saqarTveloSi urbanuli quCis bavSvebis raodenoba da ... - Unicef.ge
saqarTveloSi urbanuli quCis bavSvebis raodenoba da ... - Unicef.ge
saqarTveloSi urbanuli quCis bavSvebis raodenoba da ... - Unicef.ge
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi<br />
katarJina vargani, lari derSemi<br />
federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~<br />
ACT kvleva<br />
marti, 2008
avtorebis Sesaxeb<br />
katarJina vargani (poloneTi) ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> muSaobs. profesiiT bavSvTa<br />
fsiqologs, qalbaton vargans bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong> mozardebTan muSaobis TiTqmis 15 wlis staJi aqvs. misi profesiuli gamocdileba<br />
moicavs poloneTSi, bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> mozardTa konsultaciis programebSi muSaobas, amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-<br />
Si, msoflio masStabiT, mozardTa moxaliseobrivi qselis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobas <strong>da</strong> albaneTsa <strong>da</strong> makedoniaSi kosovos konfliqts<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mozardebisaTvis fsiqo-socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aRmoCenas. gavlili aqvs trenin<strong>ge</strong>bi konfliqtis<br />
mogvarebis, mediaciisa <strong>da</strong> samSvidobo ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi. 2000-2004 wlebSi q-ni vargani kosovosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso proeqtebs, romelTa mizans sxava<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nel bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> mozardebs<br />
Soris komunikaciisa <strong>da</strong> ndobis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na warmoad<strong>ge</strong>n<strong>da</strong>. 2004 wli<strong>da</strong>n, q-ni vargani federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli, a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos mier <strong>da</strong>finansebuli programis, `axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~,<br />
direqtoria. programa gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>ucveli fenebis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis. igi moicavs <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxebisaTvis socialuri momsaxurebis nairsaxeobis ganviTarebas, aseve politikis doneze rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas.<br />
doqtori lari derSemi (a.S.S.) federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ dizainis, monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis mrCevelia Sua<br />
aRmosavleT-evraziis regionisaTvis. mas ruseTSi, kavkasiaSi, Sua aziaSi, Sua aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> afrikaSi raodenobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tvisebrivi kvlevebisa <strong>da</strong> programebis monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebebis Catarebis 18 welze meti xnis gamocdileba aqvs. 1995<br />
wels socialuri kvlevis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, misuris universiteti<strong>da</strong>n filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mflobelia.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> doqtori derSemi xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> kvebis naklebobis kvlevas 6 regionSi, sami qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli<br />
ojaxebis kvlevas, aseve kvlevebs narkotikuli nivTierebebis intravenuri momxmareblebisa <strong>da</strong> komerciuli seqs-muSakebis<br />
Sesaxeb. proeqtis `axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~ farglebSi, mis movaleobebSi proeqtis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisa <strong>da</strong> procesebis minotoringisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SefasebisaTvis saWiro sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebis SemuSaveba Sedio<strong>da</strong>. aseve, aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi, mis<br />
movaleobebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> ACT-sTan (analizisa <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebis jgufi) muSaoba wertilovani Sefasebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa<br />
pirispir interviuebisaTvis SerCevis meTodologiis SesamuSaveblad. igi aseve ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelob<strong>da</strong> kiTxvarebis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong><br />
monacemTa <strong>da</strong>muSavebas.<br />
kvlevaSi aseve wvlili Seitanes: maia zedelaSvilma (ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis eqsperti, saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministro), doqtorma marine CitaSvilma (fsiqologiis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialur mecnierebaTa centri), vaxtang megreliSvilma (socialuri politikis eqsperti, saqarTvelos Sromis,<br />
janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro) <strong>da</strong> nino kupataZem (bavSvTa keTildReobis samTavrobo komisiis teqnikuri<br />
samdivnos erovnuli koordinatori).<br />
qvemoT mocemuli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, interpretaciebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnebi mTlianad avtorebs ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong> ar gamoxatavs `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~,<br />
a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos, amerikis mTavrobis an gaeros bavSvTa fondis mosazrebebs.<br />
inglisur enaze teqstis re<strong>da</strong>qtori: pol rimpli<br />
fotoebi: servan leini<br />
© gaeros bavSvTa fondi (iunisefi) 2009<br />
am dokumentis saTauri, aseve yvela misgan gamomdinare saavtoro Tu sxva sakuTrebis ufleba ekuTvnis gaeros bavSvTa fonds<br />
(iunisefi). amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~ <strong>da</strong> a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>nto inarCuneben<br />
araeqskluziur, sayovelTao <strong>da</strong> saboloo uflebas honoraris gareSe am kvlevis gavrcelebaze, gamoqveynebaze, sxvagvarad<br />
gamoyenebaze an sxvebisTvis am uflebis miniWebaze a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntosa <strong>da</strong> federaciis `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />
bavSvebi~ arakomerciuli miznebisaTvis.
madliereba<br />
aRniSnuli kvlevis proeqti ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebze momuSave samuSao jgufis interesi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, ukeT gacnobodnen <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> arsebul mdgomareobas. gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo jgufis wevrebis mondomeba, qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli momavali<br />
politika validur <strong>da</strong> sistemur mtkicebulebaze <strong>da</strong>efuZnebinaT.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eqspertebis, jgufebis <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> mWidro TanamSromlobis gareSe es<br />
kvleva ar Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. federacias `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~<br />
surs gamoxatos madliereba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntosa<br />
(USAID) <strong>da</strong> gaeros bavSvTa fondisadmi (UNICEF),<br />
romelTac uzrunvelyves finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspertuli <strong>da</strong>xmareba kvlevis Casatareblad. kvelvis<br />
xarisxis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Zalian mniSnvnelovani<br />
iyo misi zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmva. federacias<br />
`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~ surs gansakuTrebiT<br />
xazi gausvas gaeros bavSvTa fondis konsultantis,<br />
doqtor braian milnis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras kvlevis winaswari<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmvis stadiaSi.<br />
aRniSnuli kvlevis Catarebis iniciativam saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros bavSvze<br />
zrunvis departamentis didi <strong>da</strong>intereseba <strong>da</strong><br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera miiRo. gvsurs gansakuTrebulad gavusvaT<br />
xazi departamentis ufrosis, qalbaton Tamar<br />
golubianis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras Seufasebeli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> profesionali a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebis gaziarebis<br />
kuTxiT, ramac savele samuSaoebis droulad <strong>da</strong><br />
xarisxianad <strong>da</strong>srulebas Seuwyo xeli. aseve gvsurs<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisaTvis madloba ga<strong>da</strong>vuxadoT q. quTaisis,<br />
q. baTumisa <strong>da</strong> q. rusTavis vice-merebsa <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
saqmeTa departamentebis ufrosebs.<br />
kvlevis Catarebis mraval aspeqtSi, rogoricaa Ser-<br />
Cevis principebis gansazRvra, savele logistikis<br />
organizeba <strong>da</strong> Tvisebrivi monacemebis Segroveba <strong>da</strong><br />
monacemTa drouli Seyvana, <strong>da</strong>moukidebelma kvleviTma<br />
kompaniam _ ACT-kvlevam – Tavisi amocanebi<br />
droulad <strong>da</strong> sruli profesionalizmiT Seasrula.<br />
gvsurs gansakuTrebulad gavusvaT xazi statistikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> monacemTa bazis departamentis ufrosis, laSa<br />
bokuCavasa <strong>da</strong> proeqtebis menejeris, sofo CaCaniZis<br />
wvlils, romelTac Seufasebeli eqspertuli mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
aRmogviCines SerCevis, kiTxvarebis SemuSavebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xarisxis kontrolis <strong>da</strong>rgSi.<br />
aseve, gvsurs madloba ga<strong>da</strong>vuxadoT yvela, 220-ive<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelsa <strong>da</strong> interviuers, vinc ar <strong>da</strong>iSura Zalisxmeva<br />
ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi, xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong><br />
rTuli samuSao dRis pirobebSi kvlevaze muSaobisaTvis.<br />
aseTi didi jgufis mobilizaciisaTvis federacia<br />
`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~ ramdenime samTavrobo<br />
uwyebasTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciasa <strong>da</strong> sxva institutTan<br />
TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong>. maT Sorisaa ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministro (socialuri muSakebi);<br />
Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<br />
(socialuri a<strong>ge</strong>ntebi); `Tanadgoma~, `bavSvi <strong>da</strong><br />
garemo~, `biliki~, `mkurnali~, `vorld viJen interneiSeneli~,<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa gl<strong>da</strong>nis centri, sazogadoebrivi<br />
janmrTelobis imereTis regionuli centri<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti (socialur<br />
mecnierebaTa fakultetis bolo kursis studentebi).<br />
mkvlevarTa Soris iyvnen yofili <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi `ga<strong>da</strong>vaCinoT<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a~ <strong>da</strong> `mkurnalis~ programebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
swored yvela monawile organizaciisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
Zalisxmevis Sedegad moxerx<strong>da</strong> kvlevis sisruleSi<br />
moyvana.<br />
kerZo SemTxvevebi <strong>da</strong> istoriebi mowodebulia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ ori adgilobrivi partniori<br />
organizaciis _ `bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemos~ <strong>da</strong> `bilikis~<br />
mier, romelTac <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobis mravali<br />
wlis praqtikuli gamocdileba aqvT. maTma codnam<br />
kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis mniSvnelovani konteqsti<br />
uzrunvelyo. aseve, `vorld viJen interneiSenalis~<br />
mier quTaissa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi Catarebulma paralelurma<br />
kvlevam, monacemTa ga<strong>da</strong>mowmebisa <strong>da</strong> mocemuli kvlevis<br />
zogierTi Sedegis <strong>da</strong>matebiT WrilSi ganxilvis<br />
SesaZlebloba mogvca.<br />
bolos, kvlevis avtorebi aranakleb madlierebas<br />
gamoxataven yvela <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvisadmi, romelTac dro<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalisxmeva ar <strong>da</strong>iSures, rom mkvlevarebisaTvis<br />
amomwuravi pasuxebi gaecaT.<br />
aRniSnuli angariSi <strong>da</strong>iwera katarJina varganis mier<br />
doqtor lari derSemTan, maia zedelaSvilTan, doqtor<br />
marina CitaSvilTan, nino kupataZesTan, vaxtang<br />
megreliSvilTan <strong>da</strong> `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ proeqtis<br />
_ `axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi~ _ gundTan (Teona<br />
aslaniSvili, eka javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong> nino nucubiZe) Tanam-<br />
SromlobiT.
sarCevi<br />
avtorebis Sesaxeb<br />
madliereba .............................................................................................................................. 1<br />
kvlevis Sejameba ....................................................................................................................... 4<br />
Sesavali .................................................................................................................................. 10<br />
informacia qveynis Sesaxeb .................................................................................................... 10<br />
kvlevis miznebi ................................................................................................................... 11<br />
diskusia <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb ......................................................................... 11<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufeba ................................................................................ 13<br />
kvlevis meTodologia ............................................................................................................... 16<br />
kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi ...................................................................................................................... 20<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sejameba .................................................................................................................... 20<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> .......................................................................................................................... 20<br />
demografia ........................................................................................................................ 21<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis faqtorebi ................................................................................. 21<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi ........................................................................................................ 23<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba .................................................................................................. 24<br />
Semosavlis gamomuSaveba ...................................................................................................... 24<br />
socialuri momsaxureba ....................................................................................................... 26<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> demografia .................................................................................... 27<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> profili sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis mixedviT ........................................................................... 27<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis adgili ......................................................................................... 28<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> gamocdileba drois mixedviT ................................................................................ 33<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxuri mdgomareobis aRqma .......................................................................... 38<br />
bavSvis irgvliv mSoblebis an sxva naTesavebis arseboba ............................................................. 38<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kavSiri ojaxebTan .......................................................................................... 40<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier mzrunvelebis aRqma ................................................................................. 41<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi ........................................................................................................ 42<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxis mTavari problemebis aRqma ............................................................. 45<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> skola ............................................................................................................. 52<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Semosavlis gamomuSavebis strategiebi ................................................................... 57<br />
socialuri momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi ............................................................................................. 60<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi ...................................................................................................... 62<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi ................................................................................................................................ 62<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi ........................................................................................................................ 62<br />
politikis doneze ............................................................................................................... 62<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze ........................................................................................ 68<br />
skolis doneze .................................................................................................................... 68<br />
programebi .............................................................................................................................. 69<br />
bibliografia .......................................................................................................................... 71<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTebi ............................................................................................................................... 73<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 1 – qalaqebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi ...................................................................... 73<br />
Tbilisi ............................................................................................................................. 73<br />
rusTavi ............................................................................................................................. 74<br />
quTaisi .............................................................................................................................. 75<br />
baTumi ............................................................................................................................... 76<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2- dokumentSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi terminis ganmarteba ................................................ 78<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 3 – <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis kriteriumebi ................................................ 79<br />
2 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
E<br />
E<br />
E<br />
E<br />
grafikebi<br />
grafiki 1 – intervius respondenti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganawileba sqesis, asakisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT .................................. 27<br />
grafiki 2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT .............................................................................. 28<br />
grafiki 3 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia migrantis statusisa <strong>da</strong> migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis mixedviT ...................... 29<br />
grafiki 4 – saxlSi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi marto yofnis monacemebi droisa (dRe/Rame) <strong>da</strong> weliwadis droebis mixedviT .............................. 33<br />
grafiki 5 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asaki <strong>da</strong> sqesi quCaSi gatarebuli wlebis mixedviT ................................................................ 36<br />
grafiki 6 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac quCaSi erTi Tve an meti aqvs gatarebuli qalaqebis mixedviT ............................... 36<br />
grafiki 7 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyeneba quCaSi yofnis xangrZlivobis mixedviT ............... 37<br />
grafiki 8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT ........................................................... 38<br />
grafiki 9 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac imave qalaqSi de<strong>da</strong>, mama an naTesavi ar hyavs ................................................... 38<br />
grafiki 10 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi naTesavebis saxeoba ......................................................................40<br />
grafiki 11 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa procenti, vinc dRes (intervius dRes) esaubra <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiurad esaubreba de<strong>da</strong>s, mamas an naTesavs ... 40<br />
grafiki 12 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi ............................................................................................... 41<br />
grafiki 13 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxur mdgomareobaSi (n=301) .......................................................................... 42<br />
grafiki 14 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, vinc ukanaskneli Tvis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis wevrebTan cxovrob<strong>da</strong> ....................43<br />
grafiki 15 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxuri mowyoba ukanaskneli Tvis ganmavlobaSi (n=301) ...................................................... 43<br />
grafiki 16 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi (n=301) ............................................................................. 46<br />
grafiki 17 – ojaxuri problemebi: umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301) ................................................ 47<br />
grafiki 18 – ojaxuri problemebi: mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong> ganqorwineba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301) .................................. 49<br />
grafiki 19 – ojaxuri problemebi: alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301) ....................................... 50<br />
grafiki 20 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ricxvi skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT ................................................................................ 52<br />
grafiki 21 – skoli<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> isini, visac arasdros uvliaT skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT ................................. 53<br />
grafiki 22 – skolaSi gamoucxadeblobis ZiriTadi mizezebi (n=250)............................................................................... 53<br />
grafiki 23 – ganaTlebis xarisxi, rogorc skolaSi wausvlelobis erT-erTi mizezi (n=250) ...............................................56<br />
grafiki 24 – wera-kiTxvis done <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi qalaqebis mixedviT ............................................................................ 56<br />
grafiki 25 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, romelTac arasdros gaugiaT an usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT socialuri<br />
momsaxurebiT qalaqebis mixedviT ....................................................................................................................... 60<br />
cxrilebi<br />
cxrili 1 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi qvejgufebi <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis (mowyvladobis) sakiTxebis mixedviT ................................... 15<br />
cxrili 2 – ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi sakiTxebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ........................................................................ 15<br />
cxrili 3 – pirvel (droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi) <strong>da</strong> meore (wertilovani Sefaseba) safexurze<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> ............................................................................................................... 17<br />
cxrili 4 – interviuirebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> nimuSSi qalaqebis mixedviT ................................................ 18<br />
cxrili 5 – Catarebuli interviuebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT ......................................................................... 18<br />
cxrili 6 – <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> oTx qalaqSi .............................................................................. 20<br />
cxrili 7 – migraciis statusi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufebis mixedviT ............................................................................... 30<br />
cxrili 8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT ........................................................... 39<br />
cxrili 9 – ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovreba (dro/adgili) .................................................................. 51<br />
suraTebi<br />
suraTi 1 – saqarTvelos ruka (aRniSnulia kvlevis Catarebis adgilebi) ...................................................................... 10<br />
suraTi 2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> migracia. wiTeli xazebi miuTiTebs migraciis mimarTulebaze saqarTvelos farglebs gare<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
xolo nacrisferi xazebi- saqarTvelos SigniT. xazebis sisqe migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis proporciulia ..........................29<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 3
kvlevis Sejameba<br />
<strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
Catar<strong>da</strong> federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ mier,<br />
a.S.S. saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntosa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaeros bavSvTa fondis erToblivi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saxelmwifo, arasamTavrobo <strong>da</strong> akademiur<br />
wreebTan TanamSromlobiT. es kvleva saqarTvelos<br />
oTx did urbanul centrs moicav<strong>da</strong>: Tbilisi, quTaisi,<br />
rusTavi <strong>da</strong> baTumi. 1 es adgilebi ganisazRvra ramdenime<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebul mxaresTan diskusiebis Sedegad,<br />
`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ mier 2006 wels Catarebuli<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> adgilmdebareobis winaswar Seswavlaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. winaswari kvlevis respondentTa<br />
Tanaxmad, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze maRali <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
swored am oTx qalaqSi SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mocemuli kvleva <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> pirveli mravalmxrivi<br />
Sefasebaa, rac ki odesme <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Catarebula.<br />
igi msoflio masStabiTac unikalur iniciativas<br />
warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, radgan msgavsi kvlevebi cota Tu arsebobs.<br />
kvlevis mizani iyo: 1) oTx miznobriv urbanul<br />
centrSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> miaxloebiTi raodenobis<br />
gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> 2) maTi Taviseburebebis aRwera ise,<br />
rom 3) mtkicebulebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SesaZlebeli<br />
yofiliyo politikisa <strong>da</strong> programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />
SemuSaveba. kvlevis dros gamoyenebul iqna samsafexuriani<br />
midgoma:<br />
1) <strong>da</strong>kvirveba – monacemebis rukaze <strong>da</strong>tana droisa <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT;<br />
2) raodenobrivi wertilovani Sefaseba;<br />
3) pirispir interviuebi.<br />
samive safexuri 2007 wels, sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
(ivnisi, seqtemberi <strong>da</strong> noemberi), mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. monacemTa<br />
Seyvana <strong>da</strong> gasufTaveba, aseve monacemTa <strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />
2008 wlis Teberval-martSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kvlevis populaciis <strong>da</strong>sad<strong>ge</strong>nad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ganisazRvra,<br />
rogorc bavSvebi 0-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde (interviuebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ 8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde), `romlebic<br />
quCebSi SeiniSnebian~. kvleva ar moicav<strong>da</strong> iseT `qu-<br />
Cis~ bavSvebs, romlebic bavSvTa centrebSi, TavSesafrebSi<br />
an sxva tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi imyofebodnen.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d, wertilovani Sefasebis Sedegad ganisaz-<br />
Rvra, rom saSualod, 2007 wlis noemberSi oTx qalaqSi<br />
iyo 1,049 bavSvi. maqsimaluri miaxloebiTi <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
iyo 1600 bavSvi. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi urbanul <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
metwilad 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakis biWebi arian, romlebic<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d maTxovroben. isini quCaSi zr<strong>da</strong>srulis<br />
meTvalyureobis gareSe imyofebian dRis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
Tumca maT umravlesobas hyavs sul cota<br />
erTi cocxali mSobeli an sxva naTesavebi.<br />
kvleva aCvenebs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> arseboba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis winaSe<br />
arsebuli mravali socialur-ekonomikuri problemis<br />
gamovlinebaa <strong>da</strong> ara gancalkevebuli fenomeni.<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier quCaSi gatarebuli drois analizis<br />
Sedegad saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotana SeiZleba: qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-ze mets quCaSi sam welze meti aqvs<br />
gatarebuli. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom<br />
am bavSvebma <strong>quCis</strong> cxovreba vardebis revoluciamde<br />
an uSualod misi mimdinareobisas/<strong>da</strong>srulebisas <strong>da</strong>iwyes,<br />
rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis udidesi<br />
nawili katastroful socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi<br />
imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, arseboben ufro mcire<br />
raodenobiT (mxolod erTi meoTxedi) iseTi <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebi, romlebic acxadeben, rom quCaSi bolo orisami<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi gamovidnen. vardebis revoluciis<br />
Semdgomma periodma, mravali avtoris mtkicebiT,<br />
imedis axali grZnobiT ganawyo saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong>, romlebic quCaSi ukanaskneli erTi wlis<br />
an naklebis ganmavlobaSi gamovi<strong>da</strong>, aseve maRalia <strong>da</strong><br />
vardebis revoluciamdel maCveneblebs uaxlovdeba.<br />
es zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebuli zogadi mdgomareobis<br />
amsaxvelia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
siRaribis done izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveynis STambeW<strong>da</strong>vma<br />
ekonomikurma zr<strong>da</strong>m mcire an uaryofiTi<br />
gavlena iqonia qarTvelebis umravlesobis cxovrebis<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis, donis gaumjobesebaze. mniSvnelovnad<br />
gauares<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis zogadi ganwyobac. 2<br />
kargad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli <strong>da</strong> efeqturi politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
programuli RonisZiebebis SemuSavebisas, gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnas <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis<br />
warmomSobi, <strong>da</strong>mcveli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli faqtorebis<br />
sirTule. kvleva aCvenebs, rom urbanul <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>,<br />
bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken, umravles SemTxvevebSi,<br />
ojaxuri faqtorisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi stresoris<br />
(Cveulebriv, araumetes sami an oTxisa) kombinacia<br />
ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. es aris:<br />
_ bavSvis garSemo mSoblis an mSoblebis, aseve sxva<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis ararseboba.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mxolod cota<br />
1. es aris <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> oTxi yvelaze didi <strong>urbanuli</strong> centri,<br />
romelTa mosaxleoba Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns: Tbilisi- 1,342 aTasi, quTaisi – 165<br />
aTasi, baTumi – 100 aTasi <strong>da</strong> rusTavi – 95 aTasi (wyaro: saqarTvelos<br />
statistikis departamenti)<br />
2. magaliTisTvis ixileT saerTaSoriso respublikuri instituti<br />
(2007), “saqarTvelos amomrCevelTa kvleva”, IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys/<br />
The Gallup Organization, IPM<br />
4 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi Tu aris mTlianad sakuTar kmayofaze,<br />
ojaxis iseTi wevris <strong>da</strong>naklisi, romelsac bavSvi mzrunvelad<br />
aRiqvams – maT Soris, mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba,<br />
Zlieri faqtoria, romelsac SeuZlia bavSvs quCa-<br />
Si cxovrebisken ubiZgos. kvleva aCvenebs, rom rac<br />
ufro klebulobs ojaxis wevrebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> bavSvis<br />
garSemo, miT ufro metad izrdeba albaToba, bavSvma<br />
quCaSi gaataros Rame an 24 saaTi icxovros iq. mSoblis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mSoblis ararseboba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ramdenime formas iRebs. mSoblebi SeiZleba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>utovon a<strong>da</strong>mianebs,<br />
visac maTi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba ar Seu-<br />
ZliaT. zogi bavSvi tovebs mSoblebs <strong>da</strong> sxva qalaqSi<br />
naTesavis saxlSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis sacxovreblad, sa<strong>da</strong>c zrunvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis SesaZleblobebi arasakmarisia, an (iSviaT<br />
SemTxvevebSi) bavSvi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets sadme marto ga<strong>da</strong>vides.<br />
amas gar<strong>da</strong>, mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli grafikiT<br />
muSaoben (rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, adreuli dili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gvian Ramemde), elementaruli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />
<strong>da</strong> isini fizikurad veRar axerxeben<br />
monawileoba miiRon bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />
_ ekonomikuri problemebi – siRaribe, umuSevroba<br />
<strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba<br />
siRaribe <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mcxovrebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umravlesobisaTvis Cveuli faqtoria. saxlis cudi<br />
pirobebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad bavSvebi cdiloben,<br />
ojaxs gareT, marto cxovrebis gzebi eZion <strong>da</strong> mopovebuli<br />
fuli sakuTari an megobrebis saWiroebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad <strong>da</strong>xarjon. bevri Semosavlis<br />
gamomuSavebas ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gzad ganixilavs.<br />
zogierTi bavSvisgan ki piriqiT, moelian an aiZuleben,<br />
gamoimuSavos fuli <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi moitanos. sacxovreblis<br />
ararsebobam an saSinelma sacxovrebelma<br />
pirobebma SeiZleba aseve <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZgos bavSvs.<br />
calke aRebuli, siRaribe bavSvis quCaSi gasvlis mizezi<br />
ar aris. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ojaxebis umravlesoba,<br />
ukidures ekonomikur pirobebSic ki, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> saxlSi<br />
SenarCunebas axerxebs. Tumca siRaribem SeiZleba<br />
ukve ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>ucvel ojaxSi arsebuli stresi gaaRrmavos<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxis priorotetebis Secvla gamoiwvios,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvis keTildReoba yuradRebis centrSi<br />
aRar iqneba.<br />
_ ojaxis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobis Secvla, rogoricaa ganqorwineba<br />
an mSoblis meored qorwineba<br />
mSoblebis ganqorwineba yvela bavSvisTvis stresia.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> amas aseve Tan ojaxis sacxovrebeli<br />
pirobebis gauareseba axlavs, gansakuTrebiT Tu<br />
bavSvi de<strong>da</strong>sTan rCeba – rogorc es umravles SemTxvevebSi<br />
xdeba. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> martoxela<br />
mSoblebisaTvis ganqorwinebis Semdeg xSirad<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 5
6 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
mSoblis movaleobebis Sesruleba Zneli xdeba. mSoblis<br />
meored qorwineba xSirad <strong>da</strong>matebiT siZneleebs<br />
qmnis – SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti bavSvsa <strong>da</strong><br />
dedinacvals/maminacvals Soris, an bavSvi SeiZleba<br />
sruliad uaryofil iqnas dedinacvalis/maminacvalis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong> Tavi iZulebulad igrZnos (an iyos iZulebuli)<br />
<strong>da</strong>tovos saxli.<br />
_ ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi sxva adgilze<br />
sacxovreblad Cveulebrivad bavSvebTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>dian.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis ramdenime modeli SeiniSneba:<br />
migracia patara qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n an soflebi<strong>da</strong>n urbanul<br />
centrebSi; ga<strong>da</strong>svla didi qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n TbilisSi; ga<strong>da</strong>svla<br />
Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n patara qalaqebSi; mogzauroba sxva<br />
qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n an iZulebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba saqarTvelos<br />
konfliqturi zonebi<strong>da</strong>n. garemos Secvla bavSvisTvis<br />
siZneleebs warmoSobs. Tu msgavsi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
ar aris kargad momzadebuli, axal adgilsamyofelze<br />
arsebulma mdgomareobam ojaxis pirobebis gauareseba<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi stres-faqtorebi<br />
warmoqmnas.<br />
_ alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba saxlSi<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es faqtori bevri bavSvis mier<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>saxelebula, alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> cxovrebaSi mZlavri stres-faqtorebia.<br />
isini Zirs uTxrian ojaxis wevrebTan usafrTxo mijaWvulobis<br />
grZnobas <strong>da</strong> aiZuleben bavSvebs, mdgomareobasTan<br />
Seguebis iseT strategiebs mimarTon,<br />
rogoricaa saxlis mitoveba <strong>da</strong> quCaSi gasvla. radgan<br />
alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba xSirad saxeldeba<br />
im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier, romelTac <strong>da</strong>kar<strong>ge</strong>s mSobeli<br />
an romelTa mSoblebi ganqorwinebulni arian, es<br />
kidev ufro arTulebs garemoebebs.<br />
_ janmrTelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi<br />
ojaxSi<br />
siRaribesTan <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
ararsebobasTan erTad, ojaxSi arsebulma janmrTelobis<br />
mZime problemebma <strong>da</strong> am mdgomareobasTan<br />
gamklavebis SeuZleblobam bavSvs skolis mitovebisken,<br />
fuli gamomuSavebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisken an ubralod,<br />
siZneleebisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT saxlis <strong>da</strong>tovebisken<br />
SeiZleba ubiZgos.<br />
_ ganaTlebis nakleboba<br />
kvlevis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom skola <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli<br />
nawilia, magram, amavdroulad, xSirad maTi<br />
Semdgomi socialuri izolaciis <strong>da</strong>maCqarebels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba<br />
skolaSi ar iricxeba. isini ki, vinc jer kidev skolaSi<br />
iricxebian, iq <strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis ramdenime winaaRmdegobas<br />
awydebian. zogi skolaSi siarulis Semosavlis<br />
gamomuSavebasTan SeaTavsebas cdilobs, rac rTulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba bavSvs skolis mitovebisken ubiZgos. sxvebs<br />
aucilebeli saskolo nivTebis SeZena ar ZaluZT,<br />
an CaricxvisTvis aucilebeli sabuTebi ar gaaCniaT.<br />
ojaxebi, romelTac bavSvis skolaSi gagzavnasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxisTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavlis mopovebaSi maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT, xSirad<br />
arsebobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebis moZiebas<br />
ganaTlebis grZelvadian <strong>da</strong> bundovad sar<strong>ge</strong>belze win<br />
ayeneben. ojaxuri struqturis Secvlam, rac mSoblis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebiT an ganqorwinebiT aris gamowveuli,<br />
ojaxis prioritetebi SeiZleba Secvalos, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvis<br />
ganaTlebas wamyvani roli aRar eqneba. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
bevri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi skolas Tavs anebebs <strong>da</strong> amis mizezad<br />
interesis naklebobas, sakuTari Tavis skolasTan Seusabamobas<br />
an ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxs asaxelebs.<br />
_ bavSvis irgvliv arasakmarisi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
sistemis arseboba<br />
socialuri momsaxureba, romelsac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>Tvis<br />
maTi quCaSi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
aRmoCena SeuZlia, Zalian cotaa <strong>da</strong> maT Sesaxeb<br />
informacia xSirad ar aris sakmarisad xelmisawvdomi<br />
imisaTvis, rom aRkveTos bavSvis quCaSi gasvla an<br />
xeli Seuwyos maT quCaSi yofnisas cxovrebis alternatiuli<br />
gzebis gamonaxvaSi. quCaSi moxvedris Semdeg,<br />
bavSvebi im mcire socialur momsaxurebas mimarTaven,<br />
ris Sesaxebac Seityoben, magram <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas arasdros gaugia Sesabamisi<br />
socialuri samsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> arc gamouyenebia<br />
isini.<br />
_ bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis Si<strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi meqanizmebis<br />
ararseboba<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi, bavSvis ojaxSi mTavari mzrunvelis<br />
aryofnas naklebad uaryofiTi efeqti aqvs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
bavSvis garSemo arsebuli Temis wevrebi icaven bavSvs,<br />
roca ojaxs es ar ZaluZs. urbanul <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
es ase ar aris – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> aRqmiT, rodesac isini<br />
mTeli rigi siZneleebis winaSe dganan, farTo sazogadoeba,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad: mezoblebi, maT<br />
gverdiT ar arian. amas socialuri an kulturuli indiferentuloba<br />
(an sulac mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba)<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT, rac bavSvis Semdgom socialur<br />
izolacias <strong>da</strong> TviTSezRudvas iwvevs.<br />
_ <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis socialuri izolacia<br />
kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi aCvenebs, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mcxovrebi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi yvelaze Raribi <strong>da</strong> socialurad<br />
izolirebuli ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n arian. mTeli rigi<br />
siZneleebisas, rogoricaa siRaribe, sacxovreblis<br />
ararseboba, meuRlis <strong>da</strong>kargva, ganqorwineba an ojaxuri<br />
konfliqtebi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebs <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare Sokebisgan <strong>da</strong>cva xSirad SeuZleblad<br />
miaCniaT. Tu mSoblebs, realurad, farTo ojaxi <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoeba ar exmareba, xSirad ojaxebi Seguebis<br />
iseT strategiebs mimarTaven, romlebic bavSvisaTvis<br />
Sesabamisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris pirobebs ar qmnis.<br />
rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> bevri ojaxi<br />
e. w. <strong>da</strong>swavlili <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis 3 simptomebs amJRavnebs<br />
– es aris fsiqologiuri termini, romelic socialur<br />
konteqstSi xsnis, Tu ratom veRar moqmedeben a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />
romlebmac warsulSi mravaljeradi warumatebloba<br />
ganicades <strong>da</strong> romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
garkveul winaaRmdegobebs awydebodnen. isini prob-<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 7
lemebis gaSinaganebisaken arian midrekilni; yvela<br />
siZneles afaseben, rogorc mravalmxrivs, romelTac<br />
maTi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze zemoqmedeba SeuZlia<br />
<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebs mudmiv <strong>da</strong> Seucvlel, Seuqcevad<br />
procesebad miiCneven.<br />
is faqti, rom saqarTvelos quCebSi asobiT Raribi<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialurad gariyuli bavSvia, kvalificiuri socialuri<br />
samsaxuris moqmedebis aucileblobas warmoSobs.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis winaSe arsebuli<br />
sakiTxebi siRaribis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
inkluziis farTo konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes.<br />
aucilebelia erTiani <strong>da</strong> koordinirebuli midgoma,<br />
raTa ga<strong>da</strong>iWras <strong>bavSvebis</strong>, ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad sazogadoebis<br />
faqtorebi, romlebic bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken<br />
ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs an iq aCerebs. aseTi politika <strong>da</strong> programuli<br />
pasuxebi bavSvs uflebebis, kompleqsuri saWiroebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> personaluri siZliereebis mqone indivi<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara keTildReobis programebis ubralod mim-<br />
Rebad un<strong>da</strong> ganixilavdes. ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba<br />
ganxilul un<strong>da</strong> iqnas problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saSualebad<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara problemis nawilad – politika <strong>da</strong> programebi<br />
mimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>bavSvebis</strong> uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri qselis rolis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisaken. am midgomiT, ZiriTadi politika,<br />
sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
moicavs Semdegs:<br />
politikis doneze:<br />
- <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis regularuli<br />
kvleva am jgufis dinamikis Sesaswavlad <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobis mier mtkicebulebebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli programebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebis prioritetebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />
- socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
kriteriumebis, identifikaciis/informaciis gavrcelebis<br />
meqanizmebisa <strong>da</strong> indikatorebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva,<br />
raTa saxelmwifo programebi xelmisawvdomi gaxdes<br />
yvelaze <strong>da</strong>ucveli jgufebisaTvis.<br />
- arsebuli socialuri SeRavaTebis konsolidireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi mor<strong>ge</strong>ba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebSi ukiduresi<br />
siRaribis aRmosafxvrelad; siRaribis Semcirebis<br />
programebi un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes rCevebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis programebs maTTvis, visac muSaoba<br />
SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> materialur an fulad <strong>da</strong>xmarebas maTTvis,<br />
visac muSaoba ar SeuZlia.<br />
- bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis zogad sistemaSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
gankuTvnili asakis Sesabamisi miznobrivi socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis gaTvaliswineba <strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
mravalricxovani momsaxurebis SemuSaveba, romlebic<br />
rac SeiZleba meti ojaxis <strong>da</strong>farvasa <strong>da</strong> kvalificiur<br />
multi-seqtorul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras gaiTvaliswinebs.<br />
3. White, Harrison C. (1992); Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social<br />
Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; see also: Petersen, C., Maier,<br />
S.F., Seligman, M.E.P. (1995). Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the A<strong>ge</strong> of<br />
Personal Control. New York: Oxford University Press<br />
- sa<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> mizanSewonilia, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
regularuli an <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semdgomi programebis<br />
misawodeblad arsebuli ZiriTadi resursebis<br />
(magaliTad, skolebis) gamoyeneba. bavSvze zrunvis<br />
axali momsaxurebis ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT dRis<br />
ganmavlobaSi zrunvis (dRis centrebi), skolis-Semdgomi<br />
programebis, naTesauri Svilobilobis an yvelaze<br />
kritikul SemTxvevaSi, mimReb ojaxSi ganTavsebis<br />
an mcire tipis rezidentul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi<br />
ganTavsebis saxiT.<br />
- sakuTrebis uflebisa <strong>da</strong> ganqorwinebis Semdeg usaxlkarobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi ekonomikuri gaWirvebis<br />
riskebis Sesamcireblad, dedebisaTvis materialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCenis saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva <strong>da</strong> aRsrulebis axali meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />
- iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli pirebisaTvis informaciis<br />
gavrcelebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis miwodebis meqanizmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvewa, gansakuTrebiT kompaqturi Casaxlebis<br />
centrebSi mcxovrebi <strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebisaTvis, raTa<br />
isini flobdnen srul informacias <strong>da</strong> aseve miuwvdebodeT<br />
xeli saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis arsebul programebze.<br />
- skolis gareT myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis<br />
gaumjobeseba:<br />
1) modificirebuli kurikulumis (<strong>da</strong>sawevi <strong>da</strong> Ria/<br />
distanciuri swavlebis) ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> serTificirebis<br />
gziT <strong>da</strong> aseve am kurikulumis ganaTlebis<br />
savauCero sistemaSi CarTvis gziT; 2) savauCero<br />
