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avtoris stili daculia<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />
ბექა სვანიძე<br />
mxatvruli teqstis analizi hermenevtikul<br />
filosofiaSi<br />
filosofiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis (Ph.D.)<br />
mosapoveblad wardgenili sadisertacio naSromi<br />
xelmZRvaneli: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
sruli profesori akaki yulijaniSvili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2012
s a r C e v i<br />
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 3<br />
sakiTxis dasmisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 8<br />
თავი I. ხელოვნების განმარტება, ინტერპრეტაცია, გაგება<br />
$ 1. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizonti antikuri<br />
epoqis msoflmxedvelobaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv.16<br />
$ 2. RmerTi da mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizonti<br />
gviandel elinizmSi, Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqebis<br />
filosofiaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 45<br />
$3. axsnisa da gagebis safuZvlebi germanul filosofiaSi gv 69<br />
თავი II. გაგების უნივერსალურობა<br />
$ 1. ena, rogorc gagebis horizonti da xelovnebis ena. . . gv. 94<br />
$ 2. gagebis, rogorc universaluri Semecnebis da xelovnebis,<br />
rogorc universaluri hermenevtikis SesaZlebloba. . . . .gv. 103<br />
$ 3. epoqaTa zogadi sulieri simptomebi da xelovnebis<br />
hermenevtikuli horizonti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv.114<br />
თავი III. ხელოვნების გაგების თავისებურებანი<br />
$ 1. istoriisa da progresis iluzoruloba-realurobis<br />
dialeqtika, rogorc istoriis, kulturisa da xelovnebis<br />
istoriis erT mTlianobad gaazrebis SesaZlebloba . . . gv. 121<br />
$ 2. gagebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi da interpretacia, rogorc<br />
mxatvruli teqstis arseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 130<br />
$ 3. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizontis<br />
modernistuli da postmodernistuli aspeqtebi . . . . . . . gv. 152<br />
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 168<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 173<br />
2
Sesavali<br />
antikuri epoqidan dRemde moyolebuli, hermenevtikul problematikas<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi centraluri adgili ukavia filosofiaSi.<br />
hermenevtikuli kvleva-Zieba Tavdapirvelad, marTalia, sistemur xasiaTs<br />
ar atarebda, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, man swored aseTi saxe miiRo.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom hermenevtikuli<br />
problematikis kvleva-Ziebis vrcel gzaze xelovnebas imTaviTve<br />
gamorCeuli adgili eWira da uWiravs.<br />
mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikuli analiziT Cveni<br />
daintereseba ZiriTadad iman ganapiroba, rom hermenevtikuli problemebis<br />
mkvlevarTa didi nawili xelovnebas adamianuri moRvaweobis erT-erT<br />
umaRles formad miiCnevs. swored am garemoebam gamoiwvia esTetikuri<br />
diskursis mTlianad filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad formad gadaqcevac.<br />
poststruqturalisturi da postmodernistuli cnobiereba aRweril<br />
situacias aSkarad adasturebs, ramdenadac Tanamedrove filosofiaSi<br />
mxatvruli elementebis moWarbeba cxadi da naTelia. sainteresoa isic,<br />
rom hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis Tanamedrove etapze hermenevtika,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovnebis, Semecnebis erT – erT umaRles formad iqca,<br />
gansxvavebiT adrindeli etapebisgan, sadac hermenevtikuli kvleva-Zieba<br />
mxolod garkveuli filosofiuri amocanebis wanamZRvrebis rols<br />
iTavsebda. magaliTad, dilTaimde da dilTaisTan hermenevtika<br />
warmoadgenda gagebis erTgvar meTods sxvadasxva filosofiur<br />
problemaTa gansja-gaanalizebis gzaze, maSin roca haidegerTan da<br />
gadamerTan hermenevtika, rogorc meTodi, mTlianad gadaswvda anu<br />
gauigivda Semecnebis, azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, xelovnebac<br />
azrovnebis erT-erT umaRles formad warmoCinda. am kuTxiT<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa martin haidegeris naSromebi _ `holderlini<br />
da poeziis arsi~, `yofiereba da dro~ da `dasabami xelovnebis<br />
qmnilebisa~, aseve hans-georg gadameris _ `WeSmariteba da meTodi~ da<br />
`mSvenierebis aqtualuroba~.<br />
3
kidev erTi mizezi, ramac mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis)<br />
hermenevtikuli analiziT Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia, is aris, rom<br />
kvlevebi hermenevtikul problematikaze, miT umetes, mxatvrul teqstTan<br />
(xelovnebasTan) mimarTebaSi, CvenSi arcTu xSiria. am mimarTulebiT,<br />
marTalia arsebobs Sesabamisi gamokvlevebi, magram Cveni azriT,<br />
hermenevtikul problematikaze mxatvrul teqstTan dakavSirebiT, ufro<br />
meti gamokvlevaa sasurveli. amgvarad, hermenevtikuli problematika,<br />
metwilad mxatvrul teqstTan (xelovnebasTan) dakavSirebiT, CvenSi<br />
kvlavac dasamuSavebelia, miT umetes, roca mTlianad filosofiis<br />
Semdgomi ganviTareba, cxadia, veRarafriT acdeba hermenevtikul<br />
Tvalsawiers, rogorc Semecnebis, azrovnebis, erT-erT umaRles formas.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvebs, romlebic<br />
logikurad ibadeba: ras niSnavs hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi<br />
rogor aris hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi Semecnebis, azrovnebis<br />
erT – erTi umaRlesi ganzomileba rogoraa esTetikuri diskursi<br />
mTlianad filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma<br />
maSasadame, hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi, Tavisi arsiT,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, ერთგვარი universaluri Teoriaa, romelic rogorRac<br />
mTlianad msWvalavs Tanamedrove filosofias. swored am konteqstSi<br />
warmoCinda teqstis interteqstad, interpretaciis mxatvruli teqstis<br />
arsebad, mxatvruli teqstis konstruqciad gaazrebis SesaZleblobani<br />
Tanamedrove filosofosebTan: bartTan, kristevasTan, bodriiarTan,<br />
jeimsonTan, umberto ekosTan Tu sxvebTan. mxatvruli teqstis<br />
(xelovnebis) amgvarad gaazrebam Tanamedrove mkvlevar-filosofosebi<br />
logikurad miiyvana `avtoris sikvdilis~ aqtualobamdec da Tanamderove<br />
esTetikis `transesTetikur esTetikad~ gagebamde.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, cxadi da naTelia, rom<br />
hermenevtikul kvleva-Ziebas filosofiaSi, Sesabamisad, mxatvruli<br />
teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikul kvleva-Ziebas, Tavisi etapebi gaaCnia:<br />
pirveli etapi antikuri periodia; meore etapad, disertaciis<br />
struqturidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, gviandeli elinizmi(rogorc<br />
antikurobis bolo periodi), Sua saukuneebi da aRorZinebis epoqebi, xolo<br />
mesame etapad _ zogadad germanuli filosofia miviCnioT, ramdenadac<br />
4
germanulma filosofiam, Teologiam, kulturam, saerTod germanulma<br />
azrovnebam, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti da gardamtexi roli iTamaSa<br />
hermenevtikis Semdgomi ganviTareba-daxvewis saqmeSi; meoTxe etapi<br />
modernistuli da postmodernistuli epoqebia.<br />
CvenTvis aseTi periodizacia misaRebia, magram sakvlevi Temis<br />
specifikidan gamomdinare, aqve ramdenime garemoebaze unda mivuTiToT.<br />
kerZod, antikurma filosofiam hermenevtika, rogorc gagebis meTodi,<br />
saerTod ar icoda, Tumca amis miuxedavad, antikur filosofiaSi<br />
problemebis mTeli rigi swored hermenevtikul WrilSia gaazrebuli da<br />
mxolod amdenad SeiZleba antikur hermenevtikaze msjelobac. am mxriv<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aristoteles `poetika~ da platonis<br />
dialogebi. am filosofosebTan, SeiZleba iTqvas, ara mxolod antikuri<br />
epoqis hermenevtikuli horizontia Sejamebuli, aramed winaswarvea<br />
gansazRvruli is konturebi, romelTa mixedviTac, hermenevtikas Semdgom<br />
epoqebSi ewera ganviTareba.<br />
momdevno mniSvnelovani momenti hermenevtikis ganviTarebis gzaze<br />
reformatorTa wiaRSi aRmocenebul dava-kamaTs ukavSirdeba. es is<br />
periodia, roca martin luTeri germaniaSi saeklesio reformis ideiT<br />
gamovida, xolo flaciusma luTeris sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebani<br />
erTgvari meTodisa da sistemis doneze daalaga. kidev erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi momenti dilTaisa da dilTais Semdgomi filosofosebis<br />
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ukavSirdeba. dilTaisTvis gagebis meTodi mxolod<br />
gonismecnierebebis sferoa, xolo axsnis sauflo bunebismecnierebebia.<br />
dilTais aseTma Tvalsazrisma, hermenevtikis, rogorc gagebis meTodis<br />
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, ra Tqma unda udidesi wvlili Seitana, magram<br />
msgavsi midgoma, cxadia imTaviTve gamoricxavda hermenevtikis<br />
universalur Semecnebad gaazrebis SesaZleblobas. swored amas<br />
sayvedurobdnen dilTais haidegeri da gadameri, Sesabamisad, am<br />
ukanasknelebma gagebis meTodis sayovelTaobis aRiarebiT, axsnis meTodi<br />
gagebas dauqvemdebares, riTac gonismecnierebebis primatis safuZvelze<br />
gonismecnierebebsa da bunebismecnierebebs saerTo substancia gamounaxes<br />
da amiT gageba universalur Semecnebas, xolo xelovneba, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
universalur hermenevtikas gauigives. swored am WrilSi ganixilaven<br />
5
hermenevtikul, konkretulad mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis)<br />
hermenevtikul problematikas Tanamedrove filosofiuri mimdinareobani,<br />
romlebzec zemoT zogadad ukve mivuTiTeT.<br />
hermenevtikis, rogorc gagebis meTodis gaazrebisas, mivediT<br />
daskvnamde, rom Semecnebis erT-erT universalur ganzomilebad gagebis<br />
gamocxadeba, xolo hermenevtikis erT-erT umaRles formad xelovnebis<br />
dadgineba, ar aris naZaladevi da xelovnuri aqti, ramdenadac aseTi<br />
erTgvari universaluroba yovelTvis bunebrivad iyo Cafesvili gagebis<br />
(hermenevtikis) SesaZleblobaSi, romelic mxolod gamoaSkaravebas<br />
saWiroebda. amgvarma amocanam ki TavisTavad migviyvana im arsebiT<br />
momentebTan, romlebic hermenevtikis ZiriTad RerZs Seadgens. kerZod, esaa<br />
filosofiisa da xelovnebis safuZvliseuli urTierTkavSiris da am<br />
konteqstSi hermenevtikis, rogorc yovlismomcveli esTetikuri<br />
kategoriis Tema.<br />
SeviswavleT ra hermenevtikul TematikasTan dakavSirebuli TiTqmis<br />
yvela sakiTxi, SevecadeT met-naklebad Segvevso xarvezebi, romlebic am<br />
mimarTulebiT CvenSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tumca sulac ara gvaqvs<br />
pretenzia, rom mocemuli naSromi amomwurav da yovlismomcvel suraTs<br />
Seqmnis, Tundac imitom, rom moculobis TvalsazrisiT, sadisertacio<br />
Temis CarCoebSi SezRudulebi varT. amgvari SezRudulobis gamo, mTeli<br />
rigi sakiTxebis yuradRebis miRma datoveba mogvixda, magram iseTi<br />
saintereso Temis gaazrebis mcdeloba, rogoric mxatvruli teqstis<br />
(xelovnebis) hermenevtika da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebia,<br />
winamdebare naSromSi namdvilad safuZvlianadaa mocemuli.<br />
Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis miRwevis mcdelobam Semdegi konkretuli<br />
amocanebis winaSe dagvayena: 1. gangvesazRvra is ZiriTadi problematika,<br />
romelic dominanturia hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis gzaze. 2.<br />
gangvesazRvra msgavseba-gansxvaveba wina da Tanamedrove epoqebis<br />
hermenevtikuli problemebis gaanalizebisas, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
gaaadvilebda sayrdeni wertilis povnas da ufro ukeTesad dagvanaxebda<br />
axsnisa da gagebis meTodebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. 3. dagvedgina<br />
raSi xedavs hermenevtikuli Tvalsawieri axsnisa da gagebis meTodebis<br />
rols da ra funqcias ganusazRvravs mas mTlianad esTetikuri<br />
6
Sexedulebebis erTian struqturaSi. 4. gamogvekveTa is garemoebebi,<br />
romelTa gamoc gagebas Semecnebis erT-erT umaRles ganzomilebad, xolo<br />
xelovnebas hermenevtikis erT-erT umaRles formad miviCnevT. 5.<br />
gamogvekveTa e.w. hermenevtikuli situaciis, rogorc erTgvari<br />
hermenevtikuli wris, anu erTisa da mravlis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
konturebi. 6. gagverkvia, ratomaa SesaZlebeli, mxatvruli teqstis gageba<br />
imaze ufro naklebi an meti sizustiT, rogorc igi avtors esmis, anu,<br />
ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli mxatvruli teqsti gavigoT zustad ise, rogorc<br />
igi avtors esmis. 7. gangvesazRvra, ramdenad tovebs adgils gansxvavebul<br />
epoqaTa specifikuroba istoriis, Sesabamisad, xelovnebis istoriisa da<br />
saerTod kulturis erT mTlianobad gaazrebisTvis da ramdenadaa<br />
SesaZlebeli aseT situaciaSi interpretacia, rogorc mxatvruli teqstis<br />
arseba. 8. gagverkvia, ramdenadaa ignorirebuli avtoris roli da<br />
funqcia da ramdenad ikavebs konstruqcia mxatvruli nawarmoebis adgils<br />
postmodernistul xelovnebaSi.<br />
naSromze muSaobisas Cven vixelmZRvaneleT Cvens TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT arsebuli Teoriuli monapovrebiT. ramdenadac kvlevis<br />
meTodologia Sesaswavli Temis TaviseburebebiT ganisazRvra, amdenad igi<br />
istoriul-SedarebiT, fenomenologiur da garkveulwilad da garkveuli<br />
azriT teqstualuri analizis meTodebs aerTianebs. mniSvnelovani da<br />
aRsaniSnavi siaxlea is garemoeba, rom naSromi erT-erTi pirveli<br />
mcdelobaa iseTi saintereso esTetikuri doqtrinis rekonstruirebisa,<br />
rogoricaa mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikuli Tvalsawieri<br />
mis uarsebiTes momentebSi da yvela umniSvnelovanes aspeqtSi.<br />
disertacia moicavs 172 gverds da Sedgeba Sesavlisgan, qveTavisgan -<br />
,,sakiTxis dasmisTvis”, 3 Tavisgan, 9 paragrafisgan (TiToeul TavSi 3<br />
paragrafi) da daskvnisgan. sadisertacio naSroms Tan erTvis sarCevi da<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (sul 104 dasaxeleba).<br />
7
sakiTxis dasmisTvis<br />
hermesi berZnul miTologiur panTeonSi erT-erT yvelaze mTavar<br />
da sapasuxismgeblo misias kisrulobs _ adamianebTan miaqvs RmerTebis<br />
ambavi, atyobinebs maT RmerTebis neba-survilebsa da brZanebebs (hermesi<br />
berZnul miTologiaSi egvipturi miTologiidan damkvidrda, romaul<br />
miTologiaSi misi analogi merkuria _ avt). es Setyobineba sakmaod<br />
rTuli procesia, radgan hermesi adamianTa enaze `Targmnis~ RmerTebis<br />
neba-survils, ganmartavs da agebinebs ubralo mokvdavebs RmerTebis enas.<br />
swored amitom Searqves ganmartebis xelovnebas mogvianebiT<br />
`hermenevtika~. es saxelwodeba ganmartebis xelovnebisTvis, vfiqrobT,<br />
marTlac zedgamoWrilia, radgan miTologiuri hermesis saqmianoba<br />
rogorRac winaswar gulisxmobs im sirTuleebs, rasac Semdgom da<br />
Semdgom moazrovneebi ganmartebis xelovnebis meTodologiurad<br />
dafuZnebis gzaze waawydnen. ese igi, kacobrioba jer kidev azrovnebis<br />
ganviTarebis primitul etapze TiTqosda instiqturad grZnobda adamianisa<br />
da RmerTis maradiuli urTierTmimarTebis siZnelis mTel siRrmes, anu<br />
adamianisa da RmerTis maradiuli urTierTmimarTebis es horizonti<br />
imTaviTve winmswrebi saxiT Seicavda momavalis sulier-kulturuli<br />
ganviTarebis mravalferovan horizonts, sadac am mravalferovani<br />
ganviTarebis miuxedavad, RmerTis sityvisa da neba-survilis `Targmna~<br />
mainc yovelTvis aqtualur Temad darCeboda. am konteqstSi sityva<br />
`Targmna~ namdvilad gansakuTrebuli qveteqstis matarebelia, ramdenadac<br />
igi ara ucxo sityvebis pirdapiri gagebiT Targmnas, aramed RmerTTa<br />
(RmerTis) azrebis ganmartebas niSnavs. maSasadame, RmerTTa (RmerTis)<br />
azrebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT erT romelime enas upiratesoba imTaviTve<br />
ar eniWeboda. RmerTTa (RmerTis) azrebi, ramdenadac gagebadi da<br />
ganmartebadia erT romelime enaze, sxva enebzec amdenadve gagebadi da<br />
ganmartebadia. hermesis miTSi nagulisxmevi es viTareba namdvilad<br />
mravlismTqmelia: Tuki hermess ZaluZs adamianTa enaze `Targmnos~<br />
8
RmerTTa azrebi da miswrafebebi, ese igi, RmerTebisa (RmerTis) da<br />
adamianebis ena, siRrmiseulad iqneb hermesis ganmartebebamde da, saerTod,<br />
yvelanair ganmartebebamdec emTxveva erTmaneTs, oRond imdenad<br />
siRrmiseulad, rom adamians amis Sesaxeb warmodgenac ara aqvs da<br />
amitomac saWiroebs hermesis ganmartebebs da saerTod ganmartebebs.<br />
sxvagvarad, RmerTebis (RmerTis) azrebi adamianebisaTvis savsebiT ucxo<br />
rom yofiliyo, RmerTTa (RmerTis) azrebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT hermesis<br />
`Targmanebic~ uZluri aRmoCndeboda, magram hermesis saWiroebac swored<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom RmerTTa (RmerTis) azrebi adamianisTvis arc<br />
mTlad gaugebaria da arc mTlad gasagebi.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, miTologiuri cnobierebis gariJraJze<br />
adamianisTvis hermesi erTgvari simbolo iyo im gaucnobierebeli<br />
ganzomilebis raRac donemde mainc interpretaciis SesaZleblobisa,<br />
romelic RmerTebisa (RmerTis) da adamianebis enaTa siRrmiseul<br />
erTianobas gulisxmobs. enisa da azris amgvar siRrmiseul<br />
urTierTCawnulobas Zvel berZnebTan termini `logosi~ gamoxatavda.<br />
`logosi~ sulac ar udrida marto sityvas, an marto azrs. igi orive<br />
maTgans aRniSnavda, magram ara rogorc maT Semdgom nazavs, aramed<br />
imTaviTve siRrmiseul urTierTCawnulobaSi mocemuls. hermesi swored am<br />
logosis Tanaziaria, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi uZluri iqneboda<br />
RmerTebis (RmerTis) ena, romelic swored logosSi da logosiTaa<br />
gaxsnil-gamovlenili, Tavis mxriv, Cveulebriv enaSi gaexsna. logosTan<br />
Tanaziaria adamianTa enac, magram vinaidan es Tanaziaroba TviTon<br />
adamianisTvis dafarul-mouxelTebelia, amitomac saWiroebs adamiani<br />
hermesiseul ganmartebebs, rogorc mudmivad dafarul-mouxelTebelis<br />
mudmivad ganfarva-moxelTebadobis Wrils, rac amave dros interpretaciis<br />
amouwurav SesaZleblobebsac gulisxmobs. amasTan, is garemoeba, rom<br />
logosis `Targmna~ mraval adamianur enaze SeiZleba, logosze, rogorc<br />
yvela enaTa saerTo safuZvelze miuTiTebs, anu logosi yvela enis<br />
saerTo arsebaa, igi yvela enaSi metn-naklebad Tanabrad vlindeba, Tumca,<br />
refleqsia gamovlinebis am procesze yovelTvis igvianebs, ramdenadac,<br />
miTiTebul gamovlinebaze refleqsia maSin xorcieldeba, roca<br />
gamovlinebis procesi ukve ganxorcielebulia, anu TviTon gamovlinebis<br />
9
procesi mudmivad xelidan gvisxlteba da amitomac iCina Tavi `hermesis~,<br />
rogorc hermenevtikis moTxovnilebam.<br />
azrisa da enebis urTierTmimarTebis amgvar siRrmiseul<br />
logosiseul WrilSi, rogorRac TavisTavad ikveTeba mTelisa da<br />
nawilebis urTierTmimarTebis konturebic, rogorc hermenevtikuli wre,<br />
anu enaTa sxvadasxvaobaSi, rogorc nawilebSi, mogvecema logosi, rogorc<br />
am sxvadasxvaobis erTiani, mTliani saerTo safuZveli.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, ukve miTologiuri cnobierebis gariJraJzec,<br />
hermesis miTSi, nagulisxmevia TiTqmis yvela is aqcenti, romlebic<br />
Semdgomma hermenevtikulma kvleva-Ziebam ganxilvis ZiriTad sakiTxebad<br />
aqcia. amitomac aRniSnavs vaxi _ `im droidan, rac adamiani arsebobs<br />
dedamiwaze, gagebac arsebobs~ (103.1). aseTive azrs gamoTqvams gadameric,<br />
roca acxadebs: `hermenevtika, marTalia, aris Semadgeneli disciplina<br />
filosofiuri da Teologiuri moZRvrebis meTodis Sesaxeb da meTodikisa,<br />
magram misi damoukidebeli ganviTareba da Teoriuli srulyofa gvian<br />
moxda ara imitom, TiTqos gageba meoradia, piriqiT, swored imitom, rom<br />
gageba imdenad msWvalavs adamianTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, mas<br />
saTanado yuradRebas ar aqceven~ (104.7). sxvagvarad, gagebis fenomeni<br />
imdenad Rrmad msWvalavs adamianTa arsebas uxsovari droidan, masze<br />
srulfasovani refleqsia Tanamedrove eroqaSic ki Zneli saqmea. es<br />
garemoeba, Tavis mxriv, imas adasturebs, rom rogor meToduradac unda<br />
davafuZnoT hermenevtika, mas minimaluri doziT mainc yovelTvis dayveba<br />
rogorRac Seucnobadi xasiaTi, radgan meTodika, rogori srulyofilic<br />
unda iyos igi, bolomde mainc ver amowuravs hermenevtikuli horizontis<br />
siRrmeebs. hermenevtikuli horizonti xom adamianis msoflmxedvelobriv<br />
mimarTebaTa siRrmeebidan imTaviTve, Tundac intuiciurad amoizarda da<br />
aseve intuiciur-siRrmiseulad gulisxmobs adamianis samyaroSi myofobis<br />
specifikuri ganzomilebis filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis moTxovnilebasac.<br />
aki adamianis mxolod arsebobac ki, usazRvro da amoucnobad samyaroSi<br />
umTavresi winapirobaa msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebis warmoSobisa.<br />
usasrulo samyaros Semxedvare adamians ar SeiZleba kiTxva ar gauCndes<br />
samyarosa da masSi myofi adamianis raobis Sesaxeb. buneba da adamiani _<br />
ai, ras ikvlevs, ris garSemo trialebs filosofia dasabamidan<br />
10
filosofiuri azrovnebisa. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos sakvirvelia is<br />
garemoeba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerxda am sakiTxebze<br />
sayovelTao pasuxis gacema, magram, meores mxriv, unda aRiniSnos, rac<br />
ufro Rrmad xerxdeba maTi Seswavla, Sesaswavli areali miT ufro<br />
farTovdeba da amouwuravi xdeba, amdenad, miT ufro cxadi xdeba is<br />
viTarebac, rom samyarosa da adamianis sulis siRrmeebze amomwuravad<br />
pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. adamiani marTlac rom mikrokosmosia, Tavis<br />
TavSi Semcveli makrosamyarosi da Tu makrosamyaro amouwuravamoulevelia,<br />
cxadia, aseve amouwurav-amoulevelia mikrokosmosic<br />
adamianis saxiT. bunebisa da adamianis urTierTmimarTebis amgvarma<br />
siRrmiseulma hermenevtikam, hermenevtuli kvleva-Ziebis Semdgom da<br />
Semdgom etapebze dRis wesrigSi axsnisa da gagebis urTierTgamijvnis<br />
sakiTxic daayena, rac, Tavis mxriv, bunebisa da adamianis, rogorc<br />
sulieri arsebis, urTierTgamijvnasac gulisxmobda. aseTi gamijvna, erTi<br />
SexedviT, azrovnebis progresis maniSnebelia, magram meores mxriv, msgavsi<br />
gamijnuloba, ra Tqma unda, erTgvar siZneles warmoSobs bunebisa da<br />
adamianis, rogorc sulieri arsebis SekavSirebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Sesabamisad, am siZnelis daZlevis moTxovnilebis kvalobaze,<br />
hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis gviani etapi, arc axsnisa da gagebis meTodTa<br />
kvlav urTierTgadajaWvulobaSi ganxilvis horizonts moisaklisebda,<br />
ramdenadac amgvari Tvalsazrisis momxreebs bunebisa da adamianis,<br />
rogorc sulieri arsebis, ukiduresad daSoriSoreba, sakiTxisadmi<br />
araswor midgomad miaCniaT. hermesis miTSi adamiani-bunebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis miTiTebuli orivenairi Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis<br />
SesaZlebloba winaswarmoxazulis saxiT igulisxmeba. miTologiuri<br />
cnobiereba adamianisa da bunebis erTianobis aRqmiT isedac xasiaTdeboda,<br />
magram amasTanave, adamianis bunebaze aRmatebulobac imTaviTve<br />
igrZnoboda, Tumca amis miuxedavad, antikuri hermenevtikisTvis axsnisa da<br />
gagebis, aseve STagonebis, divinaciisa da sxva hermenevtikuli tipis<br />
meTodebi, rogorc meTodebi, mainc ucxo iyo. saerTod, antikur<br />
hermenevtikaze, rogorc garkveul disciplinaze saubari, ar SeiZleba,<br />
samagierod SeiZleba antikuri hermenevtikis horizontze yuradRebis<br />
aqcentireba, radgan antikuri periodis filosofosebTan, ukve mecnieruli<br />
11
msoflmxedvelobis donezea mocemuli is sakiTxebi, romlebic hermesis<br />
miTSi Seucnoblad igulisxmeba, anu swored antikuri periodis<br />
filosofosTa naazrevSi ikiTxeba hermenevtikis meTodologiurad<br />
dafuZnebis Semdgomi SesaZleblobac. dilTais mixedviT, swavlis<br />
moTxovnilebam poetTa Semoqmedebis ganmartebis moTxovnileba pirvelad<br />
swored saberZneTSi warmoSva, sadac berZnulad metyvelebdnen, homerosisa<br />
da sxva poetebis ganmarteba da kritika yvelgan popularuli iyo,<br />
`sofistebisa da ritorikis skolebSi ganmartebis xelovneba ritorikis<br />
problemebTan mWidro kavSirSi ganixileboda. sofistebTan da Semdeg<br />
stoelebTan ganviTarda e.w. alegoriuli interpretacia. ganmartebis<br />
xelovnebis sxvadasxva mxares exeboda platoni, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
aristotele TxzulebebSi, romlebSic ixileoboda ritorikis, poetikisa<br />
da logikis sakiTxebi~ (7.395).<br />
qristianul epoqaSi hermenevtikis antikuri horizonti, cxadia,<br />
qristianul hermenevtikad gardaiqmna, radgan qristianuli Teologiuri<br />
azrovnebis aRzevebis dros dRis wesrigSi saRvTo wignebis ganmartebis<br />
aucilebloba dadga. `ase eyreba safuZveli Teologiur hermenevtikas,<br />
romlis mizanic bibliis swori interpretacia, Zveli aRTqmisa da axali<br />
aRTqmis SeTanawyoba da SeTanxmebaa. am mxriv, didi roli iTamaSa<br />
avgustines Txzulebam `qristianobis moZRvrebis Sesaxeb~.<br />
filosofiurisa da Teologiuris gverdiT igulisxmeba iuridiuli<br />
hermenevtikac, romelic samarTlebriv kanonebs ganmartavs~ (7.395).<br />
kidev erTi axali etapi hermenevtikis srulyofis gzaze<br />
reformaciis wiaRSi iwyeba. saRvTo wignebis ganmartebaTa procesSi<br />
gaSlilma kamaTma gaaRrmava interesi hermenevtikuli praqtikisa da<br />
Teoriisadmi. dilTai miCnevs, rom swored `reformaciis epoqaSi xdeba<br />
hermenevtikis saboloo Camoyalibeba. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
dilTai aniWebs flaciusis Txzulebas, romelic mieZRvna saRmrTo<br />
wignebis gagebis sakiTxs~ (7.395). saqme is gaxlavT, rom reformaciis erTerTma<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma martin luTerma saRmrTo<br />
wignebis dogmaturi gagebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. misi azriT, saRmrTo<br />
wignebis gageba yovelgvari dogmatikis gareSe unda ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />
qristianobis kaTolike mimdevrebi protestant luTeris amgvar<br />
12
Tvalsazriss, ra Tqma unda, ar Seeguvnen da swored am garemoebam<br />
gamoiwvia flaciusis mier specialurad luTeranuli midgomebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego TvalsazrisTa erTian sistemad gadmocema, sadac manamde<br />
stiqiurad mocemuli da moqmedi wesebi meTodis doneze iyo dalagebuli.<br />
amitomac miuTiTebs dilTai flaciusis am Sromis Sesaxeb: `masSi<br />
pirvelad gaerTianda moZRvrebad erToblioba interpretaciis wesebisa,<br />
romlebic manamde iyo napovni. saxeldobr, im postulatis saSualebiT,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac am wesebis safuZvelze xelovnebiseuli meTodiT<br />
miiRweva sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone codna~ (7.396).<br />
maSasadame, hermenevtikis, rogorc gagebis meTodisa da meTodikis<br />
erTgvari formireba reformaciis wiaRSi aRmocenebul dava-kamaTs mohyva,<br />
magram flaciusis Txzuleba sulac ar aRmoCnda bolo navsayudeli<br />
hermenevtikisTvis. hermenevtikuli kvleva-Zieba arc luTeris<br />
reformatorul monapovrebze SeCerda. axali da Tanamedrove epoqebisTvis<br />
hermenevtika veRar irgebs im rols, rogorsac Sua saukuneebSi irgebda,<br />
radgan modernistulma da postmodernistulma suliskveTebam mTlianad<br />
moSala yvela is wesi Tu norma, romelsac hermenevtikuli xedva manamade<br />
yovelTvis emyareboda. Tumca, amgvari `uwesobac~ da `unormobac~, farTo<br />
gagebiT, ukve TviTonaa raRacnairi `wesic~ da `normac~. Tanamedrove<br />
hermenevtikuli horizontis msgavsi `uweso wesic~ da `unormo normac~,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, modernistul da postmodernistul xelovnebaSi<br />
igrZnoba, albaT imitom, rom xelovneba, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis<br />
imTaviTve, Tundac rogorRac mizandausaxavad da spontanurad yvelaze<br />
uwin aireklavda da aireklavs misive Tanadrouli epoqis konkretul<br />
kulturul simptomebsa da zogad sulier atmosferos. aki<br />
istoriuladac, gagebis pirveli seriozuli moTxovnileba swored<br />
homerosis poeziis, anu mxatvruli teqstis axsna-ganmartebis<br />
moTxovnilebas ukavSirdeba da axsna-ganmartebisadmi manamdeli, anu<br />
homerosamdeli Seucnobeli miswrafebac gana mxatvrul, oRond zepir<br />
teqstebSi ar aris mocemuli miTic, rogorc aseTi da am konkretuli<br />
SemTxvevisTvis hermesis miTic xom, farTo gagebiT, swored mxatvruli<br />
teqstia, ramdenadac miTosuri saxismetyveleba, rogorc gare da<br />
Sidasamyarosadmi simbolur-fantaziuri mimarTeba, Zalze waagavs saxeTa<br />
13
aRwera-gadmocemis xelovnebiseul meTods. amdenad, mxatvruli teqsti<br />
mxolod teqstualuri saxiT mocemul xelovnebis dargebs ar udris. igi<br />
sakuTar TavSi yvela tipis xelovnebas aerTianebs. sxvagvarad, ferweruli<br />
tiloc, qandakebac da musikac Taviseburad `molaparake teqstebia~,<br />
radgan romelime ferweruli tilos, romelime konkretuli qandakebis<br />
naxvisas Tu musikaluri nawarmoebis mosmenisas Cven maTSi garkveul<br />
azrebs vkiTxulobT iseve, rogorc poezia Tu proza gvakiTxvinebs da<br />
gvagebinebs sakuTar Tavs. maSasadame, `xelovneba SeiZleba ganxilul<br />
iqnas, rogorc Taviseburi ena. mas nacionaluri enis mTeli rigi Tvisebebi<br />
aqvs. garda imisa, rom xelovnebis iseTi saxeebi arsebobs, rogoricaa<br />
literatura da masze dafuZnebuli sinTezuri formebi, romlebic Tavisi<br />
mxatvruli qsovilis saSen masalad bunebriv enas iyeneben, xelovnebis ena<br />
sxva enebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze ufro metad amJRavnebs bunebrivi enis<br />
TvisebebTan siaxloves... imisTvis, rom adamianma SeZlos xelovnebis<br />
qmnilebasTan, rogorc aseTTan urTierToba, mas unda esmodes misi<br />
sazrisi. sazrisis gageba ki gulisxmobs am enis niSnebis, simboloebis,<br />
formebis codnas, raSic daSifrulia sazrisi. xelovneba niSnebsa da<br />
simboloebSi arsebobs, amdenad, is Taviseburi enaa. am azriT, xelovneba<br />
enaa, romlis codna aucilebeli pirobaa, raTa gavigoT am enaze<br />
ganxorcielebuli Sinaarsi~ (45. 299_300).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, saerTo jamSi, xelovnebaSi, rogorc zogadad<br />
mxatvrul teqstSi, logosi aranaklebadaa gaxsnil-gamovlenili, vidre<br />
sakuTriv metyvelebaSi, enaSi. Aam azriT, ena, rogorc azrebis gadmocemis<br />
meqanizmi, mxolod Tavisi xmovanebiT gansxvavdeba xelovnebisgan, romelic<br />
farTo gagebiT aseve enaa, oRond araxmovani. Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, ar<br />
Rirs imis aq ganxilva, romeli iyo Tavdapirvelad _ xmovani metyveleba<br />
Tu `uxmo ena~, rogorc xelovneba, miT umetes, roca kacobriobis<br />
mexsiereba iqneb uZluricaa miTiTebuli sakiTxis garkvevis gzaze,<br />
vinaidan enisa da xelovnebis warmoSobis istoriul horizonts marTlac<br />
gauvali burusi dasdebia. xmovani enisa da `uxmo enis~, rogorc<br />
xelovnebis fenomenebi mxolod imas gvimxelen, rom maTi warmoSoba<br />
Tanadroulad unda momxdariyo. isini logosTan Tanabrad wilnayarni<br />
arian _ roca gaCnda xelovneba, ukve iyo metyveleba da roca gaCnda<br />
14
metyveleba, ukve iyo xelovneba. Tavdapirvelad enaca da xelovnebac, ra<br />
Tqma unda, erTgvari primitiulobiT gamoirCeodnen, magram Tavdapirvelad<br />
yvelaferi primitiuli iyo _ enac, gamoqvabulis kedlebze milionobiT<br />
wlis win Sesrulebuli `ferweruli nimuSebic~ da sxva SemdgomSi<br />
ganviTarebuli da daxvewili garkveulobanic.<br />
amdenad, enasa da xelovnebaSi hermenevtikuli horizonti, iqneb<br />
yvelaze cxadad igrZnoba, magram hermenevtikuli kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba<br />
zogadfilosofiuri safuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe mainc naklovani<br />
aRmoCndeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mxolod mxatvruli teqstis anu<br />
xelovnebis hermenevtikuli Wrili gvainteresebs. filosofia<br />
msoflmxedvelobaa da saerTod adamianis nebismieri tipis mimarTeba Sida<br />
da gare samyarosadmi, yovelTvis gulisxmobs garkveul<br />
msoflmxedvelobas. am azriT, enasac da xelovnebasac, cxadia, sakuTari<br />
filosofia yovelTvis gaaCndaT. kacobriobis istoriis im periodSic ki,<br />
roca filosofia, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda, adamiani gare Tu Sida<br />
samyarosadmi mimarTebisas filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobriv wanamZRvrebs<br />
Seucnoblad mainc eyrdnoboda. sxva sityvebiT, adamianis sulieri<br />
cxovrebis mravalferovan aspeqtebSi, filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
winamZRvrebi yovelTvis Seucnoblad iyo Cafesvili da axlac, ra Tqma<br />
unda, asea. amgvarad, aucilebelia, mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli<br />
analizisas, adamianis sulieri cxovrebis filosofiuri safuZvlebic<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, miT umetes, roca kacobriobis mdidari filosofiuri<br />
warsuli saamiso saSualebas namdvilad gvaZlevs. aki cnobieri da<br />
aracnobieri, racionaluri da iracionaluri, transcendenturi da<br />
transcendentaluri da sxva msgavsi Sinaarsobrivad datvirTuli<br />
filosofiuri xedvebi, romlebTanac mxatvruli teqsti imTaviTve<br />
siRrmiseul kavSirSia, droTa ganmavlobaSi filosofiur terminebad da<br />
kategoriebad qceula. mxatvruli teqstis analizis aseTi konteqsti, ra<br />
Tqma unda, ufro srulyofili da yovlismomcveli iqneba.<br />
15
Tavi I. xelovnebis ganmarteba,<br />
interpretacia, gageba<br />
§1. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizonti<br />
antikuri epoqis msoflmxedvelobaSi<br />
Zvel berZnul da romaul filosofiaSi hermenevtika, rogorc<br />
filosofiuri disciplina, ar arsebobda, magram im epoqis filosofosebi<br />
TavianT naSromebSi xSirad laparakoben iseT Temebze, gansakuTrebiT<br />
xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic savsebiT Seesabamebian im<br />
disciplinis cnebebs, romelsac dRes Cven hermenevtikas vuwodebT.<br />
platonma da gansakuTrebiT aristotelem, antikuri filosofiis am orma<br />
didma warmomadgenelma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTlianad Seajames mxatvruli<br />
teqstis gagebis antikuri horizonti da mxatvruli teqstis gagebis<br />
peripetiebi Semdgomi epoqebisTvisac ki winaswar gansazRvres. platonis<br />
`ionSi~, gansakuTrebiT aristoteles `poetikaSi~, marTlac yvelaferia<br />
mocemuli, rasac Tundac Tanamedrove hermenevtika kidev ufro Rrmad,<br />
safuZvlianad da masStaburad ganixilavs.<br />
aristoteles `kaTarzisi~ anu ganwmenda, imTaviTve gulisxmobs<br />
`STagrZnobis~, `Casaxlebisa~ Tu `divinaciis~ Teoriebs erTobliobaSi,<br />
Tavis mxriv, es ukanasknelebi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas<br />
aucileblobiT Seicaven. saboloo jamSi ki, es yovelive hermenevtikul<br />
situacias udris, romelic winaswarmoxazulis saxiT manamdecaa<br />
mocemuli, vidre xelovnebis nawarmoebi da Semfasebeli erTmaneTs<br />
Sexvdebian da Sedegis saxiTac, anu mas merec, rac xelovnebis qmnileba<br />
da Semfasebeli erTmaneTTan kontaqts daamyareben. antikur samyaroSi,<br />
`STagrZnobis~, `Casaxlebis~, `divinaciisa~ Tu hermenevtikuli situaciis<br />
Sesaxeb, terminebisa da meTodologiis doneze, cxadia, ar icodnen, Tumca,<br />
vinaidan aristotelesa da antikuri epoqis sxva filosofosebTan<br />
miTiTebul problemebze Tavisebur, magram Zalze saintereso msjelobebs<br />
vxvdebiT, es terminebic winmswrebad swored amitom vaxseneT, miT umetes,<br />
roca, aristotelesTan da misi Tanadrouli epoqis sxva filosofosebTan,<br />
16
ogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, yvela is konturi aSkarad gamokrTis, romlebic<br />
Tanamedrove hermenevtikam meTodebad da mTlianad Semecnebis<br />
garegadamwvdom cnebebadac ki aqcia. am yovelives zemoT gacilebiT<br />
vrclad SevexebiT, axla umjobesia, kvlav antikur hermenevtikul<br />
horizonts mivubrundeT.<br />
aristotele Tavis `poetikaSi~ marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom<br />
tragediis warmodgenisas mayurebeli SiSiTa da sibraluliT<br />
gamsWvaluli Sedis tragikuli gmiris mdgomareobaSi da mis gancdebs, mis<br />
mdgomareobas ise ganicdis, rogorc Tavisas, anu mayurebels ara mxolod<br />
SeuZlia tragikuli situaciis gancda, tragikuli gmiris da Sesabamisad,<br />
avtoris sulSi `Casaxleba~, aramed tipurobis SegrZnebiT am yvelafris<br />
ganzogadeba-interpretacia da amiT empiriuli `mes~ sazRvrebis<br />
garRvevac xelewifeba. `tragedia aRwevs mayurebelTa ganwmendas<br />
sibralulisa da SiSis aRZvriT~ - wers aristotele `poetikaSi~ - `magram<br />
ra aris sibraluli sibraluli aris tanjva tanjvis mimarT, an<br />
Tanatanjva. me warmovidgine an Sevicani, Tu rogor itanjeba esa Tu is<br />
arseba da amis gamo TviTonac vitanjebi – ai amas ewodeba sibraluli, an<br />
Sewyaleba. ra aris SiSi – sibralulis msgavsad SiSic aris tanjva<br />
tanjvis mimarT, an Tanatanjva. oRond sibralulisgan gansxvavebiT SiSis<br />
SemTxvevaSi tanjvas iwvevs warmodgena (codna, cnoba) ara realur<br />
tanjvaze, aramed SesaZlebel tanjvaze, an iseT tanjvaze romelic<br />
mosalodnelia, awmyoSi ar aris mocemuli, magram momavalSi moxdeba.<br />
magaliTad, me Sevicani, rom me an visme sxvas, moelis momavalSi tanjva<br />
da amis gamo axlave vitanjebi – amas ewodeba SiSi. rogorc vxedavT,<br />
sibraluli da SiSi emsgavsebian erTmaneTs: orive Tanatanjva, an tanjvis<br />
Secnobis gamo gaCenili tanjvaa, romelic SeiZleba hqondes mxolod<br />
Semecnebis, warmodgenis (reprezentaciis) unariT aRWurvil arsebas an<br />
subieqts... ucqeris ra TeatrSi tragediis gmirebis cxovrebas, mis sulier<br />
tanjvas, misi `me~-s wvalebas, mayurebeli ivseba TanagrZnobiT gmiris<br />
mimarT da mas aviwydeba Tavisi sakuTari `me~, sakuTari prozauli<br />
cxovreba, aviwydeba sakuTari usiamovnebebi, romlebic awuxebdnen mas<br />
TeatrSi mosvlamde da swored es aris is `ganwmenda~, is `Semsubuqebac~<br />
17
da `siamovnebac~, romelsac aZlevs mayurebels tragediis cqera~ (1. 95_96;<br />
107-108).<br />
aristoteles `kaTarzisis~ aseTma niuansma bernaissa da mis<br />
momxreebs saSualeba misca emtkicebina, TiTqos ganwmenda mayureblisTvis<br />
mxolod sakuTari piradi vnebebis daviwyeba iyos (1. 92,93,94), rac ra Tqma<br />
unda, kaTarzisis WeSmarit gagebas ar unda Seesabamebodes. tragediis<br />
yurebisas mayurebeli sakuTar vnebebs cxadia iviwyebs, magram es<br />
pirdapiri gagebiT daviwyeba ki ar aris, aramed `daviwyeba~ imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac sakuTari vnebebi tragediis gmirisadmi Tanatanjvis gancdaSi<br />
iTqvifeba, rogorRac masTan erTiandeba, ramdenadac ama Tu im individis<br />
personalur tanjvas, rogori gansxvavebuli situaciac unda iyos misi<br />
maprovocirebeli, saboloo jamSi, rogorc aseTs, zogadi azriT, mainc<br />
saerTo Strixebi axasiaTebs. es konteqsti ki, aristotelesTan<br />
`kaTarzisis~ gagebas Taviseburad akavSirebs tipurobis gagebasTan:<br />
`mxatvruli saxe emsgavseba cnebas. Tu cneba zogadia, mxatvruli saxec<br />
zogadia. e.i. mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT, yoveli mxatvari mravalferovan<br />
saganTa im qaosSi, romelic misi grZnobebis winaSe ireva, aRmoaCens raRac<br />
erTobas, wess, formas... Tanamedrove esTetikis enaze mxatvrul saxes,<br />
romelic mravalsa gavs da mravals aerTianebs Tavis TavSi, hqvia<br />
mxatvruli tipi, xolo kerZo saganTa STabeWdilebebidan xelovanis mier<br />
mxatvruli tipis SegrZnebas ewodeba tipizacia~ (1.60;62). marTlac, rogorc<br />
aristoteles `kaTarzisis~ zemoT ganxiluli niuansebidan irkveva,<br />
tragedia swored `imiT aRwevs kaTarziss, rom xatavs tipebs da tipebis<br />
saSualebiT aviwyebinebs mayurebls mis empirias. piradi `me~-dan amosvla<br />
empiriuli `me~-s im viwro kedlebis garRvevaa, romelSic Cagvketa Cveni<br />
biologiuri arsebobis SenarCunebis praqtikulma interesma... ai ra<br />
