nino talaxaZe samoqalaqo Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba
nino talaxaZe samoqalaqo Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba
nino talaxaZe samoqalaqo Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba
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<strong>nino</strong> <strong>talaxaZe</strong><br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />
(<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebebSi)<br />
VIII klasi<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros<br />
s.s.i.p. ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier<br />
(brZaneba #375, 18. 05. 2012w.)<br />
gamomcemloba `sidi~<br />
Tbilisi, 2012<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebaSi<br />
1
UAC<br />
<strong>nino</strong> <strong>talaxaZe</strong><br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong><br />
(<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebaSi) VIII klasisaTvis<br />
moswavlis wigni `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> (<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo<br />
viTarebaSi)~ gankuTvnilia me-8 klasis moswavleebisaTvis. igi warmoadgens <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis swavlebis meore safexurs.<br />
cxovrebaSi yovelTvis arsebobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safrTxe, romelsac SesaZloa ubeduri<br />
SemTxveva mohyves. ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mTavari piroba is aris, rom yvelaze mkacr pirobebSic ki,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> valdebulia SeinarCunos janmrTeloba <strong>da</strong> sicocxle. amisaTvis saWiroa<br />
garkveuli codna <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli unarebi. es codna <strong>da</strong> unarebi ara marto Seufasebel<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas gauwevs mas xifaTebTan brZolaSi, aramed sakuTari Zalis <strong>da</strong> wamoWril<br />
siZneleebTan gamklavebis rwmenasac mianiWebs, radgan ecodineba, ra rogor gaakeTos.<br />
moulodnelobasTan Sexvedris fsiqologiuri mzadyofna zrdis a<strong>da</strong>mianis simtkices _ ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibnes saWiro dros, swrafad <strong>da</strong> droulad Seafasos eqstremaluri situacia, ganasxvavos<br />
realuri safrTxe moCvenebiTi safrTxisagan. icodes rogor moiqces, Tu tyeSi gza aebna;<br />
rogor moiqces xanZris dros, miwisZvris, grigalis <strong>da</strong> sxva sagangebo situaciebis dros.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo moicavs 4 Tavs <strong>da</strong> 12 gakveTils. masSi gamoyenebulia swavlebis<br />
Tanamedrove meTodebi: dikusia, msjeloba, codnis Semowmebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebi,<br />
moswavleebis Semoqmedeba. masalis aTvisebis gasamartiveblad wigni Sedgenilia Semdegi<br />
rubrikebis gamoyenebiT:<br />
usafrTxo qcevis wesebi<br />
gaxsovdes!<br />
imsjeleT!<br />
es sainteresoa!<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />
internet-resursi<br />
kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
RirsSesaniSnavi TariRi<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
kanoni . . .<br />
saqarTvelos kanoni<br />
ubis wignaki<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtori: giorgi gabrielaSvili<br />
dizaineri: giorgi xarebava<br />
© gamomcemloba `sidi~, 2012<br />
tel.: 790 26 51 52; el-fosta: ceedgeo@yahoo.com<br />
ISBN<br />
2<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>
sarCevi<br />
Tavi I: sagangebo situaciebi <strong>da</strong> maTi klasifikacia<br />
1. sagangebo situaciebis arsi <strong>da</strong> saxeobebi...................................................... 5<br />
Tavi II: bunebrivi saxis sagangebo situaciebi<br />
2-3. geofizikuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi..................................................... 14<br />
4. geologiuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi...................................................... 25<br />
5. meteorologiuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi............................................ 30<br />
6. hidrologiuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi................................................. 39<br />
Tavi III: teqnogenuri <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi<br />
7. teqnogenuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi...................................................... 43<br />
