Tavi 8. miwis resursebi da niadagebi - momxmarebeli.ge
Tavi 8. miwis resursebi da niadagebi - momxmarebeli.ge
Tavi 8. miwis resursebi da niadagebi - momxmarebeli.ge
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<strong>Tavi</strong> <strong>8.</strong> <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
reziume<br />
<strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cva Zalian mniSvnelovania iseTi mciremiwiani<br />
qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. Aa<strong>da</strong>mianis araswori sameurneo qmedebebis,<br />
Seusabamo sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikis, sairigacio sistemebis mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>beli<br />
muSaobis, mcenareuli safaris cvlilebisa <strong>da</strong> sasuqebisa <strong>da</strong> Sxam-qimikatebis<br />
araswori gamoyenebis Sedegad qveyana ganicdis <strong>miwis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis degra<strong>da</strong>cias,<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>binZurebas, erozias, nia<strong>da</strong>gis struqturis rRvevasa <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis<br />
kargvas. aucilebelia Tanmimdevruli politikis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba<br />
<strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong>s marTvisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cvisTvis.<br />
1. Sesavali. saqarTvelos <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa. misi teritoria (teritoriuli wylebis<br />
gareSe) 69,7 aTasi km 2 -ia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n 2005 wlis mdgomareobiT sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
savargulebis farTobi 30,2 aTas km 2 -s Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns, sai<strong>da</strong>nac samiwaTmoqmedo miwebs<br />
(saxnav miwebs <strong>da</strong> mravalwliani sasoflo-sameurneo nargavebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul miwebs)<br />
sul 10,7 aTasi km 2 uWiravs (diagrama <strong>8.</strong>1).<br />
saTibebi<br />
2%<br />
saZovrebi<br />
26%<br />
arasasoflosameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
miwebi<br />
56%<br />
Osasoflosameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
miwebi,<br />
44%<br />
mravalwliani<br />
nargavebi<br />
4%<br />
saxnavi<br />
12%<br />
sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
sameurneo SenobebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> ezoebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli teritoria<br />
0.3%<br />
diagrama <strong>8.</strong>1 saqarTvelos saxmeleTo teritoriis <strong>da</strong>yofa miwebis kategoriis<br />
mixedviT <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis tipebi (2005 wlis mdgomareobiT).<br />
iuridiuli statusis mixedviT, miwebi saqarTveloSi iyofa sasoflosameurneo<br />
(40%) <strong>da</strong> arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebad (60%). es ukanaskneli kategoria<br />
moicavs saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> municipaluri tyeebis (tyis fondis) teritorias, <strong>da</strong>cul<br />
teritoriebs, wyliT <strong>da</strong>kavebul miwebs (wylis fonds), urbanizebul <strong>da</strong><br />
samrewvelo teritoriebs, agreTve gzebiTa <strong>da</strong> sxva infrastruqturuli<br />
na<strong>ge</strong>bobebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul teritoriebs. saqarTvelos miwebis kategoriebad <strong>da</strong>yofa<br />
asaxulia <strong>8.</strong>1 <strong>da</strong> <strong>8.</strong>2 diagramebze.
sasiflosameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
miwebi<br />
40%<br />
arasasoflosameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
miwebi<br />
60%<br />
tyis fondi<br />
31%<br />
wylis fondi<br />
11%<br />
sxva arasasoflosameurneo<br />
miwebi <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />
13% punqtebis teritoria<br />
1%<br />
<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebi<br />
4%<br />
diagrama <strong>8.</strong>2 saqarTvelos teritoriis (6,785 aTasi km 2 teritoriuli wylebis<br />
CaTvliT) <strong>da</strong>yofa miwebis kategoriis (iuridiuli statusis) mixedviT (2005 wlis<br />
mdgomareobiT)<br />
wyliT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />
miwebi<br />
3%<br />
kldeebi, xevebi, qvi<br />
Sobebi<br />
4%<br />
qalaqebi, <strong>da</strong>bebi<br />
1%<br />
samrewvelo, satran<br />
sporto <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
na<strong>ge</strong>bobebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebuli miwebi<br />
3%<br />
sxva arasasoflosameurneo<br />
miwebi sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
5% sameurneo Senobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ezoebi<br />
soflebSi<br />
0.3%<br />