sistemis gansazRvra skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swrebisa <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
Caricxvis mixedviT; 3) skolebisTvis, profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis centrebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis alternatiuli<br />
sqemis momwodeblebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebis SesamuSaveblad, <strong>da</strong>matebi-<br />
Ti resursebiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis, xelmisawvdomi<br />
`inkluziuri ganaTlebis fondis~ Seqmna; 4) zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, profesiuli ganaTlebis centrebSi Casaricxad,<br />
savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis wlebis<br />
Semcireba, raTa, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis profesiuli<br />
ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi gaxdes.<br />
- piradobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis<br />
gamo, socialuri usafrTxoebis qselisadmi Sez-<br />
Ruduli xelmisawvdomobis problemis mogvareba,<br />
rac <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebs saSualebas miscems<br />
droebiT <strong>da</strong>registrirdnen, magaliTad TviTidentifikaciis<br />
safuZvelze, <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>da</strong>xmareba iuridiuli<br />
sabuTebis gaformebaSi.<br />
- uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom arsebuli kanonmdebloba<br />
alkoholis momxmarebel ojaxebSi Zaladobisagan<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> droulad <strong>da</strong>cvis praqtikul meqanizmebs Seicavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseve Seicavs adekvatur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras ojaxebisaTvis,<br />
am problemebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad.<br />
- azartul TamaSebSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> monawileobis akrZalvis<br />
efeqturi meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />
- policiis trenin<strong>ge</strong>bis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nel nawilad bavSvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebis CarTva; bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
sakiTxebSi CarevisaTvis profesionali socialuri<br />
mosamsaxure policielis Tanamdebobis SemoReba<br />
8 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>da</strong> policiis moqmedebebis winaaRmdeg anonimuri sa-<br />
Civrebis meqanizmebis SemuSaveba.<br />
- sasamarTlo warmoebis sistemaSi samuSao meqanizmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergva, rac mSoblis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebze<br />
Sesabamis zrunvas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
- <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis programebis SemuSaveba<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> mozardebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>nergva bavSvze<br />
zrunvis sistemaSi.<br />
- bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvaze <strong>da</strong> ojaxis keTildReobaze pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
an arapir<strong>da</strong>pir pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bel yvela uwyebas Soris<br />
formaluri TanamSromlobis, informaciis gaziarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierTmimarTebis meqanizmebis arsebobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa krizisis adreuli identifikaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> drouli multi-seqtoruli Carevis garantirebisaTvis.<br />
adgilobriv doneze:<br />
- qalaqebis Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, socialuri<br />
inkluziis strategiebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergva;<br />
am strategiebis nawili un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi ojaxebis ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi adgilobrivi<br />
samsaxurebis mier finansuri resursebis gamonaxva<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoyofa; qalaqebSi usaxlkarobis problemebis<br />
mogvareba.<br />
- qalaqebSi arsebuli socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebs<br />
Soris (skola, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, socialuri<br />
muSakebi, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis obieqtebi, saxelmwifo<br />
biujetze myofi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi,<br />
administracia <strong>da</strong> policia) regularuli TanamSromlobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>nergva <strong>da</strong> gazr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
skolis doneze:<br />
- skolis gareT myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebis <strong>da</strong>nergva (skolis Semdgomi<br />
klubebi, meTvalyureobis sqemebi, mozardTa<br />
resurs-centrebi), am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> skolaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis,<br />
an sxva gziT, sabaziso <strong>da</strong>/an profesiuli ganaTlebis<br />
miRebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
- skolis maswavleblebis treningi, individualuri<br />
kurikulumis miwodebaSi <strong>da</strong> swavlebis fsiqo-socialur<br />
aspeqtebSi; <strong>da</strong> skola-mSoblis kavSiris gaumjobeseba.<br />
- im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, vinc skolaSi ukiduresi ekonomikuri<br />
gaWirvebis gamo ar iricxeba, waxalisebis<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergva (rogoricaa <strong>da</strong>finanseba, saswavlo<br />
sesxebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvaneloebiT droebiT sar<strong>ge</strong>blobis<br />
meqnizmebi).<br />
programul doneze:<br />
- <strong>bavSvebis</strong>/ojaxebisaTvis, individualurad droSi<br />
SezRuduli, kargad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli <strong>da</strong> miznobrivi intervenciis<br />
strategiebis SemuSaveba, prevenciasa <strong>da</strong> intervencias<br />
Soris gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
- bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxur garemoze programebis gavlenis<br />
gasazomi mkafio indikatorebis SemuSaveba.<br />
- beneficiari <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis (dedmamiSvilebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> dedinacvalis/maminacvalis CaTvliT) adreuli<br />
indetificirebisa <strong>da</strong> sruli monawileobis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
farTo ojaxuri qselebis gamonaxva; ojaxebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis Zlieri mxareebis Sefaseba, rac<br />
individuali momsaxurebis <strong>ge</strong>gmis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong>exmareba.<br />
- beneficiarebisaTvis sazogadoebaSi arsebuli programebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa maTTvis misawvdomi gzebiT <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
mier am programebis gamoyenebaSi xelis Sewyoba.<br />
- ojaxur krizisebze mimarTulma programebma un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoimuSaon Sesabamisi kompetenciebi (rogoricaa<br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba alkoholizmis, ganqorwinebis<br />
an ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri<br />
aqtivacia <strong>da</strong> rCevebi samuSaos Sesaxeb, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> an<br />
avadmyofebis droebiTi movla saxlSi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis<br />
unarebis gaumjobeseba) <strong>da</strong>/an un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaron mimarTvis<br />
sistemebi. ojaxis momsaxureba moqnili <strong>da</strong><br />
mravali ojaxis momcveli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs un<strong>da</strong><br />
miewodebodeT maTTvis mosaxerxebel adgilas, maTTvis<br />
mosaxerxebel saaTebSi. es aspeqti gansakuTrebiT<br />
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom Si<strong>da</strong> ojaxur kavSirebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis strategiebs ziani ar miad<strong>ge</strong>s.<br />
- programebSi, romlebic eTnikur umciresobebTan<br />
(magaliTad: boSebTan) muSaobas <strong>ge</strong>gmavs, CarTuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen Sesabamisi eTnikuri jgufis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebi,<br />
rac gazrdis am jgufisaTvis momsaxurebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobas <strong>da</strong> xels Seuwyobs ndobis Camoyalibebas.<br />
- proeqtebma, romlebic mimarTulia <strong>quCis</strong> mozardebTan<br />
muSaobaze, un<strong>da</strong> gamoimuSaon kompetenciebi,<br />
romlebic saWiroa mozardebisaTvis cxovrebiseuli<br />
programebis miwodebisaTvis (maT Soris: jgufuri<br />
sacxovreblis, alternatiuli <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis miwodebis <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli unarebis<br />
swavlebis CaTvliT) <strong>da</strong> gare <strong>da</strong>xmarebis xelmisawvdomad<br />
formaluri mimarTvis sistema un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergos.<br />
amis msgavsad, programebs, romlebic toqsikuri<br />
nivTierebebis momxmarebeli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> CarTvas<br />
<strong>ge</strong>gmavs, un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos am sakiTxebTan gamklaveba an<br />
kavSiri un<strong>da</strong> hqondes specializebul centrebTan.<br />
- programebi, romlebic, skolis gareT <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sabaziso ganaTlebas iTvaliswinebs,<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos serTificirebul an sxvagvarad<br />
oficialurad aRiarebul kurikulumze <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi miwodeba moqnili <strong>da</strong> individualurad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli<br />
meTodebiT un<strong>da</strong> moxdes. Tu gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> reintegracia formalur saganmanaTleblo<br />
sistemaSi, programebma mWidrod un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon<br />
skolebTan <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebisaTvis, moswavleebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mSoblebisaTvis stigmisa <strong>da</strong> diskriminaciis<br />
Sesamcireblad trenin<strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>da</strong> sensitiuri RonisZiebebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Caataron.<br />
- programebi vakuumSi ar un<strong>da</strong> moqmedebdes; piriqiT,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes yvela relevantur socialur<br />
programas Soris mudmiv, struqturul <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTul<br />
TanamSromlobas.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 9
Sesavali<br />
informacia qveynis Sesaxeb<br />
saqarTvelos respublika, 4.6 milioniani mosaxleobiT<br />
(romlis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 25% bavSvia), samxreT kavkasiaSi<br />
mdebareobs. igi ruseTs, TurqeTs, azerbaijansa<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxeTs esazRvreba, strategiuli mdebareoba<br />
ukavia <strong>da</strong> uZvelesi abreSumis gzis gavliT, <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />
aziasTan akavSirebs.<br />
Savi zRva<br />
baTumi<br />
TurqeTi<br />
ruseTis federacia<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
quTaisi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
somxeTi<br />
suraTi #1 – saqarTvelos ruka (aRniSnulia kvlevis Catarebis<br />
adgilebi)<br />
saqarTvelos mSfoTvare uaxlesma istoriam mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlena iqonia qveynis socialur-ekonomikur<br />
mdgomareobaze. 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />
sabWoTa kavSirisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,<br />
1991 <strong>da</strong> 1993 wlebis separatistuli konfliqtebis<br />
Sedegad, qveynis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 15% afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
samxreT oseTis araRiarebuli mTavrobebis xelSi<br />
moeqca <strong>da</strong> asobiT aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
pirad aqcia. 1995 wlis konstituciam ganamtkica<br />
demokratiul principebTan Sesabamisoba.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, prezident eduard SevardnaZis<br />
mmarTvelobis dros, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
araefeqturi <strong>da</strong> korumpirebuli iyo, arCevnebi sul<br />
ufro metad yalbdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo xSirad `ar-<br />
Semdgar saxelmwifod~ moixseniebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2003 wels, vardebis revoluciis Sedegad, qveynis<br />
saTaveSi mosulma axalma mTavrobam mraval mniSvnelovan<br />
warmatebas miaRwia. Catar<strong>da</strong> ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />
reforma, ramac sajaro samsaxuris efeqturoba<br />
gazar<strong>da</strong>, korufcia Seamcira, mniSvnelovani<br />
progresi gamoiwvia qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebis<br />
saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-atlantikur alianssa (NATO) <strong>da</strong><br />
evrokavSirSi integracia mTavar erovnul miznad<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxa. am zogad strategiul mimarTulebebTan er-<br />
Tad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam bavSvTa keTildReobis<br />
sistemis reformireba <strong>da</strong> qveynis kanonmdeblobis<br />
gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis konvenciasTan SesabamisobaSi<br />
moyvana <strong>da</strong>iwyo. saqarTvelo aRniSnul<br />
konvencias 1994 wels SeuerT<strong>da</strong>. gasaWirSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCenis mxriv, reforma<br />
socialur- materialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sistemis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvas <strong>da</strong> rezidentuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis alternatiuli<br />
mzrunvelobis formebis SemoRebas moicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rac Seexeba arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis<br />
sferos _ sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis<br />
asakTan, prevenciul RonisZiebebTan <strong>da</strong> patimrobis<br />
alternatiuli meqanizmebis SemoRebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
dRemde debatebi mimdinareobs. mzrunvelobis<br />
formebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT, aRiarebulia, rom<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> calkeuli jgufebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
saWiroeben. Ees yuradReba uzrunvelyofs am<br />
garkveuli jgufebis saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />
SemuSavebuli programebis inkluziurobas. qu-<br />
Cis bavSvebi erT-erTi aseTi jgufia.<br />
dReisaTvis, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sistemuri<br />
an amomwuravi kvleva ar Catarebula. adgilobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis SefasebiT,<br />
qveyanaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> 500-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
5000-mde meryeob<strong>da</strong>. 2006 wlis maisSi, saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentis iniciativiT, federaciam `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />
bavSvebi~ <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebze momuSave samuSao<br />
jgufi Camoayaliba, romelic samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebs aerTianebs. samuSao jgufis<br />
erT-erTi mizani <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze kvlevis Catareba<br />
iyo, raTa maTi ufro zusti <strong>raodenoba</strong>, saWiroebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> am fenomenis gamomwvevi mizezebi <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>niliyo;<br />
Semdeg ki, aRniSnuli kvleva mTavrobas <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebs Sesabamisi intervenciebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmvaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2007 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />
bavSvebi~ TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong> gaeros bavSvTa fond-<br />
Tan, romelmac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvlevis proeqtis<br />
SemuSavebaSi wvlili Seitana eqpertuli rCevebis<br />
saxiT. eqspertul <strong>da</strong>skvnaSi saubari iyo politikis<br />
SemqmnelTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>m<strong>ge</strong>gmavTa informirebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> saWiroebebisadmi misa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>buli programebis<br />
SemuSavebis mizniT, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvlevisadmi<br />
sistemuri midgomis aucileblobaze. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
Sesabamisi kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2007 wlis ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
2008 wlis martamde Catar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
10 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
kvlevis miznebi<br />
mocemuli kvlevis mizania <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
raodenobis, maxasiaTeblebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis<br />
Sesaxeb swori <strong>da</strong> sando monacemebis mopoveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis Sesamcireblad <strong>da</strong> aseve maTi<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad marTebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisi programebis rekomendeba. am zogadi miznis<br />
farglebSi, kvlevis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa TbilisSi, quTais-<br />
Si, rusTavsa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> miaxloebiTi<br />
raodenobis gamoTvla. Sesabamisad, kvlevis mizania<br />
sando informaciis mopoveba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb<br />
Semdeg sakiTxebze: demografiuli Taviseburebebi,<br />
ojaxuri mdgomareoba, TavSesafari/sacxovrebeli,<br />
ganaTlebis statusi, momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb codna<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyeneba, Semosavlis miReba, fizikuri janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis xarisxi. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
kvlevis mizania <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mcxovrebi <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Sesabamisi intervenciebis SesamuSaveblad,<br />
mtkicebulebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />
momzadeba.<br />
diskusia <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> debatebi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad,<br />
ixileT Panter-Brick, 2003). 4 yvelaze gavrcelebuli,<br />
organzomilebiani gansazRvrebebi yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs im adgilze (anu quCaze), sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebi<br />
drois umetes nawils atareben <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>bavSvebis</strong> maT<br />
ojaxebTan kavSiris intensivobaze. am kriteriumebis<br />
4. Panter-Brick, Catherine (2003); “Street Children, Human Rights and Public<br />
Health” in Children, Youth and Environments Volume 13 No. 1<br />
gamoyenebiT, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs xSirad Q<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebad<br />
(anu bavSvebi, romlebic mudmivad quCaSi cxovroben<br />
<strong>da</strong> iSviaTad an saerTod ar aqvT kontaqti ojaxTan)<br />
<strong>da</strong> quCaSi myof bavSvebad (anu bavSvebi, romlebic<br />
dRes quCaSi atareben <strong>da</strong> Rame ojaxebSi brundebian)<br />
hyofen. mtkicebulebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli ukeTesi terminologiis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi, qarTvelma praqtikosebma<br />
sakuTari gansazRvreba am saerTo definiciebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Camoayalibes <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
sami jgufi ganasxvaves:<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi – isini, romlebic Rames quCaSi an a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo adgilas atareben<br />
(sZinavT) erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi. maT ar<br />
hyavT ojaxi/mzrunveli, an ar hqoniaT kavSiri ojax-<br />
Tan/mzrunvelTan, erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavloba-<br />
Si. isini sakuTar Tavs TviTonve uzrunvelyofen <strong>da</strong><br />
mopovebul fuls sakuTar saWiroebebze <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> garemocvaze<br />
xarjaven.<br />
bavSvebi quCaSi – isini, romlebic yovelTvis an umetesad<br />
saxlSi iZineben, magram dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
drois udides nawils quCaSi atareben. maT SeiZleba<br />
ojaxTan/mzrunvelTan regularuli (yoveldRiuri)<br />
an araregularuli (yoveldRiurze naklebi sixSiriT)<br />
kavSiri hqondeT. isini sakuTar Tavs TviTonve<br />
uzrunvelyofen <strong>da</strong> Semosavlis nawili saxlSi (ojaxebTan/mzrunvelebTan)<br />
miaqvT.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> ojaxebis bavSvebi _ isini, romlebic Rames<br />
quCaSi an a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo adgilas<br />
atareben (sZinavT), ojaxis zr<strong>da</strong>srul wevrTan er-<br />
Tad, erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi. isini quCaSi<br />
Semosavals moipoveben <strong>da</strong> ojaxis rCenaSi SeaqvT wvlili.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 11
12 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> aRweris kidev erTi<br />
saintereso mcdeloba, <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis momsaxurebis<br />
gamwev qarTul organizacias hqon<strong>da</strong>. organizaciis<br />
wevrebma, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ori jgufi bavSvsa <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>sruls<br />
Soris arsebul tradiciul kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> am<br />
kavSiris gawyvetis safuZvelze ganasxvaves:<br />
pirveli jgufi: quCaSi cxovrebis riskis winaSe mdgomi<br />
bavSvebi – bavSvs ukve raRac dro aqvs quCaSi gatarebuli,<br />
magram rolebis ganawileba – mozrdili,<br />
rogorc mzrunveli <strong>da</strong> bavSvi, rogorc kmayofaze<br />
myofi - SenarCunebulia.<br />
meore jgufi: <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi _ drois udides nawils<br />
quCaSi atareben, radgan mzrunvelis funqciasac<br />
bavSvebi asruleben. isini iZulebulni xdebian, Tavad<br />
irCinon Tavi <strong>da</strong> xSirad arCinon zr<strong>da</strong>srulebic, romlebsac<br />
mzrunvelis funqciis Sesruleba aRar Seu-<br />
ZliaT <strong>da</strong> bavSvebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulni xdebian.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli terminebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> quCas Sefarebuli<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli sakiTxebis aRweris<br />
mcdeloba iyo. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, maT garkveuli<br />
SezRudvebi axasiaTebT, radgan TiToeuli<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs faqtorebis mcire ricxvze<br />
(adgilmdebareoba, urTierToba an <strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebi).<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, isini <strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCuri cxovrebis cvalebad<br />
bunebas ar asaxavs. rogorc a.S.S. saerTaSoriso<br />
ganivaTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos adgilnacval bavSvTa <strong>da</strong><br />
obolTa fondis (DCOF) saxelmZRvanelo dokumentSia<br />
gadmocemuli: ukanaskneli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom<br />
quCaSi myofi bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> mozardebi quCaSi muSaobisa<br />
(quCaSi arsebuli samsaxuris gziT fulis gamomuSavebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarjuli dro) <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovrebis (quCaSi<br />
an <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TavSesafrebSi Zilze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli<br />
dro) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxiT gamoirCvvian. 5<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> termini `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi~ aseve uaryofi-<br />
Ti konotaciiT aris <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli <strong>da</strong> xSirad yuradRebas<br />
quCaSi cxovrebis saziano aspeqtebze amaxvilebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara imaTze, vinc aseTi cxovrebiT cxovrobs.<br />
Tavad bavSvebs ar surT `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebad~ iwodebodnen.<br />
kvlevis dros Catar<strong>da</strong> ori fokus-jgufi<br />
(Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi) `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~<br />
proeqtis mobiluri jgufebisaTvis cnobili <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> monawileobiT. fasilitatorebis SekiTxvaze,<br />
ra saxels iyeneben bavSvebi sakuTari Tavis asaRwerad,<br />
pasuxi iyo _ `ubralod bavSvebi~. CaZiebisas<br />
maT sxva wina<strong>da</strong>debebic wamoayenes: `momuSave bavSvebi~,<br />
`maTxovari bavSvebi~, an `kai biWebi~. saxelTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stigma <strong>da</strong> gansazRvrul kategoriebad<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofis tendencia imdenad Zlieria,<br />
rom xan<strong>da</strong>xan gvaviwyebs mTavars: `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi~ aris<br />
ubralod bavSvi - individualuri, unikaluri niWiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebiT.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> klasifikaciis gamoyenebisas un<strong>da</strong><br />
5. James-Wilson D. (2007); Building Brid<strong>ge</strong>s to Mainstream Opportunities;<br />
Displaced Children & Orphans Fund Gui<strong>da</strong>nce on Funding Priorities and Parameters<br />
for Street Children Programming ; USAID<br />
gvaxsovdes, rom jgufebi <strong>da</strong> qvejgufebi aucileblad<br />
erTgvarovani an erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ar<br />
aris. nebismieri mkacri gansazRvrebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli kvleva<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis<br />
axali gansazRvrebebis SemuSavebas ar isaxavs<br />
miznad. piriqiT, is cdilobs qveyanaSi aqamde gamoyenebuli<br />
terminologiis ga<strong>da</strong>mowmebas. ZiriTadi _ adgili-dro<br />
ganzomileba jer kidev gamoiyeneba, magram<br />
xdeba misi analizi iseTi faqtorebis mimarT, rogoricaa<br />
demografia, mobiluroba, ojaxi, TavSesafari,<br />
ganaTleba, Semosavlis gamomuSaveba, janmrTeloba <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva. kvleva iTvaliswinebs, rom cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
etapze, SesaZlebelia, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi erTi jgufi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen an erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
jgufis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel Tvisebebs iziarebdnen.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufeba<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> kategorizaciis yvela<br />
zemoTCamoTvlili SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
monacemTa analizis procesSi ori SesaZlo midgoma<br />
gamoikveTa. erTs SeiZleba tipologiis midgoma<br />
vuwodoT, romelic <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> konkretuli<br />
jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> qvejgufebis gansazRvrebas <strong>da</strong> politikis<br />
pasuxebis am saerTo jgufebisaTvis misa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bas<br />
Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. am modelis Tanaxmad, termini `<strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvi~ gamoyenebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT mZime<br />
pirobebSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> populaciaSi calke kategoriis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad.<br />
kvlevis monacemTa Tanaxmad, mzrunveli zr<strong>da</strong>srulis<br />
(mSoblebis an sxva naTesavebis) arseboba/ararseboba<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis Ziri-<br />
Tadi ganmsazRvrelia. am indikatoris gamoyenebiT<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> erTi mTavari<br />
jgufi moicavs imaT, vinc ojaxis wevrebTan erTad<br />
ar cxovrobs (mTeli SerCevis 35%). zogadi saTauris<br />
qveS _ `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic ar cxovroben<br />
mSoblebTan an ojaxis wevrebTan erTad~, SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyos Semdegi qvejgufi: `ZiriTadi mzrunvelis<br />
gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCenili bavSvebi~ (isini, vinc ambobs, rom<br />
maTze aravin zrunavs).<br />
meore ZiriTadi jgufi moicavs bavSvebs, romlebsac<br />
SeuZliaT ZiriTadi mzrunvelis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong><br />
am jgufis qvejgufs Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns ojaxebTan mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi.<br />
am farTo kategoriebis SigniT SesaZlebelia Semdgomi<br />
qvejgufebis gamoyofa: `bavSvebi, romlebic mTeli<br />
weli quCaSi cxovroben~ (quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi);<br />
`bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod zafxulis an zamTris<br />
Rameebs atareben quCaSi~ (quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi); `bavSvebi, romlebic quCaSi dRis saaTebs<br />
atareben, magram ara Rames~ (quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi).<br />
kvlevis monacemebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi, romelTac<br />
ar hyavT mzrunveli <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc ojaxebTan ar cxovroben,<br />
ufro metad atareben Rameebs quCaSi, vidre<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic ojaxebTan cxovroben <strong>da</strong>/an hyavT<br />
mzrunveli.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 13
meore kategoriaSi (bavSvebi, romelTac hyavT mzrunveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>/an cxovroben mSoblebTan) qvejgufebis gansazRvra<br />
ufro rTuli xdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime potenciuri<br />
qvejgufis SigniT sagrZnobi gansxvavebebia,<br />
zogierTi jgufi erTmaneTs nawilobriv ga<strong>da</strong>faravs<br />
an msgavsi Tvisebebi gaaCnia. magaliTad: kvleva aCvenebs,<br />
rom orive mSoblis yolisa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis imave<br />
qalaqSi cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi ufro metad<br />
iricxebian skolaSi <strong>da</strong> nakleb dros atareben quCaSi.<br />
Tumca, sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, imave<br />
qalaqSi mSoblebis arsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, umetesad<br />
skolaSi ar iricxebian <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d quCaSi arian,<br />
im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> msgavsad, romlebsac ar hyavT mSoblebi,<br />
magram ar arian migrantebi. un<strong>da</strong> iyos Tu ara migranti<br />
bavSvi CarTuli pirvel kategoriaSi, radgan mis umetes<br />
maxasiaTeblebs iziarebs? Tu isini un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoT<br />
meore kategorias, radgan maT hyavT mSoblebi,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian am<br />
jgufis sxva umravlesi wevrebisagan? quCaSi momuSave<br />
mozard biWebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisas, romelTac quCaSi cxovrebis<br />
didi xnis gamocdileba aqvT, igive dilemas<br />
vawydebiT. es biWebi amJRavneben <strong>bavSvebis</strong> im farTo<br />
jgufis Taviseburebebs, romlebic mSoblebTan ar<br />
cxovroben. magram maTi asakis, Seguebis strategiebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> samomavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom ojaxs gareT cxovreba maTTvis ise-<br />
Tive <strong>da</strong>brkolebaa. un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen Tu ara isini ojaxs<br />
gareT mcxovreb sxva bavSvebTan erTad klasificirebulebi?<br />
msgavsi kiTxvebi mravlad Cndeba, rodesac<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> zogadi, modeluri kategoriebis SeqmnasTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme, radgan <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas<br />
gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aqvs <strong>da</strong><br />
isini mravali winaaRmdegobis winaSe dganan.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic ar cxovroben ojaxebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>/an ar hyavT mzrunveli (pirveli jgufi) Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
advili aRsaweria, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maT bevri saerTo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Tviseba aqvT. isini ufro met dros atareben<br />
quCaSi. umetesad, isini skolaSi ar iricxebian <strong>da</strong><br />
skoli<strong>da</strong>n wamosulTa proporciac maRalia. maT mSoblis<br />
ararseboba an gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba siRaribeze met an<br />
aranakleb problemad miaCniaT. maT sakuTari Tavis<br />
sarCenad fulis gamomuSaveba sWirdebaT. isini aseve,<br />
gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis, SesamCnevi fizikuri<br />
travmebisa <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebis<br />
ufro maRali doniT gamoirCevian.<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebis kidev erTi meTodi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaxasia-<br />
ToT, rogorc <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis (mowyvladobis) speqtri,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi SeiZleba mravali winaaRmdegobis<br />
areSi moeqces. am cnebis Tanaxmad, <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis<br />
gaanalizeba xdeba iseTi specifikuri sakiTxebis<br />
konteqstSi, rogoricaa migracia, bavSvis garSemo<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>srulis arseboba/ararseboba, quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />
mSoblebi, ganaTlebis statusi <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba. es midgoma saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs, bavSvebi siRaribis, ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis,<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri usafrTxoebis qselebis<br />
konteqstSi ganvixiloT. drois erT monakveTSi<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis dros, rogoric es kvleva aCvenebs,<br />
TiToeul sakiTxSi arsebuli qvejgufebi urTierTgamomricxavia.<br />
magaliTad, bavSvi ar SeiZleba<br />
iricxebodes skolaSi <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad, mitovebuli<br />
hqondes skola. am sakiTxebis konteqstSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ramdenime mTavari jgufi qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi<br />
aris moyvanili.<br />
amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi faqtori,<br />
romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxiT <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qvejgufebze axdens gavlenas. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
bavSvi erTi <strong>da</strong> imave <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis sakiTxis farglebSi<br />
erTze met Sesabamis maxasiaTebels avlens. es moicavs<br />
bavSvis mier ojaxis stresorebis aRqmas, skolaSi arwasvlis<br />
mizezebs <strong>da</strong> momavali cxovrebis ocnebebs,<br />
Semosavlis gamomuSavebis strategiebs <strong>da</strong> janmrTe-<br />
14 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
lobis sakiTxebs. es maxasiaTeblebi ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi.<br />
magaliTad, bavSvs SeiZleba xiluli<br />
fizikuri travma hqondes <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis<br />
momxmarebeli iyos, an SeiZleba erTze meti ojaxuri<br />
gaWirveba <strong>da</strong>asaxelos. zogierTi mTavari sakiTxi<br />
qvemoT cxrilSia moyvanili:<br />
mowyvladobis<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi qve-jgufebi<br />
sakiTxebis mixedviT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
qve-jgufebi sakiTxebis mixedviT<br />
ojaxis aRqmuli<br />
sirTuleebi<br />
mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an ar yola<br />
ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Sla<br />
alkoholizmi/ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
problemebis ar qona<br />
migracia<br />
ara-migranti bavSvebi<br />
migranti bavSvebi saqarTvelos<br />
regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
migranti bavSvebi sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
skolaSi arwasvlis<br />
aRqmuli mizezebi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebi<br />
survilebi momavlisaTvis<br />
ekonomikuri problemebi<br />
skolisadmi interesis arqona<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxi<br />
ojaxis mier skolis <strong>da</strong>wuneba<br />
CaricxvisaTvis saWiro dokumentebis<br />
arqona<br />
maTxovroba<br />
muSaoba<br />
sxva aqtivobebi fulis<br />
gamosamuSaveblad fuli ar<br />
sWirdebaT/ar gamoimuSaveben<br />
zogadi an specifiuri ganaTleba<br />
samuSao<br />
gaumjobesebuli cxovrebis pirobebi<br />
saxli/ojaxi<br />
ar aris gansazRvruli<br />
mSoblebis yola<br />
socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
done<br />
mzrunvelebis yola<br />
ojaxebi<br />
orive mSobliT oboli bavSvebi<br />
dediT an mamiT oboli bavSvebi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac orive mSobeli<br />
cocxali hyavT<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac naTesavebi<br />
hyavT imave qalaqSi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac naTesavebi<br />
ar hyavT imave qalaqSi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic amboben, rom hyavT<br />
pirveladi mzrunvelebi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic amboben, rom<br />
aravin zrunavs maTze<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic marto cxovroben<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic ojaxebTan/<br />
naTesavebTan erTad cxovroben<br />
janmrTeloba<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli uunaroba<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli fizikuri travma<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli toqsikuri<br />
nivTierebebis moxmareba<br />
janmrTelobis sakiTxebi aRqmulia<br />
rogorc ojaxis sirTule<br />
janmrTelobis sakiTxebi aRqmulia<br />
rogorc skolaSi arwasvlis mizezi<br />
quCaSi gatarebuli<br />
dro<br />
ganaTleba<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />
skolaSi Caricxuli bavSvebi<br />
skoli<strong>da</strong>n gamogdebuli bavSvebi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic arasdros<br />
wasulan skolaSi<br />
cxrili #1 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi qvejgufebi <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis<br />
(mowyvladobis) sakiTxebis mixedviT<br />
wera-kiTxvis codna<br />
socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba<br />
wera-kiTxvis ucodinari bavSvebi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT<br />
kiTxva <strong>da</strong> wera<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac arasdros smeniaT<br />
socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac smeniaT socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, magram<br />
arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT amiT<br />
bavSvebi, romlebmac isar<strong>ge</strong>bles erTi<br />
an ori socialuri momsaxurebiT<br />
cxrili #2 – ga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi sakiTxebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 15
kvlevis meTodologia<br />
kvlevis fazebi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvleva mravalfaziani procesi iyo.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> miaxloebiTi raodenobis Sesafaseblad<br />
Semdegi meTodebi iyo gamoyenebuli: monacemebis<br />
rukaze <strong>da</strong>tana droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />
mixedviT (droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi) <strong>da</strong><br />
wertilovani Sefaseba. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
mogrovebis mizniT, Catar<strong>da</strong> pirispir interviuebi<br />
winaswar gamocdili, stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli kiTxvaris<br />
gamoyenebiT, romelic am kvlevisaTvis SemuSav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yvela faza winaswar <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Sromis,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> socialur saqmeTa saministros bioeTikis<br />
komisiis mier.<br />
pirveli safexuri: droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />
mefingi<br />
kvlevis am safexuris mizani saqarTvelos oTx Ser-<br />
Ceul qalaqSi iseTi ubnebisa <strong>da</strong> drois periodebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na iyo, romelTaTvisac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> udidesi<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />
yvelaze Tanamedrove rukebis gamoyenebiT, qalaqebis<br />
sruli teritoria kvadrantebad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili,<br />
romlebzec <strong>da</strong>kvirveba droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />
mefingis jgufebs samsaaTiani periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
manqaniT nela ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas SeeZloT. <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />
jgufi sami wevrisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>: a) mZRoli; b) socialuri<br />
mkvlevari <strong>da</strong> g) socialuri muSaki an <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebTan muSaobis gamocdilebis mqone sxva profesionali.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> idintificirebis mizniT, federaciam<br />
`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~, samuSao jgufTan <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspertebTan erTad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebadi Tvisebebis sia Seadgina. TvisebaTa kombinirebuli<br />
nusxa oTx jgufad iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili: 1) fizikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi; 2) qceva; 3) adgilmdebareoba; 4)<br />
saqmianoba.<br />
sia SefasebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>eca samuSao jgufis yvela<br />
wevrs, aseve oTxive qalaqSi, droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />
mefingSi monawile jgufebs, ranJirebis<br />
gziT SefasebisaTvis. yvela maTgans <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
identifikaciisaTvis saWiro Tvisebebi mniSvnelobis<br />
mixedviT aTquliani skalis gamoyenebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seefasebina (1 _ yvelaze naklebad mniSvnelovani;<br />
10 _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani). yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
Tvisebebi trenin<strong>ge</strong>bis dros <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
kriteriumebis saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT. 6 SeTanxmebisamebr,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebad un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyenebinaT,<br />
raTa <strong>da</strong>edginaT, bavSvi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufs miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu ara. <strong>da</strong>matebiT, bavSvis mikuTvneba<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> ara erTi Tvisebis, aramed fizikuri, qcevi-<br />
Ti, adgilmdebareobis <strong>da</strong> saqmianobebis faqtorebis<br />
erTobliobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli erTdRian kompleqsur trenings<br />
<strong>da</strong>ewro, romelzec droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis<br />
mefingis principebi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebebi, sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo angariSis formis Sevsebis<br />
instruqcia, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirvebasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli eTikuri sakiTxebi iyo ganxiluli. aseve<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong> quCaSi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> angariSis<br />
Sevsebis praqtikuli savarjiSo. treningis bolos,<br />
yvela sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo jgufs kvadranti <strong>da</strong> TariRi<br />
ganesazRvra.<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingis gundebisaTvis<br />
miwodebuli instruqciis Tanaxmad, maT Caureveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis teqnika un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyenebinaT <strong>da</strong> mefingi<br />
nela moZravi manqani<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> moexdinaT. <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs<br />
manqanis <strong>da</strong>toveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi See-<br />
ZloT, roca garkveul adgilebze (magaliTad, parkebi,<br />
Ria bazrebi, avtobusisa an rkinigzis sadgurebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebi) manqaniT <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo. droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi<br />
bavSvebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas mitovebuli Senobebis,<br />
kazinoebis, internet-kafeebis, restornebis, kinoTeatrebis,<br />
sajaro transportis, supermarketebis,<br />
eklesiebis <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi adgilebis SigniT ar<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi baTumsa <strong>da</strong><br />
quTaisSi 2007 wlis 28 ivniss, xolo rusTavsa <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi<br />
2007 wlis 29 ivniss Catar<strong>da</strong>. oTxive qalaqSi 64<br />
kvandrantze 192 <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli iyo ganawilebuli.<br />
meore safexuri: wertilovani Sefaseba<br />
am safexuris mizani, SerCeul adgilebSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ufro zusti raodenobis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na iyo. sandoobis<br />
asamaRleblad ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>Tvla sami<br />
Tanmimdevruli dRis ganmavlobaSi, dReSi 20 saaTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, dilis 6 saaTi<strong>da</strong>n Ramis 2 saaTamde<br />
Catardebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan momuSave praqtikosebis<br />
mtkicebiT, TiTqmis arcerTi bavSvi ar aris quCaSi<br />
Ramis 2-<strong>da</strong>n dilis 6 saaTamde. ase rom, <strong>da</strong>Tvlisas am<br />
6. sia kvlevis bolos mesame <strong>da</strong>narTis saxiT aris warmod<strong>ge</strong>nili<br />
16 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
Tbilisi rusTavi quTaisi baTumi sul<br />
kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> droisa <strong>da</strong> 33 7 16 8 64<br />
adgilmdebareobis mefingis<br />
winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisaTvis<br />
kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> wertilovani 11 3 4 2 20<br />
Sefasebis <strong>da</strong>TvlisaTvis<br />
SerCevis cdomileba 3.30% 8% 4.30% 4.30% 2.10%<br />
cxrili #3 – pirvel (droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi) <strong>da</strong> meore (wertilovani Sefaseba) safexurze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli kvadrantebis<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
4 saaTiani Sualedis gamotoveba winaswar iyo <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmili.<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingma aCvena, rom qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 65% 64 kvandranti<strong>da</strong>n 20-Si iyo Tavmoyrili<br />
<strong>da</strong> am kvandrantebis SigniT <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ramdenime<br />
adgilis garSemo jgufdebodnen. Sesabamisad,<br />
wertilovani Sefasebisas mxolod es 20 kvandranti<br />
iyo gamoyenebuli. am safexurze, <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs maTi<br />
kvadrantebi fexiT un<strong>da</strong> SemoevloT. amitom, aucilebeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> ramdenime didi kvadrantis ufro patara<br />
kvadrantebad <strong>da</strong>yofa. Sedegad, 20 sawyisi kvadranti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
5 yvelaze did kvadranti or nawilad gaiyo <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />
oTxive qalaqSi axali kvadrantebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>m<br />
25-s miaRwia. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kvlevis meore safexurze<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirveba ufro nakleb kvadrantze, magram ufro intensiurad<br />
<strong>da</strong> meti sizustiT Catar<strong>da</strong>, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
cdomilebis albaTobam 2,1% Seadgina.<br />
TiToeul kvadrantze, ori <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblisagan Semdgari<br />
sami jgufi iqna gagzavnili (6 a<strong>da</strong>miani erT kvadrantze).<br />
isini 4 saaTiani SualedebiT muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
8 saaTiani Sesveneba hqon<strong>da</strong>T. wertilovani Sefasebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebelTa jgufebi federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ partniori organizaciebis <strong>da</strong> ACT-kvlevis<br />
profesionali interviuerebisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. saerTo<br />
jamSi, oTx qalaqSi, 54 jgufSi 150 a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo gaer-<br />
Tianebuli.<br />
wertilovani Sefaseba oTxive qalaqSi, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros Catar<strong>da</strong>: 2007 wlis<br />
25, 26 <strong>da</strong> 27 seqtembers. TiToeuli jgufi 4 saaTiani<br />
ganakveTiT muSaob<strong>da</strong>, droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis mefingis<br />
3 saaTian ganakveTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. TiToeuli <strong>da</strong>mkvirveeli<br />
Sefasebebs yovel or saaTSi erTxel afiqsireb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rac TiToeul ganakveTSi 2 Sefasebis, dReSi<br />
10 Sefasebis <strong>da</strong> sami dRis ganmavlobaSi 30 Sefasebis<br />
tolia.EorsaaTiani Sefasebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebis meqanizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> oTxive qalaqSi erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros <strong>da</strong>kvirveba,<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvlis procesSi, ganmeorebiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tvlis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. xarisxis<br />
gasakontroleblad, `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a~ <strong>da</strong><br />
ACT–kvlevis TanamSromlebi TiToeul adgilze sa<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblo<br />
gundebs winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe<br />
ukavSirdebodnen telefoniT an uSualod adgilze<br />
misvliT, raTa kiTxvebze pasuxi gaecaT, wamoWrili<br />
sakiTxebi ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvitaT <strong>da</strong> procesis <strong>ge</strong>gmis Tanaxmad<br />
warmarTva uzrunveleyoT.<br />
mesame safexuri: pirispir interviuebi<br />
mesame safexuris mizani <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> demografiis,<br />
problemebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
Segroveba iyo.<br />
kiTxvaris pirveli variantis SesamuSaveblad, samuSao<br />
jgufis wevrebs kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong><br />
relevanturi sakiTxebi/kiTxvebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT.<br />
samuSao jgufis wevrebis mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebul iqna<br />
yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> Sed<strong>ge</strong>nil iqna Ria<br />
kiTxvebis sia. radgan sia Zalian grZeli iyo <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
gamoyenebas Zalian didi dro <strong>da</strong>sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, federaciam<br />
`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~, kvlav ranJirebis<br />
gziT Sefasebas mimarTa <strong>da</strong> samuSao jgufis wevrebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> wertilovani Sefasebis <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs kiTxvebis,<br />
maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT, Sefaseba sTxova.<br />
bolo sacdeli nimuSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad Sefasebul<br />
40 kiTxvas Seicav<strong>da</strong>. kiTxvaris nimuSma sacdeli<br />
testireba (pilotireba) Tbilisis quCebSi gaiara <strong>da</strong><br />
masSi ramdenime umniSvnelo cvlileba iqna Setanili.<br />
pilotirebis procesisas aseve ganisazRvra SerCevis<br />
yvelaze efeqturi meTodi.<br />
wertilovani Sefasebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, ACTkvlevam<br />
pirispir interviuebisaTvis SerCevis meTodi<br />
SeimuSava. oTx qalaqSi pirispir interviusaTvis<br />
8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis 300 bavSvi SeirCa. sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
