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usudan ColoyaSvili<br />
ïïïï<br />
SoTa rusTa<br />
Tave<br />
velis sax. qarTu<br />
Tuli lite<br />
tera<br />
ratu<br />
turis insti<br />
titu<br />
tuti<br />
ti<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia<br />
jadosnuri sagnebis funqcia zRaprul eposSi<br />
jadosnuri zRaprebi mdidaria jadosnuri<br />
sagnebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli sagani,<br />
romelic jadosnur zRaparSi gvxvdeba,<br />
jadosnuria, iseve rogorc yoveli personaJi<br />
- zebunebrivi. maTi nairgvaroba zRapris feradovnebas<br />
uwyobs xels. jadosnuri sagani<br />
is nivTia, romelic im qveyanas - micvalebul-<br />
Ta samyaroSi moipoveba. amis Sesaxeb jer kidev<br />
v. propi miuTiTebda Tavis wignSi<br />
~Исторические корни волшебной сказки~ 1 . am sagnis<br />
mflobeli yvela ver iqneba. is SeiZleba iyos<br />
mxolod arseba, romelic namyofia micvalebulTa<br />
samyaroSi, iqidan ukan aris gamobrunebuli<br />
da jadosnuri nivTic iqidan aqvs<br />
wamoRebuli. “im~ qveynidan gamobrunebuli arseba<br />
Cveulebrivi, miwieri aRar aris, is genetikurad<br />
RvTaebriv niSanTa matarebelia da<br />
“iq~ samjer namyofobis unariT dajildovebuli<br />
jadosnuri zRapris gmiria. e.i. jadosnuri<br />
zRapris gmiri RvTaebrivi warmomavlobisaa<br />
da micvalebulTa samyaroSia namyofi. is<br />
“iqidan~ RvTaebriv Zalagamoyolili zRapruli<br />
personaJia, yovlisSemZle da uZleveli.<br />
mxolod “iqidan~ dabrunebuli arsebaa<br />
RvTaebrivZalmosilebis matarebeli. Tavdapirvelad<br />
zRapris gmiri “iq~ metamorfozis<br />
saSualebiT xvdeba, gviandeli periodis<br />
zRaprebSi ki ukve qomag arsebas gadahyavs,<br />
Semdeg ki TviTon gadadis. im qveynidan dabrunebulis<br />
RvTaebrivi buneba ukve advili<br />
SesamCnevia oqros TmiT, an im jadosnuri niv-<br />
TiT, romelic iqidan moaqvs. es sagani ar<br />
aris ioli mosapovebeli da mas zRapris gmiri<br />
imqveyniur mcvelTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo<br />
brZoliT moipovebs, SedarebiT mogviano<br />
zRaprebSi - motyuebiT arTmevs, ufro gvian<br />
ki saCuqrad iRebs imave mcvelebisagan, romelTac<br />
adre amarcxebda. jadosnuri zRapris<br />
bednieri finalis miRweva SeuZlebelia samyaros<br />
samive ganzomilebaSi (qveskvneli, skneli,<br />
zeskneli) gmiris moxvedris gareSe, e.i.<br />
cocxalTa da micvalebulTa samyaroebs Soris<br />
mimosvlis gareSe. v. propi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
micvalebulTa samyaro did rols asrulebs<br />
jadosnur zRaparSi. 2 marTlac, yoveli gamocda,<br />
Tu gmiris gagzavna rTuli davalebis<br />
Sesasruleblad, xSirad zRaparSi “im~ qveynis<br />
movlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. “iq~ gadasvla<br />
zRaparSi xis sxvadasxva sferoTa Soris<br />
mimosvliT gadmoicema da imis mixedviT<br />
micvalebulTa samyaro caSi eguleba gmirs,<br />
Tu miwaSi, is xan zesknelSi mogzaurobs, xan<br />
ki - qvesknelSi. Tu zesknelSi moxvedra caSi,<br />
xeze avsliT xdeba, qvesknelSi mosaxvedrad<br />
mTaSi, zRvaSi, mdinareSi Sesvla an WaSi<br />
Casvlaa saWiro. rTulia rogorc zesknelSi,<br />
aseve qvesknelSi moxvedra, magram zRapris gmiric<br />
is aris, vinc am orive samyaroSi rigrigobiT<br />
gadasvlis Semdeg axerxebs ukan -<br />
SuasknelSi dabrunebas. es mimosvla zRapar-<br />