tyeebi <strong>da</strong> buCqnari<br />
41%<br />
mindvrebi<br />
(yanebi, saTibebi, sa<br />
Zovrebi)<br />
39%<br />
mravalwliani<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
nargavebi<br />
4%<br />
diagrama <strong>8.</strong>3. saqarTvelos miwebis ganawileba safaris mixedviT (2004 wlis<br />
mdgomareobiT)
soflis <strong>da</strong> satyeo<br />
meurneobaSi<br />
gamouyenebeli<br />
miwebi<br />
16%<br />
samiwaTmoqmedo<br />
teritoria (saxnavi<br />
miwebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalwliani<br />
nargavebi)<br />
15%<br />
bunebriv-sameurneo<br />
farTobi<br />
(ty e , b uCq nar i, s aTib -<br />
saZovrebi)<br />
69%<br />
diagrama <strong>8.</strong>4: saqarTvelos miwebis <strong>da</strong>yofa gamoyenebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT (2004)<br />
ruka <strong>8.</strong>1: saqarTvelos miwebis safari 2007 w. (wyaro: satelituri gamosaxuleba MODIS 2007<br />
წ.)<br />
ruka <strong>8.</strong>2. saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis ruka (wyaro: soflis meurneobis saministro)
70<br />
k<br />
m<br />
2<br />
i<br />
a<br />
s<br />
60<br />
a<br />
T<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
49. myinvarebi - glacieri<br />
4<strong>8.</strong> Zlier Camorecxili nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi <strong>da</strong> qanebis gaSiSvlebebi - qanebis gaSiSvleba <strong>da</strong> leptosoli<br />
47. anTropo<strong>ge</strong>nuri nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi - anTrik regosoli <strong>da</strong> antrosoli<br />
46. torfian-Waobiani - histosoli<br />
45. lamian-Waobiani - gleisoli<br />
44. aluviuri karbonatuli - qalkarik fluvisoli<br />
43. aluviuri maZRari - euTrik fluvisoli<br />
42. aluviuri mJave - disTrik fluvisoli<br />
41. mlaSobi - solonCaki<br />
40. bicobi - soloneci<br />
39. neSompala-sulfaturi - gifsisoli<br />
3<strong>8.</strong> ruxi-yavisferi Ria - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
37. ruxi-yavisferi - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
36. ruxi-yavisferi muqi - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
35. mdelos ruxi-yavisferi - kalcik vertisoli<br />
34. mdelos yavisferi - kalkarik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
33. yavisferi Ria - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
32. yavisferi karbonatuli - kalkarik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
31. yavisferi - eutrik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
30. yavisferi gamotutuli - kalcik kaStanoziomi<br />
29. mdelos Savi bicobiani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli - glei-natrik vertisoli<br />
2<strong>8.</strong> mdelos Savi - gleik vertisoli<br />
27. Savi bicobiani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli - natrik vertisoli<br />
26. Savi karbonatuli - kalcik vertisoli<br />
25. Savi - vertisoli<br />
24. <strong>da</strong>widuli Savmiwa - vertik Cernoziomi <strong>da</strong> vertisoli<br />
23. Savmiwa - Cernoziomi<br />
22. gamotutuli Savmiwa - faeoziomi <strong>da</strong> Cernoziomi<br />
21. subtropikuli ewer-lebiani - gleisol<br />
20. subtropikuli eweri orSteinian-melWvili - plintiq <strong>da</strong> stagnik akrisol<br />
19. subtropikuli eweri - stagnik akrisoli<br />
1<strong>8.</strong> yviTelmiwa gaewrebuli - stagni-feralik kabisoli<br />
17. yviTelmiwa - qromik <strong>da</strong> feralik kambisoli<br />
16. wiTelmiwa gaewrebuli - stagnik alisoli<br />
15. wiTelmiwa - alisoli<br />
14. neSompala-karbonatuli wiTeli - rodik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> luvisoli<br />
13. neSompala-karbonatuli degradirebuli - eroziuli renZik leptosoli<br />
12. neSompala-karbonatuli - renZik leptosoli<br />
11. yomral-Savi - humik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> faeozemi<br />
10. yviTel-yomrali - qromik kambisoli <strong>da</strong> stagnik alisoli<br />
9. yomrali gaewrebuli - distrik kambisoli<br />
<strong>8.</strong> yomrali sustad aramaZRari - eutrik kambisoli<br />
7. yomrali mJave - disTrik kambisoli<br />
6. mTa-tye-mdelos - humik kambisoli<br />
5. mTa-mdelos Sav<strong>miwis</strong>ebri - humik leptosoli<br />
4. mTa-mdelos Waobiani - gleisoli <strong>da</strong> hiptosoli<br />
3. mTa-mdelos kordian-torfiani - leptosoli <strong>da</strong> histosoli<br />
2. mTa-mdelos kordiani - leptosoli, kambisoli <strong>da</strong> kriosoli<br />
1. mTa-mdelos primitiuli - leptosoli<br />
diagrama <strong>8.</strong>5. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis ganawileba qveynis teritoriaze<br />
(monacemebis wyaro: „saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis atlasi bunebrivi mosavlianobis<br />
SefasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis“.)დიაგრამაზე ფერები უნდა<br />
