Jan-pol kosta - Constitutional Court of Georgia
Jan-pol kosta - Constitutional Court of Georgia
Jan-pol kosta - Constitutional Court of Georgia
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mogesalmebiT axlad daarsebuli Jurnalis<br />
`sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilvis~<br />
pirveli nomris furclebidan.<br />
es gaxlavT saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos orenovani (qarTulinglisuri)<br />
gamocema, romelic gamodis<br />
evropis sabWos, germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis<br />
sazogadoebasTan, ilia<br />
Wav WavaZis universitetTan da `fond Ria<br />
sazogadoeba saqarTvelos~ qselis `adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobisa da sajaro<br />
samsaxuris reformirebis iniciativasTan~<br />
TanamSrom lobiT. madlobas movaxseneb<br />
TiToeul maTgans TanamSromlobisa da<br />
mxardaWerisaTvi s. Jurnali gamova kvartalSi<br />
erTxel da usasyidlod gadaecema Sesabamis adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso institutebs.<br />
sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilvaSi ganxiluli iqneba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mniSvnelovani siaxleebi, aseve qveynis SigniT, mTel regionsa da ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi ganviTarebuli<br />
umTavresi samarTlebrivi movlenebi. Jurnali qarTvel mkiTxvels SesTavazebs adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos, konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTloebis,<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio marTlmsajulebisa da samarTlebrivi instituciebis gadawyvetilebebis mimoxilvas.<br />
is iqneba erTgvari saSualeba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli ganxilvisa da kritikuli analizisaTvis.<br />
Jurnali saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas miawvdis informacias saqarTvelos Sesaxeb da piriqiT,<br />
xels Seuwyobs qveynebs Soris samecniero samarTlebrivi ideebis Tavisufal gacvlas.<br />
vfiqrob, rom Jurnali moizidavs mkiTxvelTa farTo fenebs da xels Seuwyobs samarTlebrivi<br />
codnis gaRrmavebas. dRevandel rTul pirobebSi gonieri, ganaTlebuli, moazrovne adamianebis<br />
roli Zalze mniSvnelovania Cveni ganviTarebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi qveynebisaTvis, rogoric<br />
saqarTveloa.<br />
pirvel nomerSi SesaZlebloba gveZleva, gavecnoT rogorc cnobil qarTvel, ise ucxoel<br />
specialistTa mosazrebebs. mjera, rom es tendencia gagrZeldeba da TiToeuli gamocema Sevsebuli<br />
iqneba ufro da ufro meti saintereso samecniero naSromiT.<br />
dasasrul, minda aRvniSno, rom Jurnalis gamocema emTxveva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos daarsebis 50 wlisTavs da evrosabWos daarsebis 60 wlis iubiles. mwams, rom momavalSi<br />
am instituciebis progresisa da kidev ufro meti warmatebebis momswre gavxdebiT, maT<br />
uzarmazari gavlena aqvT ara mxolod Cveni qveynis, aramed regionis demokratiuli ganviTarebis<br />
procesebze.<br />
vimedovneb, Cveni Jurnalis furclebidan miiRebT TqvenTvis saWiro da sasargeblo informacia s.<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare<br />
giorgi papuaSvili<br />
1
CemTvis didi pativia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mier daarsebul `sakonstitucio samarTlis<br />
mimoxilvis~ pirvel gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT Sesavali<br />
sityvis dawera. sakonstitucio da adamianis uflebebis<br />
samarTalTan dakavSirebuli debatebisa da azris urTier-<br />
Tgacvlis aRniSnuli forumis Seqmna yvelaze metad Rirebuli<br />
iniciativaa. misasalmebelia am saqmeSi sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos CarTva. upriani iqneba, Tuki Jurnali<br />
Tavis Tematikad saerTaSoriso da SedarebiT-samarTlebriv<br />
midgomas airCevs. nebismieri qveynis sakonstitucio<br />
iurisprudencia kidev ufro myardeba da mdidrdeba sxva<br />
demokratiuli qveynebis standartebisa da samarTlebrivi<br />
tradiciebis kvleviT. evropaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi sistemebisa da instituciebis didi<br />
umetesoba adamianis uflebebis saerTo principebisadmi pativiscemasa da kanonis uzenaesobis<br />
primats efuZneba. bunebrivia, rom unda moxdes am sabaziso principebze dafuZnebuli qveynebis<br />
precedentuli samarTlisa da samarTlebrivi tradiciebis Sedareba-Seswavla. ucxoeli eqspertebis<br />
mier gaRebuli wvlili da misi qarTul-inglisurad gamocema aRniSnuli mimoxilvis furclebze<br />
sakonstitucio samarTlis problematikasTan dakavSirebuli Rirebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
dialogis warmarTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis.<br />
msurs gansakuTrebuli madloba gadavuxado sakonstitucio sasamarTlos imis gamo, rom am<br />
gamocemaSi didi yuradReba dauTmo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul<br />
samarTals. konvenciis arsSi umTavresad gameorebulia erovnul konstituciebSi mocemuli<br />
fundamenturi uflebebis debulebebi. amitomac bunebrivia diskusiisas konvenciis moSveliebis<br />
faqti. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosa da evropul sasamarTlos Soris arsebuli kavSirebi<br />
kidev ufro ganmtkicda mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
xelSemkvreli mxare gaxda. konvenciis wevri nebismieri qveynisaTvis amgvari kavSirebi evropul<br />
da erovnul doneebs Soris warmatebuli urTierTobebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania, rac ur-<br />
TierTdamokidebulebis erT-erTi saxeobaa. konvenciis precedentuli samarTlis wardgena da<br />
misi komentari saSualebas miscems erovnuli iuridiuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs, mosamarTleebs,<br />
advokatebs, akademikosebs da sxva <strong>of</strong>icialur Tu pr<strong>of</strong>esiul jgufebs, gamoiyenon<br />
da ganaviTaron adamianis uflebebi erovnul doneze. es srulebiT Tavsebadia konvenciis sistemis<br />
mizanTan, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis umTavresi pasuxismgebloba adamianis uflebebis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a da maTi ganuxreli dacvaa. evropuli sasamarTlos mandati, principSi, ufro damatebiTia,<br />
romelic individualuri saCivrebis ganxilvis meSveobiT, konvenciis avtoritetul<br />
da erTian ganmartebas uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi<br />
da Targmnili, Tuki maTi erovnul sasamarTloebSi citireba an gamoyeneba moxdeba. Sesabamisad,<br />
am saqmis miRwevaSi aRniSnuli mimoxilvis wvlili metad mniSvnelovania.<br />
evropis iuridiul JurnalebSi intensiuri samecniero dialogis procesi mimdinareobs. am<br />
dialogs `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilvis~ winamdebare gamocema axal perspeqtivasa da<br />
gansxvavebul elfers SesZens. Cven yvelani amiT kidev ufro mdidrebi viqnebiT.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos prezidenti<br />
<strong>Jan</strong>-<strong>pol</strong> <strong>kosta</strong><br />
2
xalxis sakeTildReod<br />
60 wlis win, 1949 wlis 23 maiss, gamoqveynda germaniis<br />
federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelmac nacional-socialistebis<br />
tiranuli mmarTvelobis Semdeg,<br />
daafuZna demokratiuli qveyana, sadac saxelmwifos nebismieri<br />
qmedebis amosaval wertilad kanonis uzenaesoba,<br />
adamianis Rirseba da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi iqca. imavdroulad,<br />
ZiriTadma kanonma konstituciisa da ZiriTadi<br />
uflebebis dacva federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
da ara, magaliTisTvis, federalur prezidents, mTavrobas<br />
an parlaments daakisra. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo am<br />
funqcias wlebis manZilze axorcielebda, gansakuTrebiT<br />
kerZo sakonstitucio saCivrebis ganxilvis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebiT, riTac ZiriTad uflebebs kidev<br />
ufro met efeqturobas sZend a.<br />
amis miuxedavad, germaniaSi sakonstitucio iurisdiqcia<br />
mxolod xsenebuli warmatebuli nabijiT ar dawyebula.<br />
rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daarsda, SesaZlebeli<br />
iyo saorientaciod sxva qveynebis magaliTebis, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos gamocdilebis gaziareba. amasTan erTad, germaniis konstitucia<br />
evropuli integraciis procesSi daibada. amave konteqstSi, safuZveli Caeyara dialogis<br />
process germaniis federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlosa da strasburgSi arsebul adamianis<br />
uflebebis evropul sasamarTlos, luqsemburgSi arsebul evropis kavSiris sasamarTlosa<br />
da evropuli qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris. am process Tan axlda da didi xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi xels uwyobda araerT iuridiul JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi<br />
kvlevisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis kritikuli analizi.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciam sakonstitucio sasamarTloc Seqmna, romelic ganixilavs saxelmwifos<br />
qmedebis konstituciurobas da, imavdroulad, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
dacvis garantia. aRniSnuli amocanis ganxorcieleba aseve moiTxovs sxva saxelmwifoebis<br />
sasamarTloebTan TanamSromlobas saeqsperto Tu SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvlevis kuTxiT.<br />
sxva qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gamocdilebis analizi, ideebis gaziareba da saqmianobis<br />
kritika udavod sasargeblo iqneba kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis dacvis sferoSi saukeTeso gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.<br />
amasTan, Jurnal `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimoxilvas~, romlis pirveli nomeric axla<br />
gamova, vusurveb, rom igi dadebiTad Sefasebuliyos iuristebisa da mecnierebis, aseve akademikosebisa<br />
da studentebis mier, xolo masSi gamoqveynebuli masala nay<strong>of</strong>ieri y<strong>of</strong>iliyos qar-<br />
Tveli xalxis keTildReobisaTvis.<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esori, doqtori,<br />
germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos prezidenti<br />
hans-iurgen papieri<br />
3
saqarTvelo is qveyanaa, sadac regularulad Camosvlis<br />
siamovneba 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mqonda.<br />
demokratiuli gzisken qveynis siaruli ioli ar y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />
saqarTvelom 1991 wlidan ekonomikuri krizisi,<br />
samoqalaqo dapirispireba, revolucia da SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqti gamoscada. am mcire periodisaTvis es sakmaod<br />
bevria, magram Cans, yovelive aman qveyana ufro gaaZliera,<br />
misi moqalaqeebi kidev ufro gaaerTiana da mtkiced gadaawyvetina<br />
saqarTvelos WeSmarit demokratiul qveynad<br />
gadaqceva.<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmnis gadawyvetileba,<br />
Cveulebriv sasamarTlo sistemasTan er-<br />
Tad, miRebul iqna 1995 wels, saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebamde. Tavidanve aSkara iyo, rom<br />
konstituciis proeqtis miRebis Semdgomi logikuri nabiji iseTi uwyebis Camoyalibeba iqneboda,<br />
romelic ZiriTadi kanonis cxovrebaSi gatarebas SeZlebda, rac saSualebas miscemda qveyanas,<br />
konstituciis deklaraciuli debulebebi normatiul teqstad eqcia, qarTul sazogadoebas ki<br />
misi yovedRiurad gamoyenebis saSualeba hqonoda.<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmna erT aTwleulze meti xnis win, saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemis istoriisaTvis gadamwyveti momenti iyo. meamayeba, rom es yovelive Cem Tvalwin<br />
moxda da mas Semdeg Tvalyurs vadevneb sasamarTlos ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT ki, mis sul<br />
ufro mzard rols saqarTveloSi demokratiuli wyobis gasamyareblad. es amocana yovelTvis<br />
rodia ioli. amasTan, sasamarTlos mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi garkveuli gamowvevebis winaSe<br />
dadgeba, rac demokratiul sistemaSi Cveulebrivi procesia. am rolis Sesrulebisas, friad<br />
mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos gaTavisebuli hqondes, rom igi konstituciis dacvis damoukidebeli<br />
garantia, xolo misi mTavari daniSnulebaa adamianis uflebebis dacva.<br />
ra Tqma unda, sakonstitucio sasamarTloebma sxva funqciebic SeiZina da adamianebs sul ufro<br />
metad icaven aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mxridan daSvebuli gadametebebisgan. zogierT qveyanaSi<br />
ki samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis gamyarebiT, maT sasamarTlo gadacdomebis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad mtkice meqanizmi Seqmnes.<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mniSvnelovani gamocdileba<br />
SeiZina jer TbilisSi, qveynis mCqefare dedaqalaqSi, sadac igi Tavdapirvelad iyo ganTavsebuli,<br />
Semdeg ki baTumSi – saqarTvelos mTavar saporto qalaqSi, sadac igi imy<strong>of</strong>eba 2007 wlidan.<br />
mqonda pativi, memuSava saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirvel TavmjdomaresTan<br />
– mosamarTle avTandil demetraSvilTan (1996 – 2001 w.w.), joni xecurianTan (2006 wlamde) da<br />
amJamindel sakonstitucio sasamarTlos TavmjdomaresTan, mosamarTle giorgi papuaSvilTan.<br />
TiToeulma maTganma axali impulsi SesZina sasamarTlos da kidev ufro ganaviTara igi.<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialuri samarTlebrivi Jurnalisa Tu beWdviTi organos arseboba sakonstitucio sasamarTloebSi<br />
didi xnis Camoyalibebuli tradiciaa, mas es-es aris uerTdeba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTloc misi yovelkvartaluri JurnaliT, romelsac `sakonstitucio samarTlos<br />
mimoxilva~ hqvia. aRniSnul gamocemaSi daibeWdeba mniSvnelovani informacia sakonstitucio da<br />
adamianis uflebebis samarTlis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da gamoqveyndeba adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli sasamarTlosa da evropis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi,<br />
erovnuli da ucxoeli akademiuri personalisa Tu eqspertebis statieb i.<br />
Zalze moxaruli var axleburi wamowyebiT da siamovnebiT mivadevneb Tvals aRniSnul gamocema s.<br />
evropuli komisiis `demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT~<br />
(veneciis komisiis) mdivani<br />
jani bukikio<br />
4
Zvirfaso megobrebo,<br />
moxaruli var, rom maqvs SesaZlebloba, mogilocoT<br />
am Jurnalis gamocema. es unikaluri Jurnalia<br />
ara marto imis gamo, rom is pirvelad gamoicema<br />
saqarTveloSi. aramed imitomac, rom is aris bevri<br />
organizaciis TanamSromlobis warmatebuli Sedegi.<br />
amave dros, es aris pirveli SemTxveva saqarTvelo-<br />
Si, rodesac universiteti da sakonstitucio sasamarTlo<br />
erTiandebian da saxaven saerTo miznebs.<br />
magram am Jurnalis mniSvneloba mxolod im unikalur<br />
TanamSromlobaSi rodia, romelic Sedga mis<br />
gamosacemad. CemTvis, rogorc universitetis warmomadgenlisaTvis,<br />
is aris saganmanaTleblo procesi.<br />
am procesis daxmarebiT, darwmunebuli var,<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo dauaxlovdeba<br />
da gasagebi gaxdeba erTi mxriv Cveni moqalaqeebisaTvis,<br />
xolo meore mxriv _ yvela dainteresebuli<br />
mxarisaTvis qveynis sazRvrebs gareT. es swored is SemTxvevaa, romlis sqemasac<br />
yvela samecniero Tu saganmanaTleblo institutma unda misdios. am Jurnalis saSualebiT<br />
Cven vagzavniT qveynis gareT imas, rac sainteresoa gare mkiTxvelisaTvis da amave Jurnalis<br />
saSualebiT Cvens mkiTxvels vuxsniT im sagareo Tu saSinao konteqsts, romelSic arsebobs<br />
Tanamedrove sakonstitucio sasamarTlo rogorc idea da rogorc instituti.<br />
yovel Cvengans vusurveb warmatebas.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori.<br />
gigi TevzaZe<br />
5
sarCevi<br />
herman Svarci<br />
konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi 7<br />
konstantine korkelia<br />
ratom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas? 12<br />
jeremi makbraidi<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba<br />
konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba 21<br />
dragolub popoviCi<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi 49<br />
joni xecuriani<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba<br />
referendumisa da arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze 58<br />
iakob futkaraZe<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi 64<br />
andraS Saio<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde? 76<br />
rori okoneli<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa principebi 102<br />
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema —<br />
damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi 110<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
didi palatis gadawyvetileba<br />
varnava da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg 137
herman Svarci<br />
konstituciis mSeneblobis<br />
safexurebi<br />
herman Svarci<br />
sakonstitucio samarTlis sferoSi<br />
cnobili moRvawe.<br />
vaSingtonis iuridiuli kolejis pr<strong>of</strong>esori,<br />
amerikuli universiteti, vaSingtoni.<br />
isini, vinc konstitucias weren Seqmnis procesSi<br />
my<strong>of</strong>i demokratiebisaTvis, bevr dabrkolebebs<br />
awydebian.<br />
pirvel rigSi, maT unda Seqmnan iseTi dokumenti,<br />
romelic saSualebas miscems sazogadoebas,<br />
mSvidobianad gadaWras rTuli da<br />
konfliqturi sakiTxebi. imavdroulad, unda<br />
SemuSavdes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeqturi<br />
sistema, romelic moicavs umciresobaTa<br />
uflebas _ ar daeTanxmos da sakanonmdeblo<br />
umciresobis uflebas gardaiqmnas<br />
umravlesoba d.<br />
meore, _ konfliqturi situaciebi Cveulebriv<br />
iwyeba swrafad da am sakiTxebis mogvarebam<br />
SeiZleba samomavlod Seqmnas problemebi.<br />
transformaciisas (sabWoTa blokis umetesi<br />
qveynebis msgavsad) wagebulebi Seecdebian<br />
imdeni Zalaufleba SeinarCunon, ramdensac<br />
SeZleben. Tu cvlileba moicavs reJimis srulad<br />
Secvlas, rogorc es eraySi moxda, maSin<br />
gamarjvebulebi metoqeobas gauweven erTamaneTs<br />
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad. am davebis<br />
gadaWris saSualebebi xSirad inkorporirebulia<br />
konstituciaSi, romelic SeiZleba<br />
problemuri iyos xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis konstituciaSi monobaze kompromisebis<br />
CarTvam realurad SesaZlebeli gaxada<br />
konstituciis miReba, magram sabolood aRmoCnda,<br />
rom es arc ise kargi iyo erisTvis.<br />
ufro metic, konstitucia iwereba drois<br />
gansazRvrul monakveTSi, Cveulebriv maSin,<br />
rodesac sazogadoebaSi arsebobs ekonomikuri,<br />
socialuri Tu sxva problemebi. arsebobs<br />
cduneba da xSirad aucilebloba imisa, rom<br />
swrafad moxdes am problemebTan gamklaveb a.<br />
magram debulebebi, romlebic gamiznulia<br />
prob lemaTa swrafad mosagvareblad, SeiZleba<br />
Seusabamo aRmoCndes momavlisaTvis.<br />
eWvis qveS dayeneba yvela dokumentisa,<br />
romlebic dawerilia gansazRvrul drosa da<br />
adgilas, niSnavs imas, rom momavlis winaswar<br />
ganWvreta SeuZlebelia. momavali yovelTvis<br />
gansxvavebulia imisgan, rasac moveliT. amgvarad,<br />
konstituciis proeqtis Semqmnelebma<br />
dasabami unda miscen iseTi momavali mTavrobebis<br />
Camoyalibebas, romlebic myarad Sexvdebian<br />
warmoudgenel da gauTvaliswinebel<br />
prob lemebs.<br />
TiTqmis universaluri gamocdilebis erTerTi<br />
gakveTili aris is, rom adamianis uflebebi<br />
dauyovnebliv unda iyos daculi. roca<br />
avtoritaruli reJimis Seviwroeba moxda, sazogadoebas<br />
ganTavisuflebis SegrZneba da<br />
Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis wyurvili hqonda,<br />
Tumca didxans ar gagrZelebula mRelvarebis<br />
es grZnoba. axali da Zveli demokratiebis<br />
gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom, Tu sawyis etapze<br />
adamianis uflebebi saTanadod ar aris daculi,<br />
mogvianebiT amis gakeTeba Zalze rTulia.<br />
Tavdapirveli mosazrebebi<br />
pirveli, unda iyos Tu ara dawerili konstitucia<br />
Cveulebrivi sakanonmdebeli organos<br />
Tu specialurad Seqmnili damfuZnebeli krebis<br />
mier? Tu gadawydeba, rom Seqmnan raime<br />
Zvelis msgavsi, maSin kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT,<br />
daweron iseTi konstitucia, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
isini SeinarCuneben TavianT Tanamdebobebs.<br />
specialuri damfuZnebeli kreba umjobesia<br />
sazogadoebis rac SeiZleba met elements<br />
warmoadgendes, miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakmaod<br />
rTulia da Zvirad Rirebuli.<br />
kidev erTi gadasaWreli sakiTxi sawyis<br />
etapze aris is, Tu rogor unda Sevides cvlilebebi<br />
da damatebebi konstituciaSi misi mi-<br />
Rebis Semdeg. amis Sesruleba martivi rodia.<br />
dokumenti unda asaxavdes sazogadoebis yve-<br />
7
herman Svarci<br />
laze mniSvnelovan faseulobebs da demokratiuli<br />
procesis mTavar principebs. es yvelaferi<br />
stabiluri unda iyos. meore mxriv,<br />
zogierTi debuleba miRebuli uecari zewolis,<br />
konfliqtisa da molodinis gamo, sawyis<br />
etapze, SesaZloa Soreuli momavlisaTvis<br />
Seuferebeli iyos, cvlilebebis Setanis gar-<br />
Tulebam ki SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos momaval<br />
mTavrobebs adekvaturad gaumklavdnen gau-<br />
Tvaliswinebel problemebs.<br />
am mizezis gamo, Wkvianuri iqneba, Tu gansazRvruli<br />
drois Semdeg, moxdeba konstituciis<br />
struqturuli aspeqtebis mimoxilva.<br />
erT-erTi gza aris 10-20 weliwadSi erTxel<br />
eqspertTa komisiis mowveva, raTa dadgindes,<br />
aris Tu ara saWiro struqturuli cvlilebebis<br />
Setana. es SesaZloa, gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo<br />
gamodges pirveli aTi wlis Semdeg,<br />
rodesac konstituciaSi warmoSobili zogier-<br />
Ti problema naTeli gaxdeba.<br />
es mimoxilva ar unda moicavdes adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesustebis mcdelobas, Tumca amis<br />
gakeTebis cduneba SeiZleba arsebobdes. rogorc<br />
ki cxovrebis mosalondeli gaumjobesebis<br />
standartuli Tavdapirveli eiforia<br />
gaivlis, ukve naklebad zrunaven adamianis<br />
uflebebze. liderebma da Cveulebrivma adamianebmac<br />
ki SeiZleba adamianis uflebebi fufunebad<br />
CaTvalon - meorexarisxovnad, ekonomikuri<br />
stabilurobis sakiTxebTan SedarebiT.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom<br />
adamianis uflebebi iSviaTad aferxeben gamowvevebze<br />
efeqtur reagirebas.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi sakiTxi<br />
gaxlavT konstituciis moculoba. aSS-Si bevri<br />
fiqrobs, rom, radgan aSS-is konstitucia<br />
200 welze metia rac agrZelebs moqmedebas,<br />
mokle konstituciebi ukeTesia damwyebi demokratiebisTvisac<br />
ki. me am xedvas ar viziareb.<br />
aSS-is konstituciuri normebi ar SeiZleba<br />
Tavmoyrili iyos mxolod ocdaToTxmet<br />
sawyis da cvlilebebis Sesatan debulebebSi.<br />
isini SeiZleba Tavmoyril iqnen or saukuneze<br />
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa 550-ze met krebulSi.<br />
am gadawyvetilebebma daamkvidra Cveni<br />
yvelaze fundamenturi konstituciuri principebi<br />
da uflebebi, romelTagan ramdenime<br />
SeiZleba gamovyoT aSS-is konstituciidan.<br />
im axlad Camoyalibebuli demokratiebidan,<br />
romlebsac ar aqvT orsaukunovani gamocdilebis<br />
fufuneba uflebebis gansaviTareblad,<br />
mxolod ramdenime Tu iwyebs Zlieri sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis SeqmniT. maT SeuZliaT da unda<br />
aagon demokratia amerikis da sxva qveyenebis<br />
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTloebis<br />
lodinis gareSe unda Seqmnan es fundamenturi<br />
uflebebi da principebi TavianT konstituciebSi<br />
Sesatanad.<br />
es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom konstitucia<br />
unda iyos Zalze detaluri. konstituciebi,<br />
romlebic moicaven bevr debulebas,<br />
SeiZleba naklebad moqnilebi iyvnen. imis gadawyveta,<br />
Tu ra unda Sevides konstituciaSi,<br />
ra unda darCes sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis<br />
gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, ra ar unda iyos<br />
daregulirebuli konstituciiT, aris yvelaze<br />
mTavari da rTuli sakiTxi.<br />
mSeneblobis safexurebi<br />
egreT wodebuli horizontaluri da vertikaluri<br />
struqturuli sakiTxebi yvelaze<br />
rTulia, radganac isini ukavSirdebian Zalauflebis<br />
gadanawilebas. es sakiTxebi Ti-<br />
Tqmis yovelTvis gvardeba <strong>pol</strong>itikuri azr-<br />
Ta sxvadasxvaobis fonze iseTi moklevadiani<br />
miznebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad Tu rogor<br />
unda moxdes xSirad dominanturi Zalauflebis<br />
miReb a da SenarCuneba.<br />
upirvelesi sakiTxi gaxlavT, unda iyos saprezidento<br />
Tu saparlamento sistema. maTi<br />
mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini<br />
iy<strong>of</strong>ian or jgufad. saprezidento sistemiT<br />
yvelaze ufro amerika aris cnobili. rogorc<br />
wesi, prezidenti pirdapir irCeva xalxis mier,<br />
Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentis ar-<br />
Ceva gansazRvruli droiT xdeba. prezidenti,<br />
romelic gvevlineba qveynis meTaurad, adgens<br />
rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo <strong>pol</strong>itikas da<br />
irCevs ministrebs am <strong>pol</strong>itikis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
ministrTa kandidaturebs xSirad<br />
amtkicebs sakanonmdeblo organo, Tumca arian<br />
prezidentis kontrolis qveS.<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba damoukideblad<br />
irCeva dadgenili droiT. rogorc wesi,<br />
arc prezidenti da arc sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />
ar daiTxoveba erTimeoris mier. es<br />
warmoqmnis ormag legitimur sistemas da mkve-<br />
Trad gamijnul Zalauflebas.<br />
saprezidento sistema uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s stabilurobas<br />
da Zlieri prezidentis xelSi<br />
8
konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi<br />
SeiZleba uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>il iqnes Zlieri, energiuli<br />
xelmZRvaneloba. Tumca stabiluroba<br />
SeiZleba gadaizardos mouqnelobaSi da arapopularuli,<br />
araefeqturi prezidentis Secvla<br />
SeuZlebelia moxdes mmarTvelobiTi periodis<br />
amowurvamde. ufro metic, sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>pol</strong>itikuri partiis mier<br />
marTvam SeiZleba migviyvanos sakanonmdeblo<br />
Cixamde. Tu es day<strong>of</strong>a iarsebebs, saxelmwifo<br />
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlebs normalurad<br />
funqcionirebas.<br />
saparlamento sistemaSi, parlamenti saar-<br />
Cevno legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaroa. ar<br />
xdeba Zalauflebis gay<strong>of</strong>a sakanonmdeblo da<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs Soris. sasamarTlo<br />
xelisufleba, ra Tqma unda, damoukidebelia,<br />
magram imy<strong>of</strong>eba sakanonmdeblo<br />
sferos miRma. rac Seexeba aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas, romelsac xSirad mTavrobas<br />
uwodeben, imarTeba premier-ministris mier,<br />
romelsac irCevs is partia, romelic umravlesobiT<br />
modis parlamentSi an koaliciis<br />
mier, romelic Semdgaria kanonmdebelTa umravlesobisgan.<br />
qveynis mmarTveli gaxlavT prezidenti<br />
cotaodeni ZalauflebiT da irCeva<br />
parlamentis mier. premier-ministri da mTavroba<br />
arian pasuxismgebeli parlamentis winaSe<br />
da SeiZleba daTxovnil iqnen swored parlamentis<br />
mier. arCevnebis Catareba SeiZleba<br />
nebismier dros, moqnilobis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>iT.<br />
vinaidan ar arsebobs formaluri day<strong>of</strong>a sakanonmdeblo<br />
da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaTa<br />
Zalauflebebs Soris, Sesabamisad, arsebobs<br />
gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenis naklebi<br />
Sansi imdenad, ramdenadac mTavroba an premier-ministri,<br />
romelic kargavs parlamentis<br />
ndobas, SeiZleba daTxovnil iqnes mis mier.<br />
saparlamento sistemam SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />
xelisuflebis xSiri cvlileba da didi arastabiluroba.<br />
agreTve mas SeuZlia warmoqmnas<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi, rodesac<br />
opozicia modis umravlesobiT, romelmac<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva saxis arastabiluroba.<br />
ar arsebobs aSkara pasuxi imaze, Tu romeli<br />
sistemaa ukeTesi. arCevani xSirad damokidebulia<br />
istoriaze, konkretuli drois moTxovnebze<br />
da sxva faqtorebze. sabWoTa blokis<br />
y<strong>of</strong>ilma wevr-saxelmwfoebma sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
farglebs gareT, agreTve baltiispireTis<br />
qveynebma danerges saparlamento reJimi, radganac<br />
maT undodaT, gamxdariyvnen dasavleT<br />
evropis nawili, romelic TiTqmis saparlamentoa.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris y<strong>of</strong>ilma, arabaltiispireTis<br />
qveynebma danerges saprezidento<br />
sistem a.<br />
agreTve, unda gadawydes sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />
unikameruli (erTpalatiani) unda<br />
iyos Tu bikameruli (orpalatiani)sistemis.<br />
Tu saxelmwifo federaluria, met-naklebad<br />
avtonomiuri Semadgeneli erTeulebiT, rogoric<br />
aris aSS da germania, sasurvelia, Tu iqneba<br />
meore (Cveulebriv zeda palata rogorc<br />
aSS-is senati) sakanonmdeblo palata, romelic<br />
warmoadgens Semadgeneli erTeulebis interesebs.<br />
meore palata, garkveul sferoebSi,<br />
rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sasamarTlo, aseve<br />
avtonomiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, zogjer<br />
SezRudulia gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi.<br />
meore palatis y<strong>of</strong>na-ary<strong>of</strong>na wamoWris kidev<br />
erT kiTxvas: ramdenad centralizebuli<br />
unda iyos saxelmwifo? ra uflebamosilebebiT<br />
unda sargeblobdnen da ramdenad avtonomiurebi<br />
unda iyvnen regionebi da nacionaluri<br />
erTeulebi? ramdenad damoukideblebi<br />
iqnebian qalaqebi da s<strong>of</strong>lebi? SesaZleblobebis<br />
diapazoni farToa absoluturi avtonomiis<br />
mqone erTeulebidan srul centralur<br />
kontrolamde. kargi mizezia imisa, rom nebadarTuli<br />
iyos meti avtonomia adgilobrivi da<br />
regionaluri erTeulebisaTvis, radgan isini<br />
efeqturad SeZleben marTon, vinaidan centraluri<br />
administraciisaTvis xSirad ucnobia adgilobrivi<br />
pirobebi da saWiroebebi. agreTve,<br />
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi CarTuloba<br />
sTavazobs xalxs saSualebas, pirdapir miiRon<br />
monawileoba mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaSi, romlebic imoqmedebs maT cxovrebaze<br />
da es SesaZloa demokratiuli TviTmmar-<br />
Tvelobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyos.<br />
sasamarTlo sistema<br />
istoriam aCvena damoukidebeli sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis aucilebloba, romelsac SeuZlia<br />
uzrunvelyos is, rom xelisuflebis danarCenma<br />
orma Stom ar gadaaWarbos konstituciiT<br />
miniWebul uflebamosilebas, rodesac saqme<br />
exeba adamianTa uflebebs. es SesaZloa iyos<br />
mudmivi sasamarTlo sistema, rogorc aSS-Sia<br />
an specialuri tribunali, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlo, romelic uflebamosilia, ga-<br />
9
herman Svarci<br />
daWras mxolod konstituciuri da ramdenime<br />
sxva sakiTxi, rogorc germaniaSia. zemoT xsenebul<br />
SemTxvevaSi bolo instanciad gvevlineba<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlo, Semdgari saerTo<br />
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebisgan, romlebic<br />
iniSnebian mTeli sicocxlis vadiT da, rogorc<br />
wesi, ganixilaven saCivrebs qvemdgomi<br />
sasamarTloebisagan. maTi movaleobaa, miiRon<br />
gadawyvetileba konkretul saqmeebze, Cveulebriv,<br />
isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven<br />
konstituciur sakiTxebs, Tu es davis daregulirebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia. sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos wevrebis umravlesoba samarTlis<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esorebi arian, danarCenebs ar aqvT saer-<br />
To sasamarTloebSi muSaobis gamocdileba da<br />
rCebian am poziciaze erTi an meti 8-12 wliani<br />
vadiT. isini ganixilaven konstituciur saki-<br />
Txebs, Tu es aris xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis<br />
moTxovna, saerTo sasamarTloebis da<br />
bevr qveyanaSi rigiT moqalaqeTa sarCelebs,<br />
romlebic amtkiceben, rom maTi uflebebi<br />
dairRva. ganviTarebadi demokratiis qveynebis<br />
umravlesobam gadawyvita SeeqmnaT sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTloebi, nawilobriv imitom,<br />
rom saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis<br />
mier sasamarTlo sistemis kontroli ar aris<br />
maTi praqtika da nawilobriv imitomac, rom<br />
isini undoblobas ucxadeben arsebul sasamarTlo<br />
sistemas.<br />
rogori sistemac ar unda iqnes SerCeuli,<br />
konstituciam detalurad unda daadginos sasamarTloebis<br />
uflebamosileba, rom SesaZlebeli<br />
iyos konstituciasTan SeuTavsebadi<br />
kanonebisa da sxva normebis anulireba. Tu arsebobs<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, is ar unda<br />
iyos datvirTuli gansxvavebuli valdebulebebiT.<br />
misi saqmianobis udidesi nawili iqneba<br />
sadavo, vinaidan misi erT-erTi umTavresi<br />
funqcia, gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze, aris<br />
konstituciuri sazRvrebis dadgena samTavrobo<br />
uwyebebs Soris. agreTve, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos zogjer mouwevs xelisuflebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebis gamotana<br />
adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi, is xSirad iqneba<br />
damarcxebulTa mier mkacrad gakritikebuli.<br />
Kkonstituciam ar unda gaaormagos aseTi SetevebiT<br />
gamowveuli SemTxvevebi, rac gamowveulia,<br />
magaliTad, sakonstitucio tribunalisaTvis<br />
gansaxilvelad arakonstituciuri<br />
sakiTxebis miwodebiT, sawyis etapze mainc,<br />
radganac isini ganicdian prestiJis da sazogadoebrivi<br />
mxardaWeris naklebobas, razec<br />
maTi efeqturunarianobaa damokidebuli.<br />
damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis mxaris<br />
daWera aris kidev erTi mizezi imisa, Tu<br />
ratom ar unda iyos konstitucia Zalian mokle.<br />
rac ufro konkretulia konstitucia,<br />
miT ufro martivi iqneba sasamarTloebisaTvis<br />
dokumentSi Sesabamis debulebaze miTiTeba<br />
sadavo gadawyvetilebebis dasacavad, aseve,<br />
isini ufro naklebad iqnebian ganxiluli rogorc<br />
subieqturi Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad<br />
moqmedni.<br />
radganac sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebi<br />
xSirad <strong>pol</strong>itikurad mgrZnobiarea, maTi damoukidebloba<br />
da uzenaesoba konstituciiT<br />
unda iyos garantirebuli. sasamarTlo sistema<br />
unda iyos ara iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebis<br />
qveS, aramed xelisuflebis damoukidebeli<br />
Sto dadgenili vadiT. sasamarTlo<br />
sistemam unda gaakontrolos Tavisi finansuri<br />
da administraciuli saqmianoba, Tavisufali<br />
unda iyos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
Carevisagan, magram unda moxdes biujetis<br />
kontroli sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier.<br />
konstituciam agreTve unda uzrunvelyos,<br />
rom is gamoiyenebodes dabali instanciis mosamarTleebis<br />
mier gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas.<br />
bevr axal demokratiaSi, Zalian xSirad,<br />
es mosamarTleebi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas<br />
uars acxadeben konstituciur sakiTxebze.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacva<br />
rogorc es dadgenilia, konstitucia unda<br />
icavdes adamianis uflebebs da sasamarTloebma,<br />
gansakuTrebiT specialurma konstituciurma<br />
tribunalebma unda iTamaSon mTavari<br />
roli am dacvis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>isaTvis. pirvelad<br />
es aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganavi-<br />
Tara, magram exla sasamarTlo tribunalebi<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios masStabiT aRiareben am pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
rodesac saqme exeboda adamianis<br />
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis ratifikacias<br />
maTi mTavrobebis mier, mosamarTleebma<br />
miiCnies, rom valdebuli iyvnen, ganexilaT<br />
es xelSekrulebebi. isini xSirad Tvalyurs<br />
adevnebdnen imas, Tu rogor wyvetdnen msgavs<br />
problemebs sxva sasamarTloebi. Sedegad<br />
ki Seiqmna adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso<br />
sakonstitucio samarTali.<br />
10
konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi<br />
dResdReobiT yoveli konstitucia Seicavs<br />
adamianis uflebaTa debulebas. es sakmarisi<br />
ar aris. konstituciam unda Seqmnas institutebi,<br />
raTa es uflebebi amoqmeddes. konstituciam<br />
gansakuTrebulad unda uzrunvelyos<br />
pirovnebis Seuferxebeli mimarTva sasamarTlosaTvis,<br />
Tu is adasturebs misi uflebis Selaxvas<br />
da Tu am uflebis darRvevas hqonda<br />
adgili, msxverpls SeuZlia, miiRos adekvaturi<br />
saSualebebi. bevrma qveyanam dainaxa, rom<br />
ombudsmeni gamosadegia (vinaidan, is saCivrebsac<br />
ixilavs) aseT SemTxvevebSi. prokuraturaSi,<br />
adamianis uflebaTa specialuri <strong>of</strong>isic<br />
gamosadegi iqneba.<br />
demokratiisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa<br />
is, rom moqalaqeebs SeeZloT imis gageba,<br />
Tu ramdenad kargad akeTebs xelisufleba<br />
Tavis saqmes da moqmedebs eris interesebis<br />
sasargeblod. Kkonstitucia unda moicavdes<br />
debulebebs, romlebic uflebas miscems moqalaqeebs,<br />
xelmisawvdom fasad da swrafad<br />
moipovon sajaro informacia, garda im masalebisa,<br />
romlebic safrTxis Semqmnelia erovnuli<br />
uSiSroebis, piradi cxovrebis, samar-<br />
Taldamcavi institutebisaTvis da aseve sxva<br />
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis erovnuli interesebisaTvis.<br />
kanonmdebelTaTvis imis gadawyvetis<br />
mindoba unda arsebobdes, Tu ara aseTi sa-<br />
Sualebebi, marTebuli ar aris, vinaidan bevri<br />
mTavroba upirispirdeba da cdilobs Seasustos<br />
aseTi SesaZleblobebi. mxolod Zalian<br />
cota sajaro moxeles surs sajaro ganxilvis<br />
sagnad aqcios sakuTari qmedebebi.<br />
konstituciis Seqmna eqsperimentia, gamocda,<br />
romlis Sedegi yovelTvis iqneba gansxvavebuli<br />
imisgan, rac iyo gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
da risi molodinic arsebobda. ufro metic,<br />
konstituciis warmateba damokidebulia gare-<br />
Se faqtorebze – ekonomikaze, sazogadoebaSi<br />
socialur Zalebze, saxelmwifoebis sagareo<br />
urTierTobebze, bunebriv katastr<strong>of</strong>ebsa da<br />
bevr sxva faqtorebze, razedac konstituciis<br />
Semqmnelebis kontroli ar vrceldeba.<br />
miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, axlad Camoyalibebuli<br />
demokratiebis konstituciebs SeuZliaT<br />
cvlilebebi moaxdinon. isini iZlevian<br />
iSviaT SesaZleblobas imisa, rom adamianebma<br />
icxovron damoukideblad da mSvidad. istoria<br />
ers ar sTavazobs bevr aseT moments da<br />
roca es momentebi dgeba, problemebi unda<br />
gadawydes, radgan eris momavals safrTxe<br />
eqmneb a.<br />
konstituciis miReba<br />
bolo kiTxva gaxlavT, Tu rogor unda iyos<br />
miRebuli konstitucia? rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />
konstitucia miRebuli unda iyos specialuri<br />
damfuZnebeli krebis mier? rogorc<br />
bevr evropul qveyanaSi, mudmivi parlamentis<br />
mier? zogadad xalxis mier? sazogadoebam<br />
konstituciis miRebis etapze unda miiRos monawileoba<br />
Tu Semdeg? da Tu pasuxi am ukanasknelze<br />
dadebiTia, rogor unda iyos sazogadoebis<br />
monawileoba uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili? am da<br />
sxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema moxda sxvadasxva<br />
gziT da miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr <strong>pol</strong>itologs<br />
sjera, rom konstitucia mowonebuli<br />
unda iyos sazogadoebis mier, es mainc ar aris<br />
universaluri midgoma.<br />
11
konstantine korkelia<br />
ratom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli standartebi<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas?<br />
konstantine korkelia<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis pr<strong>of</strong>esori.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
gamoyeneba marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
iZleva swori sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis SesaZleblobas. evropuli standartebi<br />
asruleben adamianis uflebaTa dacvis<br />
erTgvari orientiris funqcias da isini xels<br />
uwyoben adamianis uflebaTa dacvas maqsimalurad<br />
maRali xarisxiT. ramdenime evropuli<br />
saxelmwifos sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
pirdapir miuTiTa adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul standartebze, rogorc adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis orientirze 1 .<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyenebas<br />
aqvs ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />
upiratesoba, romlebiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSic<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs miecemaT<br />
SesaZlebloba, uzrunvelyon adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacva evropuli standartebiT.<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli standartebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />
iqnes rogorc:<br />
a) zogadi an bundovani Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normebis swori ganmartebis saSualeba;<br />
b) Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan<br />
koliziis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba;<br />
g) Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebSi<br />
arsebuli samarTlebrivi vakuumis amovsebis<br />
saSualeba;<br />
d) evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis<br />
ganWvretis saSualeba;<br />
e) adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli standartebis<br />
ganviTarebis saSualeba;<br />
1<br />
G. Ress, The Effect <strong>of</strong> Judgments and Decisions in Domestic Law, in: The<br />
European System for the Protection <strong>of</strong> Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F.<br />
Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 842. aseve ix. Cosmos Press v. The Police,<br />
2 CLR 73, 1985, 76-81.<br />
v) sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisTvis samarTlebrivi<br />
damajereblobis SemZeni sa-<br />
Sualeba.<br />
a) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc zogadi an bundovani<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis swori<br />
ganmartebis saSualeba<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
gamoyeneba marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
erovnul sasamarTlos aZlevs SesaZleblobas,<br />
sworad ganmartos saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtebis zogadi<br />
an bundovani normebi. 2<br />
sasamarTlo davis gadasawyvetad erovnulma<br />
sasamarTlom SeiZleba ZiriTadad gamoiyenos<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti,<br />
magram misi debulebis swori ganmartebisa-<br />
Tvis man SeiZleba aseve gamoiyenos adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli standarti. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
evropuli standarti da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqti avseben erTmaneTs.<br />
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZveli iqneba rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqti (mag.,<br />
kanoni), ise adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
standarti. evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba,<br />
rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli<br />
aqtis ganmartebis saSualebisa, xdeba maSin,<br />
rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli<br />
aqti arasakmarisad konkretulad awesrigebs<br />
sazogadoebriv urTierTobas, ris gamoc, arsebobs<br />
araswori gadawyvetilebis miRebis riski.<br />
evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebiT sasamarTlos<br />
SeuZlia, uzrunvelyos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtis swori ganmarteba.<br />
2<br />
N. Bratza, The Treatment and Interpretation <strong>of</strong> the European Convention<br />
on Human Rights By the English <strong>Court</strong>, in: Aspects <strong>of</strong> Incorporation <strong>of</strong><br />
the European Convention <strong>of</strong> Human Rights into Domestic Law, J.P. Gardner<br />
(Ed.), 1993, 69; aseve ix. lord deningis gancxadeba: ”The position<br />
[…] is that if there is any ambiguity in our statutes or uncertainty in our<br />
law, then these courts can look to the [European] Convention [on Human<br />
Rights] as an aid to clear up the ambiguity and uncertainty, seeking always<br />
to bring them into harmony with it.” Lord Denning, in: R. v. Chief Immigration<br />
Officer, Ex parte Bibi [1976] 3 All E.R. 847.<br />
12
atom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas?<br />
konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikaSi yvelaze xSiria evropuli<br />
konvenciis gamoyeneba, rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtis ganmartebis sa-<br />
Sualebisa.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
gamoyenebis roli, rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtebis swori ganmartebis<br />
saSualebisa, dasturdeba ara mxolod<br />
im saxelmwifoTa erovnuli sasamarTloebis<br />
praqtikiT, romlebSic evropuli konvencia<br />
aRiarebulia kanonmdeblobis nawilad, aramed,<br />
aseve im saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebis<br />
praqtikiT, romlebSic evropuli konvencia ar<br />
aris aseTad aRiarebuli.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samar-<br />
Tals iyeneben ara mxolod evropuli konvenciis<br />
monawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebi,<br />
aramed araevropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebic<br />
3 . nawilobriv es tendencia ganpirobebulia<br />
evropuli konvenciiTa da samoqalaqo<br />
da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis msgavsebiT<br />
4 . amas mowmobs araevropul saxelmwifoTa<br />
sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi. magaliTad:<br />
saqmis _ filartiga pena-iralas winaaRmdeg _<br />
ganxilvisas aSS-is sakasacio sasamarTlom gamoiyena<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTali, romelic wamebis akrZalvas exeboda<br />
5 ; zimbabves uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiyena<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmis<br />
_ Taireri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
(Tyrer v. the United Kingdom) _ ganxilvisas, raTa<br />
daedasturebina, rom sxeulebrivi sasjelebi<br />
`araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi~ dasjaa,<br />
rac evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxliT ikr-<br />
Zaleba 6 ; amave sasamarTlom sxva saqmeze, romelic<br />
arasrulwlovanis sxeulebriv dasjas<br />
exeboda, gamoiyena evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi<br />
saqmeebze _ Taireri gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the United<br />
Kingdom) da kempbeli da kozansi gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg (Campbell and Cosans v. the<br />
3<br />
E. Benvenisti, National <strong>Court</strong>s and the International Law on Minority<br />
Rights, 2 Austrian Review <strong>of</strong> International and European Law, 1, 1997, 4-5.<br />
4<br />
R. Lillich, Towards the Harmonization <strong>of</strong> International Human Rights Law,<br />
in: Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung: Ferstschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt,<br />
1995, 467.<br />
5<br />
630 F 2d 876 (1980).<br />
6<br />
Ncube, Tshuma and Ndhlovu v. The State (1988) 2 Afr. L. Rep. 702. cit.:<br />
J. Merrils, The Development <strong>of</strong> International Law by the European <strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Human Rights, 1993, 20.<br />
United Kingdom) 7 ; zimbabves uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />
Tavis erT-erT saqmeSi ganixila evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze _<br />
zoeringi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
(Soering v. the United Kingdom) 8 ; indoeTis uzenaesma<br />
sasamarTlom moiSvelia evropuli konvencia<br />
da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTali indoeTis konstituciis ganmartebisaTvis<br />
9 ; kanadis sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis<br />
aseve cnobilia evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTlis gamoyeneba. 10<br />
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom araevropuli<br />
saxelmwifoebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
iyeneben adamianis uflebaTa evropul<br />
standartebs, raTa uzrunvelyon saxelmwifos<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli<br />
aqtebis zogadi an bundovani normebis swori<br />
ganmarteb a. 11<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma unda ganmarton<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis debulebebi<br />
evropuli standartebis mixedviT. maTi gamoyenebiT<br />
sasamarTloebi Tavs aarideben konstituciis<br />
iseT ganmartebas, romelic adamianis<br />
uflebebs uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s ufro dabali standartiT,<br />
vidre es gaTvaliswinebulia evropuli<br />
standartebiT. saqarTvelos sasamarTlom<br />
evropuli standartebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos<br />
rogorc orientiri, romelic daexmareba mas<br />
swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.<br />
erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenon<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-<br />
Tali, radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, didia<br />
imis albaToba, rom evropuli konvenciis debulebebs<br />
gansxvavebulad ganmartaven, ramac<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios evropuli konvenciiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis darRveva<br />
7<br />
saqme _ kempbeli da kozansi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
(Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kingdom) (1982 weli) _ exeba<br />
skolaSi bavSvTa mimarT sxeulebrivi sasjelis rogorc disciplinuri<br />
RonisZiebis gamoyenebis akrZalvas. ix. Juvenile v.<br />
The State, Judgment No. 64/89, Crim. App. No.156/88. cit.: J. Merrils,<br />
The Development <strong>of</strong> International Law by the European <strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human<br />
Rights, 1993, 20.<br />
8<br />
J. Dugard, The Role <strong>of</strong> Human Rights Treaty Standards in Domestic Law:<br />
The Southern African Experience, The Future <strong>of</strong> UN Human Rights Treaty<br />
Monitoring, P. Alston & J. Crawford (Eds.), 2000, 277-278.<br />
9<br />
A. Lester, Freedom <strong>of</strong> Expression, in: The European System for the Protection<br />
<strong>of</strong> Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993,<br />
468 (footnote 16).<br />
10<br />
Report <strong>of</strong> the Sixty-Sixth Conference, International Law Association<br />
(1994), 1994, 334; Y. Iwasawa, The Domestic Impact <strong>of</strong> International Human<br />
Rights Standards: The Japanese Experience, The Future <strong>of</strong> UN Human<br />
Rights Treaty Monitoring, P. Alston & J. Crawford (Eds.), 2000, 267.<br />
11<br />
A. Bayefski, International Human Rights Law in Canadian <strong>Court</strong>s, in: Enforcing<br />
International Human Rights in Domestic <strong>Court</strong>s, B. Conforti & F.<br />
Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 321; R. Lillich, Towards the Harmonization <strong>of</strong> International<br />
Human Rights Law, in: Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung:<br />
Ferstschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt, 1995, 467.<br />
13
konstantine korkelia<br />
saxelmwifos mier. Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom<br />
ar gamoiyena evropuli standartebi, man<br />
SeiZleba ufro SezRudviTad ganmartos is<br />
ufleba, romelic eniWeba pirs. amis Sedegad<br />
piri ar iqneba uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili uflebiT,<br />
romelic mas eniWeba evropuli standartebiT.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri mimarTavs evropul<br />
sasamarTlos imis mtkicebiT, rom erovnulma<br />
sasamarTlom igi ar uzrunvelyo im uflebiT,<br />
romelic mas eniWeba evropuli standartebiT,<br />
evropuli sasamarTlo mis sasargeblod gadawyvets<br />
davas da daadgens, rom saxelmwifom,<br />
romlis sasamarTlomac evropuli standartebi<br />
ufro SezRudviTad ganmarta, vidre es<br />
gansazRvrulia evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTliT, ar Seasrula konvenciiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebani 12 .<br />
b) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
normatiul aqtTan koliziis Tavidan<br />
acilebis saSualeba<br />
evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtikaSi<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi<br />
aseve gamoiyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
normatiul aqtTan koliziisas. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
erovnuli sasamarTlo iyenebs evropul<br />
standarts, Tu man daadgina, rom ufro dabal<br />
safexurze mdgomi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
evropul standarts.<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis mier evropul<br />
standartebsa da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtebiT ganmtkicebul adamianis<br />
uflebaTa standartebs Soris koliziis aRmo-<br />
Cenis iSviaToba SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom saqarTvelos<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul<br />
aqtebsa da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebebs Soris mcirea aseTi samarTlebrivi<br />
winaaRmdegobani, Tumca aseTi axsna<br />
damajerebeli SeiZleba iyos mxolod Teoriulad.<br />
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT es argumenti<br />
ar iqneba damajerebeli, rac, inter alia, iqidan<br />
gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifoSi, romelic<br />
jer kidev ayalibebs Tavis samarTlebriv bazas<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
ufro didia winaaRmdegobebis albaToba,<br />
vidre im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebsac mdidari<br />
samarTlebrivi tradiciebi aqvT adamianis<br />
12<br />
J. Velu, Report on “Responsibilities for States Parties to the European Convention”,<br />
in: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Sixth International Colloquy about The European<br />
Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 592-593.<br />
uflebaTa dacvis Tanamedrove standartebis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>aSi 13 .<br />
amis dasturad SeiZleba saqarTvelos konstituciidan<br />
moviyvanoT magaliTi. zogadad<br />
SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom, Tu saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciaSi SeiZleba iqnes aRmoCenili samarTlebrivi<br />
winaaRmdegoba adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul standartebTan, miT umetes, ar<br />
aris gamoricxuli, rom winaaRmdegoba arsebobdes<br />
sxva Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul<br />
aqtebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxlis<br />
me-4 punqti adgenda debulebas, romlis mixedviT,<br />
`dauSvebelia dakavebuli Tu sxvagvarad<br />
TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris fizikuri an<br />
fsiqikuri iZuleba~. TavisTavad es debuleba<br />
uproblemoa evropul standartebTan Sesabamisobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, magram problemas qmnis<br />
konstiticiis 46-e muxlis pirveli punqti,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom sagangebo an saomari<br />
mdgomareobis dros saqarTvelos prezidents<br />
ufleba aqvs, SezRudos konstituciiT<br />
Camoyalibebuli zogierTi muxli, maT Soris<br />
me-18 muxli. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi sagangebo<br />
an saomari mdgomareobis dros prezidenti<br />
uflebamosilia, dauSvas dakavebuli<br />
Tu sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris<br />
fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZuleba, rac pirdapir<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvenciis me-3 muxls (wamebis, araadamianuri<br />
an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an dasjis<br />
akrZalva) da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul<br />
samarTals.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxli problemuri<br />
iqneboda, 2006 wels rom ar SeetanaT<br />
konstituciaSi cvlileba da zemoT miTiTebuli<br />
punqti konstituciis me-18 muxlidan me-17<br />
muxlSi ar gadaetanaT me-3 damatebiT punqtad.<br />
saerTaSoriso, maT Soris evropul, standartebTan<br />
winaaRmdegobam ganapiroba konstituciaSi<br />
cvlilebis Setana.<br />
xsenebuli magaliTi cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom adamianis<br />
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso da evropul standartebsa<br />
da konstitucias Sorisac ki SeiZle-<br />
13<br />
damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier momzadebuli kvleva saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvenciis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb adasturebs<br />
saqarTvelos mravali normatiuli aqtis evropul konvenciasTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi moyvanis aucileblobas. ix. Study on the<br />
Compatibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgia</strong>n Law with the Requirements <strong>of</strong> the Convention<br />
for the Protection <strong>of</strong> Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its<br />
Protocols, HRCAD(2001)2, 2001; aseve ix. evropis sabWos eqspertebis<br />
mier momzadebuli moxseneba, Report on the Conformity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Legal Order <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgia</strong> with Council <strong>of</strong> Europe Standards, AS/Bur/<strong>Georgia</strong><br />
(1997) 1, Parliamentary Assembly, Council <strong>of</strong> Europe, 25 September 1997.<br />
14
atom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas?<br />
ba warmoiSvas samarTlebrivi winaaRmdegoba,<br />
romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi arsebobda<br />
TiTqmis 11 wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre konstituciaSi<br />
ar Seitandnen cvlilebas.<br />
zogadad, evropuli konvenciis monawile<br />
saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtikaSi konvenciis<br />
gamoyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli<br />
aqtiT dadgenili normis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
SedarebiT iSviaTobaa. miuxedavad<br />
aseTi SemTxvevebis iSviaTobisa, saqarTvelos<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aRmoCenilia ori<br />
SemTxvev a, romelic mogvianebiT aris ganxiluli<br />
naSromSi.<br />
normaTa koliziis sakiTxTan momijnavea<br />
adamianis uflebaTa gansxvavebuli standartiT<br />
daculi uflebebis sakiTxi. zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani<br />
dacvis principi SeiZleba winaamRdegobaSi movides<br />
ierarqiuli Tanafardobis principTan.<br />
Tu saerTo sasamarTlo daadgens, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni)<br />
pirs uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s ufro efeqtiani<br />
dacviT, vidre adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvencia, saerTo sasamarTlom upiratesoba<br />
unda mianiWos da gamoiyenos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqti, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT igi ufro<br />
dabal ierarqiul safexurzea, vidre evropuli<br />
konvencia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacvis principiT.<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos<br />
im aqtiT, romelic ufro efeqtianad<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s adamianis uflebaTa dacvas. ar<br />
iqneboda marTebuli, rom koliziisas evropul<br />
konvenciasa da kanons Soris, romelSic<br />
kanoni uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s piris uflebebis ufro<br />
efeqtian dacvas, vidre evropuli konvencia,<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTlom gamoiyenos evropuli<br />
konvencia (romelsac ierarqiuli upiratesoba<br />
eniWeba kanonTan SedarebiT) kanoniT<br />
dadgenili adamianis uflebaTa ufro efeqtiani<br />
dacvis sazianod.<br />
sasamarTloebis mier adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciis, iseve rogorc zogadad<br />
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xel-<br />
Sekrulebebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba<br />
zustad isaa, rom igi iZleva iseTi<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normis dadgenis SesaZleblobas,<br />
romelic ufro dabali standartiT<br />
icavs adamianis uflebebs, vidre evropuli<br />
konvencia. Tu sasamarTlo ar gamoiyenebs<br />
evropul konvenciasa da, zogadad, saerTa-<br />
Soriso xelSekrulebebs, igi ubralod ver<br />
SeZlebs koliziis dadgenas Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
normatiul aqtsa da evropul konvencias<br />
Soris da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas<br />
ixelmZRvanelebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis<br />
ufro dabali standartebiT. marTalia,<br />
evropul konvencias am konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />
mieniWeba upiratesoba, magram koliziis<br />
aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris gareSe ar aris imis garantia,<br />
rom momavalSi, sxva sasamarTlos mier msgavsi<br />
garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis<br />
ganmxilveli sasamarTlo gamoiyenebs evropul<br />
konvencias da upiratesobas mianiWebs mas.<br />
g) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul<br />
aqtebSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi vakuumis<br />
amovsebis saSualeba<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli standartebi<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
normatiul aqtebSi arsebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi vakuumis amosavsebad. es<br />
xdeba maSin, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) ar awesrigebs<br />
Sesabamis sazogadoebriv urTierTobas (anu<br />
saxezea samarTlebrivi vakuumi), maSin, rodesac<br />
evropuli konvenciiT aseTi urTierToba<br />
mowesrigebulia.<br />
erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier evropuli<br />
konvenciis saqmis gadawyvetis erTaderT samarTlebriv<br />
safuZvlad gamoyenebis sailustraciod<br />
SeiZleba <strong>pol</strong>oneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis<br />
1997 wlis gadawyvetilebis moSvelieba 14 .<br />
saqme exeboda <strong>pol</strong>oneTSi dakavebuli Cine-<br />
Tis ori moqalaqis eqstradicias CineTSi, sadac<br />
maTze gamocxadebuli iyo Zebna TaRli-<br />
Tobisa da qonebis miTvisebis braldebis gamo.<br />
CineTis xelisuflebam <strong>pol</strong>oneTisagan moi-<br />
Txova am pirTa eqstradicia.<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos winaSe CineTis moqalaqeebma<br />
eqstradiciis Sesaxeb brZanebis gasauqmeblad<br />
moiSvelies ori argumenti: a) CineTSi<br />
es danaSaulebi iTvaliswinebs sikvdiliT dasjas;<br />
b) arsebobs imis dasabuTebuli eWvi, rom<br />
14<br />
ix. <strong>pol</strong>oneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis<br />
palatis ganaCeni saqmeze _ mandugeki, 1997 wlis 29 ivlisi;<br />
aseve ix. A. Drzemczewski & M. Nowicki, Poland, in: Fundamental Rights<br />
in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member<br />
States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 666.<br />
15
konstantine korkelia<br />
orive maTgani daeqvemdebareba wamebas da/an<br />
araadamianur, an Rirsebis Semlaxvel mopyrobas<br />
an sasjels. am argumentebis safuZvelze<br />
isini amtkicebdnen, rom CineTSi maTi eqstradicia<br />
CaiTvleba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad, ris<br />
gamoc unda gauqmdes brZaneba eqstradiciis<br />
Sesaxeb. <strong>pol</strong>oneTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom<br />
gaauqma brZaneba eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom<br />
gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelic Tavisi<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo srulad<br />
aris citirebuli:<br />
`is, rom CineTi ar aris adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciis monawile, araarsebi-<br />
Tia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom es saqme exeba<br />
urTierTobas <strong>pol</strong>oneTsa da CineTs Soris.<br />
[adamianis uflebaTa evropuli] konvenciis<br />
pirveli muxli akisrebs maRal xelSemkvrel<br />
mxareebs valdebulebas, `yvela uzrunvelyon<br />
am konvenciis I nawilSi gansazRvruli uflebebiTa<br />
da TavisuflebebiT~. garda amisa, Cven<br />
unda daveyrdnoT ara mxolod konvenciis<br />
teqsts, aramed strasburgis sasamarTlos<br />
precedentul samarTals. strasburgis sasamarTlom<br />
araerTxel ganmarta konvencia eqstradiciasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. [...] konvenciis<br />
me-3 muxli krZalavs wamebas an araadamianur,<br />
an Rirsebis Semlaxvel mopyrobas an sasjels.<br />
eqstradicia im saxelmwifoSi, romelSic piri<br />
SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an araadamianur<br />
mopyrobas, an sasjels, Seadgens am muxlis<br />
darRvevas 15 . saWiro ar aris imis damtkiceba,<br />
rom es piri namdvilad daeqvemdebareba aseT<br />
mopyrobas an sasjels. sakmarisia aseTi mopyrobis<br />
an sasjelis albaTobis dadgena (ix.<br />
zoeringi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
1989 weli; kruz varasi da sxvebi SvedeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 1991 weli; vilvaraja gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 1991 weli; ahmedi<br />
avstriis winaaRmdeg, 1996 weli).<br />
amgvarad, eqstradicia dauSvebelia, Tu arsebobs<br />
imis albaToba, rom gadasacemi piri<br />
daeqvemdebareba wamebas an araadamianur, an<br />
Rirsebis Semlaxvel mopyrobas an sasjels.<br />
igive wesi gamoiyeneba evropuli konvenciis<br />
me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis mimarT. [...] eqstradicia<br />
ar daiSveba, Tu arsebobs albaToba, rom<br />
gadasacemi piri ar iqneba uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili<br />
15<br />
M. O’Boyle, Extradition and Expulsion under the European Convention<br />
on Human Rights: Reflection on the Soering Case, in: Human Rights and<br />
<strong>Constitutional</strong> Law, Essays in Honour <strong>of</strong> Brian Walsh, J. O’Reilly (Ed.), 1992,<br />
96-98.<br />
samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi garantiebiT<br />
gadacemis Semdgomi sasamarTlo procesis<br />
dros.<br />
am sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs, daadginos raime<br />
faqti CineTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />
Cven mxolod SegviZlia daveyrdnoT raionuli<br />
sasamarTlos daskvnebs (romlebic ar uaryo<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlom), romelTa Tanaxmad,<br />
arsebobs didi albaToba, momCivnebs, Tu ganxorcielda<br />
maTi eqstradicia, SeiZleba moepyron<br />
ise, rom dairRves saerTaSoriso samar-<br />
Tali, gansakuTrebiT, evropuli konvenciis<br />
me-3 muxli~.<br />
xsenebuli saqmidan naTelia, rom <strong>pol</strong>one-<br />
Tis uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiyena evropuli<br />
konvencia (da evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
precedentuli samarTali) rogorc qveynis<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi samarTlebrivi vakuumis<br />
amovsebis saSualeba.<br />
d) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebis ganWvretis saSualeba<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis<br />
gamoyeneba erovnuli sasamarTloebis<br />
mier ganpirobebulia aseve imiT, rom is<br />
aZlevs erovnul sasamarTloebs im gadawyvetilebis<br />
ganWvretis SesaZleblobas, romelsac,<br />
savaraudod, miiRebs evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
am saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg evropul sasamarTloSi<br />
ganacxadiT mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
Tu adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom<br />
adre ganxilul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT<br />
daadgina konvenciis darRveva erT-erTi<br />
monawile saxelmwifos mier, didia imis alba-<br />
Toba, rom msgavs saqmeze, romelic momavalSi<br />
SeiZleba ganixilos evropulma sasamarTlom,<br />
igi miiRebs aseTsave gadawyvetilebas, kerZod,<br />
daadgens saxelmwifos mier konvenciis<br />
darRveva s 16 .<br />
Tu erovnuli sasamarTloebi ar gaiTvaliswineben<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul<br />
samarTals, ar moaxdenen kanonmdeblobisa<br />
da praqtikis, gansakuTrebiT ki, sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikis koreqtirebas evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
mier analogiur saqmeebze adre miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT, isini dadgebian<br />
realuri safrTxis winaSe, rom evropuli<br />
16<br />
J. A. Carrilo Salcedo, The European System <strong>of</strong> Protection <strong>of</strong> Human<br />
Rights, in: Judicial Protection <strong>of</strong> Human Rights at the National and International<br />
Level, vol. I, 1991, 376-377; J. Merrils, The Development <strong>of</strong> International<br />
Law by the European <strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human Rights, 1993, 12.<br />
16
atom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas?<br />
sasamarTlo daadgens evropuli konvenciis<br />
darRvevas am saxelmwifos mier. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos mier adre<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi analogiur saqmeebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, romlebSic evropulma<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis darRveva,<br />
savaraudoa, rom am saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg<br />
ganacxadis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
imaves daadgens 17 .<br />
cxadia, saxelmwifos, misi erovnuli sasamarTloebis<br />
interesebSia evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba, rac<br />
mas miscems SesaZleblobas, daicvas fizikuri<br />
da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebi evropuli<br />
standartebiT. Tu erovnulma sasamarTloebma<br />
gamoiyenes precedentuli samarTali da<br />
masSi dadgenili standartebiT daicves pirTa<br />
uflebebi, naklebad mosalodnelia, am pirebma<br />
mimarTon evropul sasamarTlos TavianTi<br />
uflebebis dasacavad da, aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
mcirea imis albaToba, evropulma sasamarTlom<br />
daadginos, rom am saxelmwifom daarRvia<br />
evropuli konvencia.<br />
is garemoeba, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas,<br />
rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs Tavis adrindel<br />
gadawyvetilebebs (precedentul samarTals),<br />
ar niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi<br />
Sexeduleba da gansxvavebulad ganmartos<br />
konvenciis debulebebi. saqmeze _ kosi<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Cossey v.<br />
the United Kingdom) _ evropulma sasamarTlom<br />
aRniSna, rom adre miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
momdevno saqmeebis ganxilvisas gamoyenebis<br />
praqtika `xels ar SeuSlis sasamarTlos, gadauxvios<br />
adre miRebul gadawyvetilebas, Tu<br />
igi darwmunda, rom arsebobs amisaTvis damajerebeli<br />
mizezebi. aseTi gadaxveva SeiZleba<br />
moxdes, magaliTad, uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>il rom iqnes<br />
konvenciis iseTi ganmarteba, romelic asaxavs<br />
sazogadoebriv cvlilebebs da Seesatyviseba<br />
dRevandel pirobebs~ 18 .<br />
rogorc Tavad konvenciiT, ise evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos praqtikiT dadasturebulia<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos mier iseTi gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis SesaZlebloba, romelic<br />
17<br />
E. Alkema, Responsibilities Deriving from the Implementation <strong>of</strong> the European<br />
Convention on Human Rights: Responsibilities for States Parties to the<br />
Convention, in: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Sixth International Colloquy about The<br />
European Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 708.<br />
18<br />
1990 wlis 27 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 184, 35-e punqti.<br />
ganasxvavebs mis dRevandel midgomas adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi<br />
adrindeli midgomisagan 19 . evropuli konvenciis<br />
30-e muxli pirdapir iTvaliswinebs evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos mier iseTi gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis SesaZleblobas, romelic SeuTavsebelia<br />
sasamarTlos mier adre miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan<br />
20 . rac Seexeba evropuli<br />
sa samarTlos praqtikas evropuli konvenciis<br />
iseT ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic<br />
gansxvavdeba adrindeli ganmartebisagan, sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikaSi mravlad iyo SemTxveva,<br />
rodesac evropuli sasamarTlos mier konvenciis<br />
debulebaTa ganmarteba gansxvavdeboda<br />
adrindelisagan 21 .<br />
e) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli<br />
standartebis ganviTarebis saSualeba<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba isaa,<br />
rom is iZleva adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli<br />
standartebis ganviTarebis saSualebas evropuli<br />
standartebis kvaldakval.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
mixedviT, kanonmdeblobis debulebebis ganmartebis<br />
erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoria<br />
is, rom evropuli konvencia aRiarebulia `cocxal~<br />
dokumentad. aseTad konvenciis aRiareba<br />
niSnavs, rom misi debulebebi unda ganimartos<br />
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi momxdari<br />
cvlilebebis Sesabamisad 22 . Tu saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobis debulebebi ar ganimarta<br />
evropuli standartebis mixedviT, SeiZleba,<br />
kanonmdeblobis normebis Sinaarsi `CamorCes~<br />
evropuli standartebiT dacul uflebaTa Sinaarss,<br />
romelic sul ufro viTardeba adamia-<br />
19<br />
ix. saqmeebi: delkuri belgiis winaaRmdeg (Delcourt v. Belgium)<br />
(1970 weli) da borgersi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Borgers v. Belgium)<br />
(1990 weli); Siseri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Schiesser v. Switzerland)<br />
(1979 weli); aseve ix. L. Wildhaber, Precedent in the European<br />
<strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human Rights, in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Perspective,<br />
Studies in Memory <strong>of</strong> R. Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold<br />
& L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 1532-1533.<br />
20<br />
evropuli konvenciis 30-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `rodesac palatis<br />
ganxilvaSi arsebuli saqme mniSvnelovan sakiTxs wamoWris,<br />
romelic gavlenas axdens konvenciis an misi oqmebis<br />
ganmartebaze, an palatis mier sakiTxis gadawyvetas SeiZleba<br />
mohyves sasamarTlos mier manamde miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan<br />
SeuTavsebeli Sedegi, palatas ufleba aqvs, gadawyvetilebis<br />
gamotanamde, nebismier dros, uari ganacxados<br />
iurisdiqciaze didi palatis sasargeblod, Tu saqmis romelime<br />
mxare ar aris winaaRmdegi~.<br />
21<br />
J. Merrils, The Development <strong>of</strong> International Law by the European <strong>Court</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Human Rights, 1993, 14.<br />
22<br />
S. Jensen, The European Convention on Human Rights in Scandinavian<br />
Law: A Case Law Study, 1992, 236.<br />
17
konstantine korkelia<br />
nis uflebaTa dacvis standartebis zrdasTan<br />
erTad. Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo ar gamoiyenebs<br />
evropul standartebs kanonmdeblobis<br />
ganmartebisaTvis, SeiZleba, kanonmdeblobis<br />
debulebebi ufro SezRudulad ganimartos,<br />
ris gamoc dairRveva evropuli standartebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi 23 .<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
mixedviT, saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtebis ganmarteba xels<br />
Seuwyobs evropuli konvenciiT, evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
precedentuli samarTliTa da saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis standartebis<br />
harmonizebas. cxadia, rom aseTi harmonizeba<br />
unda moxdes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis standartebis<br />
gazrdis mizniT. Tu saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobis norma ganimarta evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT<br />
da erovnulma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-<br />
Tali adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ufro maRal<br />
standarts adgens, erovnulma sasamarTlom<br />
ise unda ganmartos kanonmdeblobis debulebebi,<br />
rom isini Seesabamebodnen precedentul<br />
samarTals; meore mxriv, Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom kanonmdeblobis ganmartebas<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTlis mixedviT sawinaaRmdego Sedegi<br />
aqvs, anu kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
ufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos aseTi ganmartebiT,<br />
maSin saqarTvelos sasamarTlom ar<br />
unda ganmartos kanonmdebloba evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
precedentuli samarTliT dadgenili<br />
ufro dabali standartiT.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebiT<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganmarteba<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
konstituciur debulebaTa ganmartebas<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
mixedviT xels uwyobs saqarTvelos konstituciisa<br />
da evropuli konvenciis debuleba-<br />
Ta msgavseba. aseTi msgavseba ganapiroba iman,<br />
rom saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSavebis<br />
dros mxedvelobaSi iqna miRebuli evropuli<br />
konvenciis debulebebi. evropuli konvenciis<br />
debulebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis zo-<br />
23<br />
W. Binchy, The Bill, the Advantages and Disadvantages <strong>of</strong> the Approach<br />
Taken, and Possible Alternatives, paper presented to the Conference <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Law Society <strong>of</strong> Ireland on the European Convention on Human Rights Bill<br />
(2001), 19 October 2002.<br />
gierT muxls safuZvladac ki daedo. rogorc<br />
germaneli mkvlevari v. gauli aRniSnavs Tavis<br />
naSromSi, romelSic Seiswavla saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis SemuSavebis procesi, `veneciis<br />
komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli analizisa da<br />
daxmarebis Sedegad, ukve adreul etapze dadginda<br />
konstituciis proeqtis normaTa evropis<br />
sabWos normebTan, upirveles yovlisa ki,<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan<br />
Sesabamisoba~ 24 .<br />
aseTi msgavseba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-3<br />
punqtsa da 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT, romelTa formulirebebi msgavsia<br />
evropuli konvenciis Sesabamisi debulebebis<br />
formulirebebisa. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
evropulma sasamarTlom mniSvnelovnad ganaviTara<br />
da daazusta evropuli konvenciis<br />
materialuri muxlebis Sinaarsi, evropulma<br />
konvenciam da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulma<br />
samarTalma SeiZleba orientiris<br />
roli Seasrulos saqarTvelis konstituciis<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb debulebebis ganmartebisaTvis.<br />
am msgavsebis sailustraciod SeiZleba<br />
iseTi uflebis regulirebis sakiTxis moSvelieba,<br />
rogoricaa gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti adgens, rom imisa-<br />
Tvis, raTa gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva<br />
marTlzomierad CaiTvalos, man unda<br />
daakmay<strong>of</strong>ilos sami piroba, kerZod, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa SezRudva unda: a) iyos kanoniT<br />
gansazRvruli; b) emsaxurebodes kanonier mizans<br />
25 ; da g) iyos aucilebeli demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
am sami pirobis safuZvelze afasebs, marTlzomieria<br />
Tu ara evropuli konvenciis xsenebuli<br />
uflebis SezRudva. Tu evropulma sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom ar aris dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebuli<br />
erT-erTi piroba mainc, igi miiCnevs, rom adamianis<br />
uflebaTa SezRudva aramarTlzomieria<br />
da Sesabamisma saxelmwifom daarRvia evropuli<br />
konvenciis Sesabamisi debuleba.<br />
24<br />
ix. v. gauli, konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTvelo-<br />
Si, 2002 weli, gv. 374; aseve ix. gv. 32.<br />
25<br />
magaliTad, erovnuli uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis, uwesrigobis<br />
an danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, janmrTelobis<br />
an zneobis dacvisaTvis, sxvaTa reputaciis an uflebaTa<br />
dacvisaTvis, saidumlo informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan<br />
acilebis an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis<br />
SenarCunebisaTvis.<br />
18
atom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas?<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
me-10 muxlis msgavsad, saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
24-e muxlis me-4 punqti adgens sam analogiur<br />
pirobas sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, kerZod, 24-e muxlis<br />
me-4 punqtSi aRniSnulia, rom: `am muxlis pirvel<br />
da meore punqtebSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa<br />
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia kanoniT SeizRudos<br />
iseTi pirobebiT, romlebic aucilebelia<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo<br />
uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad,<br />
danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad, sxvaTa<br />
uflebebisa da Rirsebis dasacavad, konfidencialurad<br />
aRiarebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad an sasamarTlos<br />
damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis<br />
uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad“.<br />
sityvis (gamoxatvis) TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciisa da<br />
evropuli konvenciis debulebebis Sedarebidan<br />
naTelia, rom am aqtebiT dadgenili pirobebi<br />
sityvis (gamoxatvis) Tavisuflebis<br />
SezRudvis mimarT msgavsia 26 . evropuli konvenciis<br />
me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis msgavsad saqar-<br />
Tvelos konstituciis 24-e muxlis me-2 punqti<br />
adgens sam pirobas, romelTa dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba marTlzomierad SeizRudos<br />
sityvis Tavisufleba. saqarTvelos sasamarTlos<br />
SeuZlia gamoiyenos evropuli<br />
konvencia, evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTali da mis safuZvelze Seafasos<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis marTlzomiereba.<br />
evropuli konvenciisa da evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs SesaZleblobas<br />
miscems, miiRon iseTi gadawyvetileba,<br />
romelic Seesabameba evropuli sasamarTlos<br />
precedentul samarTals. evropuli konvencia<br />
da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali<br />
iqneba is orientiri, romelic daexmareba<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTlos swori gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebaSi 27 .<br />
26<br />
sityvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad konstituciasa<br />
da konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis<br />
msgavsebisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom evropuli konvencia<br />
aseve moixseniebs kidev erT kanonier mizans _ janmrTelobisa<br />
da zneobis dacvas, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba SeizRudos<br />
adamianis uflebebi, rasac konstituciis 24-e muxli ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs. ix. Study on the Compatibility <strong>of</strong> <strong>Georgia</strong>n Law with<br />
the Requirements <strong>of</strong> the Convention for the Protection <strong>of</strong> Human Rights<br />
and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols, HRCAD(2001)2, 2001, 24.<br />
27<br />
J. Polakiewicz, The Application <strong>of</strong> the European Convention on Human<br />
Rights in Domestic Law, 17 Human Rights Law Journal, N11-12, 1996, 407.<br />
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tu saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 24-e muxli awesrigebs `sityvis<br />
Tavisuflebas~, konvenciis me-10 muxli<br />
awesrigebs `gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas~. es<br />
ukanaskneli ufro farToa da moicavs ara<br />
mxolod `sityviT~ gamoxatul Sexedulebas,<br />
aramed nebismieri sxva formiT (mag., xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebiT, naxatiT) 28 . saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma<br />
aseTi gansxvaveba konvenciiTa da<br />
konstituciiT mowesrigebuli uflebis farglebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gamoiyenon saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis iseTi ganmartebisa-<br />
Tvis, romelic Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul konvencias.<br />
v) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis<br />
samarTlebrivi damajereblobis SemZeni<br />
saSualeba<br />
Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo detalurad ganixilavs<br />
evropul konvenciasa da evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
normatiul aqtTan (mag.,<br />
kanonTan) erTad Tavis gadawyvetilebas daasabuTebs<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebiT,<br />
mosarCelisaTvis aseTi gadawyvetileba,<br />
savaraudod, ufro damajerebeli iqneba,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, mosarCelis sasargeblod<br />
aris es gadawyvetileba Tu ara 29 .<br />
naklebad savaraudoa, mosarCelem eWvi Seitanos<br />
gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi, Tu man<br />
dainaxa, rom gadawyvetilebaSi erovnulma sasamarTlom<br />
gamoiyena ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
kanonmdebloba (romelic, mosar-<br />
Celis azriT, SeiZleba xarveziani iyos da ar<br />
akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebdes evropul standartebs), aramed<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi,<br />
romelTan mimarTebiTac mosarCeles, rogorc<br />
wesi, ar uCndeba eWvebi am standartebiT<br />
daculi uflebebis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
gamoyenebis dadebiT mxareze, rogorc<br />
erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis<br />
samarTlebrivi damajereblobis SemZen saSualebaze,<br />
yuradReba gamaxvilda saqarTvelos<br />
mosamarTleebTan Catarebul kvlevaSi. kvlevis<br />
28<br />
miuleri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Muller v. Switzerland), 1988<br />
wlis 24 maisi, Series A, no. 133, 27-e punqti.<br />
29<br />
J. Polakiewicz, The Implementation <strong>of</strong> the ECHR and <strong>of</strong> the Decisions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Strasbourg <strong>Court</strong> in Western Europe: An Evaluation, The Domestic<br />
Implementation <strong>of</strong> the European Convention on Human Rights in Eastern<br />
and Western Europe (eds. E. Alkema, T. Bellekom, A. Drzemczewski et al.),<br />
1992, 160.<br />
19
konstantine korkelia<br />
mixedviT, `ZiriTadi warmateba, rac, mosamarTleebis<br />
azriT, Tan axlavs adamianis uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis gamoyenebas<br />
da evrosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebze apelirebas<br />
maT konkretul saqmianobaSi, aris<br />
mosamarTlis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
dasabuTebulobis gazrda. es, erTi mxriv, ma-<br />
Rali samarTlebrivi kulturis maCvenebelia,<br />
meore mxriv ki _ mxareebs umtkicebs rwmenas<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis sisworeSi da<br />
amaRlebs sasamarTlos avtoritets, radgan<br />
masSi aris miTiTeba Sesabamis evropul gamocdilebaze<br />
30 .<br />
amave kvlevaSi saqalaqo sasamarTlos erTerTma<br />
mosamarTlem yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianis<br />
uflebaTa standartebis gamoyenebis<br />
mniSvnelobaze, rogorc sasamarTlos mimarT<br />
ndobis gazrdis saSualebaze. misi azriT, `Tu<br />
moqalaqe dainaxavs, rom raRac sakiTxi mTel<br />
mx<strong>of</strong>lioSi ase regulirdeba da mxolod adgilobrivi<br />
sasamarTlo ar aris `usamarTlo~,<br />
rogorc mas hgonia, meti ndoba gauCndeba sasamarTlos<br />
mimarT~ 31 .<br />
Tu mosamarTleebi gamoiyeneben adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul standartebs da maT safuZvelze<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>en adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacvas marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas,<br />
aseTi gadawyvetilebebi ufro damajerebeli<br />
iqneba davis mxareebisaTvis, ris gamoc SeiZleba<br />
mcire raodenobis saqmeebi gasaCivrdes<br />
zemdgom sasamarTlo instanciebSi an, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
saSualebebis amowurvis Semdeg, naklebi raodenobis<br />
sarCeliT miemarTos adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul sasamarTlos.<br />
amitom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis<br />
gamoyenebas, kidev erTi, Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />
upiratesoba aqvs. pirvel rigSi, es xels<br />
Seuwyobs saqarTvelos sakasacio da saapelacio<br />
instanciebis gantvirTvas. Tu mosarCele<br />
darwmunda, rom sasamarTlom saqmis garemoebebi<br />
Seafasa ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
normatiuli aqtebis, aramed evropuli<br />
standartebis safuZvelze da, Sesabamisad,<br />
30<br />
ix. kvleva `saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis muSaobaSi adamianis<br />
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb~, romelic<br />
Seasrula BCG Research-ma gaeros ganviTarebis programis<br />
dakveTiT. ix. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xel-<br />
Sekrulebebi da saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika, nawili<br />
pirveli, 2006 weli, gv. 43.<br />
31<br />
iqve, gv. 44.<br />
mosarCeles Camouyalibda azri, rom gadawyvetileba<br />
iyo samarTliani, mcirdeba albaToba,<br />
man saqme gaasaCivros zemdgom instanciaSi. miT<br />
ufro, rom piris mizani aris ara saqmis gasaCivreba,<br />
aramed sasamarTlos mier samarTliani<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba. am gziT Tavidan iqneba<br />
acilebuli zedmeti resursebis xarjva<br />
da zemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciebis gadatvirTva.<br />
Tu sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mosarCelisaTvis<br />
damajerebeli aRmoCnda (miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom misi sarCeli ar dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilda), vinaidan<br />
erovnulma sasamarTlom, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
kanonmdeblobasTan erTad, gamoiyena<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi,<br />
mcirea imis albaToba, rom man mimarTos adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos. Tu<br />
mosarCele darwmunda, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom<br />
miiRo samarTliani gadawyvetileba,<br />
romelic emyareba ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
samarTals, aramed evropul standartebsac,<br />
maSic es saqme erovnul doneze<br />
dasruldeba. Tu mosarCelem ver dainaxa perspeqtiva,<br />
rom saqmes moigebs evropul doneze,<br />
maSin is aRar mimarTavs evropul sasamarTlos,<br />
miT ufro, rom evropul sasamarTloSi<br />
saqmis ganxilvas amJamad Zalian didi dro (4-5<br />
weli) sWirdeba.<br />
Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifosaTvisac momgebiani<br />
unda iyos sasamarTlos mier ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
kanonmdeblobis, aramed<br />
evropuli standartebis safuZvelze gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba, romelic daarwmunebs mosarCeles<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi.<br />
arc saxelmwifos interesebSi ar<br />
unda Sediodes is, rom pirma mimarTos adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos Tavisi<br />
uflebebis dasacavad.<br />
zemoaRniSnulma analizma cxadyo, rom<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba<br />
yvela mxaris interesebSia da misi meSveobiT<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom sasamarTlo dava gadawydes<br />
samarTlianad, droulad da naklebi resursebiT<br />
rogorc mosarCelisaTvis, ise sasamarTlosaTvis<br />
(saxelmwifosaTvis).<br />
20
jeremi makbraidi<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis<br />
zonebSi - Semxebloba da<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
jeremi makbraidi<br />
advokati, monqtonis palatebi,<br />
greis ini, londoni,<br />
centraluri evropis universitetis mowveuli<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esori da birminghemis universitetis<br />
sapatio ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.<br />
I. Sesavali 1<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi, Sida areulobebi<br />
da daZabulobebi seriozul safrTxes uqmnis<br />
adamianis uflebaTa realizacias. safrTxe<br />
momdinareobs ara ubralod maTgan, vinc ukanonod<br />
iyenebs Zalas da qmnis konfliqtur situacias<br />
da mtrul ganwyobas _ orive maTgani<br />
SeuTavsebelia demokratiul sazogadoebas-<br />
Tan, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlo ganuy<strong>of</strong>lad ukavSirebs 2 adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT 3 da misi<br />
oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs – aramed<br />
saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebidanac,<br />
romlebic Zalis zemoaRniSnuli ukanono<br />
gamoyenebis aRsakveTad aris mimarTuli,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es SeiZleba aucilebeli<br />
iyos saxelmwifos mier Tavis iurisdiqciaSi 4<br />
pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis<br />
valdebulebis konteqstSi 5 vinaidan ukanono<br />
Zalis aRkveTisas saxelmwifos SeiZleba<br />
mouwios konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis<br />
ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
saerTaSoriso Tu adgilobrivi SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqti moicavs samxedro Zalis<br />
1<br />
winamdebare moxsenebis meore nawili adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa da Sida<br />
areulobebis da daZabulobebis dros Sefardebis maregulirebeli<br />
principebis Sesaxeb avtoris naSromis redaqtirebul<br />
da ganaxlebul variants warmoadgens. (DH-DEV (2003)001, 19<br />
seqtemberi 2003).<br />
1<br />
`sasamarTlo.“<br />
3<br />
`konvencia.~<br />
4<br />
Ibid.<br />
5<br />
ix. keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98, 13 Tebervali 2003<br />
[GC].<br />
gamoyenebas. Sida areuloba da daZabuloba<br />
gangrZobiTi xasiaTis mdgomareobaa, vidre<br />
erTi calkeuli incidenti (mag., ajanyeba).<br />
arc erTi dasaxelebuli mdgomareoba ar<br />
SeiZleba iyos iseTi seriozuli, rom safrTxe<br />
Seuqmnas eris arsebobas da, amdenad, amarTlebdes<br />
me-15 muxlis safuZvelze konvenciis<br />
debulebebisga n gadaxvevas. Tumca SesaZlebelia,<br />
zogierT Sem TxvevaSi aRniSnuli gamarTldes.<br />
rogorc saer TaSoriso, ise adgilobriv<br />
konfliqts mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacvisTvi s, sul cota, or mkafiod gamoxatul<br />
scenarSi, romlebic SeiZileba gadaikveTos.<br />
erTia faqtobrivi SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqti an areuloba (roca Zala gamoiyeneba)<br />
da meore, roca qveynis SigniT aseT<br />
konfliqtebs da areulobas aqvs adgili.<br />
is qmedebebi, romlebic tardeba saer-<br />
