas da momxreobas safrangeTis winaaRmdeg<br />

germania mTlad ver miendoba. ai aq aris mizezi,<br />

rom germanias jerxanad omi ver gaubednia<br />

safrangeTisaTvis, Tumca suli kbiliT Zlivs<br />

uWiravs, ise mowadinebulia. evropa nebas ar<br />

miscems germanias gaanadguros safrangeTi da Tu<br />

amas winaT ar waeqomaga safrangeTsa, marto<br />

imisTvis, rom napoleonis safrangeTi metad<br />

Tavgazviadebuli iyo evropaSi da amitom saWirod<br />

Seiqmna frTa cotad Tu bevrad mohkvecoda. roca<br />

germaniam eg frTa Seakveca, axla TviTon<br />

gazviadda da Tavs gavida da amazed mets<br />

gazviadebas ki evropa veRar SeiSvnevs. ai germaniis<br />

asalagmeblad am gazviadebis gzazed didad<br />

saWiroa Zlieri safrangeTi da Tu dRes ruseTi<br />

mxars aZlevs safrangeTsa, swored im mizeziT, rom<br />

367

usafrangeTod germaniis mZlavrobasa da<br />

gaumaZRrobas Znelad gauZlebs evropa.<br />

exla Tu safrangeTis winaaRmdeg iqcevian<br />

zogierTni saxelmwifoni da ekurkurebian<br />

germanias, es ambavi saxvaliod bevrs aras hniSnavs.<br />

ai Tunda italia aviRoT. es xom germaniis<br />

sasiamovnod da samegobrod aris Tavdadebuli da<br />

safrangeTTan didi kinklaoba, wyroma da krulva<br />

aqvs, magram Tu marTla omi astyda, aravin icis,<br />

italia gaimetebs safrangeTsa Tu ara. jer dResac<br />

italiis ukeTesTa SvilTa guli safrangeTisaken<br />

ufro aqvsT, vidre sxvisaken, zogierTni kidev<br />

hfiqroben da arwmuneben sxvas, rom italiisa da<br />

safrangeTis Serigeba advili saqmeao.<br />

gamoCenili oratori italiisa da deputati<br />

arbibi swers gazeTebSi, rom italiaSi erTi kacic<br />

ar aris safrangeTTan omis mosurneo. yvelani,<br />

vinc ki sapolitiko sarbielzed moqmedoben, _ da<br />

mTavar-ministri krispi xom yvelazed uwinares, _<br />

im azrisani arian, rom Ronieri da SeZlebuli<br />

safrangeTi saWiroa evropiis sasworisaTvisao da<br />

amaTSi ufro gavleniani da saxeliani kacebi<br />

Zalian iwyenen, Tu safrangeTi xelaxlad<br />

dahmarcxda an CamoerTva kidev rameo.<br />

maS Tu egrea, italia rad miemxro germanias da<br />

Svela dahpirda, Tu vinicobaa omi autyda<br />

safrangeTTanao, ityvian. eg imitomao, ambobs<br />

deputati arbibi, rom gadidgulebuli safrangeTi<br />

1870 wlamde arafrad iCnevda italias, TiTqo<br />

saxsenebladac ara Rirso, maSin, rodesac<br />

germaniasTan omSi italias SeeZlo kargi zurgi<br />

mieca safrangeTisaTvisao. xolo yovelive es<br />

dRevandeli ukmayofileba italiisa da safrangeT<br />

Soris didi araferia da male daviwyebas miecemao.<br />

amitomac italiis deputati arbibi urCevs<br />

safrangeTsa, nu auCqardebi germanias da<br />

368

samagieros gadaxdas Tavi daanebe dromde, vidre<br />

`samTa kavSirs~ vada gauvao.<br />

vada am samTa kavSirs gauva 1892 welsa da<br />

arbibi urCevs italiasaca da safrangeTsac ise<br />

moiqcnen, rom es `samTa kavSiri~ xelmesamed aRar<br />

Sesdges da italia da safrangeTi, rogorc erTisa<br />

da imave naTesavobis erni, erTmanerTs SeuerTdnen.<br />

Tu safrangeTi mourbildeba da moutkbildeba<br />

italias da tyuilubralozed aRar autexs raRac<br />

davidarabasao, ueWvelia 1892 wels germaniasTan<br />

italia erTad aRar iqnebao.<br />

es kidev araferi, rom italiaSi es amisTana<br />

germaniisaTvis usiamovno azri hmuSaobs da<br />

htrialebs, Tumca ki esec cotad Tu bevrad imisa<br />

momaswavebelia, rom germanias evropaSi abru<br />

utydeba, lilaxana ufuWdeba. aba exla uyureT<br />

ras iZaxis dRes patara belgia, romelic germanias<br />

aqamomde TiTqmis Tavis yurmoWril ymad<br />

eguleboda da gamoeloda, rom Tu vinicobaa<br />

safrangeTs mivesie da gza mominda, uRono belgia<br />

gzas ver damiWerso da Tavis qveyanazed gamatarebs<br />

safrangeTSi Sesasevadao.<br />

exla ki saxelganTqmuli emil lavele<br />

`Independance Belge~-Si sul sxvas mogviTxrobs. igi<br />

imowmeba, rom belgiis guli safrangeTisaken ariso<br />

da ambobs: ministrma brialmonma neba damrTo<br />

gamovacxado, rom, Tu vinicobaa germaniasa da<br />

safrangeTs Soris omi astyda, belgiis mxedroba<br />

ukanasknels wveTs sisxlisas ar dahzogavs, rom<br />

aravin gamoataros belgias gzebsa da miwawyalzedao.<br />

xaTrijami iyos amazed safrangeTio.<br />

es ambebi, ara umniSvnelo dRevandelis<br />

dRisaTvis, imitom moviyvaneT, rom bevri sabuTi<br />

ara aqvs im yvirils, viTomc safrangeTi dRes<br />

gancalkevebulia da gariyuli. tyuilad atyueben<br />

germaneli gazeTebi TavianTs Tavsaca da sxvasac.<br />

369

safrangeTs Tavisi momxreni da Semweni yvanan<br />

evropaSi, imitom rom usafrangeTod evropa<br />

germaniis saTamaSo burTad Seiqmneba. evropa amas<br />

Tavis dReSi ar ikadrebs, Tavis dReSi ar<br />

moindomebs. es germaniam kargad icis da vera<br />

Seubednia ra safrangeTisaTvis. dRevandeli Wiri<br />

germaniisa es aris da imazed htrialebs misi<br />

politika, rom rac SeiZleba gvian daanaxvos<br />

sxvebsa es Tavisi Wiri, an TviT Wirma gvian iCinos<br />

Tavi. imitomac dRes germaniis politika<br />

saxvaliod gadadebaa dRevandelis Wirisa da sxva<br />

araferi.<br />

370

ar viciT, ramodenad marTalia es sasixarulo<br />

ambavi da Tu marTalia, sasurvelia vicodeT<br />

romels Tavadaznaurobas gauwevia Tavis sasaxelod<br />

aseTi marTebuli da Rirseuli Suamdgomeloba<br />

mTavrobis winaSe. samwuxarod, gazeTebi niSnobliv<br />

ar gvauwyeben romeli Tavadaznaurobaa aseTi<br />

gulSematkivari qveynisa da ixsenieben im<br />

Tavadaznaurobas mTelis kavkasiis saxeliT<br />

zogadad da ara saxeldobr calke.<br />

Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom Cveni<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Tavadaznauroba amisTana<br />

Suamdgomelobazed ar moscdeboda. es<br />

Suamdgomeloba saqveyno saqmes Seexeba da sad Cveni<br />

Tavadaznauroba da sad saqveyno saqme!.. Cvens<br />

Tavadaznaurobas Tavisi sakuTari dardi da<br />

naRveli aqvs da sxvisTvis sada aqvs mocda, rom<br />

izrunos da inaRvlos? Cveni Tavadaznauroba, anu<br />

uked vsTqvaT, misi warmomadgenelni qveynis<br />

sakeTilod yvelazed uwinares imasa hxedven, rom<br />

prikazis vali rogorme aRsnan da amis gared Tund<br />

qva qvazedac nuRar darCeba, bevrs aras inaRvlian.<br />

marTalia, Cvenma Tavadaznaurobam am ukanasknel<br />

sagubernio krebaSi erTxmad ganaCeni daadgina, rom<br />

gveyofa amdeni saTakilo Rijini: `gvapatie,<br />

gvaCuqeo~, sxva ara iyos ra, sircxvilia amdeni<br />

maTxovaroba da amitomac nuRar vaxsenebT prikazis<br />

saqmes mTel saTavadaznauro saqmedao da<br />

mTavrobasac nuRar SevawuxebT asiode kacis<br />

gulisaTvis mTelis Tavadaznaurobis saxeliTao,<br />

magram... magram ra? magram is, rom maincdamainc am<br />

prikazis saqmes vepotinebiT Tavadaznaurobis<br />

saxeliTa da gvsurs mTelma Cvenma qveyanam es<br />

prikazis valis patieba gulzed dasadeb malamod<br />

iwamos.<br />

imisTana saqmeebi ki, rogorc, magaliTad,<br />

zemoxsenebuli Suamdgomlobaa sasoflo<br />

372

meurneobis gankargebisa da gavarjiSebisaTvis da<br />

bevri misebrive, Cvens Tavadaznaurobas arafrad<br />

miaCnia da maSin, roca sxvani saqmes irigeben, Cven<br />

wres gareTa vrCebiT. eseve, rasakvirvelia,<br />

SesaZloa, dagvemarTos dResac, roca TviTon<br />

mTavrobas mouwadinebia momaval wels Seudges<br />

kavkasiaSi sasoflo meurneobis saqmis gankargebas<br />

da gaZlierebas. safiqrebelia, rom aq saxeSi aqvT<br />

meurneoba imierkavkasiis mxarisa, da vin icis, eg<br />

keTili ganzraxva Cvenc gagveziareba, Tu ara? Tu<br />

gagveziareba Cvenda sasixarulod, mTavrobis<br />

gulmtkivneulobis madlobelni unda viyvnen da<br />

ara Cvenis Tavadaznaurobisa, romelsac<br />

amisTanaebSi yvelas dardi da naRveli Tavis<br />

dardad da naRvelad ar miaCnia xolme. advilad<br />

safiqrebelia, rom marto imierkavkasiis<br />

Tavadaznauroba hcdila imierkavkasiis sasoflo<br />

meurneoba Seebralebina mTavrobisaTvis da am<br />

mxriT Svela da Semweoba eTxovna mTelis Tavis<br />

mxaris sakeTildReod. Cveneburni ki, aba, rad<br />

amoiRebdnen amazed xmas da rad gairjebodnen!..<br />

prikazis valis patieba iyos, kidec ho, Torem<br />

sasoflo meurneobis sikeTe yvelas saqmea da<br />

Tavadaznauroba sayovelTao saqmisaTvis rad<br />

Seiwuxebs Tavsa.<br />

373

374<br />

<br />

Tanasworoba<br />

tfilisi, 2 noemberi<br />

Cveni guliTadi rwmena yovelTvis isa yofila<br />

da aris, rom eris warmateba, qonebrivi Tu<br />

gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri<br />

wodebaTa dauyofelad, didpataraobis gaurCevlad<br />

da gamoukleblad erTianis mecadineobiTa da<br />

garjiT hcdilobs cxovrebis gza gaikvlios da<br />

burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moednidam<br />

yvelam erTad sayovelTaod. cal-calke weva<br />

cxovrebis uRelisa, cal-calke xvna da mka, calcalke<br />

Tla lxinisa Tavisaken da Wirisa sxvisaken,<br />

marto Tavis Tavis xsovna da sxvisi daviwyeba<br />

momakvdinebelia kacTa saurTierTo cxovrebisa da<br />

saca eg urTierToba ar aris, iq arc igi<br />

krebulia, romelsac eri hqvian.<br />

tyuilad hfiqroben, viTomc kacTa<br />

urTierTobaSi SesaZlebeli iyos romelmame<br />

wodebam calke bina gaikeTos, calke interesebi<br />

SemoiRobos, Semoifarglos da amiT raime xeiri da<br />

sikeTe hnaxos sabolood. amisTana wyoba da<br />

agebuloba sazogadoebisa, Tu erisa, didxans Tavs<br />

ver daiWers da, viTarca qviSazed agebuli saxli,<br />

pirvel qaris Sebervazedve daifuSeba. amisi<br />

magaliTi da sabuTi istoriaSi erTi da ori ar

aris. qveyanazed marto im ers gauZlia, marto im<br />

ers gamoutania Tavi aTasgvar gansacdelisagan,<br />

marto im ers warumatnia da gaZlierebula,<br />

romelsac Tavis drozed Seutyvia da miugnia, rom<br />

erTis romelisame wodebis win waweva arafris<br />

maqnisia, Tu danarCeni eric win ar waweula,<br />

piriqiT, erTis wodebis win wawevas danarCenis<br />

ukan daweva mohyolia.<br />

verc erTi calke wodeba erisa ver daiqadebs,<br />

rom Tu me kargada var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano.<br />

es tyuili qadili iqneba da am tyuilma qadilma<br />

bevrsac Cascxo kidec TavSi yvelgan, sadac<br />

amisTana Tavgasuls tyuils adgili hqonia. Tu<br />

uwin amisTana tyuils qadils, CvenSi Tu sxvagan,<br />

gasavali hqonda cota Tu bevri, exla amas mazanda<br />

Zalian wamxdari aqvs da sicilis mets kacs aras<br />

mohgvris. exla sul sxva droa da am sxva drom<br />

sxva moZRvrebac moitana, moZRvreba marTali da<br />

WeSmariti. exla calke kacia, Tu calke wodeba,<br />

marto amas unda iZaxdes da marto imisaTvis unda<br />

erjodes guli, rom Tu sxvani kargad arian, mec<br />

kargad viqnebio. vinc dRes amas iviwyebs, is<br />

iviwyebs sakuTars Tavsa, sakuTars bednierebas<br />

suliersa da xorciels.<br />

Cvenda samwuxarod, Cveni Tavadaznauroba jer<br />

am moZRvrebas ver miswvdomia da, rogorc erTi<br />

calke wodeba Cvenis erisa, xSirad calke iwevs da<br />

calke iTlis. Cven ki vityviT, rom misi<br />

dRegrZeloba, keTildReoba, bedniereba, saxeli da<br />

dideba swored da mTlad imaSia, rom es moZRvreba<br />

gulSi CaiWdios da erTs wuTsac gonebidam ar<br />

moiSoros, rom Tu sxvani kargad iqnebian, marto<br />

maSin igic kargad iqneba. WeSmaritsa da sabolovo<br />

warmatebas saTave aqa aqvs da Tu Cveni<br />

Tavadaznauroba yovels Tavis mecadineobas da<br />

moqmedebas am moZRvrebas Seuferebs da qveS<br />

375

dauyenebs, sasaxelo mizezs Tavis arsebobisasac aq<br />

ipovis. exlandels droSi mxoloobiTi gza<br />

warmatebisa TavadaznaurobisaTvis is aris, rom<br />

yvelas erTad, gamourCevlad, gamoukleblad,<br />

moziare eqmnas Wirsa da lxinSi da Tavisi<br />

qonebrivi da gonebrivi Rone ar Sealios amao<br />

cdas, rom calke viyo da calke vbednierobdeo. es<br />

calke yofna da calke bedniereba SeuZlebelia da<br />

amitomac amaoa amisaTvis cdaca. arc erTs<br />

Tavadaznaurobas sabolovod Tavi ar dauWeria<br />

arsad, saca ki am calke yofnasa da calke<br />

bednierebas gahyolia. yvelam erTad da TviTeulma<br />

calke unda icodnen, rom igi ganuyofeli nawilia<br />

mTelis erisa da amitomac Tavis keTildReobas<br />

unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildReobaSi<br />

da ara calke. ara gonierma kacma, ra wodebisac<br />

gind iyos, es ar unda daiviwyos, Tu unda Tavisi<br />

sikeTe mkvidrs safuZvelze daamyaros.<br />

376

SeCereba<br />

tfilisi, 3 noemberi<br />

qalaqSi exla zogierT Soris, romelTac<br />

tfilisis avkargianobisaTvis guli SestkivaT,<br />

didi laparakia saqalaqo Teatris Taobazed. es<br />

sagani imisTana umniSvnelo ar aris, rom<br />

yvelasaTvisac cotad Tu bevrad sayuradRebo ar<br />

iyos. amitomac saWirod davinaxeT, rac SesaZloa,<br />

mokled gamovarkvioT am saqmis viTareba da miT<br />

RonisZieba mivceT Cvens sazogadoebas am saganzed<br />

Tavisi sakuTari daskvna da azri Seadginos.<br />

yvelam kargad icis, rom Cvens tfiliss Tavisi<br />

sakuTari Teatri hqonda egreTwodebul TamamSovis<br />

qarvaslaSi. iq, saca exla TamamSovis qarvasla<br />

sdgas, didi moedani iyo wodebuli gareTubnis<br />

moednad da mTlad ekuTvnoda qalaqs. TamamSovebma<br />

es adgili gamosTxoves mTavrobis nebadarTviT<br />

qalaqsa da zed aaSenes exlandeli qarvasla. es<br />

ambavi moxda T. varancovis dros. rasakvirvelia,<br />

qalaqma es Zvirfasi adgili muqTad ar dauTmo<br />

TamamSovebs da 1846 wels piroba CamoarTva, rom<br />

dasaTmobis adgilis samagierod TamamSovebma<br />

Teatri unda auSenon qalaqsa da rac savaWro<br />

Senobebi gars Semoertymis am Teatrs, is sakuTrad<br />

unda darCes TamamSovebs. am pirobis ZaliT TviTon<br />

377

Sig qarvaslaSi moyolili Teatri ki qalaqs unda<br />

dahkuTneboda samudamod.<br />

am pirobis ZaliT gareTubnis moedanzed<br />

wamoiWima qarvasla TamamSovisa da Sig qarvaslis<br />

SuagulSi aSenda qalaqis Teatrica. 1874 wlamde<br />

arc TamamSovebs da arc qalaqs am sagnis gamo<br />

araviTari laparaki da davidaraba ara hqoniaT:<br />

TamamSovebi daepatronnen Teatris garSemo<br />

duqnebsa da maRaziebs da qalaqi kidev Tavis<br />

Teatrsa. xolo 1874 wels TeatrSi cecxli<br />

gaCnda da gadaiwva. TamamSovebs pirobis ZaliT<br />

xelaxla unda aeSenebinaT Teatri ise, rogorc<br />

winad iyo. TamamSovebi arc amis uarzed iyvnen,<br />

xolo iTxoves qalaqisagan Tu SesaZloa Teatris<br />

magier Cvengan fuli miiReT da qarvasla<br />

gagvinTavisufleTo. qalaqs es Txovna WkuaSi<br />

daujda da mTavarmarTeblis nebarTviT TamamSovebi<br />

da qalaqi mohrigdnen ise, rom qalaqs unda mieRo<br />

Teatris samagierod xuTmeti aTasi Tumani.<br />

TamamSovebma es fuli gadauxades qalaqsa da<br />

qarvasla gainTavisufles mTlad. am dros<br />

mTavrobam winadadeba misca qalaqsa, rom eg fuli<br />

gadmomeciTo da me avaSeneb axals Teatrsa axals<br />

adgilzedao. qalaqi amazed daeTanxma mTavrobas da<br />

TamamSovebisagan miRebuli fuli srulad gadasca<br />

mTavrobas. am saganzed qalaqi pirobiT Seekra<br />

aqaur umaRless mTavrobas 1876 w.<br />

pirobisamebr, mTavroba Seudga Teatris<br />

aSenebasa da exla kedlebi amoyvanilia, Teatri<br />

daxurulia da Savad TiTqmis sul mzad aris.<br />

xolo damTavrebaRa aklia, ese igi Sinaganis<br />

morTva da mokazmuloba, am morTvasa da<br />

mokazmulobas, erTis sityviT, damTavrebas<br />

mTavrobis angariSiTve moundeba kidev 232945<br />

maneTi da 34 kap. SinaganTa saqmeTa saministros am<br />

zomiT daumtkicebia mosandomi xarji.<br />

378

1886 wlis 5 noembers tfilisis gubernators<br />

ucnobebia qalaqis TavisaTvis kavkasiis samoqalaqo<br />

nawilis mTavarmarTvelis winadadeba imis<br />

Taobazed, rom qalaqma miiRos Tavis Tavzed<br />

zemoxsenebuli xarji Teatris damTavrebisaTvis,<br />

radganac kavkasiis mTavrobas yovelive RonisZieba<br />

gamoeliao, rac Teatris aSenebisaTvis xelTa<br />

hqondao. es winadadeba gamowveuli iqmna<br />

saxelmwifo sabWos ganaCenisagan, romelic<br />

dadgenilia 19 noembers 1885 w. da romelSiac,<br />

sxvaTa Soris, moxsenebulia, rom saxelmwifo<br />

xazinisagan SeuZlebeliRaa Teatris<br />

damTavrebisaTvis xarji gaswios da Tu qalaqi<br />

saWirod hxedavs Teatris qonas, TviTon moipovos<br />

amisaTvis saWiro fulio.<br />

am saganzed qalaqis gamgeobam iqonia bWoba da<br />

imazed dadga, rom qalaqi ver ikisrebs<br />

SeuZleblobis gamo Teatris damTavrebis xarjsa,<br />

Tu mTavroba Semweobas ar miscems da ar<br />

daexmarebao. qalaqis gamgeobam gamoarkvia ragvari<br />

Semweoba da daxmarebaa saWiro mTavrobisagan, rom<br />

qalaqma ikisros Tavisis fuliT Teatris<br />

damTavreba da yovelive ese moaxsena qalaqis<br />

sabWosa. 10-s noembers 1886 w. qalaqis sabWom<br />

moismina es moxseneba da daadgina, rom es saqme<br />

gadaeces calke komisias gamosakvlevad. ra hqna<br />

komisiam, amas Semdeg vityviT.<br />

379

380<br />

Sesaxeb Sesaxeb<br />

tfilisi, 4 noemberi<br />

qalaqis sabWosagan amorCeulma komisiam orjel<br />

iqonia msjeloba Teatris damTavrebis saqmis<br />

Taobazed * . pirveli moxseneba komisiisa qalaqis<br />

sabWom ar Seiwynara da amitomac Cven saWirod ara<br />

vracxT moviyvanoT, _ raSi mdgomareobda komisiis<br />

pirveli moxseneba. sabWom xelmeored daavala<br />

pirvandel komisiasve xelaxlad gadasinjva saqmisa.<br />

komisiam gadasinja da 4-s dekembers 1886 wels<br />

Tavisi axali moxseneba warudgina qalaqis sabWosa<br />

da sabWom Seiwynara es axlad SemuSavebuli azri<br />

komisiisa.<br />

kimisiis azri, sabWos mier Sewynarebuli da<br />

miRebuli, is iyo, rom qalaqs ekisrna Tavisis<br />

xarjiT damTvreba Teatrisa, xolo Semdegis<br />

pirobiT ki:<br />

1) tfilisis Teatrs eZleodes Semdegac<br />

yovelwliuri subsidia mTavrobisa ricxviT 42195<br />

man., romelic moxmardeba gansakuTrebiT Teatris<br />

saqmes.<br />

* yoveli cnobani am Teatris damTavrebis saqmisa Cven amovkribeT TviTon<br />

qalaqis sabWos oqmisagan, romelic ukve dabeWdilia.

2) am subsidiidam mieces qalaqs winadve<br />

xazinidam samis wlis fuli erTad, ese igi,<br />

126585 maneTi.<br />

3) danarCens fuls, rac moundeba Teatris<br />

damTavrebas, saxeldobr, 105760 maneTs TviTon<br />

qalaqi iSovis im pirobiT, rom eg vali subsidiis<br />

fulidam gadaswyvitos.<br />

4) radganac qalaqs subsidiis fuli samis<br />

wlisa erTad winadve aRebul eqmneba, amis<br />

gadasaxdelad mTvrobam ukan daiWiros subsidiis<br />

fulidam yovel wliv 5505 maneTi 23 wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi da danarCeni ki 36690 maneTi yovel<br />

