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nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi<br />

katarJina vargani, lari derSemi<br />

federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~<br />

ACT kvleva<br />

marti, 2008


avtorebis Sesaxeb<br />

katarJina vargani (poloneTi) ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> muSaobs. profesiiT bavSvTa<br />

fsiqologs, qalbaton vargans bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong> mozardebTan muSaobis TiTqmis 15 wlis staJi aqvs. misi profesiuli gamocdileba<br />

moicavs poloneTSi, bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> mozardTa konsultaciis programebSi muSaobas, amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-<br />

Si, msoflio masStabiT, mozardTa moxaliseobrivi qselis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobas <strong>da</strong> albaneTsa <strong>da</strong> makedoniaSi kosovos konfliqts<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mozardebisaTvis fsiqo-socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aRmoCenas. gavlili aqvs trenin<strong>ge</strong>bi konfliqtis<br />

mogvarebis, mediaciisa <strong>da</strong> samSvidobo ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi. 2000-2004 wlebSi q-ni vargani kosovosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />

saerTaSoriso proeqtebs, romelTa mizans sxava<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nel bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> mozardebs<br />

Soris komunikaciisa <strong>da</strong> ndobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na warmoad<strong>ge</strong>n<strong>da</strong>. 2004 wli<strong>da</strong>n, q-ni vargani federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ mier<br />

ganxorcielebuli, a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli programis, `axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~,<br />

direqtoria. programa gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>ucveli fenebis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis. igi moicavs <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxebisaTvis socialuri momsaxurebis nairsaxeobis ganviTarebas, aseve politikis doneze rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />

SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas.<br />

doqtori lari derSemi (a.S.S.) federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ dizainis, monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis mrCevelia Sua<br />

aRmosavleT-evraziis regionisaTvis. mas ruseTSi, kavkasiaSi, Sua aziaSi, Sua aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> afrikaSi raodenobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

Tvisebrivi kvlevebisa <strong>da</strong> programebis monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebebis Catarebis 18 welze meti xnis gamocdileba aqvs. 1995<br />

wels socialuri kvlevis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, misuris universiteti<strong>da</strong>n filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mflobelia.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> doqtori derSemi xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> kvebis naklebobis kvlevas 6 regionSi, sami qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli<br />

ojaxebis kvlevas, aseve kvlevebs narkotikuli nivTierebebis intravenuri momxmareblebisa <strong>da</strong> komerciuli seqs-muSakebis<br />

Sesaxeb. proeqtis `axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~ farglebSi, mis movaleobebSi proeqtis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisa <strong>da</strong> procesebis minotoringisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SefasebisaTvis saWiro sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebis SemuSaveba Sedio<strong>da</strong>. aseve, aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi, mis<br />

movaleobebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> ACT-sTan (analizisa <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebis jgufi) muSaoba wertilovani Sefasebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa<br />

pirispir interviuebisaTvis SerCevis meTodologiis SesamuSaveblad. igi aseve ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelob<strong>da</strong> kiTxvarebis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong><br />

monacemTa <strong>da</strong>muSavebas.<br />

kvlevaSi aseve wvlili Seitanes: maia zedelaSvilma (ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis eqsperti, saqarTvelos<br />

ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministro), doqtorma marine CitaSvilma (fsiqologiis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

<strong>da</strong> socialur mecnierebaTa centri), vaxtang megreliSvilma (socialuri politikis eqsperti, saqarTvelos Sromis,<br />

janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro) <strong>da</strong> nino kupataZem (bavSvTa keTildReobis samTavrobo komisiis teqnikuri<br />

samdivnos erovnuli koordinatori).<br />

qvemoT mocemuli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, interpretaciebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnebi mTlianad avtorebs ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong> ar gamoxatavs `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~,<br />

a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos, amerikis mTavrobis an gaeros bavSvTa fondis mosazrebebs.<br />

inglisur enaze teqstis re<strong>da</strong>qtori: pol rimpli<br />

fotoebi: servan leini<br />

© gaeros bavSvTa fondi (iunisefi) 2009<br />

am dokumentis saTauri, aseve yvela misgan gamomdinare saavtoro Tu sxva sakuTrebis ufleba ekuTvnis gaeros bavSvTa fonds<br />

(iunisefi). amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>nto inarCuneben<br />

araeqskluziur, sayovelTao <strong>da</strong> saboloo uflebas honoraris gareSe am kvlevis gavrcelebaze, gamoqveynebaze, sxvagvarad<br />

gamoyenebaze an sxvebisTvis am uflebis miniWebaze a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntosa <strong>da</strong> federaciis `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />

bavSvebi~ arakomerciuli miznebisaTvis.


madliereba<br />

aRniSnuli kvlevis proeqti ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebze momuSave samuSao jgufis interesi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, ukeT gacnobodnen <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> arsebul mdgomareobas. gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo jgufis wevrebis mondomeba, qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli momavali<br />

politika validur <strong>da</strong> sistemur mtkicebulebaze <strong>da</strong>efuZnebinaT.<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eqspertebis, jgufebis <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> mWidro TanamSromlobis gareSe es<br />

kvleva ar Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. federacias `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~<br />

surs gamoxatos madliereba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntosa<br />

(USAID) <strong>da</strong> gaeros bavSvTa fondisadmi (UNICEF),<br />

romelTac uzrunvelyves finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong><br />

eqspertuli <strong>da</strong>xmareba kvlevis Casatareblad. kvelvis<br />

xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Zalian mniSnvnelovani<br />

iyo misi zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmva. federacias<br />

`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~ surs gansakuTrebiT<br />

xazi gausvas gaeros bavSvTa fondis konsultantis,<br />

doqtor braian milnis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras kvlevis winaswari<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmvis stadiaSi.<br />

aRniSnuli kvlevis Catarebis iniciativam saqarTvelos<br />

ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros bavSvze<br />

zrunvis departamentis didi <strong>da</strong>intereseba <strong>da</strong><br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera miiRo. gvsurs gansakuTrebulad gavusvaT<br />

xazi departamentis ufrosis, qalbaton Tamar<br />

golubianis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras Seufasebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> profesionali a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebis gaziarebis<br />

kuTxiT, ramac savele samuSaoebis droulad <strong>da</strong><br />

xarisxianad <strong>da</strong>srulebas Seuwyo xeli. aseve gvsurs<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisaTvis madloba ga<strong>da</strong>vuxadoT q. quTaisis,<br />

q. baTumisa <strong>da</strong> q. rusTavis vice-merebsa <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />

saqmeTa departamentebis ufrosebs.<br />

kvlevis Catarebis mraval aspeqtSi, rogoricaa Ser-<br />

Cevis principebis gansazRvra, savele logistikis<br />

organizeba <strong>da</strong> Tvisebrivi monacemebis Segroveba <strong>da</strong><br />

monacemTa drouli Seyvana, <strong>da</strong>moukidebelma kvleviTma<br />

kompaniam _ ACT-kvlevam – Tavisi amocanebi<br />

droulad <strong>da</strong> sruli profesionalizmiT Seasrula.<br />

gvsurs gansakuTrebulad gavusvaT xazi statistikisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> monacemTa bazis departamentis ufrosis, laSa<br />

bokuCavasa <strong>da</strong> proeqtebis menejeris, sofo CaCaniZis<br />

wvlils, romelTac Seufasebeli eqspertuli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />

aRmogviCines SerCevis, kiTxvarebis SemuSavebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> xarisxis kontrolis <strong>da</strong>rgSi.<br />

aseve, gvsurs madloba ga<strong>da</strong>vuxadoT yvela, 220-ive<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelsa <strong>da</strong> interviuers, vinc ar <strong>da</strong>iSura Zalisxmeva<br />

ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi, xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong><br />

rTuli samuSao dRis pirobebSi kvlevaze muSaobisaTvis.<br />

aseTi didi jgufis mobilizaciisaTvis federacia<br />

`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~ ramdenime samTavrobo<br />

uwyebasTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciasa <strong>da</strong> sxva institutTan<br />

TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong>. maT Sorisaa ganaTlebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministro (socialuri muSakebi);<br />

Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<br />

(socialuri a<strong>ge</strong>ntebi); `Tanadgoma~, `bavSvi <strong>da</strong><br />

garemo~, `biliki~, `mkurnali~, `vorld viJen interneiSeneli~,<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa gl<strong>da</strong>nis centri, sazogadoebrivi<br />

janmrTelobis imereTis regionuli centri<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti (socialur<br />

mecnierebaTa fakultetis bolo kursis studentebi).<br />

mkvlevarTa Soris iyvnen yofili <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi `ga<strong>da</strong>vaCinoT<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a~ <strong>da</strong> `mkurnalis~ programebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

swored yvela monawile organizaciisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

Zalisxmevis Sedegad moxerx<strong>da</strong> kvlevis sisruleSi<br />

moyvana.<br />

kerZo SemTxvevebi <strong>da</strong> istoriebi mowodebulia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ ori adgilobrivi partniori<br />

organizaciis _ `bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemos~ <strong>da</strong> `bilikis~<br />

mier, romelTac <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobis mravali<br />

wlis praqtikuli gamocdileba aqvT. maTma codnam<br />

kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis mniSvnelovani konteqsti<br />

uzrunvelyo. aseve, `vorld viJen interneiSenalis~<br />

mier quTaissa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi Catarebulma paralelurma<br />

kvlevam, monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>mowmebisa <strong>da</strong> mocemuli kvlevis<br />

zogierTi Sedegis <strong>da</strong>matebiT WrilSi ganxilvis<br />

SesaZlebloba mogvca.<br />

bolos, kvlevis avtorebi aranakleb madlierebas<br />

gamoxataven yvela <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvisadmi, romelTac dro<br />

<strong>da</strong> Zalisxmeva ar <strong>da</strong>iSures, rom mkvlevarebisaTvis<br />

amomwuravi pasuxebi gaecaT.<br />

aRniSnuli angariSi <strong>da</strong>iwera katarJina varganis mier<br />

doqtor lari derSemTan, maia zedelaSvilTan, doqtor<br />

marina CitaSvilTan, nino kupataZesTan, vaxtang<br />

megreliSvilTan <strong>da</strong> `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ proeqtis<br />

_ `axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~ _ gundTan (Teona<br />

aslaniSvili, eka javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong> nino nucubiZe) Tanam-<br />

SromlobiT.


sarCevi<br />

avtorebis Sesaxeb<br />

madliereba .............................................................................................................................. 1<br />

kvlevis Sejameba ....................................................................................................................... 4<br />

Sesavali .................................................................................................................................. 10<br />

informacia qveynis Sesaxeb .................................................................................................... 10<br />

kvlevis miznebi ................................................................................................................... 11<br />

diskusia <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb ......................................................................... 11<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufeba ................................................................................ 13<br />

kvlevis meTodologia ............................................................................................................... 16<br />

kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi ...................................................................................................................... 20<br />

Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sejameba .................................................................................................................... 20<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> .......................................................................................................................... 20<br />

demografia ........................................................................................................................ 21<br />

droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis faqtorebi ................................................................................. 21<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi ........................................................................................................ 23<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba .................................................................................................. 24<br />

Semosavlis gamomuSaveba ...................................................................................................... 24<br />

socialuri momsaxureba ....................................................................................................... 26<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> demografia .................................................................................... 27<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> profili sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis mixedviT ........................................................................... 27<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis adgili ......................................................................................... 28<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> gamocdileba drois mixedviT ................................................................................ 33<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxuri mdgomareobis aRqma .......................................................................... 38<br />

bavSvis irgvliv mSoblebis an sxva naTesavebis arseboba ............................................................. 38<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kavSiri ojaxebTan .......................................................................................... 40<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier mzrunvelebis aRqma ................................................................................. 41<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi ........................................................................................................ 42<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxis mTavari problemebis aRqma ............................................................. 45<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> skola ............................................................................................................. 52<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Semosavlis gamomuSavebis strategiebi ................................................................... 57<br />

socialuri momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi ............................................................................................. 60<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi ...................................................................................................... 62<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnebi ................................................................................................................................ 62<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi ........................................................................................................................ 62<br />

politikis doneze ............................................................................................................... 62<br />

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze ........................................................................................ 68<br />

skolis doneze .................................................................................................................... 68<br />

programebi .............................................................................................................................. 69<br />

bibliografia .......................................................................................................................... 71<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTebi ............................................................................................................................... 73<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi 1 – qalaqebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi ...................................................................... 73<br />

Tbilisi ............................................................................................................................. 73<br />

rusTavi ............................................................................................................................. 74<br />

quTaisi .............................................................................................................................. 75<br />

baTumi ............................................................................................................................... 76<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi 2- dokumentSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi terminis ganmarteba ................................................ 78<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi 3 – <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis kriteriumebi ................................................ 79<br />

2 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


E<br />

E<br />

E<br />

E<br />

grafikebi<br />

grafiki 1 – intervius respondenti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganawileba sqesis, asakisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT .................................. 27<br />

grafiki 2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT .............................................................................. 28<br />

grafiki 3 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia migrantis statusisa <strong>da</strong> migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis mixedviT ...................... 29<br />

grafiki 4 – saxlSi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi marto yofnis monacemebi droisa (dRe/Rame) <strong>da</strong> weliwadis droebis mixedviT .............................. 33<br />

grafiki 5 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asaki <strong>da</strong> sqesi quCaSi gatarebuli wlebis mixedviT ................................................................ 36<br />

grafiki 6 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac quCaSi erTi Tve an meti aqvs gatarebuli qalaqebis mixedviT ............................... 36<br />

grafiki 7 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyeneba quCaSi yofnis xangrZlivobis mixedviT ............... 37<br />

grafiki 8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT ........................................................... 38<br />

grafiki 9 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac imave qalaqSi de<strong>da</strong>, mama an naTesavi ar hyavs ................................................... 38<br />

grafiki 10 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi naTesavebis saxeoba ......................................................................40<br />

grafiki 11 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa procenti, vinc dRes (intervius dRes) esaubra <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiurad esaubreba de<strong>da</strong>s, mamas an naTesavs ... 40<br />

grafiki 12 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi ............................................................................................... 41<br />

grafiki 13 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxur mdgomareobaSi (n=301) .......................................................................... 42<br />

grafiki 14 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, vinc ukanaskneli Tvis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis wevrebTan cxovrob<strong>da</strong> ....................43<br />

grafiki 15 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxuri mowyoba ukanaskneli Tvis ganmavlobaSi (n=301) ...................................................... 43<br />

grafiki 16 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi (n=301) ............................................................................. 46<br />

grafiki 17 – ojaxuri problemebi: umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301) ................................................ 47<br />

grafiki 18 – ojaxuri problemebi: mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong> ganqorwineba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301) .................................. 49<br />

grafiki 19 – ojaxuri problemebi: alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301) ....................................... 50<br />

grafiki 20 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ricxvi skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT ................................................................................ 52<br />

grafiki 21 – skoli<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> isini, visac arasdros uvliaT skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT ................................. 53<br />

grafiki 22 – skolaSi gamoucxadeblobis ZiriTadi mizezebi (n=250)............................................................................... 53<br />

grafiki 23 – ganaTlebis xarisxi, rogorc skolaSi wausvlelobis erT-erTi mizezi (n=250) ...............................................56<br />

grafiki 24 – wera-kiTxvis done <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi qalaqebis mixedviT ............................................................................ 56<br />

grafiki 25 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, romelTac arasdros gaugiaT an usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT socialuri<br />

momsaxurebiT qalaqebis mixedviT ....................................................................................................................... 60<br />

cxrilebi<br />

cxrili 1 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi qvejgufebi <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis (mowyvladobis) sakiTxebis mixedviT ................................... 15<br />

cxrili 2 – ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi sakiTxebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ........................................................................ 15<br />

cxrili 3 – pirvel (droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi) <strong>da</strong> meore (wertilovani Sefaseba) safexurze<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> ............................................................................................................... 17<br />

cxrili 4 – interviuirebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> nimuSSi qalaqebis mixedviT ................................................ 18<br />

cxrili 5 – Catarebuli interviuebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT ......................................................................... 18<br />

cxrili 6 – <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> oTx qalaqSi .............................................................................. 20<br />

cxrili 7 – migraciis statusi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufebis mixedviT ............................................................................... 30<br />

cxrili 8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT ........................................................... 39<br />

cxrili 9 – ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovreba (dro/adgili) .................................................................. 51<br />

suraTebi<br />

suraTi 1 – saqarTvelos ruka (aRniSnulia kvlevis Catarebis adgilebi) ...................................................................... 10<br />

suraTi 2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> migracia. wiTeli xazebi miuTiTebs migraciis mimarTulebaze saqarTvelos farglebs gare<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

xolo nacrisferi xazebi- saqarTvelos SigniT. xazebis sisqe migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis proporciulia ..........................29<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 3


kvlevis Sejameba<br />

<strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

Catar<strong>da</strong> federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ mier,<br />

a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntosa <strong>da</strong><br />

gaeros bavSvTa fondis erToblivi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

saxelmwifo, arasamTavrobo <strong>da</strong> akademiur<br />

wreebTan TanamSromlobiT. es kvleva saqarTvelos<br />

oTx did urbanul centrs moicav<strong>da</strong>: Tbilisi, quTaisi,<br />

rusTavi <strong>da</strong> baTumi. 1 es adgilebi ganisazRvra ramdenime<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebul mxaresTan diskusiebis Sedegad,<br />

`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ mier 2006 wels Catarebuli<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> adgilmdebareobis winaswar Seswavlaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. winaswari kvlevis respondentTa<br />

Tanaxmad, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze maRali <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

swored am oTx qalaqSi SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mocemuli kvleva <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> pirveli mravalmxrivi<br />

Sefasebaa, rac ki odesme <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Catarebula.<br />

igi msoflio masStabiTac unikalur iniciativas<br />

warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, radgan msgavsi kvlevebi cota Tu arsebobs.<br />

kvlevis mizani iyo: 1) oTx miznobriv urbanul<br />

centrSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> miaxloebiTi raodenobis<br />

gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> 2) maTi Taviseburebebis aRwera ise,<br />

rom 3) mtkicebulebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SesaZlebeli<br />

yofiliyo politikisa <strong>da</strong> programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />

SemuSaveba. kvlevis dros gamoyenebul iqna samsafexuriani<br />

midgoma:<br />

1) <strong>da</strong>kvirveba – monacemebis rukaze <strong>da</strong>tana droisa <strong>da</strong><br />

adgilmdebareobis mixedviT;<br />

2) raodenobrivi wertilovani Sefaseba;<br />

3) pirispir interviuebi.<br />

samive safexuri 2007 wels, sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />

(ivnisi, seqtemberi <strong>da</strong> noemberi), mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. monacemTa<br />

Seyvana <strong>da</strong> gasufTaveba, aseve monacemTa <strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />

2008 wlis Teberval-martSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kvlevis populaciis <strong>da</strong>sad<strong>ge</strong>nad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ganisazRvra,<br />

rogorc bavSvebi 0-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde (interviuebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi _ 8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde), `romlebic<br />

quCebSi SeiniSnebian~. kvleva ar moicav<strong>da</strong> iseT `qu-<br />

Cis~ bavSvebs, romlebic bavSvTa centrebSi, TavSesafrebSi<br />

an sxva tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi imyofebodnen.<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d, wertilovani Sefasebis Sedegad ganisaz-<br />

Rvra, rom saSualod, 2007 wlis noemberSi oTx qalaqSi<br />

iyo 1,049 bavSvi. maqsimaluri miaxloebiTi <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

iyo 1600 bavSvi. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi urbanul <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

metwilad 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakis biWebi arian, romlebic<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d maTxovroben. isini quCaSi zr<strong>da</strong>srulis<br />

meTvalyureobis gareSe imyofebian dRis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

Tumca maT umravlesobas hyavs sul cota<br />

erTi cocxali mSobeli an sxva naTesavebi.<br />

kvleva aCvenebs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> arseboba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ucveli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis winaSe<br />

arsebuli mravali socialur-ekonomikuri problemis<br />

gamovlinebaa <strong>da</strong> ara gancalkevebuli fenomeni.<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier quCaSi gatarebuli drois analizis<br />

Sedegad saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotana SeiZleba: qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-ze mets quCaSi sam welze meti aqvs<br />

gatarebuli. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom<br />

am bavSvebma <strong>quCis</strong> cxovreba vardebis revoluciamde<br />

an uSualod misi mimdinareobisas/<strong>da</strong>srulebisas <strong>da</strong>iwyes,<br />

rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis udidesi<br />

nawili katastroful socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, arseboben ufro mcire<br />

raodenobiT (mxolod erTi meoTxedi) iseTi <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebi, romlebic acxadeben, rom quCaSi bolo orisami<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi gamovidnen. vardebis revoluciis<br />

Semdgomma periodma, mravali avtoris mtkicebiT,<br />

imedis axali grZnobiT ganawyo saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong>, romlebic quCaSi ukanaskneli erTi wlis<br />

an naklebis ganmavlobaSi gamovi<strong>da</strong>, aseve maRalia <strong>da</strong><br />

vardebis revoluciamdel maCveneblebs uaxlovdeba.<br />

es zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebuli zogadi mdgomareobis<br />

amsaxvelia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

siRaribis done izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveynis STambeW<strong>da</strong>vma<br />

ekonomikurma zr<strong>da</strong>m mcire an uaryofiTi<br />

gavlena iqonia qarTvelebis umravlesobis cxovrebis<br />

stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis, donis gaumjobesebaze. mniSvnelovnad<br />

gauares<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis zogadi ganwyobac. 2<br />

kargad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli <strong>da</strong> efeqturi politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />

programuli RonisZiebebis SemuSavebisas, gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iqnas <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis<br />

warmomSobi, <strong>da</strong>mcveli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli faqtorebis<br />

sirTule. kvleva aCvenebs, rom urbanul <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>,<br />

bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken, umravles SemTxvevebSi,<br />

ojaxuri faqtorisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi stresoris<br />

(Cveulebriv, araumetes sami an oTxisa) kombinacia<br />

ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. es aris:<br />

_ bavSvis garSemo mSoblis an mSoblebis, aseve sxva<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis ararseboba.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mxolod cota<br />

1. es aris <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> oTxi yvelaze didi <strong>urbanuli</strong> centri,<br />

romelTa mosaxleoba Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns: Tbilisi- 1,342 aTasi, quTaisi – 165<br />

aTasi, baTumi – 100 aTasi <strong>da</strong> rusTavi – 95 aTasi (wyaro: saqarTvelos<br />

statistikis departamenti)<br />

2. magaliTisTvis ixileT saerTaSoriso respublikuri instituti<br />

(2007), “saqarTvelos amomrCevelTa kvleva”, IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys/<br />

The Gallup Organization, IPM<br />

4 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi Tu aris mTlianad sakuTar kmayofaze,<br />

ojaxis iseTi wevris <strong>da</strong>naklisi, romelsac bavSvi mzrunvelad<br />

aRiqvams – maT Soris, mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba,<br />

Zlieri faqtoria, romelsac SeuZlia bavSvs quCa-<br />

Si cxovrebisken ubiZgos. kvleva aCvenebs, rom rac<br />

ufro klebulobs ojaxis wevrebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> bavSvis<br />

garSemo, miT ufro metad izrdeba albaToba, bavSvma<br />

quCaSi gaataros Rame an 24 saaTi icxovros iq. mSoblis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mSoblis ararseboba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

ramdenime formas iRebs. mSoblebi SeiZleba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>utovon a<strong>da</strong>mianebs,<br />

visac maTi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba ar Seu-<br />

ZliaT. zogi bavSvi tovebs mSoblebs <strong>da</strong> sxva qalaqSi<br />

naTesavis saxlSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis sacxovreblad, sa<strong>da</strong>c zrunvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis SesaZleblobebi arasakmarisia, an (iSviaT<br />

SemTxvevebSi) bavSvi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets sadme marto ga<strong>da</strong>vides.<br />

amas gar<strong>da</strong>, mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli grafikiT<br />

muSaoben (rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, adreuli dili<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gvian Ramemde), elementaruli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />

<strong>da</strong> isini fizikurad veRar axerxeben<br />

monawileoba miiRon bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />

_ ekonomikuri problemebi – siRaribe, umuSevroba<br />

<strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba<br />

siRaribe <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mcxovrebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umravlesobisaTvis Cveuli faqtoria. saxlis cudi<br />

pirobebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad bavSvebi cdiloben,<br />

ojaxs gareT, marto cxovrebis gzebi eZion <strong>da</strong> mopovebuli<br />

fuli sakuTari an megobrebis saWiroebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad <strong>da</strong>xarjon. bevri Semosavlis<br />

gamomuSavebas ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gzad ganixilavs.<br />

zogierTi bavSvisgan ki piriqiT, moelian an aiZuleben,<br />

gamoimuSavos fuli <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi moitanos. sacxovreblis<br />

ararsebobam an saSinelma sacxovrebelma<br />

pirobebma SeiZleba aseve <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZgos bavSvs.<br />

calke aRebuli, siRaribe bavSvis quCaSi gasvlis mizezi<br />

ar aris. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ojaxebis umravlesoba,<br />

ukidures ekonomikur pirobebSic ki, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> saxlSi<br />

SenarCunebas axerxebs. Tumca siRaribem SeiZleba<br />

ukve ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>ucvel ojaxSi arsebuli stresi gaaRrmavos<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxis priorotetebis Secvla gamoiwvios,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvis keTildReoba yuradRebis centrSi<br />

aRar iqneba.<br />

_ ojaxis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobis Secvla, rogoricaa ganqorwineba<br />

an mSoblis meored qorwineba<br />

mSoblebis ganqorwineba yvela bavSvisTvis stresia.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> amas aseve Tan ojaxis sacxovrebeli<br />

pirobebis gauareseba axlavs, gansakuTrebiT Tu<br />

bavSvi de<strong>da</strong>sTan rCeba – rogorc es umravles SemTxvevebSi<br />

xdeba. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> martoxela<br />

mSoblebisaTvis ganqorwinebis Semdeg xSirad<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 5


6 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


mSoblis movaleobebis Sesruleba Zneli xdeba. mSoblis<br />

meored qorwineba xSirad <strong>da</strong>matebiT siZneleebs<br />

qmnis – SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti bavSvsa <strong>da</strong><br />

dedinacvals/maminacvals Soris, an bavSvi SeiZleba<br />

sruliad uaryofil iqnas dedinacvalis/maminacvalis<br />

mier <strong>da</strong> Tavi iZulebulad igrZnos (an iyos iZulebuli)<br />

<strong>da</strong>tovos saxli.<br />

_ ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi sxva adgilze<br />

sacxovreblad Cveulebrivad bavSvebTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>dian.<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis ramdenime modeli SeiniSneba:<br />

migracia patara qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n an soflebi<strong>da</strong>n urbanul<br />

centrebSi; ga<strong>da</strong>svla didi qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n TbilisSi; ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />

Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n patara qalaqebSi; mogzauroba sxva<br />

qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n an iZulebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba saqarTvelos<br />

konfliqturi zonebi<strong>da</strong>n. garemos Secvla bavSvisTvis<br />

siZneleebs warmoSobs. Tu msgavsi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />

ar aris kargad momzadebuli, axal adgilsamyofelze<br />

arsebulma mdgomareobam ojaxis pirobebis gauareseba<br />

SeiZleba gamoiwvios <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi stres-faqtorebi<br />

warmoqmnas.<br />

_ alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba saxlSi<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es faqtori bevri bavSvis mier<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>saxelebula, alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> cxovrebaSi mZlavri stres-faqtorebia.<br />

isini Zirs uTxrian ojaxis wevrebTan usafrTxo mijaWvulobis<br />

grZnobas <strong>da</strong> aiZuleben bavSvebs, mdgomareobasTan<br />

Seguebis iseT strategiebs mimarTon,<br />

rogoricaa saxlis mitoveba <strong>da</strong> quCaSi gasvla. radgan<br />

alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba xSirad saxeldeba<br />

im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier, romelTac <strong>da</strong>kar<strong>ge</strong>s mSobeli<br />

an romelTa mSoblebi ganqorwinebulni arian, es<br />

kidev ufro arTulebs garemoebebs.<br />

_ janmrTelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi<br />

ojaxSi<br />

siRaribesTan <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

ararsebobasTan erTad, ojaxSi arsebulma janmrTelobis<br />

mZime problemebma <strong>da</strong> am mdgomareobasTan<br />

gamklavebis SeuZleblobam bavSvs skolis mitovebisken,<br />

fuli gamomuSavebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisken an ubralod,<br />

siZneleebisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT saxlis <strong>da</strong>tovebisken<br />

SeiZleba ubiZgos.<br />

_ ganaTlebis nakleboba<br />

kvlevis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom skola <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli<br />

nawilia, magram, amavdroulad, xSirad maTi<br />

Semdgomi socialuri izolaciis <strong>da</strong>maCqarebels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba<br />

skolaSi ar iricxeba. isini ki, vinc jer kidev skolaSi<br />

iricxebian, iq <strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis ramdenime winaaRmdegobas<br />

awydebian. zogi skolaSi siarulis Semosavlis<br />

gamomuSavebasTan SeaTavsebas cdilobs, rac rTulia<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba bavSvs skolis mitovebisken ubiZgos. sxvebs<br />

aucilebeli saskolo nivTebis SeZena ar ZaluZT,<br />

an CaricxvisTvis aucilebeli sabuTebi ar gaaCniaT.<br />

ojaxebi, romelTac bavSvis skolaSi gagzavnasa <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxisTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavlis mopovebaSi maT<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT, xSirad<br />

arsebobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebis moZiebas<br />

ganaTlebis grZelvadian <strong>da</strong> bundovad sar<strong>ge</strong>belze win<br />

ayeneben. ojaxuri struqturis Secvlam, rac mSoblis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebiT an ganqorwinebiT aris gamowveuli,<br />

ojaxis prioritetebi SeiZleba Secvalos, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvis<br />

ganaTlebas wamyvani roli aRar eqneba. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />

bevri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi skolas Tavs anebebs <strong>da</strong> amis mizezad<br />

interesis naklebobas, sakuTari Tavis skolasTan Seusabamobas<br />

an ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxs asaxelebs.<br />

_ bavSvis irgvliv arasakmarisi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

sistemis arseboba<br />

socialuri momsaxureba, romelsac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>Tvis<br />

maTi quCaSi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

aRmoCena SeuZlia, Zalian cotaa <strong>da</strong> maT Sesaxeb<br />

informacia xSirad ar aris sakmarisad xelmisawvdomi<br />

imisaTvis, rom aRkveTos bavSvis quCaSi gasvla an<br />

xeli Seuwyos maT quCaSi yofnisas cxovrebis alternatiuli<br />

gzebis gamonaxvaSi. quCaSi moxvedris Semdeg,<br />

bavSvebi im mcire socialur momsaxurebas mimarTaven,<br />

ris Sesaxebac Seityoben, magram <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas arasdros gaugia Sesabamisi<br />

socialuri samsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> arc gamouyenebia<br />

isini.<br />

_ bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis Si<strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi meqanizmebis<br />

ararseboba<br />

zogierT qveyanaSi, bavSvis ojaxSi mTavari mzrunvelis<br />

aryofnas naklebad uaryofiTi efeqti aqvs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

bavSvis garSemo arsebuli Temis wevrebi icaven bavSvs,<br />

roca ojaxs es ar ZaluZs. urbanul <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

es ase ar aris – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> aRqmiT, rodesac isini<br />

mTeli rigi siZneleebis winaSe dganan, farTo sazogadoeba,<br />

rogoricaa, magaliTad: mezoblebi, maT<br />

gverdiT ar arian. amas socialuri an kulturuli indiferentuloba<br />

(an sulac mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba)<br />

SeiZleba vuwodoT, rac bavSvis Semdgom socialur<br />

izolacias <strong>da</strong> TviTSezRudvas iwvevs.<br />

_ <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis socialuri izolacia<br />

kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi aCvenebs, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mcxovrebi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi yvelaze Raribi <strong>da</strong> socialurad<br />

izolirebuli ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n arian. mTeli rigi<br />

siZneleebisas, rogoricaa siRaribe, sacxovreblis<br />

ararseboba, meuRlis <strong>da</strong>kargva, ganqorwineba an ojaxuri<br />

konfliqtebi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebs <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare Sokebisgan <strong>da</strong>cva xSirad SeuZleblad<br />

miaCniaT. Tu mSoblebs, realurad, farTo ojaxi <strong>da</strong><br />

sazogadoeba ar exmareba, xSirad ojaxebi Seguebis<br />

iseT strategiebs mimarTaven, romlebic bavSvisaTvis<br />

Sesabamisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris pirobebs ar qmnis.<br />

rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> bevri ojaxi<br />

e. w. <strong>da</strong>swavlili <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis 3 simptomebs amJRavnebs<br />

– es aris fsiqologiuri termini, romelic socialur<br />

konteqstSi xsnis, Tu ratom veRar moqmedeben a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />

romlebmac warsulSi mravaljeradi warumatebloba<br />

ganicades <strong>da</strong> romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

garkveul winaaRmdegobebs awydebodnen. isini prob-<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 7


lemebis gaSinaganebisaken arian midrekilni; yvela<br />

siZneles afaseben, rogorc mravalmxrivs, romelTac<br />

maTi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze zemoqmedeba SeuZlia<br />

<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebs mudmiv <strong>da</strong> Seucvlel, Seuqcevad<br />

procesebad miiCneven.<br />

is faqti, rom saqarTvelos quCebSi asobiT Raribi<br />

<strong>da</strong> socialurad gariyuli bavSvia, kvalificiuri socialuri<br />

samsaxuris moqmedebis aucileblobas warmoSobs.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis winaSe arsebuli<br />

sakiTxebi siRaribis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />

inkluziis farTo konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes.<br />

aucilebelia erTiani <strong>da</strong> koordinirebuli midgoma,<br />

raTa ga<strong>da</strong>iWras <strong>bavSvebis</strong>, ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad sazogadoebis<br />

faqtorebi, romlebic bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken<br />

ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs an iq aCerebs. aseTi politika <strong>da</strong> programuli<br />

pasuxebi bavSvs uflebebis, kompleqsuri saWiroebebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> personaluri siZliereebis mqone indivi<strong>da</strong>d<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara keTildReobis programebis ubralod mim-<br />

Rebad un<strong>da</strong> ganixilavdes. ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba<br />

ganxilul un<strong>da</strong> iqnas problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saSualebad<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara problemis nawilad – politika <strong>da</strong> programebi<br />

mimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>bavSvebis</strong> uflebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri qselis rolis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisaken. am midgomiT, ZiriTadi politika,<br />

sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />

moicavs Semdegs:<br />

politikis doneze:<br />

- <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis regularuli<br />

kvleva am jgufis dinamikis Sesaswavlad <strong>da</strong><br />

mTavrobis mier mtkicebulebebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli programebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebis prioritetebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />

- socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

kriteriumebis, identifikaciis/informaciis gavrcelebis<br />

meqanizmebisa <strong>da</strong> indikatorebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva,<br />

raTa saxelmwifo programebi xelmisawvdomi gaxdes<br />

yvelaze <strong>da</strong>ucveli jgufebisaTvis.<br />

- arsebuli socialuri SeRavaTebis konsolidireba<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi mor<strong>ge</strong>ba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebSi ukiduresi<br />

siRaribis aRmosafxvrelad; siRaribis Semcirebis<br />

programebi un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes rCevebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis programebs maTTvis, visac muSaoba<br />

SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> materialur an fulad <strong>da</strong>xmarebas maTTvis,<br />

visac muSaoba ar SeuZlia.<br />

- bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis zogad sistemaSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

gankuTvnili asakis Sesabamisi miznobrivi socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis gaTvaliswineba <strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

mravalricxovani momsaxurebis SemuSaveba, romlebic<br />

rac SeiZleba meti ojaxis <strong>da</strong>farvasa <strong>da</strong> kvalificiur<br />

multi-seqtorul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras gaiTvaliswinebs.<br />

3. White, Harrison C. (1992); Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social<br />

Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; see also: Petersen, C., Maier,<br />

S.F., Seligman, M.E.P. (1995). Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the A<strong>ge</strong> of<br />

Personal Control. New York: Oxford University Press<br />

- sa<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> mizanSewonilia, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

regularuli an <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semdgomi programebis<br />

misawodeblad arsebuli ZiriTadi resursebis<br />

(magaliTad, skolebis) gamoyeneba. bavSvze zrunvis<br />

axali momsaxurebis ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT dRis<br />

ganmavlobaSi zrunvis (dRis centrebi), skolis-Semdgomi<br />

programebis, naTesauri Svilobilobis an yvelaze<br />

kritikul SemTxvevaSi, mimReb ojaxSi ganTavsebis<br />

an mcire tipis rezidentul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi<br />

ganTavsebis saxiT.<br />

- sakuTrebis uflebisa <strong>da</strong> ganqorwinebis Semdeg usaxlkarobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi ekonomikuri gaWirvebis<br />

riskebis Sesamcireblad, dedebisaTvis materialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCenis saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva <strong>da</strong> aRsrulebis axali meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />

- iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebisaTvis informaciis<br />

gavrcelebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis miwodebis meqanizmebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xvewa, gansakuTrebiT kompaqturi Casaxlebis<br />

centrebSi mcxovrebi <strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebisaTvis, raTa<br />

isini flobdnen srul informacias <strong>da</strong> aseve miuwvdebodeT<br />

xeli saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis arsebul programebze.<br />

- skolis gareT myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis<br />

gaumjobeseba:<br />

1) modificirebuli kurikulumis (<strong>da</strong>sawevi <strong>da</strong> Ria/<br />

distanciuri swavlebis) ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> serTificirebis<br />

gziT <strong>da</strong> aseve am kurikulumis ganaTlebis<br />

savauCero sistemaSi CarTvis gziT; 2) savauCero<br />

sistemis gansazRvra skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swrebisa <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

Caricxvis mixedviT; 3) skolebisTvis, profesiuli<br />

ganaTlebis centrebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis alternatiuli<br />

sqemis momwodeblebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saganmanaTleblo<br />

programebis SesamuSaveblad, <strong>da</strong>matebi-<br />

Ti resursebiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis, xelmisawvdomi<br />

`inkluziuri ganaTlebis fondis~ Seqmna; 4) zogierT<br />

SemTxvevaSi, profesiuli ganaTlebis centrebSi Casaricxad,<br />

savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis wlebis<br />

Semcireba, raTa, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis profesiuli<br />

ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi gaxdes.<br />

- piradobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis<br />

gamo, socialuri usafrTxoebis qselisadmi Sez-<br />

Ruduli xelmisawvdomobis problemis mogvareba,<br />

rac <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebs saSualebas miscems<br />

droebiT <strong>da</strong>registrirdnen, magaliTad TviTidentifikaciis<br />

safuZvelze, <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>da</strong>xmareba iuridiuli<br />

sabuTebis gaformebaSi.<br />

- uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom arsebuli kanonmdebloba<br />

alkoholis momxmarebel ojaxebSi Zaladobisagan<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> droulad <strong>da</strong>cvis praqtikul meqanizmebs Seicavs<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseve Seicavs adekvatur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras ojaxebisaTvis,<br />

am problemebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad.<br />

- azartul TamaSebSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> monawileobis akrZalvis<br />

efeqturi meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />

- policiis trenin<strong>ge</strong>bis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nel nawilad bavSvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebis CarTva; bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

sakiTxebSi CarevisaTvis profesionali socialuri<br />

mosamsaxure policielis Tanamdebobis SemoReba<br />

8 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>da</strong> policiis moqmedebebis winaaRmdeg anonimuri sa-<br />

Civrebis meqanizmebis SemuSaveba.<br />

- sasamarTlo warmoebis sistemaSi samuSao meqanizmebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nergva, rac mSoblis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebze<br />

Sesabamis zrunvas uzrunvelyofs.<br />

- <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis programebis SemuSaveba<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> mozardebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>nergva bavSvze<br />

zrunvis sistemaSi.<br />

- bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvaze <strong>da</strong> ojaxis keTildReobaze pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />

an arapir<strong>da</strong>pir pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bel yvela uwyebas Soris<br />

formaluri TanamSromlobis, informaciis gaziarebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> urTierTmimarTebis meqanizmebis arsebobis<br />

uzrunvelyofa krizisis adreuli identifikaciisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> drouli multi-seqtoruli Carevis garantirebisaTvis.<br />

adgilobriv doneze:<br />

- qalaqebis Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, socialuri<br />

inkluziis strategiebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergva;<br />

am strategiebis nawili un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi ojaxebis ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi adgilobrivi<br />

samsaxurebis mier finansuri resursebis gamonaxva<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamoyofa; qalaqebSi usaxlkarobis problemebis<br />

mogvareba.<br />

- qalaqebSi arsebuli socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebs<br />

Soris (skola, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, socialuri<br />

muSakebi, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis obieqtebi, saxelmwifo<br />

biujetze myofi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi,<br />

administracia <strong>da</strong> policia) regularuli TanamSromlobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>nergva <strong>da</strong> gazr<strong>da</strong>.<br />

skolis doneze:<br />

- skolis gareT myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saganmanaTleblo<br />

programebis <strong>da</strong>nergva (skolis Semdgomi<br />

klubebi, meTvalyureobis sqemebi, mozardTa<br />

resurs-centrebi), am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> skolaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis,<br />

an sxva gziT, sabaziso <strong>da</strong>/an profesiuli ganaTlebis<br />

miRebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

- skolis maswavleblebis treningi, individualuri<br />

kurikulumis miwodebaSi <strong>da</strong> swavlebis fsiqo-socialur<br />

aspeqtebSi; <strong>da</strong> skola-mSoblis kavSiris gaumjobeseba.<br />

- im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, vinc skolaSi ukiduresi ekonomikuri<br />

gaWirvebis gamo ar iricxeba, waxalisebis<br />

sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergva (rogoricaa <strong>da</strong>finanseba, saswavlo<br />

sesxebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvaneloebiT droebiT sar<strong>ge</strong>blobis<br />

meqnizmebi).<br />

programul doneze:<br />

- <strong>bavSvebis</strong>/ojaxebisaTvis, individualurad droSi<br />

SezRuduli, kargad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli <strong>da</strong> miznobrivi intervenciis<br />

strategiebis SemuSaveba, prevenciasa <strong>da</strong> intervencias<br />

Soris gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

- bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxur garemoze programebis gavlenis<br />

gasazomi mkafio indikatorebis SemuSaveba.<br />

- beneficiari <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis (dedmamiSvilebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> dedinacvalis/maminacvalis CaTvliT) adreuli<br />

indetificirebisa <strong>da</strong> sruli monawileobis uzrunvelyofa;<br />

farTo ojaxuri qselebis gamonaxva; ojaxebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis Zlieri mxareebis Sefaseba, rac<br />

individuali momsaxurebis <strong>ge</strong>gmis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong>exmareba.<br />

- beneficiarebisaTvis sazogadoebaSi arsebuli programebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa maTTvis misawvdomi gzebiT <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

mier am programebis gamoyenebaSi xelis Sewyoba.<br />

- ojaxur krizisebze mimarTulma programebma un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoimuSaon Sesabamisi kompetenciebi (rogoricaa<br />

fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba alkoholizmis, ganqorwinebis<br />

an ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri<br />

aqtivacia <strong>da</strong> rCevebi samuSaos Sesaxeb, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> an<br />

avadmyofebis droebiTi movla saxlSi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis<br />

unarebis gaumjobeseba) <strong>da</strong>/an un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaron mimarTvis<br />

sistemebi. ojaxis momsaxureba moqnili <strong>da</strong><br />

mravali ojaxis momcveli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs un<strong>da</strong><br />

miewodebodeT maTTvis mosaxerxebel adgilas, maTTvis<br />

mosaxerxebel saaTebSi. es aspeqti gansakuTrebiT<br />

aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom Si<strong>da</strong> ojaxur kavSirebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis strategiebs ziani ar miad<strong>ge</strong>s.<br />

- programebSi, romlebic eTnikur umciresobebTan<br />

(magaliTad: boSebTan) muSaobas <strong>ge</strong>gmavs, CarTuli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen Sesabamisi eTnikuri jgufis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi,<br />

rac gazrdis am jgufisaTvis momsaxurebis<br />

xelmisawvdomobas <strong>da</strong> xels Seuwyobs ndobis Camoyalibebas.<br />

- proeqtebma, romlebic mimarTulia <strong>quCis</strong> mozardebTan<br />

muSaobaze, un<strong>da</strong> gamoimuSaon kompetenciebi,<br />

romlebic saWiroa mozardebisaTvis cxovrebiseuli<br />

programebis miwodebisaTvis (maT Soris: jgufuri<br />

sacxovreblis, alternatiuli <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />

ganaTlebis miwodebis <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli unarebis<br />

swavlebis CaTvliT) <strong>da</strong> gare <strong>da</strong>xmarebis xelmisawvdomad<br />

formaluri mimarTvis sistema un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergos.<br />

amis msgavsad, programebs, romlebic toqsikuri<br />

nivTierebebis momxmarebeli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> CarTvas<br />

<strong>ge</strong>gmavs, un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos am sakiTxebTan gamklaveba an<br />

kavSiri un<strong>da</strong> hqondes specializebul centrebTan.<br />

- programebi, romlebic, skolis gareT <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sabaziso ganaTlebas iTvaliswinebs,<br />

<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos serTificirebul an sxvagvarad<br />

oficialurad aRiarebul kurikulumze <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi miwodeba moqnili <strong>da</strong> individualurad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli<br />

meTodebiT un<strong>da</strong> moxdes. Tu gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> reintegracia formalur saganmanaTleblo<br />

sistemaSi, programebma mWidrod un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon<br />

skolebTan <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebisaTvis, moswavleebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mSoblebisaTvis stigmisa <strong>da</strong> diskriminaciis<br />

Sesamcireblad trenin<strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>da</strong> sensitiuri RonisZiebebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> Caataron.<br />

- programebi vakuumSi ar un<strong>da</strong> moqmedebdes; piriqiT,<br />

un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes yvela relevantur socialur<br />

programas Soris mudmiv, struqturul <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTul<br />

