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saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati<br />

kvleviTi departamenti<br />

analitikuri ganyofileba<br />

<strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> _ <strong>qveynis</strong> <strong>ganviTarebis</strong><br />

winapiroba<br />

<strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>, anu <strong>rogorc</strong> maT kidev uwodeben<br />

_ ekonomikuri da teqnikuri <strong>ganviTarebis</strong> zonebi, warmoadgens<br />

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis iseT nairsaxeobas, romelic<br />

pirdapir aris orientirebuli axali teqnologiebis mozidvasa da<br />

mecniereba-tevadi warmoebis ganviTarebaze.<br />

Tavad termini <strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki (teqnoparki),<br />

SedarebiT axalia da niSnavs ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, warmoebis,<br />

biznesisa da saxelmwifos integracias, romelsac, <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi Tan<br />

axlavs gadasaxadebisa da dabegvris SeRavaTiani sistema.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> sul ufro da ufro populari xdeba msoflios yvla<br />

kuTxeSi. maTi SeqmniT dainteresebulni arian ara mxolod kerZo<br />

sawarmoebi an saswavleblebi, aramed, mTavrobebic, vinaidan<br />

<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> xels uwyobs <strong>qveynis</strong> ekonomikur aRmavlobas<br />

da susti regionebis ganviTarebas.<br />

pirveli teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> aSS-Si Seiqmna jer kidev 50-iani wlebis<br />

dasawyisSi. 1980-iani wlebidan isini ukve evropaSi yalibdeba, xolo<br />

cota mogvianebiT - aziaSic. amis Semdeg <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />

ricxvi sakmaod maRali tempiT izrdeba da dReisaTvis maTma<br />

raodenobam marto aSS-s teritoriaze 150-s miaRwia. daaxloebiT<br />

amdenive teqnoparkia ruseTsa da CineTSic.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s arsi, funqciebi da amocanebi<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s istoria ukve naxevar saukuneze<br />

mets iTvlis, dReisaTvis maTi funqciebi (Tavad terminic) zustad<br />

gansazRvruli araa. <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s saerTaSoriso<br />

asociaciis mier 2002 wels SemuSavebuli definiciiT<br />

1


“<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki – aris specialistebiT marTuli organizacia,<br />

romlis mTavar mizans warmoadgens adgilobrivi sazogadoebis<br />

keTildReobis gaumjobeseba inovaciuri kulturis <strong>ganviTarebis</strong><br />

gziT. is xels uwyobs inovaciuri biznesisa da <strong>samecniero</strong><br />

dawesebulebebis ganviTarebas. am miznebis misaRwevad,<br />

<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki sworad anawilebs adamianur resursebsa da<br />

codnas universitetebs, <strong>samecniero</strong>-kvleviT institutebs,<br />

kompaniebsa da bazars Soris.”<br />

aseTi farTo gansazRvreba, Tavis mxriv, sakmaod maRali standartis<br />

moTxovnebs uyenebs teqnologiur parkebs.<br />

igive asociaciis ganmartebiT `<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki~ gaigivebulia<br />

Semdeg cnebebTanac: `teqnopoli~, `<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> areali~,<br />

`kvleviTi parki~, `<strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqi~ da `<strong>samecniero</strong> parki~. amitom,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva termini<br />

gamoiyeneba, (mag., did britaneTSi _ “<strong>samecniero</strong> parki”, aSS-Si –<br />

“kvleviTi parki”, ruseTSi – “<strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqi” an “teqnoparki”,<br />

xolo CineTSi – “teqnoparki”), arsi mainc erTia.<br />

teqnoparkis ufro konkretul definicias gvTavazobs kvinslendis<br />

sabWo (avstralia). maTi ganmartebiT `<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki aris<br />

iuridiuli piri, romelic Seqmnilia <strong>samecniero</strong> da <strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />

resursebis ufro adeqvaturi gamoyenebisa da regionis ekonomikuri<br />

<strong>ganviTarebis</strong>aTvis. teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s mizans warmoadgens regionaluri<br />

<strong>ganviTarebis</strong> stimulireba, deindustrializacia da aseve,<br />

komerciuli da sawarmoo inovaciebis ganxorcielebis gamartiveba.<br />

maTi saqmianoba xels uwyobs regionis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> da <strong>samecniero</strong><br />

kulturis amaRlebas, qmnis uamrav samuSao adgils da amcirebs<br />

nawarmis damatebiT Rirebulebas~.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s daarsebis mokle istoria<br />

aSS<br />

pirveli teqnoparki 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSS-Si Seiqmna<br />

stenfordis universitetis (kaliforniis Stati) bazaze. parkis<br />

Seqmnis idea imis gamo gaCnda, rom universitets hqonda Tavisufali<br />

miwis nakveTi da saWiro iyo misi saTanadod gamoyeneba.<br />

universitetma gadawyvita am miwis gaqiraveba iseT mcire sawarmoze,<br />

romelsac federaluri mTavrobis samxedro SekveTebis Sesrulebis<br />

xarjze mzardi <strong>ganviTarebis</strong> perspeqtiva hqonda. vinaidan ijaris<br />

gadasaxadi sakmaod maRali iyo, stenfordis universitetis miwaze<br />

ZiriTadad maRal teqnologiebze momuSave sawarmoebi ganTavda. es<br />

ormxriv xelsayreli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac sawarmoebisaTvis saWiro<br />

