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Tavi 8. miwis resursebi da niadagebi - momxmarebeli.ge

Tavi 8. miwis resursebi da niadagebi - momxmarebeli.ge

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<strong>Tavi</strong> <strong>8.</strong> <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

reziume<br />

<strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cva Zalian mniSvnelovania iseTi mciremiwiani<br />

qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. Aa<strong>da</strong>mianis araswori sameurneo qmedebebis,<br />

Seusabamo sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikis, sairigacio sistemebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>beli<br />

muSaobis, mcenareuli safaris cvlilebisa <strong>da</strong> sasuqebisa <strong>da</strong> Sxam-qimikatebis<br />

araswori gamoyenebis Sedegad qveyana ganicdis <strong>miwis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis degra<strong>da</strong>cias,<br />

nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>binZurebas, erozias, nia<strong>da</strong>gis struqturis rRvevasa <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis<br />

kargvas. aucilebelia Tanmimdevruli politikis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba<br />

<strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong>s marTvisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cvisTvis.<br />

1. Sesavali. saqarTvelos <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa. misi teritoria (teritoriuli wylebis<br />

gareSe) 69,7 aTasi km 2 -ia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n 2005 wlis mdgomareobiT sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

savargulebis farTobi 30,2 aTas km 2 -s Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns, sai<strong>da</strong>nac samiwaTmoqmedo miwebs<br />

(saxnav miwebs <strong>da</strong> mravalwliani sasoflo-sameurneo nargavebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul miwebs)<br />

sul 10,7 aTasi km 2 uWiravs (diagrama <strong>8.</strong>1).<br />

saTibebi<br />

2%<br />

saZovrebi<br />

26%<br />

arasasoflosameurneo<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

miwebi<br />

56%<br />

Osasoflosameurneo<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

miwebi,<br />

44%<br />

mravalwliani<br />

nargavebi<br />

4%<br />

saxnavi<br />

12%<br />

sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong><br />

sameurneo SenobebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> ezoebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebuli teritoria<br />

0.3%<br />

diagrama <strong>8.</strong>1 saqarTvelos saxmeleTo teritoriis <strong>da</strong>yofa miwebis kategoriis<br />

mixedviT <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis tipebi (2005 wlis mdgomareobiT).<br />

iuridiuli statusis mixedviT, miwebi saqarTveloSi iyofa sasoflosameurneo<br />

(40%) <strong>da</strong> arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebad (60%). es ukanaskneli kategoria<br />

moicavs saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> municipaluri tyeebis (tyis fondis) teritorias, <strong>da</strong>cul<br />

teritoriebs, wyliT <strong>da</strong>kavebul miwebs (wylis fonds), urbanizebul <strong>da</strong><br />

samrewvelo teritoriebs, agreTve gzebiTa <strong>da</strong> sxva infrastruqturuli<br />

na<strong>ge</strong>bobebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul teritoriebs. saqarTvelos miwebis kategoriebad <strong>da</strong>yofa<br />

asaxulia <strong>8.</strong>1 <strong>da</strong> <strong>8.</strong>2 diagramebze.


sasiflosameurneo<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

miwebi<br />

40%<br />

arasasoflosameurneo<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

miwebi<br />

60%<br />

tyis fondi<br />

31%<br />

wylis fondi<br />

11%<br />

sxva arasasoflosameurneo<br />

miwebi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />

13% punqtebis teritoria<br />

1%<br />

<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi<br />

4%<br />

diagrama <strong>8.</strong>2 saqarTvelos teritoriis (6,785 aTasi km 2 teritoriuli wylebis<br />

CaTvliT) <strong>da</strong>yofa miwebis kategoriis (iuridiuli statusis) mixedviT (2005 wlis<br />

mdgomareobiT)<br />

wyliT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />

miwebi<br />

3%<br />

kldeebi, xevebi, qvi<br />

Sobebi<br />

4%<br />

qalaqebi, <strong>da</strong>bebi<br />

1%<br />

samrewvelo, satran<br />

sporto <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

na<strong>ge</strong>bobebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavebuli miwebi<br />