Si samjer unda ganxorcieldes. jadosnuri<br />
sagnebic swored am rTuli amocanis SesrulebaSi<br />
exmareba zRapris gmirs. maTi umTavresi<br />
daniSnuleba swored is aris, rom gadaiyvanos<br />
misi gmiri erTi samyarodan meoreSi,<br />
moexmaros mas samive samyaros movlaSi. e.i.<br />
jadosnuri sagnis mopoveba ar aris zRapris<br />
gmiris TviTmizani. es sagnebi mxolod<br />
saboloo miznis misaRwevad warmoebul<br />
brZolaSi gamosadegi damxmare saSualebebia.<br />
v. propi uZveles jadosnur sagnad Tvlida<br />
cxoveluri warmoSobis sagnebs, mag.: qar-<br />
Tul zRaprebSi esenia: bumbuli, frTa, Zua,<br />
tyavi, kvercxi, fxa da mkvlevari maT genetikurad<br />
ukavSirebda zRapris gmiris qomag cxovelebs.<br />
agreTve, aRniSnavda, rom jadosnur sagnebs<br />
araCveulebriv arsebaTa msgavsi funqciebi<br />
hqondaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Semdegi<br />
periodis jadosnuri sagnebi iqneba xe-mcenareebi.<br />
rogorc viciT, balaxi da xe genetikurad<br />
dakavSirebuli iyo TmasTan da bewvTan,<br />
rqasTan. i. surgulaZe aRniSnavs, rom es savsebiT<br />
bunebrivad mogveCveneba, Tu miwas, msgavsad<br />
vedebisa, cocxal arsebad miviRebT da<br />
masze cxovelisa da adamianis niSnebs gadavitanT.<br />
3<br />
uZveles droSi cxovelTa araCveulebriv<br />
arsebebad gaazreba im cxovelmyofelma Zalam<br />
ganapiroba, romelic maT gaaCndaT da<br />
rac gamoixateboda maTi nayofierebisa da<br />
45
ACADEMIA<br />
ganaxlebis unariT (igulisxmeba balnis gamocvla).<br />
am unarTan ziarebis mizniT masTan<br />
tardeboda ymawvilTa iniciaciis rituali,<br />
romelic axalgazrdis Zvel statusSi sikvdilsa<br />
da axalSi dabadebas gulisxmobda. e.i.<br />
cocxlis mkvdrad qcevas da mis xelaxla<br />
dabadebas, ris Semdegac am ritualgamovlili<br />
ukve cxovelis Zalmosilebis mflobeli<br />
xdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac mcenareuli samyaroc<br />
gaazrebul iqna nayofierebisa da ganaxlebis<br />
Zalis mqoned, misi funqciebi cxovelisas<br />
daemTxva. es rituali ukve gamorCeul<br />
xesTan tardeboda. mag.: muxasTan 4 , xolo<br />
mas Semdeg, rac, miTosuri warmodgeniT, micvalebulTa<br />
samyaro qvesknelSic giazreba da<br />
zesknelSic, samyaros xem ikisra maTi dakav-<br />
Sireba erTmaneTTan, SuasknelTan da maTi erTobis<br />
simbolod iqca, e.i. samyaros xe aerTianebs<br />
cocxlebisa da micvalebulTa mTel samyaros.<br />
masTan dakavSirebuli yvela da yvelaferi<br />
ki misive cxovelmyofeli Zalis matarebelia.<br />
e.i. samyaros xesTan dakavSirebul yvela<br />
arsebas da yvela sagans sikvdilisa da mkvdre-<br />
TiT aRdgomis Zala Seswevs. aseve mas gaaCnia<br />
unari cocxlis mokvdinebisa da mkvdris gacocxlebisa.<br />
marTlac, qomag arsebebsa da jadosnur<br />
sagnebs Soris saerTo bevria, radganac maT<br />
ara marto genetikuri kavSiri, aramed saerTo<br />
warmomavlobac aqvT, isini erT ideas emsaxurebian<br />
da erT funqcias asruleben. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom maTi daniSnuleba, erTi SexedviT,<br />
sxvadasxva Cans, maSin rodesac gmiri ma-<br />
Ti meSveobiT cocxldeba, ganikurneba,<br />
axalgazrdavdeba, mdidrdeba an mas<br />
nayofierebis Zala eniWeba. rogorc araCveulebrivi<br />
qomagi arsebebis, aseve jadosnuri<br />
sagnebis warmomavloba samyaros xes, mis nairsaxeobebs<br />
- kldesa da mTas ukavSirdeba.<br />