asakobrivi ganawileba wertilovani Sefasebis dros<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakvirvebel bavSvebSi sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis proporciuli<br />
iyo. TiToeul qalaqSi Catarebuli interviuebis<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> qvemoT cxrilSia moyvanili.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan pirispir interviuebs orkaciani<br />
jgufi atareb<strong>da</strong> (erTi a<strong>da</strong>miani svam<strong>da</strong> kiTxvebs <strong>da</strong><br />
meore iwer<strong>da</strong> pasuxebs). kvlevis am safexurze, sul 20<br />
momzadebuli interviuerisgan Semdgarma 10-ma jgufma<br />
miiRo monawileoba. interviuerTa jgufebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
interviuirebaSi gamocdilebis mqone trening-gavlili<br />
profesionalebisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />
umeteswilad, wina or safexurSi monawile pirovnebebisagan<br />
gansxvavebulni iyvnen, vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>bavSvebis</strong> interviuireba<br />
gansxvavebul unarebsa <strong>da</strong> kvalifikacias<br />
moiTxovs. zogierTi interviueri <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli iyo<br />
im jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic monawileobdnen `ga<strong>da</strong>var-<br />
CinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a~ <strong>da</strong> bostonis universitetis 2005-<br />
2007 wlebis kvlevaSi amave organizaciis centrebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb.<br />
interviuerebi momzaddnen intervius rotaciis<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 17
qalaqi wertilovani SerCevis SerCevis<br />
Sefasebis zoma cdomileba<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
Tbilisi 798 178 6.50%<br />
rusTavi 271 61 11.00%<br />
quTaisi 131 29 16.00%<br />
baTumi 141 32 15.00%<br />
sul 1341 300 5.00%<br />
cxrili 4 – interviuirebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> SerCevebi<br />
qalaqebis mixedviT<br />
<strong>ge</strong>gmaSi (dReSi sami ganakveTi), kiTxvarze, `Tovlis<br />
gundis~ SerCevis angariSis formasa, <strong>da</strong> uaris formaze<br />
muSaobis teqnikebSi. aseve gaiares <strong>bavSvebis</strong> interviuirebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli eTikuri sakiTxebi.<br />
pirispir interviuebi 2007 wlis 19-22 noembers, dilis<br />
8-<strong>da</strong>n Ramis 10 saaTamde tardebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
interviuerebi muSaobas maTTvis gankuTvnil kvadrantze<br />
iwyebdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs ukavSirdebodnen<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> identificirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis (ixileT zemoT) mixedviT. pilotirebis<br />
procesSi, uaris Zalian maRali maCveneblis gamo,<br />
rekrutirebis ori meTodis gamoyeneba ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>:<br />
pirveli, Tu interiuerebi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs,<br />
isini xelmisawvdomobis SerCevis meTods iyenebdnen<br />
anu midiodnen sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTan, romelic<br />
garkveul kriteriums akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> (magaliTad: iyo<br />
8 an meti wlis); meore, Tu sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi irgvliv<br />
ar Candnen, interviuerebi iyenebdnen Tovlis gundis<br />
meTods <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs, maTTvis cnobili, sxva<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> moyvanas sTxovdnen. yvela SerCeul<br />
adgilas xdebo<strong>da</strong> `sawyisi~ <strong>bavSvebis</strong> identificireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> Semdgom TiToeuls sTxovdnen, maqsimum sami bavSvi<br />
moeyvana, romelic SerCevis imave kriteriumebs akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
interviuerebi aseTi SerCevis msvlelobas<br />
maTTvis <strong>da</strong>ri<strong>ge</strong>buli Tovlis gundis SerCevis aRweris<br />
formaze afiqsirebdnen.<br />
imisaTvis, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs interviusaTvis dro<br />
<strong>da</strong>eTmoT, bavSvebSi winawar gamovlenili survilis<br />
mixedviT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wamaxaliseblebi gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
TbilisSi, quTaissa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi yvela interviuirebul<br />
bavSvs saCuqrad qudebi, xolo baTumSi mobiluri<br />
telefonis baraTebi ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT. <strong>da</strong>matebiT, nebismieri<br />
interviuirebuli bavSvi, romelic interviusaTvis<br />
sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs moiyvan<strong>da</strong>, saCuqrad 1 lars iReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
savele samuSaoebze kontrols ACT-kvleva xorcieleb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romlis TanamSromlebma yvela qalaqi <strong>da</strong><br />
jgufi moinaxules <strong>da</strong> gaakontroles interviuerebis<br />
rotacia. problemebis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini<br />
pasuxobdnen interviuerebis kiTxvebs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdnen<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> kvotis Sesrulebas. yvela intervius<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, Sevsebuli kiTxvarebi,<br />
`Tovlis gundis~ SerCevis Sesaxeb angariSebi <strong>da</strong> uaris<br />
formebi ACT-kvlevis Tbilisis ofisSi Segrov<strong>da</strong>. ACTkvlevam<br />
moaxdina monacemTa winaswari <strong>da</strong>muSaveba,<br />
gasufTaveba <strong>da</strong> am monacemTa Seyvana SPSS-Si.<br />
sul gamoikiTxa 301 bavSvi, 159 (52.8%) interviuirebul<br />
iqna Tovlis gundis meTodiT (32-ma <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma<br />
TiTo sxva bavSvi moiyvana; 26 bavSvma _ 2 sxva bavSvi <strong>da</strong><br />
25 bavSvma _ 3 sxva bavSvi). <strong>da</strong>rCenili 142 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi<br />
ki, interviusaTvis xelmisawvdomobis SerCevis meTodiT<br />
iqna interviuirebuli. qalaqebis mixedviT interviuirebuli<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> Semdegia:<br />
qalaqi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan Catarebuli wili sruli<br />
interviuebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> SerCevi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tbilisi 181 60.10%<br />
rusTavi 32 10.60%<br />
quTaisi 58 19.30%<br />
baTumi 30 10.00%<br />
sul 301 100%<br />
cxrili #5 – Catarebuli interviuebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> qalaqebis<br />
mixedviT<br />
kvlevis SezRudvebi<br />
SerCevis meTodebs (Tovlis gundis principi <strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomobis<br />
SerCeva) – axlavs araSemTxveviTi Ser-<br />
Cevis mikerZoebuloba (sistemuri Secdoma). magram<br />
swored es ori meTodi gamoiyeneba, roca SerCevis<br />
CarCo ar arsebobs. xelmisawvdomobis SerCevis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebisas, mikerZoebulobis Semcireba Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia, Tu SerCeva kvlevis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
validur <strong>da</strong> sando kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />
moxdeba. swored es iyo droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis mefingisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTavari informatorebis mier <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi<br />
mizezi. Tovlis gundis principiT SerCevis meTodis<br />
gamoyenebisas, mikerZoebulobis Semcireba SesaZlebelia<br />
mimarTulebis micemiT (waqezeba garkveuli tipis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis mosayvanad) an erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier eqvsi<br />
<strong>da</strong> meti axali respondentis moyvanis gziT. mocemul<br />
kvlevaSi, 25-ma bavSvma moaxerxa yvelaze meti _ 3 respondentis<br />
moyvana. umeteswilad, interviuerebi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri rekrutirebis meTods iyenebdnen.<br />
mobiluroba – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mobilur<br />
jgufs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen ojaxebTan erTad. xSirad, maT<br />
ar aqvT mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili <strong>da</strong> dRisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Ramis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilas<br />
SeiniSnebodnen. amitomac, kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
didi sirTule oTxive qalaqSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvlisas<br />
maTi meored D<strong>da</strong>Tvlis gamoricxva iyo. gamoiyo ormagi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tvlis sami tipis SemTxveva, romelTa gakonroleba<br />
saWiro iyo: 1) <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba qalaqebs<br />
Soris (magaliTad, Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n rusTavSi), 2) erTi<br />
qalaqis SigniT <strong>da</strong>sakvirvebel adgilmdebareobebs<br />
(kvadrantebs) Soris moZraoba <strong>da</strong> 3) <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis<br />
mier erTi <strong>da</strong> igive bavSvis orjer <strong>da</strong>Tvla.<br />
18 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
pasuxebis sandooba – intervius dros ori saxis mikerZoebulobis<br />
SesaZlebloba arsebob<strong>da</strong>. pirveli<br />
ukavSirdeba mexsierebis sizustes: <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs<br />
SeiZleba zustad ar axsovdes quCaSi misi cxovrebis<br />
aspeqtebi, <strong>da</strong>badebis adgili an asaki; pasuxebis sandoobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli meore sirTule motyuebaa.<br />
gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs,<br />
garkveul kiTxvebze winaswar momzadebuli pasuxebi<br />
aqvT fulis miRebisa an samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcvelebisaTvis<br />
Tavis aridebis mizniT.<br />
gazomvis cdomileba – bevri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvisaTvis mTel<br />
rig stan<strong>da</strong>rtul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arc Tu ise<br />
Cveulebrivi saqmea. amasTanave, arsebobs bevri kiTxvis<br />
arasworad ga<strong>ge</strong>bis safrTxe. gazomvis cdomilebis<br />
sxva mizezebi Tavad interviuers ukavSirdeba, ker-<br />
Zod ndobis faqtors bavSvsa <strong>da</strong> interviuers Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong> imas, Tu ramdenad zustad SeuZlia interviuers<br />
janmrTelobis garkveuli problemebis gansazRvra<br />
(SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi, travma, toqsikuri niv-<br />
Tierebebis moxmareba).<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tvlil <strong>da</strong> gamokiTxul iqna mxolod `quCaSi myofi~<br />
bavSvebi. kvlevis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, samuSao jgufis wevrebs<br />
Soris mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> debatebi, CaerToT Tu ara zogierT<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi (TavSesafrebi, bavSvTa saxlebi,<br />
dRis centrebi, restornebi, internet-kafeebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> msgavsi) myofi bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>Tvlisa <strong>da</strong> interviuirebis<br />
procesSi. ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> mxolod im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvla<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamokiTxva, vinc quCaSi iyo <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebul kriteriumebs<br />
miesa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bo<strong>da</strong>. am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze orma<br />
mTavarma faqtorma iqonia gavlena. upirveles yovlisa,<br />
rogorc praqtikosebma aRniSnes, arsebuli momsaxurebebiT<br />
mosar<strong>ge</strong>ble bevr iseT bavSvs, romelic<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvad iTvleba, sinamdvileSi arasodes ucxovria<br />
quCaSi. Sesabamisad, maTi identificireba did<br />
sirTulesTan iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. meorec, ker-<br />
Zo sakuTrebaSi myof <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi Sesvla <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Tvlisa <strong>da</strong> interviuirebis mizniT <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
logistikur <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
problemebs wamoWri<strong>da</strong>, romelTa Semcirebasac es kvleva<br />
Seeca<strong>da</strong>.<br />
uaris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali done – interviu sul 301<br />
bavSvTan Catar<strong>da</strong>. amisaTvis, savele samuSaoebis<br />
dros 512 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTan mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kontaqteba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
44-ma ukve sxvis mier aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> interviuirebuli.<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili 167 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi<strong>da</strong>n, 3-ma <strong>da</strong>iwyo interviu,<br />
magram uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>srulebaze, xolo 164-ma<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve ganacxa<strong>da</strong> uari. Sesabamisad,<br />
uaris maCvenebeli 35.6% (167/301+167) iyo. uaris Tqmis<br />
yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli quTaissa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
monacemTa analizi<br />
radgan <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporciuli warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nloba<br />
qalaqebis zomis proporciulia, monacemebisaTvis<br />
wonis miniWebas adgili ar hqonia. asakobriv <strong>da</strong> sqesobriv<br />
jgufebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT monacemTaTvis wonis<br />
miniWeba aseve ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.<br />
monacemTa analizi moicav<strong>da</strong> sixSireebis, krostabulaciebis,<br />
saSualosa <strong>da</strong> regresiis gamoyenebas.<br />
statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis<br />
gamosaTvlelad, xi-kvadrat kriteriumi iyo gamoyenebuli<br />
krostabulaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong> T_kriteriumi _ sa-<br />
SualosTvis. SerCevis mcire zomis gamo gamoyenebuli<br />
iqna mniSvnelovnebis 90%-iani done (p
kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sejameba<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
me-6 cxrilSi (qvemoT), qalaqebis mixedviT wertilovani Sefasebis sami dRis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
minimaluri <strong>da</strong> maqsimaluri <strong>raodenoba</strong>a moyvanili. <strong>da</strong>matebiT, me-6 cxrilSi mocemulia droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis<br />
mefingis dros <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> minimaluri <strong>da</strong> maqsimaluri <strong>raodenoba</strong> im kvadrantebSi, romlebic<br />
ar iqna Seyvanili wertilovan SefasebaSi (<strong>da</strong>xrili kursiviT). Sejamebisas, aRniSnul oTx qalaqSi, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> 528-<strong>da</strong>n 1569-mde meryeobs, rac saSualod 1049-s gvaZlevs.<br />
qalaqi qalaqis kvadrantebi minimaluri maqsimaluri<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
Tbilisi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 113 334<br />
winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />
wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 207 612<br />
sul qalaqisTvis 320 946<br />
saSualod qalaqisTvis 633<br />
quTaisi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 30 110<br />
winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />
wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 59 215<br />
sul qalaqisTvis 89 325<br />
saSualod qalaqisTvis 207<br />
baTumi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 22 49<br />
winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />
wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 45 99<br />
sul qalaqisTvis 67 148<br />
saSualod qalaqisTvis 108<br />
rusTavi droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis mefingi 18 51<br />
winaswari <strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />
wertilovani <strong>da</strong>Tvlis Sefaseba 34 99<br />
sul qalaqisTvis 52 148<br />
saSualod qalaqisTvis 101<br />
sul oTx qalaqSi 528 1569<br />
saSualod oTx qalaqSi 1049<br />
cxrili 6 – <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> oTx qalaqSi<br />
20 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
demografia<br />
1. saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris biWebis <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
orjer aRemateba gogonebisas; biWebis wili<br />
kidev ufro metia mozard bavSvebs Soris (15-<strong>da</strong>n 18<br />
wlamde) <strong>da</strong> RamiT. es SeiZleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
aRzrdis gansxvavebuli midgomebebiT <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis rolis kulturuli<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobiT aixsnas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n gogonebi ufro<br />
metad arian CarTulni saojaxo saqmeebSi. biWebisaTvis<br />
drois umetesi nawilis TanatolebTan erTad<br />
saxls gareT gatareba mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc negatiurad ar<br />
aRiqmeba. meore mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom mSoblis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis an aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, naTesavebi<br />
gogonebs ufro xSirad aZleven TavSesafars, vidre<br />
biWebs. vinai<strong>da</strong>n gogonebi biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT quCaSi<br />
naklebad SeiniSnebian, magram imave problemebis winaSe<br />
dganan, arsebobs saSiSroeba imisa, rom isini naklebad<br />
iReben <strong>da</strong>xmarebas.<br />
2. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis asaki<br />
14 wels ar aRemateba. maTi umravlesoba quCaSi cxovrebas<br />
skolis <strong>da</strong>wyebis asakSi iwyebs. amas gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
SeiniSneba mcirewlovnebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvili <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakmaod<br />
didi <strong>raodenoba</strong> (15%), romlebic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
dedebTan erTad maTxovroben. sakmaod bevria quCaSi<br />
axalgazrdebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>c (20%).<br />
3. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmegod, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d migrantebi arian,<br />
10-<strong>da</strong>n 7 bavSvi mTeli cxovreba imave qalaqSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni ori-mesamedi saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n aris Camosuli <strong>da</strong> erTi-mesamedi _<br />
azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n, ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n, moldovi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ukraini<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis sezonuri mateba<br />
zafxulis TveebSi SeiniSneba. saqarTvelos kuTxeebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli bavSvebi SeiZleba mocemul qalaqSi<br />
mSoblebis gareSe Camovidnen, maSin, roca sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli bavSvebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d migrant<br />
mSoblebTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebian. qveynis SigniT<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareT ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ekonomikuri<br />
mizezebiT aixsneba.<br />
4. wera-kiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> skolaSi Caricxvis ufro maRali<br />
done, iseve, rogorc socialuri momsaxurebis moxmarebis<br />
ufro maRali done <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis naklebi<br />
SemTxvevebi, qveynis SigniT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul bavSvebs<br />
Soris, aramigrant <strong>da</strong> sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosul <strong>quCis</strong><br />
baSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro Zlier socialur a<strong>da</strong>ptaciaze<br />
miuTiTebs. Tu ratom inarCuneben es bavSvebi<br />
ufro mtkice socialur kavSirebs, nawilobriv<br />
araformaluri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris qselebiT (rogoricaa<br />
gafarToebuli ojaxebi), SeiZleba aixsnas, romlebic<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d warmarTavs <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> migraciis mimarTulebas.<br />
winaaRmdegobebis Jams cxovrebisadmi<br />
ufro pro-aqtiurma midgomam - sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ki amis gamoxatulebaa – SeiZleba<br />
aseve axsnas es faqti.<br />
5. migrant <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs maT aramigrant TanatolebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mtkice kavSiri aqvT<br />
ojaxTan, Tumca isini ufro gariyulebi arian sazogadoebisgan,<br />
vidre bavSvebi sxva jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
es bavSvebi cxovroben ojaxebTan, romlebic umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar arian oficialurad registrirebulni,<br />
ar aqvT adekvaturi sacxovrebeli, xSirad Zalian<br />
Raribebi arian, ar aqvT saidentifikacio dokumentebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar ician qarTuli ena, bavSvebma ar ician wera<br />
-kiTxva, ar iricxebian skolaSi <strong>da</strong> ar sar<strong>ge</strong>bloben<br />
arsebuli socialuri momsaxurebebiT. farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
mosazreba, rom imigranti <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />
`boSebi~ arian, romlebic kulturulad midrekilni<br />
arian maTxovrobisa <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovrebisaken, kidev<br />
ufro zrdis stigmas <strong>da</strong> maT izolacias.<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobis faqtorebi<br />
1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba mxolod<br />
dRis saaTebSi imyofeba quCaSi marto. arian<br />
aseve <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Cvilebi <strong>da</strong> mcirewlovani<br />
bavSvebi, gogonebi <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc maTxovrobs),<br />
romelTac quCaSi zr<strong>da</strong>srulebi axlavT Tan.<br />
2. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba Rameebs mSoblebTan an<br />
naTesavebTan erTad atarebs. bavSvebi Rames quCaSi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 21
22 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zafxulSi atareben, roca gareT Tbila.<br />
Rameebis quCaSi gatarebis mixedviT SeiZleba <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> sami jgufi gamoiyos: a) quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi (romlebsac quCaSi mTeli weli sZinavT – 6%);<br />
b) quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi (romlebsac<br />
quCaSi weliwadSi mxolod ramdenime Tve sZinavT –<br />
19%) <strong>da</strong> g) quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi (romlebic mTel<br />
dRes quCaSi atareben, magram iq ar sZinavT – 74%). aris<br />
aseve <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mcire <strong>raodenoba</strong>, romelTac quCaSi<br />
ojaxebTan erTad sZinavT.<br />
3. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi, TiTqmis mTlianad, 11-<br />
<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis biWebi arian. maTi umravlesoba<br />
an orive mSobliT obolia, an Tu maT hyavT mSoblebi,<br />
maTi mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> naTesavebi sxva qalaqSi cxovroben.<br />
maTi kavSiri ojaxTan _ Tu aseTi arsebobs _ Zalian<br />
sustia. isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d usaxlkaroni arian <strong>da</strong> siRaribeSi<br />
cxovroben, ar <strong>da</strong>dian skolaSi an miatoves iq<br />
siaruli. quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba ukve<br />
or welze metia quCaSi cxovrobs. maTi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />
strategia quCaSi fulis gamomuSavebas <strong>da</strong> arsebuli<br />
socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyenebas moicavs.<br />
4. quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi weliwadSi mxolod<br />
ramdenime Tves atareben quCaSi (Cveulebriv,<br />
Tbili Tveebis dros, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zafxulSi). quCaSi<br />
cxovrebisas, maT ojaxebTan susti an saerTod aranairi<br />
kavSiri ara aqvT. isini saxlSi zamTris periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi brundebian. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobam<br />
ekonomikuri siduxWire gamoiara; maT aseve <strong>da</strong>kar<strong>ge</strong>s<br />
an hyavT mSobeli, iyvnen mSobelTa alkoholizmis/<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis, ganqorwinebis an meored <strong>da</strong>qorwinebis,<br />
rogorc ojaxuri problemebis, momswreebi.<br />
ramdenime jer kidev iricxeba skolaSi, xolo umravlesobam<br />
skola miatova. umravlesoba fuls quCaSi<br />
gamoimuSavebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTari an ojaxis saWiroebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze xarjavs.<br />
5. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi Cveulebriv mSoblebTan an<br />
martoxela dedebTan erTad cxovroben. isini imave<br />
problemebis winaSe dganan, rogorc quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi<br />
mcxovrebi bavSvebi, magram mSoblebs kvlav mTavar<br />
mzrunvelebad Tvlian. isini ojaxis wevrebTan ufro<br />
mtkice kavSirebs inarCuneben. xuTi<strong>da</strong>n erTi bavSvi kvlav<br />
iricxeba skolaSi <strong>da</strong> mxolod ramdenimem miatova<br />
skola, Tumca umravlesobas saklaso oTaxi arasdros<br />
unaxavs. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi fuls xSirad quCaSi<br />
gamoimuSaveben, rom ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavali<br />
Seitanon.<br />
6. quCaSi gatarebuli periodis gaxangrZlivebaTan<br />
erTad, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kavSiri ojaxTan an skolasTan sustdeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> isini ufro metad eZeben alternatiul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad, socialuri momsaxureba<br />
<strong>da</strong> imave cxovrebiseul situaciaSi myof<br />
TanatolebTan socialuri kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myareba.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi<br />
1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 85%-is erTi mSobeli<br />
mainc cocxalia, 55%-s orive mSobeli hyavs, 24%-s _<br />
mxolod de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 6%-s _ mxolod mama. im bavSvebs Soris,<br />
visac erTi an orive mSobeli hyavs, 85%-is de<strong>da</strong><br />
imave qalaqSi cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> 71%-s mamac imave qalaqSi<br />
hyavs. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis <strong>da</strong>-Zmebi <strong>da</strong> naTesavebic<br />
imave qalaqSi arian.<br />
2. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs, visac orive mSobeli hyavs, ufro<br />
mtkice kavSiri aqvs de<strong>da</strong>sTan, vidre mamasTan. <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba mTavar mzrunvelebad mSoblebs<br />
an sxva naTesavebs miiCneven. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ojaxebSi dedebi mTavari (<strong>da</strong> xSirad erTaderTi) mzrunvelebi<br />
arian. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erTi mesamedi<br />
aravis miiCnevs mzrunvelad, magram es bavSvebi<br />
oblebi ar arian. rac ufro met dros atarebs bavSvi<br />
quCaSi, miT ufro sustdeba misi kavSiri mSoblebTan.<br />
aseve, ufros <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs ufro iSviaTad hyavT mzrunvelebi,<br />
vidre umcrosebs.<br />
3. erTi an orive mSoblis aryofnas an gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />
(anu mzrunvelis naklebobas), bavSvis cxovrebis<br />
mraval aspeqtze aqvs gavlena, gansakuTrebiT Tu sxva<br />
naTesavebi imave qalaqSi ar cxovroben. aseTi bavSvebi<br />
ufro metad arian midrekilni quCaSi Ramis gaTenebisa<br />
an 24 saaTi quCaSi cxovrebisaken. isini ufro naklebad<br />
iricxebian skolaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve izrdeba skolis<br />
mitovebis albaToba. es bavSvebi mSoblis <strong>da</strong>kargvas an<br />
aryofnas ekonomikur problemebis tol an ufro did<br />
problemad aRiqvamen. umravlesoba iZulebuli xdeba,<br />
saarsebo fuli moipovos. arsebuli socialuri momsaxureba<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Zalian mcire <strong>raodenoba</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmara. ufro metic, araoboli bavSvebi, romlebic<br />
acxadeben, rom maTze aravin zrunavs, ufro<br />
metad iyeneben socialur momsaxurebas.<br />
4. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 65% ojaxebSi, orive mSobelTan<br />
an martoxela dedebTan cxovrobs. ojaxebis sxva<br />
formebi moicavs: martoxela mamebs, erT mSobels<br />
ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavs mzrunvelis rangSi (xSirad<br />
dedinacvali/maminacvali an bebia/babua) an naTesavebTan<br />
cxovrebas mSoblebis gareSe. <strong>da</strong>narCeni 35%<br />
ar cxovrobs ojaxebTan, magram maTgan umravlesoba<br />
Rameebs quCaSi ar atarebs <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod bavSvTa saxlSi,<br />
TavSesafarSi, megobrebTan an <strong>da</strong>qiravebul iaffasian<br />
sacxovrebelSi sZinavs. erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
naTesavTan (xSirad dedinacvalTan an maminacvalTan)<br />
mcxovrebi bavSvebi yvelaze metad uCivian gaWirvebas,<br />
xolo orive mSobelTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi _ yvelaze<br />
naklebad.<br />
5. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi saSualod ori<strong>da</strong>n<br />
samamde ojaxur stresors asaxeleben: ekonomikuri<br />
siZneleebi (siRaribe, umuSevroba, usaxlkaroba,<br />
valebi an SimSili), yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
problemaa, romelsac mosdevs ojaxis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobis<br />
cvlileba (mSoblis an mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an<br />
aryofna, mSoblebis ganqorwineba/meore qorwineba)<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi alkoholizmis/ojaxuri Zaladobis <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis<br />
problemebi. ojaxis stresorebis sirTulis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, bavSvebi ufro met dros <strong>da</strong><br />
xSirad Rameebsac quCaSi atareben. ojaxis stresorebs<br />
Soris arsebobs ori iseTi stresori, romelTac Seu-<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 23
ZliaT bavSvs quCaSi cxovrebisaken ubiZgon: mSoblebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an aryofna (gansakuTrebiT Tu amas<br />
Tan axlavs sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis ararseboba) <strong>da</strong><br />
usaxlkaroba.<br />
6. ekonomikuri problemebi yvelaze seriozuli<br />
problemaa <strong>bavSvebis</strong>Tvis, visac imave qalaqSi didi<br />
ojaxi hyavs, aseve martoxela dedebisagan Semdgari<br />
ojaxebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> naTesavebTan mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis.<br />
ojaxis siRaribe yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
problemaa, romelsac mSoblebis umuSevroba <strong>da</strong><br />
usaxlkaroba mosdevs. usaxlkarobaSi igulisxmeba<br />
sacxovreblis arqona, sacxovreblis xSiri cvla <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo adgilebSi cxovreba<br />
(rogoricaa xelovnuri barakebi, cxovrebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli pirobebis armqone saxlebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli<br />
sacxovreblebi). <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gamefebul<br />
ukidures siRatakes xangrZlivi efeqti aqvs <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />
axlavs `<strong>da</strong>swavlili ususurobis~ sindromi, romelic<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>srul ojaxis wevrebs mdgomareobis Secvlis unars<br />
ukargavs.<br />
7. arasruli ojaxi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Zalian<br />
Zlieri stresoria. mSoblebis an erTi mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />
an aryofnas (ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis an <strong>da</strong>patimrebis<br />
gamo), an mSoblebis ganqorwinebas sxva <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
problemebic axlavs, rogoricaa: ojaxis ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis mkveTri gauareseba <strong>da</strong> bavSvis cxovrebaSi<br />
arsebuli erTaderTi mzrunvelisadmi mijaWvulobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva. mSoblebis ganqorwinebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si, <strong>da</strong>matebiT problemebad gaSorebamde arsebuli<br />
xSiri ojaxuri konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> dedinacvalis/maminacvalis<br />
(romelic <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi uaryofiTad aris<br />
ganwyobili) gamoCena gvevlineba.<br />
8. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebSi alkoholizmis problema<br />
ufro metad ojaxSi mamis arsebobas ukavSirdeba, vidre<br />
martoxela dedebis ojaxebs. ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
xSirad moxseniebulia meore qorwinebis konteqstSi,<br />
rac dedinacvals/maminacvalsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />
konfliqtze miuTiTebs. magram ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
martoxela dedebis ojaxebSic SeiniSneba. am ori<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
rogorc problema, alkoholizmi ufro xSirad saxeldeba,<br />
vidre ojaxuri Zaladoba, Tumca isic arsebobs.<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom am ukanasknels bavSvebi malaven.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba<br />
1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba savaldebulo<br />
saskolo ganaTlebis asakisaa (14 wlamde),<br />
magram skolebSi ar iricxebian. <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi saskolo<br />
ganaTlebis asakis (12 wlamde), <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 20%<br />
<strong>da</strong> saSualo skolis asakis (12 wels zemoT) mxolod<br />
10% aris skolebSi registrirebuli, maSin, roca<br />
oficialuri statistikiT, qveyanaSi sabazo ganaTlebas<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 95% <strong>da</strong> saSualo ganaTlebas _ <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
76% iRebs. biWebi 82%-iT ufro metad iricxebian<br />
skolaSi, vidre gogonebi. magram skolaSi Caricxvis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, gakveTilze <strong>da</strong>swrebis maCvenebeli Zalze<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
2. oficialuri statistikis Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
skolas <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 0,3% tovebs. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%<br />
(ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ufrosebi <strong>da</strong> 2,2-jer meti biWebi, vidre<br />
gogonebi) warsulSi <strong>da</strong>diodnen skolaSi, magram miatoves,<br />
xSirad sabazo ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 60%-s arasodes uvlia<br />
skolaSi. statistikiT, gogonebi ufro metad rCebian<br />
skolis miRma, vidre biWebi.<br />
3. ganaTlebaze uaris Tqma an Sewyveta xSirad ukav-<br />
Sirdeba ojaxis uunarobas, aanazRauros skolasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xarjebi (rogoricaa saskolo masalebi,<br />
tansacmeli, sakvebi an araformaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
skolaSi) <strong>da</strong> aseve alternatiuli Rirebulebis<br />
problemas, rodesac bavSvis mier skolaSi gatarebuli<br />
dro bavSvis mier sxva iseT aqtivobebSi monawileobis<br />
dros akldeba, romlebic SeiZleba ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis<br />
ufro prioritetuli iyos. ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi, swavlis uunarobis SegrZneba <strong>da</strong><br />
warsulSi skolaSi cu<strong>da</strong>d mopyrobis SemTxvevebi skolis<br />
mitovebis aseve mTavar mizezebad saxeldeba.<br />
sxva SesaZlo mizezebia: mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an<br />
aryofna <strong>da</strong> avadmyofoba ojaxSi. bavSvebma, romlebic<br />
arasdros yofilan skolaSi, mizezad CaricxvisaTvis<br />
savaldebulo sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba <strong>da</strong><br />
mSoblebis uari <strong>da</strong>asaxeles.<br />
4. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevari<br />
wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria. maT Soris, wera-kiTxvis<br />
yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali doniT, sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi gamoirCevian. wera-kiTxvis codnis<br />
done sagrZnoblad maRalia im bavSvebs Soris, romlebic<br />
skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dian an adre <strong>da</strong>diodnen, im bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, visac skolaSi arasdros uvlia.<br />
5. skola <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />
faqtoria <strong>da</strong> quCaSi Rameebis gatarebis albaTobas<br />
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs; aseve mniSvnelovnad zrdis<br />
codnas socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
gamoyenebas. skola bavSvebs mizanSewonili <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTuli<br />
samomavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis ganxorcielebaSi exmareba.<br />
magram amavdroulad, SesaZloa, skola bavSvis<br />
Semdgomi izolaciis katalizatori gaxdes, roca warmoiqmneba<br />
problemebi skolis xelmisawvdomobasTan,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciasa <strong>da</strong> skolis garemoSi socializaciasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, ramac bavSvs skolis <strong>da</strong>tovebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
quCaSi cxovrebisaken SeiZleba ubiZgos.<br />
Semosavlis gamomuSaveba<br />
1. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba iZulebulia<br />
fulis gamomuSavebaze izrunos, rom sakuTari<br />
Tavi <strong>da</strong>/an ojaxi arCinos. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> didi nawili, Semosavlis<br />
miRebis erT an or strategias mimarTavs:<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebulia maTxovroba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirewlovan bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> gogonebs Soris,<br />
<strong>da</strong> muSaoba (rogoricaa wvrilmanebiT vaWroba, saqonlis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tana, SuSis an jarTis Segroveba, manqanebis<br />
recxva <strong>da</strong> sxva). maTxovar bavSvebs xSirad viRac axlavs,<br />
momuSave bavSvebi ki martoni arian xolme. SeiniSneba<br />
nagavSi sagnebis moZiebisa <strong>da</strong> qurdobis SemTx-<br />
24 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
vevebic. komerciuli seqsis SemTxvevebi, saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier iSviaTad iyo naxsenebi.<br />
2. bavSvis Cabma Semosavlis mimReb saqmianobaSi, Ziri-<br />
Ta<strong>da</strong>d ojaxis materialuri siduxWiriT aris nakarnaxevi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ufro mcire asakis bavSvebs Soris,<br />
romlebic Rameebs quCaSi ar atareben. Semosavlis<br />
momtani saqmianoba xSirad emateba (an Caanacvlebs)<br />
ojaxis Semosavals, an saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, Tavad<br />
mixedos sakuTar Tavs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, Seamciros<br />
ojaxis xarjebi. zogjer bavSvebi <strong>quCis</strong> ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobaSi dedebTan an naTesavebTan erTad erTvebian.<br />
mozardi dedebi quCaSi Semosavlis momtan saqmianobaSi<br />
Tavis bavSvebTan erTad arian CarTuli.<br />
3. zogi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi _ gansakuTrebiT mozrdilebi,<br />
romlebic ojaxebis gareSe cxovroben, ar hyavT mzrunveli<br />
an 24 saaTi quCaSi cxovroben, aseve CarTulia<br />
maTxovrobasa an <strong>quCis</strong> SromaSi, rom sakuTari Tavi<br />
arCinos, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaze<br />
aravin zrunavs. es bavSvebi Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />
ufro met strategias iyeneben, vidre is bavSvebi,<br />
romlebic ojaxebTan erTad cxovroben <strong>da</strong> miRebul<br />
Semosavals mxolod sakuTar Tavs axarjaven.<br />
4. yoveli oTxi<strong>da</strong>n erTi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi (gansakuTrebiT,<br />
10 wlis an ufro patarebi <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc maTxovrobs)<br />
aRniSnavs, rom maT mier gamomuSavebul fuls Ziri-<br />
Ta<strong>da</strong>d sxvebi _ mSoblebi arTmeven. es xSirad ojaxSi<br />
alkoholis moxmarebas <strong>da</strong> saxlSi fulis armitanis<br />
gamo fizikuri angariSsworebis SiSs ukavSirdeba.<br />
zogi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi azartul TamaSebSi a<strong>ge</strong>bs fuls<br />
<strong>da</strong> iZulebuli xdeba, valis <strong>da</strong>safarad fuli iSovos<br />
(xSirad moiparos).<br />
5. maTxovroba, xSir SemTxvevebSi, bavSvisaTvis skolaSi<br />
siarulis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. muSaobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi es naklebad xdeba. momuSave <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 20%<br />
cdilobs skola ekonomikur saqmianobasTan SeaTavsos.<br />
bavSvebs, romlebic Semosavlis momtan saqmianobaSi<br />
CarTuli ar arian, skolaSi Caricxvis yvelaze<br />
maRali (52%) maCvenebeli aqvT.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 25
6. maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli bavSvebi ufro metad avlenen<br />
fizikuri travmis niSnebs, vidre maTi momuSave<br />
Tanatolebi an isini, vinc quCaSi Semosavlis gamomuSavebaSi<br />
ar aris CarTuli.<br />
socialuri momsaxureba<br />
1. saqarTvelos Q<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia <strong>da</strong> maTi gamoyeneba mwiria<br />
_ <strong>bavSvebis</strong> meoTxeds arasdros smenia an gamouyenebia<br />
socialuri momsaxureba. es SeiZleba nawilobriv aixsnas<br />
im faqtiT, rom socialuri momsaxurebebis <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farva saWiroebebsa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnas aranairad<br />
ar Seesabameba.<br />
2. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi socialur momsaxurebebis<br />
gamoyenebas, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi krizisul<br />
mdgomareobaSi yofnis Semdeg iwyeben. prevencias <strong>da</strong><br />
adreul intervencias cota yuradReba eTmoba. socialuri<br />
momsaxureba reaqtiuli xasiaTisaa _ bavSvi,<br />
vinc mzrunvelis an sxva <strong>da</strong>mcavi elementebis naklebobas<br />
ganicdis, Tavad eZebs momsaxurebas <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
piriqiT.<br />
3. saSualod, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad axseneben. bavSvebi,<br />
visac raime <strong>da</strong>xmareba miuRia, asaxelebs momsaxureobas,<br />
romelic moklevadian ga<strong>da</strong>rCenazea mimarTuli<br />
– <strong>bavSvebis</strong> erT mesameds gamouyenebia TavSesafari/<br />
bavSvTa saxli an sasadiloebi. sxva momsaxureobebi<br />
moicavs dRis centrebs <strong>da</strong> mobilur jgufebs (CamoTvlilia<br />
sixSiris mixedviT, Tumca sixSireebi gansxvavdeba<br />
qalaqebis mixedviT).<br />
4. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier gamoyenebuli momsaxureba<br />
maTi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis Secvlaze (magaliTad,<br />
rogoricaa skolaSi siaruli, ojaxis gaWirveba<br />
an wera-kiTxvis done) mcire efeqts axdens. am aSkarad<br />
araadekvaturi <strong>da</strong> arasakmarisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mizezi is<br />
aris, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> momsaxureba<br />
bavSvTa jgufebis xiluli problemebis mogvarebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara ojaxuri krizisis gamomwvev mizezebzea mimarTuli.<br />
kvleva mxolod <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs moicav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ara imaT, vinc aRniSnuli momsaxureobiT sar<strong>ge</strong>blobs.<br />
Sesabamisad, arsebuli mcire mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programebis<br />
efeqturobis gansja SeuZlebelia.<br />
5. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb arsebuli stereotipebi <strong>da</strong><br />
crurwmenebi socialuri momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>farvazec<br />
vrceldeba. Zalian cota maTxovari <strong>da</strong> migranti bavSvi<br />
iRebs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas. maTxovari <strong>bavSvebis</strong> socialur<br />
momsaxurebaSi <strong>da</strong>bali CarTulobis donis kidev erTi<br />
axsna alternatiuli Rirebulebaa: quCaSi Semosavlis<br />
mimRebi bavSvebi, fulis gamomuSavebisaTvis gamoyofil<br />
dros, socialur samsaxurSi yofniT miRebul<br />
grZelvadian, bundovan perspeqtivas iSviaTad amjobineben.<br />
6. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSebisaTvis, socialuri<br />
momsaxureba koordinirebulad an strategiulad<br />
ar i<strong>ge</strong>gmeba <strong>da</strong> xSirad zogadi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
sistemis nawilad ar aRiqmeba. Sedegad, momsaxureba<br />
bavSvebs qaotur <strong>da</strong> fragmentul <strong>da</strong>xmarebas sTavazobs,<br />
romelic problemas ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad xsnis <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis problemis grZelvadian<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wras ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns.<br />
26 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> demografia<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> profili sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis mixedviT<br />
kvlevis samive fazis ganmavlobaSi Segrovebuli monacemebis<br />
Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />
gogonebs biWebi sWarboben. 7 wertilovani Sefasebis<br />
mixedviT, biWebis proporcia 63%-ia, xolo 8-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
18 wlamde asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> interviuirebis dros, Ser-<br />
Ceul bavSvTa 65% biWi iyo. 8 sxva qveynebis kvlevebis<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris msgavs <strong>ge</strong>nderul ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas<br />
aCvenebs. 9<br />
rogorc aptekarma 10 aRniSna, amis erT-erTi mizezi<br />
SeiZleba iyos is, rom gogonebisgan saojaxo saqmeebSi<br />
met <strong>da</strong>xmarebas elodebian, vidre biWebisagan, gansakuTrebiT<br />
im ojaxebSi, romelTac qalebi xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris aseTi<br />
sxvaoba sqesis mixedviT biWebisa <strong>da</strong> gogonebis aRzrdisadmi<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturuli midgomiT Sei-<br />
Zleba aixsnas. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gogonebi tradiciulad<br />
ufro CarTulebi arian saojaxo saqmeebSi <strong>da</strong> maT mier<br />
quCaSi marto drois didi nawilis gatareba sazogadoebaSi<br />
miRebuli ar aris. aseve, kvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
aCvenebs, rom mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis an aryofnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, naTesavebi gogonebze ufro zrunaven,<br />
vidre biWebze. quCaSi yofnis drosac ki maT ufro<br />
meTvalyureoben, vidre biWebs. biWebisaTvis `<strong>quCis</strong><br />
ganaTleba~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>quCis</strong> gamocdileba~ aRzrdis xSirad<br />
mniSvnelovan, kulturulad miRebul elementebad<br />
aRiqmeba. es rwmena qarTul slengSic aisaxeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
termini `ubnis biWi~, `kai <strong>da</strong> magar tips~ niSnavs <strong>da</strong><br />
mamrobiT Tvisebebs pozitiurad warmoaCens.<br />
zogi avtori miiCnevs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> gogonebi ojaxSi<br />
Zaladobis msxverpli ufro xSirad arian <strong>da</strong> biWebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT fsiqologiur travmas ufro metad avlenen.<br />
11 biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT isini naklebad SeimCnevian<br />
quCaSi, magram igive ojaxuri stresorebis winaSe dganan,<br />
rac bavSvebs <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. Tu SemCnevadoba<br />
resursebis ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, gogonebma,<br />
romlebic quCaSi naklebad SeiniSnebian, biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />
SeiZleba naklebi <strong>da</strong>mxmareba miiRon.<br />
gogo<br />
biWi<br />
8-10 wlis 11-14 wlis 15-18 wlis<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
0%<br />
39.8%<br />
60.2%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
15.6%<br />
84.4%<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
39.7%<br />
60.3%<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
20.0%<br />
80.0%<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
35.2%<br />
64.8%<br />
sul<br />
(n=301)<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
42.0%<br />
35.9%<br />
22.1%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
37.5%<br />
40.6%<br />
21.9%<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
37.9% 37.9%<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
24.1%<br />
20.0%<br />
46.7%<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
33.3%<br />
38.5% 37.9%<br />
23.6%<br />
sul<br />
(n=301)<br />
grafiki #1. intervius respondenti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganawileba sqesis, asakisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT<br />
7. saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi sqesis mixedviT, 0-<strong>da</strong>n 19 wlamde, 48% biWia <strong>da</strong> 52% gogo. wyaro: statistikis departamenti (2006 wlis<br />
monacemebi).<br />
8. wertilovani Sefasebis dros, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 8%- is – mcirewlovnebisa <strong>da</strong> Cvilebis _ sqesis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT SeuZlebeli iyo. interviuebis<br />
Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi ufro zustia Sesabamis asakobriv kategoriaSi.<br />
9. magaliTisTvis ixileT: Malcolm, J. (2001), A Study on Street Children in Zimbabwe; Project Concern International Zambia (2002), Rapid Assessment of Street<br />
Children in Lusaka<br />
10. Aptekar, Lewis (2001), Street Children in the Developing World: A Review of Their Condition; San Jose State University Press<br />
11. magaliTisTvis ixileT: Aptekar, Lewis (2000), A Global View of Street Children in the Year 2000, San Jose State University Press<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 27
wertilovani Sefasebis meTodi aCvenebs, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 66% 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakisaa. 12<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenili procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> mcirewlovnebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cvil bavSvebs (0-<strong>da</strong>n 4 wlamde asakis _ <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
15%) <strong>da</strong> mozrdilebs (15-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde _ 20%)<br />
Soris nawildeba. intervius fazaSi, romlis dros<br />
8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis bavSvebi gamoikiTxa, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umravlesoba (80%) sabaziso skolis asakis (8-<strong>da</strong>n 14<br />
wlamde) iyo. quCaSi mcirewlovani <strong>da</strong> Cvili <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
arsebobas gansxvavebuli konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> SevxedoT,<br />
imitom rom maT dedebis mier arCeul arsebobis<br />
strategiaze gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZliaT <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
sakuTari arsebobis strategiis gamomuSavebis unari<br />
aqvT. Sedegad, aqcenti `bavSvebian <strong>quCis</strong> dedebze~ <strong>da</strong><br />
ara bavSvebze un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes. calkeuli magaliTebi<br />
gviCvenebs, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ukve <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> meore<br />
Taobas vxe<strong>da</strong>vT _ am axalgazr<strong>da</strong> dedebis nawils<br />
quCaSi cxovreba Tavad aqvs gamocdili.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> gogonebis ricxvi asakis klebasTan erTad matulobs.<br />
isev <strong>da</strong> isev, es <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bavSvis aRzrdis<br />
tradiciiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ge</strong>nderuli rolebis aRqmiT SeiZleba<br />
aixsnas. gogonebis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad, saxlSi gazrdil<br />
pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas <strong>da</strong> quCaSi yofnis realur, an aRqmul<br />