TanamSromlobas.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 9


Sesavali<br />

informacia qveynis Sesaxeb<br />

saqarTvelos respublika, 4.6 milioniani mosaxleobiT<br />

(romlis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 25% bavSvia), samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />

mdebareobs. igi ruseTs, TurqeTs, azerbaijansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> somxeTs esazRvreba, strategiuli mdebareoba<br />

ukavia <strong>da</strong> uZvelesi abreSumis gzis gavliT, <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />

aziasTan akavSirebs.<br />

Savi zRva<br />

baTumi<br />

TurqeTi<br />

ruseTis federacia<br />

saqarTvelo<br />

quTaisi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

somxeTi<br />

suraTi #1 – saqarTvelos ruka (aRniSnulia kvlevis Catarebis<br />

adgilebi)<br />

saqarTvelos mSfoTvare uaxlesma istoriam mniSvnelovani<br />

gavlena iqonia qveynis socialur-ekonomikur<br />

mdgomareobaze. 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />

sabWoTa kavSirisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,<br />

1991 <strong>da</strong> 1993 wlebis separatistuli konfliqtebis<br />

Sedegad, qveynis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 15% afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT oseTis araRiarebuli mTavrobebis xelSi<br />

moeqca <strong>da</strong> asobiT aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />

pirad aqcia. 1995 wlis konstituciam ganamtkica<br />

demokratiul principebTan Sesabamisoba.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, prezident eduard SevardnaZis<br />

mmarTvelobis dros, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

araefeqturi <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli iyo, arCevnebi sul<br />

ufro metad yalbdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo xSirad `ar-<br />

Semdgar saxelmwifod~ moixseniebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2003 wels, vardebis revoluciis Sedegad, qveynis<br />

saTaveSi mosulma axalma mTavrobam mraval mniSvnelovan<br />

warmatebas miaRwia. Catar<strong>da</strong> ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />

reforma, ramac sajaro samsaxuris efeqturoba<br />

gazar<strong>da</strong>, korufcia Seamcira, mniSvnelovani<br />

progresi gamoiwvia qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebis<br />

saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-atlantikur alianssa (NATO) <strong>da</strong><br />

evrokavSirSi integracia mTavar erovnul miznad<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxa. am zogad strategiul mimarTulebebTan er-<br />

Tad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam bavSvTa keTildReobis<br />

sistemis reformireba <strong>da</strong> qveynis kanonmdeblobis<br />

gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis konvenciasTan SesabamisobaSi<br />

moyvana <strong>da</strong>iwyo. saqarTvelo aRniSnul<br />

konvencias 1994 wels SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. gasaWirSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCenis mxriv, reforma<br />

socialur- materialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sistemis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nergvas <strong>da</strong> rezidentuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis alternatiuli<br />

mzrunvelobis formebis SemoRebas moicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rac Seexeba arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis<br />

sferos _ sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis<br />

asakTan, prevenciul RonisZiebebTan <strong>da</strong> patimrobis<br />

alternatiuli meqanizmebis SemoRebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

dRemde debatebi mimdinareobs. mzrunvelobis<br />

formebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT, aRiarebulia, rom<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> calkeuli jgufebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

saWiroeben. Ees yuradReba uzrunvelyofs am<br />

garkveuli jgufebis saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />

SemuSavebuli programebis inkluziurobas. qu-<br />

Cis bavSvebi erT-erTi aseTi jgufia.<br />

dReisaTvis, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sistemuri<br />

an amomwuravi kvleva ar Catarebula. adgilobrivi<br />

<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis SefasebiT,<br />

qveyanaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> 500-<strong>da</strong>n<br />

5000-mde meryeob<strong>da</strong>. 2006 wlis maisSi, saqarTvelos<br />

parlamentis iniciativiT, federaciam `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />

bavSvebi~ <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebze momuSave samuSao<br />

jgufi Camoayaliba, romelic samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebs aerTianebs. samuSao jgufis<br />

erT-erTi mizani <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze kvlevis Catareba<br />

iyo, raTa maTi ufro zusti <strong>raodenoba</strong>, saWiroebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> am fenomenis gamomwvevi mizezebi <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>niliyo;<br />

Semdeg ki, aRniSnuli kvleva mTavrobas <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebs Sesabamisi intervenciebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmvaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2007 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />

bavSvebi~ TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong> gaeros bavSvTa fond-<br />

Tan, romelmac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvlevis proeqtis<br />

SemuSavebaSi wvlili Seitana eqpertuli rCevebis<br />

saxiT. eqspertul <strong>da</strong>skvnaSi saubari iyo politikis<br />

SemqmnelTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>m<strong>ge</strong>gmavTa informirebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> saWiroebebisadmi misa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>buli programebis<br />

SemuSavebis mizniT, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvlevisadmi<br />

sistemuri midgomis aucileblobaze. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

Sesabamisi kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2007 wlis ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

2008 wlis martamde Catar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

10 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


kvlevis miznebi<br />

mocemuli kvlevis mizania <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

raodenobis, maxasiaTeblebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis<br />

Sesaxeb swori <strong>da</strong> sando monacemebis mopoveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis Sesamcireblad <strong>da</strong> aseve maTi<br />

moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad marTebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesabamisi programebis rekomendeba. am zogadi miznis<br />

farglebSi, kvlevis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa TbilisSi, quTais-<br />

Si, rusTavsa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> miaxloebiTi<br />

raodenobis gamoTvla. Sesabamisad, kvlevis mizania<br />

sando informaciis mopoveba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb<br />

Semdeg sakiTxebze: demografiuli Taviseburebebi,<br />

ojaxuri mdgomareoba, TavSesafari/sacxovrebeli,<br />

ganaTlebis statusi, momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb codna<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyeneba, Semosavlis miReba, fizikuri janmrTelobis<br />

mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis xarisxi. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />

kvlevis mizania <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mcxovrebi <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Sesabamisi intervenciebis SesamuSaveblad,<br />

mtkicebulebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />

momzadeba.<br />

diskusia <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> debatebi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad,<br />

ixileT Panter-Brick, 2003). 4 yvelaze gavrcelebuli,<br />

organzomilebiani gansazRvrebebi yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs im adgilze (anu quCaze), sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebi<br />

drois umetes nawils atareben <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>bavSvebis</strong> maT<br />

ojaxebTan kavSiris intensivobaze. am kriteriumebis<br />

4. Panter-Brick, Catherine (2003); “Street Children, Human Rights and Public<br />

Health” in Children, Youth and Environments Volume 13 No. 1<br />

gamoyenebiT, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs xSirad Q<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebad<br />

(anu bavSvebi, romlebic mudmivad quCaSi cxovroben<br />

<strong>da</strong> iSviaTad an saerTod ar aqvT kontaqti ojaxTan)<br />

<strong>da</strong> quCaSi myof bavSvebad (anu bavSvebi, romlebic<br />

dRes quCaSi atareben <strong>da</strong> Rame ojaxebSi brundebian)<br />

hyofen. mtkicebulebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli ukeTesi terminologiis<br />

ararsebobis pirobebSi, qarTvelma praqtikosebma<br />

sakuTari gansazRvreba am saerTo definiciebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Camoayalibes <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

sami jgufi ganasxvaves:<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi – isini, romlebic Rames quCaSi an a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo adgilas atareben<br />

(sZinavT) erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi. maT ar<br />

hyavT ojaxi/mzrunveli, an ar hqoniaT kavSiri ojax-<br />

Tan/mzrunvelTan, erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavloba-<br />

Si. isini sakuTar Tavs TviTonve uzrunvelyofen <strong>da</strong><br />

mopovebul fuls sakuTar saWiroebebze <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> garemocvaze<br />

xarjaven.<br />

bavSvebi quCaSi – isini, romlebic yovelTvis an umetesad<br />

saxlSi iZineben, magram dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />

drois udides nawils quCaSi atareben. maT SeiZleba<br />

ojaxTan/mzrunvelTan regularuli (yoveldRiuri)<br />

an araregularuli (yoveldRiurze naklebi sixSiriT)<br />

kavSiri hqondeT. isini sakuTar Tavs TviTonve<br />

uzrunvelyofen <strong>da</strong> Semosavlis nawili saxlSi (ojaxebTan/mzrunvelebTan)<br />

miaqvT.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> ojaxebis bavSvebi _ isini, romlebic Rames<br />

quCaSi an a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo adgilas<br />

atareben (sZinavT), ojaxis zr<strong>da</strong>srul wevrTan er-<br />

Tad, erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi. isini quCaSi<br />

Semosavals moipoveben <strong>da</strong> ojaxis rCenaSi SeaqvT wvlili.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 11


12 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> aRweris kidev erTi<br />

saintereso mcdeloba, <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis momsaxurebis<br />

gamwev qarTul organizacias hqon<strong>da</strong>. organizaciis<br />

wevrebma, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ori jgufi bavSvsa <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>sruls<br />

Soris arsebul tradiciul kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> am<br />

kavSiris gawyvetis safuZvelze ganasxvaves:<br />

pirveli jgufi: quCaSi cxovrebis riskis winaSe mdgomi<br />

bavSvebi – bavSvs ukve raRac dro aqvs quCaSi gatarebuli,<br />

magram rolebis ganawileba – mozrdili,<br />

rogorc mzrunveli <strong>da</strong> bavSvi, rogorc kmayofaze<br />

myofi - SenarCunebulia.<br />

meore jgufi: <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi _ drois udides nawils<br />

quCaSi atareben, radgan mzrunvelis funqciasac<br />

bavSvebi asruleben. isini iZulebulni xdebian, Tavad<br />

irCinon Tavi <strong>da</strong> xSirad arCinon zr<strong>da</strong>srulebic, romlebsac<br />

mzrunvelis funqciis Sesruleba aRar Seu-<br />

ZliaT <strong>da</strong> bavSvebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulni xdebian.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli terminebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> quCas Sefarebuli<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli sakiTxebis aRweris<br />

mcdeloba iyo. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, maT garkveuli<br />

SezRudvebi axasiaTebT, radgan TiToeuli<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebs faqtorebis mcire ricxvze<br />

(adgilmdebareoba, urTierToba an <strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebi).<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, isini <strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCuri cxovrebis cvalebad<br />

bunebas ar asaxavs. rogorc a.S.S. saerTaSoriso<br />

ganivaTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos adgilnacval bavSvTa <strong>da</strong><br />

obolTa fondis (DCOF) saxelmZRvanelo dokumentSia<br />

gadmocemuli: ukanaskneli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom<br />

quCaSi myofi bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> mozardebi quCaSi muSaobisa<br />

(quCaSi arsebuli samsaxuris gziT fulis gamomuSavebaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>xarjuli dro) <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovrebis (quCaSi<br />

an <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TavSesafrebSi Zilze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli<br />

dro) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxiT gamoirCvvian. 5<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> termini `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi~ aseve uaryofi-<br />

Ti konotaciiT aris <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli <strong>da</strong> xSirad yuradRebas<br />

quCaSi cxovrebis saziano aspeqtebze amaxvilebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara imaTze, vinc aseTi cxovrebiT cxovrobs.<br />

Tavad bavSvebs ar surT `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebad~ iwodebodnen.<br />

kvlevis dros Catar<strong>da</strong> ori fokus-jgufi<br />

(Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi) `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~<br />

proeqtis mobiluri jgufebisaTvis cnobili <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> monawileobiT. fasilitatorebis SekiTxvaze,<br />

ra saxels iyeneben bavSvebi sakuTari Tavis asaRwerad,<br />

pasuxi iyo _ `ubralod bavSvebi~. CaZiebisas<br />

maT sxva wina<strong>da</strong>debebic wamoayenes: `momuSave bavSvebi~,<br />

`maTxovari bavSvebi~, an `kai biWebi~. saxelTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stigma <strong>da</strong> gansazRvrul kategoriebad<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofis tendencia imdenad Zlieria,<br />

rom xan<strong>da</strong>xan gvaviwyebs mTavars: `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi~ aris<br />

ubralod bavSvi - individualuri, unikaluri niWiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebiT.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> klasifikaciis gamoyenebisas un<strong>da</strong><br />

5. James-Wilson D. (2007); Building Brid<strong>ge</strong>s to Mainstream Opportunities;<br />

Displaced Children & Orphans Fund Gui<strong>da</strong>nce on Funding Priorities and Parameters<br />

for Street Children Programming ; USAID<br />

gvaxsovdes, rom jgufebi <strong>da</strong> qvejgufebi aucileblad<br />

erTgvarovani an erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ar<br />

aris. nebismieri mkacri gansazRvrebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli kvleva<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis<br />

axali gansazRvrebebis SemuSavebas ar isaxavs<br />

miznad. piriqiT, is cdilobs qveyanaSi aqamde gamoyenebuli<br />

terminologiis ga<strong>da</strong>mowmebas. ZiriTadi _ adgili-dro<br />

ganzomileba jer kidev gamoiyeneba, magram<br />

xdeba misi analizi iseTi faqtorebis mimarT, rogoricaa<br />

demografia, mobiluroba, ojaxi, TavSesafari,<br />

ganaTleba, Semosavlis gamomuSaveba, janmrTeloba <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva. kvleva iTvaliswinebs, rom cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

etapze, SesaZlebelia, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi erTi jgufi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen an erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

jgufis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel Tvisebebs iziarebdnen.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> kategorizaciis yvela<br />

zemoTCamoTvlili SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

monacemTa analizis procesSi ori SesaZlo midgoma<br />

gamoikveTa. erTs SeiZleba tipologiis midgoma<br />

vuwodoT, romelic <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> konkretuli<br />

jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> qvejgufebis gansazRvrebas <strong>da</strong> politikis<br />

pasuxebis am saerTo jgufebisaTvis misa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bas<br />

Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. am modelis Tanaxmad, termini `<strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvi~ gamoyenebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT mZime<br />

pirobebSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> populaciaSi calke kategoriis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad.<br />

kvlevis monacemTa Tanaxmad, mzrunveli zr<strong>da</strong>srulis<br />

(mSoblebis an sxva naTesavebis) arseboba/ararseboba<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis Ziri-<br />

Tadi ganmsazRvrelia. am indikatoris gamoyenebiT<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> erTi mTavari<br />

jgufi moicavs imaT, vinc ojaxis wevrebTan erTad<br />

ar cxovrobs (mTeli SerCevis 35%). zogadi saTauris<br />

qveS _ `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic ar cxovroben<br />

mSoblebTan an ojaxis wevrebTan erTad~, SeiZleba<br />

gamoiyos Semdegi qvejgufi: `ZiriTadi mzrunvelis<br />

gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCenili bavSvebi~ (isini, vinc ambobs, rom<br />

maTze aravin zrunavs).<br />

meore ZiriTadi jgufi moicavs bavSvebs, romlebsac<br />

SeuZliaT ZiriTadi mzrunvelis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong><br />

am jgufis qvejgufs Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns ojaxebTan mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi.<br />

am farTo kategoriebis SigniT SesaZlebelia Semdgomi<br />

qvejgufebis gamoyofa: `bavSvebi, romlebic mTeli<br />

weli quCaSi cxovroben~ (quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi);<br />

`bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod zafxulis an zamTris<br />

Rameebs atareben quCaSi~ (quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi); `bavSvebi, romlebic quCaSi dRis saaTebs<br />

atareben, magram ara Rames~ (quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi).<br />

kvlevis monacemebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi, romelTac<br />

ar hyavT mzrunveli <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc ojaxebTan ar cxovroben,<br />

ufro metad atareben Rameebs quCaSi, vidre<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic ojaxebTan cxovroben <strong>da</strong>/an hyavT<br />

mzrunveli.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 13


meore kategoriaSi (bavSvebi, romelTac hyavT mzrunveli<br />

<strong>da</strong>/an cxovroben mSoblebTan) qvejgufebis gansazRvra<br />

ufro rTuli xdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime potenciuri<br />

qvejgufis SigniT sagrZnobi gansxvavebebia,<br />

zogierTi jgufi erTmaneTs nawilobriv ga<strong>da</strong>faravs<br />

an msgavsi Tvisebebi gaaCnia. magaliTad: kvleva aCvenebs,<br />

rom orive mSoblis yolisa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis imave<br />

qalaqSi cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi ufro metad<br />

iricxebian skolaSi <strong>da</strong> nakleb dros atareben quCaSi.<br />

Tumca, sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, imave<br />

qalaqSi mSoblebis arsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, umetesad<br />

skolaSi ar iricxebian <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d quCaSi arian,<br />

im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> msgavsad, romlebsac ar hyavT mSoblebi,<br />

magram ar arian migrantebi. un<strong>da</strong> iyos Tu ara migranti<br />

bavSvi CarTuli pirvel kategoriaSi, radgan mis umetes<br />

maxasiaTeblebs iziarebs? Tu isini un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoT<br />

meore kategorias, radgan maT hyavT mSoblebi,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian am<br />

jgufis sxva umravlesi wevrebisagan? quCaSi momuSave<br />

mozard biWebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisas, romelTac quCaSi cxovrebis<br />

didi xnis gamocdileba aqvT, igive dilemas<br />

vawydebiT. es biWebi amJRavneben <strong>bavSvebis</strong> im farTo<br />

jgufis Taviseburebebs, romlebic mSoblebTan ar<br />

cxovroben. magram maTi asakis, Seguebis strategiebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> samomavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba<br />

<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom ojaxs gareT cxovreba maTTvis ise-<br />

Tive <strong>da</strong>brkolebaa. un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen Tu ara isini ojaxs<br />

gareT mcxovreb sxva bavSvebTan erTad klasificirebulebi?<br />

msgavsi kiTxvebi mravlad Cndeba, rodesac<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> zogadi, modeluri kategoriebis SeqmnasTan<br />

gvaqvs saqme, radgan <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas<br />

gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aqvs <strong>da</strong><br />

isini mravali winaaRmdegobis winaSe dganan.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic ar cxovroben ojaxebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>/an ar hyavT mzrunveli (pirveli jgufi) Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

advili aRsaweria, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maT bevri saerTo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

Tviseba aqvT. isini ufro met dros atareben<br />

quCaSi. umetesad, isini skolaSi ar iricxebian <strong>da</strong><br />

skoli<strong>da</strong>n wamosulTa proporciac maRalia. maT mSoblis<br />

ararseboba an gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba siRaribeze met an<br />

aranakleb problemad miaCniaT. maT sakuTari Tavis<br />

sarCenad fulis gamomuSaveba sWirdebaT. isini aseve,<br />

gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis, SesamCnevi fizikuri<br />

travmebisa <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebis<br />

ufro maRali doniT gamoirCevian.<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebis kidev erTi meTodi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaxasia-<br />

ToT, rogorc <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis (mowyvladobis) speqtri,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi SeiZleba mravali winaaRmdegobis<br />

areSi moeqces. am cnebis Tanaxmad, <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis<br />

gaanalizeba xdeba iseTi specifikuri sakiTxebis<br />

konteqstSi, rogoricaa migracia, bavSvis garSemo<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>srulis arseboba/ararseboba, quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />

mSoblebi, ganaTlebis statusi <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

xelmisawvdomoba. es midgoma saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs, bavSvebi siRaribis, ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis,<br />

ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri usafrTxoebis qselebis<br />

konteqstSi ganvixiloT. drois erT monakveTSi<br />

Catarebuli kvlevis dros, rogoric es kvleva aCvenebs,<br />

TiToeul sakiTxSi arsebuli qvejgufebi urTierTgamomricxavia.<br />

magaliTad, bavSvi ar SeiZleba<br />

iricxebodes skolaSi <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad, mitovebuli<br />

hqondes skola. am sakiTxebis konteqstSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ramdenime mTavari jgufi qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi<br />

aris moyvanili.<br />

amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi faqtori,<br />

romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxiT <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

qvejgufebze axdens gavlenas. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

bavSvi erTi <strong>da</strong> imave <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis sakiTxis farglebSi<br />

erTze met Sesabamis maxasiaTebels avlens. es moicavs<br />

bavSvis mier ojaxis stresorebis aRqmas, skolaSi arwasvlis<br />

mizezebs <strong>da</strong> momavali cxovrebis ocnebebs,<br />

Semosavlis gamomuSavebis strategiebs <strong>da</strong> janmrTe-<br />

14 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


lobis sakiTxebs. es maxasiaTeblebi ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi.<br />

magaliTad, bavSvs SeiZleba xiluli<br />

fizikuri travma hqondes <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis<br />

momxmarebeli iyos, an SeiZleba erTze meti ojaxuri<br />

gaWirveba <strong>da</strong>asaxelos. zogierTi mTavari sakiTxi<br />

qvemoT cxrilSia moyvanili:<br />

mowyvladobis<br />

sakiTxebi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi qve-jgufebi<br />

sakiTxebis mixedviT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi<br />

sakiTxebi<br />

qve-jgufebi sakiTxebis mixedviT<br />

ojaxis aRqmuli<br />

sirTuleebi<br />

mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an ar yola<br />

ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Sla<br />

alkoholizmi/ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

problemebis ar qona<br />

migracia<br />

ara-migranti bavSvebi<br />

migranti bavSvebi saqarTvelos<br />

regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

migranti bavSvebi sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

skolaSi arwasvlis<br />

aRqmuli mizezebi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebi<br />

survilebi momavlisaTvis<br />

ekonomikuri problemebi<br />

skolisadmi interesis arqona<br />

ganaTlebis xarisxi<br />

ojaxis mier skolis <strong>da</strong>wuneba<br />

CaricxvisaTvis saWiro dokumentebis<br />

arqona<br />

maTxovroba<br />

muSaoba<br />

sxva aqtivobebi fulis<br />

gamosamuSaveblad fuli ar<br />

sWirdebaT/ar gamoimuSaveben<br />

zogadi an specifiuri ganaTleba<br />

samuSao<br />

gaumjobesebuli cxovrebis pirobebi<br />

saxli/ojaxi<br />

ar aris gansazRvruli<br />

mSoblebis yola<br />

socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

done<br />

mzrunvelebis yola<br />

ojaxebi<br />

orive mSobliT oboli bavSvebi<br />

dediT an mamiT oboli bavSvebi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac orive mSobeli<br />

cocxali hyavT<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac naTesavebi<br />

hyavT imave qalaqSi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac naTesavebi<br />

ar hyavT imave qalaqSi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic amboben, rom hyavT<br />

pirveladi mzrunvelebi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic amboben, rom<br />

aravin zrunavs maTze<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic marto cxovroben<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic ojaxebTan/<br />

naTesavebTan erTad cxovroben<br />

janmrTeloba<br />

bavSvis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli uunaroba<br />

bavSvis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli fizikuri travma<br />

bavSvis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli toqsikuri<br />

nivTierebebis moxmareba<br />

janmrTelobis sakiTxebi aRqmulia<br />

rogorc ojaxis sirTule<br />

janmrTelobis sakiTxebi aRqmulia<br />

rogorc skolaSi arwasvlis mizezi<br />

quCaSi gatarebuli<br />

dro<br />

ganaTleba<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />

skolaSi Caricxuli bavSvebi<br />

skoli<strong>da</strong>n gamogdebuli bavSvebi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic arasdros<br />

wasulan skolaSi<br />

cxrili #1 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi qvejgufebi <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis<br />

(mowyvladobis) sakiTxebis mixedviT<br />

wera-kiTxvis codna<br />

socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis<br />

xelmisawvdomoba<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari bavSvebi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT<br />

kiTxva <strong>da</strong> wera<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac arasdros smeniaT<br />

socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac smeniaT socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, magram<br />

arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT amiT<br />

bavSvebi, romlebmac isar<strong>ge</strong>bles erTi<br />

an ori socialuri momsaxurebiT<br />

cxrili #2 – ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi sakiTxebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 15


kvlevis meTodologia<br />

kvlevis fazebi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvleva mravalfaziani procesi iyo.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> miaxloebiTi raodenobis Sesafaseblad<br />

Semdegi meTodebi iyo gamoyenebuli: monacemebis<br />

rukaze <strong>da</strong>tana droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />

mixedviT (droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi) <strong>da</strong><br />

wertilovani Sefaseba. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

mogrovebis mizniT, Catar<strong>da</strong> pirispir interviuebi<br />

winaswar gamocdili, stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli kiTxvaris<br />

gamoyenebiT, romelic am kvlevisaTvis SemuSav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yvela faza winaswar <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Sromis,<br />

jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> socialur saqmeTa saministros bioeTikis<br />

komisiis mier.<br />

pirveli safexuri: droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />

mefingi<br />

kvlevis am safexuris mizani saqarTvelos oTx Ser-<br />

Ceul qalaqSi iseTi ubnebisa <strong>da</strong> drois periodebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na iyo, romelTaTvisac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> udidesi<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />

yvelaze Tanamedrove rukebis gamoyenebiT, qalaqebis<br />

sruli teritoria kvadrantebad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili,<br />

romlebzec <strong>da</strong>kvirveba droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />

mefingis jgufebs samsaaTiani periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

manqaniT nela ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas SeeZloT. <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />

jgufi sami wevrisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>: a) mZRoli; b) socialuri<br />

mkvlevari <strong>da</strong> g) socialuri muSaki an <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebTan muSaobis gamocdilebis mqone sxva profesionali.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> idintificirebis mizniT, federaciam<br />

`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~, samuSao jgufTan <strong>da</strong><br />

eqspertebTan erTad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebadi Tvisebebis sia Seadgina. TvisebaTa kombinirebuli<br />

nusxa oTx jgufad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili: 1) fizikuri<br />

maxasiaTeblebi; 2) qceva; 3) adgilmdebareoba; 4)<br />

saqmianoba.<br />

sia SefasebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>eca samuSao jgufis yvela<br />

wevrs, aseve oTxive qalaqSi, droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />

mefingSi monawile jgufebs, ranJirebis<br />

gziT SefasebisaTvis. yvela maTgans <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

identifikaciisaTvis saWiro Tvisebebi mniSvnelobis<br />

mixedviT aTquliani skalis gamoyenebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />

Seefasebina (1 _ yvelaze naklebad mniSvnelovani;<br />

10 _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani). yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

Tvisebebi trenin<strong>ge</strong>bis dros <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

kriteriumebis saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT. 6 SeTanxmebisamebr,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs<br />

saxelmZRvanelo principebad un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyenebinaT,<br />

raTa <strong>da</strong>edginaT, bavSvi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufs miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

Tu ara. <strong>da</strong>matebiT, bavSvis mikuTvneba<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong> ara erTi Tvisebis, aramed fizikuri, qcevi-<br />

Ti, adgilmdebareobis <strong>da</strong> saqmianobebis faqtorebis<br />

erTobliobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

yvela <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli erTdRian kompleqsur trenings<br />

<strong>da</strong>ewro, romelzec droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />

mefingis principebi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

Tvisebebi, sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo angariSis formis Sevsebis<br />

instruqcia, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirvebasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli eTikuri sakiTxebi iyo ganxiluli. aseve<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong> quCaSi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> angariSis<br />

Sevsebis praqtikuli savarjiSo. treningis bolos,<br />

yvela sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo jgufs kvadranti <strong>da</strong> TariRi<br />

ganesazRvra.<br />

droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingis gundebisaTvis<br />

miwodebuli instruqciis Tanaxmad, maT Caureveli<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis teqnika un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyenebinaT <strong>da</strong> mefingi<br />

nela moZravi manqani<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> moexdinaT. <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs<br />

manqanis <strong>da</strong>toveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi See-<br />

ZloT, roca garkveul adgilebze (magaliTad, parkebi,<br />

Ria bazrebi, avtobusisa an rkinigzis sadgurebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebi) manqaniT <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />

SeuZlebeli iyo. droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi<br />

bavSvebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas mitovebuli Senobebis,<br />

kazinoebis, internet-kafeebis, restornebis, kinoTeatrebis,<br />

sajaro transportis, supermarketebis,<br />

eklesiebis <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi adgilebis SigniT ar<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi baTumsa <strong>da</strong><br />

quTaisSi 2007 wlis 28 ivniss, xolo rusTavsa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi<br />

2007 wlis 29 ivniss Catar<strong>da</strong>. oTxive qalaqSi 64<br />

kvandrantze 192 <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli iyo ganawilebuli.<br />

meore safexuri: wertilovani Sefaseba<br />

am safexuris mizani, SerCeul adgilebSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ufro zusti raodenobis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na iyo. sandoobis<br />

asamaRleblad ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>Tvla sami<br />

Tanmimdevruli dRis ganmavlobaSi, dReSi 20 saaTis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, dilis 6 saaTi<strong>da</strong>n Ramis 2 saaTamde<br />

Catardebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan momuSave praqtikosebis<br />

mtkicebiT, TiTqmis arcerTi bavSvi ar aris quCaSi<br />

Ramis 2-<strong>da</strong>n dilis 6 saaTamde. ase rom, <strong>da</strong>Tvlisas am<br />

6. sia kvlevis bolos mesame <strong>da</strong>narTis saxiT aris warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili<br />

16 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


Tbilisi rusTavi quTaisi baTumi sul<br />

kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> droisa <strong>da</strong> 33 7 16 8 64<br />

adgilmdebareobis mefingis<br />

winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisaTvis<br />

kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> wertilovani 11 3 4 2 20<br />

Sefasebis <strong>da</strong>TvlisaTvis<br />

SerCevis cdomileba 3.30% 8% 4.30% 4.30% 2.10%<br />

cxrili #3 – pirvel (droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi) <strong>da</strong> meore (wertilovani Sefaseba) safexurze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli kvadrantebis<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

4 saaTiani Sualedis gamotoveba winaswar iyo <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmili.<br />

droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingma aCvena, rom qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 65% 64 kvandranti<strong>da</strong>n 20-Si iyo Tavmoyrili<br />

<strong>da</strong> am kvandrantebis SigniT <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ramdenime<br />

adgilis garSemo jgufdebodnen. Sesabamisad,<br />

wertilovani Sefasebisas mxolod es 20 kvandranti<br />

iyo gamoyenebuli. am safexurze, <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs maTi<br />

kvadrantebi fexiT un<strong>da</strong> SemoevloT. amitom, aucilebeli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> ramdenime didi kvadrantis ufro patara<br />

kvadrantebad <strong>da</strong>yofa. Sedegad, 20 sawyisi kvadranti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

5 yvelaze did kvadranti or nawilad gaiyo <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />

oTxive qalaqSi axali kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>m<br />

25-s miaRwia. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kvlevis meore safexurze<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirveba ufro nakleb kvadrantze, magram ufro intensiurad<br />

<strong>da</strong> meti sizustiT Catar<strong>da</strong>, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />

cdomilebis albaTobam 2,1% Seadgina.<br />

TiToeul kvadrantze, ori <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblisagan Semdgari<br />

sami jgufi iqna gagzavnili (6 a<strong>da</strong>miani erT kvadrantze).<br />

isini 4 saaTiani SualedebiT muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

8 saaTiani Sesveneba hqon<strong>da</strong>T. wertilovani Sefasebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa jgufebi federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ partniori organizaciebis <strong>da</strong> ACT-kvlevis<br />

profesionali interviuerebisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. saerTo<br />

jamSi, oTx qalaqSi, 54 jgufSi 150 a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo gaer-<br />

Tianebuli.<br />

wertilovani Sefaseba oTxive qalaqSi, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />

erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros Catar<strong>da</strong>: 2007 wlis<br />

25, 26 <strong>da</strong> 27 seqtembers. TiToeuli jgufi 4 saaTiani<br />

ganakveTiT muSaob<strong>da</strong>, droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis mefingis<br />

3 saaTian ganakveTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. TiToeuli <strong>da</strong>mkvirveeli<br />

Sefasebebs yovel or saaTSi erTxel afiqsireb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rac TiToeul ganakveTSi 2 Sefasebis, dReSi<br />

10 Sefasebis <strong>da</strong> sami dRis ganmavlobaSi 30 Sefasebis<br />

tolia.EorsaaTiani Sefasebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebis meqanizmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> oTxive qalaqSi erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros <strong>da</strong>kvirveba,<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvlis procesSi, ganmeorebiTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tvlis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. xarisxis<br />

gasakontroleblad, `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a~ <strong>da</strong><br />

ACT–kvlevis TanamSromlebi TiToeul adgilze sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo<br />

gundebs winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe<br />

ukavSirdebodnen telefoniT an uSualod adgilze<br />

misvliT, raTa kiTxvebze pasuxi gaecaT, wamoWrili<br />

sakiTxebi ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvitaT <strong>da</strong> procesis <strong>ge</strong>gmis Tanaxmad<br />

warmarTva uzrunveleyoT.<br />

mesame safexuri: pirispir interviuebi<br />

mesame safexuris mizani <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> demografiis,<br />

problemebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

Segroveba iyo.<br />

kiTxvaris pirveli variantis SesamuSaveblad, samuSao<br />

jgufis wevrebs kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong><br />

relevanturi sakiTxebi/kiTxvebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT.<br />

samuSao jgufis wevrebis mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebul iqna<br />

yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> Sed<strong>ge</strong>nil iqna Ria<br />

kiTxvebis sia. radgan sia Zalian grZeli iyo <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

gamoyenebas Zalian didi dro <strong>da</strong>sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, federaciam<br />

`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~, kvlav ranJirebis<br />

gziT Sefasebas mimarTa <strong>da</strong> samuSao jgufis wevrebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> wertilovani Sefasebis <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs kiTxvebis,<br />

maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT, Sefaseba sTxova.<br />

bolo sacdeli nimuSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad Sefasebul<br />

40 kiTxvas Seicav<strong>da</strong>. kiTxvaris nimuSma sacdeli<br />

testireba (pilotireba) Tbilisis quCebSi gaiara <strong>da</strong><br />

masSi ramdenime umniSvnelo cvlileba iqna Setanili.<br />

pilotirebis procesisas aseve ganisazRvra SerCevis<br />

yvelaze efeqturi meTodi.<br />

wertilovani Sefasebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, ACTkvlevam<br />

pirispir interviuebisaTvis SerCevis meTodi<br />

SeimuSava. oTx qalaqSi pirispir interviusaTvis<br />

8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis 300 bavSvi SeirCa. sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

asakobrivi ganawileba wertilovani Sefasebis dros<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakvirvebel bavSvebSi sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis proporciuli<br />

iyo. TiToeul qalaqSi Catarebuli interviuebis<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> qvemoT cxrilSia moyvanili.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan pirispir interviuebs orkaciani<br />

jgufi atareb<strong>da</strong> (erTi a<strong>da</strong>miani svam<strong>da</strong> kiTxvebs <strong>da</strong><br />

meore iwer<strong>da</strong> pasuxebs). kvlevis am safexurze, sul 20<br />

momzadebuli interviuerisgan Semdgarma 10-ma jgufma<br />

miiRo monawileoba. interviuerTa jgufebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

interviuirebaSi gamocdilebis mqone trening-gavlili<br />

profesionalebisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />

umeteswilad, wina or safexurSi monawile pirovnebebisagan<br />

gansxvavebulni iyvnen, vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>bavSvebis</strong> interviuireba<br />

gansxvavebul unarebsa <strong>da</strong> kvalifikacias<br />

moiTxovs. zogierTi interviueri <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli iyo<br />

im jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic monawileobdnen `ga<strong>da</strong>var-<br />

CinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a~ <strong>da</strong> bostonis universitetis 2005-<br />

2007 wlebis kvlevaSi amave organizaciis centrebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb.<br />

interviuerebi momzaddnen intervius rotaciis<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 17


qalaqi wertilovani SerCevis SerCevis<br />

Sefasebis zoma cdomileba<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

Tbilisi 798 178 6.50%<br />

rusTavi 271 61 11.00%<br />

quTaisi 131 29 16.00%<br />

baTumi 141 32 15.00%<br />

sul 1341 300 5.00%<br />

cxrili 4 – interviuirebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> SerCevebi<br />

qalaqebis mixedviT<br />

<strong>ge</strong>gmaSi (dReSi sami ganakveTi), kiTxvarze, `Tovlis<br />

gundis~ SerCevis angariSis formasa, <strong>da</strong> uaris formaze<br />

muSaobis teqnikebSi. aseve gaiares <strong>bavSvebis</strong> interviuirebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli eTikuri sakiTxebi.<br />

pirispir interviuebi 2007 wlis 19-22 noembers, dilis<br />

8-<strong>da</strong>n Ramis 10 saaTamde tardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

interviuerebi muSaobas maTTvis gankuTvnil kvadrantze<br />

iwyebdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs ukavSirdebodnen<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> identificirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebis (ixileT zemoT) mixedviT. pilotirebis<br />

procesSi, uaris Zalian maRali maCveneblis gamo,<br />

rekrutirebis ori meTodis gamoyeneba ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>:<br />

pirveli, Tu interiuerebi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs,<br />

isini xelmisawvdomobis SerCevis meTods iyenebdnen<br />

anu midiodnen sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTan, romelic<br />

garkveul kriteriums akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> (magaliTad: iyo<br />

8 an meti wlis); meore, Tu sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi irgvliv<br />

ar Candnen, interviuerebi iyenebdnen Tovlis gundis<br />

meTods <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs, maTTvis cnobili, sxva<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> moyvanas sTxovdnen. yvela SerCeul<br />

adgilas xdebo<strong>da</strong> `sawyisi~ <strong>bavSvebis</strong> identificireba<br />

<strong>da</strong> Semdgom TiToeuls sTxovdnen, maqsimum sami bavSvi<br />

moeyvana, romelic SerCevis imave kriteriumebs akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

interviuerebi aseTi SerCevis msvlelobas<br />

maTTvis <strong>da</strong>ri<strong>ge</strong>buli Tovlis gundis SerCevis aRweris<br />

formaze afiqsirebdnen.<br />

imisaTvis, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs interviusaTvis dro<br />

<strong>da</strong>eTmoT, bavSvebSi winawar gamovlenili survilis<br />

mixedviT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wamaxaliseblebi gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

TbilisSi, quTaissa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi yvela interviuirebul<br />

bavSvs saCuqrad qudebi, xolo baTumSi mobiluri<br />

telefonis baraTebi ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT. <strong>da</strong>matebiT, nebismieri<br />

interviuirebuli bavSvi, romelic interviusaTvis<br />

sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs moiyvan<strong>da</strong>, saCuqrad 1 lars iReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

savele samuSaoebze kontrols ACT-kvleva xorcieleb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romlis TanamSromlebma yvela qalaqi <strong>da</strong><br />

jgufi moinaxules <strong>da</strong> gaakontroles interviuerebis<br />

rotacia. problemebis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini<br />

pasuxobdnen interviuerebis kiTxvebs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdnen<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvotis Sesrulebas. yvela intervius<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, Sevsebuli kiTxvarebi,<br />

`Tovlis gundis~ SerCevis Sesaxeb angariSebi <strong>da</strong> uaris<br />

formebi ACT-kvlevis Tbilisis ofisSi Segrov<strong>da</strong>. ACTkvlevam<br />

moaxdina monacemTa winaswari <strong>da</strong>muSaveba,<br />

gasufTaveba <strong>da</strong> am monacemTa Seyvana SPSS-Si.<br />

sul gamoikiTxa 301 bavSvi, 159 (52.8%) interviuirebul<br />

iqna Tovlis gundis meTodiT (32-ma <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma<br />

TiTo sxva bavSvi moiyvana; 26 bavSvma _ 2 sxva bavSvi <strong>da</strong><br />

25 bavSvma _ 3 sxva bavSvi). <strong>da</strong>rCenili 142 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi<br />

ki, interviusaTvis xelmisawvdomobis SerCevis meTodiT<br />

iqna interviuirebuli. qalaqebis mixedviT interviuirebuli<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> Semdegia:<br />

qalaqi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan Catarebuli wili sruli<br />

interviuebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> SerCevi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Tbilisi 181 60.10%<br />

rusTavi 32 10.60%<br />

quTaisi 58 19.30%<br />

baTumi 30 10.00%<br />

sul 301 100%<br />

cxrili #5 – Catarebuli interviuebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> qalaqebis<br />

mixedviT<br />

kvlevis SezRudvebi<br />

SerCevis meTodebs (Tovlis gundis principi <strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomobis<br />

SerCeva) – axlavs araSemTxveviTi Ser-<br />

Cevis mikerZoebuloba (sistemuri Secdoma). magram<br />

swored es ori meTodi gamoiyeneba, roca SerCevis<br />

CarCo ar arsebobs. xelmisawvdomobis SerCevis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebisas, mikerZoebulobis Semcireba Sesa-<br />

Zlebelia, Tu SerCeva kvlevis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

validur <strong>da</strong> sando kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />

moxdeba. swored es iyo droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis mefingisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTavari informatorebis mier <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi<br />

mizezi. Tovlis gundis principiT SerCevis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebisas, mikerZoebulobis Semcireba SesaZlebelia<br />

mimarTulebis micemiT (waqezeba garkveuli tipis<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis mosayvanad) an erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier eqvsi<br />

<strong>da</strong> meti axali respondentis moyvanis gziT. mocemul<br />

kvlevaSi, 25-ma bavSvma moaxerxa yvelaze meti _ 3 respondentis<br />

moyvana. umeteswilad, interviuerebi<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri rekrutirebis meTods iyenebdnen.<br />

mobiluroba – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mobilur<br />

jgufs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen ojaxebTan erTad. xSirad, maT<br />

ar aqvT mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili <strong>da</strong> dRisa <strong>da</strong><br />

Ramis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilas<br />

SeiniSnebodnen. amitomac, kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

didi sirTule oTxive qalaqSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvlisas<br />

maTi meored D<strong>da</strong>Tvlis gamoricxva iyo. gamoiyo ormagi<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tvlis sami tipis SemTxveva, romelTa gakonroleba<br />

saWiro iyo: 1) <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba qalaqebs<br />

Soris (magaliTad, Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n rusTavSi), 2) erTi<br />

qalaqis SigniT <strong>da</strong>sakvirvebel adgilmdebareobebs<br />

(kvadrantebs) Soris moZraoba <strong>da</strong> 3) <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis<br />

mier erTi <strong>da</strong> igive bavSvis orjer <strong>da</strong>Tvla.<br />

18 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


pasuxebis sandooba – intervius dros ori saxis mikerZoebulobis<br />

SesaZlebloba arsebob<strong>da</strong>. pirveli<br />

ukavSirdeba mexsierebis sizustes: <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs<br />

SeiZleba zustad ar axsovdes quCaSi misi cxovrebis<br />

aspeqtebi, <strong>da</strong>badebis adgili an asaki; pasuxebis sandoobasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli meore sirTule motyuebaa.<br />

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs,<br />

garkveul kiTxvebze winaswar momzadebuli pasuxebi<br />

aqvT fulis miRebisa an samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcvelebisaTvis<br />

Tavis aridebis mizniT.<br />

gazomvis cdomileba – bevri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvisaTvis mTel<br />

rig stan<strong>da</strong>rtul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arc Tu ise<br />

Cveulebrivi saqmea. amasTanave, arsebobs bevri kiTxvis<br />

arasworad ga<strong>ge</strong>bis safrTxe. gazomvis cdomilebis<br />

sxva mizezebi Tavad interviuers ukavSirdeba, ker-<br />

Zod ndobis faqtors bavSvsa <strong>da</strong> interviuers Soris<br />

<strong>da</strong> imas, Tu ramdenad zustad SeuZlia interviuers<br />

janmrTelobis garkveuli problemebis gansazRvra<br />

(SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi, travma, toqsikuri niv-<br />

Tierebebis moxmareba).<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tvlil <strong>da</strong> gamokiTxul iqna mxolod `quCaSi myofi~<br />

bavSvebi. kvlevis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, samuSao jgufis wevrebs<br />

Soris mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> debatebi, CaerToT Tu ara zogierT<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi (TavSesafrebi, bavSvTa saxlebi,<br />

dRis centrebi, restornebi, internet-kafeebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> msgavsi) myofi bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>Tvlisa <strong>da</strong> interviuirebis<br />

procesSi. ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> mxolod im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvla<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamokiTxva, vinc quCaSi iyo <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebul kriteriumebs<br />

miesa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze orma<br />

mTavarma faqtorma iqonia gavlena. upirveles yovlisa,<br />

rogorc praqtikosebma aRniSnes, arsebuli momsaxurebebiT<br />

mosar<strong>ge</strong>ble bevr iseT bavSvs, romelic<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvad iTvleba, sinamdvileSi arasodes ucxovria<br />

quCaSi. Sesabamisad, maTi identificireba did<br />

sirTulesTan iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. meorec, ker-<br />

Zo sakuTrebaSi myof <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi Sesvla <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>Tvlisa <strong>da</strong> interviuirebis mizniT <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />

logistikur <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

problemebs wamoWri<strong>da</strong>, romelTa Semcirebasac es kvleva<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong>.<br />

uaris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali done – interviu sul 301<br />

bavSvTan Catar<strong>da</strong>. amisaTvis, savele samuSaoebis<br />

dros 512 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTan mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kontaqteba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

44-ma ukve sxvis mier aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> interviuirebuli.<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenili 167 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi<strong>da</strong>n, 3-ma <strong>da</strong>iwyo interviu,<br />

magram uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>srulebaze, xolo 164-ma<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve ganacxa<strong>da</strong> uari. Sesabamisad,<br />

uaris maCvenebeli 35.6% (167/301+167) iyo. uaris Tqmis<br />

yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli quTaissa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />

monacemTa analizi<br />

radgan <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporciuli warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nloba<br />

qalaqebis zomis proporciulia, monacemebisaTvis<br />

wonis miniWebas adgili ar hqonia. asakobriv <strong>da</strong> sqesobriv<br />

jgufebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT monacemTaTvis wonis<br />

miniWeba aseve ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.<br />

monacemTa analizi moicav<strong>da</strong> sixSireebis, krostabulaciebis,<br />

saSualosa <strong>da</strong> regresiis gamoyenebas.<br />

statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis<br />

gamosaTvlelad, xi-kvadrat kriteriumi iyo gamoyenebuli<br />

krostabulaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong> T_kriteriumi _ sa-<br />