TaSoriso konfliqtis sapasuxod, pirvel<br />
SemTxvevaSi 6 SeiZleba ar iyos misaRebi meore<br />
viTarebaSi, roca yovlismomcveli midgoma<br />
araadekvaturia. misi gacnobiereba Zalze mniSvnelovania<br />
konfliqturi viTarebis warmoSobamde,<br />
prevenciuli zomebis dagegmvis proces-<br />
Si. am dros gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom<br />
ganisazRvros vin iqneba pasuxismgebeli uflebebis<br />
da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvaz e.<br />
statiaSi Semdgom ganxilulia sasamarTlos<br />
pozicia aRniSnul mosazrebaTa praqtikul<br />
realizaciaze individualuri uflebebisa da<br />
Tavisuflebebis konteqstSi. statiis meore<br />
nawilis dasasruls SemoTavazebulia, rom<br />
gamovlenili principebi gadaiqces rekomendaciebad<br />
an saxelmZRvanelo ganmartebebad 7 .<br />
statiis mesame nawili ikvlevs konfliqtis zo-<br />
6<br />
Semdgom moixsenieba rogorc `konfliqtis zona.~<br />
7<br />
kvleva ar exeba konvenciis moqmedebis gavrcelebis sakiTxs<br />
wevri xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos teritoriis gareT warmoebul<br />
konfliqtsa Tu areulobaze, magram mdebareoba ganixileba<br />
mniSvnelovan faqtorad imis gadasawyvetad, eqceva Tu ara<br />
esa Tu is qmedeba `iurisdiqciaSi~ pirveli muxlis miznebisTvis;<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxva saxelmwifoebis<br />
winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi 2001 [GC].<br />
21
jeremi makbraidi<br />
nebSi saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas konvenciis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad aRniSnuli<br />
sakiTxi problematuri araa aseT zonebSi warmoSobili<br />
situaciebis umetes SemTxvevaSi,<br />
maTi rogorc mdebareoba, ise SesaZlo Careva<br />
erTze meti wevri xelSemkvreli saxelmwifosi,<br />
agreTve arawevri da arasaxelmwifo moqmedi<br />
pirebis mxridan, SesaZlebels xdis, rom<br />
pasuxismgebloba gaziarebuli, gadacemuli<br />
an sulac gamoricxuli iqnes. am SesaZleblobebidan<br />
pirveli da meore asaxavs im situaciis<br />
sirTules, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvas<br />
konfliqtis zonaSi, magram mesame SemaSfoTebelia,<br />
vinaidan es niSnavs imas, rom adamianis<br />
uflebaTa umniSvnelovanesi meqanizmebi aRar<br />
iqneba xelmisawvdomi msgavs situaciebSi.<br />
II. Semxebloba konfliqtis zonebSi<br />
a) zogadi mosazrebebi<br />
1. ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba<br />
nebismier konteqstSi<br />
arsebobs rigi fuZemdebluri principebisa,<br />
romlebic ZalaSia konvenciis moqmedebis nebismier<br />
konteqstSi da konvenciis konfliqtis<br />
zonaSi Sefardebisas yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes.<br />
Tumca, unda xazgasmiT aRniSnos, rom<br />
eWvgareSea konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis<br />
zonebSi, vinaidan amas pirdapir aRiarebs<br />
konvenciis ori norma 8 da me-6 da me-13 oqmebi<br />
9 . amrigad, konvenciis moTxovnebi ar gamoiricxeba<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis<br />
normebiT 10 .<br />
uwinares yovlisa, nebismieri SezRudvisas<br />
saWiroa dakmay<strong>of</strong>ildes kanonierebis moTxovna,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, sakmarisi ar aris<br />
kanonmdebloba konkretul safuZvels iTvaliswinebdes<br />
SezRudvisTvis, saWiroa Sesabamisi<br />
norma iyos xelmisawvdomi da winaswarganWvretadi<br />
maTTvis, visac Seexeba 11 . Tu saoma-<br />
8<br />
muxli 4 `b~ da muxli 15.<br />
9<br />
pirveli nebas rTavs da meore krZalavs saomar mdgomaroebaSi<br />
sikvdiliT dasjas.<br />
10<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom<br />
daadastura adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis moqmedeba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros Tavis<br />
mosazrebaSi palestinis okupirebul teritoriaze kedlis<br />
mSeneblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis Sesaxeb da gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
kongos teritoriaze saomari moqmedebebis<br />
Sesaxeb saqmeze. igive pozicia daikava gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
adamianis uflebaTa komitetma Tavis 31-e zogad komentarSi<br />
samoqalaqo da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso<br />
paqtis me-2 muxlis Sesaxeb.<br />
11<br />
silveri (Silver) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5947/72;<br />
6205/73; 7052/75; 7061/75; 7107/75; 7113/75; 7136/75, 13 marti<br />
1983.<br />
ri operacia ar emyareba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
samarTals da man gamoiwvia samoqalaqo pirTa<br />
sikvdili, aRniSnuli Seadgens mniSvnelovan<br />
elements me-2 muxlis darRvevis dadgenaSi,<br />
rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze isaeva ruseTis<br />
winaaRmdeg 12 .<br />
amasTan, SezRudva unda gamoyenebuli iqnes<br />
imdagvarad, rom ar iyos TviTneburi 13 da ar<br />
iwvevdes iseT gansxvavebul mopyrobas pirTa<br />
kategoriebis mimarT, romelsac ar aqvs gonivruli<br />
da obieqturi gamarTleba 14 . Ronis-<br />
Ziebebi, romlebic gatarebulia piris mimarT<br />
mxolod iseT faqtorebze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa<br />
rasa, eTnikuri warmomavloba, ena, religia,<br />
_ dauSvebelia, magram, vinaidan maTi<br />
mtkiceba SeiZleba rTuli aRmoCndes 15 , gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba unda mieqces imis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>as, rom konfliqtisa Tu areulobisas<br />
gatarebuli RonisZieba ar iqnes Seni-<br />
Rbuli pirisTvis zianis misayeneblad, misi pirovnuli<br />
Tvisebebis Tu SexedulebebisaTvis 16 .<br />
mesame, yvela SezRudva unda iTvaliswinebdes<br />
Tanabarzomierebis princips da ar<br />
unda iwvevdes uflebebisa Tu Tavisuflebebis<br />
srul gauqmebas 17 .<br />
dabolos, arsebobs garkveuli uflebebi<br />
da Tavisuflebebi, romlebisganac gadaxveva<br />
dauSvebelia konteqstis miuxedavad da Sesabamisad,<br />
dauSvebelia maTi SezRudva 18 . zemoaRniSnuli<br />
principebi unda iyos konfliqtis<br />
zonaSi (da qveynis Sesabamis nawilSi) Seqmnili<br />
mdgomareobis sapasuxod. RonisZiebebis gatarebisas<br />
zemoaRniSnuli principebi pirvel<br />
rigSi unda gvaxsovdes. da mainc, isini, miuxedavad<br />
aRiarebisa, xSirad praqtikaSi mxedvelobis<br />
aredan qreba. xsenebul principebs gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs im mxriv, rom<br />
12<br />
isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57950/00, 24 Tebervali,<br />
2005.<br />
13<br />
vitold litva (Witold Litwa) <strong>pol</strong>oneTis winaaRmdeg, 26629/95,<br />
4 aprili 2000.<br />
14<br />
konvenciis me-14 muxlis moTxovna. ix. gaiguzuci (Gaygusuz)<br />
avstriis winaaRmdeg, 17371/90, 16 seqtemberi, 1996. es norma<br />
qvemoT detalurad aRar ganixileba.<br />
15<br />
ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5310/71,<br />
18 ianvari, 1978 da ioileri (Yöyler) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
26973/95, 24 ivlisi 2003.<br />
16<br />
ix. Nachova da Others bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, 43577/98 da<br />
43579/98, 6 ivlisi, 2005 [GC], Moldovan da Others rumineTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(No 2), 41138/98 da 64320/0112 ivlisi 2005 da Bekos da<br />
Koutropoulos saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 15250/02, 13 dekemberi,<br />
2005.<br />
17<br />
ix. Campbell da Cosans gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
7511/76; 7743/76, 25 Tebervali, 1982, hertel Sveicariis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25181/94, 25 agvisto, 1998 da Heaney da McGuinness<br />
irlandiis winaaRmdeg, 34720/97, 21 dekemberi, 2000.<br />
18<br />
konvenciis me-15 muxlis me-2 punqtis moTxovna.<br />
22
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
xazs usvamen konfliqtebisa da areulobebis<br />
damaregulirebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebis<br />
mizanSewonilobas msgavsi garemoebebis warmo-<br />
Sobamde da, Sesabamisad, amcireben daugegmavi<br />
reagirebis risksac.<br />
2. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone zogadi<br />
mosazrebebi konfliqtis zonebis konteqstSi<br />
zemoT ganxiluli principebis garda, arsebobs<br />
agreTve gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis<br />
garkveuli ganvrcobiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic<br />
aseve mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli<br />
konfliqtis zonaSi Seqmnil viTarebaSi.<br />
uwinares yovlisa, Tavad viTarebidan da<br />
mis sapasuxod SeTavazebuli reagirebidan gamomdinare,<br />
SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes sagangebo<br />
mdgomareobis formaluri cnoba, romelic<br />
gaamarTlebs normalur situaciaSi daculi<br />
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisgan gadaxveviT<br />
ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebs 19 . es gansaku-<br />
TrebiT moiTxoveba imisTvis, rom RonisZieba<br />
CaiTvalos konvenciis Sesabamisad 20 da rodesac<br />
igi SemosazRvrulia garkveuli teritoriuli<br />
farglebiT, dauSvebelia misi sxvagan<br />
gamoyeneba 21 . miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlos<br />
ar daudgenia, rom <strong>of</strong>icialuri gamocxadeba,<br />
romelsac iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo da<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso<br />
paqtis Sesatyvisi muxli 22 , aseve moiTxoveba<br />
19<br />
saocaria, magram konvenciis maRali xelSemkvreli mxareebis<br />
iurisdiqciaSi yvela konfliqtis dros ar gamxdara saWiro<br />
uflebebidan gadaxveva. SeiZleba ise Candes, rom saxelmwifo<br />
organoTa `Cveulebrivi~ uflebamosilebebi sakmarisi iyos<br />
konfliqtebTan gasamklaveblad. Tumca gadawyvetilebebi<br />
iseT saqmeebze, rogorebicaa brogani (Brogan) gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84, 11386/85,<br />
29 noemberi, 1988 da CeCneTTan dakavSirebul saqmeebze<br />
miuTiTebs, rom msgavsi varaudi SeiZleba zedmetad optimisturad<br />
JRerdes. Tu saxelmwifo ar gadauxvevs konvenciis debulebebs,<br />
amiT agreTve SeizRudeba gatarebuli RonisZiebis<br />
adreuli koleqtiuri Semowmebis farglebi. sasamarTlos<br />
jer kidev gasacemi aqvs pasuxi kiTxvaze, SesaZlebelia Tu<br />
ara konvenciis muxlebidan gadaxveva, roca Zala gamoiyeneba<br />
wevri saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT. dadebiTi<br />
pasuxi ufro savaraudo iqneboda im SemTxvevebSi, roca saxelmwifo<br />
Tavs icavs (am dros safrTxe emuqreba eris arsebobas)<br />
an moqmedebs gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis me-7 Tavis<br />
safuZvelze (safrTxe emuqreba saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da<br />
uSiSroebas, Sesabamisad, rogorc individualur saxelmwifoebs,<br />
ise saxelmwifoebis jgufs). rac Seexeba konvenciis<br />
faqtobriv moqmedebas wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriis gareT<br />
arsebuli konfliqtis zonebSi, ix. nawili III.<br />
20<br />
me-15 muxlis me-3 punqti.<br />
21<br />
sakiki (Sakik) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23878/94,<br />
23879/94 da 23880/94, 26 noemberi 1997, sadaki (Sadak) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 25142/94 da 27099/95, 8 aprili, 2004, iurtasi<br />
(Yurttas) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25143/94 da 27098/95, 27 maisi,<br />
2004, da iamani (Yaman) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 32446/96, 2 noemberi,<br />
2004.<br />
22<br />
me-4 muxli.<br />
konvenciiTac, kanonierebis principis dasakmay<strong>of</strong>ileblad<br />
da im mosazrebiT, rom konvencia<br />
ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saxelmwifos<br />
sxva saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs 23 , aRniSnuli<br />
mainc unda Sesruldes.<br />
meore rigSi, xsenebuli valdebuleba meore,<br />
ufro farTo valdebulebasTan erTobliobaSi<br />
(romlis Tanaxmadac, dauSvebelia konvenciis<br />
debulebebis gamoyeneba maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxareebis sxva uflebebidan gamomdinare<br />
valdebulebebisgan gadasaxvevad 24 , niSnavs,<br />
rom ufro mkacri valdebulebebi saerTaSoriso<br />
humanitaruli samarTlis standartebis<br />
saxiT SeiZleba gamodges magaliTad, Tu rogor<br />
unda moqmedebdes konvenciis debulebebi<br />
konfliqtebisa da areulobis dros 25 .<br />
mesame rigSi, Tumca samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />
Sesaxeb me-13 muxliT 26 gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
valdebulebis individualuri aspeqtebis<br />
Sesruleba yovelTvis sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebiT<br />
ar moiTxoveba (gansakuTrebiT ma-<br />
Sin, roca erovnuli uSiSroebis interesebi<br />
ikveTeba) 27 , sagamonakliso RonisZiebebze sasamarTlo<br />
zedamxedvelobis arseboba da xelmisawvdomoba<br />
aucilebelia. es exeba im uflebebsa<br />
da Tavisuflebebsac, romlebisgan gadaxvevac<br />
daiSveba, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo<br />
zedamxedveloba erTaderT garantiad rCeba<br />
imis Sesamowmeblad, rom sagangebo da saomar<br />
viTarebaSi uflebebis SezRudva aucileblad<br />
moiTxoveboda. agreTve sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobiT<br />
unda Semowmdes, rom ar izRudeba<br />
is uflebebi, romlebidanac gadaxveva dauSvebelia<br />
28 . Tumca TviTnebobisgan dacvis damatebiTi<br />
garantiebis SemoReba mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtori iqneba imis gadasawyvetad, ramdenad<br />
marTlzomieri iyo ama Tu im RonisZiebis gatareba<br />
saomari Tu sagangebo mdgomareobis<br />
dros 29 . amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ufle-<br />
23<br />
me-15 muxlis pirveli punqti; ix. branigani (Brannigan) da makbraidi<br />
(McBride) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14553/89,<br />
14554/89, 26 maisi, 1993.<br />
24<br />
53-e muxli.<br />
25<br />
saerTo jamSi konvencia konfliqtis zonebSi pirTa farTo<br />
garantiebs moicavs.<br />
26<br />
ganxilulia qvemoT.<br />
27<br />
ix. klasi (Klass) da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 5029/71, 6<br />
seqtemberi, 1978 da lianderi (Leander) SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
9248/81, 26 marti, 1987.<br />
28<br />
lolesi (Lawless) irlandiis winaaRmdeg (No 3), 332/57, 1 ivlisi,<br />
1961, branigeni (Brannigan) da makbraidi (McBride) gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14553/89 da14554/89, 26 maisi<br />
1993, demiri (Demir) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21380/93, 21381/93<br />
da 21383/93, 23 seqtemberi 1998 da elji (Elci) da sxvebi Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 23145/93 da 25091/94, 13 noemberi 2003.<br />
29<br />
Ibid.<br />
23
jeremi makbraidi<br />
badacviTi saSualebebi mravali uflebisa da<br />
Tavisuflebis materialuri Sinaarsis Semadgeneli<br />
elementia, gansakuTrebiT es exeba uflebebs,<br />
romlebisganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia.<br />
amasTan, konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebulad saWiroa, gatardes<br />
RonisZiebebi, raTa ar dairRves evropuli sasamarTlosTvis<br />
mimarTvis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is 30<br />
da droebiTi RonisZiebis Sesrulebis valdebuleba<br />
31 . yovelive amis miuxedavad, SeiZleba<br />
ganvasxvaoT saxelmwifos valdebulebebi,<br />
uzrunvelyos konfliqtisa da areulobis<br />
dros konvenciiT moTxovnili uflebadacviTi<br />
RonisZiebebi da Semdgomi periodis valdebulebebi,<br />
romlebic iTvaliswineben garkveuli<br />
qmedebis gamoZiebas, samoqalaqo da sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas da<br />
kompensaciis gadaxdas.<br />
b) konvenciiTa da sasamarTlos<br />
precedentuli<br />
samarTliT dadgenili principebi 32<br />
1. me-2 muxli da me-6 da me-13 oqmebi _ sicocxlis<br />
ufleba da sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba<br />
konfliqtis zonebSi, cxadia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
didi riskia, rom sicocxles safrTxe<br />
Seeqmnas an moispos. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
me-2 muxlSi mocemuli garantia absoluturi<br />
ar aris, misgan gadaxvevis dauSvebloba niSnavs<br />
imas, rom konfliqtis mdgomareoba ar<br />
amarTlebs yvelanair viTarebaSi piris mokvdinebas.<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina saxelmwifos<br />
valdebuleba, miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi<br />
sicocxlis dasacavad, rogorc me-2 muxliT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli garantiis pozitiuri elementi<br />
33 . es valdebuleba srulad unda iqnes<br />
mxedvelobaSi miRebuli samxedro da samar-<br />
30<br />
34-e muxlis safuZvelze; ix. asenovi (Assenov) da sxvebi bulgareTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 24760/94, 28 oqtomberi, 1998 da makSeini<br />
(McShane) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 43290/98, 28<br />
maisi, 2002.<br />
31<br />
ix. mamaTqulovi (Mamatkulov) da abdurasuloviCi (Abdurasulovic)<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46827/99 da 46951/99, 4 Tebervali,<br />
2005 [GC].<br />
32<br />
globalur doneze standartebis SemuSavebis mcdelobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, ix. minimaluri humanitaruli standartebis<br />
deklaracia (“the Turku Declaration”), 2 dekemberi, 1990. gaer-<br />
Tianebuli erebis farglebSi mcdeloba `kacobriobis fuZemdebluri<br />
standartebis~ SesamuSaveblad (mag., ix. gaeros<br />
adamianis uflebaTa komisiis dokumenti `kacobriobis fuZemdebluri<br />
standartebis,~ generaluri mdivnis moxseneba, E/<br />
CN.4/2006/87, 3 marti, 2006).<br />
33<br />
osmani (Osman) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 23452/94,<br />
28 oqtomberi, 1998 [GC], mahmuT kaia (Mahmut Kaya) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 22535/93, 28 marti, 2000, priti (Pretty) gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 2346/02, 29 aprili, 2002 da<br />
onerildizi (Öneryildiz) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 48939/99, 30 noemberi,<br />
2004 [GC].<br />
Taldamcavi moqmedebebis dagegmvisas. sasamarTlo<br />
eTanxmeba, rom saxelmwifo pasuxs ar<br />
agebs, Tu SeuZlebeli iyo safrTxis Sefaseba,<br />
an kidev, roca xelisuflebam yvelaferi gaakeTa<br />
da arsebuli resursebi maqsimalurad gamoiyena.<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifom ar miiRo<br />
is zoma, romelsac SeeZlo Seerbilebina an<br />
aeridebina sicocxlisTvis miyenebuli ziani.<br />
amasTan, Tumca mocemul konteqstSi ufro metad<br />
fizikur xely<strong>of</strong>asTan gvaqvs saqme, unda<br />
gvaxsovdes, rom informaciis droulad miwodeba<br />
gardauvali safrTxis Taobaze mocemuli<br />
valdebulebis arsebiTi elementia 34 . aRniSnuli<br />
faqtori ar unda gadawonos operatiulma<br />
mosazrebebma, rac, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovani<br />
momentia samxedro da <strong>pol</strong>iciis SenaerTebis<br />
saqmianobaSi. gafrTxilebis da dacvis valdebuleba<br />
SeiZleba gavrceldes samxedro da samarTaldamcavi<br />
uwyebebis moqmedebebze da TavdacviT<br />
RonisZiebebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT<br />
samoqalaqo pirTa dacva 35 .<br />
me-2 muxli aRiarebs im Zalis gamoyenebis potenciur<br />
legitimurobas, romelsac SeiZleba<br />
mohyves piris mokvdineba im SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba mimarTulia vinmes dasacavad,<br />
piris dasakaveblad an janyisa Tu amboxebis<br />
CasaxSobad. aRniSnuli RonisZieba unda iyos<br />
`sruliad aucilebeli~ mocemuli miznis misaRwevad.<br />
amdenad, garemoebebi, romlebic uSveben<br />
Zalis gamoyenebas, SezRudulia. cxadia,<br />
rom mkacrad unda gakontroldes operaciis<br />
rogorc dagegmva, ise ganxorcieleba. pirvel-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa, rom saTanadod<br />
Sefasdes operatiuli informacia, romelsac<br />
operacia emyareba, agreTve ganxiluli unda<br />
iqnes sxvadasxva alternativa, raTa maqsimalurad<br />
Semcirdes safrTxe, romelic operaciis<br />
Sedegad dasakavebel pirebs emuqrebaT. jgufis<br />
wevrebi jerovnad unda iqnen gamokiTxuli<br />
operaciis detalebis da operatiuli informaciis<br />
SesaZlo susti mxareebis Sesaxeb 36 . operaciis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad SerCeuli pirebi<br />
unda iyvnen SeZlebisdagvarad momzadebulni<br />
da aRWurvilni. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
unda mieniWos sicocxlis ganurCeveli mos-<br />
34<br />
rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze onerildizi (Öneryildiz)<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 48939/99, 30 noemberi, 2004 [GC].<br />
35<br />
ix. pasa (Pasa) da erkan eroli (Erkan Erol) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
51358/99, 12 dekemberi, 2006.<br />
36<br />
makkani (McCann) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
18984/91, 27 seqtemberi, 1995 [GC].<br />
24
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
pobis safrTxes, rasac garkveuli kategoriis<br />
iaraR i iwvevs 37 .<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba nebadarTuli<br />
iqnes saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis<br />
standartebiT akrZaluli garemoebebis arsebobisas.<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba samoqalaqo pirebiT<br />
dasaxlebul teritoriaze SeiZleba mxolod<br />
gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi iqnes gamarTlebuli.<br />
igive iTqmis mocemuli saxelmwifosTvis<br />
saval debulo Zalis mqone saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
Sesabamisi normebiT akrZaluli iara-<br />
Ris gamoyenebaze 38 .<br />
operaciis dros momakvdinebeli Zalis gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba mxolod sicocxlis mospobis<br />
uSualo safrTxis an mniSvnelovani zianis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad 39 . aucileblobis<br />
principidan gamomdinare moiTxoveba, rom im<br />
pirebis mimarT, vis sawinaaRmdegodac operacia<br />
legitimurad aris mimarTuli, Tavdapirvelad<br />
ara sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi saSualebebi<br />
iqnes gamoyenebuli 40 . an am pirebs unda<br />
mieceT danebebis SesaZlebloba 41 . aRniSnuli<br />
ar moiTxoveba iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac msgavsi<br />
SeRavaTebi Tavad Seqmnida sicocxlisa-<br />
Tvis safrTxes 42 . saWiroa Zalis gamoyenebaze<br />
pasuxismgebeli pirebis saTanado momzadeba,<br />
raTa maT SeZlon Sefaseba, ramdenad gamarTlebulia<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba konkretul viTarebaSi<br />
da Tu aris saWiro Tavdapirvelad<br />
ara momakvdinebeli saSualebebis gamoyeneba.<br />
uflebamosil pirebs akisriaT valdebuleba,<br />
yovelTvis iTvaliswinebdnen Tanabarzomierebis<br />
princips da minimumamde amcirebdnen sicocxlisTvis<br />
saSiS garemoebebs maSinac, roca<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba gamarTlebulia 43 . piris ganeitralebis<br />
Semdeg misi mokvdineba ar aris<br />
gamarTlebuli 44 .<br />
37<br />
androniku (Andronicou da konstantinu (Constantinou) kviprosis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 25052/94, 9 oqtomberi, 1997.<br />
38<br />
ix. isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57590/00, 24 Tebervali,<br />
2005 da isaeva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yusupova) da bazaeva<br />
(Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00,<br />
24 Tebervali, 2005.<br />
39<br />
ix. kakuli (Kakoulli) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 38595/97, 22 noemberi,<br />
2005.<br />
40<br />
ix. simseki (Simsek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 35072/97 da<br />
37194/97, 26 ivlisi, 2005.<br />
41<br />
oguri (Ogur) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21594/93, 20 maisi, 1999.<br />
42<br />
ix. ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/9,<br />
3, 6 aprili, 2004, perki (Perk) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 50739/99,<br />
28 marti, 2006 da iuksel erdogani (Yuksel Erdogan) TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 57049/00, 15 Tebervali, 2007.<br />
43<br />
ix. isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57590/00, 24 Tebervali,<br />
2005 da isaeva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yusupova) da bazaeva<br />
(Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00,<br />
24 Tebervali, 2005.<br />
44<br />
kakuli (Kakoulli) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 38595/97, 22 noemberi,<br />
2005<br />
yovelTvis iqneba saWiroeba, rom samxedro<br />
operaciis Semdeg dadgindes gardacvlilTa<br />
vinaoba 45 . am gziT, yovelTvis, roca Zalis gamoyenebas<br />
piris mokvdineba mosdevs Sedegad,<br />
yovelTvis iqneba sruly<strong>of</strong>ili, qmediTi da<br />
damoukidebeli gamoZiebis dauyovnebliv Catarebis<br />
valdebuleba. is, rom aRniSnuli valdebulebis<br />
Sesruleba SeiZleba garTulebuli<br />
iyos konfliqtis viTarebaSi, saxelmwifom<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinos mSvidobian periodSi da<br />
miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi 46 . igive iTqmis gauCinarebebis<br />
SemTxvevebze, romlebic xSirad saomari<br />
moqmdebebis Sedegia 47 .<br />
gamoZieba unda eqvemdebarebodes sazogadoebis<br />
mxridan Semowmebas da masSi agreTve<br />
CarTuli unda iyvnen naTesavebi, rogorc es<br />
daadgina sasamarTlom. Tumca aRniSnuli valdebulebis<br />
Sesruleba SeiZleba rTuli iyos<br />
uSiSroebis interesebidan gamomdinare. magram<br />
sazogadoebrivi kontrolis mTlianad gamoricxva<br />
dauSvebelia da unda aRdges situaciis<br />
normalizaciis Semdeg. yvela SemTxvevaSi<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom SeZlebisdagvarad male<br />
iqnes miRebuli zomebi mtkicebulebaTa dasamagreblad<br />
da mowmeTa vinaobis dasadgenad.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom konfliqtis viTarebas<br />
dabneuloba axlavs Tan da gamZafrebulia<br />
uSiSroebis interesebi, SesaZlebelia, garkveulwilad,<br />
gamoZieba dayovndes. magram pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmis<br />
sruli arqonda da sruli umoqmedoba<br />
gaumarTlebelia. ganmarteba unda mieces<br />
TiToeul RonisZiebas, rac mkacrad unda iqnes<br />
Seswavlili. mtkicebis tvirTi akisria mas,<br />
vinc gamoiyena Zala. man unda waradginos damajerebeli<br />
da damakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebeli ganmarteba 48 .<br />
igive valdebuleba moqmedebs, Tu piri Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTis adgilas gardaicvala 49 da Tu<br />
45<br />
ix. akumi (Akkum) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21894/93, 24 marti,<br />
2005.<br />
46<br />
ix. makkani (McCann) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
18984/91, 27 seqtemberi, 1995 [GC], kaia (Kaya) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 22729/93, 19 Tebervali, 1998, makSeini (Mc-<br />
Shane) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 43290/98, 28 maisi,<br />
2002, finukeini (Finucane) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
29178/95, 1 ivlisi 2003, isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
57590/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005 da isaeva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yusupova)<br />
da bazaeva (Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00,<br />
57948/00 da 57949/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005, perki (Perk) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 50739/99, 28 marti, 2006, bazorkina (Bazorkina)<br />
ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 69481/01, 27 ivlisi, 2006 da estimirovi<br />
(Estamirov) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 60272/00, 12 oqtomberi, 2006.<br />
47<br />
ix. ipeki (Ipek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25760/94, 17 Tebervali,<br />
2004.<br />
48<br />
makkeri (McKerr) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 28883/95,<br />
4 maisi, 2001.<br />
49<br />
jordani (Jordan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
24746/94, 4 maisi, 2001.<br />
25
jeremi makbraidi<br />
piri xelisuflebis mier dakavebis Semdeg gau-<br />
Cinarda 50 . zogierT SemTxvevaSi Zalis ukanono<br />
gamoyenebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi dauyovnebliv micema<br />
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, magram Tu viTarebis<br />
gamosworebis Semdegac Tu braleuli pirebis<br />
mimarT gamoZieba ar iqna warmoebuli,<br />
sasamarTlo me-2 muxlis darRvevas daadgens<br />
Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
SesaZlebelia, amnistia gamarTlebuli<br />
iyos daZabulobis gansamuxtavad 51 , magram aman<br />
ar unda moaxdinos zegavlena naTesavebis samoqalaqo<br />
sarCelze 52 .<br />
piris sikvdiliT dasja sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis<br />
gareSe verasodes gamarTldeba 53 da<br />
sikvdiliT dasja ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli<br />
iqnes me-13 oqmis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis<br />
mier konfliqtis dros. Tumca im saxelmwifoebSic<br />
ki, sadac sikvdiliT dasja SeiZleba<br />
Sefardebuli iqnes konfliqtis viTarebaSi 54 ,<br />
arsebuli mdgomareobis sirTule xels SeuSlida<br />
pirs misi saqmis samarTlian sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvaSi, rac aucilebelia msgavsi ganaCenis<br />
miRebamde 55 da aRniSnuli sicocxlis uflebis<br />
darRveva iqneboda.<br />
Tumca konfliqtis zonebSi arsebuli viTareba<br />
qmnides gakveul problemebs areulobis<br />
warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT, mainc arsebobs<br />
valdebuleba me-2 muxlis safuZvelze, rom xelisuflebis<br />
xelT arsebuli pirebi iRebdnen<br />
samedicino daxmarebas sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi<br />
daavadebaTa Tu dazianebebis gamo 56 .<br />
2. me-3 muxli _ wamebis akrZalva<br />
aRniSnuli garantiis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi,<br />
romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ar<br />
SeiZleba misgan gadaxveva, gulisxmobs imas,<br />
rom mopyrobis standartze, romelsac igi<br />
moiTxovs, ar SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos<br />
50<br />
ix. mahmuT kaia (Mahmut Kaya) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22535/93,<br />
28 marti, 2000, ifran bilgini (Irfan Bilgin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25659/94, 17 ivlisi 2001 da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
51<br />
ix. ganacxadi 16734/90, diuJardani (Dujardin) da sxvebi safrangeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 72 DR 236 (1991).<br />
52<br />
ix. Tavi a.1. im SezRudvebis Taobaze, romlebic mTlianad<br />
ar gamoricxaven uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.<br />
53<br />
ix. bazorkina (Bazorkina) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 69481/01, 27<br />
ivlisi 2006.<br />
54<br />
azerbaijani, espaneTi, italia, latvia, portugalia, safrangeTi,<br />
somxeTi arian is saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac jerac ar<br />
mouxdeniaT me-13 oqmis ratifikacia.<br />
55<br />
ix. ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 maisi,<br />
2005 [GC].<br />
56<br />
kenani (Keenan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 27229/95,<br />
3 aprili, 2001 da angelova (Anguelova) bulgareTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
38361/97, 13 ivnisi 2002.<br />
konfliqtis an areulobis arsebobam, miT<br />
umetes, mocemuli garantia ganmtkicebulia<br />
Jenevis konvenciebisa da misi oqmebis analogiuri<br />
moTxovnebiT.<br />
marTalia, zemoaRniSnuli niSnavs imas, rom<br />
fizikuri da moraluri mopyroba, romelic<br />
ukve Sefasebulia rogorc arasaTanado 57 , ar<br />
SeiZleba gamarTldes im seriozuli problemebisa<br />
da daZabulobebis momizezebiT, romlebsac<br />
msgavsi situaciebi gardauvlad warmoSobs<br />
an maTSi gareul pirTa qmedebebis savaraudod<br />
ukanono xasiaTiT 58 . gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
unda mieqces saTanado zomebis xelmisawvdomobis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>as, raTa arasaTanado<br />
mopyrobis saCivrebis pasuxad Sesabamisi<br />
zomebi iqnes miRebuli. reagirebis valdebuleba<br />
gulisxmobs srulfasovani da efeqtiani<br />
gamoZiebis Catarebas 59 . gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
isic, rom zemoaRniSnul situaciebs SeiZleba<br />
garkveuli dabneuloba axldes Tan da agreTve<br />
usafrTxoebis dacvis momizezebiT Sesabamisi<br />
zomebi dagviandes.<br />
SesaZloa gamoZieba garkveuli SeyovnebiT<br />
iyos warmoebuli, sruli arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmi<br />
da pasiuroba miuRebelia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom miRebuli iqnes zomebi mtkicebulebis<br />
gasamagreblad da mowmeTa vinaobis<br />
dasadgenad.<br />
amasTan, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas,<br />
rom piris dazianebis Taobaze micemuli ganmartebebi<br />
umkacres Semowmebas unda eqvemdebarebodes<br />
60 . aseT SemTxvevebSi sisxlis samarTlis<br />
devnis dauyovnebeli aRZvra savaraudo<br />
damnaSaveTa mimarT SesaZloa ver moxerxdes,<br />
magram situaciis daregulirebis Semdegac Tu<br />
ver moxerxda maTi pasuxisgebaSi micema, konvenciis<br />
darRvevas gamoiwvevs 61 . dauSvebelia ara-<br />
57<br />
ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5310/71,<br />
18 ianvari, 1978, aqsoi (Aksoy) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21987/93,<br />
18 dekemberi, 1996, aidini (Aydin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
23178/94, 25 seqtemberi, 1997, [GC] selmuni (Selmouni) safrangeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 25803/94, 28 ivlisi, 1999 [GC], saTiki (Satik)<br />
da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31866/96, 10 oqtomberi, 2000,<br />
reboki (Rehbock) slovakeTis winaaRmdeg, 29462/95, 28 noemberi,<br />
2000 da <strong>pol</strong>toracki (Poltoratskiy) ukrainis winaaRmdeg,<br />
38812/97, 29 aprili, 2003.<br />
58<br />
Cahali (Chahal) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 22414/93,<br />
15 noemberi, 1996 [GC].<br />
59<br />
ix. aidini (Aydin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23178/94, 25 seqtemberi,<br />
1997 [GC], selmuni (Selmouni)safrangeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25803/94, 28 ivlisi, 1999 [GC], labita (Labita) italiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
26772/95, 6 aprili, 2000 [GC] da Citaevi (Chitayev) da<br />
Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.<br />
60<br />
tomazi (Tomasi) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 12850/87, 27 agvisto,<br />
1992 da ribiCi (Ribitsch) avstriis winaaRmdeg, 18896/91, 4<br />
dekemberi, 1995.<br />
61<br />
ix. egmezi (Egmez) kviprosis winaaRmdeg, 30873/96, 21 dekemberi,<br />
2000 da al adsani (Al-Adsani) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
35763/97, 21 noemberi, 2001.<br />
26
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
jerovani dayovneba samedicino daxmarebis<br />
gawevisas, roca piri, savaraudod, me-3 muxlis<br />
sawinaaRmdego qmedebas daeqvemdebara. 62<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebam SeiZleba<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gavlena moaxdinos transpor<br />
tis saSualebebze, romlebsac iyeneben<br />
patimrebis gadasayvanad. magram aRniSnulma<br />
ar unda miaRwios garkveul minimalur<br />
zRvar s, romlis iqiTac me-3 muxli irRveva 63 .<br />
aseTi viTareba aseve SeiZleba moqmedebdes<br />
patimrobis pirobebze, magram saWiroa imis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a, rom pirobebi, romlebic didi<br />
ZalisxmeviT SeiZleba ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
asatani iyos, normad ar gadaiqces<br />
da ar gamoiwvios me-3 muxlis darRveva 64 .<br />
amas garda, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda<br />
mieniWos im garemoebas, rom Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTis adgilebSi aris mZime pirobebi invalidebisTvis,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, sad miiRes maT<br />
dazianebebi – konfliqtis/areulobis periodSi<br />
Tu manamde 65 . usafrTxoebis konteqsti,<br />
SesaZloa, amarTlebdes patimrebze mkacr<br />
meTvalyureobas, magram dauSvebelia raime<br />
formis sensoruli izolacia da ganmeorebiTi<br />
Cxreka, vinaidan aRniSnuli me-3 muxlis darRvevas<br />
gamoiwvevs. 66<br />
Tu saxelmwifo ver SeZlebs saTanado yuradReba<br />
gamoiCinos im pirTa problemebis<br />
mimarT, romelTa naTesavebic gauCinardnen,<br />
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac, savaraudod,<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleebi iyvnen gareulebi,<br />
me-3 muxli umetes SemTxvevaSi darRveulad<br />
CaiTvleba 67 .<br />
me-3 muxli agreTve avaldebulebs saxelmwifos,<br />
gaataros RonisZiebebi mowyvlad pirTa<br />
arasaTanado mopyrobisgan dasacavad 68 . md-<br />
62<br />
ix. kudla (Kudla) <strong>pol</strong>oneTis winaaRmdeg, 30210/96, 26 oqtomberi,<br />
2000, kenani (Keenan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
27229/95, 3 aprili, 2001 da makglinCi (McGlinchey) gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 50390/99, 29 aprili, 2003.<br />
63<br />
ix. ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 maisi,<br />
2005 [GC] da ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004.<br />
64<br />
ix. dugozi (Dougoz) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 40907/98, 6 marti,<br />
2000, pirsi (Peers) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 28524/95, 19<br />
aprili, 2001 da kalaSnikovi (Kalashnikov) ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
47095/99, 15 ivlisi, 2002, <strong>pol</strong>toracki (Poltoratskiy) ukrainis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 38812/97, 29 aprili, 2003 da ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet<br />
Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004.<br />
65<br />
praisi (Price) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg` 33394/96,<br />
10 ivlisi, 2001.<br />
66<br />
ix. valasinasi (Valasinas) litvis winaaRmdeg, 44558/98, 24 ivlisi,<br />
2001 da van der veni (Van der Ven) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
50901/99, 4 aprili, 2003.<br />
67<br />
ix. ipeki (Ipek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25760/94, 17 Tebervali,<br />
2004.<br />
68<br />
ix. Z. da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 29392/95,<br />
10 maisi, 2001, D.P. da J. C gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
gomareobis xasiaTma SeiZleba Tavad miuTi-<br />
Tos, Tu ra moeTxoveba saxelmwifos mocemul<br />
dros da am valdebulebis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a<br />
upatiebeli a.<br />
saxelmwifoebi agreTve valdebuli arian,<br />
ar gagzavnon piri meore qveyanaSi, sadac igi<br />
me-3 muxlis sawinaaRmdego mopyrobis seriozul<br />
safrTxes daeqvemdebareba. Tumca aRniSnuli<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania deportaciisa<br />
da eqstradiciis konteqstSi 69 , moTxovna<br />
SeiZleba gavrceldes agreTve saomari moqmedebebis<br />
SemTxvevebzec.<br />
amas garda, mniSvnelovania, rom konfliqtisa<br />
Tu areulobis dros miRebuli zomebi srul<br />
izolacias ar iwvevdnen, vinaidan aRniSnulic<br />
me-3 muxlis sawinaaRmdego mopyrobad iTvleba.<br />
70<br />
3. me-4 muxli monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis<br />
akrZalva<br />
iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalvidan, monobisa da<br />
ymobisgan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba gadaxveva, magram<br />
konfliqtisa Tu areulobis mdgomarebam<br />
SeiZleba nebismier SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlos is<br />
faqti, rom samsaxuri, `romelic dakisrebulia<br />
sagangebo mdgomareobis an ubeduri SemTxvevis<br />
dros, rac safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebis<br />
sicocxles an keTildReobas,~ daiSveba.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli samuSaos saWiroeba mxolod<br />
warmoiSoba iseT pirobebSi, roca me-15 muxlidan<br />
gadaxveva daiSveba. yvela SemTxvevaSi samuSaos<br />
dakisrebas unda hqondes mkafio iuridiuli<br />
safuZveli da nebismier gansxvavebul<br />
mopyrobas unda hqondes gonivruli da obieqturi<br />
gamarTleba. pirveli aspeqtis ganxilva<br />
sasamarTlos ar mouwia, magram rac Seexeba<br />
meores, sasamarTlom imsjela `Cveuli samoqalaqo<br />
valdebulebebis~ konteqstSi 71 .<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlom ganacxada,<br />
ymobas _ igi dauSvebelia nebismier viTarebaSi<br />
_ SeiZleba adgili hqondes samuSaos<br />
Sesrulebis moTxovnisas, romelic gamarTlebuli<br />
iqneboda, rom ara Tavisuflebis aRkve-<br />
Tis umZimesi forma 72 . sasamarTlom agreTve<br />
38719/97, 10 oqtomberi, 2002 da E da sxvebi gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 33218/96, 26 noemberi, 2002.<br />
69<br />
zoeringi (Soering) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
14038/88, 7 ivlisi, 1989 da ahmedi (Ahmed) avstriis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25964/94, 17 dekemberi, 1996.<br />
70<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
71<br />
karlhainc Smiti (Karlheinz Schmidt) germaniis winaaRmdeg,<br />
13580/88, 8 ivlisi, 1994.<br />
72<br />
siliadini (Siliadin) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 73316/01, 26 ivlisi,<br />
2005.<br />
27
jeremi makbraidi<br />
ar gaiziara mosazreba, rom gaxangrZlivebuli<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa SeiZleba ymobas gau-<br />
Tanabrdes 73 . me-4 muxlis darRvevas adgili<br />
ar aqvs, roca sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebi<br />
asruleben garkveul samuSaos sicocxlis<br />
gadasarCenad da sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis<br />
momsaxurebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom msgavs funqciebs normalur viTarebaSi<br />
specialuri samsaxurebi asruleben.<br />
miuRebeli iqneboda is, rom pirTa jgufi gamocalkvebuli<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo msgavsi samuSaoebis<br />
Sesasruleblad eTnikuri, enobrivi, erovnuli,<br />
rasobrivi Tu religiuri niSniT. samu-<br />
Saoebis Sesrulebas Tan ar unda axldes Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTa.<br />
sasamarTlom Riad datova SekiTxva, Tu<br />
ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba ufleba Sinaga n<br />
mrwamsze 74 . miuxedavad amisa, SeiaraRebul i<br />
konfliqtis gamo, gawvevis nebismier Sem-<br />
TxvevaS i, samarTlianad unda gadawydes Sinagan<br />
mrwamsze dafuZnebuli moTxovnebi (sadac es<br />
nebadarTulia) da samsaxurze uaris Tqmis gamo<br />
(sadac es nebadarTuli ar aris) dakisrebul i<br />
jarimebi ar iyos araTanabarzomieri 75 . me-13<br />
oqmis moqmedebac rom gamoiricxebodes, SeuZle<br />
belia aseTi uaris Tqmis dakmay<strong>of</strong>ileb a<br />
brZolis velze iqneba Tu sxvagan, misaRebi<br />
iyos.<br />
4. me-5 muxli _ Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis<br />
ufleba<br />
roca saxelmwifos <strong>of</strong>icialurad ar aqvs gamocxadebuli<br />
saomari an sagangebo mdgomareoba,<br />
roca daSvebulia me-15 muxlis safuZvelze<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
debulebebidan gadaxveva, me-5 muxlis moqmedebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia usafr-<br />
Txoebis mZime pirobebi mxedvelobaSi iqnes<br />
miRebuli 76 , magram es ver gaamarTlebs Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTas im safuZvliT, romelic ar<br />
aris miTiTebuli me-5 muxlis pirvel punqt-<br />
73<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
74 ix. Tilimenosi (Thlimmenos) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
34369/97, 6 aprili, 2000 [GC] da stefanovi (Stefanov) bulgareTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 32438/96, 3 maisi, 2001. Sdr. komisiis<br />
Sexeduleba ganacxadi 10600/83, iohanseni (Johansen) norvegiis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 44 DR 155 (1985) me-4 muxlis me-3 punqtis `b~ qvepunqtisa<br />
da me-9 muxlis erTobliobaSi wakiTxva gulisxmobs,<br />
rom samxedro samsaxuris alternatiuli samsaxuris dakisreba<br />
daiSveba Sinagani mrwamsis mosazrebiT.<br />
75<br />
ix. Tilimenosi (Thlimmenos) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
34369/97, 6 aprili, 2000 [GC].<br />
76<br />
ix. brogani (Brogan) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84 da 11386/85, 29 noemberi,<br />
1988 da miurei (Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
14310/88, 28 oqtomberi, 1994 [GC].<br />
Si 77 , an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis<br />
gareSe 78 .<br />
zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom SezRudva vrceldebodes mkacrad SezRudul<br />
teritoriaze 79 . agreTve mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom miRebuli iqnes zomebi, raTa Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTa ganxorcieldes mxolod saxelmwifo<br />
xelisuflebis mier 80 .<br />
konfliqtisa Tu areulobis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia<br />
iyos gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba,<br />
rom piris vinaoba dadgindes me-5 muxlis pirveli<br />
punqtis `b~ qvepunqtis safuZvelze 81 an<br />
gaeces pasuxi konfliqtisa da areulobis vi-<br />
TarebaSi gatarebul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
82 . gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
am uflebamosilebaTa borotad gamoyeneba ar<br />
iqnes daSvebuli. aseT SemTxvevebSi TviTnebobam<br />
SesaZlebelia gaugebroba gamoiwvios da<br />
mdgomareoba daZabos, rac Zalis gamoyenebiT<br />
mTavrdeba. Tu ar iqneba warmoebuli Sesabamisi<br />
Canawerebi piris Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb,<br />
SeiZleba dadgindes TviTneboba 83 . aseTi<br />
daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes, roca xelisufalT<br />
ar ZaluZT, axsnan, Tu ratom iyo piri TavisuflebaaRkveTili<br />
84 .<br />
rodesac pirebi dakavebulebi arian dana-<br />
Saulis CadenasTan dakavSirebiT, eWvis gonivruloba,<br />
romelic aRniSnuli dakavebis<br />
marTlzomierebisTvis moiTxoveba, SeiZleba<br />
mxedvelobaSi iRebdes konfliqtisa da areulobis<br />
garemoebebs, magram, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom aseT SemTxvevaSi daSvebulia anonimur<br />
informatorTa informaciaze dayrdnoba, savaraudo<br />
danaSaulis CadenaSi konkretulad am<br />
piris SesaZlo monawileobas mainc gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba unda hqondes 85 .<br />
dakavebis mizezebi dauyovnebliv unda iqnes<br />
77<br />
lolesi (Lawless) irlandiis winaaRmdeg (No 3), 332/57, 1 ivlisi,<br />
1961.<br />
78<br />
elji (Elci) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23145/93 da<br />
25091/94, 13 noemberi, 2003.<br />
79<br />
ix. amuri (Amuur) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 19776/92, 25 ivnisi,<br />
1996.<br />
80<br />
riera blume (Riera Blume) da sxvebi espaneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
37680/97, 14 oqtomberi, 1999.<br />
81<br />
ganacxadi 16810/90, reientiensi (Reyntjens) belgiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
73 DR 136 (1992).<br />
82<br />
ganacxadebi 8022/77, 8025/77 da 8027/77, makvei (McVeigh),<br />
o’neli (O’Neill) da evansi (Evans) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
25 DR 15 (1981).<br />
83<br />
ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93,<br />
6 aprili, 2004.<br />
84<br />
Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.<br />
85<br />
miurei (Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14310/88,<br />
28 oqtomberi, 1994 [GC] da ara gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
37555/97, 16 oqtomberi, 2001.<br />
28
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
ganmartebuli. mocemuli moTxovna ar aris<br />
Sesrulebuli, Tu pirs mizezebi ganemarteb a<br />
dakavebidan ramdenime saaTis Semdeg 86 . Tu<br />
saxelmwifos ar aqvs gancxadeba gakeTebuli<br />
konvenciis me-5 muxlidan gadaxvevis Taobaze,<br />
dauSvebelia gaSvebuli iqnes is Cveuli vadebi,<br />
romlebic dadgenilia piris sasamarTlos winaSe<br />
warsadgenad misi patimrobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad<br />
87 . Tundac iyos gadaxvevis Sesaxeb<br />
gancxadeba, Svid dReze metxans dagvianeba<br />
konvenciiT ver gamarTldeba. aseTi gaWianurebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi unda iyos raime sxva garantia<br />
TviTnebobis sawinaaRmdegod, magaliTad, damoukidebeli<br />
iuridiuli konsultaciis xelmisawvdomoba,<br />
samedicino momsaxureba da dakavebis<br />
kanonierebis gasaCivrebis calsaxa ufleba 88 .<br />
TiToeuli gadawyvetileba danaSaulis CadenaSi<br />
eWvmitanili piris gaTavisuflebis Taobaze<br />
mainc unda emyarebodes im Sefasebas, Tu<br />
ramdenad arsebobs gaqcevis, marTlmsajulebis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi Carevis, Semdgom danaSaulobaTa<br />
Cadenis da sazogadoebriv wesrigze uary<strong>of</strong>iTi<br />
zegavlenis safrTxe da garemoebebi,<br />
romlebic, savaraudod, SeiZleba adasturebdnen<br />
romelime am safuZvlis arsebobas, ar<br />
SeiZleba amarTlebdnen patimrobis Sewyvetaze<br />
avtomatur uaris Tqmas 89 .<br />
rodesac piri gangrZobiTad imy<strong>of</strong>eba patimrobaSi,<br />
saWiroa, patimrobis marTlzomierebis<br />
Semowmebaze uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili iqnes<br />
perioduli sasamarTlo kontroli, piris ga-<br />
Tavisuflebis uflebamosilebiT, Tuki gamamarTlebel<br />
garemoebebs adgili ar aqvs. ufro<br />
metic, Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi unda ganxorcieldes,<br />
raTa aseTi patimroba ar gaWianurdes,<br />
Tumca konteqsti aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba legitimuri garemoeba iyos, romelic<br />
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli 90 .<br />
86<br />
Fox, Campbell da Hartley gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
12244/86, 12245/86 da 12383/86, 30 agvisto, 1990.<br />
87<br />
brogani (Brogan) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84 da 11386/85, 29 noemberi,<br />
1988. ix. agreTve (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93,<br />
6 aprili, 2004.<br />
88<br />
ix. branigani (Brannigan) da makbraidi (McBride) gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 14553/89 da14554/89, 26 maisi 1993,<br />
aqsoi (Aksoy) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21987/93, 18 dekemberi,<br />
1996, sakiki (Sakik) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23878/94,<br />
23879/94; da 3880/94, 26 noemberi, 1997, demiri (Demir) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 21380/93, 21381/93 da 21383/93, 23 seqtemberi,<br />
1998, marSali (Marshall) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 41571/98, 10 ivlisi, 2001, nurei seni (Nuray Sen)<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 41478/98, 17 ivnisi, 2003 da bileni<br />
(Bilen) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 34482/97, 21 Tebervali, 2006.<br />
89<br />
kabalero (Caballero) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
32819/96, 8 Tebervali 2000.<br />
90<br />
ix. keri (Kerr) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (ganCineba),<br />
konfliqtis konteqstsa da agreTve gadaxvevis<br />
Sesaxeb saxelmwifos gancxadebas SeuZlia<br />
gaamarTlos prevenciuli patimrobis Ronis-<br />
Zieba. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba im SemTxvevebs,<br />
roca ver xerxdeba piris pasuxisgebaSi<br />
micema (dauSvebelia Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis<br />
gamJRavneba) an alternatiuli RonisZieba piris<br />
qveynidan gaZevebis saxiT ar arsebobs 91 .<br />
aseT SemTxvevebSic aucilebelia warmodgenili<br />
iqnes seriozuli mtkicebulebebi Sesabamisi<br />
pirebis winaaRmdeg da unda arsebobdes Sesabamisi<br />
samarTalwarmoeba, romelic SesaZleblobas<br />
miscemda pirs, periodulad gaesaCivrebina<br />
msgavsi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba<br />
da safuZvlianoba. aRniSnuli samarTalwarmoeba<br />
ar aris aucilebeli iyos sasamarTlo<br />
xasiaTis, magram unda iyos damoukidebeli da<br />
miukerZoebeli. prevenciul dakavebas daqvemdebarebuli<br />
piri, rogorc nebismieri sxva TavisuflebaaRkveTili<br />
adamiani 92 , unda inarCunebdes<br />
uflebas, periodulad gaasaCivros misi<br />
dakavebis kanoniereba, amas garda, aucilebelia,<br />
rom gakeTdes Sesabamisi Canawerebi, raTa<br />
xelisufalT yovelTvis SeeZloT Sesabamis<br />
pirTa koordinatebis dadgena 93 .<br />
amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaWianureba<br />
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos konfliqtis da<br />
areulobis pirobebSi, yovelmxrivi da qmediTi<br />
gamoZiebis Sedegad, unda SeiZlebodes mtkiceba,<br />
rom pirs Tavisufleba aRekveTa da mas<br />
Semdeg gauCinarda 94 .<br />
saboloo jamSi, Tu pirs Tavisufleba<br />
aRekveTa me-5 muxlis darRveviT, mas unda<br />
hqondes SesaZlebloba, miiRos kompensacia,<br />
Tumca advili warmosadgenia, rom aRniSnuli<br />
SeiZleba gadaidos konfliqtis bunebidan gamomdinare<br />
95 .<br />
40451/98, 7 dekemberi, 1999, ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004 da iurtasi (Yurttas)<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25143/94 da 27098/95, 27 maisi, 2004.<br />
91<br />
lolesi (Lawless) irlandiis winaaRmdeg (No 3), 332/57, 1 ivlisi,<br />
1961 da irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
5310/71, 18 ianvari, 1978.<br />
92<br />
ix. sakiki (Sakik) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23878/94, 23879/94; da<br />
3880/94, 26 noemberi, 1997 da bileni (Bilen) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
34482/97, 21 Tebervali, 2006.<br />
93<br />
kurti (Kurt) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 24276/94, 25 maisi, 1998,<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi 2001 [GC],<br />
ipeki (Ipek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25760/94, 17 Tebervali, 2004<br />
da Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.<br />
94<br />
Ibid.<br />
95<br />
Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.<br />
29
jeremi makbraidi<br />
5. me-6 muxli _ ufleba samarTlian sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvaze<br />
savaraudod, konfliqtisa da areulobis periodSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT es exeba Tavad konfliqtis<br />
zonebs, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis<br />
standartuli sistema mniSvnelovani<br />
wnexis qveS eqceva. Tumca eWvgareSea, rom aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi sasamarTloebis zemoganxiluli 96<br />
funqcia, imoqmedon garantis saxiT, imdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom samarTlian samarTalwarmoebasTan<br />
mimarTebiT yovel gvari kompromisi<br />
dauSvebelia.<br />
amrigad, Tumca SesaZloa, specialuri sasamarTloebis<br />
funqcionirebas kanonmdebeli<br />
uSvebdes, magram maTi damoukideblobisa da<br />
miukerZoeblobis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a aucilebelia<br />
97 . aRniSnuli moTxovna principulad ver<br />
CaiTvleba Sesrulebulad samxedro sasamarTloebis<br />
mier samoqalaqo pirebis gasamarTlebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi 98 . da mainc, Tu saxelmwifos<br />
mier meore qveynis okupaciis kanoniereba eWvs<br />
iwvevs, es imas ar niSnavs, rom iq moqmedi sasamarTloebi<br />
am moTxovnas yvela SemTxvevaSi<br />
arRveven 99 .<br />
miuxedavad uSiSroebis konteqstisa, rac<br />
axasiaTebs konfliqtis da areulobis zonebs,<br />
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs damoukidebeli<br />
iuridiuli konsultaciis xelmisawvdomobas<br />
dakavebis adreul stadiazeve, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin, roca dakavebis Tanmxleb dakiTxvas<br />
SeiZleba piris sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi<br />
micema mohyves da roca piri srul izolaciaSi<br />
imy<strong>of</strong>eba 100 .<br />
miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, usafrTxoebis<br />
mizniT, dabrkoleba ar unda Seeqmnas im<br />
advokatebis Semowmebas, romlebic aRniSnul<br />
konsultacias da Semdgom warmomadgenlobas<br />
gasweven. maTi damoukidebloba unda iyos garantirebuli.<br />
aseve dauSvebelia aRniSnul<br />
SemTxvevebSi samxedro Zalebis advokatebis<br />
mier momsaxurebis gaweva 101 . informaciis gacemaze<br />
uaris TqmisTvis sasjelis dakisreba im<br />
96<br />
ix. Tavi a.2.<br />
97<br />
injali (Incal) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22678/93, 9 ivnisi, 1998<br />
[GC], sadaki (Sadak) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 29900/96,<br />
29901/96, 29902/96 da 29903/96, 17 ivlisi, 2001.<br />
98<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
99<br />
Ibid.<br />
100<br />
Ibid. ix. jon miurei (John Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
18731/91, 8 Tebervali, 1996 [GC], Magee gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 28135/95, 6 ivnisi, 2000 da brenani<br />
(Brennan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 39846/98, 16 oqtomberi,<br />
2001.<br />
101<br />
Caxali (Chahal) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 22414/93,<br />
15 noemberi, 1996 [GC].<br />
garemoebebSi, romlebic gardauvlad gamoiwvevda<br />
piris aRiarebas mis mier danaSaulis CadenaSi<br />
monawileobis Taobaze, TviTinkriminaciis<br />
akrZalvas ewinaaRmdegeba, roca informacia<br />
faqtobrivad gamoiyeneba sisxlissamarTlis<br />
devnis dasawyebad 102 . ufro metic, SeiZleba gakeTdes<br />
garkveuli daskvna im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqmidan,<br />
romlebic cxadad moiTxovs gansasjelisgan<br />
maTSi monawileobis Taobaze ganmartebis micemas<br />
103 , arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom<br />
sruli angariSi gaewios piris mier kiTxvebze<br />
pasuxebis gacemaze uaris Tqmas 104 . usafrTxoebis<br />
konteqsti SesaZloa xels uSlides dacvis<br />
arsebiT mowmeebs procesze daswrebaSi da<br />
aseT SemTxvevebSi samarTalwarmoebis gagrZeleba<br />
da piris msjavrdeba SeiZleba usamarTlod<br />
CaiTvalos 105 . igive konteqstma SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios mtkicebulebis an sakuTari vinaobis<br />
gansasjelisTvis gamJRavnebis survilis<br />
arqona. Tumca orive SemTxveva daiSveba, roca<br />
samarTalwarmoebis samarTliani xasiaTi saer-<br />
To jamSi ar ziandeba, savaraudod, dauSvebeli<br />
msgavsi mtkicebuleba an mowme iyos piris<br />
msjavrdebisTvis arsebiTi safuZveli 106 . ver<br />
vityviT, rom msgavsi ram SeiZleba gamarTldes<br />
gardauvali mdgomareobis safuZvelzec ki, vinaidan<br />
aRmkveT patimrobaze naklebad drakonuli<br />
RonisZieba, savaraudod, xelmisawvdomi<br />
unda iyos 107 .<br />
me-8 muxliT uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili piradi cxovrebis<br />
pativiscemaze uflebis darRveviT<br />
mopovebuli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli<br />
iqnes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze imdenad,<br />
ramdenac sasamarTlo ganxilva usamarTlod<br />
ar gadaiqceva. es ki SeiZleba moxdes<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca aRiarebis nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiToba<br />
108 an Tavad mtkicebulebis namdvilo-<br />
102<br />
hini (Heaney) da makginesi (McGuinness) irlandiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
34720/97, 21 dekemberi, 2000.<br />
103<br />
jon miurei (John Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
18731/91, 8 Tebervali, 1996 [GC].<br />
104<br />
kondroni (Condron) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
35718/97, 2 maisi, 2000.<br />
105<br />
Sdr. ver moxerxda mowmis dakiTxva, ramac Seadgina me-6<br />
muxlis pirveli punqtis darRveva saqmeze AM italiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
37019/97, 14 dekemberi, 1999 da luka (Luca) italiis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 33354/96, 27 Tebervali, 2001.<br />
106<br />
ix. dorsoni (Doorson) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 20524/92,<br />
26 marti, 1996, (Van Mechelen) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
21363/93, 21364/93 da 21427/93, 23 aprili, 1997, roui (Rowe) da<br />
deivisi (Davis) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 28901/95,<br />
16 Tebervali, 2000 [GC], P G da J H gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
winaaRmdeg, 44787/98, 25 seqtemberi, 2001 da hulki giuneSi<br />
(Hulki Günes) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 28490/95, 19 ivnisi, 2003.<br />
107<br />
ix. msjeloba me-5 muxlTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
108<br />
alani (Allan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 48539/99,<br />
5 noemberi, 2002.<br />
30
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
ba 109 eWvs iwvevs. ufro metic, usafrTxoebis<br />
interesebi ver gamodgeba imis gasamarTleblad,<br />
rom sasamarTlo sxdoma sajarod ar<br />
gaimarTa, gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom SesaZlebelia zomebi iqnes miRebuli<br />
mowmis vinaobis gansajaroebis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
110 . aRniSnuli ar SeuSlida xels sasamarTlo<br />
procesze damswreTa Semowmebas da<br />
sxdomis gamarTva usafrTxo adgilas, magali-<br />
Tad cixeSi, savaraudod, srul SesabamisobaSi<br />
iqneboda, Tuki, imavdroulad, sazogadoebis<br />
dasaswrebad zomebi keTilsindisierad iqneboda<br />
miRebuli 111 . konfliqti da areuloba piris<br />
sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenas arTulebs<br />
da es nebismieri winaswari patimrobis xangrZlivobis<br />
gonivrulobis Sefasebisas legitimur<br />
faqtorad CaiTvleba. da mainc, saWiroa<br />
damtkicdes, rom gamudmebuli Zalisxmeva mimarTuli<br />
iyo sasamarTlo sxdomis gasamar-<br />
Tad. igive exeba samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis<br />
gamarTvis damabrkolebel garemoebebs 112 .<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi<br />
samxedro mosamarTlis monawileoba<br />
damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobisTvis<br />
iseT safrTxes ar warmoadgendes, rogorc<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi 113 . rogorc ukve<br />
aRiniSna 114 , konfliqtisa da areulobis mdgomareobis<br />
ganmuxtvis saSualebad amnistiis gamocema<br />
SesaZloa misaRebi iyos 115 , magram igive<br />
mizeziT samoqalaqo sarCelis akrZalva am Tu<br />
sxva mizezis (mag., sasamarTloebis xarjebi da<br />
gadatvirTuloba) gamo, sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomobaze<br />
uflebis gaumarTlebel ugulebely<strong>of</strong>ad<br />
ganixileba 116 .<br />
6. araviTari sasjeli kanonis gareSe<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobis dros gansaku-<br />
Trebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos imis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>as, rom danaSaulis Semadgenlo-<br />
109<br />
xani (Khan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 35394/97, 12<br />
maisi, 2000.<br />
110<br />
dorsoni (Doorson) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 20524/92, 26<br />
marti, 1996 da van mexeleni (Van Mechelen) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
21363/93, 23 aprili, 1997.<br />
111<br />
Sdr. ripani (Riepan) avstriis winaaRmdeg, 35115/97, 15 ivnisi,<br />
2000.<br />
112<br />
Sdr. aga (Agga) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (no. 1), 37439/97, 25<br />
ianvari, 2000 romelic Seexeboda advokatebis gaficvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT zomebis miuReblobas.<br />
113<br />
iavuzi (Yavuz_ TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (dec.), 29870/96, 25 maisi,<br />
2000.<br />
114<br />
ix. msjeloba me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
115<br />
ix. ganacxadi 16734/90, diuJardani (Dujardin) da sxvebi safrangeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 72 DR 236 (1991).<br />
116<br />
Stran Greek Refineries da Stratis Andreadis saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
13427/87, 9 dekemberi, 1994 da al adsani (Al-Adsani) gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 35763/97, 21 noemberi, 2001.<br />
bis retrospeqtivaSi gaTvaliswinebis akrZalva<br />
saTanadod aris daculi ara mxolod imitom,<br />
rom gadaudeblobis gamo, SesaZlebelia ise<br />
gamowvlilviT ver Semowmdes gatarebuli RonisZiebebi,<br />
rogorc amas kanonmdebloba normalur<br />
pirobebSi uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>da. Tumca sasamarTlo<br />
aRiarebs, rom kanonebis absoluturi<br />
sizuste SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes 117 , mainc<br />
iTxovs, rom regulirebuli qmedebis farglebi<br />
sakmarisad zusti iyos, raTa pirma Tavisi<br />
qceva Sesabamisad warmarTos. saerTod, sasamarTlo<br />
miiCnevs, rom pirma aRniSnuli SeiZleba<br />
moaxerxos iuristis daxmarebiTac. vinaidan<br />
es ukanaskneli konfliqtisa da areulobis pirobebSi<br />
advilad xelmisawvdomi araa, savaraudod,<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces<br />
normatiuli aqtebis sicxades, raTa pirma maTi<br />
gageba iuristis daxmarebiTac SeZlos.<br />
Tanabrad mniSvnelovania, rom ukugdebuli<br />
iqnes sasjelebis retrospeqtivaSi gazrdis<br />
(axali sasjelebis SemoReba, arsebuli sanqciebis<br />
damZimeba 118 ) cduneba, miuxedavad potenciuri<br />
prevenciuli efeqtisa, rac amas momavali<br />
normidan gadaxrili qcevisTvis SeiZleba<br />
hqondes. Tumca me-7 muxlis me-2 punqtSi mocemuli<br />
gamonaklisiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad rigi qmedebebis<br />
kriminalizacia da dasjadoba daSvebulia<br />
119 . maT Soris igulisxmeba saerTaSoriso<br />
humanitaruli samarTliT akrZaluli qmdebebi,<br />
romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs konfliqtisa da areulobis dros.<br />
7. me-8 muxli _ ufleba piradi da ojaxuri<br />
cxovrebis pativiscemaze<br />
konfliqtis zonaSi arsebuli viTareba kidev<br />
ufro aucilebels xdis komunikaciebze meTvalyureobasa<br />
da mosmenas. Tumca dRes SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom SemoRebuli iqnes nebarTvis sistema,<br />
romelic ar efuZneba sasamarTlos winaswar<br />
gadawyvetilebas, TviTnebobis Tavidan acile-<br />
117<br />
kantoni (Cantoni) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 17862/91, 15 noemberi,<br />
1996.<br />
118<br />
rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze uelSi (Welch) gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 17440/90, 9 Tebervali, 1995<br />
da baskaia (Baskaya) da okCuglu (Okçuoglu) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
23536/94 da 24408/94, 8 ivlisi, 1999 [GC].<br />
119<br />
aRniSnuli safuZvliT ori ganacxadi ar iqna miRebuli arsebiTad<br />
gansaxilvelad: Kolk da Kislyiy estoneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 23052/04 da 24018/04, 17 ianvari, 2006. es aspeqti<br />
agreTve wamoiWra, magram ar ganmtkicda saqmeebze Streleci<br />
(Streletz), kesleri (Kessler) da krenci (Krenz) germaniis winaaRmdeg,<br />
34044/96, 35532/97 da 44801/98, 23 marti, 2001 [GC]. ix.<br />
agreTve K-H W germaniis winaaRmdeg, 37201/97, 22 marti, 2001<br />
[GC].<br />
31
jeremi makbraidi<br />
bis mizniT, arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, rom msgavsi<br />
sistema mainc regulirdebodes obieqturi<br />
kriteriumebiT da eqvemdebarebodes<br />
zedamxedvelobis alternatiul formas 120 .<br />
es imas ar niSnavs, rom am gziT mopovebuli<br />
informacia SeiZleba SemdgomSi gamoyenebuli<br />
an gamoqveynebuli iqnes sxva miznebis-<br />
Tvis 121 . ufro metic, piris cxovrebis intimur<br />
aspeqtebSi CaZieba uSiSroebis interesebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, avtomaturad ver gamarTldeba.<br />
saWiro iqneba gansakuTrebiT damajerebeli<br />
mizezebis dadgena 122 .<br />
dauSvebelia pirad cxovrebaSi Careva piradobis<br />
mowmobis tarebisa da <strong>pol</strong>iciisa Tu<br />
samxedro SenaerTebisTvis misi wardgenis valdebulebidan<br />
gamomdinare imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
aRniSnuli ar Seicavs raime pirad informacias<br />
123 da msgavsi moTxovna, savaraudod, arsebiTia<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi.<br />
zemoaRniSnul konteqstSi SeiZleba rTuli<br />
iyos bavSvebisTvis meurveobis miniWebis davebis<br />
gadawyveta. am dros aucilebelia, gatardes<br />
yvela SesaZlo RonisZieba, raTa xelisuflebis<br />
naucbaTevma Tu gaWianurebulma<br />
moqmedebebma bavSvebis da mSoblebis interesebi<br />
ar Selaxos 124 . ufro metic, Tumca konfliqtisa<br />
da areulobis dros dislokaciasa da<br />
SezRudul gadaadgilebas aucileblad eqneba<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>iTi Sedegi ojaxebis erTianobaze, xelisufleba<br />
mainc valdebulia, moeridos barierebis<br />
Seqmnas da miiRos pozitiuri zomebi<br />
ojaxebis gaerTianebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad 125 .<br />
ufro metic, Tumca nebismieri Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
kanonzomieri saWiroeba, romelic saxlebis<br />
dangrevas iwvevs, naCvenebi unda iyos 126 ,<br />
usaxlkarod darCenilTaTvis TavSesafris misacemad<br />
qonebis rekvizicia SesaZlebelia gamarTlebul<br />
iqnes 127 an sulac savaldebulo 128 .<br />
120<br />
klasi (Klass) da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 5029/71, 6<br />
seqtemberi 1978 da lianderi (Leander) SvedeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
9248/81, 26 marti, 1987.<br />
121<br />
peki (Peck) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 44647/98, 28<br />
ianvari, 2003.<br />
122<br />
lustig prini (Lustig-Prean) da beketi (Beckett) gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos winaaRmdeg, 44647/98, 27 seqtemberi, 1999 da smiti<br />
(Smith) da greidi (Grady) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
33985/96 da 33986/96, 27 seqtemberi, 1999.<br />
123<br />
ganacxadi 16810/90, reintiensi (Reyntjens) belgiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
73 DR 136 (1992).<br />
124<br />
P, C da S gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 56547/00, 16<br />
ivlisi, 2002.<br />
125<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
126<br />
ioileri (Yöyler) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 26973/95, 24 ivlisi,<br />
2003.<br />
127<br />
ix. msjeloba damatebiTi oqmis pirvel muxlTan dakavSirebi T.<br />
128<br />
ix. noaki (Noack) da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba),<br />
46346/99, 25 maisi, 2000.<br />
da mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar i<br />
saxl-karis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva SeiZleba<br />
<strong>pol</strong>iciisa da saomari moqmedebebis legitimuri<br />
Sedegi iyos 129 , maTi gangrZobiTi moqmedeba<br />
gadasinjvas unda eqvemdebarebodes<br />
da Sewydes, rogorc ki maTi saWiroeba aRar<br />
iqneba 130 .<br />
8. me-9 muxli _ azris, sindisisa da religiis<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
mTel rig saqmeze sasamarTlom aRiara,<br />
rom RvTismsaxureba SeiZleba legitimurad<br />
SeizRudos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis,<br />
wesrigisa da janmrTelobis miznebisTvis.<br />
aseTi mosazrebebi, cxadia, Tavs iCens religiuri<br />
simboloebis tarebasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
Tundac piri gamomwvevad ar iqceodes. an<br />
kidev, SesaZloa garkveul drosa Tu adgilas<br />
religiuri msaxurebis aRsrulebam gansaku-<br />
TrebiT daZabos mdgomareoba. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
aseTi riskis Taobaze dasabuTebuli mosazreba<br />
unda arsebobdes 131 .<br />
aRniSnuli SezRudvebi, iseve rogorc pirze<br />
dakisrebuli valdebuleba, mxolod Sin<br />
eweodes RvTismsaxurebas im mizezebis gamo,<br />
romelic ar ukavSirdeba ama Tu im aRmsareblobas<br />
132 , ar unda grZeldebodes imaze metad,<br />
rac aucilebeli ar aris da, cxadia, ar unda<br />
iqnes gamoyenebuli imdagvarad, rom religiuri<br />
RvTismsaxureba sruliad SeuZlebeli gaxados<br />
133 . igive SeiZleba iTqvas religiur Rv-<br />
Tismsaxurebaze samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
da samxedro Zalebis wevrebis mier dakisrebul<br />
funqciur moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT 134 .<br />
9. me-10 muxli _ gamoxatvis Tavisufleba<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobisTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebel daZabul viTarebaSi SesaZloa, garkveul<br />
Temebze msjeloba mizanSewonili ar<br />
iyos. magram, Tu ar arsebobs Zaladobisken<br />
129<br />
ix. slivenko (Slivenko) latviis winaaRmdeg, 48321/99, 9 oqtomberi,<br />
2003 [GC]<br />
130<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
131<br />
ix. leila sahini (Leyla Sahin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 44774/98,<br />
10 noemberi, 2005 [GC], hasani (Hasan) da CauSi (Chaush) bulgareTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 30985/96, 26 oqtomberi, 2000 [GC], serifi<br />
(Serif) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 38178/97, 14 dekemberi, 1999<br />
Metro<strong>pol</strong>itan Church <strong>of</strong> Bessarabia da sxvebi moldovas winaaRmdeg,<br />
45701/99, 13 dekemberi, 2001 da aga (Agga) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(no.2), 50776/99 da 52912/99, 17 oqtomberi, 2002.<br />
132<br />
ix. msjeloba me-4 oqmis me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
133<br />
ix. Cha’are Shalom ve Tsedek safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 27417/95,<br />
27 ivnisi, 2000 [GC] da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94,<br />
10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
134<br />
ix. kalaCi (Kalaç) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 20704/92, 1 ivlisi,<br />
1997.<br />
32
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
pirdapiri mowodeba an pirebs Soris mtruli<br />
damokidebuleba, sasamarTlo mxolod ma-<br />
Sin daeTanxmeba msgavsi msjelobisTvis xelis<br />
SeSlas, Tu warmodgenili iqneba uwesrigobis<br />
safrTxis damadasturebeli mniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba<br />
135 . Tumca aseTi waqezeba, SeiZleba<br />
Seadgendes warsulSi gakeTebuli gancxadebebisTvis<br />
dasjis da maTi Semdgomi gavrcelebis-<br />
Tvis xelis SeSlis gamamarTlebel safuZvels.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba im SemTxvevebs, roca<br />
gancxadebebis ena gamorCeulad gesliania, Tesavs<br />
siZulvils da qadagebs Zaladobas 136 . da<br />
mainc, saWiroa, rom mkveTrad formulirebuli<br />
kritika ar avurioT waqezebaSi 137 , gatarebuli<br />
RonisZieba calsaxad iyos dasabuTebuli 138 ,<br />
dakisrebuli sanqciebi ar iyos zedmetad mkacri<br />
da araTanabarzomieri 139 , SezRudvebi<br />
ganmeorebaze ar iyos zRvargadasuli an dro-<br />
Si gawelili 140 .<br />
konfliqtebisa da areulobis dros media<br />
saSualebebi da maTi TanamSromlebi Tavian-<br />
Ti siuJetebisa da komentarebis gamo, advilad<br />
SeiZleba Seiqnen mtrulad ganwyobilTa<br />
mxridan Zaladobis da daSinebis msxverpli.<br />
aseT SemTxvevebze saxelmwifom Tvali aravi-<br />
Tar SemTxvevaSi ar unda daxuWos. piriqiT,<br />
igi valdebulia, miiRos adekvaturi dacvisa<br />
da sagamoZiebo zomebi 141 . Tavdacva da usafr-<br />
Txoebis mosazrebebi SeiZleba amarTlebdes<br />
informaciis gavrcelebaze dawesebul SezRudvebsa<br />
da akrZalvebs, magram im dromde, vidre<br />
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi namdvilad Sedegis<br />
momtania. 142<br />
135<br />
piermoni (Piermont) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 15773/89 da<br />
15774/89, 27 aprili, 1995 da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
136<br />
ix. ierSildi (Jersild) daniis winaaRmdeg, 15890/89, 23 seqtemberi,<br />
1994 [GC], zana (Zana) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 18954/91, 25<br />
noemberi, 1997 [GC], sureki (Surek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Nos 1<br />
da 3), 26682/95 da 24735/94, 8 ivlisi 1999 [GC] da falakaoglu<br />
(Falakaoglu) da seigili (Saygili) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22147/02<br />
da 24972/03, 23 ianvari, 2007. es agreTve SeiZleba moicavdes<br />
Sesabamisi pirisTvis intervius CamorTmevis dauSveblobas;<br />
hogefeldi (Hogefeld) germaniis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba),<br />
35402/97, 20 ianvari, 2000.<br />
137<br />
injali (Incal) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22678/93, 9 ivnisi, 1998<br />
[GC] da ibrahim aqsoi (Ibrahim Aksoy) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
28635/95, 30171/96 da 34535/97, 10 oqtomberi, 2000.<br />
138<br />
jetini (Cetin) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 40153/98 da<br />
40160/98, 13 Tebervali, 2003 da Kommersant Moldovy moldovas<br />
winaaRmdeg, 41827/02, 9 ianvari, 2007.<br />
139<br />
jeilani (Ceylan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23556/94, 8 ivlisi,<br />
1999 [GC] da <strong>pol</strong>ati (Polat) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23500/94, 8<br />
ivlisi, 1999 [GC].<br />
140<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC]<br />
da jetini (Cetin) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 40153/98 da<br />
40160/98, 13 Tebervali, 2003.<br />
141<br />
Özgur Gündem TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23144/93, 16 marti, 2000.<br />
142<br />
Observer da Guardian gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
13585/88, 26 noemberi, 1991.<br />
ufro metic, msgavsi informaciis gaJonvis<br />
aRkveTis aucilebloba SeiZleba gamonaklis<br />
SemTxvevaSi safuZvlad daedos JurnalistisTvis<br />
moTxovnis wayenebas, gaamJRavnos<br />
informaciis wyaro 143 , mxolod ukiduresad<br />
gadaudebeli viTareba unda uZRodes sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlis Tu samuSao adgilis Crekas,<br />
raTa aseTi RonisZiebebi gamarTlebulad Cai-<br />
Tvalos 144 .<br />
10. me-11 muxli _ Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina mosaxleobaSi arapopularuli<br />
demonstrantebis dacvis aucilebloba<br />
maTi mSvidobiani Sekrebis darbevis<br />
mosurneTagan 145 . konfliqtisa Tu areulobis<br />
konteqstSi es SeiZleba xelisuflebisTvis<br />
praqtikulad ganuxorcielebeli an zedmetad<br />
mZime tvirTi iyos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca<br />
es sicocxlis dasacavad mimarTuli RonisZiebebis<br />
xarjze xdeba an samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
muSakTa sicocxles seriozuli safr-<br />
Txe eqmneba. Tumca dauSvebelia gauazrebeli<br />
da swrafi daskvnis gamotana zemoT aRniSnuli<br />
erT-erTi SesaZleblobis sasargeblod 146 . piriqiT,<br />
daskvna dasabuTebuli unda iyos 147 .<br />
Tu erT-erTi safrTxe mainc dadgindeba, SesaZloa<br />
arapopularul demonstrantebs Sekrebis<br />
naklebad problemur adgilas gadatana<br />
moeTxovoT 148 , demonstracia sulac Sewydes<br />
an ar mieces dawyebis saSualeba 149 . savsebiT<br />
legitimuri iqneba demonstraciis mier sakvebis<br />
ganawilebisTvis an samxedro Tu <strong>pol</strong>iciis<br />
SenaerTebis mier msgavsi sasicocxlo RonisZiebis<br />
ganxorcielebisTvis xelis SeSlis<br />
aRkveTa 150 . aseve legitimuria im pirTa mimarT<br />
sanqciebis jerovani Sefardeba, vinc Sekre-<br />
143<br />
gudvini (Goodwin) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
17488/90, 27 marti, 1996 [GC].<br />
144<br />
romeni (Roemen) da Smiti ( Schmit) luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg,<br />
51772/99, 25 Tebervali, 2003.<br />
145<br />
platforma ”Ärtze Für Das Leben“ avstriis winaaRmdeg,<br />
10126/82, 21 ivnisi, 1980 da olingeri (Ollinger) avstriis winaaRmdeg,<br />
76900/01, 29 ivnisi, 2006.<br />
146<br />
rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze stankovi (Stankov) da<br />
gaerTianebuli makedoniuri organizacia ”Ilinden“ bulgareTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 29221/95 da 29225/95, 2 oqtomberi, 2001 da guneri<br />
(Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98,<br />
12 ivlisi, 2005. ix. guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.<br />
147<br />
ix. guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98<br />
da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.<br />
148<br />
rogorc es moxda saqmeze sise (Cissé) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
51346/99, 9 aprili, 2002.<br />
149<br />
ganacxadi 8191/78, Rassemblement Jurassien da Unité Jurassienne<br />
Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, 17 DR 93 (1979).<br />
150<br />
Sdr. gustafsoni (Gustafsson) SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, 15573/89,<br />
25 aprili, 1996 [GC].<br />
33
jeremi makbraidi<br />
baze sityviT Tu saqcieliT ganzrax gamoiwvia<br />
seriozuli areuloba 151 .<br />
amas garda, gaerTianebis Tavisuflebasa da<br />
me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtSi gaTvaliswinebul<br />
miznebs Soris wonasworobis dacvisas reglamentacia,<br />
akrZalvis nacvlad, SesaZloa, ufro<br />
misaRebi forma iyos. Tumca, roca arsebobs<br />
dasabuTebuli eWvi, rom garkveuli gaerTianebisa<br />
Tu Sekrebisgan seriozuli uwesrigobis<br />
safrTxe momdinareobs, zogadi xasiaTis RonisZieba,<br />
rogoricaa saqmianobis SeCereba, savaraudod,<br />
gamarTlebulia 152 . igive iTqmis im<br />
SemTxvevebze, roca gaerTianebis wevrebs Tu<br />
Sekrebis monawileebs Tavad eliT safrTxe 153 .<br />
mtkicebuleba am drosac unda iyos damajerebeli<br />
da saqmianobis akrZalva ar unda grZeldebodes<br />
imaze metxans, vidre es aucilebelia.<br />
gaerTianebis mier Zaladobis da sxva antidemokratiuli<br />
qmedebebis mxardaWera, garda<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis qartiasTan SesabamisobaSi<br />
arsebuli Zalis gamoyenebisa, asociaciis<br />
daSlis gamamarTlebeli safuZvelia 154 ,<br />
magram, vinaidan aRniSnuli unda emyarebodes<br />
sasamarTlos dasabuTebul gadawyvetilebas<br />
155 , arasaboloo xasiaTis mqone akrZalva,<br />
saqmianobis SeCerebis saxiT, konfliqtis da<br />
areulobis viTarebaSi misaRebi iqneboda. am<br />
SemTxvevaSic gadawyvetilebis miRebamde xelisuflebaze<br />
dakisrebuli mtkicebis tvirTis<br />
Semsubuqeba dauSvebelia 156 .<br />
ufro metic, marTalia, saqmianoba, romelic<br />
xels uSlis sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas,<br />
me-11 muxliT daculi araa, pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
kavSiris mier msgavsi moRvaweoba unda<br />
gamorCeulad ZirgamomTxreli iyos, raTa misi<br />
SeCereba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos. piris<br />
Tanamdebobis xasiaTi ver CaiTvleba sakmaris<br />
151<br />
ix. osmani (Osmani) da sxvebi y<strong>of</strong>ili iugoslaviis respublika<br />
makedoniis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 50841/99, 11 oqtomberi,<br />
2001.<br />
152<br />
ganacxadi 8440/78, qristianebi rasizmisa da faSizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 21 DR 138 (1980).<br />
153<br />
rogorc es moxda saqmeze sise (Cissé) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
51346/99, 9 aprili, 2002.<br />
154<br />
keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98, 13 Tebervali,<br />
2003. [GC]<br />
155<br />
gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli RonisZieba SeiZleba<br />
prevenciuli iyos ise, rom antidemokratiuli miznebis faqtobrivi<br />
ganxorcieleba ar moiTxovebodes; keTildReobis<br />
partia (Refah Partisi) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 41340/98,<br />
41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98, 13 Tebervali, 2003 [GC].<br />
156<br />
faqtis magivrad varaudze dayrdnobam me-11 muxlis dar-<br />
Rveva Seadgina Semdeg saqmeebze: gaerTianebuli komunisturi<br />
partia da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 19392/92, 30 ianvari,<br />
1998 [GC] da socialisturi partia da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
21237/93, 25 maisi 1998 [GC].<br />
safuZvlad, rom mas aekrZalos pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
kavSiris wevroba konfliqtisa Tu areulobis<br />
periodSi 157 , magram mis valdebulebeb-<br />
Tan konfliqtur saqmianobaSi monawileobaze<br />
akrZlava ki SeiZleba gamarTldes 158 . konfliqtis<br />
viTarebam SeiZleba agreTve gaamarTlos<br />
dasaregistrirebeli gaerTianebis miznebis<br />
legitimurobis garkvevis gaWianureba. Tumca,<br />
savaraudod, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe<br />
organizaciis registraciaze uaris gamarTleba<br />
ver moxerxdeba 159 .<br />
11. me-12 muxli _ qorwinebis ufleba<br />
konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebam<br />
SeiZleba daabrkolos ganqorwinebisa da xelaxali<br />
daqorwinebis maregulirebeli normebis<br />
moqmedeba. amas, savaraudod, ar SeiZleba<br />
mohyves saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba me-12<br />
muxlis safuZvelze, magram mniSvnelovanma<br />
gaWianurebam SesaZloa am periodSi dabadebuli<br />
bavSvebis statusze uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gavlena<br />
iqonios. konfliqtis/areulobis damTavrebis<br />
Semdeg saWiroa statusis mosawesrigeblad Sesabamisi<br />
RonisZiebebi iqnes gatarebuli 160 .<br />
12. pirveli damatebiTi oqmis pirveli<br />
muxli _ sakuTrebis ufleba<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis droebiTi rekvizicia<br />
konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebis sapasuxod<br />
161 , ramac SeiZleba mesame pirTa winaSe<br />
nakisri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis<br />
darRveva gamoiwvios, calsaxad Seadgens<br />
sakuTrebis kontrols zogadi interesis safuZvelze.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi kompensaciis saWiroeba<br />
warmoiSoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
samarTalwarmoeba Zalze gaWianurda da piris-<br />
Tvis kanonieri interesebi Selaxa 162 .<br />
aris saqmeebi, romlebic daqiravebuli sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlis dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis<br />
gaWianurebas Seexeba. aseT<br />
157<br />
Sdr. ganacxadi 11603/85, sajaro samsaxuris kavSiris sabWo<br />
da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 50 DR 228 (1987).<br />
158<br />
ix. rekveni (Rekvényi) ungreTis winaaRmdeg, 25390/94, 20 maisi,<br />
1999 [GC] <strong>pol</strong>itikur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
159<br />
sidiropulosi (Sidiropoulos) da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
26695/95, 10 ivlisi, 1998.<br />
160<br />
ix. the <strong>Court</strong>’s concern in F Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, 11329/85, 18<br />
dekemberi, 1987 about the effect <strong>of</strong> unreasonable restrictions on remarriage.<br />
Such action may also be needed to secure inheritance rights that<br />
could be protected under Article 8.<br />
161<br />
aseve saerTaSoriso embargosa da sxva valdebulebebis<br />
ganxorcieleba; ix. Islamic Republic <strong>of</strong> Iran Shipping Line TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 40998/98, 10 aprili, 2003.<br />
162<br />
ix. Stran Greek Refineries da Stratis Andreadis saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
13427/87, 9 dekemberi, 1994, para 72.<br />
34
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs sacxovrebeli saxlebis<br />
krizisis Tavidan acilebis kanonier interesTan.<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobis SemTxveva-<br />
Si es problemebi ufro mZafr xasiaTs iRebs. am<br />
dros saxelmwifo SeiZleba mimarTavdes saku-<br />
TrebiT sargeblobis kontrolis gzas, raTa<br />
droebiT uzrunvelyos, magaliTad, iZulebiT<br />
gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis sacxovrebeli, carieli<br />
Senobebis dakavebiT an dakavebul SenobebSi<br />
usaxlkarod darCenilTa SesaxlebiT.<br />
Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebam unda<br />
aCvenos, rom keTilsindisierad ecada problemis<br />
mogvarebas alternatiuli gzebiT da rom<br />
aseTi RonisZiebebiT moculi ojaxebis interesebi<br />
ar aris Selaxuli. rodesac alternatiuli<br />
gansaxleba ver xerxdeba, gadaudebeli<br />
mdgomareobis daregulirebis Semdeg aucilebelia<br />
qonebis mesakuTreebs aunazRaurdeT danakargi.<br />
saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos Sesatyvisi<br />
meqanizmi, raTa mesakuTreebma SeZlon<br />
TavianTi sakuTrebis dabruneba. 163<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobis konteqstSi<br />
SeiZleba warmoiSvas garemoebebi, roca garkveuli<br />
farTobi kontrolirdeba an gadaketilia.<br />
amis Sedegad, aRniSnul teritoriaze<br />
arsebuli sakuTrebis mepatroneebs TavianT<br />
qonebaze SeiZleba xeli aRar miuwvdebodeT.<br />
aRniSnuli principulad daiSveba, magram unda<br />
dadasturdes, rom msgavsi SezRudva aucilebelia<br />
Sesabamisi drois ganmavlobaSi. amasTan,<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad, unda uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>il iqnes<br />
piradi nivTebis SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba<br />
mainc, roca es SesaZlebelia 164 .<br />
zogjer qonebis ganadgureba gardauvalia,<br />
roca amas moiTxovs samxedro da samarTaldamcavi<br />
uwyebebis moqmedebebi. magram zogjer am<br />
ukanasknels marodioroba axlavs Tan. pirveli,<br />
cxadia, SeiZleba gamarTldes, Tu dadasturdeba,<br />
rom moqmedebebi aucilebeli iyo da Semdgom<br />
kompensacia gadaxdili iqna 165 . rac Seexeba<br />
163<br />
ix. gilou (Gillow) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
9063/80, 24 noemberi, 1986, spadea (Spadea) da skalabrino (Scalabrino)<br />
italiis winaaRmdeg, 12868/87, 28 seqtemberi, 1995, Immobiliare<br />
Saffi italiis winaaRmdeg, 22774/93, 28 ivlisi, 1999<br />
[GC] da edoardo palumbo (Edoardo Palumbo) italiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
15919/89, 30 noemberi 2000.<br />
164<br />
ix. luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 dekemberi,<br />
1996 [GC] da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94,<br />
10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
165<br />
pirveli ar dadginda saqmeebze: akdivari (Akdivar) da sxvebi<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21893/93, 16 seqtemberi, 1996 [GC], sel-<br />
Cuki (Selçuk) da askeri (Asker) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23184/94<br />
da 23185/94, 24 aprili, 1998, bilgini (Bilgin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
23819/94, 16 noemberi, 2000, ioileri (Yöyler) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 26973/95, 24 ivlisi, 2003 da isaieva (Isayeva),<br />
iusupova (Yusupova) da bazaieva (Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005.<br />
marodiorobas, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas<br />
aRniSnuli moqmedebebi, ar unda Seuwyos maT<br />
xeli da pasiuri mimnebeblobiT ar dauSvas zaralis<br />
dadgoma, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tavad agebs pasuxs danakargze. 166<br />
roca droebiT CamorTmeuli sakuTreb a gamoiyeneba<br />
an aris eWvi misi gamoyenebis Taobaz<br />
e, es SeiZleba gamarTldes konfliqtis<br />
kon teqstSi, 167 magram samudamo CamorTmeva<br />
dauSvebelia, Tu ar damtkicda sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis saqmeze, rom qoneba danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
sagani iyo 168 an rom es qoneba ar SeiZleba y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />
samoqalaqo brunvaSi 169 .<br />
13. pirveli oqmis me-2 muxli _ ufleba ganaTlebaze<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom swavlebis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is gaWianurebam me-2 muxlTan<br />
Sesabamisobis problema SeiZleba warmoSvas.<br />
Tumca man aseve daadgina, rom gaWianureba<br />
SeiZleba gamarTldes dazaralebuli bavSvis<br />
piraduli garemoebebis gamo 170 . aseTi daskvna<br />
iqna gamotanili piradi travmis konteqstSi.<br />
igive gamarTleba SeiZleba hqondes gaWianurebas<br />
konfliqtis an areulobis viTarebaSi.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT exeba im SemTxvevebs, roca<br />
skolaSi daswrebam SeiZleba bavSvebs safrTxe<br />
Seuqmnas da, amdenad, konvenciis me-2 muxlidan<br />
gamomdinare, pozitiur valdebulebebs<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba 171 .<br />
roca ar arsebobs uSualo safrTxe, dauSvebelia<br />
dayovneba da alternatiuli Ronis-<br />
Ziebebi saswrafod unda iqnes gatarebuli 172 .<br />
roca saswavlo procesi didi xnis ganmavlobaSia<br />
moSlili, ganaTlebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is<br />
valdebuleba gulisxmobda gacdenili swavlebis<br />
anazRaurebas.<br />
saxelmwifom SeiZleba ganmuxtos sxvadasxva<br />
jgufebs Soris daZabuloba saganmanaTle-<br />
166<br />
ix. raimondo (Raimondo) italiis winaaRmdeg, 12954/87, 22<br />
Tebervali, 1994 da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94,<br />
10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
167<br />
rogorc saqmeze raimondo (Raimondo) italiis winaaRmdeg.<br />
168<br />
filipsi (Phillips) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
41087/98, 5 ivlisi, 2001.<br />
169<br />
rogorc saqmeze AGOSI gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
9118/80, 24 oqtomberi, 1986.<br />
170<br />
skozari (Scozzari) da giunta (Giunta) italiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
39221/98 da 41963/98, 13 ivlisi, 2000 [GC].<br />
171<br />
ix. zemoT.<br />
172<br />
ix. pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis darRveva saqmeze kviprosi<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC]. aranairi<br />
RonisZieba ar gatarebula ganaTlebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad<br />
CrdiloeT kviprosSi umciresobaSi my<strong>of</strong>i berZeni<br />
kviproselebis enobrivi tradiciebis Sesabamisad. CrdiloeT<br />
kviprosSi ganaTlebis sferos akontrolebda CrdiloeT<br />
kviprosis Turquli respublikis xelisufleba.<br />
35
jeremi makbraidi<br />
blo programebis meSveobiT. aseTi RonisZieba<br />
Seadgens ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli<br />
uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis<br />
me-13 muxlidan da rasobrivi diskriminaciis<br />
yvela formis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso<br />
konvenciis me-7 muxlidan gamomdinare<br />
valdebulebis erT-erT aspeqts. aucilebelia,<br />
rom aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi ar isaxavdes miznad<br />
bavSvebis indoqtrinacias maTi mSoblebis<br />
religiuri da filos<strong>of</strong>iuri Sexedulebebis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod 173 .<br />
14. pirveli oqmis me-3 muxli - ufleba Tavisufal<br />
arCevnebze<br />
eTnikuri, erovnuli, enobrivi Tu religiuri<br />
niSniT gansxvavebul sxvadasxva jgufebs<br />
Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis gamo, sasamarTlo<br />
amarTlebs sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
warmomadgenlobiT struqturas. parlamentSi<br />
sxvadasxva jgufebis monawileobam SeiZleba<br />
maT Soris arsebuli daZabuloba ganmuxtos 174 .<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas konfliqtebis da areulobis<br />
gamomwvevi daZabulobis ganmuxtvazec.<br />
aqtiuri antidemokratiuli saqmianoba SesaZloa<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos garkveul wevrTaTvis<br />
Tanamdebobaze y<strong>of</strong>nis an sxva saxis<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmevis<br />
safuZveli gaxdes 175 . msgavsi RonisZieba<br />
SeiZleba gatardes parlamentis nebismieri<br />
wevris an deputatis mandatis msurvelis mimarT,<br />
Tu isini mouwodeben xalxs Zaladobisken<br />
an mxars uWeren sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdeg<br />
Zalis gamoyenebas gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
qartiis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
aseTi akrZalva SeiZleba mxolod piris konkretul<br />
qmedebas efuZnebodes 176 . igi mxolod<br />
SezRuduli xangrZlivobis unda iyos 177 . aseT<br />
sanqcias ganmsazRvreli Sedegi unda hqondes<br />
mxolod maSin, roca Sesabamisi qmedebis Cadena<br />
173<br />
ix. keldseni (Kjeldsen), busk madseni (Busk Madsen) da pederseni<br />
(Pedersen) daniis winaaRmdeg, 5095/71, 5920/72 da 5926/72,<br />
7 dekemberi, 1976 da efstratiu (Efstratiou) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
24095/94, 18 dekemberi, 1996.<br />
174<br />
maTiu mohini (Mathieu-Mohin) da klerfaiti (Clerfayt) belgiis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 9267/81, 2 marti, 1987.<br />
175<br />
keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98,13 Tebervali,<br />
2003 [GC]; ganixila ra saqme me-11 muxliT, sasamarTlom<br />
saWirod ar miiCnia emsjela pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlze.<br />
176<br />
ix. pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlis darRveva saqmeze selim sadaki<br />
(Selim Sadak) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25144/94,<br />
26149/95-26154/95, 27100/95 da 27101/95, 11 ivnisi, 2002. partiis<br />