yofila tragikuli kaTarzisi aristoteles moZRvrebiT. am kaTarziss ki<br />
tragedia ver gamoiwvevda, rom igi ar yofiliyo xelovnebis qmnileba,<br />
romelic baZavs realur sinamdviles da Txzavs am sinamdvilis zogad<br />
saxeebs an tipebs. aristoteles moZRvrebiT, baZvis procesSi xelovneba<br />
awarmoebs realuri sinamdvilis tipizacias, anu qmnis mxatvrul tipebs,<br />
xolo tipebis saSualebiT xelovneba aRviZebs tragediis mayurebelTa<br />
18
sibralulisa da SiSis emociebs da aRwevs maT kaTarziss anu ganwmendas~<br />
(1.110, 111).<br />
aristotele marTlac zust aqcentebs akeTebs. marTalia, igi<br />
kaTarzisis gagebas mxolod tragediaze dakvirvebiT gvTavazobs, magram<br />
ra Tqma unda misTvisac imTaviTve cxadia, rom mxolod Teatraluri<br />
xelovneba ar iwvevs kaTarziss, amasTan tipizacias sxva xelovnebebic<br />
awarmoeben. sxva sityvebiT, ukeTesi iqneboda, aristoteles kaTarzisi<br />
mxolod sibralulisa da SiSis grZnobebTan ar daekavSirebina, radgan<br />
kaTarziss mxolod sibralulisa da SiSis gancdebi ar unda iwvevdnen,<br />
radgan faqtia, rom xelovneba zogadi gagebiT, mnaxvelSi mxolod<br />
sibralulsa da SiSs ar ganapirobebs. xelovnebis qmnilebis naxvisas<br />
mnaxvelSi xan erTi grZnoba iRviZebs, xan meore da kaTarzissac<br />
TiToeuli maTgani ganapirobebs. aristotelem kaTarzisis gamomwvev<br />
mizezebad mxolod sibralulis da SiSis gancdebi Cans imitom daasaxela,<br />
rom man kaTarzisi mxolod xelovnebis erT dargTan, kerZod<br />
tragediasTan mimarTebaSi ganixila, Tumca tragedia-kaTarzisis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis es viwro Wrili, eqstrapolaciis mSvenieri bazisia da<br />
tragedia-kaTarzisis urTierTmimarTebis viwro Wrilis mTlianad<br />
xelovnebaze ganzogadebis muxti, vfiqrobT, aristotelesTanac naTlad<br />
igrZnoba. magaliTad, laokoonis qandakeba mnaxvels aranaklebad<br />
kaTarzisulad ganawyobs, vidre scenaze warmodgenili nebismieri<br />
tragedia. laokooni, romelsac uzarmazari gveli Semoxvevia, TiTqos<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba gvelis simZlavres, magram misi sxeulis raRacnairad<br />
daZabuli nakvTebi da saxis metad Sewuxebuli gamometyveleba gvamcnobs,<br />
rom male mas uZlurebis, ganwirulobis yvirili aRmoxdeba. swored es<br />
momenti `gauqvavebia~ moqandakes. lesingis Tanaxmad: `nayofieri aris<br />
mxolod is, rac xelovanis, Semoqmedis Zalas Tavisufali TamaSis Zalas<br />
aZlevs. mTlianobaSi ki maRali afeqtebis misaRebad arc erT moments ar<br />
aqvs iseTi naklebi unari, rogorc umaRlesi daZabulobis moments. imis<br />
iqiT, araferi ar aris da Tvals rom ukiduresoba uCveno, es niSnavs<br />
frTebi Seakveco fantazias da aiZulo dakmayofildes usustesi<br />
suraTebis xedviT, radgan grZnobiTi STabeWdilebis sazRvrebidan swored<br />
misi xiluli sxeulis gamo veRarsaiT gava. roca laokooni ase kvnesis,<br />
19
warmosaxvis Zala mis yvirilsac iolad warmoidgens. is rom yvirodes,<br />
maSin mnaxveli veRarc maRla aiwevs, veRarc dabal safexurze Camova,<br />
rameTu orsave SemTxvevaSi laokooni warmoudgeba sacodav, maSasadame<br />
uintereso mdgomareobaSi. mokled, raki xelovanma is erTaderTi wami<br />
unda ukvdavyos, man araferi unda asaxos iseTi, rac Cvens warmosaxvaSi<br />
mxolod warmavalia (tranzitorulia)~ (27.58-59). maSasadame, ferwera da<br />
qandakeba mnaxvels yovelTvis utovebs adgils Semdgomi warmosaxvisTvis<br />
da am warmosaxvis tipurad ganzogadebisTvis, magram mTavari aq isaa rom,<br />
xelovnebis qmnilebis mTlianobaSi gagebis, avtoris sulSi `Casaxlebis~<br />
unari rom ara, warmosaxva-interpretaciac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amdenad,<br />
gagebis Wrili xelovnebis yvela dargs erTnairad mieyeneba imisda<br />
miuxedavad, rom `is, rac ferweraSi da qandakebaSi dafarvas iTxovs,<br />
tragikuli scenis erTaderTi mizania da amitomac sruliad sapirispiro<br />
moqmedebas moiTxovs. misma gmirebma grZnoba unda gamoiwvion, tkivilebi<br />
unda gamoxaton, gaSiSvlebuli buneba unda gviCvenon TavianT arsebaSi<br />
dafaruli~ (27.66). daufaravobis TvalsazrisiT aseTive maxasiaTeblebs<br />
atarebs poeziac, prozac, anu Tuki ferwera da qandakeba warmosaxvis<br />
aqtiurobas moiTxovs, raTa `gaqvavebuli wamis~ Semdgomi droulsivrculi<br />
gagrZelebis SesaZlo variaciebi Tavad mnaxvel-Semfasebelma<br />
warmoidginos warmosaxva-interpretaciis wyalobiT, Teatri, poezia, proza<br />
amis saSualebas TiTqosda ar gvitovebs, radgan es ukanasknelebi iseTi<br />
tipis xelovnebebi arian, romlebsac sakuTari saSualebebis wyalobiT<br />
ZaluZT bolomde amowuron is, rasac qandakeba da ferwera mudam Riad<br />
toveben, magram gana es poeziaSi, prozaSi da maT msgavs xelovnebebSi<br />
mnaxvelis warmosaxva-interpretaciis unars gamoricxavs ra Tqma unda<br />
ara, radgan miTiTebuli gansxvaveba xelovnebis calkeul dargebs Soris,<br />
safuZvels maTive bunebidan iRebs: is, risi gamosaxva skulpturaSi an<br />
ferweraSi naklad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, poeziaSi, prozaSi da Teatralur<br />
xelovnebaSi SeiZleba aucilebelic ki iyos da piriqiT. `laokoonze~<br />
msjelobisas lesingi pirdapir miuTiTebs: `martooden piris farTod<br />
gaRebac – Tundac Tavi gavaneboT imas, rom aseTi mdgomareoba saxis<br />
danarCen nawilebsac ausaxurebs da auSnovebs – mxatvrobaSi laqaa,<br />
qandakebaSi ki CaRrmaveba, romelic yvelaze amazrzen STabeWdilebas<br />
20
axdens~ (27.57), maSin roca poeziaSi, prozasa Tu Teatralur xelovnebaSi<br />
piris farTod gaRebis bolomde aRwera da gansaxiereba arc laqaa da arc<br />
CaRrmaveba, magram amave dros isic faqtia, rom rac unda bolomde<br />
aRweros poeziam da prozam esa Tu is mimika da rac unda bolomde<br />
ganasaxieros igive mimika Teatralurma xelovnebam, warmosaxvainterpretacia<br />
mnaxvel-Semfaseblis mxridan aqac iseTive ZaliT moqmedebs,<br />
rogorc xelovnebis sxva dargebSi Seqmnili qmnilebebis mimarT. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, Tuki ferwera da qandakeba interpretaciisTvis adgils<br />
`amouvsebulobiT~ tovebs, poeziaSi, prozaSi, Teatralur xelovnebaSi<br />
interpretaciis SesaZlebloba swored `amovsebulobaSi~ imaleba. imas,<br />
rasac ferwera an qandakeba `gaqvavebuli wamis~ miRma SeiZleba<br />
gulisxmobdes, poeziam, prozam, Teatralurma xelovnebam, iqneb, sityvasityviT<br />
gamoTqvas da interpretaciis maprovocirebladac, SeiZleba<br />
nagulisxmevic da gamoTqmulic erTidaigive ZaliT mogvevlinos, miT<br />
umetes, rom rac unda bolomde gamoTqvas poeziaSi, prozaSi, Teatralur<br />
xelovnebaSi Seqmnilma nawarmoebma saTqmeli, e.w. `amouvsebeli adgili~<br />
mainc darCeba, rac interpretaciisTvis damatebiTi stimulia. amasTan,<br />
cxadia isic, rom interpretaciis moTxovnileba mxolod xelovnebis ama<br />
Tu im dargis sakuTrivi maxasiaTeblidan ar gamomdinareobs, igi mxolod<br />
inspiraciul funqcias kisrulobs, xolo inspiracia maSinaa SesaZlebeli,<br />
Tuki raime moTxovnileba ukve inspiraciamde arsebobs. e.i. xelovnebis<br />
nebismieri dargis esa Tu is nawarmoebi, interperaciis realizebis<br />
saSualebas imTaviTve iZleva da swored am `mocemaSi~ imaleba<br />
`STagrZnobis~, `divinaciisa~ Tu avtoris sulSi `Casaxlebis~, anu<br />
avtori-xelovneba-mnaxvelis imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli erTianobis<br />
saidumloeba, rogorc gagebis SesaZlebloba. iqneb swored esaa<br />
hermenevtikuli situacia, romelic aristoteles kaTarzisSi rogorRac<br />
Taviseburad igulisxmeba. gadameris Tanaxmad: `Tuki SevajamebT da<br />
SevadarebT aristoteles moZRvrebas eTikaze da Cvens SekiTxvebs<br />
zneobrivi mSvenierebis gaazrebaze, davinaxavT, rom maTi analizi<br />
aristotelesTan Taviseburi modelia problemisa, romelic Cven<br />
hermenevtikuli amocanis saxiT gvesaxeba... interpretatori arafers sxvas<br />
ar eswrafvis garda imisa, rom gaigos sayovelTao (teqsti), anu gaigos is,<br />
21
asac ambobs mocemuloba, is, rac azris da teqstis mniSvnelobas<br />
warmoadgens. magram es rom gavigoT, man ar unda ganaxorcielos<br />
abstragireba sakuTari Tavisagan da im konkretuli hermenevtikuli<br />
situaciidan, romelSic is imyofeba. piriqiT, man teqsti swored am<br />
situacias unda daukavSiros, Tuki surs saerTod gaigos igi~ (71.382_383).<br />
amdenad, aristoteles kaTarzisi upirvelesad esTetikurhermenevtikuli<br />
mniSvnelobiT esmoda da ara korneliseuli eTikuri da<br />
bernaisiseuli biologiuri TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, aristoteles<br />
hermenevtikuli xedva, anu hermenevtikuli situacia imTaviTve<br />
gulisxmobda e.w. hermenevtikul wresac, anu nawilisa da mTelis<br />
safuZvliseul urTierTCawnulobas, rogorc maT Tavdapirvel erTianobas.<br />
`tragedias aqvs dasawyisi, Sua nawili da bolo. amitom savaldebuloa,<br />
rom kargad Sedgenili fabula iwyebodes ara iqidan, saidanac<br />
mogveprianeba, aramed igi unda eTanxmebodes miTiTebuli nawilebis<br />
specifikas. tragedias unda hqondes araSemTxveviTi sididec. simSveniere<br />
xom sidideSi da simwyobreSia. e.i. Zalian mcire sagani ver iqneboda<br />
mSvenieri imitom, rom Zalian mcire sagnis SeniSvna SeuZlebeli iqneboda,...<br />
Tumca, Zalian didi saganic ver iqneboda mSvenieri, vinaidan misi Wvreta<br />
erTbaSad ver ganxorcieldeboda da mWvretelebs Wvretis gareSe<br />
daurCebodaT aseTi sagnis erTianoba da mTlianoba. ufro martivad rom<br />
iTqvas, tragediis faruli sididis sazRvaria is sidide, romlis<br />
farglebSic Tu SemTxvevebi erTmaneTs gunebisamebr an<br />
aucileblobisamebr misdeven, SesaZlebelia, ubedurebidan bednierebaSi an<br />
bednierebidan ubedurebaSi gadasvla. e.i. tragediis sidide unda<br />
gansazRvros ara mis gareSe mdebare sagnebma, aramed misma sakuTarma<br />
bunebam. tragediis sididis sazomi TviT tragediaSia mocemuli. ambavi<br />
unda iyos erToblivi. fabula, ramdenadac igi moqmedebis mibaZvaa, aris<br />
erTisa da imave mTelis asaxva. xolo nawilebi ise arian urTierTSoris<br />
Sewyobili, rom Tu erTi nawili an gadasmuli, an amoRebuli iqna, maSin<br />
mTelic gamoicvleba da waborZikdeba. xolo is, ris mimatebas an<br />
gamoklebas araviTari sinaTle ar Seaqvs nawarmoebSi, mTelis araviTar<br />
nawils ar Seadgens... patara-patara ambavidan warmoiSvnen didi<br />
Txzulebebi da sasacilo sityvidan warmoiSva dialogi. Semdeg,<br />
22
gadidebuli iqna epizodebis (xoro simRerebs Soris moTavsebuli nawilad<br />
darCa, e.i. dialogad) raodenoba da tragediis sxva nawilebs miecaT<br />
mwyobri saxe~ (1.8,9,10,11,12) – aseT monologebs mravlad naxavT<br />
aristoteles `poetikaSi.~<br />
miTiTebul monologebSi nawilisa da mTelis urTierTmimarTeba,<br />
marTalia, sakuTriv xelovnebis TvisebaTa kuTxiTaa ganxiluli, magram am<br />
Temisadmi aristoteles saerTo midgoma am konkretul konteqstSic<br />
igrZnoba. is garemoeba, rom erTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma SeiZleba<br />
saerTod moarRvios mTliani sistema, cxadia nawilis did mniSvnelobaze<br />
miuTiTebs, magram aq iribad igrZnoba isic, rom mTeli nawilTa<br />
xelovnuri naerTi ki ar aris, aramed imTaviTve organuli erTianobaa da<br />
amitomac irRveva mTeli misi mniSvnelovani nawilis amoRebiT. nawili rom<br />
mTelidan ar gamomdinareobdes, maSin am nawilis amoReba, cxadia mTels<br />
verafers daaklebda da Tuki nawilis amoRebiT mTels arc araferi<br />
emateba da arc araferi akldeba, igi mTelis organuli nawilic ar<br />
yofila. amitomacaa, rom `tragediis sxva nawilebs miecaT mwyobri saxe~,<br />
roca `gadidebul iqna epozodebis raodenoba~. ase ki imitom moxda, rom<br />
nawarmoebSi mTeli imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli saxiT igulismxeba da<br />
nawilebic swored mTelidan gaigeba. iqneb isec iyos, rom xelovnebis<br />
mnaxvel-Semfasebeli nawilebidan gavides mTelze, magram roca mTels<br />
swvdeba, imasac xvdeba, rom nawilebi swored mTelis organuli nawilebia,<br />
rom isini mTelis winaswarmoxazulobis Sedegia.<br />
sainteresoa, rom mTelisa da nawilebis aseTi urTierTmimarTeba<br />
mTels antikur ritorikas axasiaTebs: `gavixsenoT hermenevtikuli wesi,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac mTelis gageba nawilebiTaa sasurveli, xolo<br />
nawilebisa, mTeliT. es wesi swored antikurma ritoirkam SeimuSava da<br />
axali drois hermenevtikam oratoruli xelovnebis es wesi gagebis<br />
xelovnebaSi gadaitana. iqac da aqac wriul SeTanawyobasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
azris mier mTelis winaswar ganWvreta imis wyalobiT xdeba axsnadi, rom<br />
nawilebi rogorc mTeliT gansazRvrulebi, Tavis mxriv mTels<br />
gansazRvraven~ (66.345), anu nawilebi mTels gansazRvraven imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac isini mTelisken miswrafebiT, mTelis Tavdapirvelobaze azris<br />
winaswarWvretis siswores adastureben.<br />
23
nawilisa da mTelis urTierTmimarTebis antikuri da Tanamedrove<br />
gageba rogorc xedavT, TiTqmis identuria da vinaidan aristotele<br />
savsebiT eTanxmeba nawilisa da mTelis zogadantikur xedvas, amiT igi<br />
solidarobaSi modis TanamedroveobasTanac. am sakiTxis antikuri, maT<br />
Soris aristoteleseuli gaazreba marTlac Zalze axlos dgas nawilisa<br />
da mTelis urTierTmimarTebis astiseul gagebasTan. aki aristoteles<br />
kaTarzisic, rogorc ganwmendis SesaZlebloba, xelovnebis nawarmoebis<br />
imTaviTve mTlianobad mocemulobasTanaa wilnayari, magram aseTi<br />
Tavdapirvelis mTlianoba, xelovnebis nawarmoebis nawilebad gagebagancda-ganwmendas<br />
ar ewinaaRmdegeba imdenad, ramdenadac es nawil-nawil<br />
gancda-gageba-ganwmenda xelovnebis nawarmoebis imTaviTve mTlianobad<br />
mocemul ganwmendasTanaa wilnayari anu isev Tavdapirvel mTlianobaSi<br />
ukuSeqcevaa. asti aseT ukuSeqcevas gonis TviTwvdomis procesebTan<br />
aigivebda, ramdenadac masTan mTeli, goniseuli mTelia da nawilebi am<br />
goniseul-mTeliseuli aseve goniseuli nawilebi arian. astTan goni<br />
yvelaferSia nawilebad gamovlenili, magram gana aristotelesTanac<br />
uTqmelad aseTive goniseuli logika ar igulisxmeba msgavsi qveteqsti<br />
iqneb misi filosofiis zogad konturebTan garkveuli Seusabamobis<br />
elfers tovebdes, magram faqtia, aristotelesTan materia sulac ar aris<br />
srulyofili substancia, radgan igi garedan moiTxovs amoZravebas. aki<br />
aristotelesTvis pirveli mamoZravebeli substancia RmerTis saxiT,<br />
`arsebiTia, radgan igi erTeulebis arsebaa, arsebiTi erTeulebis arseba,<br />
romelic inarCunebs Tavis erTeulobas (Tavis TavSi da TavisTvis<br />
arsebobs) – RmreTia. RmerTi erTeuli substanciaa, igi yvelaferSia<br />
rogorc asrebiTi, yovelive masze gamoiTqmis, TviT ki arasodes ar<br />
gamoiTqmeba raimeze, rogorc predikati, RmerTi absoluturi subieqtia,<br />
romelsac yoveli arsebuli predikatad (atributad) miewereba. aseTi<br />
substancia erTeuladi zogadia~ (65.79). Sesabamisad, aristoteles<br />
`kaTarzisi~ nawilisa da mTelis swored miTiTebuli urTierTmimarTebis,<br />
anu hermenevtikuli wris WrilSi unda ganvixiloT, Tavis mxriv,<br />
hermenevtikuli wre winaswarmoxazulis saxiT, imTaviTve gulisxmobs<br />
mTelisa da nawilebis, aseve xelovnebis nawarmoebis avtorisa da am<br />
24
nawarmoebis mnaxvelis SefasebaTa erTgvar urTierTgamsWvalulobas,<br />
rogorc hermenevtikul situacias.<br />
Zalian zogadi gadmosaxedidan, aristotelesa da platonis<br />
Sexedulebebi xelovnebis raobisa da misi gagebis Taobaze, mTeli rigi<br />
konkretuli da mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
erTmaneTs mainc Seesabamebian. magaliTad, aristotelesTvisac da<br />
platonisTvisac xelovneba zogadad baZvaa, ufro konkretulad,<br />
aristotelesTvis xelovneba baZvaa, platonisTvis ki – baZvis baZva. es<br />
konkretuli gansxvaveba ki, Tavad aristotelesa da platonis<br />
filosofiuri konceficiebidan gamoidinareobs – platonisTvis xelovneba<br />
baZvis baZva imdenadaa, ramdenadac sagani baZavs ideas, xolo xelovani<br />
(xelovneba) grZnobad sagans, aristotelesTvis ki, xelovneba imTaviTve<br />
zogadi sagnis baZvaa, ramdenadac am filosofosTan ideaTa samyaro ar<br />
arsebobs. platonisa da aristoteles msoflmxedvelobebisTvis am<br />
konkretul gansxvavebas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes Tundac<br />
idealizmisa da materializmis urTierTgamijvnis WrilSi metafizikuri<br />
probelmatikis gasaazreblad, magram xelovnebis gagebis kuTxiT,<br />
miTiTebul gansxvavebas, vfiqrobT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba:<br />
platonTan xelovnebas tipuris, anu cnebis wvdoma-gamoxatva, swored<br />
baZvis unariT ZaluZs, aseve aristotelesTanac, magram aristotelesTan<br />
tipuris, cnebis wvdoma baZvis Sedegia, maSin roca platonTan tipuri, anu<br />
cneba, rogorc idea (ideebi), baZvamde arsebobs. is garemoeba, rom<br />
xelovnebaze baZvis baZvis funcqiis miweriT platoni TiTqosda abnelebs<br />
sagnebis cnebas, zogad suraTs mainc ver cvlis, radgan tipuri amgvari<br />
sibnelis pirobebSic, sakmaod naTlad Cans. sxvagvarad, Tuki aristotele<br />
erTeulebSi mdebare tipurs gonebis gansjiseuli muSaobis Sedegad<br />
cnebis saxiT `qvemodan~, gamaSualebeli rgolebis gareSe, pirdapir wvdeba<br />
da amiT TiTqosda sagnebSi arsebuli zogadi da tipuris cneba<br />
gaWvirvale naTelSi gveZleva, platoni swored `zemodan~ anu<br />
gamaSualebeli rgolebis, rogorc baZvis baZvis meSveobiT imdenad<br />
abnelebs sagnis cnebas xelovnebaSi, ramdenadac mas aristotele<br />
pirdapiri gziT `qvemodan~ anaTebs. baZvis, rogorc xelovanis unaris<br />
gagebasTan dakavSirebiT, platonisa da aristoteles aseT<br />
25
urTierTSebrunebul midgomas, cxadia, am filosofosebis Semecnebis<br />
TeoriaTa gansxvaveba ganapirobebs. platonTan Semecnebis Teoria igivea,<br />
rac cdamde mocemuli codnis, anu ideebis samyarosTan imTaviTve<br />
naziarebobis gaxseneba, maSin, roca aristotelesTvis cda pirveladia da<br />
codnac cdis Sedegia. aseTi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, platonic da<br />
aristotelec baZvis Tandayolilobas aRiareben. platoni am daskvnamde<br />
iqidan midis, rom Tuki ideaTa samyaroSi yvelafris idea arsebobs, maSin<br />
baZvis ideac unda arsebobdes da ramdenadac adamiani ideebis samyarosTan<br />
cdamdea naziarebi, Sesabamisad, baZvis ideac adamianSi cdamde, imTaviTvea<br />
mocemuli. aristotelesTan ki baZva, imdenadaa Tandayolili, ramdenadac<br />
igi TviTon unda iyos cdis bunebisa da ara cdis Semdeg mocemuli - `jer<br />
erTi, mibaZva Tandayolili aqvs adamians bavSvobidanve da adamiani imiT<br />
gansxvavdeba sxva cxovelTagan, rom igi yvelaze ufro wambaZavia da Tavis<br />
pirvel swavlas mibaZvis saSualebiT iZens. garda amisa, mibaZvis Sedegi<br />
yvela adamians axarebs. amis sabuTia Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba:<br />
rasac sinamdvileSi usiamovnod SevxedavdiT, imis Zalian zustad<br />
gakeTebul suraTs siamovnebiT vucqeriT. amitom adamians uxaria, rodesac<br />
igi xedavs suraTebs, vinaidan ucqeris ra suraTebs, adamians uxdeba<br />
swavlis SeZena da daskvnis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris TiToeuli<br />
suraTi. magaliTad, ai, es aris is~ (1.56,57).<br />
maSasadame, platonTanac da aristotelesTanac,<br />
baZva nebismieri<br />
adamianisTvis Tandayolili unaria, magram es unari gansakuTrebuli<br />
simZafriT xelovans axasiaTebs, Sesabamisad, xelovnebac, moRvaweobis sxva<br />
sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva. swored baZvis<br />
unaris am gansakuTrebulobaSi mdgomareobs xelovnebis gziT nawvdomi<br />
tipurobisa da filosofiis (mecnierebis) gziT miRebuli cnebis<br />
gansxvavebisa da msgavsebis paralelurob ac: `sxvanairad rom iTqvas,<br />
filosofosi aanalizebs kerZo warmodgenebs da is cnebac, romelsac<br />
aRwevs filosofosi, aris analizis Sedegi, gansjis nayofi. poeti<br />
(xelovani) aRmoaCens tips, ara dialeqtikis, ara analizis, ara<br />
azrovnebis an msjelobis, aramed intuiciis an Wvretis saSualebiT.<br />
aristoteles TqmiT, poeti Zalian cxadad xedavs imas, rasac sxvebi ver<br />
xedaven, igi amCnevs grZnobebisaTvis mocemul saganSi tips da amis gamo<br />
26
SeuZlia sxvebsac SemCnevinos igi. tipi ganiWvriteba, cneba ki ara. tips<br />
xelovani uSualod xedavs, cnebas filosofosi ki ar xedavs, aramed<br />
gmoiyvans danaxulisagan msjelobis saSualebiT. tipi aris intuiciis<br />
obieqti, cneba ki gansjis obieqtia. tipi mTliani warmodgenaa, cneba ki<br />
niSanTa kompleqsia... amgvarad, codnisadmi miswrafebam filosofiaSi erTi<br />
forma miiRo (Seiqmna cnebebi), xolo poeziaSi sxva (Seiqmna mxatvruli<br />
saxeebi an tipebi). ese igi poeziaca da filosofiac erTi Ziridan<br />
warmoiSvnen da orive es forma Tansworad saWiro aris kacisaTvis~<br />
(1.66,68,69).<br />
rogorc xedavT, tipi arsitotelesTvis iseTive zogadia, rogoc<br />
cneba anu tipica da cnebac zogadi bunebisaa, magram sakiTxavia,<br />
erTeulebi gansazRvraven zogads Tu zogadia erTeulebamde mocemuli da<br />
erTeulebis ganmsazRvravi. aristoteles mixedviT, zogadi obieqturad<br />
erTeulebSi arsebobs da cnebaSi gamoiTqmeba, magram swored zogadia<br />
erTeulis ganmsazRvravi, anu sinTezi Tavdapirvelia, romelic analizis<br />
saxiT erTeulebSi mogvecema da misi erTeulebSi zogadis cnebebiT<br />
gamoTqma, amavdroulad, igivea, rac erTeulTa Tavdapirveli safuZvlis,<br />
rogorc sinTezis kvalvwvdoma Sedegis saxiTac. cxadia, aristoteles<br />
sgavsi Tvalsazrisi, unda Tu ara es TviTon aristoteles, umeteswilad<br />
Seesabameba platonis Tvalsazriss analogiur sakiTxze. platonTanac xom<br />
zogadi, rogorc Tavdapirveli safuZvliseuli sinTezi, ganapirobebs<br />
erTeulTa arsebobas da am erTeulebis, anu analizis meSveobiT zogadis,<br />
rogorc safuZvliseuli sinTezis kvlavwvdomas, magram platonTan<br />
tipuroba da cneba imTaviTve cdamdea mocemuli zogadTan, Tavdapirvel<br />
analizTan, ideebTan erTad, maSin roca, aritotelesTan cnebas meoradi<br />
anu gonebis gansjiseuli muSaobis Sedegad vaaSkaravebT, rogorc<br />
erTeulebis safuZvels. amasTan, aristoteles zogads, rogorc<br />
erTeulebis safuZvels, transcendenturi sayrdeni aklia, Tumca RmerTis,<br />
rogorc materiisgan raRacnairad mowyvetili, garemdebare substanciis<br />
daSvebiTa da imis aRiarebiT, rom substancia msjelobaSi yovelTvis<br />
subieqtia da arasodes msjelobis predikati an atributi, aristoteles<br />
wesiTa da rigiT zogadis erTeulebs gareT arsebobac unda daeSva da<br />
cnebis cdamde, gonebaSi imTaviTve mocemulobis SesaZleblobac, miT<br />
27
umetes, Tuki gonebas erTeulebSi zogadis aRmoCenis unari, imTaviTve aqvs<br />
momadlebuli, rom ara es unari, igi erTeulebSi zogads cxadia, verc<br />
SeamCnevda. igive iTqmis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis proceszec: baZvis<br />
Tandayoliloba imas niSnavs, rom igi Cveni neba-survilis miuxedavadaa<br />
Tandayolili, Cvens cnobier aqtebamdea mocemuli CvenSi, e.i. iseve<br />
aracnobierad moqmedebs CvenSi, rogorc platoniseuli zeSTagoneba<br />
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesisas. marTalia, aristotele mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebis process ise dawvrilebiT arsad ganixilavs, rogorc<br />
platoni, magram sadac baZvis Tandayolilobis aRiarebasTan gvaqvs saqme,<br />
gana SeiZleba iq mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesis zeSTagonebiTi<br />
xasiaTis Tandayoliloba ar igulisxmebodes cxadia, swored asea,<br />
amdenad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia baZvis aristoteleseul gagebasa da<br />
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesis platoniseul xedvas Soris uaRresad<br />
mWidro paraleli gavavloT. Sesabamisad, mxatvruli Semoqmdebis<br />
procesisa da zeSTagonebis gagebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aristotelesa<br />
da platons Soris zustad iseTive gansxvavebaa, rogorc platonsa da<br />
kants Soris. magaliTad, kantTan zeSTagoneba Semoqmedis imanenturi,<br />
bunebrivi, amdenad aracnobieri mocemulobisaa, asevea platonTanac,<br />
oRond platonTan es imanenturi zeSTagoneba amavdroulad<br />
transcendenturicaa. ufro zustad, platonTan xelovanSi zeSTagonebis<br />
am imanenturobas transcendenturi safuZveli ganapirobebs. cxadia,<br />
aristoteles pozicia am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, kantis pozicias ufro<br />
Seesabameba, imdenad, ramdenadac cnebis, tipurobis, baZvis, mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebis procesis gageba, aristotelesTan transcendentur<br />
safuZvels moisaklisebs, Tumca, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, aristoteles<br />
Sexeduleba, RmerTis, rogorc materiisgan raRacnairad garemdebare<br />
substanciis daSvebis Sesaxeb, aseve raRacnairad mainc gvaZlevs imis<br />
varaudis safuZvels, rom yovelgvari imanenturi aristotelesTan<br />
transcendenturs iribad, dafaruli saxiT mainc unda ukavSirdebodes,<br />
imis miuxedavad, unda Tu ara aseTi kavSiris aRiareba TviTon<br />
aristoteles.<br />
Amdenad, faqtia, aristotele didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, mainc<br />
verafriT acda platonizmis elementebs, magram es msjelobis sxva Temaa,<br />
28
CvenTvis ufro sainterseo aq isaa, rom tipis, rogorc zogadisa da<br />
erTeulis, Sesabamisad, nawilebTan mimarTebaSi mTelis Tavdapirvelobis,<br />
aseve zeSTagonebis Tandayolilobis aRiareba, anu am sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT platonisa da aristoteles Tvalsazrisebis identuroba,<br />
saboloo jamSi mainc aSkaraa, imis miuxedavad, rom isini msgavs<br />
daskvnebamde gansxvavebuli gzebiT, meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT mividnen.<br />
gansxvavebuli poziciebidan raime identur daskvnamde misvla ki arc<br />
manamde gaxldaT ucxo. magaliTad, platonis dialog `ionis~ `yvelaze<br />
mkafiod gamokveTili koncefcia RvaTebrivi (muzebismieri) zeSTagonebis<br />
koncefciaa, romelsac platoni uSualod didi berZeni poetebisgan<br />
(homerosi, hesiode, pindare da sxva) sesxulobs. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas,<br />
rom es koncefcia, rogorc Cans platonze ufro adre filosofiurad<br />
daafuZna misma ufrosma Tanamedrovem demokritem (460-370 Zv. w. aR.). ragind<br />
ucnauric unda Candes, “idealisti da materialisti, am mxriv<br />
absoluturad erTsulovanni arian~ (32.17). aseTive analogi, rogorc<br />
xedavT, platonisa da aristoteles xelovnebis TeoriaTa Sedarebis<br />
drosac SesaZlebelia. platonTan da aristotelesTan, msgavsi saerTo<br />
Wrilis CarCoSi unda ganvixiloT kaTarzisic miznis TvalsazrisiT, imis<br />
miuxedavad, rom aristotele da platoni kaTarzisis mizansac<br />
sxvadasxvgvarad igeben. vidre platonTan da aristotelesTan kaTarzisis<br />
miznis sxvadasxvagvarad gagebas ganvixilavdeT, mizanSewonilia jer imaze<br />
gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rom orive maTganTan kaTarzisis mizani<br />
gagebulia ara rogorc meoradi, cnobieri, mizanmimarTuli aqti, aramed<br />
rogorc raRacnairi umizno mizanSewoniloba, mizani kaTarzisis<br />
imanenturi maxasiaTebelia, anu Cven specialurad ki ar vsaxavT raime<br />
mizans kaTarzisis procesisas, aramed kaTarzisis mizani, rogorc<br />
moTxovnileba, kaTarzisis procesisas, rogoRRac TavisiT,<br />
Zaldautaneblad warmoiSveba da Cvenc am Zaldautanebeli, TavisTavadi<br />
miznis dinebasac aseve Zaldautaneblad, TavisTavad mivyvebiT. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, platonsa da aristoteles Soris kaTarzisis miznis gagebis<br />
gansxvavebac, vfiqrobT ufro pirobiTia, vidre arsebiTi. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
xelovnebis erTi da igive qmnilebis naxvam, zogSi SeiZleba apaTiuri<br />
ganwyoba dabados, zogSic piriqiT _ eqspresiuli ganwyoba gaaRvivos. am<br />
29
konteqstSi mizanSewonilia imTaviTve miuTiToT, rom aristotelesTan<br />
`Teatris movaleobas ar Seadgens grZnobebis mokvla da sruli<br />
ugrZnoblobis anu apaTiis miRweva, rogorc amas platonis eTikuri<br />
kaTarzisi gulsixmobda, xolo amas Semdeg stoikosebi qadagebdnen.<br />
aristoteles moZRvrebiT, grZnoba aris kacis bunebrivi nawili da<br />
rogorc aseTis, misi mokvla ki araa saWiro, aramed movla. Teatric<br />
uvlis grZnobebs, aZlevs maT Tavisufali gaqanebis saSualebas~ (1.92).<br />
erTi mxriv platonisa da stoikosebis, meore mxriv aristoteles<br />
miTiTebul gansxvavebul SexedulebaSi kaTarzisis miznis Taobaze,<br />
rogorc xedavT refleqsiis siZnele aSkarad igrZnoba. sxvagvarad,<br />
miTiTebuli filosofosebi cdiloben kaTarzisis procesisas warmoqmnil<br />
grZnobebsa da gancdebs raime mimarTuleba xelovnurad miscen, magram<br />
amaze meti WeSmariteba xom swored is aris, rom raimesgan TavdaRweva<br />
maSinaa TavdaRweva, Tu TavdasaRwevi winaswaraa nagulisxmevi da aqedan<br />
gamomdinare gana yoveli momdevno TavdaRweva TavdasaRwevs amdenjerve<br />
winaswar ar gulisxmobs Sesabamisad, albaT cxadze cxadia, rom, rom ara<br />
grZnobaTa bunebrivoba, apaTiis SesaZleblobaze laparaki SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda, amasTan, apaTiis yoveli procesi ra Tqma unda winaswar<br />
moiTxovs grZnobebs, romelTaganac apaTia unda ganxorcieldes. SeiZleba<br />
sakvirveli iyos, magram am konteqstSi aristotele Zalian waagavs<br />
hardegers, radgan haidegerisTvisac sindisis xma, wuxuli, zrunva, SiSi,<br />
sibraluli da sxva adamianuri grZnobebi iseTi egzistencialebi arian,<br />
romelTa prizmaSi unda yofiliyo ganxiluli sxva yvelaferi danarCenic.<br />
Tavis mxriv, platonisa da stoikosebis Tvalsazrisi, kaTarzisis miznis<br />
Taobaze, Zalze waagavs Sopenhaueris Sexedulebas, romelic xelovnebis<br />
saboloo mizans tanjvisagan TavdaRwevaSi xedavda. iqneb swored amitom<br />
dahkravda kaTarzisis gagebas platonTanac da stoikosebTanac<br />
umeteswilad eTikuri elferi, vidre esTetikuri, Tumca, rogorc<br />
miuTiTeT, yovelgvari uaryofa Tu apaTia winaswar gulisxmobs im<br />
uarsayofi grZnobebis aqtiur rols, romelTa apaTiac, garkveul<br />
moazrovneTa azriT, TiTqosda saWiroa. amdenad, vinc da ramdenjerac<br />
rogori apaTiuri miznisken unda warmarTos grZnobaTa Tavdapirveli<br />
aqtivoba, es apaTia grZnobaTa prizmas misdauneburad mainc verasdros<br />
30
acdeba. rac Seexeba kaTarzisis eTikur da esTetikur mxareebs<br />
aristotelesTan: marTalia, aristotelesTan kaTarzisi upirveles<br />
yovlisa esTetikur Sinaarss Seicavs, magram bolomde arc misi eTikuri<br />
Sinaarsi unda gamovricxoT, radgan rac ar unda iyos, SiSi, sibraluri<br />
da sxva msgavsi terminebi, rogorc aseTebi, mainc eTikuri kategoriebia.<br />
ubralod, es ukanasknelebi aristotelesTan xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
upirvelesad esTetikur Sinaarss iZenen. saerTod, antikur cnobierebaSi<br />
eTikursa da esTetikurs Soris mkacri zRvaris gavleba zogadad TiTqmis<br />
SeuZlebelia, radgan Zveli berZnebis SegnebaSi eTikuri da esTetikuri<br />
urTierTCawnulobad anu siRrmiseul-safuZvliseul erTianobad<br />
gaiazrdeboda. amitom romelime Zvel berZen filosofosTan eTikuris da<br />
esTetikuris mkacrad gamijvnis sakiTxis dayeneba, iqneb araadeqvaturic<br />
iyos, magram Tu maincdamainc ase unda davsvaT sakiTxi, maSin esTetikuris<br />
an eTikuris mxolod prioritetze unda vilaparakoT da es prioriteti<br />
ar unda gavaabsoluturoT. platonic ki, romelic Tavisi idealuri<br />
saxelmwifodan poetebis gaZevebas swored eTikuri principebidan<br />
gamomdinare moiTxovda da amdenad kaTarzisi upirvelesad eTikuri niSniT<br />
esmoda, bolomde mainc ar uaryofda kaTarzisis esTetikur Sinaarssac.<br />
saerTod, platons raRacnairi winaarmdegobrivi azrovneba yovelTvis<br />
axasiaTebs. ufro zustad, xSiria, roca igi msjelobs raRac garkveuli<br />
miznis miRwevis mixedviT, magram mis msjelobas Semdgom da Semdgom<br />
sapirispiro Sedegebi mohyveba xolme. metic, am sapirispiro Sedegebisadmi<br />
simpaTia farulad TviTon platonis msjelobebSic ki igrZnoba.<br />
magaliTad, platonis dialog `ionSi~ saxelmoxveWil rafsodTan<br />
sokrates saubrisas iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom sokrates (platons)<br />
xelovnebis (da ara mxolod homerosis poeziis) damcireba xelovnebis<br />
zeSTagonebiTi (RvTaebrivi insipiraciis) warmomavlobis xasiaTis<br />
damtkicebis safuZvelze surs, magram gana xelovnebis mTeli xibli da<br />
sixalase swored zeSTagonebaSi ar mdgomareobs sxva sityvebiT, platons<br />
surs xelovnebis zeSTagonebiTi xasiaTi xelovnebis dasamcireblad<br />
gamoiyenos, magram amavdroulad swored xelovnebis aseTi xasiaTisadmi,<br />
anu zeSTagonebisadmi simpaTia platonTan Tumca farulad, magram mainc<br />
igrZnoba. aseTive viTarebaa xelovnebisa da kaTarzisisadmi platonis<br />
31
damokidebulebaSi zogadad. platonis azriT, poetebi TavianT<br />
nawarmoebebSi RmerTebis aRviraxsnil cxovrebas aRweren da amdenad cud<br />
samsaxurs uweven axalgazrdebis aRzrdas, amdenad platonisTvis<br />
xelovneba kaTarzisis anu ganwmendis funqcias TiTqosda savsebiT unda<br />
moisaklisebdes, magram meore mxriv, Tuki xelovnebis saSualebiT<br />
vacnobierebT miTologiuri RmerTebis cud qcevas, gana esec Taviseburi<br />
ganwmenda ar aris aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis eTikuri funqcia<br />
platonTan aSkarad igulisxmeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igive<br />
zogadberZnuli (da ara mxolod zogadberZnuli) cnobierebidan<br />
gamomdinare, warmoudgenelia, platons xelovnebis arsebad, mSvenierebis<br />
ideasTan Tanaziareba eRiarebina – xelovnebis mSvenirebisa da xelovnebis<br />
araeTikurobis erTdroulad daSvebiT platonTan paradoqss miviRebdiT.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Tamamd SegviZlia<br />
ganvacxadoT, rom antikuri samyaros cnobierebas zogadad, savsebiT<br />
zustad gamoxatavs ZvelberZnuli termini _ `kalokagaTion~. es termini<br />
Zvel berZnebTan zemoT aRwerili ganzomilebebis xelovnuri SeerTeba<br />
rodia, igi upirveles yovlisa maTi Tavdapirveli siRrmiseulsafuZvliseuli<br />
erTianobis gamomxatvelia, anu Tuki Zveli berZeni<br />
ganixilavs WeSmaritebas, igi aseTi ganxilvisas apriori gulisxmobs<br />
sikeTe - mSvenierebasac, Tuki ganixilavs sikeTes, masSi WeSmariteba -<br />
mSvenierebasac imTaviTve gulisxmobs da Tuki ganixilavs mSvenierebas,<br />
cxadia misTvis WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis gareSe arc mSveniereba arsebobs.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, Zvel berZnebTan, WeSmariteba sikeTismieri da<br />
mSvenierismieria, sikeTe – WeSmaritebismieri da mSvenierebismieri,<br />
mSveniereba – WeSmaritebismieri da sikeTismieri. Sesabamisad,<br />
`kalokagaTia~ Zvel berZnebTan gakrkveul kosmiur wesrig - harmoniasac<br />
gamoxatavda. swored aseTi harmonia warmoadgenda antikuri samyaros<br />
Segnebasac, rogor antikur suls. Sesabamisad, msgavsi kosmiuri harmonia<br />
gamosWvivoda antikur miTologiaSic da antikur filosofiaSic.<br />
magaliTad, `kosmosi platonis azriT, erTaderTia da SesaZlebelTagan<br />
yvelaze srulyofili. am srulyofis Semoqmedi mizezi yovlad<br />
srulyofili RmerTi unda iyos... samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi keTilia,<br />
amitom mTeli kosmosi misi sikeTiTaa gasxivosnebuli~ (65.73). platonis es<br />
32
Tvalsazrisi zogadad SesabamisobaSia antikuri samyaros TiTqmis yvela<br />
moazrovnesTan. sainteresoa, rom analogiur wesrigs aRiarebda antikuri<br />
epoqis TiTqmis yvela materialisti filosofosic, mniSvneloba ar hqonda<br />
romeli substanciidan xsnidnen isini samyaros, wylidan, haeridan,<br />
ceclidan, `apeironidan~ Tu ramdenime sawyisidan. isini saboloo jamSi<br />
mainc mowesrigebuli, proporciulad SeTanawyobili kosmosis aRiarebamde<br />
midiodnen. piTagoram, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze harmoniulad<br />
SeTanawyobil-mowesrigebuli kosmologiuri Teoria mogvca. am<br />
moazrovnis mixedviT _ `kosmosuri harmonia ciuri sxeulebis moZraobiT<br />
musikalur harmonias (sferoTa musikas) qmnis. es harmonia adamianebs ar<br />
esmiT, radgan kosmosSi mcxovrebTa smena SeCveulia am xmas~ (65.35).<br />
heraklitec, piTagoramde amtkicebda, rom uxilav harmonias xilulze meti<br />
xibli aqvs.<br />
aseT mowesrigebul harmoniulobas, rogorc antikurobis Sinagan<br />
maxasiaTebels, cxadia, imTaviTve asxivebs antikuri xelovnebis nebismieri<br />
qmnilebis formaca da Sinaarsic. antikuri saberZneTis xelovnebaSi,<br />
miTiTebuli harmonia, rogorc erTgvari riTmi, savsebiT bunebrivad<br />
erwymis nawarmoebis Sinaarss. ZvelberZnuli xelovnebis aseTi xasiaTi<br />
aristoteles `poetikaSic~ kargad Cans. amdenad, antikuri xelovnebis<br />
mTeli srulyofileba, gothold efraim lesingis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
mdgomareobs `im Semadgeneli nawilebis SeTanxmebuli ganlagebis<br />
harmoniaSi, rasac Tvali erTbaSad moicavs... sxva mxriv, erTaderTi<br />
Seusabamo nawilic mSvenieri mTlianis harmonias arRvevs~ (27.133). ise<br />
gamodis, TiTqos antikur xelovnebaSi araproporciuli formebis, an<br />
simaxinjis asaxvas adgili ar unda hqondes, magram zogjer faqtebi<br />
sapirispiroze metyveleben. aseTi ormagi situacia ki antikur<br />
xelovnebaze lesingis msjelobasac winaaRmdegobriv elfers sZens. ufro<br />
zustad, lesingi winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba, radgan erTi mxriv, yvela is<br />
mizezi, romelic proporciis, harmoniis darRvevas, Sesabamisad laqasa da<br />
CaRrmavebas iwvevs, simxanjed miaCnia, magram meores mxriv, am yvelafers<br />
misaRebad miiCnevs, Tuki isini sidiadis mizans emorCileba. gamodis,<br />
laokoonis Semqmnels sidiade ar hqonia mizanad dasaxuli, Torem<br />
SeiZleba laokoonis saxeze tirilic aesaxa da yvirilic, imis miuxedavad,<br />
33
om aseTi midgoma, viTomda mSvenierebis proporcias daarRvevda, arada,<br />
sinamdvileSi laokoonis qandakeba marTlac diadia imis miuxedavad, rom<br />
arc tiris, arc yviris da arc proporciebia darRveuli. amasTan, veWvobT,<br />
ferweraSi Tu qandakebaSi proporciebis darRvevas, aseve laqasa Tu<br />
CaRRmavebas maincdamainc simaxinjis asaxva iwvevdes, miT umetes, roca<br />
tirili da yvirili, rogorc aseTebi, sulac ar arian simaxinjeebi da<br />
rogorc vxedavT, yovelTvis arc proporciebis mizanmimarTulad<br />
darRvevaa simaxinje.<br />
miTiTebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, lesingi mainc Rrmad wvdeba<br />
ferwera-qandakebisa da poeziis, saerTd, xelovnebis, miT umetes<br />
ZvelberZnuli xelovnebis arss da saboloo jamSi samarTlianad midis im<br />
daskvnamde, rom ZvelberZnul xelovnebas zogadad marTlac axasiaTebs<br />
proporciuloba, riTmuloba, ritmuloba, metic, antikuri xelovanis<br />
araproporciul qmnilebebSi siRrmiseulad mainc proporcia gamosWvivis<br />
da raime simaxinjis gamosaxva-gamoxatvaSi siRrmidan mainc mSveniereba<br />
`anaTebs~. sxva sityvebiT, urTierTsapirispiro mocemulobaTa harmoniul<br />
erTianobad aRqma zogadad ZvelberZnuli cnobierebis maxasiaTebeli niSaa<br />
da es ar aris mxolod sqema, is ZvelberZnuli sulis erTgvari<br />
siRrmiseuli gadmosaxedia, romelic ZvelberZnul miTologiur<br />
panTeonzec aisaxa, sagmiro saqmeebis aRweraSic da patriotuli Tu sxva<br />
Sinaarsis matarebel xelovnebaSic: `ai, Cvens winaSea warsulis<br />
SesaniSnavi Zegli – pindares memkvidreoba. masaliT, eniT da goniT is<br />
wminda antikuri poetia, _ aRniSnavs asti, _ misi poezia am sami aspeqtiT<br />
gvicxadebs antikurobis gons. asparezobani, romelsac umReris poeti,<br />
gadmocemis plastikuri, daxvewili forma, patriotizmisTvis brZolisa da<br />
heroikuli siqvelisTvis anTebuli goni himnebisa, badeben CvenSi<br />
WeSmaritad klasikuri samyaros suraTs. es aris samyaro, romelSic<br />
adamiani mxolod keTilSobiluri SexedeulebebiT, sadidebeli<br />
miswrafebebiT ki ar ganimnsWvaleba, agreTve xarobs samSoblosa da misi<br />
RmerTebisaTvis Cadenili didi saqmeebiT. es aris zogadi mimarTeba,<br />
romelic pindares poezias aqvs mTels antikurobis gonTan, magram poeti<br />
am gons Tavis yaidaze acxadebs, am qmnilebebSi laparakobs ara mxolod<br />
antikurobis goni, aramed poetis individualuri gonic~ (7.401). poetis<br />
34
individualuri goni, cxadia aq antikurobis erTian gonTan mowyvetiT ar<br />
aris gagebuli. piriqiT, individualur gonSi Cven swored antikurobis<br />