SualosTvis. SerCevis mcire zomis gamo gamoyenebuli<br />

iqna mniSvnelovnebis 90%-iani done (p


kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sejameba<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

me-6 cxrilSi (qvemoT), qalaqebis mixedviT wertilovani Sefasebis sami dRis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

minimaluri <strong>da</strong> maqsimaluri <strong>raodenoba</strong>a moyvanili. <strong>da</strong>matebiT, me-6 cxrilSi mocemulia droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis<br />

mefingis dros <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> minimaluri <strong>da</strong> maqsimaluri <strong>raodenoba</strong> im kvadrantebSi, romlebic<br />

ar iqna Seyvanili wertilovan SefasebaSi (<strong>da</strong>xrili kursiviT). Sejamebisas, aRniSnul oTx qalaqSi, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> 528-<strong>da</strong>n 1569-mde meryeobs, rac saSualod 1049-s gvaZlevs.<br />

qalaqi qalaqis kvadrantebi minimaluri maqsimaluri<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

Tbilisi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 113 334<br />

winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />

wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 207 612<br />

sul qalaqisTvis 320 946<br />

saSualod qalaqisTvis 633<br />

quTaisi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 30 110<br />

winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />

wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 59 215<br />

sul qalaqisTvis 89 325<br />

saSualod qalaqisTvis 207<br />

baTumi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 22 49<br />

winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />

wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 45 99<br />

sul qalaqisTvis 67 148<br />

saSualod qalaqisTvis 108<br />

rusTavi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 18 51<br />

winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />

wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 34 99<br />

sul qalaqisTvis 52 148<br />

saSualod qalaqisTvis 101<br />

sul oTx qalaqSi 528 1569<br />

saSualod oTx qalaqSi 1049<br />

cxrili 6 – <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> oTx qalaqSi<br />

20 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


demografia<br />

1. saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris biWebis <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

orjer aRemateba gogonebisas; biWebis wili<br />

kidev ufro metia mozard bavSvebs Soris (15-<strong>da</strong>n 18<br />

wlamde) <strong>da</strong> RamiT. es SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

aRzrdis gansxvavebuli midgomebebiT <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis rolis kulturuli<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobiT aixsnas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n gogonebi ufro<br />

metad arian CarTulni saojaxo saqmeebSi. biWebisaTvis<br />

drois umetesi nawilis TanatolebTan erTad<br />

saxls gareT gatareba mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc negatiurad ar<br />

aRiqmeba. meore mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom mSoblis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis an aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, naTesavebi<br />

gogonebs ufro xSirad aZleven TavSesafars, vidre<br />

biWebs. vinai<strong>da</strong>n gogonebi biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT quCaSi<br />

naklebad SeiniSnebian, magram imave problemebis winaSe<br />

dganan, arsebobs saSiSroeba imisa, rom isini naklebad<br />

iReben <strong>da</strong>xmarebas.<br />

2. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis asaki<br />

14 wels ar aRemateba. maTi umravlesoba quCaSi cxovrebas<br />

skolis <strong>da</strong>wyebis asakSi iwyebs. amas gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

SeiniSneba mcirewlovnebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvili <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakmaod<br />

didi <strong>raodenoba</strong> (15%), romlebic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

dedebTan erTad maTxovroben. sakmaod bevria quCaSi<br />

axalgazrdebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>c (20%).<br />

3. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmegod, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d migrantebi arian,<br />

10-<strong>da</strong>n 7 bavSvi mTeli cxovreba imave qalaqSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni ori-mesamedi saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n aris Camosuli <strong>da</strong> erTi-mesamedi _<br />

azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n, ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n, moldovi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ukraini<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis sezonuri mateba<br />

zafxulis TveebSi SeiniSneba. saqarTvelos kuTxeebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli bavSvebi SeiZleba mocemul qalaqSi<br />

mSoblebis gareSe Camovidnen, maSin, roca sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli bavSvebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d migrant<br />

mSoblebTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebian. qveynis SigniT<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareT ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ekonomikuri<br />

mizezebiT aixsneba.<br />

4. wera-kiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> skolaSi Caricxvis ufro maRali<br />

done, iseve, rogorc socialuri momsaxurebis moxmarebis<br />

ufro maRali done <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis naklebi<br />

SemTxvevebi, qveynis SigniT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul bavSvebs<br />

Soris, aramigrant <strong>da</strong> sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosul <strong>quCis</strong><br />

baSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro Zlier socialur a<strong>da</strong>ptaciaze<br />

miuTiTebs. Tu ratom inarCuneben es bavSvebi<br />

ufro mtkice socialur kavSirebs, nawilobriv<br />

araformaluri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris qselebiT (rogoricaa<br />

gafarToebuli ojaxebi), SeiZleba aixsnas, romlebic<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d warmarTavs <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> migraciis mimarTulebas.<br />

winaaRmdegobebis Jams cxovrebisadmi<br />

ufro pro-aqtiurma midgomam - sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ki amis gamoxatulebaa – SeiZleba<br />

aseve axsnas es faqti.<br />

5. migrant <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs maT aramigrant TanatolebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mtkice kavSiri aqvT<br />

ojaxTan, Tumca isini ufro gariyulebi arian sazogadoebisgan,<br />

vidre bavSvebi sxva jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

es bavSvebi cxovroben ojaxebTan, romlebic umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi ar arian oficialurad registrirebulni,<br />

ar aqvT adekvaturi sacxovrebeli, xSirad Zalian<br />

Raribebi arian, ar aqvT saidentifikacio dokumentebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ar ician qarTuli ena, bavSvebma ar ician wera<br />

-kiTxva, ar iricxebian skolaSi <strong>da</strong> ar sar<strong>ge</strong>bloben<br />

arsebuli socialuri momsaxurebebiT. farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

mosazreba, rom imigranti <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />

`boSebi~ arian, romlebic kulturulad midrekilni<br />

arian maTxovrobisa <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovrebisaken, kidev<br />

ufro zrdis stigmas <strong>da</strong> maT izolacias.<br />

droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis faqtorebi<br />

1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba mxolod<br />

dRis saaTebSi imyofeba quCaSi marto. arian<br />

aseve <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Cvilebi <strong>da</strong> mcirewlovani<br />

bavSvebi, gogonebi <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc maTxovrobs),<br />

romelTac quCaSi zr<strong>da</strong>srulebi axlavT Tan.<br />

2. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba Rameebs mSoblebTan an<br />

naTesavebTan erTad atarebs. bavSvebi Rames quCaSi<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 21


22 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zafxulSi atareben, roca gareT Tbila.<br />

Rameebis quCaSi gatarebis mixedviT SeiZleba <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> sami jgufi gamoiyos: a) quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi (romlebsac quCaSi mTeli weli sZinavT – 6%);<br />

b) quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi (romlebsac<br />

quCaSi weliwadSi mxolod ramdenime Tve sZinavT –<br />

19%) <strong>da</strong> g) quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi (romlebic mTel<br />

dRes quCaSi atareben, magram iq ar sZinavT – 74%). aris<br />

aseve <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mcire <strong>raodenoba</strong>, romelTac quCaSi<br />

ojaxebTan erTad sZinavT.<br />

3. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi, TiTqmis mTlianad, 11-<br />

<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis biWebi arian. maTi umravlesoba<br />

an orive mSobliT obolia, an Tu maT hyavT mSoblebi,<br />

maTi mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> naTesavebi sxva qalaqSi cxovroben.<br />

maTi kavSiri ojaxTan _ Tu aseTi arsebobs _ Zalian<br />

sustia. isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d usaxlkaroni arian <strong>da</strong> siRaribeSi<br />

cxovroben, ar <strong>da</strong>dian skolaSi an miatoves iq<br />

siaruli. quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba ukve<br />

or welze metia quCaSi cxovrobs. maTi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />

strategia quCaSi fulis gamomuSavebas <strong>da</strong> arsebuli<br />

socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyenebas moicavs.<br />

4. quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi weliwadSi mxolod<br />

ramdenime Tves atareben quCaSi (Cveulebriv,<br />

Tbili Tveebis dros, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zafxulSi). quCaSi<br />

cxovrebisas, maT ojaxebTan susti an saerTod aranairi<br />

kavSiri ara aqvT. isini saxlSi zamTris periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi brundebian. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobam<br />

ekonomikuri siduxWire gamoiara; maT aseve <strong>da</strong>kar<strong>ge</strong>s<br />

an hyavT mSobeli, iyvnen mSobelTa alkoholizmis/<br />

ojaxuri Zaladobis, ganqorwinebis an meored <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis,<br />

rogorc ojaxuri problemebis, momswreebi.<br />

ramdenime jer kidev iricxeba skolaSi, xolo umravlesobam<br />

skola miatova. umravlesoba fuls quCaSi<br />

gamoimuSavebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTari an ojaxis saWiroebebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze xarjavs.<br />

5. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi Cveulebriv mSoblebTan an<br />

martoxela dedebTan erTad cxovroben. isini imave<br />

problemebis winaSe dganan, rogorc quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi<br />

mcxovrebi bavSvebi, magram mSoblebs kvlav mTavar<br />

mzrunvelebad Tvlian. isini ojaxis wevrebTan ufro<br />

mtkice kavSirebs inarCuneben. xuTi<strong>da</strong>n erTi bavSvi kvlav<br />

iricxeba skolaSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod ramdenimem miatova<br />

skola, Tumca umravlesobas saklaso oTaxi arasdros<br />

unaxavs. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi fuls xSirad quCaSi<br />

gamoimuSaveben, rom ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavali<br />

Seitanon.<br />

6. quCaSi gatarebuli periodis gaxangrZlivebaTan<br />

erTad, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kavSiri ojaxTan an skolasTan sustdeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> isini ufro metad eZeben alternatiul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras,<br />

rogoricaa, magaliTad, socialuri momsaxureba<br />

<strong>da</strong> imave cxovrebiseul situaciaSi myof<br />

TanatolebTan socialuri kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myareba.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi<br />

1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 85%-is erTi mSobeli<br />

mainc cocxalia, 55%-s orive mSobeli hyavs, 24%-s _<br />

mxolod de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 6%-s _ mxolod mama. im bavSvebs Soris,<br />

visac erTi an orive mSobeli hyavs, 85%-is de<strong>da</strong><br />

imave qalaqSi cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> 71%-s mamac imave qalaqSi<br />

hyavs. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis <strong>da</strong>-Zmebi <strong>da</strong> naTesavebic<br />

imave qalaqSi arian.<br />

2. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs, visac orive mSobeli hyavs, ufro<br />

mtkice kavSiri aqvs de<strong>da</strong>sTan, vidre mamasTan. <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba mTavar mzrunvelebad mSoblebs<br />

an sxva naTesavebs miiCneven. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ojaxebSi dedebi mTavari (<strong>da</strong> xSirad erTaderTi) mzrunvelebi<br />

arian. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTi mesamedi<br />

aravis miiCnevs mzrunvelad, magram es bavSvebi<br />

oblebi ar arian. rac ufro met dros atarebs bavSvi<br />

quCaSi, miT ufro sustdeba misi kavSiri mSoblebTan.<br />

aseve, ufros <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs ufro iSviaTad hyavT mzrunvelebi,<br />

vidre umcrosebs.<br />

3. erTi an orive mSoblis aryofnas an gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />

(anu mzrunvelis naklebobas), bavSvis cxovrebis<br />

mraval aspeqtze aqvs gavlena, gansakuTrebiT Tu sxva<br />

naTesavebi imave qalaqSi ar cxovroben. aseTi bavSvebi<br />

ufro metad arian midrekilni quCaSi Ramis gaTenebisa<br />

an 24 saaTi quCaSi cxovrebisaken. isini ufro naklebad<br />

iricxebian skolaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve izrdeba skolis<br />

mitovebis albaToba. es bavSvebi mSoblis <strong>da</strong>kargvas an<br />

aryofnas ekonomikur problemebis tol an ufro did<br />

problemad aRiqvamen. umravlesoba iZulebuli xdeba,<br />

saarsebo fuli moipovos. arsebuli socialuri momsaxureba<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Zalian mcire <strong>raodenoba</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmara. ufro metic, araoboli bavSvebi, romlebic<br />

acxadeben, rom maTze aravin zrunavs, ufro<br />

metad iyeneben socialur momsaxurebas.<br />

4. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 65% ojaxebSi, orive mSobelTan<br />

an martoxela dedebTan cxovrobs. ojaxebis sxva<br />

formebi moicavs: martoxela mamebs, erT mSobels<br />

ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavs mzrunvelis rangSi (xSirad<br />

dedinacvali/maminacvali an bebia/babua) an naTesavebTan<br />

cxovrebas mSoblebis gareSe. <strong>da</strong>narCeni 35%<br />

ar cxovrobs ojaxebTan, magram maTgan umravlesoba<br />

Rameebs quCaSi ar atarebs <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod bavSvTa saxlSi,<br />

TavSesafarSi, megobrebTan an <strong>da</strong>qiravebul iaffasian<br />

sacxovrebelSi sZinavs. erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

naTesavTan (xSirad dedinacvalTan an maminacvalTan)<br />

mcxovrebi bavSvebi yvelaze metad uCivian gaWirvebas,<br />

xolo orive mSobelTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi _ yvelaze<br />

naklebad.<br />

5. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi saSualod ori<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samamde ojaxur stresors asaxeleben: ekonomikuri<br />

siZneleebi (siRaribe, umuSevroba, usaxlkaroba,<br />

valebi an SimSili), yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

problemaa, romelsac mosdevs ojaxis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobis<br />

cvlileba (mSoblis an mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an<br />

aryofna, mSoblebis ganqorwineba/meore qorwineba)<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi alkoholizmis/ojaxuri Zaladobis <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis<br />

problemebi. ojaxis stresorebis sirTulis<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, bavSvebi ufro met dros <strong>da</strong><br />

xSirad Rameebsac quCaSi atareben. ojaxis stresorebs<br />

Soris arsebobs ori iseTi stresori, romelTac Seu-<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 23


ZliaT bavSvs quCaSi cxovrebisaken ubiZgon: mSoblebis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an aryofna (gansakuTrebiT Tu amas<br />

Tan axlavs sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis ararseboba) <strong>da</strong><br />

usaxlkaroba.<br />

6. ekonomikuri problemebi yvelaze seriozuli<br />

problemaa <strong>bavSvebis</strong>Tvis, visac imave qalaqSi didi<br />

ojaxi hyavs, aseve martoxela dedebisagan Semdgari<br />

ojaxebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> naTesavebTan mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis.<br />

ojaxis siRaribe yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

problemaa, romelsac mSoblebis umuSevroba <strong>da</strong><br />

usaxlkaroba mosdevs. usaxlkarobaSi igulisxmeba<br />

sacxovreblis arqona, sacxovreblis xSiri cvla <strong>da</strong><br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo adgilebSi cxovreba<br />

(rogoricaa xelovnuri barakebi, cxovrebisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli pirobebis armqone saxlebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli<br />

sacxovreblebi). <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gamefebul<br />

ukidures siRatakes xangrZlivi efeqti aqvs <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />

axlavs `<strong>da</strong>swavlili ususurobis~ sindromi, romelic<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>srul ojaxis wevrebs mdgomareobis Secvlis unars<br />

ukargavs.<br />

7. arasruli ojaxi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Zalian<br />

Zlieri stresoria. mSoblebis an erTi mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />

an aryofnas (ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis an <strong>da</strong>patimrebis<br />

gamo), an mSoblebis ganqorwinebas sxva <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

problemebic axlavs, rogoricaa: ojaxis ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobis mkveTri gauareseba <strong>da</strong> bavSvis cxovrebaSi<br />

arsebuli erTaderTi mzrunvelisadmi mijaWvulobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargva. mSoblebis ganqorwinebis SemTxveva-<br />

Si, <strong>da</strong>matebiT problemebad gaSorebamde arsebuli<br />

xSiri ojaxuri konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> dedinacvalis/maminacvalis<br />

(romelic <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi uaryofiTad aris<br />

ganwyobili) gamoCena gvevlineba.<br />

8. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebSi alkoholizmis problema<br />

ufro metad ojaxSi mamis arsebobas ukavSirdeba, vidre<br />

martoxela dedebis ojaxebs. ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

xSirad moxseniebulia meore qorwinebis konteqstSi,<br />

rac dedinacvals/maminacvalsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />

konfliqtze miuTiTebs. magram ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

martoxela dedebis ojaxebSic SeiniSneba. am ori<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

rogorc problema, alkoholizmi ufro xSirad saxeldeba,<br />

vidre ojaxuri Zaladoba, Tumca isic arsebobs.<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom am ukanasknels bavSvebi malaven.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba<br />

1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba savaldebulo<br />

saskolo ganaTlebis asakisaa (14 wlamde),<br />

magram skolebSi ar iricxebian. <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi saskolo<br />

ganaTlebis asakis (12 wlamde), <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 20%<br />

<strong>da</strong> saSualo skolis asakis (12 wels zemoT) mxolod<br />

10% aris skolebSi registrirebuli, maSin, roca<br />

oficialuri statistikiT, qveyanaSi sabazo ganaTlebas<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 95% <strong>da</strong> saSualo ganaTlebas _ <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

76% iRebs. biWebi 82%-iT ufro metad iricxebian<br />

skolaSi, vidre gogonebi. magram skolaSi Caricxvis<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, gakveTilze <strong>da</strong>swrebis maCvenebeli Zalze<br />

<strong>da</strong>balia.<br />

2. oficialuri statistikis Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

skolas <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 0,3% tovebs. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%<br />

(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ufrosebi <strong>da</strong> 2,2-jer meti biWebi, vidre<br />

gogonebi) warsulSi <strong>da</strong>diodnen skolaSi, magram miatoves,<br />

xSirad sabazo ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde.<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 60%-s arasodes uvlia<br />

skolaSi. statistikiT, gogonebi ufro metad rCebian<br />

skolis miRma, vidre biWebi.<br />

3. ganaTlebaze uaris Tqma an Sewyveta xSirad ukav-<br />

Sirdeba ojaxis uunarobas, aanazRauros skolasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xarjebi (rogoricaa saskolo masalebi,<br />

tansacmeli, sakvebi an araformaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />

skolaSi) <strong>da</strong> aseve alternatiuli Rirebulebis<br />

problemas, rodesac bavSvis mier skolaSi gatarebuli<br />

dro bavSvis mier sxva iseT aqtivobebSi monawileobis<br />

dros akldeba, romlebic SeiZleba ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis<br />

ufro prioritetuli iyos. ganaTlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi, swavlis uunarobis SegrZneba <strong>da</strong><br />

warsulSi skolaSi cu<strong>da</strong>d mopyrobis SemTxvevebi skolis<br />

mitovebis aseve mTavar mizezebad saxeldeba.<br />

sxva SesaZlo mizezebia: mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an<br />

aryofna <strong>da</strong> avadmyofoba ojaxSi. bavSvebma, romlebic<br />

arasdros yofilan skolaSi, mizezad CaricxvisaTvis<br />

savaldebulo sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba <strong>da</strong><br />

mSoblebis uari <strong>da</strong>asaxeles.<br />

4. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevari<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria. maT Soris, wera-kiTxvis<br />

yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali doniT, sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi gamoirCevian. wera-kiTxvis codnis<br />

done sagrZnoblad maRalia im bavSvebs Soris, romlebic<br />

skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dian an adre <strong>da</strong>diodnen, im bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, visac skolaSi arasdros uvlia.<br />

5. skola <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />

faqtoria <strong>da</strong> quCaSi Rameebis gatarebis albaTobas<br />

mniSvnelovnad amcirebs; aseve mniSvnelovnad zrdis<br />

codnas socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

gamoyenebas. skola bavSvebs mizanSewonili <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTuli<br />

samomavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis ganxorcielebaSi exmareba.<br />

magram amavdroulad, SesaZloa, skola bavSvis<br />

Semdgomi izolaciis katalizatori gaxdes, roca warmoiqmneba<br />

problemebi skolis xelmisawvdomobasTan,<br />

a<strong>da</strong>ptaciasa <strong>da</strong> skolis garemoSi socializaciasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, ramac bavSvs skolis <strong>da</strong>tovebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

quCaSi cxovrebisaken SeiZleba ubiZgos.<br />

Semosavlis gamomuSaveba<br />

1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba iZulebulia<br />

fulis gamomuSavebaze izrunos, rom sakuTari<br />

Tavi <strong>da</strong>/an ojaxi arCinos. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> didi nawili, Semosavlis<br />

miRebis erT an or strategias mimarTavs:<br />

yvelaze gavrcelebulia maTxovroba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirewlovan bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> gogonebs Soris,<br />

<strong>da</strong> muSaoba (rogoricaa wvrilmanebiT vaWroba, saqonlis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>tana, SuSis an jarTis Segroveba, manqanebis<br />

recxva <strong>da</strong> sxva). maTxovar bavSvebs xSirad viRac axlavs,<br />

momuSave bavSvebi ki martoni arian xolme. SeiniSneba<br />

nagavSi sagnebis moZiebisa <strong>da</strong> qurdobis SemTx-<br />

24 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


vevebic. komerciuli seqsis SemTxvevebi, saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier iSviaTad iyo naxsenebi.<br />

2. bavSvis Cabma Semosavlis mimReb saqmianobaSi, Ziri-<br />

Ta<strong>da</strong>d ojaxis materialuri siduxWiriT aris nakarnaxevi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ufro mcire asakis bavSvebs Soris,<br />

romlebic Rameebs quCaSi ar atareben. Semosavlis<br />

momtani saqmianoba xSirad emateba (an Caanacvlebs)<br />

ojaxis Semosavals, an saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, Tavad<br />

mixedos sakuTar Tavs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, Seamciros<br />

ojaxis xarjebi. zogjer bavSvebi <strong>quCis</strong> ekonomikur<br />

saqmianobaSi dedebTan an naTesavebTan erTad erTvebian.<br />

mozardi dedebi quCaSi Semosavlis momtan saqmianobaSi<br />

Tavis bavSvebTan erTad arian CarTuli.<br />

3. zogi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi _ gansakuTrebiT mozrdilebi,<br />

romlebic ojaxebis gareSe cxovroben, ar hyavT mzrunveli<br />

an 24 saaTi quCaSi cxovroben, aseve CarTulia<br />

maTxovrobasa an <strong>quCis</strong> SromaSi, rom sakuTari Tavi<br />

arCinos, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze<br />

aravin zrunavs. es bavSvebi Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />

ufro met strategias iyeneben, vidre is bavSvebi,<br />

romlebic ojaxebTan erTad cxovroben <strong>da</strong> miRebul<br />

Semosavals mxolod sakuTar Tavs axarjaven.<br />

4. yoveli oTxi<strong>da</strong>n erTi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi (gansakuTrebiT,<br />

10 wlis an ufro patarebi <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc maTxovrobs)<br />

aRniSnavs, rom maT mier gamomuSavebul fuls Ziri-<br />

Ta<strong>da</strong>d sxvebi _ mSoblebi arTmeven. es xSirad ojaxSi<br />

alkoholis moxmarebas <strong>da</strong> saxlSi fulis armitanis<br />

gamo fizikuri angariSsworebis SiSs ukavSirdeba.<br />

zogi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi azartul TamaSebSi a<strong>ge</strong>bs fuls<br />

<strong>da</strong> iZulebuli xdeba, valis <strong>da</strong>safarad fuli iSovos<br />

(xSirad moiparos).<br />

5. maTxovroba, xSir SemTxvevebSi, bavSvisaTvis skolaSi<br />

siarulis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. muSaobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi es naklebad xdeba. momuSave <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 20%<br />

cdilobs skola ekonomikur saqmianobasTan SeaTavsos.<br />

bavSvebs, romlebic Semosavlis momtan saqmianobaSi<br />

CarTuli ar arian, skolaSi Caricxvis yvelaze<br />

maRali (52%) maCvenebeli aqvT.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 25


6. maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli bavSvebi ufro metad avlenen<br />

fizikuri travmis niSnebs, vidre maTi momuSave<br />

Tanatolebi an isini, vinc quCaSi Semosavlis gamomuSavebaSi<br />

ar aris CarTuli.<br />

socialuri momsaxureba<br />

1. saqarTvelos Q<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

Sesaxeb informacia <strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyeneba mwiria<br />

_ <strong>bavSvebis</strong> meoTxeds arasdros smenia an gamouyenebia<br />

socialuri momsaxureba. es SeiZleba nawilobriv aixsnas<br />

im faqtiT, rom socialuri momsaxurebebis <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farva saWiroebebsa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnas aranairad<br />

ar Seesabameba.<br />

2. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi socialur momsaxurebebis<br />

gamoyenebas, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi krizisul<br />

mdgomareobaSi yofnis Semdeg iwyeben. prevencias <strong>da</strong><br />

adreul intervencias cota yuradReba eTmoba. socialuri<br />

momsaxureba reaqtiuli xasiaTisaa _ bavSvi,<br />

vinc mzrunvelis an sxva <strong>da</strong>mcavi elementebis naklebobas<br />

ganicdis, Tavad eZebs momsaxurebas <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

piriqiT.<br />

3. saSualod, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad axseneben. bavSvebi,<br />

visac raime <strong>da</strong>xmareba miuRia, asaxelebs momsaxureobas,<br />

romelic moklevadian ga<strong>da</strong>rCenazea mimarTuli<br />

– <strong>bavSvebis</strong> erT mesameds gamouyenebia TavSesafari/<br />

bavSvTa saxli an sasadiloebi. sxva momsaxureobebi<br />

moicavs dRis centrebs <strong>da</strong> mobilur jgufebs (CamoTvlilia<br />

sixSiris mixedviT, Tumca sixSireebi gansxvavdeba<br />

qalaqebis mixedviT).<br />

4. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier gamoyenebuli momsaxureba<br />

maTi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis Secvlaze (magaliTad,<br />

rogoricaa skolaSi siaruli, ojaxis gaWirveba<br />

an wera-kiTxvis done) mcire efeqts axdens. am aSkarad<br />

araadekvaturi <strong>da</strong> arasakmarisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mizezi is<br />

aris, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> momsaxureba<br />

bavSvTa jgufebis xiluli problemebis mogvarebaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara ojaxuri krizisis gamomwvev mizezebzea mimarTuli.<br />

kvleva mxolod <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs moicav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ara imaT, vinc aRniSnuli momsaxureobiT sar<strong>ge</strong>blobs.<br />

Sesabamisad, arsebuli mcire mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programebis<br />

efeqturobis gansja SeuZlebelia.<br />

5. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb arsebuli stereotipebi <strong>da</strong><br />

crurwmenebi socialuri momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>farvazec<br />

vrceldeba. Zalian cota maTxovari <strong>da</strong> migranti bavSvi<br />

iRebs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas. maTxovari <strong>bavSvebis</strong> socialur<br />

momsaxurebaSi <strong>da</strong>bali CarTulobis donis kidev erTi<br />

axsna alternatiuli Rirebulebaa: quCaSi Semosavlis<br />

mimRebi bavSvebi, fulis gamomuSavebisaTvis gamoyofil<br />

dros, socialur samsaxurSi yofniT miRebul<br />

grZelvadian, bundovan perspeqtivas iSviaTad amjobineben.<br />

6. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSebisaTvis, socialuri<br />

momsaxureba koordinirebulad an strategiulad<br />

ar i<strong>ge</strong>gmeba <strong>da</strong> xSirad zogadi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

sistemis nawilad ar aRiqmeba. Sedegad, momsaxureba<br />

bavSvebs qaotur <strong>da</strong> fragmentul <strong>da</strong>xmarebas sTavazobs,<br />

romelic problemas ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad xsnis <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis problemis grZelvadian<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wras ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns.<br />

26 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> demografia<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> profili sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis mixedviT<br />

kvlevis samive fazis ganmavlobaSi Segrovebuli monacemebis<br />

Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />

gogonebs biWebi sWarboben. 7 wertilovani Sefasebis<br />

mixedviT, biWebis proporcia 63%-ia, xolo 8-<strong>da</strong>n<br />

18 wlamde asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> interviuirebis dros, Ser-<br />

Ceul bavSvTa 65% biWi iyo. 8 sxva qveynebis kvlevebis<br />

Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris msgavs <strong>ge</strong>nderul ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas<br />

aCvenebs. 9<br />

rogorc aptekarma 10 aRniSna, amis erT-erTi mizezi<br />

SeiZleba iyos is, rom gogonebisgan saojaxo saqmeebSi<br />

met <strong>da</strong>xmarebas elodebian, vidre biWebisagan, gansakuTrebiT<br />

im ojaxebSi, romelTac qalebi xelmZRvaneloben.<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris aseTi<br />

sxvaoba sqesis mixedviT biWebisa <strong>da</strong> gogonebis aRzrdisadmi<br />

gansxvavebuli kulturuli midgomiT Sei-<br />

Zleba aixsnas. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gogonebi tradiciulad<br />

ufro CarTulebi arian saojaxo saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong> maT mier<br />

quCaSi marto drois didi nawilis gatareba sazogadoebaSi<br />

miRebuli ar aris. aseve, kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

aCvenebs, rom mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis an aryofnis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, naTesavebi gogonebze ufro zrunaven,<br />

vidre biWebze. quCaSi yofnis drosac ki maT ufro<br />

meTvalyureoben, vidre biWebs. biWebisaTvis `<strong>quCis</strong><br />

ganaTleba~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>quCis</strong> gamocdileba~ aRzrdis xSirad<br />

mniSvnelovan, kulturulad miRebul elementebad<br />

aRiqmeba. es rwmena qarTul slengSic aisaxeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

termini `ubnis biWi~, `kai <strong>da</strong> magar tips~ niSnavs <strong>da</strong><br />

mamrobiT Tvisebebs pozitiurad warmoaCens.<br />

zogi avtori miiCnevs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> gogonebi ojaxSi<br />

Zaladobis msxverpli ufro xSirad arian <strong>da</strong> biWebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT fsiqologiur travmas ufro metad avlenen.<br />

11 biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT isini naklebad SeimCnevian<br />

quCaSi, magram igive ojaxuri stresorebis winaSe dganan,<br />

rac bavSvebs <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. Tu SemCnevadoba<br />

resursebis ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, gogonebma,<br />

romlebic quCaSi naklebad SeiniSnebian, biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

SeiZleba naklebi <strong>da</strong>mxmareba miiRon.<br />

gogo<br />

biWi<br />

8-10 wlis 11-14 wlis 15-18 wlis<br />

100%<br />

80%<br />

60%<br />

40%<br />

20%<br />

0%<br />

39.8%<br />

60.2%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

15.6%<br />

84.4%<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

39.7%<br />

60.3%<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

20.0%<br />

80.0%<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

35.2%<br />

64.8%<br />

sul<br />

(n=301)<br />

50%<br />

40%<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

42.0%<br />

35.9%<br />

22.1%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

37.5%<br />

40.6%<br />

21.9%<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

37.9% 37.9%<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

24.1%<br />

20.0%<br />

46.7%<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

33.3%<br />

38.5% 37.9%<br />

23.6%<br />

sul<br />

(n=301)<br />

grafiki #1. intervius respondenti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganawileba sqesis, asakisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT<br />

7. saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi sqesis mixedviT, 0-<strong>da</strong>n 19 wlamde, 48% biWia <strong>da</strong> 52% gogo. wyaro: statistikis departamenti (2006 wlis<br />

monacemebi).<br />

8. wertilovani Sefasebis dros, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 8%- is – mcirewlovnebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvilebis _ sqesis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT SeuZlebeli iyo. interviuebis<br />

Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi ufro zustia Sesabamis asakobriv kategoriaSi.<br />

9. magaliTisTvis ixileT: Malcolm, J. (2001), A Study on Street Children in Zimbabwe; Project Concern International Zambia (2002), Rapid Assessment of Street<br />

Children in Lusaka<br />

10. Aptekar, Lewis (2001), Street Children in the Developing World: A Review of Their Condition; San Jose State University Press<br />

11. magaliTisTvis ixileT: Aptekar, Lewis (2000), A Global View of Street Children in the Year 2000, San Jose State University Press<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 27


wertilovani Sefasebis meTodi aCvenebs, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 66% 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakisaa. 12<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenili procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> mcirewlovnebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cvil bavSvebs (0-<strong>da</strong>n 4 wlamde asakis _ <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

15%) <strong>da</strong> mozrdilebs (15-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde _ 20%)<br />

Soris nawildeba. intervius fazaSi, romlis dros<br />

8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis bavSvebi gamoikiTxa, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umravlesoba (80%) sabaziso skolis asakis (8-<strong>da</strong>n 14<br />

wlamde) iyo. quCaSi mcirewlovani <strong>da</strong> Cvili <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

arsebobas gansxvavebuli konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> SevxedoT,<br />

imitom rom maT dedebis mier arCeul arsebobis<br />

strategiaze gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

sakuTari arsebobis strategiis gamomuSavebis unari<br />

aqvT. Sedegad, aqcenti `bavSvebian <strong>quCis</strong> dedebze~ <strong>da</strong><br />

ara bavSvebze un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes. calkeuli magaliTebi<br />

gviCvenebs, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ukve <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> meore<br />

Taobas vxe<strong>da</strong>vT _ am axalgazr<strong>da</strong> dedebis nawils<br />

quCaSi cxovreba Tavad aqvs gamocdili.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> gogonebis ricxvi asakis klebasTan erTad matulobs.<br />

isev <strong>da</strong> isev, es <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bavSvis aRzrdis<br />

tradiciiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ge</strong>nderuli rolebis aRqmiT SeiZleba<br />

aixsnas. gogonebis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, saxlSi gazrdil<br />

pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas <strong>da</strong> quCaSi yofnis realur, an aRqmul<br />

moralur safrTxeebs, SeuZlia gogonebi quCas<br />

aacilos. qarTveli kacis tradiciuli cneba, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad man sakuTari Tavi <strong>da</strong>/an ojaxi un<strong>da</strong> arCinos,<br />

mozrdil biWebs ufro metad aiZulebs, arsebobis<br />

strategiebi saxls miRma eZebon.<br />

gogo<br />

biWi<br />

90%<br />

80%<br />

70%<br />

60%<br />

50%<br />

40%<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

8 wlis<br />

(n=26)<br />

9 wlis<br />

(n=30)<br />

10 wlis<br />

(n=60)<br />

11 wlis<br />

(n=16)<br />

12 wlis<br />

(n=35)<br />

13 wlis<br />

(n=25)<br />

14 wlis<br />

(n=38)<br />

15 wlis<br />

(n=25)<br />

16 wlis<br />

(n=14)<br />

17 wlis<br />

(n=19)<br />

18 wlis<br />

(n=13)<br />

grafiki 2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong> asakobrivi<br />

ganawileba dRis drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba.<br />

wertilovani Sefasebis dReebSi, gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> biWebis<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong>s Soris Sefardeba 1:2-ze odnav naklebi<br />

iyo. magram Ramis saaTebSi es proporcia 1:3.5-mde izrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom wertilovani Sefasebis<br />

dros <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 66%-is asaki 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde<br />

meryeob<strong>da</strong>, Ramis saaTebSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 70% 11-<strong>da</strong>n 18<br />

wlamde asakis bavSvebi iyvnen.<br />

12. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, 0-<strong>da</strong>n 19 wlamde asakis bavSvebs Soris, 5-<strong>da</strong>n<br />

14 wlamde asakis bavSvebi 47% Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen. (wyaro: statistikis<br />

departamenti, 2006 wlis monacemebi).<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis adgili<br />

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, TiTqosD<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba<br />

did qalaqebSi regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camodis, kvlevis Sedegad<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi umetesad adgilobrivebi<br />

arian. anu <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 65%-ze meti ambobs, rom<br />

isini imave qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>ibadnen. kvlevis miznebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, migracia ganisazRvra, rogorc SemTxveva,<br />

rodesac `bavSvi amJamindel qalaqSi gadmosvlamde<br />

sxva adgilas cxovrob<strong>da</strong>~, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

bavSvi imave qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> Tu ara. am kriteriumis<br />

Tanaxmad, migraciis mixedviT sami ZiriTadi jgufis<br />

gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli: 1) aramigranti bavSvebi<br />

(isini, visac mTeli cxovreba imave qalaqSi aqvs gatarebuli<br />

_ 74%); 2) bavSvebi-migrantebi, Camosulebi<br />

saqarTvelos sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 19%;<br />

<strong>da</strong> 3) bavSvebi-migrantebi, Camosuli sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(azerbaijani, ruseTi, moldova <strong>da</strong> ukraina, sixSiris<br />

mixedviT) – 7%.<br />

28 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> migranti<br />

migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSoba<br />

adgilobrivi migranti<br />

sxva qveynebi sxva regionebi<br />

120%<br />

120%<br />

100%<br />

80%<br />

60%<br />

40%<br />

20%<br />

0%<br />

23.2%<br />

0.768<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=175)<br />

53.1%<br />

0.469<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

25.9% 26.7% 27.2%<br />

0.741 0.733 0.728<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

sul<br />

(n=295)<br />

100%<br />

80%<br />

60%<br />

40%<br />

20%<br />

0%<br />

63.4%<br />

36.6%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=36)<br />

91.7%<br />

8.3%<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=17)<br />

43.8%<br />

56.2%<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=15)<br />

100.0%<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=8)<br />

68.0%<br />

32.0%<br />

sul<br />

(n=76)<br />

*6 –ma bavSvma kiTxvas ar upasuxa<br />

grafiki # 3 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia migrantis statusisa <strong>da</strong> migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis mixedviT<br />

ukraina<br />

mol<strong>da</strong>veTi<br />

ruseTi<br />

soxumi<br />

muxrani<br />

zugdidi<br />

axal<strong>da</strong>ba<br />

foTi<br />

quTaisi<br />

tyibuli<br />

mcxeTa<br />

samtredia<br />

lagodexi<br />

ozur<strong>ge</strong>Ti<br />

qobuleTi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

gurjaani<br />

kaxeTi<br />

baTumi<br />

saqarTvelo<br />

veli<br />

man<strong>da</strong>eTi<br />

rusTavi<br />

WiaTura<br />

axmeta<br />

zestafoni<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>bani<br />

samgori<br />

azerbaijani<br />

suraTi #2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> migracia. wiTeli xazebi miuTiTebs migraciis mimarTulebaze<br />

saqarTvelos farglebs gare<strong>da</strong>n, xolo nacrisferi xazebi- saqarTvelos SigniT. xazebis<br />

sisqe migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis proporciulia.<br />

aramigranti bavSvebi ufro metad arian midrekili 24<br />

saaTi quCaSi cxovrebisaken, vidre migranti bavSvebi.<br />

isini aseve dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro met dros atareben<br />

quCaSi. magram aramigranti bavSvebi zafxulSi,<br />

quCaSi Rameebs naklebad atareben, migrant bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. es Sedegi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs gavrcelebul<br />

mosazrebas, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> quCaSi cxovrebis modeli<br />

weliwadis droebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba <strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli migranti<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> gazrdili aqtivoba zafxulis Tveebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

SeiniSneba. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili asaxavs<br />

am tendencias.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 29


<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ara-migrantebi migrantebi migrantebi sruli SerCeva<br />

jgufebi saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi 6.40% 5.50% 4.80% 6.30%<br />

(n=18)<br />

quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi 16.90% 21.80% 23.80% 18.60%<br />

bavSvebi<br />

(n=54)<br />

quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi 76.70% 72.70% 71.40% 75.10%<br />

(n=223)<br />

sul 100% 100% 100% 100%<br />

(n=219) (n=55) (n=21) (n=295)<br />

cxrili #7 – migraciis statusi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufebis mixedviT<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aramigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas<br />

erTi an orive mSobeli hyavs, oblobis (orive<br />

mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis) albaToba ara-migrant bavSvebs<br />

Soris ufro maRalia migrant <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. ara-migranti bavSvebi aseve mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />

an aryofnasMmTavar problemad ufro xSirad<br />

asaxeleben, vidre maTi migranti Tanatolebi. ufro<br />

metic, samive jgufi<strong>da</strong>n ara-migranti bavSvebi ojaxuri<br />

problemebis yvelaze ufro rTul formebs asaxeleben<br />

<strong>da</strong> naklebad cxovroben ojaxebTan, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, hyavT Tu ara ojaxi. <strong>da</strong> bolos, interviuerebma<br />

xiluli travmebis, gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong><br />

toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebis ufro maRali<br />

done, migrant bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ara-migrant bavSvebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>afiqsires, rac, savaraudod, quCaSi drois<br />

ufro didi nawilis gatarebiTa <strong>da</strong> ojaxTan iSviaTi<br />

kavSirebiT aixsneba.<br />

regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi oblebi naklebad<br />

arian. magram aramigrant bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

maTi mSoblebi ufro xSirad cxovroben sxva qalaqeb-<br />

Si. sainteresoa, rom es bavSvebi mSoblis ararsebobas<br />

mTavar problemad ar asaxeleben. regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosul<br />

migrant bavSvebs, aramigrant <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosul bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, cxovrebaSi hqoniaT<br />

periodi, rodesac isini erTi Tvisa <strong>da</strong> meti xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>kavSirebian de<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> gacilebiT ufro iSviaTi<br />

kavSiri aqvT mamebTan. es SeiZleba mianiSnebdes<br />

imas, rom es bavSvebi regionebi<strong>da</strong>n mSoblebis gareSe<br />

Camodian, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi iSviaTia <strong>da</strong> zafxulis<br />

gazrdil aqtivobebs ukavSirdeba.<br />

aRniSnul kvlevaSi gamoikveTa qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> migraciis<br />

ori tipi - migracia patara qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> soflebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

urbanul centrebSi an didi qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n _ de<strong>da</strong>qalaq-<br />

Si (ukeTesi SesaZleblobebis ZiebaSi) <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ufro mcire urbanul centrebSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla. calkeuli<br />

magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom es ukanaskneli xSirad aixsneba<br />

ojaxis uunarobiT, gauZlos cxovrebis maRal<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebsa <strong>da</strong> samuSao konkurencias de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi.<br />

bavSvTa programebis gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> quTaissa <strong>da</strong> ba-<br />

TumSi `vorld viJen interneiSenalis~ mier paralelurad<br />

Catarebuli kvleva, aseve konfliqtis regionebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

1990-ianebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, ojaxebis iZulebiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas asaxavs.<br />

sxva qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi urbanul centrebSi<br />

ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>u<strong>ge</strong>gmav ga<strong>da</strong>svlas <strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCaSi<br />

gasvlis erT-erT arapir<strong>da</strong>pir mizezad asaxelebs. 13<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> migraciis ZiriTadi mizezebi<br />

ekonomikuria, magram es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sxvagan<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba bavSvis momavlis an socialuri<br />

kavSirebis gawyvetis xarjze ar aris miRebuli.<br />

qveynis SigniT migranti bavSvebi orjer ufro<br />

metad iricxebian skolaSi, vidre MmTeli SerCevis bavSvebi.<br />

am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60%-ma wera-kiTxva icis.<br />

igive maCvenebeli mTeli SerCevisaTvis 50%-ia. qveynis<br />

SigniT migrirebuli bavSvebi mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas<br />

an aryofnas MmTavar problemad naklebad aRiqvamen<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara-migrant bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro xSirad<br />

ekonomikur mizezebs asaxeleben. saqarTvelos regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis naxevari ambobs,<br />

rom socialuri momsaxureba gamouyenebiaT - rac yvelaze<br />

maRal maCvenebels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns migrantebis sam<br />

jgufs Soris. ara-migrant <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebul<br />

bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, Si<strong>da</strong>-migranti bavSvebi<br />

maTxovrobiT naklebad arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

metad muSaoben an saerTod ar gamoimuSaveben fuls, ar<br />

sWirdebaT fuli. maT aseve ufro metad aqvT survili<br />

<strong>da</strong> miswrafeba konkretuli samsaxuris Sovnisa, vidre<br />

bavSvebs sxva kategoriebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

kvlevis monacemTa analizis procesSi monawile qarTvelma<br />

eqspertebma <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> migraciis warmmarTveli<br />

araformaluri socialuri qselis mniSvneloba<br />

msgavsi mdgradobis mizezad <strong>da</strong>asaxeles. isini aseve<br />

amtkicebdnen, rom sacxovreblad sxva adgilas ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba cxovrebisadmi proaqtiul<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze miuTiTebs, maSin, roca isini, vinc<br />

cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis Secvlas ar Cqarobs,<br />

ufro metad pasiurad egueba sakuTari <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

siZneleebs.<br />

13. magaliTisTvis ixileT: UN ODCCP, UNICEF and WFP (June 2001);<br />

Rapid Situation Assessment on the Situation of Street Children in Cairo and<br />

Alexandria<br />

30 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


SemTxveva #1: ana 7 bavSvisgan Semdgari ojaxis mTavari mzrunvelia. ana mTeli cxovreba TbilisSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqve <strong>da</strong>ojax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

pirveli bavSvi adreul asakSi gaaCina, Sesabamisad, arasdros umuSavia. imave dros, misma qmarma, <strong>da</strong>viTma (somxuri<br />

warmoSobis), samsaxuri <strong>da</strong>karga. man de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi samsaxuris Sovna ver SeZlo <strong>da</strong> aseve ver SeZlo ojaxis rCena.<br />

mzardi ekonomikuri siZneleebis pirobebSi, anam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTma <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> sakuTari TavisaTvis ukeTesi momavlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />

SesaZlo strategiebi ganixiles. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, maT TbilisSi samoTaxiani binis gayidva ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites. fuli<br />

TbilisSi sxva sacxovreblis SesaZena<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ojaxis sarCenad sakmarisi ar iyo. magram maT Zalian iafi bina ipoves rusTavSi,<br />

romelic TbilisTan siaxlovis gamoc iyo mimzidveli. meorec, <strong>da</strong>viTma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, droebiTi samsaxuri somxeTSi epova,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c am mxriv mdgomareoba ukeTesi Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />

anasa <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>svlis periodi, romelsac <strong>da</strong>viTis wasvlac erTvo<strong>da</strong> Tan, Sesagueblad rTuli<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>da</strong>viTis mier sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n gamogzavnili <strong>da</strong>xmareba mwiri iyo <strong>da</strong> martoxela anas gauWir<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mixedva. bavSvebs axal skolasTan SeTavseba uWir<strong>da</strong>T, axali socialuri qseli<strong>da</strong>n gariyulad grZnobdnen Tavs,<br />