8. ekologiuri saxis sagangebo situaciebi...................................................... 53<br />
Tavi IV: piradi usafrTxoebis sa<strong>da</strong>rajoze<br />
9. topografia <strong>da</strong> navigacia................................................................................... 64<br />
10. bunebasTan pirispir ........................................................................................... 76<br />
11. pirveladi samedicino <strong>da</strong>xmareba..................................................................... 82<br />
12. proeqti: gaeros sxdoma...................................................................................... 87<br />
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni............................................................................................ 89<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebaSi<br />
3
4<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>
4.<br />
geologiuri<br />
saxis<br />
sagangebo situaciebi<br />
zvavi<br />
zvavi – mTis ferdobze moZravi<br />
Tovlis masa. did grovad wamosuli<br />
CamorRveuli miwa an Tovli.<br />
zvavsaSiSi periodi –periodi, roca<br />
mosalodnelia zvavis gaaqtiureba.<br />
zvavi stiqiuri, xSirad katastrofuli movlenaa. zvavi Cveulebriv TovliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>faruli mTis kalTebi<strong>da</strong>n eSveba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlisa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobisaTvis<br />
safrTxes warmoadgens. mas <strong>da</strong>mangreveli Zala aqvs. zvavi safrTxes uqmnis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebebs, samewarmeo obieqtebs, gzebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva sakomunikacio infrastruqturas.<br />
zvavis CamowolisTvis xelsayreli piroba iqmneba Tu: Tovlis safari 20sm-s aRemateba,<br />
mTis ferdobis <strong>da</strong>xriloba 15-30 gradusia <strong>da</strong> teritoriaze tye ar aris. zvavis<br />
moZraobis siCqarea 20-100m/wm. zvavis moqmedeba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zamTris TveebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
gazafxulzea mosalodneli, radgan swored am dros yalibdeba zvavis CamowolisTvis<br />
saWiro sisqis Tovlis safari.<br />
rogo<br />
rogor aviridoT / SevamciroT zvavis Camowolis Sedegad<br />
arsebuli safrTxe?<br />
zvavisagan usafrTxoebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saukeTeso saSualebaa Sesabamisi nagebobebis<br />
aSeneba, zvavsaSiSi adgilebis aRmniSvneli signalebis gamoyeneba. zvavSi moyolili<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sikvdilis mizezia mogudva. zvavis dros sunTqva SeuZlebelia, radgan<br />
Tovli ketavs sasunTq gzebs, Tovlis namqeri ki filtvebSi aRwevs. a<strong>da</strong>miani zvavSi<br />
ara marto igudeba, aramed iyineba, iRebs tramvebs, motexilobas.<br />
usafrTxo qcevis wesebi<br />
zvavis dros<br />
nu miecemiT panikas!<br />
zvavis dros<br />
1. nu gariskavT imoZraoT mTaSi did-<br />
Tovlianobis dros, 30 gradusze<br />
metad <strong>da</strong>xrili mTis ferdobze;<br />
2. ga<strong>da</strong>laxeT mTebi SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad<br />
maRal simaRleze, imoZraveT<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebaSi<br />
dilaobiT Zalian didi sifrTxiliT;<br />
3. Tan iqonieT eleqtronuli samZebro<br />
mowyobilobebi;<br />
4. Tvali adevneT sainformacio gamoSvebebSi<br />
zvavsaSiSi adgilebis<br />
Sesaxeb informacias.<br />
25
zvavis Semdeg<br />
1. amoZraveT xel-fexi ise, TiTqos<br />
curavT. es <strong>da</strong>gexmarebaT ze<strong>da</strong>pirze<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeT;<br />
2. <strong>da</strong>icaviT cxviri <strong>da</strong> piri, rom ar<br />
gaigudoT. SeecadeT gainTavsufloT<br />
are cxvirisa <strong>da</strong> piris, mkerdis<br />
mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi;<br />
3. <strong>da</strong>zogeT Zalebi, rom Jangbadi<br />
swrafad ar <strong>da</strong>xarjoT;<br />
4. moerieT Zilis survils.<br />
zvavi erT-erTi yvelaze Cveuli movlenaa saqarTvelos mTiani<br />
regionebisTvis. zvavsaSiSi periodi grZeldeba eqvsi<strong>da</strong>n rva Tvemde.<br />
Tumca yvelaze saSiSad ianvar-martis Tveebi iTvleba. swored am dros<br />
aRiricxeba zvavebis 70%. xSiria maRalmTiani <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli punqtebis<br />
praqtikulad sruli mowyveta saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>narCeni teritoriisagan.<br />
Cveni qveynis teritoriis 50%-ze meti moqceulia zvavsaSiS zonaSi,<br />