daSlis mizezi ar iyo im pirTa qceva, romlebmac partiis<br />
daSliT saparlamento mandati dakarges.<br />
177<br />
xuTi wlis periodi ar gaprotestda saqmeze keTildReobis<br />
partia (Refah Partisi ) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, magram zusti vada<br />
sadavo qmedebis xasiaTs unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad dadasturda,<br />
magram savaraudod uflebamosilebis SeCereba<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde<br />
daiSveba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca konfliqti<br />
Tu areuloba aferxebs saqmis ganxilvas.<br />
konfliqtma an areulobam SeiZleba gaamarTlos<br />
arCevnebis dagvianeba, gansakuTrebiT ma-<br />
Sin, roca, savaraudod, arsebuli garemoebebi<br />
xels SeuSlis amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufal<br />
gamoxatvas.<br />
15. me-4 oqmis pirveli muxli - valauvalobis<br />
gamo Tavisuflebis aRkveTis akrZalva<br />
mocemul debulebasTan dakavSirebiT precedentuli<br />
samarTali ar arsebobs, magram ver<br />
dgindeba is mizezebi, ris gamoc konfliqtisa<br />
Tu areulobis viTarebas SeiZleba xeli SeeSala<br />
me-4 oqmis pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebis realizebisTvis.<br />
16. me-4 oqmis me-2 muxli - gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba<br />
gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebasa da me-2<br />
muxlis me-3 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis arCevis TavisuflebaSi Carevis<br />
farglebi aucileblad moicavs SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtisa da Sinaareulobis<br />
SemTxvevebs. precedentuli samarTali aqamde<br />
Seexeboda mxolod konkretuli pirebis mimarT<br />
dakisrebul akrZalvebs sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />
datovebasTan dakavSirebiT 178 , Secvlili<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis registrirebis Taobaze<br />
179 , konkretul teritoriaze SesvlasTan 180<br />
da sazRvargareT gamgzavrebasTan 181 dakavSirebiT.<br />
msgavsi SezRudvebi gamarTlda, rodesac<br />
naCvenebi iqna dasabuTebuli safrTxe, rom<br />
piri momavalSi Caidenda samarTaldarRvevas<br />
an saWiro iyo misi qveynis SigniT datoveba.<br />
rodesac ar arsebobs SezRudvis iuridiuli<br />
safuZveli an roca isini imaze metad grZeldeba,<br />
vidre saWiroa, konvenciis moTxovnebi<br />
irRveva. agreTve SezRudvebi unda iyos dasa-<br />
178<br />
raimondo (Raimondo) italiis winaaRmdeg, 12954/87, 22<br />
Tebervali, 1994, denici (Denizci) da sxvebi kviprosis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25316-25321/94 da 27207/95, 23 maisi, 2001, botaro (Bottaro)<br />
italiis winaaRmdeg, 56298/00, 17 ivlisi, 2003 da luordo<br />
(Luordo) italiis winaaRmdeg, 32190/96, 17 ivlisi, 2003.<br />
179<br />
bolati (Bolat) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 14139/03, 5 oqtomberi,<br />
2006.<br />
180<br />
landfrogdi (Landvreugd) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
37331/97, 4 ivnisi, 2002, olivieira (Olivieira) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
33129/96, 4 ivnisi, 2002 da guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.<br />
181<br />
baumani (Baumann) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 33592/96, 22<br />
maisi, 2001.<br />
36
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
buTebuli 182 . amas garda, arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs imas, rom Careva ar iyos araTanabarzomieri,<br />
gansakuTrebiT im gavlenis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
romelic msgavs SezRudvebs aqvs piris<br />
SesaZleblobaze, icxovros da imuSaos 183 .<br />
cxadia, ufro ganzogadebuli SezRudvebi,<br />
rogoricaa komendantis saaTi da ama Tu im teritoriaze<br />
Sesvlis Tu sazRvargareT gasvlis<br />
akrZalva, SesaZloa gamarTldes konfliqtisa<br />
Tu areulobis gamwvavebis Tavidan acilebisa<br />
da Sesabamis pirTa keTildReobis dacvis dasabuTebiT.<br />
da mainc, moiTxoveba Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi,<br />
romlebic daadasturebda msgavsi<br />
Carevis aucileblobas. amasTan dauSvebelia,<br />
SezRudvebma xeli SeuSalos sicocxlisaTvis<br />
saWiro sagnebis/momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobas<br />
an arajerovnad daabrkolos ojaxebis<br />
gaerTianeba. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
SezRudvebis aRniSnul Sedegebze gamudmebul<br />
monitorings.<br />
17. me-4 oqmis me-3 muxli - moqalaqeTa gaZevebis<br />
akrZalva<br />
evropuli konvenciis teqstSi moqalaqe-<br />
Ta gaZevebis akrZalvas ar aqvs makvalificirebeli<br />
SezRudva, Tumca es xels ar uSlis<br />
daskvnis gakeTebas, rom aRniSnul akrZalvas<br />
absoluturi xasiaTi ar aqvs. amasTan, moqalaqeTa<br />
gaZevebis akrZalvidan SeiZleba gadaxveva.<br />
marTalia, ver dgindeba is mizezebi, ris<br />
gamoc konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebas<br />
SeiZleba xeli SeeSala me-4 oqmis me-3 muxliT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalvis Sesrulebis-<br />
Tvis (gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom amas SeiZleba<br />
konvenciis me-2 da me-3 muxlebis darRvevis<br />
riskic axldes), zemoT moyvanili msjeloba<br />
SeiZleba gamodges mocemul konteqstSic.<br />
18. me-4 oqmis me-4 muxli da me-7 oqmis pirveli<br />
muxli - ucxoelTa koleqtiuri gaZevebis<br />
akrZalva da ucxoelTa gaZevebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
saproceso garantiebi<br />
dasknva, rom koleqtiur gaZevebas adgili<br />
hqonda, SeiZleba mxolod maSin iqnes acilebuli,<br />
roca aSkaraa, rom gadawyvetileba<br />
TiToeuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis<br />
gonivrul da obieqtur gamokvlevas emyareboda.<br />
182<br />
guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da<br />
44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.<br />
183<br />
pensiisa da fostis miReba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo landfrogdis saqmeze.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli msjelobis mniSvnelobis xazgasasmelad<br />
sasamarTlom gamoTqva mzady<strong>of</strong>na,<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>iTi daskvnebi gaekeTbina <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
konteqstidan, daStampuli dasabuTebidan<br />
da iuridiuli konsultaciis ararsebobidan<br />
184 . ucxoelTa mimarT mtruli damokidebuleba<br />
SeiZleba dasruldes konfliqtiT an<br />
iyos areulobis mizezi, magram es ar SeiZleba<br />
amarTlebdes ucxoelTa mimarT msgavsi koleqtiuri<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebas. sajaro wesrigisa<br />
da erovnuli uSiSroebis mosazrebebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia naklebad drakonuli RonisZiebebi,<br />
magaliTad, qveynis SigniT gadadgilebis<br />
SezRudva gamarTldes.<br />
SesaZlebelia sajaro wesrigisa da erovnuli<br />
uSiSroebis interesebi safuZvlad daedos<br />
me-7 oqmis pirveli muxlis saproceso garantiebis<br />
amoqmedebis dayovnebas gaZevebis Semdgom<br />
momentamde. magram dauSvebelia, davaskvnaT,<br />
rom aman SeiZleba uary<strong>of</strong>iTi gavlena<br />
moaxdinos individualuri garemoebebis Semowmebaze<br />
Tavdapirveli gadawyvetilebis mi-<br />
Rebis procesSi. Tumca aRniSnuli SesaZlebelia<br />
konfliqtisa Tu areulobis konteqstSi.<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes gaZevebis<br />
iuridiuli safuZveli 185 .<br />
19. me-7 oqmi, me-2 muxli, gasaCivrebis ufleba<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze<br />
konfliqtisa da areulobis dros Cadenili<br />
zogierTi danaSaulis bunebis gamo, piri gasamarTldeba<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos pirveli<br />
instanciiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs<br />
valdebuleba, rom ganaCeni gasaCivrdes zemdgom<br />
instanciaSi. sxvagvarad, ar arsebobs sxva<br />
raime mizezi, ris gamoc konfliqtisa Tu areulobis<br />
viTareba uary<strong>of</strong>iT gavlenas axdendes<br />
xsenebuli garantiis Sesrulebaze. marTlac,<br />
es garantia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />
roca pirs asamarTleben in absentia 186 .<br />
20. me-7 oqmis me-3, me-4 da me-5 muxlebi -<br />
kompensacia mcdari msjavrdebisTvis, piris<br />
ufleba, ar iqnes gasamarTlebuli an dasjili<br />
orjer da meuRleTa Soris Tanasworoba<br />
ar arsebobs Sesatyvisi gadawyvetilebebi<br />
aRniSnul muxlebze, magram rTulia mizezis<br />
184<br />
konka (Conka) belgiis winaaRmdeg, 51564/99, 5 Tebervali, 2002.<br />
185<br />
bolati (Bolat) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 14139/03, 5 oqtomberi,<br />
2006.<br />
186<br />
ix. krombaxi (Krombach) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 29731/96, 13<br />
Tebervali, 2001 da Papon safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 54210/00,<br />
25 ivlisi, 2002.<br />
37
jeremi makbraidi<br />
dasaxelebac, ris gamoc konfliqtisa da areulobis<br />
viTareba uary<strong>of</strong>iT zegavlenas moaxdenda<br />
am muxlebiT garantirebuli uflebebis<br />
Sesrulebaze.<br />
g) daskvna<br />
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali,<br />
romelic uSualod Seexeba konfliqtebis da<br />
areulobis periodSi adamianis uflebaTa<br />
realizebas, ricxobrivad didi ar aris. Tumca<br />
igi sakmarisze metia arsebiTi mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone standartebis da praqtikis demonstrirebisTvis,<br />
romlebic daculi unda iqnes msgavs<br />
rTul viTarebaSi. precedentuli samarTlidan<br />
gamomdinare qvemoT CamoTvlili punqtebi<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania konfliqtisa<br />
da areulobis viTarebaSi saWiro midgomis SemuSavebisTvis:<br />
a) adamianis uflebebi unda iyos rogorc<br />
qmedebis mizani, ise am qmedebis safuZvel i;<br />
b) qmedebas unda hqondes mkafio iuridiul i<br />
safuZveli da igi unda dadgindes konfliqtisa<br />
Tu areulobis viTarebis Seqmnamde<br />
rac SeiZleba adre;<br />
g) konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi<br />
yvelas, visi valdebulebebic SeiZleba<br />
adamianis uflebebisTvis saziano iyos,<br />
unda CautardeT Sesatyvisi treningi;<br />
d) saWiroa, rom TiToeul qmedebaze yovel-<br />
Tvis xelmisawvdomi iyos damoukidebeli,<br />
miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo kontroli da<br />
sxva Sesatyvisi samarTlebrivi dacvis sa-<br />
Sualebebi uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis<br />
safrTxis Sesamcireblad. gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqcenti unda gakeTdes im uflebebis<br />
savaraudo darRvevebis sruly<strong>of</strong>il da<br />
qmediT gamoZiebaze, romlebisganac gadaxveva<br />
dauSvebelia da Sesabamis pirTa<br />
pasuxisgebaSi micemaze;<br />
e) Sesabamisi zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli sicocxlis<br />
xely<strong>of</strong>is Tavidan asarideblad,<br />
rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis, ise samoqalaqo<br />
pirebis dacvis konteqstSi;<br />
v) wamebis, araadamianuri mopyrobisa da Rirsebis<br />
damamcirebeli mopyrobis akrZalva<br />
unda Sesruldes rogorc konfliqtisa da<br />
areulobis viTarebaSi gatarebuli Ronis-<br />
Ziebis dros, ise Tavisuflebis aRkveTis<br />
adgilebSi;<br />
z) dauSvebelia xelisuflebis TviTnebobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, mowyvlad pirTa dacvis<br />
valdebulebis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a;<br />
T) dauSvebelia pirTa iZuleba, monawileoba<br />
miiRon konfliqtisa Tu areulobis Sedegebis<br />
aRm<strong>of</strong>xvraSi, gauTanabrdes ymobas;<br />
i) Tavisuflebis aRkveTa SeiZleba mxolod<br />
amomwuravad CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi; winaswari<br />
patimroba gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi<br />
unda iyos saTanadod dasabuTebuli<br />
da ar unda grZeldebodes imaze metxans,<br />
vidre es aucilebelia; yvela dakavebuli<br />
da dapatimrebuli piri saTanadod unda<br />
iyos aRricxuli da maT unda miuwvdebodeT<br />
xeli damoukidebel iuridiul<br />
konsultaciaze;<br />
k) yvela sasamarTlo procesi unda Catardes<br />
samarTlianad da Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli<br />
gaWianureba, xolo Tu es ver<br />
xerxdeba, unda gamoiricxos dayovnebis<br />
preiudicialuri Sedegebi;<br />
l) TvalTvalsa da mosmenebs unda hqondes<br />
obieqturi safuZveli da mopovebuli informacia<br />
ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli an<br />
gamJRavnebuli sxva miznebisTvis;<br />
m) dauSvebelia, rom sacxovrebeli saxlebi<br />
aucileblobis gareSe ganadgurdes; roca<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi Ronis-<br />
Ziebebi unda gatardes dazaralebulTa<br />
xelaxla gansasaxleblad;<br />
n) religiuri RvTismsaxureba unda ganxorcieldes<br />
minimaluri dabrkolebis pirobebSi;<br />
o) mZafrad formulirebuli kritika ar<br />
unda iqnes aRreuli waqezebaSi;<br />
p) arapopularuli demonstrantebi dacul<br />
unda iqnen yvela SesaZlo gziT da gaer-<br />
Tianebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismieri<br />
qmedeba saTanadod iyos dasabuTebuli;<br />
J) qonebiT sargeblobis, dazianebis da ganadgurebis<br />
Sedegad pirs unda mieces Sesabamisi<br />
kompensacia da nebismieri qoneba,<br />
romelic dakavebulia sajaro interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare, unda daubrundes Tavis<br />
mesakuTres SeZlebisdagvarad male;<br />
r) saganmanaTleblo procesisa da arCevnebis<br />
CamSleli qmedebebi minimumamde unda<br />
iyos dayvanili;<br />
s) dauSvebelia gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebaze<br />
gadametebuli SezRudvebis dakisreba<br />
da ucxoelTa koleqtiuri gaZeveba<br />
pirdapir Tu eventualurad.<br />
38
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
III. pasuxismgebloba konfliqtis<br />
zonebSi<br />
a) Sesavali<br />
iqidan gamomdinare, rom konvenciis debulebebi<br />
Semxeblobas inarCunebs konfliqtis<br />
zonebSi dominirebul viTarebebSi, maTi<br />
moTxovnebis SesaZlo daucvelobis gamo, pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sakiTxi gardauvlad warmoi-<br />
Soba. aRniSnuli sakiTxi ase martivic araa.<br />
sirTule dakavSirebulia konfliqtis kerebis<br />
mdebareobasTan da im sxvadasxva moqmed pirebTan,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba CarTuli iyvnen movlenaTa<br />
ganviTarebaSi.<br />
roca vixilavT konvenciis moTxovnebis<br />
Sesrulebis saWiroebas, SesaZlebelia qmedebas<br />
adgili hqondes ori saxis teritoriaze:<br />
teritoria, romelic Seadgens erTi an ramdenime<br />
wevri saxelmwifos nawils da teritoria,<br />
romelic ar ekuTvnis arc erT maRal xelSemkvrel<br />
mxares.<br />
agreTve qmedeba, pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
moicavdes a) arasaxelmwifo agentebis moqmedebebsa<br />
da umoqmedobebs; b) moqmedebebsa<br />
da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils wevri saxelmwifos<br />
mier, romlis teritoriazec es movlenebi vi-<br />
Tardeba (`teritoriuli maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxare“); g) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils<br />
meore wevri saxelmwifos mier (`arateritoriuli<br />
maRali xelSemkvreli mxare“);<br />
d) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils<br />
arawevri saxelmwifos mier; e) moqmedebebsa<br />
da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils saeTaSoriso organizaciis<br />
mier maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris<br />
meSveobiT; v) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs,<br />
Cadenils saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier,<br />
saxelmwifos meSveobiT, romelic ar aris<br />
konvenciis monawile 187 .<br />
roca konfliqtis zona Zevs ara xelSemkvreli<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriaze, qmedeba,<br />
romelic iwvevs pasuxismgeblobas, SeiZleba<br />
moicavdes yvela qmedebasa da umoqmedobas,<br />
romlebic zemoT iqna CamoTvlili, garda im<br />
qmedebebisa, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, romlebic<br />
Cadenili iqna teritoriuli maRali xel-<br />
Semkvreli mxaris mier.<br />
sasamarTlom SeimuSava ZiriTadi principebi,<br />
romlebic mocemul SemTxvevebSi naTels<br />
fens konfliqtis zonebSi saxelmwifoTa pa-<br />
187<br />
g) _ v) kategoriebi axasiaTebs mxolod erT saxelmwifos<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, magram, rogorc wesi, konfliqtebi<br />
moicavs ramdenime saxelmwifos.<br />
suxismgeblobis sakiTxs. Tavdapirvelad ganixileba<br />
aRniSnuli principebi. SemdgomSi<br />
statiaSi ganxilulia is mosazrebebi, romlebic<br />
ukavSirdeba principebis moqmedebas zemoT<br />
CamoTvlil scenarebSi. dauSvebelia<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba saxelmwifoze,<br />
romelic ar aris konvenciis monawile 188 ,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, igi moqmedebs sakuTari Tu<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciis saxeliT. aseTi<br />
saxelmwifoebis sakiTxi mainc ganxilulia qvemoT<br />
moyvanil msjelobaSi, vinaidan maT moqmedebebsa<br />
da umoqmedobebs mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgeblobisTvis.<br />
b) pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi principebi<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi, umniSvnelovanesi Seki-<br />
Txva, romelsac pasuxi unda gaeces, aris is,<br />
qmedeba, miuxedavad imisa, Cadenilia teritoriis<br />
SigniT Tu gareT, ara mxolod Seeracxeba<br />
wevr saxelmwifos, Tu agreTve Sedis mis<br />
iurisdiqciaSic konvenciis pirveli muxlis<br />
mniSvnelobiT, vinaidan mxolod es iqneboda<br />
safuZveli imisTvis, rom mocemul saxelmwifos<br />
pasuxismgebloba dakisreboda. uary<strong>of</strong>iTi<br />
pasuxi, cxadia, ar SeuSlida xels saxelmwifos<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas sxva<br />
saerTaSoriso valdebulebis safuZvelze 189 .<br />
konvenciis darRvevisTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gansazRvrisTvis adgilmdebareobas gansaku-<br />
TrebiT mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan Tavidanve<br />
ivaraudeba, rom pirveli muxlis mniSvnelobiT,<br />
iurisdiqcia upiratesad arsebobs<br />
im movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mis<br />
teritoriaze xdeba 190 .<br />
imis miuxedavad, rom sasamarTlo gansaku-<br />
Trebul aqcents akeTebs konvenciis regionul<br />
xasiaTze, iurisdiqcia aseve SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes, roca movlenebi viTardeba wevri<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT da<br />
zogjer evropis gareTac. aRniSnul yvela<br />
saxis movlenasTan dakavSirebiT ar aris aRiarebuli,<br />
Tundac arsebobdes TvalsaCino kavSiri<br />
konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebis darRvevasa<br />
da wevri saxelmwifos qmedebas Sori s.<br />
188<br />
ganacxadi 262/57, x Cexoslovakiis winaaRmdeg, I Yb 170 (1955-<br />
1957).<br />
189<br />
mag., samoqalaqo da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saer-<br />
TaSoriso paqti.<br />
190<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi 2001 [GC]. gentilomi<br />
(Gentilhomme) da sxvebi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
48205/99;48207/99;48209/99, 14 maisi, 2002.<br />
39
jeremi makbraidi<br />
amrigad, igulisxmeba, rom iurisdiqcia arsebobs<br />
garkveul ara teritoriul faqtorebTan<br />
mimarTebiT, rogorebicaa: sazRvargareT diplomatiuri<br />
da sakonsulo warmomadgenlobebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli sajaro funqciebi,<br />
sazRvargareT individebis danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba,<br />
mimarTuli saxlmwifos interesebis<br />
an moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifo droSiT<br />
mcurav xomaldebze an Sesabamis saxelmwifoSi<br />
daregistrirebul sahaero da kosmosur xomaldebze<br />
Cadenili qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
mZime saerTaSoriso danaSaulebi (universaluri<br />
iurisdiqcia).<br />
agreTve, sasamarTlom aRiara, rom saxelmwifo<br />
teritoriis garda, teritoriuli iurisdiqcia<br />
agreTve moicavs im farTobs, romelic<br />
mocemuli drois monakveTSi okupirebulia<br />
da, Sesabamisad, wevri saxelmwifos `sruli<br />
kontrolis~ qveS imy<strong>of</strong>eba 191 im teritoriis<br />
gamoklebiT, romelic aseTi kontrolis farglebs<br />
gareTaa 192 . sasamarTlom agreTve daadgina,<br />
rom qmediTi kontroli pirTa mimarT wevri<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT<br />
aseve SeiZleba sakmarisi faqtori iyos konvenciis<br />
miznebisTvis iurisdiqciis dasadgenad 193 .<br />
rodesac wevri saxelmwifo moqmedebs saer-<br />
TaSoriso organizaciis saxeliT, misi qmedeba,<br />
Sesabamisad, Seeracxeba am organizacias<br />
da, amdenad, principulad veRar iqneba sasamarTlos<br />
msjelobis sagani. Tumca am qmedebis<br />
adgili da konteqsti SeiZleba mniSvnelovani<br />
iyos daskvnisTvis, rom wevri saxelmwifo<br />
mainc inarCunebs, garkveulwilad, pasuxismgeblobas<br />
konvenciis darRvevisTvis 194 .<br />
g) pasuxismgeblobis principebis moqmedeba<br />
konfliqtis zonebSi<br />
albaT ufro mosaxerxebeli iqneba, rom pasuxismgeblobis<br />
problema ganvixiloT sxvadasxva<br />
moqmed pirebTan mimarTebiT, Tumca<br />
gardauvalia, rom msjeloba rig SemTxveveb-<br />
Si gadaifareba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierT<br />
konfliqtur zonaze saubrisas mainc, vinaidan<br />
maTi moqmedeba erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli<br />
araa.<br />
191<br />
luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (winaswari protesti),<br />
15318/89, 23 marti, 1995 [GC]<br />
192<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].<br />
193<br />
ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 maisi,<br />
2005 [GC].<br />
194<br />
ix. g4 zemoT.<br />
1. arasaxelmwifo moqmedi pirebi<br />
arasaxelmwifo moqmedi pirebi, iqnebian eseni<br />
individebi, ajanyebulebi, amboxebulebi, kombatantebi<br />
Tu SeiaraRebuli opoziciuri jgufebi,<br />
ar SeiZleba Tavad iyvnen pasuxismgebeli<br />
konvecniis darRvevaze, vinaidan pasuxismgebloba<br />
yovelTvis wevr saxelmwifozea. Tumca<br />
CamoTvlil pirTa qmedebas SeiZleba sxvagvari<br />
saxis saerTaSoriso pasuxismgebloba mohyves<br />
195 . SesaZlebelia, maTi qmedeba Seeracxos<br />
wevr saxelmwifos misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi,<br />
roca qmedebas adgili aqvs am saxelmwifos<br />
iurisdiqciis SigniT da CaiTvleba, rom<br />
isini nebadarTuli arian xelisuflebis mier<br />
an saxelmwifom gamoiCina maT mimarT mimnebebloba,<br />
roca ar aRkveTa aRniSnuli qmedebebi<br />
196 . rogorc qvemoT gamoCndeba, es SeuZlebelia,<br />
roca qmedebas adgili aqvs teritoriis<br />
im nawilSi (iqneba es konfliqtis mTliani<br />
zona, Tu misi nawili), sadac wevri saxelmwifo<br />
kontrols ver axorcielebs.<br />
mainc gasarkvevi rCeba iurisdiqciis saki-<br />
Txi, Tuki dadgindeba, rom wevri saxelmwifo,<br />
ise rom fizikurad ar imy<strong>of</strong>eba teritoriaze,<br />
magram warmarTavs da mxars uWes arasaxelmwifo<br />
moqmed pirTa 197 saqmianobas meore wevri<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriaze 198 . aseTi daskvna,<br />
cxadia, adekvaturia im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
roca meore wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />
warmoebul saqmianobazea saubari. vinaidan,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqme gveqneboda<br />
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da<br />
Tavisuflebebis dacvis sistemaSi vakuumTan.<br />
sasamarTlom ganamtkica aRniSnuli midgoma<br />
da iurisdiqciaSi moiazra ara mxolod meore<br />
qveynis mxardamWeri saqmianoba separatistuli<br />
reJimisadmi, aramed gamoTqva mzady<strong>of</strong>na,<br />
rom igive daskvna gaekeTebina Tanxmobisa da<br />
mimnebeblobis SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifo<br />
mxars uWers saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier<br />
araRiarebuli TviTgamocxadebuli xelisuflebis<br />
moqmedebebs 199 .<br />
195<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis an saerTaSoriso<br />
sisxlis samarTlis safuZvelze.<br />
196<br />
ix. A gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 25599/94, 23 seqtemberi,<br />
1998, paul da odri edvardsi (Audrey Edwards) gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 46477/99, 14 marti, 2002 da<br />
onerildizi (Öneryildiz) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 48939/99, 30 noemberi,<br />
2004 [GC].<br />
197<br />
amis Semdgom `SeiaraRebuli opoziciuri dajgufebebi.~<br />
198<br />
aRniSnuli ar dadasturda gaerTianebuli erebis mier nikaraguas<br />
saqmeze, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetileba, 27 ivnisi, 1986.<br />
199<br />
ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].<br />
40
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
regionuli xedva, romelic sasamarTlos iurisdiqciasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT aqvs, mas xels uSlis,<br />
daadginos konvenciis darRvevisTvis pasuxismgebloba,<br />
roca wevri saxelmwifo mxars<br />
uWers an warmarTavs arawevri saxelmwifos<br />
teritoriaze warmoebul saqmianobas 200 .<br />
2. teritoriuli wevri saxelmwifo<br />
konvenciis wevri saxelmwifo iurisdiqcias<br />
axorcielebs, roca Tavis teritoriaze atarebs<br />
an ar atarebs garkveul RonisZiebebs,<br />
romlebic moiTxoveba konvenciiT gansazRvrul<br />
SemTxvevebSi. iurisdiqciis ganxorcieleba<br />
agreTve moicavs teritoriis SigniT<br />
pirTa mier Zalis gamoyenebaze an garedan<br />
Tavdasxmisas reagirebas. cxadia, imisTvis,<br />
rom imsjelos iurisdiqciis arsebobaze, sasamarTlo<br />
mxedvelobaSi iRebs uflebebsa da<br />
Tavisuflebebze dawesebul SezRudvebs, me-15<br />
muxliT daSvebuli gadaxvevis CaTvliT.<br />
Tumca, roca konfliqtis Sedegad wevri<br />
saxelmwifo kargavs misi teritoriis nawilze<br />
kontrols meore saxelmwifos mxardaWeriT<br />
moqmedi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sasargeblod,<br />
igi ar Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />
konvenciis darRvevisTvis. aseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />
wevri saxelmwifo inarCunebs Tavis teritoriaze<br />
pozitiur valdebulebebs 201 .<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo unda ecados,<br />
yvela samarTlebrivi da iuridiuli sa-<br />
SualebiT, sazRvargareTis qveynebisa da saer-<br />
TaSoriso sazogadoebis CareviT, gaagrZelos<br />
konvenciiT gansazRvruli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
garantireba mocemul teritoriaze.<br />
aseTi RonisZiebebi mocemul SemTxveva-<br />
Si unda iyos adekvaturi da sakmarisi. isini<br />
moicaven teritoriaze kontrolis aRdgenis,<br />
Tavisi iurisdiqciis gamovlinebis da teritoriaze<br />
my<strong>of</strong> pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
dacvis RonisZiebebs.<br />
kontrolis aRdgenis valdebuleba gulisxmobs,<br />
rom wevrma saxelmwifom ar unda dauWiros<br />
mxari separatistul reJims da imoqmedos<br />
yvela arsebuli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri, sasamarTlo da<br />
sxva saSualebiT, raTa awarmoos molaparakebebi<br />
TviTgamocxadebul reJimTan saerTaSoriso<br />
200<br />
es, cxadia, xels ar SeuSlida pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobas<br />
adamianis uflebaTa globaluri aqtis an saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis safuZvelze.<br />
201<br />
ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].<br />
organizaciebis daxmarebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
es SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, Tu separastul<br />
reJims mZlavri samxedro poziciebi ukavia<br />
da SeiZleba arsebobdes represaliebis safrTxe<br />
ama Tu im RonisZiebis sapasuxod.<br />
momxdaris ukanonoba unda dadgindes Sesabamisi<br />
samarTalwarmoebis gziT. imavdroulad,<br />
diplomatiuri ZalisxmeviT molaparakebebi<br />
unda gagrZeldes. TanamSromloba iseT sferoebSi,<br />
rogoricaa sahaero gzebis kontroli,<br />
satelefono xazebi da sporti, ganixileba rogorc<br />
Tanxmobis gacxadeba, magram mocemul<br />
SemTxvaSi SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes kontrolis<br />
aRdgenis survilad.<br />
individebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa uflebebi<br />
da Tavisuflebebi ilaxeba, miRebuli unda<br />
iqnes Sesatyvisi RonisZiebebi, raTa gauqmdes<br />
an Zaladakargulad gamocxaddes separatistuli<br />
teritoriis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi,<br />
aRiZras sisxlis samarTlis saqme uflebisdamrRvevTa<br />
mimarT, gaewios samedicino<br />
daxmareba da finansuri mxardaWera ojaxis<br />
wevrebs, warmoebuli unda iqnes molaparakebebi<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTaSi my<strong>of</strong>i pirebis<br />
gasaTavisufleblad uSualod an Suamavlebis<br />
meSveobiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes<br />
TvalsaCino mtkicebulebebi dabejiTebuli<br />
mcdelobis Taobaze.<br />
savaraudod, wevri saxelmwifo valdebulia,<br />
uzrunvelyos, rom me-6 muxlis darRveviT mi-<br />
Rebuli sasamarTlos aqtebi ar aRsruldes,<br />
iqneba es konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi Tu Semdgom.<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTqvevaSi, me-6 muxlis<br />
darRveva Seeracxeba mocemul saxelmwifos. es<br />
ufro mkacri moTxovnaa mesame saxelmwifoebTan<br />
mimarTebiT arsebul valdebulebebTan<br />
SedarebiT 202 , magram igi gansxvavdeba marTlmsajulebis<br />
sruli ignorirebis testisgan.<br />
Tumca me-6 muxli darRveulad ar unda iqnes<br />
miCneuli mxolod im safuZvliT, rom aqtebis<br />
mimRebi sasamarTloebi ukanonoa. es sasamarTloebi<br />
mainc iTvlebian kanonis safuZvelze<br />
Seqmnilad, Tu isini akmay<strong>of</strong>ileben damoukideblobisa<br />
da miukerZoeblobis moTxovnebs 203 .<br />
moldovas SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos arafriT<br />
ar SeeZlo dnestrispireTSi dapatimrebuli<br />
pirebis gaTavisufleba da mainc sa-<br />
202<br />
droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (<strong>Jan</strong>ousek) safrangeTisa da espaneTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 12747/87, 26 ivnisi, 1992.<br />
203<br />
ix. kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001<br />
[GC].<br />
41
jeremi makbraidi<br />
samarTlom konvenciis darRveva daadgina 204 ,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnulSi moldovas<br />
monawileoba ar miuRia.<br />
Tu kontrols wevri saxelmwifo kargavs<br />
meore wevri saxelmwifos sasargeblod, es<br />
ukanaskneli iqneba upiratesad pasuxismgebeli<br />
mocemul teritoriaze uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
darRvevaze 205 . Tumca, Tu kontrolis<br />
mimRebi saxelmwifo ar aris konvenciis maRali<br />
xelSemkvreli mxare, konvenciiT garantirebuli<br />
dacva mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba, vinaidan<br />
mocemuli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba pasuxs<br />
agebdes konvenciis darRvevaze, Tumca wevri<br />
saxelmwifos SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba ZalaSi<br />
rCeba.<br />
SeiZleba ucnauri iyos, magram teritoriuli<br />
wevri qveynis pasuxismgebloba Semoifargleba<br />
pozitiuri valdebulebebis SesrulebiT<br />
separatistuli reJimebis pirobebSi, roca<br />
ar arsebobs Careva meore wevri saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan. es midgoma gamarTlebulia imiT, rom<br />
ar gaCndes vakuumi konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis<br />
sistemaSi 206 .<br />
sasamarTlom aRniSnuli SemTxveva ganasxvava<br />
sxva saqmisgan, romelSic adgilobrivi xelisuflebis<br />
mier centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
Seusruleblobam (aq Zalis gamoyenebas ar<br />
hqonia adgili) gamoiwvia konvenciis darRveva,<br />
romelic Seeracxa centralur xelisuflebas<br />
207 . sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, sirTuleebi,<br />
rasac wevri saxelmwifo awydeba, konvenciiT<br />
garantirebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>isas, sakmaris safuZvlad<br />
ar miiCneva saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisgan<br />
gasaTavisufleblad, vinaidan saxelmwifoebi<br />
valdebuli arian, TavianT daqvemdebarebul<br />
struqturebs mosTxovon konvenciis Sesruleba<br />
208 . cxadia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs daskvnas,<br />
rom saxelmwifo miCneuli iqna pasuxismgeblad<br />
piris ukanono patimrobaSi y<strong>of</strong>naze, miuxe-<br />
204<br />
ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].<br />
205<br />
ix. Semdgomi qveTavi.<br />
206<br />
arganxilul saqmeze asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg,<br />
71503/01, 8 aprili, 2004 [GC]. asaniZe.<br />
207<br />
(Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, 71503/01, 8 aprili,<br />
2004 [GC].<br />
208<br />
am daskvnis adekvaturobas mocemul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
adasturebdes ganmcxadeblis ganTavisufleba, rac gadawyvetilebas<br />
maleve mohyva. ix. rezolucia ResDH(2006)53 evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 8 aprilis gadawyvetilebaze<br />
_ saqmeze asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (miRebulia<br />
ministrTa komitetis mier, 2 noemberi, 2006, ministrTa<br />
moadgileebis 97-e Sexvedraze).<br />
davad imisa, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
ambobda uars piris gaTavisuflebaze. aRniSnuli<br />
xelisufleba ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes<br />
rogorc arasamTavrobo organizacia an saer-<br />
To interesis mqone pirTa jgufi 34-e muxlis<br />
mniSvnelobiT. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor axasiaTebs<br />
wevri saxelmwifo kontrolis amReb<br />
xelisuflebas, magram gamy<strong>of</strong>i xazi, romelic<br />
unda gaivlos sakonstitucio krizissa da<br />
konfliqtebs Soris, yovelTvis naTeli araa.<br />
sasamarTlom agreTve mniSvneloba mianiWa<br />
im faqts, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba am<br />
SemTxvevaSi separatistuli suliskveTebiT ar<br />
gamoirCeoda.<br />
mcdeloba, rom gamoiricxos yovelgvari pasuxismgebloba,<br />
roca saxelmwifos kontroli<br />
dakarguli aqvs koncenciis ratifikaciisas,<br />
usargebloa, vinaidan teritoriuli xasiaTis<br />
daTqmebi gamoricxulia, garda 56-e muxlis<br />
pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa<br />
209 .<br />
jer kidev gasarkvevia, wevri saxelmwifos<br />
mier kontrolis dakargva teritoriaze Tu<br />
iwvevs meore wevri saxelmwifos mier mis dapatronebas,<br />
Tumca pirincipulad SeuZlebelia,<br />
rom teritoriaze uflebis mopoveba ukanono<br />
gziT moxdes.<br />
3. arateritoriuli maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxare<br />
rodesac saomari moqmedebis Sedegad, iqneba<br />
es marTlzomieri Tu aramarTlzomieri operacia,<br />
saxelmwifo efeqtianad akontrolebs<br />
meore xelSemkvreli mxaris teritorias, Cai-<br />
Tvleba, rom saxelmwifos aqvs iurisdiqcia<br />
pirveli muxlis mniSvnelobiT da amgvarad,<br />
valdebulia, uzrunvelyos Sesabamis farTobze<br />
konvenciiT gansazRvruli uflebebi da<br />
Tavisuflebebi 210 .<br />
ar aqvs imas, rom kontrolis faqti saomari<br />
Zalebis an qvemdgomi adgilobrivi administraciis<br />
moqmedebis pirdapiri Sedegia. ar<br />
aris saWiro dadgindes, axorcielebs Tu ara<br />
makontrolebeli maRali xelSemkvreli mxare<br />
detalur kontrols administraciis <strong>pol</strong>itikasa<br />
da moqmedebebze, rogorc mocemuli te-<br />
209<br />
ix. maTiusi (Matthews) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
24833/94, 18 Tebervali, 1999 [GC], asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos<br />
winaaRmdeg, 71503/01, 8 aprili, 2004 [GC] da ilaSku<br />
(Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99,<br />
8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].<br />
210<br />
luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 dekemberi,<br />
1996 [GC]<br />
42
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
ritoriis yoveldRiuri xelisufali 211 . amdenad,<br />
pasuxismgebloba warmoiSoba ara mxolod<br />
sakuTari, aramed adgilobrivi administraciis<br />
qmedebebis gamoc, romelic gadarCa samxedro<br />
Zalebis da zogadad saxelmwifos mxardaWeris<br />
gamo 212 .<br />
aRniSnulma gamoiwvia pirveli oqmis pirveli<br />
muxlis darRveva saqmeebze, romlebSic<br />
okupirebul teritoriaze qvemdebare adgilobrivi<br />
administraciis qmedebebis Sedegad,<br />
mesakuTreebs sakuTar qonebaze xeli aRar<br />
miuwvdebodaT 213 . gaerTianebis Tavisuflebaze<br />
uflebis darRveva dadginda agreTve im<br />
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac pirs uari eTqva sxvadasxva<br />
bikomunalur SexvedrebSi monawileobaze<br />
214 . ufro metic, erT saxelmwifoTaSoris<br />
saqmeze, romelSic qmediTi kontroli mopasuxe<br />
saxelmwifos mxridan dadasturda, es<br />
ukanaskneli gaikicxa konvenciiT uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili<br />
mTeli rigi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
darRvevisTvis 215 .<br />
sasamarTlos azriT, qmediTi kontrolis<br />
ganmaxorcielebeli arateritorialuri wevri<br />
saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba rogorc<br />
negatiuri, ise pozitiuri valdebulebebis<br />
Seusruleblobaze, raTa Tavidan iqnes<br />
acilebuli `adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sistemaSi<br />
samwuxaro vakuumi,~ 216 magram unda arsebobdes<br />
raRac sazRvrebi pozitiur valdebulebebTan<br />
mimarTebiT, vinaidan sasamarTlo<br />
adgens, rom Tavad teritoriuli wevri saxelmwifo<br />
SesaZloa kvlavac rCebodes aRniSnuli<br />
movaleobebis subieqti 217 .<br />
TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi qmediTi<br />
kontrolis arseboba faqtebiT dgindeba. igi<br />
SeiZleba vrceldebodes mkacrad gansazRvrul<br />
teritoriaze, magram savaraudod, am terito-<br />
211<br />
luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 dekemberi,<br />
1996 [GC], kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94,<br />
10 maisi, 2001 [GC], ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC], isa (Issa) da<br />
sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noemberi, 2004.<br />
212<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
213<br />
luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 dekemberi,<br />
1996 [GC], kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10<br />
maisi, 2001 [GC], Eugenia Michaelidou Developments Ltd da mixael<br />
timviosi (Michael Tymvios) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 16163/90, 31<br />
ivlisi, 2003.<br />
214<br />
javiT ani (Djavit An) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 20652/92, 20<br />
Tebervali, 2003.<br />
215<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC];<br />
sadac sasamarTlom daadgina TurqeTis mier me-2, me-4, me-5,<br />
me-8, me-9, me-10 da me-13 muxlebis darRveva pirveli oqmis<br />
pirveli muxlis darRvevasTan erTad.<br />
216<br />
kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC],<br />
at para 78.<br />
217<br />
rogorc saqmeze ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da<br />
ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].<br />
riaze sajariso SenaerTebis sakmao kontingentis<br />
y<strong>of</strong>naa saWiro 218 . qmediTi kontrolis<br />
dadgenisTvis aucilebelia, rom sajariso SenaerTebi<br />
sakmarisi drois ganmavlobaSi mTlianad<br />
mocemul teritorias faravdnen 219 .<br />
yvela mTavar magistralze mudmivi sapatrulo<br />
razmebisa da gamSvebi punqtebis arseboba<br />
qmediTi kontrolis dadgenaSi agreTve mniSvnelovan<br />
faqtorad CaiTvleba.<br />
qmediTi kontroli ar CaiTvleba rom saxezea,<br />
mxolod imitom, rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
uflebebsa da TavisuflebebSi Careva<br />
maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris moqmedebis<br />
pirdapiri Sedegia. imisTvis, rom dadgindes<br />
qmediTi kontrolis arseboba, konvenciis wevri<br />
saxelmwifo, garkveulwilad, unda moqmedebdes<br />
mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze 220 .<br />
es imas ar niSnavs, rom konvenciis darRvevis-<br />
Tvis pasuxismgebloba ar warmoiSoba iseTi<br />
qmedebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
Wurvis gasrola meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze.<br />
sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom pasuxismgebloba<br />
warmoiSoba, roca wevri saxelmwifos<br />
moxeleebis aratertitoriuli moqmedebebi<br />
iwvevs Sedegebs meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze,<br />
Tumca ufro sasamarTlo, vidre samxedro<br />
operaciebis konteqstSi 221 , magram pasuxismgeblobis<br />
safuZveli aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
ufro momdinareobs Sedegidan da ara kontrolisgan.<br />
qmediTi kontrolis xasiaTi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gansazRvris mniSvnelobiT ar moicavs<br />
saxelmwifos sahaero sivrcis SezRudul<br />
kontrols, rogorc amas adgili hqonda y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />
iugoslaviis dabombvis SemTxvevaSi, saqmeze<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) 222 . da mainc, SesaZloa amas<br />
mniSvneloba hqondes, rom mocemul saqmeSi sahaero<br />
sivrceze kontroli arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila<br />
`SezRudulze~ ufro meti da amis magivrad<br />
218<br />
ix. isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noemberi,<br />
2004. aq sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila CrdiloeT<br />
kviprosSi 30,000-ze met samxedro SenaerTze, gansxvavebiT<br />
saqmisgan luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg da kviprosi<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saqmeebze.<br />
219<br />
amiT iqna gansxvavebuli aRniSnuli saqme gadawyvetilebisagan<br />
saqmeze isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96,<br />
16 noemberi, 2004.<br />
220<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].<br />
221<br />
ix. droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (<strong>Jan</strong>ousek) safrangeTisa da<br />
espaneTis winaaRmdeg 12747/87, 26 ivnisi, 1992. aRniSnul saqmeze<br />
gamoTqmuli azri ganmtkicda gadawyvetilebiT saqmeze<br />
droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (<strong>Jan</strong>ousek) safrangeTisa da espane-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 12747/87, 26 ivnisi 1992.<br />
222<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].<br />
43
jeremi makbraidi<br />
adgili rom hqonoda ufro arsebiT blokadas,<br />
iqneboda es sazRvao Tu sahaero sivrcis<br />
meSveobiT, SeiZleba maSin qmediTi kontrolis<br />
mdgomareoba dadgeniliyo.<br />
yvela im saqmeze, romlebSic qmediTi kontrolia<br />
dadgenili, es kontroli xorcieldeboda<br />
meore wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze. Tumca<br />
sasamarTlos palatam daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli<br />
ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, samxedro<br />
operaciis meSveobiT wevri saxelmwifo<br />
axorcielebdes droebiT qmediT kontrols im<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriaze, romelic ar aris<br />
konvenciis xelSemkvreli mxare. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu iqneboda sakmarisi faqtobrivi safuZveli,<br />
rom gvefiqra, mocemul dros, konvenciiT gavaliswinebuli<br />
uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis<br />
darRveviT dazaralebulebi imy<strong>of</strong>ebodnen<br />
mocemul teritoriaze, maTi uflebebis<br />
darRvevaze pasuxismgebeli iqneboda konvenciis<br />
wevri saxelmwifo da ara is saxelmwifo,<br />
romlis teritoriazec Cadenili iqna darRveva,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es teritoria calsaxad<br />
konvenciis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis<br />
iurisdiqciis (espace juridique) gareT iyo 223 .<br />
jer kidev gadasawyvetia, qmediTi kontrolis<br />
dadgena aseT SemTxvevebSi moicavs Tu ara ase-<br />
Ti kontrolis Sinaarsis dadgenas, radgan ZiriTadi<br />
mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom<br />
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli `adamianis uflebaTa<br />
sistemaSi vakuumi.~ 224 aseve gasarkvevia didi<br />
palatis cnobili regionuli aqcenti uars<br />
aTqmevinebda Tu ara mas pasuxismgeblobis arsebobaze<br />
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, roca qmedeba<br />
scildeba wevri saxelmwifoebis teritorias,<br />
miuxedavad ganxorcielebuli kontrolis xarisxisa<br />
225 .<br />
aseve dgeba arateritoriuli wevri saxelmwifos<br />
pasuxismgebloba, romelic axorcielebs<br />
qmediT kontrols meore wevri saxelmwifos<br />
teritoriaze, roca pirveli saxelmwifos<br />
xelisufleba eTanxmeba an mimnebeblobas<br />
iCens kerZo pirTa mier konvenciis darRvevis<br />
faqtebis mimarT okupirebul da, Sesabamisad,<br />
223<br />
isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noemberi,<br />
2004. Tumca msgavsi kontrolis Sesaxeb mtkicebuleba<br />
ar arsebobs.<br />
224<br />
igiveze gamaxvilda yuradReba saqmeze kviprosi TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC] da ganmtkicda saqmeze<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].<br />
225<br />
am mizeziT, lordTa palatis umravlesoba saqmeze al skeini<br />
(Al-Skeini) Tavdacvis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg [2007]<br />
UKHL 26 ganixilavs bankoviCs (Banković) vidre isas (Issa), rogorc<br />
sasamarTlos upirates midgomas.<br />
misi kontrolis qvem my<strong>of</strong> teritoriaze 226 .<br />
Sesabamisad, roca okupirebul teritoriaze<br />
arsebobs samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes<br />
konvenciis damrRvevi kerZo pirebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
aRniSnuli saSualebebi unda amowuruli<br />
iqnes konvenciis sistemisTvis mimarTvamde 227 .<br />
roca ar arsebobs qmediTi kontroli, mosamarTleebiTa<br />
da sxva moxeleebiT mocemuli<br />
teritoriis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a ar gulisxmobs<br />
iurisdiqciis ganxorcielebas ratione personae,<br />
radganac, roca mosamarTleebi da administracia<br />
moqmedebiT an umoqmedebiT arRvevs<br />
konvencias, ar moqmedebs arateritoriuli<br />
wevri saxlmwifos saxeliT 228 . zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
aseTi mxardaWera ganixileba, rogorc Tanxmoba<br />
an mimnebebloba ara saxelmwifo agentebis<br />
mier konvenciis darRvevaze.<br />
teritoriuli wevri saxelmwifos mier qmediTi<br />
kontrolis dakargva ar niSnvas imas,<br />
rom igi pasuxismgebeli aRar iqneba konvenciis<br />
darRvevaze, Tu kontrolis dakargva Tavad<br />
misi bralia. aseTi mtkicebis mcdeloba,<br />
Tumca ara konfliqtis konteqstSi, hqonda<br />
gaerTianebul samefos, roca Tavs imarTlebda<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos arCevaze uflebis savaraudo<br />
darRvevaze. gibraltari ar iyo Car-<br />
Tuli gaerTianebuli samefos gansazRvrebaSi,<br />
im mizniT, rom monawileoba ar mieRo evropuli<br />
parlamentis arCevnebSi, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom evropuli gaerTianebis samarTali mis<br />
teritoriaze moqmedebda. aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
movida ganmcxadeblis - gibraltaris<br />
mcxovrebis uflebasTan Tavisufal arCevnebze,<br />
romelic pirveli oqmis me-3 muxliTaa<br />
garantirebuli.<br />
sasamarTlom gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila yuradReba<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos mier gakeTebul<br />
arCevanze. misi pasuxismgebloba momdinareobda<br />
iqidan, rom aiRo saxelSekrulebo<br />
valdebulebebi gibraltaris teritoriaze<br />
pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlis moqmedebis gavrcelebis<br />
Semdgom. igulisxmeba maastrixtis xel-<br />
Sekruleba, aseve sabWos gadawyvetilebidan da<br />
1976 wlis aqtidan gamomdinare valdebule-<br />
226<br />
es ar dadginda saqmeze kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,<br />
25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
227<br />
sasamarTlom ar miiCnia, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />
mTlianad pasiuri iyo kerZo pirTa im qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rac Seadgenda davis sagans saqmeze kviprosi TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].<br />
228<br />
droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (<strong>Jan</strong>ousek) safrangeTisa da espaneTis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 12747/87, 26 ivnisi, 1992.<br />
44
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
bebi. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom, roca uer-<br />
Tdeboda am xelSekrulebas, gaerTianebulma<br />
samefom arCia xelSekrulebis 227(4) muxlis<br />
safuZvelze, evropuli gaerTianebis kanonmdeblobis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili gavrcelebuliyo<br />
gibraltarze 229 . amis Sedegad CaiTvala,<br />
rom gaerTianebuli samefo pasuxismgebeli iyo<br />
konvenciis pirveli muxlis ZaliT, pirveli<br />
oqmis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>aze gibraltarSi, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, arCevnebi wminda Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
sakiTxi iyo Tu mas mTeli evropisTvis<br />
hqonda mniSvneloba.<br />
zemoaRniSnul daskvnas SeiZleba garkveuli<br />
mniSvneloba hqondes teritoriuli wevri<br />
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisTvis, romelic<br />
nebas rTavs meore saxelmwifos, misi saxeliT<br />
awarmoos operaciebi SeiaraRebuli opoziciuri<br />
dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg an gaakontrolos<br />
gansazRvruli teritoria samSvidobo operaciebSi<br />
monawileobis saxiT. Tu saxelmwifo<br />
konvenciis xelSemkvreli mxare iqneboda, precedentuli<br />
samarTali, savaradudod, mividoda<br />
daskvnamde, rom igi iqneboda konvenciis<br />
darRvevaze pasuxismgebeli teritoriuli wevri<br />
saxelmwifos nacvlad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis<br />
da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sistemaSi vakuumis<br />
Tavidan acilebis mizniT, srulebiT SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom pasuxismgebloba dakisreboda wevr<br />
saxelmwifos. rodesac arateritoriuli wevri<br />
saxelmwifo separatistebs exmareba separatistuli<br />
reJimis daarsebaSi da am mizniT agzavnis<br />
Tavis samxedro personals saomar operaciebSi<br />
monawileobis misaRebad, Zalze advilia, rom<br />
dadgindes iurisdiqcia. am dros aRar aris aucilebeli<br />
arateritoriuli saxelmwifos mier<br />
qmediTi kontrolis ganxorcielebis dadgena,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseT viTarebaSi, roca teritoriulma<br />
wevrma saxelmwifom mocemul teritoriaze<br />
kontroli dakarga 230 . amas garda,<br />
Tu cecxlis Sewyvetis Semdgomac grZeldeba<br />
separatistuli reJimis samxedro, <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
da ekonomikuri mxardaWera, ise rom, es ukanaskneli<br />
momZlavrdes da moipovos garkveuli<br />
doziT avtonomia, aRniSnuli agreTve sakmarisi<br />
iqneba iurisdiqciis dasadgenad. amas garda,<br />
229<br />
maTiusi (Matthews) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,<br />
24833/94, 18 Tebervali, 1999.<br />
230<br />
Savaraudod, igive igulisxmeboda gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze<br />
asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, 71503/01, 8<br />
aprili, 2004 da ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruse-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].<br />
arateritoriuli saxelmwifos TanamSromloba<br />
aralegalur reJimTan, rogoricaa pirTa gadacema,<br />
mocemul saxelmwifos akisrebs mocemuli<br />
reJimis qmdebebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arateritoriuli<br />
wevri saxelmwifo SeiZleba mainc<br />
iyos garkveulwilad pasuxismgebeli Tavis saqmianobaze<br />
meore xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze,<br />
Tundac am teritoriis nawilze mas<br />
qmediT kontrolze naklebi uflebamosileba<br />
gaaCndes. y<strong>of</strong>ili adamianis uflebaTa komisia<br />
mzad iyo saxelmwifo ecno pasuxismgeblad sazRvargareT<br />
(meore wevr saxelmwifoSi) misi<br />
agentebis mier warmoebuli iatakqveSa saqmianobisTvis<br />
231 . aRniSnuli SeiZleba ganxiluli<br />
iqnes faqtobrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebad.<br />
Semdgomi precedentuli samarTliT dadginda,<br />
rom maRalma xelSemkvrelma mxarem mainc<br />
agos pasuxi konvenciis darRvevisTvis misi<br />
moxeleebis mier im teritoriaze Cadenili<br />
qmedebisTvis, romelic ar ekuTvnis romelime<br />
wevr saxelmwifos. ase rom, vakuumi konvenciis<br />
SefardebaSi am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs. msgavsi<br />
pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifos daekisra<br />
rogorc teroristuli aqtis CadenaSi eWvmitanili<br />
piris dakavebis 232 , ise samxedro operaciis<br />
CatarebisTvis, romlis Sedegadac, pirTa<br />
garkveuli raodenoba TavisuflebaaRkveTili<br />
da likvidirebuli iqna 233 . sasamarTlo aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs im<br />
mosazrebas, rom dazaralebulebi, savaraudod<br />
Tu namdvilad, maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris<br />
moxeleTa qmediTi kontrolis qveS imy<strong>of</strong>ebodnen<br />
234 .<br />
231<br />
Stoke (Stocké) germaniis winaaRmdeg, 11755/85, 19 marti,<br />
1991, komisiis mosazreba, gv. 24, § 167<br />
232<br />
ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 marti,<br />
2003 da 12 maisi 2005 [GC].<br />
233<br />
isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noemberi,<br />
2004. am saqmeze msgavsi kontroli ar dadginda. ix. am<br />
saqmeze citata ganacxadSi 17392/90, M daniis winaaRmdeg,73<br />
DR 193 (1992); ganacxadSi 28780/95, iliC sanCes ramiresi (Illich<br />
Sanchez Ramirez) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 86 DR 155 (1996); koardi<br />
(Coard) da sxvebi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa interamerikuli komisiis gadawyvetileba, 29<br />
seqtemberi, 1999, angariSi No. 109/99, saqme No. 10.951, §§ 37,<br />
39, 41 da 43; adamianis uflebaTa komitetis mosazreba, 29<br />
ivlisi, 1981 saqmeze lopes burgosi (Lopez Burgos) urugvais<br />
winaaRmdeg da keliberti de kasariego (Celiberti de Casariego)<br />
urugvais winaaRmdeg, nos. 52/1979 da 56/1979, §§ 12.3 da 10.3.<br />
234<br />
palatis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze ojalani (Öcalan) Turqe-<br />
Tis winaaRmdeg (12 marti 2003) sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom<br />
`saqmis garemoebebi gansxvavdeba zemoaRniSnuli saqmisgan<br />
bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
kerZod im TvalsazrisiT, rom ganmcxadebeli TurqeTis xelisuflebis<br />
mier fizikurad iqna iZulebuli, dabrunebuliyo<br />
TurqeTSi da daqvemdebarebuliyo maT iurisdiqcias misi dakavebisa<br />
da TurqeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg.~ sasamarTlom didi<br />
45
jeremi makbraidi<br />
igulisxmeba, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi pasuxismgebloba<br />
momdinareobs im faqtidan, rom<br />
konvenciis pirveli muxli ar SeiZleba ganmartebuli<br />
iqnes, rogorc nebarTva, saxelmwifom<br />
konvenciis darRveva, romelsac ver Caidenda<br />
sakuTar teritoriaze, Caidinos meore xel-<br />
Semkvreli mxaris teritoriaze 235 . Tumca, savaraudod,<br />
es mosazreba aseve vrceldeba qmediTi<br />
kontrolis midgomaze, romelic davis<br />
sagnad rCeba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom wevri saxelmwifos<br />
eqstrateritoriuli qmedebebi SeiZleba TavisTavad<br />
ar iwvevdes konvenciis darRvevis-<br />
Tvis pasuxismgeblobas, magram samoqalaqo<br />
ufleba-movaleobebis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
sasamarTloSi mimdinare samarTalwarmoeba<br />
mainc unda Seesabamebodes me-6 muxls.<br />
Tumca imas, rom ar arsebobs materialuri<br />
ufleba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis gamoyenebaze<br />
eqstrateritoriul RonisZiebeb-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT, ar aqvs imunitetis efeqti.<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ganmcxadebels ar eqneboda<br />
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba<br />
garkveuli kategoriis zianis faqtze 236 . amas<br />
garda, konvenciis Tanaxmad dauSvebelia, rom<br />
wevrma saxelmwifom sasamarTloebsa Tu sxva<br />
saxelmwifo organoebSi neba darTos wamebis,<br />
araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis<br />
akrZalvis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis<br />
gamoyenebas, Tundac wamebas Tu msgavs<br />
mopyrobas saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis<br />
farglebs gareT hqondes adgili 237 .<br />
4. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />
rodesac maRali xelSemkvreli mxare ereva<br />
konvenciiT uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>il uflebebsa da<br />
TavisuflebebSi, masze, rogorc saerTaSopalatis<br />
gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom `dadgenilia, uSualod<br />
mas Semdgom, rac keniis xelisuflebis mier ganmcxadebeli<br />
gadaeca TurqeTis xelisuflebas, igi aRmoCnda TurqeTis<br />
xelisuflebis qmediTi kontrolis qveS da, Sesabamisad, mis<br />
`iurisdiqciaSi~ konvenciis pirveli muxlis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
Tumca am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, TurqeTi uflebamosilebas<br />
axorcielebda Tavisi teritoriis farglebs gareT. agreTve<br />
simarTles Seesabameba, rom ganmcxadebeli TurqeTis xelisuflebis<br />
mier fizikurad iqna iZulebuli, dabrunebuliyo<br />
TurqeTSi da imy<strong>of</strong>eboda maT gankargulebsa da kontrols<br />
qveS misi dakavebisa da TurqeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg (ix., am<br />
TvalsazrisiT zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba saqmeze sanCes<br />
ramiresi (Sánchez Ramirez) da freda (Freda), da sawinaaRmdegos<br />
mtkicebiT bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis<br />
winaaRmdeg (ganCineba) [GC], no. 52207/99, ECHR 2001-XII).~<br />
235<br />
punqti 72.<br />
236<br />
markoviCi (Markovic) da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg, 1398/03,<br />
14 dekemberi, 2006 [GC].<br />
237<br />
A Sinagan saqmeTa departamentis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg,<br />
(2005) UKHL 71, 8 dekemberi, 2005.<br />
riso organizaciis wevrze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis<br />
Sesasruleblad Carevis adgilmdebareoba<br />
da valdebulebis xasiaTi aris is<br />
faqtorebi, romlebiTac gadawydeba konvenciis<br />
darRvevisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis<br />
sakiTxi.<br />
amrigad, Tu moqmedebas an umoqmedobas ar<br />
aqvs adgili arc erTi maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxaris teritoriaze da ufleba-Tavisuflebebis<br />
SezRudvaSi uSualod CarTuli wevri<br />
saxelmwifo moqmedebs uSiSroebis sabWos mier<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis me-7 Tavis safuZvelze<br />
miRebuli rezoluciis Sesabamisad,<br />
raTa Tavidan aicilos saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa<br />
da uSiSroebas damuqrebuli safrTxe,<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos midgomiT, sadavo moqmedeba/umoqmedoba<br />
Seeracxeba gaerTianebul<br />
erebs da amrigad, Tavad sasamarTlos ar eqneba<br />
uflebamosileba, ganixilos ganacxadi ratione<br />
personae 238 .<br />
gasarkvevia, Tu ra zRvramdea mdebareobisa<br />
da valdebulebis sakiTxebi Tanabrad mniSvnelovani.<br />
udavoa, rom gaerTianebul erebs,<br />
rogorc `koleqtiuri uSiSroebis miznebis<br />
Semsrulebel da universaluri iurisdiqciis<br />
mqone organizacias,~ 239 gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
mieniWa im erTaderT saqmeze, romlis<br />
ganxilvac evropul sasamarTlos aqamde<br />
mouwia da romelic aRniSnuli organizaciis<br />
mier uSualod dawesebul valdebulebebs<br />
Seexeboda.<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis zemoT aRniSnul bunebaze<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos mosazrebas<br />
ganamtkicebs agreTve is faqti, rom maRali<br />
xelSemkvreli mxareebis mier qartiis miReba,<br />
zogadad, win uswrebda konvenciis ratifikacias<br />
da rom qartiis 103-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
qartiis upiratesoba dakavSirebulia gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis winaSe arsebuli valdebulebebis<br />
upiratesobasTan, saxelmwifoebis mier<br />
sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT nakisr<br />
valdebulebebTan mimarTebiT 240 . agreTve regionul<br />
organizacias, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara<br />
imas, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis<br />
safuZvelze moqmedebs, SesaZloa, igive mniSvneloba<br />
ar eniWebodes, gansakuTrebiT im<br />
238<br />
(berami) Behrami da (berami) Behrami safrangeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(ganCineba), 71412/01, 2 maisi, 2007 [GC].<br />
239<br />
Ibid, p. 51.<br />
240<br />
Ibid, p. 147. aRniSnuli agreTve ganixileba gadamwyvet faqtorad<br />
inglisis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
saqmeze R (Al-Jedda) Tavdacvis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg<br />
[2006] EWCA Civ 327.<br />
46
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi konvenciis Semdgom Sevida<br />
ZalaSi.<br />
Tumca agreTve mniSvnlovania mdebareobis<br />
aspeqti, kerZod SemTxveva, roca RonisZieba<br />
tardeba saxelmwifos teritoriaze, romelic<br />
im dros konvenciis monawile ar iyo.<br />
xsenebulma aspeqtma saSualeba misca evropul<br />
sasamarTlos, ganesxvavebina aRniSnuli<br />
SemTxveva sxva saqmeebisgan, romlebSic saer-<br />
TaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis mizniT,<br />
adamianis uflebebis SemzRudveli RonisZiebebi<br />
xorcieldeba maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxaris teritoriaze da roca sasamarTlo ar<br />
eTanxmeba konvenciis darRvevisTvis yovelgvari<br />
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas. cxadia,<br />
saqmeebze, romlebSic valdebuleba Sesrulda<br />
wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze, sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom ZalaSi rCeboda konvenciiT<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>il uflebebsa da Tavisuflebeb-<br />
Si CarevisTvis pasuxismgebloba, roca valdebulebebis<br />
damkisrebeli organizacia ar iTvaliswinebda<br />
konvenciiT garantirebuli dacvis<br />
msgavs sistemas, risi gadawyvetac evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos prerogativa iyo 241 . ufro metic,<br />
Tumca sasamarTlom msgavsi daskvna gamoitana<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca sadavo qmedeba moicavda<br />
maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris mier saerTaSoriso<br />
valdebulebis ganxorcielebas sakuTar<br />
teritoriaze, gamoTqmuli SeSfoTeba konvenciis<br />
SefardebaSi warmoSobil vakuumze niSnavs<br />
imas, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba meore<br />
wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze SeuZlebelia<br />
rom sxvanairad iqnes ganxiluli.<br />
evropulma sasamarTlom upasuxod datova<br />
kiTxva, aqvs Tu ara igive Tu naklebi mniSvneloba<br />
mdebareobis sakiTxs, rac valdebulebis bunebas,<br />
rodesac saqme exeba konvenciis darRvevisTvis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas. Tumca,<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im aqcents, romelsac<br />
Tavis ganCinebebSi sasamarTlo gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis qartiiT dakisrebuli valdebulebebis<br />
upiratesobaze akeTebs, mniSvneloba ar unda<br />
hqondes imas, rom aRniSnuli valdebulebebis<br />
SesrulebiT konvenciis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />
darRvevas adgili aqvs maRali<br />
xelmSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze. da mainc,<br />
aseTi daskvna SemaSfoTebelia, ramdenadac<br />
qartiis sistema calsaxad moklebulia adamianis<br />
uflebebis dacvis qmediT meqanizmebs im<br />
241<br />
Bosphorus Hava Yollan Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi irlandiis<br />
winaaRmdeg, 45036/98, 30 ivnisi, 2005 [GC].<br />
SemTxvevebSi, roca gaerTianebuli erebi Tavisi<br />
wevrebisgan raime qmedebis ganxorcielebas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
d) daskvna<br />
amrigad, maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze<br />
konfliqtis zonis arseboba saxelmwifos<br />
ar aTavisuflebs zonaSi evropuli konvenciis<br />
implementaciaze pasuxismgeblobisgan. da<br />
mainc, arsebobs garemoebebi, rodesac msgavs<br />
zonaze kontrolis dakargva pasuxismgeblobis<br />
mniSvnelovan Semcirebas iwvevs. rodesac<br />
kontrolis dakargva meore maRali xelSemkvreli<br />
mxaris sasargeblod xdeba, konvenciiT<br />
garantirebul dacvaSi yovelgvari vakuumi<br />
dauSvebelia, vinaidan implementaciaze pasuxismgebloba<br />
nawildeba or saxelmwifos Soris.<br />
magram konvenciiT garantirebuli dacva<br />
Zalian SezRuduli iqneba, roca kontroli<br />
ikargeba arawevri saxelmwifos an separatistuli<br />
reJimis (romelic moqmedebs sxva saxelmwifos<br />
dauxmareblad) sasargeblod. ufro<br />
metic, konvenciiT garantirebuli dacva, rogorc<br />
Cans, SeiZleba mTlianad gamoiricxos im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo moqmedebs<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis wevrobidan gamomdinare<br />
valdebulebebis Sesabamisad. Tumca am<br />
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi xelSemkvreli mxaris<br />
mier Tavis Tu meore wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />
ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegebi<br />
mainc bundovania.<br />
rodesac konfliqtis zona ar aris maRali<br />
xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze, konvenciiT<br />
garantirebuli dacva, savaraudoa, rom<br />
ufro SezRuduli iqneba, magram misi sruliad<br />
gamoricxva dauSvebelia.<br />
IV daskvna<br />
aSkaraa, rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT<br />
vrceldeba konfliqtur zonebSi warmoqmnil<br />
situaciebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
sasamarTlos aqamde mxolod mwiri SesaZlebloba<br />
hqonda emsjela aRniSnul sakiTxze.<br />
Tumca dazustebiT ar SeiZleba imis Tqma,<br />
rom, Tu konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi<br />
da Tavisuflebebi saTanadod, an, Tundac<br />
SezRudulad ver ganxorcieldeba, rogorc es<br />
moiTxoveba konfliqtis zonebSi arsebul situaciebSi,<br />
aRniSnuli aucileblad gamoiwvevs<br />
47
jeremi makbraidi<br />
erTi an meti maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris pasuxismgeblobas.<br />
msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, ufro metad savaraudoa,<br />
rom warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac konfliqtis zona mdebareobs maRali<br />
xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze da rodesac<br />
maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris CarTuloba<br />
naklebad SesaZlebelia, magram ar aris gamoricxuli<br />
im konfliqtur zonebSi, romlebic<br />
mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs<br />
gareTaa. Tumca maSinac ki, roca konfliqturi<br />
zona maRali xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos teritoriaSi<br />
xvdeba, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi<br />
mainc rTulad gadasawyvetia, rodesac zona<br />
iy<strong>of</strong>a ramdenime saxelmwifos Soris da saxelmwifos,<br />
romelsac akisria pozitiuri valdebulebebi<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe, ar<br />
SeuZlia maTi ganxorcieleba.<br />
savaraudod, konvenciis konfliqtur zonebSi<br />
gamoyenebisas ufro metad problemuri<br />
sakiTxia is, rom gaerTianebuli erebis uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos rezoluciis Tanaxmad, saerTa-<br />
Soriso mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad<br />
gamiznulma RonisZiebebma SesaZloa<br />
sruliad gamoricxos konfliqtur zonaSi<br />
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is<br />
moTxovna, miuxedavad imisa, rom am uflebebisa<br />
da Tavisuflebebis pativiscema unda<br />
iyos rogorc mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis garantirebis<br />
saboloo mizani, ise aucilebeli<br />
moTxovna misi realurad ganxorcielebisTvis.<br />
48
dragolub popoviCi<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis<br />
xelSeuxeblobis dacva adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
farglebSi<br />
dragolub popoviCi<br />
strasburgis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos mosamarTle<br />
1. debulebis formulireba da struqtura<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
(SemdgomSi moxseniebuli rogorc<br />
`konvencia~) merve muxli, inglisur teqstSi,<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s fizikuri piris saxlis xel-<br />
Seuxeblobis dacvas, xolo teqstis frangul<br />
versiaSi, romelsac identuri iuridiuli<br />
Zala aqvs, igive cnebis gamosaxatavad sityva<br />
`sacxovrebeli adgilia~ gamoyenebuli. am faqtis<br />
aRniSvna aucileblad mimaCnia mocemuli<br />
statiis dasawyisSive, radgan adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciis swored franguli<br />
da ara inglisuri versiis safuZvelze, moxda<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacvis integrireba adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul samarTalSi.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />
inglisuri teqstis me-8(1) muxlis formulireba<br />
Semdegnairia:<br />
`yvelas aqvs ufleba, pativi sces Tavis pirad<br />
da ojaxur cxovrebas, Tavis saxls da<br />
korespondencias~<br />
frangul versiaSi ki aseTi formulireba<br />
gvxvdeba:<br />
yvelas aqvs ufleba, pativi sces Tavis pirad<br />
da ojaxur cxovrebas, Tavis sacxovrebel adgils<br />
da korespondencias~.<br />
me-8 muxlis struqtura konvenciis momdevno<br />
sami muxlis struqturas Seesabameba. is, Tu<br />
konkretulad ra saerTo aqvs erTmaneTTan am<br />
or variants, samarTalwarmoebis da marTlmsajulebis<br />
ganxorcielebisas am debulebebis<br />
praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTebidan unda<br />
gamoCndes.<br />
mTavari isaa, rom pativiscemis uflebis<br />
darRveva niSnavs konvenciiT garantirebul<br />
uflebaSi Carevas. aseT viTarebaSi, gasarkvevia,<br />
ramdenad kanonieri iyo darRveva, ramdenad<br />
kanonieri mizani hqonda da bolos, ramdenad<br />
saWiro iyo aseTi qmedeba demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
ramdenad proporciuli iyo qmedeba mizanTan<br />
mimarTebaSi (Leach, 281-4). Tumca aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom realobaSi es sakiTxi yvelaze naklebad<br />
dgas xolme dRis wesrigSi, maSin roca adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi (SemdgomSi<br />
moxseniebuli rogorc `sasamarTlo~)<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli faqtori yovelTvis gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
verdiqtis gamotanisas. proporciuloba<br />
yovelTvis upiratesia danarCen<br />
or faqtorTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
pirveli saqme, romlis farglebSic sasamarTlos<br />
unda gadaewyvita pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgilis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis<br />
problema inglisSi ganixileboda. sasamarTlo<br />
marTlmsajuleba 1989 wels ganxorcielda. ganaCenSi<br />
sasamarTlom erTmaneTs Seadara Tavisi<br />
da wevri-saxelmwifos, rogorc sasamarTlos<br />
kontraqtori mxaris kompetencia, e.i. sasamarTlom<br />
konvenciis me-8 muxlTan mimarTebaSi<br />
diskreciuli uflebamosileba ar dautova wevr-saxelmwifos.<br />
2. diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebi<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli 1989 wlis saqme pirveli<br />
precedentia, xolo misi erT-erTi momdevno<br />
saqme, romelic samarTlebrivi dacvis saproceso<br />
saSualebebis sakiTxebs ganixilavda<br />
Cepelis saqme 1 iyo. samarTlebrivi dacvis saproceso<br />
saSualebis gamoyenebis praqtika<br />
wina saukunis samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisSi<br />
damkvidrda anton pileris saxeliT. aRniS-<br />
1<br />
Chappell v. The United Kingdom (app. No. 10461-83), judgment <strong>of</strong> 30.<br />
March 1989<br />
49
dragolub popoviCi<br />
nul praqtikas 1976 wlis anton pileris saqmis<br />
saxeli ewoda, romlis farglebSic saapelacio<br />
sasamarTlom pirvelad daamtkica<br />
samarTlebrivi dacvis saproceso saSualebis<br />
gamoyeneb a.<br />
anton pileris brZaneba Sualeduri tipis pirobiTi<br />
RonisZiebaa, romelic samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi<br />
gamoiyeneba. misi gamoyeneba<br />
sasamarTlo procesze warmodgenil faqtebzea<br />
damokidebuli. misi mizani aris braldebulis<br />
an potenciuri braldebulis mier mtkicebulebebis<br />
warmodgena gadaitanos faqtobrivi<br />
masalis ganxilvis procesisTvis. am midgomis<br />
arsia moulodnelobis Seqmna, radgan braldebulis<br />
mimarT gamoiyeneba misTvis winaswari<br />
Setyobinebis da misi poziciis mosmenis gare-<br />
Se. am meTodis gamoyeneba samarTalwarmoebis<br />
dasawyisSive xdeba.<br />
anton pileris brZanebis gamocemamde, inglisis<br />
sasamarTlosTvis damakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebeli<br />
iyo, Tu a) mosarCele warmoadgenda gansaku-<br />
Trebulad myar mtkicebulebebs dasawyisSive<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom misi sarCeli warmatebuli iqneboda<br />
faqtobrivi masalis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
b) mosarCelis realuri da potenciuri<br />
ziani sakmaod niSandoblivi, da g) cxadi iyo,<br />
rom braldebuli danaSaulebriv dokumentebs<br />
an sagnebs flobda da mosalodneli iyo, rom<br />
misi winaswar gafrTxilebis SemTxvevaSi, is<br />
gaanadgurebda aseT masalebs.<br />
anton pileris brZaneba gaicema kerZo piris<br />
mimarT samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi.<br />
is gansxvavdeba Cxrekis uflebis rwmunebisgan,<br />
romelsac <strong>pol</strong>icia moipovebs sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebis dros. anton pileris<br />
brZaneba, Cxrekis uflebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
obieqtze Zalismieri Sesvlis uflebamosilebas<br />
ar gulisxmobs. samarTalwarmoebis<br />
procesSi braldebulis mxridan brZanebis<br />
Sesrulebaze uaris Tqma ki, mas mosarCeles-<br />
Tan mimarTebaSi naklebad privilegirebul<br />
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. rogorc wesi, anton<br />
pileris brZanebis aRsrulebis dros dasaSvebia<br />
<strong>pol</strong>iciis gamocxadeba obieqtis sazRvrebs<br />
gareT, mis mimdebare teritoriaze mSvidobis<br />
darRvevis incidentebis prevenciis mizniT.<br />
Cepelis saqmis istoria 1981 wlis Tebervlis<br />
bolos iwyeba, maSin, roca anton pileris<br />
brZaneba gaica. brZaneba imave wlis martSi<br />
aRsrulda. b-ni Cepeli video klubs flobda,<br />
xolo mosarCeleebi, romelTac moaxerxes Cepelis<br />
winaaRmdeg anton pileris brZanebis<br />
mopoveba, b-n Cepels adanaSaulebdnen imaSi,<br />
rom igi filmebis sam iseT kasetas flobda,<br />
romlebzec mosarCelis inteleqtualuri<br />
ufleba vrceldeboda.<br />
mosarCeleebma <strong>pol</strong>iciasac Seatyobines,<br />
rom b-ni Cepeli pornografiuli vide<strong>of</strong>ilmebis<br />
flobaSia eWvmitanili. amis gamo, <strong>pol</strong>iciam<br />
moipova rwmuneba, gaeCxrika b.ni Cepelis<br />
obieqti.<br />
Cepelis saqmis Tavisebureba is iyo, rom<br />
anton pileris brZaneba da <strong>pol</strong>iciisTvis<br />
Cxrekis rwmuneba paralelurad iqna gamoyenebuli.<br />
mogvianebiT, inglisis sasamarTlom<br />
sasamarTlo procesebze daadastura, rom `anton<br />
pileris brZanebis aRsruleba arasworad<br />
ar ganxorcielebula~. garda amisa, brZanebis<br />
aRsruleba Cxrekis rwmunebis paralelurad<br />
iqna gamoyenebuli, `ramac procesi ufro metad<br />
represiuli gaxada, vidre kanoniT iyo<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli~. saapelacio sasamarTlom<br />
ucvlelad datova pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetileba da b-ni Cepelis<br />
saCivari ar daakmay<strong>of</strong>ila. amave dros, b-n<br />
Cepels lordTa palataSi gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis<br />
ufleba ar dautova. 1982 wlis oqtomberSi,<br />
b-nma Cepelma saCivari strasburgis<br />
sasamarTloSi Seitana, sadac konvenciis me-8<br />
muxlis savaraudo darRvevas amtkicebda.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi mocemuli analizis-<br />
Tvis unda aRiniSnos, rom b-ni Cepeli bizness<br />
sakuTar teritoriaze awarmoebda, romelic<br />
nawilobriv misi sacxovrebeli adgilis funqciasac<br />
asrulebda(Heringa and Zwaak, in Van Dijk<br />
e.a.723).<br />
sasamarTlosTvis naTeli iyo, rom mosar-<br />
CelesTan mimarTebaSi konvenciis me-8 muxliT<br />
garantirebuli uflebebi darRveuli iyo,<br />
magram evropuli sasamarTlo, erovnul sasamarTlosTan<br />
erTad, im gadawyvetilebamde<br />
mivida, rom mosarCelis uflebebSi aseTi Careva<br />
inglisuri kanonebis mixedviT, darRvevas<br />
ar warmoadgenda (Kastanas, 46). sasamarTlom<br />
aseve gamoarkvia, rom brZaneba legitimuri<br />
mizniT iyo gacemuli da aRsrulebuli, xolo<br />
brZanebis aRsrulebis dros adgilobriv doneze<br />
mosarCelis sakmarisi garantiebi iyo<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili. vinaidan mosarCelis Tavis<br />
saCivarSi, ZiriTadad, brZanebisa da Cxrekis<br />
Tanadrouli aRsrulebis winaaRmdeg davobda,<br />
sasamrTlom daadgina, rom 66-e paragrafis<br />
50
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi<br />
Tanaxmad, mosarCeles ar uTxovia, romelime<br />
RonisZiebis gadavadeba, vidre pirveli ar<br />
dasruldeboda~. sasamarTlos kidev erTi daskvna<br />
is iyo, rom `b-n Cepels saSualeba hqonda,<br />
daecva Tavisi interesebi brZanebis aRsrulebis<br />
periodSi~.<br />
amdenad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad,<br />
konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas<br />
adgili ar hqonia. aseTi gadawyvetilebis safuZvlad,<br />
sasamarTlom, ZiriTadad, proporciulobis<br />
principi gamoiyena (Kastanas, 63).<br />
Cepelis saqmidan Cans, rom sasamarTlom<br />
wevr-saxelmwifos garkveuli diskreciuli<br />
uflebamosileba dautova. ganaCenis 54-e paragrafSi<br />
sasamarTlo xazgasmiT aRniSnavs,<br />
rom misi `uflebamosileba, gadaxedos adgilobriv<br />
kanonebs, SezRudulia~. adgilobrivi<br />
ganaCenebi ucvleli darCa, sasamarTlos saqmeSi<br />
darRveva ar aRmouCenia, xolo pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacvis sakiTxisadmi sasamarTlom Caurevlobis<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itika airCia (Jacobs & White, 254). Tuki<br />
adgilobriv doneze Cxrekis winaaRmdeg dacvis<br />
meqanizmebi saerTod ar iarsebebda, maSin<br />
wevri-saxelmwifoebis gafarToebuli diskreciuli<br />
uflebamosilebis datoveba sasamarTlosTvis<br />
problemuri iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin, Tu sasamarTlo daadgenda, rom<br />
qveynis sakanonmdeblo sistema uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s<br />
sakmaris dacviT meqanizmebs TviTneburi/mikerZoebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg.<br />
mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg Seicvala sasamarTlos<br />
damokidebuleba. bolo periodSi,<br />
SedarebiT samarTalSic aRiniSneba cvlilebebi<br />
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.<br />
3. gansxvavebuli midgomebi SedarebiT<br />
samarTalSi<br />
zemoT ganxiluli problemisadmi im drois-<br />
Tvis arsebuli midgomebidan, roca sasamarTlom<br />
Cepelis saqmeze gamoitana gadawyvetileba,<br />
ori maTgani gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis<br />
Rirsia. pirveli maTgani saerTaSoriso donis,<br />
xolo meore erovnuli donis praqtikaa. erovnul<br />
doneze im qveynis samarTals ganvixilavT,<br />
romelSic zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevas<br />
hqonda adgili. aRniSnulma precedentma samarTalwarmoebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti<br />
roli iTamaSa.<br />
Cepelis saqmeze sasamarTlos mier gana-<br />
Cenis gamotanidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg kidev<br />
erTi evropuli instituti dadga pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis<br />
problemis winaSe. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
hoxsti komisiis winaaRmdeg, evropis kavSiris<br />
marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom uari Tqva<br />
dacvis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>aze im motiviT, rom<br />
xelSeuxeblobis principi vrceldeboda mxolod<br />
saxlze da ara pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgilze. evropuli sazogadoebis marTlmsajulebis<br />
sasamarTlom gamoarkvia, rom evropuli<br />
sazogadoebis wevr-saxelmwifoebSi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli sistemebi iyo<br />
damkvidrebuli sakuTrebis dacvis, rogorc<br />
xarisxis, ise tipebis mixedviT. garda amisa,<br />
evropuli sazogadoebis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom<br />
gamoarkvia, rom adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul sasamarTloSi msgavsi samar-<br />
Talwarmoebis precedents adgili ar hqonia 2 .<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-8<br />
muxlis dacva, romelic pirovnebis saxlis<br />
xelSeuxeblobas uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>da, piris pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis adgilze ver gavrceldeboda<br />
(Sudre, 407). evropuli sazogadoebis<br />
marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom evropuli<br />
sazogadoebis institutis gadawyvetilebis<br />
gadaxedva safuZvelmoklebulad miiCnia (gadawyvetilebis<br />
gadaxedvis safuZvlebi ixileT<br />
Semdeg avtorTan Shaw, 499, 522-3).<br />
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gavrcelda imave<br />
wels evrokavSiris marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos<br />
mier ganxilul sxva saqmeebze 3 .<br />
germanul sasamarTlos ki absoluturad<br />
sapirispiro midgoma hqonda. maT ufro far-<br />
To interpretacia gaukeTes germaniis Ziri-<br />
Tadi kanonis me-13 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
konstituciur garantiebs. kerZod ki, saxlis<br />
xelSeuxeblobis dacva pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgilzec vrceldeboda. aseTive pozicia<br />
hqonda federalur konstituciur sasamar-<br />
Tlos 4 .<br />
amavdroulad, germaniis kanonmdeblobac<br />
identur princips efuZneboda. sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili iyo,<br />
rom saxlis an pirovnebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli<br />
sxva obieqtebis, romlebic danaSaulebriv<br />
saqmeSi ar figurirebs, Cxreka, dasaSvebia<br />
mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxveveb-<br />
2<br />
Hoechst v. Commission [1989] ECR 2859, 2924<br />
3<br />
Dow Benelux v. Commission [1989] ECR 3137, 3157 and DowChemical<br />
Iberica and others v. Commission [1989] ECR 3165,3185<br />
4<br />
judgment <strong>of</strong> 13 October 1971, Entscheidungssammlung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts,<br />
vol. 32, 54<br />
51
dragolub popoviCi<br />
Si. aseTive iyo federaluri sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos damokidebulebac. pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis adgilze vrceldeboda xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacva 5 .<br />
amdenad, saerTaSoriso instanciebis midgoma<br />
gansxvavdeboda germaniis adgilobrivi<br />
kanonisgan im periodSi, roca adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropul sasamarTloSi, 1992 wels, nimici<br />
germaniis winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvis dro<br />
dadga 6 .<br />
4. kanonis damkvidreba<br />
nimicis saqme aRiZra praqtikosi iuristis<br />
sarCelis safuZvelze fraiburgidan (braisgau,<br />
germania). mosarCele, qalaqis sabWos wevri<br />
da, amavdroulad, antiklerikaluri jgufis<br />
aqtivistic iyo. <strong>pol</strong>itikurma partiam,<br />
romlis siidanac airCies igi qalaqis sabWos<br />
wevrad, gamoiyena misi misamarTi safosto yu-<br />
Tis nomriT partiuli miznebisTvis da korespondenciisTvis.<br />
am misamarTidan ucnobma pirovnebam gagzavna<br />
werili mosamarTlis saxelze, romelic<br />
Seuracxmy<strong>of</strong>el elementebs Seicavda.<br />
Seuracxy<strong>of</strong>a mosamarTlis mier ganxilul<br />
erT-erT saqmes ukavSirdeboda, romelic im<br />
saeklesio gadasaxadebs exeboda, romelTa winaaRmdeg<br />
anti-klerikaluri jgufebi marTavdnen<br />
kampanias. am faqtma eWvi aRZra, rom, an<br />
Tavad mosarCele, an misi klienti iyo werilis<br />
avtori. amdenad, sajaro prokurorma moipova<br />
sasamarTlos rwmuneba, gaeCxrikaT mosarCelis<br />
iuridiuli <strong>of</strong>isi. Cxreka <strong>of</strong>isis ori asistentis<br />
TandaswrebiT, ganxorcielda. mosarCelem,<br />
vidre strasburgis sasamarTlos mimar-<br />
Tavda, adgilobrivi iuridiuli meqanizmebi<br />
amowura Cxrekis RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis<br />
winaaRmde g.<br />
sasamarTlom am saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg<br />
daadgina, rom konvenciis me-8 muxliT ga-<br />
Tvaliswinebuli, mosarCelis garantirebuli<br />
uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili.<br />
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom zogierT<br />
saxelmwifoSi sityva `saxli~, romelic konvenciis<br />
inglisuri teqstis me-8 muxlSia gamoyenebuli,<br />
`pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis xelSeuxeblobazec<br />
vrceldeba~ (ganaCenis 30-e paragrafi).<br />
sasamarTlos kidev erTi SeniSvna, ganaCenis<br />
imave paragrafSi, gaxldaT is, rom `aseTi in-<br />
5<br />
Art. 103 Code <strong>of</strong> Criminal Procedure <strong>of</strong> the Federal Republic <strong>of</strong> Germany<br />
6<br />
Niemietz v. Germany, app. No. 13710/88, judgment <strong>of</strong> 16 December 1992<br />
terpretacia sruliad harmonizebulia frangul<br />
teqstTan, vinaidan sityvas `sacxovrebeli<br />
adgili~ ufro farTo mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre<br />
sityvas `saxli~ da, amdenad, masSi pirovnebis<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilic SeiZleba moviazroT~.<br />
Tumca sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli mosarCelis uflebaSi<br />
Careva kanonis dacviT moxda da mizezis legitimuroba<br />
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar damdgara,<br />
vinaidan arc mosarCele moiTxovda amas. meore<br />
mxriv, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Careva ar<br />
iyo miznis proporciuli da rom demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi iuristis <strong>of</strong>isis Cxreka<br />
dacvis specialuri proceduruli garantiebiT<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is gareSe (paragrafi 73).<br />
saboloo jamSi, sasamarTlom gamoarkvia, rom<br />
konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili.<br />
nimicis saqmeze gamotanili ganaCeni gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvnelobis iyo da sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikis ganviTarebis kursi Secvala. es iyo<br />
pirveli precedenti, roca sasamarTlom pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
ufleba mianiWa fizikur pirs (Heringa and<br />
Zwaak in Van Dijk, 723; Jacobs & White, 255; Renucci,<br />
164). pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis dacva<br />
garantirebuli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo TviTneburi<br />
Cxrekisgan. am precedentis Semdeg aRniSnuli<br />
midgoma kanonad iqca.<br />
5. kanonis Semdgomi ganviTareba<br />
nimicis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad Camoyalibebul<br />
wess, romelic pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacvas iTvaliswinebs,<br />
sasamarTloebi mas Semdeg icaven (5.1).<br />
iyo ganaCenebic, romlebSic sasamarTlom kidev<br />
ufro ganavrco misi aRsrulebis sfero (5.2).<br />
5.1. precedentis damkvidreba<br />
nimicis saqmis precedenti ganmeorda kremiu<br />
safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi 7 . saqmeSi<br />
mosarCele iyo Rvinis sabiTumo firmis Tavmjdomare<br />
da mmarTveli direqtori, romlis<br />
saTavo <strong>of</strong>isi marselSi mdebareobda. 1976-1980<br />
wlebSi Catarebuli sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebis<br />
farglebSi, frangma mebaJeebma ganaxorcieles<br />
oTxmocdasami sagamoZiebo operacia, mosar-<br />
Celis firmis saTavo <strong>of</strong>isis da misi saxlis<br />
Cxrekis CaTvliT.<br />
7<br />
Crémieux v. France, ( app. No. 11471/85), judgment <strong>of</strong> 25 February 1993<br />
52
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi<br />
sisxlis samarTlis warmoeba mosarCelis winaaRmdeg<br />
misTvis jarimis dakisrebiT dasrulda.<br />
misi firmac dajarimda. man gadawyvetileba<br />
adgilobriv sasamarTlo instanciebSi<br />
gaasaCivra konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevis<br />
safuZvliT manam, vidre Tavad gamomZiebeli<br />
gaasaCivrebda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas.<br />
zemdgom instanciaSi, saapelacio sasamarTlos<br />
raionuli sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba ar gamoutania aRniSnul saqmeze.<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebi-<br />
Tac aRniSnuli muxlis darRvevas adgili ar<br />
hqonia. bolos mosarCelem strasburgis sasamarTlos<br />
mimarTa.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom mosarCelis konvenciis me-8<br />
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba dairRva.<br />
sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebi legitimuri mizeziT<br />
ganxorcielda adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis<br />
mixedviT, magram sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom<br />
msgavsi Careva `ar warmoadgenda saWiroebas<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi (ganCinebis 36-e<br />
paragrafi).<br />
sasamarTlom, praqtikulad, gaimeora Cepelis<br />
saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis precedenti,<br />
romlis arsic imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saxelmwifoebs<br />
rCebaT diskreciuli uflebamosileba<br />
Carevis saWiroebis Sefasebis sakiTxSi. Tumca<br />
sasamarTlom ganCinebaSi xazi gausva, rom diskreciuli<br />
uflebamosileba unda Seesabamebodes<br />
`evrupuli zedamxedvelobis principebs~<br />
(paragrafi 38). evropuli zedamxedvelobis<br />
ideis xazgasma da, amavdroulad, wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis<br />
diskreciuli uflebamosilebis<br />
datoveba Cxrekisa da TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
kontrolis mimarT sasamarTlos axlebur<br />
midgomas asaxavda, miuxedavaT imisa, rom<br />
sakiTxis mimarT sasamarTlos Zireuli damokidebuleba<br />
ucvleli rCeboda.<br />
sasamarTlos mTavari principi is iyo, rom<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi da realobaSi Cxrekis ganxorcielebisas<br />
`daculi unda iqnes adekvaturi<br />
da efeqturi zomebi uflebebis darRvevis<br />
prevenciisTvis~ (39-e paragrafi). unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom es midgoma sabolood damkvidrda<br />
sasamarlo saqmeTa warmoebaSi. `uflebis dacvis<br />
meqanizmebis~ Semowmeba Cepelis saqmidan<br />
daiwyo da nimicis saqmeSic ganmeorda. sasamarTlos<br />
SefasebebSi uflebebis darRvevebis<br />
winaaRmdeg arsebul dacviT meqanizmebs yovelTvis<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda (ixileT,<br />
iakobi TeTris winaaRmdeg 255, aRniSnul<br />
saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas dacul<br />
iqna nimicis precedenti).<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda<br />
konvenciis merve muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebebis darRvevas da amiT daadastura<br />
TviTneburi Cxrekis faqtebis mimarT misi wina<br />
msjelobebis da midgomis siswore. Tumca unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom yvela zemoT moxseniebul saqmeSi<br />
mosarCele fizikuri piri iyo. sasamarTlos<br />
winaSe kidev erTi gamowveva idga: moxdeboda<br />
Tu ara pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis<br />
xelSeuxeblobis principis gavrcoba iuridiul<br />
pirebze da kompaniebze.<br />
5.2. precedentis gavrcoba<br />
nimicis saqmeSi gamoyenebuli principis, fizikuri<br />
pirebis sacxovrebeli adgilis xel-<br />
Seuxeblobis dacvis kompaniebze gavrcobis<br />
sakiTxi, pirvelad 2002 wels wamoiWra safrangeTSi<br />
Société Colas Est saqmesTan dakavSirebiT 8 .<br />
safrangeTis mTavrobam erovnul sagamoZiebo<br />
<strong>of</strong>iss daavala farTomasStabiani gamoZiebis<br />
Catareba sajaro samuSaoebis Semsrulebeli<br />
kontraqtorebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
1985 wlis noemberSi, inspeqtorebma Tanadrouli<br />
reidi Caatares ormocdaTeqvsmet<br />
kompaniaSi menejmentis Tanxmobis gareSe da<br />
amoiRes aTasobiT dokumenti. mosarCelis kompaniebis<br />
<strong>of</strong>isebic reidis obieqti gaxda.<br />
mosarCele kompaniebma inspeqtorebis mier<br />
sasamarTlo rwmunebis gareSe Catarebuli<br />
Cxreka da dokumentebis amoReba safrangeTis<br />
sasamarTlo instanciebSi 1945 wlis brZanebulebis<br />
mixedviT gaasaCivres. mosarCeleebi<br />
aseve daeyrdnen konvenciis me-8 muxls. parizis<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom<br />
konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas adgili<br />
ar hqonia. mosarCele kompaniebi dajarimdnen,<br />
xolo sakasacio saCivris miRebaze uari<br />
eTqvaT. mosarCeleebma strasburgis adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos mimarTes<br />
konvenciis me-8 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis<br />
mizeziT.<br />
safrangeTis mTavrobam saWirod ar CaTvala<br />
nimicis precedentis gameoreba. maT ganacxades,<br />
rom, `miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlos<br />
ganCinebis Tanaxmad, pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
da biznes misamarTebis xelSeuxebloba garan-<br />
8<br />
Société Colas Est and Others v. France (app. No. 37971/97), judgment <strong>of</strong><br />
16 April 2002<br />
53
dragolub popoviCi<br />
tirebulia konvenciis me-8 muxliT, yvela is<br />
saqme, romelzec aRniSnuli precedentis gameoreba<br />
moxda, exeboda adgils, sadac fizikuri<br />
piri axorcielebda Tavis saqmianobas~ (mTavrobis<br />
xedva ganCinebis 30-e paragrafidan).<br />
mTavrobam ar uaryo is faqti, rom iuridiul<br />
pirebs SesaZlebelia esargeblaT imave<br />
uflebebiT, rac fizikur pirebs mieniWaT, magram<br />
mainc Tvlida, rom iuridiul pirebs `ar<br />
SeeZloT iseve myarad moeTxovaT pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
an biznesis saqmianobis adgilis dacva, rogorc<br />
es fizikur pirebs SeeZloT~ (30-e paragrafi).<br />
marTalia, mTavroba miiCnevda, rom mosar-<br />
Celis kompaniebis Semowmeba konvenciis me-8<br />
muxliT garantirebul uflebebSi Carevas niSnavda,<br />
magram Tvlida, rom sagamoZiebo Ronis-<br />
Ziebebis ganxorcielebisas adgili ar hqonia<br />
TviTnebur qmedebas, radgan adgilobrivi sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilva, Tund postfaqtum Catarebuli,<br />
iyo efeqturi da samarTliani. aRniSnuli<br />
gancxadeba, bunebrivia, sasamarTlos<br />
mier gamoyenebuli `xelSeuxeblobis gamocdis~<br />
dasaZlevad iyo mimarTuli.<br />
sasamarTlom ki daadgina, rom adgilobriv<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi, im periodSi, roca aRniSnul<br />
movlenebs hqonda adgili, dacvis saTanado meqanizmebi<br />
ar arsebobda. amdenad, sasamarTlom<br />
gamoiyena rogorc nimicis precedenti, ise<br />
xelSeuxeblobis gamocdac.<br />
pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia cocxali<br />
organizmi iyo. amdenad, misi interpretacia<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
unda momxdariyo. konvenciis dinamikuri<br />
interpretaciis Sedegad, sasamarTlom ganacxada:<br />
`movida dro, roca konvenciis me-8<br />
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli garantiebi kompaniis<br />
iuridiuli <strong>of</strong>isis, filialebis da sxva<br />
biznes obieqtebis xelSeuxeblobazec unda gavrceldes~<br />
(ganCinebis 41-e paragrafi).<br />
sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom Catarebuli<br />
RonisZiebebi kanonis Sesabamisi iyo da<br />
iseT legitimur miznebs emsaxureboda, rogorebicaa<br />
qveynis keTildReoba da danaSaulis<br />
prevencia. dabolos, sasamarTlom daadgina,<br />
rom mosarCelis kompaniis uflebebSi<br />
Careva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saWiro ar<br />
iyo da, amdenad, mosarCelis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli<br />
qmedeba konvenciis me-8 muxlis<br />
darRvevad miiCnia (Barkhuyisen/van Emmerik, 15-<br />
6). sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSic, saxelmwifoebs<br />
dautova diskreciuli uflebamosilebis<br />
saSualeba uflebebSi Carevis saWiroebis<br />
Sefasebis sakiTxSi, Tumca aRniSna, rom Catarebuli<br />
RonisZiebebi `evropuli zedamxedvelobis<br />
principebs~ unda Seesabamebodes (wevri<br />
saxelmwifoebisTvis diskreciuli uflebamosilebis<br />