moralur safrTxeebs, SeuZlia gogonebi quCas<br />
aacilos. qarTveli kacis tradiciuli cneba, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad man sakuTari Tavi <strong>da</strong>/an ojaxi un<strong>da</strong> arCinos,<br />
mozrdil biWebs ufro metad aiZulebs, arsebobis<br />
strategiebi saxls miRma eZebon.<br />
gogo<br />
biWi<br />
90%<br />
80%<br />
70%<br />
60%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
8 wlis<br />
(n=26)<br />
9 wlis<br />
(n=30)<br />
10 wlis<br />
(n=60)<br />
11 wlis<br />
(n=16)<br />
12 wlis<br />
(n=35)<br />
13 wlis<br />
(n=25)<br />
14 wlis<br />
(n=38)<br />
15 wlis<br />
(n=25)<br />
16 wlis<br />
(n=14)<br />
17 wlis<br />
(n=19)<br />
18 wlis<br />
(n=13)<br />
grafiki 2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong> asakobrivi<br />
ganawileba dRis drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba.<br />
wertilovani Sefasebis dReebSi, gogonebisa <strong>da</strong> biWebis<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong>s Soris Sefardeba 1:2-ze odnav naklebi<br />
iyo. magram Ramis saaTebSi es proporcia 1:3.5-mde izrdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom wertilovani Sefasebis<br />
dros <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 66%-is asaki 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde<br />
meryeob<strong>da</strong>, Ramis saaTebSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 70% 11-<strong>da</strong>n 18<br />
wlamde asakis bavSvebi iyvnen.<br />
12. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, 0-<strong>da</strong>n 19 wlamde asakis bavSvebs Soris, 5-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
14 wlamde asakis bavSvebi 47% Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen. (wyaro: statistikis<br />
departamenti, 2006 wlis monacemebi).<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis adgili<br />
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, TiTqosD<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba<br />
did qalaqebSi regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camodis, kvlevis Sedegad<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi umetesad adgilobrivebi<br />
arian. anu <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 65%-ze meti ambobs, rom<br />
isini imave qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>ibadnen. kvlevis miznebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, migracia ganisazRvra, rogorc SemTxveva,<br />
rodesac `bavSvi amJamindel qalaqSi gadmosvlamde<br />
sxva adgilas cxovrob<strong>da</strong>~, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
bavSvi imave qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> Tu ara. am kriteriumis<br />
Tanaxmad, migraciis mixedviT sami ZiriTadi jgufis<br />
gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli: 1) aramigranti bavSvebi<br />
(isini, visac mTeli cxovreba imave qalaqSi aqvs gatarebuli<br />
_ 74%); 2) bavSvebi-migrantebi, Camosulebi<br />
saqarTvelos sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 19%;<br />
<strong>da</strong> 3) bavSvebi-migrantebi, Camosuli sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(azerbaijani, ruseTi, moldova <strong>da</strong> ukraina, sixSiris<br />
mixedviT) – 7%.<br />
28 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> migranti<br />
migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSoba<br />
adgilobrivi migranti<br />
sxva qveynebi sxva regionebi<br />
120%<br />
120%<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
0%<br />
23.2%<br />
0.768<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=175)<br />
53.1%<br />
0.469<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
25.9% 26.7% 27.2%<br />
0.741 0.733 0.728<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
sul<br />
(n=295)<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
0%<br />
63.4%<br />
36.6%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=36)<br />
91.7%<br />
8.3%<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=17)<br />
43.8%<br />
56.2%<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=15)<br />
100.0%<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=8)<br />
68.0%<br />
32.0%<br />
sul<br />
(n=76)<br />
*6 –ma bavSvma kiTxvas ar upasuxa<br />
grafiki # 3 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia migrantis statusisa <strong>da</strong> migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> warmoSobis mixedviT<br />
ukraina<br />
mol<strong>da</strong>veTi<br />
ruseTi<br />
soxumi<br />
muxrani<br />
zugdidi<br />
axal<strong>da</strong>ba<br />
foTi<br />
quTaisi<br />
tyibuli<br />
mcxeTa<br />
samtredia<br />
lagodexi<br />
ozur<strong>ge</strong>Ti<br />
qobuleTi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
gurjaani<br />
kaxeTi<br />
baTumi<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
veli<br />
man<strong>da</strong>eTi<br />
rusTavi<br />
WiaTura<br />
axmeta<br />
zestafoni<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>bani<br />
samgori<br />
azerbaijani<br />
suraTi #2 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> migracia. wiTeli xazebi miuTiTebs migraciis mimarTulebaze<br />
saqarTvelos farglebs gare<strong>da</strong>n, xolo nacrisferi xazebi- saqarTvelos SigniT. xazebis<br />
sisqe migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis proporciulia.<br />
aramigranti bavSvebi ufro metad arian midrekili 24<br />
saaTi quCaSi cxovrebisaken, vidre migranti bavSvebi.<br />
isini aseve dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro met dros atareben<br />
quCaSi. magram aramigranti bavSvebi zafxulSi,<br />
quCaSi Rameebs naklebad atareben, migrant bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. es Sedegi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs gavrcelebul<br />
mosazrebas, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> quCaSi cxovrebis modeli<br />
weliwadis droebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba <strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli migranti<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> gazrdili aqtivoba zafxulis Tveebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SeiniSneba. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili asaxavs<br />
am tendencias.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 29
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ara-migrantebi migrantebi migrantebi sruli SerCeva<br />
jgufebi saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi 6.40% 5.50% 4.80% 6.30%<br />
(n=18)<br />
quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi 16.90% 21.80% 23.80% 18.60%<br />
bavSvebi<br />
(n=54)<br />
quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi 76.70% 72.70% 71.40% 75.10%<br />
(n=223)<br />
sul 100% 100% 100% 100%<br />
(n=219) (n=55) (n=21) (n=295)<br />
cxrili #7 – migraciis statusi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufebis mixedviT<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aramigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas<br />
erTi an orive mSobeli hyavs, oblobis (orive<br />
mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis) albaToba ara-migrant bavSvebs<br />
Soris ufro maRalia migrant <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. ara-migranti bavSvebi aseve mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />
an aryofnasMmTavar problemad ufro xSirad<br />
asaxeleben, vidre maTi migranti Tanatolebi. ufro<br />
metic, samive jgufi<strong>da</strong>n ara-migranti bavSvebi ojaxuri<br />
problemebis yvelaze ufro rTul formebs asaxeleben<br />
<strong>da</strong> naklebad cxovroben ojaxebTan, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, hyavT Tu ara ojaxi. <strong>da</strong> bolos, interviuerebma<br />
xiluli travmebis, gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebis ufro maRali<br />
done, migrant bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ara-migrant bavSvebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>afiqsires, rac, savaraudod, quCaSi drois<br />
ufro didi nawilis gatarebiTa <strong>da</strong> ojaxTan iSviaTi<br />
kavSirebiT aixsneba.<br />
regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi oblebi naklebad<br />
arian. magram aramigrant bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />
maTi mSoblebi ufro xSirad cxovroben sxva qalaqeb-<br />
Si. sainteresoa, rom es bavSvebi mSoblis ararsebobas<br />
mTavar problemad ar asaxeleben. regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosul<br />
migrant bavSvebs, aramigrant <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosul bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, cxovrebaSi hqoniaT<br />
periodi, rodesac isini erTi Tvisa <strong>da</strong> meti xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>kavSirebian de<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> gacilebiT ufro iSviaTi<br />
kavSiri aqvT mamebTan. es SeiZleba mianiSnebdes<br />
imas, rom es bavSvebi regionebi<strong>da</strong>n mSoblebis gareSe<br />
Camodian, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi iSviaTia <strong>da</strong> zafxulis<br />
gazrdil aqtivobebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
aRniSnul kvlevaSi gamoikveTa qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> migraciis<br />
ori tipi - migracia patara qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> soflebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
urbanul centrebSi an didi qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n _ de<strong>da</strong>qalaq-<br />
Si (ukeTesi SesaZleblobebis ZiebaSi) <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ufro mcire urbanul centrebSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla. calkeuli<br />
magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom es ukanaskneli xSirad aixsneba<br />
ojaxis uunarobiT, gauZlos cxovrebis maRal<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebsa <strong>da</strong> samuSao konkurencias de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi.<br />
bavSvTa programebis gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> quTaissa <strong>da</strong> ba-<br />
TumSi `vorld viJen interneiSenalis~ mier paralelurad<br />
Catarebuli kvleva, aseve konfliqtis regionebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
1990-ianebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, ojaxebis iZulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas asaxavs.<br />
sxva qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi urbanul centrebSi<br />
ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>u<strong>ge</strong>gmav ga<strong>da</strong>svlas <strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCaSi<br />
gasvlis erT-erT arapir<strong>da</strong>pir mizezad asaxelebs. 13<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> migraciis ZiriTadi mizezebi<br />
ekonomikuria, magram es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sxvagan<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba bavSvis momavlis an socialuri<br />
kavSirebis gawyvetis xarjze ar aris miRebuli.<br />
qveynis SigniT migranti bavSvebi orjer ufro<br />
metad iricxebian skolaSi, vidre MmTeli SerCevis bavSvebi.<br />
am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60%-ma wera-kiTxva icis.<br />
igive maCvenebeli mTeli SerCevisaTvis 50%-ia. qveynis<br />
SigniT migrirebuli bavSvebi mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas<br />
an aryofnas MmTavar problemad naklebad aRiqvamen<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara-migrant bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro xSirad<br />
ekonomikur mizezebs asaxeleben. saqarTvelos regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis naxevari ambobs,<br />
rom socialuri momsaxureba gamouyenebiaT - rac yvelaze<br />
maRal maCvenebels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns migrantebis sam<br />
jgufs Soris. ara-migrant <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebul<br />
bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, Si<strong>da</strong>-migranti bavSvebi<br />
maTxovrobiT naklebad arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
metad muSaoben an saerTod ar gamoimuSaveben fuls, ar<br />
sWirdebaT fuli. maT aseve ufro metad aqvT survili<br />
<strong>da</strong> miswrafeba konkretuli samsaxuris Sovnisa, vidre<br />
bavSvebs sxva kategoriebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
kvlevis monacemTa analizis procesSi monawile qarTvelma<br />
eqspertebma <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> migraciis warmmarTveli<br />
araformaluri socialuri qselis mniSvneloba<br />
msgavsi mdgradobis mizezad <strong>da</strong>asaxeles. isini aseve<br />
amtkicebdnen, rom sacxovreblad sxva adgilas ga<strong>da</strong>svlis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba cxovrebisadmi proaqtiul<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze miuTiTebs, maSin, roca isini, vinc<br />
cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis Secvlas ar Cqarobs,<br />
ufro metad pasiurad egueba sakuTari <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
siZneleebs.<br />
13. magaliTisTvis ixileT: UN ODCCP, UNICEF and WFP (June 2001);<br />
Rapid Situation Assessment on the Situation of Street Children in Cairo and<br />
Alexandria<br />
30 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
SemTxveva #1: ana 7 bavSvisgan Semdgari ojaxis mTavari mzrunvelia. ana mTeli cxovreba TbilisSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqve <strong>da</strong>ojax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirveli bavSvi adreul asakSi gaaCina, Sesabamisad, arasdros umuSavia. imave dros, misma qmarma, <strong>da</strong>viTma (somxuri<br />
warmoSobis), samsaxuri <strong>da</strong>karga. man de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi samsaxuris Sovna ver SeZlo <strong>da</strong> aseve ver SeZlo ojaxis rCena.<br />
mzardi ekonomikuri siZneleebis pirobebSi, anam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTma <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> sakuTari TavisaTvis ukeTesi momavlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />
SesaZlo strategiebi ganixiles. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, maT TbilisSi samoTaxiani binis gayidva ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites. fuli<br />
TbilisSi sxva sacxovreblis SesaZena<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ojaxis sarCenad sakmarisi ar iyo. magram maT Zalian iafi bina ipoves rusTavSi,<br />
romelic TbilisTan siaxlovis gamoc iyo mimzidveli. meorec, <strong>da</strong>viTma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, droebiTi samsaxuri somxeTSi epova,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c am mxriv mdgomareoba ukeTesi Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />
anasa <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>svlis periodi, romelsac <strong>da</strong>viTis wasvlac erTvo<strong>da</strong> Tan, Sesagueblad rTuli<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>da</strong>viTis mier sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n gamogzavnili <strong>da</strong>xmareba mwiri iyo <strong>da</strong> martoxela anas gauWir<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mixedva. bavSvebs axal skolasTan SeTavseba uWir<strong>da</strong>T, axali socialuri qseli<strong>da</strong>n gariyulad grZnobdnen Tavs,<br />
Zvel megobrebTan kontaqti ki aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTis sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis pirvel etapze misi finansuri mdgomareoba sakmaod rTuli iyo <strong>da</strong> mis mier ojaxisaTvis<br />
gamogzavnili <strong>da</strong>xamreba – mwiri, Tumca, mSoblebs ar sur<strong>da</strong>T, bavSvebs, mdgomareobis sirTulis gamo, rame <strong>da</strong>hklebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
roca bavSvebma skolis gacdena <strong>da</strong>iwyes, anam rusTavSi arsebuli socialuri momsaxurebiT isar<strong>ge</strong>bla. am momsaxurebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, bavSvebi skolaSi <strong>da</strong>brundnen <strong>da</strong> anam ipova mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, romelic mis ojaxs krizisul periods ga<strong>da</strong>atanineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 31
sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli yvela bavSvis Tanaxmad,<br />
maT orive mSobeli cocxali hyavT. aseve, maTi umravlesoba<br />
ambobs, rom mSoblebic imave qalaqSi cxovroben.<br />
ufro metic - maTma umravlesobam ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom isini erT an orive mSobelTan erTad cxovroben.<br />
es Sedegi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, saerTaSoriso<br />
sazRvrebs marto ar kveTen. isini ojaxis wevrebTan er-<br />
Tad ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebian.<br />
sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli bavSvebi, mTlian SerCevasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro mcire asakisani arian, 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlis<br />
(orjer ufro meti, vidre ara-migranti <strong>da</strong> sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli bavSvebi). ufros asakobriv kategoriaSi<br />
aseTi bavSvebi Zalian cotaa. migraciis mixedviT<br />
gamoyofil samive jgufs Soris isini yvelaze gaWirvebulebi<br />
arian; sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ufro met dros atareben quCaSi. maTgan 5%-ze naklebi<br />
iricxeba skolaSi <strong>da</strong> maT ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi<br />
interesi aqvT. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba (ufro maRali<br />
procenti, vidre mTlian SerCevaSi) wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria.<br />
migraciis sami jgufi<strong>da</strong>n, sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli bavSvebi ufro xSirad Civian ojaxSi janmrTelobis<br />
problemebis Sesaxeb an aqvT gansakuTrebuli<br />
saWiroebebi. maT aseve, ufro xSirad surT ukeTesi<br />
saxli an ojaxuri mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> yvelaze naklebad<br />
usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT socialuri momsaxurebebiT. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umravlesoba Semosavlis momtan saqmianobaSia CarTuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi 67% - yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli samive<br />
jgufi<strong>da</strong>n – fuls maTxovrobiT Soulobs. es bavSvebi<br />
ojaxebis ekonomikurad motivirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
nawilia. maTTvis maTxovroba ojaxis arsebobis Senar-<br />
Cunebis strategiad aRiqmeba. calkeuli magaliTebi<br />
aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo, qarTvelebis qvelmoqmedebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sikeTis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis<br />
gamo, didi xania maTxovrebisaTvis karg <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
adgilad iTvleba.<br />
sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> didi<br />
nawili (50%) azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>naa. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gadmosaxlebulma<br />
yvela azerbaijanelma bavSvma erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
igive sacxovrebeli pirobebi aRwera. maT 80%-s orive<br />
mSobeli cocxali hyavs, xolo 20%-s - mxolod erTi;<br />
orive mSobliT oblebi azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n migrantTa<br />
Soris ar arian. azerbaijaneli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis<br />
minimum erTi, xolo 70%-is - orive mSobeli imave<br />
qalaqSi cxovrobs. TiTqmis yvelas (90%) <strong>da</strong>-Zmac imave<br />
qalaqSia.. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 10%-s ar hyavs sxva naTesavebi<br />
imave qalaqSi. arcerTi bavSvi ar iricxeba skolaSi.<br />
isev <strong>da</strong> isev, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba (90%) 24 saaTs<br />
quCaSi atarebs (zamTar-zafxul, dRe <strong>da</strong> Rame). yvela<br />
bavSvi maTxovrobaSia CarTuli <strong>da</strong> maT 90%-s arasdros<br />
usar<strong>ge</strong>blia socialuri momsaxurebiT.<br />
es Sedegi zoga<strong>da</strong>d a<strong>da</strong>sturebs `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~<br />
gamocdilebas, romlis Tanaxmad, xSirad ojaxebi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> sxva qyveynebi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebiTurT Camodian,<br />
Semosavals maTxovrobiT Souloben <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ar sar<strong>ge</strong>bloben maT sacxovrebel adgilas arsebuli<br />
raime socialuri momsaxurebiT. imigranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
amgvari socialuri izolaciis erT-erTi mizezi<br />
isaa, rom maT xSirad `boSebad~ miiCneven – e saris<br />
cneba, romelsac <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> DuaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva<br />
aqvs. Sedegad, socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis jgufebi maT iSviaTad<br />
mimarTaven, radgan gavrcelebulia mosazreba,<br />
rom `boSebs amgvari cxovrebis wesi sisxlSi aqvT gamj<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
<strong>da</strong> amas veravin Secvlis~. rogorc doqtorma brian<br />
milnem (2007 w.) aRniSna, es ara mxolod ekonomikuri,<br />
aramedi kulturuli <strong>da</strong> struqturuli siRaribea,<br />
romelic sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis xalxebis aRqmaze<br />
vrceldeba <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa gavlenas axdens xalxze,<br />
romelmac icis sakuTari marginalizaciis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong><br />
ar cdilobs SeuerTdes <strong>da</strong> ar endoba sazogadoebis<br />
ZiriTad nakads. 14<br />
sxva SesaZlo mizezi aris is, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> imigrant<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili an<br />
registracia ar aqvT, Sesabamisad, isini oficialurad<br />
aralegaluri migrantebi arian <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas ar eqvemdebarebian. arsebuli kanonmdeblobis<br />
Tanaxmad, im qveynis moqalaqeebs, romlebTanac<br />
saqarTvelos uvizo reJimi aqvs (magaliTad: azerbaijani),<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> registraciis gareSe SueZliaT 3<br />
Tve <strong>da</strong>hyon. amis Semdeg, isini iusticiis saministro-<br />
Si un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>registrirdnen <strong>da</strong> sacxovrebeli adgili<br />
miuTiTon, ris Semdegac erTi wliT cxovrebis uflebas<br />
miiReben. Tu registracia ar mox<strong>da</strong> an gagrZel<strong>da</strong><br />
erTi wlis Semdeg, isini aralegalur imigrantebad<br />
CaiTvlebian.<br />
14. Milne, Brian (March 2007), Assessment of the Situation of Street Children in<br />
Georgia; Research Design and Programme Planning; UNICEF Georgia<br />
32 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
avSvebis <strong>quCis</strong><br />
gamocdileba drois<br />
mixedviT<br />
iseTi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi visac saxlTan kavSiri sruliad gawyvetili<br />
aqvs Zalian cotaa. saSualod, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba<br />
Rameebs mSoblebTan/naTesavebTan atarebs <strong>da</strong><br />
ara sxva adgilebSi: 59% zafxulSi, 65% intervius wina<br />
Rames <strong>da</strong> 72% zamTarSi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, kvlevis<br />
ramdenime Sedegi <strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebis sezonurobaze<br />
miuTiTebs: bavSvebi quCaSi marto ufro metad zafxulis<br />
Rameebs atareben (24%) vidre zamTris Rameebs<br />
(7%) 15 <strong>da</strong> zafxulis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg xSirad saxleb-<br />
Si brundebian.<br />
wertilovani Sefasebis dReebis ganmavlobaSi, 0-<strong>da</strong>n<br />
18 wlamde asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 66% quCaSi marto SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
isini, visac zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>miani axl<strong>da</strong>, Ziri-<br />
Ta<strong>da</strong>d gogonebi, aseve 0-<strong>da</strong>n 4 wlamde asakis bavSvebi<br />
iyvnen. Tanmxlebi zr<strong>da</strong>srulis arseboba aseve bavSvis<br />
aqtivobasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli - momuSave bavSvebi<br />
ufro metad iyvnen marto vidre isini vinc maTxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />
an sxva saqminoabiT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. interviuebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miRebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 8-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 80% quCaSi atarebs DdRes <strong>da</strong> es monacemi<br />
weliwadis droebis mixedviT ar icvleba (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mcire <strong>raodenoba</strong> zafxulis ganmavlobaSi<br />
quCaSi dRes marto atarebs).<br />
saxlSi<br />
marto quCaSi<br />
procenti<br />
100.0%<br />
90.0%<br />
80.0%<br />
70.0%<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
40.0%<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
zafxulis<br />
Rameebi<br />
wina Ramis<br />
umetesi<br />
nawili<br />
zamTris<br />
Rameebi<br />
zafxulis<br />
dReebi<br />
guSindeli<br />
dRis umetesi<br />
nawili<br />
zamTris<br />
dReebi<br />
sezoni<br />
grafiki #4 – saxlSi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi marto yofnis monacemebi<br />
droisa (dRe/Rame) <strong>da</strong> weliwadis droebis mixedviT<br />
15. interviuebi gvian noemberSi Catar<strong>da</strong>, ase rom dro SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros, rogorc `zamTris Tveebi, roca civa~. magram intervius<br />
wina Ramis quCaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb monacemebi gansxvavdeba<br />
zamTris Rameebis quCaSi gatarebis monacemebisagan. es SeiZleba<br />
miuTiTebdes imaze, rom zogi bavSvi zamTarSi quCaSi ufro met<br />
dros atarebs, vidre amas aRiarebs.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 33
34 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT weliwadis dros, dRis monakveTs<br />
(dRe/Rame) <strong>da</strong> adgilmdebareobas, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> sami ZiriTadi jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba:<br />
1) isini, vinc zamTris <strong>da</strong> zafxulis Rameebs quCaSi<br />
atarebs (e.w. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi – mTliani SerCevis 6%);<br />
2) bavSvebi, romlebic zafxulis an zamTris Rameebs<br />
quCaSi atareben, magram gansxvavebuli sacxovrebeli<br />
pirobebi aqvT weliwadis droebis mixedviT (e.w. saxlsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi - 19%) <strong>da</strong> 3) isini, vinc<br />
quCaSi mxolod dRis saaTebs atarebs (e.w. quCaSi aqtiuri<br />
bavSvebi -75%).<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> cotaa: aseTia<br />
mTeli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 6% <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d biWebi;<br />
quCaSi 24 saaTi mcxovrebTagan gogonebi mxolod 5%-<br />
ia. am bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n 60% Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakis<br />
bavSvebsa (es maCvenebeli 20%-iT metia mTliani SerCevis<br />
maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) <strong>da</strong> mozardebs. 8-<strong>da</strong>n 10<br />
wlamde asakis bavSvebi am jgufis mxolod mcire nawils<br />
Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen.<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> erT-erTi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Tviseba gar<strong>da</strong>mavali mdgomareobaa, roca<br />
ojaxuri urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>susteba minimalur socialur<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeraSi ga<strong>da</strong>izrdeba. quCaSi mcxovreb<br />
bavSvebs im Tavis TanatolebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT romlebic<br />
quCaSi mxolod dRis garkveul nawils atareben ufro<br />
xSirad ar hyavT mSoblebi – mxolod 25% hyavs orive<br />
mSobeli cocxali. maTi kontaqti ojaxTan - Tu aseTi<br />
hyavT - gacilebiT sustia sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. maTi umravlesoba<br />
(80%) acxadebs, rom imave qalaqSi sxva naTesavi<br />
ar hyavs <strong>da</strong> rom maTze aravin zrunavs.<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi ufro nakleb ojaxur problemas<br />
asaxeleben vidre isini vinc quCaSi 24 saaTi ar<br />
cxovrobs. maT mier CamoTvlili problemebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
sami Temis irgvlivaa Tavmoyrili: erTi an orive<br />
mSoblis <strong>da</strong>kargva an aryofna, siRaribe, usaxlkaroba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi janmrTelobis problemebi. isini skolaSi ar<br />
iricxebian <strong>da</strong> maTi naxevari wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria.<br />
samive jgufs Soris isini skolis mitovebis yvelaze<br />
maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian. quCaSi gatarebuli<br />
drois <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>sruli mzrunvelis ararsebobis gamo<br />
quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs ufro xSirad aReniSnebaT<br />
xiluli nakli an fizikuri travmebi <strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad<br />
moixmaren sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nivTierebebs. isini aseve ufro<br />
moxerxebulebi arian, Semosavlis gamomuSavebis ufro<br />
met strategias iyeneben (maTxovrobisa <strong>da</strong> qurdobis<br />
maRali maCveneblebi) <strong>da</strong> ufro met socialur momsaxurebas<br />
mimarTaven vidre maTi quCaSi armcxovrebi<br />
Tanatolebi. es ojaxis zrunvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
alternatiuli <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebis moZebnis<br />
saWiroebiT aixsneba.<br />
quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovreb bavSvebs SeiZleba `zafxulis<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi~ ewodoT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n maTi umravlesoba<br />
quCaSi mxolod zafxulis Rameebs atarebs. maT<br />
umetesobas quCaSi yofnis dros erTi Tvis an meti xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ojaxTan kavSiri ara aqvs. rogorc <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis momsaxurebis mimwodeblebma aRniSnes,<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mSoblebi sazafxulo, sameurneo<br />
samuSaoebisaTvis soflebSi midian <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi ki<br />
qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>rCenas amjobineben. Tumca, gamokiTxvis wina<br />
Tves (Sua oqtombri<strong>da</strong>n Sua noembramde) quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi<br />
mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevarze metma aRniSna, rom<br />
isini ojaxebTan ar cxovroben <strong>da</strong> maTze aravin zrunavs.<br />
marTalia, am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> nawili Rameebs TavSesafrebSi,<br />
bavSvTa saxlebSi, megobrebis saxlebSi an iafad <strong>da</strong>qiraebul<br />
oTaxebSi aTenebs, maRali procenti SeiZleba<br />
imis mimaniSnebeli iyos, rom sinamdvileSi, es bavSvebi<br />
quCaSi ufro met xans cxovroben vidre amas amboben.<br />
quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi quCaSi aqtiur <strong>da</strong><br />
quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs Soris gar<strong>da</strong>maval formad<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. isini quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mravalmxrivi ojaxuri problemebis<br />
winaSe dganan. maT mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebul mizezebs Soris<br />
Warbob<strong>da</strong>: siRaribe, mSoblebis umuSevroba <strong>da</strong><br />
usaxlkaroba. maT mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli sxva mizezebi<br />
(sixSiris mixedviT) moicavs: erTi an orive mSoblis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva an ararseboba (maTi meoTxedi dediTac <strong>da</strong><br />
mamiTac obolia); alkoholizmi, ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis ganqorwineba an meored qorwineba. quCasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> nawili skolisa <strong>da</strong><br />
quCaSi cxovrebis SeTavsebas cdilobs, Tumca skolaSi<br />
CaricxulTa maCvenebeli saxlSi Rameebis gamtarebeli<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> analogiur maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
naxevarma skola miatova. maTi umravlesoba acxadebs,<br />
rom isini fulis saSovnelad raRacas akeTeben <strong>da</strong><br />
mere fuls ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sakuTar saWiroebebze xarjaven.<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT maTi 20%<br />
ambobs, rom fulis nawils ojaxs axmars <strong>da</strong> 12%-is<br />
SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs mSoblebi fuls ZaliT arTmeven.<br />
quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi quCaSi mxolod dRis<br />
saaTebs atareben. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvis mTavari<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tviseba ojaxuri urTierTobebis<br />
SenarCunebaa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi Tavs im ojaxis nawilad Tvlian,<br />
romelsac problemebi aqvs <strong>da</strong> xSirad grZnoben<br />
pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas ojaxis interesebis Sesabamisad imoqmedon.<br />
quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba orive<br />
mSobelTan an martoxela de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad cxovrobs.<br />
samive jgufs Soris, quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi ojaxTan<br />
kontaqts didi drois ganmavlobaSi yvelaze naklebad<br />
kargaven <strong>da</strong> maTi umravlesoba mSobels an naTesavs mTavar<br />
mzrunvelad gansazRvravs. amavdroulad, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
samive jgufs Soris isini yvelaze mravalferovani<br />
sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mxolod 10% aris orive mSobliT oboli. ekonomikuri<br />
siZneleebi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa,<br />
maSin roca, mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an ararseboba sxva<br />
jgufebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad saxeldeba (Tumca kvlav<br />
meore adgils inarCunebs problemebis siaSi). sxva<br />
problemebi moicavs: mSoblebis ganqorwinebas an meo-<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 35
ed qorwinebas, alkoholizmsa <strong>da</strong> ojaxur Zaladobas.<br />
quCaSi aqtiuri <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sagrZnobma nawilma (15%)<br />
ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom maT ojaxs problemebi ar aqvs. es bavSvebi<br />
sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro metad iricxebian skolaSi<br />
- Tumca, maCvenebeli mainc <strong>da</strong>balia, 16% _ magram<br />
maT Soris yvelaze maRalia maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />
vinc skolaSi saerTod ar yofila. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />
quCaSi gamomuSavebul fuls sakuTar saWiroebebze<br />
yvelaze naklebad xarjaven. maTi TiTqmis 40%<br />
acxadebs, rom fuls ojaxs axmars. amasTanave, quCaSi<br />
aqtiur bavSvebSi yvelaze maRalia naSovni fulis ZaliT<br />
warTmevis maCvenebeli. fuls ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mSoblebi<br />
arTmeven.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> gamocdilebis xangrZlivoba. saSualod, gamokiTxulTa<br />
40%-s quCaSi erT wlamde dro hqon<strong>da</strong> gatarebuli,<br />
26% quCaSi 2-3 weli cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 36% - 3<br />
welze metxans. quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis quCaSi<br />
cxovrebis gamocdileba kidev ufro xangrZlivia – <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
naxevari quCaSi 3 weliwadze metia cxovrobs.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gavrcelebuli mosazrebaa, rom bi-<br />
Webs <strong>da</strong> ufrosi asakis bavSvebs quCaSi ufro didi xani<br />
(erT welze meti) aqvs gatarebuli, vidre gogonebs <strong>da</strong><br />
mcirewlovnebs. gansxvavebebi statistikurad mniSvnelovani<br />
ar aris, magram ramdenime tendencia SeiniSneba.<br />
ufros bavSvebs (15-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde) ufro metad<br />
aqvT sami <strong>da</strong> meti weli gatarebuli quCaSi, vidre bavSvebs<br />
ufro patara asakobrivi kategorii<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>ge</strong>nderuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofa gavrcelebul mosazrebas ar amyarebs – ufro<br />
metic, gogonebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>, romelTac quCaSi sami <strong>da</strong><br />
meti weli aqvs gatarebuli, biWebisas aRemateba.<br />
orive mSobliT <strong>da</strong> dediT obol bavSvebs quCaSi erTi<br />
Tve an meti ufro metad aqvT gatarebuli. rodesac<br />
de<strong>da</strong> an orive mSobeli cocxalia, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 70%-is<br />
gancxadebiT, maT quCaSi cxovrebis aseTi xangrZlivi<br />
gamocdileba ar aqvT.<br />
rac ufro met xans grZeldeba bavSvis quCaSi cxovreba,<br />
miT ufro irRveva misi Cveuli socialuri kavSirebi.<br />
asakobrivi kategoria<br />
sqesi<br />
60%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
8-10wlis(n=89)<br />
11-14wlis(n=96)<br />
11-18wlis(n=60)<br />
45%<br />
40%<br />
35%<br />
30%<br />
25%<br />
20%<br />
15%<br />
10%<br />
5%<br />
0%<br />
biWebi(n=155)<br />
gogoebi(n=90)<br />
1 wlis an<br />
naklebi<br />
2-3<br />
wlis<br />
3 wlis an<br />
meti<br />
1 wlis an<br />
naklebi<br />
2-3<br />
wlis<br />
3 wlis an<br />
meti<br />
56-ma <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma ar upasuxa.<br />
56-ma <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvma ar upasuxa.<br />
grafiki #5 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asaki <strong>da</strong> sqesi quCaSi gatarebuli wlebis mixedviT<br />
procenti<br />
90.0%<br />
80.0%<br />
70.0%<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
40.0%<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> quCaSi<br />
cxovrebis periodi<br />
ar hqon<strong>da</strong> quCaSi<br />
cxovrebis periodi<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
36 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs<br />
0.0%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=179)<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
adgilmdebareobebi<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
grafiki #6 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac quCaSi erTi Tve an meti aqvs gatarebuli qalaqebis mixedviT
skolaSi siaruli <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyeneba<br />
am tendencias kargad asaxavs. bavSvebi, romlebsac<br />
quCaSi eqvs Tvemde dro aqvT gatarebuli ufro<br />
xSirad iricxebodnen skolaSi vidre isini, visi quCaSi<br />
cxovrebis gamocdilebac 6 Tves aRemateba. rac ufro<br />
metad aRemateba quCaSi cxovrebis gamocdileba 6 Tves,<br />
miT ufro mniSvnelovnad iklebs skolaSi wasvlis albaToba.<br />
msgavsi tendenciebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebTan kontaqtis<br />
mxrivac SeiniSneba. rac ufro Sordebian bavSvebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcav faqtorebs (ojaxi, skola), romelnic maT<br />
saWiroebebs un<strong>da</strong> akmayofilebdnen, isini Seguebis<br />
axal strategiebs mimarTaven, ufro metad iyeneben socialur<br />
momsaxurebas (sa<strong>da</strong>c isini arsebobs), <strong>da</strong>mcavi<br />
faqtorebis <strong>da</strong>kargvis asanazRaureblad.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi Tanatolebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />
sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris eZeben. isini Cveulebriv<br />
icnoben ramdenime sxva bavSvs, romlebic igive saqmianobiT<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
40% icnobs <strong>quCis</strong> 10 bavSvs, romelic imave qalaqSi<br />
cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narCeni 40% icnobs 11-<strong>da</strong>n 20-mde aseT<br />
bavSvs. msgavsi Seguebis strategia (socialuri kav-<br />
Sirebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong>admi mikuTvnebulobis grZnobis ganviTareba)<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> bevr kvlevaSia aRwerili. 16<br />
60%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
39.6%<br />
ar arian Caricxulni<br />
skolaSi<br />
gamoyenebuli socialuri<br />
momsaxurebebi<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
19.1%<br />
17.5%<br />
21.3%<br />
28.1%<br />
23.4%<br />
29.8%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
1.8% 2.1% 4.6% 4.3%<br />
8.3%<br />
3 wlis<br />
(n=89)<br />
grafiki #7 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyeneba quCaSi yofnis xangrZlivobis mixedviT<br />
16. magaliTisTvis ixileT, S.H., Hutz, C.S. (1995), Street Children: Psychological<br />
Perspectives in: Interamerican Journal of Psychology, Volume 29<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 37
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />
ojaxuri mdgomareobis<br />
aRqma<br />
bavSvis irgvliv mSoblebis an sxva naTesavebis<br />
arseboba<br />
obolTa saerTaSoriso definiciis gamoyenebiT,<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> iseTi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic orive<br />
mSobliT oblebi arian mTliani SerCevis 15%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen.<br />
anu <strong>da</strong>narCeni 85%-is erTi mSobeli mainc aris<br />
cocxali. im bavSvebs Soris, visac erTi mSobeli mainc<br />
hyavs cocxali 55% ar aris oboli (orive mSobeli<br />
cocxalia), 24% mamiT obolia (mxolod de<strong>da</strong> hyavs) <strong>da</strong><br />
6% - dediT oboli (mxolod mamaa cocxali).<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT TiTqmis orjer maRalia. yvela <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvi, romelic orive mSobliT an dediT obolia ar<br />
iricxeba skolaSi. amasTanave, procentulad skolis<br />
mitovebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli im <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs<br />
Soris SeiniSneba, visac de<strong>da</strong> an arcerTi mSobeli<br />
ar hyavs. mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba skolis mitovebis<br />
mizezad saxeldeba. maTi interesi ganaTlebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia <strong>da</strong> miaCniaT, rom skolaSi siarulis SemxvevaSi<br />
mainc ver iswavlian. yvela maTgani ambobs, rom<br />
sakuTari Tavis sarCenad fuli un<strong>da</strong> gamoimuSavos.<br />
maT socialuri momsaxureba arasdros gamouyenebiaT.<br />
quCaSi ufro meti drois gatarebis <strong>da</strong> mzrunveli<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>srulis ararsebobis gamo orive mSobliT<br />
oboli bavSvebi ufro metad avlenen gansakuTrebul<br />
saWiroebebs <strong>da</strong> fizikur travmebs, vidre is bavSvebi,<br />
visac erTi an orive mSobeli hyavs.<br />
araoboli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobis de<strong>da</strong> an mama,<br />
an orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi cxovrobs. Tu mSoblebi<br />
imave qalaqSi ar cxovroben, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevars<br />
imave qalaqSi sxva naTesavi hyavs. gamokiTxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
10%-ze naklebma aRniSna, rom sruliad martoa<br />
– anu imave qalaqSi arc mSobeli <strong>da</strong> arc sxva naTesavi<br />
ar moeZebneba.<br />
80.0% orive mSobeli<br />
70.0%<br />
68.8%<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia<br />
60.0%<br />
56.9%<br />
mxolod de<strong>da</strong>a<br />
55.0%<br />
cocxali<br />
50.0%<br />
mxolod mamaa<br />
40.0%<br />
36.7%<br />
cocxali<br />
33.3%<br />
30.0%<br />
26.7%<br />
25.0%<br />
24.1%<br />
orive mSobeli<br />
20.0%<br />
18.8%<br />
cocxalia<br />
14.4%<br />
9.4% 13.8%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
5.6%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=180)<br />
3.1%<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
erTi an orive mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas Zalian didi<br />
gavlena aqvs bavSvis cxovrebaze. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />
erTi an orive mSobliT obol bavSvTa proporcia<br />
quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs Soris, mTlian SerCevasgrafiki<br />
#8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT<br />
5.2%<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
3.3%<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
44.4% 45.5%<br />
38.9%<br />
32.0%<br />
28.7%<br />
22.9%<br />
21.2%<br />
22.2%<br />
15.2% 15.4%<br />
11.1% 11.5%<br />
7.1%<br />
1.6%<br />
1.1%<br />
Tbilisi rusTavi quTaisi baTumi sul<br />
de<strong>da</strong> cocxalia, magram ar<br />
cxovrobs imave qalaqSi (n=237)<br />
mama cocxalia, magram ar<br />
cxovrobs imave qalaqSi (n=109)<br />
hyavs naTesavebi, magram ara<br />
imave qalaqSi (n=301)<br />
grafiki #9 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, visac imave qalaqSi de<strong>da</strong>, mama an naTesavi ar hyavs<br />
38 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 85%-is gancxadebiT, maTi de<strong>da</strong> imave<br />
qalaqSi cxovrobs, xolo 71%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom mamac<br />
imave qalaqSia. dedebs Soris, romlebic imave qalaqSi<br />
ar cxovroben 9% saqarTvelos sxva regionSi cxovrobs<br />
<strong>da</strong> 3% qveynis farglebs gareTaa (azerbaijanSi,<br />
ruseTSi, italiaSi, TurqeTSi <strong>da</strong> saberZneTSi, rogorc<br />
bavSvebma aRniSnes). mamebi, romlebic imave qalaqSi<br />
ar arian, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi (13%) <strong>da</strong> saz-<br />
RvargareT (8%) cxovroben. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gancxadebiT,<br />
isini ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi, ukrainaSi, moldovaSi,<br />
italiasa an yazaxeTSi arian. rusTavSi, quTaissa <strong>da</strong><br />
baTumSi gamokiTxuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visi de<strong>da</strong><br />
an mama sxva adgilas cxovrobs, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi mSoblebis<br />
cxovrebis yvela gavrcelebuli adgilia (4%-<strong>da</strong>n 9%-<br />
mde - dedebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> 8%-<strong>da</strong>n 19%-mde - mamebisaTvis,<br />
qalaqebis mixedviT).<br />
mSoblebis migracia <strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCaSi gasvlis mTavar<br />
faqtorad ar un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi,<br />
romelTa mSoblebi sxvagan cxovroben, sazRvargareT<br />
wasuli mSoblebis mier <strong>da</strong>tovebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
(romelTa ricxvic sakmaod didia 17 ) mxolod mcire<br />
nawils Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen, magram yvela es bavSvi quCaSi rodi<br />
xvdeba. mSoblis an mSoblebis ararsebobas <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis<br />
cxovrebis ramdenime aspeqtze mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />
aqvs.<br />
imave qalaqSi orive mSoblis aryofna mniSvnelovnad<br />
zrdis bavSvis quCaSi 24 saaTiT cxovrebis albaTobas:<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 15%, visi mSoblebi imave qalaqSi ar cxovroben,<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvia. es maCvenebeli mxolod<br />
4%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visi erTi mSobeli<br />
mainc imave qalaqSi cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> 2%-s im bavSvebvisaTvis,<br />
visac orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi hyavs. magram,<br />
bavSvebi, visac erTi an orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi<br />
hyavs, ufro metad atareben dRis saaTebs quCaSi (82%)<br />
vidre isini, visi mSoblebic sxvagan arian (57%).<br />
SemTxveva 2: oTxi wlis win, ratis umuSevarma de<strong>da</strong>m – nonam - ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita ruseTSi eZebna samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> bavSvi mamasa <strong>da</strong> bebias<br />
<strong>da</strong>utova. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, nona bavSvTan kavSiris SenarCunebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fulsac ugzavni<strong>da</strong>. garkveuli drois Semdeg,<br />
kontaqtebic <strong>da</strong> finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werac Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> male nona sruliad gaqra ratis cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
im dros biWis mama – zurabi - muSaob<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mama fuls alkoholze ufro xarjav<strong>da</strong> vidre bavSvis saWiroebebze,<br />
biWs sacxovrebeli adgili mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram roca zura Tvrebo<strong>da</strong>, igi ratis <strong>da</strong> mis bebias scem<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rati xSirad<br />
grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom saxli aRar iyo usafrTxo TavSesafari, rogorc adre, dedis Sin yofnis dros.<br />
erT dRes, zura <strong>da</strong>apatimres <strong>da</strong> ramdenime wliT patimroba miusajes. rati mxolod bebiis amara <strong>da</strong>rCa. bebia moxuci<br />
<strong>da</strong> avadmyofi iyo, Semosavali ar hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> biWisTvis Sesabamisi zrunvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCena ar SeeZlo. SimSilis<br />
pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis <strong>da</strong>mamcirebel saqmianobad miCnevis gamo bebia SviliSvilisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />
alternatiuli gzebis Ziebas Seudga. male, orivem qalaqis quCebSi, nagavsayrelebze SuSis boTlebis moZieba<br />
<strong>da</strong> gayidva <strong>da</strong>iwyo. biWma skola miatova – misi ganaTleba saarsebo pirobebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis gamo prioritetuli aRar<br />
iyo. male Sewy<strong>da</strong> gazisa <strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergiis miwodeba - bebiasa <strong>da</strong> SviliSvls komunaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>safarad sakmarisi<br />
Tanxa ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T. zogjer, fuli puris sayidla<strong>da</strong>c ki ar hyofni<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> rati mSieri iZineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mSoblebis<br />
adgilsamyofeli<br />
bavSvTa jgufebi<br />
sixSire<br />
procenti<br />
orive mSobeli<br />
imave qalaqSi<br />
1. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
2. quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi<br />
3. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />
2 1.70%<br />
19 16.40%<br />
95 81.90%<br />
sul<br />
116 100.00%<br />
erTi mSobeli<br />
imave qalaqSi<br />
arcerTi<br />
mSobeli<br />
imave qalaqSi<br />
1. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
2. quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi<br />
3. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />
sul<br />
1. quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
2. quCaSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi<br />
3. quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi<br />
sul<br />
4 4.10%<br />
13 13.20%<br />
81 82.70%<br />
98 100.00%<br />
13 15.10%<br />
24 27.90%<br />
49 57.00%<br />
86 100.00%<br />
cxrili #8 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti mSobelTa arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mixedviT<br />
17. Svintadze, Ia; Ubiria, Grigol (2007), How Poverty Separates Families: Impact of International Labour Migration on Families and Children<br />
in Georgia, Eurasia Foun<strong>da</strong>tion Caucasus Research Resource Centre (CRRC) Fellowship<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 39
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, romelTa mSoblebi imave qalaq-<br />
Si ar cxovroben, mSoblebis aryofna ufro mniSvnelovan<br />
problemad aRiqmeba, vidre ekonomikuri<br />
siZneleebi. amasTan, isini naklebad iricxebian skolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> 40%-iT naklebad ainteresebT skola, vidre<br />
maT im Tanatolebs, visac orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi<br />
hyavs. monacemebi aseve cxadyofs, rom im bavSebisaTvis,<br />
romelTa mxolod erTi mSobeli cxovrobs imave<br />
qalaqSi, ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom skolaSi<br />
saerTod ar evloT, vidre im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visac<br />
orive mSobeli imave qalaqSi hyavs.<br />
gamokiTxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 82%-ma aRniSna, rom imave<br />
qalaqSi sxva naTesavebi hyavs, rogoricaa <strong>da</strong>-Zma, bebia-babua,<br />
biZa/mami<strong>da</strong> an sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis xelmisawvdomi socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
donis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad mxolod zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebi<br />
iyo miRebuli mxedvelobaSi <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>-Zma. Tu<br />
bavSvebi ar asaxelebdnen bebia/babuas, biZa/mami<strong>da</strong>s<br />