შეესაბამებოდეს ნიადაგების რუკაზე იგივე ნიადაგის ფერს<br />
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos teritoria SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos sam<br />
nawilad: samiwaTmoqmedo teritoria, bunebriv-sameurneo farTobi (tye, buCqnari,<br />
saTib-saZovrebi) soflis <strong>da</strong> satyeo meurneobaSi gamouyenebeli miwebi (ix. diagrama<br />
<strong>8.</strong>4).<br />
saqarTvelos teritoria 5 klimatur sartyels <strong>da</strong> 8 nia<strong>da</strong>gur zonas moicavs.<br />
aq Tavmoyrilia 10 sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nia<strong>da</strong>gwarmomqmnel qanze formirebuli 49 nia<strong>da</strong>guri<br />
tipi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis ZiriTadi tipebi mocemulia <strong>8.</strong>5<br />
diagramaze, maTi gavrcelebis arealebi ki _ saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis rukaze (ruka<br />
<strong>8.</strong>2).<br />
saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong>guri resursi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisTvis sakmaod<br />
SezRudulia. qveynis teritoriis 65-70%-s moicavs nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi, romlebic<br />
mcenarisTvis saWiro sakvebi elementebiT Raribia <strong>da</strong> ver uzrunvelyofs sasoflosameurneo<br />
kulturaTa normalur zr<strong>da</strong>-ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> mosavlis miRebas.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebad ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoiyeneba yavisferi, ruxyavisferi,<br />
Savmiwa, neSompala-karbonatuli, subtropikuli eweri, wiTelmiwa,<br />
yviTelmiwa yomrali, lamian-Waobiani <strong>da</strong> kordian-torfiani nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi. sasoflosameurneo<br />
savargulebis sakmaod didi wili (6,7%, 205 aTasi ha) ki ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>balnayofier, <strong>da</strong>mlaSebul <strong>da</strong> bicob nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bs ukavia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sasoflosameurneo<br />
savargulebis 8% (300 aTasi ha) mJave, 7.3% (210 aTasi heqtari) ki<br />
<strong>da</strong>Waobebuli nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bia.<br />
mniSvnelovani sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad vargisianobis<br />
mixedviT saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi, romlebic muSavdeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganekuTvneba<br />
„karg“ <strong>da</strong> „saSualo“ kategoriebs [1] (ix. diagrama <strong>8.</strong>6). saqarTveloSi praqtikulad<br />
ar aris sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad sukeTeso nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi.
saSualoze<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxis<br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
3.4%<br />
saukeTeso<br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
0.1%<br />
kargi niagadebi<br />
34.3%<br />
saSualo<br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
62.2%<br />
diagrama <strong>8.</strong>6. ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosayvanad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
vargisianobis (bonitetis qulis) mqone nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis wili <strong>da</strong>muSavebad sasoflosameurneo<br />
miwebSi (monacemebis wyaro:„saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis atlasi bunebrivi<br />
mosavlianobis SefasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis“).<br />
soflis meurneobisTvis miwebis gamosadegobas, gar<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bisa, vertikaluri<br />
(simaRliTi) zonalobac gansazRvravs. saqarTveloSi wamod<strong>ge</strong>nilia eqvsi<br />
vertikaluri zona:<br />
• I zona (zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n 250 m-mde) _ upiratesad gavrcelebulia <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
saqarTvelos mravalwliani subtropikuli kulturebi (citrusebi, Cai,<br />
<strong>da</strong>fna).<br />
• II zona (250-5000m) _ mebaReoba-mebostneobis, mevenaxeobis, intensiuri<br />
memindvreobis (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d simindis) gavrcelebis areali.<br />
• III zona (500-1000m) _ Warbobs Tav<strong>Tavi</strong>ani kulturebi, bunebrivi sakvebi<br />
savargulebi, mecxoveleoba.<br />
• IV zona (1000-1500m) _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saTib-saZovrebia, memindvreoba sustad<br />
aris ganviTarebuli.<br />
• V zona_(1500-2000m) _ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saTib-saZovrebia.<br />
• VI zona (2000m-is zemoT) _ miwaTmoqmedeba ar arsebobs.<br />
saxelmwifo regulireba<br />
1992-1998 ww-Si saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis 55% soflis<br />