gonis xasiaTs vkiTxulobT, rac imas adasturebs, rom rac gindaT `Tavisi<br />
yaidis~ iyos individualuri goni, igi safuZvliseulad mainc Tavisi<br />
Tanadrouli epoqis goniseulia. amitomac miuTiTebs fridrix asti _<br />
`ibadeba kiTxvebi: ra dros cxovrobda pindare, ra iyo is Tavisi geniis<br />
safuZvelze rogor zrdida is sakuTar Tavs da ra urTierTobaSi<br />
cxovrobda yvela am kiTxvaze rac SeiZleba sruli pasuxis gacema<br />
aucilebelia, Tuki Cven gvsurs SevqmnaT WeSmariti da cocxali suraTi<br />
pindares poeziis gonisa da xasiaTis Sesaxeb. es niSnavs antikurobis<br />
mwerlis gagebas~ (7.401). sxva sityvebiT, individualur gons, xelovnebis<br />
individualur nawarmoebs verafriT gavigebT, Tuki konkretuli epoqis<br />
gons, am SemTxvevaSi antikuri epoqis gons, zogadad antikuri epoqis<br />
xelovnebas ar gavigebT, magram amave dros konkretuli (am SemTxvevaSi<br />
antikuri) epoqis goni, swored individualur gonSi, xelovnebis<br />
individualur nawarmoebSi vlindeba, iseve rogorc wylis wveTidan,<br />
rogorc aseTidan vigebT wylis rogorc aseTis, rogorc TviTon wveTis<br />
Tavdapirvel bunebas.<br />
antkuri sulisa da xelovnebis swored aRwerl prizmaSi danaxvis<br />
didostatia fridrix nicSe. nicSes Txzuleba `tragediis dabadeba<br />
musikis sulidan~ sworedac antikuri sulis, antikuri gadmosaxedis<br />
zedmiwevniT zustad gamoaSkaravebis demonstrirebaa. am Txzulebis<br />
mixedviT, berZnuli xelovneba `ar aris erTgvarovani. is ori saxisaa, ori<br />
gansxvavebuli, urTierTsapirispiro sawyisis Semcvelia, ar aris mxolod<br />
wesrigisa da harmoniis gansaxiereba rogorc es bevrs egona. am or<br />
gansxvavebul sawyiss nicSe Zvel berZenTa RmerTebis – apolonisa da<br />
dionises – saxelebiT aRniSnavs. apoloni simboloa sinaTlisa,<br />
harmoniisa, wesrigisa, zomisa, gonierebisa, lamazi ocnebisa,<br />
srulyofilebisa, dionise ki – sibnelisa, zomis rRvevisa, orgiastulqaosurisa,<br />
tanjvisa, eqstazisa, veluri Zalebis, instiqtebis TareSisa,<br />
sqesobrivi aRviraxsnilobisa. amis Sesabamisad, apolonuri xelovnebaa<br />
plastikuri xelovneba, magaliTad, eposi da lirika, dionusuri<br />
xelovnebaa araplastikuri – musika. xatis saxe, mkveTri sazRvrebis mqone,<br />
35
`moxazuli~ fugura upirispirdeba `giJur~, `awyvetil~ musikas.<br />
heraklites mexotbe nicSe apolonuri da dionisuri xelovnebis<br />
mimarTebas uyurebs rogorc dapirispirebulTa brZolas, brZolas,<br />
romlis Sedegadac xelovnebis orTave saxe ixveweba, viTardeba, ufro<br />
srulyofili xdeba. xelovnebis am or gansxvavebul formas, gveubneba<br />
nicSe, qmnis ori gansxvavebuli saxis xelovani, ori gansxvavebuli<br />
ltolvis mqone Semoqmedi~ (7.307). maSasadame, `tragediis dabadebis~<br />
mixedviT, am ori gansxvavebuli ltolvis safuZveli ufro `zemoTaa~,<br />
vidre mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli xelovanis konkretuli cnobiereba,<br />
anu adamianSi moqmedi apoloniuri da dionisuri ltolva Taviseburi<br />
anareklia Tavad samyaros ZirSi moqmedi apolonuri da dionisuri<br />
ltolvebisa, romlebic aseve Semoqmedni arian, aseve saxeebs qmnian.<br />
`amrigad, irkveva rom samyaro Tavadve atarebs Tavis TavSi<br />
xelovnebiseul Zalas – apolonur da dionisur ltolvebs. nicSes<br />
koncefciaSi samyaro warmodgeba rogorc xelovani, `moTamaSe~, `artisti~.<br />
Sesabamisad, samyaros filosofiuri gageba masTan `artistuli<br />
metafizikaa~ (7.309), xolo `radgan buneba Tavisi arsebiT or ltolvas<br />
aerTianebs, `bunebis baZva~ anu xelovneba am ori miswrafebis baZva iqneba<br />
– iarsebebs erTi mxriv apolonuri xelovneba da meore mxriv dionisuri<br />
xelovneba... magram cxadia, xelovnebisa da xelovanis tipi SeiZleba iyos<br />
ufro rTuli, am ori saxisagan gansxvavebuli – SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />
xelovneba, romelic Tavis TavSi gaaerTianebs orive ltolvas. nicSe<br />
aseTad miiCnevs berZnul tragedias~ (7.311). dionisuri da apolonuri<br />
ltolvebis erTianobaSi gamomxatveli, berZnuli tragedia imitomacaa,<br />
rom `Tavad berZnuli apolonuri kulturis siRrmeSi dionisuri<br />
ltolvaa Camaluli. swored am erTi SexedviT, ucnauri faqtis gamo,<br />
`dionises diTirambuli saxis~ xilvisas Zveli berZnis gakvirvebas Tan<br />
axlavs SiSi imisa, rom yvelaferi es arc ise ucxoa misTvis, rom misi<br />
apolonuri cxovreba safarveliT faravs misgan am dionisur samyaros...<br />
berZeni Rrmad xedavda adamianuri cxovrebis tragikulobas _ amas<br />
adasturebs, Tundac Tqmuleba, romelSic dionises Tanamgzavri, berZeni<br />
silenosi ase pasuxobs mefe midasis kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris<br />
adamianisaTvis yvelaze ukeTesi da upiratesi: yvelaze ukeTesi SenTvis<br />
36
savsebiT miuRwevelia – ar daibado, ar iyo, arara iyo. Semdgom amisa ki<br />
SenTvis ukeTesia – male mokvde. diax, Zvelma berZenma icoda saSineleba<br />
adamianuri arsebobisa, gveubneba nicSe, magram raTa exsna Tavi<br />
tanjvisagan, Seqmna ocnebis lamazi samyaro – olimpieli RmerTebis<br />
samyaro, apolonuri xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSebi... berZnebma Seqmnes<br />
olimpieli RmerTebi, raTa gaeZloT, ecxovraT: saSinelebis RmerTTa<br />
Tavdapirveli titanuri wesrigidan silamazis apolonuri instiqtis<br />
saSualebiT TandaTanobT ganviTarda mxiarulebis RmerTebis olimpiuri<br />
wesrigi. homerosis apolonur samyaroSi brZeni silenosis WeSmariteba<br />
kargavs Zalas: samyaro mSvenieria, amitom adamianisTvis yvelaze cudia is,<br />
rom saerTod adamianis xvedria sikvdili. rogorc vxedavT, nicSes<br />
Tanaxmad, homerosiseuli sinaTlis sirRmeSi imaleba silenosis<br />
WeSmariteba. maSasadame, ZvelberZnuli apolonuri kulturisaTvis<br />
arasodes ar yofila ucxo dionisuri gancda. roca garkveul konkretulistoriul<br />
epoqaSi dionises kultma SeaRwia saberZneTSi, mas nayofieri<br />
niadagi daxvda. apolonurisa da dionisuris TiTqosda Seurigebeli<br />
brZola, gveubneba nicSe – morigebiT damTavrda. am morigebis erT-erTi<br />
brwyinvale nimuSi iyo antikuri tragedia. nicSe eZebs tragediis<br />
SedarebiT rTul fenomenze ufro martiv fenomens, romelSic sinTezi<br />
dionisurisa da apolonurisa ukve mocemulia, am martivi fenomenis<br />
Taviseburebis gaxsniT, kerZod, masSi, erTi mxriv, musikaluri aspeqtisa<br />
da meore mxriv, poeturi saxis gamoyofiT, naTeli efineba berZnuli<br />
tragediis arsebasac. es saxea lirika~ (7.311_312_313).<br />
maSasadame, nicSe Tavdapirvelad TiTqosda uaryofs antikuri<br />
xelovnebis harmoniulobisa da mowesrigebulobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas,<br />
magram sabolood Tundac, Tavisdauneburad mainc antikuri xelovnebis<br />
harmoniulobisa da mowesrigebulobis aRiarebamde midis. jer erTi, is<br />
garemoeba, rom ZvelberZnuli xelovneba urTierTsapirispiro dionisur<br />
da apolonur ltolvaTa gamoxatulebaa, sulac ar metyvelebs<br />
ZvelberZnuli xelovnebis disharmoniulobasa da mouwesrigeblobaze,<br />
meorec, dionisur da apolonur ltolvebs, rogorc Tavad nicSesTan<br />
aRmoCnda, saerTo safuZveli gaaCniaT. dionisuri da apolonuri<br />
ltolvebis siRrmiseuli urTierTCawnuloba Zalian kargad Cans, roca<br />
37
nicSe apolonuri kulturis siRrmeSi dionisuri ltolvis mocemulobaze<br />
msjelobs. antikur xelovnebaSi, `mxiaruli~ elferis miRma tragikulobis<br />
muxti marTlac gamosWvivis da vfiqrobT, es tragikuloba yvelaze<br />
xelSesaxebad mainc antikur tragediaSi igrZnoba. amdenad, SemTxveviTi<br />
sulac ar unda iyos is garemoeba, rom TviTon antikuri epoqis<br />
Tanamedroveni da ara marto isini, xelovnebis dargebidan yvelaze did<br />
yuradRebas swored antikur tragedias aqcevdnen. am azriT, magaliTisTvis<br />
Tundac mxolod platonis, aristotelesa da nicSes motanac ikmarebs,<br />
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Tanamedrove hermenevtikosebze – am<br />
ukanasknlTaTvis, antikuri xelovneba, antikuri sulis gagebis marTlac<br />
ZiriTad gasaRebs warmoadgens.<br />
ai, aseTia antikur berZenTa siRrmiseulad tragikuli cnobiereba,<br />
magram `gana SeiZleba iTqvas, tragikuli epoqis berZeni `aras~ eubneba<br />
cxovrebas gana SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas dakarguli hqonda cxovrebis<br />
gemo nicSes pasuxi am kiTxvaze uaryofiTia. Zveli berZeni xedavs<br />
samyaros dionisur Zirs, is pesimistia, ramdenadac misTvis aSkaraa, rom<br />
arseboba da tanjva gadanaskvulia erTmaneTze, magram es pesimizmi<br />
sneulTa, daRlilTa, dasustebulTa msoflgancda ki ar aris, aramed<br />
rogorc ambobs nicSe, Zalis pesimizmia. Zalis pesimistma icis, rom<br />
cxovreba tragikulia, rom elis sikvdili, magram miuxedavad amisa, is ar<br />
uaryofs cxovrebas, ar uaryofs amreziT Tavis arsebobas. man, rogorc<br />
dionisurma xelovanma, icis, rom sikvdili ar aris absoluturi gaqroba,<br />
rom sikvdili dabrunebaa marad cocxal, marad arsebul `pirvelerTTan~,<br />
romlis gamovlenasac warmoadgens yoveli individualuri arsebuli. amave<br />
dros dionisuri Semoqmedi `moixmobs~ apolonur `saxes~, `xats~ da `hos~<br />
eubneba cxovrebas da samyaros imis safuZvelze, rom mSvenieri zmanebis<br />
samyaros qmnis. es samyaro mSvenierebis samyaroa da mSvenierebis mzeram<br />
ar SeiZleba ar gaaqarvos tanjvis gancda~ (7.319).<br />
aseTi `Zalis pesimisturi~ cnobiereba, cxadia, Sesabamisi Sinaarsis<br />
xelovnebas aRmoacenebs, magram pesimizmi ragind Zalisac ar unda iyos<br />
igi, pesimizmia da igi Sinaganad mainc `RrRnis~ imas, rasac am SemTxvevaSi<br />
Zalas vuwodebT. Sesabamisad, `Zalis pesimizmi~ antikur xelovnebasa da<br />
saerTod kulturaSi, imTaviTve winaswamoxazulis saxiT ukve<br />
38
igulisxmeboda kidec. aseve igulisxmeboda `Zalis pesimisturi~ moralis<br />
Sesabamisad, xelovnebisa da kulturis gardauvali cvalebadobac. aki<br />
moxda kidec ase: `tragedia daibada, ganviTarda, da bolos, mokvda. nicSe<br />
mogviTxrobs aramarto tragediis dabadebaze, aramed mis sikvdilzec. ras<br />
niSnavs tragediis sikvdili tragedia iSva musikis sulidan –<br />
dionisuridan. maSasadame, tragedia kvdeba, roca masSi ispoba dionisurmusikaluri<br />
sawyisi, roca miTs eWvis TvaliT uwyeben yurebas. ram da vin<br />
mokla tragedia tragediis sikvdils nicSes Tanaxmad, gvamcnobs<br />
evripides Semoqmedeba: evripide tragediis agoniaa. dionises evripidesTan<br />
veRav vxvdebiT. am berZeni Semoqmedis tragediebi mTlianad aradionisur<br />
safuZvelzea aSenebuli. mis qmnilebebSi RmerTis adgili daikava<br />
adamianma, Tavisi yoveldRiuri interesebiTa da gancdebiT. ratom moxda<br />
es xom ar imaleboda am faqtebis ukan Zireuli cvlileba Zveli berZenis<br />
msoflSegrZebaSi nicSes pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia: tragedia mokvda,<br />
radgan arsebiTad Seicvala msoflmxedveloba, iSva axali tipi adamianisa,<br />
axali tipis kultura. niRbebis Camoxsnis ostati – nicSe _ evripideSic<br />
niRabs xedavs: evripides ukan dgas sruliad axali msoflSegrZnebis<br />
adamiani – sokrate... amrigad, apolonisa da dionises gverdiT `tragediis<br />
dabadebaSi~ Cndeba mesame `gmiri~ _ sokrate~ (7.316). nicSes Tanaxmad:<br />
`evripidec garkveuli azriT mxolod niRabi iyo: RvTaeba, romelic misi<br />
saxiT laparakobda, iyo ara dionise, aramed savsebiT axladmovlenili<br />
demoni, saxelad sokrate~ (7.316).<br />
cxadia, sokrates piriT, nicSesTan epoqa laparakobs. epoqis xma<br />
airekleba sokratul da postsokratul anu aleqsandriul kulturasa da<br />
xelovnebaSic. sxva sityvebiT, tragediis sikvdili imas ki ar niSnavs,<br />
TiTqos tragedia rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi dargi moispo, aramed<br />
Zveli berZnis msoflSegrZnebis gardauval cvlilebas moaswavebs. am<br />
gagebiT, `tragediis sikvdili~ swored sokratuli da postsokratuli,<br />
anu aleqsandriuli kulturis gamarjvebas niSnavda: `rac mTavaria _ es<br />
kultura, nicSes azriT, is niadagia, romelzec cxovrobs Tanamedrove<br />
adamiani... mecnierebis, codnis es gaRmerTeba, nicSes Tanaxmad, samyaros<br />
erT-erTi Zalis, saxeldobr, apolonuris gaukuRmarTeba iyo. apolonuri<br />
sawyisi – es xelovnebiseuli Zala – dasustebuli, dauZlurebuli saxiT<br />
39
ganviTarda... apolonurma tendenciam logikuri sqematizmis saxe SeiZina.<br />
am gaukuRmarTebis kvals, nicSes Tanaxmad, mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli<br />
kultura atarebs~ (7.317-318). nicSes mtkicebiT: `mTeli Cveni Tanamedrove<br />
samyaro, aleqsandriuli kulturis badeSia moxvedrili da mas idealad<br />
miaCnia Semecnebis umaRlesi ZalebiT SeiaraRebuli, mecnierebis<br />
samsaxurSi damdgari Teoriuli adamiani, romlis pirvelsaxe da<br />
mamamTavaria sokrate~ (7.318).<br />
sokratesTan, Semdeg ki platonTan, aristotelesTan da momdevno<br />
filosofosebTan, marTlac cxadad moxda im eWvebis masiurad<br />
akumulireba, romlebic manamdeli kulturis wiaRSi aramasStaburi saxiT,<br />
magram mainc mniSvnelobda. amdenad, maincadamainc sokratem ki ar<br />
ganapiroba epoqaluri msoflgagebis cvalebadoba, aramed Tavad sokrate<br />
mogvevlina Tanadroulobis axali sulieri sios erTianobaSi<br />
gamomxatvel `demonad~. aseTive `demonad~ SegviZlia miviCnioT<br />
protagorac, romelic poliTeisturi anu miTologiuri warmodgenebis<br />
siyalbeze sokratemde miuTiTebda, magram sokrates epoqisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, protagoras xma jer kidev ar iyo epoqis xma, ramdenadac<br />
maSindeli berZnebis cnobiereba zogadad kvlavac epoqaluri<br />
SeueWveblobiT iyo aRWurvili im Rirebulebebisadmi, romelsac<br />
poliTeisturi, anu miTologiuri warmodgenebi ewodeboda, maSin, roca<br />
sokrates Tanadroul epoqaSi es eWvi Tundac SeumCnevlad ukve epoqis<br />
mZlavr gamoZaxilad qceuliyo. savsebiT marTalia, martin haidgeri, roca<br />
nihilizmis Zirebis Ziebisas, am Zirebs jer kidev sokratemde, protagoras<br />
filosofiaSi poulobs, misTvis protagoras debuleba _ `adamiani aris<br />
saganTa sazomi~ (87.262) _ sworedac nihilisturi ganwyobis maniSnebelia.<br />
am azriT, haidegeris da nicSes Sexedulebebi antikuri nihilizmis<br />
Taobaze, emTxveva kidec erTmaneTs. aki nicSec, analogiur ganwyobas<br />
evripides SemoqmedebaSi xedavs, radgan am tragikosTan, iseve rogorc<br />
protagorasTan, RmerTebis adgili Tavisi yoveldRiuri interesebiTa da<br />
gancdebiT swored adamainma daikava. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tuki<br />
nihilistur ganwyobas jer kidev protagoramde moRvawe Zvel berZen<br />
filosofoss qsenofanesac davukavSirebT, ramdenadac qsenofanesTanac<br />
misi Tanadrouli Rirebulebebisadmi nihilistur ganwyobas vxvdebiT.<br />
40
Tumca, es ar aris mTavari, mTavari is aris, rom Tuki qsenofanesa da<br />
protagoras periodis droindeli Rirebulebebi zogadad mainc<br />
SeueWveblobiT sargeblobdnen, sokrates Semdgomi epoqis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
niSan - Tviseba swored isaa, rom poliTeisturi anu miTologiuri<br />
Rirebulebebi imdroindeli sazogadoebisTvis myari sulieri sayrdenis<br />
funqcias veRar kisruloben. sokratesTan, platonTan, aristotelesTan, es<br />
namdvilad asea da Tuki aristoteles Semdgom, elinistur epoqaSi Zveli<br />
msoflgancda kvlavac igrZnoba kulturasa da xelovnebaSi, aqve isic<br />
igrZnoba, rom Zveli poliTeisturi Rirebulebebisadmi erTguleba ara<br />
uwindeli uryevi rwmeniTaa gaJRenTili, ramdenadac inerciiT.<br />
epikureizmi, stoicizmi, skepticizmi, ekleqtizmi, misticizmi – es is<br />
filosofiuri mimdinareobebia, romlebmac sokrates, platonis,<br />
aristoteles moZRvrebebze dayrdnobiT, poliTeisturi anu miTologiuri<br />
Rirebulebebisadmi eWvi ukiduresobamde ganaviTares, Tumca es პროცესი ar<br />
დასრულებულა erT an or dReSi, igi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mimdinareobda da swored am saukuneebs ewodeba antikurobis elinizmis<br />
periodi. transcendenturi RmerTebis uaryofis momZlavrebuli simptomebi,<br />
cxadia, aisaxa kulturazec da xelovnebazec. elinisturi xelovneba<br />
elinuri xelovnebisgan swored amgvari ganwyobebiT gamoirCeva, rac<br />
swored miTologiuri panTeonis rRvevam gamoiwvia: `elinizmis epoqis<br />
Taviseburi individualisturi ganwyoba mkveTrad gamovlinda kulturaSi,<br />
`daxvewili kulturuli inteligenciis~ CamoyalibebaSi, kulturis axali<br />
centrebis SeqmnaSi (aleqsandriis biblioTeka da muzeumi, samecniero<br />
centrebi pergamonSi, antioqiaSi da sxva). elinizmis xanaSi Seiqmna<br />
xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis uCveulod maRali Rirebulebebis nimuSebi:<br />
aleqsandriis Suqura (farosi), zevsis sakurTxeveli pergamonSi, rodosis<br />
kolosi, kolizeumi, venera miloseli, laokooni da sxva. epoqis<br />
individualisturi ganwyoba aisaxa literaturul nawarmoebebSic, Seiqmna<br />
axali stilisa da Janris Txzulebebi: aleqsandriis samijnuro poezia,<br />
berZnuli realisturi novelebi, minandres komediebi, Teokrites<br />
bukolikuri poezia. yovelive amas win uswrebda evripides tragediebSi<br />
klasikuri berZnuli literaturuli stilis sapirispirod ganviTarebuli<br />
individualizmi~ (51.20). aqedan gamomdinare, antikuri filosofiisa da<br />
41
saerTod, antikurobis cnobli specialisti aleqsei losevi<br />
gadametebulad miiCnevs elinizmis periodTan mimarTebaSi `dekadansis~,<br />
`dacemis~ da sxva amgvari SefasebiTi terminebis gamoyenebas (51.22). am<br />
qveTavSi antikuri sulis, antikuri xelovnebis erT-erT zogad magaliTad<br />
aki Cvenc elinistur xanaSi Seqmnili laokoonis qandakeba gamoviyeneT.<br />
amdenad, antikuri sulis gasagebad elinisturi xelovnebis nimuSebic<br />
gamogvadgeba, ramdenadac es epoqebi siRrmiseulad mainc erTi<br />
mTlianobaa, anu elinisturi xana ara antikuri epoqisgan Zirfesvianad<br />
gansxvavebuli epoqaa, aramed antikuri epoqis bolo anu dasasrulia.<br />
marTalia, losevi gadaWarbebulad miiCnevs elinistur periodTan<br />
mimarTebaSi `nihilizmisa~ Tu `dekadansis~ xmarebas, magram amave dros<br />
iZulebulia aRiaros, rom elinizmi garkveulwilad mainc unda Sefasdes,<br />
rogorc `gulgatexilobis~, `uimedobis~ xana. Ufro zustad, elinizmTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, ,,gulgatexilobis”, ,,uimedobisa” da sxva msgavsi terminebis<br />
motana imdenadaa marTebuli, ramdenadac elinizmi marTlac gamoirCeva<br />
warsulis Rirebulebebisadmi erTgvari nihilizmiT, magram aqve igrZnoba<br />
axali Rirebulebebis aRmocenebis molodinica da Sesabamisad garkveuli<br />
optimizmic. saerTo jamSi, elinisturi periodis adamianis suliskveTeba<br />
SegviZlia isev losevis sityvebiT davaxasiaToT, marTalia, man am<br />
sityvebiT skeptikosebis msoflSegrZneba Seafasa, magram<br />
zogadfilosofiuri aspeqtiT, skeptikosebis msoflgancda savsebiT<br />
emTxveva elinisturi periodis sxva filosofiur mimdinareobaTa zogadi<br />
xasiaTis msoflgancdebs, iseve rogorc mTlianad elinisturi periodis<br />
suliskveTebas. am periodis suliskveTeba, zogadad sworedac skeptikuri<br />
suliskveTebaa: `TiTqos raRacnairma Sinaganma cxovelmyofelma Zalam<br />
datova msoflio, ris gamoc sagnebma dakarges TavianTi suli.<br />
skeptikosisTvis sagnebma dakarges sagnobrioba, CaiZirnen raRacnair<br />
iracionalur burusSi, uwonadni gaxdnen, usxeuloni, mumiebiviT<br />
dafuturovdnen, usicocxlo suraTebs daemsgavsnen, kvamlad, nislad da<br />
ar-arsad gadaiqcnen. skeptikoss saso warekveTa, transcendenturad<br />
warekveTa saso~ (26.8). poliTeisturi religiebis saxiT, elinistursa da<br />
gvianelinistur xanaSi, marTlac rom cxovelmyofelი Zala tovებდa<br />
msoflioს da swored amas ჰqvia `transcendenturi sasowarkveTa~. aseTi<br />
42
sasowarkveTa cxadia, elinistur xelovnebaSic aisaxa. magaliTad,<br />
elinisturi xanis filosofosebi musikas aRar uyurebdnen piTagorasaviT<br />
transcendenturi poziciebidan, isini musikis safuZvlebs fizikur da<br />
grZnobad-fsiqologiur ganzomilebaSi eZebdnen. peripaTetikos<br />
aristoqsenes mixedviT `musikaluri bgera fizikuri moZraobis Sedegia. am<br />
poziciidan igi upirispirdeboda piTagorelebs, romelTa mixedviT, dabal<br />
da maRal tonebs Soris gansxvaveba marto raodenobriv mimarTebaze iyo<br />
damokidebuli.~ (51.86) aseve, peripaTetikosi Teofraste<br />
`winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT musikis grZnobad-emociur mxares<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda. Teofrastes esTetikur<br />
SexedulebebSi gamokveTilad Cans musikis Teoriis sakiTxebi, romelTa<br />
gaSuqebaSi vlindeba aristoteluri aspeqtebi, oRond grZnobadfsiqologiur<br />
momentebze aqcentirebuli. plutarqes azriT, Teofrastem<br />
musikis warmoSobis wyaro sam afeqtSi aRmoaCina: mwuxarebaSi,<br />
siamovnebaSi da STagonebaSi. radgan fsiqologiur moments aseTi didi<br />
mniSvneloba mieniWa, advilad sarwmunoa is cnobebic, romelTa mixedviT<br />
Teofrastes wesad hqonia musikiT gankurnebis meTodi~ (51.80) kidev erT<br />
peripaTetikos dikearqes `moraluri aspeqtiT Seufasebia da gaukritikebia<br />
`odiseas~ is nawili, sadac homerosma penelope Tavis saqmroebs Seaxvedra.<br />
igi penelopes gamosvlas Tavisi saqmroebis winaSe afasebs keklucobad<br />
mTvrali mamakacebis winaSe da gmobs mas~ (51.89).<br />
peripaTetikosebis aseTi transcendenturi nihilizmi, cxadia,<br />
mxolod imiT ar unda avxsnaT, rom isini aristoteles poziciis<br />
Taviseburi mimdevrebi iyvnen, msgavsi nihilzmi, rogorc mivuTiTeT,<br />
zogadad axasiaTebs elinistur msoflmxedvelobas, Tumca swored<br />
transcendeturisadmi amgvar elinistur nihilizmSi Cans raRac<br />
analogiurisadmi, magram amave dros gansxvavebuli transcendeturi<br />
garkveulobisadmi Sesabamisi da Sesaferisi adgilis Semzadebis<br />
moTxovnilebac da tendenciac. albaT, swored am Wrilidan gamomdinare,<br />
ar uyurebda losevi maincadamainc dekadenturad elinizmis periods,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gaugebari gaxdeboda misi Tvalsazrisi, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, elinisturi periodi erTsa da imave dros gulgatexolobacaa<br />
da amave dros arcaa gulgatexiloba. aseTi, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsis<br />
43
amoxsna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, Tuki kvdebodnen Zveli RmerTebi,<br />
sanacvlod, axali orientacia axali RmerTis saxiT, Tavis<br />
winaswarmoxazulobaSi ukve adreul elinistur xanaSic igrZnoboda.<br />
epikurec ki, elinisturi periodis atomisti da materialisti<br />
filosofosi `sruliadac ar aris aTeisti am sityvis trivialuri<br />
gagebiT, igi ar uaryofs RmerTebis arsebobas. misi azriT, RmerTebi<br />
arseboben, magram isini ar arian brbos mier warmosaxuli RmerTebis<br />
msgavsni. Amitom, is ki ara scodavs, vinc brbos RmerTebs uaryofs, aramed<br />
is, vinc iziarebs brbos Tvalsazriss RmerTebis Sesaxeb, radgan brbos<br />
gamonaTqvamebi RmerTebze misi uSualo xilvis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed<br />
yalbi monagonia~ (51.107). maSasadame, sokratem, platonma, aristotelem da<br />
maTma mimdevrebma, TavianTdauneburad didi samsaxuri gauwies mistikos<br />
filon aleqsandriels, berZnuli filosofiis bibliur teqstebze<br />
misadagebisa da amiT monoTeizmis kidev ufro metad gamyareba -<br />
gamarTlebis saqmeSi. marTalia, antikuri epoqis yvela filosofosi<br />
monoTeisturi azrovnebis muxtiT ar gamoirCeoda, magram sokrateplatoni-aristoteledan<br />
moyolebuli, zogadad monoTeisturi muxti<br />
imdenad mZlavrad igrZnoboda, poliTeisturi azrovnebidan monoTeistur<br />
azrovnebaze zogadad kacobriobis cnobierebis gardaqmnis gardauvaloba,<br />
elinistur periodSi, ukve cxadi da gasagebi iyo. SeniSvnis saxiT aqve<br />
unda mivuTiToT, rom monoTeisturi msoflxedviT iudaisturi religia<br />
qristianobamdec gamoirCeoda da sokrate-platon-aristotelemdec, magram<br />
mas mxolod patara eTnikuri jgufi aRiarebda da amdenad, ar hqonda<br />
iseTi masobrivi da epoqaluri xasiaTi, rogoric sokrates, platonis,<br />
aristoteles da maT mimdevarTa Tvalsazrisebs. Sesabamisad, am<br />
filosofosebTan monoTeisturi muxtis momZlavreba iudaizmis gavleniT<br />
ar momxdara, imis miuxedavad, rom maT Tvalsazrisebs iudaizmi droSi win<br />
uswrebda. samagierod, swored iudaistur msoflmxedvelobaze aRzrdilma<br />
filon aleqsandrielma, safuZveli erT-erTma pirvelma daudo ანტიკური<br />
ეპოქის filosofosTa naazrevis bibliur teqstebze misadagebas da<br />
amisdakvalad, ანტიკური ფილოსოფიის ქრიstianulad interpretaciis<br />
SesaZleblobas biZgi Tundac avtomaturad da Tavisdauneburad, erT-erTma<br />
pirvelma misca, romelic SemdgomSi, qristianma filosofosebma kidev<br />
44
ufro ganaviTares. daaxloebiT aseTive konteqstSi SegviZlia movixsenioT<br />
filon aleqsandrielis Tanamedrove romaeli filosofosi senekac,<br />
ramdenadac qristianul saazrovno sivrceSi senekas Sexedulebebis<br />
Tavisebur interpretaciebsac vxvdebiT. filon aleqsandrielica da<br />
senekac, TavianTi moRvaweobis periodis mixedviT, elinistur periods<br />
ganekuTvnebian, magram maTi msoflmxedveloba imdenad axlos dgas შუა<br />
საუკუნეების saazrovno არეალთან, mizanSewonilად მიგვაჩნია, მათი<br />
თვალსაზრისები სწორედ შუა საუკუნეების saazrovno sivrcესთან<br />
ურთიერთმიმართებაში ganvixiloT. aseve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,<br />
antikurobis ukanaskneli etapis, gviani elinizmis zogierTi moazrovnis<br />
Tvalsazrisic amave WrilSi ganvixiloT amave mizeziT. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
filon aleqsandrielisa da senekas TvalsazrisTa gviandeli elinizmisa<br />
da Sua saukuneebis gadmosaxedidan mimoxilva, vfiqrobT, savsebiT<br />
misaRebi unda iyos. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis gadmosaxedidan, miT<br />
ufro sainteresoa, sakuTriv antikurobis ukanaskneli etapis, gviandeli<br />
elinizmis garkveuli warmomadgenlebis, magaliTad, avgustines<br />
Sexedulebebi, aseve neoplatonikosebis emanaciis Teoriaც, ramdenadac<br />
neoplatonikosebma TvianTi emanaciis TeoriiT, monoTeisturi<br />
qristianuli RmerTis ideis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi TavianTdauneburad<br />
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes. rac Seexeba Sua saukuneebis xelovnebas:<br />
cxadia, xelovnebac nebsiT Tu uneblied, qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis,<br />
qristianuli sulieri muxtis gamomxatveli gaxda. Tu am konteqsts nicSes<br />
logikis mixedviT ganvav rcobT, SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom antikuri<br />
dionisuri da apolonuri ltolvebi, qristianul epoqaSi qristianuli<br />
SinaarsiT SeiniRbnen.<br />
$ 2. RmerTi da mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli<br />
horizonti gviandel elinizmSi, Sua saukuneebisa<br />
da aRorZinebis epoqების filosofiaSi<br />
elinistur periodSi, marTalia poliTeisturi warmodgenebi anu<br />
transcendenturi RmerTebis rwmena TandaTan kargavda Zalas, magram es<br />
45
sulac ar niSnavda transcendenturi ganzomilebis rogorc aseTis<br />
uaryofas. msgavsi gaupirovnebeli transcendenturi erTgvari<br />
transcendenturi vakuumi aRmoCndeboda, Sesabamisad, cxadze cxadi iyo,<br />
transcendenturi RmerTebis uaryofis Sedegad aRmocenebuli<br />
trancendenturi vakuumi axal garkveulobas unda amoevso, iseT<br />
garkveulobas, romelic aRar iqneboda mravali, magram amave dros<br />
swored transcendenturi iqneboda da aki aseTi transcendenturi<br />
garkveulobis konturebic, dawyebuli sokratedan da platonidan, ufro<br />
da ufro ikveTeboda. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aqve miuTiToT, rom arc<br />
platonis, arc aristotelesa da arc neoplatonikosebis moZRvreba<br />
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas ar gulisxmobda, piriqiT<br />
`aleqsandriaSi pirvelma neoplatonikosma amonios sakam qristianoba<br />
dagmo da warmarTuli platonuri moZRvrebis ganaxleba daiwyo. plotine<br />
da gansakuTrebiT misi mowafe porfiri, aseve neoplatonizmis klasikosi<br />
prokle, sakmaod mkacrad akritikebdnen qristianobas, radgan<br />
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom mxolod platonis moZRvrebiT SeiZleboda<br />
umaRlesi WeSmaritebis wvdoma~ (52.301). amdenad, platonidan da platonis<br />
akademiis moRvaweTagan moyolebuli, neoplatonizmiT damTavrebuli, es<br />
moZRvrebani qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis aRmocenebasa da<br />
damkvidrebas imdenad uwyobdnen xels, ramdenadac qristianobis<br />
momxreebma miTiTebuli moZRvrebani TavianT miznebs Zalze warmatebiT<br />
moarges. qristianobis momxreebma, TavianT msoflmxedvelobas ara marto<br />
platonisa da misi mimdevrebis, berZnuli da romauli stoicizmis,<br />
epikureizmis, ekleqtizmis da sxva mimdinareobaTa ideebic aseve<br />
warmatebiT miusadages. qristianobis momxreTaTvis, platonis moZRvrebis<br />
emanaciuri tendenciebi da stoikosTa, epikurelTa Tu ekleqtikosTa<br />
moZRvrebani, mSvenieri Wrili aRmoCnda monoTeisturi qristianuli<br />
RmerTis gamomdinareobisTvis. platonis moZRvrebis emanaciuri muxti<br />
marTlac mSvenivrad SeTanawyobadi gamodga stoelTa msjelobaze<br />
`RmerTi aris gonieri suli, romelic yovel arss msWvalavs~ (51.259),<br />
aseve ekleqtikos ciceronis Sexedulebaze _ romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
`samyaros iseve hyavs gonieri Semoqmedi da warmmarTveli, rogorc<br />
xelovnebis nimuSebs Tavisi xelovani-Semoqmedi, arqiteqtori an mxatvari~<br />
46
(51.335). TviTon platonis moZRvrebis emanaciuri tendenciebi ki<br />
safuZvlianad aqvs Camoyalibebuli mexuTe saukunis aTenis neoplatonuri<br />
skolis warmomadgenels prokle likiels: `prokle ayalibebs Tavis<br />
originalur Tvalsazriss erTidan simravlis emanaciisa, erTis gasvlisa<br />
TavisTavidan emanaciis aqtSi da ukudabrunebisa TavisTavSi,<br />
ganviTarebulia triadis is umaRlesi formulireba, romliTac umaRles<br />
donezea ayvanili neoplatonuri moZRvrebis sistematizaciis<br />
SesaZleblobebi: arsebulis yofna upirveles mizezSi - `mone~ _ erTSi,<br />
erTidan simravlis gamosvla, `emanacia~ _ `proodos~ da emanirebulis<br />
ukudabruneba erTSi _ `epistrofe~ _ ganxorcieleba simravlis Serwymisa<br />
zearsul erTTan. sabolod, triadam aseTi saxe miiRo: pirveli arsi _<br />
`mone~ _ yofieris simSvideSi, misi gasvla TavisTavidan _ emanacia da<br />
ukudabruneba. es procesia, dinamikaa, magram droul-vrceuli<br />
procesisagan sruliad sxvaa: es aris mwarmoeblis gasvla warmoebulSi<br />
da warmoebulis dabruneba mwarmoebelSi. es `producirebaa~ axali arsis<br />
Semoqmedebaa, magram ar aris arc moZraoba da arc qmnadoba fizikuri<br />
gagebiT, es umaRlesi metafizikaa da saqme gvaqvs umaRlesi RvTaebrivi<br />
arsis TviTqmedebasTan~ (52.232). aseTi yvelfris `gamomsxivebeli~ erTi, ra<br />
Tqma unda, mSvenier fons qmnida platonisa da neoplatonikosebis<br />
moZRvrebaTa qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze misadagebisTvis, imis<br />
miuxedavad, rom igi, miTiTebuli `umaRlesi metafizikurobis~ gamo,<br />
TiTqos Zalze mowyvetilia fizikuri samyarosgan. aseTi `mowyvetiloba~<br />
imdenad mniSvnelobs, ramdenadac erTidan, rogorc umaRlesi RvTaebrivi<br />
arsidan simravlis emanacia SeiZleba Cven ver avxsnaT bolomde, anu Cven<br />
ver gavigoT umaRlesi RvTaebrivi arsidan, rogorc umaRlesi<br />
metafizikurobidan siRrmiseuli gamomdinareoba simravlisa, fizikuri<br />
samyarosi, Torem aseTi kavSiri saerTod rom gamovricxoT, maSin<br />
gaugebari dagvrCeboda saerTod idea metafizikuri arsidan samyaros<br />
simravlis gamomdinareobisa. pirvelerTidan simravlis gamomdinareobis<br />
aseTi erTdroulad racionalur-iracionaluri Wrili, erTis mxriv,<br />
aristoteles moZRvrebis qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT<br />
interpretaciis saSualebasac iZleva, ramdenadac materiac siRrmiseulad<br />
swored metafizikuri erTarsidan unda `gamosxivdebodes~, meores mxriv<br />
47
ki mSvenier fons qmnis stoelTa kidev erTi Tvalsazrisis<br />
`SesrutvisTvis~, romlis Tanaxmadac transcendenturi RmerTi amave dros<br />
yvelafris imanenturi safuZvelicaa: `stoelebis RmerTi pirveli<br />
mizezicaa da sabolooc, magram igi samyarosTvis imanenturia, mxolod<br />
masSia da isic asrulebs msoflio logosis funqcias~ (51.155). aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, sruliad gasagebia, Tuki qristianobis momxreebisTvis<br />
`RmerTi yvelganaa, igi SenSicaa~ (52.101). es Tvalsazrisi, cxadia, erTgvar<br />
panTeistur situaciasac gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT, `emanaciis~ Teoria<br />
iseTi uzogadesi gadmosaxedia, romelic cxadia, Taviseburad Seicavs<br />
panTeizmis ideasac. panTeizmi, rogorc aseTi, ucxo arc antikuri<br />
epoqisTvis iyo, magram poliTeisturi panTeizmisagan qristianuli<br />
panTeizmi swored Tavisi monoTeisturi xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba da amdenad<br />
igi siaxles warmoadgens, anu mravlidan ki ar gamomdinareobs mravali<br />
da mravalSi ki ar aris mravali, aramed RmerTSi, rogorc erTSi aris<br />
yvelaferi, rogorc simravle - buneba da yvelaferSi, simravleSi,<br />
bunebaSi aris RmerTi. aseTi tipis panTeizmis mimdevaria magaliTad, Cv. w.<br />
aR-iT II saukunis qristiani filosofosi ipolite romaeli, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac: `yvelaferi iyo RmerTSi da RmerTi iyo yvelaferSi~ (52.365).<br />
msgavs qristianul panTeizms ufro dafuZnebulad<br />
vxvdebiTGfsevdodionise areopagelis moZRvrebaSi. qristianul<br />
TeologiaSi swored misma moZRvrebam daamkvidra safuZvlianad<br />
qristianuli panTeizmi, romelsac Semdgom, Sua saukuneebis panTeisturi<br />
Tvalsazrisebi emyareboda. magaliTad, ioane skot eriugena saukuneebis<br />
Semdeg pirdapir acxadebs: `yvelaferi RmerTSia da RmerTi yvelaferSia~<br />
(19.95). SeniSvnis saxiT aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom msjelobis sxva Temaa,<br />
esa Tu is oficialuri religia kanonikuri TvalsazrisiT rogor egueba<br />
panTeistur Sexedulebebs. ramdenadac Cvens mizans oficialur<br />
religiaTa kanonikuri Tvalsazrisebis panTeizmTan urTierTmimarTebis<br />
garkveva ar warmoadgens, amdenad am Temas arc ganvixilavT, miT umetes<br />
roca, panTeizmi oficialur qristianul kanonikasTan SeuTavsebadia.<br />
qristianuli msoflmxedveloba, am yvelaferTan erTad, naTelia,<br />
sakuTari wiaRis gareT ver datovebda iracionalizmisa Tu aracnobieris<br />
ganzomilebebsac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver aRmoCndeboda<br />
48
yovlismomcveli, `yovlisSemwovi~ da vinaidan `emanaciuri~ platonizmi<br />
mas amis saSualebasac aZlevda, cxadia, man es mizani sisruleSi moiyvana,<br />
miT umetes, roca platonisa da neoplatonikosebis moZRvreba qristianul<br />
msoflmxedvelobas iracionalizmisa da aracnobieris racionalizmTan da<br />
cnobierTan SeTanawyobis mSvenier winapirobebs uqmnida. qristianulma<br />
msoflmxedvelobam ra Tqma unda, es Sansi xelidan ar gauSva da<br />
miTiTebuli Canafiqri swored platonisa da neoplatonistur<br />
moZRvrebebze dayrdnobiT ganaxorciela. platonisa da neoplatonikosebis<br />
moZRvreba rom saamiso saSualebas iZleoda, amas isev da isev plotines<br />
moZRvreba adasturebs: `hegelis filosofiis istoriaSi plotines<br />
moZRvreba da, saerTod, neoplatonizmi Sefasebulia rogorc antikuri<br />
filosofiis uaryofis uaryofa: berZnuli filosofia pirvel etapze<br />
iracionalur-miTologiur azrovnebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da misi<br />
pirveli uaryofa ganxorcielda klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis<br />
Sedevrebis – platonisa da aristoteles racionalistur moZRvrebebSi –<br />
neoplatonizmma maTi uaryofis uaryofiT SeinarCuna racionalizmi da<br />
masTan daakavSira iracionaluri, mistikuri, eqstaturi, Teoriuli<br />
momentebi~ (52.216). platonizmis swored iracionalistur interpretacias<br />
warmoadgens qristianuli filosofiis warmomadgenlis tertulianes<br />
mtkicebac, rom `sulis siRrmidan wamosuli aracnobieri gancda gonebis<br />
sabuTze ufro Zlieria~ (19.8). tertulianes am Tvalsazriss Taviseburad<br />
emTxveva netari avrelius avgustines Sexeduleba, ramdenadac misTvis<br />
rwmena refleqsiamdea mocemuli, igi iracionaluri aqti ufroa. swored<br />
am konteqtsSi iZens avgustinesTan rwmena uaRresad aRmatebul<br />
mniSvnelobas, `rwmena gagebis safuZveli xdeba – rac ar gwams, verc<br />
gaigeb. formula `mwams, raTa gavigo~ anselm kenterberiels miewereba,<br />
magram amisi safuZveli avgustinesTanaa Semzadebuli. RmerTis rwmena win<br />
unda uZRodes saganTa axsna-ganmartebas, radgan is, risi rwmenac<br />
gagvaCnia, gvexmareba mis ufro metad gagebaSi, goneba miT ufro<br />
gabedulad miiwevs win, rac ufro sarwmunosTan aqvs saqme... aq mkveTrad<br />
gamoCnda avgustines midrekileba iracionalizmisken. misi azriT, neba<br />
rwmenasTan aris dakavSirebuli, nebis Tavisufleba sruli saxiT rwmenaSi<br />
xorcieldeba. RvTaebrivma nebam Tavisi Tavi adamianur nebaSi gaacxada<br />
49
wmenis saxiT da ase amaRlda Semecnebis poziciidan neba gonebaze,<br />
rwmenam goneba daimorCila: sulis umaRlesi mizania netari simSvidis<br />
miRweva RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis WvretaSi. am mizans ver axorcielebs<br />
goneba, radgan mas RmerTis Sesaxeb mxolod uaryofiTi<br />
gansazRvrulobebis miRweva SeuZlia racionaluri gziT da miT ufro<br />
empiriuli, grZnobadi SemecnebiT, RmerTis wvdoma SeuZlebelia~<br />
(52.262_263).<br />
iqneb sakvirvelic ki iyos, magram faqtia, iseTi racionalisti<br />
qristiani filosofosi, rogoric anselm kenterberialia, swored<br />
iracionalisturi poziciebidan mivida im debulebis aRiarebamde, romlis<br />
safuZvelic ukve avgustinesTan iyo Semzadebuli. rogorac mivuTiTeT, es<br />
debulebaa _ `mwams, raTa gavigo~. anselmi marTalia `yovelives gonebiT<br />
gagebas cdilobs, magram is mxolod damxmare saSualebaa rwmenisTvis~<br />
(19.103), amitom `gonebis didi ndobis miuxedavad anselmis<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia unda daxasiaTdes, rogorc meTodologiuri<br />
racionalizmi, romlis safuZveli da mizani rwmenis ueWvelobaa~ (19.104).<br />
rwmenisa da gagebis swored amgvar Wrils gulisxmobs anselm<br />
kenterberielis orive debuleba: `mwams raTa Sevimecno~ da `rwmenam unda<br />
gageba eZebos~ (19.103).<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebidan erTidaigive daskvnamde misvla,<br />
pirvelyovlisa, iqneb, TviTon urTierTsawinaaRmdegos pirobiTobaze<br />
miuTiTebdes imdenad, ramdenadac avgustines iracionalizmSi<br />
racionalizmic imTaviTve igulisxmeba da anselm kenterberialis<br />
racionalizmSi iarcionalizmis elementebic aSkaraa. sxva sityvebiT, am<br />
filosofosebTan da ara marto maTTan, erTis mxriv, racionalizmSi<br />
iracionalizmis gancda da meore mxriv, iracionalizmSi racionalizmis<br />
gulveba, Sesabamis winapirobebs qmnis maTi ufro ukeTesad<br />
SeTanawyobisTvis da aki aseTi SeTanawyoba qristianobis kidev erTma<br />
didma momxrem, Toma aqvinelma ganaxorciela kidec. am filosofosis<br />
naazrevs SegviZlia sayovelTaoc ki vuwodoT, radganac masSi<br />
erTmaneTTanaa SeTanawyobili ara marto racionaluri da iracionaluri,<br />
aramed cnobieric da aracnobieric, materialuric da idealuric,<br />
zogadic da erTeulic, mokled, platoniseulic da aristoteleseulic<br />
50
(neoplatonizebuli aristotele). sxvagvarad, Toma aqvinelis moZRvreba<br />
iseTi ekleqtizmia, sadac elinuridan moyolebuli da elinizmis<br />
periodiT gagrZelebuli, misi drois qristianuli filosofiis CaTvliT,<br />
yvela mimarTulebis Tvalsazrisia Sejerebuli da qristianuli<br />
filosofiis Semdgomi ganviTarebis realuri konturebic ki nagulisxmevgansazRvrulia:<br />
`Toma anselmis racionalizmis winaaRmdegia, fiqrobs,<br />
rom RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba ar unda vandoT mxolod ganswavlul<br />
gonebas. maSin igi miuwvdomeli darCeba ubralo adamianebisaTvis. arc<br />
tertulianes iracionalizmi moswons, radgan icis, rom adamianisaTvis ar<br />
SeiZleba damajerebeli iyos is, rac azrovnebis ZiriTad principebs<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba. magram yoveli religia, raRacnairad swored amgvar<br />
principebs emyareba. amitom Tomas racionalizmi Taviseburi faruli<br />
iracionalizmia. RmerTi Cveni SemecnebisaTvis miuwvdomelia da mis<br />
gasagebad gamocxadebaa saWiro. Tomas surs gaaerTianos empirizmi,<br />