Zvel megobrebTan kontaqti ki aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTis sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis pirvel etapze misi finansuri mdgomareoba sakmaod rTuli iyo <strong>da</strong> mis mier ojaxisaTvis<br />

gamogzavnili <strong>da</strong>xamreba – mwiri, Tumca, mSoblebs ar sur<strong>da</strong>T, bavSvebs, mdgomareobis sirTulis gamo, rame <strong>da</strong>hklebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

roca bavSvebma skolis gacdena <strong>da</strong>iwyes, anam rusTavSi arsebuli socialuri momsaxurebiT isar<strong>ge</strong>bla. am momsaxurebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, bavSvebi skolaSi <strong>da</strong>brundnen <strong>da</strong> anam ipova mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, romelic mis ojaxs krizisul periods ga<strong>da</strong>atanineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 31


sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli yvela bavSvis Tanaxmad,<br />

maT orive mSobeli cocxali hyavT. aseve, maTi umravlesoba<br />

ambobs, rom mSoblebic imave qalaqSi cxovroben.<br />

ufro metic - maTma umravlesobam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom isini erT an orive mSobelTan erTad cxovroben.<br />

es Sedegi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, saerTaSoriso<br />

sazRvrebs marto ar kveTen. isini ojaxis wevrebTan er-<br />

Tad ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebian.<br />

sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli bavSvebi, mTlian SerCevasTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro mcire asakisani arian, 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlis<br />

(orjer ufro meti, vidre ara-migranti <strong>da</strong> sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli bavSvebi). ufros asakobriv kategoriaSi<br />

aseTi bavSvebi Zalian cotaa. migraciis mixedviT<br />

gamoyofil samive jgufs Soris isini yvelaze gaWirvebulebi<br />

arian; sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />

ufro met dros atareben quCaSi. maTgan 5%-ze naklebi<br />

iricxeba skolaSi <strong>da</strong> maT ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi<br />

interesi aqvT. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba (ufro maRali<br />

procenti, vidre mTlian SerCevaSi) wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria.<br />

migraciis sami jgufi<strong>da</strong>n, sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli bavSvebi ufro xSirad Civian ojaxSi janmrTelobis<br />

problemebis Sesaxeb an aqvT gansakuTrebuli<br />

saWiroebebi. maT aseve, ufro xSirad surT ukeTesi<br />

saxli an ojaxuri mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> yvelaze naklebad<br />

usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT socialuri momsaxurebebiT. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umravlesoba Semosavlis momtan saqmianobaSia CarTuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi 67% - yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli samive<br />

jgufi<strong>da</strong>n – fuls maTxovrobiT Soulobs. es bavSvebi<br />

ojaxebis ekonomikurad motivirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />

nawilia. maTTvis maTxovroba ojaxis arsebobis Senar-<br />

Cunebis strategiad aRiqmeba. calkeuli magaliTebi<br />

aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo, qarTvelebis qvelmoqmedebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sikeTis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis<br />

gamo, didi xania maTxovrebisaTvis karg <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

adgilad iTvleba.<br />

sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> didi<br />

nawili (50%) azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>naa. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gadmosaxlebulma<br />

yvela azerbaijanelma bavSvma erTi <strong>da</strong><br />

igive sacxovrebeli pirobebi aRwera. maT 80%-s orive<br />

mSobeli cocxali hyavs, xolo 20%-s - mxolod erTi;<br />

orive mSobliT oblebi azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n migrantTa<br />

Soris ar arian. azerbaijaneli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis<br />

minimum erTi, xolo 70%-is - orive mSobeli imave<br />

qalaqSi cxovrobs. TiTqmis yvelas (90%) <strong>da</strong>-Zmac imave<br />

qalaqSia.. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 10%-s ar hyavs sxva naTesavebi<br />

imave qalaqSi. arcerTi bavSvi ar iricxeba skolaSi.<br />

isev <strong>da</strong> isev, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba (90%) 24 saaTs<br />

quCaSi atarebs (zamTar-zafxul, dRe <strong>da</strong> Rame). yvela<br />

bavSvi maTxovrobaSia CarTuli <strong>da</strong> maT 90%-s arasdros<br />

usar<strong>ge</strong>blia socialuri momsaxurebiT.<br />

es Sedegi zoga<strong>da</strong>d a<strong>da</strong>sturebs `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~<br />

gamocdilebas, romlis Tanaxmad, xSirad ojaxebi<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> sxva qyveynebi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebiTurT Camodian,<br />

Semosavals maTxovrobiT Souloben <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

ar sar<strong>ge</strong>bloben maT sacxovrebel adgilas arsebuli<br />

raime socialuri momsaxurebiT. imigranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

amgvari socialuri izolaciis erT-erTi mizezi<br />

isaa, rom maT xSirad `boSebad~ miiCneven – e saris<br />

cneba, romelsac <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> DuaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />

aqvs. Sedegad, socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis jgufebi maT iSviaTad<br />

mimarTaven, radgan gavrcelebulia mosazreba,<br />

rom `boSebs amgvari cxovrebis wesi sisxlSi aqvT gamj<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

<strong>da</strong> amas veravin Secvlis~. rogorc doqtorma brian<br />

milnem (2007 w.) aRniSna, es ara mxolod ekonomikuri,<br />

aramedi kulturuli <strong>da</strong> struqturuli siRaribea,<br />

romelic sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis xalxebis aRqmaze<br />

vrceldeba <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa gavlenas axdens xalxze,<br />

romelmac icis sakuTari marginalizaciis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong><br />

ar cdilobs SeuerTdes <strong>da</strong> ar endoba sazogadoebis<br />

ZiriTad nakads. 14<br />

sxva SesaZlo mizezi aris is, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> imigrant<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili an<br />

registracia ar aqvT, Sesabamisad, isini oficialurad<br />

aralegaluri migrantebi arian <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas ar eqvemdebarebian. arsebuli kanonmdeblobis<br />

Tanaxmad, im qveynis moqalaqeebs, romlebTanac<br />

saqarTvelos uvizo reJimi aqvs (magaliTad: azerbaijani),<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> registraciis gareSe SueZliaT 3<br />

Tve <strong>da</strong>hyon. amis Semdeg, isini iusticiis saministro-<br />

Si un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>registrirdnen <strong>da</strong> sacxovrebeli adgili<br />

miuTiTon, ris Semdegac erTi wliT cxovrebis uflebas<br />

miiReben. Tu registracia ar mox<strong>da</strong> an gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />

erTi wlis Semdeg, isini aralegalur imigrantebad<br />

CaiTvlebian.<br />

14. Milne, Brian (March 2007), Assessment of the Situation of Street Children in<br />

Georgia; Research Design and Programme Planning; UNICEF Georgia<br />

32 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


avSvebis <strong>quCis</strong><br />

gamocdileba drois<br />

mixedviT<br />

iseTi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi visac saxlTan kavSiri sruliad gawyvetili<br />

aqvs Zalian cotaa. saSualod, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba<br />

Rameebs mSoblebTan/naTesavebTan atarebs <strong>da</strong><br />

ara sxva adgilebSi: 59% zafxulSi, 65% intervius wina<br />

Rames <strong>da</strong> 72% zamTarSi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, kvlevis<br />

ramdenime Sedegi <strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebis sezonurobaze<br />

miuTiTebs: bavSvebi quCaSi marto ufro metad zafxulis<br />

Rameebs atareben (24%) vidre zamTris Rameebs<br />

(7%) 15 <strong>da</strong> zafxulis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg xSirad saxleb-<br />

Si brundebian.<br />

wertilovani Sefasebis dReebis ganmavlobaSi, 0-<strong>da</strong>n<br />

18 wlamde asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 66% quCaSi marto SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

isini, visac zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani axl<strong>da</strong>, Ziri-<br />

Ta<strong>da</strong>d gogonebi, aseve 0-<strong>da</strong>n 4 wlamde asakis bavSvebi<br />

iyvnen. Tanmxlebi zr<strong>da</strong>srulis arseboba aseve bavSvis<br />

aqtivobasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli - momuSave bavSvebi<br />

ufro metad iyvnen marto vidre isini vinc maTxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />

an sxva saqminoabiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. interviuebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

miRebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 80% quCaSi atarebs DdRes <strong>da</strong> es monacemi<br />

weliwadis droebis mixedviT ar icvleba (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mcire <strong>raodenoba</strong> zafxulis ganmavlobaSi<br />

quCaSi dRes marto atarebs).<br />

saxlSi<br />

marto quCaSi<br />

procenti<br />

100.0%<br />

90.0%<br />

80.0%<br />

70.0%<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

40.0%<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

zafxulis<br />

Rameebi<br />

wina Ramis<br />

umetesi<br />

nawili<br />

zamTris<br />

Rameebi<br />

zafxulis<br />

dReebi<br />

guSindeli<br />

dRis umetesi<br />

nawili<br />

zamTris<br />

dReebi<br />

sezoni<br />

grafiki #4 – saxlSi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi marto yofnis monacemebi<br />

droisa (dRe/Rame) <strong>da</strong> weliwadis droebis mixedviT<br />

15. interviuebi gvian noemberSi Catar<strong>da</strong>, ase rom dro SeiZleba<br />

ganisazRvros, rogorc `zamTris Tveebi, roca civa~. magram intervius<br />

wina Ramis quCaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb monacemebi gansxvavdeba<br />

zamTris Rameebis quCaSi gatarebis monacemebisagan. es SeiZleba<br />

miuTiTebdes imaze, rom zogi bavSvi zamTarSi quCaSi ufro met<br />

dros atarebs, vidre amas aRiarebs.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 33


34 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


Tu gaviTvaliswinebT weliwadis dros, dRis monakveTs<br />

(dRe/Rame) <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobas, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> sami ZiriTadi jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba:<br />

1) isini, vinc zamTris <strong>da</strong> zafxulis Rameebs quCaSi<br />

atarebs (e.w. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi – mTliani SerCevis 6%);<br />

2) bavSvebi, romlebic zafxulis an zamTris Rameebs<br />

quCaSi atareben, magram gansxvavebuli sacxovrebeli<br />

pirobebi aqvT weliwadis droebis mixedviT (e.w. saxlsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi - 19%) <strong>da</strong> 3) isini, vinc<br />

quCaSi mxolod dRis saaTebs atarebs (e.w. quCaSi aqtiuri<br />

bavSvebi -75%).<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> cotaa: aseTia<br />

mTeli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 6% <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d biWebi;<br />

quCaSi 24 saaTi mcxovrebTagan gogonebi mxolod 5%-<br />

ia. am bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n 60% Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakis<br />

bavSvebsa (es maCvenebeli 20%-iT metia mTliani SerCevis<br />

maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) <strong>da</strong> mozardebs. 8-<strong>da</strong>n 10<br />

wlamde asakis bavSvebi am jgufis mxolod mcire nawils<br />

Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen.<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> erT-erTi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

Tviseba gar<strong>da</strong>mavali mdgomareobaa, roca<br />

ojaxuri urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>susteba minimalur socialur<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdeba. quCaSi mcxovreb<br />

bavSvebs im Tavis TanatolebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT romlebic<br />

quCaSi mxolod dRis garkveul nawils atareben ufro<br />

xSirad ar hyavT mSoblebi – mxolod 25% hyavs orive<br />

mSobeli cocxali. maTi kontaqti ojaxTan - Tu aseTi<br />

hyavT - gacilebiT sustia sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. maTi umravlesoba<br />

(80%) acxadebs, rom imave qalaqSi sxva naTesavi<br />

ar hyavs <strong>da</strong> rom maTze aravin zrunavs.<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi ufro nakleb ojaxur problemas<br />

asaxeleben vidre isini vinc quCaSi 24 saaTi ar<br />

cxovrobs. maT mier CamoTvlili problemebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

sami Temis irgvlivaa Tavmoyrili: erTi an orive<br />

mSoblis <strong>da</strong>kargva an aryofna, siRaribe, usaxlkaroba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi janmrTelobis problemebi. isini skolaSi ar<br />

iricxebian <strong>da</strong> maTi naxevari wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria.<br />

samive jgufs Soris isini skolis mitovebis yvelaze<br />

maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian. quCaSi gatarebuli<br />

drois <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>sruli mzrunvelis ararsebobis gamo<br />

quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs ufro xSirad aReniSnebaT<br />

xiluli nakli an fizikuri travmebi <strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad<br />

moixmaren sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nivTierebebs. isini aseve ufro<br />

moxerxebulebi arian, Semosavlis gamomuSavebis ufro<br />

met strategias iyeneben (maTxovrobisa <strong>da</strong> qurdobis<br />

maRali maCveneblebi) <strong>da</strong> ufro met socialur momsaxurebas<br />

mimarTaven vidre maTi quCaSi armcxovrebi<br />

Tanatolebi. es ojaxis zrunvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

alternatiuli <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebis moZebnis<br />

saWiroebiT aixsneba.<br />

quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovreb bavSvebs SeiZleba `zafxulis<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi~ ewodoT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maTi umravlesoba<br />

quCaSi mxolod zafxulis Rameebs atarebs. maT<br />

umetesobas quCaSi yofnis dros erTi Tvis an meti xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ojaxTan kavSiri ara aqvs. rogorc <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis momsaxurebis mimwodeblebma aRniSnes,<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mSoblebi sazafxulo, sameurneo<br />

samuSaoebisaTvis soflebSi midian <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi ki<br />

qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>rCenas amjobineben. Tumca, gamokiTxvis wina<br />

Tves (Sua oqtombri<strong>da</strong>n Sua noembramde) quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi<br />

mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevarze metma aRniSna, rom<br />

isini ojaxebTan ar cxovroben <strong>da</strong> maTze aravin zrunavs.<br />

marTalia, am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> nawili Rameebs TavSesafrebSi,<br />

bavSvTa saxlebSi, megobrebis saxlebSi an iafad <strong>da</strong>qiraebul<br />

oTaxebSi aTenebs, maRali procenti SeiZleba<br />

imis mimaniSnebeli iyos, rom sinamdvileSi, es bavSvebi<br />

quCaSi ufro met xans cxovroben vidre amas amboben.<br />

quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi quCaSi aqtiur <strong>da</strong><br />

quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs Soris gar<strong>da</strong>maval formad<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. isini quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mravalmxrivi ojaxuri problemebis<br />

winaSe dganan. maT mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebul mizezebs Soris<br />

Warbob<strong>da</strong>: siRaribe, mSoblebis umuSevroba <strong>da</strong><br />

usaxlkaroba. maT mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli sxva mizezebi<br />

(sixSiris mixedviT) moicavs: erTi an orive mSoblis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargva an ararseboba (maTi meoTxedi dediTac <strong>da</strong><br />

mamiTac obolia); alkoholizmi, ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis ganqorwineba an meored qorwineba. quCasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> nawili skolisa <strong>da</strong><br />

quCaSi cxovrebis SeTavsebas cdilobs, Tumca skolaSi<br />

CaricxulTa maCvenebeli saxlSi Rameebis gamtarebeli<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> analogiur maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />

naxevarma skola miatova. maTi umravlesoba acxadebs,<br />

rom isini fulis saSovnelad raRacas akeTeben <strong>da</strong><br />

mere fuls ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sakuTar saWiroebebze xarjaven.<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT maTi 20%<br />

ambobs, rom fulis nawils ojaxs axmars <strong>da</strong> 12%-is<br />

SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs mSoblebi fuls ZaliT arTmeven.<br />

quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi quCaSi mxolod dRis<br />

saaTebs atareben. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvis mTavari<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tviseba ojaxuri urTierTobebis<br />

SenarCunebaa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi Tavs im ojaxis nawilad Tvlian,<br />

romelsac problemebi aqvs <strong>da</strong> xSirad grZnoben<br />

pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas ojaxis interesebis Sesabamisad imoqmedon.<br />

quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba orive<br />

mSobelTan an martoxela de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad cxovrobs.<br />

samive jgufs Soris, quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi ojaxTan<br />

kontaqts didi drois ganmavlobaSi yvelaze naklebad<br />

kargaven <strong>da</strong> maTi umravlesoba mSobels an naTesavs mTavar<br />

mzrunvelad gansazRvravs. amavdroulad, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

samive jgufs Soris isini yvelaze mravalferovani<br />

sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mxolod 10% aris orive mSobliT oboli. ekonomikuri<br />

siZneleebi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa,<br />

maSin roca, mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an ararseboba sxva<br />

jgufebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad saxeldeba (Tumca kvlav<br />

meore adgils inarCunebs problemebis siaSi). sxva<br />

problemebi moicavs: mSoblebis ganqorwinebas an meo-<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 35


ed qorwinebas, alkoholizmsa <strong>da</strong> ojaxur Zaladobas.<br />

quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sagrZnobma nawilma (15%)<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom maT ojaxs problemebi ar aqvs. es bavSvebi<br />

sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro metad iricxebian skolaSi<br />

- Tumca, maCvenebeli mainc <strong>da</strong>balia, 16% _ magram<br />

maT Soris yvelaze maRalia maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />

vinc skolaSi saerTod ar yofila. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />

quCaSi gamomuSavebul fuls sakuTar saWiroebebze<br />

yvelaze naklebad xarjaven. maTi TiTqmis 40%<br />

acxadebs, rom fuls ojaxs axmars. amasTanave, quCaSi<br />

aqtiur bavSvebSi yvelaze maRalia naSovni fulis ZaliT<br />

warTmevis maCvenebeli. fuls ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mSoblebi<br />

arTmeven.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> gamocdilebis xangrZlivoba. saSualod, gamokiTxulTa<br />

40%-s quCaSi erT wlamde dro hqon<strong>da</strong> gatarebuli,<br />

26% quCaSi 2-3 weli cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 36% - 3<br />

welze metxans. quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis quCaSi<br />

cxovrebis gamocdileba kidev ufro xangrZlivia – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

naxevari quCaSi 3 weliwadze metia cxovrobs.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gavrcelebuli mosazrebaa, rom bi-<br />

Webs <strong>da</strong> ufrosi asakis bavSvebs quCaSi ufro didi xani<br />

(erT welze meti) aqvs gatarebuli, vidre gogonebs <strong>da</strong><br />

mcirewlovnebs. gansxvavebebi statistikurad mniSvnelovani<br />

ar aris, magram ramdenime tendencia SeiniSneba.<br />

ufros bavSvebs (15-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde) ufro metad<br />

aqvT sami <strong>da</strong> meti weli gatarebuli quCaSi, vidre bavSvebs<br />

ufro patara asakobrivi kategorii<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>ge</strong>nderuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofa gavrcelebul mosazrebas ar amyarebs – ufro<br />

metic, gogonebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>, romelTac quCaSi sami <strong>da</strong><br />

meti weli aqvs gatarebuli, biWebisas aRemateba.<br />

orive mSobliT <strong>da</strong> dediT obol bavSvebs quCaSi erTi<br />

Tve an meti ufro metad aqvT gatarebuli. rodesac<br />

de<strong>da</strong> an orive mSobeli cocxalia, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 70%-is<br />

gancxadebiT, maT quCaSi cxovrebis aseTi xangrZlivi<br />

gamocdileba ar aqvT.<br />

rac ufro met xans grZeldeba bavSvis quCaSi cxovreba,<br />

miT ufro irRveva misi Cveuli socialuri kavSirebi.<br />

asakobrivi kategoria<br />

sqesi<br />

60%<br />

50%<br />

40%<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

8-10wlis(n=89)<br />

11-14wlis(n=96)<br />

11-18wlis(n=60)<br />

45%<br />

40%<br />

35%<br />

30%<br />

25%<br />

20%<br />

15%<br />

10%<br />

5%<br />

0%<br />

biWebi(n=155)<br />

gogoebi(n=90)<br />

1 wlis an<br />

naklebi<br />

2-3<br />

wlis<br />

3 wlis an<br />

meti<br />

1 wlis an<br />

naklebi<br />

2-3<br />

wlis<br />

3 wlis an<br />

meti<br />

56-ma <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma ar upasuxa.<br />

56-ma <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma ar upasuxa.<br />

grafiki #5 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asaki <strong>da</strong> sqesi quCaSi gatarebuli wlebis mixedviT<br />

procenti<br />

90.0%<br />

80.0%<br />

70.0%<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

40.0%<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> quCaSi<br />

cxovrebis periodi<br />

ar hqon<strong>da</strong> quCaSi<br />

cxovrebis periodi<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

36 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs<br />

0.0%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=179)<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

adgilmdebareobebi<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

grafiki #6 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac quCaSi erTi Tve an meti aqvs gatarebuli qalaqebis mixedviT


skolaSi siaruli <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyeneba<br />

am tendencias kargad asaxavs. bavSvebi, romlebsac<br />

quCaSi eqvs Tvemde dro aqvT gatarebuli ufro<br />

xSirad iricxebodnen skolaSi vidre isini, visi quCaSi<br />

cxovrebis gamocdilebac 6 Tves aRemateba. rac ufro<br />

metad aRemateba quCaSi cxovrebis gamocdileba 6 Tves,<br />

miT ufro mniSvnelovnad iklebs skolaSi wasvlis albaToba.<br />

msgavsi tendenciebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebTan kontaqtis<br />

mxrivac SeiniSneba. rac ufro Sordebian bavSvebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcav faqtorebs (ojaxi, skola), romelnic maT<br />

saWiroebebs un<strong>da</strong> akmayofilebdnen, isini Seguebis<br />

axal strategiebs mimarTaven, ufro metad iyeneben socialur<br />

momsaxurebas (sa<strong>da</strong>c isini arsebobs), <strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />

faqtorebis <strong>da</strong>kargvis asanazRaureblad.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi Tanatolebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris eZeben. isini Cveulebriv<br />

icnoben ramdenime sxva bavSvs, romlebic igive saqmianobiT<br />

arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

40% icnobs <strong>quCis</strong> 10 bavSvs, romelic imave qalaqSi<br />

cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni 40% icnobs 11-<strong>da</strong>n 20-mde aseT<br />

bavSvs. msgavsi Seguebis strategia (socialuri kav-<br />

Sirebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong>admi mikuTvnebulobis grZnobis ganviTareba)<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> bevr kvlevaSia aRwerili. 16<br />

60%<br />

50%<br />

40%<br />

39.6%<br />

ar arian Caricxulni<br />

skolaSi<br />

gamoyenebuli socialuri<br />

momsaxurebebi<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

19.1%<br />

17.5%<br />

21.3%<br />

28.1%<br />

23.4%<br />

29.8%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

1.8% 2.1% 4.6% 4.3%<br />

8.3%<br />

3 wlis<br />

(n=89)<br />

grafiki #7 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyeneba quCaSi yofnis xangrZlivobis mixedviT<br />

16. magaliTisTvis ixileT, S.H., Hutz, C.S. (1995), Street Children: Psychological<br />

Perspectives in: Interamerican Journal of Psychology, Volume 29<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 37


<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />

ojaxuri mdgomareobis<br />

aRqma<br />

bavSvis irgvliv mSoblebis an sxva naTesavebis<br />

arseboba<br />

obolTa saerTaSoriso definiciis gamoyenebiT,<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> iseTi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic orive<br />

mSobliT oblebi arian mTliani SerCevis 15%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen.<br />

anu <strong>da</strong>narCeni 85%-is erTi mSobeli mainc aris<br />

cocxali. im bavSvebs Soris, visac erTi mSobeli mainc<br />

hyavs cocxali 55% ar aris oboli (orive mSobeli<br />

cocxalia), 24% mamiT obolia (mxolod de<strong>da</strong> hyavs) <strong>da</strong><br />

6% - dediT oboli (mxolod mamaa cocxali).<br />

Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT TiTqmis orjer maRalia. yvela <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvi, romelic orive mSobliT an dediT obolia ar<br />

iricxeba skolaSi. amasTanave, procentulad skolis<br />

mitovebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli im <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs<br />

Soris SeiniSneba, visac de<strong>da</strong> an arcerTi mSobeli<br />

ar hyavs. mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba skolis mitovebis<br />

mizezad saxeldeba. maTi interesi ganaTlebisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>balia <strong>da</strong> miaCniaT, rom skolaSi siarulis SemxvevaSi<br />

mainc ver iswavlian. yvela maTgani ambobs, rom<br />

sakuTari Tavis sarCenad fuli un<strong>da</strong> gamoimuSavos.<br />

maT socialuri momsaxureba arasdros gamouyenebiaT.<br />

quCaSi ufro meti drois gatarebis <strong>da</strong> mzrunveli<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>srulis ararsebobis gamo orive mSobliT<br />

oboli bavSvebi ufro metad avlenen gansakuTrebul<br />

saWiroebebs <strong>da</strong> fizikur travmebs, vidre is bavSvebi,<br />

visac erTi an orive mSobeli hyavs.<br />

araoboli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis de<strong>da</strong> an mama,<br />

an orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi cxovrobs. Tu mSoblebi<br />

imave qalaqSi ar cxovroben, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevars<br />

imave qalaqSi sxva naTesavi hyavs. gamokiTxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

10%-ze naklebma aRniSna, rom sruliad martoa<br />

– anu imave qalaqSi arc mSobeli <strong>da</strong> arc sxva naTesavi<br />

ar moeZebneba.<br />

80.0% orive mSobeli<br />

70.0%<br />

68.8%<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia<br />

60.0%<br />

56.9%<br />

mxolod de<strong>da</strong>a<br />

55.0%<br />

cocxali<br />

50.0%<br />

mxolod mamaa<br />

40.0%<br />

36.7%<br />

cocxali<br />

33.3%<br />

30.0%<br />

26.7%<br />

25.0%<br />

24.1%<br />

orive mSobeli<br />

20.0%<br />

18.8%<br />

cocxalia<br />

14.4%<br />

9.4% 13.8%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

5.6%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=180)<br />

3.1%<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

erTi an orive mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas Zalian didi<br />

gavlena aqvs bavSvis cxovrebaze. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />

erTi an orive mSobliT obol bavSvTa proporcia<br />

quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs Soris, mTlian SerCevasgrafiki<br />

#8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT<br />

5.2%<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

3.3%<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

50%<br />

40%<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

44.4% 45.5%<br />

38.9%<br />

32.0%<br />

28.7%<br />

22.9%<br />

21.2%<br />

22.2%<br />

15.2% 15.4%<br />

11.1% 11.5%<br />

7.1%<br />

1.6%<br />

1.1%<br />

Tbilisi rusTavi quTaisi baTumi sul<br />

de<strong>da</strong> cocxalia, magram ar<br />

cxovrobs imave qalaqSi (n=237)<br />

mama cocxalia, magram ar<br />

cxovrobs imave qalaqSi (n=109)<br />

hyavs naTesavebi, magram ara<br />

imave qalaqSi (n=301)<br />

grafiki #9 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac imave qalaqSi de<strong>da</strong>, mama an naTesavi ar hyavs<br />

38 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 85%-is gancxadebiT, maTi de<strong>da</strong> imave<br />

qalaqSi cxovrobs, xolo 71%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom mamac<br />

imave qalaqSia. dedebs Soris, romlebic imave qalaqSi<br />

ar cxovroben 9% saqarTvelos sxva regionSi cxovrobs<br />

<strong>da</strong> 3% qveynis farglebs gareTaa (azerbaijanSi,<br />

ruseTSi, italiaSi, TurqeTSi <strong>da</strong> saberZneTSi, rogorc<br />

bavSvebma aRniSnes). mamebi, romlebic imave qalaqSi<br />

ar arian, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi (13%) <strong>da</strong> saz-<br />

RvargareT (8%) cxovroben. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gancxadebiT,<br />

isini ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi, ukrainaSi, moldovaSi,<br />

italiasa an yazaxeTSi arian. rusTavSi, quTaissa <strong>da</strong><br />

baTumSi gamokiTxuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visi de<strong>da</strong><br />

an mama sxva adgilas cxovrobs, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi mSoblebis<br />

cxovrebis yvela gavrcelebuli adgilia (4%-<strong>da</strong>n 9%-<br />

mde - dedebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> 8%-<strong>da</strong>n 19%-mde - mamebisaTvis,<br />

qalaqebis mixedviT).<br />

mSoblebis migracia <strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCaSi gasvlis mTavar<br />

faqtorad ar un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi,<br />

romelTa mSoblebi sxvagan cxovroben, sazRvargareT<br />

wasuli mSoblebis mier <strong>da</strong>tovebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

(romelTa ricxvic sakmaod didia 17 ) mxolod mcire<br />

nawils Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen, magram yvela es bavSvi quCaSi rodi<br />

xvdeba. mSoblis an mSoblebis ararsebobas <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis<br />

cxovrebis ramdenime aspeqtze mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />

aqvs.<br />

imave qalaqSi orive mSoblis aryofna mniSvnelovnad<br />

zrdis bavSvis quCaSi 24 saaTiT cxovrebis albaTobas:<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 15%, visi mSoblebi imave qalaqSi ar cxovroben,<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvia. es maCvenebeli mxolod<br />

4%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visi erTi mSobeli<br />

mainc imave qalaqSi cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> 2%-s im bavSvebvisaTvis,<br />

visac orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi hyavs. magram,<br />

bavSvebi, visac erTi an orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi<br />

hyavs, ufro metad atareben dRis saaTebs quCaSi (82%)<br />

vidre isini, visi mSoblebic sxvagan arian (57%).<br />

SemTxveva 2: oTxi wlis win, ratis umuSevarma de<strong>da</strong>m – nonam - ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita ruseTSi eZebna samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> bavSvi mamasa <strong>da</strong> bebias<br />

<strong>da</strong>utova. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, nona bavSvTan kavSiris SenarCunebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fulsac ugzavni<strong>da</strong>. garkveuli drois Semdeg,<br />

kontaqtebic <strong>da</strong> finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werac Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> male nona sruliad gaqra ratis cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

im dros biWis mama – zurabi - muSaob<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mama fuls alkoholze ufro xarjav<strong>da</strong> vidre bavSvis saWiroebebze,<br />

biWs sacxovrebeli adgili mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram roca zura Tvrebo<strong>da</strong>, igi ratis <strong>da</strong> mis bebias scem<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rati xSirad<br />

grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom saxli aRar iyo usafrTxo TavSesafari, rogorc adre, dedis Sin yofnis dros.<br />

erT dRes, zura <strong>da</strong>apatimres <strong>da</strong> ramdenime wliT patimroba miusajes. rati mxolod bebiis amara <strong>da</strong>rCa. bebia moxuci<br />

<strong>da</strong> avadmyofi iyo, Semosavali ar hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> biWisTvis Sesabamisi zrunvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCena ar SeeZlo. SimSilis<br />

pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis <strong>da</strong>mamcirebel saqmianobad miCnevis gamo bebia SviliSvilisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />

alternatiuli gzebis Ziebas Seudga. male, orivem qalaqis quCebSi, nagavsayrelebze SuSis boTlebis moZieba<br />

<strong>da</strong> gayidva <strong>da</strong>iwyo. biWma skola miatova – misi ganaTleba saarsebo pirobebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis gamo prioritetuli aRar<br />

iyo. male Sewy<strong>da</strong> gazisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis miwodeba - bebiasa <strong>da</strong> SviliSvls komunaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>safarad sakmarisi<br />

Tanxa ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. zogjer, fuli puris sayidla<strong>da</strong>c ki ar hyofni<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> rati mSieri iZineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mSoblebis<br />

adgilsamyofeli<br />

bavSvTa jgufebi<br />

sixSire<br />

procenti<br />

orive mSobeli<br />

imave qalaqSi<br />

1. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

2. quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi<br />

3. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />

2 1.70%<br />

19 16.40%<br />

95 81.90%<br />

sul<br />

116 100.00%<br />

erTi mSobeli<br />

imave qalaqSi<br />

arcerTi<br />

mSobeli<br />

imave qalaqSi<br />

1. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

2. quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi<br />

3. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />

sul<br />

1. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

2. quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi<br />

3. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />

sul<br />

4 4.10%<br />

13 13.20%<br />

81 82.70%<br />

98 100.00%<br />

13 15.10%<br />

24 27.90%<br />

49 57.00%<br />

86 100.00%<br />

cxrili #8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT<br />

17. Svintadze, Ia; Ubiria, Grigol (2007), How Poverty Separates Families: Impact of International Labour Migration on Families and Children<br />

in Georgia, Eurasia Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Caucasus Research Resource Centre (CRRC) Fellowship<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 39


<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, romelTa mSoblebi imave qalaq-<br />

Si ar cxovroben, mSoblebis aryofna ufro mniSvnelovan<br />

problemad aRiqmeba, vidre ekonomikuri<br />

siZneleebi. amasTan, isini naklebad iricxebian skolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> 40%-iT naklebad ainteresebT skola, vidre<br />

maT im Tanatolebs, visac orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi<br />

hyavs. monacemebi aseve cxadyofs, rom im bavSebisaTvis,<br />

romelTa mxolod erTi mSobeli cxovrobs imave<br />

qalaqSi, ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom skolaSi<br />

saerTod ar evloT, vidre im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visac<br />

orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi hyavs.<br />

gamokiTxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 82%-ma aRniSna, rom imave<br />

qalaqSi sxva naTesavebi hyavs, rogoricaa <strong>da</strong>-Zma, bebia-babua,<br />

biZa/mami<strong>da</strong> an sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis xelmisawvdomi socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

donis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad mxolod zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebi<br />

iyo miRebuli mxedvelobaSi <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>-Zma. Tu<br />

bavSvebi ar asaxelebdnen bebia/babuas, biZa/mami<strong>da</strong>s<br />

an sxva zr<strong>da</strong>srul naTesavs, maT 0 qula ewerebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

1 qula eniWebo<strong>da</strong> maT, visac am kategoriebi<strong>da</strong>n erTerTSi<br />

erTi naTesavi mainc hyav<strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi, ori<br />

qula – visac ori naTesavi hyav<strong>da</strong> ori kategorii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

sami - visac sami naTesavi hyav<strong>da</strong> samive kategorii<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

analizis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad bavSvis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />

quCaSi gatarebuli dro mcirdeba. ufro metic, isini<br />

62%-iT naklebad atareben zafxulis Rameebs quCaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseve ufro naklebad cxovroben quCaSi 24 saaTis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, vidre is bavSvebi, visac imave qalaqSi<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi ar hyavs. socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

ufro maRali done <strong>da</strong>debiT gavlenas axdens bavSvis<br />

ganaTlebazec – bavSvebi, visac imave qalaqSi erTi <strong>da</strong><br />

meti zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi hyavs, 82%-iT ufro metad<br />

iricxebian skolaSi vidre isini, visac aranairi socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ara aqvs.<br />

90.0%<br />

82.8%<br />

<strong>da</strong>-Zma<br />

80.0%<br />

bebia/papa<br />

70.0%<br />

68.8%<br />

65.6%<br />

60.0%<br />

58.3%<br />

biZa/dei<strong>da</strong><br />

50.0%<br />

46.6%<br />

sxva ufrosi asakis<br />

41.7%<br />

40.0%<br />

naTesavebi<br />

40.0%<br />

37.5%<br />

40.0%<br />

33.3%<br />

31.19<br />

29.3%<br />

30.0%<br />

ar hyavs naTesavebi<br />

23.9%<br />

25.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

13.9%<br />

15.5%<br />

13.3%<br />

10.0%<br />

6.3%<br />

6.9%<br />

0%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

grafiki #10 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi naTesavebis saxeoba<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kavSiri ojaxebTan<br />

roca orive mSobeli cocxalia, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs<br />

ufro axlo kavSiri aqvT de<strong>da</strong>sTan, vidre mamasTan.<br />

gamokiTxuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 75%-is mtkicebiT, maT<br />

yoveldRiuri kavSiri aqvT de<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> masTan kontaqti<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T intervius Catarebis dResac. <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mxolod naxevarma aRniSna, rom im dRes mamasTan<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> kavSiri (56%), an (TiTqmis) yoveldRiurad aqvs<br />

kavSiri mamasTan (57%).<br />

90.0% Tbilisi (n=144)<br />

80.0%<br />

70.0%<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

40.0%<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

dRes yoveldRe dRes yoveldRe dRes yoveldRe<br />

esaubra de<strong>da</strong>s esaubra mamas esaubra naTesavebs<br />

rusTavi (n=32)<br />

quTaisi (n=58)<br />

baTumi (n=30)<br />

grafiki #11 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa procenti, vinc dRes (intervius dRes) esaubra <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiurad esaubreba de<strong>da</strong>s, mamas an naTesavs<br />

40 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


im <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n, visac de<strong>da</strong> cocxali hyavs,<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 20%-ma aRniSna, rom maT cxovrebaSi iyo<br />

periodi, roca de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

kavSiri ar hqonia. im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

visac mama hyavs cocxali, igive maCvenebeli <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

30%-mde izrdeba.<br />

rac ufro met dros atareben bavSvebi quCaSi, miT<br />

ufro mcirdeba maTi kavSiri ojaxebTan. samive jgufs<br />

Soris, quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi ojaxTan yvelaze<br />

mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben – maTi mxolod 23% ambobs,<br />

rom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

kavSiri ar hqonia <strong>da</strong> 39%-s mamasTan. quCasa <strong>da</strong><br />

saxlSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 62% aRniSnavs de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

kavSiris arqonis periodebs <strong>da</strong> 84% _ mamasTan. quCaSi<br />

mcxovreb bavSvebs Soris, 80%-is cxovrebaSi iyo periodebi,<br />

roca de<strong>da</strong>sTan an mamasTan erTi Tvis an meti<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi kavSiri ar hqonia.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier mzrunvelebis aRqma<br />

bavSvebs un<strong>da</strong> ganesazRvraT a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic maTze<br />

umeteswilad zrunavs. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobam<br />

(62%) aseTad mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>asaxela. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

dedebi mTavari <strong>da</strong> xSirad erTaderTi mzrunvelebi<br />

arian, rac de<strong>da</strong>sTan kavSiris sixSiriT, de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

cxovrebiT <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. qarTuli<br />

tradiciuli ojaxis modelSi bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong> umetesad<br />

dedis movaleobaa. rogorc gaeros bavSvTa<br />

fondma aRwera (2007), 18 `<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi<br />

dedebi arian (91%), Semdeg bebiebi (7%). meoradi<br />

mzrunvelebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d bebiebi arian (42%) <strong>da</strong><br />

Semdeg mamebi (17%) <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi am mxriv ar<br />

gansxvavdebian. aTi<strong>da</strong>n erTma bavSvma mTavar mzrunvelad<br />

aseve naTesavebi <strong>da</strong>asaxela.<br />

procenti<br />

80.0% mSoblebi<br />

70.0%<br />

naTesavebi<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

aravin<br />

40.0%<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=180)<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

adgilmdebareobebi<br />

grafiki #12 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi<br />

18. UNICEF Georgia (2007), Early Childhood Development in Georgia – Findings<br />

from the National Baseline Study<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 41


asakis matebasTan erTad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ojaxis mzrunvelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamodian <strong>da</strong> Tavad zrunaven sakuTar<br />

Tavze. 8-<strong>da</strong>n 10 wlamde asakobriv kategoriaSi 7-jer<br />

ufro metia iseTi bavSvi, romelzec mSoblebi an na-<br />

Tesavebi zrunaven, vidre isini, visac mzrunveli ar<br />

hyavs (Tanafardoba 1:7). or ufros asakobriv kategoriaSi<br />

es Tanafardoba Sesabamisad 1:2.2 <strong>da</strong> 1:1.5-mde<br />

mcirdeba.<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 26% - sididiT meore jgufi - ambobs, rom ma-<br />

Tze aravin zrunavs. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod erTi mesamedis<br />

orive mSobeli cocxalia (mTliani SerCevis 55%-<br />

Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) <strong>da</strong> 23%-s mxolod de<strong>da</strong> hyavs cocxali.<br />

am bavSvebs Soris ori jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba:<br />

isini, visi mSoblebic gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia an ar arian <strong>da</strong><br />

ubralod aravinaa, visac bavSvebi mzrunvelad CaTvlidnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> isini, visac erTi an orive mSobeli cocxali<br />

hyavs, magram maT mTavar mzrunvelebad ar Tvlian.<br />

mTavari mzrunvelis yofna-aryofna bavSvis cxovrebis<br />

ramdenime aspeqtze axdens gavlenas. quCaSi mcxovreb<br />

bavSvebs Soris mSoblebs mTavar mzrunvelebad Zalian<br />

cota miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> umravlesoba acxadebs, rom aravinaa,<br />

vinc maTze izrunebs. sapirispirod, quCaSi aqtiuri<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba mSoblebs an naTesavebs<br />

mTavar mzrunvelebad asaxelebs. mzrunvelis gareSe<br />

myofi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ufro met gasaWirSi imyofebian<br />

vidre isini, viszec mSoblebi zrunaven. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an aryofna ufro<br />

mniSvnelovan problemad saxeldeba vidre ekonomikuri<br />

siZneleebi, maSin, roca mSoblebis zrunvis qveS<br />

myofi bavSvebi mTavar problemebad umeteswilad<br />

alkoholizms, ganqorwinebas/meored qorwinebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

siRaribes asaxeleben. bavSvebi, romelTac ar hyavT<br />

mzrunveli, skolaSi ar iricxebian, maSin, roca 24% im<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a, visac mSoblebi mzrunvelobas uweven, skolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>dian; skolis mitovebis albaToba ufro maRalia<br />

(60%) mSoblebis mzrunvelobis qveS myof bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (40%). isini mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas an<br />

sakuTar swavlis unarSi <strong>da</strong>urwmuneblobas skolaSi<br />

wausvlelobis mTavar mizezebad asaxeleben. bavSvebi,<br />

romelTa ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi mSoblebi arian, skolaSi<br />

wausvlelobis mizezad mSoblebis winaaRmdegobas,<br />

sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>blobas, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bal<br />

xarisxsa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur siZneleebs asaxeleben.<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic acxadeben, rom maTze aravin<br />

zrunavs, arsebobis SenarCunebis mraval strategias<br />

mimarTaven: isini ufro met socialur momsaxurebas<br />

iyeneben <strong>da</strong> ufro metad gamoimuSaveben saarsebo<br />

fuls muSaobiT an maTxovrobiT vidre isini, visac mzrunvelebad<br />

mSoblebi hyavs. mzrunvelis ararseboba<br />

bavSvis samomavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebzec axdens gavlenas - maT<br />

ganaTleba, profesiuli unarebi an samsaxuri naklebad<br />

ainteresebT. mzrunvelis gareSe myofi bavSvebi<br />

xSirad ver asaxeleben raime konkretul survils – ra<br />

surT gaakeTon momavalSi. es aseve gavlenas axdens<br />

maT janmrTelobaze – isini ufro xSirad amJRavneben<br />

gansakuTrebul saWiroebebs, fizikuri travmis niSnebs<br />

an toqsikur nivTierebebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />

vidre bavSvebi, romelTac mzrunvelebi hyavT.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi<br />

im ojaxebis mowyoba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebi arian warmoSobiT, mravalgvaria, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

bavSvebiT, visac orive mSobeli cocxali hyavs<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva zr<strong>da</strong>srul naTesavebTan erTad imave qalaqSi<br />

cxovrobs, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli im bavSvebiT, vinc orive<br />

mSobliT obolia <strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi ojaxis sxva wevrebi<br />

ar hyavs. calkeuli magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom bevri<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi cxovrebis manZilze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi mowyobis<br />

ojaxebSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bevri maTgani qorwinebis<br />

gareSe aris <strong>da</strong>badebuli.<br />

ojaxuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sistemis Semcirebasa <strong>da</strong> kav-<br />

Sirebis <strong>da</strong>sustebasTan erTad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ufro<br />

met dros <strong>da</strong> Rameebsac ki quCaSi atareben. es kav-<br />

Siri piramidis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

yoveli Sre <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> qve-jgufs asaxavs, romelic<br />

naCvenebia, rogorc mTeli SerCevis procenti. umeteswilad,<br />

es qve-jgufebi urTierTgamomricxavi<br />

ar aris <strong>da</strong> arc erTmaneTs Seicavs – jgufebs Soris<br />

75%-iani ga<strong>da</strong>farvaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umravlesoba erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros ramdenime jgufs<br />

miekuTvneba. magaliTad, quCaSi mcxovrebi yvela<br />

bavSvi rodi ambobs, rom mzrunveli ar hyavs <strong>da</strong> orive<br />

mSobliT oboli yvela bavSvic araa quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvi.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 58%-is Tanaxmad, isini wina Tves de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

erTad cxovrobdnen. mamasTan cxovreba <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

34%-ma aRniSna (oTxive qalaqSi es maCvenebeli<br />

ufro naklebi iyo). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 38% ambobs, rom isini<br />

sxva naTesavebTan cxovroben an naTesavebs saxlSi<br />

akiTxaven (20%).<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

orive mSobliT oblebi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac ar<br />

hyavT ZiriTadi mzrunveli<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac ar<br />

hyavT mSoblebi imave qalaqSi<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic ar<br />

cxovroben TavianT ojaxebTan<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic cxovroben<br />

TavianT ojaxebTan<br />

grafiki #13 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxur mdgomareobaSi<br />

(n=301)<br />

42 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


procenti<br />

80.0%<br />

70.0%<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

40.0%<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

de<strong>da</strong> mama sxva naTesavebi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

adgilmdebareobebi<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

grafiki #14 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, vinc ukanaskneli<br />

Tvis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis wevrebTan cxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />

mocemuli kvleva Seeca<strong>da</strong> aexsna, Tu ra gavlenas axdens<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxuri mowyobis pirobebSi cxovreba qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> cxovrebiseul mdgomareobaze. gamoiyo<br />

ojaxis mowyobis eqvsi SesaZlebeli varianti: 1) bavSvebi<br />

ar cxovroben mSoblebTan an naTesavebTan; 2) bavSvebi<br />

cxovroben mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan; 3) bavSvebi cxovroben<br />

mxolod mamasTan; 4) bavSvebi cxovroben mxolod erT<br />

mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> erT sxva naTesaveTan; 5) bavSvebi cxovroben<br />

orive mSobelTan; 6) bavSvebi cxovroben sxva na-<br />

TesavebTan.<br />

drois erT monakveTSi Catarebuli kvlevis pirobebSi,<br />

rogoricaa es kvleva, Znelia saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ojaxuri mowyobis mudmivobis gansazRvra. maTi<br />

kargad cnobili mobilurobisa <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi cxovrebis<br />

stilis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />

rom ramdenime bavSvi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxuri mowyobis pirobebSi cxovrobs,<br />

magram erTjeradi kvleviT am dinamikis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na Seu-<br />