<strong>samecniero</strong> kadrebi iqve, universitetSi iyo Tavmoyrili.<br />

saqmianobis dasawyisSive stenfordis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki<br />

komerciuli saqmianobis centrad iqca. parkSi daarsebuli firmebis<br />

2


umravlesoba SemdgomSi msxvil, mravalfunqciur korporaciad<br />

gardaiqmna. ase magaliTad, teqnoparkidan iRebs Tavis dasabams<br />

iseTi cnobili firmebi, rogoricaa “Hewlett Packard” da<br />

“polaroidi”.<br />

stenfordis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki sakmaod didia. is 280 ha miwazea<br />

ganTavsebuli. parkis ganviTarebas, mSeneblobis dasrulebas da<br />

infrastruqturis formirebas 30 weli dasWirda. es faqti xazs<br />

usvams aseTi proeqtebis fundamentalurobas. grZelvadiani<br />

proeqtebis ganxorcieleba ki moTminebas da saqmisadmi erTgulebas<br />

moiTxovs.<br />

aSS-Si teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> Tavidan sakmaod neli tempiT viTardeboda.<br />

magram ukve 80-ian wlebSi maTma raodenobam sagrZnoblad moimata.<br />

dReisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da saintereso teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>a:<br />

CrdiloeT karolinaSi ganTavsebuli “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” (2 600<br />

ha), da pensilvaniaSi arsebuli “filadelfiis saqalaqo parki” (575<br />

ha). Tanamedrove <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s zomebi ancvifrebs<br />

mnaxvels. aris 60 ha-iani <strong>parkebi</strong>c, magram aris 2 600 ha miwaze<br />

gaSenebuli erTeulebic, romelTac aqvT sakuTari marTvis<br />

centrebi, administracia da saqmis warmoeba.<br />

aSS-Si yvelasaTvis cnobili teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>a aseve: NASA (kalifornia),<br />

silikonis veli (kalifornia), CrdiloeT teqsasis qvleviTi parki<br />

(teqsasi).<br />

CineTi<br />

CineTis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> ZiriTadad <strong>qveynis</strong> samxreTiT<br />

arsebul specialur ekonomikur zonebSi iqmneba saxelmwifos mier.<br />

am zonebSi moqmedebs SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado tarifebi da isini<br />

viTardeba <strong>rogorc</strong> sabazro ekonomikis oazisebi, romelTac gars<br />

artyams gegmuri ekonomikis sistema, sadac yvela gadawyvetilebas<br />

centri iRebs.<br />

vinaidan CineTis mTavrobam miznad daisaxa sazRvargareTis<br />

kapitalis mozidva, mas amisaTvis saTanado pirobebi unda Seeqmna.<br />

CineTis specifika swored imaSi gamoixateba, rom sagadasaxdo<br />

tarifis SemcirebasTan erTad, ucxour firmebs sazRvargareT<br />

kapitalis Tavisuflad gadaricxvis uflebas aZlevs da Tavisufal<br />

ekonomikur zonebSi xelaxali investiciis SemTxvevaSi saSemosavlo<br />

gadasaxdisagan aTavisuflebs.<br />

kargad ganviTarebuli <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s sistemis mqone<br />

qveynebis umravlesobaSi, centraluri mTavrobis SeRavaTebi<br />

3


mxolod garkveul dargze vrceldeba, romelic mocemuli<br />

momentisaTvis yvelaze prioritetulia da, amdenad, am qveynebSi<br />

maRali teqnologiebi yvelaze ufro swrafad viTardeba. amaTgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, CineTSi kompanias SeuZlia daaarsos <strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />

parki, romelic dakavdeba nebismieri saxis saqmianobiT – yvelaze<br />

martiviT dawyebuli da maRali teqnologiebiT damTavrebuli.<br />

ucxoel investorebs am qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT dabali<br />

sagadasaxado tarifebi da iafi muSa xeli izidavs<br />

(maRalkvlaficiuri muSaxeliT CineTi jer-jerobiT ver<br />

daitrabaxebs).<br />

ase magaliTad cifruli teqnologiebis koreulma firmam “iRiver”-ma<br />

gadawyvita <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkis daarseba CineTSi, guandunis<br />