mosaxleobas usasyidlod ga<strong>da</strong>eca. <strong>miwis</strong> reforma saqarTveloSi SesaZloa or<br />
etapad <strong>da</strong>vyoT: 1991 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1998 wlamde ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>miwis</strong><br />
reforma, 1999-<strong>da</strong>n 2003 wlamde _ arasasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwebis<br />
reforma.<br />
dResdReobiT privatizebas eqvemdebareba sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
miwebi (gar<strong>da</strong> saZovrebisa) <strong>da</strong> arasasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis is miwebi,<br />
romlebic ar ganekuTvneba tyis fonds, wylis fonds, <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebs,<br />
agreTve rekreaciuli <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis, istoriis, kulturis, bunebisa <strong>da</strong> sakultoreligiuri<br />
ZeglebisaTvis gankuTvnil miwebs.<br />
privatizebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT gamoyeneba<br />
ikrZaleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom am miwebze akrZalulia mSenebloba (gamonakliss
warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns <strong>miwis</strong> mesakuTris piradi sacxovrebeli saxli an sameurneo na<strong>ge</strong>boba<br />
_ maTi a<strong>ge</strong>ba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze <strong>da</strong>iSveba), samrewvelo sawarmoebis a<strong>ge</strong>bafunqcionireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva. Tuki samrewvelo an sxva urbanuli miznebisTvis sasoflosameurneo<br />
<strong>miwis</strong> gamoyeneba mainc aucilebelia, <strong>da</strong>interesebulma pirma un<strong>da</strong><br />
moiTxovos <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Secvla <strong>da</strong> saamisod saTanado kompensacia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ixados (rac miwebis adgilmdebareobazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> heqtarze 15-<strong>da</strong>n 100<br />
aTas laramde Tanxas Sead<strong>ge</strong>ns). <strong>miwis</strong> miznobrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Secvlas<br />
axorcielebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi<br />
Semavali sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri – sajaro reestris erovnuli<br />
saa<strong>ge</strong>nto, xolo sarekreacio teritoriebis sazRvrebSi moqceuli sasoflosameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwebisa <strong>da</strong> q. Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> q. baTumis administraciul<br />
sazRvrebSi moqceuli sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis miwebis SemTxvevebSi -<br />
saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s saministro.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>miwis</strong> miznobrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisa, masze arasasoflo-sameurneo<br />
xasiaTis saqmianobis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde aucilebelia nia<strong>da</strong>gis nayofieri fenis moxsna <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyobeba/<strong>da</strong>konserveba. nia<strong>da</strong>gis moxsnili nayofieri fenis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva an<br />
gasxviseba ikrZaleba. Tuki saqmianoba droebiTi xasiaTisaa (magaliTad,<br />
mineraluri <strong>resursebi</strong>s mopoveba an nagavsayreli poligonis mowyoba <strong>da</strong><br />
funqcionireba), misi <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg aucilebelia teritoriis aRd<strong>ge</strong>narekultivacia<br />
<strong>da</strong>konservebuli nia<strong>da</strong>gis saSualebiT.<br />
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela nia<strong>da</strong>gi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>miwis</strong> sakuTrebis formisa,<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>cvis obieqts warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns. kerZod, ikrZaleba:<br />
• nia<strong>da</strong>gis yovelgvari gaWuWyianeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nagvianeba;<br />
• ferdobebis <strong>da</strong>teraseba nia<strong>da</strong>gis SerCevisa <strong>da</strong> saTanado <strong>da</strong>proeqtebis gareSe;<br />
• saZovrebis gamwireba uwesrigo ZovebiT; gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>nil normaze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli raodenobiT naxirisa <strong>da</strong> faris Zoveba maRalmTian<br />
saZovrebze;<br />
• tyiT sar<strong>ge</strong>blobis dros nia<strong>da</strong>gis safaris <strong>da</strong>zianeba;<br />
• mindorsacavi tyis zolebis gakafva-ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba, nia<strong>da</strong>g<strong>da</strong>mcav na<strong>ge</strong>bobaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>zianeba;<br />