racionalizmi da iracionalizmi... Tomas surs daasabuTos, rom RmerTi<br />
aramarto zogadsa da sayovelTaos Seimecnebs, aramed erTeulsac,<br />
ganumeorebelsac. mxolod zogadis Semecnebis unari naklovaneba<br />
iqneboda, radgan erTeuli gacilebiT mets Seicavs, vidre zogadi. RmerTi<br />
ucodinari iqneboda zogaddTan erTad erTeulic rom ar icodes; ar<br />
icodes grZnobad nivTTa is formebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />
materialurTan kavSiriT. materia formasTan kavSirSi warmoadgens<br />
individualuri, konkretuli yofieris SesaZleblobas. am azriT ewodeba<br />
materias individualobis principi. materiis gamoa, rom erTi zogadi<br />
forma individualur formaTa uamravi saxiT vlindeba sagnebSi... RmerTis<br />
codnisa da samyaros mimarTebis bunebis gansamartavad, Toma iyenebs<br />
xelovanisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarTebis analogias. rogorc<br />
xelovanma winaswar icis jer ar arsebuli, magram mis mier ukve<br />
warmosaxuli suraTi, aseve RmerTma icis ara marto yoveli arsebuli,<br />
aramed ararsebulic, mizezSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes Sedegi, sanam igi<br />
ganxorcieldebodes... ramdenadac RmerTi TavisSi Seicavs yvela<br />
SesaZlebel upiratesobas da Rirebulebas, igi SeiZleba miviCnioT yoveli<br />
yofieris pirvelsaxed, anu yoveli arsebulis miznad, xolo meore mxriv,<br />
yoveli arsebuli ganvixiloT rogorc RmerTis naklovani ganxorcieleba.<br />
51
adamianis gonebas, romelsac ara aqvs RmerTis arsebis sruli codna, am<br />
SesaZleblobis realizeba ar SeuZlia. mxolod RmerTis gonebas, rogorc<br />
absoluturs, ZaluZs es, radgan Tavad warmoadgens amgvar realizacias.<br />
es niSnavs, rom igi sakuTar TavSi, rogorc yovelives mizezsa da mizanSi<br />
arsebuli sxvadasxva aspeqtis ganxilviT amoikiTxavs yoveli sagnis<br />
specifikurobas da zRvrul SesaZleblobebs~ (19.285, 296, 298_299).<br />
amdenad, qristianuli msoflmxedveloba marTlac sakuTar TavSi<br />
`isrutavda~ da Taviseburad isadagebda yvela arsebul da SesaZlebel<br />
Tvalsazriss, raTa amiT miTiTebuli TvalsazrisebisTvis sxva aranairi<br />
gza ar daetovebina, grada qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi<br />
gamarTlebisa. ra Tqma unda, es konteqsti, SemdgomSi raime SesaZlo<br />
mimarTulebis isev da isev qristianul wiaRSi Sewovis erTgvar<br />
garantiasac gulisxmobda, Tumca saamisod qristianul msoflmxedvelobas<br />
imTaviTve ufro myari garantia Wirdeboda, vidre es ama Tu im moazrovnis<br />
kerZo Tvalsazrisis mixedviT warsuli msoflmxedvelobis interpretacia<br />
gaxldaT. ufro zustad, meti damajereblobisTvis, amgvar kerZo<br />
Tvalsazrisebs aucileblad xelSesaxebi safuZveli unda hqonoda, iseTi<br />
safuZveli, romelic apriori aqsiomis funqcias ikisrebda. amnairi<br />
aqsiomaturi principis saWiroebas, cxadia, Teologebi imTaviTve<br />
grZnodnen da aki Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvelive saukuneebidan jer kidev<br />
filon aleqsandrielTan, sworedac amgvar saRmrTo wignebze apelirebas<br />
vxvdebiT. Sesabamisad, იუდეველ ფილონ ალექსანდრიელთანაც da qristiani<br />
filosofosebis mTels Semdgom pleadaSic amosaval wertilad swored<br />
saRmrTo wignebi iTvleboda, romlebic drodadro kidev ufro daixvewa<br />
da sabolood im saxiT Camoyalibda, romelic dRes Zveli da axali<br />
aRTqmis, anu bibliis saxiT gvaqvs mocemuli. ese igi, tertulianesac,<br />
avgustinesac, Toma aqvinelsac da sxva qristian Teolog-filosofosebsac<br />
ukve hqondaT miTiTebuli xelSesaxebi sayrdeni saRmrTo wignebis saxiT.<br />
Aaki, zemoT, pirveli Tavis pirvelive paragrafSi mivuTiTeT, rom<br />
gansakuTrebuli wvlili saRmrTo wignebis erTian sistemad dalagebis<br />
SesaZleblobaSi, jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi, anu tertulianemde,<br />
avgustinemde, Toma aqvinelamde Tu sxva Teologebamde adre, erT-erTma<br />
pirvelma swored filon aleqsandrielma Seitanა. რაც შეეხება ფილონ<br />
52
ალექსანდრიელის თანამედროვე რომაელ ფილოსოფოსს სენეკას, ქრისტიანულ<br />
სააზროვნო სივრცეში სენეკას თვალსაზრისების ერთგვარ ინერპრეტაციებსაც<br />
ვხვდებით: „senekasTan, qristianobis momamzadebeli wina safexuri Zalumad<br />
igrZnoba. senekam qristianuli religiis warmoSobamde wamoayena umaRlesi<br />
qristianuli moralis principi: yvela adamiani Zma da megobaria, yvela<br />
Tanasworia RmerTis winaSe. yvelani warmoSobilni arian erTiani<br />
gonebrivi sawyisidan... senekasTan filosofia sabolood RmerTis<br />
samsaxurSi dgeba~ (51.273). es suliskveTeba, cxadia, saRmrTo wignebis, anu<br />
bibliis ZiriTadi eTikuri principia. senekasTan vxvdebiT aseve<br />
„suliwmindis“ თავისებურ გაგებასაც: `senekas ganmartebiT, CvenSi Sinaganad<br />
moqmedebs `suliwminda~, romelic Tvalyurs gvadevnebs, Cvens qcevebs<br />
marTavs, gvexmareba sikeTisa da borotebis garCevaSi. Cvenzea<br />
damokidebuli misi yuradReba, is, Tu ramdenad vaRiarebT da mivsdevT<br />
mas~ (51.266). saRmrTo wignebi ver iqneboda mTlad srulyofili Tu igi<br />
bunebis sferos auxsnels da sulierTan Seusabamoს datovebda, შესაბამისი<br />
გამოსავალი ki კვლავაც სენეკას შეხედულებებში იმთავითვე შეიძლება<br />
ამოვიკითხოთ: “სენეკა cdilobs, aucileblobis Sesaxeb stoelTa principi<br />
Tanmimdevrulad gaarkvios da gansazRvros misi mimarTeba RmerTTan,<br />
bedTan, gonebasTan, samyarosTan, bunebasTan. sabolood gamodis, rom<br />
RmerTi yovel maTganTan wilnayaria, rom buneba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />
RmerTis gareSe da arc RmerTi bunebis gareSe~ (51.267). aseTi senekaseuli<br />
panTeizmi zogadad Seesabameba filon aleqsandrielis<br />
msoflmxedvelobas, Tumca, filon aleqsandrielTan panTeisturi muxti<br />
platonis მოძღვრების Taviseburad gagebis safuZvelzea Semcirebuli,<br />
logosis, rogorc `Suamavlis~ funqciis ufro aqtiurad warmoCeniT:<br />
`filon aleqsandrieli aRiarebda piTagorasa da platonis moZRvrebaTa<br />
did mniSvnelobas da maTSi eZebda saRmrTo wignTa ideebis filosofiur<br />
safuZvlebs. amasTan erTad man stoicizmis Zlieri gavlenac ganicada~<br />
(51.345_346). filonma `ganaviTara axali moZRvreba emanaciis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic jer mxolod Canasaxis saxiT iyo warmodgenili... filonTan<br />
emanaciis ZaliT daukavSirdeba RmerTi-zearsi mis pirvel Semoqmedebas<br />
logoss da misi SuamavlobiT grZnobad yofiers. logoss ekisreba<br />
53
RmerTsa da bunebas Soris erTianobis dadgena da TviT am cnebaSi ukve<br />
adreve igulisxmeboda samyaros erTianoba, misi struqturuli sazrisi.<br />
amave dros logosi aris sityva, pirveli gacxadeba, gaxsna RmerTis<br />
qmedebisa~ (51.347_348) bibliis pirveli fraza _ Tavdapirvelad iyo sityva<br />
da sityva igi iyo RmerTi _ cxadia, savsebiT Seesabameba logosis sityvad<br />
da sityvis logosad gagebis, rogorc RmerTis qmedebis gaxsnis<br />
filoniseul Tvalsazriss, Tumca es ar iyo mxolod filonis<br />
Sexeduleba, msgavsi Sexeduleba stoikosebTanac gvxvdeba, amitom:<br />
`filoni angariSs uwevda stoelebis moZRvrebas logosis Sesaxeb da maTi<br />
gavleniT logoss axasiaTebs rogorc msoflio gonebas, samyaros<br />
mamoZravebelsa da kanonzomierebas. misi azriT, adamianur gonebaSi<br />
logosi ganxorcielebulia mikrokosmosis doneze, amitom adamianisaTvis<br />
logosis saSualebiT gaixsneba gza RmerTisaken, misi gacxadebisaken~<br />
(51.348). amdenad, `logoss kosmologiuri funqciis garda anTropologiuri<br />
funqciac aqvs dakisrebuli, ramdenadac logosi aris Suamavali ara<br />
marto RmerTsa da samyaros Soris, aramed RmerTsa da adamians Sorisac~<br />
(51.349). amasTan, `filonis moZRvrebaSi aris erTi arsebiTi ram, romelic<br />
misticizmis organul nawils warmoadgens – misatikuri Wvreta, eqstazi,<br />
gamocxadeba rogorc adamianis arsebobis umaRlesi mizani. qristianuli<br />
filosofiis gviandel periodSi misticizmis es arsebiTi Tavisebureba<br />
gansxvavebul Sefasebasa da ganviTarebas moipovebs~ (51.350_351).<br />
maSasadame, filonisa da senekas da ara marto maTi moZRvrebebis<br />
ZiriTadi Tezisebi umeteswilad emTxveva saRmrTo wignebis (bibliis)<br />
ZiriTad Tezisebs, razec Semdgom mTeli qristianuli filosofia<br />
ganviTarda, magram imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom bibliis teqsts axsna mainc<br />
dasWirdeboda, ramdenadac `teqstis sityva-sityviTi ganmartebisas<br />
gaugebari xdeboda RvTaebrivi arsisaTvis sruliad gaumarTlebeli<br />
qmedebebis miwera, amouxsneli rCeboda teqstSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobani<br />
da calkeuli alegoriebi~ (51.346_347). bibliaSi marTlacaa iseTi<br />
adgilebi, romlebic mouazrebadia, zogic eTikur principebs uxeSad<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba. aseT paradoqsul garemoebebze refleqsia jer kidev<br />
tertulianem ganaxorciela. magaliTad, savsebiT mouazrebadia<br />
`virwmunoT adamianis saxiT (gaadamianurebulad) movlenili RmerTi,<br />
54
omelmac xorcieli sxeuli miiRo qalwulisagan dabadebiT~ (52.87),<br />
RmerTisagan msxverplis gaRebis moTxovna ki, marTlac araeTikurad<br />
gamoiyureba – gavixsenoT is momenti, roca RmerTma abraams isaakis<br />
mokvla sTxova. TviTon tertuliane bibliaSi mocemul aseT momentebs<br />
absurds uwodebs, magram mas mainc swams da swored imitom, rom absurdia.<br />
`mwams, radgan absurdia~ (52.86) _ es fraza swored terturlianes<br />
ekuTvnis da aseTi suliskveTeba swored im garemoebidan amodis, romlis<br />
mixedviTac bibliaSi mocemul absurdul situaciebs adamianuri logika<br />
ver Cawvdeba. aseT viTarebas qristianobis sxva momxreebic, cxadia<br />
acnobierebdnen da amitomac dadga `teqstze alegoriis mixedviT muSaobis<br />
praqtikuli da Teologiur-filosofiuri mniSvneloba dRis wesrigSi~<br />
(51.347). msgavsi samuSao dRis wesrigi filon aleqsandrielTan ukve<br />
imTaviTve idga, raTa garkveuli gauazrebadi Tu araeTikuri<br />
mocemulobebi `alegoriulad~ mainc gaazrebadni da eTikurni<br />
gamxdariyvnen. `filonma amocanad daisaxa eCvenebina filosofiisa da<br />
saRmrTo wignTa dedaarsis sinTezirebis SesaZlebloba da izruna<br />
Sesabamisi meTodisa da moZRvrebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. WeSmaritebis<br />
erTaderTobis mtkicebisTvis man alegoriuli meTodi ganaviTara, romlis<br />
winamorbedi iyo saberZneTSi stoelebis simboloebis Teoria da maT mier<br />
berZnuli miTebis axsnis wesi~ (51.346). Tavis mxriv, stoelTagan alegoriis<br />
yvelaze TvalnaTel magaliTs iZleva qrisiposi, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
`miTologiuri RmerTebi arseboben rogorc kosmosis calkeul nawilTa<br />
alegoriebi, magaliTad, kronosi aRniSnavs nakadTa dinebas, realur<br />
miwiers, hefestosi – cecxls da a.S~ (51.155). am adreul anu berZnul<br />
stoikur alegorizmSi ukve Cans miTologiuri poliTeisturi cnobierebis<br />
dasasrulis dasawyisi, ramdenadac ukve TviTon adreul stoelebTan<br />
`alegoriuli TvalsazrisiT moixseniebodnen usulo, utyvi bunebis<br />
obieqtebi~ (51.156). amdenad, filoni alegoriul meTods iqneb marTlac<br />
stoelebisgan sesxulobs, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom filonTan alegoria<br />
swored rom meTodis gagebiTaa mocemuli da ara RmerTTan Tu bunebis<br />
sagnebTan igiveobrivi saxiT. sxva sityvebiT, filonTan alegoria is gzaa,<br />
romelmac garkveul mouazrebad Tu araeTikur Sinaarsebs miRma<br />
raRacnairad, Tundac iracionalurad swored azrobrivi da eTikuri unda<br />
55
dagvanaxos. am konteqstSi filonTan TiTqos winaswaraa moxazuli<br />
tertulianes zemoT motanili frazis gamarTleba _ `mwams, radgan<br />
absurdia~. Sesabamisad, gasagebia, ratomac daamuSava filonma<br />
`alegoriuli meTodis safexurebrivi Tanamimdevroba mTliani formaluri<br />
struqturis Sesabamisad, romlis mixedviT pirveli safexuria bibliis<br />
teqstze muSaoba, mis debulebebze yuradRebis fiqsireba, meore safexuria<br />
am debulebebis ganmarteba maTSi filosofiuri sazrisis aRmoCenis<br />
mizniT, mesame safexurze dadgindeba mocemul debulebebSi gamoyenebuli<br />
saRmrTo simboloebisa da maTi Sinaarsobrivi ganmsazRvrelis<br />
filosofiuri cnebis igiveoba~ (51.346). am konteqstis mixedviT unda<br />
gaviazroT erTi SexedviT, ucnauri alegoriuli Sedarebebi filonTan,<br />
magaliTad, `bibliaSi moxseniebuli personaJebis saxelebi mis mier<br />
axsnili iyo sxvadasxva sulier mdgomareobaTa simboloebad, maTve<br />
ukvaSirebda zneobrivi qcevis saxeebs. filoni sityvaTa etimologiur<br />
mniSvnelobasac iSveliebda, magaliTad, adami – gonebas, eva – sicocxlesa<br />
da grZnobas, kaeni – ugunurebasa da angarebas gamoxatavda. zogjer igi<br />
SemTxveviT niSnebs aqcevda yuradRebas da vefxvs ganmartavda, rogorc<br />
`Jins~, aqlems _ `mexsierebas~, Txas _ `simarTlisken swrafvas~ ~<br />
(51.352_353). filonis es, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri alegorizmi imdenad<br />
ucnaurad aRar mogveCveneba, Tuki mas alegoriis gagebis filoniseulive<br />
zogad Wrils miuyenebT. aseT SemTxvvaSi, magaliTad goneba da grZnoba<br />
ara marTla adamisa da evas saxiT mogvecema, aramed gonebisa da grZnobis<br />
adamsa da evaze SedarebiT raRacnairad nagrZnob-nawvdomia gonebisa da<br />
grZnobis raoba maT TavisTavadobaSi. aseve unda gavigoT vefxvis `JinTan~,<br />
aqlemis `mexsierebasTan~, Txis `simarTlesTan~ filoniseuli alegoriuli<br />
Sedarebebic. Sesabamisad, bibliis mouazrebadi da araeTikuri pasaJebis<br />
racionalurobisa da eTikurobis aseTive nagrZnob-nawvdomis saxiT<br />
gagebis SesaZlebloba swored alegoriul prizmaSi gveZleva. maSasadame,<br />
filonis msgavsi alegoriuli Tvalsazrisi, erTgvari gamamarTlebeli<br />
saxiT mieyeneba bibliis zemoT miTiTebul e.w. paradoqsul pasaJebs, anu<br />
igi `arsebiTad TavisTavSi Seicavs yvela qristianul warmodgenas:<br />
adamianis TanSobil codvas, logoss, romelic gadaiqca Suamavlad<br />
56
RmerTsa da adamians Soris, monaniebas, RmerTisTvis sakuTari gulis<br />
Sewirvas~ (51.350).<br />
saboloo jamSi, `bibliis teqstze Taviseburi Zaldatanebis<br />
miuxedavad, romelsac filoni zog SemTxvevaSi mimarTavda, man Tavisi<br />
alegoriis meTodis danergviT filosofiisa da RvTismetyvelebis<br />
gaerTianebis pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba ganaxorciela. man safuZveli<br />
Cauyara saRmrTo wignTa mimarT, erTi mxriv, hermenevtikul midgomas,<br />
romelic Semdeg avgustinem Teologiuri hermenevtikis doneze aiyvana,<br />
meore mxriv, saTave daudo Sua saukuneebSi im mecnierul-sqolastikuri<br />
(samecniero skoluri) moRvaweobis farTod gaSlas, romelsac cnobili<br />
moazrovneni didi STagonebiT eweodnen saxarebaTa da sxva saRmrTo<br />
wignTa komentarebisa da axsna-ganmartebis mimarTulebiT~ (51.353).<br />
avgustinem, naSromSi _ `qristianuli mecniereba anu wminda<br />
hermenevtikis safuZvlebi da saeklesio mWevrmetyveleba~ _ marTlac<br />
seriozulad gaamaxvila yuradReba filon aleqsandrielis mier pivel<br />
saukuneTa mijnaze danergil saRmrTo wignTa gagebis tradiciaze, oRond<br />
filonisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadi aqcenti niSanTa Teoriaze gadaitana:<br />
`avgustinem saRmrTo wignTa interpretaciis Teoriuli safuZvlebis<br />
damuSavebisas stoelTa niSnis Teoria gamoiyena da Camoayaliba e.w.<br />
hermenevtikuli meTodi, romlis mixedviT, bibliis teqsti WeSmaritebis<br />
Sesaxeb daSifrul informacias iZleva da saWiroa am Sifrebis gageba.<br />
episkoposi moazrovne ufro Sors midis _ ena RmerTis WeSmaritebaTa<br />
daSifruli niSnebiT muSaobs. es upirveles yovlisa saRmrTo wignis enas<br />
exeba da Semdeg _ TviT grZnobadi sinamdvile da adamiani RmerTis<br />
WeSmaritebaTa Sifruli niSnebiT arsebobs. avgustinem gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba gaamaxvila enobriv niSnebze da maTi axsna miiCnia<br />
WeSmaritisagan mcdaris, qristianobisa da warmarTuli antikuri<br />
filosofiuri azrovnebis garCevis kriteriumad. misi azriT, warmarTul<br />
teqstebSi enobrivi niSnebi ar iZleva Tavdapirvel WeSmaritebaze<br />
informacias, qristianuli teqstebi ki iseT Sifrebzea agebuli, romelnic<br />
swori informaciis wyaroa WeSmaritebis wvdomisTvis... adamiani Semecnebas<br />
axorcielebs saganTa samyaroSi maTi moxmarebis procesSi, amave dros igi<br />
moixmars enas, sityviT niSnebs, sagnebi aRniSnulni arian niSnebiT, anu<br />
57
sityvebiT, sityva bgerebiT an asoebiT aRiniSneba. arsebobs am niSanTa<br />
WeSmariti SeerTebis wesebi. magram WeSmariti SemecnebisTvis ar aris<br />
sakmarisi niSan-sityvaTa SeerTebis siswore, aramed amis gareSea TviT<br />
azrTa WeSmariteba, romelic daSifrulia garkveuli niSnebiT. niSnebi<br />
orgvaria: bunebrivi da xelovnuri. xelovnuri niSnebi SeTanxmebiTaa<br />
dadgenili da maTi gadacema xdeba gansazRvruli sulieri moZraobis<br />
ZaliT. adamianTa urTierTSuRlma gansazRvra enaTa da damwerlobaTa<br />
gansxvavebani. adamianebs saerTo aqvT azrovnebis wesebi, rac azrovnebas<br />
ki ar gvaswavlis, aramed gagvagebinebs sworsa da araswor kavSirebs~<br />
(52.265, 266).<br />
avgustines aseTi Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi<br />
ibadeba kiTxva: saidan askvnida es filosofosi, rom warmarTul<br />
teqstebSi bunebrivi niSnebi ar iZlevian Tavdapirvel WeSmaritebaze<br />
informacias, xolo qristianuli teqstebi aseT WeSmarit Sifrebzea<br />
agebuli am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mizanSewonilia stoelTa<br />
niSnebis Teorias SevexoT, radgan rogorc mivuTiTeT, avgustinem<br />
interpretaciis faruli safuZvlebis damuSavebisas, safuZvlad am<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebiT stoelTa Tvalsazrisi gamoiyena: `gonebis<br />
moRvaweobis, logikuri azrovnebis bunebaSi sakmado Rrmad garkvevis<br />
Sedegad stoelebma aRmoaCines, rom Semecnebis procesi ar aris martivi<br />
asaxvis, anabeWdebis, anasaxebis SeZenisa da cnobierebaSi damagrebis<br />
meqanikuri procesi. SemecnebaSi sami momenti monawileobs: aRmniSvneli<br />
(sityva), aRsaniSni (sagani) da sazrisi im sityvisa, romliTac<br />
aRmniSvnelSi gamoiTqmeba aRsaniSnis obieqturi dedaarsi. es mesame aris<br />
`leqtoni~ (sityvasityviT `gamoTqmuli~), arasxeulebrivi, aramaterialuri<br />
(romelic gamoiTqmeba an daiwereba), gansxvavebuli sityvisaganac da am<br />
sityviT aRniSnuli sagnisganac. stoelebis mixedviT, sityva TavisTavSi<br />
raRaca sxeulebriv garkveulobas Seicavs, sityva bgerebisgan Sedgeba...<br />
`leqtonis~ cnebis SemotaniT stoelebma axali problema daayenes, maT<br />
dasves sakiTxi, materialurisa da fsiqikurisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
obieqturi arsis iseTi saxeobis Sesaxeb, romelsac sakmaod gvian<br />
neokantianelebma mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis cnebebi Seufardes,<br />
huserlis fenomenologiaSi ki misi analogia obieqturad arsebuli<br />
58
idealuri sazrisi. sagangebo kvlevis sagania, magram winaswarve SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom `leqtonis~ Sesaxeb stoleTa moZRvrebaSi platonis ideebis<br />
Teoriis trasformaciis momentic moiZebneba... sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom stoelebTan `leqtonis~ cnebaSi Cadebulia iseTi Sinaarsi, romelic<br />
gamoxatavs azris wminda obieqtsac da wminda azris sagansac, iseT<br />
sinamdviles, romelic damoukidebelia rogorc SegrZnebebisa da<br />
aRqmebisagan, ise sxeulebrivisagan. aqve isic unda davumatoT, rom<br />
`leqtonis~ mniSvneloba ar ifargleba arc Semecnebis Teoriisa da arc<br />
logikis sazRvrebiT, mas stoelebTan gacilebiT ufro farTo,<br />
ontologiis momcveli mniSvneloba aqvs~ (51.187, 188).<br />
rogorc xedavT, warmarTuli stoicizmis niSnis TeoriaSi<br />
monoTeizmis principebi ukve Zalze mkafiod ikveTeba. es gansakuTrebiT<br />
stoelebis mier `leqtonis~ gagebaSi Cans, amitomac SegviZlia stoelebTan<br />
platonis ideebis Teoriis transformaciis safuZvelic davinaxoT da<br />
`leqtonis~ gagebas ontologiuri mniSvnelobac mivaniWoT monoTeisturi<br />
mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis perspeqtiviT. amdenad, vfiqrobT, avgustine<br />
maincadamainc imas ki Aar adasturebda, TiTqos warmarTul teqstebSi<br />
enobrivi niSnebi pirdapiri gagebiT ar iZlevian Tavdapirvel<br />
WeSmaritebaze infromacias, aramed imas, rom warmarTebi amgvari enobrivi<br />
WeSmaritebis adekvaturad interpretacias ver axerxebdnen, Sesabamisad,<br />
maT enobriv niSnebSi imTaviTve mocemuli WeSmariteba mcdari<br />
interpretaciis morevSi iyo Cakarguli da SeTanxmebiT dadgenili<br />
xelovnuri niSnebis sulieri ZaliT gadacemis procesic aseTi mcdari<br />
interpretaciis mixedviT miedineboda, rac ganapirobebda imas, rom<br />
warmarTuli teqstebis enobrivi niSnebi Tavdapirvel WeSmaritebaze<br />
informaciis ver mocemis STabeWdilebas tovebda. Tavis mxriv, avgustines<br />
mixedviT, qristianuli teqstebi Tavdapirvel WeSmarit Sifrebze<br />
imdenadaa agebuli, ramdenadac am teqstebis adekvaturad gagebis pirobebi<br />
winaswarmoxazulis saxiT, rogorc es stoikosTa niSanTa Teoriidanac<br />
davinaxeT, warmarTul teqstebSicaa mocemuli. ufro zustad, avgustines,<br />
Cans, swored stoikosTa niSanTa Teoriam daanaxa warmarTul teqstebSi<br />
ukve winaswarmoxazulis saxiT nagulisxmevi WeSmariti Sifrebis<br />
adekvaturad anu WeSmariti Tvalsazrisis mixedviT interpretaciis<br />
59
SesaZlebloba. Tavis mxriv, interpretaciis Teoriuli safuZvlebis<br />
damuSavebiT miRebuli ZiriTadi postulatebi enobrivi Tu sxva tipis<br />
gansxvavebaTa miRma `mdebare~ azrovnebis wesebis saerToobis gamo yvela<br />
adamianisTvis saerTo unda gamxdariyo, iseve rogorc amave mizezis<br />
wyalobiT, filonis alegoriuli meTodis Teoriuli safuZvlebis arsi<br />
yvelasTvis erTnairad gasagebi unda gamxdariyo da amave dros<br />
miTiTebuli enobrivi Tu sxva tipis gansxvavebaTa Sesabamisi<br />
interpretaciis Sinaarsic swored ZiriTadi Teoriuli safuZvlebis<br />
CarCoebs ar unda gascdenoda. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebi swored<br />
amgvar WrilSi ganixilavdnen mTelisa da nawilebis urTierTmimarTebasac.<br />
mTelisa da nawilebis urTierTmimarTebaze refleqsias jer kidev<br />
antikuri moazrovneebi akeTebdnen, magram misi hermenevtikul WrilSi<br />
safuZvlianad gadmotana swored Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma<br />
ganaxorcieles. imave filon aleqsandrielTan da avgustinesTan saRmrTo<br />
teqstis romelime konkretul epizods, marTalia aseve konkretuli<br />
alegoria da konkretuli enobrivi Sifri mieyeneba, magram amgvar<br />
konkretulobaSi apriori mTlianis `sunTqva~ igrZnoba, radgan rom ara am<br />
konkretulis mTelidan gamomdinareoba, konkretuli SeiZleba ramdenadme<br />
gasagebi mainc yofiliyo, magram igi saerTo konteqstidan amovardnili<br />
darCeboda. meore mxriv, saRmrTo wignebs ver gavigebT mTlianobaSi, Tuki<br />
ver CavwvdebiT misi Semadgeneli nawilebis arss. Sesabamisad, Sua<br />
saukuneebis filosofosebic swored im daskvnamde midiodnen, rogor<br />
daskvnamdec saukuneebis Semdeg magaliTad, asti mivida: ama Tu im teqstis,<br />
maT Soris bibliis nawilebi SeiZleba TavisTavad konkretulobaSic<br />
iyvnen gasagebni, maT Soris alegoriis meTodiTac, magram es<br />
konkretulobani mainc imdenad arian gasagebni, ramdenadac mTelis gaSlagamovlinebani<br />
arian da mTelic imdenad gaigeba, ramdenadac am Tavis<br />
konkretul gaSla-gamovilnebaSi sakuTar Tavs wvdeba. ase Seikra bibliis<br />
safuZvelze `hermenevtikuli wre~ Sua saukuneebSi, romelic rogorc<br />
meTodi, Semdgomi periodis moazrovneebmac aitaces. gadameric, roca Sua<br />
saukuneebis hermenevtikul kvleva-Ziebebs exeba, erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
miuTiTebs: `saRvTo werilis namdvili sazrisi, cxadia, erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
gasagebi ar aris yvelgan da yovelTvis. calkeuli fragmentis gageba<br />
60
gapirobebulia saRvTo werilis mTlianobis gagebiT, iseve rogorc piriku<br />
– es mTeli SeiZleba nawvdomi iyos mxolod calkeuli fragmentebis<br />
gagebis wyalobiT. mTelisa da nawilebis mimarTebis amgvari Caketiloba<br />
TavisTavad ar aris raRac axali. is icoda ukve antikurma ritorikam,<br />
romelic adarebs srulyofil sityvas organul sxeuls, mimarTebas Tavsa<br />
da sxeulis sxva nawilebs Soris~ (71.223).<br />
mTelisa da nawilebis amgvari urTierTmimarTebis WrilSi Cawnuli<br />
bibliuri Sinaarsebis Tavisebur asaxvas warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis<br />
xelovnebac. sxva sityvebiT, xelovnebis verc erTi dargi vercerT epoqaSi<br />
verasdros acdeba misive Tanadrouli epoqaluri saazrovno garemodan<br />
gamomdinare Sinaarsebs. Sua saukuneebsac, rogorc davinaxeT, sakuTari<br />
saazrovno garemo axasiaTebda da Sesabamisad am epoqis mxatvruli<br />
teqstic mTlianad qristianul Sinaarss asxivebda. es Tvalsazrisi sulac<br />
ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi epoqis saazrovno<br />
garemos `gamosxiveba~ ZaldatanebiTi aqti iyo, piriqiT, igi iseTive<br />
Zaldautanebeli, bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, rogorc sulieri Zvrebi<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi, magaliTad _ poliTeisturi cnobierebis<br />
monoTeisturi cnobierebiT Secvlis procesi. poliTeisturi azrovnebidan<br />
monoTeistur azrovnebaze gadawyobis xangrZlivi procesi zustadac rom<br />
grndiozuli gardatexis etapia kacobriobis azrovnebaSi, magram amave<br />
dros, aseTi gardatexa, aSkarad aracnobier xasiaTs atarebda.<br />
kacobriobis azrovneba marTlac nabij-nabij, momavlis Sedegebis<br />
winaswarganWvretis gareSe mieqaneboda poliTesituri Sexedulebebidan<br />
monoTesiturisken da roca Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi,<br />
Sedegebi ukve saxeze iyo, iqneb garkveul ideologiur Tu sxva tipis<br />
mizanmimarTul qmedebebsac hqonda adgili, magram aseT mizanmimarTulebas<br />
zurgs ukve swored manamde globalur masStabebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
aRwerili procesi umagrebda. amgvar sulier-kulturul viTarebas<br />
zedmiwevniT kargad axasiaTebs germanel romantikosTa erT-erTi beladi,<br />
cnobili poeti da moazrovne novalisi. kerZod, werilSi `qrsitianoba Tu<br />
evropa~ igi wers: `Sua saukuneebi iyo brwyinvale dro, roca evropaSi<br />
qristianoba batonobda da yvelas saerTo interesi akavSirebda, roca<br />
61
TiToeuls bavSvuri ndoba hqonda RmerTis, rac uadvilebda maT Tavisi<br />
amqveyniuri daniSnulebis Sesrulebas~ (19.5).<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebis<br />
mxatvruli teqstic verafriT acdeboda religiur Sinaarsebs, imdenad<br />
ramdenadac Sua saukuneebis sulier-kulturuli atmosfero amave epoqaSi<br />
moRvawe mxatvruli teqstis SemqmnelisTvisac imTaviTve aracnobierad,<br />
apriori `misi~ iyo. swored am konteqstis mixedviT unda gavigoT Sua<br />
saukuneebis xelovnebaSi imdroindeli saazrovno garemos mixedviT<br />
nakarnaxevi Sinaarsebis asaxvis faqti da ara ZaldatanebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobiT. amdenad, is, rasac fridrix Selingi, rilke, imanuel kanti<br />
da sxva filosofosebi Zaldautanlobas uwodeben, mxatvruli teqstis<br />
aRmocenebis mTavari pirobaa da Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi, aseve sxva<br />
epoqebis xelovnebaSic, epoqis ideebica da grZnobebic swored<br />
Zaldautaneblad, bunebrivad airekleba. yvela epoqis xelovani, antikuri<br />
filosofiis erT-erT mTavar burjs, platons Tu davesesxebiT, udavod<br />
`gondakarguli~ moqmedebs da Tanamedrove terminologiiT Tu vityviT,<br />
swored am aracnobieri moqmedebisas eZleva xelovans misi Tanadrouli<br />
saazrovno ganwyobilebebi yvelaze wminda, `bavSvuri~ saxiT. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, xelovans aseTi ganwyobilebebi TviTcnobierebamde,<br />
refleqsiamde aqvs mocemuli da am ukanasknelsac igi mxatvrul teqstSi,<br />
mxatvrul qmnilebaSi, aseve bunebrivad da Zaldautaneblad gadaaqvs.<br />
Sesabamisad, absurdulad gamoiyureba kiTxva Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis<br />
SesaZlo naZaladevobis Taobaze, aseve imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos xelovani<br />
aracnobieri moqmedebisas mxatvrul teqsts epoqis Sinaarss ver SesZens.<br />
aracnobieri SemoqmedebiTi aqti xelovans araTu xels ar uSlis epoqis<br />
saazrovno ganwyobilebebis mxatvrul teqstSi gadatanis gzaze, aramed<br />
aseT dros mas epoqis ideebi da grZnobebi xelovnebis qmnilebaSi<br />
sruliad bunebrivad, yvelaze wminda saxiT gadaaqvs, Tanac aseTi<br />
bunebrivi siwminde yovelgvar Zaldatanebas, Sesabamisad cnobieri<br />
muSaobis monur winaswarganzraxulobas savsebiT gamoricxavs. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebSi moRvawe xelovansac savsebiT miesadageba<br />
fridrix Sileris sityvebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `Semoqmedebis aqtis<br />
momamzadebeli mdgomareobisas is (Semoqmedi) ver poulobs TavisTavSi<br />
62
aime saxes, sagans; arsebobs mxolod raRac musikaluri ganwyobileba,<br />
romelsac Semdgom mosdevs poeturi idea~ (7.313). swored aseT WrilSi<br />
aireklavda Sua sakuneebis Semoqmedi mis Tanadroul saazrovno<br />
atmosferos da Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom Sua saukuneebis mxatvruli<br />
teqstic mTlianad qristianul Sinaarss `asxivebda~. ipolit teni am<br />
viTarebas ase aRgviwers eklesiis agebulebaze, rogorc qristianuli<br />
arqiteqturis mwvervalze msjelobisas: `Senoba Tavisi ekvderis<br />
mowyobilobiT gamosaxavs jvars, romelzec suli dalia qristem, mrgvali<br />
sarkmlebi Tavisi almasiseburi yvavilebiT gamosaxaven samaridiso vards,<br />
romlis furclebic warmoadgenen gamoxsnilTa sulebs. yoveli nawilis<br />
sidide Seesabameba saRmrTo ricxvebs. meore mxriv, Senobis formebi<br />
Tavisi simdidriT, ucnaurobiT, gabedulebiT, sifaqiziT da<br />
uzarmazarobiT, kargad Seesabameba fantaziis TavSeukaveblobas da<br />
cnobismoyvareobas. aseTi sulis mqone adamians esaWiroeba cocxali,<br />
mravalnairi, cvalebadi, ukiduresi da ucnauri SegrZnebebi. aRarc svetsa<br />
xmaroben, arc horizontalur gardigardmo gadafenas, aRarc mrgval<br />
TaRs, mokled rom vTqvaT, uaryofen antikuri arqiteqturis mtkice<br />
saZirkvels~ (38.56). msgavs qristianul Sinaarss `asxivebda~ Sua<br />
saukuneebis musikac. am tipis musika `aZlevs adamians samlocvelo<br />
eqstazs, romelsac usasrulobisken gavyavarT, musika wyvets adamians<br />
miwieri cxovrebisagan da amaRlebs mas ciur sferoebamde. musika<br />
didebuli saCuqaria, romliTac RmerTma adamiani daajildova~ (93.27).<br />
musikis amgvari gageba SeiZleba iTqvas, zustad emTxveva musikis<br />
neoplatonistur gagebas. magaliTad, neoplatonikos plotines mixedviT,<br />
`musika adamianis suls amaRlebs da ganaridebs grZnobadi sagnebisagan,<br />
amzadebs mas saazrovno samyaros WvretisaTvis. musikis moyvaruli<br />
aracnobierad iswrafvis harmoniisa da sikeTisaken, gmobs borotiseuls,<br />
bgeraTa harmoniis abstraqcia xdeba materialurisagan, tkbobis mizezi is<br />
ki ar aris, Tu ra instrumentze sruldeba musikaluri nawarmoebi, aramed<br />
sruliad mowyvetilad amisagan, suli idealuri harmoniiT tkbobas<br />
eZleva” (52.212). amas garda, plotine `aviTarebs platonis moZRvrebas<br />
mSvenierebis safexurebis Sesaxeb da arCevs mSvenierebis gamoxatvis<br />
sxvadasxva formebs, miuTiTebs mSvenierebaze xelovnebaSi, mecnierebaSi,<br />
63
zneobaSi, romelTac suli sabolood erTianobaSi moaqcevs da gonis<br />
safexurze amaRlebuli mzaobaSia pirvelarsTan miaxloebisTvis~<br />
(52.212_213). musikisa da saerTod xelovnebis forma-Sinaarsis Taobaze<br />
platonisa da neoplatonikosebis aseTi Sexeduleba, qristianuli<br />
msfolmedvelobisTvis racionaluri da misaRebi iqneboda da rogorc<br />
zeviT vnaxeT, qristianma filosofos-Teologebma platonisa da<br />
neoplatonikosebis miTiTebuli Tvalsazrisi musikisa da zogadad<br />
xelovnebis qristianul gagebas warmatebiT miusadages kidec. Sua<br />
saukuneebis moraluri muxtis aRwerili logikis mixedviT, ra Tqma unda,<br />
imdroindeli ferwerac, skulpturaca da poeziac bunebrivad sazrdoobda.<br />
xelovnebis es saxeobebi marTalia poliTeisturi epoqis Sinaarsebsac<br />
gamoxatavdnen, magram rogorc zemoT erTgan ukve avRniSneT,<br />
gamoxatavdnen ara WeSmaritebad, aramed imis gaxsenebis saSualebad, rom<br />
qristianobamde arsebobda poliTeisturi cnobiereba, rogorc adamianis<br />
religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis sawyisi da mcdari etapi.<br />
kacobriobis religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis amgvar logikaze Tavis<br />
SromebSi hegelic miuTiTebs.<br />
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis saazrovno garemosa da amave epoqis<br />
xelovnebis urTierTCawmulobidan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis<br />
xelovnebis gagebis horizontic, cxadia, savsebiT Seesabameboda saRmrTo<br />
wignebis gagebis horizonts. metic, ukve gagebis aseTsave WrilSi iyo<br />
moqceuli antikuri xelovnebis gaazrebis SesaZleblobac, rogorc amaze<br />
ukve araerTxel miuTiTeT. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis<br />
nebismieri konkretuli nawarmoebi mTlianobaSi gaigeboda, rogorc<br />
konkretuli nawilebis TavisTavad gagebadi erToblioba, magram es<br />
konkretulobani mainc imdenad arian gagebadni, ramdenadac mTliani<br />
mxatvruli teqstis gaSla-gamovlinebebs warmoadgenen, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac Tavdapirveli mTliani idea sakuTar Tavs kvlavac nawilebis<br />
Tavdapirvel safuZvliseul erTianobad wvdeba. teqstis gagebis aseT<br />
struqturaSi miuRebeli TavisTavad araferia, magram Sua saukuneebis<br />
Semdgom, aRorZinebis (reformaciis, humanizmis) epoqaSi, mravali<br />
moazrovnisTvis teqstis gagebis miTiTebuli struqturis wiaRSi<br />
dafaruli saxiT nagulisxmevi aqsiomaturi principebi aRmoCnda<br />
64
miuRebeli. kerZod, Sua saukuneebis qristiani filosofos-Teologebi<br />
saRmrTo teqstebis gagebis hermenevtikul Wrils ise ki warmosaxavdnen,<br />
TiTqos saRmrTo teqstebi alegoriuli Tu sxva tipis midgomebiT<br />
TavisTavad gasagebni iyvnen, magram sinamdvileSi isini apriori<br />
emyarebodnen saeklesio dogmatikasa Tu qristian TeologTa avtoritets.<br />
aseT viTarebaze erT-erTma pirvelma miuTiTa reformaciis TvalsaCino<br />
warmomadgenelma martin luTerma, roca ganacxada _ `saRmrTo wignebi<br />
sakuTari TaviT sawvdomni arian~ (7.396). sxvagvarad, es debuleba,<br />
saRmrTo wignebis gagebis gzaze, ara mxolod saWirod ar Tvlida<br />
saeklesio dogmatikaze Tu sxva gareSe avtoritetebze damyarebas, aramed<br />
gulisxmobda imasac, rom saeklesio dogmatikaca da sxva gareSe<br />
avtoritetebic saRmrTo wignebis gagebis SesaZleblobas araTu aioleben,<br />
sinamdvileSi ufro aerTuleben kidec. gadameris Tanaxmad: `marad<br />
sakiTxavi saRmrTo wigni eklesiisTvis iyo biblia, magram misi gageba<br />
ganisazRvreboda da reformatorTa azriT Zneldeboda saeklesio<br />
dogmatikis tradiciiT~ (71.222). Tavis mxriv, martin luTerma, saRmrTo<br />
wignebis gagebis gzaze, saeklesio Tu sxva avtoritetebis uaryofis<br />
pirobebSi, SeinarCuna saRmrTo wignebis gagebis Sua saukuneobrivi sqema,<br />
magram Tavad gagebis axleburi Wrili ukve uaResad mniSvnelovani<br />
simptomebis aSkara maniSnebeli iyo: TviTon luTers saeklesio dogmebisa<br />
da avtoritetebis uaryofa, sulac ar ucdia saRmrTo wignebSi mocemuli<br />
Sinaarsebis uaryofasTan gaeigivebina, magram saRmrTo teqstebis gagebis<br />
luTeranuli Wrili, imis miuxedavad, ra rogor surda luTers, apriori<br />
gulisxmobda saRmrTo teqstebis Sinaarsebis uaryofis SesaZleblobasac.<br />
es Wrili ki Tavis mxriv uaRresad uaxlovdeboda msoflgagebis<br />
neoplatonistur gadmosaxeds. Tuki neoplatonistur monoTeizme SeiZleba<br />
msjeloba, es iseTi monoTeizmia, romelic erTi da imave dros, Sors dgas<br />
poliTeisturi cnobierebisganac da religiis gagebis monoTeisturqristianuli<br />
interpretaciisganac. aki aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebic<br />
swored azrovnebis amgvari stiliT xasiaTdebian, radgan isini, erTi<br />
mxriv, aRar gamoirCevian kanonikuri religiisadmi uapelacio morCilebiT,<br />
xolo meores mxriv, antikur suls, antikur kulturasa da xelovnebas<br />
rogorRac poliTeisturi safuZvlebis gareSe aRorZineben. swored amitom<br />
65
ewodeba aRorZinebis epoqas `aRorZinebis epoqa~ _ am epoqis moazrovneebs<br />
antikuri kultura poliTeisturi cnobierebiTurT rom aRedginaT, igi<br />
iqneboda antikuris ubralo gaxseneba, anu ukan dabruneba da ara<br />
`aRorZineba~. antikuri kulturis qristianuli dogmatikis safuZvelze<br />
xelaxali inetpretacia ki azrovnebis stilis TvalsazrisiT isev Sua<br />
saukuneebs mogvcemda da ara aRorZinebas. amdenad, aRorZinebis epoqa<br />
marTlac saintereso fenomenia, imitom rom `kacobiorbis ganviTarebaSi<br />
yoveli epoqis kultura gardamavalia, igi ganpirobebulia warsuliT da<br />
amzadebs pirobebs momdevnosaTvis. magram aRorZinebis epoqa<br />
gansakuTrebiT imsaxurebs am saxels, ragdan ori savsebiT Camoyalibebuli<br />
da gamokveTili kulturis: feodalizmis da kapitalizmis kulturaTa<br />
Sorisaa moqceuli. Sua saukuneebTan mTeli misi dapirispirebis<br />
miuxedavad aRorZinebis epoqa mniSvnelovnadaa ganmsWvaluli misi<br />
miznebiT da problematikiT, axal epoqasTan mTeli siaxlovis miuxedavad,<br />
gansxvaveba mainc arsebiTi rCeba. aRorZinebis kulturis specifikas ori<br />
didi kulturis swored es urTierTgamsWvalva qmnis. axali da Zveli aq<br />
isea gadaxlarTuli erTmaneTze, rom formaluri SesaZlebloba iqmneba,<br />
es kultura mTlianad mivakuTvnoT Zvels da misi ganviTarebis umaRles<br />
punqtad CavTvaloT, an axals da misi ganviTarebis sawyisidan<br />
warmovidginoT~ (65.142). Cveni azriT, ufro logikuria, aRorZinebis epoqa<br />
axal epoqas mivakuTvnoT da axali epoqa aRorZinebis epoqis sawyisidan<br />
ganviTarebis saxiT warmovidginoT, radgan axali epoqis azrobriv-ideuri<br />
Sinaarsi mTlianad aRorZinebis epoqis ZvelTan urTierTgamsWvaluli<br />
msoflmxedvelobis Tavisebur ataceba-ganviTarebas warmoadgens. aseve,<br />
Cveni azriT, aRorZinebis epoqis sawyisi wertili, yvelaze ufro mainc<br />
martin luTeris reformatorulma saqmianobam gansazRvra, radgan<br />
prqtikulad swored man gakvala gza Tavisufali azrovnebisaken,<br />
Tavisufali azrovneba ki Zvelsa da axals Soris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
konkurencias gulisxmobs. ganmanaTleblobis, humanizmisa da sxva amgvar<br />
moZraobaTa aRmoceneba, cxadia, swored Tavisufali saazrovno `bazris~<br />
produqtia, iseTi produqti, romelic ZvelTan dapirispirebis wiaRSi<br />
amoizarda. aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebTan ukve veRar vxvdebiT<br />
religiisadmi SeueWvebel damokidebulebas, metic, bevri maTgani<br />
66
eligiebs pirdapir gamonagonsa da siyalbes uwodebs. magaliTad, jer<br />
kidev luTeramde cota xniT adre moRvawe italiel humanist mwerlebs<br />
petrarkasa da bokaCos eWvi SeaqvT religiis dogmebSi. petrarkas<br />
`intimuri lirika mogviTxrobs siyvarulze, ara abstraqtul siyvarulze,<br />
aramed siyvarulze cocxali qaliSvilisadmi (laurasadmi), TiTqmis<br />
mTeli misi poezia miZRvnilia laurasadmi. bokaCo ki Tavis `dekameronSi~<br />
principulad ewinaaRmdegeba xucobis, berobis instituts da msgavs<br />
religiur dogmebs~ (6.19). aseTive Sualedur pozicias iWeren momdevno<br />
periodis frangi da germaneli humanistebi, magaliTad miSel monteni da<br />
iakob boeme. montenisTvis amosavali principi yvelaferSi eWvis Setanaa,<br />
maT Soris Teologiur principebSic. misTvis adamianuri morali<br />
religiisgan unda gaTavisuflebuliyo _ `qristianuli RmerTis saxeliT<br />
espanelebi xocaven amerikel mosaxleobas, angreven maT bednierebas~ (6.53)<br />
_ ambobda igi. boemec swored amdagvarad msjelobda, roca acxadebda _<br />
`CemTvis naTelia, rom yoveli Cxubi da kamaTi religiidan warmoiSva~<br />
(65.171). montenisa da boemesagan gansxvavebiT kidev ufro kategoriulia<br />
benediqt spinoza, romelmac saerTod uaryo nebismieri religiuri<br />
moZRvrebis WeSmariteba. igi pirdapir acxadebs, rom religiaTa<br />
warmoSobis bazisi aris SiSi: `SiSi aris mizezi crurwmenis warmoSobisa,<br />
adamiani am crurwmenis monad iqceva. adamianTa uvicobazea damokidebuli<br />