wliv aZlios xolme qalaqs.<br />

5) 1891 wlamde, ese igi, oTx weliwads qalaqs<br />

kidev eZleodes Tavisi xvedri wili baJis fulisa<br />

weliwadSi eqvsasi Tumani, romelic moxmardeba<br />

sxvdasxva sagans, Teatris xarjis angariSSi ar<br />

moqceuls.<br />

6) Teatri gardaeces qalaqs srul sakuTrebad<br />

da qalaqsave hqondes gamgeoba TviT Teatris<br />

saqmisa.<br />

7) qalaqi hkisrulobs rusuls dramatiuls<br />

xelovnebas Seewiros fuliTa da aZlios<br />

antreprizas yoveli RonisZieba mag xelovnebis<br />

sasurvel simaRlezed dayenebisaTvis.<br />

8) 23 wlis Semdeg maTavrobis mier daniSnuli<br />

subsidia SeiZleba 9520 manaTze Camoxdes, Tu<br />

garemoeba amaSi xels Seuwyobs qalaqs.<br />

es pirobani daamtkica qalaqis sabWom da<br />

qalaqisTavis mier 9 dekembers 1886 wlisas<br />

waredgina mis brwyinvalebas mTavarmarTvels,<br />

romelmac Tavisis mxriT gadasca SinaganTa saqmeTa<br />

ministrs gasabWoblad. 16 oqtombers 1887 w.<br />

ministrma moiwera, rom Tumca qalaqis sabWo uars<br />

ar aris ikisros damTavreba Teatrisa, magram<br />

aseTs pirobebsa sdebs, rom am pirobebis miReba<br />

381

yovlad SeuZlebeliao. garda amisa ministri<br />

iwereba, rom eg gadawyvetileba qalaqis sabWosi<br />

imisTana ram ar aris, rom misi Secvla da sxva<br />

gadawyvetilebis dadgena SeuZlebeliRa iyoso da<br />

amitomac sTxova Tavads mTavarmarTvels, Tu<br />

saWirod dainaxos, daiyolios qalaqis sabWo<br />

imisTana gadawyvetilebazed, romelic ufro<br />

Seefereba rogorc TviT saqmis bunebas, isec mis<br />

exlandels viTarebas.<br />

amis mixedviT misma brwyinvalebam<br />

mTavarmarTvelma urCia qalaqis sabWos am Teatris<br />

damTavrebis saqme xelmeored gadasinjos da<br />

amasTan sasargeblod scna Tavisi azric am<br />

saganzed euwyebina. misi brwyinvaleba<br />

mTavarmarTveli brZanebs, rom qalaqs, Tuki<br />

moiwadinebs, SeuZlian Tavisis xarjiT daamTavros<br />

Teatri, romelzedac mTavrobam amodeni xarji da<br />

Sroma gaswia; mTavrobazed ki amas iqiT<br />

nuraviTars imeds nu iqoniebTo, radganac mTavroba<br />

verafers Semweobas fuliTa, Tu sesxiT veRar<br />

aRmogiCenTo. xolo Tu Teatrs Tqvenis xarjiT<br />

daamTavrebT, maSin Teatris saqme ase vfiqrob<br />

movawyovo samermisod;<br />

1) Teatris saqmis gamgeoba da pirdapiri<br />

zedamxedveloba daevaleba mTavrobis direqcias,<br />

romelSiac erTi, an ori warmomadgeneli<br />

qalaqisac iqneba.<br />

2) am direqcias miecema mTavrobis mier<br />

daniSnuli subsidia Teatris Sesawevrad, xolo<br />

zoma am subsidiisa winadve ar iqneba<br />

gansazRvruli.<br />

3) mTvrobis mier daniSnul direqtors<br />

daevaleba ganagos da gauZRves scenis saqmes<br />

Teatrisas, xolo sameurneo saqme ki sakuTriv<br />

daeqvemdebareba qalaqis warmomadgenelsa da rac<br />

382

sazogado saqme iqmneba, igi gaibWoba koleJiis<br />

wesiT.<br />

4) mTavrobis mier daniSnuli subsidia mTlad<br />

unda moxmardes mxolod dramatiuls da operis<br />

warmodgenas da yovels mas, rac Seexeba scenisa<br />

da dekoraciis saWiroebas da pirdapiri angariSi<br />

yovel amisi mTavrobis mier daniSnul direqtoris<br />

xelT iqneba.<br />

5) Tumca mTavrobis warmomadgenels pirdapir<br />

ar eqvemdebareba sameurneo nawili Teatris<br />

saqmisa, magram yoveli angariSi am nawilisa<br />

daubrkolebriv unda waredginos mas gasaCxrekad.<br />

6) yovelive sarCieli, rac ki Seexeba<br />

warmodgenebis gamarTvas sezonSi, anu Teatris<br />

micemas antrepreniorisaTvis, unda wardgenil<br />

eqmnas mTavarmarTvels nebadasarTvelad.<br />

es pirobani da sarCielni b-ma gubernatorma<br />

gadasca qalaqis Tavsa da sTxova yovelive es<br />

gaasinjos qalaqis sabWos. qalaqis gamgeobam 17<br />

RvinobisTTves 1888 wels gadasinja ra es axali<br />

viTareba da garemoeba saqmisa, daadgina, rom<br />

qalaqs araviTari RonisZieba ara aqvs ikisros<br />

damTavreba Teatrisa, Tu ar im pirobiT, rac 4<br />

dekembers 1886 wlis ganaCenSia moxsenebuli. es<br />

ganaCeni gamgeobam warudgina qalaqis sabWos<br />

gasabWoeblad.<br />

riTi dabolovda es saqme, ukve ician Cvenma<br />

mkiTxvelebma `iveriis~ # 230, saca am saganzed<br />

bWoba qalaqis sabWosi sakmaod vrclad aris<br />

moxsenebuli.<br />

Cven marto im ambebis CamoTvlas vikmarebT, rac<br />

am Teatris saqmis Taobazed moxda. Cven Cvens<br />

larsa da xazs ar gavabamT ama saqmis zogierTs<br />

sakvirvels viTarebazed, radganac eg `zogierTi<br />

viTarebani~ imisTanani arin, rom TviTon Cvenzed<br />

ukeT hlaparakoben. mxolod es kia, rom kargs<br />

383

mTqmels kai gamgonic undao. da Tu am kargs<br />

mTqmels `zogierTs viTarebas~ kargi gamgonic<br />

Sexvdeba, is CvenTan erTad daiZaxebs gaocebuli:<br />

va, es ra ambavia, Tqveni Wirimeo!<br />

384

barbarosoba<br />

barbarosoba a><br />

tfilisi, 8 noemberi<br />

kvirandelis nomris meTaurSi Cven SevexeniT<br />

Cvens uTaurobas, Cvens daudevnelobas da, vityviT,<br />

Cvens barbarosobas imis Taobazed, rom yovel im<br />

naSTs Cvenis warsulisas, romelic gadaurCa Cvenis<br />

mZvinvare da dauZinebel mtrebis srvasa da<br />

aoxrebas, Cven ufro ugulod, uwyalod da<br />

Seubraleblad veqceviT, vidre Cvenni amaoxrebelni<br />

winandelni mtrebi. isini, ase Tu ise Cvenzed<br />

gulmosulni, javrs mainc iyridnen Cvenzed,<br />

mtrada gvsaxavdnen da mtrulad gveqcevodnen,<br />

roca pirqve amxobdnen Cvens didebulsa da<br />

saxelovans naRvaw-namoqmedars da Cven ki, roca<br />

maTgan gadarCenils saunjes Cvenis xeliTve<br />

vmusravT, amaebiTac ver gavimarTlebT Tavs,<br />

amaebiTac ver SevimsubuqebT codvas. am Cvens<br />

saocars moqmedebaSi warsulis naSTis Sesaxeb<br />

araviTari Sesawynarebeli da mizezi da sabuTi ar<br />

aris. amisTanac ki, rac Cvens mters aiZulebda<br />

Cvenda aoxrebad da CvenTa naSTTa ganadgureblad.<br />

aq sxva safiqrebeli ara aris ra, garda imisa,<br />

rom yovlad umecarni varT, ar gvesmis ra ganZia,<br />

ra saunjea Senaxuli da Sefarebuli CvenTa mama-<br />

385

papaTagan datovebul naSTSi. amgvarebSi umecreba,<br />

ar codna, ar gageba barbarosis zne da wesia,<br />

Torem cotaodnad mixvedrili kaci, cotaodnad<br />

gulaxilebuli da Tvalaxilebuli, ase uwyalod<br />

ver moeqceoda warsulis mowames saxsovars da<br />

ver Seubedavda xels Sesamusvrelad da dedamiwis<br />

zurgidam asagvelad.<br />

es ambavi miT ufro gasakvirvelia, rom amisTana<br />

Semusvras, ganadgurebas warsulis naSTisas,<br />

warsulis saxsovrisas ar mohridebia CvenSi vin?<br />

quTaisis sasuliero saswavleblis gamgeoba,<br />

romelsac Cvenis didebulis bagratis taZris qvebi<br />

miucia ijaradrisaTvis, rom ixmaros axalis<br />

ekklesiis aSenebisaTvis.<br />

diaR, batonebo, es yovlad auxsneli ambavi<br />

mouxdenia saswavlebelis gamgeobas, ese igi, im<br />

krebuls, romlis xelSiac aris Cveni ganaTleba,<br />

Cvenis Svilebis wrTvna da swavla da romelsac<br />

yvelazed metad unda gagebuli hqondes ras<br />

hniSnavs, rad Rirs qveynisaTvis, ris<br />

momaswavebelia imisTana didebuli saxsovari<br />

warsulisa, rogoric aris bagratis taZari<br />

quTaisSi. misi yovelive calke qva, calke natexi<br />

qvisa, mcireodeni namtvrevi da namsxvrevi ise unda<br />

hqondes Senaxuli da napatronebi, rogorc Tavisi<br />

ori Tvali. amis samagierod ra gvesmis da rasa<br />

vxedavT? ijaradarma yovelive es rogorc unda,<br />

ise moixmaroso. amazed uaresad sasacilod agdeba<br />

qveynisa, amazed uaresad Segineba warsulisa,<br />

amazed uaresad SebRalva qveynis saxelisa Cven<br />

sxva bevri ara gagvigonia ra.<br />

kidev kargia, rom kanoni nebas ar miscems<br />

amisTana barbarosoba moaxdinon sajarod,<br />

saqveynod. Cven imedi gvaqvs, rom kanoni aq Tavs<br />

gamoidebs da Tavis sityvas aravis gaaqelvinebs.<br />

meTormete tomis SenobaTa wesdebis 181 muxli<br />

386

(том 12-ый, ч.I, стр. 181 Строительнаго устава * ) usastikesad<br />

ukrZalavs yovels imisTana moqmedebas, rac,<br />

samwuxarod Cvenda, ganuzraxavs quTaisis<br />

sasuliero saswavleblis gamgeobas. Cven imedi<br />

gvaqvs, igi, visac ekuTvnis, miaxedebs xsenebuls<br />

gamgeobas am kanonzed da ar gaaZarcvinebs aravis<br />

im didebuls naSTs warsulisas, romelsac ase<br />

ukadrisad Sehbeda quTaisis sasuliero<br />

saswavleblis gamgeobam.<br />

* ai igi muxli ras ambobs: `Строжайше воспрещается разрушать остатки<br />

древних замков, крепостей, памятников и др. зданий древности, под<br />

ответственностью за нарушение сего начальников губерний и местных<br />

полиций~.<br />

387

388<br />

<br />

istoria<br />

tfilisi, 9 noemberi<br />

Cven ara erTxel gviTqvams, rom eris pirqve<br />

damxoba, gaTaxsireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba,<br />

roca igi Taviss istorias iviwyebs, roca mas<br />

xsovna ekargeba Tavisis warsulisa, Tavisis<br />

yofilis cxovrebisa, daviwyeba istoriisa, Tavisis<br />

warsulisa da yofilis cxovrebis aRmofxvra<br />

xsovnisagan _ momaswavebelia eris suliT da<br />

xorciT moSlisa, darRvevisa da mTlad<br />

wawymedisaca. warsuli _ mkvidri saZirkvelia<br />

awmyosi, rogorc awmyo momavlisa. es sami<br />

sxvadasxva xana, sxvadasxva Jami eris cxovrebisa<br />

isea erTmaneTzed gadabmuli, rom erTi umeorod<br />

warmoudgeneli, gaugebari da gamoucnobia.<br />

amitomac aris naTqvami erTis brZnisagan, rom<br />

awmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli<br />

mermisisao. es samTa JamTa erTmaneTzed<br />

damokidebuleba, kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da<br />

garduvali, rogorc yovelive buneburi kanoni.<br />

bevrs ers qveyanazed sulac ara hqonia<br />

warsuli, sulac ara hqonia istoria, ese igi,<br />

imisTana cnobieri cxovreba, romelic gamosaxavs<br />

xolme suliers da xorciels vinaobas erTianis<br />

krebulisas, mis mizidulebas, mis azrs da sagans

arsebobisas, mis wmindaTa-wmidas, da romelica<br />

mkis Tavis droebisaTvis da amasTanave sTess<br />

mermisisaTvis. amisTana xalxni dResac bevrni arian<br />

qveyanazed. amisTana xalxi ubinao kacsa hgavs,<br />

romelmac ar icis vin aris, risTvis aris, saidam<br />

modis da sad midis. amitomac eseTi xalxi bevriT<br />

ar gamoirCeva pirutyvTagan da iqneba bevrSi<br />

ukanac CamourCeba. ulmobeli kanoni istoriisa<br />

amisTana xalxs ver daindobs exlandels droSi,<br />

da sxva ufro Zlieris istoriis mqone eri<br />

daeZgereba Tu ara, Tanac gaitans da Seiwiravs<br />

xolme amisTana xalxsa.<br />

Tu eseTi ara, bevri meti aRar aris igi eri,<br />

romelsac istoria hqonia da igi istoria<br />

dauviwynia; aRarc amisTana ersa aqvs mkvidrad<br />

mokidebuli fexi arsebobisaTvis saWidaod, imitom<br />

rom, ra iyo _ is daviwyebuli aqvs da, maSasadame,<br />

ra aris _ arc is icis. ar icis ra gaimagros,<br />

risTvis gaiwiros Tavi, ras gamoesarClos da ras<br />

ara. fexqveSeTidam gamoclili aqvs is magari miwa,<br />

igi tani Tavis vinaobisa, romelsac istoria<br />

SeaduRebs xolme mama-papaTa naRvawnamoqmedarisagan<br />

saSviliSvilod fexmosakideblad<br />

da mosamagreblad. igi dideba, igi saxeli,<br />

romelsac amisTana eri CainarCunebs xolme<br />

warsulisagan Tavis gulSi, Tavis samReralsa da<br />

sagalobelSi, Tavis zRaprebsa da moTxrobebSi,<br />

marTalia, bevrs anugeSebs xolme Wirsa da<br />

lxinSi, magram, rac dro midis, eg nugeSic,<br />

istoriis daviwyebasTan erTad, neldeba da<br />

TandaTan hqreba. imitom rom samReralsa da<br />

sagalobelSi, zRaprebsa da moTxrobebSi<br />

CarCenilni saxsovarni, istoriis daviwyebis gamo,<br />

marTals aRara hgvanan da uazro da usagno<br />

zRapradRa gardaiqcevian, rogorc mTqmelis,<br />

agreTve gamgonis TvalSiac. amis gamo am<br />

389

saxsovrebSi is cecxlmosakidebeli Zal-Rone aRar<br />

aris, romelic kacs aafeTqebs xolme moqmedebisa<br />

da garjisaTvis, da raki es ar aris, yoveli es<br />

ganZi da saunjec ki, warsulisagan gadmolocvili,<br />

amao da fuWia eris gamxnevebisaTvis, eris<br />

dRegrZelobisaTvis.<br />

Tund egec ar iyos, Svilma unda icodes, sad<br />

da razed gaCerda mama, rom iqidam daiwyos<br />

cxovrebis uRelis weva. Svils unda gamorkveuli<br />

hqondes, raSi iyo marTali da kargi misi mama,<br />

raSi iyo Semcdari, ra avi miiCnia keTilad, da ra<br />

keTili _ avad, ra umarTavda xels, ra<br />

abrkolebda, risTvis irjeboda da mxneobda, da<br />

risTvis da raSi uqmobda. uamisod TviTon Svili,<br />

rac gind mxne da gamrjeli iyos, uxorTumo<br />

spilos egvaneba. daviT guramiSvilisa ar iyos, da<br />

am wuTisofelSi veras gaxdeba.<br />

Cven ers ori aTasi weliwadi ucxovria<br />

istoriulis cxovrebiT. bevri magari da bevric<br />

uvargisi qva Caudvia im saZirkvelSi, romelzedac<br />

dRes Cveni awmyoa damyarebuli mermisis amosagebad.<br />

rom marTla esea, amis sabuTi Tvalwin gvaqvs. ra<br />

Segvinaxavda am erT muWa xalxs am oriaTas<br />

weliwads amodena dauZinebel mtrebs Soris. raT<br />

da rogor SegvarCenda xarboba ucxo TemTa am<br />

mSvenivrad Semkuls walkotsa, romelsac<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eZaxian, Tu Cvens warsuls Cvenis<br />

cxovrebis saZirkvelSi magari qva ar Caedga. es<br />

erTis mxriT, meores mxriT _ ra CamogvarCenda ase<br />

uwyalod sxva qveynebsa an ganaTlebasa, an<br />

gamdidrebaSi, Tu amisTana qveynis patronTa<br />

cxovrebis saZirkvelSi magar qvasTan erTad<br />

uuargisi da fxvnili qvac ar Caeyolebina Cvens<br />

istorias.<br />

romelia simagre Cvenis cxovrebisa da romeli<br />

sifuye da sisuste, amas axsnis da gviTargmnis<br />

390

xolme marto istoria, da Tu igi daviviwyeT, maS<br />

dagviviwynia Cvenis cxovrebis saTavec, Cvenis<br />

cxovrebis fesvi, Cvenis cxovrebis saZirkveli, da<br />

Tu masea _ raRazed unda davamyaroT Cveni awmyo,<br />

Cveni mermisi? ar aris arc erTi mxare Cvenis<br />

cxovrebisa, rogorc sxvisisac, rom raime<br />

warsulis naSTi zed ar SerCenodes, xolo am<br />

naSTisa dRes Cven aRara gagvegeba ra, vimeorebT,<br />

imitom, rom daviwyebuli gvaqvs misi amxsneli da<br />

gammartebeli istoria. amitomac Cven bevrSi<br />

uTavboloba gvetyoba, araferi saqme ar<br />

gvixerxdeba, aqeT da iqiT vaskdebiT<br />

Tavsbrudaxveul kacsaviT da vera gamogvitania ra.<br />

es uqmad warmavali garja Cveni, uqmad<br />

warxdomili mxneoba da cda, qancs uwyvetavs<br />

gamrjels da mis mayurebels ers xom guli<br />

utydeba, Tavis Tavzed sasoeba da imedi ekargeba,<br />

da aqedam gana didi manZiliRaa srulad<br />

ganadgurebamde!<br />

garda yovel amisa, bevrjel gviTqvams da<br />

exlac ganvimeorebT, rom istoria igi didebuli<br />

taZaria, saca uwiravs erTians sulsa erisas da<br />

saca aRumarTavs ers Tavis didebuli da<br />

didbunebovan kacTa uwmindaesni xatni da zed<br />

waruweria didTa saqmeTa moTxroba, viTa<br />

saSviliSvilo anderZi. eri, romelsac axsovs eg<br />

Tavisis erTianis sulis wirva, eg Tavis<br />

didbunebovanni kacni da didTa saqmeTa ambavi,<br />

keTdeba, mxnevdeba, hgulovndeba da<br />

Tavmowonebulia yvelgan, Wiria Tu lxini. am<br />

RirsebaTa patroni eri ar dauvardeba, ar<br />

dauZabundeba araviTars zedmosuls ubedurebasa da<br />

gansacdelsa. igi gulgautexelad ibrZvis. iRvwvis,<br />

gamxnevebuli Tavis mama-papis magaliTiTa da<br />

anderZiTa, da marto gulgautexeli mebrZoli<br />

391

dainarCunebs xolme burTsa da moedans am<br />

wuTisofelSi.<br />

didbunebovan kacTa da saxelovan gmirTa<br />

magaliTebiT istoria swurTnis ersa, zrdis, da<br />

didebulni saqmeni kidev guls ukeTeben<br />

moqmedebisaTvis, aqezeben, amxneveben, Tu nametnavad<br />

is magaliTebi eris sakuTaris istoriisani arian.<br />

eri Tavis gmirebis cxovrebiTa da magaliTebiT<br />

unda hsuldgmulobdes, Tu marTla eroba hsurs<br />

da agrec aris, saca eri erobs. aba SexedeT sxva<br />

qveynebs, erTi imisTana saxelovani kaci ara<br />

hyoliaT, rom mis saxsovrad Zegli ara hqondeT<br />

aRmarTuli? risTvis? sul imisTvis, rom didma<br />

Tu pataram daixsomos Tavisi saxelovani kaci,<br />

sul mudam Tvalwin iyolios da mis mibaZvas<br />

ecados.<br />

es mravalgvari mniSvneloba istoriisa eris<br />

gamococxlebisaTvis kargad icodnen Tavis eris<br />

gulSematkivarTa sxva qveynebSi. igi saxelovanni<br />

mamuliSvilni, yvelazed uwinares, eris<br />

gamokeTebisaTvis daviwyebulis istoriis aRdgenas<br />

Seecadnen. gamoRviZebam erisam ugemuris Zilisagan<br />

yvelgan aqedam daiwyo Tavisi dasawyisi, da am<br />

gziT gamofxizlebul eris keTildReobasa da<br />

xelaxlad aRorZinebas dRes bevrgan Cvenis<br />

TvaliTa vxedavT.<br />

Cven gvwams eseTi saswaulmoqmedeba istoriisa<br />

da amitomac didis sixaruliT vegebebiT im ambavs,<br />

rom Cvens dauRalavs moRvawes b-ns d. baqraZes<br />

ganuzraxavs Cvenis daviwyebulis istoriis aRdgena<br />

da gaxseneba. `iveriaSi~ dabeWdilis programisagan<br />

sCans, rom b-n baqraZes sanatrelis sididiT<br />

Semoufarglavs Tavisi sagani ase, rom Tu<br />

programa Sesrulda, Cven, qarTvelebs, xelT<br />

gveqneba mTeli didi da vrceli suraTi Cvenis aw<br />

daviwyebulis warsulisa. visac ki gaegeba ram,<br />

392

sixaruliT aRtacebulni mouTmenlad moelian im<br />

dRes, roca daibeWdeba es istoria, viTarca dids<br />

dResaswauls rasme. marTalnic arian.<br />

zemoxsenebulisagan cxadad dainaxavs Cveni<br />

mkiTxveli, Tu ra didsa da saxelovans Rvawlsa<br />

da samsaxurs sdebs b-ni baqraZe Cvens ers, Cvens<br />

qveyanasa. kidev vityviT, aRdgena istoriisa _ eris<br />

gamococxlebaa, gamomxnevebaa, awmyos gageba da<br />

warmarTvaa, mermisis gamorkvevaa sibnelisagan.<br />

yovel am did sikeTis momniWebeli iqneba Cveni<br />

pativcemuli b-ni baqraZe, romelsac madlobeli<br />

eri da davalebuli qveyana Tavis dReSi ar<br />

daiviwyebs TvisTa saxelovanTa kacTa Soris.<br />

RmerTma ise keTilad Seasrulebinos es sasaxelo<br />

ganzraxva, rogorc TviTon b-n baqraZes da misTa<br />

keTilmyofelTa hsurdes da, sxvaTa Soris, Cvenca.<br />

393

394<br />

iyos<br />

tfilisi, 16 noemberi<br />

kvira dRes, am 13-s noembers, mTeli ubani<br />

sasaxlidam dawyebuli TamamSovis qarvaslemde<br />

TiTqmis savse iyo xalxiTa. qalsa da kacsa, didsa<br />

da pataras Tavi moeyara qamoanT somxis<br />

ekklesiasTan, romelic sasaxlis quCis<br />

dasawyisSia, da iq rom ver dateuliyo, mTeli<br />

quCa gaevso. am ekklesiaSi anderZs ugebda somxis<br />

samRvdeloeba ubedurs manis, romelmac Tavisis<br />

xeliT Tavi moikla. vin iyo es mani? igi iyovo,<br />

amboben, erTi patiosani vaWari somexi, ucxoeTidam<br />

mosuli Cvens qveyanaSi savaWrod... igi ase Tu ise<br />

Cavardnia xelSi aqaurs somexsve, romlis bevri<br />

Tu cota vali dasdebia da aqaurs iqaurisTvis ise<br />

wauWirebia yelSi Toki, rom ubedurs sxva gza<br />

xsnisa ara hqonia, an `naZraxi sicocxle~ unda<br />

aerCia, an sikvdili. sjobs sikvdilio, uTqvams da<br />

mouklavs kidec Tavi.<br />

xolo minam am Tavis gawirvamde mividoda,<br />

bevri kaci Seuyenebia Tavisis moZmesaTvis da<br />

uTxovnia, madrove da rogorme SemaZlebine Senis<br />

valis gadaxdao. movales araviTari Txovna ar<br />

Seuwynarebia da imasac auRia da daucia Tavis<br />

TavisTvis dambaCa. ese gaTavebula somxisagan

somexi kaci, mama, rogorc amboben, xuTis Svilisa.<br />

es amisTana ambavi CvenSi `ar axalia, Zvelia~. ara<br />

gvgonia am Cvens bedniers qveyanaSi dRe ise<br />

gavides, rom sadme Cvenda uxilavad, Cvenda<br />

Seutyobrad ar moxdes an amisTana saqme, an amisi<br />

msgavsi ram, romelic sikvdilTan Tanasworia,<br />

bevri kacia, Tu ar ese wuTisofels<br />

gamosalmebuli, miwasTan mainc gasworebuli,<br />

ojaxdamxobili, gawyalebuli da gaTaxsirebuli<br />

adamianis sixarbisa da gulqvaobisagan. vis rad<br />

ukvirs es ubeduris manis ambavi? saca kacs<br />

erTaderTi sagalobeliRa aqvs: `fuli, fuli da<br />

fulis meti sxva arara~, iq rad unda gvikvirdes<br />

an is, rom gamgelebuli sixarbe kacis gamwiravia,<br />

kacs ara hzogavs, ar indobs; an is, rom sicocxle<br />

sikvdilze uaresia, gana es ase ar unda iyos imaT<br />

Soris, romelnic kacurkacobas marto fulis<br />

SovnaSi hxedaven da erTaderT sagnad cxovrebisad<br />

marto es Sovna aqvsT miCneuli da sxva arara.<br />

am gaupatiurebas, gabiabruebas kacurkacobisas,<br />

adamiani kidev rogorme gauZlebda, rogorme<br />

aitanda, rom TviTon gzani fulis Sovnisani<br />

erTnairad pativdebulni da Sewynarebulni ar<br />

iyvnen: cudia Tu kargi, saZraxia Tu uZraxi,<br />

namusiania Tu namusaxdili, sul erTia, oRond<br />

fuli ki aSovninos, fuliani kaciao, ityvian da<br />

gaTavda!.. misi kacuri Rirseba damyarebulia, saqebsadidebelia.<br />

vimeorebT, maS rad gvikvirs, rom<br />

adamiani adamians sasikvdilodac ara hzogavs<br />

groSisaTvis? fulis Sovnis sixarbisagan<br />

gaafrebuls kacs gana moeTxoveba imisTana grZnoba,<br />

rogorc, magaliTebr, kacTmoyvarebaa, sibralulia,<br />

gulSematkivarobaa da sxva amisTana patiosani<br />

siTbo sulisa da gulisa? fulis Sovnis sixarbe<br />

iseTs Jangs mohkidebs xolme sulsaca da gulsac,<br />

rom araviTari grZnoba veRar isadgurebs adamianSi.<br />

395

`cota maqvs, magram yovelgan sikeTe miuwdomeli~<br />

_ dRes CvenSi Tavmosawonebeli Tema aRar aris.<br />

amis mTqmels dRes CvenSi sasacilod aigdeben: Tu<br />

cota aqvs mag sulels, Tavi riRaTi moaqvso,<br />

ityvian.<br />

amitomac imaSi, rom movalem Tavisi sxverpli<br />

sikvdilamde miiyvana da Tavi moakvlevina, Cven<br />

axals arasa vxedavT: es Cvenda samarcxvinod,<br />

Cvenda savalalod da savaglaxod ese yofila<br />

CvenSi da iqneba kidec, vidre Cveneburs kacs ZvalrbilSi<br />

ar gaujdeba, rom kacoba adamianisa fuli<br />

ar aris da siRaribe, ufuloba arakacobas ara<br />

hniSnavs. bevri Raribia, romelsac kacuri Rirseba<br />

nebas aZlevs Tamamad da samarTlianad sTqvas:<br />

`mdidaro, Camodeqi, Raribi mobZandeba~.<br />

miT, rom xarbobam kaci Seiwira, kvirandeli<br />

dRe axalis risame momaswavebeli ar aris. aki<br />

vambobT, kacis kacisagan gawirva fulis<br />

gulisaTvis CvenSi SeCveuli Wiria da am Wirs ver<br />

gamovacliT vaiTa da viSiTa im erTsgvars wres,<br />

romelsac fulisaTvis fexTa qveS gauSlia yoveli<br />

adamianuri Rirseba da romelic fuls gared kacs<br />

kacad ar axsenebs da ar imcnevs. kvirandels dRes<br />

sul sxva mniSvneloba aqvs Cvens TvalSi. man<br />

gvauwya, rom qveyanas Tavisi yavarjeni marto im<br />

erTsgvars wrezed ar miuyudebia. is<br />

gulmtkivneuloba, is pativi, romliTac Cveneburi<br />

xalxi mouZRva ekklesiamde mdidrisagan gawiruls<br />

Raribs kacs aq, CvenSi uTvistomos, da aqedam<br />

waasvena saflavis karamdina, cxadi magaliTia<br />

imisi, rom yofila CvenSic imisTana nawili erisa<br />

da didi nawilic, romelsac kargi Raribi kacad<br />

swamebia da avi mdidari arakacad.<br />

es kvirandeli dRe utyuari ganaCenia,<br />

xalxisagan utyvad dadgenili, imazed, kaci unda<br />

jer kaci iyos da mere Tunda fuliani, Tunda<br />

396

ufulo. am ganaCenma samarcxvino daRi daasva av<br />

mdidars kargis kacobis saxeliTa da miT kacoba<br />

fulianobazed win daayena. Tu samwuxaroa riTime<br />

es samarTliani ganaCeni, marto imiT, rom minam<br />

kacma sicocxle ar gaiwira sajarod, minam yelSi<br />

waWirebulma Tavi ar moikla Cvens Tvalwin, minam<br />

adamianis danTxeulma sisxlma ar daiRaRada<br />

saSinelis RaRadiTa, im dromde guli ara<br />

gvtkenia, Tumca dRe yovel adamianis gaumaZRars<br />

sixarbes fulis Sovnisas aTasi kaci Cvens<br />

Tvalwinve miwasTan gausworebia, Zirianad<br />

amouTxria aTasis kacis bedniereba, Seusvams da<br />

SeuWamia aTasis kacis col-Svili, pirqve daumxia<br />

aTasis kacis ojaxi. sxverpli am gamudmebulis<br />

Wirisa, romelsac sixarbe hqvian, dReyovel aTasia<br />

CvenSi, dReyovel aTasi kaci hkvnesis am<br />

sazizRarisa da Seubralebelis Wirisagan<br />

soflebsa Tu qalaqebSi, magram `agrZnos vissa<br />

smenas?~ piriqiT, igi sixarbe, eg WirTa Wiri,<br />

Tavmowonebulad da dausjelad hfarfaSobs CvenSi<br />

da Wkuisa da mxneobis saxeliT yurebs uWedavs<br />

gamvlelsa da gamomvlelsa. diaR, amodenad<br />

hTamamobs da urcxvobs kidec, rom Wkuisa da<br />

mxneobis saxels iCemebs! kvirandelma dRem bevrs<br />

unda auxilos Tvalebi, Tu saukunod Tvalis Cini<br />

gahqrobiaT, da igi rac hnaxes, gulSi unda<br />

CairCinon da sTqvan: sjobnebia cota mqondes da<br />

kargi viyo, vidre bevri da avi viyo.<br />

397

398<br />

gazeTi<br />

tfilisi, 22 noemberi<br />

rarigad aeria adamians gza-kvali yovelsferSi!<br />

eCosaviT sul mudam Tavisaken mTleli goneba<br />

adamianisa am areulobasa da babilonis godolis<br />

aSenebaSi iqamde mivida, rom lamis cxadi<br />

boroteba, aSkara avkacoba did saTnoebad da did<br />

madlad gadaaqcios da saqveynod iqadagos kidec,<br />

viTarca moZRvreba yovlad mxsneli.<br />

gana moifiqrebda vinme, rom yovlad Semazrzens,<br />

Tavlafdasxmuls, yvelasagan galanZRuls, gakicxuls<br />

da Seginebuls `avenaobas~, anu `Wors~ mwemqebari<br />

da maqeb-madidebeli gamouCndeboda! dRes<br />

aqamomde TviTon `avena~, anu `meWore~ imodenad<br />

sircxvildakarguli ar iyo, rom es Tavisi<br />

samarcxvino xeloba TviTonve ara hqonoda<br />

saTakilod miCneuli da ara hcdiliyo, rom isari<br />

Tavisis WuWyianis enisa aravisaTvis aSkarad ar<br />

daenaxvebina. diaR, dRes aqamomde imodenad samaracxvino<br />

iyo eg avenaoba da meWoroba, rom TviT<br />

misni patronebic ki yvelas umalavdnen am TavianTs<br />

qonebasa da Cumad, farulad asaRebdnen, oRond<br />

aravin ki gagvigos, aravin ki Segvityoso. qurdi<br />

xSirad Taviss xelobas danaSaulobad ara sTvlis,

avazaki avazakobas da agreTve bevri sxva codva da<br />

danaSaulia, romelic codvilsa da damnaSaves<br />

danaSaulad ar miaCnia. xolo ara gvgonia qveyanazed<br />

imisTana avena, anu meWore kaci iyos, rom<br />

avenoba da meWoroba cudkacobad TviTonve Tavis<br />

piriT ar aRirsos, amisTana gaurecxeli saxeli<br />

hqonda dRes aqamomde avenaobasa da meWorobas<br />

yvelgan da CvenSiac ki, saca am vaJbatonebs ufro<br />

xalvaTi sarbieli aqvsT.<br />

Turme nu ityviT, am yvelasagan gakicxuls<br />

Wirs adamianisas Tavisi sabuTi arsebobisa hqonia<br />

da gangebas didi samsaxuric dauvalebia adamianis<br />

sabednierod. aris qveyanazed erTi gazeTi, romelsac<br />

`Новое время~ hqvian da romelic gaTqmulia<br />

qveyanazedve, viTarca avena da meWore gazeTi. ai<br />

swored es gazeTi dRes gamovida moedanzed da<br />

gvarwmunebs, rom tyuilad agigdiaT abuCad<br />

yvelasagan SeZulebuli avenaoba da meWoroba.<br />

Tqven ra iciT, xurma ra xiliao. Tqven ra iciT,<br />

rom Tu qveyanazed avenaoba da meWoroba ar iyos,<br />

arc Tqveni zneoba iqneboda, arc Tqveni marTebuloba,<br />

arc Tqveni saTnoeba, arc Tqveni kaikacoba<br />

da yovelive is, ris saxeliTac dRes aqamomde<br />

sdevnidiT Worsa da avenaobasa, upatronod da<br />

mouvlelad egdeboda sadme mCvarSi gaxveulio.<br />

avenaoba da Wori yaraulebi arin, mere dauZinebelni<br />

yaraulebi, rom aravis zneoba, marTebuloba,<br />

Rirseba Tqveni ar Sealaxvinos da ar daar-<br />

Rvevinoso.<br />

marto TviTon gazeTi rom ambobdes amas, eg<br />

kidev advili gasagebi iqneboda. Taviss sicocxles<br />

igi sul avenaobasa da WorSi atarebs da aq rom<br />

cotad Tvali auxvios Taviss mkiTxvelsa da Savi<br />

TeTrad aCvenos, didad gasakvirveli ar aris.<br />

romeli vaWari ara hSvreba amas, roca dampal<br />

saqonels upirebs gasaRebas? saqme is aris, rom am<br />

399

avenaobisa da meWorobis saqeb-sadideblad gazeTma<br />

moiSvelia erTi germaneli mecnieri ieringi. amasac<br />

ara hkmarobs gazeTi, erTi ispaneli poetic<br />

umowmebia da scdilobs am oris gamoCenilis kacis<br />

xeliT daadgas avenaobasa da Wors saTnoebis<br />

gvirgvini.<br />

Cvens gazeTSi (##243, 244) es ambavi<br />

movaxseneT Cvens mkiTxvelebs da sakamaod vrclad<br />

amovwereT werili `Новое время~-si amis Taobazed.<br />

amitomac xelaxlad moxsenebas imisas, Tu ras<br />

hbodavs igi gazeTi Worisa da avenaobis gamo, Cven<br />

Tavs davanebebT. Cven am Woris qeba-didebaSi marto<br />

ori ram gvakvirvebs: erTi kadniereba gazeTisa,<br />

rom imisTana saZagels rasmes waesarCla, rogoric<br />

Woria da avenaoba da meore, rarigad hcuRlutobs<br />

gazeTi, rarigad gvelsaviT kuds iqnevs, rarigad<br />

eSmakobs, rom ara mowmoba germanel mecnierisa da<br />

ispanel poetisa marTal mowmobad gadaaqcios. ara<br />

gvgonia, kacma gamTbari wminda sanTeli ise mohqnas<br />

xelSi, rogorc igi gazeTi Taviseburada hqmnis<br />

sxvis naTqvamsa, rom Tavisi yalbi gaiyvanos<br />

gmoCenilTa kacTa mowmobiTa da saxeliTa.<br />

Cven arc ieringi wagvikiTxavs, arc ispaneli<br />

poeti eCegarai, magram raki eseni mohyavs gazeTs<br />

Tavis mowmad, unda vigulvoT, rom arasfers Tavis<br />

samxros da gamosayens ar daagdebda amouwerlad<br />

amaTis naTqvamisagan. axla uyureT rarigad<br />

aTamaSebs gazeTi amaTs sityvebs da iq, saca<br />

ieringi sazogadoebis xmasa, sazogadoebis znesa da<br />

moralzed hlaparakobs, gazeTi ra uxerxulad<br />

Caakerebs xolme avenaobas an Worsa Tavisis azris<br />

gasayvanad. magaliTebr, gazeTi erTgan gvauwyebs<br />

ieringis azrs ase:<br />

400

`Общественное мнение, т. е. то, что иные называют<br />

сплетнями _ имеет такое же право на внимание к себе, как и<br />

совесть~.<br />

nuTu aq sityvebi: `то, что иные называют сплетнями~<br />

gangeb Cakerebuli ar aris gaostatebul<br />

gazeTisagan? an Tunda es sityvebi aiReT,<br />

romliTac gazeTs Tavisi daskvna gamohyavs<br />

ieringis naTqvamisagan:<br />

`Стало быть, общественный обычай есть именно то, что всего<br />

сильнее охраняет человека от его собственного демона. Кто не<br />

желaет принимать эту охрану, кто не хочет слушать<br />

предостережения `злых языков~, кто с легким сердцем или с<br />

гордою самоуверенностью в своих силах нарушает этот обычай<br />

(обычай злых языков?!), тот делает первый шаг к нарушению<br />

морали.~<br />

aba aq ra adgilia sityvebisaTvis `злых языков~,<br />

Tu gazeTis eSmakoba da ostatoba ar aris. aq rom<br />

`злых языков~ gangeb CaCxirulia, aSkaraa imitom,<br />

rom Semdegi fraza `кто нарушает этот обычай~ versagziT<br />

ver miedgmis am `злых языков~-s. yvelafers<br />

amas Tavis daanebeT da daakvirdiT marto am daskvnas<br />

gazeTisas, gamoyvanils ieringis naTqvamisagan:<br />

`В глазах современного обшества нет большего преступления,<br />

которое, казалось бы, более жестоко, чем сопротивление<br />

требованиям общественного мнения. Таковы новые мысли,<br />

возвещанные с учёной кафедры известным немецким юристом.~<br />

Cven viciT, rom `таковы~ magram gazeTma eg<br />

`таковы~ `не таковы~ gamoiyvana da Tavisi<br />

samarcxvino avzneoba da Wori erTs simaRlezed<br />

daayena ieringis sazogadoebis xmasTan, anu, ukeT<br />

vsTqvaT, Wori da avenaoba Seutola xmas erisas<br />

da xmas RvTisas.<br />

ese moeqca gazeTi sawyal ispanel poets eCegaraisac.<br />

aman Taviss dramaSi gamosaxa zedmoqmedeba<br />

avenaobisa da Worisa, romelTac mTeli patiosani<br />

401

ojaxi pirqve daamxes da gazeTma aiRo da aqedam<br />

is gamoiyvana, rom aq poeti avanaobasa da Wors<br />

zneobis mfarvelad da pat-ronad gvixatavso.<br />

saidam sada?<br />

vin icis, iqneba egrec iyos, viTomc ieringi da<br />

eCegarai marTlac hmowmoben Tavgasuls gazeTs<br />

imaSi, rom Wori da avenaoba erTi RvTis wyaloba<br />

ram aris, rom erTic da meorec zneobisa da saTnoebis<br />

mfarveli da patronia kacTa Soris. ra<br />

gamodis aqedam? marto isa, rom sawyali ieringica<br />

da sacodavi eCegaraic udrood Wkvazed Semcdaran<br />

da sagiJeTSi gasagzavni arian. vinc gind imowmos<br />

xsenebulma gazeTma, gana SesaZloa eg Savi Wiri<br />

adamianisa gaaTeTros kacma! WkvaTamyofeli kaci<br />

gana ityvis, rom boroti mfarvelia da patroni<br />

keTilisao? gana zneoba adamianisa TavisTavad<br />

uRonoa da marto Worisa da avenaobis SiSiTRa<br />

unda sufevdes kacTa Soris? nuTu marTla eg Si-<br />

Si rom ar iyos, zneoba, marTebuloba, saTnoeba<br />

Taviss Tavs ver daifaravs, ver upatronebs, ver<br />

gaitans! Tu Wori da avenaoba, xsenebul gazeTis<br />

sityviT, mfarvelia da patroni keTilzneobisa,<br />

radganac afrTxilebs kacsa avi saqme ar Caidinos,<br />

maS qurdobac mfarvelia da patroni adamianis<br />

qonebisa, radganac igic afrTxilebs yovel calke<br />

kacs kargad Seinaxos Tavisi qoneba.<br />

esRa akldaT Cvens meWoreebs, Tu xsenebulis<br />

gazeTis moZRvreba xelzed daixvies da gahleses<br />

Tavisi enebi. aqamde, cota ar iyos, sircxvili<br />

udunebdaT enas da exla jildosac moiTxoven, maS!<br />

zneobasa da marTebulobas vemsaxurebiTo!..<br />

tyuilad garjila `Новое время~ da scdilobs<br />

Savi gaaTeTros. naTqvamia:<br />

402<br />

ar gaTeTrdeba yorani,<br />

rac gind rom hxexo qviSiTa.