saSualebis datovebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
evropuli zedamxedvelobis sakiTxi ixileT<br />
avtorTan, d. popoviCi, 112).<br />
xelSeuxeblobis testis gamoyenebiT, sasamarTlom<br />
xazi gausva `uflebebis xely<strong>of</strong>is<br />
winaaRmdeg adekvaturi da efeqturi dacvis<br />
meqanizmebis~ saWiroebas (48-e paragrafi). sasamarTlos<br />
ganCineba Semdegnairi iyo (49-e paragrafi):<br />
`miuxedavad imisa, rom iuridiuli<br />
piris pr<strong>of</strong>esiul saqmianobaSi Carevis miznebi<br />
SesaZloa, gamarTlebuli iyos, sasamarTlo<br />
Tvlis, rom mocemul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ganxorcielebuli sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebi<br />
legitimuri miznebis proporciuli ar iyo~.<br />
amgvari gadawyvetilebiT, sasamarTlom nimicis<br />
precedenti ganavrco iuridiul pirebze<br />
da kompaniebze pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis xel-<br />
Seuxeblobis dacvis sakiTxSi (Heringa and Zwaak<br />
in Van Dijk e.a. 723). es ki sasamarTlo praqtikaSi<br />
mniSvnelovani, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo.<br />
6. dacvis limitebi<br />
bolo drois sasamarTlo praqtikam konvenciis<br />
me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis,<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
interpretaciaSi garkveuli limitebis<br />
dawesebis saWiroeba moitana. SezRudvebi 2005<br />
wels levi da filoni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
saqmis ganxilvisas dawesda 9 .<br />
es ukanaskneli saqme ramdenadme Taviseburi<br />
iyo da mosarCeleebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
erTi da igive advokati icavdaT, gansxvavebuli<br />
niuansebiT warsdgnen sasamarTlos winaSe.<br />
mosarCeleebi fermerebi iyvnen, TiToeul ma-<br />
Tgans msgavsi sas<strong>of</strong>lo-sameurneo biznesi<br />
hqonda, konkretulad ki Rorebis ferma. maTi<br />
saqmianoba veterinaruli samsaxuris pirdapir<br />
inspeqcias eqvemdebareboda.<br />
pirveli mosarCele, b-ni levi mis meuRles-<br />
Tan erTad flobs SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
kompanias da fermas misi sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis mezobel raionSi. ferma misi binidan<br />
9<br />
Leveau and Fillon v. France (app. Nos. 63512/00 and 63513/00), judgment<br />
<strong>of</strong> 6. September 2005<br />
54
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi<br />
ramdenime kilometrSia. 1997 wlis erT dRes<br />
inspeqtori ewvia fermas ekologiuri normebis<br />
dacvis Sesamowmeblad. mosarCele im dros mivida<br />
fermaSi, roca revizia mimdinareobda. inspeqtorma<br />
fermaSi my<strong>of</strong>i Rorebi daTvala, sul<br />
210 suli. raodenobis mixedviT, ferma iseTi<br />
meurneobis kategoriaSi Sedioda, romelSic<br />
40-ze met da 450-ze nakleb Rors zrdian. mosarCelem<br />
inspeqtors ver warmoudgina raime<br />
administraciuli aqti, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
aseTi meurneobis warmoebis ufleba hqonda.<br />
b-nma levim pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo<br />
procesze ganacxada, rom inspeqtoris vizitis<br />
Sesaxeb mas winaswar ar Seatyobines da, garda<br />
amisa, inspeqtoris mier daTvlili Rorebis<br />
raodenoba arazusti iyo. amasTan erTad, mosarCele<br />
misi samy<strong>of</strong>i adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
uflebis darRvevaze miuTiTebda. sasamarTlom<br />
ki daadgina, rom darRvevas adgili<br />
ar hqonia.<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis<br />
Tanaxmad ki, samy<strong>of</strong>i adgili, principSi,<br />
SeiZleba gulisxmobdes piris pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli da<br />
komerciuli saqmianobis adgils, Tumca mosarCelis<br />
mtkicebisgan gansxvavebiT `Rorebis<br />
ferma, romelic eqskluziurad mxolod<br />
Rorebis mosaSenebladaa Seqmnili, araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos piris samy<strong>of</strong><br />
adgilad, romlis xelSeuxebloba konvenciis<br />
me-8 muxliTaa garantirebuli~.<br />
sakasacio sasamarTlom mosarCelis meore<br />
saCivari ar miiRo im motiviT, rom inspeqtoris<br />
viziti ekologiuri normebis dacvis Sesamowmeblad<br />
kanonieri iyo da winaswar gafr-<br />
Txilebas ar saWiroebda. am SemTxvevaSi arc<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis Cxrekas hqonia adgili.<br />
sabolood, b-nma levim saCivari adamianis<br />
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi, strasburgSi<br />
Seitana. sarCelis safuZveli konvenciis<br />
me-8 muxlis darRveva iyo.<br />
meore mosarCeles, b-n filons, odnav ufro<br />
gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba hqonda. misi ferma,<br />
Senobebis kompleqsis erT nawilSi iyo gan-<br />
Tavsebuli. misi piradi sacxovrebeli binac<br />
amave kompleqsSi mdebareobda.<br />
inspeqtoris viziti mosarCelis TandaswrebiT<br />
ganxorcielda. inspeqtorma aRmoaCina,<br />
rom fermaSi 450 Rorze meti iyo, daaxloebiT<br />
600 suli. aseTi zomis fermisTvis, mosarCeles<br />
prefeqtis nebarTva unda hqonoda, romelic<br />
am ukanasknelma ver warmoudgina inspeqtors.<br />
vidre is strasburgis sasamarTlos mimarTavda,<br />
adgilobrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT<br />
Tavad iqna dajarimebuli.<br />
adgilobriv sasamarTlo procesze b-ni filoni<br />
amtkicebda, rom misi sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />
xelSeuxebloba iqna darRveuli. saapelacio<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom s<strong>of</strong>lis<br />
meurneobis sawarmoo adgili, romelsac inspeqtori<br />
ewvia, b-ni filonis sacxovrebeli adgilisgan<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili iyo.<br />
sakasacio sasamarTlom igive pozicia SeinarCuna<br />
b-n livis saqmeze da daadgina, rom<br />
inspeqtoris viziti winaswar Setyobinebas ar<br />
saWiroebda da arc sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />
Cxrekas hqonia adgili.<br />
strasburgis sasamarTloSi pirvelma mosar-<br />
Celem Tavdapirveli sarCeli Seucvlelad datova,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac _ misi pr<strong>of</strong>esiul i<br />
samy<strong>of</strong>i adgilis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba dair<br />
Rva inspeqtoris gaufrTxilebeli vizitiT.<br />
meore mosarCele ki amtkicebda, rom vinaidan<br />
ferma imave kompleqsSi iyo ganTavsebuli, sadac<br />
misi saxli, konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili.<br />
sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlis cneba, nimicis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
Tanaxmad, SeiZleba Seicavdes<br />
<strong>of</strong>iss an kabinets pirisa, romelic liberaluri<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli. sasamarTlom<br />
aseve Cepelis saqmis precedentis<br />
arsebobas gausva xazi, romlis farglebSic<br />
Cxrekis Catareba piris saxlsa da, amavdroulad,<br />
<strong>of</strong>isSi konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uflebis darRvevad iqna miCneuli.<br />
am or saqmesTan erTad, sasamarTlom<br />
moixsenia Société Colas Est –is saqmeze miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmad, konvenciis<br />
me-8 muxlis interpretacia SesaZlebelia ise,<br />
rom biznes obieqtis xelSeuxeblobis garantiasac<br />
gulisxmobdes.<br />
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom inspeqtorebis<br />
viziti kanonis Sesabamisad ganxorcielda, kerZod<br />
ki, garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad.<br />
inspeqtorebs legitimuri mizezi hqondaT,<br />
xolo, Tu ramdenad proporciuli iyo<br />
mizanTan mosarCeleebis uflebebSi Careva da<br />
ramdenad saWiro iyo aseTi moqmedeba demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi an ekuTvnoda Tu ara<br />
am konkretul SemTxvevebSi Semowmebuli adgilebi<br />
sacxovrebel adgils, dasadgeni iyo.<br />
55
dragolub popoviCi<br />
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />
cneba konvenciis me-8 muxlis fargleb-<br />
Si SesaZloa Seicavdes pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgils. Tumca sasamarTlom gadawyvita,<br />
rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mosarCeleebis<br />
braldeba usafuZvlo iyo.<br />
pirveli mosarCelis mtkicebiT, mas ori<br />
sacxovrebeli adgili hqonda, romlebic erTmaneTisgan<br />
ramdenime kilometriT iyo daSorebuli<br />
da sxvadasxva raions ekuTvnoda. garda<br />
amisa, pirvel SemTxvevaSi mosarCele fizikuri<br />
piri iyo, romelic SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
kompanias flobda. sinamdvileSi,<br />
obieqti kompaniis sakuTreba iyo da ara fizikuri<br />
piris. amdenad, sasamarTlom CaTvala,<br />
rom konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas adgili<br />
ar hqonia. sarCeliT b-nma levim mimarTa sasamarTlos<br />
da ara kompaniam, romelic Semowmebuli<br />
obieqtis realuri mflobeli iyo.<br />
meore mosarCelis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom inspeqtoris mier Semowmebuli<br />
obieqti, romelic sas<strong>of</strong>lo sameurneo<br />
saqmianobisTvis gamoiyeneboda da romelic<br />
mosarCelis sacxovrebeli saxlis gverdiT<br />
mdebareobda, Senobebis imave kompleqsSi, ar<br />
warmoadgenda sacxovrebeli adgilis an <strong>of</strong>isis<br />
nawils.<br />
amdenad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
Rorebis ferma ver CaiTvleboda sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis nawilad da masze pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgilis xelSuexeblobis dacvis wesi<br />
ver gavrceldeboda konvenciis me-8 muxlis<br />
farglebSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom meore<br />
mosarCelis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegadac pirvelis<br />
identuri ganCineba gamoitana.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi mosarCeleebis mTavari mizani<br />
iyo, erTi mxriv, sacxovrebeli adgilis cnebis<br />
farTo definiciis gamoyeneba da meore mxriv,<br />
inglisuri gagebiT, sityva `saxlis~ viwro<br />
mniSvnelobisken dabruneba. aRniSnuli tendenciebi<br />
ramdenadme urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
iyo da amitom, sasamarTlos mouxda garkveuli<br />
SezRudvebis daweseba sasamarTlo praqtikaSive<br />
damkvidrebuli precedentis samomavlo<br />
gamoyenebaze. is, rom xelSeuxeblobis ufleba<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilzec gavrcelda,<br />
imas ar niSnavda, rom dacvis ufleba am<br />
cnebis axali mniSvnelobiT SeuzRudavi da<br />
ukontrolo iqneboda; logikuri msjelobis<br />
CarCoebidan gasvla SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
7. daskvna<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacvis garantiebi adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos miRwevaa, romelic sasamarTlo<br />
praqtikis Sedegad damkvidrda. misi<br />
iuridiuli safuZvelia adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvenciis merve muxli.<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacvis garantia im saqmeebze vrceldeba,<br />
romlebSic sasamarTlo konvenciis me-8<br />
muxlis darRvevas daafiqsirebs. wevr saxelmwifoebs<br />
diskreciuli uflebamosileba rCebaT<br />
konvenciiT garantirebul uflebebSi Carevis<br />
saWiroebis gansazRvraSi. iskreciuli<br />
uflebamosilebis areali ki evropuli zedamxedvelobiT<br />
aris SezRuduli, romelsac<br />
`xelSeuxeblobis testi~ SegviZlia vuwodoT.<br />
sasamarTlo yovelTvis aRiarebs adgilobivi<br />
sasamarTlo aRsrulebis RonisZiebebis arsebobas<br />
da efeqturobas, romelTa meSveobiT,<br />
Cxrekis SemTxvevaSi, TviTneburi qmedebebis<br />
Tavidan acileba xdeba. Tu adgilobriv doneze<br />
xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi efeqturi<br />
araa, maSin sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom konvenciis<br />
me-8 muxli irRveva.<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis paralelurad,<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xel-<br />
Seuxeblobis dacvis garantiebi gaizarda fizikur<br />
pirebTan mimarTebaSi. Tavdapirvelad,<br />
mxolod fizikur pirebze vrceldeboda pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacvis garantia, xolo amJamad kompaniebs, anu<br />
iuridiul pirebsac, aqvT dacvis garantiis<br />
moTxovnis ufleba.<br />
dabolos, sasamarTlo praqtikis winaSe pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
cnebis gavrcobis sakiTxi dadga. sasamarTlom<br />
uari Tqva pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis<br />
cnebaSi gaeerTianebina adgili, sadac warmoeba<br />
mimdinareobda, radgan sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />
yoveldRiur da logikur interpretacias<br />
ar Seesabameboda, franguli pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli samy<strong>of</strong>i<br />
adgilis gagebiTac ki. pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis<br />
adgilad iTvleba mxolod is adgili,<br />
saidanac biznesis marTva xdeba.<br />
(Lausanne, July 2008)<br />
56
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi<br />
bibliografia<br />
T.Barkhuysen and M.L.van Emmerik, A Comparative<br />
View on the Execution <strong>of</strong> Judgments <strong>of</strong> the European<br />
<strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human Rights, in: Th.Christou and J.P.Raymond,<br />
(eds.), European <strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human Rights – Remedies and<br />
Execution <strong>of</strong> Judgments, London 2005<br />
A.W.Heringa and L.Zwaak, in: P.Van Dijk e.a. (eds.)<br />
Theory and Practice <strong>of</strong> the European Convention on Human<br />
Rights, Antwerpen/Oxford 2006<br />
Jacobs & White (C.Owey & R.C.A.White), The European<br />
Convention on Human Rights, Oxford 2002<br />
E.Kastanas, Unité et diversité : notions autonomes et<br />
marge d’appréciation des Etats dans la jurisprudence<br />
de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Bruxelles<br />
1996<br />
Ph. Leach, Taking a Case to the European <strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human<br />
Rights, Oxford 2005<br />
D.Popović, Evropski sud za ljudska prava / European<br />
<strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human Rights, Beograd 2008<br />
J.F.Renucci, Droit européen des droits de l’homme,<br />
Paris 2002<br />
J.Shaw, Law <strong>of</strong> the European Union, New York 2000<br />
F.Sudre, Droit européen et international des droits de<br />
l’homme, Paris 2005<br />
57
joni xecuriani<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos uflebamosileba<br />
referendumisa da arCevnebis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxebze<br />
joni xecuriani<br />
iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori,<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis<br />
wevr-korespondenti.<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos am uflebamosilebam<br />
2005 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciuri<br />
kanoniT 1 mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada.<br />
am cvlilebamde sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
uflebamosileba am nawilSi Semdegnairad iyo<br />
Camoyalibebuli: saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlo `ixilavs referendumisa da arCevnebis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul<br />
davas (saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e<br />
muxlis pirveli punqtis `d~ qvepunqti)~. am<br />
uflebamosilebis farglebSi sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlo ganixilavda uSualo demokratiis<br />
ori umniSvnelovanesi formis – referendumisa<br />
da arCevnebis daniSvnis (an ardaniSvnis),<br />
sareferendumo sakiTxis, referendumisa da<br />
arCevnebis Catarebis konstituciurobis Taobaze<br />
wamoWril davebs.<br />
saqarTvelos konstitucia, samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis referendumisa da arCevnebis<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,<br />
mTel rig moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs<br />
uSualo demokratiis am formebis gamoyenebas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT. zemoaRniSnul konstituciur<br />
cvlilebamde sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
amocanas warmoadgenda, daedgina (ra Tqma<br />
unda, saTanado subieqtis momarTvis SemTxveva-<br />
Si), ramdenad iyo daculi qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis<br />
moTxovnebi referendumisa da arCevnebis<br />
institutebis gamoyenebis dros. rac Seexeba am<br />
institutebis momwesrigebeli normebis (iseve,<br />
rogorc sxva nebismieri normis Tu normatiuli<br />
aqtis) konstituciurobis sakiTxs, misi<br />
1<br />
`saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne~, #1, 04.01.06, muxli 2.<br />
gadawyveta sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sxva<br />
uflebamosilebebis farglebSi iyo SesaZlebeli.<br />
maSasadame, subieqts SeeZlo, sadavod ar<br />
gaexada (da SesaZlebelia, marTlac ar iyo sadavo)<br />
arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrigebeli<br />
normebis konstituciuroba da uSualod<br />
moeTxova Casatarebeli an Catarebuli arCevnebis<br />
(referendumis) konstituciurobis Semowmeba.<br />
magaliTad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos plenumma 2001 wels ganixila<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa sami jgufis<br />
(TiToeuli jgufi saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
wevrTa aranakleb erT mexuTeds Seadgenda)<br />
sarCelebi saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno<br />
komisiis winaaRmdeg 2 . mosarCeleebi moi-<br />
Txovdnen, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 49-e muxlis pirvel<br />
punqtTan mimarTebiT arakonstituciurad<br />
ecno: 1) abaSis saarCevno olqSi saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentis 1999 wlis 14 noembris maJoritaruli<br />
sistemiT Catarebuli arCevnebis meore<br />
turis daniSvna da Catareba; 2) foTis saar-<br />
Cevno olqSi saqarTvelos parlamentis 1999<br />
wlis 14 noembers Catarebuli maJoritaruli<br />
arCevnebis meore turis Sedegebi; 3) saqarTvelos<br />
centraluri saarCevno komisiis 1999 wlis<br />
19 noembris dadgenileba `walenjixis saarCevno<br />
olqis #13 saarCevno ubanSi xelaxali xmis<br />
micemis Sedegebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb~.<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
plenumma 2001 wlis 30 martis gadawyvetilebiT<br />
samive sarCeli daakmay<strong>of</strong>ila, radganac<br />
dadgenilad miiCnia, rom zemoaRniSnul olqeb-<br />
Si arCevnebi Catarda saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
49-e muxlis pirveli punqtis moTxovnaTa<br />
darRveviT, romlis Tanaxmad, parlamentis ar-<br />
Cevnebi unda Catardes sayovelTao, Tanaswori<br />
da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze,<br />
2<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. gadawyvetilebebi,<br />
2000-2001, Tbilisi, 2003w., gv. 73-94.<br />
58
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba referendumisa da arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze<br />
faruli kenWisyriT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom<br />
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad<br />
saWiro garemoebebi daadgina konstituciuri<br />
sarCelebis monacemebis, sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis<br />
monawileTa gamosvlebisa<br />
da ganmartebebis, mowmeTa Cvenebebisa da saqmeSi<br />
arsebuli werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis<br />
gaanalizebis safuZvelze, e.i. sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze arCevnebi cno<br />
arakonstituciurad faqtobriv garemoebebze<br />
dayrdnobiT ise, rom arCevnebis momwesrigebeli<br />
normebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi saer-<br />
Tod ar dasmula.<br />
meore saqme, romelic ganixila saqarTvelos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2005 wels<br />
`saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – guram sanaZe<br />
da irakli kotetiSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
winaaRmdeg~, Seexeboda saqarTvelos<br />
organuli kanonis `saqarTvelos saarCevno<br />
kodeqsis~ me-9 muxlis me-12 punqtis konstituciurobas<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e<br />
muxlis pirvel punqtTan mimarTebiT 3 .<br />
sadavo normis mixedviT, `akrZalulia<br />
amomrCevelTa siebSi cvlilebebis Setana ar-<br />
Cevnebis dRemde bolo 10 dRis ganmavloba-<br />
Si, xolo arCevnebis dRemde me-19-dan me-10<br />
dRemde cvlileba Seitaneba mxolod sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebiT~. mosarCele aRniSnavda,<br />
rom igi swored arCevnebis dRes dabrunda<br />
mivlinebidan, mivida saarCevno ubanSi, sadac<br />
aRmoCda, rom igi saarCevno siaSi ar iyo Setanili<br />
da, amis gamo, xmis micemis ufleba<br />
ar misces. aqedan gamomdinare, mosarCele<br />
miiCnevs, rom saarCevno kodeqsis sadavo norma<br />
xely<strong>of</strong>s saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e<br />
muxlis pirveli punqtiT aRiarebul da garantirebul<br />
mis saarCevno uflebas. saqarTvelos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2005 wlis 24<br />
ianvris gadawyvetilebiT, daakmay<strong>of</strong>ila sar-<br />
Celi da arakonstituciurad cno saarCevno<br />
kodeqsis zemoaRniSnuli norma, radganac igi<br />
usafuZvlod zRudavda moqalaqis saarCevno<br />
uflebas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom savsebiT<br />
marTebulad aRniSna, rom amomrCevelTa<br />
siebis formireba Sesabamis saxelmwifo uwyebaTa<br />
movaleobaa. roca moqalaqe maTi mizeziT<br />
ar iqna Setanili amomrCevelTa saerTo siaSi,<br />
es ar unda iyos saarCevno uflebis SezRudvis<br />
safuZveli. saarCevno kodeqsi unda iZleodes<br />
3<br />
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. gadawyvetilebebi,<br />
2005, Tbilisi, 2006w., gv.5-17.<br />
Sesabamisi konstituciuri uflebis ara formalurad,<br />
aramed realurad ganxorcielebis<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
am saqmeze sakonstitucio sasamarTlom<br />
arakonstituciurad cno arCevnebis momwesrigebeli<br />
norma, ise, rom Tavad arCevnebis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxi ar dasmula.<br />
aseTi iyo gansaxilvel sferoSi saqarTvelos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba<br />
da misi gamoyenebis praqtika, romelic,<br />
Cveni azriT, savsebiT pasuxobda arCevnebisa<br />
da referendumis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
konstituciuri kanonierebis sasamarTlo<br />
dacvis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is amocanebs.<br />
2005 wlis miwuruls saqarTvelos konstituciaSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad,<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli<br />
ori damoukidebeli uflebamosileba<br />
gaerTianda da erT saxeobad Camoyalibda. sakanonmdeblo<br />
novaciam iseTi saxe miiRo, rom<br />
amieridan mxolod arCevnebis an referendumis<br />
konstituciurobis Semowmeba sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos ar SeeZleba.<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs arCevenebis an referendumis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxs, Tu Sesabamisi<br />
subieqti imavdroulad daayenebs<br />
arCevnebis (referendumis) momwesrigebeli<br />
normebis konstituciurobis sakiTxsac. maSasadame,<br />
Tu arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrigebeli<br />
normebis konstituciurobaSi eWvi<br />
aravis Seaqvs, magram arCevnebi an referendumi<br />
Catarda am normebisa da konstituciis moTxovnaTa<br />
darRveviT, maSin es sakiTxi sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos gansjadi ver iqneba.<br />
rac Seexeba arCevnebis (referendumis) momwesrigebeli<br />
normebis arCevnebisagan (referendumisagan)<br />
damoukideblad, calke ganxilvis<br />
SesaZleblobas, Cveni azriT, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaSi am TvalsazrisiT<br />
araferi Secvlila. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo<br />
zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebebis Semdegac<br />
uflebamosilia, calke ganixilos arCevnebis<br />
an referendumis momwesrigebeli normebis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxi, misTvis konstituciiTa<br />
da kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli normakontrolis<br />
farglebSi. magaliTad, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `v~<br />
qvepunqtiTa da `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli<br />
59
joni xecuriani<br />
kanonis me-19 muxlis pirveli punqtis `e~ qvepuqtiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli kompetenciiT, moqalaqis<br />
sarCelis safuZvelze, ganixilos da<br />
gadawyvitos saarCevno kodeqsis ama Tu im normis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxi saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebul adamianis<br />
ZiriTad uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan<br />
mimarTebiT. es magaliTi imitomac moviyvaneT,<br />
rom moqalaqes, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,<br />
ara aqvs ufleba, idavos arCevnebis (referendumis)<br />
konstituciurobaze, magram mas aqvs<br />
SesaZlebloba, idavos arCevnebis (referendumis)<br />
momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis<br />
Taobaze.<br />
maSasadame, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
uflebamosilebaSi zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebis<br />
ganxorcielebis Semdeg, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
kompetencia arCevnebisa da referendumis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxis gadawyvetasTan<br />
mimarTebiT Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:<br />
1) sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia,<br />
arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis<br />
sakiTxi ganixilos mxolod<br />
maTi momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis<br />
sakiTxTan erTad;<br />
2) sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ara aqvs<br />
uflebamosileba, ganixilos mxolod ar-<br />
Cevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis<br />
sakiTxi;<br />
3) sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia,<br />
calke ganixilos arCevnebisa da<br />
referendumis momwesrigebeli normebis<br />
konstituciurobis sakiTxi.<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sruliad damoukidebeli<br />
ori kompetenciis gaerTianebam,<br />
maTi erTad ganxilvis davaldebulebam, erTi<br />
mxriv, gamoiwvia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
uflebamosilebaTa farglebis SezRudva,<br />
xolo meore mxriv, warmoSva gaugebrobebi,<br />
romlebic usaTuod iCenen Tavs am uflebamosilebis<br />
gamoyenebisas sasamarTlos praqtikaS i.<br />
magaliTad, Tu dava Seexeba Casatarebeli<br />
arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobas,<br />
maSin sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mier arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebis<br />
arakonstituciurad cnoba gamoricxavs maT<br />
gamoyenebas Casatarebeli arCevnebisas, radganac<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad,<br />
aseT samarTlebriv normebs iuridiuli Zala<br />
aRar eqnebaT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisi<br />
gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis momentidan<br />
(89-e muxlis me-2 punqti). am SemTxveva-<br />
Si sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, praqtikulad,<br />
verc imsjelebs Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referendumis)<br />
konstituciurobaze. sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos uflebamosileba aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi normakontrolis farglebs ver<br />
gascdeba.<br />
igive problemebi warmoiSoba ukve Catarebuli<br />
arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli davis ganxilvisas,<br />
radganac kanonmdebelma am sferoSi<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba<br />
uSualod daukavSira arCevnebis (referendumis)<br />
momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis<br />
sakiTxis garkvevas, bunebrivia,<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ar-<br />
Cevnebis (referendumis) Catarebisas gamovlenili<br />
konstituciis normebis moTxovnaTa<br />
darRvevis faqtebi gamoikvlios, daadginos<br />
da Seafasos. misi amocana ukve sxva ramea. man,<br />
uwinares yovlisa, unda gadawyvitos sakiTxi<br />
- konstituciuria Tu ara arCevnebis (referendumis)<br />
momwesrigebeli sadavod gamxdari<br />
normebi. amis Semdeg, magram imave sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvis farglebSi, Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo<br />
arakonstituciurad miiCnevs gasaCivrebul<br />
normebs, man unda gadawyvitos<br />
meore sakiTxic, kerZod, ramdenad imoqmeda<br />
am arakonstituciurma normebma Catarebuli<br />
arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobaze.<br />
TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia. arakonstituciuri<br />
normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli<br />
arCevnebi (referendumi) arakonstituciurad<br />
unda CiTvalos. magram, Cveni azriT, saqme ase<br />
martivad ar unda iyos.<br />
saqme isaa, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mier arakonstituciurad cnobili arCevnebis<br />
momwesrigebeli norma, rogorc es ukve<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, iuridiul Zalas dakargavs<br />
mxolod sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisi<br />
gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis momentidan,<br />
amitom igi ver gamoiwvevs mis safuZvelze<br />
ukve Catarebuli arCevnebis arakonstituciurad<br />
cnobasa da misi Sedegebis baTilobas.<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos am gadawyetilebas<br />
mxolod momavali arCevnebisTvis eqneba<br />
mniSvneloba, kerZod, arakonstituciurad<br />
cnobili norma ver iqneba gamoyenebuli Semdgomi<br />
arCevnebisas.<br />
60
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba referendumisa da arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze<br />
zemoaRniSnuli magaliTebi, Cveni azriT, naTlad<br />
gviCveneben, rom saWiroa, arCevnebisa da<br />
referendumis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis<br />
sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia daubrundes<br />
2005 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciuri kanonis<br />
miRebamde arsebul mdgomareobas, e.i. arCevnebis<br />
(referendumis) momwesrigebeli normebis<br />
konstituciurobis da arCevnebis (referendumis)<br />
konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
davebis ganxilvis kompetencia Camoyalibdes<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos or damoukidebel<br />
uflebamosilebad.<br />
sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom 2005 wlis<br />
27 dekembris konstituciuri kanonis miRebis<br />
Semdeg ar y<strong>of</strong>ila Setanili Sesabamisi cvlilebebi<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi. `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organul<br />
kanonSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos es<br />
uflebamosileba kvlav Tavdapirveli redaqciiT<br />
aris gadmocemuli, kerZod, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos da<br />
gadawyvitos `dava referendumis an arCevnebis<br />
konstituciurobis Sesaxeb~ (me-19 muxlis pirveli<br />
punqtis `d~ qvepunqti).<br />
bunebrivia, sakonstitucio saamarTlos am<br />
uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi<br />
`saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~<br />
saqarTvelos organul kanonSi gansaxilveli<br />
uflebamosilebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad<br />
aris mowesrigebuli _ ise, rom ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
zemoaRniSnuli konstituciuri<br />
cvlilebis arsi, arada konstituciuri novacia<br />
moiTxovda arCevnebTan (referendumTan)<br />
dakavSirebuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
uflebamosilebis axlebur reglamentacias<br />
specialur sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. kanonmdebelma<br />
es jer-jerobiT ar an ver gaakeTa.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, saWirod migvaCnia, arsebuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo normebis mixedviT ganvixiloT<br />
am uflebamosilebis Sinaarsi da farglebi.<br />
uwinares yovlisa, saWiroa gairkves, Tu romeli<br />
organos an Tanamdebobis piris arCevnebis<br />
konstituciurobis Semowmebis sakiTxi Sedis<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaSi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, arCevnebis sakiTxebs<br />
awesrigebs saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos<br />
saarCevno kodeqsi~ 4 . am kanonis<br />
4<br />
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 2001 wlis 22 agvisto,<br />
#25, muxli 107.<br />
Tanaxmad, arCevnebSi moiazreba `sajaro xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis da<br />
sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirTa ar-<br />
Ceva sayovelTao arCevnebiT~ (me-3 muxlis `a~<br />
punqti). radganac sajaro xelisuflebis cneba<br />
moicavs rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis,<br />
ise adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs,<br />
amitom arCevnebSi `saqarTvelos saarCevno<br />
kodeqsis~ mixedviT, igulisxmeba saqarTvelos<br />
prezidentis, saqarTvelos parlamentis,<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organos – sakrebulos, gamgeblisa<br />
da meris arCevnebi (pirveli muxli). `saqar-<br />
Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~<br />
organuli kanonic swored amis Sesabamisad<br />
gansazRvravs sakonstitucio kontrols ar-<br />
CevnebTan mimarTebiT, kerZod, am kanonis 37-e<br />
muxlis, agreTve sxva normebis Sinaarsidanac<br />
Cans, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo<br />
uflebamosilia, ganixilos saqarTvelos<br />
prezidentis, saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organos – sakrebulos, gamgeblis,<br />
meriis arCevnebis konstituciurobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli davebi.<br />
gansaxilveli uflebamosilebis farglebSi<br />
davis sagani SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos prezidentis,<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis, adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
organos – sakrebulos, gamgeblis da meris<br />
arCevnebis daniSvnisa da Catarebis Taobaze<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnaTa savaraudo<br />
darRvevis faqtebi.<br />
arCevnebis konstituciurobis Semowmeba<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolo d<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi momwesrigebeli norma<br />
mocemulia konstituciaSi. bunebrivia, saarCevno<br />
procesis momwesrigebeli yvela norma ver<br />
iqneba konstituciiT dadgenili. konstitucia<br />
gansazRvravs arCevnebis mxolod ZiriTad,<br />
arsebiT sakiTxebs, arCevnebis gamarTvis Ziri-<br />
Tad principebs. amitom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
gansjis sferoSi SeiZleba Sediodes<br />
konstituciis mxolod am principebisa da<br />
normebis darRvevis konkretuli faqtebi,<br />
rac SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos rogorc<br />
samarTleb riv aqtebSi, ise saTanado subieqtebis<br />
qmedobi T.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, arCevnebis<br />
konstituciurobis Taobaze saqarTvelos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba<br />
61
joni xecuriani<br />
moicavs davebis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas<br />
Semdeg sakiTxebze:<br />
1. saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi dainiSna<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 70-e<br />
muxlis me-7 punqtis, me-10 punqtis an/<br />
da 76-e muxlis me-3 punqtis moTxovnaTa<br />
darRveviT an ar dainiSna amave moTxovna-<br />
Ta miuxedavad;<br />
2. saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi gaimarTa<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e<br />
muxlis an/da 70-e muxlis moTxovnaTa<br />
darRveviT;<br />
3. saqarTvelos parlamentis saerTo an xelaxali<br />
arCevnebi, an arCevnebi parlamentis<br />
wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde<br />
Sewyvetis gamo, dainiSna saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 50-e muxlis me-3 punqtis,<br />
me-5 punqtis an/da 73-e muxlis me-2 punqtis<br />
moTxovnaTa darRveviT an ar dainiSna<br />
amave moTxovnaTa miuxedavad;<br />
4. saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi gaimarTa<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e<br />
muxlis, 49-e muxlis pirveli da me-2<br />
punqtebis an/da 50-e muxlis moTxovnaTa<br />
darRveviT;<br />
5. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa<br />
arCevnebi dainiSna saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis<br />
an/da 73-e muxlis me-2 punqtis moTxovna-<br />
Ta darRveviT an ar dainiSna amave moTxovnaTa<br />
miuxedavad;<br />
6. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa<br />
arCevnebi gaimarTa saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis<br />
an/da 28-e muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT.<br />
rac Seexeba referendumis konstituciurobas,<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
gansjadi SeiZleba iyos dava Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebze:<br />
1. referendumi dainiSna saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 74-e muxlis pirveli punqtis<br />
moTxovnaTa darRveviT an ar dainiSna<br />
amave moTxovnaTa miuxedavad;<br />
2. referendumis Catareba ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 74-e muxlis<br />
me-2 punqtis moTxovnebs;<br />
3. referendumi Catarebulia saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 74-e muxlis me-3 punqtis<br />
moTxovnaTa darRveviT.<br />
Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos uflebamosileba am sferoSi<br />
mxolod zemoaRniSnuliT ar unda Semoifarglebodes.<br />
saWiroa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
rolis axleburad gaazreba da misi kidev<br />
ufro gaZliereba arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis<br />
organoTa formirebis procesSi, kerZod,<br />
mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu mTeli saarCevno<br />
procesi sakonstitucio da saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mier warimarTeba. am mizniT, uwinares<br />
yovlisa, mkafiod unda gaimijnos sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebis am or institucias Soris saar-<br />
Cevno kompenteciebi. saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
amocana unda iyos arCevnebis mimdinareobisas<br />
wamoWrili sadavo sakiTxebis operatiulad<br />
gadawyveta (magaliTad, amomrCevelTa siaSi<br />
uzustobis faqtebis ganxilva-gadawyveta da<br />
sxva). sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis<br />
farglebSi ki unda moeqces, arCevnebis<br />
daniSvnidan dawyebuli, mTel saarCevno<br />
procesze zedamxedveloba, arCevnebis Sedegebis<br />
dadgena da gamocxadeba. saarCevno administracia<br />
unda Sedgebodes sajaro mosamsaxureebisgan<br />
da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
kontroliT moqmedebdes.<br />
daaxloebiT msgavsi sistemaa safrangeTSi,<br />
sadac kvazisasamarTlo organo – sakonstitucio<br />
sabWo axorcielebs am funqcias 5 . sxva<br />
qveynebSi ki saarCevno administraciebSi uSualod<br />
monawileoben mosamarTleebi an magistraturis<br />
umaRlesi sabWos mier arCeuli<br />
pirebi (dania, albaneTi, estoneTi, latvia,<br />
moldova, <strong>pol</strong>oneTi, <strong>kosta</strong>-rika) 6 .<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa arCevnebis<br />
sakiTxebze veneciis komisiis (evropuli<br />
komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT)<br />
mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi,<br />
romlebic sistematizebulia evrosabWos<br />
saparlamento asambleis mier 2003 wels damtkicebul<br />
saarCevno kodeqsSi. am kodeqsis 75-e<br />
muxlSi naTqvamia, rom, rogorc wesi, saarCevno<br />
komisiis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sediodnen:<br />
`mosamarTle an iuristi: iq, sadac arCevnebis<br />
administraciaze pasuxismgebloba sasamarTlo<br />
organos akisria, misi damoukidebloba<br />
procesis sajaroobiT unda iyos garantire-<br />
5<br />
ix. Конституционный контроль в зарубежных странах. отв. ред. В.В.<br />
Маклаков. – М.: Норма, 2007, с. 192-196.<br />
6<br />
M. Tomozek. Judicial control <strong>of</strong> election in Czech Republic, Poland and<br />
Slovakia-guarantee <strong>of</strong> stability or demokratik legitimacy? “Конституционное<br />
правоcудие”, Вестник Конференции органов конституционного<br />
контроля стран молодой демократии, Выпуск 2(36) 2007,с.111-120.<br />
62
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba referendumisa da arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze<br />
buli. sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli pirebi<br />
ar uda imy<strong>of</strong>ebodnen saarCevno subieqtebis<br />
daqvemdebarebaSi~ 7 .<br />
sakiTxis gadawyvetis aseTi modelis sasargeblod<br />
SeiZleba movitanoT Semdegi argumentebi:<br />
pirveli, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo yvelaze<br />
metad aris daculi saxelisuflo da<br />
partiuli gavlenisagan, mas aqvs damoukideblobis<br />
didi xarisxi da miukerZoebeli gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis mometebuli SesaZleblobebi;<br />
meore, arCevnebis sferoSi sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba<br />
moxdeba arCevnebis Sedegebis gamocxadebamde<br />
da ara mis Semdeg, rogorc es moqmedi<br />
kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
amis Sedegad, Tanamdebobis piris arCevnebis<br />
legitimurobis sakiTxi aRar xdeba sadavo da<br />
igi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dasturiT,<br />
Seudgeba Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas;<br />
mesame, sasamarTlo xelisufleba, romelic,<br />
rogorc wesi, iqmneba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebebisagan, uSualod<br />
miiRebs monawileobas am ori xelisuflebis<br />
arCevnebis gziT formirebaSi, rac xelisuflebis<br />
StoTa Soris urTierTkontrolisa da<br />
gawonasworebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damatebiTi<br />
garanti iqneba.<br />
7<br />
ix. evropuli komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT<br />
(veneciis komisia). saarCevno kodeqsi. saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebi da ganmartebiTi moxseneba. miRebul iqna veneciis<br />
komisiis 52-e sxdomaze (venecia, 18-19 oqtomberi, 2002).<br />
Tbilisi, 2003w., gv. 49.<br />
63
iakob futkaraZe<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da<br />
ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
iakob futkaraZe<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da<br />
ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufis<br />
xelmZRvaneli, iuridiul mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori.<br />
saqarTveloSi mzaddeba qveynis uzenaesi<br />
kanonis _ moqmedi konstituciis axali redaqciis<br />
proeqti da am mimarTulebiT intensiuri<br />
muSaoba mimdinareobs. Seiqmna saxelmwifo<br />
sakonstitucio komisia da ganisazRvra<br />
misi personaluri Semadgenloba. saqarTvelos<br />
prezidentis 2009 wlis 23 ivnisis brZanebulebiT<br />
damtkicda komisiis debuleba. Camoyalibebulia<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis, prezidentis<br />
institutis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis,<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi<br />
uflebebis, teritoriuli mowyobisa da adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis, konstituciis<br />
gadasinjvis da sxva sakiTxTa samuSao jgufebi.<br />
xsenebuli debulebis mixedviT, sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis ZiriTadi amocanebia qveynis<br />
Tanamedrove, mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTarebis,<br />
samarTlis uzenaesobis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa<br />
da saxelmwifos Soris civiluri<br />
urTierTobebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>isaTvis Sesabamisi<br />
Sinaarsis konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis<br />
momzadeba. konstituciis gadasinjvis<br />
farglebSi moiazreba saxelmwifos boWva Ziri-<br />
Tadi uflebebiT, saxelisuflebo ganStoebaTa<br />
efeqtiani, gawonasworebuli sistema da sxva<br />
konstituciur debulebaTa axleburi xedva.<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia Sedgeba<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT gansazRvruli<br />
moqalaqeTa <strong>pol</strong>itikuri gaerTianebebis,<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, afxazeTisa<br />
da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis<br />
umaRlesi sabWoebis, y<strong>of</strong>ili samxreT oseTis<br />
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze droebiTi<br />
administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
administraciis da saqarTvelos konstituciiT<br />
gansazRvruli saxelmwifo organoebisa<br />
da Tanamdebobis pirebis mier warmodgenili<br />
wevrebis, agreTve saqarTvelos prezidentis<br />
gankargulebiT gansazRvruli akademiuri personalisa<br />
da specialistebisagan.<br />
sakonstitucio komisiis personaluri Semadgenloba<br />
imeds iZleva, rom Seiqmneba kargi,<br />
xarisxiani saboloo produqti.<br />
samwuxarod, saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiaSi ar monawileoben arasaparlamento<br />
opoziciis warmomadgenlebi _ saqmis mcodne<br />
kargi specialistebi, <strong>pol</strong>itikuri moRvaweebi.<br />
isini sazogadoebriv sakonstitucio komisiaSi<br />
gaerTiandnen da calke saqmianoben. cxadia,<br />
saukeTeso varianti iqneboda sakonstitucio<br />
cvlilebebze erToblivad muSaoba, magram<br />
cal-calke muSaobiTac ar iqmneba didi tragedia:<br />
es xalxi mtrebi ki ara, mokeTeebi arian;<br />
kargia, rom problemebze isinic fiqroben da<br />
muSaoben. maTi muSaobis Sedegadac momzaddeba<br />
sakonstitucio cvlilebaTa proeqti. albaT,<br />
gamoinaxeba gzebi da saSualebebi rogorc<br />
erTi, ise meore mxaris nafiqralis SejerebisaTvis.<br />
amaze orive mxarem unda izrunos.<br />
radganac konstitucia aris ZiriTadi kanoni,<br />
uzenaesi kanoni, igi saTanado pativiscemiT<br />
mopyrobas moiTxovs. konstitucia rTuli<br />
da Zneli koleqtiuri Sromis produqtia. asea<br />
Seqmnili umravlesi qveynebis konstituciebi.<br />
Tavidanve, ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi pirveli konstituciis<br />
proeqtis SemuSavebiTa da miRebiT dadasturda,<br />
rom `didi kompromisebis~ gareSe qveynis<br />
srulfasovani ZiriTadi kanonis Seqmnis mcdeloba<br />
marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. es saqarTvelosTvisac<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia. aucilebeli<br />
kompromisebisaTvis farTo sazogadoebrioba<br />
da qveynis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri Zalebic mzad unda<br />
iyvne n.<br />
64
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis muSaobisaTvis<br />
gansazRvrul mokle _ xuT-eqvsTvian<br />
periodSi SeuZlebeli iqneba mTliani proeqtis<br />
momzadeba. komisiis muSaoba ZiriTadad<br />
warmatebulad CaiTvleba, Tu moxdeba xelisuflebis<br />
ganStoebaTa gonivruli dabalanseba<br />
da saqarTvelosTvis Sesaferisi modelis SemuSaveba.<br />
amiT gadawydeba saqarTvelos axali<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis yvelaze ufro<br />
mtkivneuli Sida problema.<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mar-<br />
Tva-gamgebloba droulad dasaxvewia, Torem<br />
qveyana SeiZleba damRupvel CixSi Sevides. qveynis<br />
mmarTveloba uvargisi iqneba, Tu konstitucia<br />
moergeba ara mTeli sazogadoebis, aramed<br />
calkeuli pirovnebebisa da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
gaerTianebebis an gansazRvruli socialuri<br />
jgufebis interesebs.<br />
xangrZlivi stabiluri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
saqarTvelo, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
ar imy<strong>of</strong>eba sasurvel mdgomareobaSi.<br />
kanonieri xelisuflebis iaraRiT damxobam<br />
1991-1992 wlebSi safuZveli daudo Tanamedrove<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis damangrevel<br />
tendecias. ager TiTqmis 20 welia da<br />
problemad iqca, rom xelisuflebis cvla<br />
moxdes legitimur farglebSi da vadebSi, rogorc<br />
amas moiTxovs normaluri sazogadoebrivi<br />
da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba. albaT,<br />
mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu Camoyalibdeba mkafio<br />
konstituciuri danawesi, rom qveynis mxsnel<br />
revoluciad ki ara, aramed amboxebad<br />
CaiTvalos xalxis saxeliT xelisuflebis Sesacvlelad<br />
mowyobili yvela SeiaraRebuli<br />
moqmedeba.<br />
sakonstitucio reforma mravalmxrivi procesia<br />
da yvela sakiTxze erTad msjeloba<br />
SeuZlebelia. winamdebare statia umTavresad<br />
Seexeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa<br />
da ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufis saqmianobis<br />
sferos, romelsac Seadgens qveynis<br />
konstituciis me-2 da me-5 Tavebi. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis es Tavebi, Sesabamisad,<br />
moicaven adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs<br />
da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas.<br />
amasTan erTad, samuSao jgufis interesebis<br />
sferoSi unda moeqces agreTve konstituciis<br />
sxva Tavebis is normebi, principebi da debulebebi,<br />
romlebic sasamarTlo xelisuflebas<br />
an adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs Seexeba da<br />
ukavSirdeba. Temis umTavresi mimarTulebebi<br />
statiaSi mxolod zogadad da calkeuli savaraudo<br />
konstituciuri cvlilebebis magaliTze<br />
ganixileba.<br />
samuSao jgufis mizansa da saqmianobis ganmsazRvrel<br />
mimarTulebas warmoadgens, erTi<br />
mxriv, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, sasamarTloebisa<br />
da mosamarTleebis damoukideblobis a<br />
da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a, xolo,<br />
meore mxriv, adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da<br />
TavisuflebaTa dacvis myari da efeqturi<br />
konstituciuri garantiebis Camoyalibeba.<br />
Sesa muSavebelia qarTul sinamdvilesTan Sexamebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi, romlebic<br />
maqsimalurad SeboWavs, daavaldebulebs<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebas da uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s<br />
adamianis uflebaTa praqtikulad ganxorcielebas.<br />
jgufi iTvaliswinebs konstituciis Sesabamis<br />
TavebSi Camoyalibebuli normebis moqmedebis<br />
gamocdilebas. mxedvelobaSi miiReba maTi<br />
praqtikulad gamoyenebis Sedegebi, uary<strong>of</strong>i-<br />
Ti mxareebis gamovlineba. am gziT gamoikve-<br />
Teba sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi, deformaciebi<br />
da gadaxrebi, gairkveva maTi mizezebi da daisaxeba<br />
saTanado konstituciur-samarTlebrivi<br />
inovaciebi _ xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad<br />
SemuSavdeba axali normebi, xolo arsebuli,<br />
magram nawilobriv Tu mTlianad uarsay<strong>of</strong>i<br />
debulebebi saWiroebisamebr, an Sesabamisi redaqciiT<br />
Camoyalibdeba, anda teqstidan amosa-<br />
Rebad iqneba rekomendebuli.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi<br />
uflebebis samuSao jgufma saqmianoba<br />
mimdinare wlis 8 ivliss daiwyo. statiaSi<br />
wamoWrili sxvadasxva sakiTxebi periodulad<br />
ganixileboda samuSao jgufis sxdomebze. zogierT<br />
maTganze msjeloba iyo agreTve saqar-<br />
Tvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis<br />
saredaqcio jgufis gafarToebul sxdomaze,<br />
romelic gaimarTa q. baTumSi 2009 wlis 5-7<br />
agvistos. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom statiaSi<br />
erTgvarad warmodgenilia samuSao jgufis<br />
xanmokle _ faqtobrivad samkviriani saqmianobis<br />
ZiriTadi Sedegebi, anu mosazrebani<br />
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis reformirebis<br />
calkeul sakiTxebze adamianis uflebebTan<br />
da sasamarTlo xelisuflebasTan mimar-<br />
TebiT. mTavari mimarTulebebi da savaraudo<br />
konkretuli konstituciuri cvlilebebi<br />
65
iakob futkaraZe<br />
dasaxulia jer sasamarTlo xelisuflebis,<br />
Semdeg ki ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi. um-<br />
Tavresad ganixileba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
konstituciuri safuZvlebis gajansaRebis<br />
problemebi. am TvalsazrisiT msjeloba iqneba<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis orive ganStoebaze<br />
_ ZiriTadad saerTo sasamarTloebze, xolo<br />
nawilobriv, agreTve sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
saprezidento, sakanonmdeblo da<br />
aRmasrulebeli sferoebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, agreTve ZiriTad<br />
uflebaTa dRevandel konstituciur mowesrigebaSi<br />
arsebiTad Sesacvleli bevri araferia.<br />
sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc aq, statiaSi moyvanili<br />
magaliTebiT irkveva, saqme sxvanairadaa<br />
da qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis am<br />
sferoSi, umeteswilad ki sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
konstituciur mowesrigebaSi arsebuli<br />
realuri viTareba saerTo sakonstitucio<br />
reformis aucileblobis erT-erTi angariSgasawevi<br />
argumentia.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSi, pirvel<br />
rigSi, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis am ganStoebis<br />
konstituciur-samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi,<br />
saxeldobr ki saerTo sasamarTloebis sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazaa mosagvarebeli. 1995 wlis<br />
konstituciis amoqmedebidan dRemde saqar-<br />
TveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba aRniSnuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT sruliad miuRebeli da Zireulad<br />
Sesacvlelia. igi konstituciisadmi, anu<br />
Cveni saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonisadmi upativcemulobis,<br />
misi abuCad agdebis, kanonierebis<br />
principis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>is gamoxatulebaa<br />
da araTu samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis,<br />
aramed saerTod civilizebuli qveynisTvis<br />
Seuferebelia.<br />
ganvixiloT garemoebebi, romlebic safuZvlad<br />
udevs aseT mkacr, magram samarTlian<br />
da arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosworebisaTvis<br />
aucileblad saWiro Sefasebas. konkretulad,<br />
konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 punqtTan da<br />
90-e muxlis me-3 punqtTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
SevamowmoT organuli kanonebi saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saerTo<br />
sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb.<br />
konstituciis 90-e muxlis me-3 punqtis<br />
mixedviT, `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
uflebamosileba, organizacia, saqmianobisa da<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrTa uflebamosilebis<br />
vadamde Sewyvetis wesi ganisazRvreba kanoniT~.<br />
mocemul SemTxvevaSi termin `kanonis~ xmareba<br />
iseTi msazRvreli sityvis gareSe, rogoricaa,<br />
saxeldobr, `organuli~, imis pirdapiri<br />
maCvenebelia, rom konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
Cveulebrivi, anu mimdinare kanonis<br />
miReba. miuxedavad amisa, 1999 wlis 12 maiss<br />
miRebuli iqna organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb.~ es yovlad<br />
warmoudgeneli da dauSvebelia _ konstituciiT<br />
dadgenilia erTi da keTdeba meore.<br />
gamamarTlebel garemoebad ver gamodgeba<br />
konstituciis `gardamavali debulebebis~ 107-<br />
e muxlis pirveli punqtis is debuleba, rom<br />
`konstituciis Sesabamisad sasamarTlo wyobilebis<br />
organuli kanonebis miRebamde ZalaSi<br />
rCeba sasamarTlo wyobilebis moqmedi kanonmdebloba~.<br />
aq naTqvamia is, rom sasamarTlo<br />
wyobilebis organuli kanonebi konstituciis<br />
Sesabamisad miiReba. konstituciaSi ki aseTi<br />
organuli kanonebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris<br />
da, maSasadame, maTi miReba marTlzomier movlenad<br />
ver CaiTvleba. 107-e muxlis citirebuli<br />
punqti mxolod imis maCvenebelia, rom<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZvlis gansazRvris sakiTxSi<br />
konstituciis calkeul debulebebs Soris<br />
SeuTanxmebloba da Seusabamobaa.<br />
damatebiT, isic sakiTxavia, Tu ra safuZvliT<br />
iqna miRebuli xsenebuli organuli<br />
kanoni 1999 wels. konstituciiTac rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli, igi, `gardamavali<br />
debulebebis~ 106-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
ZiriTadi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlidan<br />
2 wlis ganmavlobaSi, e.i. 1997 wlis 25 noembramde<br />
unda mieRoT.<br />
amgvarad, `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
Sesaxeb~ organul kanons konstituciuri<br />
safuZveli ar gaaCnia. igi, arsebiTad, ukanono<br />
kanonia.<br />
konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tavdapirveli<br />
redaqciiT, `marTlmsajulebas<br />
axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloebi. maTi<br />
sistema da samarTalwarmoebis wesi dadgenilia<br />
kanoniT~. cxadia, rom konstitucia am SemTxvevaSic<br />
Cveulebrivi kanonis miRebas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
aqac, konstituciis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
1997 wlis 13 ivniss miRebuli iqna organuli<br />
kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb.~ igi,<br />
`saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~<br />
66
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
organuli kanonisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavsdeba<br />
konstituciiT dadgenil orwlian vadaSi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, konstituciiT gansazRvruli<br />
Cveulebrivi kanonis nacvlad organuli<br />
kanonis miReba TviTnebobaa da, veraviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi, kanonier aqtad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:<br />
`saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
Sesaxeb~ ukanonod miRebuli organuli kanonis<br />
moqmedeba kvlavac _ ager ukve meTerTmete<br />
welia _ grZeldeba. misgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
`saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ ukanonod<br />
miRebuli organuli kanonis moqmedebis kanonier<br />
farglebSi moqcevis mcdeloba Tumca<br />
sakmaod gvian, magram 9 wlis Semdeg mainc<br />
ganxorcield a.<br />
2006 wlis 27 dekembers konstituciis 83-e<br />
muxlis me-2 punqti Camoyalibda axali redaqciiT:<br />
`marTlmsajulebas axorcieleben saer-<br />
To sasamarTloebi. maTi sistema dadgenilia<br />
organuli kanoniT~.<br />
am cvlilebis miuxedavad, `saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ ukanonod miRebuli organuli<br />
kanoni, misi marTlzomierebis sagangebod<br />
dadasturebis gareSe, legitimurad mainc<br />
ver CaiTvleba. mTavari ki is metad uxerxuli<br />
Seusabamobaa, rom aRniSnuli cvlilebis Semdeg,<br />
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, konstituciiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia, erTi mxriv, zogadad<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli<br />
kanonis, xolo, meore mxriv, konkretulad<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb Cveulebrivi<br />
kanonis miReba. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi<br />
uflebebis samuSao jgufSi gamoTqmuli<br />
mosazrebis mixedviT, mizanSewonili da<br />
yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu konstituciiT<br />
amJamad gaTvaliswinebuli ori sxvadasxva<br />
donis normatiuli aqtis _ `saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonisa da<br />
`saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~<br />
formalurad (konstituciis mixedviT) kanonis,<br />
xolo faqtobrivad miRebuli organuli<br />
kanonis nacvlad dadgindeba mxolod erTi _<br />
organuli kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~.<br />
am erTi normatiuli aqtiT ganisazRvreba<br />
yvela donis saerTo sasamarTlos (maT<br />
Soris _ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos)<br />
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2<br />
punqtTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs is<br />
garemoebac, rom misi axali redaqciiT teqstidan<br />
amovarda `samarTalwarmoebis wesi~:<br />
Tavdapirveli teqsti iTvaliswinebda samar-<br />
Talwarmoebis wesis kanoniT dadgenis aucileblobas,<br />
rac aRar aris axal redaqciaSi.<br />
es dasafiqrebelia im mxriv, rom Teoriulad<br />
iqmneba samarTalwarmoebis wesis kanonqvemdebare<br />
aqtiT dadgenis SesaZlebloba. marTalia,<br />
konstituciis me-3 muxlis pirveli punqtis `J~<br />
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia `saproceso kanonmdebloba~<br />
(`mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles<br />
saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas<br />
miekuTvneba... saproceso kanonmdebloba~),<br />
magram es, albaT, saqmes ver uSvelis,<br />
radgan `samarTalwarmoebis wesSi~ da `saproceso<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi~ identuri Sinaarsi ar<br />
igulisxmeba.<br />
dasazustebelia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
is statusi, rom igi aris `umaRlesi<br />
sakasacio sasamarTlo~ (konstituciis 90.1<br />
muxli). qvemdgomi sakasacio sasamarTlos<br />
ararsebobis gamo, msazRvreli sityva `umaRlesi~<br />
konstituciis teqstidan amosaRebia.<br />
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebiT TvalsaCinod<br />
dasturdeba is, rom konstituciis reformirebis<br />
erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZvlebis erTgvarovnad gansazRvra<br />
da warmarTva unda iqnes miCneuli. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, TviT konstituciis doneze arsebuli<br />
xarvezebisa da gaurkvevlobis daZlevis<br />
gareSe, sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad ar mogvardeba sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebis gamarTuli saqmianoba<br />
da amis moTxovnac dausabuTebeli iqneba rogorc<br />
zneobrivi, ise samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis konstituciuri<br />
safuZvlebis reformirebis metismetad rTul<br />
da mravalmxriv mimarTulebas warmoadgens<br />
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis garantiebis<br />
ganmtkiceba, rac sxvadasxva gzebiTa da saSualebebiT<br />
miiRweva. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgan<br />
i.<br />
amJamad, konstituciis 84-e muxlis me-2<br />
punqtiT, 86-e muxlis me-2 punqtiTa da 90-e<br />
muxlis me-3 punqtiT, mosamarTleTa SerCevis,<br />
daniSvnis, saqmis ganxilvisagan Camocilebis,<br />
Tanamdebobidan vadamde ganTavisuflebisa Tu<br />
uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis an sxva<br />
Tanamdebobaze gadayvanis wesi ganisazRvreba<br />
kanoniT. mosamarTlis konstituciur-samarT-<br />
67
iakob futkaraZe<br />
lebrivi statusis asamaRleblad da misi damoukideblobis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>isaTvis mizan-<br />
Sewonili iqneba zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ara<br />
mimdinare, anu Cveulebrivi, aramed organuli<br />
kanoniT mowesrigeba.<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroeben<br />
raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebi,<br />
vinaidan ZiriTadad swored maTi saqmianobis<br />
Sedegad iqmneba warmodgena qveyanaSi<br />
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mdgomareobis<br />
Sesaxeb. amJamad moqmedi (2006 wlis 27<br />
dekembers SemoRebuli) wesis mixedviT, romelic<br />
ganmtkicebulia konstituciis 86 1 muxlis<br />
pirvel punqtSi, aRniSnuli sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze daniSvna da Tanamdebobidan<br />
ganTavisufleba saqarTvelos<br />
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos kompetencias ganekuTvneba.<br />
aseTi wesis SemoReba marTebulad<br />
da mizanSewonilad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos Seqmnidan<br />
ukve sakmaod didi dro _ TerTmeti weli gavida,<br />
magram sazogadoebaSi kvlavac dabalia<br />
mosamarTlis avtoriteti, sasamarTlosadmi<br />
ndobis xarisxi. faqtia, rom sabWoTa periodidan<br />
tradiciulad momdinare aseTi mdgomareobis<br />
arsebiTad gamosworebas iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi sabWo ver uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s. saqmes ver<br />
Svelis am organos reformireba, rasac TvalsaCinod<br />
adasturebs 2004-2007 wlebSi Catarebuli<br />
cvlilebebi. am oTxi wlis ganmavloba-<br />
Si ganxorcielda xuTi cvlileba (2004 wlis<br />
ivnisSi, 2005 wlis noemberSi, 2006 wlis maissa<br />
da dekemberSi, 2007 wlis ivnisSi), magram maT<br />
saWiro Sedegebi ar mohyolia. aqedan aSkarad<br />
Cans, rom aucilebelia sxva, ufro qmediTi<br />
zomebis miReba.<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis<br />
samuSao jgufSi mimdinareobs msjeloba<br />
raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio<br />
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze<br />
daniSvnisa da Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis<br />
arsebuli wesis Secvlis Sesaxeb.<br />
amasTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa mosamarTleTa<br />
statusis Sesaxeb evropis qartiis zogadi<br />
principebi. kerZod, qartia iTvaliswinebs<br />
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos statusis<br />
mqone organos mxolod monawileobas yvela<br />
im gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic<br />
Seexeba mosamarTleTa SerCevas, kandidaturebis<br />
moZiebas, daniSvnas, samsaxurebriv<br />
winsvlas an samsaxuris vadis Sewyvetas (Tavi<br />
1, punqti 1.3). am principis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT,<br />
konstituciuri cvlileba mosamarTleTa<br />
Tanamdebobaze gamwesebasTan mimarTebiT zogadad<br />
SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: raionuli<br />
(saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa<br />
kandidaturebs SearCevs iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi sabWo. SerCeul kandidaturebs<br />
saqarTvelos prezidenti warudgens parlaments<br />
dasamtkiceblad. parlamenti, Tavis<br />
mxriv, xmaTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobiT<br />
(vTqvaT, siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT),<br />
daamtkicebs an uary<strong>of</strong>s wardgenil kandidaturebs.<br />
am cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT gasa-<br />
Tvaliswinebelia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebs prezidentis wardginebiT ir-<br />
Cevs parlamenti. SemoTavazebuli cvlilebis<br />
ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi damkvidrdeba<br />
met-naklebi erTgvarovnoba saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
sistemis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze<br />
gamwesebaSi, mniSvnelovnad ganmtkicdeba<br />
mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, gaumjobesdeba<br />
kandidaturebis SerCevis xarisxobrivi<br />
maCvenebeli, gaizrdeba sajarooba, procesi<br />
gamova sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erTgvarad<br />
Caketili wridan da CairTveba xelisuflebis<br />
ganStoebaTa urTierTTanamSromlobisa da<br />
gawonasworebis meqanizmi.<br />
SemoTavazebul wess, saxelmwifos umaRlesi<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze<br />
gamwesebis TvalsazrisiT, analogebi moepoveba,<br />
magaliTad, latviaSi, serbeTSi, sloveniasa<br />
da ukrainaSi: latviaSi, konstituciis<br />
84-e muxlis mixedviT, mosamarTleebs amtkicebs<br />
seimi; serbeTis konstituciis 147-e<br />
muxlis Tanaxmad, pirs, romelic mosamarTlis<br />
Tanamdebobaze pirvelad airCeva, umaRlesi sasamarTlo<br />
sabWos wardginebiT mosamarTled<br />
irCevs erovnuli kreba; sloveniis konstituciis<br />
130-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mosamarTleebi<br />
airCevian saxelmwifo krebis mier sasamarTlo<br />
sabWos wardginebiT; ukrainis konstituciis<br />
128-e muxli awesebs, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleebi umaRlesi radas mier<br />
airCevian (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze pirvel<br />
daniSvnas 5 wlis vadiT axorcielebs ukrainis<br />
prezidenti). azerbaijanis saapelacio sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebis msgavsad, iniSnebian minis<br />
mejlisis mier respublikis prezidentis<br />
68
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
wardginebiT (azerbaijanis konstituciis 131-<br />
132 muxlebi). litvaSi ki, konstituciis 112-e<br />
muxlis Sesabamisad, saapelacio sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebi da maTi Semadgenlobidan Tavmjdomare<br />
iniSnebian prezidentis mier seimis<br />
TanxmobiT. zogan saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebs<br />
Tanamdebobaze araTu umaRlesi<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi organo _ parlamenti,<br />
aramed mTavrobac ki ganamwesebs. kerZod, iaponiis<br />
konstituciis 79-e da me-80 muxlebis<br />
Tanaxmad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos yvela mosamarTle<br />
(mTavari mosamarTlis garda) iniSneba<br />
kabinetis (aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganmaxorcielebeli<br />
organos) mier; qvemdgomi instanciis<br />
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs niSnavs<br />
kabineti uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier wardgenil<br />
pirTa siidan.<br />
amgvarad, sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebidan<br />
moyvanili magaliTebiT dasturdeba,<br />
rom saqarTvelosTvis SemoTavazebuli<br />
wesi raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze<br />
gamwesebis Sesaxeb gasaTvaliswinebeli da misaRebia.<br />
samuSao jgufSi ganixileba saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis axleburad gadawyveta.<br />
erT-erTi variantia impiCmentis wesi.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom impiCmentis zogierTi<br />
procedura (magaliTad, aRZvris wesi) saer-<br />
Tod mosamarTleebTan mimarTebiT jer kidev<br />
gasaazrebeli da gadasawyvetia (amJamad impiCmentis<br />
wesiT mosamarTleebidan SeiZleba<br />
mxolod uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris<br />
ganTavisufleba konstituciis darRvevisas<br />
an/da danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi). cxadia,<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebis Sesabamisi gamocdilebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoricxuli ar aris<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
ganTavisuflebis sxva qmediTi meqanizmis<br />
SemuSaveba. mxedvelobaSia, kerZod, parlamentis<br />
mier Cveulebrivi kenWisyris gziT,<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
vadamde ganTavisufleba saqar-<br />
Tvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos saTanado<br />
CarTviT. cvlileba ar unda Seexos saqarTvelos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, romelic<br />
TviTon wyvets Tavisi wevrebis Tanamdebobidan<br />
vadamde ganTavisuflebis sakiTxs.<br />
sazRvargareTis calkeuli qveynebis konstituciebis<br />
mixedviT, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
ganTavisufleba SeiZleba parlamentis<br />
mier rogorc impiCmentis wesiT, ise Cveulebrivi<br />
kenWisyris meSveobiT.<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mosamarTleTa<br />
vadamde ganTavisufleba mxolod da mxolod<br />
impiCmentis gziT daiSveba. mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
ganTavisufleba mxolod impiCmentis<br />
wesiT erT-erTia im Tormeti ZiriTadi<br />
principidan, romelTac emyareba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis damoukidebeli sasamarTlo<br />
sistema. impiCmenti mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
gadasayeneblad gamoiyeneba iaponiaSi. am<br />
qveynis konstituciis 78-e muxli adgens, rom<br />
ar SeiZleba mosamarTle impiCmentis wesiT<br />
gadayenebuli iqnes Tanamdebobidan saqmis sajaro<br />
ganxilvis gareSe, garda im SemTxvevebisa,<br />
rodesac igi sasamarTlo wesiT gonebrivad<br />
am fizikurad qmeduunarod aris aRiarebuli,<br />
raTa Seasrulos Tavisi valdebulebebi.<br />
sainteresoa litvis magaliTi. aq dakanonebulia<br />
orive zemoxsenebuli wesis gamoyeneba.<br />
litvis konstituciis 112-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da<br />
mosamarTleebi Tavisufldebian seimis mier<br />
prezidentis wardginebiT, xolo saapelacio<br />
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da mosamarTleebi<br />
_ prezidentis mier seimis TanxmobiT.<br />
konstituciis 116-e muxlis mixedviT ki, uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da mosamarTleebi,<br />
agreTve saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare<br />
da mosamarTleebi, konstituciis<br />
uxeSi darRvevis an ficis darRvevisaTvis,<br />
agreTve danaSaulis Cadenis faqtis gamovlenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gadayenebuli iqnen<br />
Tanamdebobidan seimis mier impiCmentis wesiT.<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa gan-<br />
Tavisufleba parlamentis mier Cveulebrivi<br />
kenWisyriT miRebulia, magaliTad, ukrainaSi<br />
(ix. konstituciis 126-e da 128-e muxlebi). latviis<br />
konstituciiTac (mux. 84) dadgenilia,<br />
rom mosamarTleTa ganTavisufleba maTi survilis<br />
winaaRmdeg seims SeuZlia mxolod kanoniT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlo<br />
disciplinuri kolegiis gadawyvetilebis<br />
an sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze sasamarTlos<br />
ganaCenis safuZvelze. avstraliaSi mosamarTleebi<br />
parlamentis orive palatis mimarTvis<br />
Sedegad Tavisufldebian (konstituciis 72-e<br />
muxlis II punqti). Taviseburi wesia miRebuli<br />
argentinaSi, sadac mosamarTleebs parlamentis<br />
qveda palatis braldebiT aTavisuflebs<br />
69
iakob futkaraZe<br />
orive palatis mier Seqmnili specialuri Jiuri<br />
(ix. argentinis konstituciis 115-e muxli).<br />
azerbaijanis mili mejlisi uflebamosilia<br />
prezidentis wardginebis safuZvelze Tanamdebobidan<br />
gadaayenos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos,<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saapelacio<br />
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi aranakleb<br />
83 xmiT, xolo sxva mosamarTleebi _ aranakleb<br />
63 xmiT (konstituciis 128-e muxlis V punqti).<br />
zemoT warmodgenili monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
saqarTvelosTvis, albaT, ufro<br />
misaRebi iqneba, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleebi Tanamdebobidan gaanTavisuflos<br />
parlamentma Cveulebrivi kenWisyriT,<br />
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wardginebis safuZvelze.<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios bevr qveyanaSi miRebulia mosamarTleTa<br />
Seucvlelobis wesi. igi miekuTvneba<br />
iseT ZiriTad principebs, romlebic safuZvlad<br />
udevs Sesabamisi qveynis sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis damoukideblobas. mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze<br />
uvadod gamweseba SemoRebulia,<br />
kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, argentinaSi,<br />
safrangeTSi, belgiaSi, luqsemburgSi,<br />
<strong>pol</strong>oneTSi, CexeTSi, xorvatiaSi, serbeTSi,<br />
ukrainaSi, ruseTSi, yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi,<br />
moldovaSi, somxeTSi, estoneTSi, latviaSi,<br />
israelSi, saberZneTSi, makedoniaSi, germania-<br />
Si, espaneTSi, TurqeTsa da rumineTSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi mosamarTleTa uflebamosilebis<br />
vada axla Seadgens 10 wels. ukve dadga<br />
imis dro, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare,<br />
sxva qveynebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic SemoRebuli<br />
iqnes saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa<br />
Seucvlelobis wesi, anu Tanamdebobaze<br />
uvadod gamweseba. Sesabamisad, saWiro<br />
iqneba saTanado cvlilebebis Setana konstituciis<br />
86.2 da 90.2 muxlebSi. marTalia, aRniSnuli<br />
muxlebis formula Tanamdebobaze<br />
`aranakleb 10 wlis vadiT~ gamwesebis Sesaxeb<br />
mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesis dadgenasac<br />
ar gamoricxavs, magram meti garkveulobisa<br />
da kategoriuli gansazRvrulobis mizniT<br />
misi Secvla da teqstis axali redaqciiT Camoyalibeba<br />
mainc aucilebelia.<br />
mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesi ar unda<br />
gavrceldes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebze,<br />
im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
imave Tanamdebobaze maTi meorejer gamweseba<br />
dauSvebelia.<br />
aseTi sxvadasxvagvari midgoma saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleebisa da sakonstitucio<br />
kontrolisa Tu zedamxedvelobis<br />
organos wevrebis Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis<br />
vadebisadmi dakanonebulia iseTi qveynebis<br />
konstituciebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, safrangeTi,<br />
<strong>pol</strong>oneTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi da<br />
ukraina. konkretulad, safrangeTis sakonstitucio<br />
sabWos wevrTa uflebamosilebis vada 9<br />
welia da dauSvebelia maTi xelaxla daniSvna<br />
(mux. 56), xolo saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi<br />
Seucvlelni arian (mux. 64); aseve<br />
ganusazRvreli vadiT iniSnebian saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleebi <strong>pol</strong>oneTSi (mux.<br />
179-180), sakonstitucio tribunalis mosamarTlis<br />
uflebamosilebis vada ki Seadgens<br />
9 wels da misi xelaxla arCeva dauSvebelia<br />
(mux. 194); CexeTSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebi iniSnebian 10 wliT (mux.<br />
84.1), saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi<br />
_ ganusazRvreli vadiT (mux. 93.1); slovakeTis<br />
respublikaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTle iniSneba 12 wlis vadiT (mux. 134.2),<br />
xolo saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTle _ uvadod<br />
(145.1); ukrainaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleebis pirveli daniSvna xdeba 5 wlis<br />
vadiT, Semdeg ki isini airCevian uvadod (mux.<br />
128). rac Seexeba ukrainis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTleebs, isini iniSnebian<br />
9 wlis vadiT meorejer gamwesebis uflebis<br />
gareSe (mux. 148).<br />
maSasadame, saqarTvelosTvis SemoTavazebuli<br />
Sesabamisi wesi dasabuTebuli da misaRebia.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tavdapirvel<br />
redaqciaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTlisa<br />
da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris<br />
Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis saWiro minimaluri<br />
asakobrivi zRvari Seadgenda Sesabamisad 30<br />
da 35 wels. 2005 wlis 25 dekembers konstituciaSi<br />
Sevida cvlileba, romliTac xsenebuli<br />
asakobrivi zRvari Semcirda 28 wlamde saerTo<br />
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis, xolo<br />
30 wlamde _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebisaTvis.<br />
minimaluri asakobrivi zRvaris Semcirebis<br />
gasamarTleblad miuTiTeben, rom es kvalificiuri<br />
iuridiuli kadrebis simciris pirobebSi<br />
iZleva mosamarTleTa damatebiTi kontingentis<br />
miRebis SesaZleblobas. magram namdvilad<br />
uxerxulia iuridiuli kadrebis naklebobaze<br />
laparaki im patara qveyanaSi, romlis mraval-<br />
70
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
Tagan mxolod erTi universitetis iuridiul<br />
fakultetze marto erT saswavlo wels ramdenime<br />
aseuli studenti Cairicxeba. aq ueWvelad<br />
sxva samkurnalo saSualebaa mosaZebni. dauSvebelia<br />
_ marTlmsajulebisa da sakonstitucio<br />
kontrolis ganxorcielebisaTvis potenciurad<br />
zianis mimyenebeli faqtoria vakansiebis<br />
Sevseba mosamarTleobisaTvis saWiro minimaluri<br />
asakobrivi zRvaris Semcirebis saSualebiT,<br />
vinaidan es zRudavs mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis<br />
dakavebisaTvis aucilebeli codnisa<br />
da unar-Cvevebis SedarebiT ufro srulad Se-<br />
Zenis SesaZleblobas.<br />
swored aucilebeli codna-gamocdilebis<br />
SeZenisa da samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaferisi<br />
solidurobiT sasamarTlo procesis<br />
monawileTa ndoba-pativiscemis mopovebis<br />
TvalsazrisiTaa mizanSewonili Tanamdebobis<br />
dasakaveblad saWiro minimaluri asakobrivi<br />
zRvaris gazrda: 28 wlis nacvlad isev 30<br />
wlamde _ saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis;<br />
30 wlis nacvlad kvlav 35 wlamde<br />
_ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebisaTvis.<br />
am savaraudo konstituciur cvlilebaSi<br />
uCveulo da miuRebeli araferia. amas adasturebs<br />
calkeul qveynebSi dawesebuli Sesabamisi<br />
minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari. magali-<br />
Tad, braziliis konstituciis 101-li muxlis<br />
mixedviT, uzenaesi federaluri sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTled SeiZleba gamwesdes 35 wels<br />
miRweuli moqalaqe. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi<br />
_ tajikeTSi konstituciiT dadgenilia, rom<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos, umaRlesi ekonomikuri<br />
sasamarTlos, mTiani badaxSanis avtonomiuri<br />
olqis sasamarTlos, saolqo sasamarTloebisa<br />
da duSanbes sasamarTlos mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze<br />
airCevian da iniSnebian aranakleb 30<br />
wlis asakis iuristebi (mux. 85). aseve, azerbaijanSic<br />
mosamarTled SeiZleba dainiSnos<br />
aranakleb 30 wlis asaks miRweuli moqalaqe<br />
(azerbaijanis konstitucia, mux. 126.1). sainteresoa<br />
iTqvas, rom igive minimaluri asaki<br />
(30 weli) aris dadgenili azerbaijanis respublikis<br />
premier-ministris Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad<br />
(mux. 121.1). slovakeTis respublikaSic<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTled<br />
SeiZleba dainiSnos 30 wlis asaks miRweuli moqalaqe<br />
(slovakeTis konstitucia, mux. 145.2).<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom slovakeTis<br />
konstituciiT (mux. 134.3), sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
mosamarTled aranakleb 40 wlis<br />
asaks miRweuli moqalaqe SeiZleba dainiSnos.<br />
ukrainaSic, konstituciis 148-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTle<br />
SeiZleba iyos moqalaqe, romelmac daniSvnis<br />
dRisTvis 40 wlis asaks miaRwia.<br />
samuSao jgufSi gaimarTa msjeloba imis<br />
Taobaze, rom gafarTovdes saqarTvelos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba,<br />
riTac kidev ufro gaizrdeba misi roli da<br />
mniSvneloba. am mizniT mzaddeba konstituciis<br />
89-e muxlSi Sesatani damatebis proeqti. ivaraudeba,<br />
rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixilos<br />
da gadawyvitos saerTo sasamarTlos<br />
mier konkretul saqmeze miRebuli saboloo<br />
aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, rodesac<br />
amowurulia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo<br />
dacvis yvela saSualeba. am siaxlis Sedegad<br />
saerTo sasamarTloebis saqmianobac gaumjobesdeba.<br />
aseTi savaraudo konstituciuri cvlilebis<br />
sasargeblod mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna,<br />
rom analogiuri uflebamosileba aqvs germaniis<br />
federaciuli respublikis sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos.<br />
saqarTvelosTvis saintereso unda iyos Sesabamisi<br />
danawesis sakmaod ganvrcobili saxiT<br />
arseboba masaviT y<strong>of</strong>ili mokavSire respublikebis<br />
_ azerbaijanis, belarusis, ruseTis,<br />
somxeTisa da tajikeTis ZiriTad kanonebSi.<br />
azerbaijanis konstitucia (mux. 130) gansazRvravs,<br />
rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo<br />
uflebamosilia ganixilos sakiTxi uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis respublikis<br />
konstituciasa da kanonebTan Sesabamisobis<br />
Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze nebismier pirs kanoniT<br />
dadgenili wesiT ufleba aqvs mimarTos<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da gaasaCivros<br />
sasamarTlo aqtebi, romlebiTac dairRva misi<br />
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. aseTive uflebamosileba<br />
aqvs agreTve adamianis uflebaTa<br />
damcvels (ombudsmens).<br />
belarusis konstituciis mixedviT,<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iZleva daskvnas<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos, umaRlesi sameurneo<br />
sasamarTlosa da generaluri prokuroris<br />
aqtebis konstituciasTan, saTanado saerTa-<br />
Soriso-samarTlebriv aqtebTan, kanonebTan,<br />
dekretebTan da brZanebulebebTan Sesabamisobis<br />
Sesaxeb (mux. 116).<br />
ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo<br />
moqalaqeTa konstituciuri ufle-<br />
71
iakob futkaraZe<br />
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis Taobaze<br />
Setanili saCivrebis safuZvelze federaluri<br />
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT amowmebs konkretul<br />
saqmeSi gamoyenebuli kanonis konstituciurobas<br />
(ix. ruseTis federaciis konstitucia,<br />
mux. 125.4).<br />
tajikeTis konstituciis 89-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaa<br />
konstituciasTan uzenaesi sasamarTlosa<br />
da umaRlesi ekonomikuri sasamar Tlos<br />
samarTlebrivi aqtebis Sesabamisobis gan saz-<br />
Rvr a.<br />
somxeTis konstitucia adgens, rom<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, konstituciiTa<br />
da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanoniT<br />
dadgenili wesiT, mimarTavs yoveli piri<br />
_ konkretul saqmeze, rodesac arsebobs sasamarTlos<br />
saboloo aqti, amowurulia sasamarTlo<br />
dacvis yvela saSualeba da saCivrdeba<br />
momCivnis mimarT gamoyenebuli kanonis<br />
debulebis konstituciuroba (mux. 101.6).<br />
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom somxeTis<br />
konstituciis aRniSnuli norma ar iyo Ziri-<br />
Tadi kanonis pirvel (1995 wlis) redaqciaSi.<br />
igi konstitucias 2005 wlis 27 noembris referendumze<br />
daemata. es garemoeba imis maCvenebelia,<br />
rom analogiuri cvlileba saqar-<br />
Tvelos konstituciaSic saWiro da droulad<br />
gansaxorcielebelia.<br />
seriozulad, kargad gasaazrebeli da safuZvlianad<br />
gansaxilvelia saqarTveloSi<br />
nafic msajulTa institutis SemoRebas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 82-e muxlis me-5 punqti).<br />
amTaviTve SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas,<br />
rom principulad miuRebelia nafic msajul-<br />
Ta institutis etapobrivad, kerZod ki jer<br />
mxolod dedaqalaqSi SemoReba. es iqneba adamianebis<br />
(saqarTvelos yvela sxva dasaxlebuli<br />
punqtis mcxovrebTa) diskriminacia sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis mixedviT, rasac pirdapir krZalavs<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxli.<br />
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqme Seexeba<br />
adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs, romlebic sayovelTaoa<br />
da yvelaze Tanabrad vrceldeba. eqsperimentebi<br />
am sferoSi dauSvebelia. saqar-<br />
Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom swored<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT diskriminaciis<br />
motiviT cno antikonstituciurad Tbilisisa<br />
da foTis merebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis<br />
wesi (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sxva<br />
qalaqebis merebs irCevda Sesabamisi adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleoba).<br />
saerTod, nafic msajulTa SerCeva metismetad<br />
rTuli, xangrZlivi da mravalmxrivi<br />
procesi a.<br />
nafic msajulebTan mimarTebiT zogadi xasiaTis<br />
sawinaaRmdego argumentebTan erTad,<br />
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi agreTve saqarTvelos-<br />
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebanic, specifikuri<br />
niSan-Tvisebebi, kerZod ki is garemoebani,<br />
rom saqarTveloSi (a) mosaxleobis saerTo<br />
ricxovnobis gaTvaliswinebiT Zalian gaWirdeba<br />
nafic msajulTa saWiro raodenobis SerCeva,<br />
(b) dabalia mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi kulturis<br />
done, (g) praqtikulad ver moxerxdeba<br />
miukerZoeblobis principis dacva, vinaidan am<br />
patara qveyanaSi TiTqmis yvela yvelas naTesavi<br />
Tu nacnobia, erTmaneTis moyvare an naTelmironia,<br />
Tanac saukuneTa siRrmidan momdinareobs<br />
urTierTdaxmarebis xalxuri tradicia<br />
da (d) farTodaa gavrcelebuli da Rrmadaa<br />
fesvgadgmuli saqmis `CawyobiT~ mogvareba.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSi arsebul<br />
siZneleebze axali sirTulis damatebis<br />
gamoricxvis mizniT, saWiroa nafic msajulTa<br />
institutis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebul problemebze<br />
imsjelos da am Zalian mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoxatos<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiam.<br />
nafic msajulTa institutTan dakavSirebiT<br />
sayuradReboa somxuri gamocdileba. somxe-<br />
Tis respublikis konstituciis pirvel (1995<br />
wlis) redaqciaSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
TavSi (mux. 91), miTiTebuli iyo, rom kanoniT<br />
dadgenil SemTxvevebSi samarTalwarmoeba<br />
xorcieldeba nafic msajulTa monawileobiT.<br />
es debuleba gauqmda _ igi aRar aris asaxuli<br />
somxeTis konstituciis axla moqmed redaqciaSi<br />
(konstituciaSi cvlilebebi Setanili<br />
iqna 2005 wlis 27 noembris referendumiT). aRniSnuli<br />
garemoeba uTuod dasafiqrebeli da<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia.<br />
rac Seexeba saerTod adamianis ZiriTad<br />
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, am sferoSic<br />
mosalodnelia sxvadasxvagvari seriozuli<br />
konstituciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba.<br />
amaTgan winamdebare statiaSi mokled ganixileba<br />
zogierTi savaraudo cvlileba, romlebzedac<br />
sakonstitucio komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa<br />
da ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao<br />
72
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
jgufis saqmianobis mocemul etapze SeiZleba<br />
met-naklebi damajereblobiT saubar i.<br />
jgufi intensiurad muSaobs socialuri<br />
uflebebis problemaze. gansaxilveli da gadasawyvetia<br />
konstituciaSi maTi asaxvis sakiTxi.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom socialuri uflebebi<br />
uaRresad mniSvnelovania, isini adamianis<br />
sasicocxlo interesebTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
socialuri uflebebis sferoSi muSaobis warmmarTveli<br />
da ganmsazRvreli debuleba mocemulia<br />
konstituciis preambulaSi. aq gacxadebulia<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi neba,<br />
rom daamkvidron socialuri saxelmwifo. cxadia,<br />
aseTi saxelmwifos damkvidreba SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneba socialuri uflebebis aRiarebisa da<br />
realizebis gareSe. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da<br />
ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufi cdilobs<br />
sazogadoebriobis, kerZod ki pr<strong>of</strong>kavSirebis<br />
warmomadgenlebisa da mowveuli eqspertebis<br />
CarTviT, ucxouri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
gaarkvios, Tu saxeldobr romeli socialuri<br />
uflebebi da ra doziT unda iqnes<br />
asaxuli saqarTvelos konstituciaSi.<br />
adamianis uflebebisa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
sferoSi mwvaved dgas da sakonstitucio<br />
komisiis Sesabamisi samuSao jgufis<br />
yuradRebis gareSe ver darCeba sakuTrebis<br />
dacvis namdvili konstituciuri garantiebis<br />
ganmtkicebis sakiTxi. am mizniT ganzraxulia<br />
momzaddes winadadebebi konstituciis 21-e<br />
muxlis gadamuSavebis, masSi saTanado cvlilebebisa<br />
da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.<br />
unda Seicvalos saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
22-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
im nawilSi, romliTac umarTebulodaa<br />
Seqmnili saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTvelo-<br />
Si Tavisuflad Semosvlis ZiriTadi uflebis<br />
SezRudvis SesaZlebloba: saqarTvelos moqalaqes<br />
saqarTveloSi Tavisuflad Semosvlis<br />
ufleba Setanilia me-2 punqtSi, romelzedac<br />
vrceldeba me-3 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
SezRudvebi. aseTi SezRudva dauSvebelia. saqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqes sruliad Tavisuflad,<br />
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe unda SeeZlos<br />
saqarTveloSi Semosvla. cvlileba unda ganxorcieldes<br />
im mxriv, rom me-2 da me-3 punqtebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis (me-3 punqtiT dadgenili<br />
SezRudvebis) sferodan gamoiTiSos<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTveloSi Tavisuflad<br />
Semosvlis ufleba. amisTvis gansaxilveli<br />
norma amoRebuli unda iqnes me-2 punqtidan.<br />
mas sxvagan unda ganesazRvros adgili<br />
(kerZod, SeiZleba moTavsdes me-3 punqtis Semdeg,<br />
Tundac calke punqtis saxiT).<br />
Sesacvlelia konstituciis me-18 muxlis<br />
me-6 punqtis is norma, romlis mixedviTac<br />
braldebulis winaswari patimroba ar unda<br />
aRematebodes 9 Tves. aseTi redaqciiT gamodis,<br />
rom winaswari patimrobis umaRlesi _<br />
cxraTviani vada mxolod braldebulisTvisaa<br />
dadgenili. sinamdvileSi ki saqme sxvanairadaa:<br />
braldebulTan erTad cxraTvian vadaSi<br />
igulisxmeba gansasjelic, romelic gansxvavebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi statusis mqone subieqtia.<br />
amgvarad, konstituciis me-18 muxlis me-6<br />
punqtiT gansazRvruli 9 Tve aris ara marto<br />
braldebulis, aramed, masTan erTad, gansasjelis<br />
winaswari patimrobis erToblivi vada.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia konstituciis<br />
Sesabamisi teqstis Secvla _ masSi termin<br />
`gansasjelis~ Camateba da konstituciuri<br />
normis iseTnairad Camoyalibeba, rom braldebulisa<br />
da gansasjelis winaswari patimrobis<br />
vada ar unda aRematebodes 9 Tves. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, konstituciiT dadgenil cxra-<br />
Tvian vadaSi ar moiazreba gansasjelis winaswar<br />
patimrobaSi y<strong>of</strong>nis dro. es ki moaswavebs<br />
winaswari patimrobis cxraTviani vadis<br />
gazrdas da amiT adamianis Tavisuflebis xel-<br />
Seuvali ZiriTadi uflebis arsebiT Selaxvas.<br />
kidev ori savaraudo cvlileba ZiriTadi<br />
uflebebis sferoSi Seexeba konstituciis<br />
42-e muxlis me-9 punqts. samwuxarod, saqar-<br />
TveloSi iSviaTi rodia iseTi SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac moqalaqeebi Tanamdebobis pirTa kanonsawinaaRmdego<br />
moqmedebiTa Tu umoqmedobiT<br />
zaraldebian. konstitucia 42-e muxlis<br />
me-9 punqtSi iTvaliswinebs, rom `yvelasTvis<br />
garantirebulia saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan ukanonod<br />
miyenebuli zaralis sasamarTlo wesiT<br />
sruli anazRaureba saxelmwifo saxsrebidan~.<br />
citirebuli konstituciuri norma saerTod<br />
kargia, magram igi araa sakmarisi da dasazustebelia.<br />
konstituciis gansaxilveli debuleba pirvel<br />
rigSi unda Seicvalos im mxriv, rom adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis samarTlebrivi<br />
statusidan gamomdinare, TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan ukanonod miyenebuli<br />
zaralis sasamarTlo wesiT sruli ana-<br />
73
iakob futkaraZe<br />
zRaureba garantirebuli iyos ara saxelmwifo<br />
saxsrebidan, aramed TviTon TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
saxsrebidan.<br />
amasTan erTad, marTebulad ver CaiTvleba<br />
samarTaldamrRvevi Tanamdebobis piris pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ignorireba konstituciaSi da<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba miyenebuli zaralis<br />
marto saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis saxsrebidan<br />
anazRaurebaze. preventiuli mosazrebidan<br />
gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia konstituciis<br />
42-e muxlis me-9 punqts daematos aseTi<br />
debuleba: `kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi<br />
da dadgenili wesiT, aRniSnuli zaralis anazRaureba<br />
Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirsac daekisreba~.<br />
es norma samarTliania, Tanac mas eqneba<br />
gamafrTxilebeli mniSvneloba da dadebiTad<br />
imoqmedebs adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevebis Semcirebaze. am sakiTxTan mimar-<br />
TebiT sainteresoa saberZneTis konstituciis<br />
is norma, rom Tu dakavebis vadebis amowurvamde<br />
gansazRvruli moqmedeba ar Sesrulda,<br />
cixis nebismieri zedamxedveli an dakavebuli<br />
piris meTvalyureobaze pasuxismgebeli samoqalaqo<br />
