saqarTvelos mkvlelebi
saqarTvelos mkvlelebi
saqarTvelos mkvlelebi
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vaxtang guruli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>mkvlelebi</strong><br />
(ilia WavWavaZis <strong>mkvlelebi</strong>s erTi versia)<br />
1
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>mkvlelebi</strong><br />
(ilia WavWavaZis <strong>mkvlelebi</strong>s erTi versia)<br />
asxuTi weli sruldeba ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan. saukunis mkvlelobis<br />
istoriaSi bevri ram dResac burusiTaa moculi. es mravali mizeziTaa gapirobebuli. 1907<br />
wlis 30 agvistodan ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze xuTi versia Seiqmna, romelTaganac<br />
WeSmariti mxolod erTi iyo. mokled mimovixiloT es versiebi.<br />
pirveli versia _ mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. es versia SemTxveviT ar Seqmnila da mas<br />
winaswar, savsebiT mizandasaxulad avrcelebda is politikuri Zala, romelsac ilia<br />
WavWavaZis mkvleloba hqonda ganzraxuli.<br />
1907 wlis 7 ivniss saguramoSi, ilia WavWavaZis mamulSi, yaCaRuri Tavdasxmis dros<br />
mokles ilias mouravi mose memarniSvili, misi meuRle ki sasikvdilod daWres (rogorc<br />
sCans yaCaRebs isic mkvdari egonaT). iseve rogorc mouravis, ilia WavWavaZis saxlSic,<br />
viTomda fulisa da Zvirfasi nivTebis Zebnis mizniT, yaCaRebma yvelaferi gadaqeqes, waiRes<br />
kidec zogierTi nivTi. mose memarniSvilisa da misi meuRlis mkvleloba ar iyo mkvleloba<br />
Zarcvis mizniT. am movlenis logikuri gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvleloba, viTomda, Zarcvis mizniT. ilias mkvlelobis organizatori varaudobda, rom<br />
orive mkvleloba (mose memarniSvilisa da ilia WavWavaZisa) erTmaneTs daukavSirdeboda da<br />
Zarcvis mizniT Cadenil mkvlelobad Seiracxeboda. iseve, rogorc 1907 wlis 7 ivniss<br />
saguramoSi mose memarniSvilis sacxovreblisa da ilia WavWavaZis saxlis gaZarcva, 30<br />
agvistos wiwamurTan mokluli ilia WavWavaZisa da mZimed daWrili misi meuRlis gaZarcva,<br />
simulirebuli iyo da xelisuflebis, gamoZiebis da sazogadoebisa SecdomaSi Seyvanas<br />
isaxavda miznad. mavanma da mavanma iqneb daijera kidec, rom ilia Zarcvis mizniT mokles,<br />
magram kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administraciasa specsamsaxurebs (Tbilisis guberniis<br />
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo, Tbilisis oxranka) eWvic ar Sehparvia, rom Zarcva<br />
simulirebuli iyo. 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
peterburgSi, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil telegramaSi Tbilisis droebiTi<br />
samxedro gubernatori, generali timofeevi aRniSnavda: ,,Zarcva simulirebulia” (,,грабеж<br />
симулирован”). cxadia, Tbilisis samxedro gubernatori kompetenturi organoebis (Tbilisis<br />
guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos, Tbilisis oxrankis da sxv.) daskvnas eyrdnoboda.<br />
kavkasiis mefisnacvli i. i. voroncov-daSkovs administracias, piradad mefisnacvals,<br />
Tbilisis samxedro gubernators da sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs xels aZlevdaT versia<br />
Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze. Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi maT naklebi<br />
pasuxismgebloba ekisrebodaT, vidre politikuri mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administraciam misTvis sasurvel, magram ususur versias<br />
mxari ar dauWira _ Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis versia gamoricxa.<br />
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa Zarcvis mizniT ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis versiis<br />
winaaRmdeg metyvelebda Semdegi garemoeba. ra simdidre (fuli da Zvirfasi nivTebi) unda<br />
hqonodaT ilia WavWavaZesa da mis meuRles etlSi? ufro meti simdidris xelSi Cagdeba<br />
yaCaRebs SeeZloT Tu isini ilias ar yofnis dros Tavs daesxmodnen ilia WavWavaZis saxls<br />
TbilisSi an saguramoSi. imxanad ilias saxlebs Tbilissa da saguramoSi raime<br />
gansakuTrebuli dacva ar hyavda miCenili da yaCaRebs xels veravin SeuSlida, ise rogorc<br />
veravin SeuSala xeli 1907 wlis 7 ivniss ilias mouravis mkvlelobas.<br />
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu yaCaRebs ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis gareSe, gacilebiT<br />
ufro naklebi riskis fasad, ufro meti fulis Sovna SeeZloT, vidre iSoves did riskTan<br />
dakavSirebuli ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobiT, maSin ratom mokles ilia? yaCaRebi arc ise<br />
sulelebi iyvnen, rom ar scodnodaT: ilia WavWavaZis saxlis gaZarcva TbilisSi an<br />
saguramoSi maT ufro advilad SerCebodaT, vidre dRisiT, mzisiT ruseTis imperiis<br />
saxelmwifo sabWos wevris ilia WavWavaZis mokvla.<br />
meore versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. es versia imave politikurma Zalam<br />
SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza versia Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze. mizanic igive iyo:<br />
xelisuflebis, gamoZiebisa da sazogadoebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.<br />
glexebis mier memamuleebis mkvlelobebma da maTi mamulebis darbevam masobrivi<br />
xasiaTi miiRo 1905 wlis gazafxulidan da grZeldeboda mTeli zafxulisa da Semodgomis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. male glexTa ,,wiTeli razmebis” TareSs Tavadaznaurobam ,,Savi razmebis”<br />
SeqmniT upasuxes. bevrma memamulem Crdilo kavkasieli mTielebi daiqirava da teroristTa<br />
TviTneboba alagma. xelisuflebac saTanadod daexmara memamuleebs. bevr sofelSi<br />
policia da jaric ki Caayenes. policia icavda saguramoSi ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva<br />
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memamuleebis saxl-kars. 1905-1906 wlebSi xelisuflebam damsjeli eqspediciebi aamoqmeda.<br />
samxedro tribunalebma memamuleTa mkvlelobis monawile bevri glexi sikvdiliT dasajes,<br />
glexebis nawili cixeebSi gamoketes da Semdeg cimbirSi gadaasaxles. 1906 wlis<br />
miwurulisaTvis xelisuflebam TiTqmis sruliad aRadgina kontroli sasoflo raionebze,<br />
amoqmedda soflis administracia. memamuleTa mkvlelobaSi braldebuli glexebi, vinc<br />
xelisuflebis msjavrs gadaurCa, soflebidan gaiqca (maTma nawilma Tavi irans Seafara).<br />
1907 wels, miT umetes wlis meore naxevarSi, agrarul niadagze memamulis mkvlelobebi<br />
Zalze iSviaTi iyo. 1907 wlisaTvis ilia WavWavaZemac glexebTan Zveli tradiciuli<br />
urTierToba aRadgina. 1907 wels iliasa da glexebs Soris urTierToba seriozulad ar<br />
daZabula, radgan amis mizezi ar arsebobda. muqaris werilebi, romlebsac ilia TiTqosda<br />
glexebisagan iRebda, sinamdvileSi glexebs ar ekuTvnoda da im politikuri Zalis mier<br />
iyo SeTxzuli, romelic ilias mkvlelobas gegmavda. xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ilia<br />
WavWavaZes male moklaveno, aseve zemoxsenebuli politikuri Zalis mier iyo<br />
gavrcelebuli.<br />
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu ilia WavWavaZe glexebma ar mokles 1905-1906 wlebSi,<br />
roca bevri memamule gamoasalmes sicocxles da roca memamulis mkvleloba Cveulebrivi<br />
movlena iyo, ratom mokles ilia 1907 wlis agvistoSi, roca memamuleTa mkvlelobebi ukve<br />
warsuls Cabarda da mkvlelebs sasjelisagan Tavis daxsnis Zalze mcire Sansi hqondaT.<br />
1905-1906 wlebSi memamulis mkvlelobas mizezi ar undoda, klavdnen imitom rom memamule<br />
iyo. mTeli glexoba afeqtis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. 1907 wlis zafxulisaTvis viTareba<br />
kardinalurad iyo Secvlili. glexoba darbeuli, welSi gatexili da rac mTavaria<br />
daSinebuli iyo. saguramoSi glexebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizeba Zneli<br />
dasajerebelia.<br />
garda amisa, yuradsaRebia kidev erTi garemoeba. ilia WavWavaZes rom glexobis SiSi<br />
hqonoda, mas, rogorc ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrs SeeZlo sagangebo dacvis<br />
TanxlebiT emgzavra da misi saxlebic saimedod yofiliyo daculi. miT umetes, rom<br />
Tbilissa da duSeTis mazraze samxedro mdgomareoba vrceldeboda. ilia WavWavaZes dacvis<br />
ayvana azradac ar mosvlia, radgan mas verc ki warmoedgina, rom glexebi gzaze<br />