• sasuqebis, qimiuri meliorintebis <strong>da</strong> sxva saSualebebis gamoyeneba, romlebic<br />
ar aris gamocdili saqarTvelos pirobebSi, ara aqvs gavlili Sesabamisi<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gur-ekologiuri eqspertiza <strong>da</strong> ar aris Semowmebuli, registrirebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebis mier;<br />
• sxva yovelgvari qmedeba, romelic gaauaresebs nia<strong>da</strong>gis Tvisebebs.<br />
samwuxarod, am moTxovnaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis kontroli dRevandel realobaSi ver<br />
xorcieldeba.<br />
2. miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis mdgomareoba<br />
saqarTvelos klimatur-reliefuri <strong>Tavi</strong>seburebebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ge</strong>odinamikuri<br />
procesebis gamo saqarTveloSi miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis erozias sakmaod farTo<br />
masStabebi aqvs. nia<strong>da</strong>gis erozia rig SemTxvevebSi aris bunebrivi movlena, Tumca<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>ciis procesis simwvave Rrmavdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier nia<strong>da</strong>gis aramdgradi<br />
gamoyenebiT. gavrcelebulia miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis rogorc wylismieri <strong>da</strong><br />
qarismieri erozia, aseve <strong>da</strong>mlaSebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Waobebis procesebi (ix. rukebi <strong>8.</strong>2-<strong>8.</strong>5).<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis 33% (1 mln ha) erozirebulia. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n 380 aTasi ha<br />
saxnavi miwebia, 570 aTasi ha _ saZovrebi <strong>da</strong> saTibebi, 87 aTasi ha _ Savi zRvis<br />
sanapiro zoli.<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aridul <strong>da</strong> naxevrad aridul zonebSi qarismier<br />
erozias ganicdis 105 aTasi ha saxnav-saTesi savarguli 18 administraciul<br />
raionSi. Zlier <strong>da</strong>mlaSebulia nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis 59 aTasi ha, saSualod <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli _<br />
54 aTasi ha. neSompala-sulfaturi nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis saerTo farTobi, romelsac<br />
melioracia esaWiroeba 15 aTas ha-s Seadens. sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10 aTasi ha <strong>da</strong>rRveuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zianebulia mineraluri <strong>resursebi</strong>s Ria<br />
karieruli wesiT <strong>da</strong>muSavebis gamo.<br />
miwebisa <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis eroziuli procesebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlier<strong>da</strong> bolo<br />
wlebSi, globaluri klimaturi cvlilebebis gamo gaxSirebuli stiqiuri<br />
movlenebis Sedegad. aRiniSneba sasoflo-sameurneo nia<strong>da</strong>gis gaRaribeba<br />
mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakvebi nivTierebebiT <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis ZiriTadi maCveneblis<br />
_ humusis _ Semcirebis tendencia TiTqmis yvela saxis nia<strong>da</strong>gSi. soflis<br />
meurneobis saministros 2006 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
<strong>miwis</strong> 60% saSualo an <strong>da</strong>bali nayofierebisaa. nia<strong>da</strong>gis nayofierebis kargvas<br />
aCqarebs Seusabamo sasoflo-sameurneo praqtika: ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Zoveba, intensiuri<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba, <strong>da</strong>mrec ferdobebze xvna. nia<strong>da</strong>gis gabicobebas <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mJavianebas xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong> aCqarebs mJavawarmomqmneli azotovani sasuqebis<br />
gamoyeneba. miwebis degra<strong>da</strong>cias aZlierebs tyeebis ukontrolo Wra, Ria<br />
karieruli wesiT sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo wiaRiseulis mopoveba. nia<strong>da</strong>gis ze<strong>da</strong> nayofieri<br />
fenis didi raodenoba ikar<strong>ge</strong>ba agreTve infrastruqturuli proeqtebis <strong>da</strong><br />
intensiur mSeneblobaTa gamo<br />
ruka <strong>8.</strong>3: wylismier erozias <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli miwebi (wyaro: soflis meurneobis<br />
saministro)<br />
ruka <strong>8.</strong>4: qarismieri eroziiT <strong>da</strong>zianebuli miwebi (wyaro: soflis meurneobis<br />
saministro)
uka <strong>8.</strong>5: <strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bi (wyaro: soflis meurneobis saministro)<br />
gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis erovnuli strategia<br />