religiisa da eklesiis avtoriteti. religia saWiroa imisTvis, rom<br />
adamianebi morCilebaSi yavdes mefes, ufross~ (6.207). Sesabamisad, spinozas<br />
mtkicebiT `saRmrTo wignebi dawerilia daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis<br />
manZilze sxvadasxva avtoris mier gansxvavebuli epoqebis xalxebisTvis.<br />
es wignebi adamianTa dokumentia. unda gairkves, vin werda, ris gamo<br />
werda, visTvis werda, rogor iyo miRebuli isini TanamedroveTa mier, vis<br />
xelSi Cavarda da rogor iqna gadamuSavebuli; agreTve rogor da vin<br />
gaaerTiana isini erT mTlian saRmrTo wignebad~ (6.207). aseTive paToss<br />
iziarebs lesingic: `filosofosi iakobi SromaSi `spinozas filosofiis<br />
Sesaxeb~, gadmogvcems Tavis saubars lesingTan. lesingi am saubarSi<br />
ambobs, rom RvTaebis Sesaxeb orTodoqsuli warmodgenebi misTvis<br />
miuRebelia, rom is spinozas filosofiis momxrea~ (6.245). lesingis<br />
cnobili dramis `naTan brZenis~ mixedviT, namdvili religia keTili<br />
67
saqmeebis keTeba, adamianTa urTierTsiyvarulia da ara dogmaturi<br />
principebisadmi brma erTguleba: `kacobriobis istorias lesingi<br />
ganixilavs ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. es istoria aris kacobriorbis<br />
TandaTanobiTi srulqmnis istoria dabali safexurebidan maRlisaken. rac<br />
Seexeba religiebs, isini garkveuli istoriuli epoqiT arian<br />
ganpirobebuli. yoveli religia gamoxatavs ama Tu im epoqis cnobierebas,<br />
Semdgom epoqaSi arsebuli religia aRar Seesabameba kacobriobis<br />
Secvlil moTxovnilebas, misi ganviTarebis axal dones da amitom<br />
icvleba axali religiiT. amdenad, religiebi istoriulad warmoadgens<br />
safexurebs kacobriobis zneobrivi da kulturuli ganviTarebisa.<br />
sabolood unda gaimarjvos gonebam, samarTlianobam da humanizmma,<br />
romelic Secvlis religias~(6.247). analogiur ideebs lesingis<br />
paralelurad lesingze ufro gabedulad avrcelebdnen frangi<br />
ganmanaTleblebi. magaliTad, adreuli franguli ganmanaTleblobis<br />
warmomadgenlis pier beilis mixedviT, `zneoba sruliad damoukidebelia<br />
religiisagan, iseve rogorc, filosofia aris damoukidebeli<br />
religiisagan... zneobrivi normebis Rirseba TviTon am zneobriv normebSi<br />
unda veZeboT, maTi dakavSireba religiasTan maT Rirsebas arafers<br />
Sematebs~(6.303). pier beilis Tanamedrove kidev erTi ganmanaTleblis Jan<br />
melies mixedviT ki, `religia adamianTa gamogonilia, is Sedegia<br />
Secdomisa, iluziisa, eklesiis warmomadgenlebi atyueben xalxs.<br />
dasawyisSi religiuri Sexedulebebi moigones gaiZvera politikosebma,<br />
Semdeg es Sexedulebebi gaavrceles matyuarebma. uvicma, gaunaTlebelma<br />
mosaxleobam brmad daijera es tyuili~(6.305). rac Seexeba volters,<br />
franguli ganmanaTleblobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan warmomadgenels, igi<br />
religiis arsebobas imdenad amarTlebs, ramdenadac `religia saWiroa,<br />
rogorc lagami brbos damorCilebisaTvis. amitom, RmerTi rom ar<br />
arsebuliyo, saWiro iqneboda misi gamogoneba, mxolod am gziT SeiZleba<br />
brboze gabatoneba. RmerTis arsebobis rwmenis gareSe wesrigi<br />
sazogadoebaSi dairRveva, sazogadoeba moispoba~(6.312). volterisgan<br />
ramdenadme gansxvavebul azrebs aviTarebs frangi ganmanaTleblebis<br />
demokratiuli frTis warmomadgeneli Jan Jak ruso: `samarTlian, idealur<br />
sazogadoebaSi unda arsebobdes idealuri religia. es religia unda<br />
68
Seesabamebodes bunebasa da adamianis bunebriv grZnobebs. RmerTi<br />
samyarosa da adamianis Semoqmedia, man Caunerga adamians grZnobiereba da<br />
sindisi. es religia moiTxovs adamianisagan keTil saqmes, grZnobis<br />
gulwrfelobas~(6.351). sainteresoa, rom `es religia~ rusosTanac uaryofs<br />
oficialur religiasa da mis dogmatebs _ `religiuri aRzrda<br />
aucilebeli momentia axali adamianis SeqmnaSi, magram gamocxadebis<br />
religia im saswaulebiT, romliTac savsea igi, rusos mier principuladaa<br />
uaryofili~(6.351).<br />
saerTo jamSi, konkretul niuansebSi SexedulebaTa identurobis<br />
miuxedavad, aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia da xelovneba Sua saukuneebis<br />
saazrovno garemos Tavisebur saxecvlilebas mainc aSkarad adasturebs.<br />
swored azrovnebis amgvar WrilSi ewera ganviTareba SemdgomSi<br />
filosofias, xelovnebas, kulturas da aki marTlac ase moxda.<br />
$3. axsnisa da gagebis safuZvlebi<br />
Ggermanul filosofiaSi<br />
filosofosTagan erT-erTi upirvelesi, romelmac gagebis Teoriis<br />
seriozuli filosofiuri gaazreba mogvca, vilhelm dilTaia. ufro<br />
zustad, Tu sxva manamdel filosofosebTan gagebis, rogorc mecnieruli<br />
Teoriis dafuZnebis konturebi, umeteswilad igulisxmeboda, dilTaisTan<br />
amosavali wertili da refleqsiis sagani swored gagebaa, rogorc<br />
mecnieruli Teoria. gagebis Teorias dilTai Taviseburad afuZnebs.<br />
kerZod, misi mtkicebiT, roca gagebaze vlaparakobT, iq aucileblad<br />
sicocxle igulisxmeba da sadac sicocxlea, swored iqaa gagebac.<br />
Sesabamisad, dilTai bunebas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, uaRresad didi<br />
manZiliT mijnavs goniT-sulieri samyarosgan, ramdenadac buneba (materia)<br />
am filosofosTan sicocxlis ganzomilebas ar warmoadgens da<br />
amisdakvalad, bunebis (materiis) ganzomilebas gagebis meTodic ar<br />
miesadageba. sxva sityvebiT, dilTaisTan materia uaRresadaa gamijnuli<br />
imaterialurisgan, cnobiereba _ sagnisgan. aseTi gamijvna dilTaisTan<br />
marTlac didi ukiduresobiT xasiaTdeba, im donis ukiduresobiT, rom<br />
araTu cnobierebisa da sagnis raimenairi tipis Tanxvedra-Sesabamisaobaze,<br />
69
maT urTierTSedarebazec ki zedmetia laparaki: `garegani sagnis<br />
WeSmariteba, rogorc xatis Sesabamisoba realobasTan, ar arsebobs,<br />
radgan es realoba arc erT cnobierebaSi ar aris mocemuli da,<br />
maSasadame, gamoricxavs Sedarebas~ (7.370). amitomac, askvnis dilTai, rom<br />
goniT-sulieri samyaro bunebismecnierebaTa principebiTa da kategoriebiT<br />
ar unda vikvlioT, goniT-sulier samyaros bunebismecnierebaTa<br />
kategoriebisgan absoluturad gansxvavebuli kategoriebi Seesabameba.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia dilTais meTodologiuri dualizmic.<br />
bunebisa da goniT-sulieri samyaros erTmaneTisgan ase mkacrad gamijvna,<br />
cxadia, meTodebis Sesabamis gamijvnasac moiTxovs da dilTaic<br />
gamosavals advilad poulobs. misi azriT, axsnis meTodi bunebas unda<br />
mivusadagoT, gagebisa _ goniT-sulier samyaros. sxvagvarad, `Zalze<br />
mokled es gza SegviZlia davaxasiaToT Tavad dilTais mier mocemuli<br />
formuliT, romelic ase SeiZleba gamovTqvaT: `buneba sarbielia axsnisa,<br />
goni _ gagebisa~ (7.374) dilTais es Tvalsazrisi ukeTesad rom gaviazroT,<br />
mizanSewonilia mis azrTa dinebas mivyveT: `gageba grZnobadSi<br />
`dafaruli~ aragrZnobadis amocnobas niSnavs. iseTi grZnobadi masala,<br />
fizikuri fenomeni, romelSic araferia, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
`Cadebuli~, e. i. romelsac ara aqvs `Sinagani~ mxare, gamosasaxi Sinaarsi,<br />
cxadia, SeuZlebelia gavigoT. aseTi obieqti, dilTais Tanaxmad, unda<br />
aixsnas, is bunebismecnierebis sferos ganekuTvneba da ara<br />
gonismecnierebas~ (7.380).<br />
maSasadame, dilTaisTan bunebas ar axasiaTebs `Sinagani~ mxare,<br />
`siRrmiseuli Sinagani sazrisi~, gancda da mas arc SeiZleba goniTsulieri<br />
sferos meSveobiT vwvdeT da gavigoT, Tavis mxriv, goniT-sulier<br />
samyaros fsiqikuri myofoba ar axasiaTebs: `roca vlaparakobT,<br />
magaliTad, qvis Sesaxeb, vgulisxmobT fizikur movlenas, roca vsaubrobT<br />
SiSis an SimSilis gancdaze, fsiqikuri arsebobis wesi gvaqvs<br />
mxedvelobaSi. aq Cven ar vcdebiT. magram, vTqvaT, vlaparakobT iseT<br />
fenomenebze, rogoricaa ena, mecniereba, zneoba, xelovneba... advili<br />
SesaZlebelia, isinic fsiqikurs mivakuTvnoT: adamianis gareSe, adamianis<br />
qmedebis gareSe isini xom ar arseboben! swored es mikuTvneba iqneba<br />
ontologiuri sibrmavis gamomJRavneba. enas, mecnierebas, zneobas,<br />
70
xelovnebas da sxva am tipis fenomenebs ara aqvT fsiqikuri buneba,<br />
fsiqikuri fenomeni subieqtis kuTvnilebaa, adamianis Sinagani, sulieri<br />
cxovrebis nawilia, individualuria. ena an mecniereba ar daiyvaneba<br />
fsiqikurze, ramdenadac maTTvis arsebiTia swored is, rom yoveli<br />
maTgani, upirveles yovlisa, obieqturia, e. i. ar aris Cemi individualuri<br />
sulieri cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawili. fizikosi qmnis Teorias, poeti<br />
wers leqss, fizikosi da poeti kvdebian, maTi qmnilebebi ki ganagrZoben<br />
arsebobas. es, cxadia, niSnavs imas, rom amgvarad qmnili fenomeni ar<br />
daiyvaneba individis Sinagani, sulieri cxovrebis fenomenebze, ar<br />
daiyvaneba fsiqikaze. mecnierebac da xelovnebac adamianis moRvaweobis<br />
Sedegia, magram subieqtidan, individidan gareT gatanilia,<br />
zeindividualuria, obieqturia. adamianisaTvis bavSvobis asakSi ena<br />
savsebiT obieqturia, garemdebarea, asaTvisebelia, Sesaswavlia. amiT ena<br />
fizikur sagnebs emsgavseba: isinic obieqturni arian. gansxvaveba isaa, rom<br />
mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi da sxva msgavs fenomenebSi obieqtad qceulia<br />
goni. maSasadame, am fenomenebisaTvis savsebiT ucxoa fizikuri sxeulis<br />
arsebobis wesi. rogorc Cans, isini arc fizikurni arian da arc<br />
fsiqikurni, maTi arsebobis wesi Taviseburia, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom esaa<br />
swored obieqturi gonis arsebobis wesi” (7.388_389). dilTais obieqturi<br />
gonic Taviseburad esmis, igi `aTavisuflebs hegels metafizikurspekulaturi<br />
momentebidan: absoluturi gonis formebi _ xelovneba,<br />
religia da filosofia masTan aRar warmoadgenen metafizikurad<br />
gaazrebuli absoluturi gonis TviTwvdomis saSualebebs. isini<br />
`obieqturi gonis~ jgufSi Tavsdebian. `subieqtur gons~ dilTaisTan<br />
upirispirdeba mxolod `obieqturi goni~, romlis safuZvelSi aRar devs<br />
RmerTi: `obieqturi goni~ `subieqturi gonis~ qmnilebaa, gasagnebaa,<br />
metafizikuri Zala dilTaisTan ar Cans. samagierod, aq Cans sicocxle,<br />
sicocxlis gamosaxuleba. sicocxlis gamosaxulebasTan Cven SegviZlia<br />
davamyaroT sasicocxlo kavSiri _ gancdiT vwvdeT mas. es wvdoma<br />
gasagebia, gancda Cveni arsebis totalobaa, Tavad sicocxlea: msgavsi<br />
wvdeba msgavss, sicocxle wvdeba sicocxles” (7.389_390). raTa ukeTesad<br />
dagvanaxos gansxvaveba bunebasa da goniT-sulier samyaroebs Soris,<br />
dilTai mizezobriobis Taobaze Tavisebur Sexedulebasac gvTavazobs,<br />
71
omlis Tanaxmadac, mizezobrioba grZnobad cdaSi ki ar `amoikiTxeba~,<br />
aramed Cveni meSveobiT `emateba~ grZnobadi cdiT mocemul masalas da,<br />
amdenad, mizezobrioba mxolod hipoTezaa. axsniTi mecnierebani, anu<br />
bunebis mecnierebani, dilTais azriT, yovelTvis hipoTezuri,<br />
konstruqciuli da sinTezuri mecnierebebia, maSin roca gonis<br />
mecnierebani ar saWiroeben hipoTezebs, radgan sazrisian kavSirebs gonis<br />
mecnierebebi imTaviTve Sinaganad gulisxmoben da amitomac es Sinaganad<br />
nagulisxmevi sazrisiani kavSirebi gagebis obieqtebs warmoadgenen.<br />
magaliTad, `vkiTxulob frazas: `axla, roca am striqons vwer, SuaRame<br />
iwvis, dneba~. am frazis wvdomisaTvis saWiroa hipoTezebi, adre<br />
izolirebul elementTa sinTezi an konstruireba cxadia, ara! frazis<br />
sazrisi, masSi arsebuli kavSiri, fraziT gamoxatuli ganwyobileba<br />
Tavidanve Sinaganad ganicdeba Cem mier~ (7. 377).<br />
cxadia, unda daveTanxmoT dilTais, rom goniT-sulieri samyaro<br />
bunebismecnierebaTa principebisgan da kategoriebisgan gansxvavebul<br />
asociaciebs warmoSobs, magram gana es sakmarisi mamtkicebelia saimisod,<br />
TiTqos bunebasa da goniT-sulier samyaros aranairi Sinagani kavSiri ar<br />
axasiaTebT ase xom es ori sfero erTmaneTisagan sruliad gaTiSuli<br />
darCeba, rac ara gvgonia, WeSmaritebas Seesabamebodes. ragind Sorsac<br />
unda gaveqceT miTiTebul kavSirs, igi Tavs srulad Tu ara, nawilobriv<br />
mainc amJRavnebs da gvaiZulebs mas yuradReba mivaqcioT. aseT iZulebas<br />
verc dilTai gaeqca, Tumca am siZneles Taviseburad miudga da, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, Zalze aradamajerebeli Tvalsazrisi SemogvTavaza, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac Cveni cnobierebisgan damoukidebeli gare samyaro imdenad<br />
arsebobs, ramdenadac adamians, rogorc ltolvaTa sistemas, gare samyaro<br />
winaaRmdegobaTa saxiT eZleva, rogorc `sxva~. SeiZleba es marTlac ase<br />
gamoiyurebodes, magram aradamajerebloba aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gare<br />
samyaros, rogorc `sxvad~ mocemuloba, dilTaisTvis bunebisa da goniTsulieri<br />
samyaros, Sesabamisad bunebismecnieruli da gonismecnieruli<br />
meTodebis gamijvnisaTvis sakmarisi sababia, maSin roca, rogori xarisxis<br />
sxvadyofnadac unda gveZleodes garesamyaro, sinamdvileSi swored imave<br />
xarisxis Sinagan urTierTkavSirze miuTiTebs igi goniT-sulier<br />
samyarosTan, Tundac iribad. maSasadame, garesamyaros, Tundac<br />
72
`sxvadyofnad~ mocemuloba sinamdvileSi Cveni cnobierebisa da<br />
garesamyaros araTu gaTiSulobaze, piriqiT, maTi siRrmiseuli kavSiris<br />
maRal xarisxze mianiSnebs. aqedan gamomdinare ki, bunebis mizez-<br />
Sedegobriv kavSirTa Cvens cnobismier danamatad, anu Cvens cnobismier<br />
hipoTezad gamocxadeba gamosavali sulac ar aris. ufro zustad,<br />
dilTaisTan cnobismieri hipoTezebi gare samyaros garedan, xelovnurad<br />
miewereba, maSin roca hegelTan buneba aseve `sxvadyofnaa~, magram es iseTi<br />
`sxvadyofnaa~, romelic imTaviTve cnobierebaSia Cafesvili, rogorc<br />
safuZvelSi da gauswrebad SesaZleblobaSi gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-<br />
TviTwvdomis gzaze.<br />
amrigad, garesamyaro cnobierebas hipoTeturi kveTebis saSualebas<br />
imdenad aZlevs, ramdenadac, hegeliseulad rom vTqvaT, TviTon gare<br />
samyaro, rogorc gonis `yru Zvra~, imTaviTve gonis TviTwvdomis saboloo<br />
etapTan safexurebrivad ufro axlo mdgomi cnobierebis, rogorc gonis<br />
kidev ufo metad daZrulobis pirmSoa. aqedan gamomdinare, garesamyaroze<br />
cnobierebis hipoTeturi kveTeba araTu hipoTetur, imTaviTve realur<br />
kveTebad gamoiyureba. rogori mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebic axasiaTebs<br />
cnobierebas, iseTive mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi axasiaTebs gare<br />
samyarosac da rogori mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebic axasiaTebs gare<br />
samyaros, iseTive mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi axasiaTebs cnobierebasac.<br />
cnobierebisa da garesamyaros msgavsi siRrmiseuli TanSewyobilobis, anu<br />
`SuaSi gavlis~ miuxedavad, `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneles georg vilhelm<br />
hegelTan marTalia mainc vawydebiT, radgan cnobierebisa da materiis<br />
safuZvliseuli erTianobis meqanizmis axsna uZnelesi saqmea, magram<br />
hegelTan `SuaSi gavlis~ siZnele cnobierebisa da materiis<br />
safuZvliseuli erTianobis simptomebs mainc gamoxatavs, maSin roca<br />
dilTai `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneles cnobierebisa da materiis ufro metad<br />
daSorebis saSualebad iyenebs.<br />
dilTaize imTaviTve gacilebiT Tanmimdevrulia artur Sopenhaueri,<br />
mTeli misi filosofia `SuaSi gavlis~ siZnelis daZlevis mcdelobaa. igi<br />
kantis msgavsad cnobierebis apriorul formebs aRiarebs. miaCnia, rom<br />
mTeli samyaro Cven swored am apriorul yalibebSi gveZleva da amitomac<br />
askvnis: `samyaro aris Cemi warmodgena~ (7.260). Sopenhaueri amaze ar<br />
73
Cerdeba, radgan `namdvili sinamdvilis~, anu TaviTavadi nivTebis<br />
samyaroSi SeRwevis survili dauZlevelia, magram rogor unda gadavideT<br />
`warmodgenaTa samyarodan~ `TavisTavadi nivTebis~ samyaroze<br />
Sopenhaueris Tanaxmad, sanam Cveni mzera mimarTulia gareT, gare nivTebze<br />
da procesebze, `TavisTavadi nivTis~ sferosken mimavali gza ar Cans: `am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cven cixesimagres vuvliT gars, vxedavT mis fasads, magram<br />
Sig ver SevdivarT~ (7.272). `SuaSi gavlis~ am siZnelis dasaZlevad<br />
Sopenhaueri dilTaisgan imTaviTve gansxvavebul, hegelis msgavs<br />
Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs. aki hegelisTvisac sinamdvilis dabali formebi,<br />
magaliTad, eleqtrooba an miziduloba ki ar gvagebinebs maRals, aramed<br />
piriqiT, maRali formebi _ dabals. sinamdvilis maRali forma ki<br />
SopenhauerTan TviTcnobierebaa, sinamdvilis `dabal safexurze moqmedi<br />
`Zalebi~ _ miziduloba, eleqtroba, magnetizmi da a.S. ver agvixsnian<br />
sinamdvilis maRal formebs, radgan Tavad saWiroeben gagebas. maTi<br />
gagebis erTaderTi saSualeba ki swored subieqtisken mzeris mobrunebaa.<br />
swored sakuTar TavSi, swored TviTcnobierebis saSualebiT SemiZlia me<br />
vipovo sakuTar TavSi, iseTi ram, rac CemTvis, bunebis Zalisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, savsebiT gasagebi ramaa da Semdeg, mis safuZvelze, misi<br />
analogiiT, gavigo bunebis Zalebi da kanonebi, fizikuri Tu qimiuri<br />
kanonzomierebebi~ (7.272_273]) cxadia, Sopenhaueris aseTi Tvalsazrisi<br />
Zalze waagavs hegelis mtkicebas, romlis Tanaxmadac gonis<br />
TviTSemecneba-TviTCaRrmavebis gzaze, yoveli momdevno safexuri,<br />
safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa wina safexurebisa. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi wina safexuri bunebaa, momdevno _ TviTcnobiereba.<br />
Sopenhauers swored bunebisa da cnobierebis (TviTcnobierebis) kavSirSi<br />
Caxedva, anu maTi urTierTkavSiris Sinagani meqanizmi surs axsnas, es is<br />
Sinagani meqanizmia, romelsac Cven `SuaSi gavlis siZnele~ vuwodeT.<br />
`SuaSi gavlis~ Sinagani meqanizmis, anu bunebisa da cnobierebis<br />
(TviTcnobierebis) siRrmiseul erTianobaSi Caxedvas, Sopenhaueri<br />
Semdegnairad cdilobs: `nebis yoveli WeSmariti, namdvili, uSualo aqti,<br />
amave dros da uSualod aris agreTve sxeulis gamovlenili aqti. amis<br />
Sesabamisad, meore mxriv, sxeulze yoveli zemoqmedeba, amave dros da<br />
uSualod aris zemoqmedeba nebaze... sxeuli Cemi nebis Semecnebis pirobaa,<br />
74
amitom me ar SemiZlia warmovidgino es neba Cemi sxeulis gareSe~ (7.274,<br />
275).<br />
ase Taviseburad warmoaCina bunebisa (materiisa) da cnobierebis<br />
(TviTcnobierebis) siRrmiseuli erTianoba Sopenhauerma. aseTi erTianobis<br />
warmoCena ki avtomaturad cdiseuli, anu warmodgenaTa da metafizikuri,<br />
anu TavisTavadi nivTebis samyaroTa `urTierTSuaSi gavlis~ siZnelis<br />
Taaviseburad gadawyvetasac gulisxmobs, nebis nebismieri uSualo aqti<br />
xom SopenhauerisTvis amavdroulad metafizikuri nebis gamovlenaa. ufro<br />
zustad, rom ara nebis aqti, rogorc metafizikuri nebis gamovlena,<br />
SopenhauerisTvis metafizikur da cdiseul samyaroTa `urTierTSuaSi<br />
gavlis~ procesic sruliad mouxelTebeli aRmoCndeboda. amitomac<br />
amtkicebs Sopenhaueri, rom `nebis aqti atarebs yvelaze gamWvirvale<br />
safarvels, masSi Cans `nivTi TavisTavad~ , misi aRqma aris wertili,<br />
sadac `nivTi TavisTavad~ yvelaze uSualod Sedis movlenaSi da<br />
uaxloesad ganaTdeba Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier~ (7.276). aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, mSvenivrad Cans, rom ris winaSec kantma, Tu SeiZleba ase<br />
iTqvas, ukan daixia, Sopenhauerma swored iq `gaiara SuaSi~, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, saamisod Zalisxmeva ar daiSura. Sesabamisad, Tuki kantTan<br />
warmodgenaTa samyarosa da TavisTavadi nivTebis gaTiSulobas vxvdebiT,<br />
SopenhauerTan metafizikuri nebis safuZvelze maT raRacnair mWidro,<br />
siRrmiseul, Tundac iracionalur kavSirs viRebT. amasTan, SopenhauerTan<br />
edmund huserlisa da saerTod fenomenologebis amosavali wertilis<br />
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi safuZvelSive uTqmelad igulisxmeba imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac fenomenologebisgan gansxvavebiT, SopenhauerTan arsebis<br />
wvdomisTvis arsebobis `amorTva~ yovlad warmoudgenelia. arsebobis<br />
`amorTvis~ daSvebiT Sopenhaueris sistema mTlianad daingreva, radgan Tu<br />
fenomenologebi arsebis, anu TavisTavadi nivTis wvdomas, arsebobisgan,<br />
anu movlenebisgan, gindaT, warmodgenaTa samyarosgan izolirebiT<br />
cdilobdnen, SopenhauerTan arsebis, anu TavisTavadi nivTebis wvdoma,<br />
arsebobis, anu movlenebis, igive warmodgenaTa samyaros prizmaSi<br />
`gauvlelad~ savsebiT SeuZlebelia. amiT, Tavis mxriv, Sopenhaueri Zalze<br />
uaxlovdeba egzistencialistebs, gansakuTrebiT martin haidegers,<br />
romelic adamianisa da samyaros saidumloebaTa axsnas swored<br />
75
arsebobaze, anu movlenaTa Tu warmodgenaTa samyaroze gavliT cdilobs:<br />
`ramdenadac gageba ganwyobiTia da rogorc aseTi, egzistencialurad<br />
gadagdebulobas gadacemuli, amdenadaa munyofiereba imTaviTve acdenili<br />
Tavis Tavs da ver cnobs mas. amitom igi Tavis yofnis unarSi dgas<br />
SesaZleblobis winaSe, rom Tavis SesaZleblobebSi sakuTari Tavi<br />
xelaxla naxos. gageba aris TviT munyofierebis, sakuTari yofnis unaris<br />
egzistencialuri yofiereba, magram ise, rom es yofiereba TviT masSi<br />
gaxsnis, TviT masTan yofnis rasTan... gageba Tavis moxazulobiT xasiaTSi<br />
eqzistencialurad qmnis imas, rasac Cven munyofierebis beds vuwodebT...<br />
gamoTqma `bedi~ cxadia, gaugebrobisgan unda davifaroT, igi Seesatyviseba<br />
ganaTebulobas, riTac Cven `munis~ gaxsniloba davaxasiaTeT... xedis<br />
eqzistencialuri mniSvnelobisaTvis xedvis mxolod is Taviseburebaa<br />
aRebuli, rom xedva misTvis misawvdom yofierT TviT Tavis TavTan<br />
daufaravi Sexvedris SesaZleblobas aZlevs... munyofiereba, rogorc<br />
gageba, Tavis yofierebis monaxazs SesaZleblobebze akeTebs... masSi gageba<br />
Tavis mier gagebuls gagebiTad iTvisebs... gagebis monaxazSi yofieri<br />
gaxsnilia mis SesaZleblobaSi. SesaZleblobis xasiaTi yovelTvis<br />
Seesabameba gagebuli yofieris yofnis wess... sazrisi gagebuli unda iqnas,<br />
rogorc gagebis kuTvnili gaRebulobis formalur-egzistencialuri<br />
xaraCo... da roca Cven yofierebis sazriss veZebT, amiT kvleva<br />
Rrmaazrovani ki ar xdeba da imis Cxrekas ki ar iwyebs, rac yofierebis<br />
ukan dgas, aramed kiTxulobs TviT yofierebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac igi<br />
munyofierebis gagebaSi Semosula... samyaros yovel gagebaSi<br />
Tangagebulia egzistenci da piruku~ (54. 222, 225, 226, 228, 232, 233_234).<br />
saerTod, haidegerTan gageba gasagebis imTaviTve winaswargagebaa,<br />
anu gasagebis imTaviTve Seucnoblad wvdomiloba da amdenad, am<br />
Seucnoblis SemdgomSi ramdenadme gacnobierebis winaswarmoxazulobaa<br />
gauswrebadi safuZvlisa da SesaZleblobis saxiT. amitomacaa gageba,<br />
rogorc aseTi, Tavisive gauswrebadi winaswarmoxazuli safuZvel-<br />
SesaZleblobis mixedviT sakuTarive Tavis xelaxla povna, es<br />
kvlavpovnileba ki yvelaze ukeT swored arsebobis, rogorc<br />
egzistencialurad `gadagdebuli~ xedis, rogorc `xedvis~ da sxva<br />
amdagvarad `gadagdebuli~ egzistencialebis, magaliTad, ganzraxvis,<br />
76
winaswargadawyvetis, Zrwolis, mzrunvelobis WrilSi xorcieldeba,<br />
ramdenadac, es ukanasknelni xels uwyoben arsebaTa gamovlenas, rogorc<br />
gagebis SesaZleblobis kidev ufro gaxsnas. aqedan gamomdinare miuTiTebs<br />
haidegeri, rom `fenomenologiuri arsebis Wvretac egzistencialur<br />
gagebas efuZneba... gagebisa da saerTod `mun~-is gaxsnilobis analizis<br />
dros Si-yofnis gaxsnilobas ewoda munyofierebis naTeba, romelSic<br />
pirvelad xdeba SesaZlebeli iseTi raime, rogoricaa bedi. bedi<br />
gacnobierebuli iyo gagebaze, rogorc yvela munyofierebisnairi<br />
gaRebulobis ZiriTad saxeze orientaciiT, yofierTa zusti aTvisebis<br />
azriT, yofierTa, romlebTanac munyofierebas misi arsebiTi yofierebis<br />
SesaZleblobebis Tanaxmad, SeuZlia mimarTeba hqondes. bedis ZiriTadi<br />
struqtura vlindeba `danaxvisken~ yoveldRiurobis specifikur<br />
yofierebiT tendenciaSi... yofiereba is aris, rac wminda mWvretel<br />
dakiTxvaSi vlindeba da mxolod es xedva aRmoaCens yofierebas.<br />
pirveladi da namdvili WeSmariteba Zevs wminda WvretaSi. amieridan es<br />
Tezisi dasavluri filosofiis safuZveli xdeba. masSia hegelis<br />
dialeqtikis motivi da mxolod misi safuZvlidanaa es dialeqtikac<br />
SesaZlebeli~ (54. 226, 260,261). haidegeris es monologi didwilad marTlac<br />
Seesatyviseba Sopenhaueris Tvalsazrisebs gagebis SesaZleblobis<br />
Taobaze, ramdenadac haidegeris `xedi~, rogorc `xedva~ da `xedva~,<br />
rogorc Wvreta, rogorRac identuria Sopenhaueris nebis aqtisa.<br />
haidegerTan `xedSi~, rogorc `xedvaSi~ da `xedvaSi~, rogorc WvretaSi<br />
vlindeba arseba, xolo SopenhauerTan nebis aqtSi, rogorc metafizikuri<br />
nebis gamovlenis WrilSi, TavisTavadi nivTi rogorRac moCans, iseve<br />
rogorc, arseba Tu TavisTavadi nivTi ramdenadme winaswar warmoCindeba<br />
Selingis `inteleqtualur Wvretasa~ Tu hegelis `WvretaSi~, rogorc<br />
`SemgrZneb inteleqtualobaSi~. saerTod, `inteleqtualur Wvretasac~ da<br />
`SemegrZneb inteleqtualobasac~, mizanSewonilia, erToblivad<br />
`inteleqtualuri intuicia~ vuwodoT.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, Sopenhauerisa da haidegeris Tvalsazrisebi ara<br />
mxolod arsebisa da arsebobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi emTxveva<br />
erTmaneTs, amitomac da ara mxolod amitom, SegviZlia, Sopenhaueri<br />
`TiTqmis egzistencialistadac~ ki movixsenioT. rac Seexeba sxeulis da<br />
77
nebis dualizmis problemis gadawyvetas SopenhauerTan, unda aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom saboloo jamSi, misTvis aseTi dualizmi mcdaria, radgan<br />
`sinamdvileSi am gansxvavebas warmoSobs ganxilvis wesi _ is, rac garegan<br />
mzeraSi meZleva, rogorc sxeuli, SinaganSi meZleva rogorc neba~ (7.274).<br />
maSasadame, Cven iZulebuli varT goniT-sulier da materialur samyaroze<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli kategoriebiTa da cnebebiT vilaparakoT,<br />
magram aseTi iZulebiTi cnebiT-terminologiuri gansxvaveba, bunebisa da<br />
cnobierebis erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli paralelizmis samtkiceblad ki<br />
ar unda gamoviyenoT, aramed miTiTebul gansxvavebul cnebiTterminologiur<br />
aparatSi Tundac iribad, swored maTi siRrmiseuli<br />
kavSiri unda vigulisxmoT. cxadia, swored aseTi viTareba unda gvqondes<br />
SopenhauerTan misive Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, anu SopenhauerTan<br />
axsnisa da gagebis urTierTmimarTeba dilTais midgomaTagan<br />
gansxvavebulia. ufro konkretulad, dilTaisTan axsnis meTodi bunebis<br />
movlenebs miesadageba, xolo gageba goniT-sulier samyaroSi batonobs,<br />
maSin roca SopenhauerTan es meTodologiuri dualizmi moxsnilia,<br />
ramdenadac swored goniT-sulieri samyaroa gza da xidi bunebis<br />
movlenebis asaxsnelad. Sesabamisad, SopenhauerTan gageba ukve imTaviTve<br />
axsnas unda niSnavdes, axsna ki Tavis TavSi gagebas unda gulisxmobdes,<br />
rogorc es kidev erT germanel filosofosTan fridrix astTanaa.<br />
astTan, Sopenhauerisa da hegelis SexedulebaTa zemoT miTiTebuli<br />
Serwymuli varianti, marTlac imTaviTve igulisxmeba: `aris goni da gonis<br />
gareSe ar arsebobs araviTari sicocxle, araviTari yofa, Tavad<br />
grZnobaTa samyaroc ki. goni yovlismomcvelia, is yvelganaa, sadac ki<br />
aris yofna, Tavad materialur sxeulebSic ki arsebobs Tavdapirveli<br />
erTianoba yvela nivTierebisa da swored amitomaa SesaZlebeli gageba~<br />
(7.398) _ amtkicebs asti da misi es monologi Zalze waagavs gonis<br />
TviTCaRrmavebis hegeliseul Tvalsazriss, kerZod im adgils, sadac<br />
laparakia materiaze (bunebaze), rogorc gonis `yru Zvraze~ TviTwvdomis<br />
procesis WrilSi. gonis materiaSi `myofobisa~ da saerTod, sicocxlis<br />
gonis gareSe ar arsebobis mtkiceba astTan, principSi igivea, rac gonis<br />
`yru Zvra~ da Semdgom da Semdgom ufro metad daZruloba-TviTCaRrmaveba<br />
hegelTan. Tavis mxriv, TviTCaRrmavebis gzaze gonis daZrulobis<br />
78
TandaTanobiT mateba sakuTari Tavis saboloo TviTwvdomamde, aSkarad<br />
waagavs Sopenhaueriseul nebis TviTSemecnebis processac.<br />
filosofiis mkvlevarebSi gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad: `nebis<br />
uaRresad did mniSvnelobas aRiarebda klasikuri germanuli filosofiis<br />
uklebliv yvela warmomadgeneli, magram yvela maTganisaTvis neba da<br />
goniereba moucilebeli iyo erTmaneTisgan. SopenhauerisaTvis neba<br />
absoluturad iracionaluria, alogikuria, gonierebas moklebulia da Tu<br />
misi moazreba gvsurs, is unda warmovidginoT rogorc SiSveli ltolva,<br />
miswrafeba, survili~ (7.279). am Tvalsazrisis pirvel nawils, ra Tqma<br />
unda, unda daveTanxmoT, magram meore nawili, vfiqrobT, kritikas<br />
imsaxurebs, radgan sinamdvileSi goneba SopenhauerTanac uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelobs, oRond nagulisxmev-dafaruli saxiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />
cxadia, nebis TviTwvomis procesic warmoudgeneli iqneba. nebaSi gonebis<br />
dafaruli saxiT Cawnulobas xatovnad gamoTqvams sicocxlis<br />
filosofiis kidev erTi warmomadgeneli fridrix nicSec: `Sens sxeulSi<br />
meti gonierebaa, vidre Sens ukeTes sibrZneSi da vin uwyis, rad saWiroebs<br />
Seni sxeuli uTuod Sens ukeTes sibrZnes~ (30.31). gamodis, samyaro,<br />
rogorc gonis TviTSemecnebis procesi, siRrmiseulad igivea, rac samyaro,<br />
rogorc nebis TviTSemecnebis procesi: Tuki hegelTan gonis TviTwvdoma-<br />
TviTCaRrmavebis process raRacnairi iracionaluri elferi dahkravs,<br />
SopenhauerTan nebis TviTSemecnebas aSkarad gonierebis kvali amCnevia.<br />
gonis TviTSemecnebis hegeliseuli procesi uTqmelad gulisxmobs nebis<br />
Sopenhaueriseul TviTSemecnebas, xolo nebis TviTSemecnebis<br />
Sopenhaueriseuli procesi aseve uTqmelad gulisxmobs gonis<br />
hegeliseul TviTSemecnebas. amdenad, is garemoeba, rom hegelisaTvis<br />
samyaro gonis TviTSemecnebis procesia, Sopenhaueri ki sayaros nebis<br />
TviTSemecnebis procesad warmoadgens, sxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva<br />
mxriT gavlili erTi da igive gza, iseTi gza, sadac gonebisa da nebis<br />
siRrmiseuli erTianoba gonebisa da nebis TviTwvdomis yovel safexurze<br />
igrZnoba. magaliTad, hegeli nebas im zomamde did mniSvnelobas aniWebs,<br />
rom nebas Teoriuli da obieqturi gonis, anu gonis TviTwvdoma-<br />
TviTCaRrmavebis boloswina stadiebs akuTvnebs, rac gonisa da nebis<br />
sworedac safuZvliseul urTierTCawnulobaze miuTiTebs, radgan rom ara<br />
79
maTi aseTi safuZvliseuli urTierTCawnuloba, gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-<br />
TviTwvdomis sxvadasxva stadiaze gonisa da nebis ramdenadme gamijvnac<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitomac, hegelis mixedviT: `neba, rogorc<br />
moazrovne da TavisTavad Tavisufali, TviT asxvavebs TavisTavs<br />
swrafvaTa kerZoobisgan da TavisTavs, rogorc azrovnebis martiv<br />
subieqturobas, maT mravalfer Sinaarss zemoT ayenebs; amgvarad, igi<br />
marefleqtirebeli nebaa. Tu ase moxda, maSin swrafvis aseTi kerZooba<br />
aRar aris uSualo, aramed igi nebiseulia, rakiRa mas (am swrafvas)<br />
Seerwymis da amiT garkveul erTgulobasa da namdvilobas miiniWebs.<br />
amjerad neba im safexurzea, romelzedac igi midrekilebebs Soris<br />
arCevans axdens da igi TviTnebobaa, moxasiaTebaa... namdvili Tavisufali<br />
neba Teoriuli da praqtikuli gonis erTianobaa _ Tavisufali neba,<br />
romelic TavisTvis aris rogorc Tavisufali neba, rakiRa formalizmma,<br />
manamdeli praqtikuli Sinaarsis SemTxveviTobam da Semofarglulobam<br />
TavisTavi moixsna. gaSualebulobis moxsniT, romelsac igi (es Sinaarsi)<br />
Seicavda, neba iqceva Tavis mierve dadgenil uSualo erTeulobad, magram<br />
iseTad, romelic amasTanave, zogad gansazRvrulobad, Tavisuflad<br />
gawmendilia. es zogadi gansazRvreba nebas Tavis sagnad da miznad aqvs,<br />
iazrebs ra TavisTavs, icis ra Tavisi es cneba da aris ra neba, rogorc<br />
Tavisufali inteleqtualoba. goni, romelmac icis TavisTavi rogorc<br />
Tavisufali da hnebavs TavisTavi, rogorc Tavis es sagani _ sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelsac Tavisi arseba gansazRvrebad da miznad<br />
aqvs _ upirvelesad, aris gonebiTi neba saerTod, anu idea TavisTavad.<br />
maSasadame, mxolod cneba absoluturi gonisa, rogorc abstraqtuli idea,<br />
igi (es idea) mxolod uSualo nebaSi arsebulia, TviT gonebis mxolod<br />
aqarsuli mxarea, erTeuli nebaa, rogorc Tavisi im gansazRvrebis codna,<br />
romelic mis Sinaarssa da mizans Seadgenda da romlis mxolod<br />
formaluri qmedebac igi aris. amgvarad, idea Tavs avlens mxolod iseT<br />
nebaSi, romelic sasrulia, magram qmedebaa misi (am ideis) ganviTarebisa<br />
da misi gaSlili (ganviTarebadi) Sinaarsis dadgenisa aqarsebad, romelic,<br />
viTarca ideis aqarsoba, sinamdvilea. esaa obieqturi goni~ (59.279, 280_281).<br />
gonebisa da nebis swored aseT erTianobas vxedavT astTan. metic,<br />
astTan gonebisa da nebis amgvari Tavdapirveli sinTezi ufro<br />
80
gamokveTilad igrZnoba, vidre TviTon hegelTan da SopenhauerTan. ufro<br />
zustad, astTan amosavali wertilia is, rac hegelTan da SopenhauerTan<br />
igulisxmeba. astTan goneba da neba imTaviTve da yovelTvis raRacnair<br />
erTianobaSia mocemuli, maSin roca hegelTan gonebaSi neba oden<br />
igulisxmeba, xolo SopenhauerTan nebaSi gonebaa nagulisxmev-dafaruli<br />
saxiT mocemuli, Tumca, rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, es dafarulobani am<br />
ukanasknelebTanac uaRresad mniSvneloben. amasTan, Sopenhaueric da<br />
hegelic TiTqmis analogiurad igeben nebisa da gonebis obieqtivaciis<br />
princips. magaliTad, `Sopenhaueri Rrmad darwmunebulia, rom Cvens winaSe<br />
warmoadgina mes siRrmiseuli struqtura: erTi mxriv, me, rogorc sxeuli,<br />
e. i. warmodgena da, meore mxriv, me, rogorc nivTi, TavisTavad e. i. neba.<br />
Cems nebasa da sxeuls Soris mimarTeba, cxadia, aq aRar gaiazreba,<br />
rogorc kauzaluri kavSiri _ `nivTma TavisTavad~ ar icis, ra aris<br />
mizezi da Sedegi _ am SemTxvevaSi unda vilaparakoT ara mizezis mier<br />
Sedegis warmoqmnaze, aramed obieqtivaciaze. Cemi sxeuli nebis<br />
obieqtivicaa. axla dgeba kiTxva: ras warmoadgens sxva sxeulebi.. Cven<br />
unda davemyaroT Cvens sakuTar sxeulze miRebul codnas da is<br />
gamoviyenoT gasaRebad yvela sxva movlenis arsebis gagebisaTvis. Cven<br />
unda mivmarToT analogiis meTods: yvela sxva sxeuli ganvixiloT,<br />
rogorc Cveni sxeulis analogiuri. Sedegi aseTi iqneba: yoveli sagani<br />
sxeulia da nebac, yoveli arsebuli _ materialuri sxeuli, mcenare,<br />
cxoveli, adamiani _ am ori mxaris Semcvelia. erTi da igive neba<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlindeba qvis vardnaSic da adamianis Segnebul<br />
moqmedebaSic _ substancia am SemTxvevaSi erTia, gansxvavebulia mxolod<br />
obieqtivaciis forma~ (7. 276, 277_278).<br />
Sopenhaueris amgvari Tvalsazrisi zedmiwevniT Seesabameba astis<br />
zemoT motanil Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac, goni, rogorc<br />
sicocxle yvelgan da yvelaferSia, maT Soris, materiaSic, oRond<br />
rogorc xedavT, asti Sopenhaueriseul nebas gons uwodebs, xolo<br />
SopenhauerTan aseTi goni igivea, rac neba. Tavis mxriv, Sopenhauerisa da<br />
astis aseT TvalsazrisTa siRrmiseul erTianobaSi amokiTxva hegelTan<br />
imTaviTve SegviZlia. hegelis mixedviT xom: `sagani is Suaa (saSualo<br />
terminia), romlis meSveobiTac ukiduresobani (kiduri terminebi) _<br />
81
napirebi erTdebian (`Seiskvnebian~) TavianTi igiveobis, rogorc<br />
TavisufalTa da amave dros erTmaneTis mimarT damokidebulTa codnaSi.<br />
am sxva adamianebisaTvis Cems nebas aqvs Tavisi garkveuli Semecnebadi<br />
arseboba nivTSi _ aqvs flobili sagnis uSualo sxeulebrivi<br />
xelTmogdebis ZaliT, an (Cem mier) misi formebis ZaliT an oden, misi<br />
saTanadod aRniSvnis ZaliT~ (59. 287). hegelis am SexedulebaSi ukve<br />
nagulisxmevia Sopenhaueriseuli analogiis meTodic, anu yvela sxva<br />
sxeulis Cveni sxeulis msgavsad ganxilvis SesaZleblobac, ramdenadac<br />
Cveni sxeuli siRrmiseul impulsebs sxva sxeulebis Sesaxebac gvawvdis,<br />
ramdenadac, rogorc Cveni, aseve sxva sxeulebis substancia erTi da igive<br />
gonia, Tundac erTi da igive nebaa. Cans, hegelTanac da SopenhauerTanac<br />
axsna-gagebis SesaZlebloba swored analogiis amgvar ganaserSi<br />
mdgomareobs.<br />
hegelisa da Sopenhaueris TvalsazrisTa aseTi siRrmiseuli<br />
msgavsebidan gamomdinare, logikurad ibadeba iseTi STabeWdiloeba,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, SopenhauerTan xiluli movlenebi isevea nebis<br />
obieqtivaciebi, rogorc hegelTan gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis<br />
mTeli safexurebrivi sistema gonis obieqtivaciis safexurebia.<br />
Sesabamisad, SopenhauerTan ukve `Cvens winaSea samyaro mis mTlianobaSi _<br />
warmodgenac da nebac. Cven ukve viciT, Tu ras warmoadgens xiluli<br />
movlenebis Sinagani arseba _ is nebaa~ (7.278), Tundac rogorc goneba. am<br />
konteqstSi ar unda dagvabnios iman, rom hegeli gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-<br />
TviTwvdomis `yru Zvris~ safexurs, rogorc bunebis saxiT gansaxierebuli<br />
gonis obieqtivacias, subieqturi gonis kategoriaSi aTavsebs. hegeli<br />
gonis aseT doneze obieqtivacias subieqtur gons uwodebs imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac igi TavisTavis wvdomis dabali safexuria da gons, rogorc<br />
obieqts, jer ver imecnebs. SopenhauerTan, marTalia, termins `subieqturi<br />
neba~ saerTod ar vxedavT, magram Tu Sopenhaueris sistemas hegelis<br />
sistemis Wrils mivuyenebT, materia, mcenareTa samyaro, cxovelTa samyaro<br />
da kidev ramdenime safexuri garkveul stadiamde, rogorc nebis<br />
obieqtivaciebi, aqac e.w. `subieqturi nebis~ kategorias miesadagebian.<br />
`brma nebis obieqtivacias TiTqmis sruli anarqia unda warmoeSva _<br />
wesrigi da kanoni xom gonierebis gamovlenaa! SopenhauerTan ki brma neba<br />
82
obieqtivacias ganicdis ideebSi, romlebic garkveulad mowesrigebul<br />
safexurebs qmnian! ideebis safexurebi piramidis saxiT warmogvidgeba. am<br />
piramidas ki Seesatyviseba samyaros sferoTa `aRsvla~ araorganulidan<br />
mcenareTa samyarosken, aqedan cxovelTa samyarosken da bolos<br />
sazogadoebisken~ (7.283). aq kidev erTxel Cans, rom Sopenhaueriseuli neba<br />
nagulisxmev-dafaruli saxiT gonierebasac gulisxmobs, magram aseTi<br />
nebiseuli goniereba Tu goniseuli neba, nebis TviTSemecnebis ufro da<br />
ufro ganviTarebul safexurze gacilebiT ukeT ikveTeba. nebis<br />
TviTSemecnebis am etaps, hegelis terminis perifrazs Tu gavakeTebT,<br />
SegviZlia `obieqturi neba~ vuwodoT, radgan aq ukve saqme sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobis formebTan da inteleqtTan gvaqvs. marTlac, SopenhauerTan<br />
`ideaTa umaRles safexurs Seesabameba nebis yvelaze daxvewili iaraRi _<br />
inteleqti, romelic ubralo gaRizianebis safuZvelze ki ar moqmedebs,<br />
aramed qcevas motivebs umorCilebs. inteleqti xelmZRvanelobs<br />
organizmis moqmedebas, unaTebs organizms gzas. ltolva inteleqtis<br />
doneze cnobierebis SuqiTaa ganaTebuli da, amdenad, aRaraa brma~ (7.283).<br />
Sopenhaueris es Tvalsazrisi siRrmiseulad TiTqmis igivea, rac hegelis<br />
Sexeduleba gonebiTi nebis Sesaxeb. hegelTan xom gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-<br />
TviTwvdomis maRali, obieqturi gonis safexurze, neba imTaviTve<br />
`Tavisufali inteleqtualobaa~ da amitomac igi gonebiTia, rogorc<br />
safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZlebloba nebis xarisxobrivinteleqtualurad<br />
dabali da ufro dabali gamovlinebebisa. nebis<br />
aqtivobis swored am WrilSi unda ganvixiloT Selingisa da eduard fon<br />
hartmanis Sexedulebebic nebis raobis Taobaze, imis miuxedavad, rom es<br />
ukanasknelebi nebis gonebaze aRmatebulobas aRiarebdnen. magaliTad,<br />