Causafrdebodnen da moklavdnen. imxanad glexebi ilia WavWavaZis ki ara Tavisi sisastikiT<br />
cnobili memamuleebis mokvlasac ki ver bedavdnen. Tbilisis samxedro gubernatori ilia<br />
WavWavaZis mkvlelobis mizezad glexobis aRSfoTebas ki ar asaxelebda, aramed miiCnevda<br />
rom glexebi social-demikratebma waaqezes. 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT peterburgSi, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil<br />
telegramaSi Tbilisis samxerdo gubernatori aRniSnavda: ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles<br />
adgilobrivma glexebma social-demokratiis waqezebiT. e. i. telegramis gagzavnis<br />
momentisaTvis Tbilisis samxedro gubernatori darwmunebuli iyo, rom danaSauli<br />
(mkvlelobis) provocireba social-demokratebma moaxdines anu mkvlelobiT socialdemokratebi<br />
iyvnen dainteresebulni.<br />
aqve gvinda gavimeoroT zemoTqmuli: kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administracias xels<br />
aZlevda versia agrarul niadagze mkvlelobis Taobaze (iseve rogorc, versia Zarcvis<br />
mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze). am SemTxvevaSic pasuxismgebloba gacilebiT ufro naklebi<br />
iqneboda, vidre politikuri motiviT mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
mesame versia _ mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis dakveTiT. somexi nacionalistebis<br />
dakveTiT mkvlelobis versia, anu versia erovnuli SuRlis niadagze mkvlelobis Taobaze,<br />
imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza pirveli da meore versiebi _<br />
mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT da mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. mizanic igive iyo:<br />
xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da Ziebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.<br />
cnobilia Tu raoden didi aRSfoTeba mohyva somex nacionalistTa Soris ilia<br />
WavWavaZis ,,qvaTa RaRads” (1899 w.). ilias mkvlelobis somxuri versiis SemTxzveli swored<br />
am faqtiT spekulirebda. ilias mkvlelobis somxuri versiiT gamoZiebis SecdomaSi Seyvana<br />
mkvlelobis monawilis, ilias meetlis, Tedo labauris, saSualebiT scades. 1907 wlis 3<br />
seqtembers micemul CvenebaSi Tedo labaurma, miRebuli miTiTebis Tanaxmad, ganacxada, rom<br />
<strong>mkvlelebi</strong> somxebi iyvneno: ,,me momeCvena, rom garegnobiT isini somxebi iyvnen”. meti<br />
damajereblobisaTvis Tedo labaurma aRniSna: <strong>mkvlelebi</strong> rusulad laparakobdnen, oRond<br />
somxuri aqcentiTo: ,,es xalxi laparakobda iseTi aqcentiT, rogori aqcentiTac somxebi<br />
laparakoben rusulad”. meore dakiTxvisas, 1917 wlis 16 noembers, Tedo labaurma TviTonve<br />
uaryo adre micemuli Cveneba da ganacxada: <strong>mkvlelebi</strong> qarTvelebi iyvneno.<br />
xmebi somexi teroristebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Taobaze mxolod Tedo<br />
labauris Cvenebidan ar iRebda saTaves. ilias mkvlelobis somxuri versia sxva<br />
wyaroebidanac vrceldeboda. somexi nacionalistebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis<br />
3
versia sruliad usafuZvlod miiCnia vaJa fSavelam da xalxs mouwoda ar ahyolodnen<br />
provokatorebs.<br />
meoTxe versia _ mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT.<br />
ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT mkvlelobis versia, anu politikuri<br />
mkvlelobis versia imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza pirveli, meore da<br />
mesame versia (mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba agrarul niadagze, mkvleloba somexi<br />
nacionalistebis mier). am versiis mizans Seadgenda ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis<br />
komprometacia, xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis dapirispireba. versiam ruseTis imperiis<br />
xelisuflebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Taobaze meore sicocxle SeiZina sabWoTa<br />
xelisuflebis arsebobis periodSi. gabatonda Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom ,,ilia<br />
WavWavaZe mokles carizmis mier mosyidulma agentebma.” sabWoTa istoriografia ilias<br />
mkvlelobis mizezad asaxelebda: ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi ilias brZolas qarTveli<br />
xalxis interesebis dacvisTvis, gamosvlas sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
avtonomiisaTvis brZolas. mokled SevexoT am sakiTxebs.<br />
ilia WavWavaZ rom ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi qarTveli eris interesebs icavda es<br />
sayovelTaodaa cnobili. amasTan erTad cnobilia isic, romsaxelmwifo sabWoSi Tavisi<br />
moRvaweobis manZilze ilias iseTi araferi uTqvams an gaukeTebia, rom xelisuflebas igi<br />
miuReblad da, miT umetes, saSiSad mieCnia da specsamsaxurebisaTvis ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvleloba SeekveTa. ilia tipiuri liberal-demokrati iyo, misTvis ucxo iyo yovelive<br />
radikaluri da eqstremistuli. saxelmwifo sabWoSi ilias gamosvlebi saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
azrovnebis nimuSs warmoadgenda. am gamosvlebs xelisuflebis mxridan raime seriozuli<br />
protesti arasodes mohyolia. wlebis manZilze grZeldeba gaugebroba saxelmwifo sabWoSi<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT ilia WavWavaZis gamosvlis Taobaze. imxanad<br />
uamravi rusi politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, iuristi iTxovda sikvdiliT dasjis<br />
gauqmebas. saqme exeboda ara saerTod sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas (rac gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iyo ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobiT), aramed xelisuflebis mier droebiT SemoRebuli<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis sagangebo (gansakuTrebuli) wesis gauqmebas, anu samxedro<br />
tribunalebisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis gamotanis uflebis CamorTmevas. ilia<br />
WavWavaZe iziarebda gamoCenili rusi politikosebisa da iuristebis azrs da emzadeboda<br />
kidec am sakiTxze saxelmwifo sabWoSi gamosasvlisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, ilia sikdiliT<br />
dasjis gauqmebis moTxovniT saxelmwifo sabWoSi ar gamosula da romc gamosuliyo amaSi<br />
xelisuflebisaTvis saSiSi araferi iqneboda (samxedro tribunalebis moqmedeba SemdgomSi<br />
marTlac SeCerebul iqna). ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebisaTvis jer kidev 1905 wlisaTvis<br />
kargad iyo cnobili ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> avtonomiis ideisadmi.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> avtonomiis iliaseuli idea rom ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebas saSiSad<br />
mieCnia, maSin ilias 1906 wels saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad ar airCevdnen da saqmesac ar<br />
gairTulebdnen. ilia WavWavaZes ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> avtonomiis<br />
sakiTxi oficialurad ar dauyenebia, da romc daeyenebina es ar SeiZleboda gamxdariyo<br />
saxelmwifo sabWos wevris politikuri devnisa da rac mTavaria mkvlelobis safuZveli.<br />
dabolos. ruseTis imperiaSi politikuri motiviT saxelmwifo sabWos wevris<br />
mkvleloba yovlad warmoudgeneli iyo. xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurveli moRvawe<br />
advilad SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevri. amis saSualebas iZleoda<br />
saarCevno sistema. amave dros xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurveli politikuri moRvawe<br />
verasgziT ver gaxdeboda saxelmwifo sabWos wevri. amas gamoricxavda saarCevno sistema.<br />
amitom iyo rom xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli politikuri moRvawe arasodes yofila<br />
ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi.<br />
mexuTe versia _ social-demokratebis mier organizebuli mkvleloba. ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvlelobis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis<br />
(rsdmp) xelmZRvanelobam (vladimer lenini, grigol zinovievi da sxv.), romelic imxanad<br />
emigaciaSi (parizSi, JenevaSi) imyofeboda. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro<br />