Tu samxedro mosamsaxure valdebulia<br />
dauyovnebliv gaanTavisuflos igi. damrRvevi<br />
daisjeba ukanono dapatimrebisaTvis da kanoniT<br />
gansazRvruli wesiT daekisreba dazaralebulisaTvis<br />
miyenebuli yovelgvari zianis<br />
anazRaureba, maT Soris miyenebuli moraluri<br />
zianisaTvis fuladi kompensacia (saberZneTis<br />
konstitucia, mux. 6.3).<br />
dasasrul, daskvnis saxiT CamovayaliboT<br />
Temis ganxilvis Sedegebi, gamovkveToT<br />
konstituciaSi savaraudod Sesatani calkeuli<br />
cvlileba-damatebebi (I) sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa<br />
da (II) ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi.<br />
I.1. saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb da saqar-<br />
Tvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb calcalke<br />
arsebuli, konstituciis 83.2 da 90.3<br />
muxlebis darRveviT miRebuli organuli<br />
kanonebis nacvlad gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes<br />
mxolod erTi organuli kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
Sesaxeb~, romelSic ganisazRvreba<br />
yvela donis saerTo sasamarTlos (maT<br />
Soris _ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos)<br />
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba.<br />
I.2. dazustdes saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
statusi, rom igi aris `umaRlesi<br />
sakasacio sasamarTlo~ (konstituciis 90.1<br />
muxli): qvemdgomi sakasacio sasamarTlos<br />
ararsebobis gamo sityva `umaRlesi~ amoRebuli<br />
iqnes konstituciis teqstidan.<br />
I.3. saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa<br />
SerCevis, Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis, saqmis<br />
ganxilvisagan Camocilebis, Tanamdebobidan<br />
vadamde ganTavisuflebisa Tu uflebamosilebis<br />
vadamde Sewyvetis an sxva Tanamdebobaze<br />
gadayvanis wesi ganisazRvros<br />
ara mimdinare anu Cveulebrivi, aramed<br />
organuli kanoniT.<br />
I.4. Seicvalos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa<br />
Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis wesi<br />
(konstituciis 86 1 muxlis pirveli punqti):<br />
raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio<br />
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa kandidaturebi<br />
SearCios iusticiis umaRlesma<br />
sabWom, SerCeuli kandidaturebi saqar-<br />
Tvelos prezidentma warudginos parlaments<br />
dasamtkiceblad, xolo parlamentma,<br />
Tavis mxriv, xmaTa winaswar dadgenili<br />
raodenobiT (vTqvaT, siiTi Semadgenlobis<br />
umravlesobiT), daamtkicos an uaryos<br />
wardgenili kandidaturebi.<br />
I.5. Seicvalos raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio<br />
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan<br />
ganTavisuflebis wesi: isini,<br />
saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos<br />
saTanado CarTulobiT, Tanamdebobidan<br />
gaanTavisuflos parlamentma impiCmentis<br />
wesiT an Cveulebrivi kenWisyris gziT.<br />
I.6. konstituciis 86.2 da 90.2 muxlebiT pirdapir<br />
dadgindes saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesi, anu<br />
Tanamdebobaze maTi uvadod gamweseba.<br />
I.7. gaizardos mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobis<br />
dasakaveblad saWiro minimaluri asakobrivi<br />
zRvari: 28 wlis nacvlad 30 wlamde<br />
_ saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis;<br />
30 wlis nacvlad 35 wlamde _<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebisa-<br />
Tvis.<br />
I.8. gafarTovdes saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos uflebamosileba:<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixilos<br />
da gadawyvitos saerTo sasamarTlos mier<br />
konkretul saqmeze miRebuli saboloo<br />
aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, rodesac<br />
amowurulia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
sasamarTlo dacvis yvela saSualeba.<br />
I.9. nafic msajulTa institutis SemoRebas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebul problemebze imsjelos<br />
74
sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi<br />
da am umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxisadmi Tavisi<br />
damokidebuleba gamoxatos saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiam.<br />
II.1. konstituciaSi SedarebiT ufro srulad<br />
da garantirebulad aisaxos adamianis<br />
ZiriTadi socialuri uflebebi.<br />
II.2. sakuTrebis dacvis konstituciuri garantiebis<br />
gaZlierebis mizniT momzaddes<br />
winadadebebi konstituciis 21-e muxlis<br />
gadamuSavebis, masSi saTanado cvlilebebisa<br />
da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.<br />
II.3. gamoiricxos konstituciis 22-e muxlis<br />
me-2 da me-3 punqtebiT dakanonebuli SesaZlebloba,<br />
rom SeizRudos saqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqis saqarTveloSi Tavisuflad Semosvlis<br />
ufleba.<br />
II.4. Seicvalos konstituciis me-18 muxlis<br />
me-6 punqtis norma, romlis mixedviTac<br />
braldebulis winaswari patimroba ar<br />
unda aRematebodes 9 Tves: teqsti Camoyalibdes<br />
iseTnairad, rom 9 Tves ar aRematebodes<br />
braldebulisa da gansasjelis<br />
winaswari patimrobis vada.<br />
II.5. saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis<br />
me-9 punqti Seicvalos im mxriv, rom yvelasTvis<br />
garantirebuli iyos TviTmmar-<br />
Tvelobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan<br />
ukanonod miyenebuli zaralis sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT sruli anazRaureba sakuTriv<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis saxsrebidan da ara<br />
saxelmwifo saxsrebidan, rogorc es amJamad<br />
moqmedi teqstiT aris dadgenili.<br />
II.6. konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-9 punqts,<br />
romlis axali redaqciis mixedviTac _<br />
yvelasTvis garantirebuli iqneba saxelmwifo<br />
da TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa da<br />
mosamsaxureTagan ukanonod miyenebuli<br />
zaralis sasamarTlo wesiT sruli anazRaureba<br />
saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
saxsrebidan _ daematos aseTi debuleba:<br />
`kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da<br />
dadgenili wesiT, aRniSnuli zaralis anazRaureba<br />
Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirsac<br />
daekisreba~.<br />
aseTia calkeuli savaraudo konstituciuri<br />
cvlilebebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa<br />
da ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi. SemoTavazebuli<br />
cvlileba-damatebebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saWiroebisas, konstituciis `gardamaval<br />
debulebebSi~ aRiniSneba, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa<br />
da ZiriTadi uflebebis sferos<br />
esa Tu is cvlileba amoqmeddeba Sesabamisi da-<br />
TqmiT (magaliTad, Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad<br />
saWiro axali minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari ar<br />
gavrceldeba ukve daniSnul mosamarTleebze),<br />
anda ZalaSi Seva gadavadebiT _ garkveuli periodis<br />
Semdeg (saWiro droiT gadavaddeba,<br />
vTqvaT, saerTo sasamarTlos saboloo aqtebis<br />
konstituciurobis ganxilva-gadawyvetis<br />
wesis amoqmedeba).<br />
samomavlod, cxadia, sxva mosazrebebica da<br />
winadadebebic SemuSavdeba. imedia, sasamarTlo<br />
xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis<br />
samuSao jgufis, iseve rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis<br />
saqmianobis saboloo Sedegebi damakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebeli<br />
iqneba.<br />
75
andraS Saio<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan<br />
prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
andraS Saio<br />
adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos mosamarTle.<br />
samarTlis pr<strong>of</strong>esori, centraluri evropuli<br />
universiteti, budapeSti.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi gTavazobT im konstituciuri<br />
paradigmebis ganxilvas, romlebic<br />
kontrteroristuli meTodebidan warmoiSva<br />
da im liberaluri da araliberaluri demokratiebis<br />
mier gamoiyeneba, romlebic saer-<br />
TaSoriso islamuri 1 terorizmis sirTulis<br />
winaSe dganan. usafrTxoebis zomebi inteleqtualurad<br />
gansxvavebuli modelebis garSemo<br />
iyris Tavs. usafrTxoebis zomebis gamoyeneba<br />
sxvadasxva modelis farglebSi gansxvavebul<br />
Sedegebs gvaZlevs Semdeg sferoebSi: ZalTa<br />
gadanawileba, uflebaTa speqtri, fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis SezRudvebis procedurebi<br />
da xarisxi. arsebul modelebs warmogidgenT<br />
statiis pirvel nawilSi, sadac vamtkiceb, rom,<br />
Tuki teroristuli safrTxe gardauvalia, ma-<br />
Sin Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis instrumentebi<br />
da prevenciis zomebi erTmaneTs Seerwymeba<br />
da warmoSobs konstituciuri wyobis<br />
axal formas – kontrteroristul saxelmwifos.<br />
statiis meore nawilSi ufro detaluradaa<br />
aRwerili sxvadasxva konstituciuri re-<br />
Jimebi, romelTac <strong>pol</strong>itikuri reJimis daSlis<br />
safrTxeebTan gamklavebis gamocdileba aqvT.<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis 2 da prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifos elementebis, aseve sagangebo<br />
situaciis 3 maxasiaTeblebis ganxilva, al-<br />
1<br />
terminSi `islamuri~ igulisxmeba islamis gadagvarebuli, umcireseobaSi<br />
my<strong>of</strong>i versia, magaliTad, rogoricaa salafizm i.<br />
2<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis reziume warmodgenilia wina<br />
statiaSi, Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da demokratiisken<br />
svla, a. Saio, Tavdacvisunariani demokratia, meTerTmete saerTa-<br />
Soriso gamocema. 2004 weli.<br />
3<br />
statiaSi ganxiluli ar aris konstituciuri gamocdileba `sagangebo<br />
situaciebTan~ dakavSirebiT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom esaa erT-erTi standartuli iuridiuli reJimi, romelic<br />
gamoiyeneboda Sida terorizmTan Tavis gasarTmevad CrdiloeT<br />
irlandiasa Tu indoeTSi. zogierTi faqtis gasacnobad ixileT<br />
iuristebis saerTaSoriso komisiis masalebi, sagangebo situaciebi,<br />
maTi gavlena adamianis uflebebze, 1983 weli. Tumca saxelmwifo<br />
iyenebs `sagangebo situaciis~ teqnikas sxvadasxva<br />
problemebis dros, maT Soris yvelaze xSirad Sida amboxebebis<br />
periodSi. misi gamoyenebis sixSires Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, davrwmundebiT,<br />
rom misi gamoyeneba daniSnulebisamebr mxolod gansabaT<br />
saintereso iqneba terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
saxelmwifos reagirebis formebis analizis<br />
dros. Tavdacvisunariani demokratia, rogorc<br />
konstituciurad legitimuri gadaxveva<br />
`Cveulebrivi~ konstitucionalizmidan, misa-<br />
Rebia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom terorizmi<br />
da fundamentalisturi <strong>pol</strong>itikuri moZraobebi<br />
erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi arian. aqve,<br />
aseve ganxilulia Tanamedrove svla `prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifos~ mimarTulebiT. `prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifo~ socialuri saxelmwifos<br />
paternalizmis erT-erTi specifikuri formaa,<br />
romelic mimarTulia usafrTxoebis ara<strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg. `prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifo~ TandaTanobiTi konstituciuri<br />
cvlilebebis Sedegia, romelic konstituciuri<br />
principebis sasamarTlo reinterpretaciiT<br />
iqmneba.<br />
statiis mesame nawilSi ganvixilav fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis SezRudvebis potenciur<br />
speqtrs kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
farglebSi. aseTi SezRudvebi damokidebulia<br />
socialur arCevanze, amitom statiis meoTxe<br />
nawilSi vasabuTeb, rom katastr<strong>of</strong>ebis, gaurkveveli<br />
daZabuli situaciebis da panikis dros<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmi irReveva<br />
da gaugebari rCeba, vin miiRebs sazogadoebriv<br />
gadawyvetilebas da gansazRvravs riskis<br />
gawevis saTanado xarisxs. riskebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebi Cveulebriv viTarebaSi<br />
arsebuli uflebebidan gamomdinare<br />
principebs ar efuZneba. seriozuli teroristuli<br />
safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, rasac SesaZloa<br />
masobrivi ganadgureba mohyves, saxelmwifom<br />
SesaZloa Secdomebi dauSvas fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is sakiTxSi, rasac,<br />
Tavis mxriv, aseve gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi<br />
mohyveba. aRniSnuli wina piroba fundamenturad<br />
gansxvavdeba `normaluri~ viTarebis dros<br />
arsebuli pirobebisgan, ra SemTxvevaSic Tavisufleba<br />
konstituciurad garantirebulia.<br />
kuTrebul SemTxvevebSi ar xdeba. d. o’doneli (gansakuTrebuli<br />
situacia, 1978 wlis dekemberi) aRniSnavs, rom im periodisTvis<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi, sul mcire, 30 saxelmwifo mainc arsebobda, sadac<br />
raRac tipis sagangebo mdgomareoba iyo.<br />
76
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
konstitucionalizmi, rogorc Tavisuflebis<br />
uzrunvelmy<strong>of</strong>i wyoba, riskis gawevasTan aris<br />
gadajaWvuli, Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
zemoaRwerili wina piroba SesaZloa realuri<br />
safrTxis SemTxvevaSic ar arsebobdes. daskvnaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom formaluri, konstituciuri<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
Camoyalibebas arsebiTi, principuli da pragmatuli<br />
safuZvlebi aqvs, romlebic SesaZloa<br />
iyos an ar iyos gasaTvaliswinebeli, radgan<br />
yvelaferi damokidebulia met-naklebad imaze,<br />
Tu ra tipis demokratiasTan gvaqvs saqme. ase-<br />
Ti saxelmwifos legitimurobis wina piroba<br />
isaa, rom saxelmwifos formireba sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad unda<br />
xdebodes. arada, moqalaqeebs xSirad arTmeven<br />
saxelmwifoebriv saqmeSi monawileobis uflebas<br />
usafrTxoebis dacvis saxeliT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom liberaluri samarTlebrivi<br />
Teoriis farglebSi, katastr<strong>of</strong>ebma<br />
SesaZloa demokratiul wyobaSi uflebebis gadafasebis<br />
saWiroeba moitanos, xolo masobrivi<br />
saerTaSoriso terorizmi ki aseTi tipis katastr<strong>of</strong>aa,<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
Camoyalibebis precedenti jer kidev ar ikve-<br />
Teba terorizmTan dakavSirebuli bundovanebis<br />
da sifrTxilis zomebis gamo. praqtikuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
Camoyalibeba gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos prevenciul saxelmwifod gardaqmnas,<br />
romelSic dapatimrebis praqtika reJimis<br />
nawilia 4 . aseTi saxelmwifos SeqmniT, Cven<br />
`didi Zmis~ dazvervis sistemas da potenciur<br />
gaurkvevlobas veTamaSebiT yoveldRiur y<strong>of</strong>aSi<br />
da amas verc ki vamCnevT. Tumca amJamad<br />
4<br />
indoeTis konstituciis 22-e muxliT winaswari dakaveba daSvebulia.<br />
Cveulebriv pirobebSi prevenciuli dakaveba konstituciurad<br />
daSvebulia sami Tvis xangrZlivobiT dakavebis<br />
dRidan. ar moqmedebs gasaCivrebis ufleba. sam Tveze meti<br />
xangrZlivobiT dakavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxolod<br />
parlamenti gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. konstituciis<br />
24-e muxlis me-4 qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, dakaveba sam Tveze meti<br />
vadiT dasaSvebia, Tu, a) mrCevelTa sabWo, romelic Sedgeba<br />
umaRlesi sasamarTlo uwyebis gadamdgari mosamarTlisgan an<br />
umaRles sasamarTlo uwyebaSi mosamarTled muSaobisaTvis<br />
sakmarisi kvalifikaciis mqone pirovnebisgan, gadawyvets, rom<br />
samTviani periodis amowurvisas, kvlav arsebobs mniSvnelovani<br />
mizezi dakavebis periodis gagrZelebisTvis an Tu b) parlamenti<br />
daadgens, rom arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
saWiroa dakavebis periodis gagrZeleba sam Tveze meti vadiT,<br />
mrCevelTa sabWos mosazrebis miuxedavad. damoukideblobis<br />
periodis gopalanis saqmeze, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina<br />
konstituciis 22-e muxli 1973 wlis elementebiT,<br />
romelic moiTxovs samarTlebriv zedamxedvelobas da dakavebis<br />
reJimi gadaaqvs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos farglebSi.<br />
ixileT sambu naT sakaris dasavleT benegalis saxelmwifos<br />
winaaRmdeg saqme, 1974(1).<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo ar tovebs Tavis<br />
poziciebs yvelaze liberalur demokratiebSi<br />
da kvlav gvaxsenebs, rom SezRudvebi ar aris<br />
norma, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba iyos<br />
legitimuri.<br />
1. konstituciuri alternativebi<br />
ganadgurebis permanentuli safrTxis fonze<br />
saerTaSoriso islamuri terorizmi, rogorc<br />
fundamentalisturi Zaladobis forma,<br />
demokratiis an nebismieri stabiluri, usafrTxoebis<br />
uzrunvelmy<strong>of</strong>i saxelmwifos winaSe<br />
mdgar sirTules warmoadgens (romlis<br />
winaswar ganWvreta an racionalurad gaTvla<br />
SeuZlebelia). cxadia, TviTmkvlelobis elementi<br />
da mtris sruli ganadgurebis survili,<br />
samizneebis ganurCevlad, iqneba es samoqalaqo<br />
Tu samTavrobo samizne, aris is specifika,<br />
rac saerTaSoriso islamur terorizms<br />
gansakuTrebul kategorias aniWebs da misi<br />
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi iZulebuls gagvxdis<br />
arsebuli konstituciuri modelebi gadavafasoT.<br />
Tumca am etapze aRniSnuli problemis<br />
mogvarebas arsebuli konstituciuri modelebis<br />
CarCoebSi mxolod cvlilebebis SetaniT<br />
cdiloben. dReisTvis, saerTaSoriso teroristuli<br />
safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg ramdenime<br />
konstituciurad daSvebuli reagireba ukve<br />
arsebobs. ramdenimeSi me vgulisxmob kargad<br />
identificirebad konstituciur normebs,<br />
romlebic im konkretul principebs da iuridiul<br />
normebs efuZneba, romlebic konstituciur<br />
uflebebze da wyobaze gavlenas axdens<br />
da Tan arsebuli konstituciis teqstis sazRvrebSi<br />
jdeba 5 .<br />
teqstualuri cvlilebebiT an maT gareSe,<br />
savaraudoa, rom axali struqturebi gadaiqceva<br />
konstituciuri wyobis axal modelebad<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi. liberaluri<br />
konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT, es modelebi<br />
SesaZloa gaumarTavi iyos da, amdenad, gaCndes<br />
SemoTavazebebi, Tu rogor gavxadoT<br />
axali sistema adamianis uflebebze ufro metad<br />
orientirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
es normatiuli da pragmatuli mcdelobebi<br />
axali struqturis formirebis nawilia, Cven<br />
`brZolis velze~ axali konstituciuri sce-<br />
5<br />
evropuli dakavevbis garantia, romelic sxvadasxva konteqstSi<br />
gamoiyeneba Zalian mniSvnelovania terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis saqmeSi, magram aRniSnulma<br />
praqtikam SesaZloa germanul da <strong>pol</strong>onur konstituciebSi<br />
cvlilebebis Setana gaxados saWiro.<br />
77
andraS Saio<br />
narebis dasaxvaSi mainc ar unda SegviSalos<br />
xeli.<br />
konstituciuri saxelmwifos Tavdacva mxolod<br />
maSin darCeba konstituciur CarCoebSi,<br />
Tu is konceptualurad da institucionalurad<br />
uflebebis SezRudvis SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamoyenebas gamoricxavs an racionalur zRvars<br />
mainc inarCunebs 6 . Tavdacvis moTxovnebis<br />
dasakmay<strong>of</strong>ileblad didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro<br />
rogorc normatiul, ise praqtikul doneze.<br />
bevri konstitucia, tendenciurad, areulobis<br />
SesaZleblobas ugulebely<strong>of</strong>s (ixileT<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia).<br />
Tumca uary<strong>of</strong>is ukan (aRiarebiTi uary<strong>of</strong>is<br />
CaTvliT) konstitucia araformulirebul,<br />
magram fundamentur urTierTobas Seicavs<br />
TviT-ganadgurebis SesaZleblobasTan, rac<br />
maSin gamodis saaSkaraoze, roca mTavroba da<br />
wesrigi eqceva iseTi <strong>pol</strong>itikis qveS, romelic<br />
emociurobas an permanentul safrTxes efuZneba.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi saxelmwifo Zaladobis<br />
elementebis gamoyenebas Tavs ver aaridebs. kanoni<br />
ver ewinaaRmdegeba aseT Zaladobas, nawilobriv,<br />
albaT imitom, rom Zaladobis gamoyenebis<br />
SezRudviT, is TviTgadarCenis Sansebs<br />
Seamcirebda. mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri<br />
winsva albaT isaa, rom konstituciuri azrovneba<br />
mimarTulia sistemuri Tavdacvis problemisaken<br />
7 . zemoaRwerili movlenebis da<br />
moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmy<strong>of</strong>i<br />
demokratiis an misi safuZvlebis mimarT Seuqcevadi<br />
gamanadgurebeli efeqtis maRali<br />
6<br />
sagangebo viTarebis da omis Smitiseuli versia am modelSi<br />
ar jdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom liberaluri da araliberaluri<br />
saxelmwifoebis omis wesebSi gansxvavebebi ar aris<br />
(principuli gansxvavebebi mainc). Tumca aseTi principuli<br />
daskvnebis Tanaxmad, liberaluri kultura da xalxi iTavisebs<br />
kulturis humanizms da ar nebdeba omis egzistencialur<br />
moTxovnebs.<br />
7<br />
tradiciuli konstituciuri azrovneba umeteswilad Seucvleli<br />
darCa da sagangebo mdgomareobis an msgavsma sakiTxebma<br />
ver moaxerxes centraluri da gadamwyveti adgilis dakaveba<br />
konstituciuri azrovnebis formirebaSi. mimdinare tendencia<br />
TiTqos am mimarTulebiT midis, Tumca didi siaxleebi<br />
mainc mosalodneli ar aris, radgan jer kidev aris imedi,<br />
rom teroristebis brZola aTwleulobiT ar gagrZeldeba da<br />
`meore Tavdasxma~ aRar ganmeordeba. konstituciuri Teoria<br />
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia danawevrebis sakiTxebSi, xolo usafrTxoebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli Temebi, SesaZloa, kvlav marginalizebuli<br />
darCes. amis mizezi nawilobriv isaa, rom sajaro<br />
samarTali, ZiriTadad, ganixilavs iseT rutinul sakiTxebs,<br />
rogoricaa zonebis day<strong>of</strong>a an skolis saswavlo gegma. skolis<br />
saswavlo gegmis konstituciuri problemebi erTgvari gamocdaa:<br />
Tu sekularizmi, neitraliteti, religiis Tavisufleba<br />
da msgavsi sakiTxebi terorizmis fardis qveS ganixileba, magaliTad,<br />
roca giwevs argumentis Camoyalibeba imis Taobaze,<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleba SevuwyoT xeli terorizms saswavlo gegmis<br />
SerCeviT, an rogor ayalibebs teroristebs gariyulobis<br />
grZnoba da a.S., usafrTxoebis problemebi realurad cvlis<br />
konstituciur problemebs.<br />
albaTobis mqone <strong>pol</strong>itikuri qmedebisken mimarTuli<br />
sxva institucionaluri reagirebis<br />
formebis gaTvaliswinebiT, demokratiis meqanizmebTan,<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur wyobasTan mimarTebSi,<br />
warmoiSva Semdegi paradigmebi:<br />
- arsebuli sistemis farglebSi safrTxes-<br />
Tan Tavis garTmeva, samarTlebrivi da<br />
administraciuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad<br />
ganxorcielebuli proporcionalizmis<br />
analizSi cvlilebebis SetaniT<br />
(`Cveulebrivi viTareba~ 8 an `Tu SeiZleba<br />
nu ahyvebiT panikas, <strong>pol</strong>icia akontrolebs<br />
situacias~ 9 );<br />
- `mwuxris zona~ 10 an `stresuli periodi 11 :<br />
aq kontrteroristuli arsenali kvlav<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos parametrebSi<br />
jdeba. modeli iTvaliswinebs terorizmis<br />
problemis konstituciurad mogvarebas<br />
samarTlebrivi gziT da arsebul standartebze<br />
dayrdnobiT.<br />
- Tavdacvisunariani demokratia (terorizm-<br />
Tan sabrZolvelad);<br />
- prevenciuli saxelmwifo (winaswari dakavebis<br />
reJimis mqone saxelmwifos CaTvliT,<br />
romelSic prevenciuli zomebis farglebSi<br />
masobrivi dakaveba (an zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi misi ekvivalentebi, mag., ga-<br />
Zeveba, eqstradiqcia, gadaadgileba, moqa-<br />
8<br />
termini gamoyenebulia Semdeg naSromSi: oren grosi, qaosi<br />
da wesebi. reagireba Zaladobriv krizisze yovelTvis konstituciuri<br />
unda iyos Tu ara? ieli l.j. 1011, 1021, romelic<br />
aRwers aRniSnul viTarebas Semdegnairad: `modeli `Cveulebrivi<br />
viTareba~ efuZneba konstituciuri absolutizmis da<br />
sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebis cnebebs. am modelis mixedviT, Cveulebrivi<br />
iuridiuli normebis da kanonebis dacva grZeldeba arsebiTi<br />
cvlilebebi gareSe sagangebo viTarebebSi da krizisis drosac<br />
ki. kanoni omisa da mSvidobis periodSi erTgvarad sruldeba.<br />
`igi aseve ganixilavs sagangebo Zalebis sxva modelebs,<br />
romelTac erTi kategoriis – `kompromisis modelebis~ qveS<br />
aerTianebs. aRniSnuli modelebi hgavs, Cems mier moxseniebul<br />
maikl rozenfildis gamoTqmas `stresuli periodi~. oren<br />
grosis azriT, `kompromisuli modelebis~ farglebSi arsebul<br />
normatiul struqturasTan, usafrTxoebis zomebTan da<br />
saWiroebebTan morgeba xdeba. Tumca sistema, SeZlebisdagvarad,<br />
maqsimalurad ucvleli rCeba. daiSveba mxolod gamonaklisi<br />
cvlilebebi sagangebo viTarebis sapasuxod. aseTi<br />
kompromisi, kanonis uzenaesobis da fundamenturi demokratiuli<br />
Rirebulebebis uryevad dacvas uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s da<br />
amave dros, saxelmwifos sTavazobs adekvatur zomebs Tavs<br />
datexili krizisis dasaZlevad~. Cem mier ganxiluli sxva<br />
modelebi gansxvavdeba (nawilobriv da zogjer ara mizanmimarTulad)<br />
arsebuli modelisgan. sxva modelebSi dasaSvebia<br />
cvlileba im motiviT, rom zogjer saWiroa zogierTi Rirebulebis<br />
ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a maTive gadasarCenad.<br />
9<br />
miniSneba ungrul romanTan ieno reitos mier (karantini<br />
did sastumroSi), sadac <strong>pol</strong>iciis Serifi warmoTqvams am<br />
frazas sastumroSi atexili panikis dros.<br />
10<br />
Peter Margulies, Judging Terror in the “Zone <strong>of</strong> Twilight”: Exigency, Institutional<br />
Equity, and Procedure After September 11th. 84 B.U.L. Rev. 383<br />
(2004)<br />
11<br />
Michel Rosenfeld, JUDICIAL BALANCING IN TIMES OF STRESS: COMPAR-<br />
ING DIVERSE APPROACHES TO THE WAR ON TERROR.<br />
78
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
laqeobis CamorTmeva) gamoiyeneba rogorc<br />
upiratesi instrumenti.<br />
- kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo;<br />
- sagangebo viTareba: I. zogierTi konstituciis<br />
Tanaxmad, Sida aSliloba sagangebo<br />
viTarebis gamocxadebisTvis sakmarisi safuZvelia.<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxi ganxilulia<br />
qveTavSi sagangebo viTarebis saTauriT.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis<br />
winaswari gaTvla xdeba, ris Semdegac<br />
es mdgomareoba misaRebia mxolod<br />
droebiTi statusiT. konstituciurad<br />
dasaSvebi da procedurulad winaswar<br />
gansazRvruli gadaxveva Cveulebrivi vi-<br />
Tarebidan, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis<br />
standartuli reJimidan da adamianis<br />
uflebebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is sferodan (an<br />
specialuri droebiTi modelis ganmavlobaSi<br />
12 ). II. sagangebo viTarebis alternatiuli<br />
mniSvneloba gulisxmobs aRmasrulebeli<br />
Zalauflebis SeuzRudav gamoyenebas<br />
(samxedro an uSiSroebis sferoSi) krizisis<br />
periodSi, xolo am modelis konstituciuri<br />
elementi isaa, rom krizisis<br />
daZlevis Semdeg saxelmwifo daubrundeba<br />
konstituciur Rirebulebebs da krizisis<br />
dros gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebi<br />
angariSvaldebulebi iqnebian Tavian<br />
qmedebebze 13 . aseve, unda gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
rom sagangebo viTarebis Smitiseul<br />
versiaSi konstitucionalizmis uary<strong>of</strong>a<br />
xdeba. aq sagangebo viTarebis gamocxadeba<br />
umaRlesi xelisuflis prerogativaa da,<br />
amdenad, konstituciuri CarCoebis gareT<br />
eqceva. aq erTaderTi SezRudva warmatebis<br />
naklebobaa.<br />
- omi (saomari Zalebis gamoyenebis normebi<br />
konstituciaSi dadgenili ar aris, Tumca<br />
acxadeben, rom maTi gamoyeneba konstitu-<br />
12<br />
Bruce Ackerman, The Emergency Constitution, 113 Yale L.J. 1029, (2004).<br />
The crisis is understood to be acute, the <strong>pol</strong>ity is singularly focused on survival<br />
and all other <strong>pol</strong>itical concerns and objectives recede into the background,<br />
at 1040.<br />
13<br />
`Tumca zRvari normalur viTarebasa da sagangebos Soris<br />
xSirad sustia da gansxvavebebi am or kategorias Soris rTuli<br />
xdeba, zogjer SeuZlebelic ki. faqtobrivad gamonaklisi<br />
aRar aRiqmeba gamonaklisad~. `zogjer dgeba iseTi garemoebebi,<br />
roca mZime saSiSroebas an safrTxesTan gamklavebisTvis<br />
saWiro meTodebs konstituciuri CarCoebidan gasvla mohyveba,<br />
zogjer sxva dros misaRebi konstituciuri principebi,<br />
wesebi da normebic ki irRveva. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki<br />
reagirebis aseTi formebi saTanado dros da saTanado viTarebaSi<br />
gamoiyeneba, es gaaZlierebs da ar Seasustebs konstituciur<br />
erTgulebas da kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscemas~.<br />
Gross, op. cit. 1022-23. erTi mxriv, esaa gulwrfeli da racionaluri<br />
mcdeloba karl Smitis xsnis.<br />
ciuria, radgan Tavad konstituciis dizaini<br />
iZleva amis saSualebas) 14 .<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili variantebi saboloo<br />
araa da arc erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli 15 .<br />
piriqiT, warmodgenili jgufebi arastabiluria<br />
da meryevi, nawilobriv, albaT imitom,<br />
rom saerTaSoriso islamuri terorizmis<br />
buneba, mniSvneloba da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri Sexedulebebi<br />
mudmivad icvleba, arastabiluri<br />
da Sereulia, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom alternatiuli<br />
konstituciuri reagireba, ubralod,<br />
reaqcia iqneboda da ara qmediTi Ronis-<br />
Zieba. garda amisa, ms<strong>of</strong>lio mniSvnelovnad<br />
ar Secvlila, arada aucilebelia Cveni cxovrebisa<br />
da konstitucionalizmis sistemuri<br />
Secvla. demokratiebi da sxva saxelmwifoebi<br />
zogierT meTods, instituciur wyobas da TanamSromlobis<br />
gzebs ukve sxvagvarad, kontrteroristuli<br />
perspeqtividan uyureben. axali<br />
struqturebis elementebi inovaciuri araa,<br />
magram safrTxis albaTobaze da panikis daZlevaze<br />
orientirebuli perspeqtivaa, am zomebis<br />
gamoyenebis gamo, konstituciuri paradigmis<br />
Secvlis mosalodnelobaze miuTiTebs. es<br />
cvlileba ki iqneba Tavisuflebaze damyarebuli<br />
reJimidan 16 usafrTxoebaze damyarebul<br />
reJimze gadasvla.<br />
zemoaRwerili midgomebi imis mixedviT<br />
gansxvavdebian Tu ra konkretul situacias-<br />
Tan gvaqvs saqme, riskTan (ramdenad mosalodnelia<br />
ubedureba), Tu riskis gawevasTan.<br />
`Cveulebrivi viTarebis~ modelis garda, yvela<br />
danarCeni modeli prevenciuli zomebis gatarebis<br />
saSualebas met-naklebad realisturi<br />
albaTobis safuZvelze iZleva 17 . rogorc iu-<br />
14<br />
`sasamarTloebis tradiciuli TavSekaveba, miiRon gadawyvetilebebi<br />
konstituciur sakiTxebze mware magaliTs gvaZlevs<br />
im truizmisa..., romlis mixedviTac, omis dros kanonebi<br />
utyvia~. William H. Rehnquist, All the Laws But One: Civil Liberties in<br />
Wartime 202 (1998).<br />
15<br />
Noah Feldman, Choices <strong>of</strong> Law, Choices <strong>of</strong> War, 25 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y<br />
457 (2002) acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso terorizmi rogorc<br />
`omis~ ise `danaSaulis` modelSi jdeba. saboloo jamSi ki<br />
albaT arc erTi maTgani ar aris adekvaturi kategoria.<br />
16<br />
L. A. Powe, Jr., Situating Schauer, 72 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1519, 1531-32<br />
(1997): speech is a “good times civil liberty”.<br />
17<br />
`duseldorfis saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom<br />
e.w. islamuri teroristuli organizaciebis `sliferebis~<br />
(”sleepers“) ZiebaSi, im pirebis wre, romlebic Ziebis arealSi<br />
unda moeqces, unda ganisazRvros. dasaSvebia mxolod saeWvo<br />
qveynebis an specifikuri religiuri jgufebis (mag., muslimi<br />
pirebi) piradi monacemebis gadacema da ara germaniis moqalaqeebisa,<br />
romlebic arc musulmanebi arian da arc saeWvo<br />
qveynis moqalaqeebi.~ Lepsius Liberty, Security, and Terrorism: The Legal<br />
Position in Germany, 5 German Law Journal No. 5 (1 May 2004) Part<br />
Two, referring to decisions <strong>of</strong> OLG Düsseldorf, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht<br />
629 (2002), with different reasoning OLG Frankfurt, op. cit.,<br />
626-627. http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=423#_edn11<br />
79
andraS Saio<br />
ridiul-<strong>pol</strong>itikuri strategiebi, maT winaSe<br />
ismis Semdegi SekiTxva: rogor ganisazRvreba,<br />
ris safuZvelze da ra procedurebiT momavali<br />
movlenebis albaToba? maSinac ki, roca ar<br />
arsebobs mkafio teqstobrivi masala, zemoCamoTvlili<br />
modelebi warmogvidgenen iuridiuli<br />
reagirebis saintereso versiebs, romlebic<br />
saerTaSoriso terorizmis konteqstSi gaCnda,<br />
magram yovelTvis terorizms ar ukavSirdeba.<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>pol</strong>isebis gverdiT Cndeba specifikurad,<br />
saerTaSoriso terorizmTan dakavSirebuli<br />
reagirebis zomebi. am zomebis konglomerats<br />
me kontrteroristul saxelmwifos<br />
vuwodeb. reagirebis am formebis kombinacia<br />
Tanamedrove demokratiebSi Cndeba da yvela<br />
maTganis gamoyeneba kontrteroristuli motiviT<br />
xdeba. bevri meTodi Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiidan an prevenciuli saxelmwifodan<br />
iRebs saTaves da am modelebSi warmodgenil<br />
legitimacias nawilobriv iziarebs. vvaraudob,<br />
rom garemoebebis uclelad darCenis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
demokratiebi konstituciis teqstSi<br />
kontrteroristul saxelmwifos misi gansaku-<br />
Trebuli uflebamosilebiT ar aRiareben, garda<br />
im SemTxvevisa, Tu teroristul SemecnebaSi<br />
moxdeba Tvisobrivi cvlileba, rac sazogadoebas<br />
iZulebuls gaxdis, gadaafasos fundamenturi<br />
Sexedulebebi riskebis Sesaxeb. arsebuli<br />
tendencia miuTiTebs damatebiTi prevenciuli<br />
zomebis da Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
elementebTan kombinaciaSi prevenciuli saxelmwifos<br />
gafarToebis procesis normalizebas.<br />
2. Tavdacvisunarian demokratiasa da<br />
prevenciul saxelmwifoSi <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
safrTxeebTan gamklaveba<br />
winamdebare statiaSi mxolod Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiisa da prevenciuli saxelmwifos<br />
im paradigmebs ganvixilav, romlebic<br />
mosalodnelia, rom konstituciurad ratificirebuli<br />
iqneba bevri demokratiis konstituciur<br />
sistemaSi. am ori modelis elementebis<br />
SerCeviT, gamokveTili kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos warmosaxvaa SesaZlebeli. kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos gamokveTaSi is<br />
igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli<br />
prevenciuli zomebi mxolod terorizmzea<br />
orientirebuli. Tumca problemuria is<br />
sakiTxi, rom kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
iuridiul <strong>pol</strong>isebs aucileblad eqneba gadamdebi<br />
efeqti. Sedegi ki is iqneba, rom kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifo prevenciuli saxelmwifos<br />
legitimacias da integrirebas moaxdens<br />
da aseve, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
konstitucionalizaciis elementebs moicavs.<br />
2.1. ra aris Tavdacvisunariani demokratia?<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba demokratiis<br />
deformaciis SesaZleblobas qmnis, `kargi<br />
cxovrebis~ iluzias avrcelebs, rac `kargi<br />
cxovrebis~ alternatiuli formebis da damoukidebeli<br />
gansazRvrebis Camoyalibebis<br />
saSualebas aRar iZleva. demokratiuli procesis<br />
farglebSi, demokratiis meqanizmebis<br />
gamoyenebiT (sityvis, Sekrebis da arCevanis<br />
Tavisufleba), SesaZlebelia iseTi reJimis Camoyalibeba,<br />
romelic realurad Zirs uTxris<br />
demokratias. `demokratiis Sesaxeb yoveli<br />
drois saukeTeso xumroba isaa, rom demokratia<br />
Tavis momakvdinebel mtrebs Tavad aZlevs<br />
misi ganadgurebis saSualebebs 18 ~. tolerantobas<br />
calkeul <strong>pol</strong>itikur viTarebaSi SesaZloa<br />
TviTmkvleloba mohyves. rogorc lordi eq-<br />
Seni ambobs: `zogjer tolerantobam SeiZleba<br />
sazogadoeba gaanadguros, zogjer ki devna<br />
aris Tavisuflebis momakvdinebeli.~ 19<br />
dRes Tavdacvisunariani demokratia moiazreba<br />
rogorc brZola radikaluri moZraobebis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, radikalurad ganwyobili<br />
partiebis da maTi saqmianobis winaaRmdeg.<br />
aRniSnuli midgomis integrireba srulad demokratiuli<br />
germaniis konstituciaSi meore<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis Semdeg ganxorcielda 20 . adamian-<br />
18<br />
“Das wird immer einer der besten Witze der Demokratie bleiben, dass sie<br />
ihren Todfeinden die Mittel selber stellte, durch die sie vernichtet wurde,”<br />
Joseph Goebbels, quoted in K.D. Bracher et al. (Eds.), Nationalsozialistiche<br />
Diktatur, 1933-1945: Ein Bilanz, 16 (1983). termini `Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratia~ cnobili gaxda inglisurenovani literaturidan<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri mecnierebebis dargSi, karl lovenStainis<br />
1937 wlis statiidan _ Loewenstein, Militant Democracy and Fundamental<br />
Rights, 31 American Political Science Review 417 (1937). meore<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio omamde, bevri konstituciuri reJimi iyenebda sxvadasxva<br />
meTods Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis speqtridan<br />
(partiebis gauqmeba formebis akrZalva da a.S.). es xdeboda<br />
manam, sanad Tavad termini daibadeboda. Tumca es meTodebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneboda naxevrad demokratiuli da avtokratiuli<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri sistemebis dasacavad popularuli<br />
faSisturi moZraobebisgan, romlebic STambeWdav Sedegebs<br />
aRwevdnen arCevnebSi.<br />
19<br />
Lord Acton, Smith’s Irish History, in History <strong>of</strong> Freedom, edited by Figgis<br />
and Lawrence. London. 1907. 252.<br />
20<br />
germaniis ZiriTadi kanonmdeblobis ramdenime komponenti<br />
emsaxureba demokratiis dacvas Selaxvisgan. es konstituciuri<br />
principebi, ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba <strong>pol</strong>itikur demokratiasTan<br />
axlos my<strong>of</strong> institutebs (umetes SemTxvevaSi, <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
partiebs). ramdenime postkomunisturi konstitucia,<br />
romlebic Camoyalibda demokratiisken svlis procesSi, germanul<br />
modelzea agebuli da Riad krZalavs romelime organizaciis<br />
mier saxelmwifos gakontrolebas (magaliTisTvis<br />
ixileT Hungary’s Constitution, Art. 2(3); Poland’s Constitution,<br />
Art. 13).<br />
80
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
Ta uflebebis dacvis da fundamenturi uflebebis<br />
evropis konvenciis (1950) me-17 muxli ise<br />
aRwers aRniSnul problemas, rom gaamarTlos<br />
bevri kontrteroristuli qmedeba:<br />
`am konvenciaSi ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli<br />
imisa, rom romelime saxelmwifos,<br />
jgufs an pirs mieniWos amave konvenciaSi<br />
gansazRvruli uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis<br />
xely<strong>of</strong>is ufleba, iseT saqmianobaSi an<br />
moqmedebaSi monawileoba, rac daazaralebs<br />
konvenciiT gansazRvrul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.<br />
amasTanave, arc am uflebebis da<br />
Tavisuflebebis SezRudvaa dasaSvebi konvenciaSi<br />
gansazRvrul SezRudvebze metad.~<br />
totalitarul moZraobebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
safrTxe mxolod imaSi ar mdgomareobda,<br />
rom arCevnebSi faSistebi gaimarjvebdnen. lovenStaini<br />
ambobs, rom totalitarul reJimebs<br />
ara Zaladoba, aramed emociuroba aerTianebs.<br />
ai riT xdeba kanonis uzenaesobis Canacvleba.<br />
avtoritaruli reJimebi da faSisturi mo-<br />
Zraobebi emociuri mobilizebis meTodebis<br />
arsenals floben. nacionaluri Tavdadeba<br />
da Zaladoba, fizikuri Zaladobis safrTxis<br />
CaTvliT, <strong>pol</strong>itikuri emociurobis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli elementebia. aseTi <strong>pol</strong>itikis<br />
erTaderTi realuri mizania, radac ar unda<br />
dajdes, Zalaufleba moipovos da SeinarCunos.<br />
aseTi daxasiaTeba al-qaidas moZraobazec<br />
vrceldeba. isini am miznis warmatebiT miRwevas<br />
mxolod maSin SeZleben, Tu demokratiuli<br />
institucionaluri infrastruqturis farglebSi<br />
imoqmedeben.<br />
demokratiebi sakmaod daucvelia emociurad<br />
manipulirebadi <strong>pol</strong>itikis da gamowvevebis<br />
winaSe. amdenad, totalitaruli religiuri<br />
fundamentalizmis emociuroba sulac<br />
ar aris Sors eqstremaluri memarjvene da<br />
memarcxene totalitaruli moZraobebis emociurobisgan.<br />
ufro metic, terorisgan gamowveuli<br />
safrTxe da SiSi safuZvels uyris<br />
emociur an iracionalur <strong>pol</strong>itikas. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom dResdReobiT, sekularul<br />
sazogadoebaSi mainc, imis mosalodneloba,<br />
rom demokratiuli reJimi daingreva demokratiuli<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri institutebis da procesebis<br />
xely<strong>of</strong>iT, sakmaod dabalia. Tumca<br />
naTelia, rom demokratiis damcavi meqanizmebi<br />
Zalian sustia. naTeli suraTi saxelmwifos<br />
SesaZleblobaze, winaaRmdegoba gauwios<br />
terorizms ar gvaqvs (nawilobriv imitom,<br />
rom aseT SesaZleblobebze kargi warmodgena<br />
`mters~ ufro daexmareboda). liberaluri<br />
konstituciuri struqturebis Sesaxeb<br />
ki ufro naklebi codna gvaqvs maSin, roca<br />
saxelmwifos da xelisuflebaSi my<strong>of</strong>i <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
Zalebi kontrterorizmis saxeliT<br />
SezRudvebis gareSe moqmedeben. amJamindeli<br />
institucionaluri wyoba SemzRudveli zomebis<br />
legitimurobis (an Sesabamisobis) mxolod<br />
mciredi kontrolis saSualebas iZleva da<br />
zrdis saxelmwifo organoebis Zalauflebas<br />
moqalaqeebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso terorizmsa 21<br />
da demokratiuli institutebis xely<strong>of</strong>as Soris<br />
aSkara gansxvavebebi saxezea da amitomac<br />
am ori sxvadasxva movlenis mimarT Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis sapasuxo qmedebebic<br />
gansxvavebulia. saerTaSoriso teroristebis<br />
moqmedeba faruli da gasaidumloebulia.<br />
is sazogadoebrivi safrTxis Seqmnas isaxavs<br />
miznad. iuridiuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT,<br />
Zaladoba xalxis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebis<br />
daSinebas isaxavs miznad, raTa Zalismieri<br />
meTodebiT xeli Seuwyos sajaro <strong>pol</strong>itikis<br />
Secvlas. cvlileba ki, igulisxmeba, rom aucileblad<br />
moxdeba, radgan demokratiuli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
sazogadoeba movlenebs reagirebis<br />
gareSe ar tovebs. teroristuli aqtis meore<br />
fundamenturi mizani mTavrobis funqcionirebis<br />
darRveva an sazogadoebisTvis sasicocxlo<br />
mniSvnelobis servisebis moSlaa da am<br />
gziT sajaro pirebis iZuleba, daakmay<strong>of</strong>ilon<br />
konkretuli moTxovnebi. totalitaruli mo-<br />
Zraobis ukan mdgomi emociuri <strong>pol</strong>itika demokratiis<br />
Ria samarTlebriv instrumentebs<br />
iyenebs, raTa Seuqcevadi, antidemokratiuli<br />
21<br />
`zogadad, arsebobs SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom teroristuli<br />
aqti, jgufi an organizacia, pirvel rigSi, irCevs<br />
konkretul strategias, miayenos xilvadi, masStaburi ziani<br />
arasamxedro mosaxleobas, raTa moaxdinos mtris sistemis da<br />
reJimis destabilizacia. terorizmis strategia gamomdinareobs<br />
sxva formis militaristuli moqmedebidan, rogoricaa<br />
partizanuli an gorilas omebi, romlebic dampyroblis<br />
Zalauflebis da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri reJimis moqalaqeTa da infrastruqturis<br />
ganadgurebas isaxavs miznad. meore maxasiaTebeli<br />
aris gacxadebuli teroristuli miznebi: teroristebi<br />
winaaRmdegobas uweven da surT radikalurad Secvalon,<br />
socialur-<strong>pol</strong>itikuri status-kvo erovnul, regionalur an<br />
globalur doneze. es ganasxvavebs terorizms sxva tipis organizebuli<br />
danaSaulisgan, romlis mizanicaa piradi mogeba~.<br />
Renate Mayntz, Organizational Forms <strong>of</strong> Terrorism Hierarchy, Network, or<br />
a Type sui generis? MPIfG Discussion Paper 04/4. saerTaSoriso terorizms<br />
aqvs ufro religiuri vidre sekularuli safuZveli,<br />
masStabebiT is saerTaSorisoa da xasiaTdeba qseluri struqturiT,<br />
rac masTan brZolas da mis winaaRmdeg arsebuli<br />
kanonebis gamoyenebas arTulebs. magaliTisTvis ixileT,.<br />
Hirschmann, Kai, 2000: The Changing Face <strong>of</strong> Terrorism. In: International<br />
Politics and Society 7(3), 299–310.<br />
81
andraS Saio<br />
Zalauflebis sistema daamyaros 22 . Seuqcevadi<br />
cvlileba SesaZloa musulmanur qveynebSi islamuri<br />
fundamentalistebis mizani iyos, iq,<br />
sadac Tavdacvisunariani demokratia mmarTvelobis<br />
Sesaferisi modelia.<br />
arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric, rac imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom gansxvavebebi terorizmsa<br />
da <strong>pol</strong>itikur fundamentalizms Soris ufro<br />
da ufro naklebia. alJirSi Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis ukiduresi forma iqna gamoyenebuli<br />
im periodSi, roca arCevnebi gauqmda,<br />
radgan mosalodneli iyo axali islamuri<br />
fundamentalistebis (adgilobrivi jgufis)<br />
gamarjveba, romlebic msxvilmasStabian teroristul<br />
aqtebSi monawileobdnen 23 . calkeul<br />
erovnul teroristul organizaciebs namdvilad<br />
hqondaT samoqalaqo <strong>pol</strong>itikuri frTa,<br />
xolo erovnul-radikalur, islamur moZraobebs<br />
da adgilobriv religiur organizaciebs<br />
SesaZloa Zlieri kavSirebi hqonodaT saerTa-<br />
Soriso teroristul qselebTan 24 .<br />
kidev erTi potenciuri sxvaoba isaa, rom<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia Seiqmna sekularuli<br />
totalitaruli moZraobebis winaaRmdeg<br />
sabrZolvelad, xolo totalitaruli<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri moZraobebi metwilad teroristul<br />
meTodebs iyenebdnen da aralegalur<br />
qselebs akontrolebdnen. ufro metic, anti-<br />
22<br />
istoriuli gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom totalitarul<br />
moZraobaze dafuZnebuli emociuri <strong>pol</strong>itika iyenebs Zaladobas<br />
da teroristul meTodebs daSinebis mizniT.<br />
23<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi problema<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zlieri da xangrZlivi SezRudvebi<br />
moqmedebs im qveynebSi, romlebic arc ki arian momwifebuli<br />
demokratiebi. faqtobrivad, antiteroristuli zomebi da<br />
mudmivi sagangebo mdgomareoba iwvevs mudmiv represiebs da<br />
amdenad, demokratiis damabrkolebeli faqtori xdeba. terorizmis<br />
masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa<br />
alJiri, romelic esazRvreba mudmiv samoqalaqo oms,<br />
cxadia, rTulia demokratiis gavrceleba. aq erT paradoqsTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme, romelic Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis paradoqss<br />
hgavs: antiteroristuli zomebi, romlebic adamianis<br />
uflebebTan da demokratiasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis legitimuri<br />
xdeba. am paradoqsis magaliTi saberZneTis uaxles<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba. kanoni 3251/2004 teroristuli<br />
aqtisgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>s qmedebas, romelic demokratiuli reJimis<br />
damyarebis mizniT an mis dasacavad, an fundamenturi uflebebis<br />
gasatareblad xorcieldeba. es midgoma Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis cnebas ewinaaRmdegeba (uflebebis Selaxvis<br />
akrZalva), romelic adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvenciiT<br />
aris garantirebuli (muxli 17 da 18). berZnuli kanonmdeblobis<br />
msgavsi SemTxvevebi bevr qveyanaSi gvxvdeba. magali-<br />
Tad, samxreT afrikaSi axlaxans dasrulda brZola, romelSic<br />
daumorCileblobis moZraoba (da mTavroba) teroristul<br />
aqtebSi monawileobda. cxadia, ANC fundamenturi islamuri<br />
terorisgan gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda, radgan misi meSveobiT<br />
namdvilad damyarda demokratia. berZnul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
warmodgenili pozicia aSkarad uxeSia, radgan prodemokratiuli<br />
terorizmis daSveba SeuZlebels xdis Sedges saerTa-<br />
Soriso SeTanxmeba terorizmze.<br />
24 ixileT Victor Ferreres Comella, The New Regulation <strong>of</strong> Political Parties<br />
in Spain, and the Decision to Outlaw Batasuna, in Militant Democracy,<br />
supra note 2, at 133.<br />
sekularistuli jgufebi, romlebic musulmanur<br />
umravlesobasTan erTad terorizmze<br />
akeTeben orientacias, dainteresebuli arian<br />
radikaluri islamuri saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT.<br />
es igivea, rac Seuqcevadi antidemokratiuli<br />
reJimis Seqmnis mcdeloba, rodesac adamians<br />
fundamenturi arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba ar<br />
aqvs. `tradiciuli~ <strong>pol</strong>itikuri terorizmis<br />
perspeqtividan, am tipis religiurad motivirebuli<br />
saerTaSoriso terorizmi sruliad<br />
gansxvavebulia, radgan terorizmze dafuZnebuli<br />
bevri moZraoba demokratias, rogorc<br />
princips ar ewinaaRmdegeba. inteleqtualurad<br />
ki es sazogadoeba saocari TvisebiT gamoirCeva:<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri moqmedebis orive forma <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
fanatizmis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis nawilia,<br />
romelic liberalizmis sapirispiro cnebaa.<br />
gasakviri araa, rom samarTlebrivi meTodebi,<br />
romlebic totalitaruli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
moZraobebis sawinaaRmdegod Camoyalibda<br />
ufro da ufro gamoiyeneba demokratiebSi im<br />
religiuri fundamentalisturi moZraobebis<br />
winaaRmdeg, romlebic iTvleba, rom teroristuli<br />
qselebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben. es<br />
religiuri moZraobebi demokratiuli procesis<br />
da kanonis uzenaesobis upiratesobebis terorizmTan<br />
kombinirebas isaxaven miznad, raTa<br />
xeli Seuwyon im teroristul moZraobebs,<br />
romlebic dainteresebuli arian, vesternizebuli<br />
islamuri da `araerTguli~ reJimebis<br />
destabilizaciiT. zogierTi religiuri<br />
fundamentalisturi moZraoba teroristuli<br />
daSinebis princips efuZneba, iseve rogorc<br />
aratotalitaruli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri moZraobebi,<br />
mag., baskuri <strong>pol</strong>itikuri eqstremizmi da eta.<br />
istoriulad, totalitaruli moZraobebi iyenebdnen<br />
rogorc demokratiul saSualebebs,<br />
ise teroristuli daSinebis instruments (ixileT<br />
vaimaris germaniis magaliTi).<br />
2.2. prevenciuli saxelmwifo<br />
kontrteroristuli reagirebis speqtri<br />
SeiZleba Zalian farTo iyos, magram imis ga-<br />
Tvla ki iolia, rom kontrteroristuli reagirebis<br />
formebma SesaZloa momavalSi ZalTa<br />
axlebur ganawilebas da fundamenturi uflebebis<br />
restruqturizacias Seuwyos xeli. es<br />
axali paradigma ki, prevenciuli saxelmwifos<br />
saxes iRebs. termini `prevenciuli saxelmwifo~,<br />
pirvelad pr<strong>of</strong>esorma kerol Straikerma<br />
25 gamoiyena. igi aRniSnavda, rom sisxlis<br />
25<br />
Carol S. Steiker, op. cit.<br />
82
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
samarTlis kodeqsi da am kodeqsidan gamomdinare<br />
aRsulebis RonisZiebebi saSiSi individebis<br />
neitralizebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gza<br />
ar aris. 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtis<br />
Semdeg prevenciuli paradigma terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
gatarebul RonisZiebebs Soris yvelaze<br />
ufro misaRebi forma gaxda 26 .<br />
kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebi, gansaku-<br />
TrebiT ki saerTaSoriso teroristuli safr-<br />
Txis winaSe mimarTuli zomebi, miznad isaxavs<br />
prevencias. aseTi RonisZiebebis farglebSi<br />
gamoiyeneba saSiS adamianebTan (narkotikebiT<br />
movaWreebi, fulis gaTeTrebiT dakavebuli<br />
pirebi, bavSvebiT movaWreebi da a.S.) Tavis<br />
garTmevisTvis Seqmnili meTodebi, romlebic,<br />
erTgvarad, samarTlebrivi normebis kriziss<br />
qmnian. es meTodebi istoriul siaxles ar warmoadgens,<br />
siaxle isaa, rom dadgenili zRvris<br />
gadakveTa ukve Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda.<br />
zRvris gadakveTaSi vgulisxmob imas, rom samarTlebrivad<br />
iolad mopovebadi dazvervis<br />
Sedegebi ara mxolod prevenciul konteqstSi<br />
gamoiyeneba, aramed kriminalur saqmianobaSic.<br />
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi patriotis<br />
aqtiT nawilobriv moixsna SezRudvebi<br />
mosasmeni aparatiT mopovebuli informaciis<br />
kriminalur konteqstSi warmodgenaze.<br />
prevenciuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisTvis,<br />
aseve mniSvnelovania is, rom sazRvris gadakve-<br />
Tis procedurebi, romlebic dasaSvebia terorizmis<br />
konteqstSi, SesaZloa misaRebi gaxdes<br />
globaluri teroristuli konteqstis miRmac,<br />
ara mxolod antikriminaluri, aramed saxelmwifos<br />
zogadi administraciuli procedurebis<br />
farglebSic.<br />
prevenciuli saxelmwifos cneba ufro da<br />
ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba Tavdapirveli kriminaluri<br />
samarTlis paradigmis miRma im<br />
stuqturis asaRwerad, sadac ganadgurebis<br />
safrTxis prevenciis axali meTodebi (ramac<br />
Caanacvla danaSaulis prevencia) gadamwyvet<br />
rols TamaSoben mTliani konstituciuri wesrigis<br />
damyarebaSi. prevencia, rac saSiSi pirebis<br />
gauvnebely<strong>of</strong>isgan iRebs saTaves, Tanamedrove<br />
socialuri saxelmwifos calkeul<br />
26<br />
terminis gamoyeneba antiteroristul konteqstSi ixileT<br />
Semdeg wyaroSi: Eric S. <strong>Jan</strong>us, The Preventive State, Terrorists<br />
and Sexual Predators: Countering the Threat <strong>of</strong> a New Outsider Jurisprudence<br />
Criminal Law Bulletin, Vol. 40, No 6. p. 576, 2004; Robert M.<br />
Chesney, THE SLEEPER SCENARIO: TERRORISM-SUPPORT LAWS AND THE<br />
DEMANDS OF PREVENTION, 42 HARV. J. LEGIS. 1 (2005).<br />
termini warmoiSva germaniaSi - Erhard Denninger, Freiheit durch Sicherheit.<br />
Wie viel Schutz der inneren Sicherheit verlangt und verträgt das<br />
deutsche Grundgesetz?, Kritische Justiz 467 (2002).<br />
problematikas emTxveva, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mis paternalistur versiebs mainc, sadac<br />
yvela saxis ubedurebis Tavidan acileba dazvervis<br />
27 meTodiT xorcieldeba. kontrteroristuli<br />
samyaros gareT gavrcelebuli<br />
dazvervis <strong>pol</strong>itika, mag., jandacvis an dana-<br />
Saulis identifikaciis mizniT erovnuli dnmis<br />
bankis Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mas Semdeg,<br />
rac aseTi monacemTa bankis dafuZndeba<br />
terorizmis prevenciis motiviT. garda amisa,<br />
prevenciul saxelmwifoSi am mimarTulebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis garda SesaZloa inicirebul<br />
iqnes fundamenturi uflebebis restruqturizacia.<br />
winaswari dakavebis reJimi prevenciis<br />
gansakuTrebiT problemuri formaa ara mxolod<br />
imitom, rom safrTxis niSnebis dadgena<br />
rTulia da, rom teroristul konteqstSi<br />
amis gansazRvris prerogativa yovelTvis aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis xelSia, aramed<br />
imitomac, rom masobrivi dakavebebi ganapirobeben<br />
adamianis uflebebis masobriv xely<strong>of</strong>as,<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dakavebulebis damokidebulebas<br />
damkaveblebis interesebis mimarT.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu prevenciuli saxelmwifo<br />
konstituciuri gaxdeba, aucilebelia masSi<br />
garantirebuli iyos adamianis dacvis yvela<br />
SesaZlo meqanizmi da dakavebulTa pirobebis<br />
kontroli. Tumca, praqtikulad, amis garantireba<br />
rTulia, radgan did xarjebTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli da resursebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a im<br />
adamianebis uflebebis dasacavad, romlebic<br />
faqtobrivad dehumanizebuli arian, aseve<br />
problemas warmoadgens. aseTi dehumanizeba<br />
kamikaZeebis qmedebebidan kargad Cans. dakavebulisTvis<br />
omis tyvis statusis miniWeba,<br />
albaT yvelaze misaRebi minimaluri humanitaruli<br />
dacvaa. tyveebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
roca Cveulebrivi dakavebuli saSiS saqmianobaSia<br />
eWvmitanili; esaa adamiani, romelic an<br />
monawileobda, an survili aqvs monawileoba<br />
miiRos saSinel danaSaulebSi 28 da, amdenad,<br />
27<br />
araCveulebrivad aris warmodgenili StaikerTan, gv. 779:<br />
`maregulirebeli saxelmwifos ganviTarebam `axali ganviTarebis~<br />
programis Semdgomdroindel, meoce saukuneSi saxelmwifos<br />
Sesaxeb axali codna gaavrcela, rac saxelmwifos mier<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>ilaqtikuri moqmedebis saSualebas iZleoda~. msgavsi<br />
tendencia da imis mtkicebuleba, rom antiteroristuli<br />
brZolis meTodebi mudmivad viTardeboda 11 seqtembris movlenebamdec,<br />
citirebulia germanul konteqstSi lepsiusTan.<br />
28<br />
Canasaxovani danaSaulebrivi qmedebis interpretaciiT<br />
SesaZlebelia teroristuli danaSaulis masStabebis gansaz-<br />
Rvra, amdenad, saxelmwifom SesaZloa teroristul qmedebaSi<br />
monawileobis ganzraxvis (survilis) kriminalizeba moaxdinos<br />
- ganviTareba, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia ganmanaTleblobis<br />
cnebebze dafuZnebuli sisxlis samarTlis principebisgan.<br />
83
andraS Saio<br />
imsaxurebs dasjas. tipuri tyve saomari moqmedebebis<br />
SewyvetisTanave unda gaTavisufldes,<br />
xolo dakavebuli marTlmsajulebas<br />
unda warudges 29 . meore mxriv, dakavebis mizezi<br />
SeiZleba iyos terorizmis potenciur mxardaWeraSi<br />
eWvmitaniloba, am logikiT muSaobda<br />
amerikisa da iaponiis dakavebebis modeli.<br />
koremacu SesaZloa axla aRar iyos misaRebi<br />
kanoni, magram mTavrobis interesi, daicvas<br />
mosaxleobis usafrTxoeba zogierT viTarebaSi,<br />
gadawonis erTi pirovnebis Tavisuflebis<br />
uflebas. magaliTad, amboxebebisa da omis<br />
dros, roca sazogadoebrivi interesi piks<br />
aRwevs, mTavrobas SeuZlia daakavos is individebi,<br />
romelTac saSiSad Tvlian~ 30 .<br />
konstituciuri perspeqtividan sainteresoa<br />
is, Tu ramdenad moTavsdeba prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifos modeli arsebul konstituciur<br />
modelebSi da aris Tu ara damoukidebeli<br />
konstituciuri paradigmis Seqmnis saWiroeba,<br />
romelic prevenciuli saxelmwifos problemebs<br />
Seicavs. cxadia, prevenciuli saxelmwifo,<br />
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, sanam<br />
srulmasStabian konstituciur paradigmaSi<br />
moeqceva, warmoadgens individualizebul,<br />
TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis process imave mimarTulebiT<br />
31 . am SekiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad<br />
saintereso iqneboda Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic<br />
konstituciaSi da konstitucionalizmis<br />
cnebaSi `standartuli~ struqturebidan da<br />
principebidan garkveuli donis gadaxvevebis<br />
integrirebis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rac<br />
gaacocxlebda liberalur konstituciur demokratiebs.<br />
29<br />
terorizmis potenciuri mxardamWeris alternatiuli statusia<br />
gonebrivad daqveiTebuli TviTmkvlelobis Camdeni<br />
piri, romelic moTavsdeba fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi<br />
saboloo samedicino daskvnis gamotanamde. aq samarTalwarmoeba<br />
(evrobaSi) an pacientis uflebebi moiTxovs pirovnebis<br />
statusis regularul gadamowmebas, maSin roca terorizmSi<br />
monawileobis motiviT dakavebisas pirad mdgomareobas mniSvneloba<br />
ar aqvs da gaTavisufleba damokidebulia mxolod<br />
saomari mdgomareobis dasrulebaze.<br />
30<br />
aSS salernos winaaRmdeg, 481, aSS 739 (1987). unda daisvas<br />
Semdegi SekiTxva: Tu es simarTlea, maSin ra daniSnuleba<br />
aqvs amerikis konstituciis kongresis habeas korpusis funqcionirebis<br />
Sewyvetas? savaraudo danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saWiroa konstituciis moqmedebis SeCereba, xolo savaraudo<br />
safrTxis moaxloebisas amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs?<br />
31<br />
prevenciuli saxelmwifos konkretuli elementebis warmodgena<br />
xdeba konkretuli programebis farglebSi, magali-<br />
Tad, roca saqme exeba seqsualur moZaladeebs sazogadoebaSi,<br />
iqmneba konkretuli programa. zogadi saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
programa ki ar arsebobs prevenciuli saxelmwifos fargleb-<br />
Si. ZiriTadad, struqturulad erTnairi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miReba mainc damoukideblad xdeba.<br />
2.3. kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo,<br />
rogorc Sereuli reJimi<br />
rogorc Tavdacvisunariani demokaratia, ise<br />
prevenciuli saxelmwifo Teoriulad kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos komponentebia, Tu<br />
im konkretuli sistemis zogierT fundamentur<br />
Rirebulebas yuradRebas ar mivaqcevT,<br />
romelTac TiToeuli es reJimi icavs. saku-<br />
Tar TavTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosvlis braldeba<br />
arasworia, paradoqsic iluzia da mxolod<br />
varaudia. arsebobs mkafio gansxvaveba maT Soris,<br />
vinc praqtikaSi miRebul demokratiul<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikas ar eTanxmeba da vinc, ubralod,<br />
demokratiis sandoobas gadawyvetilebebis mi-<br />
Rebis procesSi da demokratiuli cxovrebis<br />
formebis legitimurobas samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>s 32 . am ukanasknel kategoriaSi<br />
demokratiis mtrebi erTiandebian teroristebis<br />
CaTvliT. fundamentalisti teroristebi<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb xalxs<br />
ara mxolod imperialisturi mosazrebiT esxmian<br />
Tavs, aramed imis gamoc, rom demokratia<br />
WeSmarit morwmuneebs aRizianebs, romelTac<br />
cxvris farasaviT urCevniaT cxovreba. religiuri<br />
moZraobebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv<br />
mxardaWeras iReben teroristebis religiurad<br />
motivirebuli ideebis wyalobiT, kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos da Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis legitimuri samizneebi<br />
arian. religiuri amboxis saSiSroeba SezRudvebs<br />
da akrZalvebs amarTlebs, romlebic<br />
meamboxe moZraobebis <strong>pol</strong>itikur aqtivobaze<br />
vrceldeba 33 . jer kidev loki Tavis werilSi<br />
religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs,<br />
rom saxelmwifos Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba<br />
religiis miimarT ar gulisxmobs Semwynareblobas<br />
im pirebis mimarT, romlebic<br />
religiis saxeliT moiTxoven samoqalaqo Zalauflebas,<br />
privilegiebs da romlebsac ar<br />
surT iyvnen tolerantuli sxvebis mimarT:<br />
`maT, vinc aTeizmiT amcireben da anadgureben<br />
yvela religias, ver eqnebaT pretenzia reli-<br />
32<br />
aRniSnuli gansxvaveba r. quTeris naSromSi warmodgenili<br />
gansxvavebis msgavsia: R. Cooter, <strong>Constitutional</strong> Consequentialism:<br />
Bargain Democracy versus Median Democracy, 3 Theoretical Inquiries in<br />
Law 1, at 3 (<strong>Jan</strong>uary 2002). quTeri amtkicebs, rom saziaro Rirebulebebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Rirebulebis Sesabamisi <strong>pol</strong>itikis<br />
Sesaxeb debatebi Tavad Rirebulebas ki ara, mis mniSvnelobas<br />
da interpretacias exeba. saboloo jamSi, Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis damkvidrebisas Semdegi dilema warmoiSveba: ra<br />
dros aris mTlianad sazogadoeba (Tanaarseboba sazogadoebis<br />
SigniT) safrTxis qveS, ganurCevlad misi wevrebisa.<br />
33<br />
Zalian gansxvavdeba piradi Tavisuflebis xely<strong>of</strong>isgan, sadac<br />
gansxvavebuli standartebia dawesebuli.<br />
84
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
giuri tolerantobis naklebobaze~ 34 . liberaluri<br />
demokratiis fundamenturi principia,<br />
rom is funqcionirebs iq, sadac racionaluri<br />
diskorsi SesaZlebelia da sazogadoebaSi<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis normatiul safuZvels<br />
warmoadgens. Tumca monawileobrivi<br />
uflebebis uary<strong>of</strong>a diskorsis pirobebis SenarCunebas<br />
isaxavs miznad.<br />
antidemokratiuli uflebebis SemzRudavi<br />
zomebis, demokratiis fundamenturi, mtrebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego specialuri reJimebis arsebobis<br />
gamarTleba ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas,<br />
rom sagangebo situaciebSi miRebuli<br />
zomebi, romlebic demokratiul principebs<br />
mniSvnelovnad Sordebian, saboloo jamSi Tavad<br />
demokratias daazaralebs.<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis elementebis<br />
arseboba kontrteroristul saxelmwifoSi<br />
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, radgan demokratiis<br />
dacva Tavad demokratiis SezRudviT<br />
xdeba (konkretuli jgufebis xarjze), xolo<br />
prevenciuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi elementi,<br />
konkretulad ki Setevaze gadasvlis strategia<br />
liberaluri konstitucionalizmis tradiciul<br />
koncefcias ewinaaRmdegeba. brZola<br />
terorizmis, iseve rogorc demokratiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
amboxebis sxva formebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
saWiroebs Setevaze gadasvlis teqnikis gamoyenebas<br />
(rogorc teroristul qselebSi, iseve<br />
socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi teroristuli<br />
potencialis gamovlenis mizniT) kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis dasacavad. Setevaze gadasvlaSi<br />
vgulisxmob iseTi informaciis Segrovebas,<br />
romelic gonivruli da informirebuli prevenciuli<br />
moqmedebis safuZvels qmnis.<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo, Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demok-ratiis logikiT, miznad<br />
isaxavs calkeuli fundamenturi uflebebis da<br />
Rirebulebebis dacvas da amasTanave im adamianebisTvis<br />
uflebebze uaris Tqmas, romlebic<br />
eWvmitanili arian sistemis xely<strong>of</strong>is mcdelobaSi.<br />
am logikiT, demokratiis da adamianis<br />
uflebebis principebis xelmy<strong>of</strong>i adamianebis<br />
jgufebi calke gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
realur strategiebs Soris fundamenturi<br />
gansxvavebebi arsebobs. magaliTad, Tu erTni<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis saWiroebebis<br />
gamo, uflebebis SezRudvas legitimurad<br />
miiCneven, Tavisuflebebis SezRudvebi kontr-<br />
34<br />
J. Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration: Latin and English Texts, ( J. Horton<br />
& S. Mendus, (eds.)) 47 (1991).<br />
terorizmis farglebSi albaT ufro farToa,<br />
vidre Tavdacvisunarian demokratiaSi. Tavdacvisunarian<br />
demokratiaSi SemzRudveli<br />
zomebi konkretulad `mtris~ winaaRmdeg aris<br />
mizanmimarTuli. `mtris~ gamovlena SedarebiT<br />
iolia da SezRudvebis gavlena mTlianad sazogadoebaze<br />
pirdapiri ar aris (Teoriulad<br />
mainc). sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis Sekrebis,<br />
gadaadgilebis ufleba da sityvis Tavisufleba<br />
SezRuduli ar aris demokratiisTvis saSiS<br />
saqmianobaSi eWvmitanili jgufebis an moZraobis<br />
wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT. zemoT aRniSnuli<br />
praqtika islamur <strong>pol</strong>itikur frTazec<br />
vrceldeba, romelic ZiriTadad musulmanur<br />
sazogadoebaSi moqmedebs.<br />
kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebis logika,<br />
romelic gasaidumloebul teroristul qselebze<br />
vrceldeba, gansxvavebulia. am konteqstSi,<br />
swored imis gamo, rom kontrteroristuli<br />
RonisZiebebi miznad isaxaven im codnis/<br />
informaciis mopovebas, romelic gasaidumloebul<br />
teroristebs da maT damqiraveblebs<br />
exmarebaT, ZiriTad strategiebs Soris gamoiyeneba<br />
masobriv monacemTa Segrovebis da<br />
gadaadgilebis, Sekrebis da sxva uflebebis<br />
SezRudvis strategia. aseTi RonisZiebebi<br />
mTel sazogadoebaze axdens gavlenen, maSin<br />
roca, realurad, teroristebis SesaZleblobebis<br />
SezRudvas isaxavs miznad. amdenad,<br />
kontrteroristuli <strong>pol</strong>itikis WrilSi yvela<br />
moqalaqe, garkveuli xarisxiT mainc, miiCneva<br />
potenciur teroristad. aseTi RonisZiebebi<br />
gavlenas axdens moqalaqeebis gadaadgilebis,<br />
piradi Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis (ixileT<br />
aqtivebis gayinvis strategia) da sxva uflebebze.<br />
garda amisa, es RonisZiebebi Zvirad<br />
Rirebulia da zogjer akrZalulic ki. maTi<br />
ganxorcielebis dros im albaTobiT xelmZRvaneloben,<br />
rom prevenciuli zomebi mxolod<br />
calkeul jgufebze iqneba orientirebuli.<br />
vinaidan musulmanur sazogadoebasa (misi gadagvarebuli<br />
umciresoba) da teroristul<br />
qselebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebis maRali<br />
albaToba arsebobs, uflebebis SezRudvis<br />
mcdelobebic, Sesabamisad, am sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebul `saeWvo jgufebze~ xdeba, maSinac ki,<br />
Tu saeWvo jgufis gamovlena arc ise martivia<br />
musulmanebis ufro didi jgufidan. ufro<br />
metic, zogierT qveyanaSi, sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris doneze mainc, musulmanebis mimarT TanagrZnoba<br />
Cndeba xolme, radgan logikurad<br />
85
andraS Saio<br />
isini prevenciuli RonisZiebebis samizneebi<br />
xdebian. es ki institucionaluri diskriminaciis<br />
seriozul riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
jgufebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a sakmarisad ar aris dasabu-<br />
Tebuli da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, dasabuTeba<br />
koremacus SemTxvevis msgavsia: Tu samxedro<br />
mTavarsardals swams, rom iaponuri warmoSobis<br />
xalxi aucileblad iTanamSromlebs iaponelebTan,<br />
Tuki iaponuri jarebi moadgebian<br />
dasavleT sanapiros, maSin iaponuri warmoSobis<br />
xalxi saSiSroebas warmoadgens. dakavebis<br />
meTodis gamoyeneba represiebis farglebSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba aqtualuri da,<br />
Sesabamisad, problemuri, roca `saxelmwifo<br />
iwyebs moqmedebas, rogorc wesi, kriminalur<br />
konteqstSi, konkretuli da samizne mtris<br />
winaaRmdeg~ 35 .<br />
winaswar veravin uary<strong>of</strong>s, rom safrTxis<br />
saSiSroebis molodinSi, romlis masStabebis<br />
winaswar ganWvreta rTulia, magram sazogadoebis<br />
arsebobisTvis potenciurad seriozuli<br />
zianis miyeneba SeuZlia, sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobebis da pirobebis<br />
Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli fundamenturi<br />
Sexedulebebi iqmneba, rac konstituciuri<br />
reJimis wina pirobaa. Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
konstitucionalizmi erT-erTi<br />
aseTi arCevania, xolo Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
proceduruli dacviTi meqanizmebi,<br />
Zalisxmeva samarTlebrivi kontrolis Senar-<br />
CunebisTvis, Tundac `standartuli kanonmdeblobisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli kriteriumebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, miuTiTebs imaze, rom pativiscema<br />
kanonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiisadmi<br />
gulwrfelia. Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
institucionaluri dizaini demokratiis<br />
standartuli modelidan gadaxvevis saSualebas<br />
da, amavdroulad, konstituciuri reJimis<br />
dacvis garantias gvaZlevs. meore gardasaxvis<br />
meqanizmi, romelic konstituciur dizainSi<br />
SeiniSneba, sagangebo viTarebis reJimia. Cveni<br />
miznebisTvis sakmarisi iqneba veberiseuli<br />
konstitucionaluri saganegebo mdgomareobis<br />
36 idealuri tipi moviyvanoT magaliTad,<br />
rodesac samarTlebrivi kontroli naklebad<br />
35<br />
Carol S. Steiker, Foreword: The Limits <strong>of</strong> the Preventive State. 88 The<br />
Journal <strong>of</strong> Criminal Law and Criminology 3. 771. 806 (1998).<br />
36<br />
sagangebo mdgomareoba aris gansakuTrebuli situacia,<br />
romelic karl Smitis Tanaxmad, samarTlebriv CarCoebSi ar<br />
jdeba. sagangebo mdgomareobis legitimurobas axdens gansakuTrebuli,<br />
miukerZoebeli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri reJimis warmateba.<br />
problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sagangebo mdgomareobis<br />
reJimi SesaZloa gadaizardos tiraniaSi, romlis drosac legitimurobis<br />
sakiTxebi yvelaze nakleb mniSvnelovania.<br />
mniSvnelovania da ZiriTadi aqcenti gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis procesis sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
kompetenciaSi gadatanaze keTdeba.<br />
aq konstituciuri kontroli Zlieri proceduruli<br />
wesebis saxiT arsebobs, romelTa<br />
dacvac aucilebelia sagangebo mdgomareobis 37<br />
gamocxadebisa da gagrZelebisTvis. garda<br />
amisa, fundamenturi uflebebis SezRudvebis<br />
umetesobis winaswar gaTvla SesaZlebelia<br />
sagangebo mdgomareobis dadgomamde, Tumca<br />
SesaZloa damatebiTi SezRudvebi dawesdes<br />
sagangebo mdgomareobis ganmavlobaSi. SezRudvebis<br />
dawesebis mosalodnelobaze miuTiTebs<br />
adamianis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso<br />
dokumentebic. Teoriuli SekiTxva isaa, Tu<br />
ramdenad Seesabameba kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos RonisZiebebis winaswar ucnobi<br />
speqtri sagangebo mdgomareobas. inteleqtualurad<br />
mimzidvelia, rom kontrteroristuli<br />
RonisZiebebi calke, gamonaklisis saxiT, ganvixiloT.<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo,<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, moicavs Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis da omis kanonebis elementebs,<br />
Tumca albaT maT gansakuTrebul<br />
formas (gamokveTili mtris gareSe).<br />
ra Tqma unda, kontrteroristuli Ronis-<br />
Ziebebis speqtris arsebul demokratiul paradigmaSi<br />
moqcevis sasargeblod seriozuli<br />
argumentebi arsebobs, proporciulobis analizis<br />
da axali administraciuli prioritetebis<br />
kombinirebiT, romlis farglebSic<br />
erovnuli usafrTxoebis da sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba. amJamindeli<br />
gaTvlebiT, saerTaSoriso religiuri terorizmis<br />
safrTxe mudmivad iarsebebs. amdenad,<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo grZelvadian<br />
gegmad iqceva.<br />
3. uflebebis SezRudvis sakiTxi kontrteroristul<br />
saxelmwifoSi<br />
mravali mizezi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom<br />
adamianis fundamentur uflebebs yvelaze<br />
upiratesi mniSvnelova mieniWos, an dvorkinis<br />
cnobili sityvebis Tanaxmad: fundamenturi<br />
uflebebi (da mxolod fundamenturi uflebebi)<br />
aris Cveni koziri. `adamianebs aqvT uflebebi,<br />
roca koleqtiuri mizani sakmaris sababs<br />
37<br />
magaliTisTvis ixileT, samxreT afrikis konstituciis umravlesobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi, an sagamomcemlo<br />
saqmis maregulirebeli rTuli wesebi ungreTsa da <strong>pol</strong>oneTSi.<br />
86
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
ar warmoadgens maT survilebze uaris Tqmis-<br />
Tvis~ 38 .<br />
Tumca yovelive zemoTqmuli uflebebis<br />
upirobo absolutizms ar niSnavs, utilitaruli<br />
TvalTaxedviT, uflebebi daculia,<br />
radgan samarTlebrivad awyobil ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi<br />
individualuri avtonomiis gamyarebis ukeTesi<br />
forma ar arsebobs. avtonomia niSnavs imas,<br />
rom individi Tavad aris pasuxismgebeli saku-<br />
Tar bedze an arCevanze. uflebebi ganasaxiereben<br />
`moralur faqts, roca pirovneba ekuTvnis<br />
Tavis Tavs da ara sxvas an mTlianad sazogadoebas~.<br />
Thornburgh v. American College <strong>of</strong> Obstetricians<br />
& Gynecologists, 476 U.S., at 777, n. 5 39 .<br />
fundamenturi uflebebi (da mxolod fundamenturi<br />
uflebebi, anu uflebebi, romlebic<br />
Seesatyvisebian konkretul moralur<br />
funqciebs) Cveni upiratesobaa, magram uflebebi<br />
absoluturi araa, Sesabamisad garantia,<br />
rom maTi darRveva ar moxdeba, ar arsebobs.<br />
da mainc ra darRveva SeiZleba moxdes? dvorkini<br />
aRiarebs, rom sityvis Tavisuflebac ki<br />
SeiZleba SeizRudos, raTa `dacul iqnes sxvebis<br />
uflebebi, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli katastr<strong>of</strong>a<br />
an miRebul iqnes didi sazogadoebrivi<br />
sargebeli~ 40 . Tavisuflebebis analizis Sedegad<br />
SesaZlebelia, prevenciuli moqmedebis<br />
mizniT, uflebebis darRvevis sakmarisi dasabuTebis<br />
monaxva.<br />
rogorc Cans, dvorkinisTvis misaRebia fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis gansazRvrebiTi SezRudva,<br />
roedsac uflebebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba<br />
fundamenturi uflebebis `swori~ gansazRvrebis<br />
miRma xdeba. uflebis Tavdapirveli aRiareba<br />
ar niSnavs maT aRiarebas yvela momdevno<br />
konkretul SemTxvevaSi. uflebebis araRiare-<br />
38<br />
Dworkin, op. cit. xii. gansxvavebuli kontinenturi tradiciis<br />
mixedviT, jin debinma daiWira myari pozicia imis dasamtkiceblad,<br />
rom uflebebi eZlevaT individebs piradi sargeblobisTvis<br />
da ara konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis,<br />
romlebic sakmaod bundovania. Jean Dabin, Le droit subjectif, pp289<br />
et seq.<br />
39<br />
es SeniSvna gakeTda piradi saidumloebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
roca stiven. j-m (Stevens, J.,) citireba gaukeTa<br />
Carlz fridis formulirebas (Charles Fried’s formulation) Correspondence,<br />
6 Phil. & Pub. Affairs 288-289 (1977).<br />
40<br />
Ibid. at 191. miuxedavad am martivi poziciisa, cnobilia, rom<br />
dvorkini uary<strong>of</strong>da sazogadoebrivi sargeblis standartul<br />
moTxovnebs. kantis mier STagonebuli sxva memarjvene Teoretikosebis<br />
msgavsad (nociki, Carlz fridi), memarjveneobaze<br />
dafuZnebuli reJimis realuri dasasruli katastr<strong>of</strong>aa.<br />
zogierTi wamyvani Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi kidev ufro<br />
damTmobebi arian, roca saqme uflebebis SezRudvas exeba:<br />
`koleqtiuri keTildReobisTvis miRebul rezolucias . .<br />
. ufro Zlieri mxardaWera unda hqondes, vidre individis<br />
uflebebs~. `uflebebis WeSmariti prioritetizacia ar gamoricxavs<br />
individis uflebebis gauqmebas sxva interesebis sanacvlod.~<br />
Robert Alexy, Individual Rights and Collective Goods, in (Carlos<br />
Niño ed., 1992) Rights at 163, 178-79.<br />
ba konkretul SemTxvevaSi maSin xdeba, roca<br />
Tavdapirvelad aRiarebuli uflebiT daculi<br />
Rirebulebebi safrTxis winaSe ar dganan mxolod<br />
marginalur SemTxvevebSi an `Tu ufleba<br />
ise ganisazRvra, rom sazogadoebisTvis es bunebrivad<br />
mzard xarjebTan ki ar aris dakav-<br />
Sirebuli, aramed, Tavdapirvelad, uflebis<br />
mopovebisTvis gaRebul xarjze imdenad metia,<br />
rom Rirsebis an Tanasworobis darRvevis gasamarTlebladac<br />
ki sakmarisia~ 41 .<br />
Semdegnairi situacia iqmneba, roca pirovnebaSi<br />
kamikaZes amovicnobT an roca ganmeorebiTi<br />
masobrivi teroristuli aqtis maRal<br />
mosalodnelobas vxedavT: proceduruli<br />
uflebebis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a eWvmitanilebis da<br />
`eWvmitanilTa kategoriebis~ gauvnebely<strong>of</strong>is<br />
mizniT. unda aRiniSnos, rom simarTlis uzenaesoba<br />
da fundamenturi uflebebi warmodgenilia<br />
absoluturi formiT (WeSmaritad esaa<br />
warmatebis wyaro adamianis uflebebisTvis:<br />
is gamoricxavs nebismier diskusias, romelic<br />
mis absolutur validurobas kiTxvis niSnis<br />
qveS ayenebs). aseTma absolutizma bevr viTarebaSi<br />
gaamarTla. Tumca dasafiqrebelia is,<br />
rom absolutizmi axal garemoebebTan adaptacias<br />
gamoricxavs. uflebebis absolutizmi,<br />
cxadia, problemebs iwvevs (romelis gadalaxva<br />
SesaZlebelia Tavdacvisunarian demokratiaSi<br />
uflebebis relativizmis aRiarebiT), radgan<br />
is funqcionirebs mxolod konkretuli wina<br />
pirobebis dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis SemTxvevaSi: mis<br />
gareSe ar arsebobs arc gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi.<br />
am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT Sekrebis<br />
Tavisuflebis xely<strong>of</strong>is dacviTi/prevenciuli<br />
kontrolis germanuli meTodis Sesaxeb<br />
magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. kanoni, romelic<br />
germanul enaze daiwera, dainerga <strong>pol</strong>oneT-<br />
Si. <strong>pol</strong>oneTis konstituciurma tribunalma<br />
daadgina, rom 2004 wlis Sekrebebis da gzaze<br />
gadaadgilebis kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebis<br />
aqti arakonstituciuria, radgan is arRvevs<br />
kanonis uzenaesobas 42 . mxolod opozicia aRiarebda,<br />
rom socialuri komunikaciis axali pirobebi<br />
saWiroebda Sekrebis uflebis gadaxedvas.<br />
fundamenturi uflebebis gadaxedvisas<br />
aucilebelia am uflebis funqciebis da masSi<br />
41<br />
Dworkin, op. cit. at 200.<br />
42<br />
ixileT 2004 wlis 10 noembris sasamarTlo ganxilva, 2004,<br />
Kp 1/04. germaniis msgavsad, ori aTwleulis win <strong>pol</strong>oneTSic<br />
mZvinvare gamosvlebi tardeboda, gansakuTrebiT daundobeli<br />
iyo glexebis demonstraciebi s<strong>of</strong>lis meurneobis <strong>pol</strong>itikas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT. See Judgment <strong>of</strong> 10th November, 2004, Kp 1/04.<br />
87
andraS Saio<br />
warmodgenili Rirebulebebis namdvili gadafaseba.<br />
liberaluri panika, 43 romelic usafr-<br />
Txoebis panikidan momdinareobs SezRudvebis<br />
daZlevaSi ver dagvexmareba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki im SezRudvebisa, romlebic tradiciulad<br />
gamarTlebulia. gadafasebis saWiroeba imas<br />
ar gulisxmobs, rom arsebuli safrTxeebis<br />
ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a moxdes. gadafaseba niSnavs,<br />
rom sasamarTlom an sakanonmdeblo organoebma<br />
Seafason, ramdenad emsaxureba konkretuli<br />
ufleba mis Tavdapirvel funqcias. funqciuri<br />
analizis Sedegad, samarTlebrivi da sakanonmdeblo<br />
diskreciis gaaqtiurebam SesaZloa<br />
uflebebis Zala gaabaTilos.<br />
zemoT aRwerili garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
radikaluri uflebebis SezRudvis sawinaaRmdego<br />
principuli pocizia ar ikveTeba.<br />
katastr<strong>of</strong>is pirobebSi sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba. Tumca es imas<br />
ar niSnavs, rom kontrteroristul saxelmwifos<br />
SeuzRudavi uflebebi aqvs, maSinac, roca<br />
mosalodneli katastr<strong>of</strong>a spekulaciaa da ara<br />
realoba. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
katastr<strong>of</strong>is arseboba an moaxloeba Zneli dasadgenia<br />
da radgan katastr<strong>of</strong>is Zieba mxolod<br />
winaswarmetyvelebaa, kanonma ar unda dauSvas<br />
panikaze dafuZnebuli piradi winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
faqtebad Seracxva. agreTve, rogorc<br />
qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi Cans, uflebebis<br />
SezRudvis masStabebi gansxvavdeba uflebebis<br />
SemzRudav sxvadasxva reJimebs Soris (ix.<br />
cxrili 1).<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom am or reJims Soris aSkara<br />
gansxvavebaa uflebebis SezRudvis mxriv.<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo iseT reJimad<br />
iqceva, rodesac kanonis uzenaosoba, faqtobrivad,<br />
ar vrceldeba uxcoel moqalaqeebze.<br />
aseTi ram prevenciul saxelmwifos ar axasiaTebs.<br />
am gansxvavebebs Tu davakvirdebiT,<br />
davinaxavT, rom is faqtorebi, romlebic Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis da prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifos konstitucionalizmis erTi<br />
paradigmis qveS gaerTianebas ganapirobebda,<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi<br />
aRar SeiniSneba.<br />
43<br />
drian vermeule amtkicebs, rom usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
panikas, romelic zedmetad maRal riskebs winaswarmetyvelebs<br />
SecdomiT, mohyveba liberalebis panika, romlebic<br />
amtkiceben, rom fundamentaluri uflebebi udidesi<br />
riskis winaSe aRmoCndebian. maTi panika aseve gamowveulia<br />
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebze SezRudvebis dawesebiT. ixileT<br />
Adrian Vermeule, Libertarian Panics, U <strong>of</strong> Chicago, Public Law Working Paper<br />
No. 83. 2005.<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo Tvisobrivad<br />
gansxvavebul safuZvelze imuSavebs mas Semdeg,<br />
rac terorizmi masobrivi fenomeni da yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebis problema gaxdeba. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi SemzRudveli zomebi, romlebic<br />
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT<br />
racionalurad gamoiyureba, Tavisuflebebis<br />
masobriv SezRudvebSi gadaizrdeba. racionalur<br />
zomebSi SesaZloa Sediodes gadaadgilebis<br />
da sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva, piradi<br />
saidumloebis darRveva, gaZeveba, moqalaqeobis<br />
uflebis SezRudva da administraciuli<br />
zomebis institucionalizacia samarTlebrivi<br />
kontrolis gareSe. sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris<br />
akrZalvac mosalodnelia, radgan masobrivi<br />
Sekrebebi potenciuri samizne SeiZleba iyos.<br />
rogorc efeqtianobis sakiTxi, ise samarTlebrivi<br />
da sxva saxis kontrolis nakleboba<br />
migvaniSnebs imaze, rom terorizmis mzardi<br />
safrTxis fonze, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifodan<br />
prevenciuli reJimisken iwyeba svla 44 . im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samarTlebrivi zedamxedvelobis<br />
SenarCuneba moxdeba kontrteroristul<br />
saxelmwifoSi, mas sruliad mokrZalebuli<br />
formaluri operaciis saxe eqneba, radgan<br />
is omis periodSi xorcieldeba da denisis<br />
mier warmodgenil riskebzea orientirebuli.<br />
prevenciuli reJimi (administraciuli) dakavebis<br />
reJimiT kontrteroristul saxelmwifos<br />
iseT sistemad ar aqcevs, romelic<br />
liberaluri konstitucionalizmis principebs<br />
daakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs, maSinac ki, Tu qveynis<br />
konstitucia aseT RonisZiebebs dasaSvebad da<br />
kanonierad miiCnevs.<br />
dakavebis zogierTi forma, romelic warsulSi<br />
demokratiul sistemaSi Seiqmna, dRes<br />
Tanamedrove adamianis uflebrivi standartebiT<br />
45 miuRebelia. magram Tanamedrove<br />
standartebi xom socialur da kulturul<br />
cvlilebebs ganicdian. am cvlilebebs mniSvnelovnad<br />
ganapirobebs riskebis gaTvla. dakavebis<br />
reJimebi arsebobs ukve momwifebul<br />
demokratiebSi, magaliTad, indoeTsa da israelSi.<br />
jer kidev ganxilvis sagania akninebs<br />
Tu ara dakavebis reJimi demokratias an am<br />
saxelmwifoebis liberalur xasiaTs. am qveynebSi<br />
demokratiis SenarCuneba gamonaklisebis<br />
44<br />
me ar vamarTleb aseTi zomebis gamoyenebas, magram vvaraudob,<br />
rom es yvelaze ufro mosalodneli tendenciaa.<br />
45<br />
ixileT, iaponuri datyvevebis braldeba, misi damtkiceba<br />
korimacuSi an lordTa palataSi, liversijSi, poziciis dakavebaze<br />
uaris Tqma. .<br />
88
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
cxrili 1<br />
uflebebis SezRudva reJimebis mixedviT<br />
fundamenturi ufleba an instituti<br />
Tavdacvisunariani<br />
kontrteroristuli<br />
demokratia<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba ara mxolod calkeuli jgufebisTvis<br />
eqstradicia ara diax *<br />
sityvis Tavisufleba diax diax **<br />
religiuri arCevanis Tavisufleba ara *** diax<br />
asociaciis Tavisufleba diax diax ****<br />
Sekrebis Tavisufleba diax ara<br />
dazverva (saidumlo)<br />
diax, SezRuduli<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli,<br />
maStabebiT<br />
administraciuli *****<br />
samarTalwarmoebaze uaris Tqma ara diax ******<br />
dakaveba samarTlebrivi kontrolis<br />
gareSe<br />
diax, zogierT sistemaSi diax *******<br />
miTqma-moTqmis mtkicebulebad<br />
gamoyeneba, gansakuTrebuli ndoba<br />
xelisuflebis mier warmodgenili<br />
mtkicebulebebis mimarT<br />
ara<br />
Sebrunebuli<br />
formiT<br />
emigracia ara diax<br />
wameba<br />
ara<br />
xelSewyoba ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa<br />
sxva saxelmwifosTvis gadacemiT ********<br />
informaciis xelmisawvdomoba ara diax<br />
ganmcxadebeli<br />
parlamenti, an <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
Stoebi erToblivad, samar-<br />
Tlebrivi kontroli, Sem-<br />
Widroebul droSi<br />
zogadi sakanonmdeblo<br />
avtorizacia, sxvadasxva<br />
movlenebis Sedegad. SemTxvevebze<br />
individualurad reagireba<br />
xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli<br />
Stos mier.<br />
*<br />
ixileT dakavebis garantiis evropuli forma, romelic terorizmis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis farglebSi ar iyo Seqmnili.<br />
aseve ixileT uxcoeli moqalaqeebis eqstradiciis albaToba<br />
arausafrTxo qveynebSi (sadac wameba da dasja <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
Sexedulebebis gamo mosalodnelia).<br />
**<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis arsebuli paradigmis farglebSic ki<br />
SegviZlia warmovidginoT denisisTvis SeTavazebuli gamocdisken<br />
dabruneba, sadac teroristuli qmedebis gamarTlebac<br />
ki kriminalad iTvleba.<br />
***<br />
iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa TurqeTi, sadac antisekularuli<br />
Zalebi safrTxes uqmnian ara mxolod demokratias, aramed<br />
usafrTxoebasac, gamoiyeneba SezRudvebi.<br />
****<br />
magaliTad, germaniis aqti asociaciebis Sesaxeb mTavrobas<br />
uflebamosilebas aZlevs, akrZalos iseTi organizaciebis saqmianoba,<br />
romlebic xels uwyoben ukananobas an ewinaaRmdegebian<br />
konstitucias (es gansxvavdeba procedurisgan, romelic<br />
totalitarul partiebze vrceldeba germaniis zogadi<br />
kanonmdeblobidan). 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtis Semdeg<br />
germaniaSi zemoT aRniSnuli aqti Seicvala da `religiuri<br />
privilegia~ gauqmda, ris Sedegadac, aTamde religiuri organizaciis<br />
muSaoba aikrZala. aseTi jgufis wevroba, jerjerobiT,<br />
kriminalad ar iTvleba.<br />
*****<br />
ra Tqma unda, bevr qveyanaSi, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos<br />
refleqss kvlav aqvs gavlena. norvegiaSi, magaliTad, faruli<br />
<strong>pol</strong>icielebis farTomasStabiani dazverviTi saqmianoba saWiroebs<br />
sasamarTlo Tanxmobas, romlis mopovebac xdeba daxurul<br />
sxdomaze usafrTxoebis iuristis TandaswrebiT. aRniSnuli<br />
kanoni ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis 5 agvistos.<br />
dazverviTi saqmianobebi SesaZloa usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs<br />
emsaxurebodes da Sesabamisad, dazverva misaRebi xdeba demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoebSi. dazverviT mopovebuli informaciis<br />
gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia safrTxis gauvnebely<strong>of</strong>a (Zalian<br />
maRali administraciuli danaxarjebiT), Tumca samarTlebriv<br />
saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia terorizmSi eWvmitanilTa gasamarTleba,<br />
radgan dazverviT mopovebuli informaciis gamJRavneba<br />
miuRebelia an <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi Tavs ikaveben informaciis<br />
wyaros dasaxelebisgan da dakiTxvebSi monawileobis miRebisgan.<br />
mulah krekeris saqme kargi sailustracio magaliTia.<br />
mulah krekers, gaeros teroristul dajgufebaTa siaSi Semavali<br />
ansar al-islamis y<strong>of</strong>il xelmZRvanels, misces <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
TavSesafari norvegiaSi 1991 wels. 2002 wels is<br />
eraySi dabrunda da, savaraudod, teroristuli saqmianobis<br />
gasagrZeleblad. mas Semdeg is kvlav dabrunda norvegiaSi,<br />
sadac misi ltolvilis statusi ukve gauqmebuli iyo da is<br />
ramdenjerme daiWires terorizmSi monawileobis braldebiT.<br />
Tumca, radgan mtkicebulebebis gamJRavneba ar moxerxda, krekers<br />
braldebac mouxsnes. iordaniaSi eqstradiciaze uari<br />
Tqva sasamarTlom, radgan iordaniaSi misi wamebis saSiSroebas<br />
xedavda. dasabuTebuli deportaciis brZaneba ki ver Sedga,<br />
kanonis uzenaesobis pricnipebis gamo. meore SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
SvedeTma uari uTxra ahmed agizas TavSesafarze, romelic dabrunda<br />
egvipteSi da moixada sasjeli mis ary<strong>of</strong>naSi misi terorizmis<br />
braldebiT gasamarTlebis gamo. SvedeTis mTavrobam<br />
miiRo piroba, rom Svedi diplomatebi SeZlebden teroristis<br />
monaxulebas da imis Semowmebas, Tu ramdenad asrulebda egviptis<br />
xelisufleba pirobebs. miuxedavad amisa, gaeros komisiam<br />
wamebis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom SvedeTma daarRvia<br />
wamebis winaaRmdeg konvencia. komunikacia # 233/2003, gaeros<br />
dokumenti CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (2005). damatebiT ixileT Calali<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg saqme, sadac 15 noemris<br />
ganCinebis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom indoeTis mTavrobis<br />
mier warmodgenili garantia arasakmarisia adamianis<br />
uflebebis darRvevebis sakiTxSi. eqstradiciasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
problemebi ixileT human raiTs voCis gamocemaSi `carieli<br />
dapirebebi~. diplomatiuri rwmuneba da aranairi dacva<br />
wamebisgan. 2004 wlis aprili, me-16 tomi, #4(d).<br />
******<br />
hamdi ramsferldis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi 2633 (2004) SeiniSneba,<br />
rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo Tanaxmaa miiRos samarTalwarmoebis<br />
ufro dabali standarti, romelic administraciul<br />
proceduraze vrceldeba.<br />
*******<br />
esaa gamy<strong>of</strong>i xazi samarTlebriv saxelmwifosa da dakavebis<br />
reJims Soris. indoeTSi moqmedebda ramdenime sistema<br />
administraciuli dakavebiT (ixileT zemoT).<br />
********<br />
kanadis uzenaesma sasamarTlomac ki ganacxada, rom<br />
ucxoeli moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam<br />
SesaZloa gamoiwvios maTi eqstradicia iseT qveynebSi,<br />
sadac wamebis maRali riskebi arsebobs. sureSi kanadis saxelmwifos<br />
winaaRmdeg (moqalaqeobis da emigraciis ministri).<br />
89
andraS Saio<br />
daSvebis xarjze xdeba, rac sazogadoebaze gavlenas<br />
ar axdens. drodadro, sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
cdilobs Tavisi kontrolis qveS<br />
moaqcios gamonaklisebi, Tumca gaurkvevelia,<br />
ramdenad sicocxlisunariania es Zalisxmeva.<br />
ironiulia is faqti, rom dakavebis reJimis<br />
daweseba kolonializmis memkvidreobis miRebas<br />
niSnavs. rogorc israelSi, ise indoeTSic,<br />
britanuli sagangebo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb<br />
brZaneba administraciuli dakavebebis mizniT<br />
gamoiyeneboda, xolo safrangeTi alJiris<br />
omidan memkvidreobiT darCenil praqtikas<br />
dRemde iyenebs. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
omis sakanSi mimdinare samxedro sasamarTlo<br />
procesebis precedents mimarTavs. israelSi<br />
da indoeTSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo reJimisken<br />
svlis mcdelobas hqonda adgili, dakavebis<br />
pirobebze sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
mier kontrolis daSvebiT 46 . arc amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier nakisri<br />
aseTi roli. ironiulia is faqtic, rom stabiluri<br />
demokratiebis umravlesoba (umetesi ma-<br />
46<br />
germaniaSi, sasamarTlo xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT mtkiced<br />
inarCunebs zedamxedvelobiT rols. jerjerobiT adgili<br />
ar hqonia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis rolis Secvlas usafr-<br />
Txoebis sakiTxebis sasargeblod. hamburgis sasamarTlom Secvala<br />
mounir motasedeqis mier 3000 adamianis mkvlelobis<br />
braldeba. kanonis uzenaesobis Cveulebrivi standartebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, hamburgis sasamarTlom ganacxada: `konfliqti<br />