uRonobiTa<br />

tfilisi, 23 noemberi<br />

jer ara yofila qveyanazed saxelmwifo<br />

saqmeebSi momqmedi kaci, rom sajarod saTqmeli<br />

sityva eTqvas da ar daeficnos: SiSi arafrisaao,<br />

yvelgan da yvelas enazed marto mSvidobianoba<br />

akeria da Tu Cven xmals xelsa vkidebT da TofiaraRs<br />

vimarjvebT, sul imisTvis, rom qveyanazed<br />

sanatreli mSvidobianoba aravisagan xelSexebul<br />

ar iqmnaso. xval rom omis gamocxadeba hsurvebiaT,<br />

dRes uficniaT: mSvidobianobis meti gulSi ara<br />

gvidevsrao. Tumca esea, magram am aTasjer<br />

gatexil fics, romelic isars isvris da Svilds<br />

ki hmalavs, mainc raRaca jado aqvs da yvelani<br />

ijereben xolme, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, ijereben ki<br />

ara, hsurT daijeron da TavianTi Tavi moatyuon.<br />

ese mosdiT dRevandels diplomatebs. saca ara<br />

gnebavT, gveficebian: politikis ca gadaiwminda,<br />

winandeli Rrubeli gadaiyara da mSvidobianobis<br />

mze amobrwyinda da hkaSkaSebso. eseve bZana<br />

germaniis imperatorma germaniis parlamentSi.<br />

ufros-erTma gazeTma da msmenelma sixaruliT<br />

guli aivso, rom aseTi Zlieri xelmwife<br />

mSvidobianobas gviqadiso da, maSasadame, yoveli<br />

403

SiSi gulidam unda moviSoroTo. Zalian cota<br />

nawils ki ese ar emalamoa germaniis imperatoris<br />

sityvebi. magaliTebr, oficiozuri berlinis<br />

gazeTi `Post~-i iZaxis: `Cven am sityvebSi vera<br />

vxedavT, rom mTqmeli marTla guldajerebuli<br />

iyos mSvidobianobis daurRvevlobazedao. am<br />

sityvebSi marto is ismis, rom yvelaferi<br />

gangebazea damokidebulio~. ra Tqma unda, rom<br />

amisTana guldaujerebel gazeTs bevrni<br />

auyayandnen, magram dRevandels sapolitiko<br />

saqmeebs rom gulSi CavxedoT, davinaxavT, rom am<br />

guldaujereblobas Tavisi sabuTi aqvs. meore<br />

gazeTic `Kölnis He Zeitung`-ic TiTqmis imasve ambobs,<br />

rasac `Post~-i, mxolod Taviss sityvas cotad<br />

atkbilebs. igi iZaxis, viTomc imperatoris<br />

sityvebisagan sCans, rom rac Seexeba TviTon<br />

germanias, igi mwyurvalea mSvidobianobisaTvisao,<br />

xolo rac Seexeba sxva saxelmwifoebs, aq ki ra<br />

mogaxsenoTo, germaniis xelT ar aris sxvis<br />

politika Tavis nebazed ataroso. Cvenzedac<br />

swored amisTana zedmoqmedeba iqonia imperatoris<br />

vilhelmis sityvam da gvikvirs uwindelebr ratom<br />

maRal fardebzed aRar laparakobs germaniis<br />

imperatori? egre rad daumdabla xmas? ra<br />

gamoicvala germaniis gareSemo?<br />

ai sakiTxavi, romelsac dRes vupirebT pasuxi<br />

mivceT. adrevac gviTqvams da kidev vityviT, rom<br />

igi saxelovani `samTa kavSiri~ italiisa,<br />

avstriisa da germaniisa saimedo Taviss dReSi ara<br />

yofila da dRes ki imisTana niSnebma wamohyo Tavi,<br />

rom es `samTa kavSiri~ Tu bewvzed ara hkidia,<br />

fanfalebs mainc sakuTaris uRonobiTa. germania<br />

welebzed fexs idgamda, rom safrangeTi rogorme<br />

gaenapirebina da evropaSi marto daegdo umweod<br />

da unugeSod. amisaTvis gadmoibira ra italia da<br />

404

avstria, sxvaganac Seecada, iqneba sxvanic<br />

CaviTriovo. ingliss miadga am azriT da inglisma<br />

Sors daiWira, ispanias gadaugdo T. bismarkma<br />

Tavisi qamandi, verc iq gaxda rasme, ruseTs<br />

gaugord-gamougorda da verc iq gairiga ram.<br />

roca germania amis cdaSi iyo, Cven<br />

Tavdapirveladve vsTqviT, rom rogor davijeroT<br />

viTomc safrangeTi, yovel amis mxedavi gaCumebuli<br />

gulxeldakrefili iyos da arsad arasfers Cumad<br />

mainc ara scdilobdeso. rasac maSin veWvobdiT,<br />

dRes is TiTqmis gamarTlda. gamodis, rom<br />

safrangeTs ispaniasTan Cumad saqme hqonia da dRes<br />

gazeTebi gvarwmuneben, rom ispania da safrangeTi<br />

erTmaneTs gautkbildnen da hmegobrobeno. amboben,<br />

viTomc safrangeTis sasiamovnod ispaniam Turme<br />

Tavisi elCi, germaniaSi daniSnuli, gamocvala,<br />

radganac germaniis momxre iyovo, da imisTana kaci<br />

gagzavna, romelsac guli ufro safrangeTiskena<br />

aqvso. es ispania.<br />

axla uyureT patara belgias, romelsac dRes<br />

aqamomde germaniis SiSiT xma ver amoeRo da<br />

romelic germanias eguleboda safrangeTSi Sesasev<br />

gzad, ra Tamamad laparakobs dRes da iZaxis, rom<br />

yoveli Rone unda vixmaroT da Cveni qveyana gzad<br />

aravis ar unda gadavalaxvinoTo. ispaniis<br />

damegobreba safrangeTTan, es belgiis gaTamameba<br />

veraferi niSnebia germaniisaTvis, romlis<br />

Zlierebis zari dRes aqamomde yvelas xmas<br />

akmendinebda da Tu aTqmevinebda rasme, marto<br />

`bali, aRao~.<br />

es kidev araferi. es sul germaniis TvalSi<br />

wvrilfexobaa. saqme is aris, rom TviT sxvilsxvili<br />

megobrebic rogorRac gaugrildnen<br />

germanias. `samTa kavSiri~, marTalia, isev<br />

arsebobs, magram Wia amasac Sehparvia da Zirs<br />

uRrRnis. amas winad xma gavarda gazeTebSi,<br />

405

italiis sagareo ministri krispi da safrangeTisa<br />

_ goble erTmaneTs gamoelaparaknen depeSebiT da<br />

megobruladac gamoelaparaknen da imediao, es orni<br />

naTesavobiT erTni erni kvlav aRadgenen<br />

megobrobasao. visac axsovs, ra gamwarebuli<br />

mtroba hqondaT erTmaneTSi am zafxuls italias<br />

da safrangeTsa, imisTvis es exlandeli tkbilad<br />

gamolaparakeba am or saxelmwifoTa Soris<br />

umniSvnelo ar aris. rom italiisa da safrangeTs<br />

Soris mtroba marTla ganelda da samSvidobo<br />

gzazed aris exla es ori saxelmwifo, amisi<br />

niSani is aris, rom safrangeTma Tavisi elCi<br />

italiaSi grafi mua gamocvala da imis magierad<br />

mariani daniSna. es mariani TviTon CamomavlobiT<br />

italielia da didi sayvareli kaci rogorc<br />

italiis mefis sasaxleSi, agreTve<br />

italielTaTvisac, amboben, mTavar-ministrma<br />

krispim madlobac gaduxada am daniSvnisaTvis<br />

safrangeTsao.<br />

TiTon krispis politika, romelic ase xels<br />

uwyobda germanias, dRes rogorRac Setokda<br />

italiaSi. amboben, TviTon saministroSiac amis<br />

Taobazed cota ar iyos ganxeTqileba Camovardao.<br />

Tund egec ar iyos, xalxSi ukmayofilebis xma<br />

dRedadRe Zlierdeba imis gamo, rom italia<br />

emxroba germanias da ara safrangeTsa. am cota<br />

xanSi xalxi Seiyara milanSi da daadgina: `Cvenis<br />

qveynis wyurvili is unda iyos, rom mxari misces<br />

mSvidobianobasa da ar Seakvdes didis saxelis<br />

Zebnasao. Tu oficialuri italia windauxedavad<br />

eZleva raRac saomars gansacdelsa, italia,<br />

mSromeli da tanjuli, mxurvaled hnatrobs<br />

mSvidobianobas, nametnavad safrangeTTanao,<br />

romelic Cveni sisxli da xorciao. Cveni krebuli<br />

SehRaRadebs italiis ersa, rom win wauyenos<br />

Tavisi xma da Tavisi goniereba ministrebisa da<br />

406

parlamentis xmasa, romelic dRes gamomTqmeli<br />

aRar aris arc qveynis saWiroebisa, arc<br />

italielebis grZnobisao~. TiTqmis amasve hqadagebs<br />

meTauri parlamentis opoziciisa bakkarini,<br />

romelmac amas winad romSi sTqva: `Cven imisTvis<br />

ki ar SemovierTeT Cveni qveynebi, rom bolos TofiaraRis<br />

simZimis qveS gaviWylitneTo?..~<br />

avstriaSiac ismis exla da dRedadRe<br />

Zlierdeba xma germaniis winaaRmdeg. aqamde Tu<br />

germaniis winaaRmdeg hlaparakobdnen TiTo-orola<br />

gazeTebi da maT Soris yvelazed nametanad Wiener<br />

Tagblatt exla amaT moemata axali gazeTic Schwarz<br />

Qelb-i. es gazeTi Zlier miesia germanias da rac<br />

Zali da Rone aqvs ara hzogavs, rom saxeli<br />

gautexos avstriaSi. germaniis da nametnavad<br />

prusiis gabatoneba evropaSi didi ubedureba<br />

ariso: germaniis gaZlierebam Tavisaken gadaxara<br />

uReli evropis sasworisa da mTeli evropa<br />

SehxuTa da lamis Tof-iaraRis qveS suli<br />

amoarToso. avstriam xeli unda miawodos<br />

safrangeTsa saSvelad, cotad Tu bevrad miemxros<br />

ruseTsac, rom germanias frTa Seekvecoso.<br />

dRevandeli mwuxareba da gatyaveba evropisa maSin<br />

moiRebs bolosao, roca samxreTs germanias Tavis<br />

survilisamebr gaurigdeba saqme da elzas-loreni<br />

xelaxlad miecema safrangeTsao. Tu T.<br />

bismarkisaTvis bolgaria arafrada hRirs, arc<br />

CvenTvisa hRirs Calad elzas-lorenio.<br />

gazeTebi mogviTxroben: am xmebTan erTad<br />

pariJis gazeTebicao dids siyvaruls ucxadeben<br />

Turme avstriis mTavar-ministrs taafs da<br />

nametnavad taxtis memkvidres rudolfs, pariJis<br />

gazeTi `Figaro~ uqebs ra avstriis taxtis<br />

memkvidres gulsa da sapolitiko Wkuas, ambobs,<br />

rom imisi natvra ariso avstrias daubrunos igi<br />

407

saxeli da dideba, romelic mas hqonda mariatereziis<br />

drosa da, maSasadame, raki gamefda<br />

avstriaSi, germaniasTan gawyobileba Seicvlebao,<br />

miT ufro, rom TviTonac rogorRac kargad ver<br />

aris imperator vilhelmTanao. erTi gazeTi Deutsch<br />

Tagblatt-i pirdapir da gulaxdilad acxadebs,<br />

avstriisa da safrangeTs Soris daaxloveba mas<br />

aqeT daiwyovo, roca uwyebul iqmna, rom erTi<br />

metad umaRlesis xarisxis kaci ara hmalavs, rom<br />

germaniis imperatori TvalSi ar mosdiso.<br />

sCans, safrangeTs xeli gulzed dakrebili ara<br />

hqonia, sCans, TavisTvis Cumad usaqmia, rom saqme<br />

ase gamobrunebula dRes evropaSi jer,<br />

rasakvirvelia, kidev Sors aris darRveva `samTa<br />

kavSirisa~, magram safrangeTic rom dRes marto<br />

ar aris, egec aSkaraa. rasakvirvelia, rom yvela am<br />

ambebis msmenels germanias dRes igi Tamami ena<br />

mucelSi Cavardnia. vin icis, iqneba im ormoSi,<br />

romelsac germania safrangeTs uTxrida, TviTon<br />

germania Cavardes. amitom aris naTqvami: `sxvas rom<br />

ormos uTxride, Sens tanzed gamozomeo~.<br />

408

imedi><br />

tfilisi, 25 noemberi<br />

mozard Taobis gonebiTs daqancvaze bevri<br />

laparaki yofila rusulsa da evropurls<br />

pedagogiurs mwerlobaSi: `iveriaSiac~ iyo<br />

ramdenime werili am sagnis Sesaxeb, magram meti ar<br />

iqneba kidev erTxel CamovagdoT saubari am<br />

sagulisxmo saganze. es sagani sagulisxmoa imitom,<br />

rom exeba erTs umTavress kacobriobis saWiroebas;<br />

es iseTi saWiroebaa, rom Tu igi<br />

daukmayofilebeli darCeniliyo, kacobrioba win<br />

fexs ver wasdgamda da samudamod nadiri<br />

darCeboda. es saWiroeba aris swavla-ganaTleba da<br />

skola. gaixseneT Zveli spartelebisa da axali<br />

prusielebis kanoni swavla-ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. am<br />

kanonis ZaliT, srul asakamde Svili ded-mamas ar<br />

ekuTvnoda, ukeTu janmrTeli iyo, da Tu ara,<br />

nebiT Tu uneblied, unda gamosalmeboda<br />

wuTisofels, rogorc meti bargi saxelmwifosi<br />

da erisa. rogorc saxelmwifo molares ufleba<br />

ara hqonda salaros saunje-simdidre gaeflanga,<br />

ugzo-ukvalod daebnia, ise skolas ara hqonda da<br />

ara aqvs neba misdami rwmunebuli baSvi garyvnas,<br />

zneobiT da gonebiT daamaxinjos. amitom adamiani<br />

409

ise unda gaufrTxildes mozard Taobas, rogorc<br />

Tvals da mermisis imeds. rogorc Wkviani da<br />

gamWriaxi kaci scdilobs aT-TxuTmetis wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Tavisi saunje, Tanxa erTiorad<br />

aqcios, agreTve kargi skolis saganic is aris, an<br />

unda iyos, rom mozardi Taoba gonebiTad da<br />

zneobiTad gadaakeTos da gaapatiosnos.. `simdidre<br />

da warmoeba xalxTa _ hbrZanebs fixte, pirvelad<br />

da umTavresad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras<br />

iZleva skolao~. marTladac, skolaSi izrdeba da<br />

vaJkacdeba axali Taoba, mzaddeba moqalaqe da<br />

adamiani, iq umagrdeba Zvali da rbili, xorci da<br />

suli, iq varjiSobs fizikurada da sulierad.<br />

raki es aris skolis daniSnuleba, amitom<br />

skola mudam sazrunveli da savalalo sagania.<br />

saqveynod damtkicebulia, rom Tanamedrove skola<br />

ise ver aris mowyobili, rom Tavisi daniSnuleba<br />

pirnaTlad aRasrulos. erTi umTavresi seni<br />

dRevandelis skolisa is aris, rom mozardi Taoba<br />

gonebiTad iqanceba. exla vikiTxoT, ra aris<br />

gonebiTi daqancva, siuZlure (переутомление) da ra<br />

RonisZiebas unda mivmarToT, rom mozardi Taoba<br />

gadavarCinoT am ubedurebas. amis Taobaze zogi<br />

pedagogi mivarda programas da gaiZaxis: ~programa<br />

metad vrcelia da am programis dakmayofileba<br />

yovlad SeuZlebeliao~. swored amaze aris<br />

naTqvami: `kata ver Seswvda Zexvsao, paraskevia<br />

dResao~. zogi ambobda: `mudam swavla da swavla,<br />

isic gramatikisa, xom wamebaa, modi, SemoviRoT<br />

skolebSi sxvadasxvagvari xeloba moswavleTa<br />

ZalRonis gasavarjiSeblad~. zogi kidev hqadagebda:<br />

`SevamokloT swavlis dro da an ramdenime saaTi<br />

SuadRemde vaswavloT da ramdenimec naSuadResao.<br />

aqve unda vsTqvaT, rom arc erTi am xerxTagani<br />

ar aris uebari wamali egreTwodebulis<br />

`gonebiTis daqancvisa~. SesaZloa mcire programis<br />

410

SeswavliTac moswavle gonebiTad daiqancos,<br />

dauZlurdes, SesaZloa agreTve vrceli programa<br />

SeaswavloT da ar daqancoT.<br />

vidre TviT am sagans gamovikvlevdeT, meti ar<br />

iqneba movixsenioT, Tu ra mozdevs gonebiTs<br />

daqancvas.<br />

zogierTma evropielma fiziologma<br />

safuZvlianad gamoikvlia Sedegi gonebiTis<br />

daqancvisa. SesaniSnavi okulisti (Tvalis eqimi)<br />

koni amtkicebs, rom becoba Zlier gaxSirebulia<br />

saSualo saswavleblebSi, ase rom orTa Sua<br />

ricxviT 40-60% ymawvili becia; agreTve xSiria<br />

kbilebis famfali, ryeva, gafuWeba, dakleba, Tmebis<br />

dacviva, melotoba da sxva, ase rom 27-is wlis<br />

kacs xSirad hnaxavT sruliad melots. konisave<br />

sityviT, umetesi nawili moswavleTa<br />

damaxinjebulia sxvadasxvagvarad: zogs zurgis<br />

xerxemali aqvs gamrudebuli, zogs susti da uSno<br />

sxeulis agebuleba aqvs, ase rom sigrZe da sigane<br />

mkerdisa ar eTanabreba mTels agebulebas; zogs<br />

kuWi aqvs gafuWebuli, zogs yabzoba sWirs, zogs<br />

ra da zogs ra. virxovis gamokvleviT, siWleqec<br />

Zlier xSiri movlenaa moswavleTa Soris, asSi<br />

kvdeba: 5-10 wlamde _ 4,81%, 10-15 wlamde _<br />

12,96%, 15-20 wlamde _ 31,88%. garda amisa Tavis<br />

tkivili, cxviridgan sisxlis dena, gulis reva<br />

xom xSiri movlenaa, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac<br />

myrali, Smoriani, nestiani klasebia. amis Semdeg<br />

gasakvirveli ar aris, rom moswavleTa Soris<br />

Zlier gaxSirda Tavis mokvla.<br />

gamoCenilis profesoris (frangia) goties<br />

gamokvlevidgana sCans, rom germaniasa, safrangeTsa<br />

da inglisSi am ukanasknel 15-20 wlamde<br />

moswavleTa gonebiTi zrda, ganviTareba Zlier<br />

Seferxda, `axalgazrda vaJebi Tu qalebi,<br />

romlebsac gimnazia daumTavrebiaT, sul ukan-ukan<br />

411

midian swavlaSi. es ymawvilebi, romlebic ufro<br />

muyaiTad emzadebian gamocdisaTvis, mets gonebis<br />

sisustes iCenen~. amasve ambobs gamoCenili sulisa<br />

da nervebis mkurnali Sarko.<br />

Cven jerjerobiT movixsenieT `gonebiTis<br />

daqancvis~ Sedegi, magram saqme marto es ar aris.<br />

saqme isaa, Tu ra aris am saSinelis senis uebari<br />

wamali?.<br />

412

kreba<br />

tfilisi, 28 noemberi<br />

guSinwin, 26 noembers, kreba hqonda kavkasiis<br />

sameurneo sazogadoebas. am krebazed gasarCev<br />

sagnad daniSnuli iyo is, Tu ra zomiereba<br />

saWiroa ixmaros sazogadoebam, rom kavkasiis<br />

venaxebi gadaarCinos oris saSinelis senisagan, _<br />

nacrisa da mildiusagan. radganac es sagani metad<br />

sagulisxmoa Cvenebur venaxTa patronebisaTvis,<br />

amisaTvis sazogadoebas moewvivna Cveneburni<br />

miwaTmflobelni, raTa amaTac daekiTxon da amaTi<br />

rCevac moisminon. amaTganni Tumca iyvnen krebazed,<br />

magram ara imdeni, ramodenic sanatrelia maTTvis,<br />

visac amisTana mZime saqmisaTvis guli Sestkiva.<br />

krebas moxsenda, rom am 1888 wels nacari<br />

yvelgan Zalian gaZlierebuli iyo da bevrs<br />

adgilas, nametnavad kaxeTSi, nacars mildiuc<br />

moematao da Zlier daazarala venaxis patronebio.<br />

didi xania rac nacarsac da mildiusac evropam<br />

wamali upova da TiTqmis uebarica. TiTqmis<br />

vambobT, imitom rom Tu kaci winaswarve Seudga<br />

Sesaferis codniT venaxis wamlobasa, iSviaTi<br />

SemTxveva iqneba ver gadaarCinos venaxi<br />

waxdenisagan. amas amtkicebs rogorc gamocdileba,<br />

413

isec mecniereba. garda amisa isic damtkicebulia<br />

da WeSmaritebiT gamoangariSebuli, rom es<br />

wamloba dids xarjs ar iTxovs da advilad<br />

gasametebelia da mosaxerxebeli yvelasaTvis. esec<br />

rom ar iyos, venaxi, senisagan gadarCenili,<br />

imodenis zomiT ubrunebs mosavliTa danaxarjs,<br />

rom raodenoba xarjisa am zomasTan saTqmelic ar<br />

aris.<br />

rom nacarsac da mildiusac uebari wamali aqvs<br />

da TviTon wamlobac bevrs xarjs ar Txoulobs,<br />

es imdenad gamorkveulia, rom krebazed amis<br />

Sesaxeb TiTqmis laparakic ara yofila. krebis<br />

yuradReba sakuTrad imazed miiqca, Tu, ra gziT<br />

mieSvelos sameurneo sazogadoeba xalxsa, rom<br />

venaxebis wamloba gauadvilos. am saganzed bevri<br />

ilaparakes krebazed da, sxvaTaSoris, gamoCnda,<br />

rom sameurneo sazogadoebis xelT aris xuTi<br />

gundi safiloqsero komitetisa. am xuTis<br />

gundisagan ori isev saWiroa gagzavnil iqmnas<br />

filoqseris sabrZolvelad iq, saca filoqseris<br />

SiSia, da sami ki SesaZloa moxmardes nacrisa da<br />

mildius saqmesa. amaT upireben gahgzavnon<br />

sxvadasxva adgilebSi da daavalon adgilzeve<br />

uCvenon xalxs rogor unda uwamlon venaxebsa.<br />

garda amisa gamoirkva, rom sameurneo<br />

sazogadoebam unda winaTve Seamzados yovelisferi,<br />

rac ki saWiroa nacrisa da mildius<br />

wamlobisaTvis da yovelive ase Semzadebuli<br />

iaraRi, Tu wamlis masala iq iqonios, saca venaxis<br />

patronebs eadvilebaT misvla an sasyidlad, anu<br />

romelisame pirobiT gamosarTmevad. am sarCielis<br />

gamo gamoirkva, rom rac ki SeZleba eqmneba<br />

sameurneo sazogadoebas, imis kvalobazed<br />

yvelafers amas winadve Seamzadebs, xolo saqme is<br />

aris, rom TviTon venaxis patronebmac mxurvale<br />

monawileoba miiRon da raime TviTmoqmedeba<br />

414

gamoiCinon TavianT venaxebis gadasarCenad, Torem<br />

Tu isini ar moindomeben venaxebis wamlobas, yvela<br />

Cveni cda da xarji TiTqmis amaod Caivliso. Cven<br />

SegviZliano rac SeiZleba iefad da advilad<br />

mivawodoT yoveli saWiro iaraRi da wamali<br />

venaxebis wamlobisaTvis, SesaZloa SeRavaTiani<br />

pirobebic daudvaT, Tu vinicobaa pirvel xanSi<br />

fuli ar SexvdaT yovel amis syidvisaTvis. xolo<br />

TviTon venaxis patrons wamlobis survili da<br />

xalisi unda hqondeso. rogor gamoviwvioT es<br />

survili da xalisio?<br />

am ukanasknel sakiTxzed xangrZlivi laparaki<br />

gaimarTa. yvelam saWirod ki scna, rom usaTuod<br />

unda gamoviwvioT survili da xalisi venaxebis<br />

wamlobisa TviT venaxebis patronTa Soriso. xolo<br />

amisaTvis zogi erTs gzas aCvenebda, zogi meores.<br />

bolos imazed dadga kreba, rom romelisame gziT<br />

mivmarToT adgilobrivT venaxis patronTa<br />

Seadginon adgil-adgil amxanagoba imaTgan, visac<br />

hsurs da esmis venaxebis wamlobis saWiroeba,<br />

moipovon rac SesaZloa mometebulni amxanagni,<br />

winadve SemoukveTon sameurneo sazogadoebas vis<br />

ramdeni iaraRi da wamali undaT, TviTon amxanagni<br />

Seecadnen iswavlon rogor ixmaron wamlobisaTvis<br />

saWiro iaraRi, rogor akeTon da Seazavon TviT<br />

wamali da agre momzadebulni Seudgnen wamlobasa<br />

TavTavis venaxebisas, vinc amisTana amxanagobaSi<br />

Caewereba, imas sameurneo sazogadoeba<br />

upiratesobas miscems yovel imaSi, rac<br />

sazogadoebis mier saSeRavaTod dadgenil iqneba.<br />

wamlobis Sesaswavleblad da amisaTvis saWiro<br />

darigebis misacemad, sameurneo sazogadoeba<br />

hfiqrobs Tavis saaklimatizacio baRSi, romelic<br />

tfilisSi imyofeba, gahmarTos ianvarsa Tu<br />

TebervalSi leqciebi da garda amisa mcodne<br />

kacebma aq Tvalad aCvenon msurvelT, rogor<br />

415

ixmareba iaraRi wamlobisa da rogor keTdeba<br />

TviTon wamalica. ra Tqma unda, am wamlobis<br />

survilisa da xalisis gamosawvevad, saWirod<br />

danaxul iqmna broSiurebis dabeWdva aqaur enazed<br />

am wamlobis Taobazed da am gziT xalxSi<br />

wamlobis codnis mofena da gavrceleba.<br />

am saxiT krebazed aRmoCnda, rom sameurneo<br />

sazogadoeba am nacrisa da mildius saqmeSi<br />

hkisrulobs ors movaleobas: erTs imas, rom<br />

xalxs gauadvilos iefad Sovna wamlobis iaraRisa<br />

da wamlisa da meores imas, rom gamoiwvios<br />

venaxebis patronTa Soris TviTmoqmedeba da<br />

xalisi misave venaxebis gadasarCenad. orsav am<br />

sagnis dawvrilebiT gamorkvevisa da<br />

ganwesierebisaTvis krebam amoirCia komisia da<br />

daavala, rac SesaZloa male Seamzados sarCieli<br />

maszed, Tu ra gziT Seasrulos sameurneo<br />

sazogadoebam es ornairi movaleoba Tavisi.<br />

Cvenis azriT, xsenebuli kreba sameurneo<br />

sazogadoebisa Zalian kargad moiqca, rom aRiara<br />

Tavisi uRonoba imisTana saqmeSi, rogoric aris<br />

nacarisa da mildiusagan venaxebis daxsna da<br />

gadarCena. es kidev araferi iqneboda, Tu<br />

amasTanave ar eRiarebina, rom aq saWiroa<br />

moiSvelios TviT venaxebis patronebica, ese igi,<br />

scna, rom yovelive cda sameurneo sazogadoebisa<br />

TiTqmis amaoa, Tu sazogadoebas kavSiri ara aqvs<br />

soflis meurneebTan, Tu maT Soris fesvi ara aqvs<br />

gadgmuli, Tu maTsa xmasa, saWiroebas, maTs<br />

sarCiels yurs ar aTxovebs da maTTan erTad ar<br />

Seudgeba sameurneo saqmis win wawevasa da<br />

warmatebasa. xsenebuls krebas, Cvenis azriT,<br />

mxolod am azriT hqonda sazogadoeburi<br />

mniSvneloba. Cven didad moxarulni varT, rom<br />

sameurneo sazogadoebam am bolos xanebSi saWirod<br />

dainaxa dauaxlovdes soflis meurneebs da maTTan<br />

416

kavSiri iqonios. uamisoba dRes aqamomde bevrsa<br />

hvnebda TviT sazogadoebasa da meurneebsaca,<br />

imitom rom is sasargeblo azri, romelic<br />

saZirkvlad udevs am sazogadoebas, TiTqmis uqmad<br />

iyo meurneTaTvis, romelT Sorisac bevrma arc ki<br />

icoda aris sadme es sazogadoeba Tu ara da Tu<br />

aris, ris moxelea. amisi magaliTi sTqva kidec<br />

krebazed erTma wevrma sazogadoebisam.<br />

Tu sazogadoebas unda sikeTe ram daavalos<br />

soflis meurneobas, soflis meurneebs unda<br />

Caxedos gulSi da maTi Wiri da lxini icnas da<br />

gamoirkvios. es marto maSin aris SesaZlebeli,<br />

roca sazogadoebisa da meurneTa Soris advilad<br />

gasavleli xidi ideba da saqmis Sesaferi kavSiri<br />

gaibmeba. saqme is aris, rom meurneTa xma<br />

swvdebodes sazogadoebis yursa da yurnic<br />

gamzadebul iyvnen sasmenlad. amnair sazogadoebas,<br />

Cvenis azriT, sxva mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu ar<br />