Tanxac sazRvargareTidan Semovida (saqarTveloSi ar moupovebiaT), qileri qarTveli iyo.<br />
rsdmp Tbilisis komitets ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi<br />
monawileoba ar miuRia, komitetis sxdomaze es sakiTxi ar ganxilula. qarTvel socialdemokratTagan<br />
mkvlelobis organizebaSi monawileobdnen filipe maxaraZe da sergo<br />
orjonikiZe. imxanad arc erTi rsdmp Tbilisis komitetis wevri ar yofila, isini<br />
komitetis davalebiT ar moqmedebdnen da arc angariSs abarebdnen mas.<br />
rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba guldasmiT momzadda. Cvens<br />
mier zemoxsenebuli oTxive versia (mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba agrarul<br />
niadagze, mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis dakveTiT, mkvleloba erovnuli SuRlis<br />
niadagze, mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT) social-demokratebma<br />
SeTxzes da ilias mkvlelobis pirvelive dRidanve avrcelebdnen xalxSi. ilias<br />
4
mkvlelobamde darxeuli xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ilias male moklavdnen aseve socialdemokratebis<br />
gegmis nawils warmoadgenda. ilias mouravi mose memarniSvili da misi<br />
meuRlec social-demikratebma moakvlevines. gamoZiebisTvis micemuli mkvlelobis<br />
monawileebis cru Cvenebebic metwilad social-demokratebis mier iyo nakarnaxevi.<br />
social-demokratebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis versia, oficialurad,<br />
Tbilisis droebiTma samxedro gubernatorma wamoayena 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers peterburgSi,<br />
saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil telegramaSi. telegramaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,savaraudoa,<br />
rom Tavadi mokles adgilobrivma glexebma social- demokratebis waqezebiT.”<br />
sazogadoebis nawils amis gareSec sjeroda, rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis<br />
organizatorebi social-demokratebi iyvnen.<br />
aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan aranairi kavSiri, arc<br />
pirdapiri da arc arapirdapiri, ar hqonia or qarTvel social-demokrats _ noe<br />
Jordaniasa da ioseb juRaSvils (stalins). noe Jordania 1907 wlis gazafxulidan ruseTis<br />
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros social-demokrat deputatebTan erTad e. w. ,,viborgis<br />
mowodebaze” xelis mowerisaTvis cixeSi imyofeboda (dokumenturadaa dadasturebuli, Tu<br />
rodis daapatimres noe Jordania, rodis dakiTxes pirvelad, rodidan imyofeboda<br />
sapatimroSi da rodis gaaTavisufles patimrobidan). noe Jordania TbilisSi mxolod 1907<br />
wlis dekemberSi dabrunda. rac Seexeba ioseb juRaSvils 1907 wels igi sul ramdenjerme<br />
gamoCnda TbilisSi (ZiriTadad baqoSi imyofeboda), xolo 1907 wlis ivnisis bolodan igi<br />
saerTod aRar gamoCenila TbilisSi. Cven zemoT avRniSneT, rom ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvlelobis sakiTxi rsdmp Tbilisis komitets ar ganuxilavs da rom ganexila ioseb<br />
juRaSvili am sxdomas ver daeswreboda, radgan igi komitetis wevri ar iyo.<br />
dRes Cven xelT arsebuli masalebis analizis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT:<br />
1. 1905 wlis gazafxulze ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli binZuri kampaniis<br />
Sedegad social-demokratebma CaTvales, rom ilias saxeli gautexes da igi xels veRar<br />
SeuSlida maTi gegmis realizebas. 1905 wels iliam liberalur-demokratiuli tipis<br />
partiis Seqmna scada, magram uSedegod. social-demokratebma esec TavianT gamarjvebad<br />
miiCnies. rsdmp xelmZRvaneloba Tvlida, rom saqarTveloSi maTi yvelaze Zlieri da saSiSi<br />
mowinaaRmdege umniSvnelo Zalad aqcies.<br />
2. 1906 wels ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad airCies. rsdmp<br />
xelmZRvanelobisTvis es mowmendil caze mexis gavardnis tolfasi iyo. yvelasaTvis cxadi<br />
iyo, rom ilias garSemo Tavs moiyrida <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> avtonomiisa da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZoli Zalebi. avtonomia da avtokefalia principulad<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda rsdmp programas. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> avtonomiis mopovebisa da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi daiwyeboda erovnuli moZraobis mZlavri<br />
aRmavloba. ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom ilia amjerad moaxerxebda mTeli qarTveli eris<br />
interesebis gamomxatveli liberalur-demokratiuli (centristuli) partiis Seqmnas. es ki<br />
minimumamde daiyvanda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebSi<br />
social-demokratebis gamarjvebis Sanss. qarTul sazogadoebriv moZraobaSi erovnul<br />
ZalTa gabatonebas rsdmp xelmZRvaneloba verasgziT ver dauSvebda. ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvleloba erovnul ZalTa daqsaqsvisa da dasustebis erTaderT saSualebad iqna<br />
miCneuli.<br />
3. ilia WavWavaZe SeiZleboda moeklaT TbilisSic da saguramoSic, mgzavrobisas Tu<br />
Sin myofi. amisTvis qileris erTi marjve gasrola iyo sakmarisi. am gziT mkvleloba<br />
rsdmp xelmZRvanelobas xels ar aZlevda. ilia unda moeklaT glexebs da Tanac ise, rom<br />
mkvlelobaSi social-demokratebis kvali dafaruliyo. <strong>mkvlelebi</strong>, aucileblad,<br />
adgilobrivi, ilias nacnobi glexebi unda yofiliyvnen. ilia glexebs unda moeklaT,<br />
rogorc memamule, rogorc glexebis mCagvreli. amiT daifareboda politikuri mkvleloba,<br />
mkvleloba erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolisa.<br />
4. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobisaTvis SerCeuli glexebi _ gigla berbiWaSvili, gigola<br />
moZRvriSvili, Tedo labauri, pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri), giorgi xizaniSvili _<br />
mkvlelobaSi ideuri mosazrebiT ar monawileobdnen, isini ilias mokvlas garkveuli<br />
safasuris miRebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen, anu tipiuri teroristebi iyvnen. teroristebis<br />
imedad mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvaneli ver iqneboda. maT SeiZleba nebismier momentSi<br />
gadaefiqraT ilias mokvla (aseTi SemTxvevebi bevri iyo 1905-1907 wlebSi). ilias<br />
mkvlelobis dakmkveTsa da uSualo xelmZRvanels aucileblad sWirdebodaT sayovelTaod<br />
dadasturebuli faqti ilias etlis adgilobrivi glexebis mier gaCerebis Taobaze.<br />
danarCeni marto moqmedi profesionali qileris saqme iyo. es qileri CasafrebaSi<br />
imyofeboda. qilerma icoda ,rom glexebi ilias etls gaaCerebdnen, xolo glexebma<br />
qileris arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen. gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma ilias etli<br />
gaaCera. ilia etlSi fexze wamodga. ilias mcvelis iakob biTariSvilis etlidan<br />
5
gadaxtomam da buCqebSi gaqcevam teroristebi daabnia da SeaSina. iakobs SeeZlo<br />
moxerxrbuli safridan Sua gzaze mdgari teroristebi advilad daexoca. mTeli yuradReba<br />
iakob biTariSvilze iqna gadatanili. swored am dros gaCerebuli etlidan ukan<br />
CasafrebaSi myofma marto moqmedma qilerma erTaderTi tyvia gaisrola. ilia swored am<br />
tyviiT aris mokluli. gasrolis Semdeg qileri SeumCnevlad gaecala iqaurobas. 1907<br />
wlis 31 agvistos duSeTis mazris eqimma iaSvilma gamomZiebel dilevskis TandaswrebiT<br />
gakveTa ilia WavWavaZis gvami. Sedga gvamis gakveTis aqti. am dokumentSi sruliad<br />
garkveviTaa aRniSnuli: ,,gulmkerdis areSi aReniSneba cecxlnasroli gamWoli Wriloba,<br />
romlis erTi xvreli moTavsebulia marjvena ZuZus dvrilidan odnav SigniT, xolo meore<br />
_ marcxena iRliis ukana kideze; pirveli ovaluri formisaa, misi udidesi zoma kanze sami<br />
santimetria, meoris zoma iRliis kanze SedarebiT mcirea, gamavalia neka TiTisaTvis”. e. i.<br />
ilias sxeulSi tyvia Sevida marcxena iRliis ukana kidesTan, neknebs Soris, gaiara guli<br />
da gamovida marjvena ZuZus dvrilTan. amitomaa, rom marcxena iRliis ukana kideze (neknebs<br />
Soris) tyviam datova mcire diametric xvreli (gamavali neka TiTisaTvis), xolo mkerdze<br />
(marjvena ZuZus dvrilTan) _ gacilebiT didi zomis xvreli (ovaluri formis, sami<br />
santimertis sigrZisa). cnobilia, rom tyvia sxeulSi Sesvlisas tovebs mcire diametris<br />