an sxva zr<strong>da</strong>srul naTesavs, maT 0 qula ewerebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
1 qula eniWebo<strong>da</strong> maT, visac am kategoriebi<strong>da</strong>n erTerTSi<br />
erTi naTesavi mainc hyav<strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi, ori<br />
qula – visac ori naTesavi hyav<strong>da</strong> ori kategorii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
sami - visac sami naTesavi hyav<strong>da</strong> samive kategorii<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
analizis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad bavSvis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
quCaSi gatarebuli dro mcirdeba. ufro metic, isini<br />
62%-iT naklebad atareben zafxulis Rameebs quCaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aseve ufro naklebad cxovroben quCaSi 24 saaTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, vidre is bavSvebi, visac imave qalaqSi<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi ar hyavs. socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
ufro maRali done <strong>da</strong>debiT gavlenas axdens bavSvis<br />
ganaTlebazec – bavSvebi, visac imave qalaqSi erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
meti zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi hyavs, 82%-iT ufro metad<br />
iricxebian skolaSi vidre isini, visac aranairi socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ara aqvs.<br />
90.0%<br />
82.8%<br />
<strong>da</strong>-Zma<br />
80.0%<br />
bebia/papa<br />
70.0%<br />
68.8%<br />
65.6%<br />
60.0%<br />
58.3%<br />
biZa/dei<strong>da</strong><br />
50.0%<br />
46.6%<br />
sxva ufrosi asakis<br />
41.7%<br />
40.0%<br />
naTesavebi<br />
40.0%<br />
37.5%<br />
40.0%<br />
33.3%<br />
31.19<br />
29.3%<br />
30.0%<br />
ar hyavs naTesavebi<br />
23.9%<br />
25.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
13.9%<br />
15.5%<br />
13.3%<br />
10.0%<br />
6.3%<br />
6.9%<br />
0%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
grafiki #10 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi naTesavebis saxeoba<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> kavSiri ojaxebTan<br />
roca orive mSobeli cocxalia, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs<br />
ufro axlo kavSiri aqvT de<strong>da</strong>sTan, vidre mamasTan.<br />
gamokiTxuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 75%-is mtkicebiT, maT<br />
yoveldRiuri kavSiri aqvT de<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> masTan kontaqti<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T intervius Catarebis dResac. <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mxolod naxevarma aRniSna, rom im dRes mamasTan<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> kavSiri (56%), an (TiTqmis) yoveldRiurad aqvs<br />
kavSiri mamasTan (57%).<br />
90.0% Tbilisi (n=144)<br />
80.0%<br />
70.0%<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
40.0%<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
dRes yoveldRe dRes yoveldRe dRes yoveldRe<br />
esaubra de<strong>da</strong>s esaubra mamas esaubra naTesavebs<br />
rusTavi (n=32)<br />
quTaisi (n=58)<br />
baTumi (n=30)<br />
grafiki #11 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa procenti, vinc dRes (intervius dRes) esaubra <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiurad esaubreba de<strong>da</strong>s, mamas an naTesavs<br />
40 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
im <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n, visac de<strong>da</strong> cocxali hyavs,<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 20%-ma aRniSna, rom maT cxovrebaSi iyo<br />
periodi, roca de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
kavSiri ar hqonia. im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
visac mama hyavs cocxali, igive maCvenebeli <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
30%-mde izrdeba.<br />
rac ufro met dros atareben bavSvebi quCaSi, miT<br />
ufro mcirdeba maTi kavSiri ojaxebTan. samive jgufs<br />
Soris, quCaSi aqtiuri bavSvebi ojaxTan yvelaze<br />
mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben – maTi mxolod 23% ambobs,<br />
rom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
kavSiri ar hqonia <strong>da</strong> 39%-s mamasTan. quCasa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxlSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 62% aRniSnavs de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
kavSiris arqonis periodebs <strong>da</strong> 84% _ mamasTan. quCaSi<br />
mcxovreb bavSvebs Soris, 80%-is cxovrebaSi iyo periodebi,<br />
roca de<strong>da</strong>sTan an mamasTan erTi Tvis an meti<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi kavSiri ar hqonia.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier mzrunvelebis aRqma<br />
bavSvebs un<strong>da</strong> ganesazRvraT a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic maTze<br />
umeteswilad zrunavs. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobam<br />
(62%) aseTad mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>asaxela. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
dedebi mTavari <strong>da</strong> xSirad erTaderTi mzrunvelebi<br />
arian, rac de<strong>da</strong>sTan kavSiris sixSiriT, de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
cxovrebiT <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli ojaxis modelSi bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong> umetesad<br />
dedis movaleobaa. rogorc gaeros bavSvTa<br />
fondma aRwera (2007), 18 `<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi<br />
dedebi arian (91%), Semdeg bebiebi (7%). meoradi<br />
mzrunvelebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d bebiebi arian (42%) <strong>da</strong><br />
Semdeg mamebi (17%) <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi am mxriv ar<br />
gansxvavdebian. aTi<strong>da</strong>n erTma bavSvma mTavar mzrunvelad<br />
aseve naTesavebi <strong>da</strong>asaxela.<br />
procenti<br />
80.0% mSoblebi<br />
70.0%<br />
naTesavebi<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
aravin<br />
40.0%<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=180)<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
adgilmdebareobebi<br />
grafiki #12 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi<br />
18. UNICEF Georgia (2007), Early Childhood Development in Georgia – Findings<br />
from the National Baseline Study<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 41
asakis matebasTan erTad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ojaxis mzrunvelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamodian <strong>da</strong> Tavad zrunaven sakuTar<br />
Tavze. 8-<strong>da</strong>n 10 wlamde asakobriv kategoriaSi 7-jer<br />
ufro metia iseTi bavSvi, romelzec mSoblebi an na-<br />
Tesavebi zrunaven, vidre isini, visac mzrunveli ar<br />
hyavs (Tanafardoba 1:7). or ufros asakobriv kategoriaSi<br />
es Tanafardoba Sesabamisad 1:2.2 <strong>da</strong> 1:1.5-mde<br />
mcirdeba.<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 26% - sididiT meore jgufi - ambobs, rom ma-<br />
Tze aravin zrunavs. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod erTi mesamedis<br />
orive mSobeli cocxalia (mTliani SerCevis 55%-<br />
Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) <strong>da</strong> 23%-s mxolod de<strong>da</strong> hyavs cocxali.<br />
am bavSvebs Soris ori jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba:<br />
isini, visi mSoblebic gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia an ar arian <strong>da</strong><br />
ubralod aravinaa, visac bavSvebi mzrunvelad CaTvlidnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> isini, visac erTi an orive mSobeli cocxali<br />
hyavs, magram maT mTavar mzrunvelebad ar Tvlian.<br />
mTavari mzrunvelis yofna-aryofna bavSvis cxovrebis<br />
ramdenime aspeqtze axdens gavlenas. quCaSi mcxovreb<br />
bavSvebs Soris mSoblebs mTavar mzrunvelebad Zalian<br />
cota miiCnevs <strong>da</strong> umravlesoba acxadebs, rom aravinaa,<br />
vinc maTze izrunebs. sapirispirod, quCaSi aqtiuri<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba mSoblebs an naTesavebs<br />
mTavar mzrunvelebad asaxelebs. mzrunvelis gareSe<br />
myofi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ufro met gasaWirSi imyofebian<br />
vidre isini, viszec mSoblebi zrunaven. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an aryofna ufro<br />
mniSvnelovan problemad saxeldeba vidre ekonomikuri<br />
siZneleebi, maSin, roca mSoblebis zrunvis qveS<br />
myofi bavSvebi mTavar problemebad umeteswilad<br />
alkoholizms, ganqorwinebas/meored qorwinebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
siRaribes asaxeleben. bavSvebi, romelTac ar hyavT<br />
mzrunveli, skolaSi ar iricxebian, maSin, roca 24% im<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a, visac mSoblebi mzrunvelobas uweven, skolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>dian; skolis mitovebis albaToba ufro maRalia<br />
(60%) mSoblebis mzrunvelobis qveS myof bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT (40%). isini mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas an<br />
sakuTar swavlis unarSi <strong>da</strong>urwmuneblobas skolaSi<br />
wausvlelobis mTavar mizezebad asaxeleben. bavSvebi,<br />
romelTa ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi mSoblebi arian, skolaSi<br />
wausvlelobis mizezad mSoblebis winaaRmdegobas,<br />
sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>blobas, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
xarisxsa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur siZneleebs asaxeleben.<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic acxadeben, rom maTze aravin<br />
zrunavs, arsebobis SenarCunebis mraval strategias<br />
mimarTaven: isini ufro met socialur momsaxurebas<br />
iyeneben <strong>da</strong> ufro metad gamoimuSaveben saarsebo<br />
fuls muSaobiT an maTxovrobiT vidre isini, visac mzrunvelebad<br />
mSoblebi hyavs. mzrunvelis ararseboba<br />
bavSvis samomavlo <strong>ge</strong>gmebzec axdens gavlenas - maT<br />
ganaTleba, profesiuli unarebi an samsaxuri naklebad<br />
ainteresebT. mzrunvelis gareSe myofi bavSvebi<br />
xSirad ver asaxeleben raime konkretul survils – ra<br />
surT gaakeTon momavalSi. es aseve gavlenas axdens<br />
maT janmrTelobaze – isini ufro xSirad amJRavneben<br />
gansakuTrebul saWiroebebs, fizikuri travmis niSnebs<br />
an toqsikur nivTierebebze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />
vidre bavSvebi, romelTac mzrunvelebi hyavT.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi<br />
im ojaxebis mowyoba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebi arian warmoSobiT, mravalgvaria, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
bavSvebiT, visac orive mSobeli cocxali hyavs<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva zr<strong>da</strong>srul naTesavebTan erTad imave qalaqSi<br />
cxovrobs, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli im bavSvebiT, vinc orive<br />
mSobliT obolia <strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi ojaxis sxva wevrebi<br />
ar hyavs. calkeuli magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom bevri<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi cxovrebis manZilze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairi mowyobis<br />
ojaxebSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bevri maTgani qorwinebis<br />
gareSe aris <strong>da</strong>badebuli.<br />
ojaxuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sistemis Semcirebasa <strong>da</strong> kav-<br />
Sirebis <strong>da</strong>sustebasTan erTad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ufro<br />
met dros <strong>da</strong> Rameebsac ki quCaSi atareben. es kav-<br />
Siri piramidis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
yoveli Sre <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> qve-jgufs asaxavs, romelic<br />
naCvenebia, rogorc mTeli SerCevis procenti. umeteswilad,<br />
es qve-jgufebi urTierTgamomricxavi<br />
ar aris <strong>da</strong> arc erTmaneTs Seicavs – jgufebs Soris<br />
75%-iani ga<strong>da</strong>farvaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umravlesoba erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros ramdenime jgufs<br />
miekuTvneba. magaliTad, quCaSi mcxovrebi yvela<br />
bavSvi rodi ambobs, rom mzrunveli ar hyavs <strong>da</strong> orive<br />
mSobliT oboli yvela bavSvic araa quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvi.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 58%-is Tanaxmad, isini wina Tves de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
erTad cxovrobdnen. mamasTan cxovreba <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
34%-ma aRniSna (oTxive qalaqSi es maCvenebeli<br />
ufro naklebi iyo). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 38% ambobs, rom isini<br />
sxva naTesavebTan cxovroben an naTesavebs saxlSi<br />
akiTxaven (20%).<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
orive mSobliT oblebi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac ar<br />
hyavT ZiriTadi mzrunveli<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac ar<br />
hyavT mSoblebi imave qalaqSi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic ar<br />
cxovroben TavianT ojaxebTan<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic cxovroben<br />
TavianT ojaxebTan<br />
grafiki #13 – <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxur mdgomareobaSi<br />
(n=301)<br />
42 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
procenti<br />
80.0%<br />
70.0%<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
40.0%<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
de<strong>da</strong> mama sxva naTesavebi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
adgilmdebareobebi<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
grafiki #14 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, vinc ukanaskneli<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis wevrebTan cxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />
mocemuli kvleva Seeca<strong>da</strong> aexsna, Tu ra gavlenas axdens<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxuri mowyobis pirobebSi cxovreba qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> cxovrebiseul mdgomareobaze. gamoiyo<br />
ojaxis mowyobis eqvsi SesaZlebeli varianti: 1) bavSvebi<br />
ar cxovroben mSoblebTan an naTesavebTan; 2) bavSvebi<br />
cxovroben mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan; 3) bavSvebi cxovroben<br />
mxolod mamasTan; 4) bavSvebi cxovroben mxolod erT<br />
mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> erT sxva naTesaveTan; 5) bavSvebi cxovroben<br />
orive mSobelTan; 6) bavSvebi cxovroben sxva na-<br />
TesavebTan.<br />
drois erT monakveTSi Catarebuli kvlevis pirobebSi,<br />
rogoricaa es kvleva, Znelia saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ojaxuri mowyobis mudmivobis gansazRvra. maTi<br />
kargad cnobili mobilurobisa <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi cxovrebis<br />
stilis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom ramdenime bavSvi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxuri mowyobis pirobebSi cxovrobs,<br />
magram erTjeradi kvleviT am dinamikis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na Seu-<br />
Zlebelia. Sesabamisad, ojaxuri mowyobis qve-jgufebi<br />
aRniSnul kvlevaSi urTierTgamomricxavia – bavSvi ar<br />
SeiZleba marto de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobdes <strong>da</strong> ganacxados,<br />
rom imavdroulad orive mSobelTan erTad cxovrobs.<br />
kvlevaSi aRniSnuli erTTviani CarCos ganmavlobaSic<br />
ki <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobaSi sagrZnobi gansxvavebebi igrZnoba<br />
imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT Tu visTan cxovroben isini.<br />
ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan<br />
an naTesavebTan<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
mamasTan<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> erT mSobelTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebTan<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan<br />
(sxva naTesavebTan erTad<br />
an maT gareSe)<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> mxolod sxva<br />
naTesavebTan<br />
grafiki #15 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxuri mowyoba ukanaskneli<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi (n=301)<br />
orive mSobelTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi (mTeli SerCevis<br />
30%) ekonomikuri siZneleebis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bal doneze<br />
miuTiTebdnen (2.2.) 19 sxva tipis ojaxebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
Tumca sainteresoa, rom ekonomikuri problemebis<br />
SemTxvevebi sakmaod maRalia – yvela ojaxTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
yvelaze maRali – magram es bavSvebi aseve araproporciulad<br />
xSirad amboben, rom `maT ojaxSi ar aris<br />
problemebi~ (25% mTliani SerCevis 12%-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT).<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi aseTi ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n ufro xSirad iricxebian<br />
skolaSi vidre bavSvebi martoxela mSoblebis<br />
ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n an ojaxis gareSe mcxovrebi bavSvebi. isini<br />
naklebad maTxovroben im bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, vinc<br />
ojaxis gareSe an marto de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobs. aseve maTi<br />
gancxadebiT, gasuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi maT ar gamoumuSavebiaT<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar <strong>da</strong>sWirvebiaT fuli.<br />
mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi SerCevis 22%-s<br />
Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns. es bavSvebi ojaxis mTavar problemad ekonomikur<br />
siZneleebs asaxeleben. meore yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
problema mSoblebis ganqorwinebaa – orjer<br />
ufro meti, vidre mTlian SerCevaSi. aseve, yvela sxva<br />
tipis ojaxTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi yvelaze naklebad Tvlian, rom maT ojaxSi<br />
problemebi ar aris. isini ufro metad <strong>da</strong>dian skola-<br />
Si vidre marto mamasTan an ojaxis gareSe mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi. am bavSvebs maTxovrobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli<br />
axasiaTebs vidre maT, vinc orive mSobelTan<br />
cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> Zalian cotam Tu aRniSna, rom wina Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi fuli ar gamoumuSavebia.<br />
mxolod mamasTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi ojaxuri mowyobis<br />
yvelaze iSviaTi formaa - mxolod 3%. maSin,<br />
roca sxva tipis ojaxebSi sqesisa <strong>da</strong> asakis ganawileba<br />
mTliani SerCevis msgavsia, mxolod mamisgan Semdgar<br />
ojaxSi yvela bavSvi sabazo saskolo ganaTlebis asakisaa<br />
(8-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde) <strong>da</strong> biWebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> gogonebisas<br />
TiTqmis 4-jer aRemateba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ricxvi mcirea, procentulad alkoholizms,<br />
rogorc ojaxur problemad, yvelaze metad swored<br />
mxolod mamasTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi asaxeleben. es<br />
bavSvebi aseve yvelaze metad aRniSnaven, rom muSaoben<br />
<strong>da</strong> naklebad arian CarTuli maTxovrobaSi.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva naTesavTan erTad cxovroben, mTliani SerCevis<br />
mxolod 5%-ia. calkeuli magaliTebi mowmobs, rom<br />
msgavsi tipis ojaxebSi `sxva naTesavSi~ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d dedinacvali<br />
an maminacvali, mSoblis partniori (xSirad<br />
ramdenime), bavSvis <strong>da</strong>-Zma an bebia/babua igulisxmeba.<br />
yvela tipis ojaxebs Soris mxolod erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva naTesavTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi gaWirvebis yvelaze<br />
maRal dones aRniSnaven (3.6.). sxva tipis ojaxebis bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT isini ojaxSi ekonomikur problemebze<br />
naklebad saubroben, magram Zalian xSirad mTavar<br />
problemad mSoblebis ganqorwinebas <strong>da</strong> meored qor-<br />
19. gaWirveba ganisazRvreba bavSvis mier CamoTvlili siZneleebis<br />
raodenobis (simravlis) mixedviT. aRniSnul kvlevaSi<br />
siZneleebis done meryeob<strong>da</strong> 0-<strong>da</strong>n (aranairi problemebi ojaxSi)<br />
6-mde (yvela problema saxezea), saSualo maCvenebeli ki mTlian<br />
SerCevaSi iyo 2.5.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 43
44 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
winebas asaxeleben. es bavSvebi naklebad iricxebian<br />
skolaSi im bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, vinc orive mSobelTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>/an sxva naTesavebTan cxovrobs. isini aseve ufro<br />
metad arian CarTuli maTxovrobaSi, vidre sxva tipis<br />
ojaxebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi. orive mSobelTan an martoxela<br />
dedebTan mcxovreb bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT am<br />
bavSvebSi ufro metad SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli<br />
saWiroebebi, xiluli travmebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi.<br />
SemTxveva #3: mari warmoSibiT rusTavTan axlos mdebare sofli<strong>da</strong>naa, Zalian Raribi ojadixan. mas arasdros uvlia<br />
skolaSi <strong>da</strong> profesiuli unar-Cvevebi ar aqvs. igi adre <strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sofelSi qmris saxlSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. qmarTan mas oTxi<br />
Svili eyola, magram ori Cvilobis asakSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo marim <strong>da</strong> misma qmarma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites<br />
sofelSi saxli gaeyi<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> sacxovreblad rusTavSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilas oTaxebs<br />
qiraobdnen.<br />
male, maris umuSevari qmari kriminalur saqmianobaSi CaerToO <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi ganaCeniT cixeSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. mari mas gaSor<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva kacTan ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> sacxovreblad. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es urTierToba oficialurad registrirebuli ar yofila<br />
mari mas meore qmrad ixsenieb<strong>da</strong>. momdevno wlebSi marim kidev sami Svili gaaCina. pirveli qorwinebi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebma skolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes siaruli, magram meore klass ver gascdnen. swored maSin, meore qmarma miatova ojaxi <strong>da</strong> marim <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa ver SeZlo. arsebobis SesanarCuneblad maTxovroba <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
siRaribem <strong>da</strong> usaxlkarobam maris axali urTierTobisaken ubiZga <strong>da</strong> igi mesame partniorTan ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad,<br />
bavSvebi de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobdnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom maris maTxovroba ojaxis rCenis erTaderTi wyaro iyo ojaxs sacxovrebeli<br />
adgili mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram male gairkva, rom maris partniori bavSvebs ar iReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xSirad maT emociur <strong>da</strong><br />
fizikur Seuracxyofas ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. bavSvebi Tavs saxlSi usafrTxod aRar grZnobdnen - ufros biWebs mdgomareobam saxlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>tovebisaken ubiZga.<br />
mxolod naTesavebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebi mTeli Ser-<br />
Cevis 4%-s Sead<strong>ge</strong>nen. gaWirvebis done am bavSvebSi<br />
ufro maRalia (2.9) vidre im bavSvebSi, vinc orive mSobelTan<br />
an mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan cxovrobs. ojaxis gareSe<br />
mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> msgavsad, naTesavebTan mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas mTavar problemad<br />
asaxeleben. sxva tipis ojaxebSi mcxovreb bavSvebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT es bavSvebi aseve yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben<br />
`mSoblebis aryofnas~. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yvela sxva tipis<br />
ojaxebSi mcxovreb <strong>bavSvebis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT isini<br />
yvelaze xSirad iricxebian skolaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTxovrobis<br />
xSiri SemTxvevebisa es bavSvebi yvelaze xSirad<br />
amboben, rom fuls ar saWiroeben.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi, vinc wina Tves ojaxSi ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
yvelaze metia – yvela bavSvis 36%. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
TiTqmis naxevari 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakisaa. sainteresoa,<br />
rom ojaxebSi armcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 50%-ze<br />
meti quCaSi mxolod dRis saaTebSia. zogi maTgani<br />
sacxovreblad bavSTa saxlebs/TavSesafrebs an megobris<br />
saxls asaxelebs. sxvebi, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis proeqtebi varaudoben,<br />
RamiT iaffasian oTaxebs qiraoben. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom es bavSvebi ojaxuri problemebis nusxaSi pirvel<br />
adgilze ekonomikur problemebs asaxeleben, maTTvis<br />
ekonomikuri faqtori gacilebiT ufro naklebad<br />
mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis ojaxebSi. ojaxis<br />
wevrebis gareSe mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis upirvelesi<br />
problema mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebaa. magram isini mTavar<br />
problemad aseve mxolod erTi mSoblis yolas an<br />
`mSoblebis aryofnas~ asaxeleben. isini ar iricxebian<br />
skolaSi, maSin, roca mTliani SerCevis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 14%<br />
skolaSi iricxeba <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis <strong>da</strong> qurdobis ufro<br />
maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian (64% <strong>da</strong> 10%), vidre<br />
bavSvebi mTlian SerCevaSi. mxolod 2%-ma aRniSna, rom<br />
gasuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi fuli ar gamoimuSava (maSin<br />
roca, mTliani SerCevisaTvis Sesabamisi maCvenebeli<br />
TiTqmis 10%-ia). aseve, interviuerebma gansakuTrebuli<br />
saWiroebebi, xiluli fizikuri travmebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri<br />
nivTierebebis gamoyenebis gacilebiT meti<br />
SemTxvevevbi am bavSvebSi SeamCnies.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxis mTavari problemebis<br />
aRqma<br />
bavSvebs maTi ojaxis mTavari problema un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT<br />
(`pirveli pasuxi~) <strong>da</strong> Semdeg problemebis<br />
winaswar Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili sii<strong>da</strong>n amoerCiaT meti problemebi<br />
(`<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~). CakiTxvis Sedegad, bavSvebi saSualod<br />
2.5 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ojaxur problemas asaxelebdnen.<br />
yvelaze met problemas asaxelebdnen bavSvebi, vinc<br />
erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavTan cxovrobs – (3.6);<br />
bavSvebi, romelTac mxolod mama hyavT cocxali (3.0);<br />
bavSvebi, visac imave qalaqSi mxolod erTi mSobeli<br />
hyavs <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc ambobs, rom maTze aravin zrunavs.<br />
socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris dones (imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>) <strong>da</strong> gaWirvebis<br />
dones (CamoTvlili problemebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>) Soris<br />
mniSvnelovani korelacia ar aris.<br />
yvela ojaxuri problema rva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kategoriaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>jguf<strong>da</strong>. ekonomikur siZneleebSi moiazrebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
siRaribe ojaxSi, umuSevari mSoblebi, sacxovreblis<br />
uqonloba, valebi <strong>da</strong> SimSili. problemebis sxva<br />
jgufi moicav<strong>da</strong> orive an erTi mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas.<br />
`mSoblebis aryofnaSi~ <strong>da</strong>jguf<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis<br />
adgilsamyofelis ucodinroba, mSoblebis sazRvargareT<br />
yofna, an mSoblis (xSirad mamis) cixeSi yofna.<br />
`mSoblebi ganqorwinebulia an meored <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli~<br />
kategoriaSi bavSvebi ganqorwinebas an meored<br />
qorwinebas calke problemad asaxelebdnen <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
dedinacvalTan an maminacvalTan cudi urTierTobis<br />
Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. alkoholizmis/ojaxuri Zaladobis<br />
problema gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, rom ojaxSi romelime<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 45
problemuri jgufebi<br />
piri bevrs svams an mSoblebi/romelime piri ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
bavSvs an ojaxis sxva wevrebs scems. janmrTelobis<br />
problemebi zoga<strong>da</strong>d iyo axsnili (ava<strong>da</strong>a) an xazgasmuli<br />
iyo vin aris avad (de<strong>da</strong>, mama, an Zma). sxva CamoTvlil<br />
problemebs Sorisaa, magaliTad, erTi mozardi gogona<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom eyola bavSvi <strong>da</strong> ar icis sa<strong>da</strong>a bavSvis mama.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, zogi bavSvi ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom ojaxSi problemebi<br />
ar SeiniSneba.<br />
monacemTa analizi gviCvenebs, rom ojaxis problemebis<br />
sirTulis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad bavSvebi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas<br />
quCaSi eZeben. ojaxSi mzardi gaWirveba bavSvs<br />
quCaSi meti drois gatarebisken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. magaliTad,<br />
udidesi gasaWiris mqone bavSvebi 34%-iT ufro metad<br />
atareben zafxulis Rameebs quCaSi vidre isini, visac<br />
gasaWiri ar aqvs.<br />
ojaxs ar aqvs problemebi<br />
alkoholizmi/<br />
ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
ekonomikuri (siRaribe, umu-<br />
Sevroba, usaxlkaroba,valebi)<br />
mSoblebi ganqorwinebuli/<br />
kvlav <strong>da</strong>qorwinebuli<br />
mSoblebi ar arian (adgilsamyofeli<br />
ucnobia, <strong>da</strong>patimrebulia,<br />
ucxoeTSia)<br />
orive/erTi mSobeli<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia<br />
0%<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />
pirveladi pasuxi<br />
20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160%<br />
procenti<br />
grafiki #16 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi<br />
(n=301)<br />
imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, bavSvebi Tavad asaxelebdnen mTavar<br />
ojaxur problemebs (`pirveladi pasuxi~) Tu un<strong>da</strong><br />
amoerCiaT problemebis sii<strong>da</strong>n (`<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~),<br />
ekonomikuri sakiTxebi yvelaze metad figurireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ekonomikuri problemebis <strong>da</strong>msaxelebeli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi maTi<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebis raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad<br />
izrdeba. imave qalaqSi naTesavebis armyoli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mxolod 56% asaxelebs ekonomikur problemebs. igive<br />
maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visac imave qalaqSi erTi<br />
tipis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi hyavs 63%-ia; ori tipis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />
naTesavis myoli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis - 68%, xolo<br />
sami tipis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis myoli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
– 85%. igive tendencia ojaxis mowyobis tipebis mixedviTac<br />
SeiniSneba: ekonomikur problemebs procentulad<br />
yvelaze metad is bavSvebi asaxeleben, vinc orive<br />
mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebTan erTad cxovrobs.<br />
Tumca, siRaribe aseve xSirad saxeldeba im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mier, vinc mxolod mSoblebTan erTad cxovrobs, visac<br />
mxolod martoxela de<strong>da</strong> hyavs <strong>da</strong> vinc mxolod naTesavebTan<br />
cxovrobs.<br />
SemTxveva #4: 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyiSi samxreT oseTis<br />
konfliqtis Semdeg, merabis iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul<br />
ojaxs devnilTa gansaxlebis komunalur centrSi erTi<br />
oTaxi SesTavazes. merabs misi toli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> patara Zma<br />
hyav<strong>da</strong>. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi merabis mSoblebi<br />
ar muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong> devnilTaTvis gamoyofili mwiri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba - 11 lari erT kacze TveSi – xuTi kacisgan<br />
Semdgari ojaxis erTaderTi saarsebo wyaro iyo. 20<br />
xangrZlivi krizisis gamo merabis mamam <strong>da</strong>leva <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu sadme patara samuSao gamoCnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
igi gamomuSavebul fuls alkoholze xarjav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
ojaxis saWiroebebze. saxlSic sul ufro nakleb dros<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong>. merabis de<strong>da</strong>m ojaxSi yvela pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bloba<br />
sakuTar Tavze aiRo. igi yovelTvis Zalian yuradRebiani<br />
iyo <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad arsebuli siZneleebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvebic Zalian mijaWvulni iyvnen masze.<br />
ojaxSi SimSili mudmivi problema iyo. fuli saarsebod<br />
ar kmaro<strong>da</strong>, miTumetes <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebisaTvis.<br />
merabi <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>misi xan<strong>da</strong>xan saWmels qalaqis nagvis<br />
yuTebSi eZebdnen <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mohqon<strong>da</strong>T. erT dRes,<br />
msgavsi nagvis produqtebisgan momzadebuli saWmlis<br />
Wamis Semdeg merabis umcrosi Zma sakvebiT moiwamla <strong>da</strong><br />
gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. amis Semdeg, ojaxs nagavSi sakvebi aRar<br />
uZebnia. ojaxis sarCenad axali gzebis gamonaxva iyo<br />
saWiro <strong>da</strong> merabis de<strong>da</strong>m jarTis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> gayidva<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. de<strong>da</strong>s xSirad merabic Tan axl<strong>da</strong>. zogjer, igi <strong>da</strong><br />
misi <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobdnen kidevac. am gziT naSovni fuliT<br />
maT ojaxisaTvis saarsebo produqtebis yidva mainc<br />
SeeZloT.<br />
2007 wels merabis de<strong>da</strong>s qurdobaSi <strong>da</strong>sdes brali - mis<br />
mier Cabarebuli jarTi sxvisi sakuTreba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>akaves, <strong>da</strong>mnaSaved scnes <strong>da</strong> ramdenimewliani patimroba<br />
miusajes. bavSvebi marto <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg<br />
aRar unaxavT.<br />
ojaxis ekonomikur problemaTa Soris mSoblebis umu-<br />
Sevrobis <strong>da</strong>saxelebis procentuli maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad<br />
izrdeba `pirveladi pasuxi<strong>da</strong>n~ (3%), (34%)<br />
`<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvelas~ SemTxvevaSi. rogorc saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi miZRvnil programebSi xSirad<br />
SeiniSneba, mSoblis mier samsaxuris <strong>da</strong>kargvas xangrZlivi<br />
umuSevroba, mzardi siRaribe <strong>da</strong> samsaxuris<br />
povnis survilis mniSvnelovani Semcireba mosdevs.<br />
sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebis povnis rwmenac<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ikar<strong>ge</strong>ba.<br />
amis msgavsad, sacxovreblis uqonloba iSviaTad saxeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
`pirveladi pasuxebis~ SemTxvevaSi (3%), magram<br />
CakiTxvis Sedegad es maCvenebeli oTxive qalaqSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> (24%-mde). usaxlkaroba, susti socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris qselTan erTad, sakmaod Zlieri<br />
faqtoria, romelsac SeuZlia bavSvs quCaSi cxovrebisaken<br />
ubiZgos.<br />
20. imave periodSi, xuTi sulisgan Semdgari ojaxisaTvis saarsebo<br />
minimumi 200 lariT TveSi ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>. wyaro - statistikis<br />
departamenti.http://www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong>/_files/english/households/Subsistence%20Geo.xls<br />
46 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
mSoblebi ar muSaoben<br />
ojaxs ar aqvs saxli<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />
pirveladi pasuxi<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />
pirveladi pasuxi<br />
sul<br />
sul<br />
adgilmdebareoba<br />
baTumi<br />
quTaisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
adgilmdebareoba<br />
baTumi<br />
quTaisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
0 % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%<br />
procenti<br />
procenti<br />
grafiki #17 – ojaxuri problemebi: umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301)<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 47
SemTxveva #5: erT-erT qalaqSi, `vorld viJenis~ paralelur kvlevaSi CarTuli bavSvebi sakuTar sacxovrebel pirobebs<br />
aRweren: Cven vcxovrobT xidTan (xidis qveS), <strong>da</strong>ngreuli qarxnis teritoriaze. Cven xelnakeTi saxlebi gvaqvs – karvebi an<br />
muyaos yuTisgan gakeTebuli barakebi. zogjer, erT karavSi 6 a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrobs, zogjer - aTi. Cven ar gvaqvs sawoli <strong>da</strong><br />
iatakze gvZinavs. iatakze nagavSi napovni muyaos yuTebi an celofania <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>buli <strong>da</strong> imaze gvZinavs. ar gvaqvs ga<strong>da</strong>safarebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong> baliSebi. zogs aqvs Rumeli, magram Cveulebrivad ar aqvs SeSa. SeSas quCaSi vpoulobT <strong>da</strong> zogjer saxlSi mogvaqvs.<br />
erTxel, roca qalaqSi banki <strong>da</strong>iwva, viRac kacma Cveni RumelisaTvis namwvavebis narCenebi mogvitana. saxlebs kari <strong>da</strong><br />
fanjara ar aqvs <strong>da</strong> roca qari uberavs SigniT Zalian civa. ar aris wesieri saxuravi <strong>da</strong> wvimis wyali Camodis. sa<strong>da</strong>c vcxovrobT,<br />
arc gazi <strong>da</strong> arc eleqtroenergiaa. ar gvaqvs wyali <strong>da</strong> zogjer wyali kanistrebiT mogvaqvs. zog bavSvs or kviraSi<br />
erTxelac ki ar SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>bana.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze mimarTuli programebi<br />
usaxlkarobis sam formas gamohyofs. pir<strong>da</strong>piri usaxlkaroba<br />
niSnavs, rom bavSvs/ojaxs ar aqvs sacxovrebeli<br />
adgili, an cxovrobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis<br />
Seuferebel adgilas, rogoricaa: sxveni, korpusebis<br />
kibeebi, kioskebi <strong>da</strong> msgavsi. meore formaa arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
usaxlkaroba, roca bavSvs/ojaxs sakuTreba ar<br />
aqvs <strong>da</strong> Zalian arastabilur <strong>da</strong> aramdgrad pirobebSi<br />
cxovrobs (magaliTad, viRacis binaSi erTi oTaxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiraveba arastabiluri Semosavlis pirobebSi, ris<br />
gamoc yovelTviurad ver ixdis ga<strong>da</strong>saxads <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />
uwevs sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>svla). arapir<strong>da</strong>piri usaxlkarobis<br />
kidev erTi formaa cxovrebisaTvis Seusabamo farTis<br />
qona. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebs/ojaxebs aqvT sacxovrebeli, maT ar gaaCniaT<br />
aucilebeli pirobebi – ngrevis piras myofi sacxovreblebi<br />
gazis, eleqtroenergiis, gaTbobisa <strong>da</strong> avejis<br />
gareSe ar SeiZleba Sesaferis sacxovrebel adgilad<br />
CaiTvalos. aseve, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTul<br />
pirobebSi cxovroben, sa<strong>da</strong>c ubralod<br />
sacxovreblad sakmarisi farTi ar aris <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs<br />
swavlisa <strong>da</strong> ganmartoebisaTvis pirobebi ar aqvT.<br />
SemTxveva #6: nino, skolis asakis sami <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis martoxela de<strong>da</strong>, Tbilisis erT-erT miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelSi maTxovrobs.<br />
30 wlis asakSi ojaxuri problemebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sirTuleebis gamo ninom bina <strong>da</strong>karga. ganaTlebis uqonlobis<br />
gamo <strong>da</strong> sami mcirewlovani bavSviT xelSi samsaxuris Sovna Zalian gauWir<strong>da</strong>. male ninos mwiri <strong>da</strong>nazogi amoiwura <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
patara oTaxis <strong>da</strong>qiravebac ki ar SeeZlo, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebTan erTad icxovreb<strong>da</strong>. mas aravin egulebo<strong>da</strong> visac <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />
mimarTav<strong>da</strong>. im dros, maTxovroba arsebobis erTaderTi gza Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yovel diliT, nino `misi~ miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelis kibeebze samaTxovrod marto midio<strong>da</strong>. SuadRisiT, skoli<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebi<br />
brundebodnen. nino maT diliT gamomuSavebuli fuliT nayid sendviCebs aZlev<strong>da</strong>. bavSvebi skolis CanTebze sxdebodnen,<br />
kibeebze skolis wignebsa <strong>da</strong> rveulebs gaSlidnen <strong>da</strong> nino saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebis momzadebaSi exmarebo<strong>da</strong>. saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>rCenil dros axlomaxlo quCaSi atarebdnen, zogjer de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad maTxovrobdnen adre<br />
saRamomde, roca de<strong>da</strong>s isini mitovebul sar<strong>da</strong>fSi mihyav<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini iZinebdnen.<br />
arsebul pirobebSi, nino yvelanairad cdilob<strong>da</strong> ezruna bavSvebze. mas maTxovrobiT ZlivsZlivobiT gahqon<strong>da</strong> Tavi. igi<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> yuradReba ar <strong>da</strong>eklo <strong>da</strong> rom isini mSivrebi ar yofiliyvnen <strong>da</strong> regularulad<br />
evloT skolaSi. roca mas socialuri muSakebi miuaxlovdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> dRis centrSi gagzavna SesTavazes, ninom,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom idea misTvis miuRebeli ar iyo, upasuxa: `ubralod mapovnineT samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> Weri Tavze <strong>da</strong> Cven kvlav<br />
normalurad vicxovrebT~.<br />
zogi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi ekonomikuri siZneleebis konteqst-<br />
Si valebsac axsenebs. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> `vorld viJenis~ paraleluri kvlevi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli<br />
mtkicebulebebi cxadhyofs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ojaxebSi valebi bankebi<strong>da</strong>n aRebul sesxebs ar gulisxmobs,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n bankebze am ojaxebs xeli iSviaTad miuwvdebaT.<br />
amis nacvlad, ojaxebi fuls araformalurad<br />
sesxuloben (magaliTad, adgilobriv maRaziaSi<br />
produqtebs nisiad yiduloben <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT, valis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ar SeuZliaT, an momavali Semosavlis molodinSi<br />
ufro met rames yiduloben <strong>da</strong> mere <strong>da</strong>nakliss ver<br />
faraven). aseve, zogma bavSvma axsena azartul TamaSebSi<br />
monawileoba <strong>da</strong> Semdgom, azartuli TamaSebis mflobelebis<br />
mimarT valebi, romelic maT mogvianebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />
(an iZulebulni arian rom) ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon.<br />
zogi avtoris mtkicebiT, siRaribe SeiZleba ojaxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Slis ZiriTadi mizezi iyos, romelic mere bavSvs<br />
quCaSi cxovrebisaken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs. 21 sxvebi aRniSnaven,<br />
21. Apterkar, Lewis (2001), ibid.<br />
rom <strong>urbanuli</strong> siRaribe, romelsac xSirad socialuri<br />
izolacia axlavs Tan, bavSvebSi mijaWvulobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli usafrTxoebis Camoyalibebis pirobebs<br />
uSlis xels. 22 <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ramdenime bavSvze zrunvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi Catarebuli kvleva 23 aRwers im negatiur<br />
gavlenas, rasac siRaribe qarTuli ojaxis cxovrebis<br />
xarisxze axdens <strong>da</strong> tkivils <strong>da</strong> eTikur dilemebs,<br />
romlis winaSec gaRatakebuli mSoblebi dganan,<br />
romelTac surT arCinon Svilebi, magram <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
aRzrdis movaleobis jerovnad Sesruleba ar ZaluZT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ekonomikuri sakiTxebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> quCaSi cxovrebis amxsneli mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtoria, igi erTaderT faqtorad ar Sei-<br />
Zleba ganvixiloT. qveynis masStabiT, siRaribis done<br />
22. Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), State of the World’s Street Children: Violence,<br />
Consortium for Street Children Street Children Series, London<br />
23. Bolton, Paul; Murray, Laura; Semrau, Katherine; Wessells, Michael (2006),<br />
Causes of Children Living on the Street in Urban Georgia: A Qualitative Assessment;<br />
Boston University School of Public Health & Columbia University<br />
Program on Forced Migration and Health, for the Center for International<br />
Health, for Save the Children and USAID<br />
48 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
jer kidev sakmaod maRalia – 2006 wlis bolo<strong>da</strong>n, saer-<br />
TaSoriso savaluto fondis Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>registrirebulma siRaribis donem 31%-s miaRwia, 24<br />
<strong>da</strong> siRaribeSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> done 57%-ia (msoflio<br />
banki, 2005). 25 magram ekonomikurad gaWirvebuli<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod mcire procentia Cabmuli <strong>quCis</strong> aqtivobebSi<br />
an <strong>quCis</strong> cxovrebaSi. rogorc <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, Cven xSirad<br />
vxvdebiT did ojaxebs, romlebic ukidures gaWirveba-<br />
Si sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben (saqarTvelos<br />
statistikis departamentis mier <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>nil<br />
saarsebo minimumze 26 gacilebiT naklebze).<br />
adgilmdebareoba<br />
sul<br />
baTumi<br />
quTaisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
orive/erTi mSobeli gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />
pirveladi pasuxi<br />
winamdebare kvleva sworxazovan pasuxebs ar gvTavazobs<br />
Tu rogoria mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
problemebs Soris, amitom SeuZlebelia imis<br />
Tqma, Tu rodis aris siRaribe bavSvis quCaSi cxovrebis<br />
mTavari gamomwvevi faqtori <strong>da</strong> rodis iwvevs amas<br />
sxva siZneleebi an gulgriloba. SeiZleba vamtkicoT,<br />
rom TavisTavad siRaribe sxva wina-faqtorebis Sedegia,<br />
rogoricaa: ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Sla, umuSevroba an ojaxuri<br />
Zaladoba. msoflioSi aRiarebulia, rom rTuli ekonomikuri<br />
pirobebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri izolacia kidev ufro<br />
zrdis zewolas ise<strong>da</strong>c aramtkice ojaxebze. rogorc<br />
ukve aRiniSna, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bevri <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis mSobeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>swavlili umweobis mdgomareobaSia – didi xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mTel rig siZneleebTan Widilis gamo,<br />
isini sakuTar Tavs problemis nawilad an mizezad<br />
ganixilaven <strong>da</strong> Tvlian, rom siZneleebi maTi cxovrebis<br />
yvela aspeqtze axdens gavlenas <strong>da</strong> rom maT arafris<br />
Secvla SeuZliaT.<br />
oTxive qalaqSi gamokiTxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 82%-ze meti<br />
erTi an orive mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas Tavis upirveles<br />
problemad ar miiCnevs. CakiTxvis Semdegac, <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
71% mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas mTavar problemad<br />
ar asaxelebs. <strong>da</strong> mainc: ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Semdeg,<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Sla mniSvnelovan<br />
sirTuled aRiqmeba. ojaxis <strong>da</strong>Slis xSirad<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebul maxasiaTeblebs miekuTvneba: mSoblebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba an mxolod erTi mSoblis yola, ganqorwineba<br />
<strong>da</strong> meored <strong>da</strong>qorwineba, alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
Zaladoba. mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>kargva <strong>da</strong> sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />
naTesavis aryola <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Zalian<br />
Zlieri – Tun<strong>da</strong>c araxSiri – stres-faqtoria, imdenad<br />
Zlieri, rom sakmarisia bavSvs quCaSi cxovrebisaken<br />
ubiZgos.<br />
24. International Monetary Fund (2007), Georgia: Sixth Review Under the<br />
Three-Year Arran<strong>ge</strong>ment Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility,<br />
Country Report No.07/299, Middle East and Central Asia Department, IMF<br />
25. Source: World Bank Household Bud<strong>ge</strong>t Surveys and Living Stan<strong>da</strong>rds<br />
Measurement Surveys, in UNICEF’s INNOCENTI Social Monitor (2006);<br />
Understanding Child Poverty in South-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth<br />
of Independent States<br />
26. statistikis departamentis Tanaxmad, 2007 wlis dekemberSi<br />
xuTi sulisagan Semdgari ojaxisaTvis saarsebo minimumi 231 lari<br />
iyo ; http://www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong>/_files/english/households/Subsistence%20Geo.xls<br />
adgilmdebareoba<br />
Tbilisi<br />
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%<br />
procenti<br />
mSoblebi ganqorwinebulni/kvlav <strong>da</strong>qorwinebulni<br />
sul<br />
baTumi<br />
quTaisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%<br />
procenti<br />
pirveladi pasuxi<br />
grafiki #18 – ojaxuri problemebi: mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganqorwineba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301)<br />
SemTxveva #7: 18 wlis asakSi, skolis <strong>da</strong>srulebisTanave,<br />
nana gaTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axal ojaxSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. male mas pirveli<br />
Svili eyola. nana saxlSi ij<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvze zrunav<strong>da</strong>. misi<br />
qmris - zazas - xelfasi xuTi sulisgan Semdgari ojaxis<br />
erTaderTi saarsebo wyaro iyo (nanas de<strong>da</strong>mTili <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
<strong>da</strong> pensionerebi iyvnen). roca zazam samsaxuri <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
<strong>da</strong> axali ver moZebna, siRaribem ojaxur urTierTobebSi<br />
bzaris gaCenas Seuwyo xeli. Ralatma <strong>da</strong>matebiTi konfliqtebi<br />
warmoSva <strong>da</strong> rodesac biWi oTxi wlis iyo, nana<br />
qmars gaSor<strong>da</strong>. igi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> saxli <strong>da</strong>etovebina.<br />
nanas SvilTan erTad wasasvleli arsad hqon<strong>da</strong>. mis saku-<br />
Tar <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul ojaxs misi ukan miReba ar SeeZlo <strong>da</strong><br />
ar sur<strong>da</strong>. qmris ojaxTan cxovrebis dros, mas qonebaze<br />
rame ufleba ar moupovebia. ar hqon<strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />
unarebi, romelic samsaxuris SovnaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> – <strong>da</strong><br />
muSaobis SemTxvevaSi biWs vin mixe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>? nanas bavSvTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>Soreba <strong>da</strong> misi bavSvTa saxlSi Cabareba ar sur<strong>da</strong>. man<br />
ipova carieli sxveni Zveli Tbilisis mitovebul saxlSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvTan erTad iq <strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong>. orive fuls eklesiis<br />
SesasvlelSi maTxovrobiT Soulob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini mTel<br />
dRes atarebdnen.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 49
alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
ojaxuri Zaladoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela pirveladi pasuxi <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela pirveladi pasuxi<br />
sul<br />
sul<br />
adgilmdebareoba<br />
baTumi<br />
quTaisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
adgilmdebareoba<br />
baTumi<br />
quTaisi<br />
rusTavi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% 7% 14% 21% 28% 35% 42%<br />
procenti<br />
procenti<br />
grafiki #19 – ojaxuri problemebi: alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba qalaqebis mixedviT (n=301)<br />
oTxive qalaqSi, im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli maCvenebeli,<br />
romlebmac mSoblebis ganqorwineba an meored qorwineba<br />
problemaTa ricxvSi <strong>da</strong>asaxela, mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~-s SemTxvevaSi, `pirveladi<br />
pasuxTan~ Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. calkeuli magaliTebi migvi-<br />
TiTebs im stres-faqtorebis kompleqsurobaze, romlebic<br />
mSoblebis ganqorwinebis <strong>da</strong> meored qorwinebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> warmoiSoba. maT Sorisaa:<br />
ganqorwinebamde arsebuli ojaxuri konfliqtebiT<br />
gamowveuli travmebi, mSoblebis ganSorebasTan asocirebuli<br />
travma, ojaxis sacxovrebeli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis<br />
ucabedi gauareseba (gansakuTrebiT, roca qmrebi<br />
dedebis mxrebze toveben ojaxis rCenis mTel tvirTs),<br />
ojaxSi maminacvlis an dedinacvlis Semosvla. bavSvebi,<br />
romlebic ojaxis Semad<strong>ge</strong>nlobis msgavsi cvlilebis<br />
gamo saxls quCaze cvlian, xSirad maminacvlis/<br />
dedinacvlis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> uaryofis msxverplni<br />
arian.<br />
oTxive qalaqSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong>,<br />
romelic problemebad alkoholizmsa <strong>da</strong> ojaxur<br />
Zaladobas asaxelebs, `pirveladi pasuxTan~ (4%)<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT `<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~-s SemTxvevaSi 40%-mde<br />
izrdeba. am ori<strong>da</strong>n, alkoholizmi ufro xSirad saxeldeba<br />
vidre ojaxuri Zaladoba.<br />
saRi azri gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tu bavSvebi ojaxSi alkoholizmis<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb Civian, es<br />
ojaxSi mamis arsebobasTan (mamasTan cxovrebasTan)<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi, romelTac mxolod<br />
de<strong>da</strong> hyavT cocxali <strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi cxovroben,<br />
naklebad un<strong>da</strong> asaxelebdnen am problemebs. marTlac,<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod mamasTan cxovroben,<br />
ufro metad asaxeleben alkoholizms, rogorc ojaxur<br />
problemas vidre sxva tipis ojaxebSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi. magram alkoholizmi aseve problemad rCeba<br />
bevri im bavSvisaTvis, vinc mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan, an orive<br />
mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> arcerT naTesavTan erTad ar cxovrobs.<br />
ojaxuri Zaladoba problemad <strong>da</strong>saxel<strong>da</strong> im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mier, romlebic erT mSobelTan <strong>da</strong> sxva naTesavebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad cxovroben, an saerTod ar<br />
cxovroben ojaxis wevrebTan.<br />
bevr qveyanaSi ojaxuri Zaladoba yvelaze zogadi<br />
faqtoria, romelic bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs 27 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom bevr qarTvel <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs alkoholizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba mTavar problemad<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia, es sakiTxebi mainc Rrma Seswavlas<br />
saWiroebs. ukanaskneli angariSebi cxadhyofs, rom<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ojaxuri Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvze Zaladobis<br />
SemTxvevebi SeiZleba msxverplis mier <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli<br />
ar iyos. msoflios masStabiT Catarebuli<br />
kvlevebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs ojaxuri Zaladobis <strong>da</strong>mazianebel<br />
gavlenas bavSvis ganviTarebaze 28 <strong>da</strong> xSirad xazs usvams<br />
`ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kritikul aucileblobas,<br />
raTa maT aRmofxvran Zaladoba saxlSi~. 29<br />
quCaSi cxovrebis formebTan erTad <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />
maTi mTavari problemebis aRqmac icvleba. mSoblis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis problemad <strong>da</strong>saxeleba bavSvis mier<br />
quCaSi Rameebis gatarebasTan erTad izrdeba <strong>da</strong> quCa-<br />
Si mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis ekonomikur siZneleebsac<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>faravs. meore mxriv, ekonomikuri siZneleebi<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, vinc quCaSi mxolod<br />
dRis saaTebs atarebs. maSin, roca quCaSi aqtiuri<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 15% ambobs, rom maT ojaxebs problema<br />
ar aqvT, msgavsi pasuxi arcerT quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvs<br />
ar gaucia <strong>da</strong> quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod<br />
2%-ma <strong>da</strong>asaxela.<br />
imave qalaqSi mSoblebis aryofna bavSvis mier problemebis<br />
aRqmaze aseve axdens gavlenas. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi,<br />
visac imave qalaqSi mSoblebi ar hyavs, marto yofnas<br />
27. Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), ibid<br />
28. magaliTisTvis ixileT Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights & Institute<br />
for Policy Studies (2006), Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Georgia:<br />
An Assessment of Current Standings of Law and Practice Regarding Domestic<br />
Violence and Child Abuse in Georgia, and Recommen<strong>da</strong>tions for Future United<br />
Nations Country Team Involvement. UN Country Team of Georgia, Tbilisi<br />
29. Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), ibid.<br />
50 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
ufro met problemad miiCneven vidre siRaribes. maSin,<br />
roca mSoblebTan imave qalaqSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
ekonomikur problemebs pirvel adgilze asaxeleben.<br />
bavSvebi, romlebsac imave qalaqSi mxolod erTi mSobeli<br />
hyavT, pirvel adgilze ekonomikur siZneleebs<br />
asaxeleben, magram maT mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ori sxva<br />
yvelaze rTuli problema ojaxis mdgomareobas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba: mxolod erTi cocxali mSoblis yola <strong>da</strong><br />
mSoblebis ganqorwineba/meored qorwineba.<br />
ojaxuri quCaSi mcxovrebi quCaSi <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi quCaSi aqtiuri<br />
problemebi bavSvebi (n=19) bavSvebi (n=56) bavSvebi (n=226)<br />
mSoblebi gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili hyavT 42.10% 19.20% 8.00%<br />
ekonomikuri 31.60% 53.70% 57.50%<br />
mxolod erTi mSobeli 5.80% 7.70% 4.90%<br />
hyavT cocxali<br />
cxrili #9 – ZiriTadi ojaxuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovreba (dro/adgili)<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 51
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> skola<br />
ganaTleba, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
ganviTarebis fun<strong>da</strong>mentia. sabaziso wera-kiTxvis unari<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli unari samomavalo Semosavlis<br />
gamosamuSaveblad aucilebelia. Sesabamisad, ganaTlebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kiTxvebi gamokiTxvis mniSvnelovan<br />
nawils Sead<strong>ge</strong>n<strong>da</strong>. analizisas oTxi aspeqti<br />
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: amJamad skolaSi Caricxvis<br />
maCvenebeli, warsulSi skolaSi siarulis maCvenebeli,<br />
skolaSi arasdros wasvlis an mitovebis mizezebi <strong>da</strong><br />
wera-kiTxvis maCvenebeli.<br />
gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos skolis bavSvTa<br />
umetesoba savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis asakisaa<br />
(14 wlamde). <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 86% amJamad<br />
skolaSi ar iricxeba. Tu Cvens bavSvebs, asakis mixedviT,<br />
or kategoriad <strong>da</strong>vajgufebT - <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTleba 11<br />
wlamde <strong>da</strong> saSualo ganaTleba (12 wels zeviT), maSin<br />
pirveli jgufi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 20%, xolo meore jgufi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
maTi 10% iricxeba skolaSi. ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
saministros monacemebiT, sabaziso-<strong>da</strong>wyebiT<br />
skolaSi moswavleTa 95%, xolo saSualo skolaSi _<br />
76% iricxeba. 30<br />
procenti<br />
100.0%<br />
90.0%<br />
80.0%<br />
70.0%<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
40.0%<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
Caricxulni<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
arCaricxulni<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
adgilmdebareobebi<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
grafiki #20 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ricxvi skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT<br />
skolaSi Caricxvis maCvenebelsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swrebis monacemebs Soris sakmaod SesamCnevi<br />
sxvaobaa.<br />
interviuebi bavSvebTan saswavlo wlis mimdinareobisas<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong> (noembris bolos samSabaTi<strong>da</strong>n xuTSabaTis<br />
30. wyaro: ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros oficialuri<br />
yovelwliuri statistika ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili MIS-is E<br />
mier), gamoqyveynebuli ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros<br />
mier (2007 wels), xelmisawvdomia Semdeg veb-misamarTze: www.mes.<br />
gov.<strong>ge</strong> (ixileT kvlevebi)<br />
CaTvliT), magram mxolod rusTavis (<strong>da</strong> ara sxva qalaqebis)<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 3%-ma aRniSna, rom wina dRes, dRis<br />
saaTebSi skolaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. kvleva <strong>da</strong> calkeuli<br />
magaliTebi aCvenebs, rom zogierTi swavlisa <strong>da</strong> Semosavlis<br />
gamomuSavebis SeTavsebas cdilobs <strong>da</strong> radgan<br />
fulis gamomuSaveba maTTvis ufro prioriteulia,<br />
xSirad skolis gacdenas amjobineben, Tu es saaTebi<br />
maT samuSao ganrigs emTxveva.<br />
bavSvTa skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swrebis oficialuri statistika<br />
xelmisawvdomi ar aris. ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
saministrom <strong>da</strong>swrebis maCveneblebis gamoTxova sajaro<br />
skolebi<strong>da</strong>n 2007 wlis seqtemberSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo, magram<br />
es Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi kvlevisaTvis droulad ar gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zogierTi axali kvleva xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> skolis sistematurad gacdenis<br />
maRal doneze miuTiTebs, gansakuTrebiT es umuSevrobis<br />
maRali maCveneblis mqone, urbanul centrebSi mcxovreb<br />
Rarib bavSvebs exeba. 31<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-ma skola ganaTlebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safexurze miatova (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sabaziso<br />
ganaTlebis etapze). es monacemebic mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> oficialuri statistikisagan<br />
romlis Tanaxmad, saswavleblis mitovebis maCvenebeli<br />
(rogorc skolis yvela moswavlis procenti)<br />
2007-Si <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 0.3% iyo, sabaziso ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebis maCvenebeli ki – 98%. 32 msoflio bankis<br />
bolo kvlevis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi Raribi ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
savaldebulo safexuris Semdeg ufro naklebad agr-<br />
Zeleben skolaSi swavlas. 33<br />
yvela gamokiTxuli bavSvis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60% arasdros<br />
yofila skolaSi. aseTi maRali maCvenebeli maTia vinc<br />
ganaTlebis uflebiT srulad ver sar<strong>ge</strong>blobs. es<br />
mravalganzomilebiani sakiTxia politikis donezec<br />
maSin roca <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> sabaziso ganaTleba savaldebuloa.<br />
ar arsebobs praqtikuli, moqmedi meqanizmi,<br />
romelic saskolo asakis bavSvebs gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong><br />
maT skolaSi Caricxvas uzrunvelyofs. agreTve, arc<br />
sistemuri midgoma arsebobs im SemTxvevebisaTvis,<br />
roca mSobels ar SeuZlia bavSvebs ganaTlebis miRebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmaros. meorec, xSirad ukidures siRaribeSi<br />
myofi ojaxebi, romlebic xangrZlivi umuSevrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri izolaciis winaSe dganan, ganaTlebas<br />
SvilebisaTvis prioritetulad ar Tvlian <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod<br />
maT ojaxis yoveldRiuri SemosavlisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebis moZiebis saqmianobaSi CarTvas<br />
amjobineben. <strong>da</strong> bolos, gaunaTlebloba <strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxvis<br />
arcodna Tu adreul asakSi ar gamoswor<strong>da</strong>, <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
socialuri a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis problemebs qmnis.<br />
(gansakuTrebiT vaJTa Soris, romlebic SesamCnevad<br />
sWarboben gogonebs saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris).<br />
31. Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006): School-to-Work Transition<br />
and Youth Inclusion in Georgia; The International Bank for Reconstruction<br />
and Development / The World Bank<br />
32. wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros<br />
oficialuri yovelwliuri statistika ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.<br />
33. Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006), ibid.<br />
52 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
procenti<br />
90.0%<br />
80.0%<br />
70.0%<br />
60.0%<br />
50.0%<br />
40.0%<br />
30.0%<br />
20.0%<br />
10.0%<br />
0%<br />
skoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wamosulni<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
arasdros uvliaT<br />
skolaSi<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
adgilmdebareobebi<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
grafiki #21 – skoli<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> isini, visac arasdros<br />
uvliaT skolebSi, qalaqebis mixedviT<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> axlandeli Tu warsuli ganaTlebis<br />
statusi maT asaksa <strong>da</strong> sqess ukavSirdeba. ufrosi asakisani<br />
naklebad arian Caricxulni skolebSi vidre umcrosebi,<br />
magram maT umetesobas mitovebuli aqvs skola.<br />
vaJebis 82% 2.2.-jer metad <strong>da</strong>dis skolaSi vidre<br />
gogonebi.<br />
ojaxis arsebobas ufro Zlieri gavlena aqvs <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebaze, vidre ojaxSi ekonomikuri<br />
siZneleebis faqtors. magaliTad, mzrunvelis gareSe<br />
myofi bavSvebi, an orive mSobliT oblebi, an isini, vinc<br />
mxolod mamasTan cxovroben, amJamad skolaSi ar iricxebian.<br />
ufro maRali donis socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
mqone bavSvebi 38%-iT ufro metad iricxebian skola-<br />
Si, vidre is bavSvebi visac imave qalaqSi zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />
naTesavi ar hyavs. amis msgavsad, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi visac<br />
orive mSobeli cocxali hyavs, ufro metad iricxebian<br />
skolaSi (20%), vidre isini visac mxolod de<strong>da</strong> an mxolod<br />
mama hyavs (11% <strong>da</strong> 6%, Sesabamisad). mSoblis an<br />
orive mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas mozardis mier skolis<br />
mitovebaze Zlieri gavlena aqvs: dediT oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
53%-ma, orive mSobliT oblebis 44%-ma <strong>da</strong> mamiT<br />
oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-ma skolaSi siaruli miatova. igive<br />
maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis visac orive mSobeli<br />
cocxali hyavs, 31%-ia. aseve isini, visac orive mSobeli<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili hyavs, nakleb interess iCenen skolaSi<br />
siarulisadmi, vidre isini, visic orive mSobeli<br />
cocxalia. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvTa martoxela dedebi martoxela<br />
mamebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebas ufro<br />
metad afaseben.<br />
bavSvebs ganaTlebis uqonlobis, skolis mitovebis<br />
mTavari mizezi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esaxelebinaT <strong>da</strong> winaswar<br />
momzadebuli sii<strong>da</strong>n pasuxebi un<strong>da</strong> amoerCiaT. saSualod,<br />
TiToeuli bavSvi or an sam mizezs asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
skolaSi arasdros siarulisa an amJamad ar<strong>da</strong>swrebis<br />
ZiriTadi mizezebi <strong>da</strong>saxelebis Tanmimdevrulobis <strong>da</strong><br />
sixSiris mixedviT msgavsia <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri siZneleebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>bali interesi siis saTaveSia.<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> CaricxvisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba Semdegia <strong>da</strong> aseve sakmaod<br />
xSiria pasuxi: ,,ojaxi ar mrTavs nebas~. bavSvi, romelmac<br />
msgavsi pasuxi gasca sanacvlod fulis gamomuSavebis<br />
saqmeSia Cabmuli <strong>da</strong> es Tanxa ojaxSi miaqvs.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom bavSvis<br />
skolaSi argagzavnis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba alternatiuli<br />
RirebulebiT motivirdeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi wvlili ojaxis<br />
saarsebo saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaSi ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre grZelvadiani ganaTlebis miReba.<br />
janmrTelobis sakiTxebi<br />
ar aqvs skolaSi CaricxvisTvis<br />
saWiro dokumentebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela<br />
pirveladi pasuxi<br />
ojaxi ar rTavs nebas<br />
skolaSi wasasvlelad<br />
sxva<br />
mizezebi<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxi<br />
skola ar ainteresebs<br />
ekonomikuri mizezebi<br />
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%<br />
procenti<br />
grafiki #22 – skolaSi gamoucxadeblobis ZiriTadi mizezebi (n=250)<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 53
54 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
avSvebma ojaxSi siRaribe <strong>da</strong> fulis gamomuSavebis<br />
aucilebloba skolaSi wausvlelobis mTavar mizezebad<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeles. rogorc zogierTi avtori wers, ojax-<br />
Si siRaribe xSirad <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobas araTanabars xdis. magaliTad,<br />
rozati <strong>da</strong> sxvebi (2006) 34 weren, rom ,,Raribi <strong>da</strong> araRaribi<br />
axalgazrdebisaTvis ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebis<br />
sxvaoba gasaocaria. maSin, roca saxelmwifo erT<br />
moswavleze weliwadSi 20 lars xarjavs (<strong>da</strong>xloebiT<br />
1 $ 2002 wels), yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri ojaxebis 20% saSualod<br />
22-jer mets xarjavs sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaze,<br />
vidre yvelaze Raribi ojaxebis 20%. ukanasknel<br />
wlebSi, piradi xarjebi ganaTlebis xarjebSi yvelaze<br />
araTanabrad ganawilebuli xarji iyo. Sedegad, Sesa-<br />
Zleblobebis gauTanabrebloba droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
kidev ufro gaizrdeba~.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebis gamocdileba aCvenebs,<br />
rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> skolaSi wausvlelobis ukan mdgari<br />
ekonomikuri mizezebi xSirad sakmaod kompleqsuria.<br />
zogi ojaxisaTvis saswavlo nivTebisa <strong>da</strong> wignebis,<br />
tansacmlis, sadilis, skolis gaTbobisa Tu SekeTebisaTvis<br />
araformaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisaTvis saWiro<br />
saxsrebi gacilebiT aRemateba maT SesaZleblobebs.<br />
skolaSi siarulis alternatiuli Rirebuleba aseve<br />
TamaSobs garkveul rols. ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jams,<br />
bevri ojaxi ufro prioritetulad miiCnevs bavSvi<br />
ojaxis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli yoveldRiuri<br />
saxsrebis moZiebaSi CarTos, vidre skolaSi ramdenime<br />
saaTis gatarebis neba <strong>da</strong>rTos <strong>da</strong> bavSvis saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miRebuli <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavali <strong>da</strong>kargos. aseve,<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> umuSevrobis maRali donis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
(gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs Soris), ojaxebi<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebas momavalSi maTi ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi Cadebul investiciad<br />
ar aRiqvamen. rogorc rozati <strong>da</strong> sxvebi (2007) 35 aRniSnaven,<br />
,,sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqmianobas Soris bavSvis drois<br />
ganawileba am saqmianobebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT sar<strong>ge</strong>belzea<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c skolis xarisxi ganaTlebis<br />
sar<strong>ge</strong>belianobaze axdens gavlenas, aseve axdens<br />
gavlenas ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze bavSvis a<strong>da</strong>mianur<br />
kapitalSi investirebis Sesaxeb.~<br />
Tavad bavSvebic SeiZleba Tvlidnen, rom maTi movaleoba<br />
ojaxis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi wvlilis Setana<br />
ufroa, vidre skolaSi siaruli. <strong>da</strong> bolos, umetesad<br />
Zalian <strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebis Svilebs ar aqvT Sesabamisi<br />
pirobebi saxlSi rom iswavlon, aqvT zneobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
eTikuri qcevis problemebi, rac skolis garemoSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptacias aZnelebs <strong>da</strong> maT akademiur moswrebazec<br />
mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba. ufro metic, siRaribis gamo<br />
xSirad Tanaklaselebi <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebi maT diskriminacias<br />
axdenen.<br />
avadmyofoba ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>matebiT problemebs aCens<br />
<strong>da</strong> kidev ufro metad amcirebs ojaxis Semosavals,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n ojaxis avadmyof wevrs muSaoba ar SeuZlia<br />
<strong>da</strong> amavdroulad, wamlebisa <strong>da</strong> mkurnalobisaTvis<br />
34. Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006), ibid.<br />
35. Rosati, F.C., Rossi, M (2007), Impact of school quality on child labor and<br />
school atten<strong>da</strong>nce: the case of CONAFE Compensatory Education Program<br />
in Mexico, World Bank, UNICEF and ILO - Understanding Children’s Work<br />
(UCW) Project, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Faculty of Economics<br />
SemTxveva #8: venera (50), oTxi saskolo asakis bavSvis<br />
wera-kiTxvis ucodinari de<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos erT-erT<br />
qalaqSi iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis Semdeg <strong>bavSvebis</strong> saskolo<br />
gamocdilebas ixsenebs: `me osi var <strong>da</strong> mTeli bavSvoba<br />
samxreT oseTis erT-erT sofelSi maqvs gatarebuli.<br />
arasdros mivlia skolaSi <strong>da</strong> amas xSirad vnanob - saku-<br />
Tari saxelis <strong>da</strong>werac ki ar SemiZlia. Zalian ubedurad<br />
vgrZnob Tavs, rom sakuTar Svilebs swavlis SesaZlebloba<br />
ver miveci. Cven imdenad Raribebi viyaviT, rom maT-<br />
Tvis fexsacmlisa <strong>da</strong> tansacmlis yidvac ki ar SemeZlo,<br />
rom aRaraferi vTqva saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nivTebis Sesaxeb. maswavleblebic ar gvexmarebodnen<br />
– maT ar sur<strong>da</strong>T saklaso oTaxSi aseTi bavSvebi hyolo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
xSirad <strong>da</strong>scinodnen imitom, rom ZonZebi ecvaT,<br />
ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T rveuli <strong>da</strong> fanqari, an kidev saSinao <strong>da</strong>valeba<br />
_ mzad. Cemi Svilebi skoli<strong>da</strong>n xSirad tiriliT brundebodnen,<br />
radgan Tanatolebi abuCad igdebdnen. sabolood,<br />
isini quCaSi ufro met dros atarebdnen vidre sxvagan~.<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebia saWiro. rogorc ramdenime publikaciaSi<br />
aRiniSna, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c kerZo xarjebi<br />
janmrTelobaze <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis erT mesameds Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns,<br />
sakuTari jibi<strong>da</strong>n gaRebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi yvelaze<br />
Raribi 15%-is xarjebis 5-jer mets warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns, vidre<br />
yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri 15%-sTvis. 36 avadmyofi wevris arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs SeiZleba kidev ufro metad<br />
uwevdeT ojaxis SemosavalSi sakuTari wvlilis Setana.<br />
rodesac am<strong>da</strong>gvari problemebia, maT SeiZleba saxlSi<br />
muSaobam, umcros <strong>da</strong>-Zmebze <strong>da</strong> ojaxis avadmyof<br />
wevrze zrunva mouwioT, rac skolaSi siarulisaTvis<br />
dros aRar tovebs.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asakiT yvelaze umcrosTa kategoriaSi<br />
orjer ufro metia imaTi <strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc skolaSi<br />
wausvlelobis mizezad ekonomikur problemebs<br />
asaxelebs vidre isini, visac swavla ar ainteresebs.<br />
or ufros asakobriv kategoriaSi proporcia sapirispiroa<br />
<strong>da</strong> swavlisadmi interesis <strong>da</strong>kargva skolaSi<br />
wausvlelobis mTavar mizezad saxeldeba. amadroulad,<br />
isini ganaTlebis xarisxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul<br />
ramdenime sakiTxzec amaxvileben yuradRebas (skolaSi<br />
cu<strong>da</strong>d mopyrobisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari swavlis SesaZleblobebSi<br />
rwmenis naklebobis CaTvliT) – es monacemi<br />
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba `pirveladi pasuxi<strong>da</strong>n~ `CamoTvaleT<br />
yvelas~ SemTxvevaSi. visac skolaSi arasdros<br />
uvlia, maTTvis ekonomikuri mizezebi, sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba<br />
an mSoblebis uari ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
winaaRmdegobaa, vidre maTTvis, vinc skolaSi siaruli<br />
miatova. bavSvTa aRniSnuli kategoria mizezad swavlisadmi<br />
interesis uqonlobas <strong>da</strong> swavlebis <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
xarisxs asaxelebs.<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom dRevandeli formiT formaluri<br />
ganaTleba im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> inkluzias ver uzrunvelyofs,<br />
romlebic iseTi problemebis winaSe dganan,<br />
rogoricaa: siRaribe, cudi mopyroba skolaSi, fulis<br />
gamomuSavebis saWiroeba, mSoblebis uari an saWiro<br />
sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba. es aseve exeba im bavSvebs,<br />
visac iseTi Sinagani winaaRmdegobebi awuxebs, rogoricaa:<br />
TviTSezRudva <strong>da</strong> araadekvaturobis SegrZneba,<br />
rac sakuTari swavlis SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenis<br />
naklebobaSi gamoixateba.<br />
36. wyaro: UNICEF’s INNOCENTI Social Monitor (2006), ibid.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 55
ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi<br />
vfiqrob, rom ver<br />
SevZleb swavlas<br />
warsulSi cu<strong>da</strong>d<br />
epyrobodnen<br />
skolaSi<br />
skola ar aris<br />
xelmisawvdomi im<br />
adgilis axlos<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c is cxovrobs<br />
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18%<br />
procenti<br />
grafiki #23 – ganaTlebis xarisxi, rogorc skolaSi<br />
wausvlelobis erT-erTi mizezi (n=250)<br />
testirebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
45%-ma ar icis kiTxva, 50 % -ma _ wera sakuTar enaze.<br />
sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli bavSvebi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
maCvenebliT gamoirCevian (mxolod 38%-s SeuZlia<br />
kiTxva <strong>da</strong> 33%-s wera). savaraudod, isini ufro met xans<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>dian skolaSi, rac xSirad skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>blobasa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
enis cud codnas ukavSirdeba.<br />
wera-kiTxvis codnasa <strong>da</strong> skolaSi siaruls Soris<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiria. bavSvebma, vinc skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>,<br />
31-jer metad ician kiTxva <strong>da</strong> 58-jer metad _ wera, vidre<br />
maT, visac skolaSi arasdros uswavlia.<br />
skola <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis mniSvnelovani<br />
elementia, magram xSirad SeiZleba maT Semdgom<br />
socialur izolacias Seuwyos xeli. maT Soris<br />
vinc amJamad skolaSi iricxeba, quCaSi 24 saaTi arcer-<br />
Ti ar cxovrobs. umravlesoba (80%-ze meti) quCaSi mxolod<br />
dRis saaTebs atarebs <strong>da</strong> 24 saaTi aq arasdros<br />
ucxovria. amis sapirispirod, quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
ufro metad anebeben skolas Tavs (53%), vidre <strong>quCis</strong><br />
aqtiuri bavSvebi (32%).Aaq gatarebuli drois zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
erTad bavSvis kavSiri saskolo sistemasTan sustdeba<br />
maSin, roca maTi naxevari, visac quCaSi erTi Tve (an naklebi)<br />
aqvs gatarebuli ambobs, rom jer kidev skolaSi<br />
iricxeba. im bavSvebSi romlebsac quCaSi sami weli (<strong>da</strong><br />
meti) aqvs gatarebuli, skolaSi Cauricxvelobis done<br />
97% aRwevs.<br />
skolaSi siaruli socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />
bavSvis codnis amaRlebas uwyobs xels. maT, vinc amJamad<br />
skolaSi iricxeba, 80%-iT meti aqvT gagonili socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb vidre maT, vinc skolaSi<br />
ar iricxeba. aseve maT, vinc cxovrebis raRac manZilze<br />
skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, 2.5-jer metad gaugiaT erTi an meti<br />
socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb vidre im bavSvebs,<br />
visac skolaSi arasdros uvliaT. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive<br />
tendencia SeiniSneba socialuri momsaxurebis gamoyenebis<br />
mxriv: visac arasdros uvlia skolaSi, maTgan<br />
mxolod 11%-s usar<strong>ge</strong>blia socialuri momsaxurebiT.<br />
igive maCvenebeli 21%-ia im bavSvebs Sorisac, vinc am-<br />
Jamad skolaSi iricxeba xolo maT Soris, vinc skola<br />
miatova _ 30%. amis msgavsad, wera-kiTxvis codna<br />
bavSvebs socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb codnis ama-<br />
RlebaSi exmareba. wera-kiTxvis ucodinari <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mizezebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT<br />
yvela<br />
pirveladi<br />
pasuxi<br />
70%<br />
60%<br />
50%<br />
40%<br />
30%<br />
20%<br />
10%<br />
0%<br />
58%<br />
54%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=167)<br />
22% 22%<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
64%<br />
57%<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
grafiki #24 – wera-kiTxvis done <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi qalaqebis<br />
mixedviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 70%-s arasdros gaugia socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> 87%-s arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>blia ase-<br />
Ti momsaxurebiT. Se<strong>da</strong>rebisTvis, wera-kiTxvis mcodne<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> 46%-ma ico<strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>da</strong> 30%-s usar<strong>ge</strong>blia msgavsi momsaxurebiT.<br />
skolaSi siarulsa <strong>da</strong> socialur momsaxurebas Soris<br />
arsebuli kavSiri ramdenime faqtoriT SeiZleba aixsnas:<br />
maswavleblebi, visac mozardebTan yoveldRiuri<br />
kontaqti aqvT, sakmaod kargad icnoben bavSvs <strong>da</strong> Seu-<br />
ZliaT mis cxovrebaSi krizisis <strong>da</strong> sagan<strong>ge</strong>bo viTarebis<br />
niSnebi SeamCnion. calkeuli magaliTebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />
rom pe<strong>da</strong>go<strong>ge</strong>bi msgavs situaciebze xSirad sakuTari<br />
iniciativiT reagireben miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kanoniT<br />
valdebulebi ar arian. aseve, skolaSi socialuri<br />
urTierTobebi araformalur doneze informaciis gaziarebas<br />
SesaZlebels xdis <strong>da</strong> zrdis imis albaTobas,<br />
rom skolaSi mosiarule bavSvebi ufro meti socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb gai<strong>ge</strong>ben im TanatolebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, romlebic skolaSi ar <strong>da</strong>dian.<br />
kvleva gviCvenebs, rom skolaSi gatarebul umcires<br />
drosac ki xangrZlivi gavlena aqvs <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis TviTgansazRvrasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT xelaxla motivirebaze _ SeiZinon<br />
codna <strong>da</strong> unarebi, rac momavalSi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebaT. im bavSvebs, romlebic<br />
amJamad skolaSi iricxebian, samomavlod ufro<br />
metad fokusirebuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli survilebi aqvT<br />
vidre maT, vinc ar <strong>da</strong>dis an saerTod ar uvlia skola-<br />
Si. magaliTad, amJamad skolaSi Caricxuli moswavlis<br />
33%-s surs iSovos samsaxuri an SeiZinos konkretuli<br />
profesia roca gaizrdeba. maT Soris, vinc skolaSi ar<br />
iricxeba, igive maCvenebeli mxolod 4%-ia.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> samomavlo survilebis umetesoba<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir an iribad ganaTlebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
ganaTlebis miRebis survilis mqone <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />
ori jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba: pirveli, bavSvebi,<br />
visac surs <strong>da</strong>euflos profesias (rogoricaa eqimi an<br />
iuristi) formaluri <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis gziT<br />
<strong>da</strong> meore, visac surs SeiZinos praqtikuli unari an<br />
SesaZleblobebi gaxdes sportsmeni, mxatvari, xelosani<br />
an teqnikosi. gogonebs ufro metad ainteresebT<br />
akademiuri sagnebi vidre biWebs (17% <strong>da</strong> 6% Sesabamisad).<br />
aseve, umcrosi bavSvebi (8-<strong>da</strong>n 10 wlamde asakis)<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>interesebulebi arian zogadi ganaTlebis<br />
miRebaSi vidre ufrosi asakis bavSvebi. es, sqesisa <strong>da</strong><br />
asakis mixedviT mor<strong>ge</strong>buli programuli intervenciis<br />
aucileblobis maniSnebeli SeiZleba iyos.<br />
17%<br />
27%<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
ar SeuZliaT<br />
kiTxva<br />
ar SeuZliaT<br />
wera<br />
56 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />
strategiebi<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong>, skolis asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umetesoba<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT rogorc `mSromeli bavSvebi~-<br />
romlebic iZulebulni arian imuSaon, rom sakuTari<br />
Tavisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxisaTvis Semosavali hqondeT. 37<br />
wertilovani Sefasebis dros <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sedegad,<br />
maTxovroba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mTavari saqmianoba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>;<br />
SromaSi naklebi bavSvi iyo SemCneuli. gogonebis<br />
ufro maRali procenti maTxovrobs (59%) vidre _ bi-<br />
Webis (37%). esec asakTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. yvelaze<br />
umcrosi asakobrivi jgufi<strong>da</strong>n (0-<strong>da</strong>n 4 wlamde), 61%<br />
aqtiurad an pasiurad mSoblebTan erTad am saqminoba-<br />
Sia CarTuli. maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> yovel Semdeg asakobriv jgufTan<br />
erTad mcirdeba. yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebeli mozardebSi<br />
SeiniSneba - 27%. amis msgavsad, asakis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
erTad izrdeba im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />
dros muSaob<strong>da</strong> – yvelaze mcirewlovan bavSvebSi<br />
1%-<strong>da</strong>n, yvelaze asakovan kategoriaSi _ 31%-mde. 38<br />
interviuebis fazaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobam,<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 90%-ma aRniSna, rom interviumde wina Tve-<br />
Si fulis gamosamuSavebel saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli.<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saqmianobebia: maTxovrobaa,<br />
romlis Sesaxeb <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 55%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> muSaoba<br />
(27%). Cveulebisamebr, bavSvebs Semosavlis miRebis<br />
erTi an ori ZiriTadi strategia aqvT. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>,<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>Tvis gankuTvnili programebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba,<br />
rom samuSao ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d quCaSi mcire sagnebiT<br />
vaWrobas, tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>zidvas, jarTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
minis Segrovebas, ga<strong>da</strong>samuSavebeli punqtebisaTvis<br />
miyidvas <strong>da</strong> manqanis recxvas gulisxmobs. zogjer,<br />
bavSvebi soflebSi Cadian <strong>da</strong> meurneobaSi muSaoben,<br />
magram amisTvis Zalian cotas an saerTod ar iReben<br />
fuls. saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi Sromis ukiduresi<br />
formebi (rogoricaa: komerciuli seqsi an bavSvTa<br />
pornografia), Zalian iSviaTia.<br />
fulis gamomuSavebis aucilebloba ojaxSi ekonomikuri<br />
siZneleebiTaa nakarnaxevi, gansakuTrebiT im<br />
bavSvebs Soris, vinc quCaSi mxolod dRis saaTebSia.<br />
maTma 40%-ma aRniSna, rom gamomuSavebul fuls ojaxis<br />
saWiroebebze xarjavs. Bbevri, krizisis dros ojaxis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris saWiroebas Tavad xe<strong>da</strong>vs _ sakuTari SemosavliT<br />
ojaxis Semosavlis gazrdis, an sakuTari<br />
saWiroebebis Tavad <strong>da</strong>kamyofilebis gziT, rom ojaxs<br />
37. magaliTisTvis ixileT: the World Bank, the Partnership for Child<br />
Development (PCD) at Imperial Colle<strong>ge</strong>, London, and UNICEF (2006): Ensuring<br />
Education Access for Orphans and Vulnerable Children - A Planners’ Handbook,<br />
2nd Edition<br />
38. wertilovani Sefasebis fazaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakmaod maRali<br />
maCvenebeli garkveul saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli, magram na-<br />
Teli ar iyo, es iyo maTxovroba Tu muSaoba. vinai<strong>da</strong>n am “sxva”<br />
saqmianobebis maCvenebeli maRali iyo intervius fazaSi, ufro<br />
specifiuri informaciis misaRebad, Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />
saqmianobebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi ramdenime kiTxvad <strong>da</strong>iyo.<br />
maTi rCena aRar mouwios. zogjer, ojaxis wevrebi Tavad<br />
maTxovroben <strong>da</strong> bavSvebic Tan axlavT. rogorc<br />
ukve aRiniSna, aseve arseboben <strong>quCis</strong> dedebi (zogjer<br />
15 wlisanic ki), vinc quCaSi Semosavlis gamomuSavebis<br />
saqmianobaSi Tavis patara SvilTan erTa<strong>da</strong>a CarTuli.<br />
xSirad, bavSvebi ojaxis ZiriTadi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebaSi<br />
sakuTari wvlilis Setanis pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobasac<br />
grZnoben.<br />
SemTxveva #9: `vorld viJenis” mier quTaissa <strong>da</strong> baTumSi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb Catarebul kvlevaSi zogierTi bavSvi<br />
ojaxis rCenis pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobaze saubrobs: `Cemi pensioneri<br />
<strong>da</strong> moxucebuli mSoblebi ver muSaoben. puris fulis<br />
gamosamuSaveblad jarTs vagroveb <strong>da</strong> yvelafers, rasac<br />
vSoulob maT vaZlev~ (vaJi, 19 wlis)<br />
`de<strong>da</strong> ava<strong>da</strong>a, mama ar myavs. umcrosi <strong>da</strong> myavs <strong>da</strong> masze un<strong>da</strong><br />
vizruno. puris fuli ar gvaqvs; Zalian cotas vSoulob <strong>da</strong><br />
RumelisTvis SeSas vagroveb.~ (gogona, 15 wlis)<br />
,,de<strong>da</strong>Cemi <strong>da</strong> mamaCemi ar muSaoben. Cemi <strong>da</strong>a ava<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong> wamlis<br />
fuli ar gvaqvs. me vmaTxovrob, rom wamlis fuli viSovo.<br />
ojaxSi mxolod erTi a<strong>da</strong>mini (anu me) muSaobs~ (gogona, 16<br />
wlis)<br />
,,ojaxSi xuTi sulia, magram mxolod me SemiZlia muSaoba. mamaCemi<br />
muSaob<strong>da</strong> roca SeeZlo, magram axla unarSezRudulia.<br />
Cemi <strong>da</strong> ava<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>s samsaxuri ar aqvs~ (vaJi, 15 wlis)<br />
,,de<strong>da</strong>Cemi ar muSaobs. mamaCemi <strong>da</strong> Cemi Zma moskovSi arian,<br />
magram fuls ver gvigvzavnian. me avadmyofi Zma myavs, arc<br />
wamlis <strong>da</strong> arc saWmlis fuli ar gvaqvs. amitomac xatebs<br />
vyidi.~ (gogona, 13 wlis)<br />
`,Tu quCaSi ar gavalT, de<strong>da</strong>s, bebias <strong>da</strong> me saWmeli ar<br />
gveqneba.~ (gogona, 13 wlis)<br />
,,mamaCemi mokv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva marCenali ar gvyavs. de<strong>da</strong> ar<br />
muSaobs. igi maTxovrobs, rom puris fuli iSovos, magram es<br />
ar kmara <strong>da</strong> amitom mec vexmarebi.~ (gogona, 10 wlis)<br />
bavSvis ekonomikuri saqmianobiT ojaxis Semosavlis<br />
gazrdis fenomeni msoflios masStabiT siRaribes<br />
ukavSirdeba. rogorc edmondsma aRniSna, (2005) 39 , ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi Raribi mSoblebi rTuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
winaSe dganan. bavSvebs ojaxSi produqtiuli<br />
ekonomikuri wvlilis Setana (. . .…), aseve sakuTari<br />
Tavis, <strong>da</strong>-Zmebis <strong>da</strong> ojaxis sxva wevrebis gamokveba, Semosva,<br />
Sefareba <strong>da</strong> sxvamxriv <strong>da</strong>xmareba SeuZliaT. (. . .…)<br />
maSinac ki, roca alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi arsebobs<br />
(magaliTad, skola), mSoblebs <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs xSirad<br />
samwuxaro ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba uwevT <strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />
muSaoba wina planze ga<strong>da</strong>dis, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi Semosavlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva mniSvnelovnad gaauaresebs ojaxis siRaribis<br />
dones.<br />
Semosavlis miRebis saqmianobaSi CarTvis meore yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli mizezi bavSvis mier saarsebo sa-<br />
Sualebis mopovebaa, radgan masze aravin zrunavs. gansakuTrebiT<br />
es quCaSi mcxovreb bavSvebs exeba; aseve<br />
maT, vinc ojaxis wevrebTan erTad ar cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> maT,<br />
visac mTavari mzrunveli ar hyavs. quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />
bavSvebi Semosavlis miRebis ufro met strategias mimarTaven<br />
vidre bavSvebi zogad SerCevaSi. aseve, isini<br />
39. Edmonds, Eric V. (2005), Understanding Child Labor: Patterns, Types and<br />
Causes, in: E-Journal USA – Economic Perspectives, the U.S. Department of<br />
State/the Bureau of International Information Programs, May 2005<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 57
58 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
ufro metad xarjaven miRebul Semosavals mxolod<br />
Tavisi an megobrebis saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad.<br />
fulis Sovnis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gza maTxovrobaa<br />
<strong>da</strong> quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi gacilebiT naklebad<br />
asaxeleben muSaobas vidre <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi mTel<br />
SerCevaSi. sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, am jgufSi<br />
aseve gacilebiT maRalia nagavSi qeqvisa <strong>da</strong> qurdobis<br />
SemTxvevebic.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> asakis matebasTan <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis gareSe<br />
cxovrebis albaTobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad maTi finansuri<br />
mdgradobis SenarCunebis saWiroeba matulobs.<br />
magaliTad, umcros asakobriv kategoriaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
naxevari gamomuSavebul fuls ojaxs moaxmars, maSin,<br />
roca ufrosi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 75% fuls sakuTari Tavis sar-<br />
Cenad iyenebs.<br />
yvela gamokiTxuli bavSvis TiTqmis erTi meoTxedi<br />
aRniSnavs, rom maT mier gamomuSavebul fuls mSoblebi<br />
(21%) an sxvebi (2%) arTmeven. es SemTxvevebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
10 wlis <strong>da</strong> umcros bavSvebs exeba, romlebic maTxovroben.<br />
ufrosi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod mcire nawili <strong>da</strong> isini<br />
vinc muSaobs ambobs, rom fuli waarTves. calkeuli<br />
magaliTebi mowmobs, rom msgavsi SemTxvevebi xSirad<br />
ojaxSi alkoholis (an ufro naklebad, narkotikebis)<br />
moxmarebas ukavSirdeba <strong>da</strong> saxlSi fulis armitanis<br />
SemTxvevaSi bavSvi SeiZleba fizikurad <strong>da</strong>isajos.<br />
SemTxveva #10: antons ori ufrosi Zma, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gonebrivad<br />
SezRuduli umcrosi Zma hyavs. roca igi rva wlis iyo, de<strong>da</strong><br />
gar<strong>da</strong>ecvala. male bavSvis mama sxva qalTan ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Svilebi maTi mozardi <strong>da</strong>-Zmebis amara <strong>da</strong>tova. erTi wlis<br />
Semdeg, antonis ufrosi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zma <strong>da</strong>qorwindnen <strong>da</strong> sxvagan<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen, meore ufrosi Zma ki alkoholze gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
igi ar muSaob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxlSi saWmlis fulic ki ar iyo..<br />
antoni grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom gonebrivad SezRudul umcros Zmaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ezruna <strong>da</strong> amitom <strong>quCis</strong> saqmianobebSi CaerTo. is xSirad<br />
mimarTav<strong>da</strong> maTxovrobas, jarTis Segrovebas, zogjer ki<br />
- calkeuli nivTebis moparvas <strong>da</strong> gayidvasac. emociurad<br />
pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis grZnoba biWisTvis Zalian mZime iyo. mdgomaroebas<br />
kidev ufro auareseb<strong>da</strong> is garemoeba, rom ufrosi<br />
Zma xSirad aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> alkoholisaTvis fuli moetana <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
is fuls ar miscem<strong>da</strong> fizikurad uswordebo<strong>da</strong> biWs. sabolo<br />
jamSi, antonma wnexs ver gauZlo <strong>da</strong> saxli<strong>da</strong>n wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Semosavlis gamommuSavebeli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb<br />
<strong>da</strong>mafiqrebeli <strong>da</strong>kvirveba `vorld viJenis~ kvleva-<br />
Sia mocemuli. am kvlevis Tanaxmad, ramdenime bavSvi<br />
iZulebulia Semosavali azartul TamaSebSi monawileobis<br />
Sedegad gamoimuSavos. savaraudod, azartuli<br />
saTamaSo adgilebis mflobelebi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Semosvlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TamaSis saSualebas aZleven. isini xan<strong>da</strong>xan<br />
sakmaod mniSvnelovan Tanxas a<strong>ge</strong>ben <strong>da</strong> `valebis~ gastumrebamde<br />
Tavs usafrTxod ar grZnoben. bavSvebi<br />
aRniSnaven, rom isini aiZules emaTxovraT an moeparaT<br />
rame, rom azartuli TamaSebis Sedegad wa<strong>ge</strong>buli fuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT. qurdobas ki kanonTan SeusabamobaSi<br />
mivyavarT. ramdenime bavSvma aRniSna, rom isini warmo-<br />
Sobil stress ver umklavdebodnen <strong>da</strong> TviTmkvleloba<br />
scades.<br />
SemTxveva #11: 14 wlis biWi quTaisi<strong>da</strong>n azartuli TamaSebis<br />
gamocdilebas ixsenebs: `bavSvebi a<strong>ge</strong>ben fuls erTxel,<br />
orjer <strong>da</strong> igi ukan un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>abrunon, magram sakmaris Tanxas<br />
ver Souloben. amis gamo, me <strong>da</strong> sxvebi vqurdobT. TviTmkvlelobazec<br />
ki vifiqre: werili <strong>da</strong>vwere <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxtomad<br />
xidze <strong>da</strong>vdeqi. ga<strong>da</strong>marCines. mere Cemma mSoblebma vali aiRes<br />
<strong>da</strong> azartuli saTamaSo adgilis mflobels fuli <strong>da</strong>ubrunes.<br />
mRvdels SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>exmaros <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs. mivides saTamaSo<br />
adgilebSi <strong>da</strong> akrZalos isini. me es ar SemiZlia, amis Zala ar<br />
maqvs; isini metyvian: “Sen vin xar, amas rom gveubnebi?”. visac<br />
mousmenen, iman un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos es.~.<br />
quCaSi Semosavlis gamomuSavebis saqmianobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
skolaSi siaruls Soris pir<strong>da</strong>piri korelaciaa. qu-<br />
Cis bavSvebi, vinc ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom fulis gamomuSavebas<br />
ar saWiroebs, ufro metad iricxebian skolaSi<br />
(52%) vidre maTi momuSave Tanatolebi, romelTagan<br />
mxolod 20% iricxeba skolaSi. maSin, roca zogi<br />
bavSvi muSaobisa <strong>da</strong> skolis SeTavsebas cdilobs,<br />
maTxovroba TiTqmis mTlianad gamoricxavs skola-<br />
Si siaruls (maTxovar bavSvebSi skolaSi Cauricxvelobis<br />
done 96%-ia). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, axlo<br />
momavlis ekonomikuri sar<strong>ge</strong>beli ganaTlebis gr-<br />
Zelvadian sar<strong>ge</strong>belTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ojaxebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs<br />
xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas fulis gamomuSavebis<br />
sasar<strong>ge</strong>blod aiZulebs. gansakuTrebiT,<br />
maTxovrobis SemTxvevaSi, romelic moTxovniT <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobiT gamowveuli RonisZiebaa _ manam,<br />
sanam xalxi quCaSi bavSvebs fuls aZlevs <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
gzebiT Tavis rCenis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,<br />
quCaSi isini imaTxovreben. ufro metic, Zalian Znelia<br />
ojaxebs <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs ganaTleba, maTxovrobiT<br />
fulis Sovnis swraf <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iol gzasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mniSvnelovan alternativad <strong>da</strong>anaxo.<br />
amasTan, quCaSi maTxovrobasTan asocirebuli<br />
stigma bavSvebs skolaSi maTi TanatolebisaTvis<br />
TiTqmis miuRebels xdis.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> saqmianobaTa tipi SesamCnev gavlenas axdens<br />
bavSvis janmrTelobaze. momuSave bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />
interviuerebma ufro meti fizikuri<br />
travma im bavSvebSi SeamCnies, romelTac Semosavlis<br />
miRebis mTavar saqmianobad maTxovroba<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeles.