provinciaSi (Dongguan Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park). am<br />

parkSi ZiriTadad meqanikuri samuSao sruldeba, Tumca<br />

maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelic Zalian bevria.<br />

marto 2006 wels CineTSi 30-ze meti axali teqnoparki gaixsna. maT<br />

Sorisaa: CJencianis (aRmosavleT CineTis provincia) saerTaSoriso<br />

teqno-industriuli parki, romelic fotoeleqtronul<br />

naxevargamtarebze muSaobs; Sanxais kompiuteruli teqnologiebis<br />

<strong>samecniero</strong> parki, hong-kongis maRali teqnologiebis <strong>samecniero</strong><br />

parki da sxva.<br />

ruseTi<br />

1980-iani wlebis bolodan <strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />

Camoyalibeba ruseTSic daiwyo. Tumca, ruseTis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />

<strong>parkebi</strong>s, anu igive <strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqebis mSeneblobis istoria<br />

dasabams 1956 wlidan, novosibirskis <strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqis (Академ.<br />

городок) gaSenebidan iRebs. es teqnoparki ruseTis federaciaSi<br />

dResac yvelaze msxvil erTeuls warmoadgens da mTlianobaSi 185<br />

ha. miwa ukavia. Tumca arsebobs mravali sxva <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkic:<br />

klimato-ekologiuri kvlevebisa da ganaTlebis cimbiris centri,<br />

“moskvoreCies” saerTaSoriso <strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki<br />

(ZiriTadad mimarTulia fizikis dargebis ganviTarebaze), moskovis<br />

energetikis saxelmwifo institutis teqnoparki, teqnoparki “volgateqnika”<br />

(eleqtroteqnikis ganviTareba), baSkortostanis saaviacio<br />

teqnikuri <strong>samecniero</strong> parki, zelenogradis <strong>samecniero</strong><strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />

parki (eleqtronikis dargebis ganviTareba) da sxva.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba umaRlesi saswavlebelebis bazaze<br />

Seiqmna. pirveli teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> infrastruqturis ukmarisobas<br />

<br />

<br />

SemdgomSi, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, “<strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqis”<br />

nacvlad gamoviyenebT termins “<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki”.<br />

4


ganicdidnen, maT ar gaaCndaT uZravi qoneba, menejerebis<br />

momzadebuli gundebi, da <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi, naklebad emsaxurebodnen<br />

sainovacio sawarmoebis mxardaWeras. ukve 1996 wlisaTvis ruseTis<br />

federaciaSi Seqmnili iyo 50 teqnoparki, romlebSic gaerTianebuli<br />

iyo 150 firma da dasaqmebuli iyo 10 000 adamiani. Tumca isic unda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba mxolod<br />

qaRaldze arsebobs. <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s simravlis miuxedavad,<br />

realurad momuSave mxolod 30 parkia. saerTaSoriso standartebs<br />

ki sul 11 parki Seesabameba.<br />

aseTi dabali maCvenebeli ZiriTadad imiT aixsneba, rom<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s Seqmnisas sabazro interesebi ar iyo<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli. maTi umravlesoba iqmneboda mxolod da mxolod<br />

sabiujeto dafinansebis misaRebad da teritoriis Semdgomi<br />

gaqiravebis mizniT.<br />

aseTi mdgomareoba mTavrobis arasworma midgomamac ganapiroba. ar<br />

xdeboda <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s seleqcia da ar SemuSavebula<br />

aranairi politika saTanado kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s akreditaciis Semdegac, romelic 2000 wels Catarda,<br />

ar daudgeniaT aranairi xelisSemwyobi pirobebi – arc<br />

gadasaxadebis da arc dafinansebis sferoSi. sabiujeto Tanxebi<br />

kvlavac Tanabrad nawildeba yvela moqmed teqnoparkze, rac Tavis<br />

mxriv, sakmaod negatiurad aisaxeba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />

produqtiulobaze.<br />

dReisaTvis ruseTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba mimarTulia<br />

komerciuli saqmianobis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze. ruseTis<br />

magaliTi gansakuTrebiT im TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso, rom aq<br />

arsebuli sawarmoebi adre saxelmwifo dakveTebs asrulebda, magram<br />

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan erTad es dakveTebi<br />

sagrZnoblad Semcirda da maTi infarstruqturebi dausaqmebeli<br />

darCa. sawarmoebis nawilma xeli mihyo Tavisi aqtivebis gayidvas.<br />

maTgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam<br />

gadawyvita sakuTari miwebi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s gaSenebisaTvis<br />

gamoeyenebina (rosselmasS-i, kamaz-i da sxva). am sawarmoebma<br />

TvalsaCino warmatetebs miaRwies, razec saerTaSoriso bazarze<br />

maTi damkvidebac metyvelebs.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s struqturis mokle mimoxilva<br />

<strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s struqtura ZiriTadad<br />

erTnairia. <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba warmoadgens<br />

saaqcio sazogadoebas, an SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sazogadoebas, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs: prezidenti, aqcionerTa<br />

sabWo an direqtorTa sabWo. teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s administracia muSaobs<br />

5


parkis samomavlo gegmebis SemuSavebaze da prioritetebis<br />

dadgenaze. administraciaSive xdeba kandidati organizaciebis<br />

ganxilva da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizacia misaRebia, mas<br />

gamoeyofa teritoria da dgeba ijaris xelSekruleba.<br />

arsebul teqnoparkebSi, garda administraciisa, <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi,<br />

moqmedebs mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi dacvis sistemac.<br />

zogierTi teqnoparki mxolod erT dargze da mxolod <strong>samecniero</strong><br />

ganxriT muSaobs (adelaidis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki – avstralia –<br />

romelic mxolod samxedro sferoze muSaobs). aris teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>,<br />

romlebic mraval dargs moicaven, Tumca es dargebi<br />

garkveulwilad erTmaneTTan mainc arian dakavSirebuli (CineTis<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba).<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s struqturis ukeT gasagebad, ganvixiloT sami tipuri<br />

magaliTi: aSS-s CrdiloeT karolinas teqnoparki, ciurixis<br />

(Sveicaria) teqnoparki da rumineTisa da latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />

sistemebi.<br />

CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” (aSS)<br />

“kvleviTi samkuTxedi”, <strong>rogorc</strong> <strong>samecniero</strong> parki, Camoyalibda 1959<br />

wels, Tumca parkis Camoyalibebis idea bevrad adre gaCnda. jer<br />

kidev 1956 wels CrdiloeT karolinas diurhemis da CrdiloeT<br />

karolinas saxelmwifo universitetebma daiwyes sponsorebis moZieba<br />

kvleviTi centris Camosayalibeblad. imTaviTve aq moxda biznesis,<br />

kvleviTi saqmianobisa da warmoebis gaerTianeba. 1957 wels<br />

universitetebma moaxerxes 1.25 milioni aSS dolaris mozidva. am<br />

droidan moyolebuli, teqnoparkis investiciebi yovelwliurad<br />

izrdeboda da dReisaTvis 2 miliard dolars miaRwia.<br />

CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviT samkuTxedSi” dasaqmebulia 39 000<br />

adamiani 2 , romelTa umravlesoba (97,3%) muSaobs <strong>samecniero</strong>-kvleviT<br />

organizaciebSi. es imiTac aris gamowveuli, rom xdeba<br />

universitetis kvalificuri kadrebisa da axalgazrda mecnierebis<br />

am teqnoparkSi mozidva.<br />

teqnoparkis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs warmoadgens:<br />

- bioteqnologiebi;<br />

- qimiis sfero;<br />

- sainformacio teqnologiebi;<br />

- telekomunikaciebi;<br />

- kompiuteruli teqnologiebi;<br />

- garemos dacva;<br />

<br />

2 2006 wlis ivlisis monacemebiT.<br />

6


- mikro-eleqtronika;<br />

- jandacva;<br />

- statistika.<br />

CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” Sedgeba 145<br />

organizaciisagan. amaTgan ramdenime muSaobs saxelmwifo dakveTebze<br />

da maT, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo afinansebs. ZiriTadad es<br />

bioteqnologiaze orientirebuli firmebia, vinaidan dReisaTvis,<br />

aSS-s mTavrobisaTvis erT-aerT yvelaze prioritetulad swored<br />

bioteqnologiis sferoa miCneuli.<br />

danarCeni organizaciebi saxvadasxva kerZo firmis dakveTiT<br />

muSaoben. “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” produqcias awarmoebs <strong>rogorc</strong><br />

adgilobrivi saSualo zomis sawarmoebisaTvis, aseve saerTaSoriso<br />

firmebisaTvis, romlebic dakavebuli arian soflis meurneobiT,<br />

veterinariiT, qimiuri mrewvelobiT, farmacevtuli produqciisa da<br />

kvebis produqtebis warmoebiT, energetikiTa da sainformacio<br />

teqnologiebis warmoebiT. aseTi organizaciebisagan dakveTis<br />

miRebisas, teqnoparki dafinansebasac maTgan Rebulobs. Tumca aqve<br />

unda aRvniSnoT, rom teqnoparks sakuTari biujetic gaaCnia.<br />

CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviTi samkuTxeds” Tavisi administracia<br />