xvrels, xolo sxeulidan gamosvlisas gacilebiT dids. ilia WavWavaZis gvamis<br />
daTvalierebis aqtis (1907 wlis 31 agvisto) Seswavlis Sedegad eqsperti b. kilasonia<br />
daaskvnis: ilias sxeulze cecxlsasroli iaraRiT miyenebuli ,,Wrilobis arxis<br />
mimarTulebaa marcxnidan marjvniv, uknidan win, e.i. iliasaTvis tyvia zurgidan usvriaT:”<br />
mkvlelobis monawileTa mier 1907 wels micemuli Cvenebebis mixedviT ki ilia WavWavaZes<br />
gigla berbiWaSvilma pirispir mdgarma (e.i. winidan) esrola. SeiZleba Tedo labauri da<br />
mkvlelobis sxva monawileebi arc cruobdnen, ubralod verc gaiges vis mier nasrolma<br />
tyviam mokla ilia. maT xom warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT imis Taobaze, rom iqve axlos<br />
marto moqmedi qileri iyo Casafrebuli. amis gamo eWvic ar SehparviaT, rom ilia swored<br />
gigla berbiWaSvilma mokla.<br />
5. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis damkveTma da misma uSualo xelmZRvanelma mizans<br />
nawilobriv miaRwies _ sazogadoeba da gamoZieba daabnies. ilias mkvleloba ise<br />
veragulad iyo momzadebuli da ganxorcielebuli, rom dRes mavens da mavens kvlav sjera,<br />
rom ilia agrarul niadagze iqna mokluli glexebis mier. kvlav SevxvdebiT adamianebs,<br />
romlebic amtkiceben, rom ilia ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT mokles.<br />
ilias mkvlelobis damkveTisa da misi uSualo amsruleblis (teroristebs ar<br />
vgulisxmobT!) dadgena ver SeZlo orma gamoZiebam da orma sasamarTlo procesma. verc<br />
ruseTis imperiisa da verc sabWoTa marTlmsajulebam ver gabeda simarTle bolomde<br />
eTqva. verc XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi erovnuli moZraobis moTxovniT Seqmnilma komisiam<br />
gamoitana saboloo daskvna. WeSmariteba mxolod RmerTma uwyis. misi msjavri ukve karga<br />
xania aRsrulda _ ilias mkvlelobis damkveTebsac, mkvlelobis uSualo<br />
organizatorebsac da teroristebsac miezRoT.<br />
* * *<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba (1907-1909ww.) ver warimarTa saTanado doneze.<br />
Ziebis uxarisxod Catarebam gavlena iqonia sasamarTlo procesze (1909w.) da cxadia,<br />
ganaCenzec. Ziebam da sasamarTlom ver miaRwia umTavress _ ver gamoavlina ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvlelobis damkveTi, verc mkvlelobis organizatori, mxolod teroristuli aqtis<br />
uSualo Semsruleblebi daadgina da dasaja. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobas ar mieca<br />
politikuri mkvlelobis kvalifikacia. sasamarTlom ganaCeni memamulis mkvlel glexebs<br />
gamoutana. pasuxi ver gaeca uamrav kiTxvas. dRes, ilias mkvlelobidan asxuTi wlis<br />
Semdeg, Zalze Znelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelic ki, gamoikvlio da daadgino is, rac<br />
unda gamokvleuliyo da dageniliyo mkvlelobidan ramdenime kviris, Tundac ramdenime<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis istoriaSi sadReisod dadgenilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
Semdegi:<br />
pirveli. ilia WavWavaZis mkvelobis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo emigraciaSi<br />
(parizSi, JenevaSi) myofma ruseTis socialur-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis<br />
xelmZRvanelobam (imxanad bolSevikuri da menSevikuri fraqciebi erT partiad iyo<br />
gaerTianebuli).<br />
6
meore. ilia WavWavaZis mokvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizezi gaxda misi<br />
arCeva ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad (1906 w.), aseve ilias brZola <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
politikuri avtonomiisaTvis, mxardaWera avtokefalistTa moZraobisadmi da saerTod,<br />
erovnul ZalTa gaerTianebis mcdeloba. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />
rsdmp programas da misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi social-demokratia saqarTveloSi<br />
umniSvnelo Zalad iqceoda, rasac v. lenini da misi Tanamoazreebi ver dauSvebdnen.<br />
mesame. rsdmp xelmZRvanelobam mkvlelobis damkveTis vinaobis ukeT dafarvis mizniT<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizeba ar daavala rsdmp Tbilisis komitets (komitetSi<br />
bolSevikebi da menSevikebi erTad moRvaweobdnen), romelsac Zlieri teroristuli<br />
organizacia gaaCnda. sazRvargareTidan Camosulma rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis ndobiT<br />
aRWurvilma pirma (igi erovnebiT qarTveli ar yofila) ilia mkvlelobis organizeba<br />
daavala filipe maxaraZesa da sergo orjonikiZes (arc erTi maTgani rsdmp Tbilisis<br />
komitetis wevri ar yofila), romelTac miRebuli instruqciis Tanaxmad, saqmis kursSi ar<br />
CauyenebiaT rsdmp Tbilisis komiteti.<br />
meoTxe. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli fuli socialdemokratebma<br />
sazRvargareTidan Semoitanes, eqspropriaciis gziT saqarTveloSi ar<br />
moupovebiaT. es imitom gakeTda, rom jandarmeriasa da oxrankas eWvi ar aeRo,<br />
eqsproprirebuli fulis kvals ar gahyoloda da mkvlelobis organizatorebi ar<br />
daedgina.<br />
mexuTe. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis damkveTis dafarvis mizniT filipe maxaraZem da<br />
sergo orjonikiZem ilias mkvlelobamde dayares xmebi imis Taobaze, rom ilias male<br />
moklavdnen, mkvlelobis dRidanve ki social-demokratebi Zalze ostaturad avrcelebdnen<br />
xmebs, romlis mixedviTac ilia WavWavaZe mokles a) yaCarebma Zarcvis mizniT, b)<br />
adgilobrivma glexebma agrarul niadagze, g) somexma nacionalistebma erovnuli SuRlis<br />
niadagze, d) ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam politikuri motiviT. social-demokratebma<br />
mkvlelobis damkveTis vinaoba sabolood mainc ver damales, magram ilias mkvlelobis<br />
pirvel dReebSi xelisufleba, sazogadoeba da Zieba seriozulad daabnies.<br />
meeqvse. social-demokratebs ilia SeeZloT moeklaT sakuTar saxlSi (TbilisSi,<br />
saguramoSi) an gzaze etliT mimavali. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo Casafrebuli profesionali<br />
qileris erTi gasrola. am gziT ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqti social-demokratebs<br />
xels ar aZlevdaT. ilia unda moeklaT adgilobriv glexebs, aSkara yaCaRuri TavdasxmiT,<br />
xolo mokluli unda gaeZarcvaT. es mkvlelobis organizatorebs saSualebas miscemda,<br />
gaevrcelebinaT xmebi, rom ilia mokles an Zarcvis mizniT an agrarul niadagze.<br />
meSvide. damkveTisa da organizatorebis dafarvis mizniT filipe maxaraZem da sergo<br />
orjonikiZem teroristuli aqti Semdegnairad ganaxorcieles: adgilobrivma glexebma<br />
gigla berbiWaSvilma, gigola moZRvriSvilma, pavle fSavliSvilma (afciaurma), gigla<br />
(loma) xizaniSvilma da ,,viRac imerelma” 1907 wlis 30 agvistos sofel wiwamursa da<br />
sofel saguramos Soris (saguramodan oTx versze) Tbilisidan momavali ilia WavWavaZis<br />
etli gaaCeres. amaSi teroristebs daexmara maTi Tanamzraxveli, ilias meetle Tedo<br />
labauri. social-demokratebs aucileblad sWirdebodaT glexebis mier etlis gaCerebis<br />
sayovelTaod dadasturebuli faqti (es faqti Ziebas kidec daudastures Tedo labaurma<br />
da ilias meuRlem). mkvlelobis organizatorebs afiqrebdaT erTi garemoeba - glexebi,<br />
romlebic etls gaaCerebdnen, profesionali qilerebi ar iyvnen. isini demoralizebuli,<br />
gadagvarebuli adamianebi iyvnen da maTi ndoba ar SeiZleboda. 1905-1907 wlebis<br />
revoluciis periodSi iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac glexebma (araprofesionalma qilerebma)<br />
fuli aiRes, magram bolo momentSi memamulis mkvleloba gadaifiqres da mxolod ZarcviT<br />
dakmayofildnen. igive SeiZleboda momxdariyo ilia WavWavaZeze Tavdasxmisasac. swored<br />
amitom ilias etlis gaCerebis savaraudo adgilze mkvlelobis organizatorebs mzad<br />
hyavdaT damoukideblad moqmedi profesionali qileri (igi erovnebiT qarTveli iyo).<br />
gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma etli gaaCera, fexze wamomdgar ilias ki zurgis mxridan,<br />
savaraudod, gzis marcxena napiridan, esrola Casafrebulma qilerma. qilerma erTaderTi<br />
tyvia gaisrola. tyvia ilias sxeulSi Sevida marcxena neknebis mxridan, gaiara guli da<br />
gamovida mkerdSi, marjvena ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT. cecxlsasroli iaraRiT<br />
(tyviiT) miyenebuli sxva Wriloba ilia WavWavaZis sxeulze ar aRmoCnda. qileris<br />