3%<br />

sxva arasasoflosameurneo<br />

miwebi sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong><br />

5% sameurneo Senobebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> ezoebi<br />

soflebSi<br />

0.3%<br />

tyeebi <strong>da</strong> buCqnari<br />

41%<br />

mindvrebi<br />

(yanebi, saTibebi, sa<br />

Zovrebi)<br />

39%<br />

mravalwliani<br />

sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

nargavebi<br />

4%<br />

diagrama <strong>8.</strong>3. saqarTvelos miwebis ganawileba safaris mixedviT (2004 wlis<br />

mdgomareobiT)


soflis <strong>da</strong> satyeo<br />

meurneobaSi<br />

gamouyenebeli<br />

miwebi<br />

16%<br />

samiwaTmoqmedo<br />

teritoria (saxnavi<br />

miwebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mravalwliani<br />

nargavebi)<br />

15%<br />

bunebriv-sameurneo<br />

farTobi<br />

(ty e , b uCq nar i, s aTib -<br />

saZovrebi)<br />

69%<br />

diagrama <strong>8.</strong>4: saqarTvelos miwebis <strong>da</strong>yofa gamoyenebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT (2004)<br />

ruka <strong>8.</strong>1: saqarTvelos miwebis safari 2007 w. (wyaro: satelituri gamosaxuleba MODIS 2007<br />

წ.)<br />

ruka <strong>8.</strong>2. saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis ruka (wyaro: soflis meurneobis saministro)


70<br />

k<br />

m<br />

2<br />

i<br />

a<br />

s<br />

60<br />

a<br />

T<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

49. myinvarebi - glacieri<br />

4<strong>8.</strong> Zlier Camorecxili nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>da</strong> qanebis gaSiSvlebebi - qanebis gaSiSvleba <strong>da</strong> leptosoli<br />

47. anTropo<strong>ge</strong>nuri nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi - anTrik regosoli <strong>da</strong> antrosoli<br />

46. torfian-Waobiani - histosoli<br />

45. lamian-Waobiani - gleisoli<br />

44. aluviuri karbonatuli - qalkarik fluvisoli<br />

43. aluviuri maZRari - euTrik fluvisoli<br />

42. aluviuri mJave - disTrik fluvisoli<br />

41. mlaSobi - solonCaki<br />

40. bicobi - soloneci<br />

39. neSompala-sulfaturi - gifsisoli<br />

3<strong>8.</strong> ruxi-yavisferi Ria - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

37. ruxi-yavisferi - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

36. ruxi-yavisferi muqi - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

35. mdelos ruxi-yavisferi - kalcik vertisoli<br />

34. mdelos yavisferi - kalkarik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

33. yavisferi Ria - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

32. yavisferi karbonatuli - kalkarik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

31. yavisferi - eutrik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

30. yavisferi gamotutuli - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />

29. mdelos Savi bicobiani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli - glei-natrik vertisoli<br />

2<strong>8.</strong> mdelos Savi - gleik vertisoli<br />

27. Savi bicobiani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli - natrik vertisoli<br />

26. Savi karbonatuli - kalcik vertisoli<br />

25. Savi - vertisoli<br />

24. <strong>da</strong>widuli Savmiwa - vertik Cernoziomi <strong>da</strong> vertisoli<br />

23. Savmiwa - Cernoziomi<br />

22. gamotutuli Savmiwa - faeoziomi <strong>da</strong> Cernoziomi<br />

21. subtropikuli ewer-lebiani - gleisol<br />

20. subtropikuli eweri orSteinian-melWvili - plintiq <strong>da</strong> stagnik akrisol<br />

19. subtropikuli eweri - stagnik akrisoli<br />

1<strong>8.</strong> yviTelmiwa gaewrebuli - stagni-feralik kabisoli<br />

17. yviTelmiwa - qromik <strong>da</strong> feralik kambisoli<br />

16. wiTelmiwa gaewrebuli - stagnik alisoli<br />

15. wiTelmiwa - alisoli<br />

14. neSompala-karbonatuli wiTeli - rodik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> luvisoli<br />

13. neSompala-karbonatuli degradirebuli - eroziuli renZik leptosoli<br />

12. neSompala-karbonatuli - renZik leptosoli<br />

11. yomral-Savi - humik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> faeozemi<br />

10. yviTel-yomrali - qromik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> stagnik alisoli<br />

9. yomrali gaewrebuli - distrik kambisoli<br />

<strong>8.</strong> yomrali sustad aramaZRari - eutrik kambisoli<br />

7. yomrali mJave - disTrik kambisoli<br />

6. mTa-tye-mdelos - humik kambisoli<br />

5. mTa-mdelos Sav<strong>miwis</strong>ebri - humik leptosoli<br />

4. mTa-mdelos Waobiani - gleisoli <strong>da</strong> hiptosoli<br />

3. mTa-mdelos kordian-torfiani - leptosoli <strong>da</strong> histosoli<br />

2. mTa-mdelos kordiani - leptosoli, kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kriosoli<br />