hyavs, romelic pasuxismgebelia teritoriis gaqiravebaze, arsebuli<br />

firmebisaTvis saTanado samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaze da samomavlo<br />

gegmebis dadgenaze. administracias warmoadgens direqtorTa sabWo,<br />

romelic Sedgeba im aqcionerebisagan, romlebic aqciebis 7% mainc<br />

floben.<br />

ciurixis teqnoparki (Sveicaria)<br />

ciurixis teqnoparki 1993 wels daarsda da imTaviTve maRali<br />

teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze iyo mimarTuli. Tu sxva qveynebSi<br />

teqnoparkebSi naklebad ganviTarebuli firmebi erTiandeba,<br />

ciurixis teqnoparkis SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve Zlieri da sakmaod<br />

cnobili firmebi da kvleviTi jgufebi gaerTiandnen. ukve eqvsi<br />

Tvis Semdeg teqnoparkSi Sedioda 190 kompania, romlebSic 1 400<br />

adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli. teqnoparkis daarsebam gamoiwvia asobiT<br />

axali samuSao adgilis Seqmna. kompaniebis umetesobam (91%) did<br />

warmatebebs miaRwia, mxolod 9%-ma ver moaxerxa sakuTari<br />

produqciiT bazris dapyroba.<br />

ciurixis teqnoparkis inteleqtualur samuSaos asruleben<br />

Sveicariis teqnikuri institutebisa da universitetebis mecnierebi.<br />

mecnierebisa da warmoebis warmatebuli TanamSromlobis Sedegad<br />

teqnoparks Zalian didi wvlili Seaqvs <strong>qveynis</strong> ekonomikaSi.<br />

7


garda ZiriTadi saqmianobisa, teqnoparkis administracia awyobs<br />

konferenciebs, treningebsa da seminarebs damwyebi firmebisaTvis,<br />

xels uwyobs universitetebTan maT dakavSirebas, aZlevs rCevebs<br />

finansuri saqmianobis ukeT organizebis mizniT. yovelwliurad<br />

msgavs RonisZiebebSi 60 000-ze meti adamiani monawileobs<br />

teqnoparkis administracia gaxsnilia yvela saxis ideebisadmi,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara proeqti warmatebuli mocemuli<br />

momentisaTvis. teqnoparkis mkvlevarebi gaiTvlian msgavsi<br />

proeqtebis warmatebis SesaZleblobas saSualo da grZel vadebze.<br />

dadebiTi daskvnis SemTxvevaSi proeqtis realizacia moxdeba<br />

Sesabamis periodSi.<br />

ciurixis teqnoparki aris kerZo, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sazogadoeba. is Tavad flobs miwas da Senobebs, romelSic<br />

ganTavsebuli arian firmebi. amitom iseT sakiTxebze<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba, rogoricaa: qiris odenoba,<br />

infrastruqturis ganaxleba, reklamireba, axali firmebis mozidva<br />

da sxva, teqnoparkis administracias evaleba.<br />

ciurixis teqnoparkis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:<br />

- mzis energiis gamoyeneba;<br />

- energetikis alternatiuli wyaroebi;<br />

- informaciuli teqnologiebi;<br />

- garemos dacva;<br />

- soflis meurneobis dargSi genetikuri kvlevebi;<br />

- farmacia.<br />

rumineTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong><br />

rumineTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> warmoadgenen adgilobrivi da centraluri<br />

xelisuflebis, umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvleviTi insitutebis da<br />

sxva dainteresebuli organizaciebis erTobliv sawarmoebs.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s Seqmnis safuZvels, am qveyanaSi, yvela zemoT<br />

CamoTvlili mxareebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba warmoadgens.<br />

rumineTis <strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> ganaTlebisa da<br />

kvlevis saministros gankargulebaSi imyofeba. maTi registracia<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi xdeba im sabuTebis safuZvelze,<br />

romlebiTac dgindeba, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba teqnoparki arsebul<br />

moTxovnebs, ramdenad kanonieri safuZveli aqvs miwiT da SenobebiT<br />

sargeblobas, sad mdebareobs Tavad parki da ramdenad axlos aris<br />

8


nacionalur da saerTaSoriso aeroportebTan da satransporto<br />

gzebTan.<br />

teqnoparkSi gaerTianebulma kompaniebma unda waradginon TavianTi<br />

samuSao gegma, romelic minimum 15 weliwadze unda iyos gawerili.<br />

gegmaSi unda Candes, Tu ras Sematebs teqnoparki regionis<br />

ganviTarebas.<br />

aSS-sagan gansxvavebiT, rumineTSi sakmaod didi sakanonmdeblo<br />

bazaa Seqmnili teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s funqcionirebis dasaregulireblad.<br />

maT Sorisaa: mTavrobis dadgenileba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s dafinansebis<br />