usafrTxoebis interesebs, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa<br />
da eWvmitanilis dacvis uflebas Soris ar unda gadawydes<br />
eWvmitanilis sazianod . . Cven ver ugulebelvy<strong>of</strong>T kanonis<br />
uzenaesobas. es iqneboda sasikvdilo gadawyvetileba da<br />
teroristebis saboloo gamarjveba... brZola terorizmis<br />
winaaRmdeg ar unda iyos veluri da usamarTlo~. desmond<br />
butleri, germaneli mosamarTlis brZaneba 11 seqtembris teroristul<br />
aqtTan dakavSirebuli piris winaaRmdeg xelmeore<br />
samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, niu-iork Taimsi, 2004 wlis 5 marti.<br />
Tumca saqme imaSi araa, Tu ramdenad samarTliania `omi~,<br />
sakiTxavi isaa, Tu ramdenad efeqturia tradiciuli kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis principebi. `germaniis sakonstitucio sasamar-<br />
Tlom gamoitana verdiqti 2005 wlis 18 ivliss da gamoacxada,<br />
rom germaniis evropuli dakavebis garantiebis aqti arakonstituciuri<br />
iyo . . . sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom<br />
es aqti ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciiT garantirebul Tavisuflebas<br />
germanelebis eqstradiciis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. is<br />
aseve ewinaaRmdegeba zogadi kanonis 19.4. muxls, radgan eqstradiciis<br />
Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis<br />
uflebas ar iZleva . . . msjelobis Sedegi isaa, rom al qaidas<br />
teroristul qselSi wevrobaze eWvmitanili germanuli da<br />
siriuli erovnebis pirebis espaneTSi eqstradicia dasaSvebi<br />
gaxda. http://eulaw.typepad.com/eulawblog/2005/09/european_arrest.<br />
html (Tumca aseve ixileT Slaieris gatacebis saqmeze miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba, romelSic sasamarTlo mzad iyo fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis da mTavrobis <strong>pol</strong>itikis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a<br />
moexdina terorizmis realuri safrTxis gamo). ixileT gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefo saojaxo gany<strong>of</strong>ilebis saxelmwifo mdivnis<br />
winaaRmdeg (2004) UKHL 56, 2 W.L.R. 87., lord h<strong>of</strong>manis pozicia.<br />
<strong>pol</strong>oneTis tribunalma daadgina, rom evropis dakavebis aqti<br />
konstituciuri iyo im momentisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
<strong>pol</strong>oneTis konstitucia krZalavs <strong>pol</strong>oneTis moqalaqeebis<br />
eqstradicias da am gadawyvetilebis Semdeg ganxorcielda<br />
<strong>pol</strong>oneTis moqalaqeebis eqstradicia.<br />
Tgani kolonizaciis y<strong>of</strong>ili avtorebi) axlidan<br />
qmnian dakavebis reJimebs, ukan abruneben<br />
koloniuri Zalauflebis mier gatarebuli<br />
represiebis yvelaze mosaxerxebel meTods.<br />
samwuxarod, teroristebi da maTi warmatebis<br />
mxardamWerebi mimdevrebs iCenen, radgan isini<br />
amtkiceben, rom moRalateebs im formebiT<br />
ebrZvian, romlebsac kolonizatorebi iyenebdnen.<br />
axla y<strong>of</strong>ili kolonizatori kolonizebuli<br />
gaxda, radgan kolonizatorebis mier<br />
gamoyenebuli represiis meTodebi bunebrivad<br />
aiTvises maTma neokolonialisturma STamomavlebma.<br />
roca momwifebuli demokratiebis sasamarTloebi<br />
uars amboben y<strong>of</strong>il kolonieb-<br />
Si im <strong>pol</strong>iciis mier mopovebuli informacia<br />
miiRon, romelic y<strong>of</strong>ili kolonizatorebis<br />
<strong>pol</strong>iciuri meTodebis gamoyenebas agrZeleben,<br />
isini gaucnobiereblad ebrZian y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />
koloniuri Zalauflebis binZur warsuls. es<br />
pozicia aRmasrulebeli moxeleebis standartul<br />
reagirebas iwvevs, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
sasamarTlo standartebi realobisgan Sorsaa;<br />
amerikeli, britaneli, italieli da frangi aRmasruleblebi<br />
uflebebis ufro metad SemzRudveli<br />
kanonmdeblobis damtkicebas moiTxoven<br />
da mzad arian `naklebad pativsacem~ ucxoel<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialur pirebTan iTanamSromlon 47 . amave<br />
47<br />
am etapze, saerTaSoriso kontrterorizmis paradoqsi<br />
isaa, rom saerTaSoriso islamuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTuli <strong>pol</strong>itikis warmatebis erTaderTi Sansia saer-<br />
TaSoriso TanamSromloba, rac terorizmis Semndob araliberalur<br />
saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobasac gulisxmobs.<br />
miuxedvad sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ramdenime mtkice gancxadebisa,<br />
romelTac erovnuli kanonis uzenaesobaze dafuZnebuli<br />
iuridiuli sistemis sazRvrebis dacva surT im<br />
saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebSic `wameba~ dasaSvebia, erovnul<br />
mTavrobebs uwevT kontrteroristuli <strong>pol</strong>itikis integrireba<br />
saerTaSoriso programasTan, romlis farglebSi adamianis<br />
uflebebis seriozuli darRvevebi xdeba praqtikul<br />
doneze. araliberaluri, faqtobrivad arademokratiuli re-<br />
Jimebis miReba rTulia ramdenime mizezis gamo. iseT qveynebSi,<br />
rogorebicaa alJiri da egvipte, xelisufleba Tvlis,<br />
rom mkacri RonisZiebebis da uflebebis SezRudvis gareSe<br />
(romelTa <strong>of</strong>icialuri versiac iseTi radikaluri ar aris,<br />
rogorsac dasavluri arasamTavrobo organizaciebi amtkiceben)<br />
isini ver SeZlebdnen fundamentalistur ZalebTan Tavis<br />
garTmevas. es, calsaxad, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli da misaRebi argumentia, Tumca dasavluri<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis mniSvnelovani elementebi,<br />
rogorebicaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier Zlieri zedamxedveloba,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs. es problema qaTmisa<br />
da kvercxis problemas hgavs. erTni amtkiceben, rom religiuri<br />
fundamentalizmi safrTxes warmoadgens swored imitom,<br />
rom mTavrobebi axorcieleben Cagvras, avtoritarulebi<br />
arian da korumpirebuli. ra Tanmimdevroba da simtkicec ar<br />
unda hqondes dasavleTis araliberaluri mokavSireebis mier<br />
warmodgenil argumentebs, naTelia, rom islamuri saxelmwifoebis<br />
umravlesoba mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras ucxadebs<br />
fundamentalistur <strong>pol</strong>itikur islams da es mxardaWera saerTaSoriso<br />
terorizmis logistikur mxardaWerasac niSnavs.<br />
Tumca dasavluri sasamarTloebis da sxva institutebis undobloba<br />
arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis institutebis mimarT<br />
gamarTlebulia, radgan am saxelmwifoebSi gamoiyeneba<br />
wameba, muSaoben moRalate agentebi da maRalia fundamenta-<br />
90
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
dros, adamianis uflebaTa dacvaSi snobizmi,<br />
kontrterorizmis WrilSi, akninebs terorizmis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gaerTianebuli<br />
frontis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebs. an SesaZloa<br />
problema imaze migviTiTebdes, rom adamianis<br />
universalur uflebebze SeTanxmeba aucilebelia,<br />
radgan TanamSromloba ver Sedgeba aseTi<br />
SeTanxmebis gareSe 48 .<br />
ra Tqma unda, dakavebis reJimi (sanam arsebobs<br />
droSi SezRuduli an SeuzRudavi zogadi<br />
safrTxe) kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
mxolod erTi komponentia. iseT samarTlebriv<br />
saxelmwifoebSic ki, rogoricaa germania,<br />
sadac kanonis uzenaesobas pativs scemen,<br />
`<strong>pol</strong>iciis kanonis doqtrina individualuri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb nel-nela gauqmda<br />
axali usafrTxoebis kanonebis sasargeblod,<br />
romelic <strong>pol</strong>icias winaswari eWvmitanis<br />
gareSe xalxis kontrolis uflebamosilebas<br />
aniWebs~ 49 .<br />
amJamindeli administraciuli da kanonis<br />
aRsrulebis sferoSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi,<br />
sisxlis samarTlidan prevenciul samar-<br />
Talze gadasvlis mizniT, bevr saxelmwifoSi<br />
sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani gaxda. prevenciuli<br />
saxelmwifos gafarToeba kanonmdeblobis<br />
meSveobiT sasamarTlo winaaRmdegobis<br />
gareSe mimdinareobs, xolo sadac sasamarTlo<br />
opozicia arsebobs, yvelgan proporciulobis<br />
doqtrinas efuZneba 50 . proporciulobis standarti<br />
sxvadasxvagvaria, gansakuTrebiT raodenobrivad<br />
dauTvleli safrTxeebis fonze.<br />
garda amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, radgan<br />
prevenciuli zomebi `damsjelobiTi Ronislistebis<br />
gavlena. saxelmwifo saagentoebis da fundamentalistebis<br />
siaxlovis gamo, am qveynebidan miRebuli informacia<br />
arasandoa. ufro metic, am arademokratiuli reJimebis<br />
mier mCagvreli sistemebis mimarT kritikulad ganwyobili<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri moZraobebi teroristebad da fundamentalistebad<br />
moixsenebian. xSirad winaRmdegobrivia is praqtika,<br />
romliTac TavSesafarze uaris da eqstradiciis saqmeebs ganixilaven.<br />
gadawyvetilebebi miiReba imis safuZvelze, rom pirovneba,<br />
mesame ms<strong>of</strong>lios qveynebis sajaro moxeleebis mier<br />
miiCneva teroristad. arada, pirovneba teroristad SeiZleba<br />
iyos miCneuli, Tu mas konfliqti hqonda adgilobriv <strong>pol</strong>iciasTan,<br />
romelic sistematurad borotad iyenebs Zalauflebas.<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis da sxva sajaro institutebis<br />
TavSekaveba, daeyrdnon im saxelmwifoebidan miRebul<br />
informacias, sadac `wameba~ dasaSvebia, kidev ufro izrdeba<br />
dasavleTis aRmasrulebebli organoebis institucionaluri<br />
(organizaciuli) interesebidan gamomdinare.<br />
48<br />
Andras Sajo, Human Rights knowledge systems in Chris Eisgruber and<br />
Andras Sajo (eds.)<br />
49<br />
Oliver Lepsius,. #38.<br />
50<br />
prevenciuli samarTlis konteqstSi, proporciuloba upiratesi<br />
midgomaa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic ki. ixileT<br />
ostini aSS-is winaaRmdeg, 509 U.S. 602, 622 (1993) (samoqalaqo<br />
danakargi proporciuli unda iyos). ixileT Staikeri, op. cit.<br />
776. erTaderTi sfero, sadac zogierTi mosamarTle mainc iyenebs<br />
kategoriul midgomas, aris wameba.<br />
Ziebis~ kategorias ar ekuTvnis, prevenciul<br />
saxelmwifoSi, sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
kontrolis standartebs an dawevs, an ubralod<br />
ar miiRebs monawileobas prevenciuli<br />
zomebis ganxorcielebaSi. am momentisTvis<br />
rTulia balansis dacva. ramdenime dasavlur<br />
demokratiaSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis poziciam<br />
nawilobriv gadainacvla samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos pirvandel mdgomareobaSi<br />
(rasac sasamarTlo xelisuflebis uzenaesoba<br />
ewodeba). sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRlesi<br />
eSeloni, rogorc Cans, mzady<strong>of</strong>nas acxadebs<br />
gaakontrolos kontrteroristuli <strong>pol</strong>itikis<br />
diqtatoruli RonisZiebebi. sasamarTlo<br />
xelisufleba kvlav cdilobs samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifos SenarCunebas kontrteroristuli<br />
zomebis paraleluradac ki. es imas niSnavs,<br />
rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebas surs, damabalansebeli<br />
da proporciulobis SenarCunebis<br />
roli kvlav ikisros da wamebis SemTxvevebis<br />
gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi mainc ar wavides kompromisze.<br />
es midgoma, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
konstitucionalizmsa da demokratias Soris<br />
konfliqts warmoSobs da gaurkvevlad tovebs,<br />
Tu vin unda miiRos fundamenturi gadawyvetilebebi<br />
sazogadoebriv riskebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
saerTaSoriso terorizmTan mebrZoli<br />
nebismieri konstituciuri wyobis legitimurobisTvis<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. aqve aucilebelia<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT socialuri riskis<br />
gawevis problema (ixileT nawili II.).<br />
ra rolic ar unda hqondes sasamarTlo xelisuflebas<br />
amJamad, masobrivi terorizmis<br />
SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo ver<br />
SeZlebs ucvlelad darCenas. sakanonmdeblo<br />
cvlilebebis Sedegad, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
roli an ufro mokrZalebuli gaxdeba,<br />
an saerTod Sewyvets zedamxedvelobiTi funqciebis<br />
Sesrulebas. avtomaturad moxdeba gadasvla<br />
sagangemo mdgomareobaze da Semdeg,<br />
kontrteroristul saxelmwifoze. savaraudoa,<br />
rom kontrteroristul saxelmwifoSi<br />
dainergeba axali wesebi iaraRis Senaxvasa da<br />
gamoyenebasTan, dakiTxvis formebTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT, sadac sasamarTlo da kanoni ver<br />
SezRudavs axal <strong>pol</strong>itikas.<br />
specialuri konstituciuri reJimebis Seqmnas<br />
Tavisi Tanamdevi problemebi aqvs. Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis gamocdileba gviCvenebs,<br />
rom misi efeqtianoba nakleb sarwmunoa:<br />
maSin roca swored efeqtianobis moTxovniT<br />
91
andraS Saio<br />
Camoyalibda es reJimi liberaluri konstituciebis<br />
farglebSi. Tavdacvisunariani demokratiebis<br />
mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi Ti-<br />
Tqos efeqturia, magram aRsaniSnavia is, rom<br />
qveynebSi, sadac Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
institucionalizacia moxda, sruliadac<br />
ar arsebobda demokratiis winaSe mdgari seriozuli<br />
safrTxeebi, romlebic totalitaruli<br />
masobrivi moZraobebis emociuri <strong>pol</strong>itikiT<br />
iqneboda gamowveuli. agreTve naTelia,<br />
rom, sadac kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo<br />
Seiqmna da, Sesabamisad, demokratia jansaRad<br />
ar viTardeba, magaliTad, ruseTSi da pakistanSi,<br />
iq kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebi<br />
demokratiis erozias uwyoben xels.<br />
albaT SemTxveviTia, rom im qveynebSi, sadac<br />
terorizmis safrTxe amJamad ufro seriozulia<br />
(albaTobis maCveneblis mixedviT),<br />
iq ufro saWiroa kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos<br />
konstitucionalizmis Zlieri dacva<br />
formalizebuli, konstituciuri meTodebiT.<br />
dasavluri demokratiebis umravlesoba, romelTa<br />
winaSe terorizmis safrTxe naklebad<br />
dgas, usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saSurvel<br />
mdgomareobaSi arian, radgan gansakuTrebuli<br />
Zalisxmevis gareSe SeuZliaT maRali standartebis<br />
SenarCuneba. paradoqsulia, rom swored<br />
am qveynebSi sagangebo mdgomareobis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a<br />
demokratiis da adamianis uflebebis<br />
interesebis gamo, naklebad mosalodnelia. is<br />
ufroa mosalodneli, rom `momwifebul~ demokratiebSi<br />
avtoritaruli reJimebis Senar-<br />
Cuneba ki araa darRveva, aramed xelisuflebis<br />
mier sagangebo mdgomareobis gamoyeneba samarTlian<br />
arCevnebSi gasamarjveblad.<br />
Cemi azriT, dasavleT evropis calkeuli sasamarTloebis<br />
da sxva saagentoebis principi,<br />
SenarCunebuli iqnes `Cveulebrivi viTareba~,<br />
im naklebad iRbliani saxelmwifoebisken mimarTuli<br />
araswori gzavnilia, romlebic terorizms<br />
ebrZvian. Teoriul daskvnas imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom SesaZlo konstituciuri modelebis<br />
saxesxvaoba arsebobs, potenciur teroristul<br />
safrTxesTan Tavis gasarTmevad, Rrmad pragmatuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. frontze my<strong>of</strong> qveynebs<br />
51 , romlebic yoveldRiuri teroris qveS<br />
imy<strong>of</strong>ebian, gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri<br />
reJimi sWirdebaT, raTa saxelmwifo ar gaxdes<br />
sruliad araliberaluri. principi, romlis<br />
51<br />
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom teroristuli aqtebis mxolod<br />
umciresoba mimarTulia `moRalateebis~ winaaRmdeg, namdvili<br />
fronti ki evropis farglebs gareTaa.<br />
Tanaxmadac adamianis uflebebi ganurCevlad<br />
unda iqnes daculi yvelasTan mimarTebaSi im<br />
maRali standartebiT, romlebsac evropis sasamarTlo<br />
adgens, araa marTebuli zogierT<br />
konteqstSi.<br />
Tumca fundamenturi uflebebis samarTlebrivad<br />
an demokratiulad SeTanxmebuli<br />
SezRudvis daweseba saCqaro ar aris. sasamarTlo<br />
xelisufleba, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli<br />
aqtivistebi da principuli <strong>pol</strong>itikosebi<br />
(maSinac ki, roca antiamerikanizmiT motivireba,<br />
ubralod, opoziciaSi y<strong>of</strong>nas niSnavs) im<br />
idealebisken iltvian, romlebic aucilebelia<br />
liberaluri konstitucionalizmis reJimSi.<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca es idealebi Secvlil<br />
garemoSi problemebs qmnian, radgan isini arc<br />
sruliad WeSmariti da arc martivi gansaxorcielebeli<br />
arian, aucilebelia, rom `erTma<br />
eqscesma gamoasworos meore problema, xolo<br />
idealma boroteba.~ 52<br />
gacilebiT ufro mimzidvelia didi liberali<br />
moazrovneebis principebis, vidre<br />
saidumlo servisebis analitikosebis SiSis<br />
gaziareba. magram aq aSkarad igrZnoba dasavluri<br />
hipokratia da ormagi standarti. gaixseneT<br />
qveynebi, sadac safrTxe SeCerebulia,<br />
anu Semoifargleba erTi-ori mcire TavdasxmiT,<br />
xolo damatebiTi teroristuli aqtebis<br />
mowyobisTvis Sida resursebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a<br />
naklebad savaraudoa. am qveynebis umravlesobaSi<br />
sasamarTlo xelisufleba adanaSaulebs<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialur pirebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, mesame<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios qveynebSi, sadac wameba terorizm-<br />
Tan brZolis misaRebi formaa. braldebuli<br />
qveynebi namdvili demokratiebi ar arian. mTavar<br />
gansxvavebas is warmoadgens, rom terorizmis<br />
da misi mxardaWeris masStabebi sakmaod<br />
didia. cnobili araa, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli<br />
iqneba didi demokratiebis reagireba<br />
calkeuli islamuri saxelmwifoebis mier mi-<br />
Rebuli zomebis mimarT. SesaZloa konstituciuri<br />
da samoqalaqo momzadebis gareSe mi-<br />
Rebuli reagirebis formebi sakmaod hgavdes<br />
erTmaneTs. amasTanave, dasavluri demokratiebi<br />
daculi arian im qveynebidan momavli<br />
safrTxisgan, sadac adamianis wameba Cveulebrivi<br />
qmedebaa 53 . mWidrod dakavSirebul mso-<br />
52<br />
Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Action. Routledge, London. 1952. 84.<br />
53<br />
ixileT im saxelmwifoTa <strong>pol</strong>iciisa da saidumlo samsaxurebis<br />
mtkicebulebebis dauSveblobis problema, romelTa<br />
`wameba~ dasaSvebia, maT Soris im saxelmwifoebisa, romlebSic<br />
civilizebuli dasavleTis standartebisgan gansxvavebuli<br />
dakiTxvis sazareli standartebiT xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
92
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
flioSi (romelic masobrivi migraciiT da<br />
sakomunikacio qselebiT aris dakavSirebuli)<br />
demokratiebi da kontrteroristuli kvaziavtoritaruli<br />
reJimebi aseve erTmaneTTan<br />
arian dakavSirebuli. amitom TanamSromlobis<br />
gareSe SeuZlebelia riskebis Semcireba. Tumca<br />
saxelmwifoebis TanamSromloba Tu Sedga,<br />
mainc vdgebiT axali problemis winaSe, ramdenad<br />
efeqturad SeZlebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis<br />
saerTaSoriso koalicia erTad mu-<br />
Saobas da normebis dawesebas; ramdenad aris<br />
SesaZlebeli iseTi sistemis Seqmna, rodesac<br />
erTi mxriv, saxelmwifoebi, romlebSic `wameba~<br />
dasaSvebia da meore mxriv, samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifoebi erTad ibrZoleben terorizmis<br />
winaaRmdeg. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, romelic<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>s informaciis miRebas im qveynebidan,<br />
romlebSic wameba dasaSvebia, siyalbeSi<br />
cxovrobs Tu TviTuary<strong>of</strong>aSi?<br />
4. konstituciuri riskis Tavidan arideba<br />
kontrteroristul saxelmwifoSi<br />
fundamentalisturi terorizmis religiuri<br />
fanatizmi ewinaaRmdegeba ganmanaTleblobis<br />
fundamentur Rirebulebebs, romlebic<br />
liberaluri konstituciuri wyobis safuZvelT<br />
safuZvelia. es principi gulisxmobs<br />
imas, rom adamianebis qmedeba sakuTari Tavis<br />
pativiscmas unda efuZnebodes. ufro metic,<br />
religiuri fanatizmi ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos<br />
mono<strong>pol</strong>ias terorze, Tanamedroveobis<br />
Zireul maxasiaTebels. konstituciuri demokratia<br />
zRudavs saxelmwifos mono<strong>pol</strong>ias<br />
iZulebaze da Zaladobaze, rac <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
organizaciis arsebiTi elementia. Zaladobis<br />
mono<strong>pol</strong>ia igive Zaladobaa. konstituciuri<br />
wyoba, romelic Zaladobaze mono<strong>pol</strong>ias zRudavs<br />
da legitimacias ukeTebs warmatebulia,<br />
radgan ZiriTadi socialuri usafrTxoebis<br />
garantias gvaZlevs. Tumca Zaladobis mono<strong>pol</strong>iis<br />
Sedegad miRweuli sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba<br />
ambivalenturia. konstituciuri<br />
reJimis wina piroba <strong>pol</strong>itikuri sazogadoebis<br />
arsebobisTvis saWiro usafrTxoebaa. am<br />
kuTxiT, konstituciuri reJimi despotizmisgan<br />
ar gansxvavdeba. amdenad, konstituciuri<br />
demokratiebis umetesoba emsgavseba mis antipods,<br />
despotizms, roca <strong>pol</strong>itikuri reJimis<br />
dacvaze midgeba saqme. monteskie, despotizmis<br />
aRwerisas, qadagebs saxelmwifo Zalauflebis<br />
usafrTxoebis wina pirobebis bundovanebaze.<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri mmarTvelobis yvela formas<br />
esaWiroeba simSvide, magram, sadac simSvidea,<br />
iq siCumec iqneba, `im qalaqebSi, romlis dasapyrobad<br />
mteri mzadaa~ 54 . radikalurad Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis fanjara ixsneba<br />
swored am qalaqebSi da igive Sedegi SeiZleba<br />
mohyves terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
gaWianurebas.<br />
ra formas miiRebs kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifo nawilobriv damokidebuli teroristebis<br />
brZanebebze. miuxedavad amisa, am<br />
axali konstituciuri konglomeratis forma<br />
met-naklebad demokratiuli gansjis sagnad<br />
rCeba, xolo sazogadoebis mRelvareba sazogadoebiv<br />
usafrTxoebaze reJimis gansazRvraSi<br />
mzard rols TamaSobs.<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri sazogadoebis yvelaze bunebrivi<br />
maxasiaTebelia Tavdacva. Tavdacva moicavs<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebasac.<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva ki, im riskTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli, rodesac xelisuflebaSi<br />
my<strong>of</strong>ni sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis motivs<br />
zogjer sakuTari Zalauflebis Senar-<br />
Cunebis mizniT iyeneben. Zalauflebis piradi<br />
miznebisTvis gamoyeneba ki, Tavdacvis principebis<br />
aSkara xely<strong>of</strong>aa. konstituciuri saxelmwifos<br />
Tavdacva sxva specifikur problemeb-<br />
54<br />
La conservation de l’État n’est que la conservation du prince, ou plutôt<br />
du palais où il est enfermé. Tout ce qui ne menace pas directement ce palais<br />
ou la ville capitale ne fait point d’impression sur des esprits ignorants,<br />
orgueilleux et prévenus; et, quant à l’enchaînement des événements, ils<br />
ne peuvent le suivre, le prévoir, y penser même. La <strong>pol</strong>itique, ses ressorts<br />
et ses lois y doivent être très bornées; et le gouvernement <strong>pol</strong>itique y est<br />
aussi simple que le gouvernement civil.<br />
Tout se réduit à concilier le gouvernement <strong>pol</strong>itique et civil avec le gouvernement<br />
domestique, les <strong>of</strong>ficiers de l’État avec ceux du sérail.<br />
Un pareil État sera dans la meilleure situation, lorsqu’il pourra se regarder<br />
comme seul dans le monde; qu’il sera environné de déserts, et séparé des<br />
peuples qu’il appel lera barbares. Ne pouvant compter sur la milice, il sera<br />
bon qu’il détruise une partie de lui-même.<br />
Comme le principe du gouvernement despotique est la crainte, le but en<br />
est la tranquillité; mais ce n’est point une paix, c’est le silence de ces villes<br />
que l’ennemi est près d’occuper.» C.-L. de S. Montesquieu De L’ Esprit des<br />
Lois. Livre V. Ch. XIV<br />
aq warmodgenilia monteskies xedvis Cemeuli demokratiuli<br />
versia (cvlilebebi warmodgenilia daxrili asoebiT): saxelmwifos<br />
dacva igive moqalaqis dacvaa an im sasaxlisa, romelSic<br />
Tavadaa moTavsebuli. is rac pirdapir safrTxes ar uqmnis mis<br />
sasaxles an dedaqalaqs STabeWdilebasac ar qmnis ucodinar,<br />
amay da crurwmenebiT dakavebul gonebaze. xolo, rac Seexeba<br />
movlenebis erTobliobas, maT ar SeuZliaT faqtebis migneba,<br />
ganWvreta an aRqma... aseTi saxelmwifo bednieria, roca samyaroSi<br />
erTaderTi hgonia Tavi, roca mas gars ertymis udabnoebi<br />
da gamijnulia im adamianebisgan, romelTac saxelmwifo<br />
barbarosebs uwodebs. vinaidan is milicias ver endoba, masSi<br />
Semaval zogierT elements Tavadve anadgurebs, maT vinc gansxvavebulia<br />
da, Sesabamisad, barbarosebis mokavSired miiCneva...<br />
vinaidan usafrTxoeba demokratiis erT-erTi principia,<br />
misi momavali simSvidea, Tumca am simSvides mSvidobas ver<br />
davarqmevT; ara, es im qalaqebis siCumea, romelTa dasapyrobadac<br />
mteri mzadaa. vinaidan Zala adamianebis xelSi ki<br />
ara, aramed saidumlo samsaxurebSia, saxelmwifos dasacavad<br />
aucilebelia saidumloebis da dazvervis SenarCuneba...<br />
93
andraS Saio<br />
sac warmoSobs. erT-erTi aseTi problema isaa,<br />
rom zogierT realur sagangebo situaciebSi<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da sazogadoebrivi<br />
keTildReobis winaSe arsebuli safrTxe arsebuli<br />
wesebidan gadaxvevas da diskreciuli<br />
Zalauflebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs. jer kidev<br />
monteskie saubrobda iseT situaciebze (`roca<br />
sakanonmdeblo Sto Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos<br />
winaRmdeg dagegmili saidumlo SeTqmuleba<br />
safrTxes uqmnis mis Zalauflebas~ 55 ), roca xelisuflebis<br />
Stoebs Soris balansis darRvevis<br />
daSveba xdeboda.<br />
demokratiis Tavdacvisunarian da prevenciul<br />
variantebSi (anu roca demokratia yvelaze<br />
metad Tavdacvaze zrunavs) riski arasasurvelia.<br />
(winamdebare statia aRwers mxolod<br />
im demokratiebs, romlebic Tavdacvaze arian<br />
orientirebuli da amdenad, teqstSi gamoyenebuli<br />
sityva `demokratia~ swored am tipis<br />
demokratiebs gulisxmobs). riskis acileba<br />
problemuri sakiTxia konstituciur demokratiaSi,<br />
romelic Tavisuflebis principze dgas.<br />
Tavisufleba riskze wasvlas moiTxovs, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, jastis brendelis Tanaxmad mainc,<br />
romelic sityvis Tavisuflebis SeuzRudaobis<br />
aseT motivs asaxelebs:<br />
maT, vinc Cveni damoukidebloba moipoves,<br />
swamT, rom saxelmwifos dasasruli adamianebisTvis<br />
sruli Tavisuflebis miniWebaa. amitom<br />
mTavrobam da misma Zalebma unda imZlavron<br />
individualur preferenciebze. [....] maT<br />
swamdaT [...], rom simamace aris Tavisuflebis<br />
saidumlo [...da] TavisuflebisTvis yvelaze<br />
didi safrTxe inertuli xalxia 56 .<br />
garda amisa, is aRniSnavda prevenciuli represii<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>iTi Sedegebis Sesaxeb: `SiSi asazrdoebs<br />
represias [...], represia asazrdoebs<br />
siZulvils~. es SeniSvna Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
im arsebiT problemaze miuTiTebs,<br />
romelic riskis Tavidan aridebas mohyveba:<br />
rodesac siZulvili farTodaa gavrcelebuli<br />
sazogadoebaSi, mTavrobas naklebi aqvs dasakargi<br />
da represiebis meTods mimarTavs. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi SemzRudveli zomebis darRveva<br />
mosalodnelia, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi darR-<br />
55<br />
C.-L. de S. Montesquieu, The Spirit <strong>of</strong> the Laws, (A. Cohler, B. Miller, & H.<br />
Stone, (eds. & trans.)), Book 11, 159 (1989). The conspiracy would entitle<br />
the executive to make arrests.<br />
56<br />
Whitney v. California, 274 US 357 at 375 (1927). For a similar attitude in<br />
the war on terror context see Justice Stevens, dissenting: “For this Nation is<br />
to remain true to the ideals symbolised by its flag, it must not wield to the<br />
tools <strong>of</strong> tyrants even to resist an assault by the forces <strong>of</strong> tyranny.” . Rumsfeld<br />
v. Padilla No. 03-1027. Argued April 28, 2004--Decided June 28, 2004.<br />
vevebs naklebi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba Tavisuflebismoyvare<br />
moqalaqeebisgan.<br />
TavisuflebisTvis riskis gawevasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT, brendisi (sityvis Tavisuflebaze mi-<br />
TiTebiT) amtkicebs, rom unda gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
ramdenad mizandasaxulia boroti mxare,<br />
rogoria borotebis Cadenis albaToba da ramdenad<br />
gonivruladaa gaTvlili es albaToba.<br />
jastis holmsis Tanaxmad, sityvis Tavisuflebis<br />
konteqstSi mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad<br />
swrafadaa mosalodneli boroti qmedeba.<br />
mosalodneloba da albaToba identuri<br />
araa. Tumca mosalodneloba zrdis albaTobas.<br />
mosalodneloba gulisxmobs borotebis<br />
moaxloebis drosa da sivrcobriv mxares.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Tu sazogadoeba<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur sakiTxebSi riskis Tavidan acilebis<br />
reJimSi funqcionirebs, maSin zemoT mocemuli<br />
msjeloba sulac ar aris mimzidveli.<br />
socialuri riskis Tavidan acilebis survili<br />
izrdeba iq, sadac istoriuli gamocdileba<br />
sifrTxilisken mouwodebs <strong>pol</strong>itikosebs. aq<br />
antidemokratiuli Semotrialebis dabali albaTobac<br />
ki dauSvebelia an did sifrTxiles<br />
moiTxovs, rac Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
waxalisebas iwvevs. sistema, romelsac<br />
moaxloebuli ubedurebis winaswar ganWvreta<br />
SeuZlia, gansxvavdeba `normaluri~ an `terorizmamdeli~<br />
liberaluri saxelmwifosgan.<br />
riskebis Sesaxeb winaswari gaTvlebi warmodgenilia<br />
denisTan. es gaTvlebi civi omis<br />
periodSi gakeTda uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis<br />
mier. civi omis dros bevri rigiTi<br />
amerikeli komunizmTan mimarTebaSi Semdegnairad<br />
fiqrobda: `Cven ver davavaldebulebT<br />
mTavrobas icadon~ manam, sanam moqmedebis<br />
saWiroeba ukve Zalian moaxlovdeba 57 . moaxloe-<br />
57<br />
`mTavrobis gadagdebis SesaZlebloba Zalisa da Zaladobis<br />
gamoyenebiT, sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom mTavrobam sityvis<br />
Tavisufleba SezRudos. ra Tqma unda, sityvis Tavisufleba<br />
sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa, radgan,<br />
Tu sazogadoeba ver SeZlebs Tavisi struqturis dacvas SeiaraRebuli<br />
Sida Tavdasxmisgan, maSin verc danarCeni Rirebulebebi<br />
ver iqneba daculi . . . cxadia, mTavrobis gadatrialebis<br />
mcdeloba Zalis gamoyenebiT, im SeTmxvevaSic ki, Tu<br />
is Tavidanve ganwirulia marcxisTvis revolucionerebis<br />
arasakmarisi raodenobis da Zalis gamo, sakmarisi mizezia<br />
kongresisTvis prevenciuli zomebis misaRebad. fizikuri<br />
da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri ziani, romelic aseT mcdelobebs moaqvs erisTvis,<br />
SeuZlebels xdis gaizomos warmatebis albaToba an<br />
warmatebuli mcdelobis saWiroeba. is faqti, rom 1945-1948<br />
wlebSi peticionerebis aqtivobebi ar gadaizarda mTavrobis<br />
Zalismieri gziT gadatrialebis mcdelobaSi, ver mogvcems im<br />
faqtis axsnas, rom amavdroulad arsebobda jgufi, romelic<br />
mzad iyo mTavrobis Zalismieri gadatrialebis mcdelobisTvis.<br />
peticionerebis mier kargad organizebuli SeTqmulebis<br />
mowyoba, iseTi disciplinirebuli wevrebiT, romlebic mzad<br />
arian liderebis, peticionerebis mowodebas moqmedebisTvis<br />
94
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
buli moqmedebis koncefciebi sxvadasxvagvaria.<br />
terorizmis winaaRmdeg omis pirobebSi<br />
ki es koncefciebi SesaZloa kvlav gonivrul<br />
formebs daubrundes, vidre sukis droindeli<br />
komunisturi konspiraciebis dros iyo~ 58 .<br />
zogierTi konstituciuri sistema im mosazrebas<br />
eyrdnoba, rom riskze wasvla imdenad<br />
araseriozulia, rom misi daSveba araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba. Tu Tavisufleba riskze<br />
wasvlas niSnavs, maSin istoriuli gamocdilebis<br />
da realobis fonze es zemoT warmodgenili<br />
mosazreba iracionaluri da miuRebelia<br />
(ra Tqma unda, mTlianad debatebi terorizmis<br />
Sesaxeb arsebul realobaze normatiuli<br />
Zalis msjelobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa). 59<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove liberaluri<br />
gagebiT, Sexedulebebis (agresiulisac<br />
ki) gavrceleba demokratias an konstituciur<br />
saxelmwifos im xarisxis safrTxes ar uqmnis,<br />
rom am Sexedulebebis kriminalizeba gamarTlebuli<br />
iyos. <strong>pol</strong>itikuri sistema demokratia<br />
araa, Tu Sexedulebebis gacxadeba <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
mizezebiT ver xerxdeba. da ra SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas iseTi mentalitetis sistemur momwifebaze,<br />
romelic teroristuli aqtebis Cadenas<br />
uwyobs xels (mcire procentuli maCvenebliT)<br />
an Sexedulebebze, romlebic adamianis cxovrebas<br />
banalurad miiCnevs sakuTari sicocxlis<br />
CaTvliT?<br />
mimdinare viTarebaSi, kanonmdeblobas, romelic<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebas zRudavs breinvoSingis<br />
xelis SeSlis mizniT, dauSveblad<br />
miviCnev liberaluri sistemisTvis da usargeblod<br />
kontrterostuli saxelmwifosTvis. es<br />
sakiTxi gansxvavebul WrilSi unda gaviazroT,<br />
Tu organizaciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiebi<br />
da religiuri erTeulebi arakriminaluri<br />
azris gamoxatvis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. dedauyovnebliv<br />
upasuxon, ms<strong>of</strong>lio mdgomareobis feTqebad<br />
xasiaTs, sxva qveynebSi msgavs amboxebebs da im qveynebTan<br />
delikatur urTierTobebs, romlebTanac peticionerebi<br />
yvelaze naklebad axlos iyvnen ideologiurad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
davrwmundebiT, rom braldebebi am kuTxiT dasabuTebuli<br />
iyo. aRniSnuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom konspiraciis<br />
propaganda, gansxvavebiT ubralod propagandisgan, ver<br />
iqneba konstituciurad SezRuduli, vinaidan mxolod momzadebis<br />
process Seicavs. Tavad SeTqmuleba ki qmnis safrTxes~<br />
341 U.S. 494, at 509-511.<br />
58<br />
avstraliis uzenaes sasamarTlos riskis kidev ufro sando<br />
gaTvlebi hqonda komunisturi partiis gauqmebis gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis dros.<br />
59<br />
germanis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom bavarieli <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />
pirebis gadawyvetileba, aekrZalaT cnobili holokastis<br />
specialistis, istorikos devid irvingis gamosvla demonstraciaze,<br />
vinaidan misi saTqmeli danaSaulis tolfasi<br />
iqneboda. demonstraciis Catareba ki ar akrZalula. gadawyvetileba<br />
1994 wlis 13 aprili., 90 BVerfGE, 241-255 (”Auschwitz<br />
hoax“).<br />
monstraciebma destabilizaciis SeqmniT da<br />
sajaro gamosvlebma xalxis mobilizebiT, SesaZloa<br />
safrTxe Seuqmnan demokratias an sazogadoebriv<br />
wesrigs. zemoT aRwerili `akrZaluli~<br />
Temebis propagandaSi gamoCenam SesaZloa<br />
SezRudvebis (aucilebeli araa es iyos kriminaluri<br />
SezRudva) saWiroeba moitanos. proporciulobis<br />
principis Tanaxmad, saWiroa<br />
eqstremistuli gamosvlebis SezRudva. movlenebis<br />
kanonis CarCos gareT gatana, partiebis<br />
da eklesiebis funqcionirebis SezRudva da<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi daSla, religiuri<br />
propagandis akrZalva, aseve akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs<br />
proporciulobis princips mzardi teroristuli<br />
safrTxeebis fonze. Tumca amJamad es<br />
sakiTxebi ar ganixileba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis<br />
mier.<br />
varaudebi socialuri riskebis Tavidan acilebaze,<br />
romlebic kontrteroristul saxelmwifoSi<br />
uflebebis SezRudvas gaamarTlebda,<br />
Tavad aris Tu ara gamarTlebuli? 60 ra viTarebaSi<br />
SeiZleba iyos es varaudebi gonivruli?<br />
riskis gonivrulad Sefaseba SesaZlebelia<br />
ramdenime SemTxvevaSi. riskis ganWvretis gonivruli<br />
safuZveli SeiZleba iyos iseTi movlena,<br />
romelic warsulSi xSirad momxdari<br />
movlenebis kategorias ganekuTvneba. aseTi<br />
movlenebi statistikuri albaTobiT SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros. movlenebi, romlebic Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis an sityvis Tavisuflebis<br />
konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT, aseTi<br />
TvisebebiT ar xasiaTdebian (im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, Tu ar vaRiarebT, rom istoriuli movlenebi<br />
unikaluria). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
siZulviliT savse gamosvlas rasobrivi sisastike<br />
gamoewvia an antidemokratiuli Zalebis<br />
aqtiurobas Tavisufali arCevnebis dros Seuqcevadi<br />
antidemokratiuli reJimi daemkvidrebina.<br />
situaciebSi, rodesac movlenebi masobriv<br />
fenomenad ar iqceva, riskze wasvlam<br />
SesaZloa monacemebis gamoyenebiT gamoTvlili<br />
riskis analizi Secvalos (Tumca, erTjeradad<br />
momxdar movlenebs ufro xSirad iRbals<br />
miakuTvneben xolme). im situaciebSi ki,<br />
60<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis scenarisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sadac istoriuli faqtori mniSvnelovania albaTobis gamosaTvlelad<br />
da sadac Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebas didi dro<br />
sWirdeba, teroristul scenarSi istoria gansxvavebul<br />
da minimalur rols TamaSobs, ubeduri SemTxvevebi Zalian<br />
swrafad viTardeba mas Semdeg, rac operaciis pirveli moqmedeba<br />
daiwyeba (TviTmkvlelobis misia). unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am fazaSi Careva.<br />
95
andraS Saio<br />
rodesac albaTobis Sefasebis safuZvlebi ar<br />
arsebobs, riskis gaweva gansakuTrebul saxes<br />
atarebs: is abaTilebs varauds riskis Sesaxeb<br />
(albaTobas). aseT SemTxvevebSi, riskis gaweva<br />
an riskis Tavidan acileba gulisxmobs, rom<br />
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi aRiarebs/uary<strong>of</strong>s<br />
yvela albaTobas. aseTi midgoma iracionaluri<br />
SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, radgan monacemebis<br />
analizs ar eyrdnoba. magram aseTi midgoma<br />
riskis mimarT mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesisTvis, radgan xels uwyobs gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebas im viTarebaSi, rodesac<br />
informacia mwiria an ZviradRirebuli.<br />
maSinac ki, roca monacemebi xelmisawvdomia<br />
(rac mravali movlenis analizs da ZviradRirebul<br />
monacemTa Segrovebas moicavs), riskis<br />
gawevis SesaZleblobebi mainc arsebobs; cnobili<br />
(identificirebadi) riskebis pirobebSi<br />
ar arsebobs marTebuli qmedebis sazomi. sakiTxi<br />
rom kidev ufro gavarTuloT, ganvixiloT<br />
iseTi katastr<strong>of</strong>ebis albaToba, romlebic<br />
saxelmwifos an demokratiul struqturas<br />
aknineben. am dros movlenis da misi Sedegebis<br />
winaswar ganWvreta gansakuTrebiT rTuli xdeba,<br />
ara mxolod imitom, rom aseTi movlenebi<br />
Zalian iSviaTia da statistikuri (albaTobis)<br />
analizisTvis Sesabamisad arasakmarisi, aramed<br />
imitomac, rom movlenebi ar aris izolirebuli.<br />
albaTobis martivi modeli efuZneba<br />
im wina pirobas, rom movlenebi erTmaneTisgan<br />
izolirebuli arian. anu sajaro gamosvlebis<br />
mravaljeradi CaSla iwvevs komunikaciis sferos<br />
dazaralebas, magram eleqtoratis Sedegebze<br />
gavlena ara aqvs da piriqiT.<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos konstitucionalizmis<br />
specifikuri problemaa araformaluri<br />
da erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli<br />
kavSirebi. erTi movlena meore movlenis mosalodnelobas<br />
zrdis, rasac Semdeg saziano<br />
Sedegbi moaqvs. amdenad, kanonis, wesrigisa<br />
da demokratiis dangrevas kaskaduri fenomeni<br />
ganapirobebs. 61 liberaluri demokratiebis<br />
umravlesoba mzadaa riskze wavides, roca<br />
saqme sajaro gamosvlebs exeba. xolo roca<br />
terorizmis mxardamWer moZraobebTan an saidumlo<br />
kavSirebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin mosazrebebi<br />
gansxvavdeba. religiur moZraobeb-<br />
61<br />
kanonis uzenaesoba SesaZloa dairRves kaskaduri procesebis<br />
Sedegad, rodesac demokratiis damcvelis, erT SezRudvas<br />
moaqvs meore da maTi kombinirebuli efeqti safrTxes<br />
uqmnis kanonis uzenaesobas. brZanebis gauqmeba gansakuTrebiT<br />
maSin aris problemuri, roca dakavebis pirobebis kanonis<br />
kontrolis qveS ar aris.<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom<br />
qmedebas/sityvas gamravlebis Zala aqvs: erTi<br />
qmedeba/sityva iwvevs organizebul qmedebas/<br />
sityvas da Sesabamisad, gamravlebul riskebs.<br />
Tuki sityva da qmedeba mosalodnelia rom masobriv<br />
qmedebad iqces, maSin agresiuli da saziano<br />
qmedebis gavrcelebis Sansic mniSvnelovnad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
zemoT visaubreT uflebebis SezRudvis da<br />
riskebis mosalodnelobis gamo diskriminaciis<br />
magaliTebze. dResdReobiT, riskis Tavidan<br />
acilebis mcdelobebs Cveulebrivi <strong>pol</strong>itikis,<br />
aRmasrulebeli da kanonSemoqmedebiTi<br />
praqtikis farglebSi garkveuli winaaRmdegoba<br />
xvdeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxridan.<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri procesi jer kidev ar aris<br />
kontrteroristuli reJimis konstitucionalizmis<br />
xarisxSi, fundamenturi formaluri<br />
cvlilebebis Setana konstituciis teqstSi<br />
ar mimdinareobs, ramac SesaZloa sasamrTlo<br />
xelisuflebis roli Secvalos uflebebis dasaSvebi<br />
SezRudvebis gansazRvraSi. dRes bevri<br />
sasamarTlo amtkicebs, rom isini fundamentur<br />
uflebebs icaven. sazogadoebaSi, romelic<br />
farTomasStabiani terorizmis safrTxis<br />
winaSe dgas, sasamarTlos Secdomebi kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis da Tavisuflebis dacis mizniT<br />
teroristuli aqtebis mosalodnelobas gazrdis<br />
62 . SesaZloa demagogiurad JRerdes, magram<br />
albaT mosamarTleebs ukeTesi TavSesafari<br />
aqvT garantirebuli, vidre sazogadoebas, romelic<br />
teroristuli aqtis msxverpli SeiZleba<br />
gaxdes, Tu sasamarTlo SecdomiT miscems<br />
vinmes <strong>pol</strong>itikur TavSesafars. sazogadoebas<br />
usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb Tavisi wuxilis da survilebis<br />
gamoTqmis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi<br />
aqvs. Tuki xalxi, <strong>pol</strong>itikosebis meSveobiT,<br />
Tavis saTqmels ityvis, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas,<br />
konstituciis uzenaesobis principiT,<br />
SeuZlia veto daados yvela gadawyvetilebas.<br />
qas sanStaini amtikebs, rom riskis maRali mosalodnelobis<br />
viTarebaSi, sazogadoebis mier<br />
panikaSi da gaurkvevlobaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad eqspertebis gadawyvetilebebs<br />
unda daveyrdnoT 63 . aq aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis Stoa nagulisxmevi, Tumca<br />
62<br />
realurad, situacia cota ufro rTulia. adamianebi, romlebsac<br />
aTavisufleben mtkicebulebebis dauSveblobis gamo,<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi mainc winaswari dakavebis qveS rCebian sxva<br />
mizezebis gamo. xolo, Tuki dakavebulebi ar arian, maTi aqtiuri<br />
dazverva aucileblad mimdinareobs.<br />
63<br />
Cass Sunstein, Laws <strong>of</strong> Fear. Cambridge University Press. 2005.<br />
96
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier zedamxedvelobasac<br />
ar gamoricxavs, Tu misi monawileoba<br />
eqspertebis SesaZleblobebis mimarT ndobis<br />
gazrdas uwyobs xels. sanStaini acxadebs, rom<br />
moqalaqeebi riskebis araracionaluri Semfaseblebi<br />
arian, nawilobriv albaT riskis aRqmasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli afeqturi mdgomareobis<br />
gamo. mecnierulad momzadebuli eqspertebi<br />
ki <strong>pol</strong>itikuri procesebisgan izolorebuli<br />
arian. dan kahanma da misma Tanaavtorebma ki<br />
sapirispiro mosazreba warmogvidgines. isini<br />
aRniSnaven, rom eqspertebs Soris uzarmazari<br />
gansxvavebebia riskis aRqmis sakiTxSi. mTavrobis<br />
regulirebis gazrda, rac demokratiis<br />
gverdis avliT xdeba, uary<strong>of</strong>iTi mxareebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba, rac sazogadoebis demokratiuli<br />
msjelobisgan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba.<br />
konkretulad ki, dan kahani da misi kolegebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom uTanxmoeba arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalebis<br />
da eqspertebis mier riskis aRqmaSi maTi<br />
gansxvavebuli RirebulebebiT aris gamowveuli.<br />
Rirebulebebi emociebTan aris kavSirSi,<br />
emociebi da Rirebulebebi Tavs iyris sazogadoebaSi,<br />
radgan maTi Camoyalibeba kulturulad<br />
aris ganpirobebuli. dan kahanis midgoma<br />
im mosazrebas efuZneba, rom `kultura, SemecnebiTi<br />
kuTxiT, win uswrebs faqtebs, kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebi ganapirobeben individis<br />
rwmenas <strong>pol</strong>itikis potenciuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb~<br />
64 . konstitucionalizmi aris meqanizmi<br />
im tendenciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa, romlis<br />
farglebSic adamianebi konkretuli movlenis<br />
mosalodnelobas msgavsi movlenis warmosaxvis<br />
SesaZleblobas ukavSireben. es tendencia<br />
gansakuTrebiT teroristuli safrTxis<br />
konteqstSi gaizarda.<br />
Cveulebriv viTarebaSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikas amarTelebs is, rom sasamarTlos<br />
mier uflebebis dacva yvela moqalaqis<br />
sasargeblod xdeba. sakiTxi sxvagvarad<br />
dgas, roca saqme exeba terorizmSi eWvmitanili<br />
pirebis gaTavisuflebas samarTalwarmoebis<br />
standartebis dacviT (rogor Segrovda saidumlo<br />
Canawerebi, sanam aseTi informacia dasaSvebi<br />
gaxdeboda). gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic<br />
miRebul iqna principebis dacvis motiviT, sazogadoebas<br />
ufro maRali riskis winaSe ayenebs,<br />
vidre im saqmeebs, romelTa farglebSic sapro-<br />
64<br />
Kahan, D. et. al.: Fear and Democracy or Fear <strong>of</strong> Democracy? A Cultural<br />
Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Sunstein on Risk, Yale Law School Public Law Working Paper<br />
No. 100. (2005), 17-18<br />
ceduro normebis dacviT, mkvlelis gaTavisufleba<br />
moxda. Tumca konstitucionalizmi mizanmimarTulad<br />
Seqmnili institutia, romelic<br />
utilitaruli gaTvlebis ignorirebas axdens.<br />
kidev erTxel ismis Semdegi aqtualuri Seki-<br />
Txva, cdeba Tu ara saerTaSoriso terorizmis<br />
safrTxe konstitucionalizmis wina pirobebs?<br />
pasuxi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven ar varT<br />
informirebuli am sakiTxSi nawilobriv imitom,<br />
rom konstituciuri demokratiis varaudisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, Cven ar vflobT sakmaris<br />
informacias imis Taobaze, rom saerTaSoriso<br />
terorizmi emuqreba usafrTxoebis garantiebs<br />
da iwvevs usafuZvlo panikas.<br />
5. daskvniTi SeniSvnebi<br />
konstituciuri saxelmwifos Tavdacva qmnis<br />
samarTlebrivi dacvis reJims potenciuri safrTxis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. zogierT fenomens,<br />
qcevas da zogierTi jgufis moqmedebis skepticizmiTa<br />
da eWviT uyurebs. amdenad, demokratiis<br />
pozicia SiSis qveS Tu ara, sifrTxiliT<br />
mainc unda moqmedebdes. sifrTxilis iuridiuli<br />
da teqnikuri Sedegi isaa, rom Tavisuflebis<br />
Sesaxeb arsebuli prezumfciebi SesaZloa<br />
SeizRudos. es gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTlis<br />
procesSi udanaSaulobis prezumfcia exeba.<br />
samwuxarod, rogorc prevenciuli saxelmwifos<br />
modeli gviCvenebs, danaSaulis zRvari<br />
iolad icvleba. miuxedavad imisa, `Tavisuflebis<br />
xely<strong>of</strong>is~ prezumfcia mudmivad kiTxvis<br />
niSnis qveS ar unda dgebodes, am prezumfciis<br />
gavlena maTze, vinc ar xely<strong>of</strong>s Tavisuflebas,<br />
mudmivad unda isinjebodes.<br />
principSi, saxelmwifos konstituciuri (demokratiuli,<br />
liberaluri) wyobis dacvis iseTi<br />
meTodebi arsebobs, romlebic dasacav Rirebulebebs<br />
ar akninebs. am meTodebis gamoyeneba<br />
nawilobriv istoriul viTarebazea damokidebuli.<br />
garda amisa, stresis garkveuli done<br />
da ubedurebebis mosalodneloba am meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebas kontrproduqtiuls xdis, Cemi<br />
azriT, Tavisufleba maRal riskebs moicavs.<br />
garkveulwilad, konstituciebi riskis gawevas<br />
konstituciurs xdian, gansxvavebiT riskis<br />
Tavidan acilebis adamianuri midrekilebisa.<br />
aseTi konstituciuri arCevani liberalebis-<br />
Tvis SeiZleba mosawoni iyos (radgan is maT<br />
Sexedulebebs Seesabameba), Tumca gonivrulobis<br />
problemas ki ver wyvets. tradiciuli<br />
konstituciuli struqturebi garkveuli xa-<br />
97
andraS Saio<br />
risxis riskebis gaTvlas da socialuri (sakanonmdeblo)<br />
riskis analizs Seicavs. konstituciebi<br />
riskebis Sesaxeb varauds bundovnad<br />
gvkarnaxoben, rac riskebis analizze gavlenas<br />
axdens. magram konstituciur-<strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
riskis analizi da misi konstituciuri mandatiT<br />
aRWurvili Sefaseba saboloo daskvnebis<br />
gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZleva: riskebis dasaZlevi<br />
meTodebis Camoyalibebaze fundamenturi<br />
gavlena aqvs winaswar gaTvlebs ama Tu<br />
im strategiis gamoyenebis socialur fasze da<br />
xarjebis analizis Sedegebs. aseve, Tu ramdenad<br />
misaRebia mocemuli fasi sazogadoebis-<br />
Tvis. usafrTxoeba ZviradRirebuli saWiroebaa<br />
(ixileT mzardi danaxarjebi usafrTxoebis<br />
servisebze da mgzavrebze dakisrebuli maRali<br />
xarjebi, aeroportis maRali gadasaxadebis<br />
saxiT). konstituciuri da demokratiuli<br />
legitimurobis mxriv, uflebebis SezRudva da<br />
darRveva socialur xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />
ramac uflebebis SezRudvis zogier-<br />
Ti forma SeiZleba gamoricxos. musulmanuri<br />
religiuri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg radikaluri<br />
zomebis miReba ukiduresad ZviradRirebulia<br />
am zomebis ganxorcielebis da maTi<br />
kontrproduqtiulobis gamo. maT aseve mohyveba<br />
musulmanuri sazogadoebis winaaRmdegoba<br />
da izolacia.<br />
demokratiuli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri reJimis samarTlebrivi<br />
sazRvrebi ise unda dadgindes, rom<br />
Tavisuflebis uflebis xely<strong>of</strong>a ar gamoiwvios.<br />
proporciulobis analizi, romelic samarTlebriv<br />
saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna Cveulebrivi<br />
mdgomareobis saWiroebisTvis, moiTxovs, rom<br />
SerCeuli meTodi minimalurad zRudavdes<br />
uflebebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli saTqmelad<br />
bevrad ufro iolia, vidre sakeTeblad.<br />
es principi SesaZloa kontrteroristul<br />
saxelmwifozec gavrceldes, magram gasarkvevi<br />
isaa, vin daadgens saWiro SezRudvebis dones.<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos Teoriuli<br />
mxare samTavrobo organoebisTvis miniWebuli<br />
Zalauflebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis<br />
gamowvevis winaSe dgas, Zalauflebis borotad<br />
gamoyenebis problemis CaTvliT. (saWiroa Zalauflebis<br />
borotad gamoyenebis maxasiaTeblebisa<br />
da wyaroebis Seswavla imisaTvis, rom<br />
prevenciis zomebi efeqturi iyos. Zalauflebis<br />
borotad gamoyeneba, xSirad, codnis arasakmarisi<br />
donis da Tavis motyuebis Sedegia.)<br />
CemTvis kargad cnobilia, rom konstituciuri<br />
saxelmwifos prevenciuli TavdacviTi zomebi,<br />
romlebic mosalodneli ubedurebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
gamoiyeneba, gansxvavdeba im meTodebisgan,<br />
romlebic konstituciur saxelmwifo-<br />
Si miRebuli zomaa da Cveulebrivi viTarebis<br />
dros gamoiyeneba. SezRudvebma, SesaZloa,<br />
Tavad konstituciuri saxelmwifos daknineba<br />
moaxdinos; es ki is Rirebulebaa, romelic<br />
pirvel rigSi unda iqnes daculi. bolo<br />
dros, gansakuTrebiT ki terorizmTan brZolis<br />
konteqstSi, wesrigis efeqturad dacvis<br />
motiviT xSirad xdeba konstituciuri saxelmwifos<br />
erozia. Tumca umjobesia sirTuleebisTvis<br />
maSin movemzadoT, roca gonivruli<br />
analizis dro gvaqvs da ar davucadoT im<br />
dros, roca Tavs datexili sirTuleebi naCqarevi<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas gvaiZulebs.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom<br />
a) `rogorc wesi, konstitucionalizmidan~<br />
gadaxveva xdeba saerTaSoriso terorizmTan<br />
brZolis dros; b) umjobesia konstituciurad<br />
iyos damtkicebuli nebismieri gadaxveva,<br />
xolo rac ufro didia cvlileba miT ufro<br />
Zlieri unda iyos sasamarTlo da sxva saxis<br />
kontroli; Tumca aseTi kontroli SesaZloa<br />
postfaqtum ganxorcieldes. yovel SemTxveva-<br />
Si, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis magaliTidan<br />
Cans, rom gamonaklisebis konstituciuri<br />
reJimi konstituciur reJims ganamtkicebs da<br />
mdgradobas matebs.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom SezRudvebi kontrteroristul<br />
saxelmwifoSi gansxvavdeba Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis SezRudvebisgan, ma-<br />
Sin roca bundovaneba safrTxis albaTobis<br />
Sesaxeb gacilebiT ufro didia. kontrteroristul<br />
saxelmwifoSi safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
SerCeuli moqmedeba naklebad aris<br />
sajaro ganxilvis sagani. kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos gadaqceva prevenciul saxelmwifod<br />
problemebis gareSe ver Caivlis. aseve,<br />
problemuria prevenciuli saxelmwifos svla<br />
kontrteroristuli reJimisken: es procesi<br />
ganamtkicebs wina aTwleulSi arsebul tendencias,<br />
romlis farglebSic klasikuri konstituciuri<br />
sisxlis samarTlis procedurebi<br />
Seicvala, romelTa mixedviT, socialuri<br />
braldeba, romelsac Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 65<br />
65<br />
liberalur samarTalSi garkveuli bundovaneba gaCnda,<br />
roca dainerga winaswari dakavebis praqtika rogorc regulacia,<br />
naklebi moTxovnebiT da standartebiT. arada, umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, es praqtika dasjaze uaresi iyo da faqtobrivi<br />
safuZveli naklebad hqonda.<br />
98
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
mohyveba, moiTxovs specialur samarTlebriv<br />
garantiebs. konstituciuri samarTlis tradiciuli<br />
normebis mixedviT, danaSaulis prevencia,<br />
an ufro marTebulad rom vTqvaT, riskis<br />
prevencia (yovlismomcveli da seleqciuri<br />
dazvervis da agresiis meSveobiT) SezRudvebzea<br />
orientirebuli da ara Tavisuflebebze.<br />
jer kidev 11 seqtembramde, germaniaSi, romelic<br />
saxelmwifos paradigmul samarTlebriv<br />
models warmoadgens, usafrTxoeba konstituciuri<br />
Rirebuleba da `obieqturi mizani~<br />
gaxda, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ararsebobis<br />
drosac ki 66 . rogorc ki usafrTxoeba samarTlebrivi<br />
gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi<br />
safuZveli gaxdeba, samarTlebriv kontrols<br />
mxolod formaluri mxare aqvs da samarTlebrivi<br />
saxelmwifo mxolod formalurad arsebobs.<br />
konstituciis Tanaxmad, usafrTxoebis<br />
dacvis miznebi normatiuli msjelobis sagani<br />
aRar aris; usafrTxoebis dacvis pirobebSi<br />
SeuZlebelia konstituciur ZalTa balansis<br />
funqcionirebis SenarCuneba. faqtebis dabalanseba<br />
SeuZlebeli xdeba. konstituciuri<br />
kontroli, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT,<br />
unda gardaiqmnas <strong>pol</strong>itikur kontrolad,<br />
radgan gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
kriteriumebi ara kanonis uzenaesobidan,<br />
aramed faqtobrivi mdgomareobidan<br />
gamomdinareobs~ 67 .<br />
kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo funqcionirebs<br />
prevenciuli saxelmwifos msgavsad.<br />
es ki imas niSnavs, rom riskebis gaTvla Ti-<br />
Tqmis yvela sferoSi mimdinareobs: safrTxis<br />
SegrZneba mZlavrdeba (teroristebis gegmis<br />
mixedviT). mas Semdeg, rac saSiSroebis gaTvla<br />
standartad iqceva, Tavisuflebis moTxovna 68<br />
mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu damtkicdeba,<br />
rom saSiSroeba ar arsebobs. es ki im<br />
reJimis principebidan gansxvavdeba, romelTa<br />
Tavisufleba garantirebulia.<br />
cxadia, demokratiis dacva umTavresad socialuri<br />
da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri sakiTxia 69 . samarTle-<br />
66<br />
100 BVerfGE 313 (1999), at 382 (faruli eleqtronuli dazvervis<br />
sistema saerTaSoriso organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg).<br />
67<br />
Lepsius, op. cit. #56.<br />
68<br />
Denninger, op. cit. 471.<br />
69<br />
Tavdacvis unaris mqone konstituciurma saxelmwifom sasamarTlos<br />
damoukideblobis garantirebisTvis sakmarisi<br />
materialuri resursebi unda gamoyos. Tumca yvelaze damoukidebeli<br />
da Zlieri samarTlis administrirebac ki ver<br />
SeZlebs demokratiis dacvas da konstituciuri saxelmwifo<br />
wyobis SenarCunebas, Tu masSi sakmarisi konstituciuri suliskveTeba<br />
ar aris, anu, Tu sasamarTloSi dasaqmebuli pirebi<br />
konstituciuri saxelmwifos mtkice da aqtiuri mxardam-<br />
Werebi ar arian.<br />
brivi zomebi warumatebelia demokratiis damcavi<br />
samTavrobo <strong>pol</strong>itikis gareSe. rogorc<br />
zemoT aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso terorizmma<br />
SeiZleba Seqmnas viTareba, rodesac fundamenturi<br />
uflebebis praqtikulobis gadaxedva<br />
gaxdeba saWiro. uflebebis Sesaxeb msjelobaTa<br />
umravlesoba ar gamoricxavs uflebebis<br />
gadafasebas. fundamenturi uflebebi mxolod<br />
droebiTia, rac uflebebze dafuZnebuli<br />
reJimis Sedegebis ganxilvas gamoricxavs.<br />
mosalodnelia, rom gamudmebulma terorizmis<br />
masobrivma safrTxem iseTi reJimis Seqmna<br />
gvaiZulos, romlis drosac uflebebi gacilebiT<br />
ufro mcire rols TamaSobs, vidre dRes.<br />
da mainc, es axali reJimic liberaluri demokratia<br />
iqneba – saukeTeso arCevani mocemul<br />
pirobebSi. es reJimi saukeTeso liberaluri<br />
reJimi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xalxi<br />
mixvdeba da gaiziarebs SezRudvebis miznobriobas.<br />
sazogadoebrivi cnobadoba ki saWiroebis<br />
demonstrirebas mohyveba. mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom aseT viTarebaSi sazogadoebaSi ar<br />
dainergos panika arCevnebis momlodine <strong>pol</strong>itikosebis<br />
da angariSvaldebulebis amcilebeli<br />
mTavrobis mier. SezRudvebis saWiroebis<br />
demonstrireba da dasabuTeba gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania, radgan uflebebis SezRudvis<br />
winaaRmdeg seriozuli, frTxili mosazrebebi<br />
arsebobs, romlebic kontrteroristuli re-<br />
Jimis mxardamWerebisTvis sakmaod Zvirfasia.<br />
aris ramdenime sakiTxi, ramac fundamenturi<br />
uflebebisken (adamianis uflebebi) svla gaacocxla:<br />
samarTalwarmoebis gareSe an wamebis<br />
pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba yalbi<br />
aRiarebebis raodenoba; xelisuflebis organoebi<br />
organizaciuli mikerZoebis msxverpli<br />
xdebian; sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva Warbobs<br />
WeSmaritebasa da inovacias; religiuri<br />
da eTnikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva prevenciul<br />
reJimSi agresias warmoSobs da saxelmwifos<br />
axal mtrebs uCens. uflebebis SezRudva<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is pirdapirproporciulia.<br />
zogjer, sazogadoebrivi xarjebis<br />
zrdam SesaZloa gazardos usafrTxoebis<br />
xarisxi ise, rom Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovnad<br />
SezRudva saWiro ar gaxdes. magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli<br />
usafrTxoebis danadgarebi aeroportSi<br />
Seamcirebs mgzavrebis uxeS da agresiuli<br />
fizikur Semowmebas.<br />
Tu kontrteroristuli saxelmwifosTvis<br />
specialuri konstituciuri reJimis Seqmna<br />
99
andraS Saio<br />
gaxdeba saWiro, pirvel rigSi, unda dawesdes<br />
SezRudvis saWiroebis dasabuTebis savaldebulooba.<br />
am kuTxiT, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
gamocdileba relevanturi rCeba.<br />
amJamad, sifrTxilis motiviT, bevri informacia<br />
sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi araa<br />
da amdenad, maTi monawileoba gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebSi uxilavis SiSis zegavleniT xdeba.<br />
davalebam, yvelaferi unda ganadgurdes, unda<br />
daadginos prevenciuli samarTlebrivi me-<br />
Todebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Cven hegelis<br />
mier aRwerili mdgomareobis safrTxis winaSe<br />
aRmovCndebiT.<br />
`iyo eWvmitanili, niSnavs, iyo damnaSave.<br />
am realobis winaaRmdeg garegnuli reagireba,<br />
romelic Sinagani ganzraxvidan modis, am<br />
konkretuli identobis dangrevas moaswavebs,<br />
romlisganac verafers waiReb, garda, ubralod,<br />
arsebobisa~ 70 .<br />
racionaluri msjelobis pirveli moTxovnis<br />
Tanaxmad, romelmac SesaZloa demokratiuli<br />
legitimuroba SesZinos paradgimis<br />
gadawevas konstitucionalizmidan prevenciuli,<br />
dakavebis reJimze dafuZnebuli an kontrteroristuli<br />
usafrTxoebis saxelmwifosken,<br />
xalxma unda gaiazros, rom kontrterorizmis<br />
sisxlis samarTlebrivi modelisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
rodesac saubaria cvlilebebze sisxlis<br />
samarTlis konkretul nawilebSi, kontrteroristuli<br />
RonisZiebebi mimarTulia ara mxolod<br />
terorizmis wyarosken, aramed gavlenas<br />
axdens mTel sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, patriotis<br />
aqtiT dasaSvebi gaxda `udanaSaulo<br />
amerikelebis~ piradi monacemebis gacnoba, maT<br />
monacemebsa da eWvmitanil teroristebs an<br />
teroristul organizaciebs Soris kavSirebis<br />
demonstrirebis gareSe. kontrteroristuli<br />
saxelmwifos Zlier variantSi, prevencia moi-<br />
Txovs yvela moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone<br />
ganvixiloT rogorc riskfaqtori, Tumca ara<br />
Tanabarzomierad. socialuri jgufebis mimarT<br />
gansxvavebuli SezRudvebis gamoyeneba,<br />
religiuri da eTnikuri warmoSobis mixedviT,<br />
70<br />
gonebis filos<strong>of</strong>ia #591. bailius Targmani. hegeli gulisxmobda<br />
frangul terors. iakobianuri teroris logikas<br />
hegeli axasiaTebs rogorc erTi fraqciis mier sxva<br />
fraqciebis marTvas saxelmwifos kontrolis gziT, rac<br />
safrTxis mosalodnelobaze dafuZnebuli reJimis arqetipia<br />
demokratiaSi warmodgenili. rogorc franguli magali-<br />
Tidan Cans, SeTqmulebis arsebobis mtkiceba sazogadoebaSi<br />
sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis safuZveli iyo, rac<br />
iakobianuri xelmZRvanelobisTvis brwyinvale SesaZlebloba<br />
(nawilobriv gayalbebuli) iyo oponentebis mosaSoreblad,<br />
sakmarisi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad da Si-<br />
Sis dasanergad.<br />
diskriminaciis fundamentur problemas warmoSobs.<br />
msubuq religiur diskriminacias ganekuTvneba,<br />
magaliTad, sxvadasxva religiis<br />
warmomadgenlis gansxvavebuli Cxreka aeroportSi.<br />
prevenciis mizniT danergili SezRudvebi<br />
sazogadoebis yvela sferos SeiZleba<br />
moicavdes da ara mxolod sisxlis samarTals.<br />
sazogadoebis gadasawyveti unda iyos, Tu ramdenad<br />
mzad varT, miviRoT iseTi yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovreba, romelic danaSaulis prevenciazea<br />
orientirebuli. bolos da bolos, saerTaSoriso<br />
terorizmi xom swored Tanamedroveobis<br />
Cveulebrivi instrumentebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli<br />
- im saSualebebiT, romlebic uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovania globalizebuli samyarosTvis.<br />
esenia: interneti, SeuzRudavi mogzauroba da<br />
urTierTkavSiris sxva formebi. SezRudvebi,<br />
romlebic am saSualebebze teroristebis xelmisawvdomobis<br />
limitirebas isaxavs miznad sxva<br />
momxmareblebsac zRudavs (ixileT telefonis<br />
nomrebis Senaxva, samoc milionamde winaswar<br />
gadaxdili sakredito baraTebis SezRudva,<br />
radgan isini fulis gaTeTrebis saukeTeso sa-<br />
Sualebebia da a.S.).<br />
sajaro ganxilvebSi moqalaqeobis fundamenturi<br />
sakiTxebi da kacobriobis sazRvrebi,<br />
romlebic adamianebs aerTianebs ubedurebis<br />
Jams, unda gairkves: aris Tu ara sazogadoeba<br />
mzad, daTmos Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli<br />
erTianoba, Tu moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs<br />
imas, rom mTelma sazogadoebam unda itvir-<br />
Tos Tanabari riski rasobriv an religiur safuZvelze<br />
eqstradiqciis dauSveblobis gamo?<br />
bolos da bolos, aseTi solidaroba moqalaqeobis<br />
da erovnulobis safuZvelia. ers urCevnia,<br />
Caebas omSi (normatiuli Teoriis mixedviT)<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mSvidobis SenarCuneba<br />
moiTxovs konkretuli pirovnebis an jgufis<br />
(an teritoriis nawilis, romelze mcxovreb<br />
adamianebs ar surT qveynis datoveba) sxva<br />
qveynisTvis gadacemas an qveynidan gaZevebas.<br />
aseTi iyo misaRebi standarti saberZneTSi.<br />
konstitucionalizmis funqcia, konkretulad<br />
ki umciresobebis dacva, sakmaod Zlier argumentebs<br />
gvTavazobs sazogadoebrivi emociebis<br />
da crurwmenebis Sedegad efeqturobis gazrdis<br />
mizniT gamoyenebuli diskriminatoruli,<br />
prevenciuli zomebis sawinaaRmdegod. maTi<br />
gamoyeneba, administraciul procedurebTan<br />
erTad, udanaSaulo adamianebis did jgufebs<br />
daazaralebs, romelTac Tavis dacva Cveule-<br />
100
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?<br />
briv demokratiul procesSi ar ZaluZT 71 . bunebrivia,<br />
rogorc ki SemzRudveli zomebi zemoqmedebs<br />
mxolod sxva adamianebis jgufebze,<br />
maSin am zomebis aRiareba da miReba uproblemod<br />
xdeba Cven mier, Tu isini Cven ar gvexeba,<br />
maTi uxeSobis xarisxis miuxedavadac ki.<br />
qyeynebSi, sadac teroristuli Tavdasxmebi<br />
yoveldRiuri rutina gaxdeba da qveynebSi, sadac<br />
Tavdasxmebi ukve iqca rutinad, Tu sazogadoebas<br />
SiSis qveS uwevs brZanebebis miReba,<br />
maSin maT erTaderTi fundamentaluri arCevani<br />
rCebaT, romelic rTuli moraluri arCevani<br />
iqneba. teroristi ar aRiarebs msxverpls<br />
adamianad: da sazogadoebaSi, romlis winaSec<br />
masobrivi terorizmis safrTxeebi dgas (kamikaZeebis<br />
yoveldRiuri TviTmkvlelobebiT<br />
da masobrivi ganadgurebis potenciuri safr-<br />
TxiT), teroristebi da maTi mxardamWerebi<br />
TiToeuli moqalaqis mimarT minimalur pativiscemasac<br />
ki ar iCenen. aseT viTarebaSi, ur-<br />
Tulesi iqneba, miiCnio teroristi adamianad,<br />
arsebad, romelsac Rirseba gaaCnia. cxadia,<br />
kantiseuli problemebi (pragmatuli problemebi<br />
teroristis vinaobis amocnobisas Secdomis<br />
daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT 72 ) gvkarnaxoben,<br />
rom arasodes unda moveqceT meore adamians<br />
araadmianurad. Tumca kanti Zalze abstraqtul<br />
moralur arsebas gulisxmobda. odesme<br />
Tu ufiqria mas iseT sirTuleze, rogoricaa<br />
pirovnebis degradireba, romelic SemdgomSi<br />
mTeli sazogadoebis degradirebasa da damcirebaSi<br />
monawileobs.<br />
71<br />
am mosazrebas bevri avtori aJRerebs, citirebulia<br />
grosTan, 1035 SeniSvna 105.<br />
72<br />
rogorc Cans, terorizmis prevenciis treiningi ar moicavs<br />
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa identobis SecdomiT dadgena, amdenad,<br />
gonebrivad moSlili moqalaqeebi mosalodnelia, rom<br />
iyvnen fataluri prevenciuli intervenciis samizne.<br />
101
ori okoneli<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da<br />
adamianis uflebaTa principebi<br />
rori okoneli<br />
ufrosi leqtori, adamianis uflebaTa centri,<br />
samarTlis skola,<br />
belfastis qvins universiteti.<br />
Sesavali 1<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
drodadro iyenebs terminebs `Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratia~ an `demokratia, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia daicvas sakuTari Tavi~, mkvlevarebi<br />
ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneben am termins strasburgis<br />
precedentuli samarTlis ganxilvebisas<br />
2 . es namuSevari mkiTxvels sTavazobs,<br />
rom ufro mizanSewonili iqneba, fokusireba<br />
moxdes pirdapiri da warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiebis<br />
moTxovnebze, vidre Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis Temaze. winamdebare<br />
naSromi, saTauris Sesabamisad, ganixilavs<br />
strasburgis precedentul samarTals da<br />
sruldeba im sakiTxebis xazgasmiT, romlebic<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom<br />
msgavs saqmeebze muSaobisas pirvel planze<br />
unda wamoswios.<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia<br />
termini `Tavdacvisunariani demokratia,~<br />
eWvgareSe, yurismomWrelia. termini inglisurSi<br />
germanelma filos<strong>of</strong>osma karl lovenStainma<br />
daamkvidra, romelic germaniidan<br />
gadasaxlebul iqna 1930 wels da ielSi<br />
muSaobda. iseve rogorc akademiuri wreebis<br />
1<br />
madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegebs qvinsis adamianis uflebebis<br />
centrSi, samarTlis magistraturis studentebs, romlebic<br />
gadiodnen moduls adamianis uflebebi da mmarTveloba da<br />
aseve 2008 -09 akademiuri wlis ivlisSi antverpenSi Catarebuli<br />
utrextis qselis sazafxulo skolis monawileebs,<br />
romlebTanac me mqonda saSualeba, ganmexila es sasamarTlo<br />
saqmeebi da sakiTxebi. Secdomebze mxolod me var pasuxismgebeli.<br />
2<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani namuSevari am mxriv aris P. Harvey, ”Militant<br />
democracy and the European Convention on Human Rights“ (2004) 29<br />
(3) European Law Review 407-420. TviTon sasamarTlos arasdros<br />
gamouyenebia termini `Tavdacvisunariani demokratia~, garda<br />
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac palata ganixilavda TurqeTis<br />
mTavrobis saqmes keTildReobis partiis Sesaxeb: Refah Paritsi v<br />
Tureky (2002) 35 EHRR 56, abzaci 62. ECHR-is sasamarTlo saqmeebi<br />
xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTze: www.echr.coe.int<br />
sxva evropelma warmomadgenlebma, manac yuradReba<br />
miapyro 1930 wlis travmisa da fa-<br />
Sizmis, nacizmis saSiSroebisaken 3 . 1937 wels<br />
is ganixilavs SesaZleblobas, `Tavdacvisunariani~<br />
demokratiebi SeiaraRdnen faSizmis<br />
aRzevebis winaaRmdeg. ufro konkretulad ki,<br />
imis winaaRmdeg, rom faSistebs ar gamoeyenebinaT<br />
Tavisufali Sekrebis, gaerTianebis,<br />
azris Tavisufali gamoxatvis demokratiuli<br />
da <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebi demokratiis gasanadgureblad<br />
4 .<br />
lovenStainis Tavdacvisunariani demokratiebi<br />
karl Smidtis mier warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
demokratiebis kritikaze pasuxi iyo: Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratia ar aris dausruleblad<br />
gansaxilveli Tema 5 da mas SeuZlia moaxdinos<br />
Tavisi <strong>pol</strong>itikuri mtris identificireba 6 .<br />
demokratiis mtrebs ar unda mieceT imis saSualeba,<br />
rom gamoiyenon demokratiiT miniWebuli<br />
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi misTvis safrTxis<br />
Sesaqmnelad, es SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes vaimaris<br />
dacemiT naswavl gakveTilad. cnebam Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratia SeiZleba moicvas<br />
rigi qmedebebisa, es statia ganixilavs <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
uflebebze (xmis micemis, arCevnebSi monawileobis,<br />
gamoxatvis, Sekrebis, da a.S) arsebul<br />
SezRudvaTa tipebs, romlebic vrceldeba<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur partiebze, moZraobebze, anda maT<br />
3<br />
frankfurtis skolis wvlilma brZolaSi faSizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
didi yuradReba miipyro: William E. Scheuerman, Between the<br />
norm and the exception: the Frankfurt school and the rule <strong>of</strong> law (Cambridge,<br />
Mass.: MIT Press, 1994) and William E.Scheurman, The rule <strong>of</strong> Law<br />
under siege: selected essays <strong>of</strong> Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer<br />
(Berkeley: University <strong>of</strong> California Press, 1996).<br />
4<br />
Loewenstein. K. ”Millitant Democracy and Fundamental Rights,“ (1937)<br />
31 (3) American Political Science Review 417;Loewenstein, K. ”Militant<br />
Democracy and Fundamental Rights, II“ (1937) 31 (4) American Political<br />
Science Revew 638-658; ”Legislative Control <strong>of</strong> Political Extremism<br />
in Europena Democracies I“ (1938) 38 Columbia Law Review 591. Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis sxva ufro adreuli periodis<br />
damcvelTa Soris aris nacizmis morigi ltolvili karl<br />
manhaimi. karl manhaimi ambobda, rom `demokratiuli tolerantoba<br />
ar niSnavs aratolerantulobis atanas~; Manhaim,<br />
Karl Diagnosis <strong>of</strong> our time (London; K. Paul, Trenchm, Truber & co., 1943),<br />
49. See also Lerner, Max It is later than you think: the need for a militant<br />
democracy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publications, 1980, [1943].<br />
mosamarTle zupanCiCi aqebs karl popers Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis Sesaxeb mimoxilvis gamo saqmeSi: Zdanoka v. Latvia<br />
App. (2006) 45 EHRR 17<br />
5<br />
Carl Schmitt, The Crisis <strong>of</strong> Parliamentary Democracy (Cambridge: MIT<br />
Press, 1988, 1923).<br />
6<br />
Carl Schmitt, The Concept <strong>of</strong> the Political (New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 1976).<br />
102
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da adamianis uflebaTa principebi<br />
mimdevrebze, rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom es<br />
partiebi, moZraobebi Tu calkeuli pirovnebebi<br />
iyeneben <strong>pol</strong>itikur uflebebs demokratiisaTvis<br />
safrTxis Sesaqmnela d.<br />
meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis Semdeg, erovnuli Tu<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemebi iTvaliswinebdnen<br />
vaimaris gakveTils. 1949 wlis<br />
germaniis ZiriTadi kanoni aris amis naTeli<br />
magaliTi 7 . federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
uflebebis CamorTmeva SeuZlia im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu am uflebaTa borotad gamoyenebas<br />
aqvs adgili da amiT safrTxe eqmneba<br />
Tavisufal demokratiul wyobas (muxli<br />
18). germanel xalxs aqvs ufleba, winaaRmdegoba<br />
gauwios yvelas, visac konstituciuri<br />
wyobis ganadgureba surs (muxli 20(4)). federalur<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia<br />
gamoitanos gadawyvetileba arakonstituciuri<br />
partiis daSlis Sesaxeb (muxli 21(2)). Ziri-<br />
Tadi kanoni adgens, rom garkveuli fundamenturi<br />
principebi, rogorebicaa federalizmi<br />
da ZiriTadi uflebebi, ucvlelia (muxli 79) 8 .<br />
amis garda, wamyvani <strong>pol</strong>itikuri Zalebis paralizebis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad, ZiriTadi kanoni<br />
iTvaliswinebs, rom bundestags SeuZlia<br />
undobloba gamoucxados germaniis kanclers<br />
mxolod maSin, Tu bundestags arCeuli hyavs<br />
memkvidre (muxli 67). ZiriTadi kanoni moicavs<br />
ramdenime debulebas romlebic exeba gauTvaliswinebel,<br />
saswrafo sakiTxebs (muxli 80a,<br />
91, 115a_l), maT Soris sakanonmdeblo procesSi<br />
Cavardnebs (muxli 81). miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom germaniis ZiriTadi kanoni, am mxriv,<br />
yvelaze ufro daxvewilia, italiis 1947 wlis<br />
konstituciac Seicavs relevantur debulebebs,<br />
romlebic krZalaven faSisturi partiis<br />
reorganizacias da zRudaven faSisti liderebis<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur uflebebs 9 . es sakiTxebi ar<br />
gamorCeniaT adamianis uflebaTa universaluri<br />
deklaraciis avtorebs. muxli 29 (2)-is<br />
mixedviT, uflebebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />
iqnes gaerTianebuli erebis miznebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
muxli 30-e ufro mkacrad krZalavs<br />
uflebaTa borotad gamoyenebas:<br />
7<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialuri Targmani xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTze:<br />
bolo naxvis TariRi 2009 wlis 21<br />
marti.<br />
8<br />
G.J. Jacobsohn, ”An unconstitutional constitution? A comparative perspective“<br />
(2006) 4 (3) International Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Constitutional</strong> Law 460; Rory<br />
O’Connell, ”Guardians <strong>of</strong> the Constitution: Unconstitutional <strong>Constitutional</strong><br />
Norms“ (1994) 4 Journal <strong>of</strong> Civil Liberties 48-75.<br />
9<br />
muxli 12, gardamavali debulebebi. xelmisawvdomia italiur<br />
enaze Semdeg misamarTze: bolo naxvis TariRi 2009 wlis 22 marti.<br />
deklaraciis arc erTi nawili ar unda iqnes<br />
gagebuli ise, rom, TiTqos romelime saxelmwifo,<br />
jgufi an adamiani sargeblobs uflebiT,<br />
Caebas qmedebaSi an ganaxorcielos raime moqmedeba,<br />
romelic gamoiwvevs am deklaraciiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa da Tavisufleba-<br />
Ta destruqcias.<br />
sabWoTa delegatebs, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen<br />
deklaraciis proeqtis SeqmnaSi, surdaT,<br />
ufro Sors wasuliyvnen da aSkarad daefiqsirebinaT,<br />
rom faSistTa uflebebi SezRuduli<br />
iqneboda 10 .<br />
1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
konvenciis me- 17muxli iTvaliswinebs uflebaTa<br />
borotad gamoyenebis msgavs doqtrinas:<br />
am konvenciis arc erTi nawili ar unda<br />
iqnes interprirebuli ise, TiTqos romelime<br />
saxelmwifos, jgufs Tu adamians miniWebuli<br />
hqondes ufleba, Caebas an ganaxorcielos<br />
raime iseTi qmedeba, romelic gamiznuli iqneba<br />
am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa<br />
da TavisuflebaTa destruqciisaken, an maTi<br />
mkveTri SezRudvisaken.<br />
evropuli konvencia, ra Tqma unda, iTvaliswinebs,<br />
saWiroebisamebr, uflebaTa zomier<br />
SezRudvebs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
(muxli 8(2), 10(2), 11(2)) da maT Sesustebas gansakuTrebuli<br />
mdgomareobis dros, rodesac<br />
eris bedi safrTxeSia (muxli 15).<br />
civi omis dros, ramdenime saxelmwifom<br />
miiRo zomebi moZraobaTa <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis<br />
SesazRudad, vinaidan safrTxe eqmneboda<br />
konstituciur wyobas. germaniis federaluri<br />
respublikis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom akr-<br />
Zala nacisturi partiis memkvidre komunisturi<br />
partia 11 , rodesac germaniam miiRo sajaro<br />
mosamsaxureTa loialobis maregulirebeli<br />
kanonebi. civi omis dros, evropis adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sasamarTlom uari Tqva loialobis<br />
kanonebTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebze 12 .<br />
10<br />
Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration <strong>of</strong> Human Rights: origins,<br />
drafting and intent (Philadelphia: University <strong>of</strong> Pennsylvania Press, 2000)<br />
23, 68-69.<br />
11<br />
Socialist Reich Party case [1952] BVerGE 2, 1, found in Kommers, <strong>Constitutional</strong><br />
Jurisprudence <strong>of</strong> the FRG, Communist Party case [1956] BvedfGE 5,<br />
85, found in Kommers, <strong>Constitutional</strong> Jurisprudence <strong>of</strong> the Federal Republic<br />
<strong>of</strong> Germany.<br />
12<br />
SeadareT Kosiek v. Germany (1986) 9 EHRR 328 with Vogt v. Germany<br />
(1996) 21 EHRR 205. See Harvey, ”Militant democracy and the European<br />
Convention on Human Rights“ (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407,<br />
413-414. Conor Gearty aRniSnavs, rom strasburgis sasamarTlos<br />
SexedulebebSi cvlileba emTxveva civi omis dasasruls:<br />
Conor Gearty, ”Airy-Fairy: Human Rights and the End <strong>of</strong> Empire:<br />
Britain and the Genesis <strong>of</strong> the European Convention by A.W. B. Simpson.“<br />
(2001) 23 London Review <strong>of</strong> Books, xelmisawvdomia: bolos Semowmebulia 2009 wlis 22<br />
marts.<br />
103
ori okoneli<br />
avstraliis parlamentma moiTxova komunisturi<br />
partiis akrZalva. akrZalva gauqmebul<br />
iqna avstraliis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier<br />
federalizmis argumentiT 13 . SeerTebulma<br />
Statebma SezRuda komunistTa Tavisufleba 14 .<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos erT kuTxeSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
Zalaufleba iqna gamoyenebuli<br />
respublikelTa klubebis asakrZalad 15 . 1990-<br />
iani wlebi iyo Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
Teoriis mimarT interesis gaRvivebis momswre,<br />
magaliTad 1992 wels samxedro gadatrialebam<br />
alJirSi gamoiwvia `aratolerantuli demokratiebis~<br />
Sesaxeb seriozuli ganxilvebi akademiur<br />
doneze 16 . evropis sabWos veneciis komisiam<br />
gamoaqveyna saxelmZRvanelo, partiebis<br />
daSlis SemTxvevaSi, sanqciebis Sesaxeb 17 .<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
magaliTebi Tanamedrove evropaSi<br />
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos<br />
didi xania rac uwevs Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
sakiTxebTan Sexeba, es iqneba rasistuli<br />
Tu faSisturi partiebis SeupovrobasTan,<br />
germaniis loialobis Sesaxeb kanonebTan Tu<br />
gaerTianebul samefosa da irlandiaSi <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
Zaladobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT 18 .<br />
Tema ufro aqtualuri gaxda bolo TxuTmeti<br />
wlis manZilze. rkinis fardis kolafsma da<br />
evropis sabWos gafarToebam aRmosavleTisaken<br />
win wamoswia gardamavali marTlmsajulebis<br />
bevri sakiTxi. 11 seqtembris 19 movlenebma<br />
gaamZafres religiuri fundamentalizmiT<br />
gamowveuli safrTxeebi. TurqeTis gadawyvetileba,<br />
daeSva individualuri ganacxadiT<br />
mimarTva strasburgis sasamarTlosadmi, mniSvnelovani<br />
nabiji iyo, qveyanaSi <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
partiebis dasaSlelad Zalauflebis xSiri gamoyenebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
13<br />
Australian Communist Party v. Commonwealth [1951] 83 Commonwealth<br />
Law Reports 1. David Dyzenhaus ganixilavs saqmes, rogorc<br />
magaliTs imisa, Tu rogor eyrdnoba sasamarTlo `saerTo<br />
samarTlis konstitucionalizms:~ David Dyzenhaus, ”Constituting<br />
the Enemy: A response to Carl Schmitt“ in A. Sajo (ed.) Militant Democracy<br />
(Utrecht: Elevan International Publishing, 2004).<br />
14<br />
Dennis v. U.S. 341 U.S. 494 (1951).<br />
15<br />
akrZalvas miemxro lordTa palata McEldowney v. Ford [1971]<br />
Appeal Cases 632,<br />
16<br />
Gregory Fox and Georg Nolte, ”Intolerant Democracies“ (1995) 36 Harvard<br />
International Law Journal 1, reprinted in Gregory Fox and Brad Roth,<br />
Democratic Governance and International Law (Cambridge: CUP, 2000).<br />
17<br />
European Commission for Democracy through Law, Guidelines on Prohibition<br />
and Dissolution <strong>of</strong> Political Parties and Analogous Measures (Strasbourg:<br />
Council <strong>of</strong> Europe Pub., 2000).<br />
18<br />
P. Harvey, ”Militant democracy and the European Convention on Human<br />
Rights“ (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407-420.<br />
19<br />
Sadak and others v. Tureky Applications Nos. 26149/95 to 26154/95,<br />
25144/94, 27100/95 da 27101/95, 11 ivnisi 2002 (ECtHR).<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis xerxebis<br />
nairsaxeoba warmoCinda strasburgis saqmeebSi.<br />
yvelaze saintereso iyo magaliTad,<br />
iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxelmwifo cdilobda<br />
CamoeSorebina parlamentisaTvis ar-<br />
Ceuli <strong>pol</strong>itikosebi, rodesac maTi partiebi<br />
arakonstituciurad gamocxaddeboda 20 , an,<br />
rodesac maT uars etyodnen registraciaze 21 .<br />
lustraciis SemTxvevaSi, individebs SeiZleba<br />
aekrZaloT, kenWi iyaron an dasaqmebul<br />
iqnen sxvadasxva adgilebze sajaro samsaxur-<br />
Si, anda, Tundac kerZo seqtorSi 22 . naklebad<br />
saSineli xerxebia Tavisufali azris gamoxatvis<br />
uflebis SezRudva 23 , Sekrebis uflebis<br />
SezRudva 24 , konkretuli simboloebis gamoyenebis<br />
akrZalva 25 , anda uaris Tqma partiebis<br />
saxelmwifo dafinansebaze 26 . saxelmwifoebma<br />
SeiZleba gadadgan nabijebi neitraluri da<br />
xelSeuxebeli sajaro samsaxuris arsebobis<br />
uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>a d.<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis msgavsi<br />
xerxebis gamoyenebis asaxsnelad bevri sxvadasxva<br />
mizezi mohyavT xolme 27 , Cveulebriv, es<br />
moicavs brZolas <strong>pol</strong>itikuri Zalmomreobis<br />
winaaRmdeg, rasistul da ultramemarjvene<br />
partiebze kontrols, adamianis fundamenturi<br />
konstituciuri uflebebis principebis<br />
dacva, demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadasvlis<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a, qveynis teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis dacva.<br />
mizezebi martivad SeiZleba warmovidginoT:<br />
zogierTi saxelmwifo ukanonod acxadebs<br />
eTnikurobasa da religiaze fokusirebul<br />
partiebs 28 , erTi mkvlevari gvTavazobs<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis gamoyenebas im<br />
20<br />
Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1.<br />
21<br />
Partidul Comunistilor (Nepeceristi) v. Romania Application no. 46626/99,<br />
5 February 2005 (ECtHR) (ECtHR); Linkov v. Czech Republic Application no.<br />
10504/03, 7 December 2006 (ECtHR).<br />
22<br />
Sidabras v. Lithuania (2006) 42 EHRR 6.<br />
23<br />
Brind v. United Kingdom (1994) 77 D&R 262. isaSar<strong>of</strong>i iZleva indoeTSi<br />
saarCevno sityvebis dadgenili formis magaliTs: S.<br />
Issachar<strong>of</strong>f, ”Fragile Democracies“ (2007) 120 Harward Law Review 1405,<br />
1423.<br />
24<br />
Christian Democratic People’s Party v. Moldova (2006) 45 EHRR 13.<br />
25<br />
ungreTSi kanoni krZalavs `totalitarul~ simboloebs,<br />
rac aisaxeba saqmeSi: Vajnaj v. Hungary application no. 33629/06, 8<br />
ivlisi 2008. (ECtHR).<br />
26<br />
Parti Nationaliste Basque v. France Application no 71251/01, 7 June 2007<br />
(ECtHR). dafinansebaze uari eTqva baskuri nacionalisturi<br />
partiis frangul Stos imis gamo, rom is aralegalurad<br />
iRebda finansebs sazRvargareTidan, magaliTad, espaneTis<br />
baskuri partiidan.<br />
27<br />
isaSar<strong>of</strong>i saubrobs meamboxe, separatistuli da antidemokratiuli<br />
partiebis mier Seqmnil safrTxeebze: S. Issachar<strong>of</strong>f,<br />
”Fragile Democracies“ (2007) 120 Harvard Law Review 1405, 1433-1447.<br />
28<br />
M. Basedau, M. Bogaards, C. Hartmann and P. Niesen, ”Ethnic Party Bans<br />
in Africa: A Research Agenda“ (2007) 8 (6) German Law Journal 617-634.<br />
104
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da adamianis uflebaTa principebi<br />
partiebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa Sida struqtura<br />
arademokratiulia 29 .<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
mkacri iyo am xerxebis Seswavlisas. is daJinebiT<br />
amtkicebda, rom uflebaTa SezRudva gamarTlebulia<br />
Tu: es xdeba legitimuri miznebisa-<br />
Tvis, kanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli, da aucilebelia<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa<br />
iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlom naklebi<br />
simkacre gamoavlina da miemxro Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis msgavs saSualebebs.<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri Zaladoba<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur moZraobebs, romlebic CarTuli<br />
arian, icaven an kavSirSi arian <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
ZaladobasTan, garkveuli SezRudvebi uwesdebaT<br />
evropul qveynebSi. gaerTianebulma samefom<br />
da irlandiam SemoiRes SezRudvebi im<br />
partiaTaTvis, romlebic asocirdebodnen paramilitaristul<br />
dajgufebebTan CrdiloeT<br />
irlandiaSi. SezRudvebi erovnuli da strasburgis<br />
sasamarTlos mierac dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebul<br />
iqna. 2003 wels, espaneTis parlamentma miiRo<br />
kanoni <strong>pol</strong>itikuri partiebis Sesaxeb, raTa<br />
`etas~ ZaladobasTan asocirebuli partia batasunas<br />
akrZalva SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo. espaneTis<br />
sakonstitucio tribunalma aRiara kanonis<br />
validuroba 30 , maSin rodesac 2003 wels<br />
batasuna daiSala 31 . braldebebi imisa, rom <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
partiebi Zaladobis mxardamWerad<br />
gamodiodnen, xSirad figurirebda partiaTa<br />
daSlis TurqeTis saqmeebSi 32 .<br />
wina mowvevis komisia ZiriTadad cnobda<br />
SezRudvebs <strong>pol</strong>itikur partiebze im sababiT,<br />
rom isini, viTom CarTuli iyvnen <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
29<br />
Yigal Mersel, ”The dissolution <strong>of</strong> <strong>pol</strong>itical parties: The problem <strong>of</strong> internal<br />
democracy“ (2006) 4 International Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Constitutional</strong> Law 84. aseve<br />
ixileT E.Brems, ”Freedom <strong>of</strong> Political Association and the Question <strong>of</strong><br />
Party Closures“ in Wojciech Sadurski (ed.) Political rights under stress in<br />
21 st century Europe (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 161.<br />
30<br />
Basque Regional Government challenge to the Law on Political Parties<br />
STC 48/2003, 12 marti 2003. gadawyvetileba xelmisawvdomia espanur<br />
enaze Semdeg misamarTze: bolo naxvis TariRi<br />
2009wlis 22 marti.<br />
31<br />
batasunas saqmes ganixilavs Ian Cram, ”<strong>Constitutional</strong> response<br />
to extremist <strong>pol</strong>itical associations – ETA, Batasuna and democratic norms“<br />
(2008) 28 (1) Legal Studies – Society <strong>of</strong> Public Teachers <strong>of</strong> Law 68-95; Victor<br />
Ferreres Comella, ”The New Regulation <strong>of</strong> Political Parties in Spain and the<br />
Decision to Outlaw Batasuna“ in A. Sajo (ed.) Militant Democracy (Utrecht:<br />
Eleven International Publishing, 2004); L.Turano, ”Spain: Banning <strong>pol</strong>itical<br />
parties as a response to Basque terrorism“ (2003) 1(4) International Journal<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Constitutional</strong> Law 730-740; K.A. Sawyer, ”Rejection <strong>of</strong> Weimarian<br />
Politics or Betrayal <strong>of</strong> Democracy?: Spain’s Proscription <strong>of</strong> Batasuna under<br />
te European Convention on Human Rights“ (2003) 52 (6) American University<br />
Law Review 1531-1581.<br />
32<br />
es iyo erT-erTi mizezi keTildReobis partiis saqmeSi: Refah<br />
Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1.<br />
ZaladobaSi. komisiam miuReblad cno sarCelebi,<br />
dakavSirebuli gaerTianebul samefosa da<br />
irlandiaSi CrdiloeT irlandiis zogierTi<br />
partiis SezRuduli daSvebisa radio an satelevizio<br />
mauwyeblobasTan 33 . Ucnobia, ramdenad<br />
daeTanxmeba amaSi komisias dRes moqmedi sasamarTlo.<br />
bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom dasZina,<br />
rom unda arsebobdes realuri dasturi imisa,<br />
rom ama Tu im organizaciisaTvis misaRebia<br />
Zaladoba, sanam misi konvenciiT aRiarebuli<br />
uflebebi SezRuduli iqneba; ar aris sakmarisi<br />
mxolod imaze dayrdnoba, rom organizaciis<br />
saxelidan gamomdinare, is midrekilia<br />
Zaladobisaken 34 , arc is, rom is warmoadgens<br />
sakuTar Tavs rogorc revolucioners 35 .<br />
sasamarTlom gaakritika TurqeTi Jurnalistis<br />
dasjis faqtis gamo, Jurnalistisa, romelmac<br />
gamoaqveyna arakanonieri organizaciis<br />
wevrisagan aRebuli interviuebi: es, TavisTavad,<br />
Zaladobisa da siZulvilisaken mowodebis<br />
dadasturebis gareSe, arasakmarisi iyo gamoxatvis<br />
Tavisuflebis SesazRudad 36 .<br />
simkacre im SezRudvaTa gadaxedvisas,<br />
romlebic saxelmwifoTa mier dawesebulia<br />
viTomda erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis gamo, misasalmebelia.<br />
magram strasburgis sasamarTlo aRiarebs <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
uflebebis SezRudvas mxolod im<br />
partiebisaTvis, romlebic asocirdebian <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
ZaladobasTan. es naTlad Cans saqmeSi<br />
Herri Batasna and Batasuna v. Spain 37 . <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
partiebis Sesaxeb 2002 wlis kanonze<br />
dayrdnobiT, espaneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebiT, unda momxdariyo ori partiis<br />
daSla maTi kavSirebis gamo baskur separatistul<br />
dajgufeba etasTan. espaneTis<br />
kanoni mxolod im partiebis daSlis nebas<br />
33<br />
Purcell v. Ireland Application no. 15404/89. 16 aprili, 1991 (ECmHR);<br />
Brand v. United Kingdom (1994) 77 D&R 262.<br />
34<br />
Association <strong>of</strong> Citizens Radko and Paunkovski v Former Yugoslav Republic<br />
<strong>of</strong> Macedonia Application no. 74651/01, 20 <strong>Jan</strong>uary 2009 (ECtHR). `radko~<br />
iyo ivan mihailovis fsevdonimi, romelic makedoniis sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos mixedviT, uary<strong>of</strong>da makedonuri<br />
eTnosis arsebobas.<br />
35<br />
Tsonev v. Bulgaria (2008) 46 EHRR 8. magram sasamarTlom uari Tqva<br />
franguli kanonis gamowvevaze, romliTac SeiZleboda dasjiliyvnen<br />
terorizmis mimtevebeli adamianebi: Leroy v. France<br />
application no. 36109/03, 2 oqtomberi 2008 (ECtHR). aplikantma gamoaqveyna<br />
karikatura, romelic asaxavda 11 seqtembers tyup<br />
caTambjenebze Tavdasxmas, warweriT `Cven yvela vocnebobdiT<br />
amaze... hamasma ki gaakeTa es~. sasamarTlom ar gaiziara<br />
aplikantis Sexeduleba imaze, rom misi namuSevari iyo satira<br />
amerikuli imperializmis gasakritikeblad(43-46 abzacebi).<br />
36<br />
Kanat and Bozan v. Tureky no. 13799/04, 21 oqtomberi 2008 (ECtHR)<br />
abzaci 19.<br />
37<br />
Herri Batasuna v Spain application nos. 25803/04 and 25817/04, 30 June<br />
2009.<br />
105
ori okoneli<br />
iZleoda, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen demokratiasTan<br />
SeuTavsebel qmedebebSi 38 . sakonstitucio<br />
tribunalma calkeul saqmeebSi xazi<br />
gausva kanonis am elements imis aRniSvniT,<br />
rom es ar iyo Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
msgavsi kanoni, romelic kanongareSed acxadebda<br />
garkveul miznebs 39 . sasamarTlom naxa,<br />
rom sakiTxi ewinaaRmdegeboda 11.1 muxls da<br />
ganagrZo muSaoba, raTa daedgina SesaZlebeli<br />
iyo Tu ara 11.2 muxliT moqmedebis gamarTleba.<br />
sasamarTlom maleve daadgina, rom Carevas<br />
kanoni iTvaliswinebda legitimuri miznisaTvis.<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo mxolod is,<br />
Tu ramdenad arsebobda amgvari xerxis saWiroeba<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom<br />
xazi gausva pluralizmis aucileblobas,<br />
rac moiTxovs im ideebis dacvasac ki, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba Seuracxmy<strong>of</strong>eli iyos, Soks iwvevdes<br />
an SemaSfoTebeli iyos 40 . winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
y<strong>of</strong>na me-11 muxlTan moiTxovda seriozul gamarTlebas<br />
da mxolod ukiduresad seriozul<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda partiis daSla 41 . sasamarTlom<br />
xelaxla daafiqsira Tavisi pozicia,<br />
rom partiebi Tavisufali arian, misdion nebismier<br />
mizans imdenad, ramdenadac es mizani<br />
Tavsebadia demokratiasTan, xolo am miznis<br />
misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualebebi kanonieri<br />
da demokratiuli 42 . magram saxelmwifos<br />
unda SeeZlos moqmedeba, mxolod drouli moqmedeba.<br />
es aris Tavsebadi pozitiur valdebulebebTan,<br />
rasac iTvaliswinebs konvencia 43 .<br />
am principebis xazgasmiT, sasamarTlom ganixila<br />
specifikuri saqme. man dasZina rom<br />
iyo rigi faqtebisa, romlebic miuTiTebdnen<br />
imaze, rom partiebi aRvivebdnen `socialuri<br />
konfrontaciis klimats~ da etas farulad<br />
mxardaWeras sTavazobdnen 44 . sasamarTlo aseve<br />