Casafrebis Sesaxeb araferi uwyoda gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma, qilerma ki icoda, Tu<br />
sad gaaCrebdnen glexebi etls. gasrolis Semdeg qileri SeumCnevlad gaecala iqaurobas,<br />
misi arseboba ar Seutyvia arc Ziebas da arc sasamarTlos. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis<br />
masalebis mokvleviT dakavebuli iyo ramdenime uwyeba: 1) ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
saministros policiis departamenti da misdami daqvemdebarebuli Tbilisis guberniis<br />
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo, 2) ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvisa da uSiSroebis ganyofileba (oxranka) da misdami<br />
7
daqvemdebarebuli Tbilisis oxranka, 3) Tbilisis policmaisteris sammarTvelo, 4)<br />
Tbilisis droebiTi samxedro gubernatori (igive general-gubernatori) da misdami<br />
daqvemdebarebuli duSeTis mazris mmarTveloba. uSualod Ziebas awarmoebda Tbilisis<br />
saolqo sasamarTlos samZebro nawili (umniSvnelovanes saqmeTa gamomZiebeli iliaSenko),<br />
Tbilisis policmaisteris samZebro nawili (samZebro nawilis ufrosi evtuSevski). Ziebis<br />
procesze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebda Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos prokurori.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlilTagan ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Taobaze yvelaze met<br />
informacias flobda da yvelaze kompetenturi iyo duSeTis mazris ufrosi yaraman faRava.<br />
igi im yvelafris saqmis kursSi iyo, rac xdeboda saguramosa da maxlobel soflebSi.<br />
mazris ufross agenturis farTe da kargad organizebuli qseli gaaCnda, informatorebi<br />
hyavda mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi, gansakuTrebiT, glexobaSi. yaraman faRavam kargad<br />
icoda, Tu vin arxevda xmebs, romlis mixedviTac ilias male moklavdnen, icoda isic, Tu<br />
vin amzadebda ilias mkvlelobas. swored amitom iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan<br />
ori kviris Tavze yaraman faRavasTvis mkvlelobis yvela monawilis vinaoba iyo cnobili.<br />
man detalurad icoda mkvlelobis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis mTeli istoria. rac<br />
mTavaria, yaraman faRavam icoda, rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba dagegmes da adgilobrivi<br />
glexebis xeliT ganaxorcieles social-demokratebma, e.i. es iyo mkvleloba politikuri<br />
motiviT. yaraman faRava kategoriulad gamoricxavda yvela sxva versias (mkvleloba<br />
Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba agrarul niadagze, somexi nacionalistebis mier SekveTili<br />
mkvleloba).<br />
yaraman faRavas ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis Ziebis ufleba ar hqonda, mas<br />
mxolod masalebis moZieba SeeZlo. yaraman faRavas versia damajereblad eCvena Tbilisis<br />
general-gubernator timofeevs. 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers Tbilisis general-gubernatorma<br />
timofeevma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT peterburgSi, saxelmwifo<br />
kancelariaSi Semdegi Sinaarsis telegrama gaagzavna: 30 agvistos daaxloebiT 12 saaTze<br />
duSeTis mazris sofel saguramodan oTxi versis moSorebiT oTxma borotmoqmedma srolis<br />
Sedegad mokla saxelmwifo sabWos wevri Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi laqia, kondaxis<br />
dartymiT Tavi gautexa (Tavis areSi Wriloba miayena) Tavadis meuRles, yvelani (ilia<br />
WavWavaZe, misi meuRle da laqia) gaZarcves. metad saintereso iyo telegramis daskvniTi<br />
nawili: ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles adgilobrivma gelxebma social-demokratebis<br />
waqezebiT, Zarcva simulirebulia”. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom generalgubernatorma<br />
saxelmwifo kancelarias yaraman faRavas versia acnoba. es arc iyo<br />
moulodneli. duSeTis mazris ufrosi uSualod general-gubernatoris daqvemdebarebaSi<br />
imyofeboda da timofeevic yvelaze metad missave xelqveiTs endoboda. amrigad, yaraman<br />
faRavam mizans miaRwia.<br />
mainc ra gamomdinareobda Tbilisis general-gubernatoris 1907 wlis 1 seqtembris<br />
telegramidan: 1. ilia WavWavaZe mokles social-demokratebis waqezebiT, e.i. mkvlelobis<br />
damkveTi iyo social-demokratia anu es iyo politikuri mkvleloba, 2) socialdemokratebma<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba adgilobrivi glexebis xeliT ganaxorcieles, 3)<br />
ilia WavWavaZis, misi meuRlisa da laqiis gaZarcva simulirebuli iyo anu mkvleloba<br />
glexebs Zarcvis mizniT ar CaudeniaT.<br />
yaraman faRavas mier Catarebuli mokvlevis Sedegad dadginda: 1) <strong>mkvlelebi</strong>s<br />
(teroristebis) vinaoba, 2) pirovnebebi, romlebic uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen<br />
teroristebs, 3) politikuri Zala, romlis nebiTac ganxorcielda ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvleloba. yaraman faRavam ver daadgina da arc SeeZlo konkretulad daedgina, sad<br />
gadawyda ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba da visi miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen mkvelobis<br />
organizatorebi anu vin SeukveTa mkvleloba. es ukve Ziebis saqme iyo.<br />
yaraman faRavas mier mokvleul masalaze dayrdnobiT gamomZiebelma iliaSenkom<br />
miaRwia imas, rom Tedo labauri 1907 wlis 3 noembers iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi monawileobdnen gigla berbiWaSvili, gigola moZRvriSvili,<br />
pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) da ivane (vano) inaSvili. mkvlelobis damkveTisa da<br />
organizatorebis Sesaxeb Tedo labaurs ar SeiZleba rame scodnoda. amis Taobaze<br />
gamoZiebas informacia sxva eWvmitanilebisagan unda moepovebina, Tumca es ar momxdara.<br />
1907 wlis dekembridan ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Ziebis saqme CixSi Sevida, ufro<br />
zustad, Sewyda yaraman faRavas versiis (social-demokratebis mier SekveTili mkvlelobis)<br />
damuSaveba. am versiis avtori duSeTis mazris ufrosi yaraman faRava jer mazris ufrosis<br />
TanaSemwed CamoaqveiTes, xolo Semdeg saerTod moaSores mazris mmarTvelobas. ufro<br />
metic, yaraman faRavas daJinebuli moTxovniT dapatimrebuli eWvmitanilebi, romelTa<br />
saSualebiTac Ziebas ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatorebi (filipe maxaraZe da<br />
sergo orjonikiZe) unda daedgina, patimrobidan gaaTavisufles. gamoZiebas xelSi SerCa<br />
8
ilias <strong>mkvlelebi</strong>, romelTac warmodgenac ar hqondaT arc mkvlelobis organizatorebze<br />
da, miT umetes, arc mkvlelobis damkveTze. yovelive es SemTxveviT ar momxdara.<br />
ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkvleloba ar iyo Cveulebrivi movlena.<br />
es metad usiamovno faqti iyo TviT kavkasiis mefisnacvlisTvisac ki. rac SeexebaT<br />
Tbilisis general-gubrenators, Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrossa<br />
da Tbilisis oxrankis ufross, isini Tanamdebobrivad iyvnen movaleni, daecvaT<br />
saxelmwifo sabWos wevri. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis versiebidan kavkasiis<br />
samefisnacvlos administracias yvelaze metad xels aZlevda versia mkvleloba Zarcvis<br />
mizniT. ufro naklebad, magram mainc misaRebi iyo versia - mkvleloba agrarul niadagze.<br />
yvelaze arasasurveli iyo versia - social-demokratebis mier organizebuli mkvleloba<br />
anu politikuri mkvleloba. politikuri mkvleloba seriozulad ayenebda eWvis qveS<br />
Tbilisis general-gubernatoris uwyebis, Jandarmeriisa da oxrankis kompetenturobis<br />
sakiTxs. rac Seexeba mkvlelobas Zarcvis mizniT an mkvlelobas agrarul niadagze, es<br />
kavkasiis samefisnacvlos administracias Tavis marTlebis met Sanss utovebda. yaCaRTa<br />
bandis mier Zarcvis mizniT an glexebis mier agrarul niadagze ganxorcielebuli<br />
memamulis mkvleloba, cxadia, ar aRiqmeboda ise mwvaved, rogorc saxelmwifo sabWos<br />
wevris politikuri mkvleloba.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatorebi (filipe maxaraZe da sergo orjonikiZe)<br />
grZnobdnen, rom Ziebas SeeZlo maTi vinaoba daedgina. cxadia, maT ar SeiZleboda<br />
scodnodaT, rom garkveuli mosazrebiT xelisuflebam Tavad Tqva uari socialdemokratebis<br />