Zlebelia. Sesabamisad, ojaxuri mowyobis qve-jgufebi<br />

aRniSnul kvlevaSi urTierTgamomricxavia – bavSvi ar<br />

SeiZleba marto de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobdes <strong>da</strong> ganacxados,<br />

rom imavdroulad orive mSobelTan erTad cxovrobs.<br />

kvlevaSi aRniSnuli erTTviani CarCos ganmavlobaSic<br />

ki <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobaSi sagrZnobi gansxvavebebi igrZnoba<br />

imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT Tu visTan cxovroben isini.<br />

ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan<br />

an naTesavebTan<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />

de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />

mamasTan<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> erT mSobelTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebTan<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan<br />

(sxva naTesavebTan erTad<br />

an maT gareSe)<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mxolod sxva<br />

naTesavebTan<br />

grafiki #15 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxuri mowyoba ukanaskneli<br />

Tvis ganmavlobaSi (n=301)<br />

orive mSobelTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi (mTeli SerCevis<br />

30%) ekonomikuri siZneleebis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bal doneze<br />

miuTiTebdnen (2.2.) 19 sxva tipis ojaxebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />

Tumca sainteresoa, rom ekonomikuri problemebis<br />

SemTxvevebi sakmaod maRalia – yvela ojaxTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

yvelaze maRali – magram es bavSvebi aseve araproporciulad<br />

xSirad amboben, rom `maT ojaxSi ar aris<br />

problemebi~ (25% mTliani SerCevis 12%-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT).<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi aseTi ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n ufro xSirad iricxebian<br />

skolaSi vidre bavSvebi martoxela mSoblebis<br />

ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n an ojaxis gareSe mcxovrebi bavSvebi. isini<br />

naklebad maTxovroben im bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, vinc<br />

ojaxis gareSe an marto de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobs. aseve maTi<br />

gancxadebiT, gasuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi maT ar gamoumuSavebiaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>sWirvebiaT fuli.<br />

mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi SerCevis 22%-s<br />

Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns. es bavSvebi ojaxis mTavar problemad ekonomikur<br />

siZneleebs asaxeleben. meore yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />

problema mSoblebis ganqorwinebaa – orjer<br />

ufro meti, vidre mTlian SerCevaSi. aseve, yvela sxva<br />

tipis ojaxTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi yvelaze naklebad Tvlian, rom maT ojaxSi<br />

problemebi ar aris. isini ufro metad <strong>da</strong>dian skola-<br />

Si vidre marto mamasTan an ojaxis gareSe mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi. am bavSvebs maTxovrobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli<br />

axasiaTebs vidre maT, vinc orive mSobelTan<br />

cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> Zalian cotam Tu aRniSna, rom wina Tvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi fuli ar gamoumuSavebia.<br />

mxolod mamasTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi ojaxuri mowyobis<br />

yvelaze iSviaTi formaa - mxolod 3%. maSin,<br />

roca sxva tipis ojaxebSi sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis ganawileba<br />

mTliani SerCevis msgavsia, mxolod mamisgan Semdgar<br />

ojaxSi yvela bavSvi sabazo saskolo ganaTlebis asakisaa<br />

(8-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde) <strong>da</strong> biWebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> gogonebisas<br />

TiTqmis 4-jer aRemateba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ricxvi mcirea, procentulad alkoholizms,<br />

rogorc ojaxur problemad, yvelaze metad swored<br />

mxolod mamasTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi asaxeleben. es<br />

bavSvebi aseve yvelaze metad aRniSnaven, rom muSaoben<br />

<strong>da</strong> naklebad arian CarTuli maTxovrobaSi.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva naTesavTan erTad cxovroben, mTliani SerCevis<br />

mxolod 5%-ia. calkeuli magaliTebi mowmobs, rom<br />

msgavsi tipis ojaxebSi `sxva naTesavSi~ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d dedinacvali<br />

an maminacvali, mSoblis partniori (xSirad<br />

ramdenime), bavSvis <strong>da</strong>-Zma an bebia/babua igulisxmeba.<br />

yvela tipis ojaxebs Soris mxolod erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva naTesavTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi gaWirvebis yvelaze<br />

maRal dones aRniSnaven (3.6.). sxva tipis ojaxebis bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT isini ojaxSi ekonomikur problemebze<br />

naklebad saubroben, magram Zalian xSirad mTavar<br />

problemad mSoblebis ganqorwinebas <strong>da</strong> meored qor-<br />

19. gaWirveba ganisazRvreba bavSvis mier CamoTvlili siZneleebis<br />

raodenobis (simravlis) mixedviT. aRniSnul kvlevaSi<br />

siZneleebis done meryeob<strong>da</strong> 0-<strong>da</strong>n (aranairi problemebi ojaxSi)<br />

6-mde (yvela problema saxezea), saSualo maCvenebeli ki mTlian<br />

SerCevaSi iyo 2.5.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 43


44 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


winebas asaxeleben. es bavSvebi naklebad iricxebian<br />

skolaSi im bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, vinc orive mSobelTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>/an sxva naTesavebTan cxovrobs. isini aseve ufro<br />

metad arian CarTuli maTxovrobaSi, vidre sxva tipis<br />

ojaxebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi. orive mSobelTan an martoxela<br />

dedebTan mcxovreb bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT am<br />

bavSvebSi ufro metad SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli<br />

saWiroebebi, xiluli travmebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis<br />

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi.<br />

SemTxveva #3: mari warmoSibiT rusTavTan axlos mdebare sofli<strong>da</strong>naa, Zalian Raribi ojadixan. mas arasdros uvlia<br />

skolaSi <strong>da</strong> profesiuli unar-Cvevebi ar aqvs. igi adre <strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sofelSi qmris saxlSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. qmarTan mas oTxi<br />

Svili eyola, magram ori Cvilobis asakSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo marim <strong>da</strong> misma qmarma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites<br />

sofelSi saxli gaeyi<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> sacxovreblad rusTavSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilas oTaxebs<br />

qiraobdnen.<br />

male, maris umuSevari qmari kriminalur saqmianobaSi CaerToO <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi ganaCeniT cixeSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. mari mas gaSor<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva kacTan ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> sacxovreblad. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es urTierToba oficialurad registrirebuli ar yofila<br />

mari mas meore qmrad ixsenieb<strong>da</strong>. momdevno wlebSi marim kidev sami Svili gaaCina. pirveli qorwinebi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebma skolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyes siaruli, magram meore klass ver gascdnen. swored maSin, meore qmarma miatova ojaxi <strong>da</strong> marim <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa ver SeZlo. arsebobis SesanarCuneblad maTxovroba <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

siRaribem <strong>da</strong> usaxlkarobam maris axali urTierTobisaken ubiZga <strong>da</strong> igi mesame partniorTan ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad,<br />

bavSvebi de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobdnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom maris maTxovroba ojaxis rCenis erTaderTi wyaro iyo ojaxs sacxovrebeli<br />

adgili mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram male gairkva, rom maris partniori bavSvebs ar iReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xSirad maT emociur <strong>da</strong><br />

fizikur Seuracxyofas ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. bavSvebi Tavs saxlSi usafrTxod aRar grZnobdnen - ufros biWebs mdgomareobam saxlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>tovebisaken ubiZga.<br />

mxolod naTesavebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi mTeli Ser-<br />

Cevis 4%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen. gaWirvebis done am bavSvebSi<br />

ufro maRalia (2.9) vidre im bavSvebSi, vinc orive mSobelTan<br />

an mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobs. ojaxis gareSe<br />

mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> msgavsad, naTesavebTan mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas mTavar problemad<br />

asaxeleben. sxva tipis ojaxebSi mcxovreb bavSvebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT es bavSvebi aseve yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben<br />

`mSoblebis aryofnas~. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yvela sxva tipis<br />

ojaxebSi mcxovreb <strong>bavSvebis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT isini<br />

yvelaze xSirad iricxebian skolaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTxovrobis<br />

xSiri SemTxvevebisa es bavSvebi yvelaze xSirad<br />

amboben, rom fuls ar saWiroeben.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, vinc wina Tves ojaxSi ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

yvelaze metia – yvela bavSvis 36%. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

TiTqmis naxevari 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakisaa. sainteresoa,<br />

rom ojaxebSi armcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 50%-ze<br />

meti quCaSi mxolod dRis saaTebSia. zogi maTgani<br />

sacxovreblad bavSTa saxlebs/TavSesafrebs an megobris<br />

saxls asaxelebs. sxvebi, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebis proeqtebi varaudoben,<br />

RamiT iaffasian oTaxebs qiraoben. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom es bavSvebi ojaxuri problemebis nusxaSi pirvel<br />

adgilze ekonomikur problemebs asaxeleben, maTTvis<br />

ekonomikuri faqtori gacilebiT ufro naklebad<br />

mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis ojaxebSi. ojaxis<br />

wevrebis gareSe mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis upirvelesi<br />

problema mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebaa. magram isini mTavar<br />

problemad aseve mxolod erTi mSoblis yolas an<br />

`mSoblebis aryofnas~ asaxeleben. isini ar iricxebian<br />

skolaSi, maSin, roca mTliani SerCevis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 14%<br />

skolaSi iricxeba <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis <strong>da</strong> qurdobis ufro<br />

maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian (64% <strong>da</strong> 10%), vidre<br />

bavSvebi mTlian SerCevaSi. mxolod 2%-ma aRniSna, rom<br />

gasuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi fuli ar gamoimuSava (maSin<br />

roca, mTliani SerCevisaTvis Sesabamisi maCvenebeli<br />

TiTqmis 10%-ia). aseve, interviuerebma gansakuTrebuli<br />

saWiroebebi, xiluli fizikuri travmebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri<br />

nivTierebebis gamoyenebis gacilebiT meti<br />

SemTxvevevbi am bavSvebSi SeamCnies.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxis mTavari problemebis<br />

aRqma<br />

bavSvebs maTi ojaxis mTavari problema un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT<br />

(`pirveli pasuxi~) <strong>da</strong> Semdeg problemebis<br />

winaswar Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili sii<strong>da</strong>n amoerCiaT meti problemebi<br />

(`<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~). CakiTxvis Sedegad, bavSvebi saSualod<br />

2.5 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxur problemas asaxelebdnen.<br />

yvelaze met problemas asaxelebdnen bavSvebi, vinc<br />

erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavTan cxovrobs – (3.6);<br />

bavSvebi, romelTac mxolod mama hyavT cocxali (3.0);<br />

bavSvebi, visac imave qalaqSi mxolod erTi mSobeli<br />

hyavs <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc ambobs, rom maTze aravin zrunavs.<br />

socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris dones (imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>) <strong>da</strong> gaWirvebis<br />

dones (CamoTvlili problemebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>) Soris<br />

mniSvnelovani korelacia ar aris.<br />

yvela ojaxuri problema rva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kategoriaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>jguf<strong>da</strong>. ekonomikur siZneleebSi moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />

siRaribe ojaxSi, umuSevari mSoblebi, sacxovreblis<br />

uqonloba, valebi <strong>da</strong> SimSili. problemebis sxva<br />

jgufi moicav<strong>da</strong> orive an erTi mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas.<br />

`mSoblebis aryofnaSi~ <strong>da</strong>jguf<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis<br />

adgilsamyofelis ucodinroba, mSoblebis sazRvargareT<br />

yofna, an mSoblis (xSirad mamis) cixeSi yofna.<br />

`mSoblebi ganqorwinebulia an meored <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli~<br />

kategoriaSi bavSvebi ganqorwinebas an meored<br />

qorwinebas calke problemad asaxelebdnen <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />

dedinacvalTan an maminacvalTan cudi urTierTobis<br />

Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. alkoholizmis/ojaxuri Zaladobis<br />

problema gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, rom ojaxSi romelime<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 45


problemuri jgufebi<br />

piri bevrs svams an mSoblebi/romelime piri ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

bavSvs an ojaxis sxva wevrebs scems. janmrTelobis<br />

problemebi zoga<strong>da</strong>d iyo axsnili (ava<strong>da</strong>a) an xazgasmuli<br />

iyo vin aris avad (de<strong>da</strong>, mama, an Zma). sxva CamoTvlil<br />

problemebs Sorisaa, magaliTad, erTi mozardi gogona<br />

ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom eyola bavSvi <strong>da</strong> ar icis sa<strong>da</strong>a bavSvis mama.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, zogi bavSvi ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom ojaxSi problemebi<br />

ar SeiniSneba.<br />

monacemTa analizi gviCvenebs, rom ojaxis problemebis<br />

sirTulis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad bavSvebi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas<br />

quCaSi eZeben. ojaxSi mzardi gaWirveba bavSvs<br />

quCaSi meti drois gatarebisken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. magaliTad,<br />

udidesi gasaWiris mqone bavSvebi 34%-iT ufro metad<br />

atareben zafxulis Rameebs quCaSi vidre isini, visac<br />

gasaWiri ar aqvs.<br />

ojaxs ar aqvs problemebi<br />

alkoholizmi/<br />

ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

ekonomikuri (siRaribe, umu-<br />

Sevroba, usaxlkaroba,valebi)<br />

mSoblebi ganqorwinebuli/<br />

kvlav <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli<br />

mSoblebi ar arian (adgilsamyofeli<br />

ucnobia, <strong>da</strong>patimrebulia,<br />

ucxoeTSia)<br />

orive/erTi mSobeli<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia<br />

0%<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />

pirveladi pasuxi<br />

20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160%<br />

procenti<br />

grafiki #16 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi<br />

(n=301)<br />

imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, bavSvebi Tavad asaxelebdnen mTavar<br />

ojaxur problemebs (`pirveladi pasuxi~) Tu un<strong>da</strong><br />

amoerCiaT problemebis sii<strong>da</strong>n (`<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~),<br />

ekonomikuri sakiTxebi yvelaze metad figurireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ekonomikuri problemebis <strong>da</strong>msaxelebeli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi maTi<br />

zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebis raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad<br />

izrdeba. imave qalaqSi naTesavebis armyoli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mxolod 56% asaxelebs ekonomikur problemebs. igive<br />

maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visac imave qalaqSi erTi<br />

tipis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi hyavs 63%-ia; ori tipis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />

naTesavis myoli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis - 68%, xolo<br />

sami tipis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis myoli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

– 85%. igive tendencia ojaxis mowyobis tipebis mixedviTac<br />

SeiniSneba: ekonomikur problemebs procentulad<br />

yvelaze metad is bavSvebi asaxeleben, vinc orive<br />

mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebTan erTad cxovrobs.<br />

Tumca, siRaribe aseve xSirad saxeldeba im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mier, vinc mxolod mSoblebTan erTad cxovrobs, visac<br />

mxolod martoxela de<strong>da</strong> hyavs <strong>da</strong> vinc mxolod naTesavebTan<br />

cxovrobs.<br />

SemTxveva #4: 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyiSi samxreT oseTis<br />

konfliqtis Semdeg, merabis iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />

ojaxs devnilTa gansaxlebis komunalur centrSi erTi<br />

oTaxi SesTavazes. merabs misi toli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> patara Zma<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi merabis mSoblebi<br />

ar muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong> devnilTaTvis gamoyofili mwiri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba - 11 lari erT kacze TveSi – xuTi kacisgan<br />

Semdgari ojaxis erTaderTi saarsebo wyaro iyo. 20<br />

xangrZlivi krizisis gamo merabis mamam <strong>da</strong>leva <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu sadme patara samuSao gamoCnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

igi gamomuSavebul fuls alkoholze xarjav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

ojaxis saWiroebebze. saxlSic sul ufro nakleb dros<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong>. merabis de<strong>da</strong>m ojaxSi yvela pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bloba<br />

sakuTar Tavze aiRo. igi yovelTvis Zalian yuradRebiani<br />

iyo <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad arsebuli siZneleebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> bavSvebic Zalian mijaWvulni iyvnen masze.<br />

ojaxSi SimSili mudmivi problema iyo. fuli saarsebod<br />

ar kmaro<strong>da</strong>, miTumetes <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebisaTvis.<br />

merabi <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>misi xan<strong>da</strong>xan saWmels qalaqis nagvis<br />

yuTebSi eZebdnen <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mohqon<strong>da</strong>T. erT dRes,<br />

msgavsi nagvis produqtebisgan momzadebuli saWmlis<br />

Wamis Semdeg merabis umcrosi Zma sakvebiT moiwamla <strong>da</strong><br />

gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. amis Semdeg, ojaxs nagavSi sakvebi aRar<br />

uZebnia. ojaxis sarCenad axali gzebis gamonaxva iyo<br />

saWiro <strong>da</strong> merabis de<strong>da</strong>m jarTis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> gayidva<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo. de<strong>da</strong>s xSirad merabic Tan axl<strong>da</strong>. zogjer, igi <strong>da</strong><br />

misi <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobdnen kidevac. am gziT naSovni fuliT<br />

maT ojaxisaTvis saarsebo produqtebis yidva mainc<br />

SeeZloT.<br />

2007 wels merabis de<strong>da</strong>s qurdobaSi <strong>da</strong>sdes brali - mis<br />

mier Cabarebuli jarTi sxvisi sakuTreba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />

<strong>da</strong>akaves, <strong>da</strong>mnaSaved scnes <strong>da</strong> ramdenimewliani patimroba<br />

miusajes. bavSvebi marto <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg<br />

aRar unaxavT.<br />

ojaxis ekonomikur problemaTa Soris mSoblebis umu-<br />

Sevrobis <strong>da</strong>saxelebis procentuli maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad<br />

izrdeba `pirveladi pasuxi<strong>da</strong>n~ (3%), (34%)<br />

`<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvelas~ SemTxvevaSi. rogorc saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi miZRvnil programebSi xSirad<br />

SeiniSneba, mSoblis mier samsaxuris <strong>da</strong>kargvas xangrZlivi<br />

umuSevroba, mzardi siRaribe <strong>da</strong> samsaxuris<br />

povnis survilis mniSvnelovani Semcireba mosdevs.<br />

sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebis povnis rwmenac<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ikar<strong>ge</strong>ba.<br />

amis msgavsad, sacxovreblis uqonloba iSviaTad saxeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

`pirveladi pasuxebis~ SemTxvevaSi (3%), magram<br />

CakiTxvis Sedegad es maCvenebeli oTxive qalaqSi mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong> (24%-mde). usaxlkaroba, susti socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris qselTan erTad, sakmaod Zlieri<br />

faqtoria, romelsac SeuZlia bavSvs quCaSi cxovrebisaken<br />

ubiZgos.<br />

20. imave periodSi, xuTi sulisgan Semdgari ojaxisaTvis saarsebo<br />

minimumi 200 lariT TveSi ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>. wyaro - statistikis<br />

departamenti.http://www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong>/_files/english/households/Subsistence%20Geo.xls<br />

46 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


mSoblebi ar muSaoben<br />

ojaxs ar aqvs saxli<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />

pirveladi pasuxi<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />

pirveladi pasuxi<br />

sul<br />

sul<br />

adgilmdebareoba<br />

baTumi<br />

quTaisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

adgilmdebareoba<br />

baTumi<br />

quTaisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

0 % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%<br />

procenti<br />

procenti<br />

grafiki #17 – ojaxuri problemebi: umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301)<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 47


SemTxveva #5: erT-erT qalaqSi, `vorld viJenis~ paralelur kvlevaSi CarTuli bavSvebi sakuTar sacxovrebel pirobebs<br />

aRweren: Cven vcxovrobT xidTan (xidis qveS), <strong>da</strong>ngreuli qarxnis teritoriaze. Cven xelnakeTi saxlebi gvaqvs – karvebi an<br />

muyaos yuTisgan gakeTebuli barakebi. zogjer, erT karavSi 6 a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrobs, zogjer - aTi. Cven ar gvaqvs sawoli <strong>da</strong><br />

iatakze gvZinavs. iatakze nagavSi napovni muyaos yuTebi an celofania <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>buli <strong>da</strong> imaze gvZinavs. ar gvaqvs ga<strong>da</strong>safarebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong> baliSebi. zogs aqvs Rumeli, magram Cveulebrivad ar aqvs SeSa. SeSas quCaSi vpoulobT <strong>da</strong> zogjer saxlSi mogvaqvs.<br />

erTxel, roca qalaqSi banki <strong>da</strong>iwva, viRac kacma Cveni RumelisaTvis namwvavebis narCenebi mogvitana. saxlebs kari <strong>da</strong><br />

fanjara ar aqvs <strong>da</strong> roca qari uberavs SigniT Zalian civa. ar aris wesieri saxuravi <strong>da</strong> wvimis wyali Camodis. sa<strong>da</strong>c vcxovrobT,<br />

arc gazi <strong>da</strong> arc eleqtroenergiaa. ar gvaqvs wyali <strong>da</strong> zogjer wyali kanistrebiT mogvaqvs. zog bavSvs or kviraSi<br />

erTxelac ki ar SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>bana.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze mimarTuli programebi<br />

usaxlkarobis sam formas gamohyofs. pir<strong>da</strong>piri usaxlkaroba<br />

niSnavs, rom bavSvs/ojaxs ar aqvs sacxovrebeli<br />

adgili, an cxovrobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis<br />

Seuferebel adgilas, rogoricaa: sxveni, korpusebis<br />

kibeebi, kioskebi <strong>da</strong> msgavsi. meore formaa arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

usaxlkaroba, roca bavSvs/ojaxs sakuTreba ar<br />

aqvs <strong>da</strong> Zalian arastabilur <strong>da</strong> aramdgrad pirobebSi<br />

cxovrobs (magaliTad, viRacis binaSi erTi oTaxis<br />

<strong>da</strong>qiraveba arastabiluri Semosavlis pirobebSi, ris<br />

gamoc yovelTviurad ver ixdis ga<strong>da</strong>saxads <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />

uwevs sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>svla). arapir<strong>da</strong>piri usaxlkarobis<br />

kidev erTi formaa cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo farTis<br />

qona. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebs/ojaxebs aqvT sacxovrebeli, maT ar gaaCniaT<br />

aucilebeli pirobebi – ngrevis piras myofi sacxovreblebi<br />

gazis, eleqtroenergiis, gaTbobisa <strong>da</strong> avejis<br />

gareSe ar SeiZleba Sesaferis sacxovrebel adgilad<br />

CaiTvalos. aseve, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTul<br />

pirobebSi cxovroben, sa<strong>da</strong>c ubralod<br />

sacxovreblad sakmarisi farTi ar aris <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs<br />

swavlisa <strong>da</strong> ganmartoebisaTvis pirobebi ar aqvT.<br />

SemTxveva #6: nino, skolis asakis sami <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis martoxela de<strong>da</strong>, Tbilisis erT-erT miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelSi maTxovrobs.<br />

30 wlis asakSi ojaxuri problemebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sirTuleebis gamo ninom bina <strong>da</strong>karga. ganaTlebis uqonlobis<br />

gamo <strong>da</strong> sami mcirewlovani bavSviT xelSi samsaxuris Sovna Zalian gauWir<strong>da</strong>. male ninos mwiri <strong>da</strong>nazogi amoiwura <strong>da</strong> mas<br />

patara oTaxis <strong>da</strong>qiravebac ki ar SeeZlo, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebTan erTad icxovreb<strong>da</strong>. mas aravin egulebo<strong>da</strong> visac <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />

mimarTav<strong>da</strong>. im dros, maTxovroba arsebobis erTaderTi gza Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yovel diliT, nino `misi~ miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelis kibeebze samaTxovrod marto midio<strong>da</strong>. SuadRisiT, skoli<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebi<br />

brundebodnen. nino maT diliT gamomuSavebuli fuliT nayid sendviCebs aZlev<strong>da</strong>. bavSvebi skolis CanTebze sxdebodnen,<br />

kibeebze skolis wignebsa <strong>da</strong> rveulebs gaSlidnen <strong>da</strong> nino saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebis momzadebaSi exmarebo<strong>da</strong>. saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>rCenil dros axlomaxlo quCaSi atarebdnen, zogjer de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad maTxovrobdnen adre<br />

saRamomde, roca de<strong>da</strong>s isini mitovebul sar<strong>da</strong>fSi mihyav<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini iZinebdnen.<br />

arsebul pirobebSi, nino yvelanairad cdilob<strong>da</strong> ezruna bavSvebze. mas maTxovrobiT ZlivsZlivobiT gahqon<strong>da</strong> Tavi. igi<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> yuradReba ar <strong>da</strong>eklo <strong>da</strong> rom isini mSivrebi ar yofiliyvnen <strong>da</strong> regularulad<br />

evloT skolaSi. roca mas socialuri muSakebi miuaxlovdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> dRis centrSi gagzavna SesTavazes, ninom,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom idea misTvis miuRebeli ar iyo, upasuxa: `ubralod mapovnineT samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> Weri Tavze <strong>da</strong> Cven kvlav<br />

normalurad vicxovrebT~.<br />

zogi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi ekonomikuri siZneleebis konteqst-<br />

Si valebsac axsenebs. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> `vorld viJenis~ paraleluri kvlevi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli<br />

mtkicebulebebi cxadhyofs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ojaxebSi valebi bankebi<strong>da</strong>n aRebul sesxebs ar gulisxmobs,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n bankebze am ojaxebs xeli iSviaTad miuwvdebaT.<br />

amis nacvlad, ojaxebi fuls araformalurad<br />

sesxuloben (magaliTad, adgilobriv maRaziaSi<br />

produqtebs nisiad yiduloben <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT, valis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ar SeuZliaT, an momavali Semosavlis molodinSi<br />

ufro met rames yiduloben <strong>da</strong> mere <strong>da</strong>nakliss ver<br />

faraven). aseve, zogma bavSvma axsena azartul TamaSebSi<br />

monawileoba <strong>da</strong> Semdgom, azartuli TamaSebis mflobelebis<br />

mimarT valebi, romelic maT mogvianebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />

(an iZulebulni arian rom) ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon.<br />

zogi avtoris mtkicebiT, siRaribe SeiZleba ojaxis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Slis ZiriTadi mizezi iyos, romelic mere bavSvs<br />

quCaSi cxovrebisaken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. 21 sxvebi aRniSnaven,<br />

21. Apterkar, Lewis (2001), ibid.<br />

rom <strong>urbanuli</strong> siRaribe, romelsac xSirad socialuri<br />

izolacia axlavs Tan, bavSvebSi mijaWvulobasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli usafrTxoebis Camoyalibebis pirobebs<br />

uSlis xels. 22 <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ramdenime bavSvze zrunvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi Catarebuli kvleva 23 aRwers im negatiur<br />

gavlenas, rasac siRaribe qarTuli ojaxis cxovrebis<br />

xarisxze axdens <strong>da</strong> tkivils <strong>da</strong> eTikur dilemebs,<br />

romlis winaSec gaRatakebuli mSoblebi dganan,<br />

romelTac surT arCinon Svilebi, magram <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

aRzrdis movaleobis jerovnad Sesruleba ar ZaluZT.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ekonomikuri sakiTxebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCaSi cxovrebis amxsneli mniSvnelovani<br />

faqtoria, igi erTaderT faqtorad ar Sei-<br />

Zleba ganvixiloT. qveynis masStabiT, siRaribis done<br />

22. Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), State of the World’s Street Children: Violence,<br />

Consortium for Street Children Street Children Series, London<br />

23. Bolton, Paul; Murray, Laura; Semrau, Katherine; Wessells, Michael (2006),<br />

Causes of Children Living on the Street in Urban Georgia: A Qualitative Assessment;<br />

Boston University School of Public Health & Columbia University<br />

Program on Forced Migration and Health, for the Center for International<br />

Health, for Save the Children and USAID<br />

48 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


jer kidev sakmaod maRalia – 2006 wlis bolo<strong>da</strong>n, saer-<br />

TaSoriso savaluto fondis Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>registrirebulma siRaribis donem 31%-s miaRwia, 24<br />

<strong>da</strong> siRaribeSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> done 57%-ia (msoflio<br />

banki, 2005). 25 magram ekonomikurad gaWirvebuli<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod mcire procentia Cabmuli <strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebSi<br />

an <strong>quCis</strong> cxovrebaSi. rogorc <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, Cven xSirad<br />

vxvdebiT did ojaxebs, romlebic ukidures gaWirveba-<br />

Si sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben (saqarTvelos<br />

statistikis departamentis mier <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>nil<br />

saarsebo minimumze 26 gacilebiT naklebze).<br />

adgilmdebareoba<br />

sul<br />

baTumi<br />

quTaisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

orive/erTi mSobeli gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />

pirveladi pasuxi<br />

winamdebare kvleva sworxazovan pasuxebs ar gvTavazobs<br />

Tu rogoria mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

problemebs Soris, amitom SeuZlebelia imis<br />

Tqma, Tu rodis aris siRaribe bavSvis quCaSi cxovrebis<br />

mTavari gamomwvevi faqtori <strong>da</strong> rodis iwvevs amas<br />

sxva siZneleebi an gulgriloba. SeiZleba vamtkicoT,<br />

rom TavisTavad siRaribe sxva wina-faqtorebis Sedegia,<br />

rogoricaa: ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Sla, umuSevroba an ojaxuri<br />

Zaladoba. msoflioSi aRiarebulia, rom rTuli ekonomikuri<br />

pirobebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri izolacia kidev ufro<br />

zrdis zewolas ise<strong>da</strong>c aramtkice ojaxebze. rogorc<br />

ukve aRiniSna, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bevri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis mSobeli<br />

<strong>da</strong>swavlili umweobis mdgomareobaSia – didi xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi mTel rig siZneleebTan Widilis gamo,<br />

isini sakuTar Tavs problemis nawilad an mizezad<br />

ganixilaven <strong>da</strong> Tvlian, rom siZneleebi maTi cxovrebis<br />

yvela aspeqtze axdens gavlenas <strong>da</strong> rom maT arafris<br />

Secvla SeuZliaT.<br />

oTxive qalaqSi gamokiTxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 82%-ze meti<br />

erTi an orive mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas Tavis upirveles<br />

problemad ar miiCnevs. CakiTxvis Semdegac, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

71% mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas mTavar problemad<br />

ar asaxelebs. <strong>da</strong> mainc: ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Semdeg,<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Sla mniSvnelovan<br />

sirTuled aRiqmeba. ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Slis xSirad<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebul maxasiaTeblebs miekuTvneba: mSoblebis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an mxolod erTi mSoblis yola, ganqorwineba<br />

<strong>da</strong> meored <strong>da</strong>qorwineba, alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />

Zaladoba. mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>kargva <strong>da</strong> sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />

naTesavis aryola <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Zalian<br />

Zlieri – Tun<strong>da</strong>c araxSiri – stres-faqtoria, imdenad<br />

Zlieri, rom sakmarisia bavSvs quCaSi cxovrebisaken<br />

ubiZgos.<br />

24. International Monetary Fund (2007), Georgia: Sixth Review Under the<br />

Three-Year Arran<strong>ge</strong>ment Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility,<br />

Country Report No.07/299, Middle East and Central Asia Department, IMF<br />

25. Source: World Bank Household Bud<strong>ge</strong>t Surveys and Living Stan<strong>da</strong>rds<br />

Measurement Surveys, in UNICEF’s INNOCENTI Social Monitor (2006);<br />

Understanding Child Poverty in South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth<br />

of Independent States<br />

26. statistikis departamentis Tanaxmad, 2007 wlis dekemberSi<br />

xuTi sulisagan Semdgari ojaxisaTvis saarsebo minimumi 231 lari<br />

iyo ; http://www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong>/_files/english/households/Subsistence%20Geo.xls<br />

adgilmdebareoba<br />

Tbilisi<br />

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%<br />

procenti<br />

mSoblebi ganqorwinebulni/kvlav <strong>da</strong>qorwinebulni<br />

sul<br />

baTumi<br />

quTaisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%<br />

procenti<br />

pirveladi pasuxi<br />

grafiki #18 – ojaxuri problemebi: mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong><br />

ganqorwineba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301)<br />

SemTxveva #7: 18 wlis asakSi, skolis <strong>da</strong>srulebisTanave,<br />

nana gaTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axal ojaxSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. male mas pirveli<br />

Svili eyola. nana saxlSi ij<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvze zrunav<strong>da</strong>. misi<br />

qmris - zazas - xelfasi xuTi sulisgan Semdgari ojaxis<br />

erTaderTi saarsebo wyaro iyo (nanas de<strong>da</strong>mTili <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

<strong>da</strong> pensionerebi iyvnen). roca zazam samsaxuri <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

<strong>da</strong> axali ver moZebna, siRaribem ojaxur urTierTobebSi<br />

bzaris gaCenas Seuwyo xeli. Ralatma <strong>da</strong>matebiTi konfliqtebi<br />

warmoSva <strong>da</strong> rodesac biWi oTxi wlis iyo, nana<br />

qmars gaSor<strong>da</strong>. igi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> saxli <strong>da</strong>etovebina.<br />

nanas SvilTan erTad wasasvleli arsad hqon<strong>da</strong>. mis saku-<br />

Tar <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul ojaxs misi ukan miReba ar SeeZlo <strong>da</strong><br />

ar sur<strong>da</strong>. qmris ojaxTan cxovrebis dros, mas qonebaze<br />

rame ufleba ar moupovebia. ar hqon<strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />

unarebi, romelic samsaxuris SovnaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> – <strong>da</strong><br />

muSaobis SemTxvevaSi biWs vin mixe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>? nanas bavSvTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>Soreba <strong>da</strong> misi bavSvTa saxlSi Cabareba ar sur<strong>da</strong>. man<br />

ipova carieli sxveni Zveli Tbilisis mitovebul saxlSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> bavSvTan erTad iq <strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong>. orive fuls eklesiis<br />

SesasvlelSi maTxovrobiT Soulob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini mTel<br />

dRes atarebdnen.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 49


alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela pirveladi pasuxi <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela pirveladi pasuxi<br />

sul<br />

sul<br />

adgilmdebareoba<br />

baTumi<br />

quTaisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

adgilmdebareoba<br />

baTumi<br />

quTaisi<br />

rusTavi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% 7% 14% 21% 28% 35% 42%<br />

procenti<br />

procenti<br />

grafiki #19 – ojaxuri problemebi: alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301)<br />

oTxive qalaqSi, im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli maCvenebeli,<br />

romlebmac mSoblebis ganqorwineba an meored qorwineba<br />

problemaTa ricxvSi <strong>da</strong>asaxela, mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~-s SemTxvevaSi, `pirveladi<br />

pasuxTan~ Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. calkeuli magaliTebi migvi-<br />

TiTebs im stres-faqtorebis kompleqsurobaze, romlebic<br />

mSoblebis ganqorwinebis <strong>da</strong> meored qorwinebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> warmoiSoba. maT Sorisaa:<br />

ganqorwinebamde arsebuli ojaxuri konfliqtebiT<br />

gamowveuli travmebi, mSoblebis ganSorebasTan asocirebuli<br />

travma, ojaxis sacxovrebeli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis<br />

ucabedi gauareseba (gansakuTrebiT, roca qmrebi<br />

dedebis mxrebze toveben ojaxis rCenis mTel tvirTs),<br />

ojaxSi maminacvlis an dedinacvlis Semosvla. bavSvebi,<br />

romlebic ojaxis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobis msgavsi cvlilebis<br />

gamo saxls quCaze cvlian, xSirad maminacvlis/<br />

dedinacvlis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> uaryofis msxverplni<br />

arian.<br />

oTxive qalaqSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong>,<br />

romelic problemebad alkoholizmsa <strong>da</strong> ojaxur<br />

Zaladobas asaxelebs, `pirveladi pasuxTan~ (4%)<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT `<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~-s SemTxvevaSi 40%-mde<br />

izrdeba. am ori<strong>da</strong>n, alkoholizmi ufro xSirad saxeldeba<br />

vidre ojaxuri Zaladoba.<br />

saRi azri gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tu bavSvebi ojaxSi alkoholizmis<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb Civian, es<br />

ojaxSi mamis arsebobasTan (mamasTan cxovrebasTan)<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi, romelTac mxolod<br />

de<strong>da</strong> hyavT cocxali <strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi cxovroben,<br />

naklebad un<strong>da</strong> asaxelebdnen am problemebs. marTlac,<br />

bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod mamasTan cxovroben,<br />

ufro metad asaxeleben alkoholizms, rogorc ojaxur<br />

problemas vidre sxva tipis ojaxebSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi. magram alkoholizmi aseve problemad rCeba<br />

bevri im bavSvisaTvis, vinc mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan, an orive<br />

mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> arcerT naTesavTan erTad ar cxovrobs.<br />

ojaxuri Zaladoba problemad <strong>da</strong>saxel<strong>da</strong> im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mier, romlebic erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad cxovroben, an saerTod ar<br />

cxovroben ojaxis wevrebTan.<br />

bevr qveyanaSi ojaxuri Zaladoba yvelaze zogadi<br />

faqtoria, romelic bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs 27 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom bevr qarTvel <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs alkoholizmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba mTavar problemad<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia, es sakiTxebi mainc Rrma Seswavlas<br />

saWiroebs. ukanaskneli angariSebi cxadhyofs, rom<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ojaxuri Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvze Zaladobis<br />

SemTxvevebi SeiZleba msxverplis mier <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli<br />

ar iyos. msoflios masStabiT Catarebuli<br />

kvlevebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs ojaxuri Zaladobis <strong>da</strong>mazianebel<br />

gavlenas bavSvis ganviTarebaze 28 <strong>da</strong> xSirad xazs usvams<br />

`ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kritikul aucileblobas,<br />

raTa maT aRmofxvran Zaladoba saxlSi~. 29<br />

quCaSi cxovrebis formebTan erTad <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />

maTi mTavari problemebis aRqmac icvleba. mSoblis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis problemad <strong>da</strong>saxeleba bavSvis mier<br />

quCaSi Rameebis gatarebasTan erTad izrdeba <strong>da</strong> quCa-<br />

Si mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis ekonomikur siZneleebsac<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>faravs. meore mxriv, ekonomikuri siZneleebi<br />

ufro mniSvnelovania im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, vinc quCaSi mxolod<br />

dRis saaTebs atarebs. maSin, roca quCaSi aqtiuri<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 15% ambobs, rom maT ojaxebs problema<br />

ar aqvT, msgavsi pasuxi arcerT quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvs<br />

ar gaucia <strong>da</strong> quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod<br />

2%-ma <strong>da</strong>asaxela.<br />

imave qalaqSi mSoblebis aryofna bavSvis mier problemebis<br />

aRqmaze aseve axdens gavlenas. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi,<br />

visac imave qalaqSi mSoblebi ar hyavs, marto yofnas<br />

27. Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), ibid<br />

28. magaliTisTvis ixileT Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights & Institute<br />

for Policy Studies (2006), Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Georgia:<br />

An Assessment of Current Standings of Law and Practice Regarding Domestic<br />

Violence and Child Abuse in Georgia, and Recommen<strong>da</strong>tions for Future United<br />

Nations Country Team Involvement. UN Country Team of Georgia, Tbilisi<br />

29. Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), ibid.<br />

50 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


ufro met problemad miiCneven vidre siRaribes. maSin,<br />

roca mSoblebTan imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

ekonomikur problemebs pirvel adgilze asaxeleben.<br />

bavSvebi, romlebsac imave qalaqSi mxolod erTi mSobeli<br />

hyavT, pirvel adgilze ekonomikur siZneleebs<br />

asaxeleben, magram maT mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ori sxva<br />

yvelaze rTuli problema ojaxis mdgomareobas ukav-<br />

Sirdeba: mxolod erTi cocxali mSoblis yola <strong>da</strong><br />

mSoblebis ganqorwineba/meored qorwineba.<br />

ojaxuri quCaSi mcxovrebi quCaSi <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi quCaSi aqtiuri<br />

problemebi bavSvebi (n=19) bavSvebi (n=56) bavSvebi (n=226)<br />

mSoblebi gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili hyavT 42.10% 19.20% 8.00%<br />

ekonomikuri 31.60% 53.70% 57.50%<br />

mxolod erTi mSobeli 5.80% 7.70% 4.90%<br />

hyavT cocxali<br />

cxrili #9 – ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovreba (dro/adgili)<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 51


<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> skola<br />

ganaTleba, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

ganviTarebis fun<strong>da</strong>mentia. sabaziso wera-kiTxvis unari<br />

<strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli unari samomavalo Semosavlis<br />

gamosamuSaveblad aucilebelia. Sesabamisad, ganaTlebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kiTxvebi gamokiTxvis mniSvnelovan<br />

nawils Sead<strong>ge</strong>n<strong>da</strong>. analizisas oTxi aspeqti<br />

iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: amJamad skolaSi Caricxvis<br />

maCvenebeli, warsulSi skolaSi siarulis maCvenebeli,<br />

skolaSi arasdros wasvlis an mitovebis mizezebi <strong>da</strong><br />

wera-kiTxvis maCvenebeli.<br />

gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos skolis bavSvTa<br />

umetesoba savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis asakisaa<br />

(14 wlamde). <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 86% amJamad<br />

skolaSi ar iricxeba. Tu Cvens bavSvebs, asakis mixedviT,<br />

or kategoriad <strong>da</strong>vajgufebT - <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTleba 11<br />

wlamde <strong>da</strong> saSualo ganaTleba (12 wels zeviT), maSin<br />

pirveli jgufi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 20%, xolo meore jgufi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

maTi 10% iricxeba skolaSi. ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />

saministros monacemebiT, sabaziso-<strong>da</strong>wyebiT<br />

skolaSi moswavleTa 95%, xolo saSualo skolaSi _<br />

76% iricxeba. 30<br />

procenti<br />

100.0%<br />

90.0%<br />

80.0%<br />

70.0%<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

40.0%<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

Caricxulni<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

arCaricxulni<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

adgilmdebareobebi<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

grafiki #20 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ricxvi skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT<br />

skolaSi Caricxvis maCvenebelsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swrebis monacemebs Soris sakmaod SesamCnevi<br />

sxvaobaa.<br />

interviuebi bavSvebTan saswavlo wlis mimdinareobisas<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong> (noembris bolos samSabaTi<strong>da</strong>n xuTSabaTis<br />

30. wyaro: ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros oficialuri<br />

yovelwliuri statistika ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili MIS-is E<br />

mier), gamoqyveynebuli ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros<br />

mier (2007 wels), xelmisawvdomia Semdeg veb-misamarTze: www.mes.<br />

gov.<strong>ge</strong> (ixileT kvlevebi)<br />

CaTvliT), magram mxolod rusTavis (<strong>da</strong> ara sxva qalaqebis)<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 3%-ma aRniSna, rom wina dRes, dRis<br />

saaTebSi skolaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. kvleva <strong>da</strong> calkeuli<br />

magaliTebi aCvenebs, rom zogierTi swavlisa <strong>da</strong> Semosavlis<br />

gamomuSavebis SeTavsebas cdilobs <strong>da</strong> radgan<br />

fulis gamomuSaveba maTTvis ufro prioriteulia,<br />

xSirad skolis gacdenas amjobineben, Tu es saaTebi<br />

maT samuSao ganrigs emTxveva.<br />

bavSvTa skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swrebis oficialuri statistika<br />

xelmisawvdomi ar aris. ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />

saministrom <strong>da</strong>swrebis maCveneblebis gamoTxova sajaro<br />

skolebi<strong>da</strong>n 2007 wlis seqtemberSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo, magram<br />

es Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi kvlevisaTvis droulad ar gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

zogierTi axali kvleva xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> skolis sistematurad gacdenis<br />

maRal doneze miuTiTebs, gansakuTrebiT es umuSevrobis<br />

maRali maCveneblis mqone, urbanul centrebSi mcxovreb<br />

Rarib bavSvebs exeba. 31<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-ma skola ganaTlebis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safexurze miatova (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sabaziso<br />

ganaTlebis etapze). es monacemebic mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavdeba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> oficialuri statistikisagan<br />

romlis Tanaxmad, saswavleblis mitovebis maCvenebeli<br />

(rogorc skolis yvela moswavlis procenti)<br />

2007-Si <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 0.3% iyo, sabaziso ganaTlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>srulebis maCvenebeli ki – 98%. 32 msoflio bankis<br />

bolo kvlevis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi Raribi ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

savaldebulo safexuris Semdeg ufro naklebad agr-<br />

Zeleben skolaSi swavlas. 33<br />

yvela gamokiTxuli bavSvis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60% arasdros<br />

yofila skolaSi. aseTi maRali maCvenebeli maTia vinc<br />

ganaTlebis uflebiT srulad ver sar<strong>ge</strong>blobs. es<br />

mravalganzomilebiani sakiTxia politikis donezec<br />

maSin roca <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> sabaziso ganaTleba savaldebuloa.<br />

ar arsebobs praqtikuli, moqmedi meqanizmi,<br />

romelic saskolo asakis bavSvebs gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong><br />

maT skolaSi Caricxvas uzrunvelyofs. agreTve, arc<br />

sistemuri midgoma arsebobs im SemTxvevebisaTvis,<br />

roca mSobels ar SeuZlia bavSvebs ganaTlebis miRebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmaros. meorec, xSirad ukidures siRaribeSi<br />

myofi ojaxebi, romlebic xangrZlivi umuSevrobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> socialuri izolaciis winaSe dganan, ganaTlebas<br />

SvilebisaTvis prioritetulad ar Tvlian <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod<br />

maT ojaxis yoveldRiuri SemosavlisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebis moZiebis saqmianobaSi CarTvas<br />

amjobineben. <strong>da</strong> bolos, gaunaTlebloba <strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxvis<br />

arcodna Tu adreul asakSi ar gamoswor<strong>da</strong>, <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

socialuri a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis problemebs qmnis.<br />

(gansakuTrebiT vaJTa Soris, romlebic SesamCnevad<br />

sWarboben gogonebs saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris).<br />

31. Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006): School-to-Work Transition<br />

and Youth Inclusion in Georgia; The International Bank for Reconstruction<br />

and Development / The World Bank<br />

32. wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros<br />

oficialuri yovelwliuri statistika ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.<br />

33. Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006), ibid.<br />

52 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


procenti<br />

90.0%<br />

80.0%<br />

70.0%<br />

60.0%<br />

50.0%<br />

40.0%<br />

30.0%<br />

20.0%<br />

10.0%<br />

0%<br />

skoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

wamosulni<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

arasdros uvliaT<br />

skolaSi<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

adgilmdebareobebi<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

grafiki #21 – skoli<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> isini, visac arasdros<br />

uvliaT skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> axlandeli Tu warsuli ganaTlebis<br />

statusi maT asaksa <strong>da</strong> sqess ukavSirdeba. ufrosi asakisani<br />

naklebad arian Caricxulni skolebSi vidre umcrosebi,<br />

magram maT umetesobas mitovebuli aqvs skola.<br />

vaJebis 82% 2.2.-jer metad <strong>da</strong>dis skolaSi vidre<br />

gogonebi.<br />

ojaxis arsebobas ufro Zlieri gavlena aqvs <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebaze, vidre ojaxSi ekonomikuri<br />

siZneleebis faqtors. magaliTad, mzrunvelis gareSe<br />

myofi bavSvebi, an orive mSobliT oblebi, an isini, vinc<br />

mxolod mamasTan cxovroben, amJamad skolaSi ar iricxebian.<br />

ufro maRali donis socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

mqone bavSvebi 38%-iT ufro metad iricxebian skola-<br />

Si, vidre is bavSvebi visac imave qalaqSi zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />

naTesavi ar hyavs. amis msgavsad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi visac<br />

orive mSobeli cocxali hyavs, ufro metad iricxebian<br />

skolaSi (20%), vidre isini visac mxolod de<strong>da</strong> an mxolod<br />

mama hyavs (11% <strong>da</strong> 6%, Sesabamisad). mSoblis an<br />

orive mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas mozardis mier skolis<br />

mitovebaze Zlieri gavlena aqvs: dediT oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

53%-ma, orive mSobliT oblebis 44%-ma <strong>da</strong> mamiT<br />

oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-ma skolaSi siaruli miatova. igive<br />

maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis visac orive mSobeli<br />

cocxali hyavs, 31%-ia. aseve isini, visac orive mSobeli<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili hyavs, nakleb interess iCenen skolaSi<br />

siarulisadmi, vidre isini, visic orive mSobeli<br />

cocxalia. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa martoxela dedebi martoxela<br />

mamebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebas ufro<br />

metad afaseben.<br />

bavSvebs ganaTlebis uqonlobis, skolis mitovebis<br />

mTavari mizezi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT <strong>da</strong> winaswar<br />

momzadebuli sii<strong>da</strong>n pasuxebi un<strong>da</strong> amoerCiaT. saSualod,<br />

TiToeuli bavSvi or an sam mizezs asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

skolaSi arasdros siarulisa an amJamad ar<strong>da</strong>swrebis<br />

ZiriTadi mizezebi <strong>da</strong>saxelebis Tanmimdevrulobis <strong>da</strong><br />

sixSiris mixedviT msgavsia <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri siZneleebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>bali interesi siis saTaveSia.<br />

ganaTlebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> CaricxvisaTvis aucilebeli<br />

sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba Semdegia <strong>da</strong> aseve sakmaod<br />

xSiria pasuxi: ,,ojaxi ar mrTavs nebas~. bavSvi, romelmac<br />

msgavsi pasuxi gasca sanacvlod fulis gamomuSavebis<br />

saqmeSia Cabmuli <strong>da</strong> es Tanxa ojaxSi miaqvs.<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom bavSvis<br />

skolaSi argagzavnis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba alternatiuli<br />

RirebulebiT motivirdeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi wvlili ojaxis<br />

saarsebo saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaSi ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />

vidre grZelvadiani ganaTlebis miReba.<br />

janmrTelobis sakiTxebi<br />

ar aqvs skolaSi CaricxvisTvis<br />

saWiro dokumentebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />

pirveladi pasuxi<br />

ojaxi ar rTavs nebas<br />

skolaSi wasasvlelad<br />

sxva<br />

mizezebi<br />

ganaTlebis xarisxi<br />

skola ar ainteresebs<br />

ekonomikuri mizezebi<br />

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%<br />

procenti<br />

grafiki #22 – skolaSi gamoucxadeblobis ZiriTadi mizezebi (n=250)<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 53


54 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


avSvebma ojaxSi siRaribe <strong>da</strong> fulis gamomuSavebis<br />

aucilebloba skolaSi wausvlelobis mTavar mizezebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeles. rogorc zogierTi avtori wers, ojax-<br />

Si siRaribe xSirad <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis<br />

xelmisawvdomobas araTanabars xdis. magaliTad,<br />

rozati <strong>da</strong> sxvebi (2006) 34 weren, rom ,,Raribi <strong>da</strong> araRaribi<br />

axalgazrdebisaTvis ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebis<br />

sxvaoba gasaocaria. maSin, roca saxelmwifo erT<br />

moswavleze weliwadSi 20 lars xarjavs (<strong>da</strong>xloebiT<br />

1 $ 2002 wels), yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri ojaxebis 20% saSualod<br />

22-jer mets xarjavs sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaze,<br />

vidre yvelaze Raribi ojaxebis 20%. ukanasknel<br />

wlebSi, piradi xarjebi ganaTlebis xarjebSi yvelaze<br />

araTanabrad ganawilebuli xarji iyo. Sedegad, Sesa-<br />

Zleblobebis gauTanabrebloba droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

kidev ufro gaizrdeba~.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebis gamocdileba aCvenebs,<br />

rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> skolaSi wausvlelobis ukan mdgari<br />

ekonomikuri mizezebi xSirad sakmaod kompleqsuria.<br />

zogi ojaxisaTvis saswavlo nivTebisa <strong>da</strong> wignebis,<br />

tansacmlis, sadilis, skolis gaTbobisa Tu SekeTebisaTvis<br />

araformaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisaTvis saWiro<br />

saxsrebi gacilebiT aRemateba maT SesaZleblobebs.<br />

skolaSi siarulis alternatiuli Rirebuleba aseve<br />

TamaSobs garkveul rols. ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jams,<br />

bevri ojaxi ufro prioritetulad miiCnevs bavSvi<br />

ojaxis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli yoveldRiuri<br />

saxsrebis moZiebaSi CarTos, vidre skolaSi ramdenime<br />

saaTis gatarebis neba <strong>da</strong>rTos <strong>da</strong> bavSvis saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

miRebuli <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavali <strong>da</strong>kargos. aseve,<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> umuSevrobis maRali donis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

(gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs Soris), ojaxebi<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebas momavalSi maTi ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi Cadebul investiciad<br />

ar aRiqvamen. rogorc rozati <strong>da</strong> sxvebi (2007) 35 aRniSnaven,<br />

,,sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobas Soris bavSvis drois<br />

ganawileba am saqmianobebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sar<strong>ge</strong>belzea<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c skolis xarisxi ganaTlebis<br />

sar<strong>ge</strong>belianobaze axdens gavlenas, aseve axdens<br />

gavlenas ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze bavSvis a<strong>da</strong>mianur<br />

kapitalSi investirebis Sesaxeb.~<br />

Tavad bavSvebic SeiZleba Tvlidnen, rom maTi movaleoba<br />

ojaxis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi wvlilis Setana<br />

ufroa, vidre skolaSi siaruli. <strong>da</strong> bolos, umetesad<br />

Zalian <strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebis Svilebs ar aqvT Sesabamisi<br />

pirobebi saxlSi rom iswavlon, aqvT zneobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />

eTikuri qcevis problemebi, rac skolis garemoSi<br />

a<strong>da</strong>ptacias aZnelebs <strong>da</strong> maT akademiur moswrebazec<br />

mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba. ufro metic, siRaribis gamo<br />

xSirad Tanaklaselebi <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebi maT diskriminacias<br />

axdenen.<br />

avadmyofoba ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>matebiT problemebs aCens<br />

<strong>da</strong> kidev ufro metad amcirebs ojaxis Semosavals,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n ojaxis avadmyof wevrs muSaoba ar SeuZlia<br />

<strong>da</strong> amavdroulad, wamlebisa <strong>da</strong> mkurnalobisaTvis<br />

34. Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006), ibid.<br />

35. Rosati, F.C., Rossi, M (2007), Impact of school quality on child labor and<br />

school atten<strong>da</strong>nce: the case of CONAFE Compensatory Education Program<br />

in Mexico, World Bank, UNICEF and ILO - Understanding Children’s Work<br />

(UCW) Project, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Faculty of Economics<br />

SemTxveva #8: venera (50), oTxi saskolo asakis bavSvis<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari de<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos erT-erT<br />

qalaqSi iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis Semdeg <strong>bavSvebis</strong> saskolo<br />

gamocdilebas ixsenebs: `me osi var <strong>da</strong> mTeli bavSvoba<br />

samxreT oseTis erT-erT sofelSi maqvs gatarebuli.<br />

arasdros mivlia skolaSi <strong>da</strong> amas xSirad vnanob - saku-<br />

Tari saxelis <strong>da</strong>werac ki ar SemiZlia. Zalian ubedurad<br />

vgrZnob Tavs, rom sakuTar Svilebs swavlis SesaZlebloba<br />

ver miveci. Cven imdenad Raribebi viyaviT, rom maT-<br />

Tvis fexsacmlisa <strong>da</strong> tansacmlis yidvac ki ar SemeZlo,<br />

rom aRaraferi vTqva saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nivTebis Sesaxeb. maswavleblebic ar gvexmarebodnen<br />

– maT ar sur<strong>da</strong>T saklaso oTaxSi aseTi bavSvebi hyolo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

xSirad <strong>da</strong>scinodnen imitom, rom ZonZebi ecvaT,<br />

ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T rveuli <strong>da</strong> fanqari, an kidev saSinao <strong>da</strong>valeba<br />

_ mzad. Cemi Svilebi skoli<strong>da</strong>n xSirad tiriliT brundebodnen,<br />

radgan Tanatolebi abuCad igdebdnen. sabolood,<br />

isini quCaSi ufro met dros atarebdnen vidre sxvagan~.<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebia saWiro. rogorc ramdenime publikaciaSi<br />

aRiniSna, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c kerZo xarjebi<br />

janmrTelobaze <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis erT mesameds Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns,<br />

sakuTari jibi<strong>da</strong>n gaRebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi yvelaze<br />

Raribi 15%-is xarjebis 5-jer mets warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, vidre<br />

yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri 15%-sTvis. 36 avadmyofi wevris arsebobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs SeiZleba kidev ufro metad<br />

uwevdeT ojaxis SemosavalSi sakuTari wvlilis Setana.<br />

rodesac am<strong>da</strong>gvari problemebia, maT SeiZleba saxlSi<br />

muSaobam, umcros <strong>da</strong>-Zmebze <strong>da</strong> ojaxis avadmyof<br />

wevrze zrunva mouwioT, rac skolaSi siarulisaTvis<br />

dros aRar tovebs.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asakiT yvelaze umcrosTa kategoriaSi<br />

orjer ufro metia imaTi <strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc skolaSi<br />

wausvlelobis mizezad ekonomikur problemebs<br />

asaxelebs vidre isini, visac swavla ar ainteresebs.<br />

or ufros asakobriv kategoriaSi proporcia sapirispiroa<br />

<strong>da</strong> swavlisadmi interesis <strong>da</strong>kargva skolaSi<br />

wausvlelobis mTavar mizezad saxeldeba. amadroulad,<br />

isini ganaTlebis xarisxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />

ramdenime sakiTxzec amaxvileben yuradRebas (skolaSi<br />

cu<strong>da</strong>d mopyrobisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari swavlis SesaZleblobebSi<br />

rwmenis naklebobis CaTvliT) – es monacemi<br />

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba `pirveladi pasuxi<strong>da</strong>n~ `CamoTvaleT<br />

yvelas~ SemTxvevaSi. visac skolaSi arasdros<br />

uvlia, maTTvis ekonomikuri mizezebi, sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba<br />

an mSoblebis uari ufro mniSvnelovani<br />

winaaRmdegobaa, vidre maTTvis, vinc skolaSi siaruli<br />

miatova. bavSvTa aRniSnuli kategoria mizezad swavlisadmi<br />

interesis uqonlobas <strong>da</strong> swavlebis <strong>da</strong>bal<br />

xarisxs asaxelebs.<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom dRevandeli formiT formaluri<br />

ganaTleba im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> inkluzias ver uzrunvelyofs,<br />

romlebic iseTi problemebis winaSe dganan,<br />

rogoricaa: siRaribe, cudi mopyroba skolaSi, fulis<br />

gamomuSavebis saWiroeba, mSoblebis uari an saWiro<br />

sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba. es aseve exeba im bavSvebs,<br />

visac iseTi Sinagani winaaRmdegobebi awuxebs, rogoricaa:<br />

TviTSezRudva <strong>da</strong> araadekvaturobis SegrZneba,<br />

rac sakuTari swavlis SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenis<br />

naklebobaSi gamoixateba.<br />

36. wyaro: UNICEF’s INNOCENTI Social Monitor (2006), ibid.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 55


ganaTlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi<br />

vfiqrob, rom ver<br />

SevZleb swavlas<br />

warsulSi cu<strong>da</strong>d<br />

epyrobodnen<br />

skolaSi<br />

skola ar aris<br />

xelmisawvdomi im<br />

adgilis axlos<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c is cxovrobs<br />

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18%<br />

procenti<br />

grafiki #23 – ganaTlebis xarisxi, rogorc skolaSi<br />

wausvlelobis erT-erTi mizezi (n=250)<br />

testirebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

45%-ma ar icis kiTxva, 50 % -ma _ wera sakuTar enaze.<br />

sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli bavSvebi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

maCvenebliT gamoirCevian (mxolod 38%-s SeuZlia<br />

kiTxva <strong>da</strong> 33%-s wera). savaraudod, isini ufro met xans<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>dian skolaSi, rac xSirad skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>blobasa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />

enis cud codnas ukavSirdeba.<br />

wera-kiTxvis codnasa <strong>da</strong> skolaSi siaruls Soris<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiria. bavSvebma, vinc skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>,<br />

31-jer metad ician kiTxva <strong>da</strong> 58-jer metad _ wera, vidre<br />

maT, visac skolaSi arasdros uswavlia.<br />

skola <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis mniSvnelovani<br />

elementia, magram xSirad SeiZleba maT Semdgom<br />

socialur izolacias Seuwyos xeli. maT Soris<br />

vinc amJamad skolaSi iricxeba, quCaSi 24 saaTi arcer-<br />

Ti ar cxovrobs. umravlesoba (80%-ze meti) quCaSi mxolod<br />

dRis saaTebs atarebs <strong>da</strong> 24 saaTi aq arasdros<br />

ucxovria. amis sapirispirod, quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

ufro metad anebeben skolas Tavs (53%), vidre <strong>quCis</strong><br />

aqtiuri bavSvebi (32%).Aaq gatarebuli drois zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

erTad bavSvis kavSiri saskolo sistemasTan sustdeba<br />

maSin, roca maTi naxevari, visac quCaSi erTi Tve (an naklebi)<br />

aqvs gatarebuli ambobs, rom jer kidev skolaSi<br />

iricxeba. im bavSvebSi romlebsac quCaSi sami weli (<strong>da</strong><br />

meti) aqvs gatarebuli, skolaSi Cauricxvelobis done<br />

97% aRwevs.<br />

skolaSi siaruli socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />

bavSvis codnis amaRlebas uwyobs xels. maT, vinc amJamad<br />

skolaSi iricxeba, 80%-iT meti aqvT gagonili socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb vidre maT, vinc skolaSi<br />

ar iricxeba. aseve maT, vinc cxovrebis raRac manZilze<br />

skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, 2.5-jer metad gaugiaT erTi an meti<br />

socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb vidre im bavSvebs,<br />

visac skolaSi arasdros uvliaT. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive<br />

tendencia SeiniSneba socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyenebis<br />

mxriv: visac arasdros uvlia skolaSi, maTgan<br />

mxolod 11%-s usar<strong>ge</strong>blia socialuri momsaxurebiT.<br />

igive maCvenebeli 21%-ia im bavSvebs Sorisac, vinc am-<br />

Jamad skolaSi iricxeba xolo maT Soris, vinc skola<br />

miatova _ 30%. amis msgavsad, wera-kiTxvis codna<br />

bavSvebs socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb codnis ama-<br />

RlebaSi exmareba. wera-kiTxvis ucodinari <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mizezebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT<br />

yvela<br />

pirveladi<br />

pasuxi<br />

70%<br />

60%<br />

50%<br />

40%<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

58%<br />

54%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=167)<br />

22% 22%<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

64%<br />

57%<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

grafiki #24 – wera-kiTxvis done <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi qalaqebis<br />

mixedviT<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 70%-s arasdros gaugia socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> 87%-s arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>blia ase-<br />

Ti momsaxurebiT. Se<strong>da</strong>rebisTvis, wera-kiTxvis mcodne<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 46%-ma ico<strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>da</strong> 30%-s usar<strong>ge</strong>blia msgavsi momsaxurebiT.<br />

skolaSi siarulsa <strong>da</strong> socialur momsaxurebas Soris<br />

arsebuli kavSiri ramdenime faqtoriT SeiZleba aixsnas:<br />

maswavleblebi, visac mozardebTan yoveldRiuri<br />

kontaqti aqvT, sakmaod kargad icnoben bavSvs <strong>da</strong> Seu-<br />

ZliaT mis cxovrebaSi krizisis <strong>da</strong> sagan<strong>ge</strong>bo viTarebis<br />

niSnebi SeamCnion. calkeuli magaliTebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />

rom pe<strong>da</strong>go<strong>ge</strong>bi msgavs situaciebze xSirad sakuTari<br />

iniciativiT reagireben miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kanoniT<br />

valdebulebi ar arian. aseve, skolaSi socialuri<br />

urTierTobebi araformalur doneze informaciis gaziarebas<br />

SesaZlebels xdis <strong>da</strong> zrdis imis albaTobas,<br />

rom skolaSi mosiarule bavSvebi ufro meti socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb gai<strong>ge</strong>ben im TanatolebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, romlebic skolaSi ar <strong>da</strong>dian.<br />

kvleva gviCvenebs, rom skolaSi gatarebul umcires<br />

drosac ki xangrZlivi gavlena aqvs <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis TviTgansazRvrasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT xelaxla motivirebaze _ SeiZinon<br />

codna <strong>da</strong> unarebi, rac momavalSi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis<br />

gaumjobesebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebaT. im bavSvebs, romlebic<br />

amJamad skolaSi iricxebian, samomavlod ufro<br />

metad fokusirebuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli survilebi aqvT<br />

vidre maT, vinc ar <strong>da</strong>dis an saerTod ar uvlia skola-<br />

Si. magaliTad, amJamad skolaSi Caricxuli moswavlis<br />

33%-s surs iSovos samsaxuri an SeiZinos konkretuli<br />

profesia roca gaizrdeba. maT Soris, vinc skolaSi ar<br />

iricxeba, igive maCvenebeli mxolod 4%-ia.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> samomavlo survilebis umetesoba<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir an iribad ganaTlebas ukavSirdeba.<br />

ganaTlebis miRebis survilis mqone <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />

ori jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba: pirveli, bavSvebi,<br />

visac surs <strong>da</strong>euflos profesias (rogoricaa eqimi an<br />

iuristi) formaluri <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis gziT<br />

<strong>da</strong> meore, visac surs SeiZinos praqtikuli unari an<br />

SesaZleblobebi gaxdes sportsmeni, mxatvari, xelosani<br />

an teqnikosi. gogonebs ufro metad ainteresebT<br />

akademiuri sagnebi vidre biWebs (17% <strong>da</strong> 6% Sesabamisad).<br />

aseve, umcrosi bavSvebi (8-<strong>da</strong>n 10 wlamde asakis)<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong>interesebulebi arian zogadi ganaTlebis<br />

miRebaSi vidre ufrosi asakis bavSvebi. es, sqesisa <strong>da</strong><br />

asakis mixedviT mor<strong>ge</strong>buli programuli intervenciis<br />

aucileblobis maniSnebeli SeiZleba iyos.<br />

17%<br />

27%<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

ar SeuZliaT<br />

kiTxva<br />

ar SeuZliaT<br />

wera<br />

56 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />

strategiebi<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong>, skolis asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT rogorc `mSromeli bavSvebi~-<br />

romlebic iZulebulni arian imuSaon, rom sakuTari<br />

Tavisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxisaTvis Semosavali hqondeT. 37<br />

wertilovani Sefasebis dros <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sedegad,<br />

maTxovroba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mTavari saqmianoba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>;<br />

SromaSi naklebi bavSvi iyo SemCneuli. gogonebis<br />

ufro maRali procenti maTxovrobs (59%) vidre _ bi-<br />

Webis (37%). esec asakTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. yvelaze<br />

umcrosi asakobrivi jgufi<strong>da</strong>n (0-<strong>da</strong>n 4 wlamde), 61%<br />

aqtiurad an pasiurad mSoblebTan erTad am saqminoba-<br />

Sia CarTuli. maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> yovel Semdeg asakobriv jgufTan<br />

erTad mcirdeba. yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebeli mozardebSi<br />

SeiniSneba - 27%. amis msgavsad, asakis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

erTad izrdeba im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />

dros muSaob<strong>da</strong> – yvelaze mcirewlovan bavSvebSi<br />

1%-<strong>da</strong>n, yvelaze asakovan kategoriaSi _ 31%-mde. 38<br />

interviuebis fazaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobam,<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 90%-ma aRniSna, rom interviumde wina Tve-<br />

Si fulis gamosamuSavebel saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli.<br />

yvelaze gavrcelebuli saqmianobebia: maTxovrobaa,<br />

romlis Sesaxeb <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 55%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> muSaoba<br />

(27%). Cveulebisamebr, bavSvebs Semosavlis miRebis<br />

erTi an ori ZiriTadi strategia aqvT. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>,<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>Tvis gankuTvnili programebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba,<br />

rom samuSao ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d quCaSi mcire sagnebiT<br />

vaWrobas, tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvas, jarTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

minis Segrovebas, ga<strong>da</strong>samuSavebeli punqtebisaTvis<br />

miyidvas <strong>da</strong> manqanis recxvas gulisxmobs. zogjer,<br />

bavSvebi soflebSi Cadian <strong>da</strong> meurneobaSi muSaoben,<br />

magram amisTvis Zalian cotas an saerTod ar iReben<br />

fuls. saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi Sromis ukiduresi<br />

formebi (rogoricaa: komerciuli seqsi an bavSvTa<br />

pornografia), Zalian iSviaTia.<br />

fulis gamomuSavebis aucilebloba ojaxSi ekonomikuri<br />

siZneleebiTaa nakarnaxevi, gansakuTrebiT im<br />

bavSvebs Soris, vinc quCaSi mxolod dRis saaTebSia.<br />

maTma 40%-ma aRniSna, rom gamomuSavebul fuls ojaxis<br />

saWiroebebze xarjavs. Bbevri, krizisis dros ojaxis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris saWiroebas Tavad xe<strong>da</strong>vs _ sakuTari SemosavliT<br />

ojaxis Semosavlis gazrdis, an sakuTari<br />

saWiroebebis Tavad <strong>da</strong>kamyofilebis gziT, rom ojaxs<br />

37. magaliTisTvis ixileT: the World Bank, the Partnership for Child<br />

Development (PCD) at Imperial Colle<strong>ge</strong>, London, and UNICEF (2006): Ensuring<br />

Education Access for Orphans and Vulnerable Children - A Planners’ Handbook,<br />

2nd Edition<br />

38. wertilovani Sefasebis fazaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakmaod maRali<br />

maCvenebeli garkveul saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli, magram na-<br />

Teli ar iyo, es iyo maTxovroba Tu muSaoba. vinai<strong>da</strong>n am “sxva”<br />

saqmianobebis maCvenebeli maRali iyo intervius fazaSi, ufro<br />

specifiuri informaciis misaRebad, Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />

saqmianobebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi ramdenime kiTxvad <strong>da</strong>iyo.<br />

maTi rCena aRar mouwios. zogjer, ojaxis wevrebi Tavad<br />

maTxovroben <strong>da</strong> bavSvebic Tan axlavT. rogorc<br />

ukve aRiniSna, aseve arseboben <strong>quCis</strong> dedebi (zogjer<br />

15 wlisanic ki), vinc quCaSi Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />

saqmianobaSi Tavis patara SvilTan erTa<strong>da</strong>a CarTuli.<br />

xSirad, bavSvebi ojaxis ZiriTadi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaSi<br />

sakuTari wvlilis Setanis pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobasac<br />

grZnoben.<br />

SemTxveva #9: `vorld viJenis” mier quTaissa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb Catarebul kvlevaSi zogierTi bavSvi<br />

ojaxis rCenis pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobaze saubrobs: `Cemi pensioneri<br />

<strong>da</strong> moxucebuli mSoblebi ver muSaoben. puris fulis<br />

gamosamuSaveblad jarTs vagroveb <strong>da</strong> yvelafers, rasac<br />

vSoulob maT vaZlev~ (vaJi, 19 wlis)<br />

`de<strong>da</strong> ava<strong>da</strong>a, mama ar myavs. umcrosi <strong>da</strong> myavs <strong>da</strong> masze un<strong>da</strong><br />

vizruno. puris fuli ar gvaqvs; Zalian cotas vSoulob <strong>da</strong><br />

RumelisTvis SeSas vagroveb.~ (gogona, 15 wlis)<br />

,,de<strong>da</strong>Cemi <strong>da</strong> mamaCemi ar muSaoben. Cemi <strong>da</strong>a ava<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong> wamlis<br />

fuli ar gvaqvs. me vmaTxovrob, rom wamlis fuli viSovo.<br />

ojaxSi mxolod erTi a<strong>da</strong>mini (anu me) muSaobs~ (gogona, 16<br />

wlis)<br />

,,ojaxSi xuTi sulia, magram mxolod me SemiZlia muSaoba. mamaCemi<br />

muSaob<strong>da</strong> roca SeeZlo, magram axla unarSezRudulia.<br />

Cemi <strong>da</strong> ava<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>s samsaxuri ar aqvs~ (vaJi, 15 wlis)<br />

,,de<strong>da</strong>Cemi ar muSaobs. mamaCemi <strong>da</strong> Cemi Zma moskovSi arian,<br />

magram fuls ver gvigvzavnian. me avadmyofi Zma myavs, arc<br />

wamlis <strong>da</strong> arc saWmlis fuli ar gvaqvs. amitomac xatebs<br />

vyidi.~ (gogona, 13 wlis)<br />

`,Tu quCaSi ar gavalT, de<strong>da</strong>s, bebias <strong>da</strong> me saWmeli ar<br />

gveqneba.~ (gogona, 13 wlis)<br />

,,mamaCemi mokv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva marCenali ar gvyavs. de<strong>da</strong> ar<br />

muSaobs. igi maTxovrobs, rom puris fuli iSovos, magram es<br />

ar kmara <strong>da</strong> amitom mec vexmarebi.~ (gogona, 10 wlis)<br />

bavSvis ekonomikuri saqmianobiT ojaxis Semosavlis<br />

gazrdis fenomeni msoflios masStabiT siRaribes<br />

ukavSirdeba. rogorc edmondsma aRniSna, (2005) 39 , ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi Raribi mSoblebi rTuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />

winaSe dganan. bavSvebs ojaxSi produqtiuli<br />

ekonomikuri wvlilis Setana (. . .…), aseve sakuTari<br />

Tavis, <strong>da</strong>-Zmebis <strong>da</strong> ojaxis sxva wevrebis gamokveba, Semosva,<br />

Sefareba <strong>da</strong> sxvamxriv <strong>da</strong>xmareba SeuZliaT. (. . .…)<br />

maSinac ki, roca alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi arsebobs<br />

(magaliTad, skola), mSoblebs <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs xSirad<br />

samwuxaro ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba uwevT <strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />

muSaoba wina planze ga<strong>da</strong>dis, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi Semosavlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargva mniSvnelovnad gaauaresebs ojaxis siRaribis<br />

dones.<br />

Semosavlis miRebis saqmianobaSi CarTvis meore yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli mizezi bavSvis mier saarsebo sa-<br />

Sualebis mopovebaa, radgan masze aravin zrunavs. gansakuTrebiT<br />

es quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs exeba; aseve<br />

maT, vinc ojaxis wevrebTan erTad ar cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> maT,<br />

visac mTavari mzrunveli ar hyavs. quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />

bavSvebi Semosavlis miRebis ufro met strategias mimarTaven<br />

vidre bavSvebi zogad SerCevaSi. aseve, isini<br />

39. Edmonds, Eric V. (2005), Understanding Child Labor: Patterns, Types and<br />

Causes, in: E-Journal USA – Economic Perspectives, the U.S. Department of<br />

State/the Bureau of International Information Programs, May 2005<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 57


58 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


ufro metad xarjaven miRebul Semosavals mxolod<br />

Tavisi an megobrebis saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad.<br />

fulis Sovnis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gza maTxovrobaa<br />

<strong>da</strong> quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi gacilebiT naklebad<br />

asaxeleben muSaobas vidre <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi mTel<br />

SerCevaSi. sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, am jgufSi<br />

aseve gacilebiT maRalia nagavSi qeqvisa <strong>da</strong> qurdobis<br />

SemTxvevebic.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asakis matebasTan <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis gareSe<br />

cxovrebis albaTobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad maTi finansuri<br />

mdgradobis SenarCunebis saWiroeba matulobs.<br />

magaliTad, umcros asakobriv kategoriaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

naxevari gamomuSavebul fuls ojaxs moaxmars, maSin,<br />

roca ufrosi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 75% fuls sakuTari Tavis sar-<br />

Cenad iyenebs.<br />

yvela gamokiTxuli bavSvis TiTqmis erTi meoTxedi<br />

aRniSnavs, rom maT mier gamomuSavebul fuls mSoblebi<br />

(21%) an sxvebi (2%) arTmeven. es SemTxvevebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

10 wlis <strong>da</strong> umcros bavSvebs exeba, romlebic maTxovroben.<br />

ufrosi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod mcire nawili <strong>da</strong> isini<br />

vinc muSaobs ambobs, rom fuli waarTves. calkeuli<br />

magaliTebi mowmobs, rom msgavsi SemTxvevebi xSirad<br />

ojaxSi alkoholis (an ufro naklebad, narkotikebis)<br />

moxmarebas ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong> saxlSi fulis armitanis<br />

SemTxvevaSi bavSvi SeiZleba fizikurad <strong>da</strong>isajos.<br />

SemTxveva #10: antons ori ufrosi Zma, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gonebrivad<br />

SezRuduli umcrosi Zma hyavs. roca igi rva wlis iyo, de<strong>da</strong><br />

gar<strong>da</strong>ecvala. male bavSvis mama sxva qalTan ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Svilebi maTi mozardi <strong>da</strong>-Zmebis amara <strong>da</strong>tova. erTi wlis<br />

Semdeg, antonis ufrosi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zma <strong>da</strong>qorwindnen <strong>da</strong> sxvagan<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen, meore ufrosi Zma ki alkoholze gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />

igi ar muSaob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxlSi saWmlis fulic ki ar iyo..<br />

antoni grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom gonebrivad SezRudul umcros Zmaze<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ezruna <strong>da</strong> amitom <strong>quCis</strong> saqmianobebSi CaerTo. is xSirad<br />

mimarTav<strong>da</strong> maTxovrobas, jarTis Segrovebas, zogjer ki<br />

- calkeuli nivTebis moparvas <strong>da</strong> gayidvasac. emociurad<br />

pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis grZnoba biWisTvis Zalian mZime iyo. mdgomaroebas<br />

kidev ufro auareseb<strong>da</strong> is garemoeba, rom ufrosi<br />

Zma xSirad aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> alkoholisaTvis fuli moetana <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

is fuls ar miscem<strong>da</strong> fizikurad uswordebo<strong>da</strong> biWs. sabolo<br />

jamSi, antonma wnexs ver gauZlo <strong>da</strong> saxli<strong>da</strong>n wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Semosavlis gamommuSavebeli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>da</strong>mafiqrebeli <strong>da</strong>kvirveba `vorld viJenis~ kvleva-<br />

Sia mocemuli. am kvlevis Tanaxmad, ramdenime bavSvi<br />

iZulebulia Semosavali azartul TamaSebSi monawileobis<br />

Sedegad gamoimuSavos. savaraudod, azartuli<br />

saTamaSo adgilebis mflobelebi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Semosvlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TamaSis saSualebas aZleven. isini xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />

sakmaod mniSvnelovan Tanxas a<strong>ge</strong>ben <strong>da</strong> `valebis~ gastumrebamde<br />

Tavs usafrTxod ar grZnoben. bavSvebi<br />

aRniSnaven, rom isini aiZules emaTxovraT an moeparaT<br />

rame, rom azartuli TamaSebis Sedegad wa<strong>ge</strong>buli fuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT. qurdobas ki kanonTan SeusabamobaSi<br />

mivyavarT. ramdenime bavSvma aRniSna, rom isini warmo-<br />

Sobil stress ver umklavdebodnen <strong>da</strong> TviTmkvleloba<br />

scades.<br />

SemTxveva #11: 14 wlis biWi quTaisi<strong>da</strong>n azartuli TamaSebis<br />

gamocdilebas ixsenebs: `bavSvebi a<strong>ge</strong>ben fuls erTxel,<br />

orjer <strong>da</strong> igi ukan un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>abrunon, magram sakmaris Tanxas<br />

ver Souloben. amis gamo, me <strong>da</strong> sxvebi vqurdobT. TviTmkvlelobazec<br />

ki vifiqre: werili <strong>da</strong>vwere <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxtomad<br />

xidze <strong>da</strong>vdeqi. ga<strong>da</strong>marCines. mere Cemma mSoblebma vali aiRes<br />

<strong>da</strong> azartuli saTamaSo adgilis mflobels fuli <strong>da</strong>ubrunes.<br />

mRvdels SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>exmaros <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs. mivides saTamaSo<br />

adgilebSi <strong>da</strong> akrZalos isini. me es ar SemiZlia, amis Zala ar<br />

maqvs; isini metyvian: “Sen vin xar, amas rom gveubnebi?”. visac<br />

mousmenen, iman un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos es.~.<br />

quCaSi Semosavlis gamomuSavebis saqmianobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

skolaSi siaruls Soris pir<strong>da</strong>piri korelaciaa. qu-<br />

Cis bavSvebi, vinc ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom fulis gamomuSavebas<br />

ar saWiroebs, ufro metad iricxebian skolaSi<br />

(52%) vidre maTi momuSave Tanatolebi, romelTagan<br />

mxolod 20% iricxeba skolaSi. maSin, roca zogi<br />

bavSvi muSaobisa <strong>da</strong> skolis SeTavsebas cdilobs,<br />

maTxovroba TiTqmis mTlianad gamoricxavs skola-<br />

Si siaruls (maTxovar bavSvebSi skolaSi Cauricxvelobis<br />

done 96%-ia). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, axlo<br />

momavlis ekonomikuri sar<strong>ge</strong>beli ganaTlebis gr-<br />

Zelvadian sar<strong>ge</strong>belTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ojaxebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs<br />

xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas fulis gamomuSavebis<br />

sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod aiZulebs. gansakuTrebiT,<br />

maTxovrobis SemTxvevaSi, romelic moTxovniT <strong>da</strong><br />

SesaZleblobiT gamowveuli RonisZiebaa _ manam,<br />

sanam xalxi quCaSi bavSvebs fuls aZlevs <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

gzebiT Tavis rCenis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,<br />

quCaSi isini imaTxovreben. ufro metic, Zalian Znelia<br />

ojaxebs <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs ganaTleba, maTxovrobiT<br />

fulis Sovnis swraf <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iol gzasTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mniSvnelovan alternativad <strong>da</strong>anaxo.<br />

amasTan, quCaSi maTxovrobasTan asocirebuli<br />

stigma bavSvebs skolaSi maTi TanatolebisaTvis<br />

TiTqmis miuRebels xdis.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> saqmianobaTa tipi SesamCnev gavlenas axdens<br />

bavSvis janmrTelobaze. momuSave bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

interviuerebma ufro meti fizikuri<br />

travma im bavSvebSi SeamCnies, romelTac Semosavlis<br />

miRebis mTavar saqmianobad maTxovroba<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeles.


socialuri momsaxureba<br />

<strong>da</strong> bavSvebi<br />

kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />

gamovlili krizisuli situaciebi saqarTvelos sxva<br />

<strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> problemebis msgavsia<br />

(Tumca xSirad ufro mwvave) <strong>da</strong> xSirad im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mdgomaroebas emTxveva, vinc mere quCaSi ar xvdeba,<br />

magram biologiuri ojaxisgan moSorebiT cxovrobs.<br />

aRiarebulia, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> krizisul mdgomareobaSi<br />

myofi ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi mor<strong>ge</strong>buli<br />

momsaxureba cotaa. kvleva a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebs Soris socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb codnis<br />

done <strong>da</strong> am momsaxurebis gamoyenebis maCvenebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong>balia. saSualod, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 41% ambobs, rom aseTi<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb araferi smenia. 46% im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a,<br />

vinc ambobs, rom msgavsi momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />

smenia, aRniSnavs, rom arasdros gamouyenebia igi. Tu<br />

gamovricxavT bavSvTa saxlebs, TavSesafrebs, yvelaze<br />

xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebul socialur momsaxurebebs<br />

– <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 80%-s rame socialuri momsaxurebiT<br />

arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>blia. saSualod, bavSvebi erTze<br />

meti momsaxurebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb iSviaTad saubroben.<br />

kidev erTxel un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas xazi im garemoebas, rom am<br />

kvlevis farglebSi mxolod is bavSvebi gamoikiTxa,<br />

vinc quCaSi (<strong>da</strong> ara TavSesafarSi, dRis centrebSi an<br />

sxva tipis momsaxureobis obieqtSi imyofebodnen) <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesabamisad, arsebuli momsaxurebis efeqturobis Sefaseba<br />

arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT SeuZlebelia.<br />

Tumca naTelia, rom momsaxurebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farva<br />

arsebuli saWiroebebisaTvis Zalian arasakmarisia.<br />

100%<br />

80%<br />

60%<br />

40%<br />

20%<br />

0%<br />

arasdros smeniaT<br />

socialur<br />

momsaxurebaze<br />

58%<br />

87%<br />

Tbilisi<br />

(n=181)<br />

6%<br />

41%<br />

rusTavi<br />

(n=32)<br />

arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT<br />

socialuri<br />

momsaxurebiT<br />

grafiki #25 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, romelTac arasdros<br />

gaugiaT an usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT socialuri momsaxurebiT qalaqebis<br />

mixedviT.<br />

52%<br />

88%<br />

quTaisi<br />

(n=58)<br />

37%<br />

67%<br />

baTumi<br />

(n=30)<br />

monacemebi aCvenebs, rom socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

Sesaxeb ufro metad ician <strong>da</strong> aseT momsaxurebebs<br />

ufro metad iyeneben is bavSvebi, visac quCaSi cxovrebis<br />

erTi Tvis an meti xnis gamocdileba aqvs; vinc<br />

quCaSi erTi weli an meti xani imyofeba; vis ojaxSic<br />

gaWirvebis ufro maRali donea <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc skola<br />

miatova <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovrobs. amis msgavsad, socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb yvelaze naklebi ician, naklebad<br />

iyeneben is bavSvebi, vinc Rameebs quCaSi ar<br />

atarebs, vis ojaxSic naklebi problemebia <strong>da</strong> vinc<br />

quCaSi cxovreba axlaxans <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

socialuri momsaxureba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d im bavSvebzea<br />

fokusirebuli, vinc krizisuli mdgomareoba<br />

ukve gamoiara <strong>da</strong> problemebis droul gamovlenas,<br />

prevencias <strong>da</strong> adreul Carevas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba.<br />

rogorc vilsonma aRniSna (2007), 40 reintegracia,<br />

anu `gankurvnis strategiebi~ ufro martivia, radgan<br />

isini pasuxoben Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT konkretul saWiroebebs<br />

(rac ukve SeemTxva viRacas), maSin, roca prevencia<br />

zrdis moqmedebis sferos.. aseve naTelia, rom arsebuli<br />

momsaxureba ufro reaqtiulia. mas <strong>quCis</strong><br />

is bavSvebi mimarTaven, visi kavSirebic regularul<br />

socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis qselebTan ukve <strong>da</strong>sustebulia<br />

<strong>da</strong> romlebic aqtiurad eZeben Semcvlelebs. proaqtiuli<br />

midgoma gulismobs rom momsaxureba <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxebis gamovlenazea mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> ara _<br />

piriqiT. roca momsaxureba individualurad gansaz-<br />

Rvravs bavSvis saukeTeso interess _ misi ojaxur garemoSi<br />

gazrdis, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis, <strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> monawileobis uflebis farglebSi, orive midgoma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, reaqtiuli<br />

midgoma saqarTvelos dRevandel socialur momsaxureobis<br />

bazarze gavrcelebuli midgomaa, xolo<br />

proaqtiuli midgoma iSviaTia.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

gamoyeneba xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis moklevadiani<br />

strategiaa (magaliTad: TavSesafrebi, bavSvTa saxlebi<br />

_ <strong>da</strong>saZineblad <strong>da</strong> ufaso sasadiloebi _ sakvebad,<br />

romelsac bavSvebi quCaSi cxovrebis dros mimar-<br />

Taven. Tbilisis gl<strong>da</strong>nis socialuri reabilitaciis<br />

centri am tendenciis kargi maCvenebelia: aq bavSvebi<br />

xSirad TavisiT modian, an viRacas mohyavs, imitom<br />

rom `maT TavSesafari an sakvebi sWirdebaT~. 41 Tavisi<br />

bunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, es momsaxurebebi ganaTlebis<br />

grZelvadian sar<strong>ge</strong>bels ar iZleva, arc <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />

quCaSi gatarebuli drois SemcirebaSi Seaqvs wvlili<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc <strong>bavSvebis</strong> socialur a<strong>da</strong>ptacias uwyobs xels.<br />

Tumca sxva socialuri momsaxurebebis gamoyeneba<br />

rogoricaa: dRis centrebi an mobiluri jgufebi<br />

(18%) bavSvis cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis cvlile-<br />

40. Wilson-James, David (2007), ibid.<br />

41. Wargan, K.; Aslanishvili, T. (2007): Rapid Assessment of Four Residential Care<br />

“Shelters” in Tbilisi; USAID/Save the Children for the Ministry of Education and<br />

Science of Georgia<br />

60 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


aze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. monacemebi aCvenebs,<br />

rom socialuri momsaxureba (bavSvTa saxlebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TavSesafrebis gar<strong>da</strong>) <strong>bavSvebis</strong> skolaSi siarulis<br />

gazr<strong>da</strong>ze an wera-kiTxvis donis amaRlebaze statistikurad<br />

mniSvnelovan gavlenas ar axdens. bavSvebi,<br />

romlebmac ician socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb,<br />

skolaSi siaruliT <strong>da</strong> swavlis surviliT di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />

gansxvavdebian sxva <strong>bavSvebis</strong>agan. aseve socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>, romelsac bavSvi mimarTavs,<br />

mis mier quCaSi gatarebuli saaTebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>ze<br />

gavlenas ar axdens. 42<br />

calkeuli magaliTebi mowmobs, rom arsebuli momsaxureba<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze mniSvnelovan saWiroebebs<br />

esa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>ba –xSirad sakmaod kompleqsurad, magram<br />

krizisis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebs mainc ver Sve-<br />

lis. msoflio literaturaSi sul ufro matulobs<br />

mtkiceba imisa, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />

yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis alternativebi<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> bundovnad gansazRvruli kategoriis<br />

zogad saWiroebebzea mor<strong>ge</strong>buli. <strong>da</strong>xmareba arasakmaris<br />

yuradRebas aqcevs ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris qselebs, romelic socialuri institutisaken<br />

bavSvis mijaWvulobas warmarTavs <strong>da</strong> Seu-<br />

Zlia gaZlierebis nacvlad misi bunebrivi socialuri<br />

kavSirebi Seasustos. 43 zogi eqsperti <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

momsaxurebis araadekvaturobisa <strong>da</strong> ukmarisobis<br />

mTavar faqtorebad SezRudul a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> finansur<br />

resursebs asaxelebs. grZelvadian perspeqtiva-<br />

Si, arsebuli mcire masStabis operaciebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis<br />

efeqturoba saTuoa.<br />

SemTxveva #12: roca nana qmars gaeyara <strong>da</strong> oTxi wlis SvilTan erTad saxlis <strong>da</strong>toveba mouwia wasasvleli arsad hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

saWiro unarebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong> samsaxuris saSovnelad. TbilisSi, mitovebel SenobaSi carieli sar<strong>da</strong>fi ipova <strong>da</strong> bavSvTan erTad iq <strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong>.<br />

orive, fuls eklesiis SesasvlelSi maTxovrobiT Soulob<strong>da</strong>. (ixileT SemTxveva #7, gverdi 49).<br />

ojaxuri mdgomareobis analizi nanas cxovrebis ramdenime aspeqtze miuTiTebs, rogoricaa: ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

cxovrebis unaris nakleboba, ojaxuri konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> siRaribe sakuTar ojaxSi, qmris umuSevroba, ramac siRaribe <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />

konfliqtebi gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> ojaxi <strong>da</strong>ngrevisken miiyvana, Semdgomi usaxlkaroba <strong>da</strong> arsebobis saSualebis uqonloba. aseve, nanas mdgomareobasTan<br />

ramdenime fsiqo-socialuri tendencia asocirdeba: araadekvaturobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveobis SegrZneba, rac xangrZlivi<br />

ojaxuri konfliqtebis pirobebSi cxovrebis Sedegia; siZneleebis Jams izolaciis aRqma <strong>da</strong> imis SegrZneba, rom mTeli situaciis<br />

kontroli nanas ar eqvemdebareba.Mam SemTxvevaSi ramdenime Zlieri mxarec SeiniSneba, romelTa Soris de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> biWs Soris mtkice<br />

emociuri kavSiria, aseve bavSvis asaki <strong>da</strong> gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> is faqti, rom arsebob<strong>da</strong> naTesavebis sakmaod farTo wre,<br />

romelebic nanas <strong>da</strong>mxarebas SesZlebdnen, Tu maT amaSi xels SevuwyobdiT.<br />

roca arasamTavrobo organizaciis socialuri muSakebi nanas <strong>da</strong> mis bavSvs pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen maT biWi ramdenime araformalur<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebsa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi CarTes. socialuri muSakebi Seecadnen <strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT<br />

nana, rom mas biWi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sacxovrebel centrSi Caebarebina. mas SvilTan ganSoreba ar undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

uars acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, magram erT dRes mas manqana <strong>da</strong>ejaxa <strong>da</strong> avariis Semdeg metyvelebisa <strong>da</strong> koordinaciis problemebi ganuviTar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mxolod maSin <strong>da</strong>eTanxma igi socialur muSakebs, rom bavSvze zrunva aRar SeeZlo <strong>da</strong> mis TavSesafarSi moTavzebaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2008 wlisTvis biWs TavSesafarSi ramdenime weli hqon<strong>da</strong> gatarebuli. de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> naTesavebTan <strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad gaweuli samuSaoebis<br />