isa, rom Suamdgomel iyves mTavrobisa da soflis<br />

meurneobis Soris. man unda amcnos mTavrobas<br />

gaWirveba soflis meirneobisa da am ukanasknels<br />

kidev moaSvelos Semweoba mTavrobisa, saca da<br />

roca saWiroa. amitomac ar SevcdebiT vsTqvaT,<br />

rom sameurneo sazogadoeba erTis mxriT yuri da<br />

enaa soflis meurneobisa, raTa TviTon isminos da<br />

mTavrobas asminos ra uWirs meurneobas, da meores<br />

mxriT xelia mTavrobisa, raTa mTavrobis Semweoba<br />

moaSvelos da moaxmaros meurneobas misda<br />

saWiroebisamebr. am azrzea agebuli yovelive<br />

amisTana sazogadoeba evropaSi da es azri<br />

verasdros ver isaqmebs, Tu sameurneo<br />

sazogadoebas mkvidrTa Tana ara aqvs urTierToba<br />

da mudmivi kavSiri.<br />

xsenebulma krebam Cvens TvalSi imiTi ufro<br />

iCina Tavi, rom es urTierToba sazogedoebisa da<br />

meurneebisa aramc Tu saWirod dainaxa, aramed<br />

417

imisaTvis cdasac Seudga. Tumca sasurvelia, rom<br />

am urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis cda yvelaferSi<br />

saWirod iyos danaxuli da ara marto imisTana<br />

calke saqmeSi, rogorc nacrisa da mildius saqmea,<br />

magram es pirveli magaliTic kai niSania,<br />

samermisodac nugeSs iZleva. Cvenc Cvenis mxriT<br />

unda SevecadneT, rom am pirvels cdas<br />

sazogadoebisas rigianad mivegebneT. xolo rogor<br />

da ra gziT? amazed Semdeg movilaparakebT.<br />

418

kavSiri<br />

tfilisi, 29 noemberi<br />

Cven wina werilSi Cveni sixaruli<br />

gamovacxadeT, rom sameurneo sazogadoebam<br />

saWirod dainaxa soflis meurneebTan kavSiris<br />

gabma da daaxloveba da amisaTvis cdasac Seudga.<br />

es sameurneo sazogadoebis mxriT TiTqmis pirveli<br />

bijia, mimarTuli maszed, rom soflis sameurneo<br />

saqmeSi TviT soflis meurneni monawiled<br />

gaixados, imaTi gamocdileba da saqmis codnac<br />

moiSvelios. exla Cvens meurneebzea damokidebuli,<br />

rom xalisianad miegebnen am bijsa da Tavisi<br />

gulmxurvaleoba da gulmodgineoba iCinon<br />

imisTana mZime saqmeSi, romelic marto maTTave<br />

sargeblobazea mimarTuli.<br />

Tqma ar unda, rom Cvens qveyanas dids vnebasa<br />

da zarals uqadis nacari da nametnavad mildiu.<br />

SesaZloa erTica da meorec ise gagviZlierdes _<br />

nametnavad saSiSaria mildiu, _ rom venaxebze<br />

mTalad xeli agvaRebinos. sidide zaralisa<br />

warmoudgenelia da dauTvalavi. kacobriobam,<br />

Cvenda saxsnelad, erTsac da meoresac wamali<br />

upovna, wamali uebari, iefi da advili. ratom ar<br />

unda vuSveloT Cvens Tavs da ar davixsnaT am<br />

saSinel WirTagan Cveni venaxebi, _ es TiTqmis<br />

419

erTaderTi didi wyaro Cvenis cxovrebisa da<br />

avladidebisa. aq gulgriloba didi danaSaulia<br />

jer winaSe qveynisa da mere sakuTaris Tavisa.<br />

aq gulgrilobis saTave da mizezi marto<br />

uvicoba da umecreba Tu iqneba, Torem gagebulma<br />

kacma rogor unda daizaros Tavis Tavis Svela,<br />

Tavis Tavis daxsna gaRaribebisagan. amitomac<br />

visaca hsurs am gulgrilobis sanacvlod<br />

gulmxurvaleoba, gulmodgineoba da xalisi<br />

xalxisa gamoiwvios, am mizezs unda SeeWidos da<br />

argagebuls gaagebinos saidam da rogor moevleba<br />

im Wirs, romelic, Cvenda saubedurod, Cvens<br />

venaxebs gamoaCnda.<br />

riTi SeiZleba es moxdes? jer, rasakvirvelia,<br />

kargis broSiurebiTa, romelnic mdabio da<br />

advilad gasagebis eniT unda iyvnen dawerilni da<br />

imazed mimarTulni, rom raRac TeoriebiT ar<br />

iyvnen garTulebulni da marto saqmiani, pirdapir<br />

saqmeSi gamosayeni cnobani da darigebani cxadad da<br />

gauZneleblad daenaxvebodnen yovels, vinc ki Sig<br />

Caxedvas moiwadinebs. am mxriT Svelas gvpirdeba<br />

TiTon sameurneo sazogadoeba: igi apirobs amisTana<br />

wignakebis dabeWdvas. es gza kargia nametnavad iq,<br />

saca wignis kiTxva gaZlierebulia da ara iseTi<br />

iSviaTi ambavia, rogorc CvenSi, magram sakmao ki<br />

ar aris. CvenSi venaxebis wamlobisaTvis survilisa<br />

da xalisis gamosawvevad ufro uebaria cxoveli<br />

sityva, xSiri aRab-micemoba azrisa pirdapir<br />

sityviT da ara marto wigniT. amaSi didi<br />

samsaxuris gaweva SeuZlianT mazris marSlebs,<br />

soflis maswavleblebs da im cotad Tu bevrad<br />

naswavl ymawvilkacebs, romelnic soflad gasulni<br />

arian da soflebSi scxovroben.<br />

Cvenma mazris marSlebma rom aq Tavi gamoidvan,<br />

moiwvion venaxis patronebi _ Tavadia, aznauria,<br />

Tu glexi _ aiRon, daiRon da gamoarkvion ra<br />

420

gziT SesaZloa saerTo ZaliT gaemklavon am ors<br />

saSinels Wirs venaxebisas, ra gziT da ra zomiT<br />

TiTon SeuZlianT Svela da ra gziT da ra zomiT<br />

saWiroa moiSvelion sameurneo sazogadoeba,<br />

romelsac didi survili aqvs es Svela gauwios<br />

SeZlebisamebr yvelas, vinc ki mihmarTavs, _ es<br />

yoveli rom Tavs idvan marSlebma, nuTu es saqmis<br />

keTeba ar iqneba? nuTu es samsaxuri ar iqneba<br />

krebani, Tu rigiani xelTmZRvaneli eyolebaT, ver<br />

SesZleben gamoiwvion igi sasurveli TviTmoqmedeba<br />

da gulmodgineoba, romelic ase saWiroa am<br />

SemTxvevaSi!<br />

ar viciT, Cveni marSlebi iTaveben am saqmes Tu<br />

ara, vin icis? amisTana saCxirkedelo saqme iqneba<br />

zogma ar ikadros. xolo imaT gareiTad sxvanic<br />

arian. Cveni qveyana am mxriT ukacuri ara gvgonia.<br />

yvelgan arian TiTo-orola kacni, romelTac guli<br />

stkivaT amgvarebSi. eseni arian soflis skolis<br />

maswavlebelni da soflis inteligencia. amaT<br />

SevavedrebT am mZime saqmes da imedia ar<br />

daizareben qveyanas samsaxuri gauwion, xalxs<br />

mieSvelon Tavisis codniTa, Tavisis sityviTa, rom<br />

venaxebis WirTan brZolisaTvis xalxis sulieri<br />

da nivTieri Rone gamoiwvion. aki vambobT, es<br />

qveynis winaSea samsaxuri da amiT inugeSon yvelam,<br />

vinc am saqmeSi Taviss garjasa da Sromas ar<br />

dahzogavs. am ymawvil kacobisaTvis didi araferia<br />

yovelive viTareba venaxebis wamlobisa zedmiwevniT<br />

Seiswavlon da Tavisi codna qveyanas moaxmaron.<br />

ra Tqma unda, carieli survili da xalisi<br />

bevrs arafers gviSvelis. survili da xalisi<br />

maSin aris kargi, roca gzac winadve garkveulia<br />

survilis ganxorcielebisaTvis da xalisis saqmeSi<br />

CayenebisaTvis. CvenSi didZali imisTana venaxis<br />

patronebi arian, romelTac didi survili da<br />

xalisic rom hqondes, erTica da meorec<br />

421

SeuZleblobis gamo gulSi uqmad unda darCeT.<br />

didZals Cvengans calked garjisaTvis verc xeli<br />

gauwvdeba, verc jibe. xolo rac SesaZlebeli ar<br />

aris calke kacisaTvis, is advilad saqmnelia<br />

xuTisa da aTisaTvis, Tu SeerTdebian da<br />

erTmaneTobas gasweven. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom<br />

visaca calke brZola ar SeuZlian nacrisa da<br />

mildiusagan venaxis gadarCenisaTvis, sxvac<br />

moiamxanagos, moiSvelios da erTianis RoniT<br />

SeeWidnen am venaxebis Wirsa. ai amisTana<br />

amxanagobani, xuT-xuTis, Tu aT-aTis kacisagan<br />

Semdgarni, TviTveulni Tav-Tavis adgilas dids<br />

saqmes iqmodnen.<br />

amisTana gundebis Sedgenas unda Seecadnen<br />

yvelani, visac xalxis Svela da samsaxuri unda am<br />

saqmeSi. `adgilis kurdRels adgilis mwevari<br />

daiWerso~, tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami. rogorc<br />

adgilis kaci gauZRveba amgvars saqmes, ise sxva<br />

veravin. raki adgilis kacTagan amisTana gundebi<br />

Tu amxanagoba Sesdgeba, maSin advilad gamoarkveven<br />

saidam ra moevleba da ewamleba am venaxebis Wirs,<br />

kavSirs gaabmen sameurneo sazogadoebasTan, raSiac<br />

saWiroa moiSvelieben am sazogadoebas, rac ician,<br />

saerTod gamoiyeneben, rac ar ician, sxvisagan<br />

iswavlian, sxvas gamohkiTxven, midgebian-modgebian,<br />

urTierTis RoniT gaRonierdebian da ise<br />

SeeWidebian saqmes, romelic codniTa, garjiTa,<br />

mxneobiT da erTianis ZaliT advilad saZlevia.<br />

kidev vityviT, imedi gvaqvs Cvenis soflis<br />

skolebis maswavleblebisa da soflis ganaTlebul<br />

ymawvilkacobisa, rom am saqveyno saqmes<br />

gulmxurvaled xels CasWideben da adgilis<br />

Ronesa, suliers Tu nivTiers, gamoiwveven<br />

venaxebis Wiris saZlevelad.<br />

422

kavkasiaSi<br />

tfilisi, 30 noemberi<br />

ruseTis gazeTebi gvauwyeben, rom saxelmwifo<br />

qonebaTa saministro 1889 wels, gazafxulze,<br />

Seudgeba cdas _ ivargebs Tu ara kavkasiaSi<br />

zeTisxilis xe. saministros azriT, zeTisxilis<br />

moyvana kavkasiaSi Zalian sasargeblo iqneba<br />

rogorc saxelmwifosaTvis, isec mkvidrTaTvisa,<br />

Tuki zeTisxilis xe kargad ixeirebso. Tu marTla<br />

zeTisxilma kargad igvara, maSin saministro<br />

Seecdeba am xis gamravlebas da saxelmwifo<br />

xarjiTa da zedamxedvelobiT mravals zeTisxilis<br />

baRebs dahmarTavs saxelmwifos sasargeblod.<br />

ukve uwyebulia, rom zeTisxili kargada<br />

hgvarobs mcire aziaSi, saberZneTis kunZulebze da<br />

didZals mogebasac iZleva. imediao, amboben<br />

gazeTebi, rom kavkasiaSiac igvarebso, radganac<br />

zeTisxilis jiSis magvari xeebi dResac kargad<br />

hgvaroben kavkasiaSio. es imedi miT ufro<br />

ueWveliao, rom is adgilebi kavkasiaSi, saca<br />

hsurT zeTisxilis gamravleba da moyvana, TiTqmis<br />

imave garemoebaSi arian, rogorc saberZneTis<br />

kunZulebi da gansxvaveba marto imaSia, rom<br />

kavkasiis adgilebi ufro dasavleTis mxriv ariano.<br />

xolo es garemoeba, umateben gazeTebi, arafers<br />

423

cuds zedmoqmedebas ar iqoniebs zeTisxilis<br />

moyvanazeo.<br />

Cven amaze utyuari sabuTi gvaqvs vsTqvaT, rom<br />

am SemTxvevaSi cdac saWiro ar aris, radganac<br />

zeTisxilis gvareba CvenSi didi xania nacadia,<br />

magaliTebr kaxeTSi da am cdas Zalian kargi<br />

Sedegic mohyolia. sofels kardanexs dasavleTiT<br />

erTi xevi Camoudis. am xevis marjvena napiras<br />

wminda sabas ekklesiaa mTis kalTaze. am ekklesiis<br />

garemoSi didi xania mSvenieri xe sdgas<br />

zeTisxilisa. iqaur mkvidrTa arc ki axsovT<br />

rodis da vis daurgavs es xe. am xis nergi erTma<br />

iqaurma memamulem T. d. afxazma gadargo Tavis<br />

saxelganTqmul venaxSi, romelic bolos b-nma<br />

Seremetievma iyida da exla imis xelSia.<br />

gadargulma zeTisxilma Zalian kargad ixeira,<br />

gamravlda, gakeTda da iseTi msxvili da gemrieli<br />

xili moisxa, rom mnaxvelT ukvirdaT. es xexili<br />

ise gaZlierda da gabevrda, rom saWirodac<br />

dainaxes gadaCexa, radganac metad gaeba da<br />

vazisaTvis adgili cotad Tu bevrad dahfara. Tu<br />

b-n Seremetievis xelSi sul ar gadaikafa es<br />

zeTisxilis xe, dResac SesaZlo iqneba kacma<br />

sakuTaris TvaliT inaxulos Sedegi didis xnis<br />

nacadisa.<br />

TiTo-orola sxva memamuleebmac dahrges Tavis<br />

mamulSi zeTisxili da TiTqmis yvelgan ixeira.<br />

amasTan isic unda vsTqvaT, rom T. d. afxazis<br />

dros da mermec zeTisxils ise amzadebdnen<br />

saSinaod, rogorc bazarSi iyideba xolme, da<br />

gemoTi da simsxoTi bevrad sjobda bazarSi<br />

nayidsa.<br />

sasurvelia, visic jer ars, iman am Cven mier<br />

nauwyebs ambavs yuri aTxovos da es ueWveli<br />

sabuTi zeTisxilis CvenSi xeirobisa Seamowmos<br />

rogorc rigia da rac ukve didis xnis nacadia,<br />

424

xelmeored aRar gauxados mTavrobas sacdelad,<br />

amiTi didi dro da xarji Seinaxeba da<br />

amisTanaebSi erTic da meorec sanatreli unda<br />

iyos yvelasaTvis, visac marTla saqme unda da ara<br />

tyuilubralo farTi-furTi. Cvenis fiqriT,<br />

kaxeTis Sesaxeb zeTisxilis xeirobis cdas adgili<br />

aRar unda hqondes, radganac iq, kardanexSi mainc,<br />

ukve nacadia, rom kargad hxeirobs. amitomac<br />

mTavrobas sabuTi aqvs aq pirdapir Seudges<br />

zeTisxilix xis moSenebas an TiTon, an visme<br />

calke kacs mieSvelos da eg sasargeblo xe<br />

gaamravlebinos qveynisa da saxelmwifo<br />

sasargeblod.<br />

am ambavs rom iqaurma memamuleebmac Sesaferi<br />

yuradReba miaqcion da am zeTisxilis xis<br />

moSenebas da gamravlebas Seudgnen, erTi kai<br />

mozrdili wyaro sazrdoebisa kidev moemateba maTs<br />

keTildReobas. nametnavad saWiroa xeli mohkidon<br />

am saqmes exla, roca Cvenma venaxebma iklo da<br />

imodenas aRar iZleva, rom kacma marto venaxebis<br />

mosavals wliTiwlobamde Sehyuros. zeTisxils<br />

didi gasavali aqvs da kai fasica.<br />

425

426<br />

<br />

valdebulebaa<br />

tfilisi, 8 dekemberi<br />

erTi didi da friad mZime valdebuleba<br />

saxelmwifosi is aris, rom mzrunveloba,<br />

mfarveloba da patronoba gauwios imas, romelsac<br />

an bunebiTad, an mcirewlovanebiT, an uTaurobiT<br />

movla da patronoba Tavis Tavisa da Tavis<br />

qonebisa ar SeuZlian. amaT Soris yvelazed metad<br />

gulSesatkivarni arian mcirewlovani oblebi,<br />

romelnic im asakSi arian, rom verasgziT ver<br />

gauZRvebian verc TavianTs zneobiTs saWiroebas,<br />

verc qonebis movlasa da patronobas. amaTi<br />

upatronod dagdeba ornairs vnebas uqadis<br />

saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas. jer erTi imas,<br />

rom, SesaZloa, kaci kacad ver damTavrdes da<br />

sasargeblo kacis magier gaizardos avi kaci,<br />

uzneo, uxeiro da zogjer avazakica da amiT<br />

gaZlierdes avzneTa kacTa razmi, romelsac dRe da<br />

Ram ebrZvis saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba wesisa da<br />