1. mTa-mdelos primitiuli - leptosoli<br />

diagrama <strong>8.</strong>5. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis ganawileba qveynis teritoriaze<br />

(monacemebis wyaro: „saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis atlasi bunebrivi mosavlianobis<br />

SefasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis“.)დიაგრამაზე ფერები უნდა<br />

შეესაბამებოდეს ნიადაგების რუკაზე იგივე ნიადაგის ფერს<br />

gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos teritoria SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos sam<br />

nawilad: samiwaTmoqmedo teritoria, bunebriv-sameurneo farTobi (tye, buCqnari,<br />

saTib-saZovrebi) soflis <strong>da</strong> satyeo meurneobaSi gamouyenebeli miwebi (ix. diagrama<br />

<strong>8.</strong>4).<br />

saqarTvelos teritoria 5 klimatur sartyels <strong>da</strong> 8 nia<strong>da</strong>gur zonas moicavs.<br />

aq Tavmoyrilia 10 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nia<strong>da</strong>gwarmomqmnel qanze formirebuli 49 nia<strong>da</strong>guri<br />

tipi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis ZiriTadi tipebi mocemulia <strong>8.</strong>5<br />

diagramaze, maTi gavrcelebis arealebi ki _ saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis rukaze (ruka<br />

<strong>8.</strong>2).<br />

saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong>guri resursi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisTvis sakmaod<br />

SezRudulia. qveynis teritoriis 65-70%-s moicavs nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi, romlebic<br />

mcenarisTvis saWiro sakvebi elementebiT Raribia <strong>da</strong> ver uzrunvelyofs sasoflosameurneo<br />

kulturaTa normalur zr<strong>da</strong>-ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> mosavlis miRebas.<br />

sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebad ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoiyeneba yavisferi, ruxyavisferi,<br />

Savmiwa, neSompala-karbonatuli, subtropikuli eweri, wiTelmiwa,<br />

yviTelmiwa yomrali, lamian-Waobiani <strong>da</strong> kordian-torfiani nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi. sasoflosameurneo<br />

savargulebis sakmaod didi wili (6,7%, 205 aTasi ha) ki ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>balnayofier, <strong>da</strong>mlaSebul <strong>da</strong> bicob nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bs ukavia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sasoflosameurneo<br />

savargulebis 8% (300 aTasi ha) mJave, 7.3% (210 aTasi heqtari) ki<br />

<strong>da</strong>Waobebuli nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bia.<br />

mniSvnelovani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad vargisianobis<br />

mixedviT saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi, romlebic muSavdeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganekuTvneba<br />

„karg“ <strong>da</strong> „saSualo“ kategoriebs [1] (ix. diagrama <strong>8.</strong>6). saqarTveloSi praqtikulad<br />

ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad sukeTeso nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi.


saSualoze<br />

<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxis<br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

3.4%<br />

saukeTeso<br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

0.1%<br />

kargi niagadebi<br />

34.3%<br />

saSualo<br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />

62.2%<br />

diagrama <strong>8.</strong>6. ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

vargisianobis (bonitetis qulis) mqone nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis wili <strong>da</strong>muSavebad sasoflosameurneo<br />

miwebSi (monacemebis wyaro:„saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis atlasi bunebrivi<br />

mosavlianobis SefasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis“).<br />

soflis meurneobisTvis miwebis gamosadegobas, gar<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bisa, vertikaluri<br />

(simaRliTi) zonalobac gansazRvravs. saqarTveloSi wamod<strong>ge</strong>nilia eqvsi<br />

vertikaluri zona:<br />

• I zona (zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n 250 m-mde) _ upiratesad gavrcelebulia <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

saqarTvelos mravalwliani subtropikuli kulturebi (citrusebi, Cai,<br />

<strong>da</strong>fna).<br />

• II zona (250-5000m) _ mebaReoba-mebostneobis, mevenaxeobis, intensiuri<br />

memindvreobis (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d simindis) gavrcelebis areali.<br />

• III zona (500-1000m) _ Warbobs Tav<strong>Tavi</strong>ani kulturebi, bunebrivi sakvebi<br />

savargulebi, mecxoveleoba.<br />

• IV zona (1000-1500m) _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saTib-saZovrebia, memindvreoba sustad<br />

aris ganviTarebuli.<br />

• V zona_(1500-2000m) _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saTib-saZovrebia.<br />