rogorc erTni, ise meoreni genetikurad erTi<br />
Zalisa da Tvisebisani arian. samyaros xe mTeli<br />
samyaros gamaerTianebeli da absoluturi<br />
srulyofilebis matarebelia. aq igulisxmeba<br />
rogorc samive sknelis mTlianoba sulieri<br />
Tu usulo arsebebiTa da sagnebiT, aseve<br />
maTi yovelgvari unaris erTobac - Zlevamosileba,<br />
ukvdavebisa da nayofierebis Zala,<br />
maradiuli siWabuke, ganusazRvreli qoneba,<br />
yovlismomcveli codna. samyaros xis umTavresi<br />
funqcia, mainc mTel samyaroSi yvelasa<br />
da yvelafris gaerTianebaa. aseTi iqneba misi<br />
arsebebisa da sagnebis ZiriTadi funqciac.<br />
e.i. zebunebrivi arsebani samyaros RerZis -<br />
samyaros xis cxovelebi, frinvelebi, qvewarmavlebi<br />
(raSi, faskunji, gveli, gveleSapi<br />
da sxva) arian da mis samive sferos (totebs,<br />
fesvebs, tans) ganekuTvnebian. isini, ise rogorc<br />
jadosnuri sagnebic, aRweven mTeli samyaros<br />
gamTlianebas, amyareben kavSirs samyaros<br />
sam sferos (zesknels, sknels, qvesknels) Soris.<br />
e.i. araCveulebriv arsebaTa ZiriTadi funqcia<br />
jadosnuri zRapris gmiris sam sknelTan<br />
dakavSireba, iq gadayvana da iqidan ukan dabruneba<br />
- mTeli samyaros gaerTianebaa. igive funqcia<br />
itvirTa jadosnurma sagnebmac, romelnic<br />
imqveyniurni arian, maTi mflobelebis<br />
msgavsad. jadosnuri sagnebis umTavresi daniSnuleba<br />
zRapris gmiris imqveyniur Zaleb-<br />
Tan ziarebaa, anu gmiris erTi samyarodan<br />
meoreSi gadayvanaa. jadosnuri sagani aris:<br />
1. metamorfozuli saxesxvaoba gmirisa<br />
(qalisaTvis - xe, nafoti, savarcxeli, balaxi,<br />
prasi, niaxuri, mandarini, Tevzis fxa; vaJisaTvis<br />
- wiTeli vaSli, fetvi, nemsi, bade, dana;<br />
devisaTvis - kaJi).<br />
2. samyaros xis, Tu mis arsebaTa (cxovelebis,<br />
frinvelebis) nawilebi - Zua, tyavi, frTa,<br />
bumbuli - aCens im arsebas, romelsac Tavis<br />
droze isini ekuTvnoda; foToli, gul-RviZli<br />
- gankurnavs avadmyofs; cxovelTa rZeSi<br />
banaoba - aaxalgazrdavebs gmirs.<br />
3. am arsebebTan dakavSirebuli sagnebi:<br />
irmis rqebi, mfrinavi xaliCa, uCinmaCinis qudi,<br />
Toki, joxi, foToli, Tma, Tvali, maTraxi<br />
- sxva samyaroSi gadaiyvanen gmirs.<br />
4. imave unarisaa araCveulebriv arsebaTa<br />
mier naCuqari nivTebi, mag.: faskunjis naCuqari<br />
beWedi, devis naCuqari sarke.<br />
5. araCveulebrivi Zalis mqonea gansakuTrebuli<br />
sakvebis: imqveyniuri leRvis, vaSlis,<br />
qinZis, yvavilis SeWma; spirtiani an gamabruebeli<br />
sasmeli, mowamluli sakvebi, kenWis<br />
moxvedreba, baRdadis saxeze mosma.<br />
6. gansakuTrebuli unaris mqonea “imqveynidan~<br />
wamoRebuli masalisagan (xe, rkina, oqro,<br />
vercxli) damzadebuli sagnebi, mag.: wylis<br />
saSualebiT “iq~ gadaiyvans gmirs xis navi,<br />
gobi, yuTi, ficari, xidi, kubo; xmeleTiT ki<br />
- isev yuTi, marxili, uremi, etli, faetoni,<br />
mSvild-isari, wkepla, salamuri; casTan SeiZleba<br />
dakavSireba kibiT; im qveyanaSi gadava<br />
gmiri agreTve oqros skivriT, oqros ZewkviT,<br />
vercxlis xonCiT, rkinis joxiT, qalamniT,<br />
daniT, xanjliT, SamfuriT, gasaRebiT, lagmiT,<br />
qvabiT, kolofiT; Tixis suriT, qvevriT;<br />
“im~ qveynidan daabrunebs - ukvdavebis wyali,<br />
mzis piris nabani.<br />
7. piradi nivTi an araCveulebriv Zalas<br />
aniWebs gmirs, an piriqiT akargvinebs mas: imqveynad<br />