mSvidobianobisaTvis. meore imas, rom calke<br />

simdidre oblisa, romelic sazogado eris<br />

simdidris nawilia, SesaZloa, gaiflangos,<br />

gaqarwyldes upatronobiT da am gziT avala<br />

mieces RaribTa gamravlebas, romelTa Senaxva da

gamokveba bolos samZimod uxdeba saxelmwifosaca<br />

da sazogadoebasac. amas aRar vityviT, rom xSirad<br />

eg siRaribe saTaved uxdeba aTasnairs avkacobasa<br />

da waramarobas.<br />

saxelmwifos yvelgan saWirod danaxuli aqvs<br />

da Tavis valdebulebadac cnobili, patronoba<br />

mcirewlovan oblebisa da amisaTvis mTeli nawilia<br />

kanonebisa am saWiroebazed gamoWrili da<br />

miqceuli. CvenSiac egrea, mxolod ar SegviZlian<br />

ar vaRiaroT, rom am nawilis kanonebi vera<br />

swvdebian im keTils ganzraxvas, im saqveynod<br />

sasargeblo survils, romelic am SemTxvevaSi<br />

saxelmwifos win miuZRvis. eg nawili kanonebisa<br />

mTels ruseTSi dawunebulia im mxriT, rom<br />

keTils ganzraxvas saxelmwifosas sakmaod ver<br />

emsaxurebao. Tu es asea SigniT ruseTSi, saca am<br />

kanonTa gamgebeli dawesebuleba, rac unda iyos,<br />

ufro rigsa da wesSia Cayenebuli, maS raRa unda<br />

iTqvas CvenSi, saca arc eg rigia da wesi Tavis<br />

gzazed dayenebuli da saca amgvarebSi TviTneboba<br />

`apekunebisa~ ufro meufobs, vidre wesi da kanoni.<br />

CvenSi `apekaSi~ miReba oblisa da misis qonebisa<br />

momaswavebelia vaisa da vaglaxisa da ara<br />

sixarulisa, rom obols da mis qonebas patroni<br />

auCineso, apekuni dauniSneso da aba swored exla<br />

daiRupa sawyali obolio! amas ityvian xolme<br />

marTlad gulSesatkivarni kacni.<br />

am saxiT es mSvenieri da gulSematkivari<br />

kanonebi oblebis movlisa da patronobisa aramc<br />

Tu uqmad arian CvenSi, aramed xSirad da Zalian<br />

xSiradac vneba moaqvT imaTTvis, vis<br />

sasargeblodac dadgenilan. dRes ruseTSi<br />

mTavroba Sesdgomia am kanonebis SekeTebas da<br />

iseTis wesebis SemoRebas, rom `apekunebi~ marTla<br />

mfarvelad da patronad eqmnen oblebsa da ara<br />

mZarcvelad da myvlefav-mglejavad. raki dRes es<br />

427

saqme Secvlisa da SekeTebis gzazed sdgas<br />

ruseTSi mTavrobis TaosnobiT, nuTu meti iqneba,<br />

rom Cvenc Cvenis mxriT gvezruna, mogvefiqrna ram<br />

am saqmis Sesaxeb. erTi Cvenis qveynis saWiroebazed<br />

gamoWrili proeqti gamogverkvia da wargvedgina<br />

mTavrobisTvis yuradRebis misaqcevlad. mTavrobac<br />

dagvimadlebda, Tu sakeTilod rasme vityodiT da<br />

qveyanac.<br />

am saqmes rom Taosnoba gauwion Cvenma<br />

marSlebma, ara gvgonia maT mier wamodgenilma<br />

proeqtma yuradReba ar miiqcios mTavrobisa, miT<br />

ufro, rom amgvarebSi adgilis kacia yovelgvari<br />

rCeva da azri mTavrobisaTvis didad sasurveli.<br />

marSlebs imitom vavalebT amas, rom `apekis~<br />

uwesobiT ise aravina hzaralobs, rogorc<br />

Tavadaznauroba, romelsac calke TvisTa wevrTa<br />

oblobis gamo da calke sxvadasxva mizezTagan<br />

ufro xSirada hxvdeba xolme `apekis~ xelSi<br />

Cavardna da Tu `apekis~ saqmeTa uxeirobisagan<br />

vneba eZleva visme, Tavadaznaurobas yvelazed meti.<br />

428

saqme<br />

tfilisi, 12 dekemberi<br />

dedaTa saqme, romelic CvenSi monaTlulia<br />

qalebis saqmed dRiTidRe win midis ganaTlebuls<br />

qveynebSi, dRiTidRe momxreebsa hpoulobs,<br />

Zlierdeba da kuTvnils adgils iWers adamianis<br />

cxovrebaSi. dedaTa mxneoba, samarTlianis uflebis<br />

mopovebazed mimarTuli, aRara hrCeba `xmad mRaRadebelad<br />

udabnosa Sina~ da dRe TiTqmis ise ar<br />

gadis, rom saqme _ rasakvirvelia, ganaTlebuls<br />

qveynebSi-ki _ cotad Tu bevrad dedaTa saqme fexs<br />

ar imagrebdes da cxovrebis sarbielzed cotcotaobiT<br />

mainc adgils ar ipyrobdes Semdegis<br />

warmatebisaTvis. dedaTa sqesma kacobriobis uke-<br />

TesTa warmomadgenelTa TaosnobiT, RvawliT da<br />

garjiT ukve daimtkica ufleba umaRlesis swavlisa<br />

da ganaTlebis miRebisa da exla marto<br />

brmani da TvalaxveulniRa eurCebian am uflebas.<br />

dedaTa sqesma daipyra amasTanave zogierTs sferaSi<br />

ufleba saxelmwifo, Tu sazogado samsaxurisa da<br />

Tumca aq bevri ram kidev dahrCenia dasapyrobad,<br />

magram es pirveldawyebiTi bijic umniSvnelo ar<br />

aris SemdegisaTvis. igi usamarTloba, romelic<br />

dRes aqamomde dedaTa sqess, am naxevars mTelis<br />

kacobriobisas, saZiZaodam da samzareulodam gareT<br />

429

ar uSvebda da amaT gare araviTars saqmeSi<br />

monawiled ara hxdida, ase rom lukmapuris saSovaris<br />

gzasac ar aZlevda, didxans veRar gauZlebs<br />

erTxel fexadgmuls moZraobas.<br />

rom ufro didi avala miscen am moZraobas da<br />

dedaTa sqess misi samarTliani adgili miezomos<br />

kacTa cxovrebaSi, dedaTa saqme am bolos xanebSi<br />

imazed miimarTa, rom qveynis saqmeTa gamgeobaSi da<br />

kanonmdeblobaSi xma mianiWos dedaTaca, rogorc<br />

mamakacTa aqvsT miniWebuli. am mxriT amerikam<br />

jerxanad yvela qveynebs win gauswro da iq dRes<br />

aramcTu visme examuSeba, rom moxeleTa da qveynis<br />

saqmeTa gamgebelTa saarCevnod mamakacebTan erTad<br />

dedaTac kenWi iqonion, aramed TiTon dedanic ki<br />

rom amorCeul iqmnan Tund respublikis prezidentadac,<br />

aravin gaikvirvebs da iocebs.<br />

am xanebSi amerikis qalaqSi, romelsac bostoni<br />

hqvian, qalaqis gamgeobis arCevanebi iyo. Tumca<br />

rogorc aq, ise sxvaganac amerikaSi, dedaTa aqvsT<br />

ufleba arCevanSi monawileobisa, magram dRes<br />

aqamomde dedani am uflebas bevrs arafers dasdevdnen<br />

da ar ereodnen arCevanebSi. exla ki, am<br />

bolos arCevanSi, TiTqmis yvelani mosulan da dedaTa<br />

kenWis wyalobiT demokratebi, romelTac<br />

aqamomde xelT epyraT gamgeoba qalaqisa, damarcxebulan<br />

da respublikelebs gaumarjvniaT. 22.000<br />

dedakaci Cawerila, saarCevanod mosuli. amaT<br />

Tavisi sakuTari komiteti hqoniaT `asTa dedaTa~.<br />

am `asTa dedaTa~ komitets ise xerxianad wauyvania<br />

arCevanis saqme, rom swavla-ganaTlebis sabWoSi da<br />

qalaqis gamgeobaSi sul Tavisi momxre respublikanelebi<br />

gamourCeviaT.<br />

Tumca evropaSi ese saqmeSi gamoyenebuli ufleba<br />

dedaTa sqesisa TiTqmis arsad magaliTs ar<br />

warmogvidgens, magram dedaTa sanugeSod unda<br />

vsTqvaT, rom aqac ki arCevanis saqmeSi azri maTken<br />

430

aris gadaxrili da lamis dResa Tu xval saqmiTac<br />

ganxorcieldes. konservatorTa meTauri salusberi,<br />

romelic dRes mTavarministria inglisSi,<br />

momxrea imisi, rom dedaTa mieniWoT saarCevano<br />

ufleba. amas winaT lordi salusberi yofila<br />

SotlandiaSi. es momxreoba gamoucxadebia da<br />

yvelani gauocebia, radganac konservatorTa<br />

meTaurisagan aravin ar moeloda dedaTa<br />

uflebisaTvis gamosarClebas. edinburgSi uTqvams,<br />

rom me CemTavad ar veurCebi am mxriT dedaTa<br />

emansipaciasao da `Sors ar aris is dro, roca<br />

dedaTac eqmnebaT xma amorCevisa, roca isinic<br />

miiReben monawileobas rogorc Cvenis qveynis<br />

sapolitiko saqmeTa msvlelobasa da mimarTulebaSi,<br />

isec sapolitiko kacTa amorCevaSio~. amisaTvis<br />

araviTars dabrkolebas ara hxedavs mTavarministri<br />

inglisisa.<br />

Tu konservatorTa meTauri ase Zleula dedaTa<br />

saqmis samarTlianobiTa da aseTis azriT gamsWvalula<br />

am saqmis sasargeblod da gasamarjveblad,<br />

sxvas visRa ara aqvs sabuTi sTqvas, rom Sors ar<br />

aris is dro, roca dedaTa saqme Tavisas gaitans<br />

da es mTeli naxevari sqesi kacobriobisa mowveul<br />

iqneba wuTisoflis sufrazed Tavisis kuTvnilis<br />

adgilis dasaWerad. raki dedani kanonmdeblobaSi<br />

xmas moipoveben misTa momxre kacTa warmomadgenlobiT<br />

da qveynis saqmisa gamgeblobis amor-<br />

CevaSiac monawileni iqnebian, am gziT dids zedmoqmedebas<br />

iqonieben TviT kanoneb-zed, romelnic<br />

dRes sCagvren da hxuTven dedaTa samarTlians<br />

uflebas. am zedmoqmedebis simZimis qveS Seicvlebian<br />

is kanonebi da dedaTa saqme warimatebs<br />

imodenad, ramodenac SesaZloa TviT am saqmis<br />

bunebisagan, imitom rom gangeb mogonili borkili<br />

aRar SeuSlis fexs, am borkilisagan daxsnili<br />

iqneba da marto Tavis bunebazedRa damokidebuli.<br />

431

432<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

tfilisi, 14 dekemberi<br />

saiTac ki miixedavT CvenSi, yvelgan Civili da<br />

sayveduria, rom ara gvaqvs ra, Raribni varT da<br />

amitomac uZlurni da uRononio. am Civilsa da<br />

sayvedurs saTave rom mounaxoT, iq mivalT, rom<br />

fuli ara gvaqvso. yvela Civili da sayveduri<br />

aqedam gamodis da aq midis. marTla ki esea?<br />

marTla fulis uqonlobaa dedamizezi Cvenis eris<br />

uZlurebisa da uRonobisa? amas rom pasuxi<br />

gavceT, unda vicodeT _ kacobriobis istoriaSi<br />

fulma Sehqmna Rone da Zliereba adamianisa, Tu<br />

Ronema da Zlierebam Sehqmna fuli, anu, ukeT<br />

vsTqvaT, kaci hqmnis fulsa, Tu fuli kacsa?<br />

radganac ueWvelia rom, yofila dro, roca<br />

fulis xsenebac ar arsebula qveyanazed da kacs<br />

ki mainc Tavi gautania da im simaRlezed damdgara,<br />

saca dRes Cvena vxedavT, isic ueWveli unda iyos,<br />

rom Ronisa da Zlierebis mizezi sxva ram aris da<br />

aramc da aramc fuli.<br />

maS Cveni uRonoba da uZlureba rad unda<br />

davabraloT fulis uqonlobas? marTalia, fulis<br />

uqonloba exlandels droSi naklebulobaa, magram<br />

es naklebuloba TavisTavad imisTana ram ar aris,<br />

rom aviRoT da Cveni uRonoba amas movaxvioT

kiserzed. Cvenis fiqriT, ufuloba Sedegia da ara<br />

mizezi uZlurebisa da uRonobisa da amitomac<br />

tyuili nugeSia, vinc Tavis uRonobasa da<br />

uZlurebas fulis uqonlobas abralebs. fuli da<br />

erTob simdidre TavisTavad aravis uvardeba xelSi<br />

da vinc hfiqrobs, me pirs davaReb, gulxel<br />

davikreb da fuli TvisTavad momiva da<br />

gamaRonierebso, is fuliTaca da ufulodac<br />

uZluria da uRono. amitomac marTalzed<br />

marTalia, visac uTqvams, rom `zogi mdidaria,<br />

Tund erTis dRis miwa hqondes, zogi Raribia,<br />

Tund Tavidam fexebamde oqroSi ijdeso~.<br />

saqme garja da mxneobaa. Ronec amaSia<br />

adamianisa da Zlierebac. uamisod arc fulia<br />

Ronis mimcemi, arc ufulobaa Ronis damklebi. aq<br />

fuli da ufuloba arafer SuaSia. tyuilad ki ar<br />

gvimoZRvrebs Cveni brZeni d. guramiSvili:<br />

mxneman, viT Cqarman wyaroman,<br />

ganxeTqos mTa da goria,<br />

mxne iyav da gaZlierdi,<br />

daviTs rac uTqvams sworia.<br />

ai Zlierebis, Ronierebis saTave sad aris.<br />

fuli aq ra saxsenebelia! fuli da sxva sikeTe,<br />

Tu simdidre, mxneobisa da garjis Svilia da ara<br />

deda. mxneoba, garja aCens fulsa da sxva<br />

yovelsgvars sikeTes da visac es ara sjera, imas<br />

is unda, rom Svilma deda hSvas. vinc fuls axvevs<br />

kiserzed Tavis uZlurobas, uRonobas, igi Tavis<br />

Tavsac atyuebs da sxvasac. igi am xavss eWideba,<br />

rom Tavi daixsnas uqmad yofnis sircxvilisagan<br />

da gaeqces `garjas, romelic bunebam saWiroebad<br />

gagvixada, sazogadoebam _ movaleobad da<br />

Cveulebam _ siamovnebad~.<br />

mxne iyav da gaZlierdi. ai erTaderTi gza,<br />

romelic kacs mTa da goras gaarRvevinebs xolme,<br />

433

ai erTaderTi saxsari uRonobisa da<br />

uZlurebisagan gamomxsneli, ai erTaderTi gza,<br />

romelmac adamiani RvTis saxed gahxada da<br />

Zlevamosil hyo qveynierobazed. saca eg mxneoba<br />

gaqarwylebulia, saca garja, jafa, Sroma<br />

daviwyebulia, iq eri uRonoa da uZluri, Tunda<br />

sul Tavidam fexamde oqroSi Casva. volterma<br />

sTqva, rom `fulis uqonloba ki ara, niWierTa da<br />

mxne kacTa uyoloba hqmnis ers uRonodao~.<br />

swored mogaxsenoT, Cveni drevandeli tkivilic es<br />

aris. Cven mxneoba da gamrjeloba gvaklia da ai<br />

saTave, saidamac unda moswydes Cvenis uZlurebisa<br />

da uRonobis momdinareoba.<br />

434

amierkavkasiaSi<br />

tfilisi, 19 dekemberi<br />

umaRlesad damtkicebulia da kanonad miRebuli<br />

rom, sxvaTa Soris, amierkavkasiaSic<br />

saadgilmamulo gadasaxadi unda daidvas.<br />

gadasaxadis gamorTmeva ukve nabZanebia da unda<br />

gamoerTvas 1887 wlidam dawyebuli, ase rom dRes<br />

esgvari gadasaxadi oris wlisa erTad aris<br />

mosakrebi. exla laparaki imazea marto, _ vis<br />

ramdeni Sexvdeba gadasaxdelad da dRes aqaurs<br />

mTavrobas calke komiteti hyavs gamorCeuli,<br />

romelic davalebulia aRricxos, vis ramdeni unda<br />

gamoerTvas adgil-mamulis kvalobazed.<br />

aqaurma mTavrobam am oris wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

araerTxel acnoba adgil-mamulis patronebs, rom<br />

cnoba mogveciT _ vis ramdeni miwa gaqvTo da Tu<br />

ar mogvcemT, Cven TiTon movkrebTo da bolos Tu<br />

visme meti mamuli aRmouCnda, im metisa erTiorad<br />

gadaxdebao. ra Tqma unda, Cvens tfilisis<br />

guberniaSi yuric aravin Seibertya TiTqmis da<br />

TiTqmis aravin ar aasrula sarCieli mTavrobisa,<br />

imaTac ki, visac adgil-mamuli didi xania<br />

gamijvnuli aqvs da, maSasadame, advilad SeeZloT<br />

namdvili eCvenebinaT.<br />

435

aki mTavrobam SeamCnia amisTana daudevroba<br />

aqaur memamuleTa, bZaneba misca mazris ufrosebs<br />

SeekribaT Tav-Tavis mazraSi cnobebi maszed Tu,<br />

vis ramdeni miwa aqvs mazraSi. mazris ufrosebs<br />

SeZlebisamebr SeukrebiaT es cnobebi da<br />

warudgeniaT sagubernio samarTveloSi siebi. dRes<br />

mTavroba iZulebulia am siebs daemyaros da am<br />

siebSi moxsenebul miwebis raodenobazed<br />

gaanawilos gadasaxadi. vidre movixseniebdeT am<br />

siebis ZaliT dRiurs ramdeni hxvdeba gadasaxadi,<br />

saWiroa vicodeT sul gadasaxadi ramdenia, ra<br />

angariSiT aris es gadasaxadi aRricxuli da vin<br />

aris am gadasaxadisagan amoSvebuli da vin ara.<br />

Cvenda samwuxarod, amisi Sesaxebi cnobebi marto<br />

tfilisis guberniisa gvaqvs da amitomac marto am<br />

guberniis Taobazed vilaparakebT.<br />

tfilisis guberniazed aRricxulia<br />

saadgilmamulo gadasaxadi weliwadSi ori aTas<br />

xuTasi Tumanze cota meti, radganac es gadasaxadi<br />

1887 wlidam iTvleba tfilisis guberniazed,<br />

amitomac wels oris wlis gadasaxadi erTad<br />

moeTxoveba am gubernias, ese igi xuTi aTasi<br />

Tumani da cota meti. am aRricxvis safuZvlad<br />

miRebulia komlzed xuTi maneTi da Cvidmeti<br />

Sauri, ese igi, is fuli, romelic TiToeul<br />

komls, xarjis mxdelisas, erTmeva exla fostis<br />

fulad. ramdenic adgil-mamulis mepatroneTa<br />

komlia, imdenjer rom aiRoT eg xuTi maneTi da<br />

Cvidmeti Sauri, gamova ori aTas xuTasi Tumani da<br />

cota meti. sul oTxi aTas oTxas ormocdaaTi Tu<br />

cota met-naklebi komlia Turme imisTana memamule,<br />

romelTac unda ixadon saadgilmamulo gadasaxadi.<br />

ai aqedam aris gamoyvanili ori aTas xuTasi<br />

Tumani gadasaxadi.<br />

es fuli unda ganawildes adgil-mamulis<br />

raodenobis kvalobazed. mazris ufrosTagan<br />

436

warmodgenil siebisagan sCans imodena adgilmamuli,<br />

rom TiTo dRiurs hxvdeba am ori aTas<br />

xuTas Tumnidam erTi kapeiki da xuTi mervedi, anu<br />

desetinas 3 1 / 4 kapeiki. am mamulis patronebma unda<br />

ixadon yovel saxmar da gamosayen desetinazed 3 1 / 4<br />

kapeiki yovel wliv. es gadasaxadi dadebulia<br />

mxolod imisTana mamulis patronebzed, romelnic<br />

komleuls fostis fuls ar ixdian da amis gamo<br />

glexkacoba sruliad Tavisulfalia am<br />

gadasaxadisagan, Tunda sakuTrebac hqondes.<br />

radganac exla oris wlisa erTad unda gamoerTvas<br />

es gadasaxadi, amitomac am erTs weliwads TiTo<br />

desetinas Sexvdeba 6 1 / 2 kapeiki.<br />

cnobilia, rom mazris ufrosTagan<br />

warmodgenili siebi marTalzed Zalian Sors arian<br />

da miwebi bevriT naklebia naCvenebi imazed, rac<br />

marTla aris. amboben, sul cota rom vsTqvaTo,<br />

erTi mesamedi mamulebi aklia am siebsao. es erTi<br />

mesamedi TiTqmis 300000 desetinamde adis Turme.<br />

am daklebaSi verc mazris ufrosebs eTqmis<br />

sayveduri, radganac araviTari RonisZieba ara aqvT<br />

am SemTxvevaSi marTali aRmoaCinon da verc<br />

mTavrobas davemdurebiT, rom amisTana danaklisiT<br />

Semdgars siebs iZulebulia daemyaros. brali<br />

TiTon memamuleebs edebaT. Cveni memamuleni rom<br />

tyuils imedebs ar ahyolodnen da yvelas<br />

warmoedgina Tavisis adgil-mamulis Sesaxebi<br />

cnobebi Tavis drozed, roca mTavrobam moikiTxa,<br />

maSin orgvars zians gadarCebodnen. jer imas<br />

gadarCebodnen, rom 300000 desetinis gadasaxadi<br />

ar daawveboda danarCens or mesameds adgilmamulisas<br />

da memamule desetinazed 3 1 / 4 kap. magier<br />

gadixdida marto 2 1 / 4 kapiksa da cota metnaklebsa<br />

da meore imas, rom eg gadasaxadisaTvis<br />

argamoCenili 300000 desetina ar gadaixdida<br />

erTiorad gadasaxads imitom, rom visac ar<br />

437

gamouCenia da SeaCndeba eg argamoCena, iman<br />

gadasaxadi erTiorad unda hzRos, imdenis xnisa,<br />

ramden welsac gamouCeneli iqneba.<br />

ityvian, saidam migvewvdia mTavrobisaTvis<br />

moTxovnili cnobebi, rom Cvenc ar viciT ramdeni<br />

miwa da mamuli gvaqvso. Tu guli hgulobs qada<br />

oris xeliT iWmevao. jer erTi es, rom imaTac ar<br />

ucnobebiaT mTavrobisaTvis, visac didi xania ukve<br />

gamijnuli aqvs adgil-mamuli. amaTY<br />

gasamarTlebeli ara aqvT ra, garda daudevrobisa<br />

da Tavis Tavis upatronobisa. bevri kidev<br />

imisTanaa, romelTac an nasyidlobiT an anderZiT<br />

an samarTliT, an memkvidreobiT damtkicebuli<br />

aqvT mamuli da amaT ar SeiZleba sigelSi ara<br />

hqondeT moxsenebuli raodenoba mamulisa Tu<br />

namdvili ara, varaudobiT mainc. esec sakmarisi<br />

iyo mTavrobisaTvis, rom ecnobebinaT bevri kidev<br />

imisTanaa, romelTac Tumca gamijnuli ara aqvT<br />

mamulebi an romelisame sigeliT SeZinebuli,<br />

magram ician daaxlovebuli marTali Tavisis<br />

mamulis raodenobisa. maSasadame, arc am juris<br />

memamuleni arian moklebulni RonisZiebas acnobon<br />

mTavrobas ramdeni egulebaT Tavisi mamuli.<br />

marTalia, yvelazed cud yofaSi arian isini,<br />

vinc ar icis, sad, ra da ramdeni aqvs. magram<br />

amaTac rom imdeni eCvenebinaT, rac egulebaT, Cven<br />

imedi gvaqvs, mTavroba bolos Seiwynarebda Tu<br />

meti aRmouCndeboda, raki darwmundeboda, rom am<br />

SemTxvevaSi Seucdomelad Cveneba SeuZlebelia.<br />

Znelia marto imaTi mdgomareoba, visac dRes<br />

mamuli sadavod aqvs gaxdomili da saca mamulis<br />

kuTvnilobis sabuTad marto mflobelobaa da,<br />

maSasadame, saca sadavod aris gamxdari<br />

TviTmflobeloba da xmareba mamulisa. sxvagvar<br />

sadavo mamulzed advilad gasarCevia vin unda<br />

ixados saadgilmamulo gadasaxadi, imitom rom<br />

438

unda ixados iman, vinca hxmarobs da hsargeblobs<br />

mamuls. xolo, saca TviTon xmareba da sargebloba<br />

mamulisa sadavoa, saca erTic iZaxis me vxmarob da<br />

vsargeblobo da meorec, da saca samarTali amis<br />

gamoZiebaSia, aq minam davaa, im xnis gadasaxadi vin<br />

unda ixados?<br />

jer ar viciT rogor moeqceva mTavroba<br />

amgvars mamuls am SemTxvevaSi, xolo, Cvenis<br />

fiqriT, esgvari mamuli jer xanad ar unda<br />

ixdides gadasaxadsa da roca mamuli daekuTvneba<br />

visme, maSin iman unda hzRos gadasaxadi mTeli im<br />

wlebisa, vidre dava swarmoebda. es samarTliani<br />

iqneboda jer imitom, rom momgebi mamulisa mis<br />

patronad aRmoCnda samarTliT da meore imitom,<br />

rom TviTon amtkicebda me vxmarobdio.<br />

yovelive es saWirod davinaxeT gvecnobebina<br />

yvelasaTvis da gverCia: minam gadasaxadis mokrebas<br />

Seudgebodnen, rac SeiZleba male acnobon<br />

sagubernio marTvelobas raodenoba adgilmamulisa,<br />

Torem mere zianis mets arasa hnaxven.<br />

nuravin nu ifiqrebs da nu inugeSebs, rom am<br />

gadasaxadisagan rogorme Tavs ixsnis. gadasaxadi<br />

ukve arsebobs, radganac umaRlesad damtkicebulia<br />

da ase Tu ise usaTuod gamoerTmeva yvelas. isa<br />

sjobs exlav movuaroT Cvens Tavs, rac SeiZleba<br />

namdvili cnobebi vauwyoT mTavrobas, Torem mere<br />

bevrs vinanebT da gvianRa iqneba. saca sxva gza ar<br />

aris, sjobia varaudobiT mainc aCvenon. varaudiT<br />

naCvenebSi Secdomas, imedia, Seiwynarebs mTavroba<br />

da sul arCveneba ki Seuwynarebeli iqmneba da<br />

erTiorad sazRauri gauxdeba mamaulis patronsa.<br />

439

440<br />

<br />

guberniebSi<br />

tfilisi, 20 dekemberi<br />

saxelmwifi saTavadaznauro da saglexo<br />

bankebis daarseba tfilisisa da quTaisis<br />

guberniaSi dRes gadawyvetili saqmea. tfilisSi<br />

mosulia am mokle xanSi qaRaldi b-n finanasTa<br />

ministrisa, romelic auwyebs, b-ns<br />

mTavarmarTebels, rom xelmwife imperatorma<br />

mowyaled ineba, amierkavkasiaSi daarsebuli iqmnas<br />

xsenebulis bankebis ganyofilebani, Tanaxmad mis<br />

brwyinvalebis T. dondukov-korsakovis<br />

wardgenilebisao. xolo sesxad gatana am bankidam<br />

fulebisa SeuZlianT marto imaT, visac mamulebi<br />

kanonierad gamijvnuli eqmnebaT, radganac<br />

gaumijvnav mamulebzed es bankebi sesxs ar<br />

gascemeno. rom am bankebis meoxebiT aqaur<br />

Tavadaznaurobas Svela da Semweoba moeces,<br />

saWiroao, iwereba Turme b-ni ministri, rom<br />

amierkavkasiaSi aCqarebul da gaZlierebul iqmnas<br />

mamulebis gamijvnao. amisaTvis b-ns finanasTa<br />

ministrs ucnobebia b-n iusticiis ministrisaTvis,<br />

rom 1889 wlis saxelmwifo xarjTa aRricxvaSi<br />

Setanil iqmnas is fulic, rac saWiroa

amierkavkasiis gasamijnav saqmis aCqarebis da<br />

gaZlierebisaTvisao.<br />

radganac xsenebul bankebis moqmedebisaTvis<br />

saWironi arian cnobebi imis Taobazed Tu _ ra<br />

mdgomareobaSi aris aqauri miwaTmflobeloba,<br />

ramodena vali awevT mamulebs sxvadsxva<br />

sakredito dawesebulebisa, ragvari meurneobaa aq<br />

gavrcelebuli da sxva amisTana da radganac<br />

esgvari cnobani Zalian naklebada aqvs<br />

saministrosa da raca aqvs, isic bundi da<br />

ganusazRvrelia, amitomac b-ns finanasTa ministrs<br />

saWirod daunaxavs es cnobani Sekrebil iqmnas.<br />

aqaurs mTavrobas mosvlia mTeli sia im cnobebisa,<br />

romelnic winaswar unda moikribos da saca jer<br />

ars wardgenil iqmnas. dRes es saqme saxelmwifo<br />

bankebisa amazeda sdgas CvenSi.<br />

Cven, yovel amis gamgons, sixarulis meti ara<br />

gvmarTebs ra. xolo es ki unda iTqvas, rom<br />

saxelmwifo saTavadaznauro da saglexo bankebi<br />

CvenSi sul sxva garemoebiT da sxva wesiT unda<br />

moirTas, vidre ruseTSia. aqauri adgil-mamuloba,<br />

meurneoba, mocema da gacema soflis meurneobis<br />

mosavlisa, romelic erTaderTi wyaroa<br />

saadgilmamulo kreditis gadaxdisaTvis, bevrSi<br />

gansxvavebulia da Tu am gansxvavebis miuxedavad<br />

saxelmwifo bankebi daiwyeben CvenSi moqmedebas,<br />

sanatrels Semweobas ver aRmouCenen verc<br />

Tavadaznaurobas, verc glexobas. amitomac, Cvenis<br />

azriT, zogierTi ruseTis wesi am bankebisa CvenSi<br />

unda Secvlil iqmnas adgilis garemoebis<br />

mixedviTa da rom es cvlilebani sabuTiani da<br />

windaxedulni gamodgnen, saWiroa adgilis<br />

garemoebis kargad mcodne kacni miiwvios mTavrobam<br />

da maTi azri, Tu sarCieli mosmenil da saxeSi<br />

miRebul iqmnas. eseve unda iTqvas gamijvnis saqmis<br />

Taobazedac.<br />

441

gamijvna CvenSi didi xania arsebobs da bevrs<br />

CvenSi saqmeSive aqvs danaxuli, ra nakli sdevs am<br />

saqmesa da ra sikeTe miuZRvis. am mxriT, adgilis<br />

mcodne kacni, bevrs sapraqtiko cnobebs auwyeben<br />

mTavrobas, romelic dRes egre Zlier<br />

mowadinebulia, rom gamijvnis saqmem Cqaris fexiT<br />

iaros CvenSi. ra abrkolebs am siCqariT svlasa,<br />

adgilis kacebma ufro kargad unda icodnen,<br />

radganac TviTon, viTarca gasamijnav mamulebis<br />

patronebi, dRe yovel am saqmeSi arian da<br />

danaxuli unda hqondeT TiTqmis yovelive mizezi<br />

brkolebisa da dayovnebisa. maincdamainc adgilis<br />

mcodne kacTa sarCielad mowvevisagan Tu ara<br />

mogvemateba ra, xom ara dagavakldeba ra da<br />

amitomac uamisoba sasurveli ar unda iyos,<br />

nametnavad imisTana saqmeSi, romelic pirdapir<br />

adgilis kacTa dids interesebs Seexeba.<br />

442

safuZvelni<br />

tfilisi, 22 dekemberi<br />

saxelmwifo saTavadaznauro da saglexo bankebi<br />

dRes ara, xval daarsebul iqmneba CvenSi. amitomac<br />

meti ar iqneba vacodinoT Cvens mkiTxvels<br />

umTavresni safuZvelni am bankebisa im mxriT, Tu<br />

riTi gansxvavdebian Cvenis saTavadaznauro bankebisagan,<br />

ra upiratesoba miuZRviT da ra SeRavaTs<br />

iZlevian. daviwyoT jer saxelmwifo<br />

saTavadaznauro bankidam.<br />

es banki daarsebulia ruseTSi marto<br />

TavadaznaurTaTvis da CvenSiac ase iqneba. am<br />

bankidam, Tu ar Tavadsa da aznaurs, sxvas aravis<br />

eqmneba neba fulis gatanisa sesxad. giraod<br />

miiReba marto soflis mamuli, ase rom qalaqis<br />

mamulzed Tavadni da aznaurni am bankidam fuls<br />

ver isesxeben. es erTi gansxvavebaa aqaur saadgilmamulo<br />

bankebisagan, romelnic sesxs aZleven yvelas<br />

rogorc soflis mamulzed, isec qalaqebisazed<br />

wodebis miuxedavad.<br />

Tu vinicobaa am bankSi dagiravebuli mamuli<br />

sxva gziT riTime da ara memkvidreobiT gadava im<br />

kaczed, romelic Tavadaznaurobas ar ekuTvnis,<br />

443

igi, axladSemZeni mamulisa, movalea xuTis wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gaixsnas mamuli giraobisagan mTelis<br />

valis gadaxdiT, Torem mamuli gaiyideba sajarod,<br />

raTa bankma Tavisi fuli aiRos. es meore<br />

gansxvavebaa Cveneburis bankebisagan, romelTac<br />

wesad es ara aqvT da am bankebSi dagiravebuli<br />

mamulebi, SesaZloa, gadavides yvela wodebis<br />

kaczed daubrkoleblad.<br />

sesxad miecema 60% iqidam, ramodenadac<br />

dafasebul iqmneba mamuli, ase rom dafasebis<br />

maneTzed sami abazi gamodis. SeiZleba metic<br />

mieces, magaliTebr, dafasebis maneTzed xuTmeti<br />

Sauri, mxolod maSin ki, Tu ori mesamedi wevri<br />

bankis sabWoSi amisi Tanaxma iqmneba da finansTa<br />

ministric daamtkicebs, isic marto im gansakuTrebul<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu sesxs iReben sxva kerZo<br />

bankisa Tu kacis valis gadasaxdelad, roca<br />

mamuli giraoda aqvT da roca 60% angariSiT<br />

fuli sakmao ar aris kerZo valis mosaSoreblad.<br />

esec mesame gansxvaveba aqaur bankisagan, romelic<br />

dafasebis kvalobazed, iZleva sesxad marto<br />

naxevars, ese igi 50%-s da amazed meti sityva ara<br />

aqvs misces araviTars SemTxvevaSi. es saxelmwifo<br />

bankisagan TavadaznaurTa SeRavaTisaTvis aris dadgenili<br />

da marTlac SeRavaTia cotad Tu bevrad.<br />

saxelmwifo bankisagan safasurSi ar Cavardeba<br />

fabrikebi, qarxnebi da madnebi. tye ki, SesaZloa,<br />

miRebul iqmnas safasurSi marto im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu vinicobaa tyidam xe-tyisa da SeSis zidva<br />

gansazRvruli iqneba satyeo sameurneo gegmis<br />

(planis) kvalobazed da tyis patroni xelwerils<br />

dasdebs ar gadudges am gegmas bankis daukiTxavad.<br />

es meoTxe gansxvavebaa aqaur bankebisagan,<br />

romelTac neba aqvT tyec fasad miiRon, mxolod<br />

rogorc saZovari ki, da ara rogorc tye, ese igi<br />

rogorc xe-tyisa da SeSis adgili.<br />

444

giravnobis furcels saxelmwifo bankisas<br />

TiTon igi bankive anaRdebs. SesaZloa TiTon<br />

msesxebelsve xelT mieces misi giravnobis<br />

furcelni, mxolod safinanso ministris nebarTviT<br />

ki, orsave SemTxvevaSi, vali imdeni daewereba,<br />

ramdenic giravnobis furcelzea daniSnuli. es<br />

mexuTe gansxvavebaa aqaur bankebisagan, romelTac<br />

neba aqvT giravnobis furcelni aZlion<br />

msesxebelsa finansTa ministris daukiTxavad. es<br />

muxli saxelmwifo bankisa imitom aris Setanili<br />

wesdebaSi, rom birJis metnaklebobazed ar iyos<br />

damokidebuli met-nakleboba giravnobis furclis<br />

fasisa da am fasis met-nakleboba TiTon<br />

saxelmwifo bankis xelT iyos. amgvari wesi<br />

Tavmdebia, rom giravnobis furclis fasi Zlier<br />

ar daiwevs arasdros, radganac roca ufasobaa,<br />

maSin TiTon banki iqoniebs am furclebs da ar<br />

gaxdis birJazed gasatanad. es, rasakvirvelia,<br />

SeuZlian marto saxelmwifo banks, radganac<br />

amisTvis auarebeli RonisZieba aqvs.<br />

saxelmwifo bankisagan aRebul sesxzed<br />

msesxebelni ixdian weliwadSi 5 3 / 4%-s Tavnsa da<br />

sargebelSi, Tu sesxi 48 wlis vadisaa, da Tu 36<br />

wlisaa, ixdian 6 1 / 4%-sa. amas garda erTxanad<br />

erTmevaT kidev 1 / 4%-i. es meeqvse gansxvavebaa aqaur<br />

bankisagan, romelic weliwadSi axdevinebs 8%-sa<br />

da garda amisa erTxanad 3 / 4%-sa. es didi<br />

SeRavaTia TavadaznaurTaTvis da ara mamulisaTvis,<br />

Tu saxelmwifo bankisagan iefad aRebuli fuli<br />

mamulis Semosavalis mosamateblad aris<br />

xmarebuli. Tu aqedam aRebuli fuli mamuls ar<br />

mohxmardeba da am gziT mamulebis mosavalma ar<br />

warimata, Cvens Tavadaznaurobas imodenadve<br />

gauZneldeba saxelmwifo bankis gaZRola,<br />

ramodenadac Cvenis bankisa umZims, ratomao?<br />

ikiTxaven. amisi pasuxi SemdegisaTvis iyos.<br />

445

446<br />

<br />

Taobaze<br />

tfilisi, 23 dekemberi<br />

Cvena vsTqviT wina werilSi, rom Tu<br />

saxelmwifo bankisagan aRebuli fuli mamuls ar<br />

mohxmarda Semosavlis momatebisaTvis, iefoba<br />

saxelmwifo kreditisa imodena tvirTive iqneba<br />

Cvenis adgil-mamulisaTvis, ramodenad siZvire<br />

Cvenis bankis kreditisaa. saqme is aris, rom<br />

saxelmwifo bankidam erTsa da imave mamulzed<br />

SeiZleba kacma meti vali aiRos, vidre Cvenis<br />

bankidam. ai es nametnaoba valisa asworebs<br />

saswors valis simZimisas, anu, uked vsTqvaT,<br />

erTnairad samZimod uxdis mamuls valis<br />

gadaxdasa. ai amisi angariSi.<br />

aviRoT magaliTad ocTumniani mamuli da<br />

orisave bankis angariSSi gavataroT. ocTumnians<br />

mamulzed Cveni banki aZlevs sesxad aTs Tumans da<br />

mamuli aT Tumanzed Tavnsa da sargebelSi ixdis<br />

rva maneTs weliwadSi, anu 4%-s Tavis<br />

Rirebulobis kvalobazed, imitom rom rva maneTi<br />

oc Tumanze oTxs procents Seadgens. amave<br />

mamulzed saxelmwifo banki iZleva Tormetidam<br />

xuTmet Tumans sesxs da Tu vada sesxisa 48<br />

weliwadia da sesxi Tormeti Tumani, mamuls<br />

axdevinebs weliwadSi Svid maneTs or Saur

nakleb, Tu xuTmeti Tumania _ rva maneTs da 62 1 / 2<br />

kap. am saxiT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mamulis<br />

Rirebulobis kvalobazed modis 3 45 / 100 procenti<br />

da meore SemTxvevaSi _ 4 31 / 124%. Tu kaci sesxs<br />

aiRebs saxelmwifo bankisagan 36 wlis vadiTa da<br />

Tu sesxi Tormeti Tumania, maSin mamulma unda<br />

ixados weliwadSi rva maneTi eqvs Saur nakleb da<br />

Tu xuTmetia _ cxra maneTi da 37 1 / 2 kap. aq ki<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi mamulis Rirebulobis<br />

kvalobazed gamodis 3 85 / 100% da meore SemTxvevaSi<br />

4 17 / 25% da cota metic. rom es angariSi ufro<br />

cxadad danaxul iqmnas, Cven warmovudgenT Semdegs<br />

sqemas, Tu ra Sexvdeba erTsa da imave mamuls mis<br />

Rirebulobis kvalobazed saxdelad tfilisis<br />

bankisa da saxelmwifo bankisaTvis:<br />

saxelmwifo banki:<br />

vada _ sesxi _ procenti ocTumnian mamulis<br />

Rirebulobazed.<br />

48 _ 120 _ 3 45 / 100<br />

48 _ 150 _ 4 31 / 124<br />

36 _ 120 _ 3 85 / 100<br />

36 _ 150 _ 4 17 / 25<br />

tfilisis banki.<br />

vada _ sesxi _ procenti ocTumnian mamulis<br />

Rirebulobazed.<br />

43 1 / 2 _ 100 _ 4.<br />

cotad SesaniSnavi SeRavaTi saxelmwifo bankis<br />

sqemis pirvel xazis cifirSia. xolo Tu saxeSi<br />

viqonieT, rom saxelmwifo bankis vali mag.<br />

447

3 45 / 100%-iT hSordeba 48 weliwads da tfilisis<br />

bankisas 4% ixdis 43 1<br />

2 weliwadSi, _ eg SeRavaTi<br />

ufro mcired warmogvidgeba ase, rom TiTqmis<br />

arafrad Casagdebia.<br />

mesame xazis cifiric saSeRavaToa imodenad,<br />

ramodenadac 3 85 / 100 naklebia 4-zed da aq vadac<br />

naklebia tfilisis bankisazed 7 1 / 2 weliwadiT.<br />

magram pirvel 36 weliwadSi aq iseTi mciredi<br />

met-naklebobaa, rom mamuli, romelsac emZimeba<br />

exla 4%-is xda, ver igrZnobs dids Svebas<br />

3 85 / 100%-is xdiTa. danarCens SemTxvevebSi ki simZime<br />

mamulisaTvis saxelmwifo bankis kreditisa<br />

aSkaraa. Cven vambobT, rom marto maSin daemZimeba<br />

mamuls es krediti, Tu saxelmwifo bankisagan<br />

aRebuli fuli ar moxmardeba mamuls Semosavlis<br />

gasaZliereblad da mamuli isev im RoniT darCa,<br />

ra RoniTaca da SeZlebiTac dRes aris da Tu<br />

marTla dRevandelis RoniTa da SeZlebiT ver<br />

itans 4%-is xdasa, rogorc yvelani sCivian.<br />

aq marto erTi sabuTi hlaparakobs saxelmwifo<br />

bankis sasargeblod da didad sayuradRebo<br />

sabuTic aris. es sabuTi imaSia, rom saxelmwifo<br />

banki mets sesxs iZleva, da am SemTxvevaSi Tund<br />

yovel wliv imodena arTvas mamuls, ramodenasac<br />

tfilisis banki arTmevs nakleb fulzed, mainc<br />

saxelmwifo banki win iqneba. es sruli marTalia,<br />

imitom rom 120 maneTzed Tund 4 maneTis xda da<br />

aramc Tu naklebisa, ufro sasargebloa, vidre<br />

imav 4 maneTis xda ass maneTzed. Cven mxolod imas<br />

vambobT, rom Tu mamuli uRonoa oTxis maneTis<br />

xdisaTvis, mainc uRono iqneba ginda asi Tumani<br />

vali daawere, ginda erTi Tumani, Tu orsave<br />

SemTxvevaSi oTxi maneTi unda ixados weliwadSi<br />

mTels ormocdarva wlis ganmavlobaSi. Cven<br />

vSiSobT, rom Cven ara gveSaRavaTeba ra Tormets<br />

Tumans CaviCxrialebT jibeSi, Tu aTs Tumans, Tu<br />

448

es fuli mamulis warsamateblad da<br />

gansakargeblad ar aris moxmarebuli da Tu<br />

tyuilubralod gaflangulia. gaflangvas, asi<br />

Tumani iqneba Tu erTi, igive bolo aqvs.<br />

orivesagan erTi da igive namwvi rCeba: mamulzed<br />

aRebuli vali marto mamulmave unda hzRos da<br />

ixados. memamules sxva ra wyaro aqvs valis<br />

saxdeli, Tu ar Semosavali mamulisave? Tund rom<br />

hqondes, ra Wkua iqneba mamulzed aRebuli vali<br />

sxva qonebidam, sxva wyarodam ixados, roca<br />

mamuli ver uZRveba Tavis valsa. ubralo, sada<br />

angariSi iZulebul hyofs amisTana mamuli<br />

daugdos banksa da am gziT meti mWameli moaklos<br />

Tavis sxva qonebasa. es aSkaraa.<br />

Tu mamulma unda ixados Tavisi vali, Tu Tavis<br />

Rirebulobis kvalobazed 4%-is xda, rogorc<br />

amboben, dRes emZimeba da Tu aRebulis valiT am<br />

mamulis Rirebulobam ar imata gankargebiTa da<br />

SemosavliT, aq ra Svebaa mamulis patronisaTvis<br />

Tormeti Tumani awevs mamuls, Tu aTi, roca<br />

orsav SemTxvevaSi saxdeli 4%-ia an amaze cotad<br />

naklebi mamulis Rirebulobis kvalobazed?<br />

Sveba sagrZnobeli da sakmaod didic mxolod<br />

im patrons mamulisas miecema, romelic<br />

saxelmwifo bankisagan aRebuls fuls mamuls<br />

Caayris gansakargeblad da Semosavlis<br />

warsamateblad. Tu es ar iqmna, saxelmwifo bankis<br />

valic iseTive yelSi waWerili Toki iqneba, rac<br />

tfilisis bankis valia, imitom rom wyaro valis<br />

moSorebisa erTi da igive uRono mamuli iqmneba,<br />

TiTqmis erTisa da imave zomisad mxdeli. Tu<br />

mamuli Tavis Rirebulobis kvalobazed dRes ver<br />

ixdis 4%-sa tfilisis bankisas, gana didi imedia<br />

ixados 3 45 / 100% saxelmwifo bankisa? ra bevri<br />

TabauTia am or cifirs Soris?<br />

449

Sveba marto TavdaWeril mamulis patrons<br />

miecema saxelmwifo bankisagan. saxeldobr, imas,<br />

vinc bevris fulis Sovnis sacdurs ar<br />

gaetacebineba, vinc frTxilis angariSiT<br />

gamoirkvevs saWiro valis zomierebas, ara gvgonia,<br />

amisTana kaci bevri iyos Cvens TavadaznaurobaSi.<br />

Tu uangariSod Tavs davesxmiT saxelmwifo banksa,<br />

romelsac neba aqvs oc Tumnian mamulzed xuTmeti<br />

Tumani asesxos, Tu marto amas davxarbdiT da<br />

ocTumnian mamulzed xuTmeti Tumani vali viReT,<br />

maSin mSvidobiT da gamarjvebiT. maSin oc Tumnian<br />

mamulma 4%-ki ar unda ixados Tavis Rirebulobis<br />

kvalobazed, aramed 4 1 / 5% zedac cota meti da Tu<br />

mamuls dRes 4%-is uRonobas uCivian, raRa eTqmiT<br />

metzed, saxeldobr, 4 1 / 4-zed?<br />

exla vikiTxoT: bevrni arian CvenSi imisTanani,<br />

rom metis fulis Sovnis sixarbem ar waityuos?<br />

Cveneburi kaci, nametnavad Tu Tavadia, an aznauri,<br />

Tunda milions aiRebs valad, Tu adgils<br />

Seigulebs. viTom bevri ityvis uars didi fuli<br />

isesxos, Tuki SesaZlebelia da gaabriyvebs visme<br />

mosacemad?<br />

CvenSi TiTo-orola kanti-kuntad Tu sadmea<br />

imisTana kaci, romelic jer asjer gazomavs, vidre<br />

vals aiRebs da Tu aiRebs, im zomiT da im<br />

TadarigiT, rom valis xda SesaZlo iyos<br />

mamulisaTvis da mamulic meti Semosavliani<br />

gahxados.<br />

amitomac Cven vityviT, rom saxelmwifo banki<br />

marto imaT gamoadgebaT, vinc Tavis mamulis<br />

Rirebulobis naxvars aiRebs valad da ara sams<br />

mexuTeds an sams meoTxedsa, radganac saxelmwifo<br />

banks neba aqvs am zomiT sesxis Zlevisa, da<br />

amasTan vinc aRebulis valiT SeakeTebs mamulsa da<br />

Semosavals moamatebinebs. yovel am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