mier SekveTili politikuri mkvlelobis versiis damuSavebaze. amitom iyo,<br />
rom filipe maxaraZe da sergo orjonikiZe Tavis mxriv cdilobdnen kidev erTxel<br />
daebniaT gamoZieba. ase gamovida asparezze aleqsandre grekovi. 1907 wlis 30 noembers<br />
ozurgeTis sofel nagomaris mcxovrebma, social-demokratebTan kavSirSi myofma<br />
aleqsandre grekovma general-gubernator tolmaCevs misca Semdegi Sinaarsis Cveneba: 1907<br />
wlis zafxulSi guriaSi, sofel baxvSi, social-demokratebis krebaze gadawyda ilia<br />
WavWavaZis mokvla. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcieleba daevalaT ermile da kalistrate<br />
doliZeebs da vinme basileiSvils.<br />
sofel baxvSi Catarebuli krebis Taobaze daiwyo gamoZieba, Tbilisidan da<br />
saguramodan yuradReba gadatanil iqna guriaze. iq saswrafod iqna mivlinebuli<br />
gamomZiebeli evtuSevski. Sedegi winaswarve iyo cnobili: 1908 wlis 19 aprils aleqsandre<br />
gregovma Cveneba Secvala da ganacxada: baxvSi araviTari kreba ar Catarebula, yvelaferi<br />
me movigoneo. baxvSi kreba marTlac ar gamarTula. social-demokratebma mizans miaRwies:<br />
Zieba kvlav agrarul niadagze momxdari mkvlelobis versiis damuSavebas daubrunda.<br />
kavkasiis samxedro-saolqo sasamarTlo Ziebis masalebs daeyrdno. ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvlelobas politikuri mkvlelobis kvalifikacia ar mieca. ra Tqma unda, arc<br />
mkvlelobis damkveTi da misi organizatorebi daudgeniaT. isic ki ar daudgeniaT,<br />
uSualod vin xelmZRvanelobda teroristebs, vin amzadebda maT teroristuli aqtisaTvis,<br />
vin misca glexebs davaleba, rom 1907 wlis 30 agvistos gzaze unda daxvedrodnen ilia<br />
WavWavaZes. Tumca yvelam kargad icoda, rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis monawile<br />
glexebis (teroristebis) garda gansasjelTa skamze unda mjdariyo kidev erTi pirovneba,<br />
vinc sakmaod didi xnis manZilze gonebas uwamlavda da saukunis mkvlelobisaTvis<br />
amzadebda teroristTa jgufs. gamomZiebelma, mosamarTlem da prokurorma TiTqos ar<br />
icodnen, rom teroristuli aqti xorcieldeboda aseTi sqemiT: teroristuli aqtis<br />
damkveTi _ teroristuli aqtis organizatori _ teroristuli aqtis uSualo<br />
xelmZRvaneli _ teroristebi.<br />
1909 wlis 10 agvistos sasamarTlom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis monawileebs Tedo<br />
labaurs, giorgi (loma) xizaniSvils da ivane (vano) inaSvils CamoxrCoba miusaja. ganaCeni<br />
sisruleSi iqna moyvanili 21 agvistos. ilias mkvlelobis erT-erTi monawile gigola<br />
moZRvriSvili cixeSi gardaicvala. mkvlelobis kidev erTi monawile pavle SavliSvili<br />
(afciauri) 1908 wlis 11 maiss cixidan gaiqca. is 17 dekembers policielebTan Setakebisas<br />
mokles. gigla berbiWaSvilis kvals policiam ver miakvlia. is social-demokratebma<br />
saimedod gadamales.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba da sasamarTlo (1907-1909 w.w.) iyo arc Tu ise<br />
kargad dadgmuli speqtakli, Tumca speqtakli amiT ar dasrulebula. mis gagrZelebas<br />
warmoadgenda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier organizebuli Zieba da 1941-1942 wlebis<br />
sasamarTlo procesi.<br />
ruseTis imperiis aRsasruls (1917 wlis Teberval-marti) TiTqos xelsayreli<br />
pirobebi unda Seeqmna ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis obieqturad gamoZiebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921ww.) xelisuflebam am TvalsazrisiT<br />
9
imedebi ver gaamarTla. jer kidev <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis<br />
aRdgenamde (1918 wlis 26 maisi) amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetisa (ozakomi) da<br />
amierkavkasiis komisariatis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis aprili),<br />
iseve rogorc yofili ruseTis imperiis mTels teritoriaze, saqarTveloSic daucveli da<br />
mouvleli aRmoCnda ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis arqivebi, maT Soris<br />
specsamsaxurebisa da sasamarTlos arqivebi. masalebis didi nawili an daudevrobiT an<br />
Segnebulad (politikuri mizniT) ganadgurda. yvela politikuri partia da politikuri<br />
moRvawe cdilobda moespo iseTi saarqivo masala, romlic saxels gautexda mas. ase<br />
ganadgurda masalebi Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos, quTaisis guberniis<br />
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos, Tbilisis oxrankis, kavkasiis oxrankis, Tbilisis<br />
policmaisteris, droebiTi samxedro gubernatorebis (general-gubernatorebis), mazrebis<br />
ufrosebis, Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos, quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlos, Tbilisis<br />
olqis prokuroris, quTaisis olqis prokuroris, kavkasiis sasamarTlo palatis, kavkasiis<br />
samxedro-saolqo sasamarTlos, Tbilisis metexis sapyrobilisa da sxva sapyrobileTa<br />
arqivebidan. Segnebulad Tu SemTxveviT ganadgurebul saarqivo masalaTa Soris aRmoCnda<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos masalebi (1907-1909 w.w.). am<br />
danakargis anazRaureba dRes ukve SeuZlebelia.<br />
1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis obieqturad gamoZieba<br />
sazogadoebis sruliad bunebrivi moTxovna iyo. am mimarTulebiT gadaidga kidec<br />
zogierTi konkretuli nabiji. sabolood <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis<br />
social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) xelisuflebis azri ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis<br />
saqmis gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT orad gaiyo. erTni miiCnevdnen, rom ilia bolSevikebma<br />
mokles, amitomac mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas didi politikur-ideologiuri<br />
mniSvneloba eqneboda. meoreni Tvlidnen, rom, marTalia, ilia bolSevikebma mokles, magram<br />
mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas SeiZleboda Crdili mieyenebina qarTveli menSevikebisaTvis,<br />
radgan qarTvel menSevikTa nawili ideuri TvalsazrisiT dapirispirebuli iyo ilia<br />
WavWavaZesTan da aqtiurad ebrZoda mas. sabolood ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba<br />
saxelmwifo zrunvis sagnad ver iqca. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> social-demokratiuli partia,<br />
marTalia, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Taobaze masalebs agrovebda, magram es saqme<br />
mindobili hqondaT araprofesionalebs, muSaoba warmoebda usistemod. sazogadoebaSi<br />
gavrcelda xmebi, rom komisiam masalebis raRac nawili an gaanadgura, an saguldagulod<br />
gadamala.<br />
1921 wlidan filipe maxaraZe sistematurad aferxebda ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis<br />
Taobaze masalebis moZiebasa da gamoqveynebas. ibeWdeboda mxolod iseTi masala, romelic<br />
mxars uWerda oxrankis mier ilias mkvlelobis versias. filipe maxaraZe avtorebis mimarT<br />
muqarasa da SantaJsac ar erideboda. ufro metic, is mfarvelobda, biniT, samsaxuriTa da<br />
pensiiT uzrunvelyofda ilia WavWavaZeze Tavdasxmis erT-erT monawiles _ gigla<br />
berbiWaSvils.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa filipe maxaraZisa da ,,misi razmis”<br />
(e.i. xelisuflebis) mier 1921 wlidan 1934 wlamde gagrZelda. am samarcxvino kampanias<br />
zRvari daudo ioseb stalinma. 1934 wels gaimarTa sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris<br />
pirveli yriloba. qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis istoria V saukunidan XX saukunis<br />
CaTvliT yrilobaze warmoadgina cnobilma qarTvelma bolSevikma malaqia toroSeliZem<br />
(cxadia, moxseneba avtorTa koleqtivis Sromis Sedegi iyo). moxsenebis pirvel variantSi<br />
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mimoxilvas mokrZalebuli adgili ekava, Sefasebac<br />
tradiciuli, bolSevikuri, filipeseuli iyo. am droisaTvis ioseb stalins ukve<br />
gadawyvetili hqonda aRedgina WeSmariteba: obieqturad Sefasebuliyo ilias adgili<br />
qarTul mwerlobasa da saerTod, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriaSi. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mweralTa<br />
kavSiris delegaciis moskovSi Casvlis Semdeg ioseb stalinis miTiTebiT (ufro zustad,<br />
karnaxiT!) mTlianad Seicvala moxsenebis struqtura da Sinaarsi, gansakuTrebiT ki is<br />