socialuri momsaxureba<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvebi<br />
kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />
gamovlili krizisuli situaciebi saqarTvelos sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> problemebis msgavsia<br />
(Tumca xSirad ufro mwvave) <strong>da</strong> xSirad im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mdgomaroebas emTxveva, vinc mere quCaSi ar xvdeba,<br />
magram biologiuri ojaxisgan moSorebiT cxovrobs.<br />
aRiarebulia, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> krizisul mdgomareobaSi<br />
myofi ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>admi mor<strong>ge</strong>buli<br />
momsaxureba cotaa. kvleva a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebs Soris socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb codnis<br />
done <strong>da</strong> am momsaxurebis gamoyenebis maCvenebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>balia. saSualod, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 41% ambobs, rom aseTi<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb araferi smenia. 46% im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a,<br />
vinc ambobs, rom msgavsi momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />
smenia, aRniSnavs, rom arasdros gamouyenebia igi. Tu<br />
gamovricxavT bavSvTa saxlebs, TavSesafrebs, yvelaze<br />
xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebul socialur momsaxurebebs<br />
– <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 80%-s rame socialuri momsaxurebiT<br />
arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>blia. saSualod, bavSvebi erTze<br />
meti momsaxurebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb iSviaTad saubroben.<br />
kidev erTxel un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas xazi im garemoebas, rom am<br />
kvlevis farglebSi mxolod is bavSvebi gamoikiTxa,<br />
vinc quCaSi (<strong>da</strong> ara TavSesafarSi, dRis centrebSi an<br />
sxva tipis momsaxureobis obieqtSi imyofebodnen) <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, arsebuli momsaxurebis efeqturobis Sefaseba<br />
arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT SeuZlebelia.<br />
Tumca naTelia, rom momsaxurebis <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farva<br />
arsebuli saWiroebebisaTvis Zalian arasakmarisia.<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
0%<br />
arasdros smeniaT<br />
socialur<br />
momsaxurebaze<br />
58%<br />
87%<br />
Tbilisi<br />
(n=181)<br />
6%<br />
41%<br />
rusTavi<br />
(n=32)<br />
arasdros usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT<br />
socialuri<br />
momsaxurebiT<br />
grafiki #25 – <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procenti, romelTac arasdros<br />
gaugiaT an usar<strong>ge</strong>bliaT socialuri momsaxurebiT qalaqebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
52%<br />
88%<br />
quTaisi<br />
(n=58)<br />
37%<br />
67%<br />
baTumi<br />
(n=30)<br />
monacemebi aCvenebs, rom socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
Sesaxeb ufro metad ician <strong>da</strong> aseT momsaxurebebs<br />
ufro metad iyeneben is bavSvebi, visac quCaSi cxovrebis<br />
erTi Tvis an meti xnis gamocdileba aqvs; vinc<br />
quCaSi erTi weli an meti xani imyofeba; vis ojaxSic<br />
gaWirvebis ufro maRali donea <strong>da</strong> isini, vinc skola<br />
miatova <strong>da</strong> quCaSi cxovrobs. amis msgavsad, socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb yvelaze naklebi ician, naklebad<br />
iyeneben is bavSvebi, vinc Rameebs quCaSi ar<br />
atarebs, vis ojaxSic naklebi problemebia <strong>da</strong> vinc<br />
quCaSi cxovreba axlaxans <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
socialuri momsaxureba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d im bavSvebzea<br />
fokusirebuli, vinc krizisuli mdgomareoba<br />
ukve gamoiara <strong>da</strong> problemebis droul gamovlenas,<br />
prevencias <strong>da</strong> adreul Carevas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba.<br />
rogorc vilsonma aRniSna (2007), 40 reintegracia,<br />
anu `gankurvnis strategiebi~ ufro martivia, radgan<br />
isini pasuxoben Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT konkretul saWiroebebs<br />
(rac ukve SeemTxva viRacas), maSin, roca prevencia<br />
zrdis moqmedebis sferos.. aseve naTelia, rom arsebuli<br />
momsaxureba ufro reaqtiulia. mas <strong>quCis</strong><br />
is bavSvebi mimarTaven, visi kavSirebic regularul<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis qselebTan ukve <strong>da</strong>sustebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> romlebic aqtiurad eZeben Semcvlelebs. proaqtiuli<br />
midgoma gulismobs rom momsaxureba <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxebis gamovlenazea mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> ara _<br />
piriqiT. roca momsaxureba individualurad gansaz-<br />
Rvravs bavSvis saukeTeso interess _ misi ojaxur garemoSi<br />
gazrdis, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis, <strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> monawileobis uflebis farglebSi, orive midgoma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, reaqtiuli<br />
midgoma saqarTvelos dRevandel socialur momsaxureobis<br />
bazarze gavrcelebuli midgomaa, xolo<br />
proaqtiuli midgoma iSviaTia.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
gamoyeneba xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis moklevadiani<br />
strategiaa (magaliTad: TavSesafrebi, bavSvTa saxlebi<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>saZineblad <strong>da</strong> ufaso sasadiloebi _ sakvebad,<br />
romelsac bavSvebi quCaSi cxovrebis dros mimar-<br />
Taven. Tbilisis gl<strong>da</strong>nis socialuri reabilitaciis<br />
centri am tendenciis kargi maCvenebelia: aq bavSvebi<br />
xSirad TavisiT modian, an viRacas mohyavs, imitom<br />
rom `maT TavSesafari an sakvebi sWirdebaT~. 41 Tavisi<br />
bunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, es momsaxurebebi ganaTlebis<br />
grZelvadian sar<strong>ge</strong>bels ar iZleva, arc <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier<br />
quCaSi gatarebuli drois SemcirebaSi Seaqvs wvlili<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc <strong>bavSvebis</strong> socialur a<strong>da</strong>ptacias uwyobs xels.<br />
Tumca sxva socialuri momsaxurebebis gamoyeneba<br />
rogoricaa: dRis centrebi an mobiluri jgufebi<br />
(18%) bavSvis cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis cvlile-<br />
40. Wilson-James, David (2007), ibid.<br />
41. Wargan, K.; Aslanishvili, T. (2007): Rapid Assessment of Four Residential Care<br />
“Shelters” in Tbilisi; USAID/Save the Children for the Ministry of Education and<br />
Science of Georgia<br />
60 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
aze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. monacemebi aCvenebs,<br />
rom socialuri momsaxureba (bavSvTa saxlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TavSesafrebis gar<strong>da</strong>) <strong>bavSvebis</strong> skolaSi siarulis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>ze an wera-kiTxvis donis amaRlebaze statistikurad<br />
mniSvnelovan gavlenas ar axdens. bavSvebi,<br />
romlebmac ician socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb,<br />
skolaSi siaruliT <strong>da</strong> swavlis surviliT di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />
gansxvavdebian sxva <strong>bavSvebis</strong>agan. aseve socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>, romelsac bavSvi mimarTavs,<br />
mis mier quCaSi gatarebuli saaTebis <strong>raodenoba</strong>ze<br />
gavlenas ar axdens. 42<br />
calkeuli magaliTebi mowmobs, rom arsebuli momsaxureba<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze mniSvnelovan saWiroebebs<br />
esa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>ba –xSirad sakmaod kompleqsurad, magram<br />
krizisis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebs mainc ver Sve-<br />
lis. msoflio literaturaSi sul ufro matulobs<br />
mtkiceba imisa, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />
yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis alternativebi<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> bundovnad gansazRvruli kategoriis<br />
zogad saWiroebebzea mor<strong>ge</strong>buli. <strong>da</strong>xmareba arasakmaris<br />
yuradRebas aqcevs ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris qselebs, romelic socialuri institutisaken<br />
bavSvis mijaWvulobas warmarTavs <strong>da</strong> Seu-<br />
Zlia gaZlierebis nacvlad misi bunebrivi socialuri<br />
kavSirebi Seasustos. 43 zogi eqsperti <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
momsaxurebis araadekvaturobisa <strong>da</strong> ukmarisobis<br />
mTavar faqtorebad SezRudul a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> finansur<br />
resursebs asaxelebs. grZelvadian perspeqtiva-<br />
Si, arsebuli mcire masStabis operaciebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis<br />
efeqturoba saTuoa.<br />
SemTxveva #12: roca nana qmars gaeyara <strong>da</strong> oTxi wlis SvilTan erTad saxlis <strong>da</strong>toveba mouwia wasasvleli arsad hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
saWiro unarebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong> samsaxuris saSovnelad. TbilisSi, mitovebel SenobaSi carieli sar<strong>da</strong>fi ipova <strong>da</strong> bavSvTan erTad iq <strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong>.<br />
orive, fuls eklesiis SesasvlelSi maTxovrobiT Soulob<strong>da</strong>. (ixileT SemTxveva #7, gverdi 49).<br />
ojaxuri mdgomareobis analizi nanas cxovrebis ramdenime aspeqtze miuTiTebs, rogoricaa: ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
cxovrebis unaris nakleboba, ojaxuri konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong> siRaribe sakuTar ojaxSi, qmris umuSevroba, ramac siRaribe <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
konfliqtebi gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> ojaxi <strong>da</strong>ngrevisken miiyvana, Semdgomi usaxlkaroba <strong>da</strong> arsebobis saSualebis uqonloba. aseve, nanas mdgomareobasTan<br />
ramdenime fsiqo-socialuri tendencia asocirdeba: araadekvaturobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveobis SegrZneba, rac xangrZlivi<br />
ojaxuri konfliqtebis pirobebSi cxovrebis Sedegia; siZneleebis Jams izolaciis aRqma <strong>da</strong> imis SegrZneba, rom mTeli situaciis<br />
kontroli nanas ar eqvemdebareba.Mam SemTxvevaSi ramdenime Zlieri mxarec SeiniSneba, romelTa Soris de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> biWs Soris mtkice<br />
emociuri kavSiria, aseve bavSvis asaki <strong>da</strong> gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> is faqti, rom arsebob<strong>da</strong> naTesavebis sakmaod farTo wre,<br />
romelebic nanas <strong>da</strong>mxarebas SesZlebdnen, Tu maT amaSi xels SevuwyobdiT.<br />
roca arasamTavrobo organizaciis socialuri muSakebi nanas <strong>da</strong> mis bavSvs pirvelad <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen maT biWi ramdenime araformalur<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebsa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi CarTes. socialuri muSakebi Seecadnen <strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT<br />
nana, rom mas biWi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sacxovrebel centrSi Caebarebina. mas SvilTan ganSoreba ar undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
uars acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, magram erT dRes mas manqana <strong>da</strong>ejaxa <strong>da</strong> avariis Semdeg metyvelebisa <strong>da</strong> koordinaciis problemebi ganuviTar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mxolod maSin <strong>da</strong>eTanxma igi socialur muSakebs, rom bavSvze zrunva aRar SeeZlo <strong>da</strong> mis TavSesafarSi moTavzebaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2008 wlisTvis biWs TavSesafarSi ramdenime weli hqon<strong>da</strong> gatarebuli. de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> naTesavebTan <strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad gaweuli samuSaoebis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia ar moipoveba.<br />
maTxovrobaSi CarTulma bavSvebma gacilebiT naklebad<br />
ician socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
ufro naklebad miuRiaT socialuri samsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
vidre sxva <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs. es SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi<br />
am <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mimarT arsebuli stereotipebiT<br />
(magaliTad: ganzogadeba, rom maTxovari <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umetesoba boSaa, romelTac maTxovroba sisxlSi aqvT<br />
gamj<strong>da</strong>ri) <strong>da</strong> maTxovrobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli stigmiT<br />
aixsnas. mTliani mosaxleobis socialuri pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobis<br />
donec aseve kiTxvis niSnis qveSaa: manam,<br />
sanam xalxi quCaSi maTxovar bavSvebs fuls aZlevs, es<br />
bavSvebi quCaSi <strong>da</strong>rCebian <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT advili gziT<br />
fulis miRebis upiratesobas gamoiyeneben <strong>da</strong> savaraudod,<br />
im saqmianobaSi monawileobis winaaRmde<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
iqnebian, romelic maTi maTxovrobis dros amcirebs.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis gamiznuli socialuri<br />
momsaxureba `sakuTar miznebs~ emsaxureba<br />
– im mimarTulebiT moqmedebs, romelsac Tavad Tvlis<br />
saWirod. momsaxureba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
xiluli saWiroebebisadmi erTgvarad qaosur pasuxs<br />
warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns (magaliTad: maTxovrobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
bavSvis TavSesafarSi xangrZlivi droiT moTavseba).<br />
es nawilobriv qveyanaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebisadmi<br />
sistemuri, strategiuli midgomis ararsebobiT<br />
SeiZleba aixsnas, rac socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis zogadi<br />
konteqsti<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime arsebuli programis segmentaciaSi<br />
aisaxeba.<br />
42. es <strong>da</strong>kvirveba nawilobriv <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
programebis gamocdilebas efuZneba <strong>da</strong> miaxloebiT maCveneblad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos, vinai<strong>da</strong>n kvleva mxolod erTxel Catar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Sesabamisad, bavSvis mier momsaxurebis gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
cxovrebaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis dinamikis Se<strong>da</strong>reba SeuZlebelia.<br />
43. Wilson-James, David (2007), ibid.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 61
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong><br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos<br />
mTavrobam siRaribis, socialuri politikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeebis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis sferoSi<br />
garkveuli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>dga. samwuxarod, es<br />
Zalisxmeva saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yvela fenaze<br />
ar aisaxa <strong>da</strong> qarTul sazogadoebaSi kvlav arseboben<br />
fenebi, romlebic gacilebiT <strong>da</strong>ucvelebi arian vidre<br />
sazogadoeba _ zoga<strong>da</strong>d. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
ojaxebi msgavs fenas miekuTvnebian _ qveynis socio-ekonomikuri<br />
warmatebebis Zalian cota Sedegi<br />
Tu aisaxa qveynis mosaxleobis am segmentis keTildReobaze.<br />
siRaribis sakiTxi, romelic <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> bevri<br />
problemis safuZvelia, qveynis masStabiT gavrcelebuli<br />
problemaa, romelsac saqarTvelos mTavroba am-<br />
Jamad ebrZvis. socialuri politikis sferoSi axali<br />
iniciativebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobis siRaribis<br />
sawinaaRmdego ritorika is ZiriTadi inicitiavebia,<br />
romlebic <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />
aris saWiro. es ki naTlad miuTiTebs, rom siRaribis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saZlevad ufro meti sajaro mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraa<br />
aucilebeli. Tumca, amave konteqtSi sxva sakiTxebsac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos yuradReba, rogoricaa: socialuri<br />
Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> inkluzia; proaqtiuli socialuri<br />
programebi, romlebic ojaxSi alkoholizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis problemebs ebrZvis <strong>da</strong> aseve <strong>da</strong>ngreuli<br />
ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d, socialuri kapitalis<br />
sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi ojaxebi qveynis masStabiT siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis,<br />
socialuri inkluziis, bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
ufro farTo strategiebSi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen CarTulni.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> stabilizaciis<br />
mizniT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ukve arsebuli ramdenime<br />
administraciuli meqanizmis gamoyeneba SeiZleba. am<br />
programebis CarCoebSi, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodnen,<br />
rogorc uflebebis mqone individebi Tavisi<br />
Zlieri mxareebiT <strong>da</strong> kompleqsuri saWiroebebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
ara rogorc keTildReobis programebis ubralo beneficiarebi.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba ara<br />
problemad, aramed problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis nawilad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT.<br />
oTxive qalaqSi arsebobs resursebi, romlebic<br />
Sesabamisi donori organizaciebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
sistematurad xmardeba am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />
adgilobriv municipalur centrebs, ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros resurs-centrebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministros socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos<br />
TanamSromloba absoluturad aucilebelia. qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris Sesabamisi<br />
partnioroba siRaribis <strong>da</strong> socialuri eqskluziis<br />
sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad erTaderTi gzaa. es sakiTxebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mozardebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
meqanizmebis gamomuSavebis gziT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes.<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
politikis doneze<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis Sesaxeb regularuli<br />
monacemebis Segroveba<br />
1. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> winamdebare kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Sesaxeb odesme Catarebuli pirveli<br />
kvlevaa <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes rogorc quCaSi myofi<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> Taviseburebebis aTvlis<br />
wertili. vinai<strong>da</strong>n ,,<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi” qveyanaSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
axali fenomenia, maTi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis mdgomareobis<br />
regularuli kvleva prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />
raTa arsebuli politikis efeqturoba, programebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebis mimarTuleba <strong>da</strong> mtkicebulebebiT<br />
gamyarebuli samomavlo midgoma ganisazRvros. amis<br />
Sesaxeb monacemebis regularuli, anonimuri Segroveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSaveba arsebul administraciul uwyebas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>evalos, rogoricaa: ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
saministros bavSvze zrunvis an statistikis<br />
departamenti. procesisaTvis aRniSnuli kvlevis<br />
meTodologiis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. perioduli<br />
kvlevebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebs SigniT<br />
<strong>da</strong> jgufebs Soris dinamikis <strong>da</strong>naxvis saSualebas<br />
mogvcems <strong>da</strong> pasuxs gascems kiTxvaze, Tu ramdeni bavSvia<br />
TiToeul jgufSi <strong>da</strong> ra aris erTi jgufi<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlis mizezi. momavali kvlevis saintereso<br />
komponenti pozitiuri deviaciis teqnikis gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba iyos. am teqnikis saSualebiT, ukve zr<strong>da</strong>srul<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi warmatebiT reintegrirebul<br />
yofil <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan CaRrmavebuli interviuebis<br />
saSualebiT im unarebisa <strong>da</strong> Seguebis meqanizmebis<br />
gansazRvra gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, romelic am a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> cxovrebis mitovebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmara.<br />
62 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
Sesaferisi, proaqtiuli socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
sqemebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri momsaxurebis ganviTareba<br />
2. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebis efeqturi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />
(romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania quCaSi aqtiuri<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> SemTxvevaSi, raTa kidev ufro ar<br />
Caeflon <strong>quCis</strong> cxovrebaSi) im ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
faqtorebis kompleqsur erTobliobas un<strong>da</strong><br />
iTvaliswinebdes, romelic bavSvs <strong>quCis</strong>ken ubiZ<strong>ge</strong>bs<br />
an quCaSi <strong>da</strong>rCenas aiZulebs. amaTgan umniSvnelovanesi<br />
siRaribe <strong>da</strong> sxva stres-faqtorebia, romelic<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebSi arsebobs. socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis misaRebad aucilebeli<br />
kriteriumebi, identifikaciis meqanizmebi <strong>da</strong> indikatorebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos, raTa garantirebuli<br />
iyos, rom saxelmwifo programebi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>ucveli<br />
fenebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod im ojaxebisaTvis,<br />
visac <strong>da</strong>xmarebis moZebna SeuZlia; rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba-momsaxurebas mxolod is ojaxebi, bavSvebi<br />
iReben, visac es namdvilad esaWiroeba <strong>da</strong> mxolod im<br />
drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic maTi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveta<strong>da</strong>a<br />
aucilebeli. saxelmwifo Carevis monitoringisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SefasebisaTvis politikis indikatorebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> samizneebi un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros. sa<strong>da</strong>c isini ukve<br />
arsebobs, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan momuSave organizaciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> programebis beneficiarebis identifikaciisaTvis<br />
gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. informaciis Segroveba <strong>da</strong><br />
gavrceleba yvela uwyebis meSveobiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sesa-<br />
Zlebeli, rogorebicaa: policia, skola, samedicino<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, socialuri muSakebis jgufebi <strong>da</strong><br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis programebi.<br />
3. prevenciuli politika gare Sokebisgan <strong>da</strong> arastabilurobisagan<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />
un<strong>da</strong> uwyobdes xels <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes<br />
finansur <strong>da</strong> organizaciul resursebs, rom bavSvebi<br />
samuSaoze gagzavnisgan an sxva gziT saxlis mitovebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> QquCaSi gasvlisagan <strong>da</strong>icvas. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ojaxebSi ukiduresi siRaribis aRmofxvraze mimarTuli<br />
saxelmwifo programebi, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
Sromisunariani wevrebisaTvis grZelvadiani umuSevrobis<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze un<strong>da</strong> iyos mimarTuli,<br />
xolo maTTvis, visac muSaoba ar SeuZlia, finansur<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes. umuSevarTaTvis<br />
droebiTi fuladi <strong>da</strong>xmareba profesiul trenings,<br />
samuSaos povnaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong> ojaxis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />
Sromisunariani wevrebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis alternativebis<br />
gamonaxvas un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes. un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebis moqnili sqema, gansakuTrebiT<br />
socialuri subsidiebi martoxela mSoblebis an bavSvTa<br />
naTesavebisaTvis. siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis mniSvnelovani<br />
elementi SeiZleba aseve iyos iseTi inovaciuri<br />
midgomebi, rogoricaa: moqnili kreditis meqanizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> axalgazrdobisaTvis.<br />
aucilebelia arsebuli socialuri sar<strong>ge</strong>blis modificireba,<br />
konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia <strong>da</strong> misa<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>ba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
ojaxebis individualur saWiroebebze. es sar<strong>ge</strong>beli<br />
SeiZleba moicavdes: ganaTlebas, jan<strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong><br />
socialur momsaxurebas, aseve Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>ricxvebs.<br />
represiuli RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa: bavSvis Sromisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTxovrobis akrZalva, efeqturi ar iqneba manam,<br />
sanam ojaxis sarCenad bavSvis ekonomikur saqmianobaze<br />
moTxovna arsebobs.<br />
4. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis gamiznuli momsaxureba <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxebis zogadi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis<br />
nawili un<strong>da</strong> iyos. prevenciuli RonisZiebebi socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris yvela SesaZlo gziT un<strong>da</strong> gatardes,<br />
romelsac socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis qselis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis mor<strong>ge</strong>buli programebi mohyveba. Tu<br />
ZiriTad institutebs, rogoricaa: baRebi <strong>da</strong> skolebi,<br />
umcrosi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad<br />
tradiciuli an <strong>da</strong>matebiTi momsaxurebis<br />
gaweva SeuZlia, es SesaZleblobebi maqsimalurad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamoyenebuli. quCaSi cxovrebis didi xnis<br />
gamocdilebis mqone ufrosi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mimarT<br />
sxva midgomaa saWiro, rogoricaa: Semdgomi ganaTlebisaTvis<br />
momzadeba an <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli unarebis SeZena.<br />
5. kvleva cxadyofs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis arsebuli<br />
socialuri momsaxureba Zalian araadekvaturia<br />
raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farvis mixedviT. es momsaxureba<br />
amJamad quCaSi myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas ar exeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT cxovrebaSi realuri cvlileba ar Seaqvs. <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis resursebis gaTvaliswineba<br />
saxelmwifo biujetSi un<strong>da</strong> moxdes, xolo <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />
meqanizmebi moqnili un<strong>da</strong> iyos, raTa saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi Tanxis xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyos<br />
<strong>da</strong> droulad moxmardes momsaxurebas. proaqtiuli<br />
midgoma momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>farvis gazrdis mizniT, maT<br />
Soris beneficiarebis moZebna <strong>da</strong> efeqturi mimarTvis<br />
meqanizmis arseboba, Zalian mniSvnelovania. amasTanave,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganviTardes bavSvisaTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />
momsaxurebis arCevani, rogoricaa: dRis centrebi,<br />
skolis Semdgomi programebi <strong>da</strong> zogierT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saxlSi movla, aseve profesiuli xarisxiani fsiqologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba ojaxebisaTvis.<br />
6. saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xedos arsebul politikas,<br />
romelic ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
uflebebs <strong>da</strong> dedisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> materialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas aregulirebs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom ganqorwinebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi dedebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> usaxlkarobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukiduresi siRaribisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis adekvaturi<br />
meqanizmebi arsebobs. monacemebi cxadyofs,<br />
rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arsebuli kanonmdebloba<br />
uzrunvelyofs sacxovrebel adgils dedisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvisaTvis<br />
ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong> mamis mier alimentis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, realobaSi esEiSviaTad sruldeba.<br />
ojaxebis umetesobam, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> uflebebis Sesaxeb araferi icis.<br />
mniSvnelovani nabiji am mimarTulebiT ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
profesiul momsaxurebaSi ufaso iuridiuli<br />
konsultaciebis CarTva <strong>da</strong> sajaro sainformacio<br />
kampaniebis Catareba SeiZleba iyos.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 63
64 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
7. amJamad, iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebul pirebs SeuZliaT<br />
miiRon mcire yovelTviuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba an SeuZliaT<br />
<strong>da</strong>registrirdnen sxva socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> uari Tqvan devnilTa Semweobaze. radgan<br />
sxva SeRavaTebis, <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb informacia dvvnilTa<br />
Soris mwiria <strong>da</strong> bevrs eSinia, rom Semweobaze<br />
uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba sxva <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
kriteriumebi ar <strong>da</strong>akmayofilon, bevri ojaxi kvlav<br />
ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrebas agrZelebs. pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>belma<br />
saxelmwifo uwyebam un<strong>da</strong> met Zalisxmevas<br />
mimarTos, raTa devnilebs maTTvis xelmisavwdomi Se-<br />
RavaTebis (<strong>da</strong>xmarebis) <strong>da</strong> maTi miRebis Sesaxeb sruli<br />
informacia miawodos.<br />
8. ojaxuri krizisis adreuli aRmoCenisaTvis saxelmwifom<br />
ojaxSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareobis monitoringis<br />
meqanizmi un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas, rogoricaa: imunizaciis<br />
savaldebulo monacemTa baza <strong>da</strong> skolis asakis <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
skolaSi savaldebulo Caricxvis monacemTa<br />
baza. aseve, <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze mimarTuli arasaxelmwifo<br />
programebs un<strong>da</strong> miewodos sruli informacia<br />
im kriteriumebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romlebic saxelmwifo<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formas gansazRvravs.<br />
maT un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT SesaZlebloba bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> ojaxebi<br />
am kriteriumebis mixedviT Seafason <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs sa-<br />
Sualeba miscen <strong>da</strong>registrirdnen am programebSi, an<br />
TviTon <strong>da</strong>aregistriron isini.<br />
9. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> problemebi yvelaze xSirad ojaxuri<br />
problemebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs. bavSvze zrunvis<br />
sistemaSi, romlis reformac amJamad mimdinareobs,<br />
yuradReba Zalian xSirad mTlianad bavSvze, <strong>da</strong><br />
ara mis ojaxze, iyo gamaxvilebuli. qveyanas <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxis kompleqsuri problemebis misaxe<strong>da</strong>d<br />
sakmarisi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebi <strong>da</strong> meqanizmebi<br />
ar aqvs <strong>da</strong> problemebis gamomwvev mizezebs iSviaTad<br />
eqceva yuradReba. Sesabamisad, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi ojaxebis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> maTi mdgradi gaerTianebis<br />
monitoringi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> iSviaTad xorcieldeba.<br />
ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kvalificiuri, moqnili <strong>da</strong><br />
individualurad mor<strong>ge</strong>buli sistemebis SemuSavebaa<br />
saWiro. es sistemebi bavSvis keTildReobis sqemis<br />
aucilebeli Semad<strong>ge</strong>neli nawili un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes, raTa<br />
garantirebuli iyos bavSvis ufleba, aRizardos<br />
ojaxur garemoSi, rogorc politikis doneze aseve<br />
praqtikaSi.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis skolaSi siarulis variantebis<br />
gaumjobeseba<br />
10. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis sakiTxebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad politikis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi qveynis<br />
mier xelmowerili aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> `ganaTleba yvelasTvis~ strategiis konteqst-<br />
Si un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganxiluli. saqarTvelos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umravlesobisTvis ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobaze<br />
uaris Tqma mTavrobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> qveynisaTvis, romelsac<br />
evrokavSiris stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis ambicia<br />
aqvs, sazianoa. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ganaTlebis politikis<br />
miznobriv audienciaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos CarTuli <strong>da</strong> es<br />
politika Sesabamisi jgufebis mimarT samarTlianobisaTvis<br />
pozitiur diskriminacias un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes.<br />
am konteqstSi, ganaTlebis saWiroebebi<br />
siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis, socialuri inkluziisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis strategiebs un<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebodes.<br />
11. politikac <strong>da</strong> programebic ganaTlebis alternatiul<br />
formebs SeiZleba Seicavdes, rogoricaa: formaluri<br />
skola umcrosi jgufebisaTvis, modularul<br />
kurikulumze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli profesiuli swavleba<br />
ufrosi jgufebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> iseTi moqnili saskolo<br />
sistemebis SemuSaveba, regulireba <strong>da</strong> sertificireba,<br />
rogoricaa: Ria <strong>da</strong> distanciuri swavleba. am sistemis<br />
SigniT un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes kurikulumi im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />
visac surs saswavlo process <strong>da</strong>ewios <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
Ria/distanciuri swavlebis kurikulumebi (romlebsac<br />
dRis centrebi, mobiluri ganaTlebis jgufebi,<br />
skolebi an sxva institutebi ganaxorcieleben, rom<br />
bavSvis formalur skolaSi reintegracia uzrunvelyon).<br />
Sesabamisma uwyebebma am kurikulumebis akreditacia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinon. swavlebis am alternatiuli<br />
sqemebis monawileTaTvis <strong>da</strong>finansebis meqanizmi un<strong>da</strong><br />
SemuSavdes, rogorc es Cveulebrivi skolis moswavleebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi xdeba.<br />
12. kvleva cxadyofs, rom <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> amJamad<br />
an warsulSi skolaSi warmatebuli siarulisaTvis<br />
udides winaRobas Semdegi faqtorebi warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns:<br />
ekonomikuri mizezebi, skoliT <strong>da</strong>interesebis nakleboba,<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi, sakuTari swavlis<br />
SesaZleblobebSi <strong>da</strong>bali rwmena <strong>da</strong> CaricxvisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba. yvela es<br />
mizezi, ukanasknelis gar<strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi erT problemas<br />
ukavSirdeba, romelic mxolod <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
ar aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli – es aris mosaxleobis<br />
ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli fenebisaTvis<br />
`Sesabamisi~ saskolo ganaTlebis problema. <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mier skolaSi miRebuli unarebi metwilad gansazRvravs<br />
maT samomavlo SesaZleblobebs. amJamad,<br />
saqarTvelos sajaro ganaTlebis sistema yvelaze<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli problemebis mogvarebas cdilobs,<br />
rogoricaa: saskolo kurikulumis Sesabamisoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa moTxovnilebebTan, maswavlebelTa<br />
momzadebis <strong>da</strong>bali done, ganaTlebas, saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebasa <strong>da</strong> Sromis bazars Soris kavSirebi.<br />
am Zalisxmevas <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis saqmeSi<br />
mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia. profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis mimdinare reformam <strong>da</strong> pirveladi<br />
profesiuli ganaTlebis centrebis mzardma qselma<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis saqmeSi aseve SeiZleba<br />
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos.<br />
13. saxelmwifo donis politika skolaSi Caricxvasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>swrebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT skolis savaldebulo<br />
moTxovnebis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong> ojaxebisaTvis gacdenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi sanqciebs un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes. Tumca<br />
amis ganxorcieleba mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba,<br />
rac socialuri politika <strong>da</strong>ucvel fenebs (ojaxebs/<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 65
mzrunvelebs/sxva zr<strong>da</strong>srulebs) <strong>da</strong>exmareba <strong>da</strong> arsebobis<br />
SesanarCuneblad bavSvis Sromis aucileblobas<br />
aRmofxvris. ganaTlebisaTvis saxelmwifo<br />
resursebis ganawilebis Ggaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu skolebis vauCeris sistema bavSvis <strong>da</strong>swrebaze <strong>da</strong><br />
ara Caricxvaze iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. bavSvze zrunvis<br />
axali erovnuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom ojaxebis gareSe myofi<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis alternatiuli zrunvis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ganaTleba prioritetulia.<br />
14. mTavrobas SeuZlia Seqmnas `inkluziuri ganaTlebis<br />
saxelmwifo fondi~, romelic skolebisa <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis centrebisaTvis iqneba xelmisawvdomi,<br />
romelTac skolis miRma myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
inkluziisaTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi programebi sWirdebaT<br />
(gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebis <strong>da</strong>finanseba vidre<br />
erT sulze <strong>da</strong>finanseba). ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
saministrom an calkeulma resurs-centrebma <strong>da</strong><br />
skolebma SeiZleba SeimuSavon specialuri programa<br />
ekonomikuri stimulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa:<br />
stipendia <strong>da</strong>swrebisaTvis, ganaTlebis Semdgomi<br />
gagrZelebis SesaZleblobebi, umcrosebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZleblobebi _ ufrosebisaTvis. amave<br />
sqemiT SeiZleba alternatiuli ganaTlebis mimwodeblebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebas (rogoricaa dRis centrebi, bavSvTa<br />
centrebi an mobiluri <strong>quCis</strong> jgufebi), romlebic<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis serTificirebul ganaTlebas<br />
uzrunvelyofen.<br />
15. iuridiuli SezRudvebi, rogoricaa: skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba,<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis <strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministroebis<br />
erToblivi ZalisxmeviT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes.<br />
savaldebulo saskolo asakis imigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisi sabuTebis armqone <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis specialuri<br />
statusis SemuSaveba erT-erTi alternativaa. es,<br />
saministros TanxmobiT, skolebs im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Caricxvis<br />
saSualebas miscems, visac yvela sabuTi wesrigSi<br />
ar aqvs. am <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis individualuri <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />
SeiZleba skolis `gauTvaliwinebeli SemTxvevebis~<br />
fondi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>finansebiT Seicvalos. es <strong>da</strong>finanseba<br />
`inkluziuri ganaTlebis fondi<strong>da</strong>n~ SeiZleba modiodes<br />
<strong>da</strong> amisaTvis skolebma ganaTlebis saministros<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mimarTon manam, sanam bavSvi skolaSi yvela<br />
wesis <strong>da</strong>cviT Cairicxeba an sxva regionSi/skolaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>va. meore mxriv, adgilobriv organoebs SeuZlia<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis xarjebi maTi ganaTlebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri<br />
programebis biujeti<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>faros.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
inkluziis meqanizmebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
16. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebs socialuri usafrTxoebis<br />
qselis ZiriTad elementebze xSirad xeli<br />
ar miuwvdebaT, radgan maT saxelmwifo mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis misaRebad aucilebeli sabuTebi<br />
ar aqvT. mTavrobam imigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, maT-<br />
Tvis, visac sabuTebi wesrigSi ar aqvT, an<strong>da</strong> maTTvis,<br />
visac ar aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli, bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
droebiTi meqanizmebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergos (jan<strong>da</strong>cva,<br />
socialuri momsaxureba <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba).<br />
maTTvis, visac <strong>da</strong>badebis mowmobebi ar aqvT, iuridiuli<br />
sabuTebis momzadebis procesis <strong>da</strong>srulebamde,<br />
ojaxebis an <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TviTidentifikacia <strong>da</strong>saSvebia.<br />
saxelmwifom aseve <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis<br />
Sesabamisi sabuTebis miReba un<strong>da</strong> gaamartivos<br />
<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom es procesi sruliad ufaso<br />
iyos, maT Soris sasamarTlo xarjebis uzrunvelyofa/gauqmeba<br />
rTuli SemTxvevebis dros. samoqalaqo<br />
reestris saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos SeuZlia moaxdinos aseTi SemTxvevebis<br />
registracia.<br />
17. arsebuli kanonmdebloba un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos, raTa<br />
uzrunvelyos im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> drouli <strong>da</strong>cvis praqtikuli<br />
meqanizmebi, romlebic im ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n modian<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c alkohols ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad moixmaren <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
Zaladobaa gavrcelebuli. aseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis meqanizmebi aseTi ojaxebis kompleqsuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris alternativebTan un<strong>da</strong> iyos SeTavsebuli,<br />
romlebic ojaxebs am problemebTan gamklavebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmareba. 44<br />
18. arsebuli kanonmdebloba un<strong>da</strong> Seicvalos, raTa<br />
uzrunvelyofili iyos <strong>bavSvebis</strong> azartul TamaSebSi<br />
monawileobis amkrZalavi efeqturi meqanizmebi. 45<br />
aseTi meqanizmebi registrirebul saTamaSo adgilebSi<br />
kontrolis sistemebs (magaliTad: `mistiuri<br />
momxmareblis~ meTodologiiT 46 ) <strong>da</strong> aseT adgilebSi<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
mflobelTa iuridiul pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobas un<strong>da</strong><br />
moicavdes.<br />
19. bavSTa <strong>da</strong>cva policielebis momzadebis aucilebeli<br />
komponenti un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes, raTa uzrunvelyos,<br />
rom policia gare Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> eqpluataciisagan<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>icavs <strong>da</strong> rom policia Tavad ar<br />
gamoiyenebs Zaladobas <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> winaaRmdeg an<br />
xels Seuwyobs maT kriminalizacias. SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>inergos<br />
policieli fsiqologis an socialuri muSakis<br />
44. amJamad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvis mkafio <strong>da</strong> specifiuri,<br />
koordinirebuli meqanizmebi an procedurebi ar arsebobs.<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, yvela moqalaqem un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seatyobinos bavSvze Zaladobis nebismieri SemTxveva, magram<br />
kanoni ar gansazRvravs bavSvze Zaladobis formebs (Zaladobis<br />
zogadi definicia mocemulia ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis kanonSi, 3143-is, 2006-05-25). aseve kanoni<br />
ar gansazRvravs zustad vin un<strong>da</strong> Seatyobinos im SemTxvevebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvas safrTxis winaSe ayenebs,<br />
Setyobinebas Semdeg ra konkretuli intervenciis procedurebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mohyves <strong>da</strong> ra <strong>da</strong>msjeli meqanizmebi arsebobs im SemTxveva-<br />
Si, Tu vinme ar Seatyobinebs msgavsi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />
45. kanoni arasrulwlovanTa saziano gavlenisgan <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb<br />
ukrZalavs arasrulwlovnebs azartul TamaSebSi Cabmas. Tumca,<br />
praqtikaSi ar arsebobs meqanizmi kanonis am debulebis aRsasruleblad.<br />
46. mistiuri momxmarebeli aris piri, romelic <strong>da</strong>qiravebulia<br />
imisTvis, rom inkognitod ewvios gansazRvrul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs,<br />
rogorc maTi klienti <strong>da</strong> Seamowmos maTi saqmianobebis zogierTi<br />
aspeqti, rogoricaa: momsaxurebis xarisxi an kanonTan Sesabamisoba.<br />
66 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
pozicia <strong>da</strong> es a<strong>da</strong>miani yvela im SemTxvevaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
adgilze, roca policias bavSvebTan pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontaqti<br />
aqvs. inovaciuri midgoma SeiZleba moicavdes<br />
meqanizms, romlis farglebSi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Sesabamis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel erovnul an adgilobr uwyebaSi policielTa<br />
mier Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb konfidencialuri<br />
saCivris Setana SeeZlebaT.<br />
zrunva bavSvebze, romlebsac arasakmarisi an saer-<br />
Tod ar gaaCniaT mSobelTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
20. roca <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs ar hyavT, an droebiT ar Seu-<br />
ZliaT mSoblebTan cxovreba, naTesauri Svilobiloba<br />
prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes. sagan<strong>ge</strong>bo SemTxvevaSi<br />
zrunvis alternativebi (sagan<strong>ge</strong>bo Svilobiloba,<br />
krizisuli mzrunveloba mcire saojaxo tipis saxlebSi)<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inergos <strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi gaxdes <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />
romlebic quCaSi mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> farTo ojaxis mier Sesabamisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris arqonis<br />
gamo arian. es alternativebi Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong> moqnili<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebis sqemebiT un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamyarebuli.<br />
amis msgavsad, zrunvis mcire <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis (mcire<br />
saojaxo tipis saxlebi patarebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> kontrolirebadi<br />
jgufuri saxlebi ufrosebisaTvis) ganvi-<br />
Tareba <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, visac mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
naTesavebi ar hyavs, did <strong>da</strong> Zvirian TavSesafrebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
21. yvela Q<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs Soris quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
yvelaze mcirericxovan, magram yvelaze meti sa-<br />
SiSroebis winaSe myof jgufs warmoad<strong>ge</strong>nen. socialuri<br />
kontaqtebis sruli moSlis Semdeg (maT Soris<br />
ojaxebTanac), maT axali socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
Camoyalibeba mouwiaT, raTa Semosavlis gamomuSavebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yoveldRiuri arsebobisaTvis SeewyoT xeli.<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi ukve <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
mimRebni arian <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblad warmarTaven<br />
sakuTar cxovrebas. Sesabamisad, maT ukve<br />
iswavles rogor iarsebon <strong>da</strong> maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera regularuli,<br />
struqturirebuli momsaxurebis gziT<br />
ufro kompleqsuria. momsaxureba quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis TanamSromelTa Soris yvelaze met<br />
profesionalizms moiTxovs. yvela SemTxveva calcalke<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes. mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
formebi SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli, rogoricaa:<br />
identifikaciis, sabaziso ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mimarTvebis<br />
SesamuSaveblad quCaSi mobiluri muSaoba; <strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli profesiuli ganaTleba an<br />
socialuri momsaxurebis sxva frTxilad SerCeuli<br />
tipebi. iseTi momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, romelic<br />
quCaSi cxovrebas aadvilebs (rogoricaa: <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
quCaSi gamokveba, tansacmlis miwodeba an mxolod<br />
Ramis TavSesafari) aramdgradi iqneba <strong>da</strong> ukuefeqts<br />
gamoiRebs Tu quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> problemebis<br />
gamomwvvi mizezebi ar aRmoifxvreba, an Tu bavSvebs<br />
quCaSi cxovrebaze ufro mimzidvel alternativebs<br />
ar SesTavazeben. gamonaklisia jan<strong>da</strong>cvis momsaxureba<br />
quCaSi <strong>da</strong> igi un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes. am momsaxurebis farglebSi,<br />
kvalificiurma samedicino personalma quCaSi<br />
mcxovreb bavSvebs periodulad ufaso gamokvleva <strong>da</strong><br />
mkurnaloba un<strong>da</strong> SesTavazos.<br />
22. <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis Sesabamisi zrunvis garantireba<br />
mSoblis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo<br />
procesis savaldebulo elementi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes <strong>da</strong><br />
yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes socialuri mu-<br />
Sakebis CarTvas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom msgavsi debulebebi<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobs,<br />
kvlevis dros gamovlin<strong>da</strong> SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvebi<br />
quCaSi aRmoCndnen imitom, rom maTi mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>apatimres<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mdgomareoba saTanadod ar iqna<br />
gamokvleuli, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c bavSvi mzrunvelobis<br />
gareSe an araadekvaturi zrunvis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> mozardebisaTvis specialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergva<br />
23. kvleva cxadyofs, rom ufrosi asakis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, viszec mSoblebi<br />
ar zrunaven an didi xania quCaSi arian, ojaxebSi reintegracia<br />
an alternatiuli mzrunvelobis qveS<br />
moTavseba SeiZleba saukeTeso arCevani ar iyos.<br />
umjobesia, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis swavlebis<br />
meqanizmebi SemuSavdes <strong>da</strong> bavSvze zrunvis momsaxurebis<br />
nawili gaxdes. es meqanizmebi quCaSi mcxovrebi<br />
mozardebisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes: droebiT kontrolirebad<br />
jgufur saxlebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
_ wera-kiTxvis gakveTilebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> profesiul<br />
ganaTlebas/rCevebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi<br />
arsebul socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sxva meqanizmebs un<strong>da</strong><br />
ukavSirdebodes. es yvelaferi SeiZleba mTavrobis im<br />
Zalisxmevis nawili gaxdes, romelic axalgazrdobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri inkluziis strategiis ganviTarebis<br />
gziT axalgazrdobis umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
24. am meqanizmebTan erTad, saxelmwifom sabaziso/sa-<br />
Sualo ganaTlebis doneze sasicocxlo/profesiuli<br />
unarebis gamomuSavebaze un<strong>da</strong> izrunos <strong>da</strong> profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonSi cvlilebebi Seitanos,<br />
romelic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis centrebs im mozardebisaTvis, visac<br />
savaldebulo ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>srulebis saSualeba ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, miRebis moTxovnebis Semcirebis saSualebas<br />
miscems (amJamad, erT-erT aseT moTxovnas 9 klasis<br />
atestati warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns).<br />
erToblivi moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> TanamSromloba<br />
25. saxelmwifom <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis keTildReobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvaze pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong> arapir<strong>da</strong>pir pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>bel<br />
uwyebebs Soris (skolebis, samedicino<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis, socialuri muSakebis, saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebis, socialuri momsaxurebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> policiis CaTvliT) TanamSromlobis, informaciis<br />
gaziarebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierT-mimarTvis formalizaciisaTvis<br />
Sesabamisi iuridiuli CarCos arseboba un<strong>da</strong><br />
uzrunvelyos.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 67
26. saxelmwifo uwyebebma, romlebic bavSvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxis keTildReobazea pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli, im qveynebis<br />
Sesabamis uwyebebeTan un<strong>da</strong> iTanamSromlon, romlebic<br />
imigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis warmo-<br />
Sobis yvelaze gavrcelebul adgils warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns <strong>da</strong><br />
erToblivad un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavon meqanizmebi, romlebic<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis sazRvrebs gareT ojaxis migraciis potenciur<br />
riskebs Seamcirebs.<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis doneze<br />
1. adgilobrivi administracia im qalaqebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi SeiniSneba, pasuxism<strong>ge</strong>beli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong> adekvaturi resursebi un<strong>da</strong> hqondes <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
adgilobrivad Sesabamisi socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis. gamovlenili saWiroebebis<br />
mixedviT, es momsaxureba SeiZleba moicavdes:<br />
mobiluri <strong>quCis</strong> jgufebs <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
ojaxebis gamovlenis mizniT, <strong>quCis</strong> ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong><br />
mimarTvebs; dRis centrebs <strong>da</strong> skolis Semdgom programebs<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis, vinc quCaSi did dros atarebs<br />
mSoblebis aryofnis an xangrZlivi samuSao dRis gamo;<br />
ufaso mobilur jan<strong>da</strong>cvis momsaxurebas, romelic<br />
quCaSi myof bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> saxlSi <strong>da</strong>rCenil maT ojaxis<br />
wevrebs moemsaxureba; droebiT TavSesafars <strong>quCis</strong><br />
mcire asakis bavSvebTan erTad myofi dedebisaTvis,<br />
romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialuri usafrTxoebis<br />
sxva qselebTan iqneba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />
amasTan, adgilobrivma xelisuflebam un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Wras<br />
qalaqebSi usaxlkarobis problema, magaliTad: droebiTi<br />
kontrolirebadi socialuri sacxovreblis<br />
SeTavazebis gziT.<br />
2. adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam, qalaqebis specifikis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, socialuri inkluziis strategiebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos <strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos. mtkicebulebiT<br />
gamyarebul sazogadoebriv saWiroebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
es strategiebi SeiZleba moicavdes Semdegs:<br />
siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilobrivi<br />
meqanizmebi; mozardebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli cxovrebis<br />
adgilobrivi strategiebi (profesiuli ganaTlebis<br />
programebisa <strong>da</strong> mozardebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis meqanizmebis<br />
SemuSaveba, finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> droebiTi <strong>da</strong>culi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kontrolirebadi sacxovrebeli) <strong>da</strong> RonisZiebebi,<br />
romlebic ZiriTadi sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n devnilTa<br />
ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> gariyvis winaaRmdeg aris<br />
mimarTuli. umciresobis jgufebis (rogoricaa: boSebi<br />
an imigranti ojaxebi) efeqturi <strong>da</strong>farvis mizniT<br />
kargi iqneba, Tu adgilobrivi struqturebi (socialuri<br />
muSakebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis jgufebi) am<br />
jgufebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis, rogorc fasilitatorebis,<br />
CarTvasa <strong>da</strong> trenings ganixilaven.<br />
3. sazogadoebaSi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemebs<br />
(rogoricaa: skolebi, fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba,<br />
socialuri muSakebi, samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi,<br />
socialuri momsaxureba, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,<br />
policia <strong>da</strong> sxvebi) Soris TanamSromlobis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad, adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam rigi<br />
RonisZiebebisa un<strong>da</strong> gaataros, raTa krizisis drouli<br />
aRmoCena <strong>da</strong> adreuli multi-seqtoruli Careva<br />
uzrunvelyos. rogorc msgavsi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
qselebis komponenti, adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam<br />
adgilobrivi socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis yovlismomcveli<br />
informaciuli paketi un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos, un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos<br />
sainformacio kampaniebi adgilobrivad arsebuli<br />
socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
formebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis drouli mimarTva arsebul<br />
momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>mWer struqturebSi.<br />
skolis doneze<br />
1. vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi maT ojaxebSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
pirobebis <strong>da</strong> skolis gareT maTi<br />
saqmianobis gamo sxva <strong>bavSvebis</strong>, maTi ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
maswavleblebis mier stigmatizebulebi arian, decentralizirebuli<br />
skolis doneze SemuSavebuli politika<br />
Semdeg sakiTxebs SeiZleba moicavdes: swavlebis<br />
individualuri/moqnili midgoma, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTqmedebis<br />
xarisxi, upasuxism<strong>ge</strong>blobisa <strong>da</strong> abuCad<br />
agdebis wes-Cveuleba. skolis usafrTxo saxelmwifo<br />
politika, romelic skolis TanamSromlebsa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebs<br />
Soris urTierTobasa <strong>da</strong> pozitiuri garemos<br />
Seqmnaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, msgavsi cvlilebebis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis kargi safuZvelia.<br />
2. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier quCaSi gatarebuli drois gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
skolam <strong>da</strong>wyebiT klasebSi skolisSemdgomi<br />
saSinao <strong>da</strong>valebebis jgufebis, saRamo klasebisa<br />
an mentoruli sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergvis SesaZlebloba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganixilos. maRal klasebSi ki, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi, moqnili<br />
araformaluri klasebis, mentoruli meqanizmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> karieris Sesaxeb rCevis SeTavazebis mizniT,<br />
SesaZlebelia axalgazrduli resurs-centrebis<br />
Camoyalibeba.<br />
3. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTobebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />
mizniT, pe<strong>da</strong>gogigikis fsiqo-socialuri aspeqtebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kurikulumis swavlebis individualuri midgomis<br />
Temaze maswavlebelTa treningi maswavlebelTa<br />
momzadebis aucilebeli komponenti un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes. amavdroulad,<br />