Taobaze; kanoni teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s programis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb;<br />

mTavrobis dadgenileba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s daarsebis da<br />

xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb; ganaTlebis, axalgazrdobisa da kvlevis<br />

saministros brZaneba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s meTodologiis SemuSavebis<br />

Taobaze da sxva.<br />

imisaTvis, rom teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s muSaoba ufro efeqturi iyos,<br />

rumineTis mTavrobam teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s gadasaxadebisagan<br />

ganTavisulebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. xolo is miwa, romelzedac<br />

teqnoparkia gaSenebuli, amoRebulia sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

daniSnulebis miwebis saerTo sqemidan.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> ganTavisuflebulia Senobis, miwisa da saSemosavlo<br />

gadasaxadebebisagan. Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi<br />

saxelmwifo mxardaWeris programa gaTvlilia mxolod 2007 wlis<br />

bolomde, ris Semdegac axali programis SemuSavebas varaudoben.<br />

arsebuli saxelmwifo daxmarebis programiT, saxelmwifo<br />

dafinanseba mTliani dafinansebis 30 %-s Seadgens rac 114,814,591<br />

mlrd leis (41,220,145 mlrd aSS dolari) udris. maTgan 54,175<br />

milioni ruminuli lei (19,450 mln aSS dolari) wavida Senobebis<br />

investirebaze, xolo 1,111,190 mlrd ruminuli lei (398,933 mln aSS<br />

dolari) – infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze.<br />

aseTi mxardaWeris Sedegad, rumineTSi ukve 24 teqnoparki Seiqmna.<br />

Tumca maTi umravlesoba dResac Camoyalibebis procesSia.<br />

rumineTSi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:<br />

- transporti;<br />

- mSenebloba;<br />

- soflis meurneoba;<br />

- garemos dacva;<br />

- farmacevtika;<br />

- informaciuli teqnologiebi.<br />

9


latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong><br />

1996 wels latviaSi oficialurad daarsda “latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />

asociacia”, romlis ZiriTad mizans latviis mecnierebasa da<br />

samewarmeo struqturebs Soris mWidro kavSiris damyareba<br />

warmoadgenda. is “teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s saerTaSoriso asociaciis” wevria,<br />

rac xels uwyobs latviis teqnoparkebs kontaqtebis damyarebasa da<br />

saerTaSoriso asparezze gasvlaSi. asociaciis funqciebSi Sedis:<br />

<strong>qveynis</strong> sainovacio politikis SemuSaveba, mecnierebis dafinansebis<br />

gansazRvra, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s fiskaluri politikis SemuSaveba,<br />

administraciuli sakiTxebis saxelmwifo doneze mogvareba,<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s produqciis saerTaSoriso bazarze gatana da sxva.<br />

latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs <strong>qveynis</strong><br />

industriis da ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s daarsebis idea jer kidev 1992 wels gaCnda.<br />

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom, mecnierebis<br />

komercializaciis gegma SeimuSava da gansaxilvelad mTavrobas<br />

warudgina. es aucilebeli iyo, vinaidan sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis<br />

Sedegad, mecnierebis dafinanseba Sewyda. kvleviTi saqmianoba<br />

praqtikulad arc universitetebSi da arc <strong>samecniero</strong>-kvleviT<br />

institutebSi aRar xorcieldeboda. aseT viTarebaSi, teqnoparkebs<br />

saganamanaTleblo da <strong>samecniero</strong> institutebsa da mrewvelobas<br />

Soris damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcia unda Seesrulebina.<br />

teqnopqrkebis daarsebiT uamravi samuSao adgili Seiqmna, sadac<br />

dasaqmdnen umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebi, romlebmac<br />

`sabWoTa mecnierebis~ ngrevis Sedegad dakarges samsaxuri.<br />

dReisaTvis latviaSi 3 teqnoparkia: latviis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> centri,<br />

latviis tenologiuri parki da latviis eleqtro-industriis<br />

biznes-inovaciuri centri.<br />

latviis <strong>samecniero</strong> da <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s sistemis<br />

funqcionireba ramdenime kanoniT regulirdeba. esenia:<br />

- “kanoni <strong>samecniero</strong> saqmianobis Sesaxeb” (miRebulia 1992 wels.<br />

damatebebi Sevida 1996 da 1998 wels), romliTac regulirdeba<br />

kvleviTi saqmianobis administraciuli, finansuri da<br />

institutcionaluri sakiTxebi. kanoni aseve gansazRvravs latviis<br />

mecnierebis sabWos, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da<br />

sxva organoebis funqciebs. kanoniT Tanaxmad mecnierebis<br />

dafinanseba saxelmwifo biujetidan xorcieldeba, vinaidan<br />

mecniereba iTvleba <strong>qveynis</strong> erT-erT ZiriTad prioritetad.<br />

10


- “kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” (miRebulia 1995 wels),<br />

romelic gansazRvravs teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s uflebebs da movaleobebs,<br />

daarsebis da gauqmebis procedurebs, akreditacias, sakanonmdeblo<br />

bazas, saerTaSoriso kavSirebis damyarebas, ekonomikur da kvleviT<br />

saqmianobas da sxva sakiTxebs;<br />

- ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebebi <strong>samecniero</strong> saqmianobis<br />