nawili, romelic ilias exeboda (arsebobs mosazreba, rom moxsenebis meore variantis<br />
teqsti pavle ingoroyvas ekuTvnis) es iyo sabWoTa literaturaTmcodneobasa da<br />
istoriografiaSi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis pirveli, met-naklebad obieqturi Sefaseba.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc moazrovnisa da moRvawis, obieqtur Sefasebas xels uSlida is<br />
stereotipi, romelic filipe maxaraZem Seqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom filipe maxaraZe 1934<br />
wlisaTvis seriozul Zalas aRar warmoadgenda, ilias mTeli sidiadiT warmoCenas is<br />
mainc abrkolebda. es brZola man sabolood 1937 wels waago, roca, cxadia, ioseb<br />
stalinis nebiT, farTod aRiniSna ilia WavWavaZis 100 wlis iubile.<br />
1934-1937 wlebSi ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis mimarT xelisuflebis<br />
damokidebulebis sasikeTod Secvlam TavisTavad dasva kiTxva: vin mokla ilia? XX<br />
saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis pasuxis erTaderTi, xelisuflebisaTvis misaRebi<br />
10
varianti aseTi iyo: ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT mokla<br />
oxrankam. daiwyo am versiis damadasturebeli masalebis moZieba. am metad sapasuxismgeblo<br />
saqmes ioseb stalinis davalebiT lavrenti beria xelmZRvanelobda. ramdenime avtorma,<br />
miuxedavad didi mondomebisa, ver SeZlo xelisuflebis dakveTis Sesruleba. moZiebuli<br />
masalidan aSkara xdeboda, rom ilias mkvleloba SeukveTa ruseTis social-demokratiul<br />
muSaTa partiam, oxrankis kvali ar dasturdeboda. 1938 wels gamoica paata guguSvilis<br />
naSromi ,,ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba”. marTalia, paata guguSvili ilias oxrankis<br />
moklulad miiCnevda, magram naSromidan (gamokvlevidan da TandarTuli dokumentebidan)<br />
aSkara xdeboda, rom oxrankis mier ilias mokvlis versia SeTiTxnili iyo, kvali aSkarad<br />
social-demokratebisaken midioda. aseTi Seusabamoba paata guguSvils ar SeiZleboda<br />
gaparvoda. kidec rom gaparvoda, wigns cenzura ar gauSvebda. unda vivaraudoT, rom<br />
xsenebul wignSi arsebuli es ,,Seusabamoba” ioseb stalins sWirdeboda. ori kurdRlis<br />
erTdroulad daWeris didostats amjeradac raRac mizani amoZravebda. ioseb stalinis es<br />
mizani imdenad veraguli iyo, rom lavrenti beriac ki daibna. ioseb stalinisagan ilia<br />
WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis davaleba rom miuRia, gaocebul lavrenti berias<br />
uTqvams: am saqmes raRa gamoZieba unda? ilia WavWavaZis erT-erTi mkvleli belads<br />
moskovSi uzis TavisTan, meore ki me mizis TbilisSio. Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom<br />
lavrenti beria sergo orjonikiZesa da filipe maxaraZes gulisxmobda.<br />
zogierTi istorikosi amtkicebs, rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da<br />
sasamarTlo procesi ioseb stalins XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebisTvis Seqmnili<br />
viTarebis gamo dasWirda. ufro konkretulad ki, ioseb stalins filipe maxaraZisa da<br />
sergo orjonikiZis Tavidan moSoreba surda. Cven am versias ar viziarebT. ioseb stalini<br />
filipe maxaraZisa da Tundac sergo orjonikiZis Tavidan moSorebis sanacvlod, ilia<br />
WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partias ar<br />
daadanaSaulebda. garda amisa, maTi ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebad aRiarebiT saqme<br />
ar dasruldeboda. bunebrivad daismeboda kiTxva: visi davalebiT moqmedebdnen filipe<br />
maxaraZe da sergo orjonikiZe? mkvlelobis damkveTis vinaoba TavisTavad cxadi gaxdeboda.<br />
ufro savaraudoa, rom ioseb stalinma lavrenti berias marTlac misca miTiTeba filipe<br />
maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis, rogorc ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa,<br />
mamxilebeli masalebis moZiebis Taobaze, magram es masala garkveul dromde saidumlod<br />
unda yofiliyo daculi, Ziebas da sasamarTlos ki oxrankis versia unda daesabuTebina.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefaseba, rogorc aRvniSneT, 1934-<br />
1937 wlebSi moxda. logikuri iqneboda ilias mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZieba da<br />
sasamarTlo procesi amave wlebSi, ilias 100 wlis iubilemde (1937w.), gamarTuliyo. es ase<br />
ar moxda imitom, rom 1934-1938 wlebi uaRresad mZime iyo ioseb stalinisaTvis _<br />
politikur da samxedro moRvaweTa Zlieri opoziciuri dajgufeba mis xelisuflebisagan<br />
CamoSorebas cdilobda. opoziciis narCenebi ioseb stalinma 1938 wlis gazafxulamde<br />
gaanadgura.<br />
ilia mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba garkveulwilad Seaferxa lavernti berias moskovSi<br />
gadayvanam (1938w.). amiT isargebla filipe maxaraZem da kidev erTxel scada ilias<br />
mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis Seferxeba. male filepe maxaraZe mkacrad gaafrTxiles da<br />
isic iZulebuli gaxda mayureblis roliT dakmayofilebuliyo.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZiebis Taobaze gadawyvetileba<br />
sabWoTa kavSirze germaniis Tavdasxmamde (1941 wlis 22 ivnisi) miiRes. pirveli mowmeebi 1941<br />
wlis ianvarSi daikiTxa. gigla berbiWaSvili pasuxisgebaSi misces 1941 wlis 14 ivniss<br />
(omis dawyebamde rva dRiT adre). omis dawyebam gamoZieba ver Seaferxa. 1941 wlis noembris<br />
bolos gamoZiebam saqme gadasca <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> umaRles sasamarTlos. 1941 wlis 27 noembers<br />
Sedga <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> umaRlesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sasamarTlo<br />
kolegiis mosamzadebeli sxdoma. sasamarTlo procesi daiwyo 1941 wlis 25 dekembers,<br />
ganaCeni gamocxadda 1942 wlis 5 ianvars.<br />
cxadia, 1941 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze Seqmnil umZimes samxedro-politikur<br />
viTarebaSi xelisuflebas SeeZlo gadaedo gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesi. ioseb<br />
stalini sxvagvarad fiqrobda: ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebasa da<br />
sasamarTlo process didi politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda, romelic scildeboda<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a da sabWoTa kavSiris farglebs.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesi winaswar<br />
Sedgenili scenaris mixedviT warimarTa. yvela Cveneba gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos<br />
dokumentebSi (oqmebi, stenogramebi) iseTi saxiT Sevida, rogorc es xelisuflebas surda<br />
(dRes SeiZleba Zneli warmosadgenia, Tu ras niSnavda 1941 wels iseTi Cvenebis micema,<br />
romelic miuRebeli iyo xelisuflebisaTvis). amitom iyo, rom gamoZiebac da sasamarTloc<br />
11
,,mividnen” xelisuflebis mier SekveTil daskvnamde: ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba ruseTis<br />
imperiis xelisuflebis SekveTiT ganaxorciela oxrankam.<br />
1941 wlisaTvis ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatorTagan mxolod filipe<br />
maxaraZe iyo cocxali, mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelTagan - aRaravin, iliaze<br />
Tavdasxmis monawileTagan (teroristTagan) ki mxolod gigla berbiWaSvili. radgan ilia<br />
oxrankis mier moklulad unda gamocxadebuliyo, filipe maxaraZiT gamoZieba da<br />
sasamarTlo sajarod ver dainteresdeboda. rCeboda gigla berbiWaSvili. gadawyda: gigla<br />
berbiWaSvili unda gamocxadebuliyo oxrankis agentebis mier daqiravebul, ilia WavWavaZis<br />
fizikur mkvlelad, romlis gasrolilma tyviamac sicocxle mouswrafa ilias. radgan<br />
mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelTagan cocxali aRaravin iyo, anu aRar iyvnen is<br />
adamianebi, romelTac teroristTa jgufi Seadgines da ilias gzaze Causafres, Ziebasa da<br />
sasamarTlos ar gauWirdeboda imis damtkiceba, rom ilias mkvlelobis uSualo<br />
xelmZRvanelebi oxrankis agentebi iyvnen da oxrankis davalebiT moqmedebdnen. vin iyo<br />
gigla berbiWaSvili? am kiTxvaze gamoZiebas da sasamarTlos aseTi pasuxi hqonda mzad:<br />
gigla berbiWaSvili iyo uideo, uzneo, gaxrwnili, gadagvarebuli adamiani, romelic<br />
oxrankis agentebma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi monawileobaze daiTanxmes.<br />