vali saxelmwifo bankisa bevriT subuqi iqneba<br />

450

tfilisis bankis valzed, jer imitom, rom yovels<br />

100 maneTs valzed Tavnsa da sargebelSi Sesatani<br />

iqneba weliwadSi xuTi maneTi da xuTmeti Sauri<br />

da ara rva maneTi, rogorc tfilisis bankSia, da<br />

garda amisa gaRonierebuli, SekeTebuli,<br />

mosavalgaZlierebuli mamuli aramc Tu subuqad<br />

gadixdis aszed 5 maneTs 75 kap. weliwadSi,<br />

aramed ar gauWirdeba rva maneTis xdaca. didi<br />

SeRavaTi iqneba imaTTvisac, vinc marto imodena<br />

vals aiRebs saxelmwifo bankisagan, ramodenadac<br />

mamuls dRes awevs tfilisis Tu quTaisis bankis<br />

vali, an kerZo kacisa, da ara metsa, imitom rom<br />

yovelive meti Tu ar mohxmarda mamulsave, valis<br />

xdas daamZimebs.<br />

451

452<br />

valia<br />

tfilisi, 28 dekemberi<br />

sxvagan, saca sifrTxile, windaxeduloba,<br />

yairaTi aqvs kacs dadebuli safuZvlad Tavisis<br />

cxovrebisa da qonebisa, vals ise eridebian,<br />

rogorc Wirsa da Tu dana yelzed ar moadga, Tu<br />

meti gza da Rone ar aris, Znelad gahbedven valis<br />

aRebasa, imitom rom vali, rac unda subuqi iyos,<br />

ubedurebaa yovels SemTxvevaSi. CvenSi ki egre ar<br />

aris, Cvenda samwuxarod. CvenSi vals etanebian<br />

imitom ki ara, rom uWirT da sxva gza ar aqvT,<br />

aramed imitom, rom valis aReba SesaZlebelia.<br />

oRond Cveneburma kacma Seigulos sadme<br />

sasesxebeli fuli da marto es ambavi kmara, rom<br />

xeli waatanos valis asaRebad. Cveneburs<br />

glexkacobas es Wiri ara sWirs. glexkaci<br />

amisTanaebSi ufro frTxilia da moridebuli,<br />

imitom rom mSromelia, gamrjelia da icis fasi<br />

monagarisa da naWirnaxulevisa. glexkaci<br />

gauWireblad ar isesxebs da am gziT Tavis<br />

monagaridam, naWirnaxulevidam, amagidam wils ar<br />

daudebs fulis patronsa sargeblis saxiTa.<br />

eseve ar iTqmis Cvens Tavadaznaurobaze,<br />

romelTa Soris bevri ar gveguleba imisTana, rom<br />

uqmi ar iyos da uqmis kacisaTvis arafers

qveynierobazed fasi ara aqvs da amitomac<br />

amisTanisaTvis valis aReba marto fulis Sovnis<br />

gzaa da sxva araferi. kaci TviTon unda<br />

irjebodes, TviTon unda Soobdes qonebasa, rom<br />

naSovarisa da naamagaris yadri icodes da<br />

yovelive groSi eZnelebodes tyuilubralod<br />

gadasagdeblad da Tunda sargebelSi misacemadac.<br />

amitomac Cvens TavadaznaurobaSi bevrs vera<br />

hnaxavT imisTanas, rom Seigulos sadme<br />

sasesxeblad fuli da ar isesxos marto imis<br />

gamo, rom sesxi SesaZlebelia. amisTana kacis<br />

naRveli marto is aris, rom valis aReba advili<br />

iyos, bevri davidaraba ar moundes. meore isa, rom<br />

rac SeiZleba bevri fuli isesxos da mesame isa,<br />

rom valis gamorTmeva daacalon, Tu vadazed ar<br />

gadaixdis, es winadve gadawyvetili aqvs.<br />

Cveni Tavadaznauroba saxelmwifo bankisagan am<br />

sams sikeTes moelis da amitomac ase hnatrobs<br />

saxelmwifo banksa. zogis imedi iqamdea gaWimuli,<br />

rom hgoniaT saxelmwifo banki imisTana banki<br />

iqneba, romelsac Cveneburad `aviRe da aRar<br />

mogec~ hqvian. bevrs es tyuili imedi Caudvia<br />

gulSi da sxva yoveli dardi amouRia gulidam.<br />

Cvena vsTqviT, rom saxelmwifo banki gamosadegia<br />

marto imaTTvis, vinc iqidam aRebuls fulsa<br />

mamuls moaxmarebs Semosavlis gasaZliereblad da<br />

vinc amasTanave imodena vals aiRebs, rac marTla<br />

uWirs da rac udris mamulis Rirebulobis<br />

naxevarsa. amaTTvis, igi cota sargebeli,<br />

romelsac saxelmwifo banki iRebs nasesxeb<br />

fulzed, didi SeRavaTia.<br />

rac Seexeba saxelmwifo bankisagan daclasa da<br />

daxanebas valis gadaxdaSi, aq ki dids imeds nu<br />

iqonieben, imitom, rom is valis gadamxdeli ar<br />

aris, vinc vals iRebs im imediT, rom damacliano<br />

gadaxdas, meore imitom, rom saxelmwifo bankis<br />

453

dRevandel wesdebaSi amis Sesaxeb bevri nugeSi ar<br />

aris. saxelmwifo banki aclis vadazed Sesatan<br />

fuls marto im gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />

dagiravebul mamauls didi ram ubedureba ewvia,<br />

magaliTebr, cecxli, setyva da mebrve sxva. am<br />

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi movalem arza unda<br />

Seitanos 1-s oqtombramde bankSi da dacla<br />

sTxovos. banks neba aqvs daacalos marto erTis<br />

wlis Sesatani fuli da arasodes meti. es<br />

daclili Sesatani unda zed daeyaros Semdegis<br />

vadis Sesatans ase, rom mTels Semdegs weliwads<br />

mTlad gadaxdil iqmnas. es daclili fuli<br />

usargeblod ar iqmneba da rac xans dahyofs<br />

movales xelSi, movalem unda ixados sargebeli<br />

aszed eqvsi weliwadSi.<br />

amazed meti SeRavaTi aravis da arasgziT ar<br />

eqmnebaT saxelmwifo bankisagan. Cvens bankebs am<br />

daclis neba ara aqvT arara SemTxvevaSi, rac unda<br />

didi zarali naxos dagiravebulma sxvadasxva<br />

mizezTagan.<br />

Cven saxelmwifo saTavadaznauro bankis<br />

arsebiTi sxvaoba sul TiTqmis movixsenieT,<br />

dagvrCa kidev saTqmelad is, rom Sesatanis vadebi<br />

saxelmwifo banks sxva aqvs, vidre Cvens bankebs.<br />

Cvens bankebSi vada daniSnula ara ugvianes 1<br />

mkaTaTvisa da 31 dekembrisa, saxelmwifo bankisa ki<br />

aris ara ugvianes 1 maisisa da 1 noembrisa. amiT<br />

vaTavebT, rac saTqmeli gvqonda saxelmwifo bankis<br />

Taobazed da dasasrul zed davumatebT erTs Cvens<br />

rCevas.<br />

vali, rac unda mcire sargebliani iyos, mainc<br />

valia da nuravin ifiqrebs, rom igi kacisaTvis Tu<br />

mamulisaTvis didi bargi, didi tvirTi ar iyos.<br />

buneba valisa is aris, rom yovelTvis da yvelgan<br />

igi samZimoa, Tunda usargeblodac iyos aRebuli.<br />

rasakvirvelia, am simZimis met-naklebobas bevri<br />

454

TabauTi aqvs ekonomiur cxovrebaSi, magram uqmis<br />

kacisaTvis es TabauTic TiTqmis ar arsebobs. kaci,<br />

romelic vals iRebs marto imisaTvis, rom<br />

gamouyeneblad moixmaros, gahflangos, qeifsa da<br />

lxinSi gadaagos, imisaTvis valis Sovnis gza xsna<br />

ki ar aris, aramed gzaa daRupvisa da<br />

ganadgurebisa. krediti, romelsac fuli moaqvs,<br />

orpiri danaa. am daniT kaci gaWirebis iarasac<br />

moiTlis da gasaRdeba da yelsac gamoiWris imisda<br />

mixedviT, Tu rogor moixmara Semweoba kreditisa.<br />

nuravis nu hgonia, rom vali, Tunda Zalian<br />

subuqic, TavisTavad risime wamali iyos. adamianis<br />

gamrjeli xeli, gagebuli Sroma, cnobieri<br />

moqmedeba mianiWebs xolme vals im unars, romelic<br />

kacs gaWirebisagan ixsnis da axeirebs. valis<br />

aRebiT kacma unda qoneba, SeiZleba moimatos, da<br />

amisTana kacisaTvis araviTari vali saSiSari ar<br />

aris, imitom rom igi valad aRebuls fuls<br />

TviTonac gamorCeba da valsac gauZRveba, raki<br />

mamuls, Tu sxva ram saqmianobas gaiZlierebs,<br />

gaimatebs.<br />

amitomac vityviT, rom saxelmwifo<br />

saTavadaznauro banki uxarodeT marto imaT, visac<br />

Sromisa da garjis unari da survili aqvs.<br />

sxvaTaTvis ki, aramc Tu saxelmwifo bankis subuqi<br />

sesxi, muqTad, usargeblod naSovni Tavni, valic<br />

ki wamwymedeli da damRupvelia. valis aRebaSi es<br />

ar unda daiviwyon, rom vali marto `gaWirebam<br />

unda iRos da marto Sromam ixados~. amis gareT<br />

xsna ar aris valisagan, rac unda SeRavaTiani<br />

iyos.<br />

455

456<br />

<br />

milocva<br />

tfilisi, 31 dekemberi<br />

dadga axali weliwadi da neba gviboZeT, ase<br />

gikvlioT:<br />

RmerTma xangrZlivi dro mogceT<br />

sicocxlisaTvis, xolo icodeT ki, rom `dro<br />

xangrZlivia misTvis, vinc kargada hxmarobs, vinc<br />

irjeba, azrovnobs da hfiqrobs, igi droTa<br />

sazRvars Sors gasdgams xolme~.<br />

RemrTma gagaZlieroT, xolo icodeT ki, rom<br />

`adamiani Zlieria mxolod maSin, roca mcodnea da<br />

ganaTlebuli~.<br />

RmerTma didi kacoba mogceT, xolo icodeT ki,<br />

rom `vinc kargad emsaxureba Tavis samSoblo<br />

qveyanas, igi udidkacobrodac didia~.<br />

RmerTma gagabednieroT, xolo icodeT ki, rom<br />

Tu gnebavT bednieri iyveT, `unda erTis xeliT<br />

umankoebas hSvelodeT da meoriT svrideT<br />

avkacobasa~.<br />

RmerTma wyena gaSoroT, xolo icodeT ki, rom<br />

`sxvisa wyenisa daklebiT<br />

Tqvenica ganhqardebian~.<br />

RmerTma yoveli saqme kargad wagimarToT,<br />

xolo icodeT ki, rom saqmes kargad warmarTavs<br />

marto Wkviani guli da guliani Wkua.

RmerTma yoveli mwuxareba agaciloT, xolo<br />

icodeT ki, rom `ukeTesi wamali mwuxarebisa igia,<br />

roca sxvas mwuxarebisagan daixsniT~.<br />

RmerTma ubedurebisagan gixsnaT, xolo icodeT<br />

ki, rom `visac Tavis dReSi aravin gauubedurebia,<br />

imas imedi unda hqondes, rom TviTonac Tavis<br />

dReSi ubeduri ar iqneba~.<br />

RmerTma imodena unari mogceT, rom Tqvens<br />

Zal-Rones daendoT, sxvis imedzed ar iyvneT,<br />

imitom rom `igi Wkviani ar aris, vinc ar icis<br />

Tavs rogor uSvelos~.<br />

RmerTma janmrTeli gamyofoT, xolo icodeT,<br />

rom `Tu gnebavT simrTele SehrCes Tqvens sulsa<br />

da xorcsa, gulis nebas da madas gaZRomamde nu<br />

miiyvanT~.<br />

RmerTma mogceT siyvaruli marTlisa da<br />

icodeT, rom `Tu boroti xarT, SegiZuleben, Tu<br />

keTili xarT, zogjer mogatyueben da Tu marTlis<br />

moyvare xarT, Tayvansa gcemen~.<br />

RmerTma sibrZne da saTnoeba moganiWoT da<br />

icodeT, rom `siturfe, niWiereba, Wkua da sxva<br />

yovelive scvdeba, garda sibrZnisa da saTnoebisa~.<br />

RmerTma umaRless Rirsebamde migaxwevinoT,<br />

xolo icodeT ki, rom `yvelazed utyuari niSani<br />

umaRlesis Rirsebisa Suris arqonaa~.<br />

RmerTma nu mogakloT patiosneba da icodeT,<br />

rom `vaJkacs gmirs marto imis unari aqvs,<br />

didbunebians yovelafrisa, xolo erTica da<br />

meorec ver aiwonen erTad, rasac erTi patiosani<br />

kaci iwons~.<br />

RmerTma arc mflangavi gqmnas, arc Zunwi da<br />

icode, rom `vinca hflangavs, igi Tavis<br />

memkvidresa hparavs, vinca hZunwobs, igi hparavs<br />

Tavis Tavsa~.<br />

RmerTma gixsnaT siRaribisagan, xolo icodeT<br />

ki, rom `kaci maSin aris Raribi, roca survili<br />

457

sWarbobs Ronesa da roca wadili meti aqvs<br />

qonebazed~.<br />

RmerTma Rone mogceT da gagaZlieroT, xolo<br />

icodeT ki, rom `Rone imisTvis mouniWebia<br />

CvenTvis RmerTs, rom Cveni qoneba SevinaxoT da<br />

ara imisaTvis, rom sxvisa daviCemoT da<br />

davisakuTroT~.<br />

RmerTma bevri fuli mogceT, xolo icodeT ki,<br />

rom `fuli batonad Zalian cudi batonia da<br />

mosamsaxured ki metad kargi mosamsaxurea. arc ki<br />

es daiviwyoT, rom `yovelTvis, roca kacs<br />

buzmentebiT morTulsa hxedavT, icodeT, rom mis<br />

maxloblad sxva kaci ZonZSia gaxveuli~.<br />

RmerTma magari xasiaTi mogceT da icodeT, rom<br />

`Wkviani kaci ki male waxdeba, Tu WkuasTan erTad<br />

simagre xasiaTisa ara aqvs. visac diogenis farani<br />

aqvs, imas misi yavarjenic unda hqondes~.<br />

RmerTma mSvidoba da mosveneba mogceT, xolo<br />

icodeT, rom `yvelazed tkbili mosveneba igia,<br />

romelic SromiT aris nasyidi~.<br />

RmerTma erTmaneTis Zmoba, erToba mogmadloT<br />

da icodeT, rom `didad Zalovani kacic ki<br />

uRonoa, Tu moZmeni mxars ar miscemen~. arc es<br />

daiviwyoT, rom `roca Wkvianebi da patiosnebi<br />

erTad moqmedoben, maSin sulelni da flidni<br />

uRononi arian~.<br />

RmerTma gimravloT da gidRegrZeloT Svilebi,<br />

xolo icodeT ki, rom<br />

sjobs yola uwvrTis ZaRlisa<br />

uwvrTelis Svilis yolasa.<br />

dasasruls gisurvebT, RmerTma Tqvenis qveynis<br />

siyvaruli gagiZlieroT da icodeT, rom `rac<br />

unda patara iyos samSoblo qveyana, patiosans<br />

gulSi mainc yvelazed didi adgili uWiravs~.<br />

amin da kirileison!..<br />

458

SeniSvnebi<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

da da<br />

komentarebi<br />

komentarebi<br />

459

460<br />

teqstisaTvis<br />

teqstisaTvis<br />

i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis<br />

X tomSi maTavsebulia 1888 wlis gaz. `iveriaSi~<br />

gamoqveynebuli publicisturi werilebi da<br />

qarTuli saTavadaznauro bankis sxdomebze<br />

warmoTqmuli sityvebi.<br />

statiebi ibeWdeboda gazeTis meTaur<br />

werilebad usaTaurod da xelmouwerlad.<br />

werilebis nawili cnobili iyo, rogorc ilias<br />

naRvawi da wlebis ganmavlobaSi istambeboda kidec<br />

wina gamocemebSi. magram werilTa umravlesoba<br />

kvlav moiTxovda muSaobis gagrZelebas maTi<br />

avtorobis dasadgenad.<br />

am mimarTulebiT bevri mkvelvari muSaobda da<br />

TvalsaCino Sedegsac miaRwies. mkvlevrebma p.<br />

ingoroyvam, T. maWavarianma, pl. keSelavam, al.<br />

kalandaZem, S. gozaliSvilma, n. SalutaSvilma, n.<br />

tabiZem, l. WrelaSvilma da sxv. mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaamdidres ilia WavWavaZis publicisturi<br />

memkvidreoba. es muSaoba kidev ufro gaizarda mas<br />

Semdeg, rac dRis wesrigSi dadga mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis momzadeba.<br />

axali saarqivo masalebis gamovlenam, xelnaweri<br />

krebulebisa da avtorisdroindeli gamocemebis<br />

Seswvlam, SesaZlebeli gaxada sabolood<br />

dadgeniliyo ilia WavWavaZis im werilebis

atribuciis sakiTxi, romlebic xelmouwerlad an<br />

fsevdonimebiT qveyndeboda gaz. `iveriasa~ da<br />

`droebaSi~.<br />

am sakiTxebis garkvevasa da dazustebaSi didi<br />

wvlili miuZRvis mkvlevar levan WrelaSvils,<br />

romelmac zomoaRniSnul problemas ramdenime<br />

werili miuZRvna. * axladmikvleul masalebze<br />

dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarma Seadgina gaz. `iveriasa~ da<br />

`droebaSi~ ilia WavWavaZis mier xelmouwerlad<br />

dabeWdili werilebis bibliografia, ris<br />

Sedegadac ilias publicisturi werilebis<br />

moculoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda, man ramdenime<br />

tomi Seadgina. l. WrelaSvilma axladmopovebuli<br />

sabuTebiT daamtkica, rom mwerali uSualod<br />

monawileobda Tavisi werilebis Jurnal-gazeTebis<br />

furclebidan gadmoweraSi, rac safuZvlad unda<br />

dasdeboda i. WavWavaZis publicisturi naSromebis<br />

gamocemas.<br />

Cvens tomSi bevri ram Sesworda ukanaskneli<br />

wlebis gamocemebTan SedarebiT. p. ingoroyvasa da<br />

al. abaSelis gamocemebSi zogan sityva iyo<br />

gamotovebuli, zogan mTeli winadadeba Secvlili<br />

an gamotovebuli. winamdebare tomSi yvelaferi<br />

aRdga ise, rogorc avtoriseul teqstSia.<br />

ZiriTad teqstad aRebulia gazeT `iveriis~<br />

teqsti. igi Sejerebulia yvela nabeWd wyarosTan.<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia avtoris bolo neba da<br />

aRdgenilia mwerlis marTlwera. Casworda<br />

mxolod punqtuacia da kompozitTa daweriloba,<br />

danarCeni sityvaTa formebi ucvlelad aris<br />

datovebuli, garda erTisa: `aqeT~, nacvlad<br />

avtoriseuli formisa `aqed~ (es gakeTda<br />

saredaqcio kolegiis dadgenilebiT).<br />

* ix. `ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa atribuciisa da gamocemis istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi~ (Jurn. `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1981, #2-3).<br />

461

werilebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, usaTauroa<br />

(erTi werilis garda), amitom wina gamomcemlebis<br />

msgavsad, is rac tomSi pirvelad ibeWdeba, Cven<br />

davasaTaureT, xolo wina gamomcemelTagan<br />

micemuli saTaurebi ucvlelad davtoveT da<br />

CavsviT isrisebr frCxilebSi.<br />

tomSi Semavali masala uTariRoa, aq<br />

warmodgenilia mxolod 1888 wels dabeWdili<br />

werilebi. amitom TiToeuli werilis bolos<br />

TariRs ar vuTiTebT.<br />

samecniero aparatSi, pasportisa da SeniSvnebis<br />

Semdeg, werilebs, romelTa teqstis gageba amas<br />

moiTxovs, erTvis istoriul-litereturuli<br />

xasiaTis komentarebi, teqstis gverdis miTiTebiT.<br />

toms axlavs Tematuri, pirovnebaTa,<br />

geografiul saxelTa da periodul gamocemaTa<br />

anotirebuli saZieblebi.<br />

k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa<br />

institutSi daculi xelnaweri krebulebi<br />

pasportSi aRniSnulia U literiT.<br />

winamdebare tomSi dabeWdili werilebi<br />

gamosacemad moamzades cisana yifSiZem (ianvarimarti)<br />

da lamara SavguliZem (aprilidan wlis<br />

bolomde).<br />

462

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #2, 5<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arcerT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili winamdebare tomSi pirvelad ibeWdeba. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `Sesdga... egredwodebuli samTa kavSiri...~ _<br />

germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da italiis samxedropolitikuri<br />

bloki, samTa kavSiri, Camoyalibda 1879-<br />

1882 wlebSi. avstria-germaniis xelSekrulebis<br />

(1879w.) dadebis Semdeg, germaniam gamoiyena italiasafrangeTis<br />

konfliqtis gamwvaveba, da italia<br />

daiTanxma xeli moewera garmaniasa da avstriaungreTTan<br />

saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebaze<br />

1882 wlis 20 maiss venaSi. xelSekruleba mimarTuli<br />

iyo safrangeTisa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #3, 6<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

463

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad xelmouwerlad<br />

da usaTaurod. igi avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg<br />

arc erT wina gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba am gamocemaSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

464<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #4, 8<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. igi avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg<br />

arc erT wina gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `dRes ingliss amcneven, rom... ara hsurs Tavisis<br />

momxrobiT gaaZlieros egredwodebuli `liga<br />

mSvidobianobisa~ anu samTa kavSiri...~ _ ix. SeniSvna gv.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #7, 12<br />

ianvari, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. igi avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg<br />

wina gamocemebSi aRar Sesula<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 788-791.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #9, 14<br />

ianvari, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias<br />

nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII tomSi.<br />

zemomiTiTebuli saTauriT.<br />

465

466<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 792-794<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #11, 17<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam<br />

1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII<br />

tomSi. zemomiTiTebuli saTauriT.<br />

gv. _ `axalma weliwadma mogvivlina axali moZme;<br />

daibada `meurne~ _ erT-erTi Zveli sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

gazeTis pirveli nomeri gamovida 1888 wlis 7 ianvars.<br />

igi gamodioda 1888-1894 wlebSi TbilisSi, kviraSi<br />

erTxel (paraskeobiT), xolo 1895-1898 wlebSi _<br />

quTaisSi. TbilisSi gazTis redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo<br />

vasil sulxaniSvili, xolo quTaisSi _ ilia Wyonia.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 794-796.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #12, 19<br />

ianvari, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnia da<br />

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p.<br />

ingoroyvam 1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli<br />

krebulis VIII tomSi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 797-798.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #13, 20<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da<br />

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias<br />

nawerebis sruli krebulis IX tomSi usaTaurod.<br />

Semdeg, p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT gamocemul ilias<br />

TxzulebaTYaTtomeulSi 1956 wels VIII tomSi<br />

werili daibeWda zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT.<br />

gv. _ `raki `Кавказ~-is publicistebma ar imorcxves<br />

da kacTa naTesaobas tanismosiT arCeven...~ _ ilias<br />

mxedvelobaSi aqvs gazeT `Кавказ~-is 1887 wlis 15<br />

dekembris #332-Si gamoqveynebuli erTi xelmouwereli<br />

statia, romlis avtori tansacmlis mixedviT<br />

msjelobs qarTveluri tomebis naTesaoba-aranaTesaobis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #14, 21<br />

ianvari, gv. 1., #19, 27 ianvari, gv. 1., #20, 28 ianvari,<br />

gv. 1-2., #21, 29 ianvari, gv. 1-2., #22, 30 ianvari, gv.<br />

1-2. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilebad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT wina gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

467

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

468<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #15, 22<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg<br />

arc erT wina gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

`dRes ingliss amcneven, rom... ara hsurs Tavisis<br />

mimxrobiT gaaZlieros egredwodebuli `liga<br />

mSvidobianobisa~ anu samTa kavSiri...~ _ ix. SeniSvna gv.

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 799-801.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #16, 23<br />

ianvari, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ ilias<br />

nawerebis sruli krebulis IX tomSi, usaTaurod.<br />

SemdegSi, 1956 wels p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT<br />

dabeWdil ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa VIII tomSi<br />

werili gamoqveynda zemomiTiTebuli saTauriT.<br />

gv. _ `waikiTxeT am sasacilo gazeTis meTauri werili,<br />

daTariRebuli 21-s ianvriTa?~ _ ilias mxedvelobaSi<br />

aqvs gaz. `Кавказ~-is 1888 wlis 21 ianvris #19-is<br />

meTauri werili. statia xelmouwerelia. werilis<br />

avtori akritikebs `Новое Обозрение~-s 1888 wlis 8<br />

ianvars #1398-Si dabeWdil werils, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

istoriis sakiTxebis viTomda arasworad gaSuqebis<br />

gamo.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 802-805.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #17, 24<br />

ianvari, gv. 1-2.<br />

469

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1927 wels _ ilias<br />

nawerebis sruli krebulis V tomSi zemomiTiTebuli<br />

saTauriT.<br />

470<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #18, 26<br />

ianvari, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #24, 2<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1-2.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #28, 7<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

471

472<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #30, 10<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #31, 11<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #32, 12<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #35, 16<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

473

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

474<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #36, 17<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 805-807.

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #37, 18<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom<br />

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom `iveriis~ saredaqcio<br />

kompleqtSi werils miwerili aqvs ilias iniciali `i~.<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #41, 23<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1-2., #43, 25 Tebervali, gv. 1., #44,<br />

26 Tebervali, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilebad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

475

476<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #42, 24<br />

Tebervali, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #46, 1 marti,<br />

gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #49, 8<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #50, 9<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

477

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

478<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #51, 10<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #55, 15<br />

marti, gv. 1.

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv.<br />

)<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #56, 16<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

479

480<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #57, 17<br />

marti, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv.<br />

)<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #61, 22<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `samTa kavSiri~ dRes dids gansacdelSia~ _ ix.<br />

SeniSvna gv.<br />

iqve, _ `imperatori fridrixi... ufro ruseTs<br />

dauWers bolgariaSi mxarsa im dromde, vidre ruseTi<br />

imazed mets ar moiTxovs, rac berlinis<br />

xelSekrulebiT dadgeniliao~ _ berlinis<br />

xelSekrulebaSi ilia gulisxmobs berlinis traqtats,<br />

romelic xelmoweril iqna 1878 wlis 13 ivliss<br />

berlinis kongresze. igi moiwvies 1877-78 w.w. ruseTosmaleTis<br />

omis Semdeg dadebuli san-stefanos sazavo<br />

xelSekrulebis (1878) pirobebis gadasasinjad.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli, U #1052, gv. 807-810.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #62, 23<br />

marti, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam<br />

1957 wels _ ilias nawerebis sruli krebulis VIII<br />

tomSi zemomiTiTebuli saTauriT.<br />

481

482<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #66, 29<br />

marti, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #67, 30<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv.<br />

)<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #68, 31<br />

marti, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #72, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

483

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...erTi iZaxis... bonapartobaa mxsneli<br />

safrangeTisa... meore iZaxis... orleanobaa imedi<br />

xsnisao...~ _<br />

bonapartistebi, politikuri partia safrangeTSi,<br />

romelic icavda bonapartebis ojaxis uflebebs<br />

safrangeTis taxtze.<br />

orleanoba, orleanelebi, ase eZaxdnen safrangeTSi<br />

mefis dinastiis, burbonebis momxreebs.<br />

484<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #73, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #74, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `T. bismarks sakmaod agrZnobina axalma<br />

imperatorma...~ _ igulisxmeba fridrix III. nacionalliberalebi<br />

did imedebs amyarebdnen fridrixze. igi<br />

dainteresebuli iyo mecnierebiT, literaturiTa da<br />

xelovnebiT, garemosili iyo mwerlebiT da mecnierebiT<br />

(momzeni, virxovi, helmholci da sxv.). igi Tavisuflad<br />

gamoTqvamda Tavis azrebs da aseve Tavisuflad<br />

kicxavda bismarkis politikas.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #80, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

485

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `yoveli mihCumda im ambebis winaSe, rac moisma...<br />

Sesaxeb imperator fridrixis avadmyofobisa...~ _ 1887<br />

wlidan imperatori fridrix III avad iyo yelis<br />

kiboTi.<br />

486<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #81, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis ilia<br />

WavWavaZes. (ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #85, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis ilia<br />

WavWavaZes. (ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #86, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis ilia<br />

WavWavaZes. (ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

487

488<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #87, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `cxovrebis wyarom dahSrita... adams gaduwyda<br />

valebi~ _strofi 131 d. guramiSvilis poema<br />

`daviTianidan~. Tavi V. ukvdavebis wyaros igavT axsna.<br />

iqve, _ `vai ra kargi saCino... gars mcvelni<br />

Semogxvieso~ _ strofebi 116-120; 122-123; 125-129<br />

daviT guramiSvilis poemidan `daviTiani~. qveTavi z.<br />

moTqma xmiTa Tavbolo erTi.<br />

gv. _ `suliTa wrfeli, mSvidi guliT... da aRadgina~ _<br />

strofebi motanilia gr. orbelianis leqsidan<br />

`fsalmuni~.