fridrix Selingis mixedviT, `adamianSi aris gonebaze raRac meti, riTac<br />
arsebobas, eqsistencs imecnebs. es meti mis nebaSia~. (65.316). eduard fon<br />
hartmani ki cnobierebisken mswrafi aracnobieri nebis gamovlinebebs eZebs<br />
materiaSi, mcenareebSi, cxovelebSi, istoriaSi. amnairi midgomiT, eduard<br />
fon hartmanis sistema aSkarad waagavs hegelis sistemas, oRond Tu<br />
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `amotrialebul~ konteqstSi, ramdenadac eduard fon<br />
hartmanTan jer viRebT absolutur aracnobiers Tavis TavSi, Semdeg mis<br />
sxvadyofnas bunebasa da cnobierebaSi da, bolos, am aracnobieris<br />
83
dabrunebas Tavis TavSi, rogorc uaryofis uaryofas. Tumca, nebis<br />
`cnobierebisken miswrafeba~ araTu Semdeg, ukve imTaviTve gulisxmobs<br />
gons, undaT Tu ara es TviTon hartmansa da Selings, radgan sadac<br />
cnobierebisken, anu TviTcnobierebisken swrafvaa, iqvea gonic, xolo<br />
hartmanTanac da SelingTanac aseTi swrafva safuZvelSivea, ese igi<br />
safuZvelSive igulisxmeba gonic. amdenad, hartmanTan aracnobieri neba<br />
TiTqosda `aris raRac identuri mesame materiisa da cnobierebis<br />
safuZvelSi, maTi saerTo Ziri~ (65.340), rogorc gonisa da aracnobieri<br />
nebis erTmaneTisadmi gauswrebad myofobaSi safuZvliseuli<br />
urTierTnawnuloba. msgavsi tipis `identuri mesamis~ elferi dahkravs<br />
nebas SelingTanac, SopenhauerTanac, rogorc imTaviTve Tundac<br />
dafarulad gonis Tavis TavSi mgulisxmev instancias da hegelis gonsac<br />
ki, rogorc aseve nebis Tavis TavSi imTaviTve mgulisxmev ganzomilebas.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, erTi mxriv, Selingi, eduard fon hartmani da meore<br />
mxriv, hegeli, `obieqtur nebasa~ Tu `obieqtur gons~ dilTaisgan<br />
gansxvavebulad igeben. dilTaisTan, `subieqturi goni~ ar warmoadgens<br />
gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis gzaze gonis obieqtivaciis ramenair<br />
safexurs. marTalia, cnobiereba, TviTcnobiereba da azrovneba<br />
dilTaisTanac subieqturi goniseuli arian, magram isini moklebuli<br />
arian bunebisadmi mimarTebaSi safuZvliseul-gauswrebad SesaZleblobad<br />
myofobas. metic, buneba dilTaisTan saerTod `amovardnilia~ da igi oden<br />
Cveni ltolvebis winaaRmdegobad gveZleva maSin, roca hegelTan<br />
ltolvebi azriseulia, xolo azrovneba rogorc gonis TviTCaRrmavebis<br />
momdevno safexuri, sworedac safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa<br />
bunebisa, rogorc wina safexurisa gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis<br />
gzaze. materiis, ltolvebis, cnobiereba-TviTcnobierebisa da azrovnebis<br />
aseTive siRrmiseuli kavSiria mocemuli SopenhauerTanac, oRond masTan<br />
gonis TviTCaRrmavebis nacvlad nebis TviTCaRrmavebasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iq, sadac Sopenhaueri nebaze laparakobs,<br />
gonic uTqmelad igulisxmeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, me ar mecodineboda,<br />
magaliTad, ra mnebavs maSin, roca vTqvaT, xels vamoZraveb: `me vxedav<br />
Cemi xelis moZraobas da, amave dros, vici, ratom vamoZraveb mas. vici, ra<br />
mnebavs me, roca xels vamoZraveb. maSasadame, me meZleva uSualod ara<br />
84
marto Cemi xelis, Cemi sxeulis moZraoba, aramed Cemi nebac. Tu sxva<br />
sagnebi me meZleva mxolod `garegan~ mzeraSi _ me vxedav mxolod maT<br />
sxeuls _ Cemi sakuTari Tavi, Cemi sxeuli meZleva `garegansa~ da `Sida~<br />
mzeraSi, TviTcnobierebaSi: garegan mzeraSi meZleva Cemi sxeulis aqti,<br />
SinaganSi _ Cemi nebis aqti~ (7.273).<br />
ase rom, hegelisa da Sopenhauerisagan gansxvavebiT, dilTaisTan<br />
materia (buneba) ar atarebs Cveni TviTSemecnebis Tundac minimalur<br />
funqcias, Sesabamisad, obieqturi gonis cneba, rogorc subieqturi gonis<br />
safuZvelSive imTaviTve gasagnebuloba, dilTaisTan Zalze calmxrivad da<br />
pirobiTad gamoiyureba, iseve rogorc calmxrivad da naklovanad<br />
gamoiyureba dilTaiseuli `sicocxlis mTlianoba~ inteleqtis<br />
mosaklisebis gamo. dilTai verafriT amCnevs `sicocxlis mTlianobaSi~<br />
Cafesvil ltolvaTa sistemas da ltolvalTa sistemaSi dafarulnagulisxmevi<br />
saxiT Cafesvili inteleqtis uaRresad did mniSvnelobas.<br />
didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, mTeli samyaro sicocxlidan aexsna,<br />
dilTaisTan mainc sicocxlis sanaxevrod wvdomas vxvdebiT. hegels<br />
sicocxlis filosofosad aravin moixseniebs, magram misi sistemis<br />
Tundac erT epizodSi, roca gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis gzaze<br />
materia gonis `yru Zvradaa~ gagebuli, ufro metad igrZnoba sicocxle,<br />
vidre dilTais mTel filosofiaSi. metic, hegelis sistema zustadac<br />
aseTi `cocxali epizodebis~ krebulia: `Cemi SexedulebiT, romelic<br />
mxolod TviT sistemis dalagebiT unda gamarTldes, mTavari isaa, rom<br />
WeSmariti gavigoT da gamovxatoT ara rogorc mxolod substancia,<br />
aramed aseve rogorc subieqti~ (74.9) _ acxadebs hegeli. marTlac, Tuki<br />
goni absolutia, igi yvelaferTan erTad sicocxlesac aucileblad unda<br />
gulisxmobdes, xolo sicocxle mxolod subieqts SeiZleba axasiaTebdes.<br />
ganmartebisTvis, mizanSewonilia aqve mivuTiToT, rom am konteqtsSi<br />
termini `subieqti~ ar udris gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis<br />
mxolod subieqtur etaps, igi cxadia, arc gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-<br />
TviTSemecnebis mxolod obieqtur etaps Seesabameba, ramdenadac<br />
subieqturuoba miTiTebul konkretul SemTxvevaSi imTaviTve sakuTriv<br />
absoluts miewereba. goni sakuTari TavisTvis safuZvelSive obieqticaa da<br />
subieqtic. sxvagvarad, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, marTlac ar SeiZleba<br />
85
iyos da radgan goni, rogorc substancia, sakuTar TavSi da sakuTari<br />
TavisTvis safuZvelSive, imTaviTve subieqticaa, `ar aris inertuli da<br />
gayinuli ram, is aqtiuria, `cocxali substanciaa~, goneba sicocxlea,<br />
goneba Semoqmedebaa~ (7.138). aqedan gamomdinare, arcTu adekvaturi da<br />
arcTu marTebulia hegelis soren kirkegoriseuli Sefaseba: `hegeli<br />
kirkegorisTvis tipuri warmomadgenelia `obieqturi moazrovnisa~, e. i.<br />
iseTi moazrovnisa, rogoric ar unda iyos filosofosi. `obieqturi<br />
moazrovne~ qmnis `mecnierul~ filosofias, romelSic daviwyebulia Tavad<br />
moazrovne, Tavad subieqti. `obieqtur moazrovnes~ kirkegorTan<br />
upirispirdeba `subieqturi moazrovne~, `egzistencialuri~ filosofosi _<br />
WeSmariti moazrovne. am ukanasknelisTvis WeSmariteba Rrmad pirovnulia,<br />
subieqtis, individis cnobierebis nawilia, amitom WeSmariteba aRar aris<br />
sayovelTao, is egzistencialuria, subieqturia, subieqtis matarebelia,<br />
subieqti cxovrobs WeSmaritebaSi~ (7.345_346). soren kirkegoris amgvari<br />
Sexedulebidan kargad Cans, rom man ise ver gaigo hegelis filosofia,<br />
rogorc unda gvesmodes is. kerZod, kirkegori im mizeziT ufrTxis<br />
yovelgvar `obieqtur azrovnebas~, raTa ar dakargos subieqti `cxovrebis<br />
WeSmaritebaSi~, magram aki zemoT araerTgzis ganvmarteT, rom `obieqturi<br />
azrovneba~ sulac ar udris subieqtisa da subieqturis ignorirebas.<br />
metic, yovelgvari obieqturi subieqturobas Tavis TavSi rogorRac,<br />
Tundac uTqmelad gulisxmobs da yovelgvari subieqturi, aseve rogorRac<br />
uTqmelad, Cveni neba-survilis miuxedavad gulisxmobs obieqturs. gana<br />
TviTon kirkegorisaTvis `Rrmad pirovnuli~ egzistencialuri<br />
ganzomileba, imis miuxedavad, ra rogor unda TviTon kirkegors,<br />
ramdenadme mainc obieqtur raobas ar warmoadgens winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda bibliuri abraamis saqcielis<br />
gamarTleba an gamtyuneba, roca es ukanaskneli usityvod daemorCila<br />
RmerTis nebas da mzad iyo Svili, isaaki, sasikvdilod gaemetebina. arada,<br />
kirkegori, rogorc religiuri adamiani, abraamis saqciels rwmenis<br />
momizezeba-moSveliebiT amarTlebs. e. i. kirkegorisTvis, iseve rogorc<br />
tertulianesTvis, rwmena absurdia, Tumca igi gamarTlebulia imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac individualuri, subieqturia (7.355). magram gana imis aRiareba,<br />
rom abraamis saqcieli paradoqsul-absurdulia, Zalauneburad<br />
86
obieqturobis erTgvarad aRiarebac ar aris amasTan, gana abraamis<br />
saqcielis gamarTleba, am uneblied aRiarebuli obieqturobis ganzrax da<br />
naZaladevad uaryofis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs subieqturegzistencialur-spontanuris<br />
gamarTlebis mizniT ra Tqma unda asea da<br />
rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, hegelTanac ar ar aris naZaladevad uaryofili<br />
an aseve naZaladevad `yuriT moTreuli~ arc subieqti da subieqturi da<br />
arc obieqti da obieqturi. hegelTan isini rogorRac imTaviTve<br />
harmoniulad urTierTgamsWvalul sicocxled warmogvidgebian, iseT<br />
sicocxled, romelSic amavdroulad `cxovrebis WeSmaritebac~<br />
igulisxmeba, iseTi `cxovrebis WeSmariteba~, romelSic `subieqtic<br />
cxovrobs~ da Tan obieqturi myofobis wesic axasiaTebs. sicocxlis<br />
swored aseTi hegeliseuli mZlavri nakadi igrZnoba astiseul gonsa da<br />
Sopenhaueriseul nebaSic isev da isev dilTaisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
romelTanac sicocxle, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, sanaxevrod da SedarebiT<br />
mkrTalad gamosWvivis. dilTai sakmaod winaaRmdegobriv daskvnamde midis:<br />
misTvis materiaSi, bunebaSi aranairi `Sinagani sazrisi~ ar devs. `Sinagani<br />
sazrisi~ SegviZlia mxolod obieqturi gonis gamoxatulebebSi<br />
amovikiTxoT. magaliTad, dilTais Tanaxmad, Sinagan sazriss ver<br />
amovikiTxavT materiaSi. Tumca amovikiTxavT Tixisgan gakeTebul<br />
xelovnebis nimuSSi, magram gana obieqturi goni Sinagani sazrisis<br />
gamoxatvisTvis materias ar saWiroebs amitom, iqneb gacilebiT<br />
marTebulia hegeli, roca materias, bunebas, Tundac rogorc<br />
`sxvadyofnad~, magram mainc gonis `yru Zvrad~ miiCnevs da zustadac am<br />
`yru ZvrobaSi~ xedavs materiis sazriss sakuTriv materiisTvisac da<br />
obieturi da absoluturi gonisTvisac, rogorc am `materiisTvis<br />
sazrisis~ safuZvlisa da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobisaTvis. Tuki<br />
obieqturi da absoluturi gonis sazrisi goniT-sulieri Sinaarsia,<br />
materiis Sinagani sazrisi is aris, rom misTvis obieqtur-absolutur gons<br />
goniT-sulieri Sinaarsebis gamoxatvis saSualebis funqcia miuniWebia da<br />
amiT winaswar mouxazia materiis `yru Zvroba~, rogorc materiisave<br />
Sinagani sazrisoba, romelic kidev imitomacaa materiis Sinagani sazrisi,<br />
rom igi rogorRac Tavadve, misdauneburad miuCens xolme Sesabamis<br />
kalapots goniT-sulier Sinaarsebs da amiT xsnis gzas ufro<br />
87
maRalganviTarebadi safexurebisaTvis gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis<br />
gzaze, xolo TviTon am maRalganviTarebad safexurebSi, rogorc<br />
sakuTarive safuZvlebsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobebSi ukuSeqceviT, anu<br />
`uku-SuaSi gavliT~, isev safuZvelTa safuZvelsa da gauswrebadze<br />
gauswrebad SesaZleblobas, anu absoluts kvlav ubrundeba<br />
maRalganviTarebad safexurebad gardaqmnili saxiTac da amavdroulad<br />
`yruZvroba~ SenarCunebulic. dilTai materiis, cnobierebis, obieqturi<br />
gonisa da absolutis aseT urTierTCawnulobas an verafriT wvdeba, anac<br />
ubralod, araseriozulad uyurebs, imis SiSiT, rom fsiqologizmSi ar<br />
gadavardes, mecnierebas, zneobas, xelovnebas fsiqikuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebisgan savsebiT wmends da ontologiuri sibrmavis<br />
gamomJRavnebad miiCnevs imas, Tuki vinme cnobierebis, obieqturi gonisa da<br />
absoluturi gonis am gamovlineba-gansaxierebebs fsiqikur xasiaTs<br />
ramdenadme mainc miawers, magram sinamdvileSi ontologiuri sibrmave<br />
iqneb is ufroa, materia, cnobiereba, obieqturi goni da absoluti<br />
erTmaneTs ise movwyvitoT, maTi dakavSireba aRar SeiZlebodes marTalia,<br />
obieqturi gonisa da absoluturi gonis gamovlinebebs (absoluturi goni<br />
dilTaisTan ar arsebobs, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli igivea, rac<br />
obieqturi goni) mTlianad fsiqikur xasiaTs ver mivawerT, magram radgan<br />
gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis gzaze momdevno safexurebi wina<br />
safexurebis safuZvlebad da gauswrebad SesaZleblobebad gvevlinebian<br />
da winaswarmoxazuli saxiT gulisxmoben wina safexurebis konturebsac,<br />
amdenad, isini TavisTavSi imTaviTve iribad mainc gulisxmoben<br />
fsiqikursac, azrovnebiseulsac, cnobierebiseulsac da suliseulsac,<br />
Sesabamsiad, zneobis, saxelmwifosa Tu xelovnebis warmoSobis Sinagan<br />
moTxovnilebasac. amdenad, warmoudgenelia vmsjelobdeT zneobaze,<br />
saxelmwifoze an xelovnebis romelime Sedevrze, rogorc obieqturi da<br />
absoluturi gonis TviTwvdomis saSualebebze da ramdenadme mainc ar<br />
vgulisxmobdeT garkveul fsiqikur wanamZRvrebs. dilTai fsiqikurSi,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, SimSils an SiSis gancdas gulisxmobs, magram<br />
fsiqikuri mxolod SiSisa da SimSilis gancdaze ar daiyvaneba. adamiani<br />
xandaxan zneobis iseTsave deficits ganicdis, rogorsac kuWi _ sakvebis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi. amdenad, mcdaria, roca obieqturi, gindaT<br />
88
absoluturi gonis sauflodan fsiqikurs saerTod gamovricxavT.<br />
WeSmaritebasTan axlos Semdegi viTareba ufroa: obieqturi (absoluturi)<br />
goni fsiqikuricaa, oRond ara mxolod fsiqikuri, igi amavdroulad<br />
fsiqikurze metia, amitomac vuwodebT mas obieqtur (absolutur) gons da<br />
ara imis gamo, TiTqos obieqturi (absoluturi) gonis saufloSi<br />
fsiqikuri absoluturad gamoricxulia. obieqturi da absoluturi gonis<br />
amgvar ganazrebas gulisxmobs astic da Sopenhaueric, oRond upriania,<br />
SopenhauerTan sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, samarTali `obieqturi nebis~<br />
TviTwvdomis saSualebebad gamovacxadoT, xolo xelovneba _<br />
`absoluturi nebisa~. neba aq, rogorc ideaTa umaRlesi instanciis<br />
Sesabamisi inteleqtualuri safexuri, obieqturi imdenadaa, ramdenadac<br />
misive gamovlinebis formebis saSualebiT, neba Tavis obieqturobas da<br />
TavisTavadobas wvdeba, magram ra aris, ras warmoadgenen ideebi,<br />
romlebic SopenhauerTan ase SeumCnevlad da, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
uadgilodac Semogvepara<br />
unda vaRiaroT, rom ideaTa sfero, albaT, yvelaze susti wertilia<br />
Sopenhaueris moZRvrebaSi, ramdenadac igi Sopenhaueris moZRvrebis<br />
danarCeni nawilebis mwyobr mTlianobas aSkarad ar Seesabameba. ideaTa<br />
samyaros daSvebiT, gaadvilebis nacvlad saqme sinamdvileSi miT ufro<br />
rTuldeba: Tu Cven zogads erTeulebSi davuSvebT, romelic cnebebiT<br />
gamoiTqmeba, rogorc amas aristotele aRiarebs, amiT ideaTa samyaro<br />
Sopenhaueris sistemisTvis sruliad zedmeti aRmoCndeba, xolo Tu ideaTa<br />
samyaros droisa da sivrcis gareT gavitanT, igi gvinda Tu ara, umal<br />
absoluturi nebis sibrtyes gauTanabrdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tavis mxriv,<br />
or substancias miviRebT, absolutur nebasa da ideaTa samyaros, rac, ra<br />
Tqma unda, yovlad dauSvebelia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom nebis<br />
substanciurobas Crdili ar miayenos da, amavdroulad, erTeulebze<br />
aRmatebuladac warmosaxos, Sopenhauers ideaTa sfero metafizikur<br />
ganzomilebaSi gaaqvs, magram es iseTi metafizikuri ganzomilebaa,<br />
romelic ar uigivdeba nebis substanciurobas, miTiTebuli metafizikuri<br />
nebisa da erTeul saganTa Suamdebarea, ideebi nebis obieqtivaciebia,<br />
rogorc nebisa da erTeul saganTa damakavSirebeli Sua rgoli. erTi<br />
SexedviT, gamosavali TiTqos napovnia, magram sinamdvileSi ideaTa<br />
89
samyaros aseTi `Sua rgoloba~ mainc raRacnairi abstraqtulis,<br />
konteqstidan amovardnilis, amdenad nebis garemdebare instanciis<br />
STabeWdilebas tovebs, radgan Tu zogadobebi nebiseulia, ratom ar<br />
SeiZleba es zogadobebi erTeulebSi yovelgvari Sualeduri idealuri<br />
samyaros gareSe vlindebodes ufro zustad, xom ar aris zedmeti ideaTa<br />
sfero SopenhauerTan da xom ar jobia ideaTa sferos funqcia<br />
SopenhauerTanac cnobierebis funqcias gavuigivoT<br />
vfiqrobT, saqmisadmi msgavsi midgoma ufro adekvaturia, radgan am<br />
SemTxvevaSi zogadi cnobierebis transcendentalur maxasiaTeblad<br />
mogvevlineba, xolo ramdenadac cnobiereba nebis gamovlinebaa, amdenad<br />
zogadis cnobierebisadmi msgavsi transcendentaluroba, amasTanave,<br />
zogadis transcendenturobasac gaamarTlebs da Tan aseTi<br />
gamarTlebisaTvis raRacnairad ganyenebul idealur samyarosac aRar<br />
daiWirvebs, amasTan, nebis substanciurobasac aranair Crdils ar<br />
miayenebs, piriqiT, ideaTa samyaros gamoricxviT, nebis substanciuroba<br />
miT ufro myardeba. swored amgvari situacia gvaqvs hegelTan, oRond<br />
nebis adgilze hegelTan, cxadia, goni gvevlineba. hegelTan aranair<br />
idealur samyaros ar vxvdebiT, magram mTeli sistema xom gonis yru<br />
Zvridan Tavis TavSi dabrunebamde, `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneleebis miuxedavad,<br />
ufro myari da Sekrulia, vidre im moazrovneebisa, romlebic ideaTa<br />
samyaros aRiareben hegelis msgavsi Sexedulebis suraTi gvaqvs astTanac,<br />
amitomacaa, rom astTan zogadisa da erTeulebis urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />
aixsneba gonidan da mxolod gonidan, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, pirdapiri<br />
gziT, yovelgvari garegani Tu gareganis msgavsi idealuri Tu<br />
araidealuri Sualeduri samyaros gareSe: `yovelive erTi gonidanaa<br />
warmoqmnili da miiswrafvis ukan, gonisken... yovelgvari gagebisa da<br />
Semecnebis ZiriTadi kanoni aseTia: erTeulidan unda vipovoT mTelis<br />
goni da mTelis saSualebiT unda vwvdeT erTeuls... mxolod amitomaa<br />
SesaZlebeli, rom me erTeuls mTeliT vimecneb da piriqiT, mTels<br />
erTeuliT~ (104.113, 116, 117) _ acxadebs asti.<br />
Sesabamisad, `hermenevtikuli Zieba, astTan efuZneba gonis<br />
universalurobis debulebas... bunebrivia, samyaros aseTi gaazrebisas,<br />
gageba yovelTvis iqneba erTeulebSi mTelis, gonis wvdoma. erTeuli am<br />
90
SemTxvevaSi mTels gvagebinebs, magram Tavad mTeliT gaigeba. ase iqmneba<br />
hermenevtikuli wre, sinTezi da analizi aq mWidro urTierTkavSirSia<br />
iseve, rogorc mTeli da nawilebia urTierTkavSirSi... asti gons uyurebs,<br />
rogorc organul mTels, e. i. mTlianobas, romelic ar warmoiqmneba<br />
erTeulTa jamiT. goni misTvis Tavdapirvelia, martivia, arsebaa da yovel<br />
erTeulSi is amgvari saxiT monawileobs~ (7.398, 399, 400). astTan goni<br />
Tavadaa yvelanairi erTeulis zogadi safuZveli da gauswrebadi<br />
SesaZlebloba, amitom zogadisa da erTeulis urTierTmimarTeba raime<br />
sxva Sualedur sferos ar saWiroebs imdenad, ramdenadac goni yvelgan da<br />
yvelaferSia. nebismier erTeulSi goni zogadis saxiTaa Cawnuli, xolo<br />
erTeulebis saSualebiT Cven vwvdebiT zogads, iseve rogorc zogadi,<br />
rogorc goni, wvdeba Tavis Tavs erTeulebis meSveobiT. zogadi iseTi<br />
transcendenturi safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa, romelic<br />
amave dros imanenturia yoveli erTeulisTvis. gonis (nebis) da erTeulis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis amnairi astiseuli gageba imwamsve dairRveva, Tuki maT<br />
Soris transcendenturi yaidis zogadi ideebis samyaros davuSvebT, aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi miviRebT winaaRmdegobas ara mxolod ormagi<br />
transcendentizmis saxiT, aramed xels gamovkravT meTodologiur<br />
dualizmsac, romelic Sopenhauerma Tavdapirvelad daZlia, roca goniTsulieri<br />
samyaro da buneba erTmaneTs siRrmiseulad daukavSira, magram<br />
transcendentur-metafizikuri tipis ideaTa samyaros daSvebiT, boloSi<br />
imaze uaresi miiRo, rac Tavdapirvelad daZlia. Sopenhaueris<br />
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac bunebismecnieri bunebis movlenaTa<br />
gamomwvev mizezebs swavlobs da ara bunebis Zalebs, metad bundovnad da<br />
gaugebrad gamoiyureba: gamodis, bunebis Zalebi, rogorc metafizikuri<br />
ganzomileba, goniT-sulier sferos unda gavuTanabroT da gagebis meTodi<br />
mivusadagoT, xolo bunebis movlenebis sfero, rogorc fizikuri<br />
ganzomileba, axsnis meTodis sauflod unda davtovoT. xom ar aris aseTi<br />
midgoma isev da isev naZaladevi Tuki metafizikur ganzomilebas<br />
SegviZlia gagebis meTodis saSualebiT ramdenadme mainc vwvdeT, aseTi<br />
gagebiTi wvdoma xom winaswarmoxazulis saxiT imTaviTve axsnis<br />
SesaZleblobasac unda gulisxmobdes, ramdenadac bunebis movlenebi<br />
swored bunebis Zalebis, rogorc metafizikuri ganzomilebis<br />
91
gamovlinebania da Tu bunebis movlenebi SegviZlia avxsnaT, isev da isev<br />
iqidan gamomdinare, rom bunebis movlenebi bunebis Zalebis<br />
gamovlinebania, axsnaSi TavisTavad unda vlindebodes gagebac, rogorc<br />
axsnis arseba. sxva sityvebiT, SeiZleba bunebismecnierebis mizani<br />
marTlac bunebis movlenaTa Seswavla iyos, magram es mizani axsnisa da<br />
gagebis meTodTa saerTo horizontis mixedviT ganxilvis SesaZleblobas<br />
sulac ar gamoricxavs, iseve rogorc am SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs<br />
gonismecnierebaTa mizanic – wvdes bunebis Zalebs, rogorc Tundac<br />
metafizikur ganzomilebas. magaliTad, romantikuli skolis<br />
(neohumanizmi) cnobil warmomadgenels iohan gotfrid herders, gagebis<br />
cneba swored bunebasTan erTianobis grZnobidan gamohyavs,<br />
novalisisTvisac gageba aris is Sinagani grZnobis saxe, romelic<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs `buneba an gare samyaro adamianur arsad vigulvoT...<br />
Cven maSin gavigebT samyaros, roca gavigebT Cvens Tavs, radgan Cven da is<br />
integrantuli naxevrebi varT~ (48.57, 59, 60), volfisTvis ki `axsna Tavis<br />
wanamZRvrad yovelTvis gulisxmobs gagebas~ (48.67). rac Seexeba<br />
egzistencializmis erT-erT TvalsaCino warmomadgenels karl iasperss,<br />
misi mixedviT, `mcdaria is Sexeduleba, romelic amtkicebs, TiTqos<br />
fsiqikuri mxolod gagebis sferoa, fizikuri ki – axsnis. ar arsebobs<br />
iseTi realuri procesi, fiqikuri iqneba igi Tu fizikuri, romelic<br />
principulad kauzalur axsnas ar eqvemdebarebodes. mizez-Sedegis<br />
problema sulierSic iseve arsebobs, rogorc fizikurSi. kauzaluri<br />
Semecneba zRvardaudebelia... gagebis yoveli sazRvari warmoadgens<br />
sakiTxis kauzaluri dayenebis sababs~ (48.155). yovelive amiT imas ki ar<br />
vamtkicebT, TiTqos axsnasa da gagebas Soris arc erT etapze araviTari<br />
gansxvaveba ar aris, aramed imis warmoCena gvsurs, rom samyaros erTian<br />
suraTs verasgziT miviRebT, Tuki bunebismecnierebebisa da<br />
gonismecnierebebis meTodebs erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebul meTodebad<br />
warmovidgenT, isini erTmaneTs ki ar unda upirispirdebodnen, rogorc es<br />
dilTaisTanaa, aramed maT gansxvavebulobaSi erTmaneTs unda<br />
gulisxmobdnen da avsebdnen, rogorc es astTanaa. am ukanasknelTan, axsna<br />
da gageba erTmaneTisgan rkinis fardiT sulac ar aris gamoyofili,<br />
ramdenadac gonis (nebis) da erTeuli movlenebis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
92
srulebiT ar saWiroebs zedmet, zogadi ideebis Sualedur samyaros. asti<br />
mTels warmogvidgens, `rogorc calkeulTa mravalferovnebaSi arsebul<br />
erTianobas. gagebis procesi dasrulebulia, roca erTeulebis rigi<br />
mTlianad gavlilia da maT erTobliobasa da mTlianobas Soris arsebobs<br />
sruli Sesatyvisoba. gagebis ganviTarebisa da gadmocemis am process asti<br />
uwodebs axsnas~ (7.402).<br />
cxadia, dilTais `axsnisgan~ astis `axsna~ mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba da, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom asti ufro siRrmiseulad<br />
wvdeba arsebobaSi, movlenebSi gamovlenil arsebas, erTeulebSi<br />
gamovlenil zogads, bunebaSi gamovlenil gons (nebas) da, Sesabamisad,<br />
maT siRrmiseul kavSirebs. astis Tanaxmad, `qmnis procesi, romelsac<br />
imeorebs gageba _ axsna, sami safexuris erTianobaa: qmnis dasawyisia<br />
erTianoba, Tavad qmna gulisxmobs _ simravles _ elementebis<br />
dapirispirebulobas, xolo qmnis dasasruli erTianobisa da simravlis<br />
urTierTganmsWvalvaa _ yovladobaa~ (104.120). sxva sityvebiT, “astTan<br />
`mTlianobis idea~ Tavdapirvelad ganuviTarebeli da gauSleli,<br />
calkeuli fragmentebis rigSi viTardeba da bolos, srulad amJRavnebs<br />
Tavs. e. i. midis sakuTar arsebamde, midis Tavis TavTan, gonis am misvlaSi<br />
Tavis Tavdapirvel arsebasTan, gonis am Tavisebur ukanasvlaSi<br />
gamoisaxeba axsnis wrexaziseuli moZraoba~ (7.402-403).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, astTan gageba siRrmiseulad yovelTvis da<br />
imTaviTve axsnas gulisxmobs, axsna ki yovelTvis da imTaviTve gagebis<br />
WrilSi mogvecema. sxvagvarad, astTan gagebis, rogorc Tavdapirveli<br />
sinTezis (mTlianobis) da axsnis, rogorc am sinTezis (mTlianobis)<br />
analizurad mocemul erTeulTa urTierTCawnuloba, yvelaze<br />
daxvewiladaa mocemuli. astis mixedviT, Tavdapirveli mTelis (sinTezis),<br />
am mTelis erTeulebad (analizurad) gaSlisa da kvlav Tavdapirvel<br />
mTelSi (sinTezSi) ukuSeqcevis procesi, yvelaze TvalsaCinod mainc<br />
mxatvrul teqstSia warmodgenili: `roca teqstSi asaxsnelia raime<br />
adgili, Cven, pirvel yovlisa, vkiTxulobT imas, Tu ras gamoTqvamen<br />
asoebi; Semdeg imas, Tu rogor gamoTqvamen isini gamoTqmuls, ra sazrisi,<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs gamoTqmuls; bolos ki imas, Tu ra aris idea<br />
mTlianobisa, anu goni, rogorc is erTianoba, romelic asoebisa da<br />
93
sazrisis fuZea. asoebi sazrisis gareSe usicocxlo da gaugebari arian,<br />
sazrisi gonis gareSe, gamocalkavebuli, izolirebuli atomebis msgavsi<br />
fenomenia da es imitom, rom mxolod gonis meSveobiT xdeba CvenTvis<br />
naTeli yoveli nivTis `ratom~, `saidan~ da `saiT~. asoebi, sazrisi da<br />
goni sami elementia~ (7.403). Sesabamisad, astTan sami saxis hermenevtikaa<br />
mocemuli: asoTa, sazrisisa da gonis _ `asoTa hermenevtika sityvaTa da<br />
saganTa axsnis hermenevtikaa. sityvaTa da saganTa mniSvnelobebs<br />
konkretuli fragmentebis farglebSi sazrisis hermenevtika xsnis, xolo<br />
gonis hermenevtika am calkeuli sazrisiani mniSvnelobebis mqone<br />
fragmentebis mTliani gonidan gamomdinareobas adasturebs~ (104.122). astis<br />
miTiTebuli Sexedulebebidan Cans, rom igi mxatvrul teqsts sagnebTan da<br />
sityvebTan siRrmiseuli kavSirurTierTobis WrilSi ganixilavs, asoebi<br />
da sityvebi masTan `sagnebia~ imdenad, ramdenadac asoebi da asoTnaerTebi,<br />
sityvebi, cal-calkec da erTobliobaSi aRebulnic, materiaa, magram<br />
iseTi materiaa, romelSic goniT-sulieri samyaro, Tundac goniT-sulieri<br />
samyaros metafizikuri raoba meti xarisxiTa da intensivobiT vlindeba,<br />
vidre Cveulebriv materialur sagnebSi, xolo xelovneba, anu mxatvruli<br />
teqsti, ara mxolod Cveulebrivi materialuri sagnebisa da<br />
asoTnaerTebis, sityvebis, rogorc sazrisiani mniSvnelobebis mqone<br />
materiis Semdgomi nazavia, aramed imTaviTve maTi Tavdapirveli goniseuli<br />
erTianobis gamovlinebaa, rogorc TviTon Tavdapirveli goniseuli<br />
erTianoba.<br />
Tavi II. gagebis universaluroba<br />
§1. ena, rogorc gagebis horizonti da xelovnebis ena<br />
wina paragrafSi ganxilulidan gamomdinare, saboloo jamSi, enis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilebis _ sityvebis da bgerebis _ materiebad<br />
gansazRvrebamde mivediT, magram radganac es ukanasknelebi sakuTar TavSi<br />
goniT-sulieri samyaros Wrilsac gulisxmoben, amdenad arc mTlad<br />
materialuris STabeWdilebas toveben. hegeli erTdroulad materialuris<br />
da arc mTlad materialuris msgavs fenomens fsiqikur fenomenad da<br />
amavdroulad, rogorc momdevno safexurs gonis TviTSemecneba-<br />
94
TviTwvdomis gzaze - Cveulebrivi sagnebis, anu wminda materiis safuZvlad<br />
da gauswrebad SesaZleblobad – amdenad, arc mTlad fsiqikur fenomenad<br />
miiCnevs. sityvebis, bgerebis, Sesabamisad, enis erTian fsiqikur da<br />
amavdroulad arc mTlad fsiqikur fenomenad gamocxadeba imdenadaa<br />
gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac sityvebi da bgerebi marTlac materiebi arian,<br />
magram, meore mxriv, ena, rogorc aseTi, materiaze aRmatebul, gacilebiT<br />
obieqtur instanciad gamoiyureba. ena, rogorRac, Cveni neba-survilis<br />
miuxedavad gveZleva Tavis TavSi Semcveli bgerebiTa da sityvebiTurT da<br />
sakuTarive Sinagani azrobrivi kanonzomierebis mixedviT moqmedebs CvenSi,<br />
Tumca ramdenadac sityvebi da bgerebi enis Semadgeneli nawilebia,<br />
rogorc materiebi da, amave dros, arc mTlad materiebi, amitom enas<br />
fsiqikuri xasiaTi, Tundac mcire an Zalian mcire doziT, magram mainc<br />
dahyveba.<br />
asea Tu isea, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sityvebi da bgerebi, rogorc<br />
enisa da materiis SemakavSirebeli erTiani `Sua rgoli~, Cveulebriv<br />
sagnebze, anu wminda materiaze aRmatebulad gamoiyureba, ena ki,<br />
Sesabamisad, wminda materiaze kidev ufro aRmatebul instanciad<br />
gvesaxeba, magram enis aseTi aRmatebuloba materiis dasamcireblad mainc<br />
aramc da aramc ar unda gamoviyenoT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba<br />
WeSmaritebisken mimaval gzas didi manZiliT avcdeT. marTlacda, rogorc<br />
zemoT mivuTiTeT, sakuTari erTgvari `Sinagani~ sazrisi SeiZleba<br />
Cveulebriv materiasac gaaCndes. enasTan mimarTebaSi Cveulebrivi materiis<br />
Sinagani sazrisianoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom enobriv gamosaxulebaTa<br />
aRbeWdva-gamosaxvis funqcia materiisTvis winaswarmoxazulis saxiT<br />
TviTon enas miuniWebia, rogorc materiis safuZvelsa da gauswrebad<br />
obieqtur SesaZleblobas. materiis Sinagani sazrisi enasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
imaSic gamoixateba, rom materia Tavadve, rogorRac Tavisdauneburad<br />
uwyobs xels materiisa da enis SemakavSirebeli `Suargolebis~ _<br />
bgerebisa da sityvebis _ erTian enobriv gamosaxulebaTa mwyobrad<br />
mocemuloba-Camoyalibebas da amiT avtomaturad xsnis gzas ufro<br />
maRalganviTarebadi safexurebisaTvis gonis TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTwvdomis<br />
gzaze, Tavad ki am maRalganviTarebad safexurebSi, anu aso-bgerebSi,<br />
sityvebsa da enaSi, rogorc sakuTarsave safuZvlebsa da gauswrebad<br />
95
SesaZleblobebSi ukuSeiqceva. aseTive konteqsti SegviZlia Tamamad<br />
mivusadagoT xelovnebasac, rogorc enas. marTlac, `mxatvruli<br />
informacia ganuyofelia misi ganmaxorcielebeli niSanTa sistemidan. es<br />
imitom, rom am niSnis struqtura yovelTvis mniSvnelobis struqturiT<br />
aris gansazRvruli, romlis gadasacemadaa igi mowodebuli. sityvieri ena<br />
da yvela xelovnuri kodi Seqmnilia abstraqtuli mniSvnelobis<br />
gadasacemad. sityva swored imitom iqca azris ganivTebis mTavar<br />
saSualebad, rom mas SeuZlia adekvaturad mogvces azrovnebis<br />
rezultati, xelovnebaSi ki mxatvrulad damuSavebuli sityva mxatvruli<br />
Sinaarsis ganxorcielebis mravalTagan erT-erTi saSualebaa, vinaidan<br />
samyaros mxatvruli aTviseba ufro mdidari, mravalferovani da rTulia,<br />
vidre Teoriuli Semecneba. mTeli am mravalferovnebis gamosaxatavad<br />
dasWirda xelovnebas sxvadasxva da gansxvavebuli `enebi~ _ plastikuri,<br />
ferweruli, qoreografiuli, musikaluri da a.S., romelTagan TiToeuli<br />
maTgani Tavisi specifikiT gamoirCeva da sxvisTvis miuwvdomel mxares<br />
gamoTqvams. xelovneba zogadad, sxvadasxva niSnur sistemebad<br />
warmogvidgeba, romlebSic gamoiyeneba Tvalisa da yurisTvis misawvdomi<br />
signalebi, radgan grZnobis organoTagan mxolod es orni arian<br />
dakavSirebulni adamianis cnobierebasTan da SeuZliaT gadascen mas is<br />
Sinaarsi, romelsac mxatvruli nawarmoebi Seicavs... mxatvrul enas<br />
SeuzRudavi variantuloba axasiaTebs, radganac saxovan niSanTa sistema<br />
xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxeSi mravalgvarad modificirdeba da<br />
transformirdeba mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Sesatyvisad da<br />
sagrZnoblad icvlis saxes yoveli xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, xelovnebis forma erTdroulad aris saxovani modeli da<br />
niSanTa sistemac, materialuri konstruqciaca da specialuri enac,<br />
esTetikuri da komunikaciuri Rirebulebebis erTdroulad matarebeli~<br />
(45.300_301). amdenad, xelovnebis ena, sxva xelovnur enebTan SedarebiT,<br />
yvelaze ufro metad amJRavnebs bunebrivi enis TvisebebTan, rogorc<br />
sazrisian niSnebTan siaxloves, Sesabamisad, xelovnebis gagebis<br />
SesaZleblobac, upirveles yovlisa, swored am sazrisian niSnebSi,<br />
rogorc sazrissa Tu sazrisTa matarebel enaSi, rogorc logosSia<br />
davanebuli.<br />
96
azrovnebis, anu sazrisis mTeli siRrmiseuli fluqturaciebi<br />
cnobil germanel poets fridrix holderlins sul erT fragmentSi<br />
Taviseburad aqvs gadmocemuli – „bevri Seityo adamianma, zenaars<br />
mravals arqva saxeli, mas Semdeg rac varT Cven saubari da erTmaneTis<br />
ZalgviZs mosmena“ (57.77). es erTi fragmenti holderlinis Semoqmedebidan<br />
marTlac uaRresad yovlismomcvel qveteqstTa Semcvelia, amitomac<br />
aniWebs holderlinis am fragments martin haidegeri did mniSvnelobas:<br />
„adamianis yofiereba safuZvels enaSi iRebs. magram es pirvelad sakuTriv<br />
saubarSi xorcieldeba. saubari marto imas ki ar gulisxmobs, Tu ra<br />
saxiT iSleba ena, aramed mxolod rogorc saubaria ena mniSvnelovani.<br />
rac Cveulebrivad gvesmis „enaSi“ da saxeldobr ki sityvaTa da<br />
sityvaTwyobis wesTa erTianoba, mxolod zedafenaa enisa. magram ras<br />
niSnavs „saubari“ cxadia, erTmaneTTan ubnobas raimes Sesaxeb da Tan,<br />
aseT dros ena erTmaneTTan misvlis saSualebadac gvevlineba. xolo<br />
holderlini ambobs: mas Semdeg rac varT Cven saubari da erTmaneTis<br />
ZalgviZs mosmena. saubris SesaZlebloba da mosmenis SesaZlebloba erTi<br />
da igivea dasabamidan. Cven varT saubari niSnavs: Cven SegviZlia<br />
erTmaneTis mosmena. Cveen varT saubari, amave dros yovelTvis niSnavs:<br />
Cven varT erTi saubari, saubris erTianoba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
arsebiT sityvaSi yovelTvis erTi da igive cxaddeba: is, ris<br />
safuZvelzec Cven verTiandebiT da amdenad WeSmaritad Cven varT.<br />
saubarsa da mis erTianobas Seicavs Cveni munyofiereba“ (57.82).<br />
maSasadame, sityvaTa da sityvaTwyobis wesTa erTianoba mxolod<br />
zedafenaa enisa da, ramdenadac am wesTa safuZveli enis gavliT unda<br />
veZeboT, msgavsi Zieba laparakTan, metyvelebasTan, gamoTqmasTan<br />
saubarTan migviyvans, rogorc enis safuZvlebTan. aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT<br />
vitgenSteinis miniSneba enis logikur-gramatikuli sintaqsis metaenidan<br />
gamomdinareobis Sesaxeb (10.66,68), anu is, rac enis zedafenad gvaCvenebs<br />
Tavs, SeiZleba enis arsebac ki iyos, radgan ise ki ar aris, TiTqos jer<br />
ena gveboZeba da mere Cven vagebT am naboZeb enas logikur-gramatikuli<br />
sintaqsis mixedviT, aramed ena imTaviTve logikur-gramatikuli<br />
sintaqsiTuTrT gveZleva, rogorc saubari e. i. logikur-gramatikuli<br />
sintaqsi igivea, rac gamoTqma, laparaki, metyveleba, saubari. isini erTi<br />
97
da imave instanciis sxvadasxva terminebad gamoTqmuli erTi da igive<br />
SesaZleblobebia, magram radgan holderlini am erTidaigive<br />
SesaZleblobebs saubrad moixseniebs, umjobesia am SemTxvevaSi Cvenc ase<br />
moviqceT da enis safuZvlad swored saubari movixsenioT. aki<br />
holderlinisa da haidegeris mixedviT, saubari swored enis saxiT<br />
iSleba da Sesabamisad enac mxolod isea mniSvnelovani, rogorc saubari<br />
da Tuki adamianis yofiereba safuZvels enaSi iRebs, xolo enis<br />
yofierebis safuZveli saubaria, maSin adamianis yofierebis arsebac<br />
saubari yofila, rogorc azrovnebis potenciis enaSi da eniT adamianSi<br />
garegamotana-ganamdvileba. aq ar unda dagvabnios frazam „mas Semdeg“,<br />
arada erTi SexedviT marTlac damabnevelia Semdegi viTareba: Tuki<br />
adamianis yofierebis arseba saubaria, maSin adamiani eniTurT yovelTvis<br />
„mas Semdeg“, anu saubris Semdeg unda iyos, imis miuxedavad, rom adamiani<br />
da ena, rogorc saubari „manamdecaa“, anu saubramdec, radgan ena<br />
imTaviTve saubaria, xolo saubari, rogorc ena, ukve manamdea, vidre Cven<br />
gavacnobierebdeT, rom saubari ZalgviZs. e. i. saubari, rogorc ena da ena,<br />
rogorc saubari, refleqsiis pirvelsave aqtebisas arian mocemulni, Tu<br />
ufro adre ara.<br />
sainteresoa, rom saubarTan adamianisa da enis „manamdesa~ da „mas<br />
Semdegis“ msgavsi damabneveli urTierTSepirispireba Tavis TavSi<br />
gamosavalsac avtomaturad gulisxmobs: adamianSi ena, rogorc saubari<br />
yovelTvis „manamdea“, imis miuxedavad, rom ena da enis gamovlineba<br />
adamianSi yovelTvis „mas Semdeg“ unda iyos, ramdenadac enis arseba<br />
saubaria. sxva sityvebiT, saubarTan mimarTebaSi, adamianisa da enis<br />
„manamdesa“ da „mas Semdegobis“ aRwerili urTierTSepirispireba, arsebisa<br />
da arsebobis rogorRac Tanadrouloba-Tanxvedrilobis Wrils sworedac<br />
amgvar urTierTSepirispirebulobaSi Tavisdauneburad Tavadve xsnis,<br />
ramdenadac adamiani da ena siRrmiseul urTierTCawnulobaSi saubramde,<br />
anu „manamdec“ gveZlevian, magram amave dros saubris merec, anu „mas<br />
Semdegac“ arian, radgan saubari enis arsebaa da mxolod amdenadaa ena<br />
da adamiani saubari. ufro mokled, adamiani da ena siRrmiseul<br />
erTianobaSi saubramdec anu „manamdec“ arian da saubris merec, anu „mas<br />
Semdegac“. Sesabamisad, ar unda dagvabnios arc miniSnebam „mas Semdeg“,<br />
98
imitom, rom adamianisa da enis saubarTan urTierTSepirispirebaerTianobis<br />
aRweril konteqstSi „mas Semdeg“ igivea, rac „imTaviTve“.<br />
holderlinis „mas Semdeg“ swored „imTaviTveobas“ gulisxmobs, anu<br />
adamianma „mas Semdeg“ Seityo bevri ram da „mas Semdeg“ arqva mraval<br />
zenaarss saxeli, rac „imTaviTve“ ukve Setyobili hqonda bevri ram da<br />
mravali zenaarsisTvisac saxeli ukve „imTaviTve“ Serqmeuli hqonda.<br />
sxvagvarad, „Setyoba“ da „saxelqmna“, iseve rogorc ena, refleqsiis<br />
pirvelsave aqtTanaa mocemuli Tu ufro adre ara da ara refleqsiis<br />
Semdeg. am azriT gulisxmobs holderlinis „mas Semdegoba“<br />
„imavdroulobas“, iseve rogorc mosmenac imTaviTve enasTan, rogorc<br />
saubarTan Tanadrouladaa mocemuli, radgan warmoudgenelia enad<br />
gamovlenili saubari amavdroulad saubris mosmenad gamovlenis gareSe,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saubari aRar iqneboda saubari. amitom saubari da<br />
mosmena marTlac erTi da igivea da aqedan gamomdinare, enac mosmenasTan<br />
siRrmiseulad „mas Semdegoba“-„manamdelobis“ iseTive Tanadroul-erTian<br />
ganaserSi unda iyos Cawnuli, rogoradac igi saubarTan mimarTebaSi<br />
mogvecema. am konteqstSi haidegeri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs<br />
holderlinis kidev erT frazas – „niadag jafiT, Tumc poeturad<br />
binadrobs kaci dedamiwaze“ (57.55).<br />
holderlinis am Tvalsazrisis dedaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
poezia enis safuZvelia, Tumca Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba piriqiT<br />
mogveCvenos. haidegeric swored am garemoebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas<br />
holderlinis miTiTebul fragmentTan dakavSirebiT: „poeziis safuZvelia<br />
ena, amdenad, poeziis arss enis arsidan amosvliT unda CavwvdeT. Semdeg<br />
gamoirkva: poezia aris damfuZnebeli saxeldeba yofierebisa da yvela<br />
saganTa arsisa, ara nebismieri Tqma, aramed is, romlis wyalobiTac<br />
yvelaferi es ganxmulobaSi Seabijebs, razedac Semdeg yofiT enaSi<br />
vsaubrobT da vmsjelobT. amitom poezia arasodes iRebs enas rogorc<br />
mza masalas, aramed poezia Tavad xdis enas SesaZlebels, poezia aris<br />
Tavdapirveli ena istoriuli xalxisa. amgvarad, piriqiT, enis arsi<br />
poeziis arsidan amosvliT unda davadginoT. adamianuri munyofierebis<br />