skolebi mSobeli-skolis kavSiris gaumjobesebaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong> exmarebodnen ojaxebs,<br />
raTa maT xeli Seuwyon <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
gagrZlebas.<br />
4. `inkluziuri ganaTlebis fondis~ farglebSi skolebs<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT SesaZlebloba mixedon im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
problemebs, romlebic skolaSi ukiduresi<br />
ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo ar <strong>da</strong>dian. es SeiZleba<br />
miznobrivi stipendiebis an uprocento saswavlo<br />
sesxebis gacemis gziT ganxorcieldes, rac bavSvis<br />
mier skolis <strong>da</strong>swrebaze iqneba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. aseve<br />
SesaZlebelia saskolo wignebis sesxebis meqanizmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />
68 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
programebi<br />
1. programuli midgoma mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> ganasxvavebdes<br />
prevencias, adreul Carevasa <strong>da</strong> didi xnis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan<br />
muSaobas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, quCaSi mcxovreb <strong>da</strong><br />
quCaSi aqtiur bavSvebs gansxvavebuli momsaxureba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SesTavazos. programis dizaini arCeuli midgomis<br />
specifikas un<strong>da</strong> gamoxatavdes, magaliTad, Tu<br />
programa didi xnis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobas iTvaliswinebs,<br />
man mkafiod un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros maTi saWiroebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zlieri mxareebi <strong>da</strong> savaraudod, mobiluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>farvis meqanizmebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis xangrZlivad<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis SesaZleblobebis gamomuSavebaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos mimarTuli. programebma, romlebic<br />
jer kidev ojaxTan erTad mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
saWiroebebzea mimarTuli, individualuri ojaxis<br />
konteqstSi arsebuli sakiTxis an sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
kompetencia <strong>da</strong> midgoma un<strong>da</strong> gamoimuSavos.<br />
yuradReba droSi SezRudul, kargad mor<strong>ge</strong>bul <strong>da</strong><br />
Zlier fokusirebul intervenciaze un<strong>da</strong> gamaxvildes<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> individis doneze am Carevis efeqtis gazomvis<br />
indikatorebi un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes.<br />
2. yvela <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvisaTvis, romelic momsaxurebaSi<br />
an programebSi arian CarTuli, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
<strong>da</strong> upirvelesi nabiji ojaxis wevrebis identificireba,<br />
(Tu isini arseboben ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>) aRmoCena<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTTan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myarebaa. orive mSobliT oboli<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis es naTesavebis ufro farTo wris identificirebas<br />
gulisxmobs. aseve, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis mizniT,<br />
qveynis SigniT migranti <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
ojaxebis warmoSobis adgilebSi naTesavebisa <strong>da</strong> axloblebis<br />
moZiebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Zalisxmeva un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
ganxorcielebuli. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebi <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
farTo sazogadoeba momsaxurebis miwodebaSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos CarTuli. intervenciebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>,<br />
ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis arsebul <strong>da</strong> individualuri<br />
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil Zlier mxareebs <strong>da</strong><br />
ara saWiroebebs un<strong>da</strong> eyrdnobodes <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliwinebdes<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis CarTvas im <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
programis SemuSavebaSi, romelic maT Seexeba.<br />
3. ojaxuri krizisi, romelic <strong>quCis</strong> saqmianobaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
CarTvas uwyobs xels, mxolod erT bavSvze ki ar<br />
axdens gavlenas, aramed mTel ojaxze. programebma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon beneficiari <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvis <strong>da</strong>-<br />
Zmebis CarTuloba imave <strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi. programebma,<br />
romlebic beneficiari <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebTan muSaobas<br />
<strong>ge</strong>gmaven, un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavon fokusirebuli, saWiroebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> resursebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli ojaxuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
formebi (an msgavsi formebisadmi mimarTvis sistema),<br />
rogoricaa: fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba ojaxebisaTvis<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> alkoholis moxmarebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis mosagvareblad;<br />
ekonomikuri gaaqtiurebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli konsultaciis programebi ojaxebisaTvis;<br />
ojaxuri fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programebi im<br />
mSoblebisaTvis, romlebic ganqorwinebis/meored<br />
qorwinebis process gadian <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis;<br />
ojaxis avadmyof wevrebze adgilze zrunva; sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebuli iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
meqanizmebis Sesaxeb sruli informaciis miwodeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> am meqanizmebis xelmisawvdomobis xelSewyoba.<br />
4. zogi ojaxi kontaqtis winaaRmdegi iqneba, radgan an<br />
dro ar aqvs, momsaxurebis TanamSromlebis mier moraluri<br />
gakicxvis eSiniaT, ojaxuri stresorebis gamo<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> sakiTxebi aRar ainteresebT, an sxva mizezebis<br />
gamo. ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris SesaZleblobebi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos SezRuduli <strong>da</strong> fokusirebuli mxolod im ojaxebze,<br />
vinc Tavad mimarTavs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas; un<strong>da</strong> SemuSavdes<br />
<strong>da</strong>farvis meqanizmebi, raTa mSoblebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba<br />
moxdes iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c imyofebian. es meqanizmebi SeiZleba<br />
iyos vizitebi saxlebSi an samuSao adgilze, quCaSi,<br />
cixeebsa an samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi. am programebs<br />
(mobilur jgufebs) moqnili samuSao grafiki<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondes (maT Soris quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> saRamos programebi), raTa ojaxebs samuSaosgan<br />
an sxva valdebulebebisagan Tavisufal dros <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen.<br />
bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> ojaxebs mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera im gziT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRmouCinon, rom arsebuli ojaxuri kavSiri ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>ziandes. programebi ojaxis amJamindeli arsebobis<br />
strategiaSi minimalurad un<strong>da</strong> ereodes <strong>da</strong> etapobrivad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> uwyobdes xels alternativebis gamonaxvaSi.<br />
5. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ojaxebis umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki martoxela mSoblebis ojaxebi an naTesavebi,<br />
romlebic zrunaven bavSvze, aRzrdis saqmeSi<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras saWiroebs. xSirad, es momsaxurebis moqnil<br />
miwodebas <strong>da</strong> uflebebis, movaleobebis <strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />
aRzrdis saqmeSi sazogadoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb<br />
mzrunvelebis informirebas gulisxmobs.<br />
6. programebma, romlebic migrant an umciresobis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nel<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobas <strong>ge</strong>gmavs, `usafrTxo<br />
migraciis~ sainformacio paketebi (romelic<br />
srul informacias moicavs skolis, socialuri<br />
momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis arsebuli<br />
variantebis Sesaxeb) un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos, raTa axal garemoSi<br />
migranti ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> a<strong>da</strong>ptacias<br />
Seuwyos xeli. inovaciuri midgoma eTnikuri umciresobis<br />
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>neli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis<br />
(rogoricaa boSebi) problemebis mosagvareblad<br />
SeiZleba iyos am umciresobis jgufebis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis<br />
swavleba <strong>da</strong> fasilitatorebad programebSi<br />
CarTva, radgan isini ukeT icnoben am jgufebs.<br />
7. programebma, romlebic <strong>quCis</strong> mozardebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
iTvaliswinebs, mozardebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cxovrebis<br />
programebis SeumuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
Sesabamisi kompetencia, midgoma <strong>da</strong> kavSirebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaros. es programebi SeiZleba moicavdes<br />
kontrolirebul jgufur sacxovrebels, alternatiul<br />
<strong>da</strong> profesiul ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli<br />
unarebis swavlebas an sazogadoebaSi arsebul msgavs<br />
programebTan kavSirs. amis msgavsad, programebma,<br />
romlebic toqsikuri nivTierebebis momxmarebeli<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 69
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong> reabilitacias<br />
iTavliswinebs, un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos, rom kvalificiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> momzadebuli personali hyavs, romelsac<br />
ara mxolod nivTierebebis moxmarebis <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />
efeqtTan, aramed aseve bavSvis ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />
ufro xangrZliv fsiqo-socialur Sede<strong>ge</strong>bTan<br />
gamklaveba SeuZlia.<br />
8. programebi, romlebic skolis miRma myofi <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis ganaTlebis miwodebas iTvaliswinebs,<br />
serTificirebul an sxvagvarad oficialurad aRiarebul<br />
kurikulums un<strong>da</strong> efuZnebodes <strong>da</strong> efeqturobis<br />
gasazomad indikatorebi un<strong>da</strong> SeimuSavos. saswavlo<br />
programebi (quCaSi, centrebSi an saxlebSi)<br />
moqnili ganrigiT <strong>da</strong> miwodebis formiT un<strong>da</strong> gamoir-<br />
Ceodes, rom ojaxTan kavSirs <strong>da</strong> arsebobis strategiebs<br />
ar uSlides xels. programebma SeiZleba Semdeg<br />
midgomebze gaamaxvilos yuradReba: mobiluri<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> ganaTleba, saRamos araformaluri ganaTleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxvis gakveTilebi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis,<br />
`<strong>da</strong>sawevi~ klasebi an individualuri mentorobis<br />
meqanizmebi, romelTa miwodeba saWiroebis SemTxveva-<br />
Si bavSvis saxlSic iqneba SesaZlebeli. mSoblebis/<br />
mzunvelebis informireba ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> maTTvis xelis Sewyoba, raTa bavSvebs skolis<br />
<strong>da</strong>valebis momzadebaSi <strong>da</strong>exmaron, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
saswavlo programebis mniSvnelovani komponentia.<br />
zogjer, am programebisaTvis ojaxis zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />
wevris wera-kiTxvis arcodnis an ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
donis aRmofxvra SeiZleba iyos aucilebeli. Sesabamisad,<br />
am programebma <strong>da</strong>matebiTi kompetenciebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoimuSavos, rom zr<strong>da</strong>srulTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi<br />
efeqturi iyos.<br />
saswavlo programebi SeiZleba aseve miznad isaxavdes<br />
skolis miRma myofi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> formaluri skolis<br />
sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebas, an ukve Caricxuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mier skolis mitovebis xelis SeSlas. am miznebis misaRwevad<br />
saWiroa, rom saswavlo programebma adgilobriv<br />
sajaro skolebTan Zalian mWidro kavSiri<br />
<strong>da</strong>amyaron <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebisaTvis, moswavleebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mSoblebisaTvis sensitizaciis programebi ganaxorcielon,<br />
raTa skolaSi stigmatizacia <strong>da</strong> diskriminacia<br />
Seamciron.<br />
9. <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze momuSave programebi vakuumSi ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moqmedebdes, aramed <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebul Sesabamis socialur programebs Soris<br />
mudmiv kavSirs un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofdes. programebi<br />
aseve un<strong>da</strong> zrunavdes maTi implementaciisaTvis<br />
kargi garemos Sesaqmnelad, rogorc Signi<strong>da</strong>n (<strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebTan momuSave personalis<br />
mudmivi treningisa <strong>da</strong> unarebis gaZlierebis gziT),<br />
aseve gare<strong>da</strong>n, adgilobrivi miznobrivi sainformacio<br />
<strong>da</strong> advokatirebis kampaniebis ganxorcielebis<br />
meSveobiT. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebisaTvis kargi<br />
garemos mSeneblobis mniSvnelovani komponenti<br />
ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sazogadoebis cnobierebis ama-<br />
Rlebis kampaniebTan SeTavseba SeiZleba iyos. es kampaniebi<br />
SeiZleba quCaSi maTxovrobis winaaRmdeg iyos<br />
mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> xalxs mouwodebdes, rom quCaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis<br />
fulis micemis nacvlad <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
programebs <strong>da</strong>exmaron.<br />
70 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
ibliografia<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros oficialuri<br />
yovelwliuri statistika ganaTlebis<br />
Sesaxeb (Sed<strong>ge</strong>nili EMIS-is mier), gamoqyveynebuli<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros mier<br />
(2007), xelmisawvdomia Semdeg veb-misamarTze:<br />
http://www.mes.gov.<strong>ge</strong> (ixileT kvlevebis bmuli)<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti; http://<br />
www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong><br />
Aptekar, Lewis (2000), A GlobalView of Street Children in<br />
the Year 2000, San Jose State University Press<br />
Aptekar, Lewis (2001), Street Children in the Developing<br />
World: A Review of Their Condition; San Jose State University<br />
Press<br />
Bolton, Paul; Murray, Laura; Semrau, Katherine; Wessells,<br />
Michael (2006), Causes of Children Living on the Street in<br />
Urban Georgia: A Qualitative Assessment; Boston University<br />
School of Public Health & Columbia University Program<br />
on Forced Migration and Health, for the Center for<br />
International Health, for Save the Children and USAID<br />
Edmonds, Eric V. (2005), Understanding Child Labor: Patterns,<br />
Types and Causes, in: E-Journal USA – Economic<br />
Perspectives, the U.S. Department of State/the Bureau of<br />
International Information Programs, May 2005<br />
Georgian State Department of Statistics; http://www.statistics.<strong>ge</strong><br />
International Monetary Fund (2007), Georgia: Sixth Review<br />
Under the Three-Year Arran<strong>ge</strong>ment Under the<br />
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Country Report<br />
No.07/299, Middle East and Central Asia Department,<br />
IMF<br />
International Republican Institute (2007), “Georgian National<br />
Voter Study”, IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys/The Gallup<br />
Organization, IPM<br />
James-Wilson D., (2007); Building Brid<strong>ge</strong>s to Mainstream<br />
Opportunities; Displaced Children & Orphans Fund Guid-<br />
ance on Funding Priorities and Parameters for Street Children<br />
Programming<br />
Koller, S.H., Hutz, C.S. (1995), Street Children: Psychological<br />
Perspectives in: Interamerican Journal of Psychology,<br />
Volume 29<br />
Malcolm, J. (2001), A Study on Street Children in Zimbabwe;<br />
Project Concern International Zambia (2002), Rapid<br />
Assessment of Street Children in Lusaka.<br />
Milne, B., (March 2007), Assessment of the Situation of<br />
Street Children in Georgia; Research Design and Programme<br />
Planning; UNICEF Georgia<br />
Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, official Education<br />
Statistics Yearbook (compiled by EMIS), published<br />
by MoES (2007) and accessible via http://www.mes.gov.<strong>ge</strong><br />
(go to Publications)<br />
Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights & Institute for Policy<br />
Studies (2006), Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in<br />
Georgia: An Assessment of Current Standings of Law and<br />
Practice Regarding Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in<br />
Georgia, and Recommen<strong>da</strong>tions for Future United Nations<br />
Country Team Involvement. UN Country Team of<br />
Georgia, Tbilisi<br />
Panter-Brick, Catherine (2003); “Street Children, Human<br />
Rights and Public Health” in Children, Youth and Environments<br />
Volume 13 No. 1<br />
Petersen, C., Maier, S.F., Seligman, M.E.P. (1995). Learned<br />
Helplessness: A Theory for the A<strong>ge</strong> of Personal Control.<br />
New York: Oxford University Press<br />
Rosati, Furio; Özbil, Zeynep; Marginean, Diana (2006):<br />
School-to-Work Transition and Youth Inclusion in Georgia;<br />
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development<br />
/ The World Bank<br />
Rosati, F.C., Rossi, M (2007), Impact of school quality on<br />
child labor and school atten<strong>da</strong>nce: the case of CONAFE<br />
Compensatory Education Program in Mexico, World<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 71
Bank, UNICEF and ILO - Understanding Children’s Work<br />
(UCW) Project, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Faculty<br />
of Economics<br />
Svintadze, Ia; Ubiria, Grigol (2007), How Poverty Separates<br />
Families: Impact of International Labour Migration<br />
on Families and Children in Georgia, Eurasia Foun<strong>da</strong>tion<br />
Caucasus Research Resource Centre (CRRC) Fellowship<br />
Thomas de Benitez, Sarah (2007), State of the World’s<br />
Street Children: Violence, Consortium for Street Children<br />
Street Children Series, London<br />
UNICEF Georgia (2007), Early Childhood Development in<br />
Georgia – Findings from the National Baseline Study<br />
UNICEF’s INNOCENTI Social Monitor (2006); Understanding<br />
Child Poverty in South-Eastern Europe and the<br />
Commonwealth of Independent States<br />
UN ODCCP, UNICEF and WFP (June 2001); Rapid Situation<br />
Assessment on the Situation of Street Children in<br />
Cairo and Alexandria<br />
Wargan, K.; Aslanishvili, T. (2007): Rapid Assessment of<br />
Four Residential Care “Shelters” in Tbilisi; USAID/Save<br />
the Children for the Ministry of Education and Science<br />
of Georgia<br />
White, Harrison C. (1992); Identity and Control: A Structural<br />
Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton<br />
University Press;<br />
World Bank, the Partnership for Child Development<br />
(PCD) at Imperial Colle<strong>ge</strong>, London, and UNICEF (2006):<br />
Ensuring Education Access for Orphans and Vulnerable<br />
Children - A Planners’ Handbook, 2nd Edition<br />
World Vision International, Georgia (upcoming): A Study<br />
of Street Children in Western Georgia (Kutaisi and Batumi<br />
cities)<br />
72 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>da</strong>narTebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 1 – qalaqebis<br />
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
TbilisSi saqarTvelos masStabiT yvelaze meti qu-<br />
Cis bavSvia. maTi <strong>raodenoba</strong>, wertilovan Sefasebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, saSualod 600-ia <strong>da</strong> masqimum 950-s<br />
aRwevs. wertilovani Sefaseba Semodgomis TveebSi<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, es cifrebi zafxulis TveebSi<br />
SeiZleba ufro maRali iyos.<br />
TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganawileba asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis<br />
mixedviT zogadi SerCevisgan mniSvnelovnad ar<br />
gansxvavdeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Tbilisi qveynis<br />
Signi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n migrirebuli <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
mTavari <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilia, sxva sam qalaqTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi aramigranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze<br />
maRali proporciiT gamoirCeva, rac imas niSnavs, rom<br />
TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas mTeli cxovreba<br />
am qalaqSi aqvs gatarebuli.<br />
sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT TbilisSi yvelaze maRalia<br />
quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia (37%),<br />
magram aseve maRalia imaTi procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
visac quCaSi erTi Tve (an meti xani) arasdros ucxovria.<br />
TbilisSi sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT aseve<br />
maRalia im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong>,<br />
vinc Rameebs megobris saxlSi atarebs, xolo dRisiT<br />
ojaxis wevrebTan erTad quCaSia.<br />
sxva qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT, TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas arasdros hqonia periodi<br />
cxovrebaSi, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>sTan an mamasTan kavSiri<br />
Seuwyvetia. TbilisSi yvelaze metia procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a (80%), visac mama imave qalaq-<br />
Si hyavs <strong>da</strong> visac yoveldRiuri kavSiri aqvs mSoblebTan.<br />
magram TbilisSi procentulad yvelaze maRalia<br />
im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, visac farTo socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera (imave qalaqSi sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavis<br />
yofna) ar aqvs. Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris<br />
gaWirvebis done Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balia (2.2). mSoblebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba <strong>da</strong> siRaribe naklebad mniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre sxva qalaqebis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis. aseve yvelaze<br />
maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> (17%),<br />
vinc ambobs, rom maT ojaxs problemebi ar aqvs.<br />
Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 90% amJamad skolaSi ar iricxeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> 64%-s arasdros uvlia skolaSi, rac sakmaod<br />
maRali maCvenebelia. skolaSi wausvlelobis<br />
ori mTavari mizezi<strong>da</strong>n skolis mimarT interesis <strong>da</strong>kargva<br />
ufro xSirad saxeldeba. aseve, xSiria ojaxis<br />
uari <strong>da</strong> skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis saWiro sabuTebis<br />
mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>bloba sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
amisa, Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ufro metad fiqroben,<br />
rom ver iswavlian. isini fuls maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong> - sxva<br />
sam qalaqTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT iSviaTad - muSaobiT<br />
Souloben. oTx qalaqs Soris Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />
ufro metad amboben, rom fuls ZaliT sxvebi (ara<br />
mSoblebi) arTmeven.<br />
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi Zalian maRalia im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
proporcia, visac arasdros gamouyenebia socialuri<br />
momsaxureba (87%). magaliTad, ramdenime bavSvma<br />
aRniSna, rom ico<strong>da</strong> dRis centris arsebobis Sesaxeb,<br />
magram maTgan mxolod 2%-ma Tqva, rom dRis saaTebs<br />
atarebs iq, <strong>da</strong> isic mxolod zamTarSi. absolutur<br />
ricxvebSi, kvlevis maqsimaluri Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
es niSnavs, rom de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi 950 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
825-ze mets arasdros miuRia raime <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />
es faqti SeiZleba nawilobriv qalaqis mwiri socialuri<br />
momsaxurebiT aixsnas, romelic raodenobrivad<br />
farTo miznobrivi jgufis <strong>da</strong>safaravad sakmarisi ar<br />
aris. meorec, TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis momsaxureba<br />
qalaqis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ubnebSi aris mimofantuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT Soris Zalian mwiri an saerTod ar aris kavSiri.<br />
magaliTad, mobiluri <strong>da</strong>farvis jgufma SeiZleba<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan qalaqis centrSi imuSavos, magram<br />
yvelaze axlo dRis zrunvis <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
maT bavSvis gagzavna SeuZliaT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10 kilometriT<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli <strong>da</strong> sxva ubanSia. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
monacemebi cxadyofs, rom TbilisSi <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />
yvelaze met sar<strong>ge</strong>bels im profesiuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miiReben, romelic maT mSoblebze negatiuri gavlenis<br />
mqone kompleqsur siZneleebs gaumklavdeba. mSoblebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, sxva naTesavebisgan Zalian mwir an<br />
saerTod araviTar <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ar iReben. qalaqSi arsebul<br />
momsaxurebas am rolis Sesasruleblad Sez-<br />
Ruduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs.<br />
Tbilisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebi yvelaze met<br />
sar<strong>ge</strong>bels ubnebis mixedviT bavSvisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
momsaxurebis qselebis CamoyalibebiT miiRebdnen,<br />
romlis farglebSic <strong>da</strong>farvis jgufebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
formebi konkretul adgilze mijaWvuli beneficiarebis<br />
SezRuduli raodenobisaTvis iqnebo<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi.<br />
msgavs ubnis qselebs eyolebo<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 73
<strong>da</strong>farvis jgufi, eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T bavSvze zrunvis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />
(maT Soris arsebuli skolebis SigniT) <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kvalificiuri SesaZleblobebi.<br />
aseve, un<strong>da</strong> ganviTardes asakis Sesabamisi mcire saojaxo<br />
tipis saxlebi <strong>da</strong> supervizirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
sacxovreblebi.<br />
rusTavi<br />
wertilovan Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, rusTavSi <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> saSualo <strong>raodenoba</strong> 100, xolo maqsimum 150<br />
bavSvia. aq gacilebiT maRalia <strong>quCis</strong> biWebis <strong>raodenoba</strong><br />
(85%), vidre <strong>quCis</strong> gogonebis <strong>da</strong> qalaqis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
TiTqmis 80% 11-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakisaa. <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevarze mets (<strong>da</strong> orjer mets vidre sxva<br />
qalaqebSi) mTeli cxovreba rusTavSi ar ucxovria;<br />
amaTgan 90% saqarTvelos sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n migranti<br />
bavSvebia. rusTavSi aseve yvelaze maRalia – qalaqis<br />
SerCevis TiTqmis naxevari – im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT, rom rusTavi xelovnurad<br />
Seqmnili <strong>urbanuli</strong> centria <strong>da</strong> rom misi<br />
macxovreblebis umravlesoba rusTavis qarxnebSi<br />
samuSaod ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, magram ojaxebi kvlav warmoSobis<br />
adgilas hyavT.<br />
gamokiTxvis Catarebis momentisaTvis rusTavSi<br />
oTxive qalaqs Soris quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebli iyo (11%), magram Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
maRalia procentuli maCvenebeli quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi<br />
mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a, vinc quCaSi erTi Tvis an meti<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. es bavSvebi rusTavSi,<br />
quCaSi zafxulis Rameebs gacilebiT metad atareben<br />
vidre zamTarSi; zafxulis TveebSi, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> naxevarze<br />
meti Rameebs quCaSi atarebs (igive maCvenebeli<br />
zamTarSi mxolod 10%-ia). rusTavi erTaderTi qalaqia,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c arcerT bavSvs ar uTqvams, rom quCaSi Rames<br />
ojaxis wevrebTan erTad atarebs <strong>da</strong> mxolod cotam<br />
(3 %-ma) aRniSna, rom zamTris an zafxulis dReebs<br />
quCaSi mSoblebTan/naTesavebTan erTad atarebs. sxva<br />
qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT rusTavSi aseve procentulad<br />
yvelaze <strong>da</strong>balia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc quCaSi<br />
mTel dRes imyofeba.<br />
oTxive qalaqs Soris rusTavSi procentulad yvelaze<br />
metia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong>, visac orive mSobeli<br />
cocxali hyavs (70%) <strong>da</strong> yvelaze <strong>da</strong>balia orive<br />
mSobliT oboli <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> (3%). rusTavis<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesobas (93%) de<strong>da</strong> rusTavSi<br />
hyavs, magram erTi mesamedis mama imave qalaqSi ar<br />
aris. maT ufro meti zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavi hyavT imave<br />
qalaqSi, vidre sxva qalaqebis bavSvebs. Sesabamisad,<br />
maT oTxive qalaqs Soris yvelaze maRali socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris done aqvT. isini aseve ufro metad<br />
moixsenieben mSoblebs, rogorc mTavar mzrunvelebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalian mcirea im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong>,<br />
vinc ambobs, rom maTze aravin zrunavs. magram<br />
rusTavSi bavSvebi gaWirvebis yvelaze maRal dones<br />
asaxeleben (3.2), sa<strong>da</strong>c ekonomikuri sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mSoblebis umuSevroba pirvel adgilze figurirebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad vidre sxva qalaqebSi. rusTavis <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier gamovlenili sxva yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
problemebs Sorisaa: alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
Zaladoba, romlebic gacilebiT ufro xSirad saxeldeba<br />
vidre sxva qalaqebSi.<br />
skolaSi Caricxvis done rusTavSi oTxive qalaqs Soris<br />
yvelaze maRalia mTlian SerCevaSi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod<br />
14% iricxeba skolaSi, rusTavSi ki igive maCvenebeli<br />
50%-s aRwevs. rusTavi erTaderTi qalaqia, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> garkveuli procenti intervius dReebSi<br />
skolas eswrebo<strong>da</strong>. skolis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenili <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
sam meoTxeds skola mitovebuli aqvs (mTlian SerCeva-<br />
Si igive maCvenebeli 42%-ia) <strong>da</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
erT meoTxeds arasdros uvlia skolaSi. skolaSi ar<strong>da</strong>swrebis<br />
mTavar mizezad ekonomikuri problemebi<br />
saxeldeba; imave konteqstSi rusTavis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />
ufro xSirad asaxeleben ojaxSi janmrTelobis<br />
problemebs vidre sxva qalaqebis bavSvebi. rusTavSi<br />
naklebia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia, visac skola ar ainteresebs,<br />
magram bavSvebi warsulSi skolaSi cu<strong>da</strong>d<br />
mopyrobas ufro xSirad uCivian vidre sxva qalaqebSi.<br />
rusTavSi aseve Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia (80%, mTliani Ser-<br />
Cevis 50%-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT) wera-kiTxvis mcodne <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> (zogs qarTula<strong>da</strong>c<br />
<strong>da</strong> rusula<strong>da</strong>c SeuZlia wera-kiTxva).<br />
oTx qalaqs Soris rusTavis bavSvebi yvelaze naklebad<br />
Souloben fuls maTxovrobiT <strong>da</strong> ufro metad<br />
_ muSaobiT. maTma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalma <strong>raodenoba</strong>m<br />
ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom gamomuSavebul fuls ojaxis saWiroebebs<br />
axmars. amave qalaqSi yvelaze maRalia proporcia<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong>a (TiTqmis 40%) visac gamokiTxvamde<br />
erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi fuli ar sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>/ar<br />
gamoumuSavebia. sainteresoa, rom rusTavis bavSvebi<br />
momavalze fiqrisas Zalian mizanmimarTulebi arian<br />
– maTSi procentulad yvelaze metia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc samsaxuris SovniTaa <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> arcerT bavSvs ar gamouTqvams aseTi cxovrebis<br />
gagrZelebis survili.<br />
saSualod, rusTavis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs sami sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb gaugia (oTxive qalaqSi<br />
informirebulobis yvelaze maRali done). rusTavi<br />
er<strong>da</strong>derTi qalaqia, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro metia iseTi <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
wili, visac socialuri momsaxureoba gamouyenebia<br />
– aq <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 60%-s erTi an ramdenime socialuri<br />
momsaxurebiT usar<strong>ge</strong>blia. es erTderTi jgufia<br />
oTxive qalaqs Soris, romelic Rameebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
instituciebSi ar atarebs. rusTavi aseve erTaderTi<br />
qalaqia, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>bavSvebis</strong> garkveuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> mudmivad<br />
CarTuli Cans dRis centrebis saqmianobaSi –<br />
3% ambobs, rom zafxulis dReebis umetes nawils iq<br />
atarebs, 9%- zamTris dReebs <strong>da</strong> 16%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
wina dRis umetesi saaTebi centrSi gaatara. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
rusTavSi amJamad mxolod erTi aseTi centria (sapovnela,<br />
romelic aSS-s ganviTarebis saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos mier<br />
finansirebuli `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT <strong>bavSvebis</strong>~ proeqtis<br />
74 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
– axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi farglebSi funqcionirebs),<br />
savaraudoa, rom bavSvebi swored am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis<br />
Sesaxeb saubroben.<br />
socialuri momsaxurebis Sesaxeb codnisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali done am bavSvebze gamiznul<br />
koordinirebul <strong>da</strong> moklevadian Zalisxmevas Sei-<br />
Zleba mieweros. TanamSromlebis angariSebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />
samuSaos didi nawili miznobriv jgufsa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis mimwodebel profesionalebs Soris<br />
komunikaciis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong>eTmo. sainteresoa,<br />
rom proeqtis axali cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
rusTavSi mxolod erTi mobiluri jgufi iyo, dRis<br />
centri <strong>da</strong> ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris momsaxureba ki mogvianebiT<br />
Seiqmna, roca komunikacia <strong>da</strong> ndoba ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />
iyo. rusTavis programebis efeqturobaze<br />
qalaqis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi kompaqturobac axdens gavlenas<br />
iseve rogorc qalaqSi arsebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis elementebs Soris mWidro Tanam-<br />
Sromloba, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> socialur muSakebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis<br />
CaTvliT.<br />
rusTavSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis<br />
yvelaze sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo qalaqis ojaxis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
momsaxurebis gaZlierebaa, romelsac <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
qalaqSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxebis warmoSobis adgilas gafarToebuli<br />
ojaxebis resursebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia. ojaxis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aseTma saSualebebma alkoholis moxmarebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxur ZaladobasTan ojaxis gamklavebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi un<strong>da</strong> ganaviTaros. aseve un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaizardos <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebisaTvis<br />
profesiuli swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZlelobebi<br />
(es sakiTxi qalaqis bevri ufrosi biWisTvis Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania). rusTavSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> momavali<br />
programebisaTvis prioriteti im <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs Soris<br />
sistemuri TanamSromlobis gazr<strong>da</strong>a, romlebsac<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba SeuZlia<br />
_ maT Soris skolebis, samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis,<br />
policiis <strong>da</strong> sxvebis CaTvliT. skolaSi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
aSkara diskriminaciis aRmofxvris mizniT maswavlebelTa<br />
swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> sensitizaciis yovlismomcveli<br />
programebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inergos. <strong>da</strong> bolos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
rom zafxulis ganmavlobaSi im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong>, vinc quCaSi Rames atarebs, mniSvnelovnad<br />
izrdeba, programebs SeuZlia sezonuri RonisZiebebi,<br />
magaliTad: sazafxulo banakebis mowyobis SesaZlebloba<br />
ganixilos.<br />
quTaisi<br />
wertilovan Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, quTaisSi sa-<br />
Sualod 200 <strong>da</strong> maqsimum 325 <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvia. ganawileba<br />
asakisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba<br />
mTliani SerCevisagan. quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
umravlesobas mTeli cxovreba imave qalaqSi aqvs<br />
gatarebuli. quTaisSi yvelaze maRalia sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia (40%, maSin<br />
roca mTlian SerCevaSi es maCvenebeli 10%-ze naklebia).<br />
quTaisis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT bevri aramigranti bavSvi<br />
aseve ambobs, rom isini sxva qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>ibadnen.<br />
quTaisis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 16% quCaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
marto cxovrobs. oTxive qalaqs Soris quTaisSi yvelaze<br />
maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> proporcia, vinc Rameebs<br />
quCaSi mSoblebTan/naTesavebTan erTad atarebs.<br />
qalaqis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba quCaSi dRes<br />
(Cveulebriv, mTel dRes) mSoblis/naTesavis gareSe<br />
atarebs. maTi TiTqmis naxevars, quCaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
erT Tvis an meti xnis manZilze cxovrebis<br />
gamocdileba aqvs (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, zafxulis TveebSi).<br />
quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis 95% - yvelaze maRali<br />
maCvenebeli oTx qalaqs Soris - quCaSi ukve ori<br />
wlis an meti xnis manZilzea.<br />
oTxive qalaqs Soris quTaisSi procentulad yvelaze<br />
metia im <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> (83%), visac <strong>da</strong>-Zma<br />
imave qalaqSi hyavs. aqve, aseve yvelaze maRalia mxolod<br />
naTesavebTan mcxovrebi <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli (45%) – ufro metic, <strong>bavSvebis</strong> Tanaxmad<br />
maT ufro mWidro kavSiri aqvT sxva naTesavebTan vidre<br />
mamebTan. magram quTaiSi aseve maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> visac mzrunveli ar hyavs (43%). <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
erTi mexuTedis de<strong>da</strong> imave qalaqSi ar cxovrobs<br />
<strong>da</strong> bevris Tanaxmad, de<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTaa. oTxive<br />
qalaqs Soris gaWirvebis xarisxi yvelaze maRalia (3.3)<br />
<strong>da</strong> mSoblebis aryofna, usaxlkaroba <strong>da</strong> alkoholizmi<br />
sxva qalaqebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT yvelaze xSirad saxeldeba.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebma quTaisSi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mizezad<br />
ojaxuri Zaladoba <strong>da</strong>asaxeles; magram CakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg, maT alkoholizmi ufro xSirad <strong>da</strong>asaxeles<br />
(pasuxebis 26%) vidre ojaxuri Zaladoba (19%). aseve<br />
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi vinc<br />
ojaxur problemad <strong>da</strong>valianebas asaxelebs, xSirad<br />
azartul saTamaSo adgilebSi maT mier wa<strong>ge</strong>bul Tanxas<br />
gulisxmobs.<br />
quTaisSi yvelaze maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> maCvenebeli,<br />
vinc amJamad skolaSi ar iricxeba (93%). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> im<br />
mcire jgufSic ki, vinc skolaSi iricxeba, arcerT<br />
bavSvs ar uTqvams, rom wina dRis dilis saaTebis umetesi<br />
nawili skolaSi gaatara. aseve, im <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
proporcia, vinc arasdros yofila skolaSi, oTxive<br />
qalaqs Soris yvelaze maRalia (70%). quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60%-ma sruliad ar icis werakiTxva.<br />
skolaSi ar<strong>da</strong>swrebis mizezebs Soris bavSvebi<br />
fulis gamomuSavebis aucileblobas ufro xSirad<br />
asaxeleben, vidre bavSvebi sxva qalaqebSi. sxva mizezebi<br />
moicavs: siRaribes ojaxSi, skolisadmi interesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargavs <strong>da</strong> skolaSi CaricxvisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
sabuTebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>blobas.<br />
quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebSi yvelaze maRalia maTxovrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> nagavSi qeqvis maCveneblebi (72% <strong>da</strong> 24% Sesabamisad)<br />
<strong>da</strong> isini yvelaze naklebad amboben, rom fuli<br />
ar sWirdebaT/ar gamoimuSaveben. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis<br />
60% ambobs, rom fuls ojaxis saWiroebebze xarjavs.<br />
mSoblebis mier <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis gamomuSavebuli fu<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
<strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 75
lis warTmevis yvelaze maRali maCvenebelic quTaisSi<br />
aRiniSneba.<br />
quTaisSi procentulad yvelaze maRalia im <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> visac socialuri momsaxurebis<br />
Sesaxeb arasdros smenia (50%) <strong>da</strong> vinc bavSvTa saxlSi<br />
yofila (22%). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> garkveulma procentma aRiara,<br />
rom Rameebs (zamTris ganmavlobaSi) bavSvTa saxlebSi<br />
atarebs. arcerT bavSvs ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia bavSvze<br />
zrunvis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi dRis saaTebis gatareba,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 17%-s warsulSi dRis<br />
centrebis <strong>da</strong>xmareba miuRia.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom oTxive qalaqs Soris quTaisSi yvelaze<br />
maRalia im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
visac arsebuli mdgomareoba cxovrebis stilis optimalur<br />
arCevanad miaCnia (16%) <strong>da</strong> vinc ambobs, rom<br />
momavalSic igive saqmianobis gagrZeleba surs.<br />
quTaisSi, <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> programebi farTo ojaxur<br />
qselebze un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamiznuli, gansakuTrebiT <strong>bavSvebis</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>-Zmebisa <strong>da</strong> naTesavebis CarTvaze. ukiduresi<br />
siRaribisa <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri Tu iribi usaxlkarobis efeqtis<br />
gasaneitraleblad yvela Zalisxmeva un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
gamoyenebuli. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ganaTleba upirvelesi<br />
<strong>da</strong> umniSvnelovanesi prioritetia. magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom <strong>bavSvebis</strong> umravlesoba skolaSi ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>dis, radgan ojaxis SemosavalSi sakuTari wvlili<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seitanon, pirvel rigSi distanciuri an Ria swavlebis<br />
(maT Soris, quCaSi ganaTlebis) meTodebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
SemuSavdes vidre ojaxuri siRaribis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis efeqturi<br />
meqanizmebi amuSavdeba <strong>da</strong> bavSvis formalur<br />
skolaSi reintegraciis sakiTxi ganixileba.<br />
quTaisis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mier quCaSi xangrZlivi periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi yofna maRali xarisxis fsiqosocialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis saWiroebas qmnis. programa<br />
aseve mniSvnelovan sar<strong>ge</strong>bels miiRebs Tu imigrant<br />
an umciresobis jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n mSoblebs an naTesavebs<br />
fasilitatorebad CarTavs. <strong>da</strong> bolos, aucilebelia<br />
arsebuli socialuri momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomobis<br />
gaumjobeseba araformaluri arxebis (quCaSi gavrcelebis)<br />
gamoyenebis gziT <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>beWdili <strong>da</strong> media<br />
gancxadebebis saSualebiT.<br />
baTumi<br />
wertilovan Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, baTumSi <strong>quCis</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> saSualo raonodeba 100, xolo maqsimaluri<br />
<strong>raodenoba</strong> 150 bavSviT ganisazRvreba. baTumis qu-<br />
Cis bavSvebi sxva qalaqebis bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
ufrosebi arian: maTi 80% 11 wlis an ufrosia. oTxjer<br />
meti <strong>quCis</strong> biWia vidre <strong>quCis</strong> gogona. <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 27%<br />
sxva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n aris Camosuli (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> arcerTi bavSvi ar aris sxva<br />
qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli.<br />
baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis 40% quCaSi 24 saaTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. baTumi sxva qalaqebisgan imi-<br />
Tac gansxvavdeba rom Rameebs saxlSi mSoblebTan/na-<br />
TesavebTan erTad <strong>bavSvebis</strong> yvelaze mcire procenti<br />
atarebs (30%-ma Tqva, rom wina Rames iyo mSoblebTan/<br />
naTesavebTan erTad, 40%- zamTris RameebSi <strong>da</strong> 17%<br />
zafxulis RameebSi). baTumis TiTqmis yvela <strong>quCis</strong><br />
bavSvi zamTrisa <strong>da</strong> zafxulis dReebs quCaSi marto<br />
atarebs. <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 60%-s quCaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
erTi Tvis an meti xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis<br />
gamocdileba aqvs. sxva monacemebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom msgavsi periodebi umetesad<br />
zafxulis Tveebs emTxveva. sxva qalaqebisgan gansxvavebiT<br />
baTumSi mozardTa mxolod erT mexuTeds aqvs<br />
quCaSi erT welze meti xnis cxovrebis gamocdileba.<br />
oTxive qalaqs Soris baTumSi orive mSobliT oblebis<br />
yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebelia (37%) <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod erT mesameds hyavs orive mSobeli<br />
cocxali. im <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs Soris, visac de<strong>da</strong> an orive<br />
mSobeli cocxali hyavs, baTumSi yvelaze maRalia im<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> visi de<strong>da</strong>c imave<br />
qalaqSi ar cxovrobs (28%), Tumca sxva adgilebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT umeteswilad miCneulia, rom dedebi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara sazRvargareT arian. baTumis qu-<br />
Cis <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevaris mama imave qalaqSi<br />
ar cxovrobs (mamebis erTi mexuTedi ruseTSi wasulad<br />
moixsenieba - yvelaze maRali proporcia oTxive<br />
qalaqs Soris). <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mxolod 50% cxovrobs de<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
erTad <strong>da</strong> 30%- mamasTan. mniSvnelovania maTi<br />
proporcia visac mama an sxva naTesavi cixeSi hyavs<br />
(17% <strong>da</strong> 9% Sesabamisad). baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 40%-<br />
s imave qalaqSi sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli naTesavebi ar hyavs <strong>da</strong><br />
yvelaze maRalia maTi procentuli <strong>raodenoba</strong> (10%)<br />
visac naTesavebTan aranairi kontaqti ar hqonia.<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> TiTqmis naxevari ambobs, rom mzrunveli ar<br />
hyavs.<br />
baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi ojaxuri gaWirvebis yvelaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian (1.9) – savaraudod<br />
imitom, rom maTi umetesoba dros marto atarebs.<br />
arcerTs arc pirveladi pasuxiT <strong>da</strong> arc CakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg uTqvams, rom `ojaxs problemebi ar aqvs~.<br />
problemebis nusxaSi usaxlkaroba Zalian xSirad figurirebs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom baTumis bavSvebi mniSvnelovan<br />
problemebs Soris ekonomikur problemebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> gasankuTrebiT sacxovreblis arqonas asaxeleben,<br />
isini mSoblebis umuSevrobas ekonomikuri siZneleebis<br />
nawilad ar miiCneven. pirvelad pasuxebSi maTi<br />
TiTqmis naxevari mSoblis an mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> siRaribes TiTqmis erTnairi mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone problemebad asaxelebs; `<strong>da</strong>asaxeleT yvela~<br />
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba ekonomikuri<br />
sakiTxis Semdeg meore problemad <strong>da</strong>saxel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs arc alkoholizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> arc ojaxuri Zaladoba pirvelad ojaxur<br />
problemad ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebiaT. CakiTxvis Semdeg maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxeles alkoholis moxmareba, magram fizikuri<br />
Zaladoba ojaxSi faqtorad aravis <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia.<br />
76 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs ufro<br />
metad surT ojaxSi cxovreba an saxli, vidre maT<br />
Tanatolebs sxva qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
qalaqis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> 83% skolaSi ar iricxeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> saswavleblis mitovebis maCvenebeli (84%) oTx<br />
qalaqs Soris yvelaze maRalia. skolisadmi interesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva swavlis gaugrZeleblobis ZiriTad mizezad<br />
saxeldeba (ufro xSirad vidre sxva adgilebSi). meore<br />
faqtori fulis saSovnelad muSaobis aucileblobaa.<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali xarisxi rogorc faqtori aseve<br />
ufro xSirad figurirebs vidre sxva qalaqebSi, Tumca<br />
arc ise xSirad saxeldeba. mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrze zrunvis aucilebloba skolaSi<br />
gamoucxadeblobis mizezebia <strong>da</strong> baTumSi ufro xSirad<br />
saxeldeba vidre sxva qalaqebSi. oTxive qalaqis<br />
bavSvebs Soris baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi wera-kiTxvis<br />
codnis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCevian.<br />
baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis muSaoba <strong>da</strong> qurdoba<br />
yvelaze xSirad <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli Semosavlis miRebis<br />
strategiebia (qurdobis SemTxvevebi 4-jer ufro<br />
maRalia, vidre sxva adgilebSi). sxva qalaqebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> sami meoTxedi<br />
gamomuSavebul fuls sakuTar an megobrebis saWiroebebze<br />
xarjavs <strong>da</strong> mxolod 25% iyenebs fuls ojaxis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>saWerad.<br />
baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> or mesameds gaugia socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb, magram 55%-s arasdros miuRia<br />
raime <strong>da</strong>xmareba. sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />
ufro cnobilia baTumis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis vidre sxva<br />
qalaqebis <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis. baTumSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia<br />
im <strong>bavSvebis</strong> procentuli maCvenebeli (gacilebiT maRali<br />
vidre sxvagan) vinc mudmivad iyenebs Ramis TavSesafris<br />
garkveul saxeobas (27% - wina Rame/zamTris<br />
Rameebi <strong>da</strong> 17%- zafxulis Rameebi). iqauri socialuri<br />
muSakebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi savaraudod marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis mier gaxsnil bavSvze zrunvis<br />
rezidentul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaze saubroben. aseve, ufro<br />
xSirad axseneben ufaso sasadiloebis gamoyenebas vidre<br />
bavSvebi sxva qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
mzrunvelebis naklebobasa <strong>da</strong> quCaSi gatarebul xangrZliv<br />
periodTan Sesabamisad, baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebs<br />
ufro metad aReniSnebaT SesamCnevi SezRudvebi,<br />
fizikuri travmebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikuri nivTierebebis moxmarebis<br />
kvali vidre sxva qalaqebSi.<br />
baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> specifiuri Taviseburebebi<br />
miuTiTebs, rom droebiTi ojaxis tipis zrunvis<br />
formebis ganviTareba prioritetuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
araobol <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobis mniSvnelovani<br />
elementi martoxela dedebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> sxvagan<br />
mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba iqneba. kvlevis<br />
monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi ba-<br />
TumSi bavSvis <strong>da</strong> ara ojaxis siRaribis SemTxvevebi<br />
SeiniSneba. Sesabamisad, programebi am sakiTxze un<strong>da</strong><br />
muSaobdes. baTumis <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ufrosi asakis,<br />
skolis mitovebis maRali maCveneblisa <strong>da</strong> skolis<br />
ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>bali interesis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
<strong>bavSvebis</strong> reintegracia formaluri ganaTlebis<br />
sistemaSi albaT saukeTeso arCevani ar aris. magram,<br />
programebi bavSvebs ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>srulebisa (magaliTad,<br />
distanciuri swavlebis gziT) <strong>da</strong> serTifikatis<br />
(atestatis) miRebis saSualebas un<strong>da</strong> aZlevdes. aseve,<br />
ufrosi <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong>aTvis mozardebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
cxovrebis programebis SemuSaveba ukiduresad<br />
mniSvnelovania (supervizirebuli <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
sacxovreblis, profesiuli ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
meqanizmebis CaTvliT).<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 77
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2- dokumentSi<br />
gamoyenebuli zogierTi<br />
terminis ganmarteba<br />
monacemTa Segrovebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis procesma<br />
teqstSi gamoyenebul ramdenime termins Zalian<br />
specifiuri mniSvnelova mianiWa. mkafioobis <strong>da</strong> enobrivi<br />
mudmivobis SenarCunebis mizniT, es terminebi<br />
qvemoT aris ganmartebuli. es terminologia ar gulisxmobs<br />
ukve arsebuli definiciebis ganmeorebas an<br />
Secvlas – igi ubralod xsnis im konteqsts, romlis<br />
farglebSic mocemul kvlevaSi garkveuli gamonaTqvamebia<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
saSualo<br />
saSualo niSnavs <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> mTliani SerCevis<br />
procentul maCvenebels.<br />
migranti bavSvebi<br />
migrantia bavSvi, romelic ambobs, rom mTeli cxovreba<br />
imave qalaqSi ar cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> manamde sxvagan<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, imave qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu ara. gamoiyofa migranti <strong>bavSvebis</strong> ori jgufi: 1)<br />
amJamindeli qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli saqarTvelos<br />
regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> 2) sxva qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli bavSvebi<br />
ojaxebi (Households)<br />
ojaxSi igulisxmeba naTesavebis tipebi (de<strong>da</strong>, mama,<br />
orive mSobeli <strong>da</strong>/an sxva naTesavi), visTanac erTad<br />
bavSvi wina Tvis ganmavlobaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaWirvebis done<br />
gaWirvebis done bavSvis mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ojaxuri<br />
problemebis raodenobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba.<br />
gaWirvebis done aRniSnul kvlevaSi 0-<strong>da</strong>n (ojaxSi<br />
problemebi ar aris) 6-mde (problemebis yvela jgufi<br />
saxezea) meryeob<strong>da</strong>. mTlian SerCevaSi gaWirvebis sa-<br />
Sualo done 2.5 iyo.<br />
socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris done<br />
bavSvis socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris done imave qalaqSi<br />
mcxovrebi naTesavebis –bebia/babua, biZa/mami<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxvebi<br />
(mSoblebis gar<strong>da</strong>) – raodenobiT ganisazRvreba.<br />
wera-kiTxvis codna<br />
wera-kiTxvis codna gulisxmobs, rom bavSvs (mSobliur<br />
enaze) martivi teqstis <strong>da</strong>wera/wakiTxva SeuZlia.<br />
aRniSnul kvlevaSi cifrebis cnobis unari (cifrebis<br />
cnoba <strong>da</strong> wera) wera-kiTxvis unarSi ar igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
oblebi<br />
kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli<br />
terminologia dediT oboli (mxolod de<strong>da</strong>a<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili), mamiT oboli (mxolod mamaa gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili)<br />
<strong>da</strong> orive mSobliT oboli (de<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> mamac gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilia).<br />
saskolo asaki<br />
sabaziso saskolo asaki ganisazRvreba 8-<strong>da</strong>n 14<br />
wlamde.<br />
<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebi<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mravalcvladiani analizis safuZvlad<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufebis<br />
adgili _ drois maCvenebeli.<br />
am maCveneblis Tanaxmad, quCaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi<br />
(bavSvebi vinc quCaSi 24 saaTi cxovrobs) arian isini<br />
vinc zafxulis <strong>da</strong> zamTris Rameebs quCaSi atareben.<br />
quCasa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi arian isini<br />
vinc quCaSi mxolod zamTris an mxolod zafxulis<br />
Rameebs atareben, magram ara orives. quCaSi aqtiuri<br />
bavSvebi arian isini vinc quCaSi zafxulis an zamTris<br />
an orive drois dRis saaTebs quCaSi atareben, magram<br />
Rame quCaSi ar sZinavT. zogadi termini `<strong>quCis</strong> bavSvi~<br />
aRniSnavs 0-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde nebismier bavSvs, vinc am<br />
jgufebs miekuTvneba.<br />
78 ❘ nu miwodebT <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvs
<strong>da</strong>narTi 3 – <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> bavSvebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis kriteriumebi<br />
pirveli rigis kriteriumebi<br />
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
fexSiSveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>xeuli tansacmeli<br />
WuWyiani tansacmeli <strong>da</strong> fexsacmeli<br />
qceva<br />
Seusabamo adgilas marto myofi bavSvi<br />
an <strong>bavSvebis</strong> jgufi<br />
asertuli <strong>da</strong> gamaRizianebeli<br />
ucxoebTan urTierTobisas<br />
asocialuri qceva<br />
saqmianoba<br />
quCaSi Zili<br />
celofnis parki weboTi<br />
nagavSi qeqva<br />
meore rigis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
arajanmrTeli ieri<br />
WuWyiani xelebi<br />
naiarevi xelebsa <strong>da</strong> tanze<br />
qceva<br />
yvirili<br />
mTeli ZaliT <strong>da</strong>rtyma<br />
arakontrolirebadi moZraoebi<br />
saqmianoba<br />
mizezs gareSe xetiali<br />
sajaro transportSi Zili<br />
alkoholi<br />
mesame rigis kriteriumebi<br />
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>parsuli Tavi<br />
naiarevi saxeze<br />
kbilebis arqona<br />
qceva<br />
megobruli, advilad Semodis kontaqtSi<br />
saubris cocxali manera<br />
mxiaruli<br />
saqmianoba<br />
jarTis Segroveba<br />
fizikuri Sroma (mtvirTavoba)<br />
boTlebis Segroveba<br />
Seusabamo zomis tansacmeli <strong>da</strong> fexsacmeli<br />
WuWyiani saxe <strong>da</strong> Tma<br />
sezonis Seusabamod Cacmuli<br />
quCaSi an miwisqveSa ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebSi marto<br />
an mSoblebTan erTad myofi bavSvi<br />
gineba<br />
Cxubi<br />
qurdoba<br />
moweva<br />
acvia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fexsacmeli<br />
muqi kani<br />
saxeze kani Zvreba <strong>da</strong> laqebi aqvs<br />
Zalian sustia<br />
qanaobs<br />
mavne (saziano) qcevebi<br />
ucnauri TamaSebi (Seusabamo TamaSebi<br />
Seusabamo adgilas)<br />
vaWroba (sanTlebi, xatebi, yvavilebi)<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>urbanuli</strong> <strong>quCis</strong> <strong>bavSvebis</strong> <strong>raodenoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi ❘ 79