Sesaxeb informacia ar moipoveba.<br />

maTxovrobaSi CarTulma bavSvebma gacilebiT naklebad<br />

ician socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />

ufro naklebad miuRiaT socialuri samsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

vidre sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs. es SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi<br />

am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mimarT arsebuli stereotipebiT<br />

(magaliTad: ganzogadeba, rom maTxovari <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umetesoba boSaa, romelTac maTxovroba sisxlSi aqvT<br />

gamj<strong>da</strong>ri) <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stigmiT<br />

aixsnas. mTliani mosaxleobis socialuri pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis<br />

donec aseve kiTxvis niSnis qveSaa: manam,<br />

sanam xalxi quCaSi maTxovar bavSvebs fuls aZlevs, es<br />

bavSvebi quCaSi <strong>da</strong>rCebian <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT advili gziT<br />

fulis miRebis upiratesobas gamoiyeneben <strong>da</strong> savaraudod,<br />

im saqmianobaSi monawileobis winaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

iqnebian, romelic maTi maTxovrobis dros amcirebs.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis gamiznuli socialuri<br />

momsaxureba `sakuTar miznebs~ emsaxureba<br />

– im mimarTulebiT moqmedebs, romelsac Tavad Tvlis<br />

saWirod. momsaxureba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli <strong>da</strong><br />

xiluli saWiroebebisadmi erTgvarad qaosur pasuxs<br />

warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns (magaliTad: maTxovrobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

bavSvis TavSesafarSi xangrZlivi droiT moTavseba).<br />

es nawilobriv qveyanaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebisadmi<br />

sistemuri, strategiuli midgomis ararsebobiT<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas, rac socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis zogadi<br />

konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime arsebuli programis segmentaciaSi<br />

aisaxeba.<br />

42. es <strong>da</strong>kvirveba nawilobriv <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

programebis gamocdilebas efuZneba <strong>da</strong> miaxloebiT maCveneblad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos, vinai<strong>da</strong>n kvleva mxolod erTxel Catar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>,<br />

Sesabamisad, bavSvis mier momsaxurebis gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

cxovrebaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis dinamikis Se<strong>da</strong>reba SeuZlebelia.<br />

43. Wilson-James, David (2007), ibid.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 61


<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong><br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />

ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobam siRaribis, socialuri politikisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeebis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis sferoSi<br />

garkveuli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>dga. samwuxarod, es<br />

Zalisxmeva saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yvela fenaze<br />

ar aisaxa <strong>da</strong> qarTul sazogadoebaSi kvlav arseboben<br />

fenebi, romlebic gacilebiT <strong>da</strong>ucvelebi arian vidre<br />

sazogadoeba _ zoga<strong>da</strong>d. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

ojaxebi msgavs fenas miekuTvnebian _ qveynis socio-ekonomikuri<br />

warmatebebis Zalian cota Sedegi<br />

Tu aisaxa qveynis mosaxleobis am segmentis keTildReobaze.<br />

siRaribis sakiTxi, romelic <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> bevri<br />

problemis safuZvelia, qveynis masStabiT gavrcelebuli<br />

problemaa, romelsac saqarTvelos mTavroba am-<br />

Jamad ebrZvis. socialuri politikis sferoSi axali<br />

iniciativebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobis siRaribis<br />

sawinaaRmdego ritorika is ZiriTadi inicitiavebia,<br />

romlebic <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />

aris saWiro. es ki naTlad miuTiTebs, rom siRaribis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saZlevad ufro meti sajaro mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraa<br />

aucilebeli. Tumca, amave konteqtSi sxva sakiTxebsac<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos yuradReba, rogoricaa: socialuri<br />

Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> inkluzia; proaqtiuli socialuri<br />

programebi, romlebic ojaxSi alkoholizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxuri Zaladobis problemebs ebrZvis <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>da</strong>ngreuli<br />

ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d, socialuri kapitalis<br />

sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi ojaxebi qveynis masStabiT siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis,<br />

socialuri inkluziis, bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />

ufro farTo strategiebSi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen CarTulni.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> stabilizaciis<br />

mizniT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ukve arsebuli ramdenime<br />

administraciuli meqanizmis gamoyeneba SeiZleba. am<br />

programebis CarCoebSi, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodnen,<br />

rogorc uflebebis mqone individebi Tavisi<br />

Zlieri mxareebiT <strong>da</strong> kompleqsuri saWiroebebiT <strong>da</strong><br />

ara rogorc keTildReobis programebis ubralo beneficiarebi.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bolos, ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba ara<br />

problemad, aramed problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis nawilad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT.<br />

oTxive qalaqSi arsebobs resursebi, romlebic<br />

Sesabamisi donori organizaciebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

sistematurad xmardeba am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />

adgilobriv municipalur centrebs, ganaTlebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros resurs-centrebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

saministros socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos<br />

TanamSromloba absoluturad aucilebelia. qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris Sesabamisi<br />

partnioroba siRaribis <strong>da</strong> socialuri eqskluziis<br />

sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad erTaderTi gzaa. es sakiTxebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ucveli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mozardebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

meqanizmebis gamomuSavebis gziT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes.<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />

politikis doneze<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis Sesaxeb regularuli<br />

monacemebis Segroveba<br />

1. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> winamdebare kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb odesme Catarebuli pirveli<br />

kvlevaa <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes rogorc quCaSi myofi<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> Taviseburebebis aTvlis<br />

wertili. vinai<strong>da</strong>n ,,<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi” qveyanaSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

axali fenomenia, maTi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis mdgomareobis<br />

regularuli kvleva prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />

raTa arsebuli politikis efeqturoba, programebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebis mimarTuleba <strong>da</strong> mtkicebulebebiT<br />

gamyarebuli samomavlo midgoma ganisazRvros. amis<br />

Sesaxeb monacemebis regularuli, anonimuri Segroveba<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSaveba arsebul administraciul uwyebas<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>evalos, rogoricaa: ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />

saministros bavSvze zrunvis an statistikis<br />

departamenti. procesisaTvis aRniSnuli kvlevis<br />

meTodologiis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. perioduli<br />

kvlevebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs SigniT<br />

<strong>da</strong> jgufebs Soris dinamikis <strong>da</strong>naxvis saSualebas<br />

mogvcems <strong>da</strong> pasuxs gascems kiTxvaze, Tu ramdeni bavSvia<br />

TiToeul jgufSi <strong>da</strong> ra aris erTi jgufi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svlis mizezi. momavali kvlevis saintereso<br />

komponenti pozitiuri deviaciis teqnikis gamoyeneba<br />

SeiZleba iyos. am teqnikis saSualebiT, ukve zr<strong>da</strong>srul<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi warmatebiT reintegrirebul<br />

yofil <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan CaRrmavebuli interviuebis<br />

saSualebiT im unarebisa <strong>da</strong> Seguebis meqanizmebis<br />

gansazRvra gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, romelic am a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> cxovrebis mitovebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmara.<br />

62 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


Sesaferisi, proaqtiuli socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

sqemebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis ganviTareba<br />

2. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebis efeqturi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />

(romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania quCaSi aqtiuri<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> SemTxvevaSi, raTa kidev ufro ar<br />

Caeflon <strong>quCis</strong> cxovrebaSi) im ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />

faqtorebis kompleqsur erTobliobas un<strong>da</strong><br />

iTvaliswinebdes, romelic bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs<br />

an quCaSi <strong>da</strong>rCenas aiZulebs. amaTgan umniSvnelovanesi<br />

siRaribe <strong>da</strong> sxva stres-faqtorebia, romelic<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebSi arsebobs. socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis misaRebad aucilebeli<br />

kriteriumebi, identifikaciis meqanizmebi <strong>da</strong> indikatorebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos, raTa garantirebuli<br />

iyos, rom saxelmwifo programebi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>ucveli<br />

fenebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod im ojaxebisaTvis,<br />

visac <strong>da</strong>xmarebis moZebna SeuZlia; rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba-momsaxurebas mxolod is ojaxebi, bavSvebi<br />

iReben, visac es namdvilad esaWiroeba <strong>da</strong> mxolod im<br />

drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic maTi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveta<strong>da</strong>a<br />

aucilebeli. saxelmwifo Carevis monitoringisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> SefasebisaTvis politikis indikatorebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> samizneebi un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros. sa<strong>da</strong>c isini ukve<br />

arsebobs, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan momuSave organizaciebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> programebis beneficiarebis identifikaciisaTvis<br />

gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. informaciis Segroveba <strong>da</strong><br />

gavrceleba yvela uwyebis meSveobiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sesa-<br />

Zlebeli, rogorebicaa: policia, skola, samedicino<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, socialuri muSakebis jgufebi <strong>da</strong><br />

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis programebi.<br />

3. prevenciuli politika gare Sokebisgan <strong>da</strong> arastabilurobisagan<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

un<strong>da</strong> uwyobdes xels <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes<br />

finansur <strong>da</strong> organizaciul resursebs, rom bavSvebi<br />

samuSaoze gagzavnisgan an sxva gziT saxlis mitovebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> QquCaSi gasvlisagan <strong>da</strong>icvas. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ojaxebSi ukiduresi siRaribis aRmofxvraze mimarTuli<br />

saxelmwifo programebi, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

Sromisunariani wevrebisaTvis grZelvadiani umuSevrobis<br />

problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze un<strong>da</strong> iyos mimarTuli,<br />

xolo maTTvis, visac muSaoba ar SeuZlia, finansur<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes. umuSevarTaTvis<br />

droebiTi fuladi <strong>da</strong>xmareba profesiul trenings,<br />

samuSaos povnaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong> ojaxis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />

Sromisunariani wevrebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis alternativebis<br />

gamonaxvas un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes. un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes<br />

<strong>da</strong>finansebis moqnili sqema, gansakuTrebiT<br />

socialuri subsidiebi martoxela mSoblebis an bavSvTa<br />

naTesavebisaTvis. siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis mniSvnelovani<br />

elementi SeiZleba aseve iyos iseTi inovaciuri<br />

midgomebi, rogoricaa: moqnili kreditis meqanizmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> axalgazrdobisaTvis.<br />

aucilebelia arsebuli socialuri sar<strong>ge</strong>blis modificireba,<br />

konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia <strong>da</strong> misa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>ba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

ojaxebis individualur saWiroebebze. es sar<strong>ge</strong>beli<br />

SeiZleba moicavdes: ganaTlebas, jan<strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong><br />

socialur momsaxurebas, aseve Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>ricxvebs.<br />

represiuli RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa: bavSvis Sromisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis akrZalva, efeqturi ar iqneba manam,<br />

sanam ojaxis sarCenad bavSvis ekonomikur saqmianobaze<br />

moTxovna arsebobs.<br />

4. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis gamiznuli momsaxureba <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxebis zogadi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis<br />

nawili un<strong>da</strong> iyos. prevenciuli RonisZiebebi socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris yvela SesaZlo gziT un<strong>da</strong> gatardes,<br />

romelsac socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis qselis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis mor<strong>ge</strong>buli programebi mohyveba. Tu<br />

ZiriTad institutebs, rogoricaa: baRebi <strong>da</strong> skolebi,<br />

umcrosi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />

tradiciuli an <strong>da</strong>matebiTi momsaxurebis<br />

gaweva SeuZlia, es SesaZleblobebi maqsimalurad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamoyenebuli. quCaSi cxovrebis didi xnis<br />

gamocdilebis mqone ufrosi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mimarT<br />

sxva midgomaa saWiro, rogoricaa: Semdgomi ganaTlebisaTvis<br />

momzadeba an <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli unarebis SeZena.<br />

5. kvleva cxadyofs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis arsebuli<br />

socialuri momsaxureba Zalian araadekvaturia<br />

raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farvis mixedviT. es momsaxureba<br />

amJamad quCaSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas ar exeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT cxovrebaSi realuri cvlileba ar Seaqvs. <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis resursebis gaTvaliswineba<br />

saxelmwifo biujetSi un<strong>da</strong> moxdes, xolo <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />

meqanizmebi moqnili un<strong>da</strong> iyos, raTa saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi Tanxis xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyos<br />

<strong>da</strong> droulad moxmardes momsaxurebas. proaqtiuli<br />

midgoma momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>farvis gazrdis mizniT, maT<br />

Soris beneficiarebis moZebna <strong>da</strong> efeqturi mimarTvis<br />

meqanizmis arseboba, Zalian mniSvnelovania. amasTanave,<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganviTardes bavSvisaTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />

momsaxurebis arCevani, rogoricaa: dRis centrebi,<br />

skolis Semdgomi programebi <strong>da</strong> zogierT SemTxvevaSi,<br />

saxlSi movla, aseve profesiuli xarisxiani fsiqologiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba ojaxebisaTvis.<br />

6. saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xedos arsebul politikas,<br />

romelic ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi kerZo sakuTrebis<br />

uflebebs <strong>da</strong> dedisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> materialur<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas aregulirebs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom ganqorwinebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi dedebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> usaxlkarobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi siRaribisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis adekvaturi<br />

meqanizmebi arsebobs. monacemebi cxadyofs,<br />

rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arsebuli kanonmdebloba<br />

uzrunvelyofs sacxovrebel adgils dedisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvisaTvis<br />

ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong> mamis mier alimentis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, realobaSi esEiSviaTad sruldeba.<br />

ojaxebis umetesobam, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> uflebebis Sesaxeb araferi icis.<br />

mniSvnelovani nabiji am mimarTulebiT ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

profesiul momsaxurebaSi ufaso iuridiuli<br />

konsultaciebis CarTva <strong>da</strong> sajaro sainformacio<br />

kampaniebis Catareba SeiZleba iyos.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 63


64 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


7. amJamad, iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirebs SeuZliaT<br />

miiRon mcire yovelTviuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba an SeuZliaT<br />

<strong>da</strong>registrirdnen sxva socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> uari Tqvan devnilTa Semweobaze. radgan<br />

sxva SeRavaTebis, <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb informacia dvvnilTa<br />

Soris mwiria <strong>da</strong> bevrs eSinia, rom Semweobaze<br />

uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba sxva <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

kriteriumebi ar <strong>da</strong>akmayofilon, bevri ojaxi kvlav<br />

ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrebas agrZelebs. pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>belma<br />

saxelmwifo uwyebam un<strong>da</strong> met Zalisxmevas<br />

mimarTos, raTa devnilebs maTTvis xelmisavwdomi Se-<br />

RavaTebis (<strong>da</strong>xmarebis) <strong>da</strong> maTi miRebis Sesaxeb sruli<br />

informacia miawodos.<br />

8. ojaxuri krizisis adreuli aRmoCenisaTvis saxelmwifom<br />

ojaxSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis monitoringis<br />

meqanizmi un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas, rogoricaa: imunizaciis<br />

savaldebulo monacemTa baza <strong>da</strong> skolis asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

skolaSi savaldebulo Caricxvis monacemTa<br />

baza. aseve, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze mimarTuli arasaxelmwifo<br />

programebs un<strong>da</strong> miewodos sruli informacia<br />

im kriteriumebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romlebic saxelmwifo<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formas gansazRvravs.<br />

maT un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT SesaZlebloba bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> ojaxebi<br />

am kriteriumebis mixedviT Seafason <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs sa-<br />

Sualeba miscen <strong>da</strong>registrirdnen am programebSi, an<br />

TviTon <strong>da</strong>aregistriron isini.<br />

9. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> problemebi yvelaze xSirad ojaxuri<br />

problemebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs. bavSvze zrunvis<br />

sistemaSi, romlis reformac amJamad mimdinareobs,<br />

yuradReba Zalian xSirad mTlianad bavSvze, <strong>da</strong><br />

ara mis ojaxze, iyo gamaxvilebuli. qveyanas <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxis kompleqsuri problemebis misaxe<strong>da</strong>d<br />

sakmarisi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebi <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebi<br />

ar aqvs <strong>da</strong> problemebis gamomwvev mizezebs iSviaTad<br />

eqceva yuradReba. Sesabamisad, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi ojaxebis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> maTi mdgradi gaerTianebis<br />

monitoringi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> iSviaTad xorcieldeba.<br />

ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kvalificiuri, moqnili <strong>da</strong><br />

individualurad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli sistemebis SemuSavebaa<br />

saWiro. es sistemebi bavSvis keTildReobis sqemis<br />

aucilebeli Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli nawili un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes, raTa<br />

garantirebuli iyos bavSvis ufleba, aRizardos<br />

ojaxur garemoSi, rogorc politikis doneze aseve<br />

praqtikaSi.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis skolaSi siarulis variantebis<br />

gaumjobeseba<br />

10. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis sakiTxebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad politikis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi qveynis<br />

mier xelmowerili aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> `ganaTleba yvelasTvis~ strategiis konteqst-<br />

Si un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganxiluli. saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umravlesobisTvis ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobaze<br />

uaris Tqma mTavrobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> qveynisaTvis, romelsac<br />

evrokavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis ambicia<br />

aqvs, sazianoa. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ganaTlebis politikis<br />

miznobriv audienciaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos CarTuli <strong>da</strong> es<br />

politika Sesabamisi jgufebis mimarT samarTlianobisaTvis<br />

pozitiur diskriminacias un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes.<br />

am konteqstSi, ganaTlebis saWiroebebi<br />

siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis, socialuri inkluziisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis strategiebs un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes.<br />

11. politikac <strong>da</strong> programebic ganaTlebis alternatiul<br />

formebs SeiZleba Seicavdes, rogoricaa: formaluri<br />

skola umcrosi jgufebisaTvis, modularul<br />

kurikulumze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli profesiuli swavleba<br />

ufrosi jgufebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> iseTi moqnili saskolo<br />

sistemebis SemuSaveba, regulireba <strong>da</strong> sertificireba,<br />

rogoricaa: Ria <strong>da</strong> distanciuri swavleba. am sistemis<br />

SigniT un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes kurikulumi im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />

visac surs saswavlo process <strong>da</strong>ewios <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />

Ria/distanciuri swavlebis kurikulumebi (romlebsac<br />

dRis centrebi, mobiluri ganaTlebis jgufebi,<br />

skolebi an sxva institutebi ganaxorcieleben, rom<br />

bavSvis formalur skolaSi reintegracia uzrunvelyon).<br />

Sesabamisma uwyebebma am kurikulumebis akreditacia<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinon. swavlebis am alternatiuli<br />

sqemebis monawileTaTvis <strong>da</strong>finansebis meqanizmi un<strong>da</strong><br />

SemuSavdes, rogorc es Cveulebrivi skolis moswavleebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi xdeba.<br />

12. kvleva cxadyofs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> amJamad<br />

an warsulSi skolaSi warmatebuli siarulisaTvis<br />

udides winaRobas Semdegi faqtorebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns:<br />

ekonomikuri mizezebi, skoliT <strong>da</strong>interesebis nakleboba,<br />

ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi, sakuTari swavlis<br />

SesaZleblobebSi <strong>da</strong>bali rwmena <strong>da</strong> CaricxvisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba. yvela es<br />

mizezi, ukanasknelis gar<strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi erT problemas<br />

ukavSirdeba, romelic mxolod <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

ar aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli – es aris mosaxleobis<br />

ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli fenebisaTvis<br />

`Sesabamisi~ saskolo ganaTlebis problema. <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mier skolaSi miRebuli unarebi metwilad gansazRvravs<br />

maT samomavlo SesaZleblobebs. amJamad,<br />

saqarTvelos sajaro ganaTlebis sistema yvelaze<br />

farTod gavrcelebuli problemebis mogvarebas cdilobs,<br />

rogoricaa: saskolo kurikulumis Sesabamisoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa moTxovnilebebTan, maswavlebelTa<br />

momzadebis <strong>da</strong>bali done, ganaTlebas, saganmanaTleblo<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebasa <strong>da</strong> Sromis bazars Soris kavSirebi.<br />

am Zalisxmevas <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis saqmeSi<br />

mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia. profesiuli<br />

ganaTlebis mimdinare reformam <strong>da</strong> pirveladi<br />

profesiuli ganaTlebis centrebis mzardma qselma<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis saqmeSi aseve SeiZleba<br />

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos.<br />

13. saxelmwifo donis politika skolaSi Caricxvasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>swrebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT skolis savaldebulo<br />

moTxovnebis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong> ojaxebisaTvis gacdenebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi sanqciebs un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes. Tumca<br />

amis ganxorcieleba mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba,<br />

rac socialuri politika <strong>da</strong>ucvel fenebs (ojaxebs/<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 65


mzrunvelebs/sxva zr<strong>da</strong>srulebs) <strong>da</strong>exmareba <strong>da</strong> arsebobis<br />

SesanarCuneblad bavSvis Sromis aucileblobas<br />

aRmofxvris. ganaTlebisaTvis saxelmwifo<br />

resursebis ganawilebis Ggaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia<br />

Tu skolebis vauCeris sistema bavSvis <strong>da</strong>swrebaze <strong>da</strong><br />

ara Caricxvaze iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. bavSvze zrunvis<br />

axali erovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom<br />

un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom ojaxebis gareSe myofi<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis alternatiuli zrunvis SemTxvevaSi<br />

ganaTleba prioritetulia.<br />

14. mTavrobas SeuZlia Seqmnas `inkluziuri ganaTlebis<br />

saxelmwifo fondi~, romelic skolebisa <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />

ganaTlebis centrebisaTvis iqneba xelmisawvdomi,<br />

romelTac skolis miRma myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

inkluziisaTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi programebi sWirdebaT<br />

(gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebis <strong>da</strong>finanseba vidre<br />

erT sulze <strong>da</strong>finanseba). ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />

saministrom an calkeulma resurs-centrebma <strong>da</strong><br />

skolebma SeiZleba SeimuSavon specialuri programa<br />

ekonomikuri stimulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa:<br />

stipendia <strong>da</strong>swrebisaTvis, ganaTlebis Semdgomi<br />

gagrZelebis SesaZleblobebi, umcrosebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZleblobebi _ ufrosebisaTvis. amave<br />

sqemiT SeiZleba alternatiuli ganaTlebis mimwodeblebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>finansebas (rogoricaa dRis centrebi, bavSvTa<br />

centrebi an mobiluri <strong>quCis</strong> jgufebi), romlebic<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis serTificirebul ganaTlebas<br />

uzrunvelyofen.<br />

15. iuridiuli SezRudvebi, rogoricaa: skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba,<br />

ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis <strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministroebis<br />

erToblivi ZalisxmeviT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes.<br />

savaldebulo saskolo asakis imigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesabamisi sabuTebis armqone <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis specialuri<br />

statusis SemuSaveba erT-erTi alternativaa. es,<br />

saministros TanxmobiT, skolebs im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Caricxvis<br />

saSualebas miscems, visac yvela sabuTi wesrigSi<br />

ar aqvs. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis individualuri <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />

SeiZleba skolis `gauTvaliwinebeli SemTxvevebis~<br />

fondi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>finansebiT Seicvalos. es <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />

`inkluziuri ganaTlebis fondi<strong>da</strong>n~ SeiZleba modiodes<br />

<strong>da</strong> amisaTvis skolebma ganaTlebis saministros<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mimarTon manam, sanam bavSvi skolaSi yvela<br />

wesis <strong>da</strong>cviT Cairicxeba an sxva regionSi/skolaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>va. meore mxriv, adgilobriv organoebs SeuZlia<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis xarjebi maTi ganaTlebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri<br />

programebis biujeti<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>faros.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />

inkluziis meqanizmebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

16. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebs socialuri usafrTxoebis<br />

qselis ZiriTad elementebze xSirad xeli<br />

ar miuwvdebaT, radgan maT saxelmwifo mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis misaRebad aucilebeli sabuTebi<br />

ar aqvT. mTavrobam imigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, maT-<br />

Tvis, visac sabuTebi wesrigSi ar aqvT, an<strong>da</strong> maTTvis,<br />

visac ar aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli, bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

droebiTi meqanizmebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergos (jan<strong>da</strong>cva,<br />

socialuri momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba).<br />

maTTvis, visac <strong>da</strong>badebis mowmobebi ar aqvT, iuridiuli<br />

sabuTebis momzadebis procesis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde,<br />

ojaxebis an <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TviTidentifikacia <strong>da</strong>saSvebia.<br />

saxelmwifom aseve <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis<br />

Sesabamisi sabuTebis miReba un<strong>da</strong> gaamartivos<br />

<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom es procesi sruliad ufaso<br />

iyos, maT Soris sasamarTlo xarjebis uzrunvelyofa/gauqmeba<br />

rTuli SemTxvevebis dros. samoqalaqo<br />

reestris saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos SeuZlia moaxdinos aseTi SemTxvevebis<br />

registracia.<br />

17. arsebuli kanonmdebloba un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos, raTa<br />

uzrunvelyos im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> drouli <strong>da</strong>cvis praqtikuli<br />

meqanizmebi, romlebic im ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n modian<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c alkohols ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad moixmaren <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />

Zaladobaa gavrcelebuli. aseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />

bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis meqanizmebi aseTi ojaxebis kompleqsuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris alternativebTan un<strong>da</strong> iyos SeTavsebuli,<br />

romlebic ojaxebs am problemebTan gamklavebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmareba. 44<br />

18. arsebuli kanonmdebloba un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos, raTa<br />

uzrunvelyofili iyos <strong>bavSvebis</strong> azartul TamaSebSi<br />

monawileobis amkrZalavi efeqturi meqanizmebi. 45<br />

aseTi meqanizmebi registrirebul saTamaSo adgilebSi<br />

kontrolis sistemebs (magaliTad: `mistiuri<br />

momxmareblis~ meTodologiiT 46 ) <strong>da</strong> aseT adgilebSi<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />

mflobelTa iuridiul pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas un<strong>da</strong><br />

moicavdes.<br />

19. bavSTa <strong>da</strong>cva policielebis momzadebis aucilebeli<br />

komponenti un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes, raTa uzrunvelyos,<br />

rom policia gare Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> eqpluataciisagan<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>icavs <strong>da</strong> rom policia Tavad ar<br />

gamoiyenebs Zaladobas <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> winaaRmdeg an<br />

xels Seuwyobs maT kriminalizacias. SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>inergos<br />

policieli fsiqologis an socialuri muSakis<br />

44. amJamad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvis mkafio <strong>da</strong> specifiuri,<br />

koordinirebuli meqanizmebi an procedurebi ar arsebobs.<br />

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, yvela moqalaqem un<strong>da</strong><br />

Seatyobinos bavSvze Zaladobis nebismieri SemTxveva, magram<br />

kanoni ar gansazRvravs bavSvze Zaladobis formebs (Zaladobis<br />

zogadi definicia mocemulia ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis kanonSi, 3143-is, 2006-05-25). aseve kanoni<br />

ar gansazRvravs zustad vin un<strong>da</strong> Seatyobinos im SemTxvevebis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelic bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvas safrTxis winaSe ayenebs,<br />

Setyobinebas Semdeg ra konkretuli intervenciis procedurebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mohyves <strong>da</strong> ra <strong>da</strong>msjeli meqanizmebi arsebobs im SemTxveva-<br />

Si, Tu vinme ar Seatyobinebs msgavsi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />

45. kanoni arasrulwlovanTa saziano gavlenisgan <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb<br />

ukrZalavs arasrulwlovnebs azartul TamaSebSi Cabmas. Tumca,<br />

praqtikaSi ar arsebobs meqanizmi kanonis am debulebis aRsasruleblad.<br />

46. mistiuri momxmarebeli aris piri, romelic <strong>da</strong>qiravebulia<br />

imisTvis, rom inkognitod ewvios gansazRvrul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs,<br />

rogorc maTi klienti <strong>da</strong> Seamowmos maTi saqmianobebis zogierTi<br />

aspeqti, rogoricaa: momsaxurebis xarisxi an kanonTan Sesabamisoba.<br />

66 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


pozicia <strong>da</strong> es a<strong>da</strong>miani yvela im SemTxvevaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

adgilze, roca policias bavSvebTan pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontaqti<br />

aqvs. inovaciuri midgoma SeiZleba moicavdes<br />

meqanizms, romlis farglebSi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Sesabamis<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebel erovnul an adgilobr uwyebaSi policielTa<br />

mier Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb konfidencialuri<br />

saCivris Setana SeeZlebaT.<br />

zrunva bavSvebze, romlebsac arasakmarisi an saer-<br />

Tod ar gaaCniaT mSobelTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />

20. roca <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs ar hyavT, an droebiT ar Seu-<br />

ZliaT mSoblebTan cxovreba, naTesauri Svilobiloba<br />

prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes. sagan<strong>ge</strong>bo SemTxvevaSi<br />

zrunvis alternativebi (sagan<strong>ge</strong>bo Svilobiloba,<br />

krizisuli mzrunveloba mcire saojaxo tipis saxlebSi)<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inergos <strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi gaxdes <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />

romlebic quCaSi mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> farTo ojaxis mier Sesabamisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris arqonis<br />

gamo arian. es alternativebi Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong> moqnili<br />

<strong>da</strong>finansebis sqemebiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamyarebuli.<br />

amis msgavsad, zrunvis mcire <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis (mcire<br />

saojaxo tipis saxlebi patarebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> kontrolirebadi<br />

jgufuri saxlebi ufrosebisaTvis) ganvi-<br />

Tareba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visac mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

naTesavebi ar hyavs, did <strong>da</strong> Zvirian TavSesafrebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

21. yvela Q<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs Soris quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

yvelaze mcirericxovan, magram yvelaze meti sa-<br />

SiSroebis winaSe myof jgufs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. socialuri<br />

kontaqtebis sruli moSlis Semdeg (maT Soris<br />

ojaxebTanac), maT axali socialuri urTierTobebis<br />

Camoyalibeba mouwiaT, raTa Semosavlis gamomuSavebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> yoveldRiuri arsebobisaTvis SeewyoT xeli.<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi ukve <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

mimRebni arian <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblad warmarTaven<br />

sakuTar cxovrebas. Sesabamisad, maT ukve<br />

iswavles rogor iarsebon <strong>da</strong> maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera regularuli,<br />

struqturirebuli momsaxurebis gziT<br />

ufro kompleqsuria. momsaxureba quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis TanamSromelTa Soris yvelaze met<br />

profesionalizms moiTxovs. yvela SemTxveva calcalke<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes. mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

formebi SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli, rogoricaa:<br />

identifikaciis, sabaziso ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mimarTvebis<br />

SesamuSaveblad quCaSi mobiluri muSaoba; <strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli profesiuli ganaTleba an<br />

socialuri momsaxurebis sxva frTxilad SerCeuli<br />

tipebi. iseTi momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, romelic<br />

quCaSi cxovrebas aadvilebs (rogoricaa: <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

quCaSi gamokveba, tansacmlis miwodeba an mxolod<br />

Ramis TavSesafari) aramdgradi iqneba <strong>da</strong> ukuefeqts<br />

gamoiRebs Tu quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> problemebis<br />

gamomwvvi mizezebi ar aRmoifxvreba, an Tu bavSvebs<br />

quCaSi cxovrebaze ufro mimzidvel alternativebs<br />

ar SesTavazeben. gamonaklisia jan<strong>da</strong>cvis momsaxureba<br />

quCaSi <strong>da</strong> igi un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes. am momsaxurebis farglebSi,<br />

kvalificiurma samedicino personalma quCaSi<br />

mcxovreb bavSvebs periodulad ufaso gamokvleva <strong>da</strong><br />

mkurnaloba un<strong>da</strong> SesTavazos.<br />

22. <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Sesabamisi zrunvis garantireba<br />

mSoblis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo<br />

procesis savaldebulo elementi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes <strong>da</strong><br />

yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes socialuri mu-<br />

Sakebis CarTvas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom msgavsi debulebebi<br />

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobs,<br />

kvlevis dros gamovlin<strong>da</strong> SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvebi<br />

quCaSi aRmoCndnen imitom, rom maTi mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>apatimres<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareoba saTanadod ar iqna<br />

gamokvleuli, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c bavSvi mzrunvelobis<br />

gareSe an araadekvaturi zrunvis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> mozardebisaTvis specialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva<br />

23. kvleva cxadyofs, rom ufrosi asakis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, viszec mSoblebi<br />

ar zrunaven an didi xania quCaSi arian, ojaxebSi reintegracia<br />

an alternatiuli mzrunvelobis qveS<br />

moTavseba SeiZleba saukeTeso arCevani ar iyos.<br />

umjobesia, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis swavlebis<br />

meqanizmebi SemuSavdes <strong>da</strong> bavSvze zrunvis momsaxurebis<br />

nawili gaxdes. es meqanizmebi quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />

mozardebisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes: droebiT kontrolirebad<br />

jgufur saxlebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

_ wera-kiTxvis gakveTilebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> profesiul<br />

ganaTlebas/rCevebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi<br />

arsebul socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sxva meqanizmebs un<strong>da</strong><br />

ukavSirdebodes. es yvelaferi SeiZleba mTavrobis im<br />

Zalisxmevis nawili gaxdes, romelic axalgazrdobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri inkluziis strategiis ganviTarebis<br />

gziT axalgazrdobis umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolas iTvaliswinebs.<br />

24. am meqanizmebTan erTad, saxelmwifom sabaziso/sa-<br />

Sualo ganaTlebis doneze sasicocxlo/profesiuli<br />

unarebis gamomuSavebaze un<strong>da</strong> izrunos <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonSi cvlilebebi Seitanos,<br />

romelic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi profesiuli<br />

ganaTlebis centrebs im mozardebisaTvis, visac<br />

savaldebulo ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>srulebis saSualeba ar<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>, miRebis moTxovnebis Semcirebis saSualebas<br />

miscems (amJamad, erT-erT aseT moTxovnas 9 klasis<br />

atestati warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns).<br />

erToblivi moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> TanamSromloba<br />

25. saxelmwifom <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis keTildReobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvaze pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> arapir<strong>da</strong>pir pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bel<br />

uwyebebs Soris (skolebis, samedicino<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis, socialuri muSakebis, saxelmwifo<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebis, socialuri momsaxurebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> policiis CaTvliT) TanamSromlobis, informaciis<br />

gaziarebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierT-mimarTvis formalizaciisaTvis<br />

Sesabamisi iuridiuli CarCos arseboba un<strong>da</strong><br />

uzrunvelyos.<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 67


26. saxelmwifo uwyebebma, romlebic bavSvisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxis keTildReobazea pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli, im qveynebis<br />

Sesabamis uwyebebeTan un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon, romlebic<br />

imigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis warmo-<br />

Sobis yvelaze gavrcelebul adgils warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns <strong>da</strong><br />

erToblivad un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavon meqanizmebi, romlebic<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis sazRvrebs gareT ojaxis migraciis potenciur<br />

riskebs Seamcirebs.<br />

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze<br />

1. adgilobrivi administracia im qalaqebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi SeiniSneba, pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

<strong>da</strong> adekvaturi resursebi un<strong>da</strong> hqondes <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

adgilobrivad Sesabamisi socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. gamovlenili saWiroebebis<br />

mixedviT, es momsaxureba SeiZleba moicavdes:<br />

mobiluri <strong>quCis</strong> jgufebs <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

ojaxebis gamovlenis mizniT, <strong>quCis</strong> ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong><br />

mimarTvebs; dRis centrebs <strong>da</strong> skolis Semdgom programebs<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, vinc quCaSi did dros atarebs<br />

mSoblebis aryofnis an xangrZlivi samuSao dRis gamo;<br />

ufaso mobilur jan<strong>da</strong>cvis momsaxurebas, romelic<br />

quCaSi myof bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> saxlSi <strong>da</strong>rCenil maT ojaxis<br />

wevrebs moemsaxureba; droebiT TavSesafars <strong>quCis</strong><br />

mcire asakis bavSvebTan erTad myofi dedebisaTvis,<br />

romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialuri usafrTxoebis<br />

sxva qselebTan iqneba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />

amasTan, adgilobrivma xelisuflebam un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Wras<br />

qalaqebSi usaxlkarobis problema, magaliTad: droebiTi<br />

kontrolirebadi socialuri sacxovreblis<br />

SeTavazebis gziT.<br />

2. adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam, qalaqebis specifikis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, socialuri inkluziis strategiebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos <strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos. mtkicebulebiT<br />

gamyarebul sazogadoebriv saWiroebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />

es strategiebi SeiZleba moicavdes Semdegs:<br />

siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilobrivi<br />

meqanizmebi; mozardebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli cxovrebis<br />

adgilobrivi strategiebi (profesiuli ganaTlebis<br />

programebisa <strong>da</strong> mozardebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis meqanizmebis<br />

SemuSaveba, finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> droebiTi <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

<strong>da</strong> kontrolirebadi sacxovrebeli) <strong>da</strong> RonisZiebebi,<br />

romlebic ZiriTadi sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n devnilTa<br />

ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gariyvis winaaRmdeg aris<br />

mimarTuli. umciresobis jgufebis (rogoricaa: boSebi<br />

an imigranti ojaxebi) efeqturi <strong>da</strong>farvis mizniT<br />

kargi iqneba, Tu adgilobrivi struqturebi (socialuri<br />

muSakebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis jgufebi) am<br />

jgufebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis, rogorc fasilitatorebis,<br />

CarTvasa <strong>da</strong> trenings ganixilaven.<br />

3. sazogadoebaSi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebs<br />

(rogoricaa: skolebi, fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba,<br />

socialuri muSakebi, samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi,<br />

socialuri momsaxureba, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />

policia <strong>da</strong> sxvebi) Soris TanamSromlobis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad, adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam rigi<br />

RonisZiebebisa un<strong>da</strong> gaataros, raTa krizisis drouli<br />

aRmoCena <strong>da</strong> adreuli multi-seqtoruli Careva<br />

uzrunvelyos. rogorc msgavsi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

qselebis komponenti, adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam<br />

adgilobrivi socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis yovlismomcveli<br />

informaciuli paketi un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos, un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos<br />

sainformacio kampaniebi adgilobrivad arsebuli<br />

socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

formebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis drouli mimarTva arsebul<br />

momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>mWer struqturebSi.<br />

skolis doneze<br />

1. vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi maT ojaxebSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri<br />

pirobebis <strong>da</strong> skolis gareT maTi<br />

saqmianobis gamo sxva <strong>bavSvebis</strong>, maTi ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

maswavleblebis mier stigmatizebulebi arian, decentralizirebuli<br />

skolis doneze SemuSavebuli politika<br />

Semdeg sakiTxebs SeiZleba moicavdes: swavlebis<br />

individualuri/moqnili midgoma, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTqmedebis<br />

xarisxi, upasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobisa <strong>da</strong> abuCad<br />

agdebis wes-Cveuleba. skolis usafrTxo saxelmwifo<br />

politika, romelic skolis TanamSromlebsa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebs<br />

Soris urTierTobasa <strong>da</strong> pozitiuri garemos<br />

Seqmnaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, msgavsi cvlilebebis<br />

ganxorcielebisaTvis kargi safuZvelia.<br />

2. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier quCaSi gatarebuli drois gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

skolam <strong>da</strong>wyebiT klasebSi skolisSemdgomi<br />

saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebebis jgufebis, saRamo klasebisa<br />

an mentoruli sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergvis SesaZlebloba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganixilos. maRal klasebSi ki, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi, moqnili<br />

araformaluri klasebis, mentoruli meqanizmebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> karieris Sesaxeb rCevis SeTavazebis mizniT,<br />

SesaZlebelia axalgazrduli resurs-centrebis<br />

Camoyalibeba.<br />

3. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTobebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />

mizniT, pe<strong>da</strong>gogigikis fsiqo-socialuri aspeqtebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kurikulumis swavlebis individualuri midgomis<br />

Temaze maswavlebelTa treningi maswavlebelTa<br />

momzadebis aucilebeli komponenti un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes. amavdroulad,<br />

skolebi mSobeli-skolis kavSiris gaumjobesebaze<br />

un<strong>da</strong> muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong> exmarebodnen ojaxebs,<br />

raTa maT xeli Seuwyon <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis<br />

gagrZlebas.<br />

4. `inkluziuri ganaTlebis fondis~ farglebSi skolebs<br />

un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT SesaZlebloba mixedon im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

problemebs, romlebic skolaSi ukiduresi<br />

ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo ar <strong>da</strong>dian. es SeiZleba<br />

miznobrivi stipendiebis an uprocento saswavlo<br />

sesxebis gacemis gziT ganxorcieldes, rac bavSvis<br />

mier skolis <strong>da</strong>swrebaze iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. aseve<br />

SesaZlebelia saskolo wignebis sesxebis meqanizmebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />

68 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


programebi<br />

1. programuli midgoma mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> ganasxvavebdes<br />

prevencias, adreul Carevasa <strong>da</strong> didi xnis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan<br />

muSaobas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, quCaSi mcxovreb <strong>da</strong><br />

quCaSi aqtiur bavSvebs gansxvavebuli momsaxureba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> SesTavazos. programis dizaini arCeuli midgomis<br />

specifikas un<strong>da</strong> gamoxatavdes, magaliTad, Tu<br />

programa didi xnis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobas iTvaliswinebs,<br />

man mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros maTi saWiroebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> Zlieri mxareebi <strong>da</strong> savaraudod, mobiluri<br />

<strong>da</strong>farvis meqanizmebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis xangrZlivad<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis SesaZleblobebis gamomuSavebaze<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos mimarTuli. programebma, romlebic<br />

jer kidev ojaxTan erTad mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

saWiroebebzea mimarTuli, individualuri ojaxis<br />

konteqstSi arsebuli sakiTxis an sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />

kompetencia <strong>da</strong> midgoma un<strong>da</strong> gamoimuSavos.<br />

yuradReba droSi SezRudul, kargad mor<strong>ge</strong>bul <strong>da</strong><br />

Zlier fokusirebul intervenciaze un<strong>da</strong> gamaxvildes<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> individis doneze am Carevis efeqtis gazomvis<br />

indikatorebi un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes.<br />

2. yvela <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvisaTvis, romelic momsaxurebaSi<br />

an programebSi arian CarTuli, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

<strong>da</strong> upirvelesi nabiji ojaxis wevrebis identificireba,<br />

(Tu isini arseboben ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>) aRmoCena<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTTan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myarebaa. orive mSobliT oboli<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis es naTesavebis ufro farTo wris identificirebas<br />

gulisxmobs. aseve, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis mizniT,<br />

qveynis SigniT migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

ojaxebis warmoSobis adgilebSi naTesavebisa <strong>da</strong> axloblebis<br />

moZiebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Zalisxmeva un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

ganxorcielebuli. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

farTo sazogadoeba momsaxurebis miwodebaSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos CarTuli. intervenciebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>,<br />

ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis arsebul <strong>da</strong> individualuri<br />

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil Zlier mxareebs <strong>da</strong><br />

ara saWiroebebs un<strong>da</strong> eyrdnobodes <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliwinebdes<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis CarTvas im <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

programis SemuSavebaSi, romelic maT Seexeba.<br />

3. ojaxuri krizisi, romelic <strong>quCis</strong> saqmianobaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

CarTvas uwyobs xels, mxolod erT bavSvze ki ar<br />

axdens gavlenas, aramed mTel ojaxze. programebma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon beneficiari <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis <strong>da</strong>-<br />

Zmebis CarTuloba imave <strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi. programebma,<br />

romlebic beneficiari <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebTan muSaobas<br />

<strong>ge</strong>gmaven, un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavon fokusirebuli, saWiroebasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> resursebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli ojaxuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

formebi (an msgavsi formebisadmi mimarTvis sistema),<br />

rogoricaa: fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba ojaxebisaTvis<br />

ojaxuri Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> alkoholis moxmarebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis mosagvareblad;<br />

ekonomikuri gaaqtiurebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli konsultaciis programebi ojaxebisaTvis;<br />

ojaxuri fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebi im<br />

mSoblebisaTvis, romlebic ganqorwinebis/meored<br />

qorwinebis process gadian <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis;<br />

ojaxis avadmyof wevrebze adgilze zrunva; sazogadoebaSi<br />

arsebuli iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

meqanizmebis Sesaxeb sruli informaciis miwodeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> am meqanizmebis xelmisawvdomobis xelSewyoba.<br />

4. zogi ojaxi kontaqtis winaaRmdegi iqneba, radgan an<br />

dro ar aqvs, momsaxurebis TanamSromlebis mier moraluri<br />

gakicxvis eSiniaT, ojaxuri stresorebis gamo<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebi aRar ainteresebT, an sxva mizezebis<br />

gamo. ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris SesaZleblobebi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos SezRuduli <strong>da</strong> fokusirebuli mxolod im ojaxebze,<br />

vinc Tavad mimarTavs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas; un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes<br />

<strong>da</strong>farvis meqanizmebi, raTa mSoblebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba<br />

moxdes iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c imyofebian. es meqanizmebi SeiZleba<br />

iyos vizitebi saxlebSi an samuSao adgilze, quCaSi,<br />

cixeebsa an samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi. am programebs<br />

(mobilur jgufebs) moqnili samuSao grafiki<br />

un<strong>da</strong> hqondes (maT Soris quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> saRamos programebi), raTa ojaxebs samuSaosgan<br />

an sxva valdebulebebisagan Tavisufal dros <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen.<br />

bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera im gziT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRmouCinon, rom arsebuli ojaxuri kavSiri ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>ziandes. programebi ojaxis amJamindeli arsebobis<br />

strategiaSi minimalurad un<strong>da</strong> ereodes <strong>da</strong> etapobrivad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> uwyobdes xels alternativebis gamonaxvaSi.<br />

5. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki martoxela mSoblebis ojaxebi an naTesavebi,<br />

romlebic zrunaven bavSvze, aRzrdis saqmeSi<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras saWiroebs. xSirad, es momsaxurebis moqnil<br />

miwodebas <strong>da</strong> uflebebis, movaleobebis <strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />

aRzrdis saqmeSi sazogadoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb<br />

mzrunvelebis informirebas gulisxmobs.<br />

6. programebma, romlebic migrant an umciresobis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nel<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobas <strong>ge</strong>gmavs, `usafrTxo<br />

migraciis~ sainformacio paketebi (romelic<br />

srul informacias moicavs skolis, socialuri<br />

momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis arsebuli<br />

variantebis Sesaxeb) un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos, raTa axal garemoSi<br />

migranti ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> a<strong>da</strong>ptacias<br />