Seexo im mosazrebas, rom dumili <strong>pol</strong>itikos-<br />
Ta mxridan SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes partiis<br />
ganzraxvaTa gamosacnobad 45 . sasamarTlom<br />
espaneTis gadawyvetileba ganixila evropis<br />
sabWosa da evropis kavSirSi moqmedi saSualebebis<br />
konteqstSi, romelic kicxavs terorizmis<br />
gamarTlebas 46 .<br />
38<br />
Ibid abzaci 12.<br />
39<br />
abzaci 20.<br />
40<br />
abzaci 76.<br />
41<br />
abzaci 78.<br />
42<br />
abzaci 79.<br />
43<br />
abzaci 82.<br />
44<br />
abzaci 85.<br />
45<br />
abzaci 88.<br />
46<br />
abzaci 90. ufro meti informacisaTvis terorizmze ixileT<br />
Leroy v. France application no. 36109/03, 2 oqtomberi, 2008.<br />
ultramemarjvene da rasistuli<br />
moZraobebi<br />
evropulma saxelmwifoebma aseve SezRudes<br />
rasistul da ultramemarjvene partiaTa<br />
uflebebi. flamandiuri partia _ Vlaams Blok<br />
iZulebuli iyo sakuTari reorganizacia<br />
moexdina mas Semdeg, rac is marTlmsajulebam<br />
rasizmSi damnaSaved Seracxa 47 . strasburgis<br />
institutebisaTvis Cveulebriv misaRebi<br />
iyo SezRudvebi, dawesebuli TviTaRiarebul<br />
rasistebze 48 . wina komisiam gamoiyena muxli<br />
17, raTa ar mieRo rasistuli partiis 49 da SSis<br />
50 y<strong>of</strong>ili wevris saCivrebi, maSin rodesac<br />
axlandelma sasamarTlom ar daakmay<strong>of</strong>ila holokostis<br />
uarmy<strong>of</strong>elis saCivari isev da isev<br />
me-17 muxlze dayrdnobiT 51 . sasamarTlom aseve<br />
moiSvelia muxli 17, rodesac radikalur, memarjvene<br />
partiis wevri damnaSaved cnes gangaSis<br />
atexis gamo. damamZimebel garemoebad<br />
miCneul iqna is, rom is moqmedebda rasistuli<br />
miznebisaTvis: mosarCelis mier ganTavsebuli<br />
posteri asaxavda, rom yvela musulmani damnaSave<br />
iyo amerikaSi 11 seqtembers ganviTarebuli<br />
movlenebis gamo. sasamarTlom sarCeli<br />
miuReblad cno 52 . maSinac ki, rodesac gamoxatvis<br />
saSualebebi ar iyo iseTi ukiduresi, rom<br />
moqceuliyo me-17 muxlis qveS, sasamarTlom<br />
neba darTo saxelmwifos, SeezRuda gamoxatvis<br />
ufleba muxliT 10 (2), raTa rogorRac aRdgomoda<br />
siZulvilis gamowvevis faqtebs 53 . seve,<br />
sasamarTlom aRiara pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli kavSirebis<br />
ufleba, gaericxa wevrebi, Tu isini miekuTv-<br />
47<br />
gentis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba daicva Cour<br />
de Cassation: Vlaams Concentratie v. Centre for Equal Opportunity and the<br />
fight Against Racism, 2008 wlis 9 noembris gadawyvetileba xelmisawvdomia<br />
frangul enaze Semdeg misamarTze: bolo naxvis<br />
TariRi 2009 wlis 22 marti.<br />
48<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli<br />
samarTlis kritikuli analizisaTvis ixileT Eric Heinze, ”Viewpoint<br />
Absolutism and Hate Speech“ (2006) 69 (4) Modern Law Review 543-<br />
582.<br />
49<br />
komisia daeyrdno me-17 muxls rasistuli partiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romelsac surda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis uflebis<br />
gamoyeneba da arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba: Glimmerveen v.<br />
Netherlands 8348/78 & 8406/78, 11 Oct 1979 (ECmHR). es ar niSnavs<br />
rom eqstremisti <strong>pol</strong>itikosebi, isinic ki, romlebsac brali<br />
edebaT rasistuli siZulvilis gaRvivebaSi, ar arian daculi<br />
ciliswamebis SEsaxeb kanonebiT: Lindon and others v France application<br />
nos. 21279/02 and 36448/02, 22 October 2007 (ECtHR GC).<br />
50<br />
Van Wambeke v. Belgium Application no. 16692/90, 12 April 1991.<br />
51<br />
Garaudy v. France Application no. 65831/01, 24 June 2003 (ECtHR).es<br />
aris samarTlis is sfero, rodesac sasamarTlom Zalze delikaturi<br />
gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRos, es Cans safrangeTis<br />
sxva saqmidanac sadac didma palatam, miuxedavad 6 sawinaaRmdego<br />
xmisa, daadgina, rom devna `samxedro danaSaulis sazogadoebrivi<br />
dacvis~ gamo iyo me-10 muxlis darRveva. Lehideux v.<br />
France (1998) 30 EHRR 665.<br />
52<br />
Norwood v United Kingdom [2005] 40 European Human Rights Reports<br />
SE 11.<br />
53<br />
Soulas v France Application no. 15948/03, October 7 2008 (ECtHR).<br />
106
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da adamianis uflebaTa principebi<br />
nebodnen radikalur memarjvene partias 54 . am<br />
bolo xanebSi saqmeSi Feret v Belgium 55 sasamarTlo<br />
miemxro sasjels Sefardebuls belgiis<br />
sasamarTlos mier parlamentis wevrisaTvis.<br />
parlamentis wevri avrcelebda rasobrivi si-<br />
Zulvilis gamaRvivebel masalebs. sasamarTlom<br />
Seufarda mas gamasworebeli samuSaoebi,<br />
simboluri kompensaciis gadaxda da 10 wliT<br />
aukrZala arCevnebSi monawileoba. adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sasamarTlom, 4-3 umravlesobiT<br />
daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqonda<br />
konvenciis darRvevas.<br />
es saqmeebi miuTiTeben sasamarTlos tolerantobaze<br />
radikal memarjveneTa da rasistuli<br />
moZraobebisaTvis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis<br />
SezRudvebTan dakavSirebiT. TumcaRa sasamarTlo<br />
aseve miiswrafoda imis uzrunvelsay<strong>of</strong>ad,<br />
rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis<br />
SezRudvebi siZulvilis damaregulirebeli<br />
kanonebis gamo, ar zRudavs Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis<br />
legitimur uflebas 56 an monawileobas<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur 57 an religiur debatebSi 58 .<br />
fundamenturi konstituciuri an<br />
adamianis uflebaTa principebi<br />
is, rom <strong>pol</strong>itikuri moZraoba fundamenturi<br />
konstituciuri an adamianis uflebaTa<br />
principebis winaaRmdegia, zogjer gamoiyeneba<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis SezRudvis asaxsnelad<br />
59 . ase moxda TurqeTis keTildReobis<br />
partiis saqmeSic: keTildReobis partiis mier<br />
SariaTis savaraudo dacva da personaluri<br />
kanonebis SemoReba sekularizmis principis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod, gamoyenebul iqna misi daSlis<br />
asaxsnelad 60 . ra warmoadgens fundamentur<br />
konstituciur princips uTanxmoebis sakiTxia:<br />
erTi bulgaruli saqme Seexeboda monarqiis<br />
momxre asociacias 61 , maSin rodesac CexeTma<br />
uari ganucxada registraciaze <strong>pol</strong>itikur<br />
54<br />
Associated Society <strong>of</strong> Locomotive engineers and Firemen (Aslef) v. United<br />
Kingdom Application no. 11002/05, 27 February 2007 (ECtHR).<br />
55<br />
Feret v Belgium application no. 15615/07, 16 July 2009.<br />
56<br />
Jersild v. Denmark (1994) 19 EHRR 1.<br />
57<br />
Ergin v. Turkey 49566/99 applications nos. 48944/99, 50691/99, 63733/00<br />
and 63925/00, 16 June 2005 (ECtHR); Falakaoglu v. Turkey no. 11840/02,<br />
October 10 2006 (ECtHR).<br />
58<br />
Giniewski v. France Application no. 64016/00, 31 <strong>Jan</strong>uary 2006 (ECtHR).<br />
59<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis principis dacvis idea aris erTi<br />
aseTi konstituciuri principi. es idea wamoweul iqna Turqe-<br />
Tis saqmeSi (United Communist Party <strong>of</strong> Turkey v. Turkey (1998) 26 EHRR<br />
121.), Russia (Vatan v. Russia Application no. 47978/99, 7 October 2004<br />
(ECtHR).) and Bulgaria (United Macedonian Organisation Ilinden – Pirin<br />
and others v. Bulgaria Application no. 59489/00, 20 October 2005 (ECtHR)).<br />
60<br />
Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1<br />
61<br />
Zhechev v. Bulgaria Application no. 57045/00, 21 June 2007 (ECtHR).<br />
partias im sababiT, rom is, TiTqosda gamowvevis<br />
winaSe ayenebda sisxlis samarTlis kanonis<br />
araretrospeqtulobas (wina reJimebidan<br />
adamianis uflebaTa damrRvevebis marTlmsajulebis<br />
winaSe wardgenis konteqstSi) 62 .<br />
yvelaze dramatuli da sadavo Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis Temaze adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos saqmeebidan iyo TurqeTis<br />
keTildReobis partiis saqme 63 . TurqeTis<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba<br />
keTildReobis partiis daSlaze<br />
im sababiT, rom is ewinaaRmdegeboda sekularizms.<br />
marTlac, im droisaTvis keTildReobis<br />
partia iyo koaliciur mTavrobaSi da is iyo<br />
yvelaze mravalricxovani partia warmodgenili<br />
TurqeTis parlamentSi. adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos didma palatam<br />
daadgina, rom aRniSnul saqmeSi adgili ar<br />
hqonia konvenciis darRvevas da partiis daSla<br />
aixsneboda sami mizeziT. partia ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebda<br />
im moTxovnas, rom Tavi Sors daeWira<br />
Zaladobrivi qmedebebis dacvisagan, partias<br />
surda, SemoeRo personaluri kanoni Turqe-<br />
Tis moqalaqeTaTvis (anu sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemebi religiis gaTvaliswinebiT);<br />
dabolos, partia SariaTis kanonis SemoRebis<br />
momxre iyo. es iyo erTaderTi partiis daSlis<br />
saqme TurqeTidan, rodesac adamianis uflebaTa<br />
sasamarTlo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebas miemxro. amis miuxedavad, gadawyvetilebam,<br />
Sesabamisad argumentaciam da<br />
sasamarTlos enam didi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia.<br />
didi palata daeyrdno stereotipur Sexedulebas<br />
personalur kanonsa da SariaTTan mimarTebaSi<br />
gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas 64 . imis<br />
SegrZnebis gamo, rom igive SeiZleba ganmeordes<br />
keTildReobis partiis memkvidre saTnoebis<br />
partiis SemTxvevaSi, partiam ukan gamoitana<br />
sarCeli strasburgis sasamarTlodan: saTnoebis<br />
partia gaauqma TurqeTis sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlomac 65 . keTildReobis partiis saq-<br />
62<br />
Linkov v. Czech Republic Application no. 10504/03, 7 December 2006 (ECtHR).<br />
63<br />
Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1.<br />
64<br />
C. Moe “Refah Revisited: Strasbourg’s Construction <strong>of</strong> Islam” Conference<br />
paper for Emerging Legal Issues for Islam in Europe; Central<br />
European University, Budapest, Hungary; 3-4 June 2005. Available at<br />
bolo naxvis<br />
TariRi 2009 wlis 22 marti.<br />
65<br />
Fazilet Partisi et Kutan v. Turkey Application no. 1444/02, 27 April 2006.<br />
me eva bremsis madlobeli var am citatisaTvis: Eva Brems “Human<br />
Rights as a Framework for Negotiating/Protecting Cultural Differences?<br />
An Exploration in the Case-Law <strong>of</strong> the European <strong>Court</strong> <strong>of</strong> Human<br />
Rights” Seminar on 24 <strong>Jan</strong>uary 2008 at QUB Law School.<br />
107
ori okoneli<br />
mis da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi pirbadis<br />
tarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis citirebiT<br />
66 , saTnoebis partiam ganacxada, rom<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
midrekili iyo musulmanebis winaaRmdeg da ar<br />
ZaluZda miukerZoebeli gadawyvetilebebis mi-<br />
Reba 67 .<br />
demokratiul mmarTvelobaze<br />
gadasvlis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a<br />
demokratizaciis procesma aRmosavleT<br />
evropaSi ganapiroba <strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis<br />
SezRudva: moiTxova wina arademokratiul<br />
reJimebTan asocirebulTaTvis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
uflebebis SezRudva. lustraciis kanoni<br />
awesebs SezRudvas im adamianTa <strong>pol</strong>itikur da/<br />
an dasaqmebis uflebaze, romlebic muSaobdnen<br />
an TanamSromlobdnen komunizmis periodis<br />
uSiSroebis samsaxurebTan 68 .<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
iziarebda Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis<br />
msgavs argumentebs aRmosavleT<br />
evropis zogierT saqmeebSi. adreul saqmeSi<br />
Rekvenyi adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom xazi<br />
gausva imas, rom gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo is<br />
istoriuli konteqsti, romlidanac aRmosavleT<br />
evropis saxelmwifoebi momdinareobdnen,<br />
anu 4 aTwleulze metxans iq erTpartiuli<br />
wyoba iyo 69 . adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo<br />
miemxro konstituciur akrZalvas, ar mieRoT<br />
monawileoba <strong>pol</strong>itikaSi <strong>pol</strong>iciis <strong>of</strong>icrebs.<br />
Istoriul konteqstze miniSnebis miuxedavad,<br />
amgvari maregulirebeli normebi mxolod<br />
aRmosavleT evropasTan rodi asocirdeba:<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo<br />
miemxro gaerTianebuli samefos SezRudvas zogierT<br />
sajaro mosamsaxureebze, wina saarCevno<br />
kampaniaSi monawileoba mieRoT an kenWi eyaraT<br />
arCevnebSi 70 . adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos<br />
aRmosavleT evropasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba<br />
aris albaT didi palatis gadawyvetileba saqmeze<br />
Zdanoka v Latvia 71 . 1991 wlis ianvarSi, la-<br />
66<br />
gansakuTrebiT, Leyla Sahin v. Turkey Application no. 44774/98.<br />
67<br />
Fazilet Partisi et Kutan v Turkey Application no. 1444/02, 27 April 2006.<br />
68<br />
ixileT <strong>pol</strong>oneTis kanoni saqmeSi Matyjek v. Poland Application<br />
no. 38184/03, 29 June 2006, (ECtHR); Luboch v. Poland Application no.<br />
37469/05, 15 <strong>Jan</strong>uary 2008 (ECtHR); Jałowiecki v Poland Application no.<br />
69<br />
Rekvenyi v. Hungary (1999) 30 EHRR 519 at paragraphs 48-49.<br />
70<br />
Ahmed v. United Kingdom (1998) 29 EHRR 1.<br />
71<br />
Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17, reversing the earlier decision <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Chamber in Zdanoka v. Latvia (2005) 41 EHRR 659.<br />
tviis komunistur partias hqonda mcdeloba,<br />
daemxo aRmocenebis procesSi my<strong>of</strong>i latviuri<br />
demokratia, TiTqosda isini apirebdnen sabWo-<br />
Ta armiis SeSvebas qveyanaSi. mcdeloba, marTalia,<br />
male dasrulda, magram amas xuTi adamianis<br />
sicocxle Seewira. latviis komunisturma<br />
partiam mogvianebiT mxari dauWira gorba-<br />
Covis CamoSorebas moskovSi. 1991 wels latviis<br />
komunisturi partia gamocxadebul iqna<br />
arakonstituciurad. 1995 wlis kanoniT, pirebi<br />
aqtiurad CarTulni latviis komunistur<br />
partiaSi, 1991 wlis 13 ianvris Semdeg Seuferebeli<br />
iyvnen saparlamento arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis.<br />
didma palatam daadgina, rom<br />
saxelmwifos hqonda ufleba, mieRo zomebi,<br />
raTa daecva sakuTari Tavi da demokratiuli<br />
wyoba 72 . didma palatam aRniSna, rom arCevnebSi<br />
monawileobis uflebaze SeiZleba gavrceldes<br />
garkveuli SezRudvebi da rom amgvari SezRudvebi<br />
ar aris aucilebeli, dafuZnebuli iyos<br />
individTa qmedebebis calkeul ganxilvaze.<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac zogadi normebi ar iyo<br />
despoturi da TviTneburi, es sakmarisi iyo<br />
SezRudvis gasamarTleblad 73 . latviis kanoni<br />
nebas iZleoda, rom individs sarCeli Seetana<br />
sasamarTloSi imis gamo, rom is miekuTvneboda<br />
akrZalul kategorias, rac gulisxmobda<br />
mniSvnelovani usafrTxoebis zomebis arsebobas<br />
74 , imis mtkicebisas, rom darRvevas adgili<br />
ar hqonda, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma<br />
sasamarTlom yuradReba miapyro latviis<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom SezRudvebi mxolod garkveuli<br />
vadiT unda moqmedebdes. rac niSnavda<br />
imas, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos<br />
mogvianebiT Tavisi daskvnisaTvis<br />
unda gadaexeda 75 .<br />
daskvna<br />
ZiriTadad adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlo abalansebda adamianis uflebebs<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, rodesac ganixilavda<br />
problemebs, gamowveuls, TiTqosda<br />
antidemokratiuli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri moZraobebiT.<br />
miuxedavad sakamaTo argumentaciisa<br />
keTildReobis partiis saqmeSi da `Tavdacvisunariani<br />
demokratiis~ msgavsi tipis enis<br />
72<br />
Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 100.<br />
73<br />
Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 115.<br />
74<br />
Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 127.<br />
75<br />
Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 135.<br />
108
Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da adamianis uflebaTa principebi<br />
sxva saqmeebSi. sasamarTlos bolo periodis<br />
saqme mianiSnebs zogadad keTilsindisierebis<br />
mcdelobaze adamianis uflebebis principebis<br />
gamoyenebisas. sasamarTlo ganixilavs<br />
SezRudvebs, raTa darwmundes, rom maT kanoni<br />
iTvaliswinebs, legitimuri mizani arsebobs<br />
da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
(proporciulia).<br />
es bolo sakiTxi yvelaze mniSvnelovania,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki proporciulobis testis<br />
`naklebad amkrZalveli saSualebebiis~ elementi<br />
76 . <strong>pol</strong>itikur uflebebze SeiZleba gavrceldes<br />
bevri sxvadasxva saxis SezRudva<br />
da saxelmwifoebma unda axsnan/gamarTleba<br />
mouZebnon konkretuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas.<br />
keTildReobis partiis saqmidan yvelaze<br />
SemaSfoTebeli partiis daSlis saSineli sa-<br />
Sualebis arCevis aspeqtia. sxva saqmeebidan<br />
da aseve erovnul doneze magaliTebidan Cans,<br />
rom arsebobs ufro naklebad saSineli xerxebi<br />
partiis daSlisa: aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebidan<br />
CamoSoreba aris CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />
arsebuli xerxi, maSin rodesac israeli gvTavazobs<br />
partiis diskvalificirebas arCevnebSi<br />
monawileobisagan realurad misi daSlis gare-<br />
Se 77 . saxelmwifo dafinansebis formebze uaris<br />
Tqmac erT-erTi xerxia.<br />
proporciulobis testis mniSvneloba aRiarebul<br />
iqna TviT starsburgis sasamarTlos<br />
mier TurqeTis momdevno saqmeebSi parlamentarebis<br />
parlamentidan gaZevebis Sesaxeb,<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier im partiis<br />
daSlis gamo, romelsac isini miekuTvnebodnen.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom<br />
es iyo Zalze saSineli nabiji, rac gaacamtverebda<br />
arss imisa, rom partiebs monawileoba<br />
mieRoT arCevnebSi da warmoedginaT xalxi mas<br />
Semdeg, rac arCeul iqnebodnen 78 . strasburgis<br />
76<br />
es sakiTxi xazgasmulia orive avtoris mier, Eva Brems and<br />
Samual Isaachar<strong>of</strong>f: E. Brems, “Freedom <strong>of</strong> Political Association and the<br />
Question <strong>of</strong> Party Closures” in Wojciech Sadurski (ed.) Political rights under<br />
stress in 21st century Europe (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press,<br />
2006) 141-151; S. Issachar<strong>of</strong>f, “Fragile Democracies” (2007) 120 Harvard<br />
Law Review 1405, 1457. krami aseve xazs usvams proporciulobis<br />
princips, imis mtkicebiT, rom espaneTis mier batasunas<br />
akrZalva ar iyo aucilebeli da ufro naklebad SemzRudveli<br />
saSualebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul y<strong>of</strong>iliyo: Ian Cram, “<strong>Constitutional</strong><br />
responses to extremist <strong>pol</strong>itical associations -ETA, Batasuna and<br />
democratic norms” (2008) 28 (1) Legal Studies- Society <strong>of</strong> Public Teachers<br />
<strong>of</strong> Law 68, 94.<br />
77<br />
ganixilavs S. Issachar<strong>of</strong>f, “Fragile Democracies” (2007) 120 Harvard<br />
Law Review 1405, 1447; Mordechai Kremnitzer, “Disqualification <strong>of</strong> Lists<br />
and Parties: The Israeli Case” in A. Sajó (ed.) Militant Democracy (Utrecht:<br />
Eleven International Publishing, 2004).<br />
78<br />
Sadak and others v. Turkey Applications nos. 25144/94, 26149/95 to<br />
26154/95, 27100/95 and 27101/95), 11 June 2002 (ECtHR) at paragraph<br />
40.<br />
sasamarTloze imoqmeda im faqtma, rom TurqeTma<br />
SemoiRo ufro proporciuli sistema<br />
(parlamentis wevrTa parlamentidan gaZeveba<br />
moxdeboda mxolod maSin, Tu am parlamentarTa<br />
sityvebi an saqcieli partiis daSlis<br />
safuZveli gaxdeboda) 79 . ufro naTlad ki, saqmeebSi,<br />
romlebic exeboda saTnoebis partiis<br />
wevrTa daTxovnas parlamentidan (sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos mier partiis daSlis Semdeg),<br />
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo miesalma<br />
TurqeTis sakonstitucio cvlilebebs. es<br />
reformebi partiaTa daSlisaTvis aucilebli<br />
moTxovnebis ufro gamkacrebis saSualebas<br />
iZleoda, nebas rTavda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
Seefardebina naklebad mkacri sanqcia<br />
(saxelmwifo dafinansebis Sewyveta) 80 .<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri uflebebis garkveuli SezRudvebi<br />
saWiroa demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis Teoria mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom demokratiul saxelmwifos<br />
SeeZlos akrZalviTi zomebis miReba <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod, Tu is<br />
mimarTavs arademokratiul saSualebebs (Zaladobas)<br />
da misdevs antidemokratiul miznebs.<br />
mgvari zomebis legitimuroba saTuoa,<br />
Tu TviT saxelmwifo ar aris demokratiuli<br />
saSualebebis da miznebis erTguli. rogorc<br />
harvi aRniSnavs, sakiTxi ar unda daisvas ise<br />
- warmoadgenen Tu ara evropis sabWos wevri<br />
saxelmwifoebi idealur liberalur demokratiebs<br />
81 , vinaidan myari demokratiebic ki zogjer<br />
Sors arian idealurobisgan. umTavresia,<br />
rom sasamarTloebma zedmiwevniT gamoiyenon<br />
adamianis uflebaTa principebi.<br />
79<br />
Ibid at paragraph 37.<br />
80<br />
Silay v. Turkey Application no. 8691/02, 5 April 2007, (ECtHR) at paragraph<br />
35.<br />
81<br />
P. Harvey, “Militant democracy and the European Convention on Human<br />
Rights” (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407, 419.<br />
109
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da<br />
gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis magistri (laideni),<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis doqtori (kembrij i),<br />
birminghemis universiteti s iuridiuli<br />
fakultetis leqtor i<br />
I. Sesavali 1<br />
2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovoSi damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivma gamocxadebam saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis mTeli rigi Zireuli sakiTxebis<br />
ganxilvis aucilebloba daayena. es aris<br />
separatistuli teritoriuli erTeulebis samarTlebriv<br />
statusTan, aseve garkveuli aqtebisa<br />
da qcevis kanonierebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sakiTxebi, romelTa wamoweva gaeros uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos mier VII TavSi aRniSnuli saerTaSoriso<br />
mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvisa da<br />
aRdgenis principiT xelmZRvanelobis konteqstSi<br />
moxda.<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac kosovos damoukideblobas<br />
mxari dauWires da aRiares, namdvilad<br />
ar acxadeben, rom sakiTxi, misi aSkarad<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri xasiaTis gamo, saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
sferoSi ar Sedis. Tumca, rogorc<br />
qvemoT vnaxavT, aRniSnul saxelmwifoebs arc<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi poziciis raime<br />
Tanmimdevruli ganmarteba gaukeTebiaT, riTac<br />
kosovos damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebas<br />
dauWerdnen mxars. kosovos saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi wamoWrili uamravi<br />
sadavo sakiTxis safuZvlad iqca. es is saki-<br />
Txebia, romlebic saerTaSoriso da erovnulma<br />
sasamarTloebma unda ganixilon kosovos qmedebebisa<br />
da garigebebis aspeqtebis gansjis<br />
mizniT. udavoa, rom sasamarTloebi sakiTxs<br />
Sesabamisad ganixilaven, amitom am etapze Cven<br />
mier masze msjeloba SeiZleba naadrevi iyos.<br />
nacvlad amisa, statiaSi ganvixilavT Ziri-<br />
Tad sakiTxebs, romlebiTac kosovoSi damou-<br />
1<br />
inglisurenovani originalis qarTuli Targmani Sesrulda<br />
redaqciis SekveTiT.<br />
kideblobis gamocxadebis procesi iyo ganpirobebuli<br />
da romelic aqtiurad ganixileba<br />
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso forumze. aseve ganvixilavT<br />
ramdenime qveynis mier kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
aRiarebis sakiTxs. aRniSnul<br />
procesSi wamoyenebuli argumentebi statiis<br />
ZiriTadi masalaa. SevexebiT aseve saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
gamocxadebis ufro konkretul<br />
sakiTxebs, romlebic SeiZleba momdevno wleb-<br />
Si erovnuli da saerTaSoriso organoebis<br />
mier iqnes ganxiluli. statiaSi aRniSnulia<br />
sxvadasxva mosazrebebic kosovos saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
gamocxadebisa da aRiarebis Sesaxeb.<br />
gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT ganvixilavT<br />
mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, kosovos arseboba<br />
axla ukve faqtia da realobis nawili.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis Sesabamisad, II TavSi ganxilulia<br />
kosovoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />
faqtebi da istoria; III Tavi Seexeba saxelmwifoebriobisa<br />
da gamoy<strong>of</strong>is moTxovnebs. garda<br />
amisa, kosovos magaliTze naCvenebia rogor<br />
xdeba aRniSnuli moTxovnebis wamoyeneba saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi; IV nawilSi mimovixilavT<br />
arguments, romlis mixedviTac, kosovos<br />
damoukidebloba unikaluri SemTxvevaa<br />
da precedents ver Seqmnis. V nawilSi ganxilulia<br />
damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadebis<br />
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciasTan<br />
Sesabamisobis da kosovoSi evrokavSiris misiis<br />
ganTavsebis sakiTxebi; VII nawilSi visaubebT<br />
kosovoSo arsebuli mdgomareobis mogvarebis<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivebze. bolos ki, VIII TavSi<br />
warmodgenilia garkveuli daskvnebi, maT Soris<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri sakiTxebis Sejameba.<br />
II. kosovoSi arsebuli<br />
mdgomareobis faqtebi da istoria<br />
istoriulad, kosovo serbeTis avtonomiuri<br />
provincia iyo da iugoslaviis socialisturi<br />
federaluri respublikis farglebSi Sedio-<br />
110
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
da 1989 wlamde misi avtonomiis gauqmebamde.<br />
1991 _ 1992 wlebSi, iugoslaviis socialisturi<br />
federaluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg<br />
kosovo kvlavac serbeTis nawilad rCeboda<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis farglebSi.<br />
2003 wels iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublika or nawilad gaiyo: serbeTis federacia<br />
da Cernogoria. mas Semdeg, rac 2006<br />
wels Cernogoriam referendumis safuZvelze<br />
da centralur xelisuflebasTan SeTanxebiT<br />
damoukidebloba gamoacxada, iugoslaviis samarTalmemkvidre<br />
serbeTi gaxda.<br />
80-iani wlebis Semdgomi periodidan kosovo-<br />
Si albanuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis separatistuli<br />
da damoukideblobisaken mimarTuli<br />
moZraoba ukve saerTaSoriso yuradRebas ipyrobs.<br />
1998 wlidan situaciis marTvaSi gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWo CaerTo, ramdenadac ukve<br />
igrZnoboda, rom VII TavSi gaTvaliswinebul<br />
sayovelTao mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas safr-<br />
Txe emuqreboda. 1998 wlis 31 marts miRebul<br />
iqna rezolucia /1160 (1998), romelic gmobda<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri Zalebis moqmedebas<br />
kosovos mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. dokumenti<br />
aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda `kosovos ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
armiis~ teroristul Tavdasxmebs.<br />
1998 wlis 24 oqtombers miRebuli rezolucia<br />
1203 (1998) ki uSiSroebis sabWos mier euTosa<br />
da iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis Se-<br />
Tanxmebis gakontrolebas isaxavda miznad. aRniSnuli<br />
SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda adamianis<br />
uflebebis darRvevis Sewyvetas da euTosTvis<br />
mdgomareobis adgilze gakontrolebis saSualebis<br />
micemas.<br />
kosovoSi iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
uSiSroebis Zalebis albanelebisadmi<br />
damokidebulebam araerTi adamiani daazarala.<br />
es ki gavlenas ara marto adgilobriv doneze<br />
axdenda, aramed mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>lios masStabiT.<br />
daZabulobam piks 1999 wels miaRwia, rac natos<br />
mier iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sahaero kampaniiT<br />
dasrulda. amas mohyva kosovodan iugoslaviis<br />
jarebis gayvana da kosovoSi gaeros<br />
misiis (UNMIK) daweseba 1999 wlis 10 ivnisis<br />
1244-e (1999) rezoluciiT. misias teritoriisa<br />
da kosovos Zalebis marTva evaleboda, qveyanaSi<br />
wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>is<br />
mizniT. natos intervenciis dasasruls<br />
kosovoel albanelebs Soris msxverpli gacilebiT<br />
didi iyo, vidre natos intervenciamde.<br />
2007 wels kosovos saboloo statusis<br />
sakiTxi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos waredgina<br />
gansaxilvelad. sakiTxis ganxilva gaeros<br />
reportioris, marti ahTiazaris 2 mier<br />
wardgenili gegmis mixedviT unda ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />
gegma iTvaliswinebda kosovos<br />
damoukideblobas, saerTaSoriso kontrolis<br />
pirobiT. amaze serbeTma uari ganacxada, kosovos<br />
xelisuflebisTvis ki sakiTxis ganxilva<br />
misaRebi iyo. ahTiazaris gegmis prezentaciam<br />
kosovos statusTan dakavSirebiT mwvave<br />
debatebi gamoiwvia rogorc iuridiuli, ise<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc<br />
mosalodneli iyo, kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
ideas mxari dauWira SeerTebulma<br />
Statebma da evrokavSiris ramdenime wevrma<br />
saxelmwifom. winaaRmdegobas gamoTqvamdnen<br />
ruseTi, CineTi, indoeTi 3 da evrokavSiris<br />
ramdenime wevri saxelmwifoc. winaaRmdegobis<br />
mizezad belgradsa da priStinas Soris<br />
kosovos statusis Sesaxeb ormxrivad misa-<br />
Rebi SeTanxmebis misaRwevad Semdgomi molaparakebis<br />
saWiroeba saxeldeboda 4 . sabolood,<br />
uSiSroebis sabWom mxari ar dauWira<br />
kosovos kontrolirebul damoukideblobas,<br />
romelsac ahTiazaris gegma iTvaliswinebda.<br />
gegma sabWoSi mxolod umciresobam moiwona.<br />
molaparakebebi grZeldeboda SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis, evrokavSiris, ruseTis triumviratis<br />
CarCos farglebSi, magram ramdenime<br />
Sexvedris ganmavlobaSi serbeTisa da Kkosovos<br />
albanurma mxareebma SeTanxmebas ver<br />
miaRwies. pirveli kosovos damoukideblobas<br />
ewinaaRmdegeboda, meore ki daJinebiT moi-<br />
Txovda saerTaSoriso doneze kontrolirebul<br />
damoukideblobas, romelic ahTiazaris<br />
2<br />
2007 wlis 26 martiT daTariRebuli werili, romliTac generaluri<br />
mdivani mimarTavs uSiSroebis sabWos prezidents;<br />
dok S/2007/168.<br />
3<br />
p. reinoldsi, `kosovo: aRiareba Tu araRiareba,~ BBC informacia,<br />
2008 wlis 18 Tebervali. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze<br />
(aRniSnuli informacia, iseve rogorc<br />
presisa da vebgverdis informacia failis saxiT inaxeba avtorTan);<br />
ix. agreTve informacia `ruseTi, indoeTi, CineTi<br />
solidarobas aZliereben,~ The Hindu, 2008 wlis 16 maisi. ix.<br />
misamarTze , indoeTi pirvelad SeuerTda<br />
ruseTsa da CineTs da maTTan erTad RIC (ruseTi, CineTi, indoeTi)<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialur gancxadebaSi daadastura, rom `kosovos<br />
damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba gaeros uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos 1244-e rezolucias ewinaaRmdegeba.~ gancxadebaSi<br />
aRniSnuli qveynebi moiTxovdnen sakiTxi `saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad gadawyvetiliyo~ belgradsa<br />
da pristinas Soris molaparakebebisa da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.<br />
RIC-is 2008 wlis 15 maisis erToblivi <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />
gancxadebis teqsti SegiZliaT ixiloT indoeTis sagareo<br />
saqmeTa saministros vebgverdze .<br />
4<br />
ix. mag., gaeroSi ruseTis warmomadgenlis, batoni Curkinis<br />
2007 wlis 14 dekembris gancxadeba.<br />
111
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
gegmaSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli 5 . am fonze kosovoSi<br />
mmarTvelma organoebma serbeTisagan<br />
damoukidebloba gamoacxades da 2008 wlis<br />
17 Tebervals saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas<br />
mimarTes aRiarebisaTvis.<br />
serbeTma calmxrivad gamocxadebuli damoukidebloba<br />
ukanonod miiCnia da ganacxada,<br />
rom Seecdeboda am damoukideblobis gauqmebisaTvis<br />
mieRwia 6 . kosovos damoukidebloba<br />
umetesad dasavlurma qveynebma aRiares. danarCeni<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio ki uary<strong>of</strong>iTad iyo ganwyobili.<br />
amJamad qveynebi, romlebmac kosovo damoukidebel<br />
saxelmwifod aRiares, acxadeben,<br />
rom kosovos statusis gansazRvris sakiTxi<br />
dasrulebulia, TumcaRa serbeTi da mTeli<br />
rigi sxva saxelmwifoebi mxars uWeren Semdgomi<br />
molaparakebebis ideas, raTa miRweul iqnes<br />
SeTanxmeba kosovos mmarTvel organebsa da<br />
serbeTis mTavrobas Soris. damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadebis Semdgom periodSi,<br />
iseve rogorc uwin, serbeTis mTavroba evrokavSiris<br />
zewolas ganicdis. evrokavSiri misgan<br />
kosovos damoukideblbis aRiarebas evrokavSirSi<br />
gaerTianebis procesis daCqarebis<br />
sanacvlod iTxovs 7 . serbeTis premier-ministris<br />
gancxadeba adasturebs, rom evrokavSiri<br />
`daJinebiT moiTxovda evrokavSirsa da serbeTs<br />
Soris stabilizaciisa da TanamSromlobis<br />
xelSekrulebis gaformebas da arwmunebda<br />
serbeTs, rom valdebuli iyo, keTilmezobluri<br />
urTierToba hqonoda kosovosTan.~<br />
premier-ministrma ki upasuxa:<br />
`radganac evrokavSiris komisari evrokavSiris<br />
pozicias Riad gamoxatavs, Cvenc iZulebuli<br />
varT, daufaravadve gipasuxoT, rom kategoriulad<br />
vewinaRmdegebiT (evrokavSiris<br />
komisris) renis moTxovnas, serbeTis mier saku-<br />
Tar TavTan, anu misive teritoriis nawilTan<br />
keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebas~ 8 .<br />
serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma erTerT<br />
gancxadebaSi aRniSna:<br />
`aseTi xelSekrulebis gafomeba aranairad<br />
ar iTvaliswinebs serbeTis pozicias kosovosa<br />
5<br />
triumviratis presgancxadeba: badenis konferencia, badeni,<br />
avstria, 2007 wlis 28 noemberi; triumviratis pres gancxadeba:<br />
briuselis konferencia, briuseli, 2007 wlis 20 noemberi.<br />
6<br />
`kosovo _ iaraRi separatistebisTvis,~ BBC informacia, 2008<br />
wlis Tebervali. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze .<br />
7<br />
`evrokavSiri serbeTs kosovosTan dakavSirebiT garigebas<br />
sTavazobs,~ BBC informacia, 2007 wlis 14 dekemberi. SegiZliaT<br />
ixiloT misamarTze .<br />
8<br />
serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, 2008<br />
wlis 25 aprili. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze .<br />
da metohiJas mimarT. Cven arasodes vaRiarebT<br />
samxreT serbeTis provinciis calmxrivad gamocxadebul<br />
damoukideblobas~ 9 .<br />
2008 wlis aprilSi kosovos serbi mosaxleob a<br />
2008 wlis maisis serbeTis municipaluri da<br />
saparlamento arCevnebis amomrCevelTa siaSi<br />
Seiyvanes. serbeTSi, maT Soris kosovos serbebiT<br />
dasaxlebul regionebSi arCevnebi 11<br />
maiss Catarda. arCevnebi organizebuli iyo<br />
serbeTis saarCevno komisiis mier 10 . aRniSnuli<br />
regionebi, romlebic umetesad kosovos<br />
CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareoben, priStinas<br />
mmarTveli organoebis kontrols ar eqvemdebarebian.<br />
III. kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi<br />
arsi: saxelmwifoebriobisa da<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is aspeqtebi<br />
aSkaraa, rom kosovoSi damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovos serbeTisgan<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is gancxadebas emyareboda. am gancxadebis<br />
kanoniereba damokidebulia gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
sakiTxis saerTaSoriso samarlis mixedviT regulirebis<br />
meTodze. ar ganvixilavT, SeeZlo<br />
Tu ara gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
mxardaWera, radganac es abstraqtuli<br />
sakiTxia 11 . magram secesiis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
saxelmwifoTa praqtika ufro met<br />
yuradRebas imsaxurebs.<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
ramdenime warmatebuli an warumatebeli<br />
mcdeloba arsebobda. bangladeSi (y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />
dasavleT pakistani) pakistans gamoeyo mas<br />
Semdeg, rac pakistanSi adamianis uflebaTa<br />
masiuri darRveva daiwyo, zogjer es movlena<br />
genocidis saxesac ki iRebda. amas mohyva indoeTis<br />
samxedro intervencia, mesame saxelmwifoTa<br />
mier farTo aRiareba da sabolood<br />
9<br />
serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, 2008<br />
wlis 24 aprili. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze .<br />
10<br />
informacia SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze ; ; , 2008 wlis 11 maisi.<br />
11<br />
zusti analizisaTvis ix. k. virTi, ”Kosovo am Vorab end der<br />
Statusentscheidung: Uberlegungen zur rechtlichen Begrundung und<br />
Durchsetzung der Unabhangigkeit,“ ZaoRV 67 (2007), 1065 da Semdgom;<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos uflebamosilebis SezRudvebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />
a oraxelaSvili, `uSiSroebis sabWos aqtebi: Sinaarsis mniSvneloba<br />
da gadamowmebis standartebi;~ maqs plankis UNYB 11<br />
(2007), 143 da Semdgom; `dogmaturi normebis gavlena gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis interpretaciasa da gamoyenebaze,~<br />
EJIL 16 (2005), 59 da Semdgom; `dogmaturi normebi<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi,~ 2006, me-12-14 Tavebi.<br />
112
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
gaeroSi Sesvla 1974 wels 12 . biafra nigerias<br />
gamoeyo 1960-ian wlebSi da aRiarebul iqna<br />
ramdenime qveynis mier. samoqalaqo omis Sedegad<br />
biafra kvlav nigerias SeuerTda 1970<br />
wels. 13<br />
aravin icis, 1990-ian wlebSi iugoslaviis<br />
socialisturi federaluri respublikis<br />
daSlis Semdeg ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli<br />
Seasrula `gamoy<strong>of</strong>am~ balkaneTis dasaxleba-<br />
Si. badinteris komisiam Tavisi `mosazrebebis~<br />
1-l da me-8 punqtSi xazi gausva, rom iugoslaviis<br />
socialisturi federaluri respublikis<br />
samarTalmemkvidreebis aRiareba, am ukanasknelis<br />
daSlis konteqstSi, ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
individualuri iogoslavuri respublikebis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is uflebas 14 . xorvatiis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
aRniSnuli iyo, rom iugoslaviis socialisturi<br />
federaluri respublikidan gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
mcdeloba iugoslaviis umaRles federalur<br />
organoebSi xorvatiis warmomadgenlobis dablokvis<br />
Semdeg daiwyo. situacia gansaku-<br />
TrebiT maSin gamwvavda, rodesac sxva respublikebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom<br />
gadawyvetilebas xorvatiis monawileobis<br />
gareSe miiRebdnen 15 . aRniSnul movlenebs xorvatiis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a rom gamoewvia, maT federalur<br />
mTavrobaSi xorvatiisaTvis warmomadgenlobaze<br />
uaris TqmiT da 1970 wlis megobruli<br />
urTierTobis deklaraciis teritoriuli mTlanobis<br />
dacvis muxlis gamonaklisis SesaZlo<br />
amoqmedebiT 16 axsnidnen. ase iyo Tu ise, y<strong>of</strong>ili<br />
iugoslaviis saarbitraJo komisiam mkacrad<br />
daicva megobruli urTierTobis deklaracia<br />
da daamtkica y<strong>of</strong>ili iogoslaviis<br />
yvela respublikis xelSeuxebloba `arsebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebis~<br />
(uti possidetis juris) principiT 17 .<br />
12<br />
j. kroufordi, `saxelmwfoebis Seqmna saerTaSoriso samar-<br />
TalSi,~ 2006, 142 da Semdgom; j. dugardi/ d. raiCi, `aRiarebis<br />
roli secesiis samarTalsa da praqtikaSi;~ m. koeni,<br />
`secesia: saerTaSoriso samarTlis perspeqtivebi,~ 2006, 94 da<br />
Semdgom (122 da Semdgom); T. musgreivi, `TviTgamorkveva da<br />
erovnuli umciresobebi,~ 1997, 189 da Semdgom.<br />
13<br />
biafras ganviTarebisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb informaciisaTvis<br />
ix, musgreivi, SeniSvna 11, 196 da Semdgom.<br />
14<br />
1991 wlis 29 noembris mosazreba #1-Si komisiam xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSna, rom `iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublika<br />
daSlis procesSia.~ 1992 wlis 4 ivlisis mosazreba<br />
#8-Si komisiam ganacxada, rom `1991 wlis 29 noembris mosazreba<br />
#1-Si aRniSnuli iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri<br />
respublikis daSlis procesi axla ukve dasrulebulia<br />
da rom iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublika<br />
aRar arsebobs.~<br />
15<br />
dugardi/raiki, ix. SeniSvna 11, 125 da Sedgom.<br />
16<br />
ix. qvemoT, SeniSvna 35 da Tanmxlebi teqsti.<br />
17<br />
1991 wlis 20 noembris mosazreba # 3-Si, `komitetma mxari<br />
dauWira Semdeg mosazrebas: ramdenadac iugoslaviis<br />
socialistur federalur respublikaSi mimdinare procesi<br />
iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri<br />
respublikis daSlis Semdeg, darCenil saxelmwifoTa<br />
damoukideblobis procesis Sesabamisad,<br />
individualuri respublikebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
sapirispirod, y<strong>of</strong>ili iugoslaviis<br />
arc erTi qveyana ar miiRes gaeroSi manam,<br />
sanam iugoslaviis federalurma respublikam<br />
(serbeTi _ Cernogoria) axali konstitucia<br />
ar miiRo 1992 wels. axali konstituciiT<br />
moxda misi rekonstuqcia da gaTvaliswinebul<br />
iqna aRniSnuli respublikebis teritoriebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli yvelanairi uflebis<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>a da mzady<strong>of</strong>na maTi aRiarebisa-<br />
Tvis 18 . arc gaeros da arc evrogaerTianebas<br />
xmamaRla ar gamouxatavT mxardaWera Ziri-<br />
Tadi saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gareSe gamoyoerTi<br />
an meti saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisken aris mimarTuli,<br />
sazRvrebis sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki im respublikebis saz-<br />
Rvrebis sakiTxi, romlebic damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad<br />
yalibdeba, Semdegi principebis Sesabamisad unda gadaiWras:<br />
pirveli _ yvela gare sazRvari aRiarebul unda iqnes im<br />
principebis Sesabamisad, romelic Semdeg dokumentebSia Camoyalibebuli:<br />
gaeros wesdeba, megobrul urTierTobebTan<br />
da saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis deklaracia gaeros<br />
wesdebis mixdviT (generaluri asambleis dadgenileba 2625<br />
(XXV)) da helsinkis saboloo aqti _ principi, romelic aseve<br />
xazs usvams xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa<br />
uflebamonacvleobis Sesaxeb 1978 wlis 23 agvistos venis<br />
konvencis me-11 muxls.<br />
meore _ sazRvrebi xorvatiasa da serbeTs, bosnia-hercogovinasa<br />
da serbeTs, aseve sxva mosazRvre damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs<br />
Soris ar SeiZleba Seicvalos nebay<strong>of</strong>lobiT miRebuli<br />
SeTaxmebis gareSe.<br />
mesame _ Tu sxvagvarad ar aris SeTanxmebuli, Zveli sazRvrebi<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, dacul sazRvrebad<br />
unda iqces. aseTi daskvna gamomdinareobs teritoriuli status-kvos<br />
principidan, gansakuTrebiT ki arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />
SenarCunebis principidan. es ukanaskneli Tavdapirvelad<br />
dekolonizaciis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros gamoiyenes<br />
amerikasa da afrikaSi, Tumca dRes igi aRiarebulia rogorc<br />
zogadi principi. es sasamarTlo organomac aRniSna Tavis<br />
1986 wlis 22 dekembris ganaCenSi burkina fasosa da malis<br />
Soris saqmis ganxilvis dros (burkina fasos da malis Soris<br />
sasazRvro dava, (1986) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi 554;<br />
565): `saerTod, principi ar aris specialuri wesi, romelic<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mxolod erT konkretul sistemas<br />
exeba. magram es aris zogadi principi, romelic logikurad<br />
damoukideblobis miRebis fenomenTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
misi mizania axalgazrda saxelmwifoebis damoukideblobisa<br />
da stabilurobis dacva da ZmaTa sisxlisRvris acileba.~<br />
principi ZirTadad exeba respublikas, ramdenadac iugoslaviis<br />
socialisturi federaluri respublikis konstituciis<br />
me-5 muxlis meore da meoTxe punqtebSi miTiTebulia, rom<br />
dauSvebelia respublikebis teritoriebisa da sazRvrebis<br />
Secvla maTi Tanxmobis gareSe.<br />
meoTxe _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis saTanadod dasabuTebuli<br />
principis mixedviT, arsebuli sazRvrebis Zalismierad Secvlas<br />
aranairi kanonieri Zala ar gaaCnia. aRniSnuli principi<br />
miTiTebulia, magaliTad, Semdeg dokumentebSi: (generaluri<br />
asambleis dadgenileba 2625 (XXV)) megobrul urTierTobebTan<br />
da saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis deklaracia<br />
(generaluri asambleis dadgenileba 2625 (XXV) da helsinkis<br />
saboloo aqti. igi naxsenebi iyo aseve 1991 wlis 7 seqtembris<br />
haagis konferenciaze da gaTvaliswinebulia iugoslaviis<br />
konferenciis mier 1991 wlis 4 noembers Sedgenili konvenciis<br />
proeqtSi.~<br />
18<br />
kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 399 da Semdgom.<br />
113
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
fis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli erTeulis damoukideblobisadmi<br />
19 .<br />
dRemde bangladeSi warmoadgens erTaderT<br />
damoukidebel teritorias, romelic Ziri-<br />
Tad saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gareSe gamoeyo<br />
da romlis saxelmwifoebriobac gaeroSi gawevrianebazea<br />
damokidebuli. sxva separatistuli<br />
mTavrobebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi faqtori<br />
arasodes dafiqsirebula. kroufordi xazs<br />
usvams im faqts, rom 1989 wlis Semdegac ki,<br />
rodesac ocdaerTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />
Camoyalibda, kvlavac ZalaSi rCeba principi,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, teritoriul er-<br />
Teuls ufleba ara aqvs, ZiriTad saxelmwifos<br />
Tanxmobis gareSe gamoeyos 20 . amdenad, teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis principma, 1989 wlis Semdgom,<br />
damoukideblobis deklaraciaTa aRlums<br />
gauZlo; saerTaSoriso samarTali teritoriis<br />
saxelmwifosgan calmxrivad gamoy<strong>of</strong>as<br />
ar aRiarebs.<br />
am fonze, kosovos damoukideblobis kanoniereba<br />
ara mxolod misi arsebobis faqtobrivi<br />
efeqturobiT unda ganisazRvros, aramed<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis iuridiuli kriteriumebiTac.<br />
montevideos konvenciis saxiT ganxorcielebuli<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi<br />
kriteriumebi _ teritoria, mosaxleoba, mmar-<br />
Tveloba da sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis<br />
damyarebis SesaZlebloba _ saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis nawilad aris<br />
aRiarebuli 21 .<br />
rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi<br />
kriteriumebis nawili, `efeqturi~ gulisxmobs<br />
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis efeqturad gamoyenebas<br />
Sesabamis teritoriaze. am argumentis<br />
mixedviT, efeqturi saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis<br />
kosovos unda gaaCndes mTavroba, romelic<br />
efeqturad akontrolebs Tavis teritorias<br />
da efeqtur Zalauflebas iyenebs am teritoriaze.<br />
faqtobrivi efeqturobis Seswavlas mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili ukavia saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
doqtrinaSi. magram es saerTaSoriso<br />
iuridiuli procesis axsnis erTaderTi an ZiriTad<br />
saSualeba rodia. sakmarisia gavixsenoT<br />
ser herS lauterpaxtis reaqcia Sarl de vi-<br />
19<br />
kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 416 da Semdgom; igive midgoma<br />
y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa respublikebis Sesaxeb ix. t. frankis statiaSi<br />
`samarTlianoba saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da dawesebulebebSi,~<br />
1995, 157 da Semdgom.<br />
20<br />
kroufordi, ix. SeniSnva 11, 415 da Semdgom.<br />
21<br />
aRniSnuli kriteriumebis analizisaTvis ix.: kroufordi,<br />
SeniSvna 11, 37 da Semdgom.<br />
Seris monografiaze `sajaro saerTaSriso samarTlis<br />
Teoria da sinamdvile,~ rodesac man<br />
naSroms ZirgamomTxreli naSromi uwoda 22 .<br />
`faqtobrivis normatiuli Zala~ (die normative<br />
Kraft des Faktischen) urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
sityvaTa Sexamebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, Tu<br />
saqme saerTaSoriso samarTals exeba. saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTalSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs<br />
sfero, romelSic faqti, rogorc aseTi, samarTlebriv<br />
regulirebas an statuss edeba<br />
safuZvlad. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos<br />
iurispudenciaSi faqtobrivi efeqturobis<br />
koncefcia uamravi SemTxvevis magaliTze iqna<br />
ganxiluli, ZiriTadad teritoriuli davebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
dadgenila, rom ubralo faqtobrivi mdgomareoba<br />
TavisTavad axdens gavlenas, Semdgomi<br />
samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis gareSe, Sesabamis<br />
mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis gauTvaliswineblad.<br />
faqtobrivi efeqturoba TavisTavad<br />
verasodes qmnis kanonier mdgomareobas. amisaTvis<br />
saWiroa misi kombinireba saxelmwifo-<br />
Ta Soris SeTanxmebasa da TanxmobasTan. amave<br />
dros, faqtobrivi efeqturobis wina pirobaze<br />
damyarebuli doqtrinaluri naSromebi dazustebiT<br />
ver xsnis, ra rols asrulebs faqtobrivi<br />
elementi saerTaSoriso uflebebisa da<br />
movaleobebis ganawilebis procesSi 23 .<br />
aRniSnuli mosazreba gamoxatulia doqtrinaSi,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, teritoriuli er-<br />
Teulis saxelmwifoebriobis Sefasebis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
kriteriumia (teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis SigniT, iseve rogorc saerTa-<br />
Soriso doneze) misi samTavrobo aparatis<br />
efeqturoba~ 24 . doqtrinaSi aseve aRniSnulia,<br />
rom teritoriuli erTeulis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is efeqturoba<br />
naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre ZiriTadi<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis efeqturoba<br />
25 . miTiTebulia isic, rom efeqturoba<br />
SeiZleba erTaderTi safuZveli iyos teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis saxelmwifoTaSorisi marTlwesrigis<br />
dacviT gamoy<strong>of</strong>isaTvis 26 .<br />
22<br />
r.i. jeningsi, `herS lauterpaxti, piradi mogonebebi,~ EJIL (<br />
1997), 301 da Semdgom.<br />
23<br />
detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. a. oraxelaSvili `sajaro<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis aqtebisa da normebis ganmarteba,~<br />
2008, me-5 Tavi.<br />
24<br />
j. d.’aspermonti, `saxelmwifoebriobis regulireba: kosovos<br />
statusis gadawyveta,~ LJIL 20 (2007), 649 da Semdgom (654 da<br />
Semdgom).<br />
25<br />
T. kristakisi, “L’etat en tant q ue ”fait primaire“: reflexions sur la<br />
porteed principe d’effectivite”, in: M. Cohen (ed.), secesia: saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis perspeqtivebi, 2006, 138 da Semdgom (149).<br />
26<br />
kristakisi, ix. zemoT, 153, aseve aRniSnulia, rom efeqturoba<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba princips ”uti possidetis.“<br />
114
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
aRniSnuli gancxadeba efeqturad uary<strong>of</strong>s<br />
kanonis rols teritoriuli erTeulis mier<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnis SefasebaSi da<br />
mTeli problema faqtobriv efeqturobamde<br />
dahyavs. es midgoma saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi<br />
poziciis amsaxvelad ar unda miviCnioT.<br />
TurqeTis CrdiloeT kviprosis respublikas<br />
efeqturoba namdvilad gaaCnia; igive mdgomareobaa<br />
taivanSi, manCuokoSi, biafrasa da<br />
CrdiloeT vietnamSi, magram saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
mixedviT, arc erTi maTgani ar aris<br />
saxelmwifo, radganac isini saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
samarTlebriv kritriumebs ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ileben.<br />
imis mtkiceba, rom kosovos damoukidebloba<br />
kanonieria misi faqtobrivi arsebobis<br />
efeqturobis gamo, saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis mixedviT, misi Seqmnis kriteriumebis<br />
arasworad gagebas niSnavs.<br />
efeqturobis udidesi mniSvnelobis mtkicebas<br />
kosovos SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
konceptualuri arasrulfasovneba<br />
axasiaTebs, rac ganpirobebulia im faqtiT,<br />
rom kosovos damoukidebloba gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
rogorc kontrolirebuli damoukidebloba,<br />
romlis kontrolsac ZiriTadad evrokavSiri<br />
itvirTavs. SeuZlebelia obieqturad<br />
ganisazRvros, SeZlebs Tu ara Kkosovo damoukideblad<br />
arsebobas da Tu SeZlebs, ramden<br />
xans gastans misi damoukidebloba evrokav-<br />
Siris/natos kontrolis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, efeqturoba arasodes aravis<br />
Seumowmebia. kosovos SemTxvevaSi, efeqturoba<br />
abstraqtuli spekulirebis sagania, romelic<br />
faqtobriv realobas upirispirdeba. garda<br />
amisa, gaurkvevelia, efeqturoba mxolod konkretul<br />
momentSia saWiro Tu samudamod. is,<br />
rac dRes efeqturia, SeiZleba erT an or weliwadSi<br />
arastabiluri gaxdes saxelmwifos<br />
daSlis an Tundac misi teritoriis samxedro<br />
gziT dakavebis gamo. ramdenadac efeqturoba<br />
Tavisi arsiT ganusazRvrelia, Teoriasa da<br />
praqtikaSi misi zusti parametrebi ar arsebobs.<br />
ar arsebobs aseve saxelmwifoebrioba-<br />
Si misi rolis samarTlebrivi formulireba.<br />
aseTi gaurkvevloba ganapirobebs im faqts,<br />
rom, Tu saxelmwifoebriobis safuZveli arsebobs,<br />
magaliTad, TviTgamorkvevis principis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, efeqturobis ararsebobas ar<br />
SeuZlia saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba daabrkolos.<br />
aseTi iyo 1960-ian wlebSi kongos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis SemTxveva.<br />
Tu CavTvliT, rom zemoaRniSnuli zogadad<br />
saelmwifoebriobasa da, Sesabamisad, kosovozec<br />
vrceldeba, maSin gamodis, rom am<br />
teritoriul erTeuls efeqturobis kriteriumebiT<br />
saxelmwifos kvalifikacias ver mivaniWebT.<br />
kosovos SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi<br />
efeqturoba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes imas, rom<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi moTxovnebis<br />
dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis Semdeg, kosovo potenciurad<br />
SeiZleba saxelmwifo iyos saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis<br />
dawesebuli samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis<br />
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis samarTlebrivi faqtorebis<br />
arseboba `arasaxelmwifos~ saxelmwifod<br />
gardaqmnis.<br />
praqtikaSi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila SemTxveva, rom teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis saxelmwifoebrioba saer-<br />
TaSoriso sazogadoebas ubralo faqtobrivi<br />
damoukideblobis safuZvelze mieRo. midgoma,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac gamoy<strong>of</strong>is procesis ukidures<br />
warmatebas Sesabamisi teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis saxelmwifoebriobis dasabuTeba<br />
SeuZlia, winaaRmdegobrivia. ser hers lauterpaxti<br />
faqtobriv warmatebas arasakmarisad<br />
miiCndevda. igi Tvlida, rom saWiroa, Ziri-<br />
Tadma saxelmwifom faqtiurad Sewyvitos Zalauflebis<br />
aRdgenis mcdeloba 27 . sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, Tu ZiriTadi saxelmwifo<br />
winaaRmdegobas ar Sewyvets, efeqturobis faqtoris<br />
Sedegi damoukidebloba ar iqneba. didi<br />
xania amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna<br />
faqtobrivi procesia da kanonis farglebSi<br />
ar jdeba, TumcaRa dResdReobiT arsebobs<br />
farTo doqtrinaluri aRiareba, rom saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
ubralod faqtobrivi fenomeni ki<br />
ar aris, aramed samarTlebrivi kriteriumebiT<br />
marTuli fenomenia 28 . sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />
saxelmwifoebrioba imdenad aris samarTlebrivi<br />
sakiTxi, ramdenadac faqtobrivi. Tu<br />
amosaval wertilad aRniSnuls miviCnevT, ama<br />
Tu im konkretuli saxelmwifos potenciur CamoyalibebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
moTxovnebis dadgena damokidebuli iqneba samarTlebriv<br />
konteqstze, romelSic saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
moTxovnaa wamoyenebuli. zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi SeiZleba SeTanxmebis gziT<br />
gadawydes. SesaZlebelia asave SedarebiT mniSvnelovani<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>pol</strong>itikis gaTvaliswinebac.<br />
27<br />
h. lauterpaxti, cnoba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier, 1948,8.<br />
28<br />
kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 96 da Semdgom.<br />
115
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
romelime konkretuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
moxovnebis diapazoni farToa; es moTxovnebi<br />
SeiZleba iyos Cveulebrivi saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
moTxovnebi, iseve rogorc absoluturi<br />
normebis safuZvelze miRebuli moTxovnebi<br />
(jus cogens). konkretuli samarTlebrivi<br />
moTxovnebi aseve sxvadasxvagvaria imisda mixedviT,<br />
ra saxiT iTxovs Sesabamisi teritoriuli<br />
erTeuli saxelmwifoebriobas: Tanxmobis<br />
safuZvelze gamoy<strong>of</strong>is gziT, ZiriTadi saxelmwifos<br />
daSlis Sedegad, mSvidobiani an Zaladobrivi<br />
saSualebebiT; mosaxleobis sayovel-<br />
Tao mxardaWeriT Tu mis gareSe; kolonialur<br />
konteqstSi Tu mis farglebs gareT. saxelmwifoebriobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
kriteriumebi iseT teritoriul erTeuleb-<br />
Tan mimarTebaSi, rogoric kosovoa, gulisxmobs<br />
teritoriul erTeuls, romelic saxelmwifoebriobas<br />
kolonialur konteqsts gareT<br />
iTxovs, ZiriTadi saxelmwifos Tanxmobis<br />
gareSe. aseTi konteqsti amtkicebs imas, rom<br />
kosovo ar aris is teritoriuli erTeuli,<br />
romelsac TviTgamorkvevis uflebamosileba<br />
gaaCnia 29 .<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is procesis samarTlebrivad axsnis<br />
araerTi doqtrinaluri mcdeloba arsebobs.<br />
e.w. `Sinagani Teoria~ iTvaliswinebs gamoy<strong>of</strong>as<br />
rogorc mxolod saSinao sakiTxs da ara<br />
rogorc sakiTxs, romlis marTvac saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTals eqvemdebareba.<br />
amdenad, aRniSnul mosazrebas Tu daveyrdnobiT,<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT,<br />
secesia arc kanonieria da arc ukanono. musgreivi<br />
amtkicebs, rom secesia SeiZleba nebadarTuli<br />
iyos `Sida Teoriis~ safuZvelze da<br />
amatebs, rom es aris ubralod <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
aqti, Tumca misi saSualebiT axali saxelmwifos<br />
warmoqmna aucileblad gamoiRebs Sedegs<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi. Tumca<br />
secesia kvlavac saSinao sakiTxad da saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis fargleSi, iuridiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, neitralur aqtad rCeba 30 .<br />
arsebobs doqtrinaluri argumenti, rom gamoy<strong>of</strong>a<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar<br />
regulirdeba, rogorc amas Teodor kristiakisi<br />
aRniSnavda prosper veilze dayrdnobiT<br />
31<br />
. franki acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso samar-<br />
29<br />
dawvrilebiTi informacia ixileT gaeros generaluri asambleis<br />
Sesabamis rezoluciebSi, qvemoT.<br />
30<br />
musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 192 da Semdgom, 209 da Semdgom.<br />
31<br />
kristakisi, ix. SeniSvna 24, 155 da Semdgom.<br />
Tali secesias arc mxars uWers da arc ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
misi azriT, saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />
secesiis zogad uflebas ar aRiarebs. Tumca<br />
mogvianebiT igi werda, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />
aRniSnul uflebas ar krZalavs. ise-<br />
Ti STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos franki gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
uflebis sayovelTao miRebis sakiTxs<br />
Tavidan icilebs, Tumca mainc aRiarebs Ziri-<br />
Tadi saxelmwifosgan teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
Tanxmobis gareSe gamoy<strong>of</strong>is SesaZleblobas 32 .<br />
saerTod, saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs,<br />
rom garkveuli RonisZiebebi da prerogativebi<br />
ZiriTadad saxelmwifos Sida samarTlisa<br />
da iurisdiqciis sakiTxebia. Nottebohm-is<br />
SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom gadawyvita,<br />
rom moqalaqeobis uflebis miniWeba<br />
saxelmwifos Sida iurisdiqciis sakiTxi iyo.<br />
`anglo-norvegiuli meTevzeobis~ saqmesTan<br />
dakavSirebiT ki sasamarTlom msgavsi gadawyvetileba<br />
miiRo teritoriuli wylebis sazRvrebis<br />
dawesebis Sesaxeb 33 . orive SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo<br />
ganixilavda `saSinao~ warmomavlobis<br />
RonisZiebebs, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena<br />
moaxdinos sxva saxelmwifoebis iurisdiqciasa<br />
da kompetenciaze. amdenad, orive SemTxvevaSi<br />
sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli `saSinao~<br />
warmomavlobis RonisZiebebis kanoniereba<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ganisazRvreba.<br />
es yvelaferi konceptualurad sworia,<br />
radgan saSinao SeiZleba iyos mxolod iseTi<br />
RonisZiebebi da procesebi, romlebic gavlenas<br />
ar axdenen saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlebriv urTierTobebze. teritoriis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a ZiriTadi saxelmwifosgan, ra Tqma<br />
unda, gavlenas axdens ara marto ZiriTadi<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriul suverenitetze,<br />
aramed sxva saxelmwifoebTan mis samarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobebzec. amrigad, teritoriis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a ar SeiZleba iyos saSinao aqti, romelic<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar<br />
regulirdeba.<br />
igive exeba gamoy<strong>of</strong>is `Sinagan Teoriasac,~<br />
romelic arsebiTad imeorebs Teziss, romelSic<br />
efeqturoba upirvelesad miCneulia<br />
faqtad an <strong>pol</strong>itikur sakiTxad, romelic saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar imarTeba.<br />
konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, es igivea, rom<br />
32<br />
franki, ix. SeniSvna 18, 159 da Semdgom.<br />
33<br />
TevzWeris saqme. gaerTianebuli samefo norvegiis winaaRmdeg,<br />
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi 1951, 116 da Semdgom.<br />
(132); Nottebomis saqme, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi<br />
1855, 4 da a.S. (22).<br />
116
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a aRvweroT rogorc sakiTxi, romelic<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebs gareT ganixileba<br />
faqtobrivi analizis, <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
argumentis an saxelmwifos Sida iurisdiqciis<br />
safuZvelze. praqtikaSi yvela aRniSnuli faqtori<br />
mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.<br />
amave dros, gamoy<strong>of</strong>is aseTi Teoriuli<br />
an konceptualuri kvalifikaciisda miuxedavad,<br />
misi Sedegebi mainc saxeze iqneba da misi<br />
kanoniereba mainc saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
farglebSi Sefasdeba. Tu SesaZlebelia, rom<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is kanoniereba saerTaSoriso doneze<br />
Sefasdes, yvela Teoriuli aspeqti logikurobas<br />
moklebuli da konceptualurad dausabu-<br />
Tebeli xdeba. secesiis ama Tu im konkretuli<br />
SemTxvevis kanonierebaze realuri pasuxis<br />
miReba SesaZlebelia ara sxvadasxva Teoriis<br />
gadasinjviT, aramed saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
misaRebi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi<br />
poziciis Sefasebis safuZvelze.<br />
Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac secesia saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar regulirdeba,<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlebrivi regulirebis<br />
efeqturobis Teziss, rogorc es ser<br />
herS lauterpaxtis ZiriTad naSromSia aRniSnuli.<br />
am Tezisis mixedviT, Tu saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlebriv sistemaSi raime mniSvnelovani<br />
moxdeba, yovelTvis arsebobs aseTi SemTxvevis<br />
regulirebis Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso norma.<br />
mocemul konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli<br />
specialuri wesebi romc ar arsebobdes,<br />
SesaZlebelia ufro zogadi samarTlebrivi<br />
regulirebis wesebis efeqturad gamoyenebac<br />
34 . ser herS lauterpaxti amtkicebda, rom<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi arsebuli<br />
arc erTi sakiTxi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi<br />
regulirebis farglebs ar scdeba da<br />
rom samarTlebriv regulirebaSi xarvezebi<br />
ar arsebobs. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT,<br />
secesiis saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT<br />
regulireba arsebiTad igulisxmeba TezisSi,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, saxelmwifoebis Seqmna<br />
ara marto faqtia, aramed samarTlis sakiTxic.<br />
ramdenadac gamoy<strong>of</strong>a saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis<br />
meTodia, igi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT<br />
imarTeba. frankis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom secesia regulirebas saerTod ar eqvemdebareba<br />
da rom igi saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
mier arc nebadarTulia da arc akrZaluli,<br />
34<br />
h. lauterpaxti, `samarTlis funqcia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi,~<br />
1933, 77.<br />
arazustia, radganac secesiis kanoniereba ar<br />
SeiZleba imis mixedviT ganvsajoT arsebobs<br />
Tu ara misi daSvebis Tu ardaSvebis specialuri<br />
wesi.<br />
ramdenadac saqme teritoriul mTlianobas<br />
exeba, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, ra<br />
Tqma unda, dauSvebelia teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
ZiriTadi saxelmwifosgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>a Tanxmobis<br />
gareSe. aseTi midgoma Tavidan agvacilebs<br />
sistematur aralogikurobas, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, saerTaSoriso samarTalis normebiT<br />
garantirebuli unda iyos teritoriuli<br />
mTlianoba, magram amave dros ar unda ikrZalebodes<br />
teritoriuli erTeulis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
teritoriuli erTeulis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is kanonierebis<br />
sasargeblod Camoyalibebuli doqtrina<br />
zogjer Seviwroebis (an samarTlebrivi dacvis)<br />
Teorias emyareba. Seviwroebis Teorias-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli problema is gaxlavT, rom<br />
mkafiod ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ras gulisxmobs<br />
Seviwroeba 35 . Seviwroebis Teorias<br />
individualuri samarTlebrivi Rirebuleba ar<br />
gaaCnia. igi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos mxolod<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs samarTlebriv<br />
pozicias da gaTvaliswinebulia gaeros<br />
generaluri asambleis 1970 wlis 24 oqtombris<br />
2625-e rezoluciaSi (XXV) - e.w. megobruli ur-<br />
TierTobis deklaraciaSi da 1993 wlis venis<br />
deklaraciasa da samoqmedo programaSi, romelic<br />
miRebul iqna adamanis uflebebis Taobaze<br />
gamarTul ms<strong>of</strong>lio konferenciaze. e.w. `samarTlebrivi<br />
dacviT ganpirobebuli gamoy<strong>of</strong>a~<br />
SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes mxolod<br />
1970 wlis megobruli urTierTobis deklaraciaSi<br />
miTiTebul pirobebSi. aRniSnuli deklaraciis<br />
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos teritoriuli<br />
mTlianoba kvalificirebulia im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu saxelmwifos gaaCnia mTavroba, romelic<br />
Tanabrad warmoadgens mTel mosaxleobas.<br />
megobruli urTierTobis deklaracia saxelmwifos<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis sxva faqtorebs<br />
ar ganixilavs. dokumentSi mkafiod<br />
aris aRniSnuli, rom misi arc erTi nawili ar<br />
gulisxmobs<br />
`iseTi moqmedebis stimulirebas an mxardaWeras,<br />
romelic ganapirobebs teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis an suverenuli da damoukidebeli<br />
saxelmwifoebis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri erTianobis<br />
srul an nawilobriv darRvevas an Semcirebas;<br />
igulisxmeba iseTi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic<br />
35<br />
musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 191 da Semdgom.<br />
117
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis da TviTgamorkvevis<br />
principis Sesabamisad moqmedeben,<br />
rogorc es zemoT iyo aRwerili da romlebsac<br />
gaaCniaT mTavroba, romelic saxelmwifos<br />
mTel teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas<br />
warmoadgens miuxedavad rasisa, rwmenisa an<br />
ferisa.~<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxars uWers xalxTa<br />
TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, 1993 wlis venis<br />
deklaracia xazs usvams, rom:<br />
`gaeros wesdebis mixedviT, saxlmwifoTa<br />
Soris megobrul urTierTobebTan da TanamSromlobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis principebis deklaraciis Sesabamisad,<br />
dokumenti ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos<br />
igi uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s iseTi moqmedebis stimulirebas<br />
an mxardaWeras, romelic ganapirobebs<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis an suverenuli da<br />
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
erTianobis srul an nawilobriv darRvevas an<br />
Semcirebas. igulisxmeba iseTi saxelmwifoebi,<br />
romlebic adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
da TviTgamorkvevis principis Sesabamisad moqmedeben,<br />
rogorc es zemoT iyo aRwerili da<br />
romlebsac gaaCnia mTavroba, romelic saxelmwifos<br />
mTel teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas<br />
warmoadgens yovelgvari diskriminaciis<br />
gareSe 36 .~<br />
aRniSnuli deklaraciebi savaldebulo ar<br />
aris, magram A/RES/2625 rezolucia namdvilad<br />
gamoxatavs saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis<br />
principebs 37 . garda amisa, CveulebiTi samarTlis<br />
statusis gareSec aSkaraa, rom, Tu<br />
mTeli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba garkveul<br />
damokidebulebas - am SemTxvevaSi teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is sawinaaRmodego midgomas<br />
Camoayalibebs arasavaldebulo deklaraciis<br />
saxiT, es sruliad sakmarisia imis<br />
gasagebad, rom saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar<br />
SeiZleba am damokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
samarTlebrivi regulireba arsebobdes. TumcaRa<br />
aRniSnuli faqti TavisTavad sakmarisi<br />
ar aris Sesabamisi midgomisaTvis normatiuli<br />
statusis misaniWeblad. generaluri asambleis<br />
rezoluciaSi gamoxatuli midgoma, romelic<br />
saxelmwifoTa absoluturi umravlesobis<br />
mxardaWeras iTvaliswinebs, unda ganvixiloT<br />
36<br />
venis deklaracia da moqmedebis programa, 1993 wlis 12 ivlisi,<br />
dok. A/CONF.157/23, m2-2 abzaci.<br />
37<br />
ix. samxedro da naxevrad samxedro saqmianoba nikaraguaSi<br />
da nikaraguas winaaRmdeg, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi,<br />
1986, 14 da Semdgom (100-101).<br />
rogorc saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zireuli<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikis gamoxatuleba. Sedegad vaskvniT,<br />
rom, ramdenadac pirdapiri sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebebi<br />
ar arsebobs, saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />
sawinaaRmdego samarTlebriv regulirebas<br />
ar moicavs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
arasavaldebulo rezoluciis normatiuli<br />
Zalis uary<strong>of</strong>is SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu danamdvilebiT<br />
ar damtkicdeba, rom saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTalSi misaRebia iseTi teritoriuli<br />
erTeulebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is ufleba, rogoric kosovoa,<br />
unda vigulisxmoT, rom saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis normebiT, gamoy<strong>of</strong>is ufleba aRiarebuli<br />
ar aris.<br />
am fonze, namdvilad sworad aris aRniSnuli,<br />
rom teritoriuli erTeulis calmxrivi<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
antiTezaa. eTnikuri TviTgamorkveva saxelmwifoTa<br />
samudamo arsebobisaTvis safrTxes<br />
warmoadgens da, amdenad, uary<strong>of</strong>ilia saerTa-<br />
Soriso sazogadoebis mier 38 . Tu saxelmwifoTa<br />
teritoriuli mTlianoba raimes niSnavs, misi<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a mxolod ZiriTadi saxelmwifos nebarTviT<br />
unda iyos dasaSvebi.<br />
aSS-is mTavrobam kosovos zogierTi `gansakuTrebuli<br />
garemoeba gansazRvra rogorc<br />
`uprecedento~ xasiaTis garemoeba, romelic<br />
kosovos `gansakTrebul SemTxevad~ ganxilvas<br />
ganapirobebs.<br />
`(1) iugoslaviis saxelmwifo iSviaTi Zaladobrivi<br />
formiT daiSala, rac safrTxes uqmnis<br />
saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da usafrTxoebas<br />
da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos ganmeorebiTi<br />
RonisZiebebis Sesrulebas avaldebulebs.<br />
(2) 1993 - 1999 wlebSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom<br />
kosovosTan dakavSirebiT Svidi rezolucia<br />
gamosca.<br />
(3) admianis uflebaTa masiuri darRvevebis<br />
fonze miloSeviCis mTavrobam araerTxel<br />
datova uyuradRebod gaeros uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos rezoluciebi, romlebSic sabrZolo<br />
moqmedebebis SeCerebas moiTxovda.<br />
(4) miloSeviCis reJimis moqmedebebi kosovoSi<br />
da mTel regionSi Zirs uTxrida saerTaSoriso<br />
stabilurobas da ltolvilTa masobriv<br />
areulobas uwyobda xels.<br />
(5) 1999 wels natos 19-ma mokavSirem SeTanxmebas<br />
miaRwia erToblivi moqmedebis da kosovodan<br />
miloSeviCis <strong>pol</strong>iciisa da samxedro<br />
Zalebis mocilebis Sesaxeb.<br />
38<br />
musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 181 da Semdgom.<br />
118
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
(6) kosovos marTavs gaero, gaeros uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos 1244-e rezoluciis safuZvelze,<br />
romelic miloSeviCis qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
erTsulovnad (CineTma Tavi Seikava)<br />
iqna miRebuli 1999 wlis 10 ivniss. gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos 1244-e rezolucia iTvaliswinebs<br />
Semdegs: serbeTis mier kosovos<br />
marTvaze uaris Tqma; gaeros droebiTi administraciis<br />
Seqmna; adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
Camoyalibeba da gaeros mier<br />
marTuli <strong>pol</strong>itikuri procesis gaTvaliswineba<br />
kosovos momavali statusis gansazRvris<br />
dros~ 39 .<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis sasargeblod samarTlebrivi<br />
argumentebi araerTma mxarem,<br />
maT Soris aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentmac<br />
wamoayena, kargi iqneba, aRniSnuli mtkicebulebebis<br />
Rirebulebas Tu ganvixilavT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo departamentis<br />
mier aRniSnuli eqvsive garemoeba da faqtori<br />
faqtobrivad sworia, arc erTi maTgani<br />
ar exeba kosovos teritoriul statuss. ufro<br />
konkretulad ki: iugoslaviis socialisturi<br />
federaluri respublikis xuT respublikad<br />
daSlis Semdeg, romelTagan erT-erTi iugoslaviis<br />
federaluri respublika iyo, Seiqmna<br />
viTareba, romlSic aRniSnuli respublikebis<br />
sazRvrebi xeluxleblad da ucvlelad<br />
iTvleboda, ramdenadac es sakiTxi ”uti possidetis<br />
juri”-is principiT imarTeboda. y<strong>of</strong>ili iugoslaviis<br />
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnilma<br />
saarbitraJo komisiam aSkarad dauWira mxari<br />
xuTi respublikis, maT Soris iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobas.<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis sakiTxi 1993 wlidan<br />
1999 wlamde miRebul uSiSroebis sabWos<br />
arc erT rezoluciaSi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila wamoweuli,<br />
arc iugoslaviisa da serbeTis teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmula mosazreba.<br />
ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesi<br />
an principi, romelic moiTxovs an dasaSvebad<br />
miiCnevs iseTi regionis gamoy<strong>of</strong>as, romlis<br />
mosaxlebis winaaRmdegac adamianis uflebaTa<br />
seriozuli darRvevebi xorcieldeba. araferi<br />
icvleba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu adamianis uflebaTa<br />
seriozul da masiur darRvevas ltolvilTa<br />
masobrivi areuloba mohyveba Sedega d.<br />
39<br />
aSS-is saxlmwifo departamenti, `ratom aris kosovo gansxvavebuli,~<br />
ix. misamarTze www.state.gov.<br />
rogorc Sesabamisi mxareebi irwmunebian, natos<br />
mier Zalis gamoyeneba arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila<br />
mimarTuli iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
winaaRmdeg, iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevisaken<br />
an teritoriuli dasaxlebis miRwevisken.<br />
unda gavixsenoT, rom rezolucia 1244-is<br />
miRebis dros da dokumentis miRebamde gamar-<br />
Tuli diskusiis procesSi moTxovna, romelic<br />
kosovos mosaxleobis mier kosovos statusis<br />
sam weliwadSi, referendumis safuZvelze gansazRvras<br />
iTvaliswinebda, Cavarda.<br />
rezolucia 1244-is proeqti, romelic kosovos<br />
damoukideblobis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna,<br />
arazusti da winaaRmdegobrivia. aRniSnul<br />
rezoluciaSi uary<strong>of</strong>ilia serbebis droebi-<br />
Ti y<strong>of</strong>na kosovoSi da rogorc saxelmwifoebis,<br />
ise gaerosgan iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis teritoriul mTlianobas moi-<br />
Txovs. ufro metic, rezolucia iTvaliswinebs,<br />
rom iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
da a fortiori serbeTis jarebma unda daicvan<br />
kosovos provinciis gare sazRvari.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli imaze metyvelebs, rom<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis momxreebs, arc erT<br />
etapze ar gamouxatavT Tanmimdevruli da kargad<br />
dasabuTebuli pozicia imis Taobaze, Tu<br />
ratom aqvs kosovos ufleba, iyos damoukidebeli.<br />
saxelmwifo departamentis argumenteb-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli problema is gaxlavT, rom<br />
argumentebi Cveulebrivi msjelobiT aris<br />
STagonebuli da miznad ar isaxavs mtkicebulebebis<br />
warmodgenas maTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
farglebSi dasabuTebis mizni T.<br />
unda gaviTvaliswinoT kosovos mier saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
moTxovnisadmi saerTaSoriso<br />
sazogadoebis damokidebuleba 1999 wlidan<br />
natos intervenciis da rezolucia 1244-is mi-<br />
Rebis Semdeg. rezoluciaSi kvlavac gamoxatuli<br />
iyo mxardaWera iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi.<br />
iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri<br />
respublikis da SemdgomSi iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis daSlis Semdeg, aravin<br />
uWerda mxars kosovosTvis damoukidebeli<br />
saxelmwifos statusis miRebis uflebis miniWebas,<br />
1999 wels iugoslaviis federalur<br />
respublikaze natos Tavdasxmidan ahTiazaris<br />
gegmamde gasuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
saxelmwifoebis an gaeros praqtikaSi araferi<br />
momxdara iseTi, rac gamoamJRavnebda iugos-<br />
119
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
laviis federaluri respublikis da Semdgom-<br />
Si serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevisken<br />
mimarTul damokidebulebas. gaeros<br />
misias kosovoSi igive mosazreba gaaCnda iugoslaviis<br />
federaluri respublikis da serbeTis<br />
mier teritoriuli mTlianobis Senar-<br />
Cunebis Sesaxeb 40 . mogvianebiT, 2007 wlis 21<br />
noembers miRebuli rezoluciiT 1785 (2007)<br />
gaeros sabWom `daadastura Tavisi mxardaWera<br />
y<strong>of</strong>il iugoslaviaSi konfliqtebis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
gziT mogvarebis, yvela saxelmwifos mier<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul sazRvrebSi<br />
suverenitetis da teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
SenarCunebisadmi.~ ahTiazaris gegmaSic ki, rogorc<br />
qvemoT vnaxavT, SeerTebuli Statebi da<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis sxva mxardamWerebi,<br />
maT Soris serbeTis parlamenti priStinaSi 41 ,<br />
miiCnevdnen, rom kosovos damoukidebloba rekomendebuli<br />
iyo rezolucia 1244-is gadaxedvis<br />
gziT. amdenad, kosovoSi damoukideblobis<br />
calmxriv gamocxadebamde ar arsebobda normatiuli<br />
dokumenti, instituciuri winadadebac<br />
ki, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda<br />
kosovos damoukidebloba 1244-e rezoluciis<br />
gadaxedvis gareSe. doqtrinaluri TvalsazrisiT,<br />
yovelTvis xazgasmiT aRiniSneboda, rom<br />
kosovos damoukidebloba da gamoy<strong>of</strong>a kanonierad<br />
an dasaSvebad ar iTvleboda iugoslaviis<br />
federaluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg.<br />
kosovo gamoy<strong>of</strong>is warumatebeli mcdelobis<br />
magaliTad aris dasaxelebuli 42 .<br />
uSiSroebis sabWosaTvis ahTiazaris gegmis<br />
wardgenis Semdeg, rogorc damoukideblobis<br />
gamocxadebamde, ise mis Semdgom, saxelmwifo-<br />
Ta mosazrebebi orad gaiyo. SeerTebuli Statebi<br />
miiCnevda, rom ahTiazaris gegma kosovos<br />
damoukideblobis safuZveli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo 43 .<br />
40<br />
kosovoSi gaeros misiis da iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
saerTo dokumenti, miRebuli belgradSi 2001 wlis<br />
5 noembers `gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1244 rezoluciaSi da<br />
droebiTi TviTmmarTvelobis konstituciuri CarCos farglebSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli principebis safuZvelze. xels uwyobs<br />
kosovoeli serbebis da kosovos sxva sazogadoebebis uflebebisa<br />
da interesebis dacvas, maT Sois iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis suverenitetsa da teritoriul mTlianobas.~<br />
garda amisa, dokumenti `kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom<br />
kosovos momaval statusTan dakavSirebuli pozicia gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos 1244 rezoluciaSi gansazRvrul mdgomareobas<br />
inarCunebs da misi Secvla SeuZlebelia TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
droebiTi institutebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis<br />
saSualebiT.~<br />
41<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadebis Sesaxeb<br />
ix. teqsti misamarTze , 2008 wlis 19 Tebervali.<br />
42<br />
kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 400. 407 da Semdgom.<br />
43<br />
saxelmwifo departametis dokumenti `kosovos saboloo<br />
statusi: stabilurobisa da keTildReobis mTavari gasaRebi<br />
balkaneTSi;~ SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze ,<br />
ruseTis gancxadebis mixedviT ki, kosovoSi<br />
damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT irRveoda<br />
`serbeTis respublikis suvereniteti, gaeros<br />
wesdeba, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1244-e<br />
rezolucia, helsinkis saboloo aqtis principebi,<br />
kosovos konstituciuri CarCo da ma-<br />
Rali donis sakontaqto jgufis SeTanxmeba.~<br />
ruseTi acxadebda, rom igi<br />
`srulad uWers mxars serbeTis xelmZRvanelobis<br />
reaqcias kosovoSi mimdinare movlenebze<br />
da mis samarTlian moTxonebs qveynis<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT.~<br />
mosalodneli iyo, rom `gaeros misia kosovoSi<br />
da natos mier marTuli kosovos Zalebi<br />
dauyovnebliv imoqmedebdnen uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos mier miniWebuli mandatebis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
maT Soris priStinas TviTmmarTveli<br />
institutebis gadawyvetilebis<br />
gasauqmeblad da maT winaaRmdeg mkacri administraciuli<br />
RonisZiebebis misaRebad~ 44 .<br />
faqti, rom uSiSroebis sabWom aranair RonisZiebas<br />
ar mimarTa kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
gasauqmeblad, ar niSnavs imas, rom igi<br />
mxars uWers kosovos damoukideblobas. namibiis<br />
sakonsultacio daskvnaSi, saerTaSoriso<br />
sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna Semdegi: `is<br />
faqti, rom saerTaSoriso organos konkretuli<br />
winadadeba ar miuRia, aucileblad imas ar<br />
niSnavs, rom igi am winadadebis winaaRmdegia.~ 45<br />
arsebobs aseve gamoy<strong>of</strong>is kanonierebaze<br />
racionalurobis argumentebiT msjelobis<br />
tendenciac. magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba,<br />
rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
kanonierebas aRiarebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas<br />
sxva alternativa ar aqvs, rogorc es kosovos<br />
SemTxvevaSi iyo 46 . TumcaRa racionalurobis<br />
kriteriumebi Tavisi arsiT subieqturia da am<br />
kriteriumebiT SeuZlebelia kanonierebis gansazRvra<br />
ise, rom igi yvela dainteresebuli<br />
mxarisaTvis misaRebi iyos. saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
normebiT, SesaZlebelia gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
damtkiceba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sa-<br />
2008wlis 23 ivnisi.<br />
44<br />
ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris gancxadeba kosovos Sesaxeb,<br />
2008 wlis 17 Tebervali; SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze<br />
www.mid.ru (inglisurad).<br />
45<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos 276-e rezoluciis (1970) miuxedavad namibiaSi<br />
(samxreT dasavleT afrika) samxreT afrikis mudmivi arsebobis<br />
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi saxelmwifoebisaTvis, saer-<br />
TaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi 1971, 16 da Semdgom (36,<br />
paragrafi 69).<br />
46<br />
q. borgeni, `kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba: TviTgamorkveva,<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a da aRiareba,~ ASIL Insight, 2008 wlis 29<br />
Tebervali, SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.asil.org.<br />
120
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
marTlebrivi kriteriumebi dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebulia<br />
da ara mxolod imitom, rom erT-erTi mxaris<br />
azriT sxva alternativa ar arsebobs.<br />
garda amisa, alternativebis arsebobis sakiTxi<br />
SeiZleba sadavo iyos. rogorc serbiam,<br />
ise sxva ramdenime saxelmwifom damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivad gamocxadebamde mkafiod<br />
ganacxades, rom molaparakebebis SesaZlebloba<br />
amowuruli ar iyo da jer kidev SeiZleboda<br />
SeTanxmeba kosovos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
mizezi, ris gamoc SeTanxmeba ar moxda damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivad gamocxadebamde,<br />
aranair kavSirSi ar aris realur mdgomareobasTan<br />
an gamosavlis povnis sirTulesTan. igi<br />
ufro kosovos albanuri xelmZRvanelobis da<br />
damoukideblobis miRebis momxre dasavluri<br />
qveynebis arakompromisuli poziciaa. rogorc<br />
kosovos albanel xelmZRvanelTa, ise dasavleTis<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur liderTa mier gakeTebuli<br />
gancxadebebi adreuli etapebidanve mtkice<br />
pozicias gamoxatavda kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
gardauvalobasTan dakavSrebiT 47 . amdenad,<br />
gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom kosovos<br />
albanurma xelmZRvanelobam ver moaxerxa serbeTTan<br />
realuri molaparakebebis dawyeba da<br />
ormxrivad misaRebi gamosavlis povna. molaparakebis<br />
Sedegebis prognozirebam molaparakebebs<br />
realuri safuZveli gamoacala. amdenad,<br />
usafuZvloa imis mtkiceba, rom damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivad gamocxadebis aranairi<br />
alternativa ar arsebobda. ufro swori iqneboda<br />
imis aRiareba, rom arsebuli alternativebi<br />
Segnebulad gamoiricxa molaparakebis<br />
erTi mxaris mier sasurveli Sedegebis prognozirebis<br />
gziT.<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kosovos saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
Sesabamis saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
kriteriumebs ar emyareba, misi statusi<br />
da mdgomareoba de faqto reJimebTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli standartebis mixedviT unda ganvixiloT.<br />
de faqto reJimi SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT<br />
rogorc saxelmwifos msgavsi organo,<br />
romelic saxelmwifos faqtobrivi efeqturobis<br />
kriteriumebs akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs, magram ar<br />
jdeba samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis zRvrebSi.<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi de faqto reJimebis<br />
kvleva iseTi intensiuri ar aris, Tavad es<br />
fenomeni ki Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba saerTaSo-<br />
47<br />
mag., safrangeTis prezidentis nikola sarkozis gancxadeba,<br />
2007 wlis 14 dekemberi, SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.<br />
nytimes.com.<br />
riso samarTlis sistemaSi. ase rom, frauvainis<br />
mier aRniSnuli Temis inovaciuri kvlevis<br />
Semdeg am sakiTxze bevri aRaraferi Tqmula.<br />
frovainma de faqto reJimi gansazRvra rogorc<br />
teritoriuli erTeuli, romelic ZiriTadi<br />
saxelmwifosgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>as cdilobs<br />
da faqtobrivi TvalsazrisiT aRwevs kidec<br />
amas, magram ver povebs saerTaSoriso aRiarebas.<br />
de faqto reJimis samarTlebrivi analizis<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxia aqcentis gakeTeba ur-<br />
TierTobaze, romelic aRniSnul reJimsa da im<br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebobs, romlebic ar<br />
aRiareben mas, rogorc saxelmwifos 48 .<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kosovos serbi<br />
mosaxleoba provinciis damoukideblobis winaaRmdegia,<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes kosovosgan<br />
serbebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
SesaZleblobac. sadavoa sakiTxi, SeuZlia<br />
Tu ara kosovos serbebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebs<br />
kosovosgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>a. is azri, rom<br />
teritorias kosovosgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>a SeuZlia, emyareba<br />
mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, kosovo<br />
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis normebiT. bolo dros kosovos danawevrebis<br />
azri <strong>pol</strong>itikur wreebSic gaCnda,<br />
Tumca es azri sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv poziciasTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi ar modis.<br />
realurad ufro mniSvnelovania kiTxva -<br />
SeuZliaT Tu ara kosovos serbebiT dasaxlebul<br />
teritoriebs arseboba serbeTis mmar-<br />
Tvelobis qveS ganagrZon? am kiTxvaze pasuxi<br />
dadebiTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom kosovos danawevrebis<br />
safrTxe ar emuqreba, Tu igi serbe-<br />
Tisgan aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tanxmobas<br />
miiRebs. meore mxriv, igulisxmeba, rom<br />
kosovos garkveul teritoriebze serbeTma<br />
SeiZleba faqtobrivad gamoiyenos mmarTvelobiTi<br />
funqciebi, magaliTad, am teritoriebze<br />
serbeTis arCevnebis Catarebis gziT.<br />
IV. kosovoSi damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba rogorc<br />
precedenti<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
samarTlebrivi safuZveli saerTa-<br />
Soriso samarTlis normebiT ver damtkicdeba,<br />
hipoTeturia sakiTxi - SeuZlia Tu ara mas<br />
precedenti Seqmnas sxva separatistuli te-<br />
48<br />
i.a. frovaini, Das de facto- Regime im Volkerrecht, 1968, 6-7.<br />
121
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
ritoriuli erTeulebisaTvis. xSirad keTdeba<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri gancxadebebi, sadac xazgasmulia<br />
kosovos SemTxvevis Tavisebureba. amitomac,<br />
albaT marTebulia ganvixiloT Semdegi saki-<br />
Txi: Tu kosovos kanonierad mieca saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
miRebis ufleba, SeiZleba Tu ara<br />
misi mdgomareoba unikaluri iyos da rogorc<br />
precdentma, gavlena ar moaxdinos sxva msgavs<br />
situaciebze.<br />
ramdenadac kosovos damoukideblobis iuridiuli<br />
Zala mis kanonierebazea damokidebuli,<br />
kosovos mdgomareobis unikalurobis<br />
arguments konceptualuri problema gaaCnia,<br />
ramdenadac igi winaaRmdegobaSi modis kanonis<br />
Tanabrad gamoyenebis mosazrebasTan. arguments<br />
praqtikuli problemac gaaCnia, rac<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas mxolod kosovos<br />
damoukideblobis momxreebi iziareben.<br />
Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT kosovos<br />
SemTxvevis gansakuTrebuloba misaRebad<br />
CaiTvleba, es teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is uflebis gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi<br />
aRiarebis, magram mainc aRiarebis<br />
tolfasi iqneba. upirvles yovlisa, jer mtkicebulebebiT<br />
unda dadasturdes, rom ase-<br />
Ti ufleba arsebobs, rac, rogorc zemoT<br />
vnaxeT, SeuZlebelia. magram, es SesaZlebelic<br />
rom iyos, misi gansakuTrebulobis damtkiceba<br />
kidev erTi problematuri sakiTxi iqneba<br />
im TvalsazrisiT, rom moiTxovs damtkicdes<br />
- ratom eniWeba erT teritoriul erTeuls<br />
mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso kanonieri ufleba,<br />
meores ki - ara. frenkis mosazrebiT, Tu<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebSi gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
ufleba gaTvaliswinebulia, saeWvoa rom am<br />
uflebis eqskluziurad ms<strong>of</strong>lios erTi nawilisTvis<br />
miniWeba samarTliani iyos 49 .<br />
`kosovos mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
faqtorebis uCveulo erToblioba - maT Soris<br />
iugoslaviis daSlis konteqsti, eTnikuri<br />
wmendis istoria da kosovos moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg<br />
Cadenili danaSaulebi, gaeros administraciis<br />
xangrZlivi periodi mxolod<br />
kosovoSi arsebobda da, amdenad, mas gansaku-<br />
Trebuli SemTxvevis statuss aniWebs. kosovo<br />
ar SeiZleba dResdReobiT ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi arsebuli<br />
sxva romelime mdgomareobis precedentad<br />
CavTvaloT.~ 50<br />
49<br />
franki, ix. SeniSvna 18, 160.<br />
50<br />
saxelmwifo mdivnis, kondoliza raisis gancxadeba, `aSS<br />
kosovos damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebs,~ 2008 wlis<br />
18 Tebervali. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.state.gov;<br />
Tumca es sakiTxisadmi arsebuli erTaderTi<br />