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 811-832<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #92-96;<br />

#142-144<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilebad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da<br />

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 wels _ i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzuebaTa cxratomeulSi _ t. VIII, gv. 145-170; 1945<br />

w. p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT gamocemul i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa xuTtomeulSi _ t. V, gv. 90-115 da 1954<br />

w. p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT gamocemul i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa aTtomeulSi _ t. IV, gv. 289-314 zemoT<br />

miTiTebuli saTauriT.<br />

gv. _ `...Cvens `iveriaSic~ Tavis droze movixseneT...~ _<br />

igulisxmeba gaz. `iveriaSi~ 1888 w. #57 (gv. 1-2), #58<br />

(gv. 1) dabeWdili meTauri werili a. s-is (al.<br />

sarajiSvili) xelmoweriT.<br />

gv. _ `moZRvreba `humanobisa~ _ humanizmi, mimdinareoba<br />

aRorZinebis epoqis dasavleTevropul kulturaSi,<br />

romelmac feodalur-eklesiur ideologias<br />

daupirispira adamianis kulti. humanizmi Camoyalibda<br />

italiaSi XV saukuneSi. Semdeg ganviTareba hpova<br />

evropis sxva qveynebSi.<br />

iqve, _ `pedagogiuri Teoriebi ganaxlebis epoqisa~ _<br />

igulisxmeba moskovis universitetis profesoris,<br />

dasavleT evropis literaturisa da kulturis<br />

istoriis cnobili mkvlevris nikoloz ilias Ze<br />

storoJenkos wigni `Педагогические теории эпохи<br />

возрождения~, gamocemuli 1888 wels.<br />

489

gv. _ `... daswera mwvavi satira _ romani, romelsac<br />

`gargantua~ hqvian~ _ igulisxmeba fransua rables<br />

romani `gargantua da pantagrueli~. (5 wigni, gamoica<br />

1532-1564 wlebSi). franguli aRorZinebis yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani literaturuli Zegli. romani<br />

mimarTulia kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg: satiris<br />

maxviliT Tavs esxmis papis karis gamomZalvelobas,<br />

religiur fanatizms da sqolastikuri pedagogikis<br />

dogmatebs, ibrZvis humanisturi kulturisaTvis,<br />

adamianis pirovnebis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

490<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #97, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 833-834

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #98, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. werili iliaseulad miiCnies da<br />

mwerlis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1928 w. gamocemul i.<br />

WavWavaZis cxratomeulSi _ t. IX, gv. 192-194; p.<br />

ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT 1945 w. gamocemul<br />

xuTtomeulSi _ t. V, gv. 187-189 da 1950w. p.<br />

ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT gamocemul i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa aTtomeulSi _ t. IX, gv. 248-250. yvelgan<br />

werili daibeWda zemoT aRniSnuli saTauriT.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #99, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba TxzulebaTa krebulSi.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...STabeWdileba, romelic moaxdina fridrixis<br />

gamefebam...~ _ igulisxmeba fridrix III gamefeba<br />

germaniis taxtze, romelsac adgili hqonda 1888 wlis<br />

12 marts.<br />

491

gv. _ berlinis kongresi _ 1878 w. saerTaSoriso<br />

kongresi, romelic mowveul iqna avstria-ungreTis da<br />

inglisis moTxovniTa da germaniis mxardaWeriT ruseTosmaleTis<br />

1877-78 w.w. omis Semdgom dadebuli sanstefanos<br />

sazavo xelSekrulebis (1878) pirobebis<br />

gadasasinjad.<br />

492<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #100, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba TxzulebaTa krebulSi.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #103, gv. 1-2.<br />

es aris i. WavWavaZis sityva bankis wevrTa<br />

sxdomaze. daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad, saTauriT.<br />

avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi arc erT<br />

gamocemaSi ar Sesula. (ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi.<br />

gv. _ `mas aqeT, rac banki daarsebulia, es mecamete<br />

weliwadia~ _ Tbilisis saTavadaznauro banki daarsda<br />

1875 wels.<br />

gv. _ `...qmna marTlisa samarTlisa, xesa Seiqms xmelsa<br />

nedlad~ _ (`vefxistyaosani~, Tb., 1966w., strofi<br />

535).<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #109, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba ilias TxzulebaTa<br />

krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv.<br />

72)<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #117, gv. 1.<br />

493

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba ilias TxzulebaTa<br />

krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ bonis universiteti _ 1777 w. bonSi kelnis<br />

kurfiurstebma daaarses <strong>akademia</strong>, romelic 1786 w.<br />

gadakeTda universitetad.<br />

iqve, _ Slezvigi _ XI s-dan sahercogo. cnobilia<br />

Slezvig-holStainis miwa, romelic amJamad Sedis<br />

germaniis SemadgenlobaSi. XIX s. SuaSi daiwyo<br />

Slezvig-holStainis germanuli mosaxleobis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

brZola. 1864 w. daniasTan omis<br />

Sedegad holStaini gadavida avstriis mmarTvelobaSi,<br />

Slezvigi _ prusiisa. avstria-prusiis 1866 w. omis<br />

Semdeg Slezvig-holStaini prusiis provinciad<br />

gamocxadda.<br />

494<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #124, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `germaniam daasaflava ori imperatori~ _<br />

germaniis imperatori vilhelm I gardaicvala 1888 w. 9<br />

marts, xolo misi memkvidre, imperatori fridrix III,<br />

gardaicvala 1888 wlis 3 ivniss.<br />

iqve, _ `...istoriam germaniis sve-bedi arguna axals...<br />

imperators vilhelms meores~ _ axali imperatori iyo<br />

germaniis agresiuli iunkrul-burJuaziuli<br />

imperializmis warmomadgeneli. man male dakarga<br />

mopovebuli popularoba (bismarkis gadayeneba, Tanxmoba<br />

social-demokratebis winaaRmdeg kanonis gauqmebisa da<br />

saerTaSoriso muSaTa konferenciis mowveva)<br />

sazogadoebis farTo masebSi. xSirad cvlida<br />

politikur mimarTulebas, ramac sababi misca<br />

zogierTebs ewodebinaT misi politikuri kursisaTvis<br />

`zigzagebis~ kursi.<br />

iqve, _ `...samTa saxelmwifoTa kavSiri~ _ igive `samTa<br />

imperatorTa kavSiri~, 1873-1884 w.w. ruseTis<br />

germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis SeTanxmeba.<br />

Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda samxedro daxmarebas<br />

meoTxe saxelmwifos Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. 1885-1886<br />

w.w. dakarga Tavisi Zala.<br />

495

496<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #125, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #127, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #128, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #129, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

497

498<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 844-846.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #130, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom<br />

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom `iveriis~ saredaqcio<br />

kompleqtSi werils miwerili aqvs ilias iniciali `i~.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1925 w. ilias TxzulebaTa<br />

cxratomeulis IX tomSi (gv. 117-118), Semdeg 1946 w.<br />

p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT gamocemul i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa xuTtomeulSi (t. IV, gv. 321-322) da p.<br />

ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT 1950 w. gamocemul<br />

aTtomeulSi (t. VIII, gv. 419-420) werilis<br />

dasaTaureba ekuTvniT maT pirvel gamomcemlebs.<br />

gv. _ `Новое Обозрение~-s guSindels nomerSi... _<br />

igulisxmeba gaz. `Новое Обозрение~-s 1888 w. #1553,<br />

gv. 1-2. dabeWdili werili `Описание земельных<br />

банков~ (письмо в редакцию), xelmowerilia `Кутаис,<br />

Д. Д.~

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #132, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #137, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

499

500<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #138, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #148, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #149, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #162, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

501

502<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #163, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `mTeli kaxeTi modebulia Turme mildiuTi,<br />

romelic axladgamoCenili senia vazisa...~ _<br />

igulisxmeba vazis sokovani daavadeba, romelic<br />

Seiswavla da srulad aRwera 1863 w. cnobilma<br />

germanelma botanikosma henri anton de barim (1831-<br />

1888), mas ekuTvnis naSromebi gikologiaSi.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #178, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #179, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~). amas emateba agreTve cnobili<br />

bibliografis, Tamar maWavarianis azri, rom es werili<br />

i. WavWavaZisaa (i. WavWavaZis ucnobi werilebi gaz.<br />

`iveriidan~, rveuli 1, naw. 3 _ q. S. w. k. g.<br />

sazogadoebis calebi).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `qveynad rom marto b-nni Savrovebi iyvnen,<br />

romelTaTvisac orasi aTasis kacis erTad, erTs dRes<br />

gawyveta arafers TabauTs Seadgens...~ _ igulisxmeba<br />

rusi moxele saqarTveloSi nikoloz aleqsandres Ze<br />

Savrovi, 80-90-ian wlebSi gazeT `Кавказ~-is mTavari<br />

TanamSromeli.<br />

503

504<br />

(gv. 86)<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #182, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ winamZRvrianTkaris skola _ sameurneo skola,<br />

romelic daarsda 1883 w. cnobili qarTveli sazogado<br />

moRvawis ilia winamZRvriSvilis mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #187, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #188, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...germaniam ori imperatori damarxa da mesames,<br />

axals Caabara Tavis sve-bedi _ igulisxmeba vilhelm I<br />

da fridrix III gardacvaleba, xolo vilhelm II<br />

gamefeba.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #192, gv. 1.<br />

505

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

506<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #197, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...germania, romelsac 1870 wlis gamarjvebam<br />

arguna batonoba evropaSi...~ _ igulisxmeba 1870-1871<br />

w.w. safrangeT-prusiis omi. aq prusia gamodioda mTel<br />

rig germanul saxelmwifoebTan kavSirSi. am omSi

gaimarjva prusiam, ris Sedegadac xelT igdo<br />

safrangeTis olqebi: elzasi da aRm. loTaringia, miiRo<br />

5 mlrd. (franki) kontribucia.<br />

gv. _ `...am bolos xanebSi daibeWda `dRiuri~<br />

imperatoris fridrixisa, romelic `tkbil abebaT~ ar<br />

eCveneba T. bismarksao...~ _ igulisxmeba imperator<br />

fridrix III sikvdilis Semdeg, 1888 w. Jurnal<br />

`Deutsche Rundschau~-Si gamoqveynebuli nawyvetebi misi<br />

dRiuridan. dRiuris gamoqveynebam gamoiwvia bismarkis<br />

ganrisxeba. man ar daayovna, saqme aReZra sasamarTloSi,<br />

igi brals debda fridrix III saxelmwifoebriv<br />

saidumloebaTa gamJRavnebaSi.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #198, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...erTma gazeTma samzRvargareT dahbeWda dRiuri<br />

aw micvalebulis germaniis imperatoris fridrixisa~ _<br />

1888 w. Jurnal `Deutsche Rundschau~-Si gamoqveynda<br />

507

nawyvetebi `Tagebuch Kaizer F’s 1870-71~ (`imperatoris<br />

dRiuri~-dan), romelSic imperatori fridrix III,<br />

germaniis gaerTianebis momxre, ukmayofilebas<br />

gamoTqvams imperator vilhelm I sifrTxilisa da misi<br />

Zvelprusiuli tradiciebis mimarT da kidev ufro<br />

ukmayofiloa bismarkis TviTmmarTvelobiT.<br />

dRiuri gamoaqveyna fridrix III megobarma,<br />

publicistma da saerTaSoriso samarTlis profesorma,<br />

saidumlo mrCevelma hekfenma.<br />

gv. _ `...1866 wlis Rvawli prusiisa...~ _ igulisxmeba<br />

avstria-prusiis omi germaniaSi hegemonobisaTvis.<br />

avstrielebi damarcxdnen. omis mTavari politikuri<br />

Sedegi iyo militaristuli prusiis meTaurobiT<br />

CrdiloeT germaniis kavSiris Seqmna (avstria kavSiris<br />

gareSe darCa) da prusiis sazRvrebis gafarToeba<br />

patar-patara germanuli saxelmwifoebis xarjze. es<br />

omi mniSvnelovani etapi iyo iunkrul-burJuaziuli<br />

prusiis mier germaniis `zemodan~ gaerTianebis gzaze.<br />

508<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #199, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #207, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...germaniis imperatorma... naxva moisurva<br />

avstriis imperatorisa da italiis mefisa...~ _<br />

igulisxmebian avstriis imperatori franc ioseb I<br />

(1830-1916) da italiis mefe viqtor-emanuil III (1869-<br />

1947).<br />

gv. _ `...hsurso ufro gaaZlieros amaT ukve arsebuli<br />

kavSiri...~ _ aq igulisxmeba germaniis, avstriaungreTisa<br />

da italiis samxedro-politikuri<br />

SeTanxmeba, dadebuli 1882 w., e.w. `samTa kavSiri~.<br />

509

510<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #208, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #213, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #214, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `mas aqeT, rac es mesame respublika<br />

daarsebula...~ _ igulisxmeba burJuaziuldemokratiuli<br />

reJimi safrangeTSi 1870-1888 da mere<br />

Semdgomi wlebi, roca saxelmwifos meTauri<br />

prezidenti iyo.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #219, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

511

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `...ruseTSi... saca ki eroba aris...~ _ aq<br />

igulisxmeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi<br />

evropul ruseTSi. saerobo 1864 w. reformiT Seiqmna,<br />

miznad isaxavda TviTmpyrobeluri wyobis Serwymas<br />

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis moTxovnebTan. erobas ar<br />

eZleoda saxelmwifo saxsrebi, mis Semosavals<br />

Seadgenda gadasaxadebi uZravi qonebidan (miwebi,<br />

saxlebi, sawarmoebi da sxv.). misi xarjebi iyofoda<br />

`savaldebulo~ da `arasavaldebulo~ xarjebad. es<br />

ukanaskneli gulisxmobda saxalxo ganaTlebisa da<br />

janmrTelobis xarjebs.<br />

512<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #220, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #222, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #226, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

513

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

514<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #227, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `batonobis mada da sixarbe... gamoiCina<br />

safrangeTma napoleon III dros...~ _ jer kidev 1848<br />

wels burJuaziis daxmarebiT napoleon III prezidentad<br />

airCies, magram es ar ikmara. 1851 w. moawyo<br />

kontrrevoluciuri gadatrialeba. daiTxoves<br />

sakanonmdeblo kreba da lui-napoleoni gamocxadda<br />

imperatorad _ napoleon III saxeliT. mis dros<br />

safrangeTi monawileobda 1853-1856 w.w. yirimis omSi,<br />

avstriis winaaRmdeg omSi 1859 w., intervenciebSi<br />

indoCineTSi 1858-62 w.w., siriaSi 1860-61 w.w.,<br />

meqsikaSi 1862-67 w.w., safrangeT-prusiis (1870-1871)

omis dros, napoleon III 1870 w. 100-aTasiani armiiT<br />

tyved Cabarda prusielebs sedanTan.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #229, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 846-848.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #231, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom<br />

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve<br />

515

mniSvnelovania isic, rom `iveriis~ saredaqcio<br />

kompleqtSi werils miwerili aqvs ilias iniciali `i~.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1925 w. gamocemul<br />

cxratomeulSi: t. VIII, gv. 112-114, Semdeg igi Sevida<br />

p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT 1945 w. gamocemul<br />

xuTtomeulSi: t. V, gv. 79-81; da p. ingoroyvas<br />

redaqtorobiT 1950 w. gamocemul i. WavWavaZis<br />

aTtomeulSi: t. VIII, gv. 312-314. yvela gamocemaSi<br />

werils aqvs zemoT miTiTebuli saTauri.<br />

516<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #232, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ gareTubani _ gareTubans ekava teritoria,<br />

romelic dRes moqceulia Tavisuflebis moednis<br />

midamoebSi, (baraTaSvilis quCas, rusTavelis<br />

prospeqts, jorjiaSvilis quCasa da mtkvars Soris).

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #233, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #236, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

517

gv. _ bagratis taZari _ Zveli qarTuli<br />

xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli quTaisSi, `uqimerionis<br />

goraze~, agebulia X-XI s.s. mijnaze, bagrat III<br />

mefobaSi.<br />

518<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 848-852.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #237, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom<br />

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom `iveriis~ saredaqcio<br />

kompleqtSi werils miwerili aqvs ilias iniciali `i~.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1925 w. gamocemul<br />

cxratomeulSi: t.IX, gv. 124-128, p. ingoroyvam 1945 w.<br />

gamocemul xuTtomeulSi: t. V, gv. 119-123, agreTve p.<br />

ingoroyvam 1950 w. gamocemul aTtomeulSi: t. IV, gv.<br />

200-204.<br />

yvela gamocemaSi werili daibeWda zemoaRniSnuli<br />

saTauriT.<br />

gv. _ `...aris naTqvami erTis brZnisagan, rom awmyo,<br />

Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli mermisisao...~ _<br />

aforizmi ekuTvnis hotfrid vilhelm laibnics (1646-<br />

1716), germanel filosofos-idealists.

am aforizmis Taobaze azri gamoTqves: prof s.<br />

daneliam (ix. leibnici, monologia, Targmna da<br />

SeniSvnebi gaukeTa s. daneliam, Tsu, 1940 w., gv. 27);<br />

prof. S. reviSvilma (ix. qarTul-germanuli<br />

literaturuli urTierTobani, Tb., 1969 w., gv. 85);<br />

prof. d. laSqaraZem (ix. `germanuli klasikuri<br />

literatura ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi~, Tb., 1981<br />

w., gv. 7);<br />

prof. d. gamezardaSvilma (ix. gaz. `komunisti~,<br />

#195, 12 ivnisi, 1983 w., gv. 4. _ `ilia WavWavaZis<br />

akademiuri gamocemisaTvis~).<br />

gv. _ `...uxorTumo spilos egvaneba. daviT<br />

guramiSvilisa ar iyos...~ _ perifraza d. guramiSvilis<br />

cnobili striqonisa _ `hgavs uxorTumos spilosa<br />

Wkviani kaci briyvia~. (ix. daviT guramiSvili, Txz.<br />

sruli krebuli, Tb., 1980 w., gv. 66, strofi 34-e).<br />

gv. _ `iveriaSi~ dabeWdilis programisagan sCans...~ _<br />

1888 wlis gazeT `iveriis~ #231-235 daibeWda d.<br />

baqraZis wignis `axali istoria <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i~<br />

programa, romelic iTvaliswinebda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

istoriis aRweras uZveles droidan X saukunis<br />

dasasrulamde.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #241, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

519

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

amas emateba agreTve cnobili bibliografis, Tamar<br />

maWavarianis azri, rom es werili i. WavWavaZisaa (i.<br />

WavWavaZis ucnobi werileba gaz. `iveriidan~, rveuli 1,<br />

naw. 3 _ q. S. w. k. g. sazogadoebis calebi). (ix.<br />

`teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `sasaxlidam dawyebuli...~ _ igulisxmeba<br />

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis rezidencia (amJamad Tbilisis<br />

moswavleTa sasaxle Tavisuflebis moedanze).<br />

iqve, _ `...TamamSovis qarvaslamde...~ _ vaWarma gabriel<br />

TamamSovma qarvaslisaTvis savaWro sadgomi avanaanT<br />

xevSi (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis saxelobis moedani<br />

TbilisSi) qarTveli Tavadis estate ciciSvilisagan<br />

SeiZina.<br />

1847-1851 w.w. iq aages Senoba, romlis pirvel<br />

sarTulze iyo qarvasla, xolo meore-mesameze moTavsda<br />

Teatri.<br />

iqve, _ `...qamoanT somxis eklesiasTan...~ _ igulisxmeba<br />

somxur-grigorianuli eklesia `qamoanTi~. igi idga<br />

amJamindel rusTavelis prospeqtze metros sadgur<br />

`Tavisuflebis moednis~ pirdapir.<br />

520<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #246, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #247, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `avstriis... taxtis memkvidre rudolfi...~ _<br />

igulisxmeba rudolf-franc-karl iozefi, ix. kom. gv.<br />

521

522<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #249, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #251, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

kavkasiis sameurneo sazogadoeba _ igive kavkasiis<br />

soflis meurneobis sazogadoeba. daarsda 1850 w.<br />

<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #252, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #253, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

523

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

524<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #259, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 859-861.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #262, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.

ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom<br />

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom `iveriis~ saredaqcio<br />

kompleqtSi werils miwerili aqvs ilias iniciali `i~.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnia da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitana p. ingoroyvam<br />

1946 w. gamocemul i. WavWavaZis xuTtomeulSi: t. III,<br />

gv. 541-542; 1950 w. gamocemul aTtomeulSi p.<br />

ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT: t. IX, gv. 190-192.<br />

werili gamocemebSi Sevida zemoT miTiTebuli<br />

saTauriT.<br />

(gv. )<br />

x e l n a w e r i: asli U #1052, gv. 861-862.<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #264, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad.<br />

ilias avtorobis damadasturebelia is faqti, rom<br />

werili Setanilia xelnawer krebulSi. aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania isic, rom `iveriis~ saredaqcio<br />

kompleqtSi mas miwerili aqvs ilias iniciali `i~.<br />

werili iliaseulad miiCnies da mwerlis<br />

TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi pirvelad Seitanes p.<br />

ingoroyvam da al. abaSelma 1925 w. gamocemul<br />

cxratomeulSi: t. IX, gv. 311-312, p. ingoroyvas<br />

redaqtorobiT 1945 w. gamocemul xuTtomeulSi: t. V,<br />

gv. 111-112; p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT 1950 w.<br />

gamocemul i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa aTtomeulSi: t.<br />

VIII, gv. 319-320.<br />

525

yvelgan gamocemebSi werili zemoT miTiTebuli<br />

saTauriT daibeWda.<br />

gv _ `mxneman, viT Cqarman wyaroman,<br />

ganxeTqos mTa da goria,<br />

mxne iyav da gaZlierdi,<br />

daviTs rac uTqvams, sworia.~ _ strofi<br />

aRebulia d. guramiSvilis poemidan `daviTiani~. (ix. d.<br />

guramiSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb., 1980<br />

w., gv. 117).<br />

526<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #268, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili i. WavWavaZes ekuTvnis<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #269, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili i. WavWavaZes ekuTvnis<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

saxelmwifo saTavadaznauro banki _ amierkavkasiis<br />

ganyofileba am bankisa gaixsna TbilisSi, 1890 wels.<br />

saglexo banki _ saglexo saadgilmamulo banki,<br />

daarsda 1882 w., rogorc ruseTis saxelmwifo<br />

saipoTeko banki, romlis amierkavkasiis ganyofileba<br />

gaixsna TbilisSi, 1906 w.<br />

gv. _ `xelmwife imperatori~ _ igulisxmeba<br />

aleqsandre III (1845-1894), ruseTis imperatori 1881-<br />

1894 w.w.<br />

527

528<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #271, gv. 1.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom yvela xelmouwereli<br />

meTauri werili gaz. `iveriisa~ ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba i. WavWavaZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi. igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

saTavadaznauro banki _ memamuleTa da kreditebis<br />

saxelmwifo organo, ruseTis pirveli banki. daarsda<br />

1885 wels.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #272, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili i. WavWavaZes. ekuTvnis<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1888 w., #274, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

TxzulebaTa krebulSi werili pirvelad ibeWdeba.<br />

igi dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

(gv. )<br />

nNa b e W d i: gaz. `iveria~, 1889 w., #1, gv. 1-2.<br />

daibeWda gazeTis meTaur werilad usaTaurod da<br />

xelmouwerlad. avtorisdroindeli nabeWdis Semdeg igi<br />

arc erT gamocemaSi ar Sesula.<br />

am xasiaTis werilebis atribuciis sakiTxi i.<br />

WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis<br />

dros daisva da dadginda, rom gaz. `iveriis~ yvela<br />

xelmouwereli meTauri werili ekuTvnis i. WavWavaZes.<br />

(ix. `teqstisaTvis~).<br />

529

werili pirvelad ibeWdeba winamdebare tomSi. igi<br />

dasaTaurebulia Cven mier.<br />

gv. _ `diogenis farani~ _ dakavSirebulia Zveli<br />

berZeni filosofosis diogene sinopelis (gard. 323<br />

w.) saxelTan. igi gmobda adamianTa Soris gavrcelebul<br />

biwierebas da Tvlida, rom saTno kaci sanTliT iyo<br />

saZebari. gadmocemiT, diogene dRisiT farniT dadioda<br />

da ambobda _ adamians veZebo.<br />

iqve, _ `sjobs yola uwvrTis ZaRlisa uwvrTelis<br />

Svilis yolasa.~ _ striqonebi aRebulia d.<br />

guramiSvilis poemidan `daviTiani~.<br />

530

a<br />

saxelTa saZiebeli<br />

1) pirTa saZiebeli<br />

abdurahmani abdurahmani _ (1844-1901), avRaneTis amira 1880 wdan.<br />

Tavisi papis dosT muhamadis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

monawileobda taxtisaTvis gamarTul Sinafeodalur<br />

brZolebSi. damarcxda da 1869 wels Sua azias Seafara<br />

Tavi. 1879 w. dabrunda samSobloSi da 1880 w.<br />

gabatonda Crd. avRaneTSi. 1880 wlis 31 ivliss<br />

inglisma a. a. mTeli avRaneTis amirad cno, xolo<br />

avRaneTis sagareo politika dauqvemdebara Tavis<br />

kontrols.<br />

avaliSvili avaliSvili daviT daviT daviT _ Tbilisis TavadaznaurTa<br />

saadgilmamulo bankis gamgeobis wevri.<br />

al al-aini al<br />

aini aini _ mahmadiani mwerali.<br />

aleqsandre aleqsandre episkoposi<br />

episkoposi<br />

aleqsandre aleqsandre II II II _ (1818-1881), ruseTis imperatori<br />

(1855-1881), nikoloz I-is ufrosi Svili. politikuri<br />

SexedulebiT konservatori iyo. mokles 1881 wlis 1<br />

marts, `narodnaia volias~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis<br />

ganaCeniT.<br />

anna anna anna _ kievis didi mTavris, vladimiris meuRle<br />

arbibi<br />

arbibi<br />

afxazi afxazi d.<br />

d.<br />

b<br />

bagrat bagrat III III _ (975-1014), qarTveli mefe, gaaerTiana<br />

dasavleTi da didi nawili aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i,<br />

ebrZoda msxvil feodalebs da arab dampyroblebs.<br />

ba bakkarini ba<br />

karini<br />

batenbergeli atenbergeli (batenbergi) _ aleqsandre (1857-<br />

1893), germaneli princi, bulgareTis Tavadi<br />

(mmarTveli) 1879-1886 w.w. ukiduresi reaqcioneri.<br />

cdilobda, rom bulgareTi yofiliyo balkaneTze<br />

531

avstria-germaniis dasayrdeni. bulgarel oficerrusofilTa<br />

daJinebiT, iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva<br />

taxtze.<br />

532<br />

baqraZe baqraZe baqraZe _ dimitri zaqarias Ze (1827-1890),<br />

qarTveli istorikosi, arqeologi da eTnografi. 1889<br />

w. gamoaqveyna naSromi `istoria <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i~<br />

(uZvelesi droidan X s. dasasrulamde). peterburgis<br />

<strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> akademiis wevr-korespondenti (1879).<br />

berdeti berdeti berdeti arCibald arCibald _ ingliseli ekonomisti.<br />

bizeli bizeli<br />

bizeli<br />

bismarki bismarki _ oto-eduard-leopold fon Sonhauzeni<br />

(1815-1898), germaniis imperiis pirveli raixskancleri<br />

(1871-1890), iunkrul-burJuaziuli germaniis<br />

damaarsebeli, dinastiuri omebis saSualebiT `rkinisa<br />

da sisxlis~ meTodiT gaaerTiana germania prusiis<br />

meTaurobiT. represiebis gziT (sagangebo kanoni<br />

socialistebis winaaRmdeg) (1878-1890). agreTve<br />

demagogiiT cdilobda CaexSo muSaTa moZraoba<br />

germaniaSi. igi iyo `samTa kavSiris~ erT-erTi<br />

organizatori.<br />

brialmoni<br />

brialmoni<br />

bulanJe bulanJe _ JorJ-ernest-Jan-maria (1837-1891),<br />

frangi generali, politikuri moRvawe, monawileobda<br />

parizis komunis CaxSobaSi. 1886-1887 w.w. _<br />

safrangeTis samxedro ministri. 1887-90 w.w.<br />

moxerxebulad gamoiyena nacionalisturi demagogia da<br />

saTaveSi Caudga Sovinistur moZraobas. monarqistebTan<br />

misi urTierTobis gamomJRavnebis Semdeg, belgiaSi<br />

gaiqca, sadac Tavi moikla.<br />

g<br />

gamalei amalei (gamaleia) _ nikoloz Tevdores Ze (1859-<br />

1949), rusi mikrobiologi da epidemiologi.<br />

gart gartingtoni<br />

gart ingtoni _ hartingtoni spenser kavendiS (1833-<br />

?), ingliseli politikuri moRvawe. gladstonis<br />

pirvel mTavrobaSi iyo general-fostmaisteri da<br />

irlandiis pirveli mdivani. gladstonis meore

mTavrobaSi ekava sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebi, magram<br />

irlandiis politikis irgvliv uTanxmoebis gamo,<br />

dacilda gladstons da monawileoba miiRo mesame<br />

mTavrobis damxobaSi.<br />

gladstoni gladstoni gladstoni _ uiliam iuart (1809-1898),<br />

ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1832 w. igi<br />

parlamentSi airCies torebis partiidan. male<br />

darwmunda torizmis uperspeqtivobaSi da miemxro<br />

liberalebs. 1843-45 w.w. iyo vaWrobis ministri, 1845-<br />

47 w.w. _ koloniebis ministri, 1852-55 w.w., 1859-66<br />

w.w. _ finansTa ministri. 1868 w-dan liberaluri<br />

partiis lideria. 1868-74 w.w. _ premier-ministri.<br />

1880-1885 w.w. kvlav premier-ministria da agrZelebs<br />

konservatorebis eqspansionistur sagareo politikas.<br />

1882 w. jari gagzavna egviptis dasapyrobad. sastikad<br />

axSobda irlandielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel<br />

moZraobas, amasTan, irlandielebs zogi ram dauTmo<br />

kidec. 1892-94 w.w. kvlav premier-ministria, xolo<br />

1894 w. sabolood gadadga da Camoscilda politikur<br />

moRvaweobas.<br />

glazeri glazeri _ iulius (1831-1885), cnobili ministri<br />

da saxelmwifo moRvawe. 1871-1879 w.w. iyo avstriis<br />

iusticiis ministri.<br />

gonzaga gonzaga _ jian franCesko II, mantuis hercogi. mis<br />

saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli axali drois pirveli<br />

gimnasiis daarseba.<br />

goble goble _ rene (1828-?), frangi politikuri<br />

moRvawe. 1882 w. iyo Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, 1885 w.<br />

_ saxalxo ganaTlebis ministri. 1888 w. aprilidan<br />

1889 w. Tebervlamde flokes kabinetSi iyo sagareo<br />

saqmeTa ministri.<br />

gotie<br />

gotie<br />

goSam<br />

goSam<br />

grevi grevi _ Jiul (1807-1891), safrangeTis prezidenti<br />

1879-1887 wlebSi, zomier respublikelTa lideri.<br />

guramiSvili guramiSvili _ daviT (1705-1722).<br />

d<br />

533

daviT daviT daviT aRmaSenebeli aRmaSenebeli _ daviT IV (1073-1125)<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe 1089-1125 wlebSi.<br />

daJbogi, daJbogi, daJbogi, dambogi dambogi _ slavur miTologiaSi mzis,<br />

rusul-slavurSi _ mzisa da cecxlis RmerTi.<br />

darvini darvini darvini _ Carlz (1809-1880), gamoCenili<br />

ingliseli mecnieri, bunebismetyveli.<br />

dimitri dimitri dimitri _ daviT aRmaSeneblis vaJi, demetre I.<br />

dondukov dondukov-korsakovi<br />

dondukov korsakovi _ aleqsandre mixeilis Ze<br />

(1820-1893), Tavadi, general-adiutanti. 1882-1890 w.w.<br />

kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmarTebeli da<br />

kavkasiis samxedro olqis jarebis sardali.<br />

dukmasovi<br />

dukmasovi<br />

534<br />

e<br />

egunovi<br />

egunovi<br />

ermolovi ermolovi a.s. a.s.<br />

a.s.<br />

eropkini<br />

eropkini<br />

eCega eCegarai eCega rai _ i-eisagire xose (1832-1916), espaneli<br />

dramaturgi, nobelis premiis laureati 1904 w.<br />

v<br />

vasilisi vasilisi vasilisi _ vasili II (958-1025), bizantiis<br />

imperatori 976 w. Tavisi da ana gaaTxova kievis Tavad<br />

vladimirze.<br />

vaCnaZe vaCnaZe levan levan<br />

levan<br />

vereSCagini vereSCagini _ nikoloz vasilis Ze (1839-?), rZisa<br />

da yvelis mrewvelobis specialisti ruseTSi.<br />

vermoreli<br />

vermoreli<br />

verjerio verjerio _ pietro paolo (1350-1444),<br />

florenciis, boloniisa da paduis universitetebis<br />

profesori.<br />

vejio vejio _ mateo (1406-1458), aRorZinebis xanis<br />

italieli poeti lombardiidan.