ase iqca gigla berbiWaSvili gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlosaTvis ilia WavWavaZis<br />
mkvlelobis saqmeSi centralur figurad.<br />
1941-1942 wlebSi gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia:<br />
1. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba iyo politikuri mkvleloba, romelic ruseTis imperiis<br />
xelisuflebis nebiT ganxorcielda (mkvlelobis damkveTi).<br />
2. mkvleloba moamzada oxrankam (mkvlelobis organizatori).<br />
3. mkvlelobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen oxrankis agentebi (mkvlelobis uSualo<br />
xelmZRvanelebi).<br />
4. oxrankis agentebma uideo, gadagvarebuli, znedacemuli da gaxrwnili<br />
adamianebisagan Seadgines teroristuli jgufi, romelic Tavs daesxa ilias 1907 wlis 30<br />
agvistos (mkvlelobis uSualo monawileni).<br />
amrigad, sqema aseT saxes iRebda: ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba (mkvelobis damkveTi)<br />
_ oxranka (mkvlelobis organizatori) _ oxrankis agentebi (mkvlelobis uSualo<br />
xelmZRvanelebi) _ teroristebi (ilia WavWavaZeze Tvdasxmis monawileni).<br />
ioseb stalinma, lavrenti beriam da bevrma sxvamac SesaniSnavad icodnen WeSmariteba,<br />
romelic ukve meored miiCqmala:<br />
1. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba iyo politikuri mkvleloba, romelic ruseTis socialdemokratiul<br />
muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobis nebiT ganxorcielda (mkvlelobis<br />
damkveTi).<br />
2. mkvleloba moamzada rsdmp xelmZRvanelebis ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma (is<br />
erovnebiT qarTveli ar yofila) filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis meSveobiT<br />
(mkvlelobis organizatorebi).<br />
3. mkvlelobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen social-demokratebi (mkvlelobis<br />
uSualo xelmZRvanelebi).<br />
4. mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebma Seadgines teroristuli jgufi, (ilia<br />
WavWavaZeze Tavdasxmis uSualo monawileni).<br />
5. garda amisa, ioseb stalinma da lavrenti beriam icodnen, rom ilia mokla ara<br />
gigla berbiWaSvilma, aramed damoukideblad moqmedma qilerma, romelic teroristTa<br />
jgufis Casafrebis adgilze teroristTagan farulad miiyvanes mkvlelobis<br />
organizatorebma. cnobili iyo Casafrebis adgilze teroristebTan erTad myofi ,,viRac<br />
imerelis” vinaobac. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleli qilerisa da ,,viRac imerelis” vinaobis<br />
dadgena oxrankis versiis dadasturebisaTvis sulac ar iyo saWiro.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZieba da sasamarTlo didi dartyma<br />
iyo filipe maxaraZisaTvis. Tumca is amjeradac gadarCa: gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos mier<br />
oxrankis versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebam gamoricxa ilias mkvlelobis organizatorad<br />
filipe maxaraZis miCneva. filipe maxaraZes aSkarad bedi swyalobda! Tumca ilias<br />
mkvlelobis organizatori sxvagvarad fiqrobda: aravin uwyoda, ras gadawyvetda, ras<br />
moimoqmedebda ioseb stalini, ra gagrZeleba eqneboda im farss, romelic 1941-1942 wlebSi<br />
gaTamaSda. filipe maxaraZe orjer (1907 welsa da 1942 wels) gadaurCa sasjels. mesamed<br />
beds aRar miendo da sakuTar Tavs TviTon gamoutana ganaCeni: Tavi CamoixrCo.<br />
oficialuri cnobiT sergo orjonikiZe gulis daavadebiT gardaicvala. mogvianebiT<br />
gaCnda versia imis Taobaze, rom is aiZules, Tavi moekla. mesame versiiT sergo orjonikiZe<br />
kefaSi nasroli tyviiT gardaicvala sakuTar binaSi. is moskovSi, wiTel moedanze kremlis<br />
kedelTan dakrZales.<br />
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oficialuri cnobiT filipe maxaraZe bunebrivi sikvdiliT gardaicvala. Tumca<br />
mogvianebiT gaxda cnobili, rom man Tavi CamoixrCo gigla berbiWaSvilis sasamarTlo<br />
procesis dasrulebamde (ganaCenis gamocxadebamde). filipe maxaraZe TbilisSi, mTawmindis<br />
panTeonSi dakrZales.<br />
ioseb stalini organulad ver itanda filipe maxaraZesa da sergo orjonikiZes. ra<br />
iyo amisi mizezi, samivem kargad uwyoda. samivem saidumlo Tan waritana samareSi.<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara dadgindes im teroristis vinaoba, vinc ilias zurgidan esrola?<br />
imxanad teroristul praqti-kaSi aseTi wesebi moqmedebda: yvela terorists hqonda Tavi-si<br />
`xelwera~, e. i. teroristi msxverpls klavda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gasroliT. aseTi<br />
gasrolis nimuSebi iyo: er-Ti tyvia kefaSi, oTxi tyvia zurgSi, ori tyvia mkerdis areSi,<br />
sami tyvia muclis areSi, erTi tyvia Sublis areSi da a. S. cxadia, iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac ramdenime teroristi erTi `xelweriT~ moqmedebda. magram imgvari gasroliT,<br />
rogoriTac ilia mokles (sxeulSi marcxena neknebs Soris Sesulma tyviam gaiara guli da<br />
gamovida mkerdis areSi). imxanad (1905-1907 ww.) mxolod ori teroristi sargeblobda aseTi<br />
`xelweriT~. erTi maTgani 1907 wlis agvistosaTvis cimbiris gadasaxlebaSi imyofeboda da<br />
saqarTveloSi gvian dabrunda. meore 1907 wlis ianvridan agvistomde, ruseTis imperiis<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros policiis departamentisadmi daqvemdebarebuli Tbilisis,<br />
quTaisisa da baqos guberniebis Jandarmeriis sammarTveloebis agenturuli samsaxuris<br />
masalebis mixedviT, aralegalurad cxovrobda TbilisSi, baTumSi, baqoSi da baTumi-<br />
Tbilisi-baqos marSrutiT gadaadgilebisas xSirad ikargeboda Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvis<br />
aredan. es teroristi Sedioda im 50-55 teroristis ricxvSi, romelTac, policiis<br />
departamentis analitikosTa daskvniT, SeeZloT nebismieri sirTulis teroristuli aqtis<br />
ganxorcieleba.<br />
teroristi, romelmac, Cveni azriT, ilia WavWavaZe mokla, Jandarmeriis<br />
TvalTaxedvidan gaqra 1907 wlis 17 agvistos. am dRes igi Jandarmeriis agentma baTumis<br />
navsadgurSi naxa. Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvis areSi teroristi kvlav mxolod 1907 wlis<br />
21 dekembers moxvda, e. i. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan sami Tvisa da ocdaerTi dRis<br />
Semdeg. savaraudoa, teroristma `fskerze jdoma~ gadawyvita, e. i. gadaadgilebisa da<br />
teroristuli saqmianobisagan gangeb ikavebda Tavs. es teroristTa sayovelTaod miRebuli<br />
wesi iyo. jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT iseT masalas, romelic amtkicebdes, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi imave `xelweriT~ sxva te-roristic moqmedebda. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
kategoriuli daskvnis gakeTebisagan Tavs vikavebT, radgan zemoxsenebul terorists,<br />
policiis departamentis da oxrankis masalebis mixedviT, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan<br />
aranairi kavSiri ar umtkicdeba. Tumca, aqve davsZenT, rom am faqts ar SeuZlia safuZveli<br />
gamoacalos Cvens versias, radgan 1907 wlis 17 agvistodan 21 dekembramde policiis<br />
lepartaments aranairi cnoba teroristis Sesaxeb ar moepoveba, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba<br />
ki swored am periodSi moxda.<br />
marTalia, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba gadawyda da daigegma ruseTis socialdemokratiuli<br />
muSaTa partiis emigraciul centrebSi (JenevaSi, parizSi), mkvlelobis<br />
kvalis dafarvac imave centrebSi SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT moxda, magram es sulac ar<br />
xsnis pasuxismgeblobas qarTul sazogadoebas. qarTuli sazogadoeba win ver aRudga<br />
social-demokratebis mier ilias gzis gmobas, ilias devnasa da Seviwrovebas _ ver daicva<br />
eris sulieri mama da ugvirgvino mefe. ufro metic, imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />
udidesi nawili verc ilias mkvlelobam gamoafxizla _ sazogadoeba ZiriTadad iseTive<br />
darCa, rogoric iyo 1907 wlis 30 agvistomde. mxolod RmerTma uwyiss WeSmariteba: iqneb<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyobilebamac iqonia garkveuli gavlena Jenevasa da parizSi<br />
mokalaTebul uRmerTo da usamSoblo politikosebze, roca ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze<br />
gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen.<br />
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