midgoma rodia. ruseTma aSkarad gamoxata winaaRmdegoba<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis mier kosovos<br />
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad gamocxadebas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT da iwinaswarmetyvela, rom<br />
amas jaWvuri reaqcia mohyveboda 51 .<br />
ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri eWvs gamoTqvamda,<br />
rom<br />
`amerikuli Tezisi kosovos SemTxvevis unikalurobis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
namdvilad moraluria, ramdenadac igi gulisxmobs,<br />
rom zogierT<br />
teritoriul erTeuls SeiZleba mivaniWoT<br />
saxelmwifoebrioba,<br />
zogs ki _ ara~ 52 .<br />
saerTod, Taviseburebis (sui generi) Sesaxeb<br />
gancxadebis gakeTeba did sifrTxiles moi-<br />
Txovs. aseTi argumenti dasaSvebia mxolod<br />
materialuri mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze,<br />
rac Sesabamisi mdgomareobis gansakuTrebul<br />
xasiaTs amtkicebs. praqtikulad, mecnierTa,<br />
iuriskonsulTa an <strong>pol</strong>itikosTa mier aRniSnuli<br />
frazis gamoyeneba xSirad motivirebulia<br />
sakuTari poziciis dasasabuTeblad sxva<br />
saSualebis ararsebobis dros. samarTlebrivi<br />
usafrTxoebis, gamWvirvalobisa da prognozirebadobis<br />
ganxilva upiratesad dawesebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi kategoriebis mniSvnelobis<br />
ganxilvas moiTxovs. igulisxmeba kategoriebi,<br />
igive midgoma daadastura italiis mTavrobamac, rac sagareo<br />
saqmeTa ministris, masimo dalemas gancxadebam daadastura,<br />
2008 wlis 18 Tebervali; gaerTianebuli samefos, safrange-<br />
Tis, germaniisa da italiis msgavsi poziciebi warmodgenilia<br />
reinoldsTan, ix. SeniSvna 2; gaerTianebuli samefos sagareo<br />
saqmeTa mdivnis, devid milibendis msgavsi gancxadeba warmodgenilia<br />
statiaSi `gaeroSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa kosovos<br />
sakiTxis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT,~ 2008 wlis 18 Tebervali.<br />
SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze news.bbc.co.uk.<br />
51<br />
ruseTis prezidentis presmdivnis moadgilis gancxadeba,<br />
2008 wlis 20 Tebervali; ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma<br />
jaWvuri reaqciis gardauvaloba iwinaswarmetyvela. reinoldsi,<br />
ix. SeniSvna 2; manamde ki ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa<br />
ministrma ganacxada, rom Tu SerTebul Statebs an gaer-<br />
Tianebul samefos surT kosovos damoukidebloba ixilon da<br />
sxva separatistul teritoriul erTeulebs uTxran, rom es<br />
maTTvis precedents ar qmnis, es ubralod ar gaamarTlebs.<br />
RIAN-is informacia, 2007 wlis 13 dekemberi, ix. misamarTze<br />
www.rian.ru; premier-ministris moadgile ivanovi darwmunebuli<br />
iyo, rom kosovo precedenti iyo da mas jaWvuri reaqcia<br />
aucileblad mohyveboda, sxva separatistebi, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ikiTxavdnen, ra upiratesoba hqonda kosovos maTTan<br />
SedarebiT; 2008 wlis 19 Tebervali; ix. misamarTze www.rian.<br />
ru; agreTve ix. `ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />
warmomadgenlis dakvirvebis Sedegebi,~ 2008 wlis<br />
20 Tebervali, sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, ix.<br />
misamarTze www.mid.ru.<br />
52<br />
ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informaciisa da presis<br />
departamenti, `saxelmwifo mdivnis, nikolas bernsis mier<br />
kosovosTan dakavSirebiT aSS-is SeniSvnebis Sesaxeb dasmul<br />
mediakiTxvebze gakeTebuli komentari,~ 2008 wlis 24 Tebervali,<br />
ix. misamarTze www.mid.ru.<br />
122
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
romlebzec saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevri<br />
saxelmwifoebi amyareben imeds.<br />
kosovos SemTxvevis gansakuTrebulobis argumenti<br />
am TvalsazrisiT wamoyenebul nebismier<br />
sxva argumentze ufro araTanmimdevruli<br />
da problematuria, radganac gansakuTrebulobis<br />
argumenti aucileblad gulisxmobs<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis gansxvavebuli saxiT<br />
gamoyenebas kosovos mimarT. es ki diskriminaciaa<br />
im teritoriul erTeulebs Soris,<br />
romlebic saxelmwifoebriobisken miiswrafvian.<br />
amdenad, mosazreba kosovos SemTxvevis<br />
Taviseburebis Sesaxeb ara marto arsebul mtkicebulebebs<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed saerTa-<br />
Soriso samarTlis aradiskriminaciul gamoyenebasac.<br />
ase rom, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi verc<br />
samarTlebrivi da verc <strong>pol</strong>itikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
ver SeTanxmdnen, kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
kanonier Sedegad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
iqneba Tu ara kosovos SemTxveva unikaluri<br />
da Seqmnis Tu ara igi precedents. Sedegad,<br />
saxelmwifoTa TiToeulma jgufma momavalSi<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur doneze ise unda ganixilos esa<br />
Tu is sakiTxi, rogorc Tavad CaTvlis saWirod<br />
da ar unda gaiTvaliswinos saxelmwifoTa<br />
sxva jgufis mosazrebebi. ar SeiZleba<br />
davuSvaT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebma - gansaku-<br />
TrebiT ki iseTma saxelmwifoebma, romlebic<br />
miznad isaxaven kosovos SemTxvevis precedentad<br />
miCnevas - sxva teritoriul erTeulebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT igivenairad imoqmedon imis gamo,<br />
rom ar arsebobs SeTanxmebuli saerTo pozicia<br />
kosovos SemTxvevis unikulorobasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
mizezi, ris gamoc ar SeiZleba kosovom precedenti<br />
Seqmnas separatistuli regionebisaTvis,<br />
is aris, rom saxelmwifoebriobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT misi moTxovna damoukideblobis<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze moTxovnasa da gamocxadebas<br />
ar emyareba. ase rom ar iyos da samarTlebrivi<br />
mdgomareoba sxva saxelmwifosagan<br />
Tanxmobis gareSe gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili teritoriis<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis aRiarebis saSualebas<br />
iZleodes, maSin ver gamovricxavdiT, rom kosovo,<br />
rogorc precedenti, gavlenas moaxdenda<br />
sxva separatistul regionebze. saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTalis normebiT rom saxelmwifosgan teritoriis<br />
calmxrivad gamoy<strong>of</strong>a dasaSvebad<br />
iyos miCneuli, maSin es SesaZlebeli iqneboda<br />
yvela im teritoriuli erTeulisaTvis, romelic<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>isken miiswrafvis. TumcaRa samarTlebrivi<br />
argumentis logikuroba yovel-<br />
Tvis naTlad gasagebi ar aris separatistuli<br />
erTeulebis elitaruli wreebisaTvis. maT-<br />
Tvis faqtobrivad yvelaze mniSvnelovania kosovo<br />
imarTebodes rogorc serbeTisagan damoukidebeli<br />
erTeuli, romelsac mxars uWers<br />
uamravi saxelmwifo da evrokavSiri. amrigad,<br />
kosovos `Taviseburi xasiaTis~ strategia<br />
SeiZleba bumerangiviT moutrialdes maT, vinc<br />
es strategia Seqmna. imisda miuxedavad, kosovo<br />
damoukideblobas miaRwevs Tu ara saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad,<br />
sxva separatistuli regionebi SeiZleba gaer-<br />
Tiandnen TavianTi de faqto damoukideblobis<br />
Sesacvlelad. es ki namdvilad ar Sedis im<br />
saxelmwifoTa interesebSi, romlebic kosovos<br />
damukideblobas uWeren mxars. aSkaraa, rom<br />
isini, vinc kosovos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT<br />
did enTuziazms avlenen, mxars ar dauWeren<br />
movlenebis amgvar ganviTrebas, magram movlenaTa<br />
msvlelobis Secvlas ramdenad SeZleben,<br />
es kidev sxva sakiTxia.<br />
aRniSnuli problemis arsi Zalian kargad<br />
gamoxata serbeTis sagareo ministrma Tavis<br />
uimedo, magram zust gancxadebaSi, romelic<br />
evrokavSiris xelmZRvanelTa mier kosovos<br />
unikalur SemTxvevad ganxilvis sapasuxod<br />
gaakeTa: `nuTu romelime Tqvengani namdvilad<br />
fiqrobs, rom, Tu ityvis, Kkosovo gansaku-<br />
Trebuli SemTxvevaao, es asec iqneba? nuTu<br />
ggoniaT, rom es yvelaferi saerTaSoriso sistemis<br />
stabilurobasa da usafrToxebaze ar<br />
imoqmedebs mxolod imitom, rom Tqven ambobT<br />
ase~ 53 ?<br />
jerjerobiT am kiTxvaze aravis gaucia pasuxi.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ar arsebobs<br />
saerTo mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu<br />
ratom aris kosovos SemTxveva unikaluri,<br />
rasac dasavleTis qveynebi mtkiced uWeren<br />
mxars, unda daisvas kiTxva: ra faqtorebi<br />
da argumentebi ganapirobeben maT mier kosovos<br />
SemTxvevis unikalurobis mtkicebas?<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ra faqtorebis<br />
safuZvelze uWeren isini mxars kosovos damoukideblobas,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli<br />
rigi saxelmwifoebi am damoukideblobas mkve-<br />
53<br />
l. kubosova, `serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri acxadebs,<br />
rom evrokaviSiri samarcxvinod moqmedebs kosovosTan dakavSirebiT,~<br />
2008 wlis 21 Tebervali, ix. misamarTze www.euobserver.com.<br />
123
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
Trad ewinaaRmdegebian da ar arsebobs SeTanxmeba<br />
am sakiTxze; ramdenad Seesabameba maTi<br />
mosazreba kosovos damoukideblobis kanonierebis<br />
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs;<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis mxardamWerTa<br />
poziciis erT-erTi motivacia SeiZleba saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis evrocentristul gagebasTan<br />
iyos dakavSirebuli.<br />
evropis saerTaSoriso samarTali me-18 da<br />
me-19 saukuneSi warmoadgenda mosazrebas,<br />
romelic gulisxmobda evropis upiratesobas<br />
danarCen ms<strong>of</strong>liosTan SedarebiT. es yovel-<br />
Tvis midgoma iyo da ara realoba. am mosazrebis<br />
mixedviT, evropuli/dasavluri midgomebi<br />
logikurad ufro ukeTesia saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
gansazRvrisa da gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
vidre danarCeni ms<strong>of</strong>lios midgomebi.<br />
amitomac evropul/dasavlur erebs SeeZloT<br />
danarCeni ms<strong>of</strong>liosTvis daewesebinaT saerTa-<br />
Soriso samarTlebrivi normebi, aseve SeeZloT<br />
araevropuli erebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
sferoSi arc ki gaeTvaliswinebinaT 54 . bolo<br />
ramdenime aTwleulis ganamvlobaSi evropuli<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ideas bevri momxre<br />
hyavda, Tumca es sajarod aravis gamouxatavs.<br />
rac Seexeba kosovos, Tu ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi miRweul<br />
ar iqna SeTanxmeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia suverenuli saxelmwifodan teritoriis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a, misi damoukideblad gamocxadeba<br />
da Tu garkveuli qveynebi mainc da-<br />
JinebiT ganagrZoben mtkicebas, rom aRniSnul<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT maTi dadebiTi pozicia<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs Seesabameba,<br />
maSin aSkara iqneba, rom maTi midgoma gamoxatavs<br />
mcdelobasa da ambicias - moaxdinon<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvlebis reorganizacia<br />
an xelaxali interpretacia, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom am sakiTxze saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi<br />
erTiani mosazreba ar arsebobs.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom evropuli saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis ideologia SeiZleba erT-erTi<br />
faqtori iyos imaTgan, romlebic aZliereben<br />
`kosovos enTuziazistebis~ midgomas kosovos<br />
irgvliv samarTlebrivi poziciis konsolidaciisadmi,<br />
imisda miuxedavad, danarCeni ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
eTanxmeba amas Tu ara. saqme is ki ar<br />
aris, rom arsebobs pirdapiri mtkicebuleba,<br />
rom kosovos magaliTze dasavluri saxelmwifoebi<br />
evropuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
54<br />
ix. analizi: a. oraxelaSvili, `evropuli saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis idea~, EJIL17 (2006), 315 da Semdgom.<br />
ideologiis aRdgenas cdiloben (gansaku-<br />
TrebiT evokavSiris mier kosovos aRiarebis<br />
ararsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT), aramed rTulia<br />
mixvde, Tu ara es, sxva ra motivacia an<br />
ideologia SeiZleba amoZravebdes dasavlur<br />
qveynebs.<br />
kosovos Semdgom jaWvuri reaqciis SesaZlebloba<br />
SeiZleba ramdenime konteqstSi ganxorcieldes.<br />
bosnia da hercogovinisgan bosniis<br />
mTavrobasTan erTad, 1995 wlis deitonis samSvidobo<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, umaRlesi<br />
warmomadgenlobis mier marTuli srpskas<br />
respublikis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a amJamad <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
dRis wesrigis centralur sakiTxs ar warmoadgens.<br />
TumcaRa Semdgomi xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itkuri garemoebebis SedarebiTi<br />
cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, sprskas respublikam<br />
SeiZleba kosovos precedenti gamoiyenos<br />
da damoukidebloba gamoacxados saraevoSi.<br />
amgvarad, gamoy<strong>of</strong>is faqtobrivi warmateba<br />
damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad iqneba<br />
EUFOR mzad, ibrZolos bosniasa da hercogovinis<br />
erTianobis SesanarCuneblad da ra<br />
donis mxardaWeras moipovebs separatistuli<br />
srpskas respublika saerTaSoriso doneze.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva adasturebs,<br />
rom kosovosSi damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba udavod gamoiwvevs<br />
SemdgomSi separatistTa gaaqtiurebas da SesaZloa,<br />
aseTi saxis qmedebebma ufro Zlieri<br />
saerTaSoriso mxardaWera povon. gamokiTxvis<br />
Sedegebi aseve cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom evropelTa<br />
umetesobis azriT, tibeti CineTis mmarTvelobis<br />
qveS didxans aRar gaCerdeba 55 . aSkaraa, rom<br />
sazogadoebrivi damokidebuleba pirdapir<br />
ar aisaxeba samTavrobo <strong>pol</strong>itikaSi, rac CineTSi<br />
kidev ufro nakleb savaraudoa saer-<br />
TaSoriso urTierTobebSi CineTis statusisa<br />
da Zalauflebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SesaZloa<br />
prognozireba sasargeblo praqtika ar aris,<br />
magram is faqti, rom Sesabamis qveynebSi mosaxleobis<br />
umetesoba mxars uWers separatizms,<br />
zrdis albaTobas, rom ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi<br />
Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba mzad iyvnen<br />
mxari dauWiron gamoy<strong>of</strong>is SemTxvevebs.<br />
V. kosovos aRiareba da misi<br />
55<br />
britaneTSi am mosazrebas iziarebs mosaxleobis 53 procenti,<br />
germaniasa da italiaSi _ mosaxleobis ori mesamedi; ix.<br />
Financial Times, 2008 wlis 17 maisi/18 maisi.<br />
124
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
Sedegebi<br />
ramdenime qveynis mier kosovos aRiarebas<br />
Zalian male mohyva damoukideblobis calmxrivi<br />
gamocxadeba priStinaSi. 2008 wlis 18<br />
Tebervals SeerTebulma Statebma formalurad<br />
aRiara kosovo rogorc `suverenuli da<br />
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo~ 56 . manamde da SemdegSic<br />
kosovos aRiarebaze Tanxmoba ganacxada<br />
evrokavSiris ramdenime wevrma saxelmwifomac,<br />
maT Soris gaerTianebulma samefom, germaniam<br />
da italiam. saerTod, kosovo daaxloebiT<br />
ocdaaTma saxelmwifom aRiara. serbeTma<br />
elCebi gamoixmo ramdenime qveynidan, romlebmac<br />
kosovo aRiares 57 . kosovos aRiarebisgan<br />
Tavi Seikava ramdenime saxelmwifom, maT Soris<br />
evrokavSiris werma saxelmwifoebma, rogoric<br />
aris espaneTi, kviprosi, portugalia, rumineTi,<br />
slovakeTi da saberZneTi. evrokavSirs,<br />
rogorc mTlianad organizacias, ar SeeZlo<br />
gamoexata Tavisi midgoma kosovos damoukideblobisadmi<br />
58 . zogierTma sxva saxelmwifom,<br />
rogoric aris israeli, gadawyvita ar damdgariyo<br />
maTTan, vinc kosovos damoukidebloba<br />
aRiara 59 . mTavaria ganisazRvros, mesame saxelmwifoTa<br />
mier aRiareba gavlenas moaxdens Tu<br />
ara separatistTa mier damoukideblobis calmxrivi<br />
aRiarebis kanonierebaze.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
gamocxadebas `koordinacias uwevs<br />
da mxars uWers saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili. es ki mocemul SemTxvevas<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is `uflebis~ sxva moTxovnebisagan<br />
ganasxvavebs~ 60 . aRniSuli argumenti gulisxmobs,<br />
rom aRiarebas SeuZlia gadamwyveti<br />
roli Seasrulos teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
mier saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnis kanonierebis<br />
gansazRvraSi. am mosazrebasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli konceptualuri problema is aris,<br />
rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifoebriobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul moTxovnebs, Tuki mesame<br />
saxelmwifoebi mainc aRiareben teritoriul<br />
erTeuls, romelic am moTxovnebs ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs.<br />
amave dros, mosazreba, rom ramdenime<br />
saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli teritoriuli<br />
56<br />
`aSS kosovos damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebs,~ 2008<br />
wlis 18 Tebervali, ix. misamarTze www.pristina.usmission.gov.<br />
57<br />
`serbeTma aSS-dan elCi gamoixmo,~ BBC informacia, 2008<br />
wlis 19 Tebervali, ix. misamarTze news.bbc.co.uk.<br />
58<br />
e. vuCeva, `kosovos damoukideblobis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
evrokavSiri patiosnad ar iqceva,~ 2008 wlis 18<br />
Tebervali, SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.euobserver.com.<br />
59<br />
RIAN-is informacia, 2008 wlis 19 Tebervali.<br />
60<br />
borgeni, ix. SeniSvna 45.<br />
erTeulis damoukidebloba SeiZleba unikaluri<br />
SemTxveva iyos da precedentis saxiT<br />
gavlena ar moaxdinos sxva saxelmwifoebze,<br />
konceptualurad dausabuTebelia. sxva separatisti<br />
teritoriuli erTeulebic SeiZleba<br />
mogvianebiT mesame saxelmwifoebma aRiaron;<br />
zemoaRniSnuli Tezisis Tanaxmad, es SemTxvevebic<br />
unikaluri iqneba da sabolood miviRebT<br />
unikalur movlenaTa jaWvs.<br />
is faqti, rom kosovos damoukidebloba<br />
ramdenime saxelmwifom aRiara, udavod erTerTi<br />
argumentia damoukideblobis momxreTa<br />
arsenalSi. ra mniSvnelobac ar unda gaaCndes<br />
kosovos damoukideblobas, ubralod faqtia,<br />
rom kosovo saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />
udidesma nawilma ar aRiara. uSiSroebis<br />
sabWom uari ganacxada kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
mxardaWeraze da sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT<br />
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi mosazrebebi<br />
mkveTrad gaiyo.<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebis koncefcia<br />
da mniSvneloba winaaRmdegobrivia. aRiareba<br />
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva sakiTxTan,<br />
rogoric aris iuridiul pirTa statusi,<br />
uflebebi da upiratesobebi saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv<br />
sistemaSi. meore mxriv, aRiarebis<br />
mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba im faqtis<br />
gamo, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi<br />
ar arsebobs centralizebuli mmarTveloba,<br />
romelic gamoaqveynebda Sesabamis teritoriul<br />
erTeulTa statussa da uflebebs.<br />
meore mxriv, zogierTi mesame mxaris msjeloba<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba<br />
Sesabamis statussa da poziciaze miuTiTebdes.<br />
saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobis ararsebobis<br />
gamo, aRiarebis mniSvneloba SezRudulad<br />
unda CaiTvalos Sesabamisi teritoriuli er-<br />
Teulis statusisa da uflebebis gansazRvris<br />
TvalsazrisiT. igive mdgomareobaa im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, rodesac arsebobs saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
faqtobrivi da iuridiuli kriteriumebi<br />
imisaTvis, rom ganvsajoT, miaRwia Tu ara<br />
saxelmwifoebriobas Sesabamisma teritoriulma<br />
erTeulma.<br />
netav damoukideblobis aRiareba jadosnuri<br />
saSualeba xom ar aris saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad<br />
an iseTi teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis konsolidaciisaTvis, romelsac<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis ufleba ar aqvs?<br />
aRiareba ubralod saxelmwifoebriobis kanonierad<br />
dawesebas mohyveba. igi saxelmwifoe-<br />
125
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
briobis kriteriumi ar aris da, amdenad, mis<br />
safuZvelze ar ganisazRvreba Sesabamis teritoriul<br />
erTeuls namdvilad gaaCnia Tu ara<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis miRebis ufleba. kroufordis<br />
dasabuTeba cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom aRiarebas<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia,<br />
`Tu saxelmwifos aRiarebas gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin Zalian Znelia imis<br />
mixvedra, Tu romeli aRiarebaa arakanonieri<br />
da SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu romeli<br />
aRiarebaa Zaladakarguli. aRiarebis garkveuli<br />
aqtebis gauqmeba praqtikaSi miRebulia da<br />
es sworic aris. winaaRdeg SemTxvevaSi, aRiareba<br />
iqneboda intervenciis alternatiuli<br />
forma, potenciurad yovelTvis SesaZlebeli<br />
da aSkarad udavo~.<br />
garda amisa, `saxelmwifoebriobis Semowmebas<br />
aRiarebis aqtTan araviTari kavSiri ar unda<br />
hqondes.~ kroufordi miiCnevs, rom calkeuli<br />
saxelmwifos mier damoukideblobis gamocxadeba<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis kanonierebas ar ganapirobebs<br />
61 .<br />
aRiarebis arsebobas arc Sesabamisi teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis statusis SenarCuneba<br />
SeuZlia. amis naTeli magaliTia vietnami,<br />
romelmac aTeulobiT aRiareba moipova, iyo<br />
gaeros specialuri saagentoebis wevri da<br />
daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gaeros<br />
generaluri asambleis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda<br />
rogorc wevri, romelsac gaeroSi<br />
Sesvlis ufleba gaaCnda 62 . magram, daaxloebiT,<br />
oci wlis Semdeg samxreT vietnami ise gaqra,<br />
TiTqos misi aRiarebebi arc arsebula, cota<br />
gansxvavebul, magram mainc msgavs konteqstSi,<br />
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom aRmosavleT timori<br />
TviTgamorkvevis nawilad gamoacxada indoneziis<br />
mier misi aneqsiis da ramdenime saxelmwifos<br />
mier misi aRiarebis fonze. aRmosavleT<br />
timori ramdenime saxelmwifom aRiara 63 .<br />
argumenti, rom mesame saxelmwifoTa mier<br />
kosovos aRiareba ZiriTadi komponentia, romelic<br />
misi damoukideblobis samarTlebriv<br />
safuZvls Seadgens, emyareba Teziss, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, aRiareba dafuZnebiTi xasiaTisaa.<br />
aRiarebisadmi deklaratoruli midgoma<br />
gulisxmobs imas, rom upirvelesad gamoy<strong>of</strong>a<br />
unda iyos kanonieri da mxolod mas Semdeg<br />
unda moxdes mesame saxelmwifoTa mier<br />
61<br />
kroufordi, SeniSvna 11,21.<br />
62<br />
j.n. muri, `vietnamis respublikisadmi samxedro mxardaWeris<br />
kanoniereba~, AJIL 61 (1967), da Semdgom (24 da Semdgom).<br />
63<br />
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi, 1995, paragrafi 36.<br />
misi aRiareba. aRniSnuli midgomis Tanaxmad,<br />
SeuZlebelia im teritoriuli erTeulis kanonierad<br />
aRiareba, romlis damoukidebloba<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTals ar Seesabameba. sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aRiarebis safuZvelze<br />
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ver Seiqmneba 64 .<br />
dafuZnebiTi Teoria didi xania moZvelebulad<br />
CaTvales da saxelmwifo praqtikaSi<br />
mas aSkarad aRaravin uWers mxars 65 . 1991 wels<br />
bosnia-hercogovinasa da xorvatiis aRiarebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, evrokavSiri Seecada dafuZnebiTi<br />
Teoria gamoeyenebina imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom es ori teritoriuli erTeuli jer<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnebs ver akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebda<br />
66 . Tumca badintaris komisiam xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSna, rom mocemulTagan arc erTi SemTxveva<br />
ar warmoadgenda separatistuli regionis<br />
aRiarebas. meore mxriv, rogorc frauvaini<br />
marTebulad aRniSnavs, aRiarebis deklaratoruli<br />
Teoria gamosadegi ar aris, radgan mas<br />
ar SeuZlia de faqto reJimis kanoniereba 67 axsnas.<br />
Tuki vinme sakuTar Tavs kanonmdeblad<br />
ar CaTvlis, maSin mesame saxelmwifoTa mier<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis aRiareba upirvelesad kanonierebasTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli 68 .<br />
dugardi da raiki amtkiceben, rom, maSin<br />
rodesac gamoy<strong>of</strong>a gamarTlebuli ar aris<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis TviTgamorkvevaze<br />
maRla dayenebis tendenciis gamo, evrokavSirs<br />
SeuZlia separatist teritoriul erTeuls<br />
koleqtiuri aRiareba mianiWos 69 . Tumca individualuri<br />
saxelmwifos mier aRiarebas gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia da mas<br />
saxelmwifos dafuZneba ar SeuZlia, magram es<br />
SesaZlebelia koleqtiuri aRiarebiT. amdenad,<br />
koleqtiuri aRiareba eswrafvis sakanonmdeblo<br />
gavlenis mopovebas, rac antiTeturi<br />
pretenziaa saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigis ZiriTad<br />
TvisebebTan mimarTebaSi. realurad,<br />
koleqtiuri aRiarebis kanoniereba imave kriteriumebiT<br />
imarTeba, riTac individualuri<br />
64<br />
marTalia, musgreivi amtkicebs, rom deklaratoruli<br />
Teoriis miReba aucileblad gulisxmobs gamoy<strong>of</strong>is `Sida<br />
Teoriis~ miRebas (musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 195), es ar aris<br />
deklaratoruli Teoriis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, rac<br />
aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT im teritoriuli er-<br />
Teulebis SemTxvevaSic, romlebic kanonierad gamoey<strong>of</strong>ian<br />
ZiriTad saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad.<br />
65<br />
kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 24 da Semdgom.<br />
66<br />
musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 206.<br />
67<br />
frovaini, ix. SeniSvna 47, 36.<br />
68<br />
sruliad sxva sakiTxia, rom ZiriTad saxelmwifos SeuZlia<br />
Tavad aRiaros separatistuli erTeulis damoukidebloba,<br />
uari Tqvas sakuTar suverenitetze da daakanonos is, rac<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi arakanonieria.<br />
69<br />
dugardi/raiCi, ix.SeniSvna 11, 124.<br />
126
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
saxelmwifoebi. sapirispiro Sedegi aucileblad<br />
ganpirobebuli iqneba regionaluri RonisZiebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoric aris,<br />
magaliTad, evrokavSiris miCneva ararsebuli<br />
saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobis nawilad.<br />
es sakiTxi mainc sadavoa kosovos konteqst-<br />
Si. evrokavSirs kosovo Tavad ar uRiarebia<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifod. gaurkvevelia,<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara evrokaSiris misiis kosovoSi<br />
ganTavseba aRiarebas niSnavdes, ramdenadac<br />
misiam unda imuSaos institutebTan, romel-<br />
Tac kosovoelebi damoukidebel saxelmwifo<br />
institutebs uwodeben. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, gaurkvevelia, evrokavSiri exmareba<br />
Tu ara kosovos suverenuli Zalauflebis<br />
gamoyenebaSi. am kiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebulia<br />
evrokavSiris misiis mandatze da misTvis<br />
miniWebul uflebamosilebasa da kompetenciaze<br />
70 .<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kosovos aRiarebas<br />
ar SeuZlia, misi, rogorc saxelmwifos<br />
dafuZneba da saxelmwifosaTvis saWiro saer-<br />
TaSoriso iuridiuli safuZvlis Seqmna, gamodis,<br />
rom kosovos aRiareba ukanonoa. aseTi<br />
ukanonobis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos ukanono<br />
teritoriuli erTeulebis araRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
valdebuleba an ZiriTadi saxelmwifos<br />
mier kosovosTvis damoukideblobis<br />
micemis uary<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
dugardma zogadi imperatiuli normebis (jus<br />
cogens) safuZvelze, Camoayaliba araRiarebis<br />
Tanamedrove doqtrina da masSi gaaerTiana<br />
araRiarebis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoric aris<br />
rodizia, namibia, samxreT afrikis saxelmwifoebi,<br />
palestina da TurqeTis CrdiloeT<br />
kvip rosis respublika. rodesac saxelmwifoebisa<br />
da organizaciebis praqtikaSi garkveul<br />
teritoriul erTeulebsa an situaciasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
gamoiyeneba terminebi `ukanonoba~<br />
an `gauqmeba~, es amtkicebs, rom teritoriuli<br />
erTeulis aRiareba ar xdeba ara saxelmwifoebriobisTvis<br />
aucilebeli komponentebis<br />
arasebobis, aramed saxelmwifoebriobis ukanonod<br />
moTxovnis gamo 71 . samxreT afrkis<br />
saxelmwifoebi namdvilad akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebdnen<br />
montevideos konvenciis mier dadgenil<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnebs, magram isini<br />
samxreT afrikis garda aravin aRiara.<br />
msgavsad amisa,<br />
70<br />
ix. qvemoT VI.2.<br />
71<br />
j. dugardi, `aRiareba da gaero~, 1987, 130 da Semdgom.<br />
`Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvisa da TviTgamorkvevis<br />
uflebis or ZiriTad normaSi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
mTavari pincipebi warmoadgenen<br />
samarTlebriv safuZvels, ris gamoc gaerom<br />
uari Tqva israelis aRmosavleT ierusalimisagan<br />
damoukideblobis aRiarebaze~ 72 .<br />
imperatiuli normebi axleburad asabuTeben<br />
araRiarebis<br />
doqtrinas da Semdeg formulirebas<br />
gvaZlev s:<br />
`esa Tu is aqti normis darRvevaa, Tu igi<br />
zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT<br />
arakanonieria. amdenad, igi gauqmebulad da<br />
Zaladakargulad unda CaiTvalos. es exeba<br />
saxelmwifos Seqmnas, teritoriis miRebas da<br />
sxva msgavs SemTxvevebs, rogoric aris namibiis<br />
SemTxveva. saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian,<br />
aseTi aqtebi ar aRiaron~.<br />
radganac,<br />
`imperatiuli normebi araRiarebis Tanamedrove<br />
doqtrinis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia,<br />
ramdenadac zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
normis darRveva arakanonierebis wina pirobaa<br />
da mas Sedegad mohyveba anulireba da<br />
araRiareba~ 73 .<br />
araRiareba exeba iseT mdgomareobas, romelic<br />
zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebTan<br />
Seusabamobis gamo gauqmebas iTvaliswinebs<br />
74 . aseT SemTxvevebSi gaeros mier<br />
damtkicebuli statusis ukanonoba saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTalTan SeusabamobiT aris ganpirobebuli<br />
da ara ubralod diskreciuli<br />
qmedebiT 75 . imperatiul normebsa da ukanono<br />
teritoriuli erTeulebis araRiarebas Soris<br />
kavSirs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb<br />
Sedgenili saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis<br />
dokumentis me-40 da 41-e muxlebi umagreben<br />
safuZvels 76 .<br />
araRiarebis valdebuleba kosovos calmxrivad<br />
gamocxadebuli damoukideblobis<br />
SemTxvevasac exeba Tu ara, es damokidebulia<br />
imaze, Tu ramdenad aris aRniSnuli procesi<br />
samarTlebrivi normis darRvevis Sedegi. es<br />
sakiTxi pirobiTia da ganisazRvreba imis mixe-<br />
72<br />
dugardi, ix. zemoT, 100, 115.<br />
73<br />
dugardi, ix. SeniSvna 70, 132, 135, 137.<br />
74<br />
j. dugardi, `koleqtiuri araRiareba: samxreT afrikis bantustanis<br />
saxelmwifoTa warumatebloba~; “Boutros Boutros-Ghali<br />
– Amicorum Discipulorumqu Liber – Peace, Development, Democracy”,<br />
tomi I (1998), 383 da Semdgom (402).<br />
75<br />
dugardi, ix. zemoT, 400 da Semdgom.<br />
76<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis angariSi ormocdamecamete<br />
sesiis muSaobis Sesaxeb (2001), GAOR 56-e sesia; damateba<br />
#10, dok. A/56/10.<br />
127
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
dviT, Tu ramdenad CavTvliT iugoslaviis federalur<br />
republikaze 1999 wels natoSi Semavali<br />
saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmas<br />
zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis<br />
darRvevad; igi aseve damokidebulia imaze, Tu<br />
ramdenad gaxda aRniSnuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma<br />
sabolood kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadebis uSualo mizezi.<br />
rac Seexeba sakiTxis pirvel nawils, aSkaraa,<br />
rom `humanitaruli intervenciis~ kanonierebis<br />
mtkicebas saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba<br />
arasodes dauWers mxars. gancxadebebze, rom<br />
natos wevr saxelmwifoebs ufleba hqondaT,<br />
humanitarul safuZvelze Tavs dasxmodnen iugoslaviis<br />
federalur respublikas albaneli<br />
mosaxleobis dasacavad, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />
reagireba humanitaruli intervenciis<br />
kanonierebis mtkice uary<strong>of</strong>a unda iyos 77 .<br />
amrigad, natos Tavdasxma warmoadgens gaeros<br />
wesdebis me-2 (4) muxlis, Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli CveulebiTi samarTlis<br />
normebis da zogadi saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlis normebis darRvevas.<br />
Seexeba sakiTxis meore nawils, principSi,<br />
Zalian Znelia imis warmodgena, Tu rogor<br />
ganviTardeboda movlenebi 1999 wels iugoslaviis<br />
federalur respublikaze natos wevr<br />
saxelmwifoTa Tavdasxmis gareSe. magram natos<br />
wevr saxelmwifoebs 1999 wlis SeiaraRebuli<br />
Tavdasxmis procesSi xmamaRla arasodes ganucxadebia,<br />
rom kosovos serbeTisgan gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />
ufleba unda mieces. 1999 wlis Tavdasxmis<br />
ZiriTadma avtorebma mxari dauWires rezolucia<br />
1244-is miRebas. am rezoluciiT mtkicdeboda<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
da miT ufro serbeTis teritoriuli<br />
mTlianoba. ahTiazaris gegmis warmodgenamde<br />
aRniSnulTagan arc erT saxelmwifos ar gamouxatavs<br />
kosovos damoukideblobisadmi<br />
mxardaWera.<br />
rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi sakiTxi mxolod<br />
faqtebis Sefasebaa. Tu CavTvliT, rom natos<br />
Tavdasxma dasawyisSi miznad ar isaxavda iugoslaviis<br />
federaluri respublikis teritoriul<br />
mTlianobaze gavlenis moxdenas da Sedegad<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas,<br />
maSin araRiarebis valdebulebis sawyisi versia,<br />
romelic savaldebulo normebis Sedegs<br />
77<br />
ix. a. oraxelaSvili, `samarTlebrivi stabiluroba da cvlilebis<br />
moTxovna: saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier Jus ad Bellum<br />
da Jus in Bello-s gamoyeneba~, Nord J. Int’l L75 (2006), 371 da Semdgom.<br />
iTvaliswinebs, mocemul SemTxvevas ar exeba.<br />
am mosazrebas safuZvels umagrebs is faqti,<br />
rom 1999 wels iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli intervenciis<br />
monawile saxelmwifoebma Semdgom-<br />
Si teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi mxardaWera<br />
rezoluciisaTvis -1244, xmis micemiT daamtkices.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi faqtori,<br />
romelic kosovos damoukideblobis kanonier<br />
aRiarebas abrkolebs, serbeTis winaaRmdegobaa.<br />
maram Tu CavTvliT, rom 1999 wels natos<br />
Tavdasxma, gaeros wesdebiT, Sesabamisi CveulebiTi<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc imperatiuli<br />
normebis darRveviT ganxorcielda,<br />
rac sabolood kosovos mier damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadebis uSualo mizezad<br />
iqca, maSin kosovos calmxrivad gamocxadebuli<br />
damoukidebloba pirdapir eqvemdebareba<br />
araRiarebis valdebulebas, romelic saxelmwifos<br />
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb Sedgenili<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis dokumentis<br />
me-40 da 41-e muxlebSia gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
praqtikulad, didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs,<br />
aRniSnul or mosazrebaTagan romelia swori.<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom serbeTi mudmivad<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba kosovos damoukideblobas,<br />
aRiarebis kanoniereba nebismier SemTxvevaSi<br />
mainc SeuZlebelia. am fonze kosovos damokudeblobis<br />
aRiareba saerTaSoriso doneze<br />
araswori aqtia da saWiroa misi gauqmeba. Zireuli<br />
ukanonobis dadgena yovelTvis aRiarebis<br />
gauqmebas moitxovs 78 .<br />
VI. kosovoSi da mis irgvliv<br />
mimdinare procesebis<br />
Sesabamisoba gaeros uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos rezoluciebTan<br />
1. kosovos damoukideblobis Sesabamisoba<br />
rezoluciasTan #1244<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis 1999 wlis 10 ivnisis<br />
rezoluciasTan #1244 Sesabamisobis argumenti<br />
aRniSnuli rezoluciis sxvadasxvagvari<br />
interpretaciis dasaSvebobas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis interpretaciis<br />
principebi TiTqmis igivea, rac saer-<br />
TaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb venis 1969<br />
wlis konvenciis 31-e da 32-e muxlebiT gaTva-<br />
78<br />
i. braunli, saerTaSoriso samarTali da Zalis gamoyeneba,<br />
1963, 421 da Semdgom; f.a. mani, saerTaSoriso samarTaldar-<br />
Rvevis Sedegebi Sidasaxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso samarTal-<br />
Si, BYIL 48 (1976-77), 1 da Semdgom (41).<br />
128
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
liswinebul xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
principebi 79 . im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos rezoluciebi formalurad xel-<br />
Sekrulebebs ar warmoadgenen, isini mainc Se-<br />
Tanxmebebia saxelmwifoebs Soris. garda amisa,<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis savaldebulo<br />
xasiaTi gamomdinareobs xelSekrulebis<br />
muxlidan _ gaeros wesdebis 25-e muxli.<br />
rezoluciebsa da 25-e muxlze damyarebul<br />
valdebulebas Soris kavSiri aucileblad moi-<br />
Txovs valdebulebis ganxilvas rezolucieb-<br />
Tan Sesabamisobis dacvisa da saxlSekrulebo<br />
valdebulebebis keTilsindisierad gaTvaliswinebis<br />
mizniT (pacta sunt servanda).<br />
Sedegad, uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis<br />
interpretaciaTa sxvadasxvagvaroba iseTive<br />
sistematuri winaaRmdegobriobiT xasiaTdeba,<br />
rogorc xelSekrulebis ori sxvadasxvagvari<br />
ormxrivad urTierTgamomricxavi interpretacia.<br />
argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes rezoluciis ori sxvadasxvagvari<br />
interpretacia, arsebiTad imas niSnavs, rom<br />
25-e muxli or ormxrivad gamomricxav samarTlebriv<br />
Sedegs iTvaliswinebs, rac TavisTavad<br />
absurdia. imisTvis, rom 25-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis<br />
ganxorcielebis valdebuleba Sesruldes,<br />
saWiroa aRniSnuli rezoluciebis keTilsindisieri<br />
interpretacia teqstSi gamoyenebuli<br />
sityvebis pirdapiri mniSvnelobebis Sesabamisad.<br />
rezolucia 1244 pirdapir da garkveviT<br />
uWerda mxars iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis teritoriul mTlianobas. priStinaSi<br />
damoukideblobis calmxrivad gamocxadebamde<br />
karga xniT adre wamoyenebul iqna<br />
sakiTxi 1244-e rezoluciasTan misi Sesabamisobis<br />
Sesaxeb. sakiTxi, sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis<br />
mTavrobamac wamoswia im fonze, rom gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWo ar apirebda mxari daeWira<br />
kosovos damoukideblobisaTvis. yuradRebis<br />
centrSi moeqca mcdeloba, moexdinaT<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis imgvari interpretacia,<br />
TiTqos rezoluciebi kosovos<br />
damoukideblobas uWerda mxars. ruseTis mTavrobam<br />
winaaRmdegoba gauwia rezoluciebis<br />
calmxrivi interpretaciis mcdelobas 80 .<br />
79<br />
rezoluciebis interpretaciis Sesaxeb informaciisaTvis ix.<br />
oraxelaSvili, SeniSnva 10, Max Planck.<br />
80<br />
sagareo saqmeTa ministris, s. lavrovis gancxadeba, 2007<br />
wlis 10 dekemberi. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.rian.<br />
ru. msgavsi gancxadeba gaakeTa triumviratSi ruseTis warmomadgenelma,<br />
romelmac xazi gausva, rom damoukideblobis gaaSS-is<br />
saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwem, rozmari<br />
di karlom ganacxada, rom SesaZloa, SeerTebul<br />
Statebsa da ruseTs 1244-e rezoluciis<br />
sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia gaaCndeT,<br />
`veTanxmebiT im azrs, rom 1244-e rezolucia<br />
ZalaSi rCeba, magram<br />
Cven, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 1244 rezolucia<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri procesebisken mowodebad<br />
migvaCnia. Cveni azriT, kosovos statusis sakiTxi<br />
sruliad Riad rCeboda, magram Cven<br />
ar migviTiTebia, rom kosovo damoukidebeli<br />
unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo an ar unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. rezolucia<br />
moqmedebisaken _ saerTaSoriso moqmedebisaken<br />
mogviwodebs, raTa kosovos daxmareba<br />
gavuwioT ganviTarebis gzaze~ 81 .<br />
aseTi gancxadeba gverds uvlis rezoluciis<br />
safuZvelze serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
SenarCunebis sakiTxs.<br />
gaerTianebuli samefos sagareo saqmeTa<br />
mdivnis, devid milibendis gancxadebiT, 1244-e<br />
rezoluciam<br />
`Seqmna <strong>pol</strong>itikuri procesi da aseve kosovos<br />
dauwesa saerTaSoriso reJimi serbeTis<br />
teritoriis farglebSi. es yvelaferi mSvidobisa<br />
da usafrTxoebis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad.<br />
1244-e rezolucia ar gansazRvravs da ar<br />
awesebs procesis saboloo statuss. igi arc<br />
raime Sedegs gamoricxavs. rezolucia iTvaliswinebs<br />
saboloo statusis process da mas<br />
saTanado daskvnis gakeTeba esaWiroeba.<br />
devid milibendma aseve ganacxada, rom<br />
`1244-e rezoluciaSi iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublkis (amJamad serbeTis) teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobisa da damoukideblobis<br />
moxseniebam ar unda dagvabnios. es aris preambulis<br />
saxiT gakeTebuli miTiTeba, romelic<br />
mocemul konteqstSi aSkarad kosovos mmar-<br />
Tvelobis mxolod droebiT etaps exeba~ 82 .<br />
sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis gancxadeba iseT<br />
STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos igi cdilobs<br />
daasabuTos, rom, maSin rodesac uSiSroebis<br />
sabWo iugoslaviisa da serbeTis teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis SenarCunebas cdilobda, Riad darmocxadeba<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi iqneboda 1244 rezoluciasTan da<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi mis anulirebas moiTxovda; 2007 wlis<br />
10 dekemberi. uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis calmxrivi<br />
interpretaciis mcdelobis Sesaxeb informaciisTvis ix.<br />
i.a. frovaini, `uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis calmxrivi<br />
interpretacia _ safrTxe saerTo usafrTxoebisaTvis?~<br />
b.gotci /p. selmeri/ r. volfrumi, Liber Amicorum Gunther Jaenicke<br />
– Zum 85. Geburtstag, 1999, 97 da Semdgom.<br />
81<br />
SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze: .<br />
82<br />
d. milibendi, `kosovo: es kanonieria?~; SegiZliaT ixiloT<br />
misamarTze: www.fco.gov.uk, 2008 wlis 17 Tebervali.<br />
129
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
Ca momavalSi teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevis<br />
sakiTxi. amave dros, logikuria, sagareo<br />
saqmeTa mdivnis gancxadebaSi ar iyo konkretulad<br />
miTiTebuli vin da rodis unda gadawyvitos<br />
saWiroa Tu ara teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
aseTi rRveva, es gadayvetileba Tavad uSiSroebis<br />
sabWom unda miiRos Tu sxva vinmem.<br />
aseTi interpretaciebis daujerebloba rom<br />
gverdze gadavdoT imisda miuxedavad, rom<br />
aRniSnul Temaze uSiSroebis sabWos wevrTa<br />
mosazrebebi orad gaiyo, isic daujerebelia,<br />
rom sabWo miznebs im mimarTulebiT dasaxavda,<br />
rac sagareo saqmeTa mdivanma Camoayaliba<br />
Tavis gancxadebaSi. uSiSroebis sabWos mizani<br />
mxolod serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCuneba<br />
rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, maSinac ki, Tavad aRiarebis<br />
faqti, rom teritoria Tundac mcire daukonkretebeli<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi serbeTis<br />
nawilia, gulisxmobs imis damtkicebas, rom<br />
Tu aRniSnuli teritoria rodesme kanonierad<br />
gamova serbeTis Semadgenlobidan, am ukanasknelis<br />
Tanxmoba aucilebeli iqneba imis gamo,<br />
rom amJamad serbeTi teritoriul mTlianobas<br />
inarCunebs.<br />
magram yovelive zemoaRniSnuli mxolod<br />
spekulaciis sagania. simarTle is aris, rom<br />
1244 rezoluciaSi kosovos serbeTisgan pirobiTi<br />
damoukideblobis Sesaxeb araferia na-<br />
Tqvami. rezolucia ubralod amtkicebs imas,<br />
rac saerTaSoriso samarTliT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos mier gamoyenebuli<br />
sityvebi araviTar droebiT SezRudvas<br />
ar gulisxmobs da amgvari interpretacia<br />
dauSvebelia.<br />
aseve unda ganvixiloT, ra mniSvneloba mianiWes<br />
wevrma saxelmwifoebma serbeTis teritoriul<br />
mTlianobas, rodesac miRebul iqna<br />
1244-e rezolucia. rezoluciis miRebis dros<br />
individualuri wevri saxelmwifoebis mosazrebebi,<br />
Tu isini rezoluciis teqsts Seesabameba<br />
da Tu sxva wevri saxelmwifoebi ar<br />
ewinaaRmdegebian maT, SeiZleba kanonieri faqtori<br />
iyos uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis<br />
interpretaciis dros. ruseTis mosazrebiT,<br />
rezolucia<br />
`aSkarad amtkcebs yvela saxelmwifos mxardaWeras<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobisadmi~ 83 .<br />
83<br />
dok. S/PV/40111999 wlis 10 ivnisi, 7.<br />
CineTma mxari dauWira `kosovos sakiTxis<br />
mSvidobian gadwyvetas, radgan pativs scems<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis damoukideblobasa<br />
da teritoriul mTlianobas~ 84 .<br />
garda amisa, CineTma rezoluciaze vetos dadebisgan<br />
Tavis Sekaveba Semdegnairad axsna:<br />
`Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom iugoslaviis<br />
federalurma respublikam ukve miiRo<br />
mSvidobis gegma, aseve imas, rom natom Sewyvita<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis<br />
dabombva da rezoluciis proeqtma kidev er-<br />
Txel daamtkica gaeros wesdebis miznebi da<br />
principebi, uSiSroebis sabWos upirveles pasuxismgeblobas<br />
saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da<br />
usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis TvalsazirisiT,<br />
aseve yvela wevri saxelmwifos mier iugoslaviis<br />
federaluri respublikis damoukideblobisa<br />
da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWeras,<br />
CineTis delegacia rezoluciis proeqtis<br />
miRebas ar dablokavs~ 85 .<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 1244-e rezolucia<br />
miRebul iqna ubralod imitom, rom igi<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis, SemdgomSi<br />
ki serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
SenarCunebas iTvaliswinebda. rezoluciiT<br />
serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis mxolod<br />
garkveuli periodiT damtkiceba rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli, CineTi mas ar gaatarebda,<br />
gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom es Seqmnida<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>is precedents, CineTs ki amis Zalian<br />
eSinia. Tu sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis midgoma<br />
sworia, maSin CineTma faqtobrivad kosovos<br />
saboloo gamoy<strong>of</strong>as dauWira mxari, rac winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
sakiTxia.<br />
msgavsad amisa, argentinam 1244-e rezolucias<br />
xma misca imitom, rom darwmunebuli iyo,<br />
`rezolucia Seqmnida safuZvels kosovos<br />
krizisis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri gziT gadawyvetisaTvis,<br />
iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis suverenitetisa<br />
da teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT~ 86 .<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rezolucia miznad<br />
ar isaxavda odesme iugoslaviis teritoriuli<br />
erTianobisaTvis zianis miyenebas. aseT fonze,<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos arc erT saxelmwifos, maT<br />
Soris gaerTianebul samefos, winaaRmdegoba<br />
ar gamouTqvamT am mosazrebisadmi, ramdenadac<br />
yvelam kargad icoda, rom iugoslaviis<br />
84<br />
iqve, 8.<br />
85<br />
iqve, 9.<br />
86<br />
iqve, 19.<br />
130
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
federaluri respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
SenarCuneba kardinaluri piroba iyo<br />
rezoluciis misaRebad.<br />
rac Seexeba mtkicebulebas, romelic dokumentSive<br />
ar aris warmodgenili, 2007 wlis 21<br />
noembris 1785-e rezolucia miRebul iqna kosovos<br />
damoukideblobis mowodebebis gaZlierebis<br />
periodSi. am rezoluciiT damtkicda,<br />
rom uSiSroebis sabWo mxars uWerda<br />
`iugoslaviaSi konfliqtebis <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
gziT gadawyvetas, yvela saxelmwifos suverenitetisa<br />
da teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul<br />
sazRvrebSi~.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, uSiSroebis<br />
sabWo miznad isaxavda yvela saxelmwifos, maT<br />
Soris serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
SenarCunebas balkaneTSi arsebuli teritoriuli<br />
davebis gadawyvetis konteqstSi. Tavis<br />
mxriv, es ganzraxva asaxavda samarTlebrivi<br />
mdgomareobis SenarCunebis (uti possidetis juris)<br />
principis damtkicebas iugoslaviis federaluri<br />
respublikis damtkicebis Semdeg.<br />
evrokavSiris farglebSic ki, garkveulwilad,<br />
misaRebia faqti, rom damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba 1244-e rezolucias ar<br />
Seesabameba. rogorc evrokavSiris slovakma<br />
prezidentma dmitri rupelma gancxada,<br />
`1244-e rezoluciis kosovos mier damoukideblobisgamocxadebasTan<br />
Sexameba problematuri<br />
sakiTxia~ 87 .<br />
Siz<strong>of</strong>reniis kulminacias warmoadgens priStinas<br />
parlamentis mier miRebuli damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadebis dokumentis<br />
me-12 paragrafi, sadac aRniSnulia:<br />
`Cven vimoqmedebT saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
principebis da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos<br />
rezoluciebis, maT Soris 1244-e rezoluciis<br />
(1999) Sesabamisad~.<br />
2. kosovoSi evrokavSiris arsebobis<br />
kanoniereba<br />
evrokavSirma, sabWos erToblivi moqmedebis<br />
dokumnetze dayrdnobiT aRiara, rom gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciis miRebis<br />
Semdeg, saWiroa `kosovoSi gaeros droebiTi<br />
misiidan (UNMIK) evrokavSiris mier kosovoSi<br />
krizisis marTvis procesebze dauyovnebliv<br />
gadasvlis uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a, aseve kosovoSi gaeros<br />
droebiTi misiis mier dasaxuli amocanebidan<br />
evrokavSiris krizisis marTvis operaciebze<br />
gadasvla~ 88 .<br />
amas mohyva kosovoSi evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis misiis (EULEX) ganTavseba. es<br />
misia, sxva misiebTan erTad, Seiqmna imisaTvis,<br />
rom<br />
a) awarmoos monitoringi, konsultaciebi<br />
gauwios kosovos mTel regionSi arsebul<br />
samarTlebriv normebTan dakavSirebul<br />
kompetentur institutebs (sabaJo<br />
samsaxuris CaTvliT) da amave dros SeinarCunos<br />
aRmasruleblis garkveuli pasuxismgebloba;<br />
b) uzrunvelyos samarTlebrivi normebis,<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis<br />
SenarCuneba da xelSewyoba, kosovoSi<br />
Sesabamis saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo xelisuflebasTan<br />
konsultaciebiT da moaxdinos<br />
kosovos kompetenturi xelisuflebis<br />
mier miRebuli operatiuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />
Secvla an anulireba;<br />
g) xeli Seuwyos kosovoSi samarTlebriv<br />
normebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxurebis,<br />
maT Soris sabaJo samsaxuris, <strong>pol</strong>itikuri<br />
zegavlenisagan gaTavisuflebas;<br />
d) uzrunvelyos samxedro danaSaulebebis,<br />
terorizmis, organizebuli danaSaulebebis,<br />
korufciis, Sida eTnikuri danaSaulebebis,<br />
finansur/ekonomikuri da sxva seriozuli<br />
saxis danaSaulebebis Sesabamisi<br />
Seswavla, gamoZieba, ganxilva da samarTlebrivi<br />
devna moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad;<br />
am procedurebis saerTaSoriso<br />
gamomZieblebis, prokurorebisa da mosamarTleebis<br />
mier kosovos gamomZiebleb-<br />
Tan, prokurorebTan da mosamarTleebTan<br />
erTad an damoukideblad warmoeba da Sesabamisi<br />
RonisZiebebis gatareba, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs <strong>pol</strong>iciasa da samarTaldamcav<br />
organoebs Soris TanamSromlobisa da<br />
sakoordinacio struqturebis Seqmnas;<br />
e) xeli Seuwyos sasamarTlo proceseb-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli TanamSromlobisa da<br />
koordinaciis gaZlierebas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki organizebuli danaSaulebebis aRm<strong>of</strong>xvris<br />
sferoSi;<br />
87<br />
serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, 2008<br />
wlis 26 aprili, SegiZliaT ix. misamarTze: http://www.mfa.gov.<br />
yu/Pressframe15.htm .<br />
88<br />
sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba 2007/334/CFSP, 14 maisi, 2007,<br />
evrokavSiris <strong>of</strong>icialuri biuleteni, 15 maisi, 2007, L 125/29,<br />
preambulis paragrafi (4).<br />
131
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
v) xeli Seuwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolas, TaRliTobisa da finansuri danaSaulebebis<br />
aRm<strong>of</strong>xvras~ 89 .<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli funqciebi da uflebamosilebebi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic punqt<br />
b-Sia mocemuli, rogorc Cans, kosovos e.w.<br />
`kontrolirebad~ da `regulirebad~ damoukideblobas<br />
asaxaven. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />
am modeliT kosovos ar gaaCnia sruli suvereniteti.<br />
evrokavSiris komisiis prezidentma,<br />
jozef manuel barosom aRniSna, rom kosovoSi<br />
evrosabWos misiis gagzavna, zogadad, ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobas da<br />
praqtikulad rezolucia 1244-s, radgan `Sesabamis<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs~ ufleba<br />
aqvT, kosovoSi Seqmnan saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba<br />
da misias iq y<strong>of</strong>na SeeZleba manam, sanam<br />
uSiSroebis sabWo gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebas<br />
ar miiRebs 90 . serbeTis pozicia ucvleli<br />
rCeba. am poziciis mixedviT, uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos nebarTvis gareSe, evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis misias (EULEX) kosovoSi<br />
kanonierad ganTavseba ar SeuZlia. damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivad gamocxadebamde da evrokavSiris<br />
samarTlebrivi normebis misiis gan-<br />
Tavsebamde, kviprosis mTavrobam xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSna, rom kosovoSi evrokavSiris misiis<br />
ganTavseba ar ewinaaRmdegeboda rezolucia<br />
1244-s 91 . igive pozicia daafiqsira ruseTma,<br />
`evrokavSiri calmxrivad, gaeros uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos gadawyvetilebis gareSe agzavnis<br />
samarTlebrivi normebis misias kosovoSi.<br />
msubuqad rom vTqvaT, es mware ironiaa, radgan<br />
samarTlebrivi normebis misia gagzavnilia<br />
uzenaesi samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
darRveviT. rogorc CvenTvisaa cnobili,<br />
evrokavSiris misiis gagzavnas safuZvlad<br />
udevs 1244-e rezolucia da kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba am rezolucias<br />
ar ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan masSi saubaria<br />
gardamaval periodze da, savaraudod, es<br />
gardamavali periodi dasrulebulia. es ar<br />
aris simarTle. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1244-e<br />
rezoluciaSi marTlac saubaria gardamaval<br />
periodze, rezoluciis Tanaxmad, es garda-<br />
89<br />
muxli 3, sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba 2008/124/CFSP, 4 Tebervali<br />
2008, evrokavSiris <strong>of</strong>icialuri biuleteni, 16 Tebervali<br />
2008, L 42/92.<br />
90<br />
baroso kosovoSi evrokavSiris misias uwodebs kanoniers, 21<br />
Tebervali 2008, Sinhuas mier mowodebuli informacia, ixileT:<br />
www.xinhuanet.com.<br />
91<br />
kviprosis sagareo saqmeTa ministris gancxadeba, 14 dekemberi<br />
2007.<br />
mavali periodi unda gagrZeldes manam, sanam<br />
mxareebi miaRweven, citirebas movaxden, `saboloo<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikur daregulirebas~. yvelasaTvis<br />
cnobilia, rom am <strong>pol</strong>itikuri daregulirebis<br />
miRwevisaTvis warmoebuli saubrebi xelovnurad<br />
iqna CaSlili gare movlenebiT. serbeTis<br />
teritoriuli mTlianoba dadasturebuli iqna<br />
ara marto 1999 wels miRebuli 1244-e rezoluciiT,<br />
aramed axlaxan, 2007 wlis noembris<br />
bolos miRebuli UNSC rezoluciiT~ 92 .<br />
serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroc aRniSnavs,<br />
`miuxedavad imisa, rom briuselma<br />
miiRo gadawyvetileba Tebervlis dasawyisSi<br />
provinciaSi misi misiis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb,<br />
gaeros generaluri mdivnisgan mas <strong>of</strong>icialuri<br />
dasturi ar miuRia am movlenasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
rac 1244-e rezoluciis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia;<br />
aRniSnuli rezolucia 1999 wlis<br />
Semdeg, kosovoSi nebismieri saxis saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciis arsebobas aregulirebs~ 93 .<br />
2008 wlis 4 Tebervlis sabWos erToblivi<br />
moqmedebis dokumenti aregulirebs evrokavSiris<br />
samarTlebrivi normebis misias da<br />
rezolucia 1244-s ganixilavs rogorc mis safuZvels<br />
94 . evrokavSiris sabWo gasakuTrebulad<br />
rezoluciis im punqts exeba (paragrafi<br />
10), romelSic uSiSroebis sabWo `generalur<br />
mdivans, Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
daxmarebiT, uflebamosilebas aniWebs,<br />
Seqmnas saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba kosovo-<br />
Si...~ magram es fraza gavrcobilia, igi exeba<br />
gaeros generaluri mdivnis mier warmoebul<br />
saqmianobas, romelic xarisxobrivad gaeros<br />
mier warmoebuli operaciebia da ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
sxva organizaciebis gaeros mier damowmebul<br />
operaciebs. rezolucia 1244 evrokavSiris<br />
mier samoqalaqo mSvidobis operaciebis<br />
CatarebasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. Tu gaeros<br />
uSiSroebis sabWo, me-7 TavSi mocemuli<br />
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadawyvets<br />
evrokavSirs operaciebis ganxorcielebis neba<br />
darTos, es aucilebeli uflebamosilebis<br />
Riad gadacema iqneba, rogoric iyo bosniaSi<br />
EUFOR -is Seqmna natos stabilizaciis Zalebis<br />
92<br />
`kosovos Tool Kit for Separatists~, BBC-is informacia, ixileT inews.bbc.co.uk,<br />
20 Tebervali 2008; TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa<br />
ministrTan, ali babajanTan erToblivi preskonferenciis<br />
dros mediis SekiTxvebze ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris<br />
sergei lavrovis SeniSvnebi da pasuxebi. moskovi, 20 Tebervali,<br />
2008. ixileT www.mid.ru.<br />
93<br />
serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, ixileT<br />
SeniSvna 86.<br />
94<br />
sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba, ixileT SeniSvna 88.<br />
132
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
an kongos demokratiul respublikaSi evrokavSiris<br />
misiis Casanacvleblad 95 . sinamdvile<br />
ki is aris, rom kosovoSi evrokavSiris misiis<br />
ganTavseba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis<br />
gareSe moxda. es qmedeba ar Seesabameba saer-<br />
TaSoriso samarTlis normebs, sanam serbeTi<br />
Tanxmobas ar gascems an uSiSroebis sabWo<br />
uSualod ar daamtkicebs mas.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, evrokavSiris rezolucia<br />
1244-Tan damokidebuleba, rac evrokav-<br />
Siris misiis safuZvels warmoadgens, sworia.<br />
es evrokavSiris mxridan aRiarebaa, rom am operaciisaTvis<br />
ar arsebobs sxva samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZveli. arc saerTaSoriso samarTali da<br />
arc samarTlebrivi struqtura da evrokavSiris<br />
kompetencia iZleva EULEX-is msgavsad operaciebis<br />
warmoebis SesaZleblobas, rogorc<br />
es kosovos SemTxvevaSia.<br />
EULEX-is Seqmnis procesma gamoaaSkarava sxva<br />
problemebic ara mxolod kosovos statusTan,<br />
aramed evrokavSiris poziciasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
2008 wlis 4 Tebervlis erToblivi moqmedebis<br />
me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, `EULEX kosovos<br />
da misi personalis statusi privilegiebis,<br />
imunitetis da EULEX kosovos dasrulebisa da<br />
sruly<strong>of</strong>ili funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro<br />
Semdgomi garantiebis CaTvliT, Sesabamisad<br />
unda iqnes SeTanxmebuli~.<br />
gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor da visTan unda<br />
`SeTanxmdes~ es privilegiebi da imunitetis<br />
sakiTxi. evrokavSirs, rogorc saerTaSoriso<br />
organizacias, imuniteti ar gaaCnia manam, sanam<br />
sakiTxi Sesabamisi teritoriuli saxelmwifos<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ar iqneba<br />
ganxiluli. saerTaSoriso organizacias ar<br />
gaaCnia ufleba, sakuTar Tavs mianiWos imuniteti.<br />
Tu, meore mxriv, evrokavSiri am miznis<br />
miRwevisaTvis xelSekrulebas gaaformebs kosovos<br />
xelisuflebasTan, es evrokavSiris mier<br />
kosovos aRiarebis tolfasi iqneba. rogorc<br />
zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, evrokavSirs ar hqonda<br />
SesaZlebloba, raime gadawyvetileba mieRo<br />
kosovos aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT da kosovos<br />
xelisuflebasTan nebismieri saxis SeTanxmeba<br />
iqneba imisi imitacia, risi miniWebac ver<br />
moxda. amgvarad, 2008 wlis 4 Tebervlis sabWos<br />
erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb dokumentis Ta-<br />
95<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT a. oraxelaSvilis `regionaluri<br />
organizaciebis samSvidobo operaciebis samarTlebrivi<br />
struqtura~, saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba: saerTa-<br />
Soriso samSvidobo operaciebis weliwdeuli. 11 (2006), 111<br />
da momdevno.<br />
naxmad, EULEX privilegiebi da imuniteti unda<br />
iqnes uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>ili, magram aq ar aris na-<br />
Tqvami, Tu rogor unda moxdes amisi miRweva.<br />
faqtobivad, es sakanonmdeblo pirobebSi ver<br />
moxerxdeba<br />
3. kosovoSi gaeros misiis iuridiuli<br />
statusi<br />
evrokavSiris mier EULEX misiis ganTavsebisa<br />
da priStinaSi calmxrivad gamocxadebuli damoukideblobis<br />
arsebobis miuxedavad, gaeros<br />
droebiTi administracia kosovoSi (UNMIK)<br />
kvlav ganagrZobs Tavis saqmianobas, radgan<br />
mas es valdebuleba rezolucia 1244-s Tanaxmad<br />
ekisreba. evrokavSirma ganacxada, rom S/<br />
RES/1244 -is dasrulebamde gaero mTlianad<br />
Cabmuli iqneba kosovos sakiTxebSi 96 .<br />
UNMIK ar axdens sakuTari valdebulebebis<br />
srulad aRsrulebas da Tavis damokidebulebebs<br />
gansazRvravs mTavrobis mier warmoebuli<br />
<strong>pol</strong>itikuri zewoliT, romelic mxars uWers<br />
kosovos damoukideblobas. es cxadi gaxda<br />
UNMIK-is negatiuri damokidebulebiT 2008<br />
wlis maisSi kosovoSi serbeTis arCevnebis gamarTvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. rezolucia 1244 -is<br />
me-11 paragrafis Tanaxmad, UNMIK-is ZiriTadi<br />
valdebulebebi moicavs<br />
`demokratiuli da avtonomiuri TviTmmar-<br />
TvelobisaTvis droebiTi institutebis organizebas<br />
da kontrols arCevnebis Catarebis<br />
CaTvliT~.<br />
UNMIK-is xelmZRvanelma da kosovoSi generaluri<br />
mdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelma<br />
joakim raqerma uari ganacxada am ar-<br />
Cevnebis organizebaze. misi mtkicebiT, UNMIK<br />
aris erTaderTi organizacia, romelic iZleva<br />
arCevnebis Catarebis uflebas. es gamomdinareobs<br />
UNMIK-is amJamindeli xelmZRvanelis<br />
damokidebulebidan, romelic kosovos damoukideblobas<br />
emxroba 97 . Tumca zemoT mocemuli<br />
rezoluciis paragrafi aranair mono<strong>pol</strong>ias<br />
ar aniWebs UNMIK-s arCevnebis Catarebis Tu<br />
arCatarebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. man mxo-<br />
96<br />
sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba 2006/302/ CFSP, 10 aprili, 2006,<br />
evrokavSiris <strong>of</strong>icialuri biuleteni, 26 aprili, 2006, L<br />
112/19.<br />
97<br />
ixileT raqeri, `adgilobrivi arCevnebis Sedegebs iuridiuli<br />
Zala ar eqneba~, serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministro,<br />
8 maisi, 2008, www.mfa.gov.yu; ixileT qvemoT mocemuli me-7<br />
nawili, aseve serbi ministris slobodan samardzikis werili<br />
riuqerisadmi, romelSic serbeTis ministri aRniSnavs, rom<br />
miuxedavad riuqeris Ria neitraluri <strong>pol</strong>itikuri poziciisa,<br />
igi ar aris neitraluri poziciis momxre, ixileT www.kosovocompromise.com.<br />
133
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
lod arCevnebis organizeba da kontroli unda<br />
uzrunvelyos.<br />
VII. samomavlo perspeqtivebi:<br />
konfliqtis daregulireba<br />
zemoT mocemuli analizidan gamomdinare,<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Tanaxmad,<br />
kosovos ar gaaCnia sakmarisi safuZveli damoukideblobisaTvis.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
es kanonsawinaaRmdegoa, am dromde kosovo<br />
kvlav arsebobs rogorc faqtobrivi realoba,<br />
romelsac rigi gavleniani mTavrobebis mxardaWera<br />
gaaCnia. amgvarad, azrs iZens kosovos<br />
samomavlo ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze aqcentis<br />
gakeTeba.<br />
erTi SesaZlo varianti is aris, rom serbeTi<br />
sabolood aRiarebs kosovos damoukideblobas<br />
da amiT mdgomareoba gamoswordeba.<br />
serbeTi am gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
zewolas ganicdis evrokavSiris da amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebis mxridan.<br />
sanacvlod serbeTi ufro mWidro urTierTobasa<br />
da evrokavSiris wevrobis met SesaZleblobas<br />
miiRebs. gamoricxuli ar aris amgvari<br />
garigebis arseboba, magram es naklebad sarwmunoa,<br />
radgan amJamad serbeTis arc erTi xelisufleba<br />
ar moaxdens kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
aRiarebas.<br />
meore SesaZlo variantia arsebuli de<br />
faqto mdgomareoba, romelsac Tan axlavs adgilobrivi<br />
konfliqtebi, uTanxmoebebi da krizisebi.<br />
mesame varianti serbeTis mier kosovoze<br />
kontrolis mopovebisaTvis Zalis gamoyenebaa.<br />
am mxriv sainteresoa, Tanamedrove jus ad<br />
bellum aZlevs Tu ara serbeTs Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
uflebas. serbeTis mTavrobis angariSebis<br />
mixedviT, teritoriebis dabrunebisaTvis isini<br />
ar apireben kosovoSi jarebis gagzavnas 98 . es<br />
gagebuli iqna rogorc uari serbeTis mxridan<br />
Zalis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT 99 . amgvarad,<br />
serbeTis gancxadeba imas niSnavs, rom serbeTi,<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ar surs natos<br />
jarebTan konfrontaciaze wasvla, ar apirebs<br />
sakuTari jarebis kosovoSi gagzavnas. magram<br />
es gancxadeba ar niSnavs imas, rom serbeTi ar<br />
gamoiyenebs Tavis uflebas _ Zalebi gamoiye-<br />
98<br />
AFP-s informacia, 14 dekemberi 207.<br />
99<br />
ixileT germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministris Stainmaieris<br />
gancxadeba, 18 Tebervali, 2008.<br />
nos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis.<br />
zogadad, uflebis argamoyeneba ar niSnavs am<br />
uflebaze uaris Tqmas da teqsti, romelic<br />
Seicavs am uars, mkacrad unda iqnes interpretirebuli,<br />
rom araferi iqnas navaraudevi rac<br />
gancxadebis teqstidan ar gamomdinareobs 100 .<br />
ZiriTadi SekiTxva SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />
kosovo, rogorc de faqto reJimi, ramdeni<br />
xani iqneba kanonierad daculi Zalis gamoyenebisagan.<br />
radgan kosovo samarTlebrivad rCeba<br />
serbeTis nawilad, serbeTis mxridan kosovoze<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba mTavrobisa da xelisuflebis<br />
aRdgenisaTvis ar ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros wesdebis<br />
me-2 (4) muxls, romelic krZalavs saer-<br />
TaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamoyenebas.<br />
ser herS lauterpaxtma aRniSna, rom araRiarebuli<br />
saxelmwifos teritoria Zalis gamoyenebisagan<br />
daculi ar aris 101 . rogorc frovaini<br />
aRniSnavs, de faqto teritoriuli subieqti<br />
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT ar aris daculi im<br />
saxelmwifos Tavdasxmisagan, romelsac igi gamoeyo.<br />
saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifoze<br />
Zalis gamoyeneba ar iqneba teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
darRveva 102 . Zalis amgvari gamoyeneba<br />
ar aris saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso ur-<br />
TierTobebis nawili, de faqto erTeuli mesame<br />
saxelmwifos mier daculi ar iqneba im saxelmwifosagan,<br />
romelsac igi gamoeyo 103 . frouveini<br />
aseve exeba saerTaSoriso statusiT Zalis gamoyenebas<br />
de faqto teritoriuli erTeulis<br />
winaaRmdeg da dasZens, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvas SeuZlia daicvas<br />
de faqto teritoriuli erTeulebi 104 , magram<br />
frouveinis analizi ar iTvaliswiebs arc erT<br />
teritoriul erTeuls iseTi poziciiT, rogoric<br />
kosovosia. garda amisa, me-2 (4) muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
de faqto teritoriul erTeulebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli akrZalvebiT mSvidobis dacvis<br />
sakiTxi uproblemo namdvilad ar aris, radgan<br />
me-2 (4) muxli saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT<br />
Semoifargleba.<br />
ramdenadac rezolucia 1244 kvlav Zala-<br />
Sia, savaraudod, serbeTs ara aqvs ufleba,<br />
ganixilos gaeros rezoluciiT dadgenili<br />
saerTaSoriso administracia. Tu gaeros ad-<br />
100<br />
doqtrinis analizi da uary<strong>of</strong>is praqtika, a. oraxelaSvili,<br />
ixileT SeniSvna 10, 2006, Tavi 11; igive, ixileT SeniSvna 22,<br />
Tavi 13.<br />
101<br />
lauterpaxti, ixileT SeniSvna 26, 52.<br />
102<br />
frouveini, ixileT SeniSvna 47, 38.<br />
103<br />
iqve, 39.<br />
104<br />
iqve, 67 da Semdgom.<br />
134
saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi<br />
ministracia Sewyvets arsebobas an saWiro gaxdeba<br />
faqtobrivi saxelmwifoebis daarseba,<br />
rezolucia 1244-is Tanaxmad, es xels SeuSlis<br />
gaeros miznebs, CaiSleba am rezoluciis<br />
safuZvelze dadebuli garigeba da serbeTs<br />
SeeZleba, Zala gamoiyenos am arsebuli darRvevis<br />
pasuxad. ganmartebisaTvis, UNMIK-is xelmZRvanelma<br />
uari ganacxada, eRiarebina serbe-<br />
Tis arCevnebis kanoniereba. am mdgomareobas<br />
cnoba ar esaWiroeba, amave dros, araRiareba<br />
efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom kosovo aRar aris<br />
serbeTis nawili, xolo rezolucia 1244-is Tanaxmad,<br />
gaeros <strong>of</strong>icialur pirebs aseTi poziciis<br />
dafiqsirebis ufleba ar aqvT. aseTi<br />
praqtika, misi gaRrmavebis SemTxvevaSi, migviyvans<br />
iseT mdgomareobamde, romlis Sedegadac,<br />
rezoluciiT Seqmnili iuridiuli statusi<br />
aRar iarsebebs, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es<br />
aris rezoluciis darRveva. es serbeTs uflebas<br />
miscems, Sesabamisi drois momentSi rezolucia<br />
1244 Zaladakargulad gamoacxados da<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gaagrZelos iZulebiTi<br />
moqmedebebi teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis<br />
mizniT.<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, serbeTis mxridan kosovos<br />
dabrunebisaTvis Zalis gamoyeneba damokidebulia<br />
rezolucia 1244-is ganxilvis<br />
procesze, rac kosovos mdgomareobis internacionalizaciis<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv<br />
safuZvlebs Seesabameba da ewinaaRmdegeba serbeTs<br />
da sxva saxelmwifoebs. ufro konkretulad<br />
ki, yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu<br />
ramden xans SeZleben natos jarebi kosovoSi<br />
darCenas da SesaZlo SeiaraRebuli konfrontaciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, ramdeni xani eqnabaT maT<br />
srulmasStabian saomar mdgomareobaSi y<strong>of</strong>nis<br />
survili.<br />
VIII. daskvniTi nawili<br />
kvlevebma aCvena, rom kosovoSi damoukideblobis<br />
calmxrivi gamocxadeba arRvevs<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs da misi kanonierad<br />
aRiareba SeuZlebelia. serbeTis da<br />
mTeli rigi sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan kosovos<br />
damoukideblobis sawinaaRmdego mkacri<br />
qmedebebiT da saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebuli<br />
struqturiT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia am<br />
damoukideblobis kanonierad cnoba. realoba<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis sasargeblod metyvelebs.<br />
rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo<br />
mdivanma, kondoliza raisma ganacxada,<br />
`Tu ar mixedavT realobas, maSin didi ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebisa<br />
da arastabilurobis marcvals<br />
daTesavT~ 105 .<br />
magram am realistur argumentebsac aqvs<br />
zRvari. rogorc <strong>pol</strong>itikuri realizmis erTerTi<br />
mamamTavari, henri kisinjeri aRniSnavs,<br />
`stabiluroba... miiRweva ara mSvidobis ZiebiT,<br />
aramed sayovelTaod miRebuli legitimurobiT~,<br />
romelic `niSnavs saerTaSoriso<br />
SeTanxmebas ganxorcielebadi RonisZiebebis,<br />
daSvebuli miznebis da sagareo <strong>pol</strong>itikis me-<br />
Todebis Sesaxeb.~<br />
legitimuroba `gulisxmobs yvela ZiriTadi<br />
saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso wesrigis<br />
CarCo-proeqtis miRebas~, ise rom, arc erTi<br />
maTgani ar gaagrZelebs im <strong>pol</strong>itikas, romelic<br />
arasasurvel SeTanxmebebs gulisxmobs 106 .<br />
am argumentebis kosovosTan mimarTebaSi<br />
gamoyenebiT, mosalodnelia, rom mimdinare<br />
mdgomareoba ver iqneba myari regionalur an<br />
globalur doneze. regionalur doneze serbeTi<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba kosovos damoukideblobas<br />
globalur doneze ki kosovos damoukideblobas<br />
ewinaaRmdegebian iseTi ZiriTadi<br />
moTamaSeebi, rogorebic arian indoeTi, CineTi<br />
da ruseTi. Sesabamisad, rogorc regionalur,<br />
ise globalur doneze, kosovos damoukideblobis<br />
sakiTxi winaaRmdegobas waawydeba, rac<br />
zegavlenas moaxdens mis stabilurobaze. savaraudod,<br />
kosovos damoukideblobis momxre da<br />
xelSemwyobi mxareebi Tavidanve mixvdnen, rom<br />
is teritoriuli erTeuli, romlis damoukideblobasac<br />
isini mxars uWeren, ver miiRebs<br />
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis erTobliv aRiarebas<br />
da arc gaero cnobs mas.<br />
realistur arguments ukureaqciis potencialic<br />
gaaCnia, Tu kosovos momxre enTuziasti<br />
saxelmwifoebi dadgebian faqtis winaSe da<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxvadasxva nawilSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebic<br />
gamoTqvamen damoukideblobis survils.<br />
Tu realisturi argumenti problemis<br />
gasaRebi iqneba, maSin saxelmwifoebriobisa da<br />
aRiarebis samarTlebriv kriteriumebs gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aRar eqneba. rogoric ar<br />
unda iyos sxva separatistuli teritoriuli<br />
erTeulebis saxelmwifoebriobis aRiareba da<br />
cnoba, realisturi argumentis kosovos da-<br />
105<br />
`kosovo: ruseTis ambiciebi da amerikis Secdomebi~, RIAN -is<br />
informacia, 14 dekemberi, 2007, ixileT www.rian.ru.<br />
106<br />
h. kisinjeri, ms<strong>of</strong>lio aRdga, meternihi, kaselrei da mSvidobis<br />
problemebi 1812-1822, 1957, 1 da momdevno.<br />
135
aleqsandre oraxelaSvili<br />
moukideblobis sasargeblod gamoyeneba gzas<br />
gauxsnis sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis mier<br />
damoukideblobis moTxovnis konsolidacias.<br />
Sesabamisad, isini, vinc dRes realistur arguments<br />
iyeneben kosovos magaliTze, unda<br />
moemzadon imisaTvis, rom igive argumentebs<br />
moismenen im separatistul teritoriul er-<br />
TeulebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa damoukideblobasac<br />
Tavad ewinaaRmdegebian. realobisadmi<br />
realisturi damokidebuleba arasodes<br />
aris zianis momtani.<br />
136
668<br />
18.09.2009<br />
pres-relizi xelmisawvdomia evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos <strong>of</strong>icialur veb-gverdze<br />
http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item=1&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=varnava%20%7C%20others%20%7C%20v.%20%7C%20Turkey&sessionid=32754342&skin=hudoc-pr-en<br />
winamdebare pres-relizi warmoadgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ara<strong>of</strong>icialur qarTulenovan<br />
Targmans.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos didi palatis<br />
gadawyvetileba 1<br />
varnava da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
(sarCelebi #16064/90, 16065/90, 16066/90, 16068/90,<br />
16069/90, 16070/90, 16071/90, 16072/90 and 16073/90)<br />
gauCinarebis faqtebi CrdiloeT kviprosSi<br />
1974 wlis konfliqtis dros<br />
me-2 muxlis (sicocxlis ufleba) gangrZobadi<br />
darRveva<br />
me-3 muxlis (araadamianuri an Rirsebis<br />
Semlaxvel i mopyrobis akrZalva) gangrZobadi<br />
darRvev a<br />
me-5 muxlis (Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis<br />
ufleba) gangrZobadi darRveva<br />
elefTerios Tomasa da savas hajipantelis<br />
mimarT<br />
me-5 muxlis daurRvevloba danarCeni Svidi<br />
dakarguli piris mimarT<br />
konvenciis 41-e muxlis (samarTliani dakmay<strong>of</strong>ileba)<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom<br />
miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />
mosarCele mxarem TiToeul sarCelze unda<br />
miiRos 12 000 evro arafuladi zaralis anazRaurebis<br />
saxiT, xolo xarjebis dasafarad<br />
_ 8 000 evro TiToeul sarCelze (gadawyvetileba<br />
arsebobs inglisur da frangul enebze).<br />
mTavari faqtebi<br />
sasamarTloSi sarCeli Setanil iqna 18 kviproseli<br />
moqalaqis saxeliT. cxra maTgani<br />
1974 wlis ivlissa da agvistoSi CrdiloeT<br />
kviprosSi TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebis<br />
dros gauCinarda. danarCeni cxra mosarCele<br />
gauCinarebuli pirebis naTesavebi arain.<br />
cxra dakargul adamians Soris rva berZnul-kviprosuli<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis im<br />
qvedanay<strong>of</strong>Si msaxurobda, romelic TurqeTis<br />
armias uwevda winaaRmdegobas da cdilobda,<br />
misTvis win wawevis saSualeba ar mieca. ramdenime<br />
mowmis gancxadebiT, aRniSnuli pirebi<br />
Turqi samxedroebis mier ayvanil tyveebs Soris<br />
iyvnen. mecxre dakarguli adamiani, batoni<br />
hajipanteli, bankis TanamSromelia. igi Turqma<br />
jariskacebma dakiTxvaze waiyvanes 1974<br />
wlis 18 agvistos. misi gvami 2007 wels gaeros<br />
dakargulTa komitetis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
misiis dros ipoves. gvamze ramdenime natyviari<br />
iqna aRmoCenili.<br />
TurqeTis mTavroba ar eTanxmeba mtkicebulebas,<br />
rom aRniSnuli pirebi TurqeTis<br />
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma tyved aiyvanes. Turquli<br />
mxare irwmuneba, rom dakarguli pirebi<br />
iyvnen samxedro mosamsaxureebi, romlebic<br />
samxedro operaciis dros daiRupnen, dakargulTagan<br />
mecxe adamianis saxeli da gvari ki<br />
sapatimroSi arsebul berZen-kviprosel tyveTa<br />
siaSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. aRniSnuli<br />
sia saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvris organizaciam<br />
Seamowma. TumcaRa kviprosis mTavroba acxadebs,<br />
rom zemoaRniSnuli cxra adamiani im<br />
teritoriaze daikarga, romelsac TurqeTis<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi akontrolebdnen.<br />
1<br />
didi palatis gadawyvetileba sabolooa (konvenciis 44-2<br />
muxli).<br />
137
varnava da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
braldebebi, procedura da<br />
sasamarTlos Semadgenloba<br />
mosarCeleTa mtkicebiT, maTi naTesavebi<br />
1974 wels TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
mier dapatimrebis Semdeg gauCinardnen, TurqeTis<br />
mmarTvel organoebs ki amisaTvis pasuxi<br />
ar ugiaT. sarCeli Semdegi muxlebis safuZvelzea<br />
Setanili: me-2 muxli (sicocxlis ufleba),<br />
me-3 muxli (araadamianuri da Rirsebis<br />
Semlaxveli mopyrobis akrZalva), me-4 muxli<br />
(iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva), me-5 muxli (Tavisuflebisa<br />
da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba), me-6<br />
muxli (saqmis samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis<br />
ufleba), me-8 muxli (piradi da ojaxuri<br />
cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba), me-10 muxli<br />
(gamoxatvis Tavisufleba), me-12 muxli (qorwinebis<br />
ufleba), me-13 muxli (samarTlebrivi<br />
dacvis efeqtiani saSualebis ufleba) da me-14<br />
muxli (diskriminaciis akrZalva).<br />
aRniSnuli sarCelebi evropis adamianis<br />
uflebaTa komisias 1990 wlis 25 ianvars waredgina.<br />
komisiam sarCelebi 1991 wlis 2 ivliss<br />
miiRo da daSvebulad gamoacxada 1998 wlis 14<br />
aprils. sarCelebi sasamarTlos 1998 wlis 1<br />
noembers gadaeca.<br />
2008 wlis 10 ianvars gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
(`palatis sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba~)<br />
palatam erTsulovnad aRiara, rom darRveuli<br />
iyo konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-5 muxlebi, xolo<br />
konvenciis me-4, me-6, me-8, me-10, me-12, me-13<br />
da me-14 muxlebis darRvevis Sesaxeb calke sakiTxebi<br />
ar ganixileboda. sasamarTlom aseve<br />
ganacxada, rom aRmoCenili kanondarRvevebi<br />
ukve sakmarisi iyo mosarCeleTa arafuladi<br />
zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.<br />
2008 wlis 7 ivliss, konvenciis 43 2 muxlis<br />
Tanaxmad, TurqeTis mTavrobis moTxovniT, saqme<br />
did palatas gadaeca gansaxilvelad. kviprosis<br />
mTavrobam waradgina werilobiTi gan-<br />
2<br />
evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis 43-e muxlis mixedviT,<br />
palatis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dRidan sami<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi saqmis monawile nebismier mxares, gamonaklis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia iTxovos saqmis 17 wevrisagan Semdgari<br />
didi palatisaTvis gadacema. didi palatis kolegia<br />
xuTi mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs am moTxovnas,<br />
Tu saqme wamoWris konvenciis an misi oqmebis ganmartebis<br />
an gamoyenebisaTvis seriozul sakiTxs, an zogadi mniSvnelobis<br />
sxva seriozul sakiTxs. did palatas ki gamoaqvs saqmeze<br />
saboloo gadawyvetileba. Tu amgvari sakiTxi ar dgeba, kolegia<br />
moTxovnas uary<strong>of</strong>s da, amrigad, gadawyvetileba sabolooa.<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi, didi palatis gadawyvetileba saboloo<br />
gadawyvetilebis statuss iRebs misi gamotanidan sami<br />
Tvis Semdeg an ufro adre, Tuki mxareebi acxadeben, rom ar<br />
iTxoven saqmis 17 wevrisgan dakompleqtebuli didi palatisaTvis<br />
gadacemas.<br />
marteba. werilobiTi ganmarteba warmoadgina<br />
aseve organizaciam `redresi~(REDRESS), romelsac<br />
2008 wlis seqtemberSi werilobiT procedurebSi<br />
CarTvis ufleba mieca. Ria sxdomaze<br />
mosmena Catarda 2008 wlis 19 noembers,<br />
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi,<br />
strasburgSi.<br />
TurqeTis mTavrobam protesti gamoxata<br />
sasamarTlos saqmis gadaxedvasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
iurisdiqciisadmi. upirveles yovlisa,<br />
Turquli mxare acxadebs, rom aRniSnuli sar-<br />
Celebis gansazRvrisadmi samarTlebrivi daintereseba<br />
aRar arsebobs imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom sasamarTlom ukve gadawyvita berZeni<br />
kviproselebis gauCinarebis sakiTxi meoTxe<br />
saxelmwifoTSorisi saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad.<br />
meorec, sarCelebi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo<br />
iurisdiqciis sazRvrebSi ar jdeba, ramdenadac<br />
yoveli sarCeli dakavSirebulia faqtebTan,<br />
romlebic moxda manam, sanam TurqeTi<br />
individualuri saCivris uflebas aRiarebda<br />
1987 wlis 28 ianvars. dabolos, faqtebidan<br />
sarCelebis Setanamde Zalian didi dro gavida.<br />
amitomac sarCelebi miuReblad unda gamocxadebuliyo<br />
sasamarTloSi TurqeTis mier<br />
individualuri saCivris uflebis aRiarebidan<br />
eqvsi Tvis vadaSi warudgenlobis gamo.<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamotanil iqna<br />
sasamarTlos didi palatis mier, romelSic<br />
Semdegi Cvidmeti mosamarTle Sedioda:<br />
<strong>Jan</strong>-<strong>pol</strong> <strong>kosta</strong> (safrangeTi) _ prezidenti,<br />
fransuaz tulkensi (belgia),<br />
jozef kasadevali (andora),<br />
anatoli kovleri (ruseTi),<br />
vladimiro zagrebelski (italia),<br />
lex garlicki (<strong>pol</strong>oneTi),<br />
din spilmani (luqsemburgi),<br />
sver erik iebensi (norvegia),<br />
ineta zimele (latvia),<br />
mark viligeri (lixtenSteini),<br />
paivi hirvela (fineTi),<br />
luis lopes gera (espaneTi),<br />
miriana lazarova traikovska (y<strong>of</strong>ili iugoslaviis<br />
respublika _ makedonia),<br />
nona woworia (saqarTvelo),<br />
en paueri (irlandia),<br />
zdravka kalaijieva (bulgareTi), mosamarTleeb i,<br />
gonul eroneni (TurqeTi), ad hoc mosamarTle<br />
da erik fribergi, gamwesrigebeli.<br />
138
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba<br />
mTavrobis winaswari protesti<br />
samarTlebrivi interesi<br />
sasamarTlom, upirveles yovlisa, aRniSna<br />
Semdegi: imisaTvis rom sarCeli ukve ganxiluli<br />
sarCelis analogiur sarCelad CaiTvalos,<br />
igi ara marto imave faqtebsa da braldebebs<br />
unda asaxavdes, rasac ukve ganxiluli sarCeli,<br />
aramed igive mosarCeleebis mier unda iyos<br />
warmodgenili. meoTxe saxelmwifoTSorisi saqmis<br />
ganxilvis Sedegad namdvilad dadginda,<br />
rom adgili hqonda samarTladarRvevas yvela<br />
dakarguli adamianis mimarT. individualuri<br />
sarCelebi sasamarTlos saSualebas aZlevda,<br />
daekmay<strong>of</strong>ilebina moTxovna individualur mosarCeleTa<br />
arafuladi zaralis anazRaurebaze<br />
da ganesazRvra nebismieri zogadi an individualuri<br />
RonisZieba, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />
gadawyvita ra, rom aRniSnuli<br />
ganaCenebis ganxilvis gagrZelebisadmi<br />
samarTlebrivi interesi arsebobda, sasamarTlom<br />
uaryo TurqeTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeoba.<br />
droebiTi iurisdiqcia<br />
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mosarCeleebi<br />
garkveviT aRniSnavdnen, rom maTi braldebebi<br />
dakavSirebuli iyo mxolod 1987 wlis 28<br />
ianvris (kerZod ki TurqeTis mier individualuri<br />
saCivris uflebis aRiarebis) Semdgom<br />
mdgomareobasTan. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom<br />
dakarguli adamianebis bed-iRblis gasarkvevad<br />
efeqturi gamoZiebis Catareba mudmivi<br />
valdebulebaa da, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli<br />
pirebi 34 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen<br />
ugzo-ukvlod dakargulebi, es valdebuleba<br />
mudmivad arsebobda am xnis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
radganac maTi bedi gaurkveveli iyo da amaze<br />
pasuxs aravin agebda. Sesabamisad, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
sasamarTlom TurqeTis mTavrobis winaaRmdegoba<br />
uaryo.<br />
sasamarTlosaTvis saqmis mogvianebiT wardgena<br />
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mosarCeleebma<br />
1974 wels TavianTi naTesavebis dakargvidan<br />
15 wlis Semdeg Seitanes sarCeli. sarCelis Setana<br />
maT 1987 wlamde ar SeeZloT. iTvaliswinebs<br />
ra, gamonaklisis saxiT, arsebul mdgomareobas,<br />
romelic saerTaSoriso konfliqtma<br />
gamoiwvia, sasamarTlos dasaSvebad miaCnia<br />
mosarCeleTa aseTi moqmedeba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom maT sarCeli TurqeTis mier individualuri<br />
saCivris uflebis aRiarebidan sami<br />
wlis Semdg Seitanes. amdenad, sasamarTlom<br />
TurqeTi s es winaaRmdegobac uaryo.<br />
me-2 muxli<br />
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, TurqeTis mTavrobas<br />
ar warmoudgenia raime konkretuli<br />
informacia imis dasamtkiceblad, rom dakarguli<br />
adamianebi gardacvlilebi` ipoves an<br />
moklul iqnen konfliqtis zonaSi, romelsac<br />
TurqeTi akontrolebda. dakarguli adamianebis<br />
bed-iRbalTan dakavSirebiT arc sxva raime<br />
damajerebeli axsna-ganmarteba arsebobs, rac<br />
gaabaTilebda mosarCeleTa mtkicebas, rom aRniSnuli<br />
pirebi gauCinardnen TurqeTis mTavrobis<br />
mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT meoTxe saxelmwifoT-<br />
Sorisi saqmis ganxilvis Sedegebs, romelsac<br />
aravin uary<strong>of</strong>s, gauCinarebis faqtebi moxda<br />
sicocxlisaTvis saSiS garemoebebSi, rodesac<br />
samxedro operaciebs Tan axlda masobrivi dapatimrebebi<br />
da mkvlelobebi.<br />
sasamarTlo sruliad iziarebs im faqts,<br />
rom mniSvnelovania eqshumaciis da neStis<br />
identifikaciis procesebi, romelTac gaeros<br />
dakargulTa komiteti axorcielebs.sasamarTlo<br />
didad afasebs informaciis mowodebisa<br />
da neStis axloblebisaTvis gadacemisaTvis<br />
Sesrulebul samuSaos. TumcaRa is imasac<br />
aRniSnavs, rom TurqeTis mTavrobis mier<br />
Sesrulebuli samuSao mniSvnelovani dasawyisi<br />
iyo sagamoZiebo procesSi, magram es sakmarisi<br />
ar aris imisaTvis, raTa Sesrulebulad Cai-<br />
Tvalos misTvis meore muxliT dakisrebuli<br />
valdebuleba efeqturi gamoZiebebis Catarebis<br />
Sesaxeb. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT,<br />
gaeros dakargulTa komiteti ar gansazRvravda<br />
dakargulTa gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
faqtebs da ar agrovebda an afasebda<br />
mtkicebulebebs imisaTvis, rom damnaSaveebis<br />
winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />
es funqcia arc sxva romelime<br />
organos Seusrulebia. sasamarTlos eWvi<br />
ar epareba, rom movlenebidan amdeni wlis Semdeg,<br />
Zalian rTuli iqneba mowmeTa Cvenebebis<br />
mopoveba an savaraudo damnaSaveTa winaaRmdeg<br />
saqmis aRZvra. Tumca precedentuli samarTlis<br />
normebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis<br />
mixedviTac saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian,<br />
139
varnava da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
efeqturi gamoZieba Caataron, sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom TurqeTis mTavrobam yvela aucilebeli<br />
RonisZieba unda gaataros am mimar-<br />
TulebiT. amrigad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom<br />
me-2 muxli ganuwyvetiliv irRveva, radganac<br />
TurqeTi 1974 wels gauCinarebuli cxra adamianis<br />
saqmis efeqtur gamoZiebas ar atarebs.<br />
me-3 muxli<br />
sasamarTlom gaixsena meoTxe saxelmwifoT-<br />
Sorisi saqmis ganxilvis Sedegebi 1974 wlis<br />
gauCinarebis faqtebis konteqstSi. aRniSnul<br />
periodSi ganxorcielebul samxedro operaciebs<br />
Sedegad mohyva mniSvnelovani msxverpli<br />
da masobrivi dapatimrebebi. dakargulTa<br />
naTesavebi agoniaSi iyvnen, radgan ar icodnen<br />
maTi axloblebi daxoces Tu daapatimres.<br />
ufro metic, kviprosis xangrZlivi danawevrebis<br />
gamo, dakargulTa naTesavebi seriozul<br />
dabrkolebebs awydebodnen informaciis Ziebisas.<br />
aseT dros TurqeTis mmarTveli organoebis<br />
dumili SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod<br />
araadamianur mopyrobad Sefasdes.<br />
sasamarTlo zemoaRniSnuli daskvnebis<br />
Secvlis veranair mizezs ver xedavs. Tu gavi-<br />
TvaliswinebT im xangrZliv periods, romelic<br />
dakargulTa axloblebma informaciis molodinSi<br />
gaatares da <strong>of</strong>icialuri samsaxurebis<br />
indiferentulobas, maSin rodesac dakargul-<br />
Ta axloblebi sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis ambis<br />
garkvevas mouTmenlad elodnen, aSkaraa, rom<br />
me-3 muxli darRveul iqna.<br />
me-5 muxli<br />
sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sadavo iyo ori<br />
dakarguli adamianis Toma elefTeriosisa da<br />
savas hajipantelis SemTxveva, romelTa saxelebic<br />
wiTeli jvris tyveTa siaSi iyo miTiTebuli<br />
da romlebic bolos nanaxi iqnen TurqeTis<br />
an TurqeTis kviprosuli SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zalebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze.<br />
TumcaRa TurqeTis mmarTvel organoebs aRniSnuli<br />
pirebis dapatimreba ar uRiarebiaT<br />
da arc dokumenturi mtkicebuleba warmoudgeniaT,<br />
rac am ori dakarguli adamianis<br />
moZraobis <strong>of</strong>icialur kvalze miuTiTebda. ar<br />
arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom romelime dakargulTagani<br />
patimrobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>eboda im periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, romelsac sasamarTlo ganixilavs.<br />
amitomac TurqeTis mTavrobas unda<br />
daemtkicebina, rom aRniSnul sadavo sakiTx-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT, efeqturi gamoZieba Caatara,<br />
rom ori aRniSnuli dakarguli piri tyved<br />
aiyvanes da mas Semdeg isini aravis unaxavs.<br />
sasamarTlos mier me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT<br />
dadgenili faqtebis gamo ueWveli xdeba, rom<br />
TurqeTis mmarTvelma organoebma am kuTxi-<br />
Tac ver Caatares saWiro gamoZieba. amdenad,<br />
Toma elefTeriosisa da savvas hajipantelis<br />
winaaRmdeg me-5 muxli ganuwyvetliv irRveva.<br />
ar arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebuleba, romelic<br />
daadasturebs, rom danarCeni Svidi adamiani<br />
bolos TurqeTis mier kontrolirebul<br />
teritoriaze dainaxes. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
aRniSnuli Svidi piris winaaRmdeg me-5 muxli<br />
ar darRveula.<br />
sxva muxlebi<br />
saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis, mxareTa argumentebis<br />
da konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-5<br />
muxlebis mixedviT gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daaskvna,<br />
rom man ganixila wardgenil sarCelTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli mTavari samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi da<br />
mosarCeleTa danarCen pretenziebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
calke gadawyvetilebis gamotana saWirod<br />
ar miiCnia.<br />
mosamarTleebma _ kalaijievam, pauerma,<br />
spilmanma, viligerma da zimelem gamoxates<br />
Tanmxvedri azri, xolo mosamarTle eronenma<br />
_ gansxvavebuli azri. yvela mosazreba Tan er-<br />
Tvis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas.<br />
***<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi SegiZliaT ixiloT<br />
misamarTze http://www.echr.coe.int<br />
sakontaqto pirebi<br />
qristina penCeva-malinovski (tel: 00 33 (0)3 88 41 35 70)<br />
stefano pidimonte (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 90 21 42 04)<br />
Treisi terner-treci (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 88 41 35 30)<br />
selin menu-lengi (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 90 21 58 77)<br />
frederik dolti (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 90 21 53 39)<br />
evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo daarsda<br />
strasburgSi 1959 wels, 1950 wlis evropis adamianis<br />
uflebaTa konvenciis savaraudo darRvevaTa ganxilvis<br />
mizniT.<br />
140
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