vilhelm vilhelm I I _ hohencolerni (1797-1888), prusiis<br />

mefe 1861 w. da germaniis imperatori 1871 w; qveyanas<br />

faqtiurad o. bismarki marTavda.<br />

vilhelm vilhelm II II _ hohencolerni (1859-1941), germaniis<br />

imperatori da prusiis mefe 1888-1918 w.w., vilhelm I<br />

SviliSvili, germaniis agresiuli iunkrulburJuaziuli<br />

imperializmis warmomadgeneli.<br />

vladimir vladimir vladimir I I _ (?- 1015), novgorodis Tavadi 969<br />

wlidan, kievisa 980 w-dan. 1886-1888 w.w. saxelmwifo<br />

religiad SemoiRo qristianoba.<br />

vladimer vladimer aleqsandres aleqsandres Ze Ze _ (1847-?), imperatror<br />

aleqsandre II mesame vaJiSvili. infanteriis generali,<br />

general-adiutanti, saxelmwifo sabWos wevri,<br />

senatori, samxatvro akademiis prezidenti, gvardielTa<br />

da peterburgis samxedro olqis mTavarsardali.<br />

volteri volteri _ mari fransua arue (1694-1778).<br />

volosi<br />

volosi<br />

viqtoria viqtoria _ fridrix III qaliSvili.<br />

viqtoria viqtoria-fridrixi<br />

viqtoria fridrixi _ viqtoria-adelaida-maria<br />

luiza (1840-1901), igive fridrixi, saxeli, romelic<br />

qvrivobaSi miiRo germaniis imperator fridrix III<br />

meuRlem, didi britaneTis dedoflis viqtorias<br />

qaliSvilma.<br />

z<br />

zeidlici zeidlici _ kavkasiis sastatistiko komitetis<br />

mTavari redaqtori.<br />

T<br />

TamamSovi TamamSovi _ gabriel, Tbiliseli vaWari.<br />

i<br />

535

igori igori igori _ (?-945), kievis didi mTavari 912 w-dan.<br />

riurikoviCTa dinastiis faqtiuri damaarsebeli.<br />

ilia ilia (wm.) (wm.)<br />

(wm.)<br />

ioane ioane naTlismcemeli naTlismcemeli _ saxarebis Tanaxmad (maTe,<br />

markozi) ieso qristes uaxloesi winamorbedi, monaTla<br />

mravali ebraeli, agreTve qriste.<br />

ismail ismail-faSa<br />

ismail faSa _ (1830-1895), egviptis gamgebeli<br />

1863-1879 wlebSi. 1867 wels osmaleTis sulTnisagan<br />

miiRo xedifis tituli. man gaafarTova egviptis<br />

avtonomia.<br />

iur iurieviCi iur<br />

eviCi eviCi<br />

536<br />

k<br />

karlos karlos II II II _ (1630-1685), inglisis mefe 1660<br />

wlidan, stiuartebis dinastiidan.<br />

kastelari kastelari _ espaneTis saxelganTqmuli oratori.<br />

klemanso klemanso _ JorJ benJamen (1841-1929), safrangeTis<br />

politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe. meore imperiis<br />

dros monawileobda radikalur-respublikur<br />

moZraobaSi. 80-iani wlebidan burJuaziuli<br />

radikalebis lideria. momxre iyo germaniis winaaRmdeg<br />

revanSistuli omisa. gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa<br />

gambetasa da feris kabinetebis damxobaSi (1882 w.<br />

ianvari) da bulanJizmTan brZolaSi.<br />

konstantine konstantine VII VII _ (905-959), bizantiis<br />

imperatori 913 w-dan.<br />

koni<br />

koni<br />

kotelnikovi<br />

kotelnikovi<br />

kurcius kurcius ernst ernst _ (1814-1896), antikuri periodis<br />

germaneli istorikosi, arqeologi, gaTxrebis<br />

xelmZRvaneli olimpiaSi ( 1875-1881).<br />

l<br />

lageri lageri _ safrangeTis palatis deputati.

lavele lavele _ emil-lui-viqtor (1822-1892), belgieli<br />

mecnieri da publicisti.<br />

leon leon XIII XIII _ leo XIII, eriskacobaSi vinCenco<br />

joakino peCi (1810-1903), romis papi 1878 wlidan.<br />

m<br />

maTe maTe edeseli edeseli _ somexi swavluli.<br />

mariani<br />

mariani<br />

maria maria-terezia<br />

maria terezia _ (1717-1780), avstriis erchercogi<br />

1740 wlidan. misi uflebebi habsburgTa monarqiis<br />

miwebze evropelma saxelmwifoebma mxolod avstriuli<br />

memkvidreobisaTvis omis (1740-1748) Semdeg cnes.<br />

ganamtkica absolutizmi.<br />

marvini marvini Carlz, ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe.<br />

martinovski martinovski _ Tbilisis progimnaziis inspeqtori.<br />

matersi matersi<br />

matersi<br />

milani milani _ (1854-1901), serbiis mTavari 1868-1882<br />

w.w. mefe milan I 1882-1889 w.w. obrenoviCebis<br />

dinastiidan. cdilobda daemyarebina TviTmpyrobeluri<br />

reJimi, atarebda avantiuristul sagareo politikas.<br />

mirandoli mirandoli _ mirandola piko dela (1463-1494),<br />

aRorZinebis periodis italieli filosofosi,<br />

uaryofda kaTolikuri eklesiis dogmatebs.<br />

miSle miSle _ Jiul (1798-1874), frangi istorikosi.<br />

wvrili burJuaziis ideologi.<br />

moltke moltke ufrosi, helmuT karl bernhard (1800-<br />

1891), prusiisa da germaniis samxedro moRvawe, grafi<br />

(1870), genfel-marSali (1871), samxedro Teoretikosi.<br />

montgomeri<br />

montgomeri<br />

morlei morlei morlei jon (1838-?), ingliseli Jurnalisti da<br />

sazogado moRvawe.<br />

mua<br />

n<br />

537

napoleon napoleon III _ lui napoleon bonaparti (1808-<br />

1873), safrangeTis imperatori 1852-1870 w.w.<br />

safrangeT-prusiis omis dros (1870-71 w.w.), 100aTasiani<br />

armiiT Cabarda tyved avstrielebs sedanTan.<br />

natalia natalia natalia _ (1859-?), serbiis dedofali, mefe milan<br />

I obernoviCis meuRle; rusi polkovnik<br />

keSkosQqaliSvili.<br />

538<br />

o<br />

olegi olegi _ (?-912), kievis ruseTis pirveli<br />

istoriulad sarwmuno Tavadi. marTavda 879 w-dan<br />

novgorodSi, xolo 882-dan kievSi.<br />

p<br />

papeo<br />

papeo<br />

pasteri pasteri pasteri lui (1822-1895), frangi mecnieri,<br />

Tanamedrove mikrobiologiisa da imunologiis<br />

fuZemdebeli.<br />

pelakini pelakini biajio (viajio)<br />

peruni peruni peruni _ indoevropulsa da slavur-rusul<br />

miTologiaSi Weqa-quxilis RmerTi. IX-X s.s. ruseTSi<br />

mTavrisa da mis meomarTa mfarveli.<br />

platoni platoni _ (427-347 Cv. eramde)<br />

plevo plevo, plevo pleve viaCeslav konstantines Ze (1846-<br />

1904), ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. JandarmTa<br />

calke korpusis Sefi (1902-1904), ukiduresi<br />

reaqcioneri, mokles eserebma.<br />

r<br />

rable rable _ fransua (daaxl. 1494-1553), frangi<br />

mwerali.

avena ravena jiovini jiovini da da _ ritorikis profesori venetis<br />

olqSi, kiTxulobda leqciebs ciceronsa da romael<br />

poetebze.<br />

roterdameli roterdameli erazm (1466-1536), aRorZinebis epoqis<br />

gamoCenili humanisti.<br />

rudolfi rudolfi franc-karl-iozefi (1858-1889),<br />

erchercogi da kronprinci, avstriis imperatoris<br />

franc iozef I Svili.<br />

ruvie ruvie _ frangi saxelmwifo moRvawe.<br />

rozentali rozentali<br />

rozentali<br />

s<br />

sadi sadi-karno sadi sadi karno karno mari fransua sadi (1837-1894),<br />

safrangeTis saxelmwifo moRvawe, 1887-1894 w.w.<br />

safrangeTis prezidenti.<br />

sali salisberi sali salisberi<br />

sberi, sberi solusberi, robert artur talbot<br />

gaskon sesil (1830-1903), inglisis saxelmwifo<br />

moRvawe, didi britaneTis premier-ministri 1885-1892<br />

w.w.<br />

samsoni<br />

samsoni<br />

seneka seneka seneka lucius aneus (daaxl. Zv. w. 4 _ ax. w. 65),<br />

romaeli filosofosi da dramaturgi, politikuri<br />

moRvawe.<br />

sen sen-val sen<br />

val vallie val ie ie, ie safrangeTis elCi germaniaSi.<br />

sovetovi<br />

sovetovi<br />

strabogi strabogi, strabogi stribogi, slavur miTologiaSi qaris<br />

RmerTi.<br />

t<br />

tannei tannei<br />

tannei<br />

taafi taafi, taafi taafi taafe eduard (1833-1895), avstriis<br />

ministri-prezidenti 1868-1870 w.w. da 1879-1893 w.w.<br />

tafik tafik-faSa tafik tafik faSa faSa, faSa tefik-faSa, egviptis mefe.<br />

terrel terrel-de terrel de de-Seni de Seni Seni, Seni frangi mecnieri.<br />

tirari tirari pier emanuel (1827-1893), frangi<br />

politikuri moRvawe, 1868 wlidan xSirad gamodioda<br />

saxalxo krebebze, rogorc imperiis mteri.<br />

539

1870 w. 4 seqtembris revoluciis Semdeg arCeul<br />

iqna parizis meore olqis merad; 1871 w. 8 Tebervals<br />

senis departamentis mier arCeul iqna nacionaluri<br />

krebis wevrad. 26 marts igi komunaSi airCies, magram<br />

male protesti gamoTqva komunis ZiriTadi<br />

mimarTulebis winaaRmdeg da Camoixsna Tavisi uflebebi,<br />

xolo ramdenime dRis Semdeg, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT,<br />

iZulebuli iyo gaqceuliyo revoluciuri parizidan<br />

versalSi. 1887 w. dekembridan 1888 w. aprilamde da<br />

1889 w. Tebervlidan 1890 w. Tebervlamde, tirari iyo<br />

jer finansTa ministri, xolo Semdeg vaWrobis<br />

ministri.<br />

540<br />

u<br />

umberto umberto, umberto umberto humbert I (1844-1900), italiis mefe<br />

1878 wlidan.<br />

umikaSvili umikaSvili umikaSvili _ petre iosebis Ze (1834-1904),<br />

qarTveli Jurnalisti da sazogado moRvawe.<br />

f<br />

ferdinand ferdinand koburgeli koburgeli, koburgeli ferdinand I koburgeli<br />

(1861-1948), 1887 wlidan Tavadi, 1908-1918 w.w.<br />

bulgareTis mefe germanel TavadTa gvaridan.<br />

koburgelTa dinastiis damaarsebeli. gaaZliera<br />

bulgareTSi germanuli gavlena.<br />

feltre feltre vitorino di rambaldini (1397-1442),<br />

humanizmis epoqis didi italieli pedagogi.<br />

ferri ferri, ferri Jiul (1832-1893), safrangeTis saxelmwifo<br />

moRvawe, advokati, publicisti, 1879-1883 w.w.<br />

drodadro ganaTlebis ministri.<br />

fixte fixte iohan gotlib (1762-1814), germaneli<br />

filosofosi, germanuli klasikuri idealizmis<br />

warmomadgeneli.

floke floke Sarl Tomas (1828-1896), frangi<br />

politikuri moRvawe. aqtiurad monawileobda<br />

barikadul brZolebSi 1848 wlis revoluciis dros.<br />

1885 wlidan 1888 wlamde floke iyo deputatTa<br />

palatis prezidenti. 1883 w. 3 aprils flokem<br />

radikaluri partiis wevrebisagan Seadgina kabineti da<br />

TviTon daikava Sinagan saqmeTa ministris posti.<br />

fluransi fluransi, fluransi frangi politikuri moRvawe.<br />

fokeli<br />

fokeli<br />

forgiusoni<br />

forgiusoni, forgiusoni<br />

forgiusoni ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe.<br />

freppeli freppeli, freppeli frangi episkoposi.<br />

fridrix fridrix-vilhelm fridrix vilhelm IV (1795-1861), prusiis mefe<br />

1840-1857w.w. fsiqiuri aSlilobis gamo, igi CamoSorda<br />

saxelmwifo saqmeebs.<br />

fridrix fridrix III III III fridrix-vilhelm-nikoloz-karlosi<br />

(1831-1888), prusiis mefe da germaniis imperatori,<br />

vilhelm I vaJiSvili.<br />

S<br />

Savrovi Savrovi _ nikoloz aleqsandres Ze (1826-1899),<br />

Jurnalisti da sazogado moRvawe. 1884 w-dan 1891 wmde<br />

iyo gazeT `Кавказ~-is mTavari TanamSromeli.<br />

Sarko Sarko Sarko _ Jan marten (1825-1893), eqimi,<br />

nevropaTologiisa da fsiqiatriis fuZemdebeli,<br />

klinikuri skolis damaarsebeli.<br />

Sener Senerer Sener Senerer<br />

eri er<br />

Seremetievi<br />

Seremetievi<br />

Steini Steini _ germaneli mecnieri.<br />

C<br />

Camberleni Camberleni, Camberleni Cemberleni jozef (1836-1914), didi<br />

britaneTis koloniebis ministri 1895-1903 w.w., 1880-<br />

1886 w,w. (periodulad) Sedioda mTavrobaSi. karieris<br />

dasawyisSi liberalia, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi _<br />

konservatori. inglisis koloniuri eqspansiis erTerTi<br />

ideologTagani.<br />

541

CerCili CerCili _ randolf, lordi, konservatorTa<br />

lideri.<br />

542<br />

w<br />

wminda minda ilia ilia<br />

ilia<br />

wminda wminda olga olga<br />

olga<br />

wminda wminda saba<br />

saba<br />

x<br />

xorsa xorsa<br />

xorsa

a<br />

2) geografiul saxelTa saZiebeli<br />

abxazeTi, abxazeTi, afxazeTi<br />

avstria avstria<br />

avstria<br />

avstria avstria-vengria<br />

avstria avstria vengria _ avstria-ungreTi<br />

avRanistani, avRanistani, avRaneTi<br />

alpebi<br />

alpebi<br />

alJiri<br />

alJiri<br />

amerika<br />

amerika<br />

amierkavkasia<br />

amierkavkasia<br />

afrika<br />

afrika<br />

axalgori<br />

axalgori<br />

axali axali aToni<br />

aToni<br />

ax axal ax<br />

al alqalaq<br />

qalaqis qalaq is mazra<br />

mazra<br />

b<br />

badeni<br />

badeni<br />

bavaria<br />

bavaria<br />

balkani, balkani, balkaneTi, balkaneTi, balkaniis balkaniis (balkanis) (balkanis) balkaneTis<br />

balkaneTis<br />

naxevarkunZuli<br />

naxevarkunZuli<br />

belgia<br />

belgia<br />

belgradi<br />

belgradi<br />

berlini<br />

berlini<br />

bolgaria, bolgaria, bolgareTi, bolgareTi, bulgareTi<br />

bulgareTi<br />

boni<br />

boni<br />

bosnia<br />

bosnia<br />

bostoni<br />

bostoni<br />

g<br />

ganja ganja _ 1804 wlamde. 1804 w-dan 1919 w-mde _<br />

elizavetpoli. 1935 w-dan 1991 w-mde kvlav ganja.<br />

qalaqi azerbaijanis respublikaSi, md. ganjaCais<br />

napirze<br />

543

544<br />

germania<br />

germania<br />

germaniis germaniis imperia imperia<br />

imperia<br />

golgoTa golgoTa<br />

golgoTa<br />

d<br />

dania<br />

dania<br />

darRos darRos olqi<br />

olqi<br />

daRi daRistani daRi daRistani<br />

stani<br />

dnepri<br />

dnepri<br />

e<br />

egvipte<br />

egvipte<br />

edinburgi<br />

edinburgi<br />

evropa<br />

evropa<br />

elzas elzas-lo elzas lo lota<br />

tareni ta reni _ _ elzas-loTaringia, germaniis<br />

`saimperio~ miwa. administraciuli da politikuri<br />

erTeuli, Seqmnili elzasisa da loTaringiisagan 1871-<br />

1918 da 1940-1944 w.w.<br />

v<br />

varSava<br />

varSava<br />

vaSingtoni<br />

vaSingtoni<br />

vena vena<br />

vena<br />

vengria, vengria, vengria, ungreTi<br />

venetika, venetika, veneto, veneto, olqi Crd-aRm. italiaSi, veneciis<br />

yuris (adriatikis zRva) sanapiroze.<br />

vilno, axlandeli q. vilniusis saxelwodeba 1939<br />

wlamde.<br />

z<br />

zaqaTali zaqaTalis zaqaTali s olqi<br />

olqi

T<br />

Telavi Telavi<br />

Telavi<br />

TianeTi TianeTi TianeTi _ daba (1960 w-dan) aRm. saqarTveloSi, md.<br />

ivris marjvena napirze.<br />

i<br />

inglisi inglisi<br />

inglisi<br />

indoeTi<br />

indoeTi<br />

irlandia<br />

irlandia<br />

ispania, ispania, espaneTi<br />

espaneTi<br />

italia<br />

italia<br />

k<br />

kavTisxevi<br />

kavTisxevi<br />

kavkasia<br />

kavkasia<br />

kardanexi<br />

kardanexi<br />

kaxeTi<br />

kaxeTi<br />

kievi<br />

kievi<br />

kori, kori, gori<br />

gori<br />

korsuni korsuni _ kievis ruseTis uZvelesi qalaqi,<br />

mdebareobs md. korsunisa da md. rosis SesarTavTan.<br />

axlandeli qalaqi korsun-SevCenkovski.<br />

l<br />

londoni<br />

londoni<br />

m<br />

makedonia makedonia _ istoriuli olqi balkaneTis<br />

naxevarkunZulis centralur nawilSi.<br />

mantua mantua mantua _ qalaqi italiaSi, lombardiaSi.<br />

545

masova, masova, massova, massova, masua masua (masaka), (masaka), qalaqi eTiopiis Crd-<br />

Si, porti wiTel zRvaze.<br />

marseli<br />

marseli<br />

milani<br />

milani<br />

moskovi<br />

moskovi<br />

mewamuli mewamuli zRva zRva<br />

zRva<br />

mcire mcire azia<br />

azia<br />

546<br />

n<br />

niu niu-iorki niu<br />

iorki<br />

o<br />

odesa<br />

odesa<br />

osmaleTi osmaleTi, osmaleTi , osmalo<br />

osmalo<br />

p<br />

padua padua qalaqi Crd. italiaSi, veneciis olqSi.<br />

pariJi, pariJi, parizi<br />

peterburgi peterburgi _ sankt-peterburgi<br />

petergofi petergofi<br />

petergofi<br />

prusia<br />

prusia<br />

r<br />

romi<br />

romi<br />

ruminia, ruminia, rumineTi<br />

ruseTi<br />

ruseTi<br />

s

saberZneTi<br />

saberZneTi<br />

saberZneTis saberZneTis kunZulebi<br />

kunZulebi<br />

safrangeTi<br />

safrangeTi<br />

saqarTvelo<br />

saqarTvelo<br />

sen sen-remo, sen<br />

remo, remo, san-remo<br />

serbia serbia<br />

serbia<br />

siRnaRi<br />

siRnaRi<br />

siRnaRis siRnaRis mazra<br />

mazra<br />

stambuli, stambuli, stamboli<br />

suecis suecis arxi<br />

arxi<br />

t<br />

tavrida tavrida tavrida _ yirimis naxevarkunZulis Zveli<br />

dasaxeleba.<br />

tai taitis tai tai tis kunZulebi<br />

kunZulebi<br />

triapolisi, triapolisi, tripolisi, tripolisi, triapoli triapoli (tarabulusel-harb),<br />

libiis dedaqalaqi, porti xmelTaSua zRvaze<br />

tfilisi, Tbilisi<br />

u<br />

uelsi uelsi<br />

uelsi<br />

f<br />

finlandia, finlandia, fineTi<br />

fSav fSav-xevsureTi<br />

fSav xevsureTi<br />

q<br />

qsnis qsnis qsnis xeoba xeoba<br />

xeoba<br />

547

548<br />

quTaisi<br />

quTaisi<br />

y<br />

yarabaRi yarabaRi<br />

yarabaRi<br />

S<br />

Savi Savi zRva zRva<br />

zRva<br />

Savi Savi zRvis zRvis olqi<br />

olqi<br />

Sarlotenbur<br />

Sarlotenburgi,<br />

Sarlotenbur gi, qalaqi berlinis maxloblad, md.<br />

Spreeze<br />

Sveicaria<br />

Sveicaria<br />

Svecia, Svecia, SvedeTi<br />

SeerTebuli SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

Statebi<br />

Slezvig Slezvig-golSteini<br />

Slezvig golSteini<br />

Slezvigi Slezvigi _ XI s-dan sahercogo. cnobilia<br />

Slezvig-holStainis (Slezvig-golsteinis) miwa. XIX<br />

s. SuaSi daiwyo Slezvig-holStainis germanuli<br />

mosaxleobis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.<br />

1864 w. daniasTan omis Sedegad holStaini gadavida<br />

avstriis mmarTvelobaSi, Slezvigi _ prusiisa.<br />

avstria-prusiis 1866 wlis omis Semdeg SlezvigholStaini<br />

prusiis provinciad gamocxadda.<br />

Sotlandia<br />

Sotlandia<br />

Sua Sua azia<br />

azia<br />

C<br />

Crdilo Crdilo Crdilo amerika<br />

amerika<br />

Cex Cexia Cex<br />

ia ia, ia , CexeTi<br />

CexeTi<br />

x<br />

xmelTaSua xmelTaSua xmelTaSua zRva<br />

zRva

w<br />

winamZRvrianT<br />

winamZRvrianTkari<br />

winamZRvrianT kari<br />

h<br />

hebrid hebridis hebrid hebridis<br />

is kunZulebi kunZulebi, kunZulebi didi britaneTis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi myofi arqipelagi atlantis okeaneSi.<br />

sul 500-mde kunZulia.<br />

hercogovina<br />

Jurnal-gazeTebis, wignebis da<br />

calkeul gamocemaTa saZieblebi<br />

`gargantua~<br />

`gargantua~ `gargantua~ _ f. rable `gargantua da<br />

pantagrueli~<br />

`ped ped pedagogiuri ped agogiuri Teoriebi Teoriebi ganaxlebis ganaxlebis epoqisa~ epoqisa~ _ n. i.<br />

storoJenkos wigni.<br />

549

550<br />

a) qarTuli perioduli gamocemebi<br />

`iveria~ `iveria~ `iveria~ _ qarTuli politikuri da<br />

literaturuli perioduli gamocema.<br />

gamodioda TbilisSi 1877 w. 3<br />

martidan yovelkvireul gazeTad. 1879-<br />

1885 wlebSi Jurnalis saxiT, 1886<br />

wlidan yoveldRiur gazeTad.<br />

damaarsebeli da redaqtori ilia<br />

WavWavaZe. Tanaredaqtorebi _ s. mesxi<br />

(1881 w. `droebisa~ da `iveriis~<br />

redaqciebis gaerTianebisas), i. maCabeli<br />

(1882-1884), a. sarajiSvili (1901 wlis<br />

4 dekembridan), g. yifSiZe (1903-1905),<br />

Semdeg, gazeTis daxurvamde (1906 w.<br />

27. VIII) f. gogiCaiSvili.<br />

`meurne~ `meurne~ _ qarTuli yovelkvireuli sasoflosameurneo<br />

gazeTi; gamodioda 1888-1894<br />

wlebSi TbilisSi (redaqtorgamomcemeli<br />

vasil sulxaniSvili) da<br />

1895-1898 wlebSi _ quTaisSi<br />

(redaqtor-gamomcemeli ilia Wyonia).<br />

`macne~ `macne~ (gaz.)<br />

b) rusuli perioduli gamocemebi<br />

`Вестник финансов~ _ Jurnalis sruli<br />

saxelwodebaa `Вестник финансов, промышленности и<br />

торговли~, ruseTis finansTa saministros<br />

yovelkvireuli Jurnali, gamodioda 1885-1917 w.w.<br />

`Кавказ~ _ yoveldRiuri politikuri da<br />

literaturuli gazeTi; gamodioda<br />

TbilisSi 1846-1918 wlebSi rusul<br />

enaze. Tavdapirvelad kerZo,<br />

araoficialuri gamocema iyo, 1850

wlidan ki kavkasiis mefisnacvlis<br />

kancelaria gamoscemda.<br />

`Новое Обозрение~ _ gazeTi gamodioda TbilisSi<br />

rusul enaze, 1883-1904<br />

w.w. igi iyo burJuaziulprogresuli<br />

mimarTulebis<br />

organo. 1887-1891 wlebSi<br />

gazeTs xelmZRvanelobda n.<br />

nikolaZe.<br />

`Русский винодел~<br />

`Рус-Кур~ _ `Русский курьер~, yoveldRiuri<br />

gazeTi gamodioda moskovSi 1879-1889 w.w.<br />

g) ucxouri perioduli gamocemebi<br />

`Debats~<br />

`Deutsch Tageblatt<br />

`Independence Belge~<br />

`Figaro, Le Figaro~ _ uZvelesi franguli<br />

yoveldRiuri gazeTi, daarsebulia parizSi 1826 w.<br />

`Journal des Debatas~ ~<br />

`Siecle~<br />

`Schwarz Qelb~<br />

`Standart~ _ inglisuri gazeTi<br />

`Standard~ _ germanuli gazeTi<br />

`Kölnis he Zeitung~ _ nacionalur-liberaluri<br />

mimarTulebis germanuli gazeTi<br />

`Republique Francaise~<br />

`Temps~<br />

`Times~ _ inglisuri gazeTi<br />

`Post~ _ konservatuli mimarTulebis germanuli<br />

gazeTi<br />

`golua~ `golua~ _ franguli gazeTi<br />

`safrangeTis `safrangeTis respublika~ respublika~ _ franguli gazeTi<br />

551

`Wiener Tagblatt~ _ srulad `News Wiener<br />

Tagblatt~, ~, ~, gazeTi.<br />

liberaluri mimarTulebis avstriuli<br />

552

Tematuri saZiebeli<br />

I politika<br />

dedaTa saqme<br />

antisemituri moZraoba avstriaSi<br />

wodebaTa Tanasworoba<br />

evropis qveynebis saSinao da sagareo politikis<br />

sakiTxebi:<br />

1) avstria<br />

a) saSinao politika<br />

b) avstria-germaniis urTierToba<br />

2) belgia<br />

a) belgiis saSinao politika<br />

3) bulgareTi<br />

a) saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

b) ruseT-bulgareTis politikuri urTierToba<br />

4) germania<br />

a) bismarkis politikis Sesaxeb<br />

b) bismarkisa da fridrix III urTierTobis Sesaxeb<br />

g) saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

d) ruseT-germaniis sagareo ekonomikuri<br />

urTierToba<br />

e) safrangeT-germaniis politikuri urTierToba<br />

v) germania-italiis politikuri urTierToba<br />

z) ruseT-germaniis politikuri urTierToba<br />

T) germania-avstriis politikuri urTierToba<br />

5) inglisi<br />

a) inglisis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

b) inglis-irlandiis urTierToba<br />

g) inglis-germaniis politikuri urTierToba<br />

6) irlandia<br />

553

554<br />

a) irlandia-inglisis politikuri urTierToba<br />

7) italia<br />

a) italiis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

b) italia-germaniis politikuri urTierToba<br />

g) italia-safrangeTis politikuri urTierToba<br />

8) rumineTi<br />

a)rumineTis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

9) ruseTi<br />

a) ruseTis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

b) ruseT-germaniis sagareo ekonomikuri<br />

urTierToba<br />

g) ruseT-germaniis politikuri urTierToba<br />

d) ruseT-inglis-avRaneTis politikuri<br />

urTierToba<br />

e) ruseT-inglisis urTierToba<br />

10) safrangeTi<br />

a) safrangeTis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

b) safrangeT-avstriis politikuri urTierToba<br />

g) safrangeT-italiis politikuri urTierToba<br />

11) serbia<br />

a) serbiis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

12) CrdiloeT-amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

a) amerikis saSinao mdgomareoba<br />

b) amerikeli gamomgonebeli qalebi<br />

II ekonomika<br />

xelobis swavlebis sikeTe soflis skolebSi<br />

Savi zRvispireTis dasaxlebis sakiTxi<br />

Tavadaznaurobis uqmobiT Cveni miwa-wylis dakargva<br />

mamulebis gamijvna<br />

saxelmwifo _ saTavadaznauro da saglexo bankebi

Tbilisis saadgilmamulo banki<br />

Tbilisisa da quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankebis<br />

SeerTeba<br />

fuli da misi funqcia sazogadoebaSi<br />

axali asignaciebis gamoSveba<br />

saadgilmamulo gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb<br />

manqanebisa da iaraRebis gaumjobeseba mrewvelobaSi<br />

mamulebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb<br />

ruseTis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<br />

rkinigzebisa da gzatkecilebis gayvana<br />

III istoria da religia<br />

saerTod erisa da kerZod qarTveli eris Sesaxeb<br />

kacobriobis istoriis Sesaxeb<br />

ebraeli eri<br />

qarTveli eri da Rvawli wminda ninosi<br />

religiuri dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb<br />

TviTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb<br />

IV saxelmwifo, eTika da samarTali<br />

gazeT `kavkazis~ gamolaSqrebis gamo<br />

daviT aRmaSenebeli<br />

imperator fridrixis pirovnuli Rirsebebi<br />

sazogadoebrivi zneobis Sesaxeb<br />

V administracia, adgilobrivi<br />

mmarTveloba<br />

soflis moxeleTa saqmianoba<br />

qarTuli Teatris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb<br />

VI aRzrda, ganaTleba, kultura<br />

arsebuli saTavadaznauro skolis gadakeTebis<br />

aucilebloba<br />

555

skolebis erTi didi nakli<br />

pedagogika da sapedagogio Teoria<br />

codnis Sesaxeb<br />

gonebrivi muSaoba<br />

moswavleTa zne-xasiaTis wvrTvna<br />

swavlebis principebi Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi<br />

Sua saukuneebis moZRvreba adamianis ganviTarebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

skolis movaleoba saSualo saukuneebSi<br />

ostati da mowafe CvenSi da Sua saukuneebis<br />

evropaSi<br />

swavla-ganaTleba CvenSi da ucxoeTSi<br />

axlandeli skola<br />

moZravi skolebisa da biblioTekebis daarseba<br />

winamZRvrianTkaris sameurneo skolaSi swavlebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT<br />

TbilisSi universitetis gaxsnis Sesaxeb<br />

oblebis movla-patronoba<br />

bagratis taZris Sesaxeb<br />

556<br />

VII mwerloba da mecniereba<br />

evropis mwerloba da mecniereba<br />

VIII medicina<br />

xoleris acra<br />

cofi<br />

janmrTelobis sakiTxi soflad<br />

IX soflis yofa, soflis meurneoba<br />

vazis avadmyofoba _ mildiu<br />

vazis daavadeba da vazis movla<br />

zeTisxilis gaSenebis Sesaxeb<br />

baJi aryis gamoxdaze<br />

meurneobis gaumjobesebisaTvis kavkasiaSi

presis mimoxilva<br />

X beWdviTi saqme, presa<br />

statistikis sakiTxebze<br />

XI statistika<br />

XII sxvadasxva sakiTxebi<br />

saaxalwlo milocva<br />

557

558<br />

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kreba tfilisis saTavadaznauro bankis wevrTa (16<br />

maiss)<br />

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560

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561

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ИЛЪЯ ГРИГОРЪЕВИЧ ЧАВЧАВАДЗЕ<br />

ПОЛНОЕ СОБРАНИЕ CОЧЕНЕНИЙ<br />

В 20-ТИ ТОМАХ<br />

ТОМ X<br />

(На Грузинском языке)<br />

ТБИЛИСИ<br />

“ИЛИАС ФОНДИ”<br />

2007<br />

gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi: ivane amirxanaSvili,<br />

uCa SerazadaSvili.<br />

koreqtori:<br />

teqsti aawyo: levan bukia<br />

daakabadona: levan bukia<br />

tiraJi 300<br />

fasi saxelSekrulebo

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