<strong>miwis</strong> degra<strong>da</strong>ciis erT-erTi, msoflioSi cnobili saxea miwebis gau<strong>da</strong>bnoeba,<br />
rac mSrali stepebisa <strong>da</strong> naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoebis mcenareuli safaris Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvaSi mdgomareobs. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesebis gaaqtiureba <strong>miwis</strong> <strong>resursebi</strong>s<br />
aramdgradi gamoyenebiTa (araswori irigacia, ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Zoveba, kultivacia,<br />
tyis safaris kargva) <strong>da</strong> klimaturi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis<br />
procesebi saqarTveloSic mimdinareobs. am mxriv yvelaze mgrZnobiare raionebia<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTli, kaxeTis nawili (dedofliswyaros, siRnaRis, sagarejos<br />
raionebi). Ggau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis process ganicdis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 3000km 2 , romelic moicavs<br />
Siraqis, el<strong>da</strong>ris, ivris, taribanas, naomaris, oles, jeiran-Colis velebs, maT<br />
gamyof qedebs, zegnebs <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis qedis ferdobis umetes nawils. Ggau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis<br />
zona saqarTveloSi iwyeba zRvis doni<strong>da</strong>n 300-400 m-<strong>da</strong>n. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesi<br />
moicavs dedofliswyaros raionis 89 aTas ha-s, siRnaRis raionis 46 aTas ha-s,<br />
sagarejos raionis 47 aTas ha-s, gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raionis 32 aTas ha-s <strong>da</strong> marneulis<br />
raionis 30 aTas ha-s. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesis gaaqtiureba SeimCneva agreTve samxreT<br />
saqarTveloSic (axalcixis qvabuli) <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSic (kaspis raioni), sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi qarsacavi zolebis TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
ganadgurebis, gvalvebis sixSiris gazrdis <strong>da</strong> naleqebis deficitis pirobebSi<br />
momatebuli temperaturis fonze gaZlier<strong>da</strong> qarismieri eroziis procesi.<br />
saqarTveloSi gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesebs klimaturi, <strong>ge</strong>ologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
nia<strong>da</strong>guri <strong>Tavi</strong>seburebebis gar<strong>da</strong>, eroziuli procesebic ganapirobebs _ rogorc<br />
bunebrivi erozia, aseve a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianobis Sedegad gaZlierebuli eroziuli<br />
procesebi. eroziis gamaZlierebeli saqmianobebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia:<br />
- naTeli <strong>da</strong> Walis tyeebis ukontrolo Cexva. es tyeebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>zian<strong>da</strong> 1993-2003 ww-Si, roca mimdebare teritoriis mosaxleobas saTbobad<br />
sxva masala praqtikulad ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
- saxnav-saTesi miwebis araracionaluri gamoyeneba. sabWoTa periodSi<br />
ixvnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>miwis</strong> yvela monakveTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ki traqtori gavlas SeZleb<strong>da</strong>;<br />
ixvnebo<strong>da</strong> Zalze <strong>da</strong>bali nayofierebis miwebic ki. ekonomikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT am miwebis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba srulebiT uSedego (an zaraliani) iyo
<strong>da</strong> amave dros igi iwvev<strong>da</strong> arsebuli mcenareuli safaris Zlier <strong>da</strong>zianebas.<br />
aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>xnuli <strong>da</strong> degradirebuli miwebis moSiSvlebul ze<strong>da</strong>pirze stepis<br />
mcenareuloba aRar aRdga <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnosa <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos<br />
ekosistemebi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />
- xelovnuri xanZrebi. saZovrebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gazafxulze mwyemsebi<br />
regularulad awyoben xelovnur xanZrebs. es agreTve iwvevs balaxis<br />
mravalferovnebis Semcirebas.<br />
- melioraciuli sistemebis <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli mSenebloba. mTagorian adgilebSi<br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis rwyva yovelTvis sasar<strong>ge</strong>blo ar aris. xSiria nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>recxva <strong>da</strong> kargva, TabaSiris <strong>da</strong> Tixis gamotana <strong>da</strong>qanebis mimarulebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> vake adgilebze akumulireba, TabaSiris gamokristaleba. aseT <strong>da</strong>zianebul<br />