• VI zona (2000m-is zemoT) _ miwaTmoqmedeba ar arsebobs.<br />

saxelmwifo regulireba<br />

1992-1998 ww-Si saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis 55% soflis<br />

mosaxleobas usasyidlod ga<strong>da</strong>eca. <strong>miwis</strong> reforma saqarTveloSi SesaZloa or<br />

etapad <strong>da</strong>vyoT: 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1998 wlamde ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>miwis</strong><br />

reforma, 1999-<strong>da</strong>n 2003 wlamde _ arasasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwebis<br />

reforma.<br />

dResdReobiT privatizebas eqvemdebareba sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />

miwebi (gar<strong>da</strong> saZovrebisa) <strong>da</strong> arasasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis is miwebi,<br />

romlebic ar ganekuTvneba tyis fonds, wylis fonds, <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebs,<br />

agreTve rekreaciuli <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis, istoriis, kulturis, bunebisa <strong>da</strong> sakultoreligiuri<br />

ZeglebisaTvis gankuTvnil miwebs.<br />

privatizebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT gamoyeneba<br />

ikrZaleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom am miwebze akrZalulia mSenebloba (gamonakliss


warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns <strong>miwis</strong> mesakuTris piradi sacxovrebeli saxli an sameurneo na<strong>ge</strong>boba<br />

_ maTi a<strong>ge</strong>ba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze <strong>da</strong>iSveba), samrewvelo sawarmoebis a<strong>ge</strong>bafunqcionireba<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva. Tuki samrewvelo an sxva urbanuli miznebisTvis sasoflosameurneo<br />

<strong>miwis</strong> gamoyeneba mainc aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong>interesebulma pirma un<strong>da</strong><br />

moiTxovos <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Secvla <strong>da</strong> saamisod saTanado kompensacia<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ixados (rac miwebis adgilmdebareobazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> heqtarze 15-<strong>da</strong>n 100<br />

aTas laramde Tanxas Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns). <strong>miwis</strong> miznobrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Secvlas<br />

axorcielebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi<br />

Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri – sajaro reestris erovnuli<br />

saa<strong>ge</strong>nto, xolo sarekreacio teritoriebis sazRvrebSi moqceuli sasoflosameurneo<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwebisa <strong>da</strong> q. Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> q. baTumis administraciul<br />

sazRvrebSi moqceuli sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwebis SemTxvevebSi -<br />

saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s saministro.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>miwis</strong> miznobrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisa, masze arasasoflo-sameurneo<br />

xasiaTis saqmianobis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde aucilebelia nia<strong>da</strong>gis nayofieri fenis moxsna <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyobeba/<strong>da</strong>konserveba. nia<strong>da</strong>gis moxsnili nayofieri fenis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva an<br />

gasxviseba ikrZaleba. Tuki saqmianoba droebiTi xasiaTisaa (magaliTad,<br />

mineraluri <strong>resursebi</strong>s mopoveba an nagavsayreli poligonis mowyoba <strong>da</strong><br />

funqcionireba), misi <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg aucilebelia teritoriis aRd<strong>ge</strong>narekultivacia<br />

<strong>da</strong>konservebuli nia<strong>da</strong>gis saSualebiT.<br />

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela nia<strong>da</strong>gi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>miwis</strong> sakuTrebis formisa,<br />

saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis obieqts warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. kerZod, ikrZaleba:<br />

• nia<strong>da</strong>gis yovelgvari gaWuWyianeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nagvianeba;<br />

• ferdobebis <strong>da</strong>teraseba nia<strong>da</strong>gis SerCevisa <strong>da</strong> saTanado <strong>da</strong>proeqtebis gareSe;<br />

• saZovrebis gamwireba uwesrigo ZovebiT; gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>nil normaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli raodenobiT naxirisa <strong>da</strong> faris Zoveba maRalmTian<br />

saZovrebze;<br />

• tyiT sar<strong>ge</strong>blobis dros nia<strong>da</strong>gis safaris <strong>da</strong>zianeba;<br />

• mindorsacavi tyis zolebis gakafva-ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba, nia<strong>da</strong>g<strong>da</strong>mcav na<strong>ge</strong>bobaTa<br />