safuZveli saubaria, rogorc enis WeSmariti ganxorcieleba, xolo<br />
99
poezia, rogorc yofierebis dafuZneba, Tavdapirvel enas warmoadgens“<br />
(57.55_56).<br />
holderlinis Tvalsazrisis es haidegeriseuli ganmarteba kidev<br />
ufro naTels xdis TviTon holderlinis TvalsazrisSi nagulisxmev<br />
qveteqsts. kerZod, Tuki adamianis yofierebas safuZveli enaSi aqvs da<br />
Tavis mxriv, saubari, rogorc enis yofierebis safuZveli, avtomaturad<br />
adamianis yofierebis arsebadac gvevlineba, maSin poezia, rogorc<br />
adamianis yofierebis arseba, im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu Tavad<br />
poezia saubari, anu metyvelebaa. e.i. poezia marTlac imTaviTve enis<br />
arsebac yofila. aseTi logikiT, poeziisTvis ena sakuTar TavSi<br />
ukuSeqcevis safexuria da gana holderlinic da haidegeric zustad amas<br />
ar amtkiceben rom ara ena, rogorc safuZvelSi, anu poeziaSi<br />
ukuSeqcevis safexuri, ver CavwvdebodiT TviTon poezias, rogorc enis<br />
safuZvels. sxva sityvebiT, Tuki poeziis sakuTar TavSi ukuSeqcevis<br />
dasawyisSi ena gveCveneba poeziis safuZvlad, ukuSeqcevis procesis<br />
mimdinareobisas TandaTan vxvdebiT, rom poeziaa enis safuZveli,<br />
ramdenadac ar arsebobs poezia saubris gareSe da marTlac, gana poezia<br />
sxva raa Tu ara saubari, ufro zustad, poeturad saubari cxadia asea,<br />
magram xom arsebobs iseTi saubaric, romelic araa poezia am azriT,<br />
poezia imTaviTve saubaria, magram saubari SeiZleba poeturic iyos da<br />
arapoeturic da Tu asea, rogoraa poezia enis arseba, Tuki SeiZleba<br />
saubari poeturadac gvevlinebodes enaSi da arapoeturadac<br />
saqme isaa, rom saubari, rogorc enis arseba, namdvilad<br />
SesaZlebelia enaSi poeturad an arapoeturad gvevlinebodes, magram<br />
TviTon saubari, rogorc aseTi, TavisTavaSi da TavisTavisTvis<br />
mocemulobaSi poeziaa, amitomacaa SesaZlebeli poezia enaSi, iseve<br />
rogorc enis arapoeturi Tanawyoba-garkveulobani. sxvagvarad, enis<br />
arapoeturad mocemuloba klebaa saubris, rogorc aseTis Tavdapirveli<br />
poeturobisa, xolo arapoeturi saubris poeziad SeTanawyoba,<br />
arapoeturi saubris sakuTar safuZvelsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobaSi<br />
kvlavmibruneba-ukuSeqcevaa, rogorc klebulis kvlavmateba. is garemoeba,<br />
rom yvela adamiani poeti araa, aRweril saerTo suraTs, ra Tqma unda<br />
ver cvlis, radgan Tu poetebis raodenoba mcirea, samagierod sxva<br />
100
danarCenebs met-naklebi xarisxiT boZebuli aqvT poeziis gagebis unari,<br />
anu rom ara adamianis dedamiwaze poeturad binadroba, arc poezia<br />
iarsebebda, ramdenadac poezia da poeziis gagebiToba zogadad TavSic da<br />
boloSic erTi daigive instanciaa. poeziis gagebiToba imTaviTve<br />
gulisxmobs zogadad enaSi poeziis monacemebs, rogorc enisa da<br />
metyvelebis safuZvelsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobas da amitomac<br />
fasobs poezia, rogorc aseTi. rom ara garkveuli poeturi monacemebi<br />
zogadad enaSi da amiT „sxva danarCenebSi“, ar iarsebebda arc poeziis<br />
gageba da, cxadia, arc poezia. ar aris aucilebeli iyo poeti, raTa<br />
gaigo poezia, magram rom ara gageba, rogorc Tundac mcire xarisxiT<br />
imTaviTve damaxasiaTebeli poeturi monacemebi „sxva danarCenebisTvis“,<br />
ar iarsebebda arc poezia, e. i. dedamiwaze adamianis poeturad binadroba<br />
yvela adamianis poetobas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed poeziisadmi<br />
imTaviTve gagebiTobas, rogorc „sxva danarCenebis“ poeturad myofobas.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia ratomac miiCnevs haidegeri xelovnebis<br />
danarCeni dargebidan yvelaze aRmatebulad poezias – poezia xom<br />
metyvelebadqmnadi, anu saubradqmnadi damwerlobiTi xelovnebaa.<br />
metyvelebadqmnadoba-saubradqmnadoba, Tavis TavSi, cxadia,<br />
sityvaTqmnadobasac imTaviTve Seicavs. poeziaca da prozac xelovnebis<br />
sxva dargebidan swored damwerlobiT gamoirCevian. amiT imis Tqma sulac<br />
ar gvsurs, TiTqos damwerloba ganapirobebdes metyvelebadqmnadobasaubradqmnadoba-sityvaTqmnadobas,<br />
ra Tqma unda, piriqiTaa, magram ise<br />
kia, rom roca damwerlobiT xelovnebebTan – poeziasTan, prozasTan –<br />
gvaqvs saqme, apriori vgulisxmobT, rom es xelovnebebi metyvelebadqmnadsaubradqmnad-sityvaTqmnadi<br />
xelovnebebia, anu damwerlobiT xelovnebebSi<br />
imTaviTve gaxsnilia metyveleba-saubaric da enac, rogorc damwerlobis<br />
safuZvlebi da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobani. am azriT haidegeri iqneb<br />
marTalicaa, roca xelovnebis sxva dargebze poezia-prozis<br />
aRmatebulobas aRiarebs, radgan xelovnebis sxva dargebis damwerlobiT<br />
gadmocema ar SeiZleba, magram metyveleba-saubari gana mxolod<br />
damwerlobiT xelovnebebSi amJRavnebs sakuTar Tavs xom ar aris<br />
metyveleba-saubris gamovlinebisTvis damwerlobiTi xelovnebebi da<br />
saerTod damwerlobiToba Zalze viwro konteqsti Tuki metyveleba-<br />
101
saubars mxolod cocxal fizikur metyvelebaTqmnadoba-saubarqmnadobas<br />
gavuigivebT, maSin damwerlobiTi xelovnebebi metyveleba-saubrisaTvis<br />
araTu viwro, erTi SexedviT, iqneb Zalze farTo ganaseradac mogveCvenos,<br />
magram gana es sakmarisi safuZvelia xelovnebis sxva dargTa<br />
„dasamcireblad“, romlebsac metyvelebadqmnadoba-saubarqmnadobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT fizikuri utyvoba axasiaTebT sxva sityvebiT,<br />
metyvelebadqmnadoba-saubarqmnadoba ara mxolod damwerlobiT<br />
xelovnebebs axasiaTebT, ramdenadac metyvelebadqmnadoba-sityvaTqmnadoba<br />
igivea, rac sazrisis gamovlena da gana ferwerul tiloSi, qandakebaSi<br />
Tu musikaSi raime garkveuli sazrisi ar vlindeba erTi upiratesoba<br />
poeziisa da prozisa, xelovnebis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT isaa, rom<br />
maTi dazepirebis gziT sxvisTvis gadacema SeiZleba, maSin roca,<br />
magaliTad, ferwerul qmnilebas zepirsityvierebiT veravis gadascem,<br />
Tumca, arsebobs daviwyebadobac da Tu poeziis esa Tu is qmnileba<br />
daviwyebas miecema, maSin mis gasaxseneblad wignsa Tu JurnalSi misi<br />
naxva da wakiTxva isevea saWiro, rogorc ferwerul qmnilebebs aseve<br />
naxviT Tu aRviqvamT da „wavikiTxavT“. amasTan, Tuki zogadad adamiani<br />
dedamiwaze poeturad binadrobs, maSin poeturoba xelovnebis nebismier<br />
dargs miT ufro unda axasiaTebdes.<br />
am WrilSi xelovnebis sxva dargebis mimarT poeziis<br />
safuZvladmdebareba TiTqos kidev erTxel marTldeba, magram poeziis<br />
aRmatebulobis mamtkicebeli miTiTebuli orive garemoeba sinamdvileSi<br />
mainc pirobiTia da ara – arsebiTi. martivad rom vTqvaT, visTvis poezia<br />
metyvelebadqmnadobs-saubradqmnadobs yvelaze ukeTesad, visTvis ferwera,<br />
visTvis qandakeba da visTvis musika. aki metyvelebadqmna-saubradqmna,<br />
rogorc sazrisis gamovlena, xelovnebis yvela dargs erTnairad<br />
axasiaTebs. metic, magaliTad, nicSe, gansakuTrebiT piTagora da<br />
Sopenhaueri xelovnebis yvelaze aRmatebul dargad musikas miiCnevdnen.<br />
piTagorasTvis musikaluri harmonia igive iyo, rac samyaros<br />
harmoniis gamovlena, SopenhauerisTvis ki musikis wvdoma samyaros<br />
arsebis wvdomas udrida, anu piTagorasTvis da SopenhauerisTvis samyaro<br />
swored musikalurad gvemetyveleba-gvesaubreba. amdenad, piTagoraca da<br />
Sopenhaueric masikas zustad imdagvar WrilSi ganixilavdnen, rogor<br />
102
WrilSic poezias haidegeri ganixilavs da radgan SesakrebTa<br />
gadanacvlebiT jami ar icvleba, yvelaze WeSmarit da optimalur<br />
gamosavlad gamoiyureba varianti, romlis Tanaxmadac poeziis adgilze<br />
haidegerTan da musikis adgilze nicSe-piTagora-SopenhauerTan, zogadad<br />
xelovneba CavsvaT, rogorc amas hegeli akeTebs. maSasadame mxatvrul<br />
teqstSi ara mxolod damwerlobiTi, saerTod, xelovnebis yvela dargi<br />
igulisxmeba da Sesabamisad, xelovnebis dargebis erTimeoreze<br />
aRmatebulobis kriteriumic, albaT, ufro sxva mimarTulebiT unda<br />
veZeboT, vidre im WrilSi, rogori Wrilis mixedviTac amas piTagora,<br />
Sopenhaueri, nicSe da haidegeri eZebdnen.<br />
$ 2. gagebis, rogorc universaluri Semecnebis<br />
da xelovnebis, rogorc universaluri hermenevtikis<br />
SesaZlebloba<br />
xelovnebisa da enis urTierTmimarTebis logikam, wina paragrafSi<br />
naTlad dagvanaxa, rom xelovneba, rogorc ena (azrovneba) da ena<br />
(azrovneba), rogorc xelovneba, `dedamiwze kacis binadrobis~<br />
Tavdapirveli da mudmivi maxasiaTebelia. e.i. xelovneba, rogorc<br />
absolutis TviTwvdomis erT-erTi umaRlesi ganzomileba, anu TiTqmis<br />
yvela sxva safexuris safuZveli absolutis TviTSemecnebis gzaze,<br />
WeSmaritebis dafarulobas ramdenadme garegamoitans da naTelSi<br />
amyofebs, anu rom ara xelovneba, rogorc absolutis SidawiaRis,<br />
rogorc WeSmaritebis naTelSi ramdenadme garegamomtani ganzomileba, ar<br />
eqneboda arsebobis safuZveli adamianuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis arc erT<br />
mimarTulebas da Tu yvela Cvengani Semoqmedi ar aris, samagierod,<br />
aucileblobiTaa gansazRvruli is garemoeba, rom yvela Cvengans metnaklebad<br />
axasiaTebs xelovnebis gagebis SesaZlebloba, riTac<br />
kvlavvwvdebiT im gancda-Sinaarsebs, romlebTan wvdomilobac, Tundac<br />
aracnobierad, manamdec gvaxasiaTebda, iseve rogorc aucileblobiTaa<br />
gansazRvruli ama Tu im Semoqmedis xeliT konkretuli mxatvruli<br />
103
qmnilebis aRmocenebis SesaZlebloba, raTa xelovneba am konkretul<br />
qmnilebebSi saerTo-adamianur gancda-Sinaarsebad saxedSemtkicebuli<br />
formiT isev sakuTar TavSi ukuSeeqces, rogorc xelovnebis qmnilebisa<br />
da xelovnebis qmnilebaSi am saerTo-adamianuri gancda-Sinaarsebis, aseve<br />
mecnierebisa da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva dargebis gamxsnelganmapirobebel<br />
safuZvlebSi. es qveteqsti igulisxmeba haidegerTanac,<br />
kerZod, misi mtkicebiT: `mecniereba ar aris WeSmaritebis xdomilebis<br />
Zireuli saxe, aramed igi misi ukve xsnili ares gafarToebaa, kerZod ki,<br />
imisi wvdomisa da dafuZnebis meoxebiT, raic mis arealSi albaTur da<br />
aucilebel siswored mJRavndeba~ (55.63_64). e. i. xelovneba, rogorc<br />
WeSmaritebis Zireul safuZvlebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi saxeganzomileba,<br />
ramdenadme garegamoitans WeSmaritebas, xolo mecniereba,<br />
WeSmaritebis am ukve „xsnili ares“ gafarToebaa da Tuki mecniereba<br />
axsnis meTods emyareba, es safuZvelSi igivea, rac Tundac<br />
Tavisdauneburad gagebis meTodze damyareba, radgan rogorc vxedavT,<br />
rom ara WeSmaritebis ramdenadme „xsnili are“, anu xelovnebis imTaviTve<br />
rogorRac gagebadoba, axsnis meTodis, anu mecnierebis SesaZleblobac<br />
ar iarsebebda. e.i. gagebaSi, rogorc axsnis safuZvelSi, axsna<br />
winaswarmoxazuli SesaZleblobis saxiT ukve imTaviTve igulisxmeba.<br />
xolo iq, sadac axsna wina planze dominirebs, gagebac SeiZleba<br />
farulad, magram mainc uaRresad mniSvnelobs. e. i. mecnierebaca da<br />
adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebic, cxadia, imdenad arian<br />
SesaZlebelni, ramdenadac swored xelovnebis ganzomileba, rogorc<br />
absolutis mier sakuTari Tavis TviTwvdomis etapi da yvela sxva<br />
safexuris safuZveli absolutis TviTSemecnebis gzaze, xsnis ares<br />
mecnierebisa da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebis sakuTrivi<br />
ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
yovelive amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvsurs, TiTqos mecnierebis<br />
problematika xelovnebis gagebis yalibis mixedviT unda ganvixiloT,<br />
ubralod, imas vamtkicebT, rom mecnierebis, miT ufro bunebismecnierebis<br />
axsniTi Wrili oden klebaa gagebisa, rogorc azrovnebis TavisTavSi<br />
TavisTvis imTaviTve mocemulobisa da gana azrovnebis TavisTavSi<br />
TavisTvis mocemuloba dasabamidan dRemde garkveuli mxatvrulobiT ar<br />
104
xasiaTdeba maSasadame, axsniTi meTodi, iseve rogorc materia da<br />
bunebismecnierebani, azrovnebis TavisTavSi TavisTvis, rogorc gagebis<br />
imTaviTve mocemulobaSi arian fuZedebulni da imdenad afarToveben<br />
WeSmaritebis ukve xsnil ares, ramdenadac ukve sakuTriv viTardebian da<br />
amiT SeiZleba xelovnebasac, rogorc WeSmaritebis ukve xsnil ares,<br />
Tundac iribad kvlavubruneben axal da axal impulsebs axali da axali<br />
materialuri Tu sulieri Sinaarsebis kvalvsawvdomad. amdenad,<br />
xelovneba da bunebismecnierebani, Sesabamisad, gageba da axsna, ra Tqma<br />
unda, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, magram maTi erTianobis safuZveli<br />
azrovnebaSi, ideaSi swored isaa, rac maT ganasxvavebs, Sesabamisad,<br />
gageba axsnisTvis garegadamwvdomi cnebaa erTdroulad maT erTianobaSic<br />
da gansxvavebulobaSic. e.i. is rom mecnierebisa da adamianuri<br />
moRvaweobis sxva sferoebis safuZveli azrovnebis xelovnebiseulobaSi<br />
WeSmaritebis ramdenadme „xsnili area“, sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos<br />
mecnierebasa da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebs sakuTrivi<br />
ganviTareba ar SeeZloT da amitomacaa xelovneba da mecniereba<br />
erTmaneTisgan radikalurad daSorebul sferoebad rom gveCveneba.<br />
cxadia, adamianuri moRvaweobis doneze es marTlac asea, magram aki ukve<br />
araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom msgavsi gansxvavebuli sibrtyeebis<br />
ganmasxvavebeli swored isaa, rac safuZvelSi maTive Tavdapirveli<br />
erTianobis safuZvelia.<br />
saboloo jamSi, im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom aradamajereblad<br />
gamoiyureba dilTais Tvalsazrisi gagebisa da axsnis meTodebis<br />
erTmaneTisgan kategoriulad gamijvnis Taobaze. gonismecnierebani,<br />
bunebismecnierebani da xelovneba, cxadia, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan,<br />
Sesabamisad, isini iqneb marTlac sxvadasxvagvari meTodebiT mimarTebasac<br />
moiTxoven, magram es sxvadasxvagvari meTodebi siRrmiseul-safuZvliseul<br />
erTianobas, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxaven. metic, rogorc vxedavT,<br />
swored gageba gamoiyureba miTiTebuli erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli<br />
sferoebis erTian substanciur meTodad, romlis CarCoebSic am<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul sferoebs axsnis meTodic TavianTeburad<br />
miesadageba, anu axsnis Zirebi swored gagebis horizontSia saZebneli da<br />
ara mis gareT. zustadac am viTarebidan gamomdinare unda akritikebdes<br />
105
dilTais haidegeric, roca acxadebs: `dilTais saxe, romelic dResacaa<br />
gavrcelebuli, Semdegia: gonisa da gansakuTrebiT literaturis<br />
istoriis `daxvewili~ ganmmartebeli, romelic `agreTve~ bunebisa da<br />
gonismecnierebis gamijvnas cdilobs da am dros am mecnierebebs da aseve<br />
`fsiqologiis~ istorias gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs, maT Tavis<br />
relativistur sicocxlis filosofiaSi gaalRobs. zedapiruli<br />
ganxilvisaTvis es `suraTi~ sworia, magram mas usxlteba substancia. es<br />
suraTi ufro mets faravs, vidre aaSkaravebs~ (54.588_589).<br />
dilTais Tvalsazrisi axsnisa da gagebis meTodebis Sesaxeb<br />
marTlac ufro mets faravs, vidre aaSkaravebs, radgan dilTais<br />
substancia imdenad usxlteba, ramdenadac gagebisa da axsnis meTodebs<br />
erTmaneTisgan ukiduresad mijnavs da ver acnobierebs, rom axsna<br />
gagebisgan siRrmiseulad gamijnuli ki ar aris, aramed axsna gagebaSi<br />
winaswarmoxazuli saxiT imTaviTve igulisxmeba, xolo Tu isini<br />
erTmaneTis sapirispiro instanciebis STabeWdilebas mainc toveben, es<br />
sworedac zedapirzea ase da ara siRrmiseulad.<br />
Sesabamisad, gasakviri sulac ar aris, roca dilTaisTan<br />
hermenevtika, rogorc meTodi, mxolod nawilobriv emTxveva Semecnebis<br />
cnebas, rogorc aseTs, maSin roca, hermenevtikis cneba haidegerTan<br />
uigivdeba `adamianuri yofierebis da TviTyofierebis gagebis sawyisiseul<br />
wess da Sesabamisad, yovelgvari Semecnebis fundamentur cnebas<br />
(haidegeri da haidegeriT gansazRvruli uaxlesi filosofia)~ (48.4).<br />
ufro zustad, haidegerTan `gageba, rogorc `TviTon im faqtiuri yofnis~<br />
wesi, romelSiac samyaro konstruirdeba, warmoadgens Semecnebis im<br />
ZiriTad cnebas, saidanac iRebs Tavis sazrissa da daniSnulebas saerTod<br />
yovelgvari Semecnebis yovelgvari meTodi~ (48.182). kidev ufro zustad:<br />
`filosofia, rogorc azrovneba yofierebaze, miznad isaxavda yofierebis<br />
fenomenis axsnas, ganmartebas, mis Semswavlel fenomenologias ki<br />
haidegeri swored hermenevtikas uwodebs. magram ramdenadac yofierebis<br />
axsna da gagebis cda samyaros Seqmnasa da gardaqmnas niSnavs, amitom<br />
haidegeri hermenevtikis axlebur gagebas icavs. hermenevtika marto<br />
arsebulis yofierebis ganamrteba ki ar aris, aramed ambis motanac<br />
yofierebidan (anu miTologiuri, hermesiseuli funqciis Sesruleba). es<br />
106
ki yofierebis gamovlenaa, e.i. axlis Seqmna yofierTa samyaroSi.<br />
haidegerTan hermenevtikam universaluri saxe miiRo, gansxvavebiT<br />
dilTaisagan, romelic am meTods mxolod goniT mecnierebebs miuyenebda~<br />
(45.310). hermenevtika universalurobiT xasiaTdeba kidev erT germanel<br />
filosofosTan hans gadamerTan. am filosofosTan `SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
hermenevtikuli meTodi mTeli Tavisi sisruliTaa mocemuli. igi<br />
cdilobs gaemijnos Tavis winamorbedTa subieqtivizms, xazs usvams im<br />
garemoebas, rom Tanamedrove filosofiuri hermenevtika principulad<br />
gansxvavebulia hermenevtikis tradiciuli gagebisagan. Tuki tradiciuli<br />
hermenevtika acxadebada pretenzias imaze, rom yofiliyo gonis<br />
mecnierebebis meTodi, gadameri aRiarebs hermenevtikas, rogorc axali<br />
drois universalur filosofias. is mowodebulia, rom pasuxi gasces<br />
umniSvnelovanes filosofiur kiTxvebs, rogoraa SesaZlebeli<br />
garSemomyofi samyaros gageba~ (45.311). sainteresoa, rom ramdenadme<br />
msgavsi Tvalsazrisi haidegersa da gadamerze adre gamoTqva<br />
personalizmis warmomadgenelma Sternma. am filosofosis mixedviT:<br />
`zustmecnieruli (amxsneli) da gagebiTi meTodebis urTierTkavSiri<br />
aucilebelia: gagebis mecnieruli meTodi yvelgan da yovelTvis<br />
Semecnebis `gan-meebeli~ meTodis damsabuTebel, makontrolirebel da<br />
Semavsebel TanamSromlobas saWiroebs~ (48.125), ramdenadac `sinamdvilis<br />
pativiscemis gareSe gageba ar arsebobs~ (48.125). sinamdvilis pativiscemas<br />
ki haidegeri yvelaze ukeT gamoxatavs: `is saqmianoba da saqmiani<br />
urTierToba, romliTac munyofiereba Tavis `soflur samyaros~ agebs,<br />
haidegerisTvis niSnavs mocemulisadmi `saxezemyofisadmi~ gansazRvruli<br />
poziciis daWeras, mis `mizanSi amoRebas~, magram ara munyofierebis<br />
`TavisTavidan gasvlas~: vinaidan, `samyaro transcendentia~, amitom<br />
samyaroSi mocemulze TviTwarmarTvisas adamiani `TavisTavidan ki ar<br />
gadis~, aramed igi `yovelTvis gareTaa, yovelTvis ukve aRmoCenili<br />
samyaros raRac Sexvedril arsebulTan~. igi im `samyaroSi yofnaa~,<br />
romelic imecnebs. me yovelTvis `gareT samyaroSi~ var sagnebTan erTad;<br />
amitom Teoriuli Semecneba aris munyofierebis samyaroSi yofnaze<br />
dafuZnebuli modusi~ (48.205). amdenad, marTebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis<br />
mixedviTac, romantikuli hermenevtikis momdevno istoria `ukve gagebis<br />
107
cnebis gagebiTi meTodis cnebaSi gardaqmnis istoriaa~ (48.80), iseTi<br />
gagebiTi meTodisa, romelic mTlianad faravs Semecnebis cnebas, rogorc<br />
aseTs da Sesabamisad, TavisTavSi Seicavs axsnis bunebismecnierul<br />
SesaZleblobasac, ramdenadac bunebismecnieric `yovelTvis `gareT<br />
samyaroSia~ sagnebTan erTad~. am azriT, am filosofosebTan, gagebisa da<br />
hermenevtikis cnebebic savsebiT emTxvevian erTamenTs, ramdenadac<br />
Semecnebis cnebas, rogorc aseTs, erTic sruliad uigivdeba da meorec.<br />
ase rom, gageba SedegSi, anu zedapirze, igivea, rac axsna, xolo<br />
axsna safuZvelSi igivea, rac gageba, anu gageba, rogorc axsna<br />
safuZvelSi da axsna, rogorc gageba SedegSi, zedapirze Tu<br />
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, Torem safuZvelSi erTi da igiveni arian,<br />
rogorc erTiani substancia, iseTi substancia, romelic dilTais<br />
mxedvelobidan gamorCa da romelic SedegSi, anu zedapirze<br />
bunebismecnierebasa da gonismecniereba _ xelovnebas apriori<br />
gansxvavebul meTodebad miesadageba. amgvari erTianoba-gansxvavebis<br />
ramdenadme gamxsnel-gamomaaSkaravebeli ganzomileba ki, zemoTac<br />
davinaxeT, rom pirvel yovlisa xelovnebaa, rogorc absolutis<br />
TviTwvdomis etapi da amdenad, gauswrebadi safuZveli yovelgvari<br />
mecnieruli ganzomilebis aRmocenebis SesaZleblobisa anu yvelaze<br />
aRmatebuli hermanevtika yovelgvari hermanevtikisa. am konteqstSi, Tavis<br />
mxriv, kidev erTxel marTldeba astis Sexduleba gagebis meTodis<br />
xelovnebasa da bunebismecnierebaze Tu gonismecnierebaze met-naklebad<br />
erTnairad miyenebadobis Sesaxeb. marTlac, Tuki gagebis meTodmiyenebadi<br />
xelovneba absolutis TviTSemecnebis etapi da absolutis<br />
TviTSemecnebis gzaze qveda safexurebis, maT Soris, rogorc<br />
gonismecnierebaTa, aseve bunebismecnierebaTa safuZveli da gauswrebadi<br />
SesaZleblobaa, maSin gagebis meTodTan Sesabamisoba zogadad<br />
mecnierebasac avtomaturad unda gadmohyves. Sesabamisad, xelovnebisa da<br />
mecnierebis, gagebisa da axsnis urTierTmimarTebis es Wrili, ra Tqma<br />
unda, amarTlebs mTelisa da nawilebis Taobaze astis ganazrebebsac.<br />
astTan nawilebi mTelidan gamomdinareoben da swored nawilebis<br />
gacnobierebiT mivdivarT mTelamde, rogorc am nawilebis safuZvlamde.<br />
ufro zustad, mTeli, rogorc safuZveli, ukve imTaviTve<br />
108
winaswarmoxazuli SesaZleblobis saxiT Seicavs nawilebs da es<br />
nawilebic saboloo jamSi sakuTar safuZvels, rogorc mTels<br />
ukuubrundebian, anu mTeli Tavisi Tavidan nawilebis saxiT gamodis da<br />
sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Tavdapirvel mTels, nawilebad<br />
saxedSemtkicebuli formiT kvlavukuSeeqceva. mTelisa da nawilebis<br />
aseTive urTierTmimarTeba axasiaTebT xelovnebis konkretul<br />
qmnilebebsac da zogadad xelovnebasac. kerZod, sakuTar calkeul<br />
epizodebTan, rogorc nawilebTan mimarTebaSi, xelovnebis erTiani<br />
qmnileba, cxadia, mTelia, magram rom ara xelovnebis qmnilebebis<br />
mTlianobis Tavdapirveli idea, ra Tqma unda, xelovnebis qmnilebis<br />
calkeul epizodebsac, anu nawilebsac ar eqnebodaT arsebobis<br />
safuZveli, xolo xelovnebis qmnilebis mTlianobis Tavdapirveli idea,<br />
rogorc xelovnebis qmnilebisa da misi calkeuli epizodebis, anu<br />
nawilebis safuZveli, sxva ra unda iyos, Tu ara zogadad xelovneba, anu<br />
xelovneba, rogorc aseTi ase rom, Tavis mxriv, TviTon xelovnebis<br />
calkeuli mTliani qmnilebebi zustadac nawilebia zogadad xelovnebisa,<br />
rogorc aseTisa. e i. xelovneba, rogorc aseTi, safuZvelia xelovnebis<br />
calkeuli qmnilebebisa, rogorc sakuTarive nawlebisa, anu xelovnebaSi,<br />
rogorc mTelSi, ukve imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli saxiT igulisxmeba<br />
xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebis, rogorc nawilebis aRmocenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba, xolo xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebi am aRmocenebiT<br />
kvlav sakuTar safuZvelsa da gauswrebad SesaZleblobas ubrundebian,<br />
rogorc Tavdapirvel mTels. sxva sityvebiT, xelovneba, rogorc mTeli,<br />
sakuTari Tavidan, rogorc xelovnebis calkeul qmnilebaTa zogadi<br />
safuZvlebidan, xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebis aRmocenebiT gamodis<br />
da am calkeul qmnilebebSi sakuTarive Sinaarsebis saxedSemtkicebuli<br />
formiT sakuTar Tavs kvlavukuSeeqceva-kvlavwvdeba. amitomac vambobT<br />
xelovnebaze, rom igi qmnaa, rogorc `gamoReba~. maSasadame, aSkarad<br />
qarwyldeba imis iluzia, TiTqos jer xelovania, xelovnebis qmnilebaa<br />
da merea xelovneba. aki Cvenma msjelobam aSkarad dagvanaxa, rom ara<br />
xelovneba, rogorc Tavdapirveli mTliani, erTiani ganzomileba,<br />
Semoqmedsac ar eqneboda unari xelovnebis, rogorc mTliani, erTiani<br />
ganzomilebis calkeuli Sinaarsebis xelovnebis calkeul qmnilebebSi<br />
109
saxedSemtkicebisa da aseve, verc xelovnebis qmnilebebi iarsebebdnen,<br />
rogorc xelovnebis mTliani, erTiani ganzomilebis nawilebi. am<br />
garemoebaze haidegeri yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs: `dasabami<br />
imas hqvia, saidanac da risi meoxebiTac sagani aris is, rac aris. mas, rac<br />
raRac aris, rogorc is aris, Cven arsebas vetyviT. raRacis dasabami aris<br />
misi arsebis warmomavloba. SekiTxva xelovnebis qmnilebis dasabamze<br />
kiTxulobs misi arsebis warmomavlobis Taobaze. Cveulebrivi<br />
warmodgenis Tanaxmad, qmnileba warmodgeba xelovanis saqmianobidan da<br />
am saqmianobis Sedegad, magram risi meoxebiT da saidan aris xelovani is,<br />
rac is aris qmnilebis meoxebiT. radgan ostats qmnileba warmoaCenso,<br />
Semdegs moaswavebs: mxolod qmnileba aZlevs dasabams xelovans, viTarca<br />
xelovnebis ostats. xelovani aris qmnilebis dasabami, qmnileba aris<br />
xelovanis dasabami. isini erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben, magram calcalke<br />
verc qmnileba warmoSobs xelovans da verc xelovani _ qmnilebas.<br />
xelovani da qmnileba, TiToeuli Sinaganad da maTs urTierTmimarTebaSi<br />
mesamis meoxebiT arseboben. SesaZloa, es mesame _ xelovneba, pirvelic ki<br />
aris, radgan swored xelovnebaa is, saidanac xelovans da xelovnebis<br />
qmnilebas TavianTi saxelebi miuRiaT. marTalia, aucileblobiTaa<br />
gansazRvruli is, rom xelovani sxva saxiTaa qmnilebis dasabami, vidre<br />
qmnileba aris dasabami xelovnebisa, magram aseve ueWvelia isic, rom<br />
kidev ufro gansxvavebuli saxiT TviTon xelovnebaa erTsa da imave dros<br />
rogorc xelovanis, ise qmnilebis dasabami. magram saerTod, ZaluZs ki<br />
xelovnebas, iyos dasabami sad hgiebs da rogor hgiebs xelovneba igi<br />
xom carieli sityvaa, romelsac araferi namdvili aRar Sesatyviseba.<br />
xelovneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos krebiTs warmodgenad, romelSic Segvaqvs<br />
yovelive is, rasac mxolod xelovnebismieri sinamdvile aqvs: qmnilebebi<br />
da xelovnebebi. sityva xelovnebas iqneb ufro meti raRacis aRniSvnac<br />
akisria, vidre es aris krebiTi warmodgena, magram is, rac am sityvaSi<br />
igulisxmeba, aseTi meti ramis aRmniSvnelad yofnas isev xelovanTa da<br />
qmnilebaTa sinamdvilis safuZvelze Tu SeZleboda. an egebis saqme<br />
piriqiTaa qmnileba da xelovani xom ar hgieben mxolod imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac arsebobs xelovneba, viTarca maTi dasabami~ (55.12_13).<br />
110
a Tqma unda, asea, es Cven yovelive zemoganxilulidanac Zalian<br />
kargad davinaxeT, anu xelovnebis qmnilebaSi mocemul im absolutismier<br />
impulsebs, romlebic mnaxvelSi aTasgvar asociacias iwvevs, Semoqmedi<br />
xelovnebis qmnilebaSi verafriT Cadebda, rom ara absolutismieri<br />
SidawiaRi xelovnebisa, rogorc safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZlebloba<br />
Semoqmedis nebismieri ganzraxvisa. marTlacda, gana xelovanis mogonilia<br />
zemoT miTiTebuli absolutismieri impulsebi haidegerTan _ SiSi,<br />
sixaruli, TrTolva, sikvdilis muqara Tu sxva amdagvarebi, romelTa<br />
asociaciebsac xelovnebis ama Tu im qmnilebis naxva CvenSi ganapirobebs<br />
ra Tqma unda, ara, am siRrmiseul impulsebs xom xelovanic, rogorc sxva<br />
nebismieri adamiani, Semdeg ki ar iZens, aramed, isini nebismier adamians,<br />
maT Soris xelovansac apriori Tan dahyveba, ubralod, absoluti am<br />
sakuTar SidawiaRs Semoqmedis xeliT qmnilebaSi saxedSemoimtkicebs,<br />
raTa sakuTarsave Sinaarsebs ase saxedSemtkicebuli formiT kvlavwvdes<br />
xelovnebis ganzomilebaSi, anu sakuTari Tavis TviTwvdomis stadiaze.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia, ratomacaa gageba im wuTSive iq, sadac<br />
xelovnebaa: gana SiSi, sixaruli, TrTolva, sikvdilis muqara, Tu sxva<br />
amdagvari Sinaarsebi rogorRac, Tundac Cvengan gaucnobiereblad<br />
imTaviTve gasagebi ar aris amitomac miuTiTebs gadameri, gageba ukve<br />
winaswargagebulis gagebaao da axsnis SesaZleblobac, rogorc am,<br />
Tundac aracnobierad xsnili gagebis arealis gafarToeba, swored am<br />
ukve winaswargagebulidan gamomdinareobs, magram Tu gagebis xsnili<br />
arealis aRniSnuli Sinaarsebi yvela Cvengans apriori axasiaTebs, maSin<br />
ratom ar aris yvela Cvengani Semoqmedi am kiTxvas Semdegnairad unda<br />
vupasuxoT: is garemoeba, rom miTiTebuli gagebadi Sinaarsebi yvela<br />
Cvengans apriori axasiaTebs, sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, TiTqos<br />
TiToeuli Cvengani aucileblad Semoqmedi unda iyos.<br />
TiTqos yvelaferi gasagebia, magram yovelive zemoTqmuli aSkarad<br />
gvaiZulebs Semdegi kiTxva davsvaT _ xelovneba, zemoaRwerili<br />
funqciebiT, RmerTis funqcias xom ar iTavsebs, radgan xelovneba<br />
gamodis yvelafris ganmapirobebel-warmomqmneli, maSin roca sayovelTao<br />
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT yvelafris warmomSob-warmomqmneli RmerTia<br />
cxadia, xelovnebas RmerTis funqcia didwilad marTlac apriori<br />
111
miewereba, magram ara im gagebiT, TiTqos xelovneba iyos RmerTis<br />
ganmapirobebeli, aramed piriqiT, xelovneba TviTonaa RmerTiT<br />
ganpirobebuli. xelovnebis mimarTeba RmerTTan zustad iseTivea, rogorc<br />
nivT-xelsawyos mimarTeba xelovnebasTan, anu xelovneba RmerTis<br />
funqciebs imdenad iTavsebs, ramdenadac RmerTi aZlevs amis saSualebas.<br />
am azrs gulisxmobs haidegeri, roca xelovnebis qmnilebis Sesaxeb<br />
acxadebs: `igia qmnileba, romelic RmerTs Tanaobas anebebs da amitom<br />
TviTon aris RmerTi~ (55.42), iseve, rogorc masala, nivTi da xelsawyo<br />
xelovnebis konteqstSi da xelovnebis wyalobiT, ar aris Cveulebrivi<br />
gagebiT masala, nivTi da xelsawyo. azris amgvar dinebas Tu gavyvebiT,<br />
SeiZleba Semdeg daskvnamdec mivideT: ara marto xelovnebaa RmerTi,<br />
aramed nivTic (masalac, xelsawyoc) RmerTia, imis miuxedavad, rom<br />
`vSiSobT kidec, RmerTs nivTi vuwodoT~ (55.17). magram Tuki xelovneba<br />
RmerTis SidawiaRia, xolo nivTis nivTurs, rogorc masalas xelovnebis<br />
SidawiaRi warmoaCens, maSin savsebiT logikuria, Tuki xelovnebis<br />
SidawiaRSi warmoCeniT, nivTsa da masalas RmerTismieri Sinaarsebic<br />
gadmohyvebaT. amitomacaa SesaZlebeli ferwerulad asaxul `Zvel<br />
waRebSi~ SevigrZnoT da davinaxoT `mdumareba~, `gawbileba~, `SiSi~,<br />
`sixaruli~, `TrTolva~, `sikvdilis muqara~ Tu sxva amdagvarebi.<br />
ganmartebisaTvis aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom RmerTi aq gagebulia rogorc<br />
wminda azrovneba, anu wminda arara, e. i. rogorc absoluti da gana<br />
SeiZleba RmerTis aseTi gansazRvrebisas vcdebodeT wminda azrovneba,<br />
rogorc wminda arara, anu absoluti, gana SeiZleba sxva raime iyos, Tu<br />
ara RmerTi vfiqrobT, ukve mivediT xelovnebis qmnilebis da ara marto<br />
xelovnebis qmnilebis, aramed xelosnobis, nivTisa Tu masalis<br />
dasabamTanac. maSasadame, absoluti, rogorc safuZveli da gauswrebadi<br />
SesaZlebloba, sakuTar SidawiaRs warmoaCens xelovnebis ganzomilebad,<br />
xolo es ukanaskneli, rogorc absolutis TviTwvdomis etapi, am<br />
absolutiseul SidawiaRs absolutis sxvadyofnaSi, anu materiamasalaSi<br />
xelovnebis qmnilebad saxedSeimtkicebs, riTac avtomaturad<br />
warmoaCens nivTisa da xelsawyos arsebasac. amiT, materia-masala-nivTxelsawyos<br />
arsebawarmomCeni xelovnebis qmnileba ukuSeeqceva sakuTar<br />
safuZvels _ xelovnebas, rogorc aseTs, xolo nivT-xelsawyo-materia-<br />
112
masalis arsebawarmomCeni xelovneba absolutis Sinaarsebis materiamasalaSi<br />
saxedSemtkicebuli formiT ukuSeeqceva absoluts, rogorc<br />
safuZvelTa safuZvelsa da yovlad gauswrebad SesaZleblobas.<br />
cxadia, es procesebi, ukve manamaa momxdari, vidre Cven am moxdomas<br />
gavacnobierebdeT, anu miTiTebuli `sqema~ win uswrebs Cvens mier `sqemis~<br />
analizs. ase ki imitomaa, rom `kvlavwvdoma~, `kvlavdabruneba~,<br />
`ukuSeqceva~ absolutis mier sakuTari Tavidan gamosvlis mere ki ar<br />
xorcieldeba, aramed roca da sadac absolutia, ukve imTaviTvea<br />
absolutic, rogorc sakuTari Tavidan gamosuli da, amave dros,<br />
ukuSeqceul-TviTnawvdomi saxiTac, absoluti ki yovelTvis da<br />
yvelganacaa, anu `manamdecaa~ da `merecaa~, e. i. es `manamde~ igivea, rac<br />
`mere~ da `mere~ igivea, rac `manamde~. amdenad, terminebi `kvlavwvdoma~,<br />
`kvlavdabruneba~, `ukuSeqceva~, CvenTvis absolutis SidawiaRSi<br />
ramdenadme Camwvdomi cnebebia. Tumca, es cnebebi sakuTriv<br />
absolutisTvis iqneb Zalze pirobiTnic ki arian. amitomacaa, rom Cveni<br />
analizi sruliad mainc ver amowuravs absolutis mier Tavisi Tavidan<br />
gamosvlisa da ukuSeqcevis procesis yvela kuTxe-kunWuls. Sesabamisad,<br />
gasagebia, roca xelovnebis, rogorc absolutis TviTwvdomis<br />
ganzomilebis mier absolutis SidawiaRis naTelSi gamotanasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi sityva `ramdenadmes~ vxmarobT, anu xelovneba dasabamTan<br />
iqneb marTlac Zalian axlos `saxlobs~, magram mainc `Znelad gviboZebs<br />
samemkvidreod Tavis alags igi, raica saxlobs siaxloves dasabamisa~<br />
(55.82). sxvagvarad, xelovneba, rogorc absolutis TviTwvdomis<br />
ganzomileba, swored imis gamo, rom Znelad gviboZebs samemkvidrod Tavis<br />
alags, mxolod ramdenadme xsnis da garegamoitans absolutis SidawiaRs,<br />
magram es `ramdenadme~ mainc SidawiaRia, iseTi SidawiaRia, romelic im<br />
doneze xsnil alags mainc gviboZebs, rom xelovnebis RmerTismieroba<br />
gavigoT. Tavis mxriv, xelovnebaSi aseT doneze garegamotanilganaTebuli<br />
absolutiseuli xsnili alagi savsebiT sakmarisia<br />
hegelisTvisac, raTa ganacxados: `Semoqmedebas TviT TavisTavadve<br />
bunebiTi uSualobis forma aqvs. igi geniis, rogorc am kerZo subieqtis<br />
kuTvnilebaa da, amave dros, igi teqnikur gansjasa da meqanikur garegan<br />
moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli muSaobaa. amitom, xelovnebis nawarmoebi<br />
113
imdenadvea Tavisufali TviTnebobis qmnileba, xolo xelovani RvTis<br />
ostati~ (59.338).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, ukve gasagebia isic, saidanac unda gamovideT,<br />
Tuki xelovnebis arsebisa da gagebadobis Wrilis wvdoma ramdenadme<br />
mainc gvinda, kerZod, xelovnebis qmnilebaSi xelovnebiT ramdenadme<br />
garegamosul-ganaTebuli absolutiseuli WeSmaritebidan, romelic amave<br />
dros mSvenieria. mSvenieria, radgan Tundac rogorRac da ramdenadme<br />
garegamotana imisa, rac dafarulobaSi myofobs, TavisTavad mSvenieria:<br />
`WeSmariteba daufaravobaa yofieris, viTarca yofieris WeSmariteba<br />
yofierebis WeSmaritebaa, xolo mSveniereba rodi arsebobs gareSe<br />
WeSmaritebisa. Tavisi Tavis qmnilebaSi dadginebiT WeSmariteba naTliT<br />
imoseba, naTelmosileba, viTarca myofoba WeSmaritebisa qmnilebaSi da<br />
viTarca Tavad es qmnileba, aris swored mSveniereba. amrigad, mSvenieri<br />
WeSmaritebis mier Tavisi Tavis TviTSemTxvevas ganekuTvneba~ (55.84).<br />
§3.epoqaTa zogadi sulieri simptomebi<br />
da xelovnebis hermenevtikuli horizonti<br />
WeSmaritebis mier Tavisi Tavis qmnilebaSi `TviTSemTxveva – naTliT<br />
Semosva~, rogorc wina paragrafSi davinaxeT, mSvenieria, ramdenadac,<br />
pirvel rigSi TviTon WeSmaritebis mier xelovnebis qmnilebaSi<br />
`TviTSemTxveva – naTliT Semosvis~ aqtia TavisTavad mSvenieri, magram ra<br />
aris, rogoria is Sinaarsebi Tavdapirveli ideisa, romelic xelovnebaSi<br />
WeSmaritebis `TviTSemTxvevas~ iTxovs saamisod pirvel rigSi, is<br />
kulturul-sulieri atmosfero unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor<br />
kulturul-sulier atmosferoSic mxatvruli teqstis Semqmnels uxdeba<br />
cxovreba da moRvaweoba. cxadia, gagebis aseT Wrils verc erTi epoqisa<br />
da vercerTi mimarTulebis xelovneba ver acdeba, ramdenadac swored ama<br />
Tu im epoqis kulturul-sulieri atmosferoa Tavdapirveli ideis is<br />
SidawiaRi, romelic xelovnebas imTaviTve msWvalavs. amdendad, xelovneba<br />
yovelTvis Tavisi epoqis pirmSoa, iseTi pirmSo, romelSic misi<br />
114
Tanadrouli epoqis suli, adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan<br />
SedarebiT, iqneb yvelaze cxadad mosCans. maSasadame, xelovnebis<br />
siRrmeebis gagebis gzaze, im epoqis kulturul-sulieri atmosfero,<br />
rogor kulturul-sulier garemoSic esa Tu is xelovneba, ufro<br />
konkretulad, xelovnebis esa Tu is qmnileba aRmocenda, yvelaze kargi<br />
gadmosaxedia. Sesabamisad, ama Tu im epoqis xelovnebis analizmma,<br />
TavisTavad unda dagvanaxos is saerTo, romelic nebismier epoqasa da<br />
nebismieri epoqis xelovnebas met-naklebad erTnairad unda axasiaTebdeT.<br />
ama Tu im epoqaSi ama Tu im saxiT zogadad xelovnebaSi gamovlenil<br />
kulturul-sulier atmosferos anu `epoqis suls~, frangi filosofosi<br />
ipolit teni zogadad `moralur temperaturad~ moixseniebs: `minda<br />
Sedareba movixmo, rom TqvenTvis ufro sagrZnobi gaxdes zne-Cveulebebisa<br />
da gabatonebul SexedulebaTa gavlena xelovnebaze... rogorc arsebobs<br />
erTgvari fizikuri temperatura, romelic Tavisi cvalebadobiT iwvevs<br />
ama Tu im mcenaris jiSis gaCenas, swored aseve arsebobs erTgvari<br />
moraluri temperatura, romelic Tavisi cvalebadobiT iwvevs xelovnebis<br />
ama Tu im dargis gaCenas da rogorc fizikur temperaturas vswavlobT,<br />
raTa SevignoT ama Tu im mcenaris gaCena, iqneba es simindi Tu Svria,<br />
aloe Tu wabli, iseve unda SeviswavloT moraluri temperatura, rom<br />
SevignoT xelovnebis raime dargis gaCena, kerpTayvanismcemelobisa,<br />
vnebiani musikisa an idealisturi poeziisa. adamianis sulis<br />
Semoqmedebani, rogorc cocxali bunebis nawarmoebni, SeiZleba SevignoT<br />
mxolod maSin, Tu maT SeviswavliT garemocul aresTan dakavSirebiT~<br />
(38.12, 13). ipolit tenis es Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda misaRebia, Tumca<br />
mizanSewonilia aqve davazustoT, rom miTiTebuli garemoculi<br />
`moraluri temperatura~, rogorc ama Tu im epoqis sxva Tanamedroveebs,<br />
Semoqmedsac, cxadia, zustad aseve TviTcnobierebamde, refleqsamde aqvs<br />
mocemuli da am ukanasknelsac igi mxatvrul teqstSi, mxatvrul<br />
qmnilebaSi aseve bunebrivad da Zaldautaneblad gadaaqvs. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
xelovani SemoqmedebiTi procesisas, marTalia `gondakarguli~ qmnis,<br />
magram igi apriori mainc imas asxams xorcs, riTac misi suli, goneba da<br />
guli TviTcnobierebamde, refleqsiamdea gaJRenTili. Semoqmedis suli,<br />
goneba da guli ki swored imgvari `moraluri temperaturiTaa~ imTaviTve<br />
115
aRsavse, rogori `moraluri temperaturiTac~ misi Tnamedroveebic aseve<br />
imTaviTve aRvsilni arian. marTebulad miuTiTebs ipolit teni –<br />
`mwerloba, ferwera Tu qandakeba epoqis ideebiT sazrdoobs, epoqis<br />
ideebiT sunTqavs. ise ver Seiqmneba xelovnebis verc erTi mSvenieri<br />
nawarmoebi, mSvenieri qmnileba~ (38.4). amnairi SexedulebiT ipolit teni<br />
savsebiT eTanxmeba did germanel poets iohan volfgang goeTes, romlis<br />
mtkicebiTac: `gaivseT Tqveni goneba da guli, ragind farToc ar unda<br />
gqondeT, Tqveni saukunis ideebiT da grZnobebiT da xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebic gaCndeba~ (38.5).<br />
goeTesa da tenis es Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda marTebulia, magram<br />
igi ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos mxatvruli qmnilebis Semqmneli, anu<br />
xelovani gonebasa da guls misi saukunis ideebiTa da grZnobebiT<br />
naZaladevad ivsebdes. cxadia, sityva `gaivseT~, goeTes ukve imTaviTve<br />
`gavsebulis~ mniSvnelobiT aqvs naxmari, radgan epoqis grZnobebiTa da<br />
ideebiT gonebisa da gulis ZaliT `gavsebis~ fenomeni, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
bunebaSi saerTod ar arsebobs. amitomacaa, rom xelovneba, rogorc<br />
epoqis ideebisa da grZnobebis, anu `moraluri temperaturis~<br />