adgilebze mcenareuli safari praqtikulad aRar aRd<strong>ge</strong>ba. problemuria,<br />
agreTve, sarwyavi sistemebi, romlebSic wyali eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebiT<br />
500-600 m simaRleze itumbebo<strong>da</strong>. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT es saqmianoba<br />
sruliad gaumarTlebeli iyo <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg Sewy<strong>da</strong><br />
kidec. zedmeti rwyviT <strong>da</strong>zianebuli miwebi ki eroziis procesebma moicva.<br />
- Warbi Zoveba. saqarTvelos semiariduli zona (ivris zegani <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
mimdebare teritoriebi) istoriulad saqarTvelos zamTris saZovars<br />
warmoad<strong>ge</strong>n<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde saZovrebis marTva<br />
nakveTmori<strong>ge</strong>obis <strong>da</strong> saZovarTbrunvis tradiciuli sistemebis gamoyenebis<br />
saSualebiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saZovrebis mdgrad gamoyenebas uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. es sistema<br />
Temur miwaTsar<strong>ge</strong>blobas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>, rac mecxvares saZovrebis<br />
mdgomareobis adekvaturad Sefasebis stimuls uqmni<strong>da</strong>. saZovrebis marTvis<br />
es sistema SeuTavsebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ekonomikasTan. sabWoTa periodSi<br />
gauqm<strong>da</strong> rogorc <strong>miwis</strong> kerZo sakuTreba, aseve Temuri miwaTsar<strong>ge</strong>bloba.<br />
swored am periods ukavSirdeba ariduli <strong>da</strong> semiariduli saZovrebis<br />
degra<strong>da</strong>ciis procesebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom cxvris migracia<br />
zafxulisa <strong>da</strong> zamTris saZovrebs Soris dResac xdeba, igi ar aris<br />
srulyofili. kerZod, sazafxulo saZovrebze cxvari Zalze didxans, 8-9 Tve,<br />
Cerdeba <strong>da</strong> mis srul degra<strong>da</strong>cias iwvevs. am saZovrebze Raribdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
mcirdeba balaxovani safari, Txeldeba <strong>da</strong> ufro iolad <strong>da</strong>zianebadi xdeba<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gi.<br />
gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesTan brZolisTvis 1994 wels Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis konvencia. 1999 wli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelo am konvenciis mxarea.<br />
2003 wels <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis moqmedebaTa<br />
erovnuli programa, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamoyofilia gau<strong>da</strong>bneobis safrTxis winaSe myofi<br />
prioritetuli farTobebi, am farTobebis farglebSi gansazRvrulia gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis<br />
gamomwvevi ZiriTadi faqtorebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxulia gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
mokle <strong>da</strong> saSualovadiani (2003-2007) RonisZiebebi, mosalodneli Sede<strong>ge</strong>biTa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesrulebis vadebiT. programa iTvaliswinebs rogorc problemis ukeT Seswavlasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaanalizebas, konkretuli samoqmedo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis momzadebaze mimarTul<br />
saqmianobebs (gvalviani raionebis gamovlena, mravalwliuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />
Seswavla, niade<strong>ge</strong>bis mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> wylis <strong>resursebi</strong>s defcitis Sefaseba,<br />
maTematikuri modelebis Sed<strong>ge</strong>na, mowyvladi adgilebis gamovlena <strong>da</strong> maTi aRdenis<br />
samoqmedo <strong>ge</strong>gmebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> sxva), aseve gvTavazobs gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis fonze<br />
biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis RonisZiebebs (konkretuli saxeobebis<br />
konservaciis programebis SemuSaveba, Walis tyeebis konservaciis RonisZiebebis<br />
<strong>ge</strong>gmis Sed<strong>ge</strong>na <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba. gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve soflis<br />
meurneobaSi gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi: saZovrebis pasportizacia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />
normebis <strong>da</strong>d<strong>ge</strong>na, tradiciuli codnisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis gamoyenebis xelSewyoba,<br />
saxnav-saTesi miwebis marTvis principebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ge</strong>gmis SemuSaveba, soflis<br />
meurneobis mdgradi gamoyenebis programis momzadeba.