<strong>da</strong>zianeba;<br />

• sasuqebis, qimiuri meliorintebis <strong>da</strong> sxva saSualebebis gamoyeneba, romlebic<br />

ar aris gamocdili saqarTvelos pirobebSi, ara aqvs gavlili Sesabamisi<br />

nia<strong>da</strong>gur-ekologiuri eqspertiza <strong>da</strong> ar aris Semowmebuli, registrirebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebis mier;<br />

• sxva yovelgvari qmedeba, romelic gaauaresebs nia<strong>da</strong>gis Tvisebebs.<br />

samwuxarod, am moTxovnaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis kontroli dRevandel realobaSi ver<br />

xorcieldeba.<br />

2. miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis mdgomareoba<br />

saqarTvelos klimatur-reliefuri <strong>Tavi</strong>seburebebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ge</strong>odinamikuri<br />

procesebis gamo saqarTveloSi miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis erozias sakmaod farTo<br />

masStabebi aqvs. nia<strong>da</strong>gis erozia rig SemTxvevebSi aris bunebrivi movlena, Tumca<br />

degra<strong>da</strong>ciis procesis simwvave Rrmavdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier nia<strong>da</strong>gis aramdgradi<br />

gamoyenebiT. gavrcelebulia miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis rogorc wylismieri <strong>da</strong><br />

qarismieri erozia, aseve <strong>da</strong>mlaSebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Waobebis procesebi (ix. rukebi <strong>8.</strong>2-<strong>8.</strong>5).<br />

sasoflo-sameurneo nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis 33% (1 mln ha) erozirebulia. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n 380 aTasi ha<br />

saxnavi miwebia, 570 aTasi ha _ saZovrebi <strong>da</strong> saTibebi, 87 aTasi ha _ Savi zRvis<br />

sanapiro zoli.<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aridul <strong>da</strong> naxevrad aridul zonebSi qarismier<br />

erozias ganicdis 105 aTasi ha saxnav-saTesi savarguli 18 administraciul<br />

raionSi. Zlier <strong>da</strong>mlaSebulia nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis 59 aTasi ha, saSualod <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli _<br />

54 aTasi ha. neSompala-sulfaturi nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis saerTo farTobi, romelsac<br />

melioracia esaWiroeba 15 aTas ha-s Seadens. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis


<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10 aTasi ha <strong>da</strong>rRveuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zianebulia mineraluri <strong>resursebi</strong>s Ria<br />

karieruli wesiT <strong>da</strong>muSavebis gamo.<br />

miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis eroziuli procesebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlier<strong>da</strong> bolo<br />

wlebSi, globaluri klimaturi cvlilebebis gamo gaxSirebuli stiqiuri<br />

movlenebis Sedegad. aRiniSneba sasoflo-sameurneo nia<strong>da</strong>gis gaRaribeba<br />

mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakvebi nivTierebebiT <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis ZiriTadi maCveneblis<br />

_ humusis _ Semcirebis tendencia TiTqmis yvela saxis nia<strong>da</strong>gSi. soflis<br />

meurneobis saministros 2006 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

<strong>miwis</strong> 60% saSualo an <strong>da</strong>bali nayofierebisaa. nia<strong>da</strong>gis nayofierebis kargvas<br />

aCqarebs Seusabamo sasoflo-sameurneo praqtika: ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Zoveba, intensiuri<br />

miwaTmoqmedeba, <strong>da</strong>mrec ferdobebze xvna. nia<strong>da</strong>gis gabicobebas <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mJavianebas xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong> aCqarebs mJavawarmomqmneli azotovani sasuqebis<br />

gamoyeneba. miwebis degra<strong>da</strong>cias aZlierebs tyeebis ukontrolo Wra, Ria<br />

karieruli wesiT sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo wiaRiseulis mopoveba. nia<strong>da</strong>gis ze<strong>da</strong> nayofieri<br />

fenis didi raodenoba ikar<strong>ge</strong>ba agreTve infrastruqturuli proeqtebis <strong>da</strong><br />

intensiur mSeneblobaTa gamo<br />

ruka <strong>8.</strong>3: wylismier erozias <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli miwebi (wyaro: soflis meurneobis<br />

saministro)<br />

ruka <strong>8.</strong>4: qarismieri eroziiT <strong>da</strong>zianebuli miwebi (wyaro: soflis meurneobis<br />

saministro)


uka <strong>8.</strong>5: <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi (wyaro: soflis meurneobis saministro)<br />

gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis erovnuli strategia<br />