Sesaxeb;<br />

- kanoni savaWro niSnis Sesaxeb (1993 weli);<br />

- kanoni patentis Sesaxeb (1993 weli);<br />

- kanoni industriuli saqmianobis dacvis Sesaxeb (1993 weli);<br />

- kanoni saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb (1993 weli).<br />

latviis mTavrobam ukve 1992 wels teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s ganviTarebaze mSpis<br />

0.44% gamoyo, rac 16.2 milion lats Seadgenda. droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi, ucxouri investiciebis xarjze kerZo dafinansebis<br />

wili sakmaod gaizarda da mTliani dafinansebis 22% Seadgina. es<br />

faqti TavisTavad miuTiTebs latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s mniSvnelovan<br />

warmatebebze. garda saxelmwifo da ucxouri dafinansebisa,<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> grantebis saxiTac solidur finansur daxmarebebs<br />

iReben.<br />

saxelmiwfo dafinanseba ZiriTadad saxelmwifo dakveTebis<br />

(fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis sferoSi) Sesrulebas<br />

xmardeba. 2003 wlisaTvis aseTi dakveTebis ricxvma ukve 624-s<br />

miaRwia.<br />

rac Seexeba bazarze orientirebul kvleviT programebs, isini<br />

yovelwliurad, <strong>rogorc</strong> minimum, 70-75 kvlevas Seadgens. aseTi<br />

kvlevebi metad mniSvnelovania <strong>qveynis</strong> industriis <strong>ganviTarebis</strong><br />

TvalsazrisiT.<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> da regionaluri <strong>ganviTarebis</strong> perspeqtivebi<br />

teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofs adgilobriv<br />

mosaxleobas, rac regionis ganviTarebaSi uamrav dadebiT efeqts<br />

iZleva. mcire da saSualo biznesSi xalxis dasaqmeba iwvevs<br />

umuSevrobaze socialuri danaxarjebis Semcirebas. organizaciis<br />

formebis miuxedavad warmatebul teqnologiur parks, regionis<br />

ganviTarebaSi Semdegi wvlili SeuZlia Seitanos:<br />

- regionis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba;<br />

- adgilobrivi ekonomikis diversifikacia, rac ekonomikas ufro<br />

mdgrads xdis;<br />

- mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba;<br />

- adgilobrivi biujetis zrda.<br />

11


yovelive es iwvevs saSualo fenis zrdas, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

demokratiis mTavar sayrdenad iTvleba.<br />

amasTanave, <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s bazaze Seqmnili produqciiT<br />

izrdeba <strong>qveynis</strong> eqsporti da qveyana ufro mimzidveli xdeba<br />

ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. amitomacaa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

Tavad xelisufleba gvevlineba <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s Seqmnis<br />

iniciatorad.<br />

<strong>rogorc</strong> msoflio gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, saswavleblebis bazaze<br />

Camoyalibebul teqnoparkebze metad warmatebuli sawarmoebis<br />

bazaze Camoyalibebuli teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> aRmoCnda. amis mizezi isaa, rom<br />

am ukanasknelT garkveuli privilegiebi aqvT: sargebloben ukve<br />

arsebuli infrastruqturiT, energo da wyalmomaragebiT,<br />

transportis momsaxurebiT; aqvT ukeT ganviTarebuli dacvis<br />

sistemebi da sxv. yovelive amis gamo, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s danaxarjebi<br />

sagrZnoblad mcirdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba maTi<br />

produqtiuloba.<br />

<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> gansakuTrebiT warmatebulia Tu mas<br />

ramdenime damfuZnebeli hyavs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, dafinansebis<br />

sakiTxebi bevrad ufro mowesrigebulia, Tanac TiToeuli<br />

damfuZneblis resursebi ufro racionalurad aris<br />

gadanawilebuli. ase magaliTad, SvedeTSi <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkis<br />

iniciatorebad umaRles saswavleblebTan erTad municipalitetebi,<br />

bankebi da adgilobrivi sawarmoebi gvevlinebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