gmiri aRmoCndeba, Tu dakargavs an gacvlis<br />
samoss, samkauls, iaraRs. maTi dabrunebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki ibrunebs adrindel<br />
mdgomareobas.<br />
8. yovlisSemZlea magiuri sityva: sxva<br />
samyaroSi mosaxvedrad sakmarisia mxolod pirobis<br />
dadeba, saxelis gacvla; avbediTi Zala<br />
aqvs wyevlas; dafaruli, saidumlo ambis<br />
gamJRavnebas SeuZlia pirvandeli saxe daubrunos<br />
cocxal arsebas.<br />
9. usulo sagnebi ganicdian metamrfozas.<br />
46
jadosnuri sagnebis funqcia zRaprul eposSi<br />
xSirad erTi meored gadaiqceva da icvlis<br />
funqcias. mag.: Zafi - xidad, wyliani boTli -<br />
zRvad, savarcxeli - tyed, salesi qva - klded.<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac jadosnuri<br />
sagnebis funqcia ar aris “iq~ gmiris gadayvana<br />
da, erTi SexedviT, isini sxva mizans emsaxurebian.<br />
(mag., ukvdavebas, an janmrTelobas,<br />
Svilosnobis unars, uTvalav ganZs aniWeben<br />
gmirs, ganusazRvreli raodenobis xorags<br />
moapovebineben mas), miTosuri warmodgeniT,<br />
maTi kavSiri imqveyniur samyarosTan cxadi<br />
da utyuaria.<br />
gviandeli periodis zRaprebSi jadosnur<br />
sagnebs RvTaebrivi arsebani ukve TavianTi<br />
nebiT gascemen. eseni arian: frinvelebi, gveli,<br />
Tevzi, devi, qaji, Winka, eSmaki, agreTve<br />
mzis qali. am sagnis misaRebad umetesad zRapris<br />
gmirs imqveyanas uwevs gadasvla. kidev<br />
ufro gviandel zRaprebSi mas “iqidan~ jadosnuri<br />
sagani aRar moaqvs, magram xelcarieli<br />
mainc ar brundeba. iq ukve dafarul codnas<br />
iZens: namdvil tyuils, rTul kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxs, sam sibrZnes, romelnic isevea sikeTisa<br />
da bednierebis momgvreli, rogorc jadosnuri<br />
sagani.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. Пропп В.Я., Исторические корни волшебной сказки, Л., 1946, gv. 179.<br />
2. Пропп. В.Я. dasax. naSr.<br />
3. surgulaZe i., qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993, gv. 129.<br />
4. koWlavaSvili m., xis kultis kvali erT javaxur simReraSi, literaturuli Ziebani, XX,<br />
1999, gv. 45.<br />
The Function of Magic Subjects in Fairy Tales.<br />
Summary<br />
Rusudan Cholokashvili<br />
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature<br />
Georgian Academy of Sciences<br />
Magic subjects are genetically connected with the symbol of an integral universe – the universal tree and its<br />
creatures (animals, birds, fishes). In tales the function of magic subjects is to unite the worlds of alive and dead. The hero<br />
of a fairy-tale travels using magic in three fairy dimensions of the universe and becomes accustomed to the beyond.<br />
Even when it seems at first sight that the magic serves other purposes (e.g. to revive, heal, rejuvenate or enrich the hero),<br />
the connection between the different worlds is obvious, because according to the mythological notion they are taken<br />
from “that” world. In very old tales the hero obtains magic subjects after a struggle to the death with the guard of the<br />
beyond; in comparatively older tales the hero takes magic subjects away from the guard fraudulently, and in even older<br />
tales he receives them from the same guard as a present.<br />
47
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