<strong>miwis</strong> degra<strong>da</strong>ciis erT-erTi, msoflioSi cnobili saxea miwebis gau<strong>da</strong>bnoeba,<br />

rac mSrali stepebisa <strong>da</strong> naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoebis mcenareuli safaris Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargvaSi mdgomareobs. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesebis gaaqtiureba <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong>s<br />

aramdgradi gamoyenebiTa (araswori irigacia, ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Zoveba, kultivacia,<br />

tyis safaris kargva) <strong>da</strong> klimaturi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis<br />

procesebi saqarTveloSic mimdinareobs. am mxriv yvelaze mgrZnobiare raionebia<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTli, kaxeTis nawili (dedofliswyaros, siRnaRis, sagarejos<br />

raionebi). Ggau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis process ganicdis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 3000km 2 , romelic moicavs<br />

Siraqis, el<strong>da</strong>ris, ivris, taribanas, naomaris, oles, jeiran-Colis velebs, maT<br />

gamyof qedebs, zegnebs <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis qedis ferdobis umetes nawils. Ggau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis<br />

zona saqarTveloSi iwyeba zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n 300-400 m-<strong>da</strong>n. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesi<br />

moicavs dedofliswyaros raionis 89 aTas ha-s, siRnaRis raionis 46 aTas ha-s,<br />

sagarejos raionis 47 aTas ha-s, gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raionis 32 aTas ha-s <strong>da</strong> marneulis<br />

raionis 30 aTas ha-s. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesis gaaqtiureba SeimCneva agreTve samxreT<br />

saqarTveloSic (axalcixis qvabuli) <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSic (kaspis raioni), sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi qarsacavi zolebis TiTqmis mTlianad<br />

ganadgurebis, gvalvebis sixSiris gazrdis <strong>da</strong> naleqebis deficitis pirobebSi<br />

momatebuli temperaturis fonze gaZlier<strong>da</strong> qarismieri eroziis procesi.<br />

saqarTveloSi gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesebs klimaturi, <strong>ge</strong>ologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />

nia<strong>da</strong>guri <strong>Tavi</strong>seburebebis gar<strong>da</strong>, eroziuli procesebic ganapirobebs _ rogorc<br />

bunebrivi erozia, aseve a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianobis Sedegad gaZlierebuli eroziuli<br />

procesebi. eroziis gamaZlierebeli saqmianobebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia:<br />

- naTeli <strong>da</strong> Walis tyeebis ukontrolo Cexva. es tyeebi gansakuTrebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>zian<strong>da</strong> 1993-2003 ww-Si, roca mimdebare teritoriis mosaxleobas saTbobad<br />

sxva masala praqtikulad ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

- saxnav-saTesi miwebis araracionaluri gamoyeneba. sabWoTa periodSi<br />

ixvnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>miwis</strong> yvela monakveTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ki traqtori gavlas SeZleb<strong>da</strong>;<br />

ixvnebo<strong>da</strong> Zalze <strong>da</strong>bali nayofierebis miwebic ki. ekonomikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT am miwebis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba srulebiT uSedego (an zaraliani) iyo


<strong>da</strong> amave dros igi iwvev<strong>da</strong> arsebuli mcenareuli safaris Zlier <strong>da</strong>zianebas.<br />

aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>xnuli <strong>da</strong> degradirebuli miwebis moSiSvlebul ze<strong>da</strong>pirze stepis<br />

mcenareuloba aRar aRdga <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnosa <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos<br />

ekosistemebi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />

- xelovnuri xanZrebi. saZovrebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gazafxulze mwyemsebi<br />

regularulad awyoben xelovnur xanZrebs. es agreTve iwvevs balaxis<br />

mravalferovnebis Semcirebas.<br />

- melioraciuli sistemebis <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli mSenebloba. mTagorian adgilebSi<br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis rwyva yovelTvis sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo ar aris. xSiria nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>recxva <strong>da</strong> kargva, TabaSiris <strong>da</strong> Tixis gamotana <strong>da</strong>qanebis mimarulebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> vake adgilebze akumulireba, TabaSiris gamokristaleba. aseT <strong>da</strong>zianebul<br />

adgilebze mcenareuli safari praqtikulad aRar aRd<strong>ge</strong>ba. problemuria,<br />

agreTve, sarwyavi sistemebi, romlebSic wyali eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebiT<br />