rac did safrTxes uqmnis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sakomunikacio nagebobebs <strong>da</strong> 100-ze<br />
met <strong>da</strong>saxlebul punqts. bolo 10 weliwadSi am movlenisgan qveynisTvis<br />
miyenebulma zaralma 40 mln. lars ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba. <strong>da</strong>iRupa 15 a<strong>da</strong>miani. sul<br />
qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba 5 aTasi zvavsaSiSi kera, romelTagan 1100-ze meti<br />
emuqreba saavtomobilo magistralebs, <strong>da</strong>saxlebul punqtebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
sakomunikacio nagebobebs. zvavsaSiSroebis yvelaze maRali riskiT guriaaWaris<br />
mTianeTi gamoirCeva.<br />
saqarTveloSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali zvavsaSiSroebiT gamoirCeva kavkasionis<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTi <strong>da</strong> centraluri monakveTebi <strong>da</strong> aWaris maRal mTianeTi.<br />
Tovlis zvavebis gansakuTrebuli aqtivoba aRiniSneba 1970 wli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
wyaro: garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros ssip garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
erovnuli saagentos informacia<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze zvavsaSiSroebis ganawileba<br />
26<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
aris zvavebi svaneTSi. am mxareSi IV<br />
saukuni<strong>da</strong>n agebdnen svanur koSkebs,<br />
romlebic zvavs kuTxiT upirispirdebodnen.<br />
Sedegad zvavi koSkebs<br />
ver angrev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTeli sofeli mSvidobianad<br />
gamoizamTreb<strong>da</strong> xolme.<br />
mewyeri<br />
mewyeri _ <strong>da</strong>xrilobis mimarTulebiT, simZimis<br />
Zalis zemoqmedebiT nia<strong>da</strong>gis an qanis mowyveta an<br />
mosxletiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba.<br />
mewyeris mizezia qanebis wonasworobis <strong>da</strong>rRveva, rasac iwvevs ferdobis Ziris<br />
gamorecxva; gamofitvis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>metebuli tenianobis gamo qanebis simtkicis<br />
Sesusteba; seismuri biZgebi; a<strong>da</strong>mianis sameurneo saqmianoba adgilis geologiuri<br />
pirobebis gauTvaliswineblad <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
mewyerTan brZolis efeqturi saSualebaa mTis kalTebis gatyianeba, sainJinro<br />
nagebobebiT gamagreba <strong>da</strong> sxva. mewyeri ufro xSirad viTardeba iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c rbili,<br />
advilad Sladi qanebi, anu iseTi qanebia, riTac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d agebulia saqarTvelos<br />
mTaTaSorisi bari.<br />
mewyeris <strong>da</strong>wyebis niSnebia:<br />
• miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze bzarebisa <strong>da</strong> napralebis gaCena;<br />
• mewyersaSiS ferdobebze wylis gaJonva.<br />
usafrTxo qcevis wesebi<br />
mewyeris, Rvarcofis dros<br />
nu miecemiT panikas!<br />
mewyeramde<br />
1. moipoveT informacia mewyeris SesaZlo<br />
warmoqmnis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia <strong>da</strong>mewyril teritoriaze<br />
pirutyvis Zoveba <strong>da</strong> miwis<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSaveba;<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebaSi<br />
27
3. wyalga<strong>da</strong>myvani arxebiT <strong>da</strong>mewyril<br />
ubnebs un<strong>da</strong> aaciloT gruntisa <strong>da</strong><br />
atmosferuli naleqebis Sedegad<br />
nawreti wylebi;<br />
4. mewyeris niSnebis gaCenisas SeatyobineT<br />
samaSvelo samsaxurs.<br />
mewyeris dros<br />
1. ga<strong>da</strong>keteT bunebrivi airis mili <strong>da</strong><br />
gamorTeT eleqtroxelsawyoebi,<br />
wyalsadenis qseli;<br />
2. moemzadeT <strong>da</strong>uyoneblivi evakuaciisaTvis<br />
winaswar SemuSavebuli<br />
gegmis Tanaxmad;<br />
3. evakuaciis dros Tan waiReT sabuTebi,<br />
Zvirfaseuloba, tansacmeli <strong>da</strong><br />
produqtebi;<br />
4. saswrafod moaxdineT usafrTxo<br />
adgilas ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />
mewyeris Semdeg<br />
1. SeamowmeT Senobis mdgradoba,<br />
eleqtroobis, bunebrivi airis <strong>da</strong><br />
wyalmomaragebis qselebis gamar-<br />
Tuloba.<br />
saqarTveloSi mewyrul-gravitaciuli movlenebi ganviTarebulia<br />