Seuwyos xeli. inovaciuri midgoma eTnikuri umciresobis<br />

warmomad<strong>ge</strong>neli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis<br />

(rogoricaa boSebi) problemebis mosagvareblad<br />

SeiZleba iyos am umciresobis jgufebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis<br />

swavleba <strong>da</strong> fasilitatorebad programebSi<br />

CarTva, radgan isini ukeT icnoben am jgufebs.<br />

7. programebma, romlebic <strong>quCis</strong> mozardebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />

iTvaliswinebs, mozardebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis<br />

programebis SeumuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />

Sesabamisi kompetencia, midgoma <strong>da</strong> kavSirebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaros. es programebi SeiZleba moicavdes<br />

kontrolirebul jgufur sacxovrebels, alternatiul<br />

<strong>da</strong> profesiul ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli<br />

unarebis swavlebas an sazogadoebaSi arsebul msgavs<br />

programebTan kavSirs. amis msgavsad, programebma,<br />

romlebic toqsikuri nivTierebebis momxmarebeli<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 69


<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong> reabilitacias<br />

iTavliswinebs, un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom kvalificiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> momzadebuli personali hyavs, romelsac<br />

ara mxolod nivTierebebis moxmarebis <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />

efeqtTan, aramed aseve bavSvis ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />

ufro xangrZliv fsiqo-socialur Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan<br />

gamklaveba SeuZlia.<br />

8. programebi, romlebic skolis miRma myofi <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis ganaTlebis miwodebas iTvaliswinebs,<br />

serTificirebul an sxvagvarad oficialurad aRiarebul<br />

kurikulums un<strong>da</strong> efuZnebodes <strong>da</strong> efeqturobis<br />

gasazomad indikatorebi un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos. saswavlo<br />

programebi (quCaSi, centrebSi an saxlebSi)<br />

moqnili ganrigiT <strong>da</strong> miwodebis formiT un<strong>da</strong> gamoir-<br />

Ceodes, rom ojaxTan kavSirs <strong>da</strong> arsebobis strategiebs<br />

ar uSlides xels. programebma SeiZleba Semdeg<br />

midgomebze gaamaxvilos yuradReba: mobiluri<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> ganaTleba, saRamos araformaluri ganaTleba<br />

<strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxvis gakveTilebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />

`<strong>da</strong>sawevi~ klasebi an individualuri mentorobis<br />

meqanizmebi, romelTa miwodeba saWiroebis SemTxveva-<br />

Si bavSvis saxlSic iqneba SesaZlebeli. mSoblebis/<br />

mzunvelebis informireba ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis<br />

Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> maTTvis xelis Sewyoba, raTa bavSvebs skolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>valebis momzadebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmaron, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

saswavlo programebis mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />

zogjer, am programebisaTvis ojaxis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />

wevris wera-kiTxvis arcodnis an ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

donis aRmofxvra SeiZleba iyos aucilebeli. Sesabamisad,<br />

am programebma <strong>da</strong>matebiTi kompetenciebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoimuSavos, rom zr<strong>da</strong>srulTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi<br />

efeqturi iyos.<br />

saswavlo programebi SeiZleba aseve miznad isaxavdes<br />

skolis miRma myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> formaluri skolis<br />

sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebas, an ukve Caricxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mier skolis mitovebis xelis SeSlas. am miznebis misaRwevad<br />

saWiroa, rom saswavlo programebma adgilobriv<br />

sajaro skolebTan Zalian mWidro kavSiri<br />

<strong>da</strong>amyaron <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebisaTvis, moswavleebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

mSoblebisaTvis sensitizaciis programebi ganaxorcielon,<br />

raTa skolaSi stigmatizacia <strong>da</strong> diskriminacia<br />

Seamciron.<br />

9. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze momuSave programebi vakuumSi ar<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moqmedebdes, aramed <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />

arsebul Sesabamis socialur programebs Soris<br />

mudmiv kavSirs un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes. programebi<br />

aseve un<strong>da</strong> zrunavdes maTi implementaciisaTvis<br />

kargi garemos Sesaqmnelad, rogorc Signi<strong>da</strong>n (<strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebTan momuSave personalis<br />

mudmivi treningisa <strong>da</strong> unarebis gaZlierebis gziT),<br />

aseve gare<strong>da</strong>n, adgilobrivi miznobrivi sainformacio<br />

<strong>da</strong> advokatirebis kampaniebis ganxorcielebis<br />

meSveobiT. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebisaTvis kargi<br />

garemos mSeneblobis mniSvnelovani komponenti<br />

ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sazogadoebis cnobierebis ama-<br />

Rlebis kampaniebTan SeTavseba SeiZleba iyos. es kampaniebi<br />

SeiZleba quCaSi maTxovrobis winaaRmdeg iyos<br />

mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> xalxs mouwodebdes, rom quCaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />

fulis micemis nacvlad <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

programebs <strong>da</strong>exmaron.<br />

70 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


ibliografia<br />

ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros oficialuri<br />

yovelwliuri statistika ganaTlebis<br />

Sesaxeb (Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili EMIS-is mier), gamoqyveynebuli<br />

ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros mier<br />

(2007), xelmisawvdomia Semdeg veb-misamarTze:<br />

http://www.mes.gov.<strong>ge</strong> (ixileT kvlevebis bmuli)<br />

saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti; http://<br />

www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong><br />

Aptekar, Lewis (2000), A GlobalView of Street Children in<br />

the Year 2000, San Jose State University Press<br />

Aptekar, Lewis (2001), Street Children in the Developing<br />

World: A Review of Their Condition; San Jose State University<br />

Press<br />

Bolton, Paul; Murray, Laura; Semrau, Katherine; Wessells,<br />

Michael (2006), Causes of Children Living on the Street in<br />

Urban Georgia: A Qualitative Assessment; Boston University<br />

School of Public Health & Columbia University Program<br />

on Forced Migration and Health, for the Center for<br />

International Health, for Save the Children and USAID<br />

Edmonds, Eric V. (2005), Understanding Child Labor: Patterns,<br />

Types and Causes, in: E-Journal USA – Economic<br />

Perspectives, the U.S. Department of State/the Bureau of<br />

International Information Programs, May 2005<br />

Georgian State Department of Statistics; http://www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong><br />

International Monetary Fund (2007), Georgia: Sixth Review<br />

Under the Three-Year Arran<strong>ge</strong>ment Under the<br />

Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Country Report<br />

No.07/299, Middle East and Central Asia Department,<br />

IMF<br />

International Republican Institute (2007), “Georgian National<br />

Voter Study”, IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys/The Gallup<br />

Organization, IPM<br />

James-Wilson D., (2007); Building Brid<strong>ge</strong>s to Mainstream<br />

Opportunities; Displaced Children & Orphans Fund Guid-<br />

ance on Funding Priorities and Parameters for Street Children<br />

Programming<br />

Koller, S.H., Hutz, C.S. (1995), Street Children: Psychological<br />

Perspectives in: Interamerican Journal of Psychology,<br />

Volume 29<br />

Malcolm, J. (2001), A Study on Street Children in Zimbabwe;<br />

Project Concern International Zambia (2002), Rapid<br />

Assessment of Street Children in Lusaka.<br />

Milne, B., (March 2007), Assessment of the Situation of<br />

Street Children in Georgia; Research Design and Programme<br />

Planning; UNICEF Georgia<br />

Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, official Education<br />

Statistics Yearbook (compiled by EMIS), published<br />

by MoES (2007) and accessible via http://www.mes.gov.<strong>ge</strong><br />

(go to Publications)<br />

Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights & Institute for Policy<br />

Studies (2006), Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in<br />

Georgia: An Assessment of Current Standings of Law and<br />

Practice Regarding Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in<br />

Georgia, and Recommen<strong>da</strong>tions for Future United Nations<br />

Country Team Involvement. UN Country Team of<br />

Georgia, Tbilisi<br />

Panter-Brick, Catherine (2003); “Street Children, Human<br />

Rights and Public Health” in Children, Youth and Environments<br />

Volume 13 No. 1<br />

Petersen, C., Maier, S.F., Seligman, M.E.P. (1995). Learned<br />

Helplessness: A Theory for the A<strong>ge</strong> of Personal Control.<br />

New York: Oxford University Press<br />

Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006):<br />

School-to-Work Transition and Youth Inclusion in Georgia;<br />

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development<br />

/ The World Bank<br />

Rosati, F.C., Rossi, M (2007), Impact of school quality on<br />

child labor and school atten<strong>da</strong>nce: the case of CONAFE<br />

Compensatory Education Program in Mexico, World<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 71


Bank, UNICEF and ILO - Understanding Children’s Work<br />

(UCW) Project, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Faculty<br />

of Economics<br />

Svintadze, Ia; Ubiria, Grigol (2007), How Poverty Separates<br />

Families: Impact of International Labour Migration<br />

on Families and Children in Georgia, Eurasia Foun<strong>da</strong>tion<br />

Caucasus Research Resource Centre (CRRC) Fellowship<br />

Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), State of the World’s<br />

Street Children: Violence, Consortium for Street Children<br />

Street Children Series, London<br />

UNICEF Georgia (2007), Early Childhood Development in<br />

Georgia – Findings from the National Baseline Study<br />

UNICEF’s INNOCENTI Social Monitor (2006); Understanding<br />

Child Poverty in South-Eastern Europe and the<br />

Commonwealth of Independent States<br />

UN ODCCP, UNICEF and WFP (June 2001); Rapid Situation<br />

Assessment on the Situation of Street Children in<br />

Cairo and Alexandria<br />

Wargan, K.; Aslanishvili, T. (2007): Rapid Assessment of<br />

Four Residential Care “Shelters” in Tbilisi; USAID/Save<br />

the Children for the Ministry of Education and Science<br />

of Georgia<br />

White, Harrison C. (1992); Identity and Control: A Structural<br />

Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton<br />

University Press;<br />

World Bank, the Partnership for Child Development<br />

(PCD) at Imperial Colle<strong>ge</strong>, London, and UNICEF (2006):<br />

Ensuring Education Access for Orphans and Vulnerable<br />

Children - A Planners’ Handbook, 2nd Edition<br />

World Vision International, Georgia (upcoming): A Study<br />

of Street Children in Western Georgia (Kutaisi and Batumi<br />

cities)<br />

72 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>da</strong>narTebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>narTi 1 – qalaqebis<br />

mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi<br />

Tbilisi<br />

TbilisSi saqarTvelos masStabiT yvelaze meti qu-<br />

Cis bavSvia. maTi <strong>raodenoba</strong>, wertilovan Sefasebaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, saSualod 600-ia <strong>da</strong> masqimum 950-s<br />

aRwevs. wertilovani Sefaseba Semodgomis TveebSi<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, es cifrebi zafxulis TveebSi<br />

SeiZleba ufro maRali iyos.<br />

TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganawileba asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis<br />

mixedviT zogadi SerCevisgan mniSvnelovnad ar<br />

gansxvavdeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Tbilisi qveynis<br />

Signi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

mTavari <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilia, sxva sam qalaqTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi aramigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze<br />

maRali proporciiT gamoirCeva, rac imas niSnavs, rom<br />

TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas mTeli cxovreba<br />

am qalaqSi aqvs gatarebuli.<br />

sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT TbilisSi yvelaze maRalia<br />

quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia (37%),<br />

magram aseve maRalia imaTi procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

visac quCaSi erTi Tve (an meti xani) arasdros ucxovria.<br />

TbilisSi sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aseve<br />

maRalia im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong>,<br />

vinc Rameebs megobris saxlSi atarebs, xolo dRisiT<br />

ojaxis wevrebTan erTad quCaSia.<br />

sxva qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT, TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas arasdros hqonia periodi<br />

cxovrebaSi, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>sTan an mamasTan kavSiri<br />

Seuwyvetia. TbilisSi yvelaze metia procentuli<br />

maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a (80%), visac mama imave qalaq-<br />

Si hyavs <strong>da</strong> visac yoveldRiuri kavSiri aqvs mSoblebTan.<br />

magram TbilisSi procentulad yvelaze maRalia<br />

im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, visac farTo socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera (imave qalaqSi sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis<br />

yofna) ar aqvs. Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />

gaWirvebis done Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balia (2.2). mSoblebis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong> siRaribe naklebad mniSvnelovania,<br />

vidre sxva qalaqebis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis. aseve yvelaze<br />

maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> (17%),<br />

vinc ambobs, rom maT ojaxs problemebi ar aqvs.<br />

Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 90% amJamad skolaSi ar iricxeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> 64%-s arasdros uvlia skolaSi, rac sakmaod<br />

maRali maCvenebelia. skolaSi wausvlelobis<br />

ori mTavari mizezi<strong>da</strong>n skolis mimarT interesis <strong>da</strong>kargva<br />

ufro xSirad saxeldeba. aseve, xSiria ojaxis<br />

uari <strong>da</strong> skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis saWiro sabuTebis<br />

mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. gar<strong>da</strong><br />

amisa, Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ufro metad fiqroben,<br />

rom ver iswavlian. isini fuls maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong> - sxva<br />

sam qalaqTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT iSviaTad - muSaobiT<br />

Souloben. oTx qalaqs Soris Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />

ufro metad amboben, rom fuls ZaliT sxvebi (ara<br />

mSoblebi) arTmeven.<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi Zalian maRalia im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

proporcia, visac arasdros gamouyenebia socialuri<br />

momsaxureba (87%). magaliTad, ramdenime bavSvma<br />

aRniSna, rom ico<strong>da</strong> dRis centris arsebobis Sesaxeb,<br />

magram maTgan mxolod 2%-ma Tqva, rom dRis saaTebs<br />

atarebs iq, <strong>da</strong> isic mxolod zamTarSi. absolutur<br />

ricxvebSi, kvlevis maqsimaluri Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

es niSnavs, rom de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi 950 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

825-ze mets arasdros miuRia raime <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />

es faqti SeiZleba nawilobriv qalaqis mwiri socialuri<br />

momsaxurebiT aixsnas, romelic raodenobrivad<br />

farTo miznobrivi jgufis <strong>da</strong>safaravad sakmarisi ar<br />

aris. meorec, TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis momsaxureba<br />

qalaqis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ubnebSi aris mimofantuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT Soris Zalian mwiri an saerTod ar aris kavSiri.<br />

magaliTad, mobiluri <strong>da</strong>farvis jgufma SeiZleba<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan qalaqis centrSi imuSavos, magram<br />

yvelaze axlo dRis zrunvis <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

maT bavSvis gagzavna SeuZliaT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10 kilometriT<br />

aris <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli <strong>da</strong> sxva ubanSia. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />

monacemebi cxadyofs, rom TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />

yvelaze met sar<strong>ge</strong>bels im profesiuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

miiReben, romelic maT mSoblebze negatiuri gavlenis<br />

mqone kompleqsur siZneleebs gaumklavdeba. mSoblebi,<br />

rogorc wesi, sxva naTesavebisgan Zalian mwir an<br />

saerTod araviTar <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ar iReben. qalaqSi arsebul<br />

momsaxurebas am rolis Sesasruleblad Sez-<br />

Ruduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs.<br />

Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebi yvelaze met<br />

sar<strong>ge</strong>bels ubnebis mixedviT bavSvisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

momsaxurebis qselebis CamoyalibebiT miiRebdnen,<br />

romlis farglebSic <strong>da</strong>farvis jgufebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

formebi konkretul adgilze mijaWvuli beneficiarebis<br />

SezRuduli raodenobisaTvis iqnebo<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi.<br />

msgavs ubnis qselebs eyolebo<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 73


<strong>da</strong>farvis jgufi, eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T bavSvze zrunvis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />

(maT Soris arsebuli skolebis SigniT) <strong>da</strong><br />

ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kvalificiuri SesaZleblobebi.<br />

aseve, un<strong>da</strong> ganviTardes asakis Sesabamisi mcire saojaxo<br />

tipis saxlebi <strong>da</strong> supervizirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

sacxovreblebi.<br />

rusTavi<br />

wertilovan Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, rusTavSi <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> saSualo <strong>raodenoba</strong> 100, xolo maqsimum 150<br />

bavSvia. aq gacilebiT maRalia <strong>quCis</strong> biWebis <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />

(85%), vidre <strong>quCis</strong> gogonebis <strong>da</strong> qalaqis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

TiTqmis 80% 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakisaa. <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevarze mets (<strong>da</strong> orjer mets vidre sxva<br />

qalaqebSi) mTeli cxovreba rusTavSi ar ucxovria;<br />

amaTgan 90% saqarTvelos sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n migranti<br />

bavSvebia. rusTavSi aseve yvelaze maRalia – qalaqis<br />

SerCevis TiTqmis naxevari – im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>.<br />

es SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT, rom rusTavi xelovnurad<br />

Seqmnili <strong>urbanuli</strong> centria <strong>da</strong> rom misi<br />

macxovreblebis umravlesoba rusTavis qarxnebSi<br />

samuSaod ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, magram ojaxebi kvlav warmoSobis<br />

adgilas hyavT.<br />

gamokiTxvis Catarebis momentisaTvis rusTavSi<br />

oTxive qalaqs Soris quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebli iyo (11%), magram Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

maRalia procentuli maCvenebeli quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi<br />

mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a, vinc quCaSi erTi Tvis an meti<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. es bavSvebi rusTavSi,<br />

quCaSi zafxulis Rameebs gacilebiT metad atareben<br />

vidre zamTarSi; zafxulis TveebSi, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevarze<br />

meti Rameebs quCaSi atarebs (igive maCvenebeli<br />

zamTarSi mxolod 10%-ia). rusTavi erTaderTi qalaqia,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c arcerT bavSvs ar uTqvams, rom quCaSi Rames<br />

ojaxis wevrebTan erTad atarebs <strong>da</strong> mxolod cotam<br />

(3 %-ma) aRniSna, rom zamTris an zafxulis dReebs<br />

quCaSi mSoblebTan/naTesavebTan erTad atarebs. sxva<br />

qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT rusTavSi aseve procentulad<br />

yvelaze <strong>da</strong>balia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc quCaSi<br />

mTel dRes imyofeba.<br />

oTxive qalaqs Soris rusTavSi procentulad yvelaze<br />

metia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, visac orive mSobeli<br />

cocxali hyavs (70%) <strong>da</strong> yvelaze <strong>da</strong>balia orive<br />

mSobliT oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> (3%). rusTavis<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas (93%) de<strong>da</strong> rusTavSi<br />

hyavs, magram erTi mesamedis mama imave qalaqSi ar<br />

aris. maT ufro meti zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi hyavT imave<br />

qalaqSi, vidre sxva qalaqebis bavSvebs. Sesabamisad,<br />

maT oTxive qalaqs Soris yvelaze maRali socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris done aqvT. isini aseve ufro metad<br />

moixsenieben mSoblebs, rogorc mTavar mzrunvelebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> Zalian mcirea im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong>,<br />

vinc ambobs, rom maTze aravin zrunavs. magram<br />

rusTavSi bavSvebi gaWirvebis yvelaze maRal dones<br />

asaxeleben (3.2), sa<strong>da</strong>c ekonomikuri sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mSoblebis umuSevroba pirvel adgilze figurirebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad vidre sxva qalaqebSi. rusTavis <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier gamovlenili sxva yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />

problemebs Sorisaa: alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />

Zaladoba, romlebic gacilebiT ufro xSirad saxeldeba<br />

vidre sxva qalaqebSi.<br />

skolaSi Caricxvis done rusTavSi oTxive qalaqs Soris<br />

yvelaze maRalia mTlian SerCevaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod<br />

14% iricxeba skolaSi, rusTavSi ki igive maCvenebeli<br />

50%-s aRwevs. rusTavi erTaderTi qalaqia, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> garkveuli procenti intervius dReebSi<br />

skolas eswrebo<strong>da</strong>. skolis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenili <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

sam meoTxeds skola mitovebuli aqvs (mTlian SerCeva-<br />

Si igive maCvenebeli 42%-ia) <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

erT meoTxeds arasdros uvlia skolaSi. skolaSi ar<strong>da</strong>swrebis<br />

mTavar mizezad ekonomikuri problemebi<br />

saxeldeba; imave konteqstSi rusTavis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />

ufro xSirad asaxeleben ojaxSi janmrTelobis<br />

problemebs vidre sxva qalaqebis bavSvebi. rusTavSi<br />

naklebia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia, visac skola ar ainteresebs,<br />

magram bavSvebi warsulSi skolaSi cu<strong>da</strong>d<br />

mopyrobas ufro xSirad uCivian vidre sxva qalaqebSi.<br />

rusTavSi aseve Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia (80%, mTliani Ser-<br />

Cevis 50%-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) wera-kiTxvis mcodne <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> (zogs qarTula<strong>da</strong>c<br />

<strong>da</strong> rusula<strong>da</strong>c SeuZlia wera-kiTxva).<br />

oTx qalaqs Soris rusTavis bavSvebi yvelaze naklebad<br />

Souloben fuls maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong> ufro metad<br />

_ muSaobiT. maTma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalma <strong>raodenoba</strong>m<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom gamomuSavebul fuls ojaxis saWiroebebs<br />

axmars. amave qalaqSi yvelaze maRalia proporcia<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a (TiTqmis 40%) visac gamokiTxvamde<br />

erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi fuli ar sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>/ar<br />

gamoumuSavebia. sainteresoa, rom rusTavis bavSvebi<br />

momavalze fiqrisas Zalian mizanmimarTulebi arian<br />

– maTSi procentulad yvelaze metia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc samsaxuris SovniTaa <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> arcerT bavSvs ar gamouTqvams aseTi cxovrebis<br />

gagrZelebis survili.<br />

saSualod, rusTavis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs sami sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb gaugia (oTxive qalaqSi<br />

informirebulobis yvelaze maRali done). rusTavi<br />

er<strong>da</strong>derTi qalaqia, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro metia iseTi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

wili, visac socialuri momsaxureoba gamouyenebia<br />

– aq <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 60%-s erTi an ramdenime socialuri<br />

momsaxurebiT usar<strong>ge</strong>blia. es erTderTi jgufia<br />

oTxive qalaqs Soris, romelic Rameebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

instituciebSi ar atarebs. rusTavi aseve erTaderTi<br />

qalaqia, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>bavSvebis</strong> garkveuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> mudmivad<br />

CarTuli Cans dRis centrebis saqmianobaSi –<br />

3% ambobs, rom zafxulis dReebis umetes nawils iq<br />

atarebs, 9%- zamTris dReebs <strong>da</strong> 16%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

wina dRis umetesi saaTebi centrSi gaatara. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

rusTavSi amJamad mxolod erTi aseTi centria (sapovnela,<br />

romelic aSS-s ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos mier<br />

finansirebuli `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ proeqtis<br />

74 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


– axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi farglebSi funqcionirebs),<br />

savaraudoa, rom bavSvebi swored am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis<br />

Sesaxeb saubroben.<br />

socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb codnisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali done am bavSvebze gamiznul<br />

koordinirebul <strong>da</strong> moklevadian Zalisxmevas Sei-<br />

Zleba mieweros. TanamSromlebis angariSebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />

samuSaos didi nawili miznobriv jgufsa <strong>da</strong><br />

momsaxurebis mimwodebel profesionalebs Soris<br />

komunikaciis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong>eTmo. sainteresoa,<br />

rom proeqtis axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

rusTavSi mxolod erTi mobiluri jgufi iyo, dRis<br />

centri <strong>da</strong> ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris momsaxureba ki mogvianebiT<br />

Seiqmna, roca komunikacia <strong>da</strong> ndoba ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />

iyo. rusTavis programebis efeqturobaze<br />

qalaqis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi kompaqturobac axdens gavlenas<br />

iseve rogorc qalaqSi arsebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis elementebs Soris mWidro Tanam-<br />

Sromloba, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> socialur muSakebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis<br />

CaTvliT.<br />

rusTavSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis<br />

yvelaze sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo qalaqis ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

momsaxurebis gaZlierebaa, romelsac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

qalaqSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis warmoSobis adgilas gafarToebuli<br />

ojaxebis resursebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia. ojaxis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aseTma saSualebebma alkoholis moxmarebasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxur ZaladobasTan ojaxis gamklavebis<br />

SesaZleblobebi un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaros. aseve un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaizardos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis<br />

profesiuli swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZlelobebi<br />

(es sakiTxi qalaqis bevri ufrosi biWisTvis Zalian<br />

mniSvnelovania). rusTavSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> momavali<br />

programebisaTvis prioriteti im <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs Soris<br />

sistemuri TanamSromlobis gazr<strong>da</strong>a, romlebsac<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba SeuZlia<br />

_ maT Soris skolebis, samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis,<br />

policiis <strong>da</strong> sxvebis CaTvliT. skolaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

aSkara diskriminaciis aRmofxvris mizniT maswavlebelTa<br />

swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> sensitizaciis yovlismomcveli<br />

programebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inergos. <strong>da</strong> bolos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom zafxulis ganmavlobaSi im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc quCaSi Rames atarebs, mniSvnelovnad<br />

izrdeba, programebs SeuZlia sezonuri RonisZiebebi,<br />

magaliTad: sazafxulo banakebis mowyobis SesaZlebloba<br />

ganixilos.<br />

quTaisi<br />

wertilovan Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, quTaisSi sa-<br />

Sualod 200 <strong>da</strong> maqsimum 325 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvia. ganawileba<br />

asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba<br />

mTliani SerCevisagan. quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

umravlesobas mTeli cxovreba imave qalaqSi aqvs<br />

gatarebuli. quTaisSi yvelaze maRalia sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia (40%, maSin<br />

roca mTlian SerCevaSi es maCvenebeli 10%-ze naklebia).<br />

quTaisis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT bevri aramigranti bavSvi<br />

aseve ambobs, rom isini sxva qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>ibadnen.<br />

quTaisis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 16% quCaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />

marto cxovrobs. oTxive qalaqs Soris quTaisSi yvelaze<br />

maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia, vinc Rameebs<br />

quCaSi mSoblebTan/naTesavebTan erTad atarebs.<br />

qalaqis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba quCaSi dRes<br />

(Cveulebriv, mTel dRes) mSoblis/naTesavis gareSe<br />

atarebs. maTi TiTqmis naxevars, quCaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />

erT Tvis an meti xnis manZilze cxovrebis<br />

gamocdileba aqvs (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, zafxulis TveebSi).<br />

quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis 95% - yvelaze maRali<br />

maCvenebeli oTx qalaqs Soris - quCaSi ukve ori<br />

wlis an meti xnis manZilzea.<br />

oTxive qalaqs Soris quTaisSi procentulad yvelaze<br />

metia im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> (83%), visac <strong>da</strong>-Zma<br />

imave qalaqSi hyavs. aqve, aseve yvelaze maRalia mxolod<br />

naTesavebTan mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli<br />

maCvenebeli (45%) – ufro metic, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Tanaxmad<br />

maT ufro mWidro kavSiri aqvT sxva naTesavebTan vidre<br />

mamebTan. magram quTaiSi aseve maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> visac mzrunveli ar hyavs (43%). <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

erTi mexuTedis de<strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi ar cxovrobs<br />

<strong>da</strong> bevris Tanaxmad, de<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTaa. oTxive<br />

qalaqs Soris gaWirvebis xarisxi yvelaze maRalia (3.3)<br />

<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis aryofna, usaxlkaroba <strong>da</strong> alkoholizmi<br />

sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT yvelaze xSirad saxeldeba.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebma quTaisSi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mizezad<br />

ojaxuri Zaladoba <strong>da</strong>asaxeles; magram CakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg, maT alkoholizmi ufro xSirad <strong>da</strong>asaxeles<br />

(pasuxebis 26%) vidre ojaxuri Zaladoba (19%). aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi vinc<br />

ojaxur problemad <strong>da</strong>valianebas asaxelebs, xSirad<br />

azartul saTamaSo adgilebSi maT mier wa<strong>ge</strong>bul Tanxas<br />

gulisxmobs.<br />

quTaisSi yvelaze maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> maCvenebeli,<br />

vinc amJamad skolaSi ar iricxeba (93%). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> im<br />

mcire jgufSic ki, vinc skolaSi iricxeba, arcerT<br />

bavSvs ar uTqvams, rom wina dRis dilis saaTebis umetesi<br />

nawili skolaSi gaatara. aseve, im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

proporcia, vinc arasdros yofila skolaSi, oTxive<br />

qalaqs Soris yvelaze maRalia (70%). quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60%-ma sruliad ar icis werakiTxva.<br />

skolaSi ar<strong>da</strong>swrebis mizezebs Soris bavSvebi<br />

fulis gamomuSavebis aucileblobas ufro xSirad<br />

asaxeleben, vidre bavSvebi sxva qalaqebSi. sxva mizezebi<br />

moicavs: siRaribes ojaxSi, skolisadmi interesis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargavs <strong>da</strong> skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis aucilebeli<br />

sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>blobas.<br />

quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi yvelaze maRalia maTxovrobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> nagavSi qeqvis maCveneblebi (72% <strong>da</strong> 24% Sesabamisad)<br />

<strong>da</strong> isini yvelaze naklebad amboben, rom fuli<br />

ar sWirdebaT/ar gamoimuSaveben. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis<br />

60% ambobs, rom fuls ojaxis saWiroebebze xarjavs.<br />

mSoblebis mier <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis gamomuSavebuli fu<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

<strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 75


lis warTmevis yvelaze maRali maCvenebelic quTaisSi<br />

aRiniSneba.<br />

quTaisSi procentulad yvelaze maRalia im <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> visac socialuri momsaxurebis<br />

Sesaxeb arasdros smenia (50%) <strong>da</strong> vinc bavSvTa saxlSi<br />

yofila (22%). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> garkveulma procentma aRiara,<br />

rom Rameebs (zamTris ganmavlobaSi) bavSvTa saxlebSi<br />

atarebs. arcerT bavSvs ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia bavSvze<br />

zrunvis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi dRis saaTebis gatareba,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 17%-s warsulSi dRis<br />

centrebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba miuRia.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom oTxive qalaqs Soris quTaisSi yvelaze<br />

maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli maCvenebeli<br />

visac arsebuli mdgomareoba cxovrebis stilis optimalur<br />

arCevanad miaCnia (16%) <strong>da</strong> vinc ambobs, rom<br />

momavalSic igive saqmianobis gagrZeleba surs.<br />

quTaisSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebi farTo ojaxur<br />

qselebze un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamiznuli, gansakuTrebiT <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>-Zmebisa <strong>da</strong> naTesavebis CarTvaze. ukiduresi<br />

siRaribisa <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri Tu iribi usaxlkarobis efeqtis<br />

gasaneitraleblad yvela Zalisxmeva un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

gamoyenebuli. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTleba upirvelesi<br />

<strong>da</strong> umniSvnelovanesi prioritetia. magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba skolaSi ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>dis, radgan ojaxis SemosavalSi sakuTari wvlili<br />

un<strong>da</strong> Seitanon, pirvel rigSi distanciuri an Ria swavlebis<br />

(maT Soris, quCaSi ganaTlebis) meTodebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

SemuSavdes vidre ojaxuri siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis efeqturi<br />

meqanizmebi amuSavdeba <strong>da</strong> bavSvis formalur<br />

skolaSi reintegraciis sakiTxi ganixileba.<br />

quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier quCaSi xangrZlivi periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi yofna maRali xarisxis fsiqosocialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis saWiroebas qmnis. programa<br />

aseve mniSvnelovan sar<strong>ge</strong>bels miiRebs Tu imigrant<br />

an umciresobis jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n mSoblebs an naTesavebs<br />

fasilitatorebad CarTavs. <strong>da</strong> bolos, aucilebelia<br />

arsebuli socialuri momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomobis<br />

gaumjobeseba araformaluri arxebis (quCaSi gavrcelebis)<br />

gamoyenebis gziT <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>beWdili <strong>da</strong> media<br />

gancxadebebis saSualebiT.<br />

baTumi<br />

wertilovan Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, baTumSi <strong>quCis</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> saSualo raonodeba 100, xolo maqsimaluri<br />

<strong>raodenoba</strong> 150 bavSviT ganisazRvreba. baTumis qu-<br />

Cis bavSvebi sxva qalaqebis bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

ufrosebi arian: maTi 80% 11 wlis an ufrosia. oTxjer<br />

meti <strong>quCis</strong> biWia vidre <strong>quCis</strong> gogona. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 27%<br />

sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n aris Camosuli (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> arcerTi bavSvi ar aris sxva<br />

qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli.<br />

baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis 40% quCaSi 24 saaTis<br />

ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. baTumi sxva qalaqebisgan imi-<br />

Tac gansxvavdeba rom Rameebs saxlSi mSoblebTan/na-<br />

TesavebTan erTad <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze mcire procenti<br />

atarebs (30%-ma Tqva, rom wina Rames iyo mSoblebTan/<br />

naTesavebTan erTad, 40%- zamTris RameebSi <strong>da</strong> 17%<br />

zafxulis RameebSi). baTumis TiTqmis yvela <strong>quCis</strong><br />

bavSvi zamTrisa <strong>da</strong> zafxulis dReebs quCaSi marto<br />

atarebs. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 60%-s quCaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />

erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis<br />

gamocdileba aqvs. sxva monacemebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom msgavsi periodebi umetesad<br />

zafxulis Tveebs emTxveva. sxva qalaqebisgan gansxvavebiT<br />

baTumSi mozardTa mxolod erT mexuTeds aqvs<br />

quCaSi erT welze meti xnis cxovrebis gamocdileba.<br />

oTxive qalaqs Soris baTumSi orive mSobliT oblebis<br />

yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebelia (37%) <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod erT mesameds hyavs orive mSobeli<br />

cocxali. im <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris, visac de<strong>da</strong> an orive<br />

mSobeli cocxali hyavs, baTumSi yvelaze maRalia im<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> visi de<strong>da</strong>c imave<br />

qalaqSi ar cxovrobs (28%), Tumca sxva adgilebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT umeteswilad miCneulia, rom dedebi<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara sazRvargareT arian. baTumis qu-<br />

Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevaris mama imave qalaqSi<br />

ar cxovrobs (mamebis erTi mexuTedi ruseTSi wasulad<br />

moixsenieba - yvelaze maRali proporcia oTxive<br />

qalaqs Soris). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 50% cxovrobs de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

erTad <strong>da</strong> 30%- mamasTan. mniSvnelovania maTi<br />

proporcia visac mama an sxva naTesavi cixeSi hyavs<br />

(17% <strong>da</strong> 9% Sesabamisad). baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-<br />

s imave qalaqSi sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebi ar hyavs <strong>da</strong><br />

yvelaze maRalia maTi procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> (10%)<br />

visac naTesavebTan aranairi kontaqti ar hqonia.<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis naxevari ambobs, rom mzrunveli ar<br />

hyavs.<br />

baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ojaxuri gaWirvebis yvelaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian (1.9) – savaraudod<br />

imitom, rom maTi umetesoba dros marto atarebs.<br />

arcerTs arc pirveladi pasuxiT <strong>da</strong> arc CakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg uTqvams, rom `ojaxs problemebi ar aqvs~.<br />

problemebis nusxaSi usaxlkaroba Zalian xSirad figurirebs.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom baTumis bavSvebi mniSvnelovan<br />

problemebs Soris ekonomikur problemebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> gasankuTrebiT sacxovreblis arqonas asaxeleben,<br />

isini mSoblebis umuSevrobas ekonomikuri siZneleebis<br />

nawilad ar miiCneven. pirvelad pasuxebSi maTi<br />

TiTqmis naxevari mSoblis an mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> siRaribes TiTqmis erTnairi mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone problemebad asaxelebs; `<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~<br />

pasuxis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba ekonomikuri<br />

sakiTxis Semdeg meore problemad <strong>da</strong>saxel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs arc alkoholizmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc ojaxuri Zaladoba pirvelad ojaxur<br />

problemad ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebiaT. CakiTxvis Semdeg maT<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaxeles alkoholis moxmareba, magram fizikuri<br />

Zaladoba ojaxSi faqtorad aravis <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia.<br />

76 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs ufro<br />

metad surT ojaxSi cxovreba an saxli, vidre maT<br />

Tanatolebs sxva qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

qalaqis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 83% skolaSi ar iricxeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> saswavleblis mitovebis maCvenebeli (84%) oTx<br />

qalaqs Soris yvelaze maRalia. skolisadmi interesis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargva swavlis gaugrZeleblobis ZiriTad mizezad<br />

saxeldeba (ufro xSirad vidre sxva adgilebSi). meore<br />

faqtori fulis saSovnelad muSaobis aucileblobaa.<br />

ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi rogorc faqtori aseve<br />

ufro xSirad figurirebs vidre sxva qalaqebSi, Tumca<br />

arc ise xSirad saxeldeba. mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrze zrunvis aucilebloba skolaSi<br />

gamoucxadeblobis mizezebia <strong>da</strong> baTumSi ufro xSirad<br />

saxeldeba vidre sxva qalaqebSi. oTxive qalaqis<br />

bavSvebs Soris baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi wera-kiTxvis<br />

codnis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian.<br />

baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis muSaoba <strong>da</strong> qurdoba<br />

yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli Semosavlis miRebis<br />

strategiebia (qurdobis SemTxvevebi 4-jer ufro<br />

maRalia, vidre sxva adgilebSi). sxva qalaqebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sami meoTxedi<br />

gamomuSavebul fuls sakuTar an megobrebis saWiroebebze<br />

xarjavs <strong>da</strong> mxolod 25% iyenebs fuls ojaxis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad.<br />

baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> or mesameds gaugia socialuri<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, magram 55%-s arasdros miuRia<br />

raime <strong>da</strong>xmareba. sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />

ufro cnobilia baTumis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis vidre sxva<br />

qalaqebis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis. baTumSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia<br />

im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli maCvenebeli (gacilebiT maRali<br />

vidre sxvagan) vinc mudmivad iyenebs Ramis TavSesafris<br />

garkveul saxeobas (27% - wina Rame/zamTris<br />

Rameebi <strong>da</strong> 17%- zafxulis Rameebi). iqauri socialuri<br />

muSakebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi savaraudod marTlmadidebeli<br />

eklesiis mier gaxsnil bavSvze zrunvis<br />

rezidentul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaze saubroben. aseve, ufro<br />

xSirad axseneben ufaso sasadiloebis gamoyenebas vidre<br />

bavSvebi sxva qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

mzrunvelebis naklebobasa <strong>da</strong> quCaSi gatarebul xangrZliv<br />

periodTan Sesabamisad, baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs<br />

ufro metad aReniSnebaT SesamCnevi SezRudvebi,<br />

fizikuri travmebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis moxmarebis<br />

kvali vidre sxva qalaqebSi.<br />

baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> specifiuri Taviseburebebi<br />

miuTiTebs, rom droebiTi ojaxis tipis zrunvis<br />

formebis ganviTareba prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />

araobol <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobis mniSvnelovani<br />

elementi martoxela dedebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> sxvagan<br />

mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba iqneba. kvlevis<br />

monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi ba-<br />

TumSi bavSvis <strong>da</strong> ara ojaxis siRaribis SemTxvevebi<br />

SeiniSneba. Sesabamisad, programebi am sakiTxze un<strong>da</strong><br />

muSaobdes. baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ufrosi asakis,<br />

skolis mitovebis maRali maCveneblisa <strong>da</strong> skolis<br />

ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>bali interesis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

<strong>bavSvebis</strong> reintegracia formaluri ganaTlebis<br />

sistemaSi albaT saukeTeso arCevani ar aris. magram,<br />

programebi bavSvebs ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>srulebisa (magaliTad,<br />

distanciuri swavlebis gziT) <strong>da</strong> serTifikatis<br />

(atestatis) miRebis saSualebas un<strong>da</strong> aZlevdes. aseve,<br />

ufrosi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis mozardebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

cxovrebis programebis SemuSaveba ukiduresad<br />

mniSvnelovania (supervizirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

sacxovreblis, profesiuli ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />

meqanizmebis CaTvliT).<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 77


<strong>da</strong>narTi 2- dokumentSi<br />

gamoyenebuli zogierTi<br />

terminis ganmarteba<br />

monacemTa Segrovebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis procesma<br />

teqstSi gamoyenebul ramdenime termins Zalian<br />

specifiuri mniSvnelova mianiWa. mkafioobis <strong>da</strong> enobrivi<br />

mudmivobis SenarCunebis mizniT, es terminebi<br />

qvemoT aris ganmartebuli. es terminologia ar gulisxmobs<br />

ukve arsebuli definiciebis ganmeorebas an<br />

Secvlas – igi ubralod xsnis im konteqsts, romlis<br />

farglebSic mocemul kvlevaSi garkveuli gamonaTqvamebia<br />

gamoyenebuli.<br />

saSualo<br />

saSualo niSnavs <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mTliani SerCevis<br />

procentul maCvenebels.<br />

migranti bavSvebi<br />

migrantia bavSvi, romelic ambobs, rom mTeli cxovreba<br />

imave qalaqSi ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> manamde sxvagan<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, imave qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong><br />

Tu ara. gamoiyofa migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ori jgufi: 1)<br />

amJamindeli qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli saqarTvelos<br />

regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> 2) sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosuli bavSvebi<br />

ojaxebi (Households)<br />

ojaxSi igulisxmeba naTesavebis tipebi (de<strong>da</strong>, mama,<br />

orive mSobeli <strong>da</strong>/an sxva naTesavi), visTanac erTad<br />

bavSvi wina Tvis ganmavlobaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gaWirvebis done<br />

gaWirvebis done bavSvis mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ojaxuri<br />

problemebis raodenobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba.<br />

gaWirvebis done aRniSnul kvlevaSi 0-<strong>da</strong>n (ojaxSi<br />

problemebi ar aris) 6-mde (problemebis yvela jgufi<br />

saxezea) meryeob<strong>da</strong>. mTlian SerCevaSi gaWirvebis sa-<br />

Sualo done 2.5 iyo.<br />

socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris done<br />

bavSvis socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris done imave qalaqSi<br />

mcxovrebi naTesavebis –bebia/babua, biZa/mami<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxvebi<br />

(mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>) – raodenobiT ganisazRvreba.<br />

wera-kiTxvis codna<br />

wera-kiTxvis codna gulisxmobs, rom bavSvs (mSobliur<br />

enaze) martivi teqstis <strong>da</strong>wera/wakiTxva SeuZlia.<br />

aRniSnul kvlevaSi cifrebis cnobis unari (cifrebis<br />

cnoba <strong>da</strong> wera) wera-kiTxvis unarSi ar igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

oblebi<br />

kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli<br />

terminologia dediT oboli (mxolod de<strong>da</strong>a<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili), mamiT oboli (mxolod mamaa gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili)<br />

<strong>da</strong> orive mSobliT oboli (de<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> mamac gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia).<br />

saskolo asaki<br />

sabaziso saskolo asaki ganisazRvreba 8-<strong>da</strong>n 14<br />

wlamde.<br />

<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mravalcvladiani analizis safuZvlad<br />

gamoyenebuli iyo <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufebis<br />

adgili _ drois maCvenebeli.<br />

am maCveneblis Tanaxmad, quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />

(bavSvebi vinc quCaSi 24 saaTi cxovrobs) arian isini<br />

vinc zafxulis <strong>da</strong> zamTris Rameebs quCaSi atareben.<br />

quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi arian isini<br />

vinc quCaSi mxolod zamTris an mxolod zafxulis<br />

Rameebs atareben, magram ara orives. quCaSi aqtiuri<br />

bavSvebi arian isini vinc quCaSi zafxulis an zamTris<br />

an orive drois dRis saaTebs quCaSi atareben, magram<br />

Rame quCaSi ar sZinavT. zogadi termini `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi~<br />

aRniSnavs 0-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde nebismier bavSvs, vinc am<br />

jgufebs miekuTvneba.<br />

78 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs


<strong>da</strong>narTi 3 – <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis kriteriumebi<br />

pirveli rigis kriteriumebi<br />

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />

fexSiSveli<br />

<strong>da</strong>xeuli tansacmeli<br />

WuWyiani tansacmeli <strong>da</strong> fexsacmeli<br />

qceva<br />

Seusabamo adgilas marto myofi bavSvi<br />

an <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufi<br />

asertuli <strong>da</strong> gamaRizianebeli<br />

ucxoebTan urTierTobisas<br />

asocialuri qceva<br />

saqmianoba<br />

quCaSi Zili<br />

celofnis parki weboTi<br />

nagavSi qeqva<br />

meore rigis maxasiaTeblebi<br />

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />

arajanmrTeli ieri<br />

WuWyiani xelebi<br />

naiarevi xelebsa <strong>da</strong> tanze<br />

qceva<br />

yvirili<br />

mTeli ZaliT <strong>da</strong>rtyma<br />

arakontrolirebadi moZraoebi<br />

saqmianoba<br />

mizezs gareSe xetiali<br />

sajaro transportSi Zili<br />

alkoholi<br />

mesame rigis kriteriumebi<br />

fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>parsuli Tavi<br />

naiarevi saxeze<br />

kbilebis arqona<br />

qceva<br />

megobruli, advilad Semodis kontaqtSi<br />

saubris cocxali manera<br />

mxiaruli<br />

saqmianoba<br />

jarTis Segroveba<br />

fizikuri Sroma (mtvirTavoba)<br />

boTlebis Segroveba<br />

Seusabamo zomis tansacmeli <strong>da</strong> fexsacmeli<br />

WuWyiani saxe <strong>da</strong> Tma<br />

sezonis Seusabamod Cacmuli<br />

quCaSi an miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebSi marto<br />

an mSoblebTan erTad myofi bavSvi<br />

gineba<br />

Cxubi<br />

qurdoba<br />

moweva<br />

acvia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fexsacmeli<br />

muqi kani<br />

saxeze kani Zvreba <strong>da</strong> laqebi aqvs<br />

Zalian sustia<br />

qanaobs<br />

mavne (saziano) qcevebi<br />

ucnauri TamaSebi (Seusabamo TamaSebi<br />

Seusabamo adgilas)<br />

vaWroba (sanTlebi, xatebi, yvavilebi)<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 79

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