500-600 m simaRleze itumbebo<strong>da</strong>. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT es saqmianoba<br />

sruliad gaumarTlebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg Sewy<strong>da</strong><br />

kidec. zedmeti rwyviT <strong>da</strong>zianebuli miwebi ki eroziis procesebma moicva.<br />

- Warbi Zoveba. saqarTvelos semiariduli zona (ivris zegani <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

mimdebare teritoriebi) istoriulad saqarTvelos zamTris saZovars<br />

warmoad<strong>ge</strong>n<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde saZovrebis marTva<br />

nakveTmori<strong>ge</strong>obis <strong>da</strong> saZovarTbrunvis tradiciuli sistemebis gamoyenebis<br />

saSualebiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saZovrebis mdgrad gamoyenebas uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. es sistema<br />

Temur miwaTsar<strong>ge</strong>blobas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>, rac mecxvares saZovrebis<br />

mdgomareobis adekvaturad Sefasebis stimuls uqmni<strong>da</strong>. saZovrebis marTvis<br />

es sistema SeuTavsebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ekonomikasTan. sabWoTa periodSi<br />

gauqm<strong>da</strong> rogorc <strong>miwis</strong> kerZo sakuTreba, aseve Temuri miwaTsar<strong>ge</strong>bloba.<br />

swored am periods ukavSirdeba ariduli <strong>da</strong> semiariduli saZovrebis<br />

degra<strong>da</strong>ciis procesebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom cxvris migracia<br />

zafxulisa <strong>da</strong> zamTris saZovrebs Soris dResac xdeba, igi ar aris<br />

srulyofili. kerZod, sazafxulo saZovrebze cxvari Zalze didxans, 8-9 Tve,<br />

Cerdeba <strong>da</strong> mis srul degra<strong>da</strong>cias iwvevs. am saZovrebze Raribdeba <strong>da</strong><br />

mcirdeba balaxovani safari, Txeldeba <strong>da</strong> ufro iolad <strong>da</strong>zianebadi xdeba<br />

nia<strong>da</strong>gi.<br />

gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesTan brZolisTvis 1994 wels Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />

gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis konvencia. 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo am konvenciis mxarea.<br />

2003 wels <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis moqmedebaTa<br />

erovnuli programa, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoyofilia gau<strong>da</strong>bneobis safrTxis winaSe myofi<br />

prioritetuli farTobebi, am farTobebis farglebSi gansazRvrulia gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis<br />

gamomwvevi ZiriTadi faqtorebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxulia gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />

mokle <strong>da</strong> saSualovadiani (2003-2007) RonisZiebebi, mosalodneli Sede<strong>ge</strong>biTa <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesrulebis vadebiT. programa iTvaliswinebs rogorc problemis ukeT Seswavlasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaanalizebas, konkretuli samoqmedo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis momzadebaze mimarTul<br />

saqmianobebs (gvalviani raionebis gamovlena, mravalwliuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />

Seswavla, niade<strong>ge</strong>bis mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> wylis <strong>resursebi</strong>s defcitis Sefaseba,<br />

maTematikuri modelebis Sed<strong>ge</strong>na, mowyvladi adgilebis gamovlena <strong>da</strong> maTi aRdenis<br />

samoqmedo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> sxva), aseve gvTavazobs gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis fonze<br />

biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis RonisZiebebs (konkretuli saxeobebis<br />

konservaciis programebis SemuSaveba, Walis tyeebis konservaciis RonisZiebebis<br />

<strong>ge</strong>gmis Sed<strong>ge</strong>na <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba. gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve soflis<br />

meurneobaSi gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi: saZovrebis pasportizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />

normebis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na, tradiciuli codnisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis gamoyenebis xelSewyoba,<br />

saxnav-saTesi miwebis marTvis principebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ge</strong>gmis SemuSaveba, soflis<br />

meurneobis mdgradi gamoyenebis programis momzadeba.


<strong>da</strong>finansebis simciris gamo saqarTvelos gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis<br />

moqmedebaTa erovnuli programa sruli formatiT ar ganxorcielebula, Tumca<br />

calkeuli proeqtebi SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad mimdinareobs. magaliTad, amJamad<br />

dedofliswyaros raionSi, romelic miCneulia klimatis cvlilebisadmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>miwis</strong><br />

degra<strong>da</strong>ciis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze mgrZnobiare teritoriad<br />

saqarTveloSi, xorcieldeba <strong>ge</strong>rmaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqti, romelic degradirebuli miwebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nas iTvaliswinebs.<br />

kerZod, mimdinareobs gaCexili qarsacavi zolebis <strong>da</strong> naTeli tyeebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na,<br />