<strong>da</strong>finansebis simciris gamo saqarTvelos gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis<br />
moqmedebaTa erovnuli programa sruli formatiT ar ganxorcielebula, Tumca<br />
calkeuli proeqtebi SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad mimdinareobs. magaliTad, amJamad<br />
dedofliswyaros raionSi, romelic miCneulia klimatis cvlilebisadmi <strong>da</strong> <strong>miwis</strong><br />
degra<strong>da</strong>ciis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze mgrZnobiare teritoriad<br />
saqarTveloSi, xorcieldeba <strong>ge</strong>rmaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebuli proeqti, romelic degradirebuli miwebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>nas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
kerZod, mimdinareobs gaCexili qarsacavi zolebis <strong>da</strong> naTeli tyeebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>na,<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmilia am regionSi saZovrebis mdgradi marTvis <strong>da</strong>nergvac.<br />
3. ZiriTadi gamowvevebi<br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis Seswavlisa <strong>da</strong> eroziisgan <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT soflis meurneobis<br />
saministro regularulad axorcielebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva RonisZiebas. 1998-2003 ww-Si am<br />
mimarTulebiT muSaob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo programebi: `<strong>da</strong>mlaSebuli <strong>da</strong> mJave<br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis nayofierebis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebis~ <strong>da</strong> `nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
eroziuli procesebisagan~. samwuxarod, rogorc programebis gansaxorcielebli<br />
finansebi, aseve maTi <strong>ge</strong>ografiuli areali sakmaod mokrZalebuli iyo, kerZod:<br />
1. 19 raionSi sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>miwis</strong> farTobebze ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> SerCeviTi<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gis agroqimiuri Seswavla <strong>da</strong> maTi xarisxobrivi Sefaseba (3262 ha).<br />
ZiriTadi maCveneblebi iyo humusi, mcenarisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi<br />
elementebi (azoti, fosfori, kaliumi). sakvlevi teritoriebi ganekuTvna<br />
kategorias `Zalian Raribi~.<br />
2. 2004 wels saxelmwifo programiT 80 aTasi lari gamoyofili iyo eroziis<br />
sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad. nia<strong>da</strong>gis eroziisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>sacavad aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi 24 ha farTobze <strong>da</strong>irgo xeebi.<br />
3. sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebis mizniT gamoica broSura<br />
`rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi eroziis winaaRmdeg~.<br />
2003 wels SemuSav<strong>da</strong> `saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis<br />
amaRlebis 2003-2010 wlebis saxelmwifo programa~, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />
nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis Semdgom gamokvlevebs <strong>da</strong> bicobi <strong>da</strong> mJave nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis qimiuri<br />
melioraciisa <strong>da</strong> eroziis RonisZiebebs. samwuxarod, saTanado <strong>da</strong>finansebis<br />
uqonlobis gamo es programa ar ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amJamad:<br />
• Sewyvetilia nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis gamokvlevebi <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis monitoringi, saTanado<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSaveba, sasuqebis gamoyeneba praqtikulad yovelgvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebis gareSe stiqiurad xdeba, ramac TiTqmis yvela tipis nia<strong>da</strong>gSi<br />
mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakvebi elementebis deficiti gamoiwvia.<br />
• gaZlier<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gSi mimdinare iseTi uaryofiTi procesebi, rogoricaa:<br />
gabicobeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSeba, meoradi <strong>da</strong>Waobeba, gamJavianeba, rac aTasobiT ha<br />
farTobis sasoflo-sameurneo brunvi<strong>da</strong>n amovardnis <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis maRali<br />
kategorii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>bal kategoriaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlis realur pirobebs qmnis.<br />
• seriozulad gaZlier<strong>da</strong> eroziuli procesebi, ramac gamoiwvia aTasobiT<br />
tona nia<strong>da</strong>gis nayofieri fenis <strong>da</strong>kargva, mewyerebis, xramebis warmoqmnis<br />
provocireba.<br />
saqarTvelos garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi <strong>resursebi</strong>s saministros garemos<br />
erovnuli saa<strong>ge</strong>ntos mier 2010 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebulia nia<strong>da</strong>gis sinjebSi mZime<br />
liTonebisa <strong>da</strong> navTobproduqtebis gansazRvra. <strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>gmilia nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>binZurebis<br />
regularuli monitoringis qselis Camoyalibeba.<br />
aucilebelia SemuSavdes `saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebis<br />
saxelmwifo programa 2012-2016 wlebisa <strong>da</strong> perspeqtiuli periodisaTvis”, romlis
safuZvelzec Semdgom momzaddeba <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldeba yovelwliuri miznobrivi<br />
programebi nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis nayofierebis SenarCuneba-amaRlebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა:<br />
1. saqarTvelos nia<strong>da</strong><strong>ge</strong>bis atlasi bunebrivi mosavlianobis SefasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi<br />
<strong>resursebi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis, KfW-is mier Tana<strong>da</strong>finansebuli ka<strong>da</strong>strisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>miwis</strong> registraciis<br />
proeqtis `miwaTmowyobis~(LCC) komponenti, 2006 w.<br />
2. saqarTvelos gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis erovnuli programa.<br />
3. z. oqrocvariZe, sasoflo-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis <strong>miwis</strong> gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis<br />
gzebi sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofis pirobebSi, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2006.