TiTqmis yvela landSaftur-geomorfologiur zonaSi, erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavebul geologiur garemoSi – zRvispireTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli maRalm-<br />
TianeTiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. saSiSroebis riskis zonaSi moqceulia qveynis<br />
teritoriis 1.5 mln. ha. mewyeruli movlenebis ganviTarebis maRali intensivoba<br />
axasiaTebs civ-gomboris qedis CrdiloeT ferdobebs, <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
saqarTvelos gorak-borcvian landSaftTa umravlesobasa <strong>da</strong> mesxeTs.<br />
TrialeTis qedis CrdiloeT ferdobs. mewyerebi praqtikulad ar<br />
aRiniSneba kolxeTis <strong>da</strong>blobze, alaznis velsa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis vakeze.<br />
wyaro: garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministros ssip garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
erovnuli saagentos informacia.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis <strong>da</strong>raionebis ruka<br />
mewyerebiT <strong>da</strong>zianebisa <strong>da</strong> saSiSroebis riskis mixedviT<br />
28<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>cva</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>usafrTxoeba</strong>
Rvarcofi (seli)<br />
Rvarcofi – maRali koncentraciis wyal gruntovani<br />
nakadis moZraoba mdinaris an xramis kalapotSi, risi<br />
gamovlinebac ganpirobebulia reliefis Zlieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawevrebiT, ferdobebisa <strong>da</strong> kalapotebis Zlieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>xrilobiT, eroziuli procesebis intensiuri ganviTarebiT,<br />
Tovlis intensiuri dnobiT, bunebrivi an<br />
xelovnuri kaSxlebis wyalsatevebi<strong>da</strong>n gadmoxeTqili<br />
wylebiT <strong>da</strong> Zlieri Tavsxma wvimebiT.<br />
Rvarcofi SeiZleba gagrZeldes aTiode wuTi<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime saaTamde. Rvarcofs<br />
didi ubedureba moaqvs: iRupebian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi <strong>da</strong> cxovelebi, ingreva sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlebi, sainJinro <strong>da</strong> sagzao nagebobebi, nadgurdeba sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
savargulebi, nadgurdeba <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli punqtebi, safrTxe emuqreba saavtomobilo<br />
<strong>da</strong> sarkinigzo moZraobas, ixergeba mi<strong>da</strong>mo. Rvarcofis nakadi zogjer aTeulobiT<br />
kilometri sigrZis <strong>da</strong> 15 metri siRrmisaa, siCqare ki _ 2-10 m/wm.<br />
Rvarcofis ZiriTadi mizezia ga<strong>da</strong>uRebeli wvimebi mTebSi, Tovlis <strong>da</strong> yinulis<br />
intesiuri dnoba, tyis Cexva <strong>da</strong> mcenareTa ganadgureba mTis kalTebze.<br />
rogor aviridoT an SevamciroT Rvarcofis Sedegad<br />
arsebuli safrTxe?<br />
Rvarcofis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n arideba SesaZlebelia:<br />
• kaSxalebisa <strong>da</strong> jebirebis agebiT;<br />
• xeebis <strong>da</strong>rgvis gziT;<br />
• ferdobebze nia<strong>da</strong>gis gamagrebiT.<br />
gaxsovdes!<br />
mewyerisa <strong>da</strong> Rvarcofisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis saukeTeso saSualebaa saimedo TavSesafarSi<br />
moc<strong>da</strong>. Rvarcofis SesaZlo moqmedebis zonaSi, uari un<strong>da</strong> TqvaT sacxovrebeli saxlis<br />
aSenebaze. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxli ukve aRniSnul zonaSia, saWiroa miiRoT<br />
zomebi fun<strong>da</strong>mentisa <strong>da</strong> kedlebis gasamagreblad, miwayrilebis, SemovliTi saniaRvre<br />
arxebis asagebad, ferdobebis nargavebiT an sayrdeni kedlebiT gasamagreblad,<br />
sakomunikacio xazebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>da</strong>cviTi RonisZiebebis gasatareblad.<br />
Rvarcofuli movlenebi saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia 3000-mde<br />
eroziul wyalsadinarSi. Rvarcofebis riskis arealSi moqceulia qveynis<br />
teritoriis 2 mln. ha. Rvarcofebis yvelaze maRali intensivobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
saSiSroebis riskiT gamoirCeva kavkasionis areali, civ-gomborisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saguramo-ialnos qedebi <strong>da</strong> aWara-TrialeTis mTaTa sistema.<br />
wyaro: Sss sagangebo situaciebis marTvis departamenti.<br />
http://www.police.ge/uploads/sagangebostatistik/emd_rec_01_big.jpg<br />
<strong>usafrTxoeba</strong> sagangebo viTarebaSi<br />
29
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