resursebi Semdegnairad nawildeba:<br />

- umaRlesi saswavlebelisagan - teqnologiebi, miwa da kapitali;<br />

- adgilobrivi administraciisagan – miwa, infrastruqtura,<br />

grantebi;<br />

- bankebisagan – kapitaldabandeba, finansuri eqspertiza;<br />

- sawarmoebisagan – miwa, infrastruqtura, kapitaldabandeba,<br />

proeqtebis eqspertiza.<br />

1980-ian wlebSi <strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s idea gascda e.w. “ganviTarebuli<br />

samyaros” sazRvrebs. <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> iqmneba braziliaSi,<br />

indoeTSi, malaiziaSi, aRmosavleT evropisa da dsT-s qveynebSi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s mSeneblobisas aucileblad unda<br />

iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli <strong>qveynis</strong> specifika. parkis<br />

Seqmisas, yovel konretul SemTxvevaSi, sabazo modeli aucileblad<br />

SesabamisobaSi unda iyos <strong>qveynis</strong> adgilobriv pirobebTan, miznebTan,<br />

finansur da samarTlebriv sistemasTan. adgilobrivi faqtorebi<br />

did gavlenas axdenen <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkis saorganizacio<br />

struqturaze da mis Semdgom funqcionirebaze.<br />

12


TiToeuli <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki adgilobriv pirobebsa da<br />

resursebze dafuZnebiT Tavad gansazRvravs Tavis miznebsa da<br />

amocanebs.<br />

---------- ---------- ----------<br />

bolo wlebSi qarTuli mecniereba sakmaod rTul pirobebSi<br />

aRmoCnda. <strong>samecniero</strong> dawesebulebebis mwirma dafinansebam gamoiwvia<br />

maTi an sruli daxurva, an kraxis piras miyvana. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom aseT pirobebSi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> mecnierebaTaA akademiis sabWouri<br />

sistemis erT-erT gamarTlebul alternativad SeiZleba gamodges,<br />

uaxloes momavalSi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva<br />

saqarTveloSi ar sCans.<br />

SesaZloa, skeptikosebma miiCnion, rom iseTi patara<br />

<strong>qveynis</strong>Tvis, rogoric saqarTveloa (69 700 km 2) , teqnoparkis gaSeneba<br />

zedmeti fufunebaa. Tumca, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> Seqmnilia evropis (da ara<br />

mxolod evropis) mcire qveynebSic ki. magaliTad SveicariaSi,<br />

romlis teritoria (39 770 km 2 ) bevrad naklebia saqarTvelosaze, 7<br />

teqnoparkia gaSenebuli: lozanas <strong>samecniero</strong> parki, Jenevis<br />

“uaxlesi teqnologiebis centri”, Jenevis “ayvavebis <strong>samecniero</strong><br />

saagento”, sieras “kidobani”, iverdonis teqnoparki, bernis bioteqnikuri<br />

parki, da ciurixis teqnoparki. belgiaSi (teritoria<br />

32 820 km 2 ) aris teqnoparki: leven-la-nev.<br />

katarSic ki, romlis teritoriac mxolod 11 437 km 2 -ia, aris<br />

<strong>samecniero</strong> - <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki. teqnoparki aris arabeTis<br />

gaerTianebul emiratebSic (82 880 km 2 ), cnobili “dubais silikonis<br />

oazisi”.<br />

mokled, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> araa mxolod didi saxelmwifoebis<br />

privilegia. ubralod, patara qveynebSi maTi zomebic SedarebiT<br />

mcirea.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

1. Technoparks in Switzerland http://seed.epfl.ch/page12271.html<br />

2. Other Science Parks in Sweden<br />

http://www.kistasciencecity.se/artikel/761/058001/en<br />

3. List of Reserach Parks<br />

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks#China<br />

13


14<br />

4. Technology Clusters and Parks in Poland<br />

http://www.mac.doc.gov/eebic/countryr/poland/market/kraksez.htm<br />

5. The Most Profitable Investment Opportunities in Poland - SPECIAL<br />

ECONOMIC ZONES http://www.masterpage.com.pl/outlook/art001.html<br />

6. Технопарки как инструмент интенсификации развития производства,<br />

http://www.raexpert.ru/researches/technopark/<br />

7. Технопарки в России, http://g2b.ru/researches/technopark/part3/<br />

8. Новый технопарк в Китае,<br />

http://www.pcweek.ru/Year2000/N41/CP1251/News/chapt9.htm<br />

9. Технопарки Китая, Журнал «Вокруг Света», Август, 2006.<br />

10. История Российских технопарков,<br />

http://www.silicontaiga.ru/home.aspartId=3497<br />

11. Monitoring results of the state aids granted to industrial parks<br />

www.competition.ro/en/Publicatii/industrialparksen.pdf

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