<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmilia am regionSi saZovrebis mdgradi marTvis <strong>da</strong>nergvac.<br />

3. ZiriTadi gamowvevebi<br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis Seswavlisa <strong>da</strong> eroziisgan <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT soflis meurneobis<br />

saministro regularulad axorcielebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva RonisZiebas. 1998-2003 ww-Si am<br />

mimarTulebiT muSaob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo programebi: `<strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli <strong>da</strong> mJave<br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis nayofierebis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebis~ <strong>da</strong> `nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />

eroziuli procesebisagan~. samwuxarod, rogorc programebis gansaxorcielebli<br />

finansebi, aseve maTi <strong>ge</strong>ografiuli areali sakmaod mokrZalebuli iyo, kerZod:<br />

1. 19 raionSi sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>miwis</strong> farTobebze ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> SerCeviTi<br />

nia<strong>da</strong>gis agroqimiuri Seswavla <strong>da</strong> maTi xarisxobrivi Sefaseba (3262 ha).<br />

ZiriTadi maCveneblebi iyo humusi, mcenarisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi<br />

elementebi (azoti, fosfori, kaliumi). sakvlevi teritoriebi ganekuTvna<br />

kategorias `Zalian Raribi~.<br />

2. 2004 wels saxelmwifo programiT 80 aTasi lari gamoyofili iyo eroziis<br />

sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad. nia<strong>da</strong>gis eroziisagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi 24 ha farTobze <strong>da</strong>irgo xeebi.<br />

3. sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebis mizniT gamoica broSura<br />

`rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi eroziis winaaRmdeg~.<br />

2003 wels SemuSav<strong>da</strong> `saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis<br />

amaRlebis 2003-2010 wlebis saxelmwifo programa~, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />

nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis Semdgom gamokvlevebs <strong>da</strong> bicobi <strong>da</strong> mJave nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis qimiuri<br />

melioraciisa <strong>da</strong> eroziis RonisZiebebs. samwuxarod, saTanado <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />

uqonlobis gamo es programa ar ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amJamad:<br />

• Sewyvetilia nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis gamokvlevebi <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis monitoringi, saTanado<br />

rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSaveba, sasuqebis gamoyeneba praqtikulad yovelgvari<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabuTebis gareSe stiqiurad xdeba, ramac TiTqmis yvela tipis nia<strong>da</strong>gSi<br />

mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakvebi elementebis deficiti gamoiwvia.<br />

• gaZlier<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gSi mimdinare iseTi uaryofiTi procesebi, rogoricaa:<br />

gabicobeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSeba, meoradi <strong>da</strong>Waobeba, gamJavianeba, rac aTasobiT ha<br />

farTobis sasoflo-sameurneo brunvi<strong>da</strong>n amovardnis <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis maRali<br />

kategorii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>bal kategoriaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis realur pirobebs qmnis.<br />

• seriozulad gaZlier<strong>da</strong> eroziuli procesebi, ramac gamoiwvia aTasobiT<br />

tona nia<strong>da</strong>gis nayofieri fenis <strong>da</strong>kargva, mewyerebis, xramebis warmoqmnis<br />

provocireba.<br />

saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s saministros garemos<br />

erovnuli saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos mier 2010 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebulia nia<strong>da</strong>gis sinjebSi mZime<br />

liTonebisa <strong>da</strong> navTobproduqtebis gansazRvra. <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmilia nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>binZurebis<br />

regularuli monitoringis qselis Camoyalibeba.<br />

aucilebelia SemuSavdes `saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebis<br />

saxelmwifo programa 2012-2016 wlebisa <strong>da</strong> perspeqtiuli periodisaTvis”, romlis


safuZvelzec Semdgom momzaddeba <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldeba yovelwliuri miznobrivi<br />

programebi nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis nayofierebis SenarCuneba-amaRlebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა:<br />

1. saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis atlasi bunebrivi mosavlianobis SefasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi<br />

<strong>resursebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis, KfW-is mier Tana<strong>da</strong>finansebuli ka<strong>da</strong>strisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>miwis</strong> registraciis<br />

proeqtis `miwaTmowyobis~(LCC) komponenti, 2006 w.<br />

2. saqarTvelos gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli programa.<br />

3. z. oqrocvariZe, sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis <strong>miwis</strong> gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis<br />

gzebi sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofis pirobebSi, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2006.

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