gamoxatuleba, ar aris am `moraluri temperaturis~ naZaladevad<br />
mizanmimarTuli asaxva, mizanmimarTuleba xelovnebaSi epoqis `moraluri<br />
temperaturis~ rogorRac mizanSeuwonlad mizanmimarTul arekvlas<br />
udris, anu unda Tu ara Semoqmeds, igi mainc versad gaeqceva epoqis<br />
`moraluri temperaturis~ xelovnebis qmnilebaSi gadmocemas. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, Semoqmedis refleqsia qmnilebaSi asaxul epoqis `moralur<br />
temperaturaze~ mas Semdeg iwyeba, rac `moraluri temperatura~ ukve<br />
qmnilebaSia asaxuli. ufro zustad, qmnilebaSi asaxvamde `moralur<br />
temperaturaze~ refleqsia SemoqmedSi imTaviTve aranaZaladevi, anu<br />
rogorRac mizanSeuwonlad mizanSewonili fsiqologiuri procesia,<br />
romelic `mizanSewonilad mizanSewonili~ refleqsiis saxes `moraluri<br />
temperaturis~ qmnilebaSi asaxvis Semdeg iRebs. epoqis `moralur<br />
temperaturasTan~ zustad aseTive fsiqologiur mimarTebaSi imyofeba<br />
Tavisi Tanadrouli epoqis nebismieri sazogadoebac, ubralod xelovansa<br />
da sxva danarCenebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom Semoqmeds Tanadrouli<br />
epoqis `moraluri temperaturis~ mxatvrulad gadmocemis unari imTaviTve<br />
116
axasiaTebs, sxva danarCenebi ki amgvar unars moisakliseben. mokled,<br />
xelovani zustad isevea Tavisi epoqis Svili, rogorc misive<br />
Tanamedroveni da xelovanis cnobierebaSic zustad iseve imTaviTve<br />
airekleba Tavisi Tanadrouli epoqis `moraluri temperatura~, rogorc<br />
misive sxva Tanamedroveebis cnobierebaSi. xelovneba-Semoqmedi-xalxis<br />
msgavs urTierTmimarTebaSi mdgomareobs xalxis mier zogadad<br />
xelovnebis gagebis SesaZleblobac, magram Tu asea, maSin sainteresoa<br />
rogor unda avxsnaT Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac araTu sxvadasxva,<br />
sakuTriv erT konkretul epoqaSic ki SeiZleba aRmocendes iseTi tipis<br />
xelovneba, romelic TviTon am erTi konkretuli epoqis<br />
TanamedroveTaTvisac ki gaugebaria magaliTad, xose ortega-i-gaseti<br />
Tavis `xelovnebis dehumanizaciaSi~ swored im azrs aviTarebs, rom<br />
modernistuli da postmodernistuli, anu axali xelovneba TanamedroveebisTvis<br />
gaugebaria (88.511). modernistul-postmodernistuli<br />
xelovnebis Taobaze aseTive azrisaa xelovnebis TeoretikosTa<br />
garkveuli nawilic. msgavsi Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, SegviZlia<br />
ganvacxadoT, rom Tuki klasikuri da axali xelovnebis Tayvanismcemlebs<br />
erTmaneTisgan gavmijnavT, davinaxavT, rom klasikuri xelovnebis<br />
TayvanismcemlebTanac xelovnebis gagebis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
iseTive struqtura moqmedebs, rogoric axali xelovnebis<br />
Tayvanismcemlebisa axali xelovnebis mimarT da Tu maincdamainc axali<br />
xelovnebisadmi rogorRac upativcemulo damokidebulebasTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme, es ara vergagebiTi, aramed upirveles yovlisa, `politikuri~ aqtia,<br />
romelic iqneb sworedac axali xelovnebis gagebidan amoizrdeba.<br />
`nihilizmi~, `RmerTsklebeloba~ – es is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia axali<br />
xelovnebisa, rac SemfasebelTa garkveul wreebSi, ubralod protests<br />
iwvevs da ara gaugebrobas. ortega-i-gaseti da xelovnebis TeoretikosTa<br />
garkveuli nawili ki, vfiqrobT, gaugebrobas Sinagani protestisgan<br />
jerovnad ver arCeven da axal xelovnebas mcdarad miaweren gaugebrobis<br />
iarliys. aqve unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom klasikuri xelovnebis<br />
TayvanismcemelTa mxridan axali xelovnebis upativcemulobis gamomwvevi<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi, zemoTmotanil faqtorebTan erTad, SeiZleba<br />
117
klasikuri xelovnebis TayvanismcemelTa gemovnebac iyos, gemovnebaze<br />
dava ki iqneb marTlac ar Rirdes.<br />
xelovnebis ganxilvis amnair WrilSi kidev erTi saintereso kiTxva<br />
warmoiSoba: Tuki xelovnebis gageba erTi konkretuli epoqis pirobebSic<br />
ase Tu ise mainc problemaa, gana gansxvavebuli epoqebis xelovnebaTa<br />
gageba ufro met problemas ar unda warmoadgendes magaliTad, rogor<br />
unda gavigoT antikuri an Sua saukuneebis xelovnebebi maSin, roca<br />
Cvenive epoqis axali xelovnebis gagebac rogorRac gviWirs axali<br />
xelovnebis gagebadobis Taobaze zemoT ukve vTqviT, rom misi gaugebroba<br />
sinamdvileSi ara gaugebroba, aramed swored gagebad-gagebuli axali<br />
xelovnebisadmi gemovnebiT – `politikuri~ protestia, axali xelovnebis<br />
amgvar protestnarev gagebadobaSi ki Tavis mxriv wina epoqebis<br />
xelovnebaTa gagebadobac Tundac iribad, magram mainc apriori<br />
igulisxmeba: gana qristianoba, Sesabamisad qristianuli anu Sua<br />
saukuneebis xelovneba, antikuri epoqis sazogadoebriv-religiuri<br />
cnobierebisa da am cnobierebasTan, rogorc `moralur temperaturasTan~<br />
SeTanawyobili xelovnebis Tanmdevi nihilizmis, anu antikuri `moraluri<br />
temperaturis~ uaryofis safuZvelze ar aRmocenda cxadia, zustad ase<br />
moxda, xolo raimes uaryofa imis uaryofaa, rom gagebuli gvaqvs rasac<br />
uarvyofT, amave dros gasagebia is siaxlec, romelic am uaryofidan<br />
gamodminareobs. es konteqsti kidev erTxel adasturebs zemoqTmuls,<br />
kerZod imas, rom axlis vergagebis asociacia sinamdivleSi ara axlis<br />
vergagebiTi, aramed Zvelsa da axals Soris swored gemovnebiT –<br />
`politikuri~ dapirispirebis aqtia. antikuri, anu miTologiuri epoqis<br />
nihilizmis Zirebi TviTon antikuri epoqis safuZvlebSive unda veZeboT.<br />
magaliTad, jer kidev Cvens welT aRricxvamde VII-VI saukuneebSi<br />
gamoCenili berZeni filosofosi qsenofane kolofoneli miuTiTebda:<br />
`RmerTebs yvelaferi miaweres homerosma da hesiodem rac ki samarcxvino<br />
da gasakicxia adamianTa Soris, raTa gaxmaurebuliyo (maTi) ugvano<br />
saqmeebi – qurdoba, mruSoba da erTmaneTis motyueba~ (17.536, 370). saerTo<br />
jamSi, am berZenma filosofosma `daasrula brZola eposis winaaRmdeg da<br />
saboloo daskvnebi gamoitana Zveli patriarqaluri ideologiis mravali<br />
kritikisagan. misi msoflmxedveloba sinTezi iyo im didi gonebrivi<br />
118
moZraobisa, romelsac Cvens welT aRricxvamde meSvide-meeqvse saukuneebSi<br />
hqonda adgili rogorc poeziaSi, ise zneobasa da azrovnebaSi~ (17.376).<br />
amgvari nihilizmi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yovlismomcveli gaxda, ramac<br />
gamoiwvia kidec antikuri poliTeisturi religiebis, anu miTologiuri<br />
Segnebis rRveva: sokrates, platonis, aristoteles, bolos ki<br />
neoplatonikosebis monoTeisturi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi<br />
poliTeisturi religiebis, Sesabamisad miTologiuri cnobierebis<br />
gardauvali rRvevis momasawvebeli iyo da aki asec moxda. estafeta<br />
axalma, qristianulma epoqam gadaibara, romelmac miTiTebuli<br />
filosofosebis monoTeisturi naazrevi sakuTari principebis<br />
gamyarebisTvis gamoiyena, Tumca monoTeistur qristianobas poli-<br />
Teisturi religiebidan memkvidreobad nihilizmic imTaviTve gadahyva:<br />
gansxvavebulad moazrovneTa giliotinaze ayvanisa Tu cecxlze dawvis<br />
mravali faqti qristianobis istoriaSi, sxva araferia Tu ara<br />
nihilisturi gamovlinebebis sastiki meTodebiT mospobis mcdeloba,<br />
Tumca aseT gamovlinebebs ZaliT, cxadia veravin verafriT aRomfxvris,<br />
radgan igi ar aris raRac garedan yuriT moTreul SexedulebaTa<br />
nakrebi, piriqiT, iseve rogorc zogadad religiuri gancda, nihilizmic<br />
zeindividualuri, rogorRac kanonzomieri gamovlinebaa adamianis<br />
cnobierebaSi. metic, rogor ucnauradac unda mogveCvenos, religiuri<br />
gancda da nihilizmi iqneb siRrmiseulad urTierTCawnuli, erTmaneTiT<br />
urTierTganpirobebuli, imTaviTve erTiani da erTi ganzomilebac ki iyos<br />
da ara kategoriulad sxvadasxva ganzomilebani. amitomacaa nihilizmi<br />
zogadad religiuri cnobierebis, Sesabamisad nebismieri konkretuli<br />
religiisTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli raoba, romelic droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis ufro da ufro globalur masStabebs<br />
gadaswvdeba xolme. nihilisturi masStabebis zrdis tendencias<br />
Tanadroulobac adasturebs: aRorZinebis periodidan moyolebuli<br />
dRevandelobis CaTvliT, nihilisturi gamovlinebani im zomamde<br />
gaZlierda, rom mecxramete-meoce saukuneebis mijnaze germanelma<br />
filosofosma fridrix nicSem pirdapir da miukib-moukibavad ganacxada –<br />
`RmerTi mokvda~ (30.16). amave periodidan iReben dasabams axali, anu<br />
modernistuli da Semdeg postmodernistuli mimdinareobani<br />
119
xelovnebaSic – fovizmi, abstroqcianizmi, kubizmi, futurizmi,<br />
neorealizmi da ase Semdeg. maSasadame, rogorc qristianuli epoqisa da<br />
qristianuli xelovnebis aRmoceneba antikuri cnobierebis Tanmdevi<br />
nihilizmis masStabebis zrdam ganapiroba, zustad aseve ganapiroba<br />
modernistuli da mere postmodernistuli xelovnebis warmoSoba<br />
qristianuli cnobierebis Tanmdevi nihilizmis masStabebis zrdam.<br />
aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda, ise ar unda aRviqvaT, TiTqos<br />
xelovnebis gageba mxolod nihilistur WrilSi SeiZlebodes, anu yvela<br />
epoqis `moraluri temperatura~ TiTqos yovelTvis nihilisutri yalibisa<br />
iyos. ufro zustad, epoqebis sulier-kulturul xasiaTs arsebul<br />
RirebulebebSi SeueWvebeloba gansazRvravs, Sesabamisad aseTi<br />
SeueWvebeli `moraluri temperatura~ ganapirobebs amave epoqebis<br />
xelovnebis xasiaTsac, magram yovelTvis dgeba xolme etapi, roca<br />
arsebuli Rirebulebebi forma-Sinaarsis cvalebadobas iwyeben da<br />
swored aucilebeli cvalebadobis am etapebs vuwodebT nihilizms, Tumca<br />
msgavsi gardamavali etapis Semdeg aRmocenebuli axali epoqis sulierkulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebi, garkveuli xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
kvlavac SeueWveblobiT sargebloben xolme. maSasadame, SegviZlia<br />
davaskvnaT, rom nihilizmi da aranihilizmi erTidaigive sulieri<br />
SidawiaRis sxvadasxva forma-SinaarsiT garegamotana-konkretizaciaa da<br />
Tuki Tanamedrove xelovneba nihilistur tendenciebs aSkarad amJRavnebs,<br />
ese igi, Tanamedrove xelovneba, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove `moraluri<br />
temperatura~, gardamaval stadiaze imyofeba, gardamavali stadia ki<br />
gardamavali imitomaa, rom man adre Tu gvian kvlavac unda aRmoacenos<br />
Zvelisgan gansxvavebuli epoqa, iseTi epoqa, romelic aseve isargeblebs<br />
sakuTari `moraluri temperaturis~ SeueWveblobiT xangrZlivi an<br />
garkveuli periodis manZilze mainc, Tumca, aqve unda mivuTiToT imazec,<br />
rom Znelia imis prognozi, rogori doziT iqneba axali epoqa, anu axali<br />
`moraluri temperatura~ wilnayari ZvelTan da rogori doziT<br />
daamkvidrebs axal Rirebulebebs.<br />
120
Tavi III. xelovnebis gagebis Taviseburebani<br />
$1. istoriisa da progresis iluzoruloba-realurobis<br />
dialeqtika, rogorc istoriis, kulturisa da<br />
xelovnebis istoriis erT mTlianobad gaazrebis<br />
SesaZlebloba<br />
filosofosebsa da xelovnebis TeoretikosebSi dRemde<br />
aqtualuria sakiTxi ama Tu im epoqis kulturisa Tu xelovnebis erT<br />
mTlianobad gaazrebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da radgan es sakiTxi<br />
aqtualuria, ese igi, garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnia Tvalsazriss, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, calkeuli epoqebis erTian konteqstSi gaazreba SeuZlebelia.<br />
miTiTebuli safuZveli ki, yvelaze metad, ama Tu im epoqis<br />
specifikurobaSi mdgomareobs. yovel epoqas gansakuTrebuli<br />
specifikuri Tavisebureba namdvilad axasiaTebs da swored es<br />
Taviseburebani warmoSoben calkeuli epoqebis, Sesabamisad, am calkeuli<br />
epoqebis xelovnebisa Tu kulturis erTian WrilSi gaazrebis<br />
SeuZleblobis STabeWdilebas. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, rogori doziTaa<br />
msgavsi STabeWdileba wilnayari iluzorulobasTan da rogori doziT<br />
Seicavs es STabeWdileba realurobis elementebs.<br />
aRniSnul kiTxvas uaRresad sainteresod pasuxobs gadameri: `Cveni<br />
drois xelovneba, ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego, gansxvavebuli<br />
tendenciis _ istoriis iluzorulobis da progresis iluzorulobis _<br />
harmoniulad gaerTianebis amocanis winaSe gvayenebs. istoriis<br />
iluzoruloba SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc kulturuli<br />
tradiciebis dabrmaveba, maSin roca am tradiciebTan Sesabamisoba<br />
rogorRac mainc mniSvnelobs. progresulobis iluzoruloba aseve<br />
kulturul-kritikuli dabrmavebiT sazrdoobs: xalxi, aseT<br />
dabrmavebulobas damorCilebulebi, darwmunebulebi arian, rom yovel<br />
dRe axali epoqa iwyeba im azriT, rom maT mTlianad gaiges da Seimecnes<br />
is tradiciebi, romlebsac ganekuTvnebian da daZlies, gadalaxes isini.<br />
121
sinamdvileSi ki im gamocanis WeSmariti gadawyveta, romlis winaSec<br />
xelovnebam dagvayena, swored rom warsulisa da axlis TanadroulobaSi<br />
mdgomareobs~ (72.315).<br />
gadameris es Sexeduleba, cxadia, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli<br />
Zvelisa da axlis Sefarul-iribi kvlaverTianobis konteqsts zedmiwevniT<br />
Seesabameba, Tumca aqve unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom gadameris msgavsi<br />
Tvalsazrisi ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos kacobriobis istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis calkeuli epoqebi Tavisi specifikurobiT ar gamoirCevian<br />
da erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdebian, aramed ise, rom istoriis<br />
erTmaneTisgan absoluturad mowyvetil epoqebad gaazreba<br />
aramarTebulia. ese igi, calkeuli epoqebi, rogori specifikurobiTac<br />
unda xasiaTdebodnen isini, mainc mWidro urTierTkavSiris mixedviT,<br />
erTiani istoriuli ganviTarebis WrilSi unda ganvixiloT, ramdenadac<br />
istoriuloba, rogorc adamianuri yofierebis winaswarmoxazuloba,<br />
Tavadac calkeul epoqaTa gansxvavebisa da am gansxvavebis kvlav<br />
erTianobad gaazrebis safuZveli da gauswrebadi SesaZleblobaa. iqneb<br />
sworedac amnairi gadmosaxedi iyos yvelaze marTebuli konteqsti ama Tu<br />
im epoqis kulturisa Tu xelovnebis erTian WrilSi gaazrebis<br />
SesaZleblobisa Tu SeuZleblobis garkvevisaTvis. msgavsi gadmosaxedi<br />
ki, Tavis mxriv, aSkarad adasturebs, rom adamiani, rogorc istoriuli<br />
cnobierebis siRrmiseulad matarebeli arseba, veranairad ver gaarRvevs<br />
istoriulobis sazRvrebs. Sesabamisad, ganviTareba istorul wreSi<br />
ganviTarebas udris da am wreSi momavlis specifikurobac ukve<br />
rogorRac winaswarmoxazulia, anu am logikiT, poliTeistur<br />
(miTologiur) religiebSi, Sesabamisad, poliTeistur cnobierebaSi,<br />
saerTod poliTeistur kulturasa da xelovnebaSi, ukve<br />
winaswarmoxazuli iyo monoTeisturi religiebis (qristianobis, islamis<br />
da sxvaTa), Sesabamisad, monoTeisturi cnobierebis, saerTod<br />
monoTeisturi kulturisa da xelovnebis aucilebeli aRmocenebis<br />
konturebi. Tavis mxriv, qristianul da sxva monoTeistur religiebsa,<br />
kulturasa Tu xelovnebaSi kacobriobis Semdgomi religiur-kulturuli<br />
ganviTarebis da xelovnebis rogorobis konturebic iqneb aseve<br />
winaswarmoxazulia. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, raSic mdgomareobs<br />
122
progresis iluzoruloba. igi imiT gamoixateba, rom axal epoqas<br />
winaswarmouxazav ganzomilebad aRviqvamT, maSin roca sinamdvileSi,<br />
warsul Tu Tanadroul religiebsa Tu xelovnebaSi, zogadad kulturasa<br />
da tradiciebSi, maTi momavali saxe ukve imTaviTve winaswarmoxazulia.<br />
am konteqstSi Zalze sainteresoa drois bunebis haidegeriseuli, erTi<br />
SexedviT ucnauri gageba, rom warsuli da awmyo ki ar gansazRvraven<br />
momavlis xasiaTsa da Sinaarss, aramed swored momavalia awmyosa da<br />
warsulis xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli (54.484_485, 501, 504, 520).<br />
marTlac, Tuki warsulsa da awmyoSi momavali imTaviTve<br />
winaswarmoxazulia, maSin warsulica da awmyoc ukve winaswarmoxazuli<br />
momavlis ganxorcielebis saSualebebad gvevlinebian, xolo momavali<br />
warsulisa da awmyos safuZvlad da gauswrebad SesaZleblobad<br />
gvevlineba. maSasadame, momavlis horizonti iqneb yvelaze kargi Wrili<br />
iyos saerTod gagebisTvis, ramdenadac warsulica da awmyoc swored<br />
momavalTan erTianobaSi gveZleva. ufro zustad, momavali warsulSi<br />
wvdeba Tavis Tavs da awmyoSic warsulTan, anu Tavis TavTan wvdomilobaerTianobad<br />
mogvecema. ese igi, awmyo sxva araferia, Tu ara warsulmomavlis<br />
erTianobad warmoCena momavalis horizontidan: rom ara<br />
momavali-awmyo-warsulis erTianobis aseTi mudmivoba da am erTianobiT<br />
ganpirobebuli nawilebis, anu momavali-awmyo-warsulis momavlis<br />
horizontSi kvlav erTianobad ukuSeqceva, rogorc momavlis mier<br />
sakuTari Tavis kvlavwvdomoba, CvenTvis marTlac sruliad gaugebari<br />
darCeboda ara mxolod calkeuli epoqebis sulier-kulturuli<br />
monapovrebi, Tanadrouli epoqis sulier-kulturuli atmosferos<br />
Secnobis gzazec savsebiT uZlurni aRmovCndebodiT. amasTan, SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda TviTon calkeul epoqebSi paralelurad warmoSobili<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturebis gagebac. am konteqstSi mizanSewonilia<br />
kulturaTa raobis Sesaxeb osvald Spenglerisa da karl iaspersis<br />
Tvalsazrisebi zogadad mainc mimovixiloT. magaliTad, indoeTis,<br />
CineTis, saberZneTis, sparseTis, sxva manamdeli da Semdgomi kulturebis<br />
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad aRmoceneba iaspersisTvis ar aris sakmao<br />
safuZveli kulturaTa Caketilobis samtkiceblad (53.217_228), maSin roca<br />
SpenglerisTvis kulturaTa ase erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad<br />
123
aRmocenebis faqti, calkeul kulturaTa Caketilobis samtkiceblad<br />
sakmaoze meti mizezic kia (89.219). maSasadame, Spengleris Tvalsazrisi<br />
radikaluri calmxrivobiT gamoirCeva, Tumca, amis miuxedavad,<br />
kulturaTa raobis Taobaze mis amgvar SexedulebaSi iribad, Tundac<br />
misdauneburad mainc igrZnoba imis aRiareba, rasac igi mizanmimarTulad<br />
uaryofs. ufro konkretulad, Spengleri Tavis `evropis aRsasrulSi~<br />
calkeul kulturaTa karCaketilobas ki aRiarebs, magram amave dros,<br />
eZebs ra calkeul kulturaTa saerTo pirvelfenomens, amiT calkeul<br />
kulturaTa karCauketaobis SesaZleblobasac, unda Tu ar unda,<br />
safuZvelSive uSvebs. amasTan, aseTi pirvelfenomenis wvdomis saSualebad<br />
Spengleri intuitur grZnobasa da Wvretas miiCnevs da ara<br />
gamaanalizebel gansjas. `Tu gvsurs istoriaSi garkveva, gveubneba<br />
`evropis aRsasrulis~ avtori, aucilebelia uari vTqvaT<br />
`gamananalizebel gansjaze~ da mivendoT grZnobasa da Wvretas~ (7.460).<br />
sxvagvarad, `Spengleri cdilobs Cawvdes istoriis dafarul Sres,<br />
realurad, istoriulad ganxorcielebuli kulturebis `ukan~ miagnos<br />
pirvelfenomens _ kulturis pirvelsaxes, pirvelad tips, kulturis,<br />
rogorc aseTis ideas. `grZnobadi~ Tvali am ideas, am pirvelfenomens ver<br />
xedavs: am Tvals mxolod grZnobad-konkretuli masala eZleva. intuiciaa<br />
xedavs siRrmes, xedavs kulturas, rogorc wminda formas, ideas,<br />
ganTavisuflebuls yovelive SemTxveviTisgan, grZnobadobisgan. ai, es<br />
zogadi idea devs yoveli calkeuli kulturis safuZvelSi da<br />
ganapirobebs maT urTierTmsgavsebas... intuicia wvdeba istoriul<br />
sinamdviles, romelic SpengerisTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara gansxvavebul<br />
kulturaTa erToblioba. garegani dakvirveba am istoriul procesSi<br />
mxolod gansxvavebul kulturaTa droSi Tanmimdevrobas dainaxavs,<br />
istoriis siRrmiseul fenebSi SeWra ki savsebiT axal suraTs gadaSlis<br />
Cvens Tvalwin: is dagvarwmunebs, rom kulturebi ara marto<br />
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, aramed uaRresad msgavsnic arian<br />
erTmaneTisa~ (7.458, 459_460).<br />
erTi sityviT, Spengleris Tvalsazrisi kulturaTa raobis Sesaxeb,<br />
urTierTgamomricxavi SexedulebebiTaa gajerebuli: `erTi mxriv, igi<br />
amtkicebs, rom yoveli kultura Caketilia, amdenad, sxva kulturaze<br />
124
laparaki yovelTvis iqneba relatiuri, subieqturi, meore mxriv, mis<br />
wigns (`evropis aRsasruli~ _ avt) aqvs pretenzia imisa, rom masSi<br />
ganWvretilia kulturaTa pirvelfenomeni da, maSasadame, yvela<br />
kulturis arsebac. Tu sworia azri kulturaTa Caketilobaze, `evropis<br />
aRsasruli~ ar unda daweriliyo, Tu daiwera `evropis aRsasruli~,<br />
kulturebi Caketili ar yofila~ (7.478). marTlac, yoveli kultura,<br />
cxadia, Taviseburad specifikuria, magram Spengleris mTavari Secdoma<br />
isaa, rom igi calkeuli kulturebis specifikurobas karCaketilobamde,<br />
urTierTgaTiSulobamde aabsoluturebs, maSin roca kulturaTa<br />
specifikuroba minimum maT Caketiloba-urTierTgaTiSulobas aramc da<br />
aramc ar niSnavs. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ama Tu im kulturas Tavisi<br />
specifikurobac axasiaTebdes da sxva kulturebisadmi gaxsnilic iyos.<br />
sulac ar aris aucilebeli, specifikuroba kulturaTa Soris `rkinis<br />
fardis~ funqcias asrulebdes. metic, rogorc Cveni msjelobidan<br />
gamoCnda, swored kulturaTa gaxsnili xasiaTi ganapirobebs kulturaTa<br />
specifikurobasac, rogorc am gaxsnili xasiaTis konkretul<br />
gamovlinebebs. swored es Wrilia yvelaze adekvaturi gadmosaxedi yvela<br />
periodisa da yvelanairi tipis xelovnebis axsna-gagebis gzazec. ase<br />
imitomacaa, rom yoveli kulturisa da yvelanairi xelovnebis saerTo<br />
safuZveli, rogori specifikuric unda iyvnen isini, gonia, xolo<br />
kulturaca da xelovnebac, rogorc aseTni, xom gonis gamovlena _<br />
`gamosxivebani~ arian. aki am garemoebaze Tavad Spengleric miuTiTebs.<br />
Spengleris am miTiTebis mixedviT: `yovel kulturas erTi Semoqmedi<br />
hyavs. esaa goniTi suli, anu mokled, goni. suli, Tu mas gavigebT viwrod,<br />
fsiqikuris mniSvnelobiT, kulturas ver Seqmnis _ is individualuri<br />
mdgomareobaa adamianisa, adamianis Sinagani cxovrebis nawilia da am<br />
nawilad rCeba bolomde. goni isaa, rac SeiZleba `gaxmiandes~, iqces<br />
sityvad, leqsad, ornamentad, qandakebad, naxatad, gonis sicocxle<br />
Semoqmedebaa~ (7.479).<br />
saerTo jamSi, Spengleri cdilobs kulturaTa Caketiloba<br />
rogorme gaamarTlos, magram kulturaTa saerTo safuZvlad gonis, anu<br />
goniTi sulis aRiarebiT, Tundac Tavisdauneburad sapirispiro daskvnas<br />
iRebs, anu kulturaTa Riaobis aRiarebamde midis. Spengleris aseTnairi<br />
125
Tavisdauneburad miRebuli daskvna ki Tavis mxriv Seesabameba isapersis<br />
`RerZulis drois~ Teorias, romelic swored kulturaTa<br />
karCauketaobazea orientirebuli, magram iaspersis msgavsi orientacia,<br />
amavdroulad, kulturaTa specifikurobasac ar gamoricxavs, anu<br />
isapersis `RerZulis drois~ TeoriaSi kulturis empiriul<br />
gamovlinebaTa miRma kulturaTa saerTo Ziris, gonis mZlavri sunTqva<br />
igrZnoba. `RerZuli dro~ is mravalsaukunovani etapia kacobriobis<br />
ganviTarebis istoriaSi, roca sxvadasxva kulturebma Tanadroulad<br />
ifeTqes. es etapi iaspersis mixedviT Cvens welTaRricxvamde 800 _ Cvens<br />
welTaRricxviT 200 wlebs moicavs (53.219). istoriis miTiTebuli periodi<br />
marTlac iseTi periodia, roca calkeuli kulturebi, maTi<br />
specifikurobis miuxedavad, SegviZlia mainc erTianobaSi ganvixiloT.<br />
metic, swored msgavs WrilSi unda ganixilebodes Tundac uZvelesi da<br />
axali xelovnebis urTierTmimarTebac. sxva sityvebiT, progresis<br />
iluzoruloba iq aris, sadac axali xelovnebis absoluturi<br />
gansxvavebulobis gancda ibadeba, Tumca amave dros xelidan arc<br />
realuri gansxvavebulobis SegrZneba unda gagvisxltes, anu axali<br />
xelovnebis specifikuroba, ra Tqma unda, swored Zvelisgan<br />
gansxvavebulobaSi mdgomareobs, magram amgvar gansxvavebolobaSi<br />
mdgomareobs maTi kvlaverTianobac. amitom unda daveTanxmoT iaspersis<br />
Tvalsazriss: `RerZuli drois saTaveSi araCveulebrivi saxiT warmoCnda<br />
CineTi. maSin iq cxovrobdnen konfuZi da laoZi, warmoiSva Cinuri<br />
filosofiis yvela mimarTuleba, maSin moRvaweobdnen didi moazrovneebi:<br />
mo-Zi, juan-Zi, lao-Zi da sxvebi. amave dros, indoeTSi ganixileboda<br />
sinamdvilis filosofiuri wvdomis yvela SesaZlebloba. iyo<br />
skepticizmic, materializmic, sofostikac da nihilizmic. amave periodSi<br />
iranSi moRvaweobs zaratustra, palestinaSi _ winaswarmetyvelni,<br />
saberZneTSi _ homerosi, filosofebi _ parmenide, heraklite, platoni,<br />
berZeni tragikosebi, aseve Tukidide da arqimede.... magram mTavari is aris,<br />
rom yovelive es warmoiSva erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad. RerZul droSi<br />
gaCnda sami axali da mTavari kultura _ CineTis, indoeTisa da<br />
saberZneTis. samive qveyanaSi adamianis winaSe daisva TiTqmis erTnairad<br />
radikaluri kiTxvebi Tavisi umweobis daZlevis mizniT. man daiwyo Tavisi<br />
126
SesaZleblobebis sazRvrebis gacnobiereba, umaRlesi miznebis dasaxva~<br />
(53.219). ese igi, Zvel da axal epoqebsa da kulturebs, iseve rogorc Zvel<br />
da axal xelovnebas, is aerTianebs, rac amavdroulad maTi gansxvavebis<br />
safuZvelia da is ganasxvavebs, rac maTi erTianobis safuZvelia.<br />
gansxvavebuloba-erTianobis zustadac amnair safuZvelSi mdgomareobs<br />
xelovnebis istoriad gaazrebis SesaZleblobac. magaliTad, Sua<br />
saukuneebis ferwerac, skulpturac, poeziac da xelovnebis sxva<br />
dargebic, pirvel rigSi, cxadia, qristianul moralur temperaturas<br />
asaxavdnen, magram Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis am saxeobebSi<br />
qristianobamdeli epoqis Sinaarsebsac Zalian xSirad vxvdebiT: marto<br />
Sua saukuneebSi, fermwerebma, qristianobamdeli, anu miTologiuri<br />
Sinaarsis imdeni ferweruli tilo Seqmnes, Tavad miTologiuri epoqis<br />
mxatvrebsac ki SeSurdebodaT. amdenad, qristianuli epoqis xelovneba<br />
qristianobamdeli epoqis Sinaarsebs, marTalia, iyenebda, magram iyenebda<br />
ara rogorc mizans, aramed rogorc saSualebas, rogorc gaxsenebas<br />
imisas, rom qristianobamde arsebobda miTologiuri cnobiereba, rogorc<br />
adamianis religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis mcdari (Tumca ki<br />
aucilebeli) etapi. kacobriobis religiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis<br />
amgvar logikaze Tavis SromebSi hegelic miuTiTebs (59.341_346). aqve unda<br />
gavmartoT, rom gaxseneba, rogorc aseTi, Tundac iribad, magram<br />
siRrmiseulad swored imis damaxsovreba-gagebas da imasTan Tundac irib<br />
kvlaverTianobas gulisxmobs, rac ukve iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ukve<br />
namyofi Sinaarsebis Tundac saSualebebad gamoyenebac da maTi istoriad<br />
gaazrebac absoluturad SeuZlebeli iqneboda. zustad amdagvari<br />
daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba klasikuri da axali xelovnebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebidanac: Tuki axali xelovneba nihilisturi ganwyobiTaa<br />
gajerebuli (88.512_517), es nihilizmi klasikuri (saerTod Zveli)<br />
xelovnebis swored im Sinaarsebze nihilizmia (84.153, 176), romlebic<br />
Semoqmeds safuZvels aZleven nihilizmisTvis (22.89). ese igi, Sefarulirib<br />
kvlaverTianobas klasikuri da axali xelovnebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, amdagvari gansxvavebulobakvlaverTianoba,<br />
rogorc drois vertikalur ganaserSi, aseve drois<br />
horizontalur sibrtyeze erTnairad aqtualuria. kerZod, is garemoeba,<br />
127
om CineTis, indoeTis, saberZneTis, sparseTis xelovnebebi da kulturebi<br />
met-naklebad Tanadroulad, magram erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad<br />
aRmocendnen, `Caketili kulturebis~ Tvalsazriss sulac ar amarTlebs.<br />
piriqiT, damoukideblad aRmocenebuli mravali analogiiiT msgavsi<br />
kulturebis Tanadrouloba, maTi sinqronulobis winaswarmoxazul<br />
SesaZleblobaze metyvelebs (90. 33, 77, 91).<br />
amdenad, yvela kultura, winaswarmoxazuli momavlis saxiT, maTi<br />
sinqronulobis horizonts imTaviTve gulisxmobs da vinaidan<br />
winaswarmoxazulobaSi nagulisxmevi sinqronuli momavalis horizonti,<br />
rogorc es zemoT ganvmarteT, gauswrebadia, TviTon damoukidebeli<br />
kulturebi, drois meSveobiT da `RerZul droSi~ isev TavianT<br />
Tavdapirvel goniseul sinqronulobas, rogorc drois vertikalur,<br />
aseve horizontalur ganaserSi, imgvarad kvlavwvdebian, rom amasTan<br />
erTad, sakuTar specifikurobasac ar kargaven. es konteqsti calkeul<br />
kulturaTa damoukideblad aRmocenebis albaTobas erTi da imave dros<br />
`aufasurebs~ kidec da Zalze saintereso elfersac sZens. `aufasurebs~<br />
im gagebiT, rom rogor damoukideblad aRmocenebuladac unda miviCnioT<br />
esa Tu is kultura, sinamdvileSi maT mainc saerTo safuZveli, saerTo<br />
arseba gaaCniaT. amdenad, geografiulad, fizikurad da droSi<br />
urTierTdaukavSirebel kulturebSic, Semdgomi urTierTgagebis<br />
SesaZlebloba winaswarmoxazuli saxiT yovelTvis imTaviTve igulisxmeba.<br />
aki aseTi urTierTgageba Tanamedrove samyaroSi ukve realobacaa da<br />
yvelaze sainteresoc swored calkeul kulturebSi saerTo horizontis<br />
saxiT winaswarmoxazuli gagebis SesaZleblobaa. am logikis mixedviT,<br />
urTierTgageba-urTierTsinqronulobis horizontis winaswarmoxazuloba<br />
igulisxmeba ara mxolod `RerZuli drois~, aramed manamdel<br />
kulturebSic. rom ara urTierTgageba-urTierTsinqronulobis<br />
horizontis msgavsi winaswarmoxazuloba, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneboda<br />
`RerZuli drois~ aRmocenebac, rogorc am winaswarmoxazuli<br />
urTierTgageba-urTierTsinqronulobis realuri ganxorcieleba.<br />
Sesabamisad, Tuki Tanamedrove samyaroSi romelime kultura<br />
CamorCenilobiT gamoirCeva, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos igi<br />
winaswarmoxazulobis zemoT ganmartebuli vertikaluri da<br />
128
horizontaluri Wrilidan amovardnili iyos da sxva kulturebis mimarT<br />
karCaketiloba axasiaTebdes. magaliTad, afrikul cekvebSi Tanamedrove<br />
kulturis mkvlevarebi imave pirvelfenomenis gamovlinebas xedaven,<br />
rogor pirvelfenomensac maRali donis kulturebis gamovlenaTa miRma<br />
Wvreten, anu, winaswarmoxazuli sinqroni aqac saxezea. e. i.<br />
karCaketiloba arc CamorCenil kulturebs axasiaTebT, miT umetes, Tuki<br />
mravali analogiis moZebna CamorCenili kulturis sxva kulturebTan<br />
gansxvavebulobis pirobebSic SeiZleba (89.117-126).<br />
am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia, CamorCenili<br />
kulturebic `RerZuli drois~ srulfasovan wevrebad miviCnioT. aseve,<br />
Tuki Tanamedrove samyaroSi esa Tu is, magaliTad, evropuli<br />
(qristianuli) da aziuri (musulmanuri) kulturebi erTmaneTisadmi metnaklebi<br />
SeugueblobiT gamoirCevian, es Seuguebloba, Tu SeiZleba ase<br />
iTqvas, ufro politikur aqtad, anu argagebad gamoiyureba, vidre<br />
erTmaneTis kulturebis vergagebad. argageba xom swored gagulisebul<br />
mizanmimarTul protests gulisxmobs da ara vergagebas, aseTi argageba<br />
ki cxadia, ufro xelovnurad aRmarTuli barieris elfers atarebs,<br />
vidre safuZvliseuli Seugueblobis niSas. maSasadame, kulturaTa<br />
saerTo pirvelfenomeni erTgvarad marTlac `aufasurebs~ kulturaTa<br />
sruli TavisTavadobis Tvalsazriss, magram calkeul kulturaTa<br />
amnairi `gaufasureba~ kidev ufro metad saintereso imitomacaa, rom<br />
nebismieri kulturis TavisTavadobac, amavdroulad, swored am<br />
`gaufasurebaSi~, rogorc pirvelfenomenis calkeul gamovlinebebSi<br />
mdgomareobs. sabolood, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda<br />
daveTanxmoT iasperss, romlis Tanaxmadac: `Tvalsazriss adamianTa<br />
istoriaze mivyavarT Cveni adamianuri yofierebis saidumloebasTan. is<br />
faqti, rom Cven, saerTod, istoriaSi varT CarTulni, rom istoriis<br />
wyalobiTa varT iseTebi, rogorebic varT, gvaZlevs saSualebas<br />
vikiTxoT: saidan modis istoria, saiT midis~ (90.28).<br />
129
$2. gagebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi da interpretacia,<br />
rogorc mxatvruli teqstis arseba<br />
kulturaTa saerTo pirvelfenomenis Ziebam, wina paragrafSi,<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, adamianuri myofobis istoriaSi da istoriad<br />
gaazrebis SesaZleblobis aRiarebamde migviyvana. aseTma aRiarebam, erTi<br />
mxriv, kulturaTa TavisTavadoba erTgvarad marTlac gaaufasura, magram<br />
meore mxriv, swored am `gaufasurebam~ warmoaCina kulturaTa<br />
TavisTavadobani, rogorc pirvelfenomenis gamovlinebani. marTlac, rom<br />
ara mravalferovneba-TavisTavadobis winaswarmoxazuloba<br />
pirvelfenomenSi, rogorc absolutSi, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda<br />
mravali TavisTavadi kulturis ramdenadme axsnac, rogorc faqtobrivi<br />
mocemulobisa. maSasadame, kulturaTa TavisTavadoba faqtia, magram iseTi<br />
faqtia, romelic pirvelfenomenSia fuZedebuli da swored es<br />
pirvelfenomeni aniWebs maT TavsiTavadobis SesaZleblobas amavdroulad<br />
saerTo goniseuli safuZvlebis SenarCunebiT. amisdakvalad, calkeuli<br />
TviTmyofadi istoriul-kulturuli epoqebi SegviZlia pirvelfenomenis<br />
interpretaciebad ganvixiloT, iseT interpretaciebad, romlebic TviTon<br />
pirvelfenomenis, rogorc absolutis kvlavwvdomis erTgavri<br />
saSualebani arian. Sesabamisad, ganxilvis aseTive Wrili unda<br />
mivusadagoT zogadad ama Tu im epoqis istoriis, kulturis, maT Soris<br />
xelovnebis konkretul gamovlinebaTa axsna-gagebis horizontsac, anu<br />
zogadad axsna-gagebas, maT Soris konkretuli mxatvruli teqstebis,<br />
rogorc xelovnebis calkeuli qmnilebebis axsna-gagebis SesaZleblobac<br />
swored aRweril WrilSi unda trialebdes: `Txzulebis axali da axali<br />
framentebis gacnoba Tavdapirvelad winaTgrZnobiT amocnobil mTels<br />
xorcs asxams da warmogvidgens rogorc calkeulTa mravalferovnebaSi<br />
arsebul erTianobas... Tu kargad davukvirdebiT aRmoCndeba, rom<br />
nebismieri rTuli nawarmoebis gageba da axsna Taviseburi reproduqciaa,<br />
kvlavSeqmnaa ukve Seqmnilisa an nawarmoebisa. axsna-gageba Taviseburad<br />
imeorebs Txzulebis qmnis process~ (7.402). mxatvruli teqstis gagebaaxsnis<br />
msgavsi yalibi, cxadia, erTi didi segmentia saerTod, absolutis,<br />
130
gonis, pirvelfenomenis `gamosxivebisa~. sxvagvarad, es segmenti adamianis<br />
goniTi moRvaweobis sxva masStaburi Tu lokaluri moculobis<br />
segmentebis darad, nawilad gamoiyureba absolutTan, gonTan,<br />
pirvelfenomenTan, rogorc erTian, zogad safuZvelTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
Tavis mxriv, Semoqmedebis individualuri aqtebi, mxatvruli teqstis, anu<br />
xelovnebis rogorc aseTis, calkeuli gamovlinebania. amitomac<br />
amtkicebs fridrix asti: `yoveli sicocxle aris goni da gonis gareSe<br />
ar arsebobs araviTari sicocxle, araviTari yofa, Tavad grZnobaTa<br />
samyaroc ki~ (104.111). astisTvis goni yovlismomcvelia, sadac ki yofnaa,<br />
iqaa gonic, Tavad materialur sxeulebSic ki, gageba swored imitomaa<br />
SesaZlebeli, rom yvela nivTis Tavdapirveli erTianoba gonSi arsebobs.<br />
amisdakvalad, astTan permenevtikuli Zieba gonis universalurobis<br />
debulebas efuZneba: `bunebrivia, samyaros aseTi gaazrebisas gageba<br />
yovelTvis iqneba erTeulSi mTelis-gonis wvdoma. erTeuli am<br />
SemTxvevaSi mTels gvagebinebs, magram Tavad mTeliT gaigeba. ase iqmneba<br />
hermenevtikuli wre~ (7.398). ase rom, astTan mTeli nawilTa SejamebiT<br />
sulac ar warmoiqmneba. mTeli am nawilebSia davanebuli, rogorc<br />
nawilTa safuZveli. ase iRebs asti mTelisa da nawilebis srul<br />
Sesabamisobas mTelis safuZvelze _ `mxolod amitomaa SesaZlebeli is,<br />
rom me erTeuls mTeliT vimecneb da piriqiT, mTels erTeuliT~ (104.117).<br />
gagebis istoriul-kulturuli ganaseric swored msgavs hermenevtikul<br />
wres Seesabameba: `Cven ver gavigebdiT warsuls, Cveni goni rom<br />
Tavdapirvel erTianobaSi ar yofiliyo warsulis gonTan. Tu istorias<br />
droiTsa da garegnuls movaSorebT, dagvrCeba igiveobrivi goni. astis<br />
es mtkiceba safuZvlad edeba imis mtkicebas, rom istoriuli Semecneba<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom filologiuri kvleva-Zieba warsulisa, kerZod,<br />
kacobriobis kulturis umaRlesi monapovrisa _ antikurobisa _ savsebiT<br />
myar niadanze dgas~ (7.398).<br />
maSasadame, astTan ukve manamaa daZleuli istoriisa da progresis<br />
iluzoruloba, vidre amaze gadameri da haidegeri miuTiTebdnen, aki<br />
istoriaze droiTisa da garegnulis moSorebiT, astTan warsulica da<br />
axlandelobac swored momavlis horizontidan aris nawvdomi. warsulisa<br />
da axlandelobis gagebis aseTi erTiani Wrili, erTis mxriv, wina<br />
131
epoqebis kulturaTa, meore mxriv ki, am epoqebSi moRvawe calkeul<br />
SemoqmedTa individualuri sulis gaTavisebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.<br />
aRweril situacias Tu SevabrunebT, gamodis, rom ama Tu im epoqis<br />
kulturul garemoSi moRvawe Semoqmedis sulis gaTaviseba Tavad misi<br />
Semoqmedebis, Sesabamisad, am Semoqmedis Tanadrouli epoqis kulturuli<br />
atmosferos gagebis pirobaa. individualurisa da zogadis, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
individis, rogorc Semoqmedisa da epoqis kulturuli atmosferos,<br />
rogorc zogadis urTierTmimarTeba, astTan, ra Tqma unda, Tavad gonis<br />
axsnidan gamomdinareobs: `gonis axsna, astis azriT, orgvari SeiZleba<br />
iyos: Sinagani, anu subieqturi da garegani, anu obieqturi. pirveli<br />
Txzulebis farglebSi rCeba, is wvdeba ideas, romlisganac adre<br />
wamoiwyo Tavisi Semoqmedeba mweralma da aqedan kvlav agebs Txzulebis<br />
mTlianobas _ erTiani ideidan midis nawilebis simravlesTan da bolos,<br />
ubrundeba erTianobas. obieqturi axsna ki am sferodan gadis da ikvlevs<br />
mocemul TxzulebaSi arsebuli ideis mimarTebas sxva monaTesave<br />
ideebTan, mis kavSirs im Zireul ideasTan, saidanac yvela sxva saxis idea<br />
gamomdinareobs, cdilobs am maRali wertilidan Seafasos nawarmoebSi<br />
mocemuli idea. magaliTad, platonis romelime dialogis goni maSinaa<br />
sworad gagebuli da gadmocemuli, roca misi idea sxva dialogebis<br />
ideebTan mimarTebaSia ganxiluli, monaTesave dialogebis ideebi<br />
erTmaneTTanaa Sedarebuli da es dialogebi dayvanilia platonis<br />
filosofiis Zireul ideaze. asti warsulis nawarmoebs kidev erTi axali<br />
kriteriumiT afasebs. nawarmoebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT calkeuli<br />
avtoris geniasTan an eris kulturul donesTan mimarTebiT. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom platonis zogierTi<br />
dialogi ufro maRali Rirebulebisaa, vidre romelime sxva... warsulis<br />
yoveli mwerali Tavis TxzulebaSi gamoxatavs warsulis erT gons,<br />
magram yoveli maTgani amas akeTebs Tavisi drois, Tavisi individualobis,<br />
ganaTlebis, gare sasicocxlo urTierTobebis kvalobaze~ (7.400,404])<br />
Sesabamisad, astTanac, Semoqmedebis subieqturi idea imTaviTve misive<br />
Tanadrouli epoqis suliTaa gaJRenTili, ramdenadac SemoqmedSi<br />
Tanadrouli epoqis atmosfero Tundac TviTon Semoqmedis neba-survilis<br />
miuxedavad airkleba. ese igi, romelime epoqaSi Seqmnili xelovnebis ama<br />
132
Tu im nawarmoebis calkeuli nawilebis gagebiT Cven xelovnebis am<br />
nawarmoebs mTlianobaSic vigebT, xolo nawarmoebis mTlianobaSi gagebiT<br />
im epoqis kulturuli atmosferos xasiaTsac vacnobierebT, romel<br />
epoqaSic xelovnebis es nawarmoebia Seqmnili. `asti iZleva gagebis<br />
meqanizmis Zalze zust aRweras. yoveli Txzuleba rTuli warmonaqmnia.<br />
Cven, cxadia, Tavidanve ar ZalgviZs mTlian nawarmoebs vwvdeT. amitom<br />
viwyebT nawilebiT, fragmentebiT, calkeuliT. pirvelive gacnoba<br />
calkeulisa Cven amave dros gvacnobs mTlianobis ideasac, magram<br />
jerjerobiT es aris mixvedra, winaTgrZnoba... Txzulebis axali da axali<br />
fragmentebis gacnoba Tavdapirvelad winaTgrZnobiT amocnobil mTels<br />
xorcs asxams da warmogvidgens rogorc calkeulTa mravalferovnebaSi<br />
arsebul erTianobas. gagebis procesi dasrulebulia, roca erTeulebis<br />
rigi mTlianad gavlilia da maT erTobliobasa da mTlianobas Soris<br />
arsebobs sruli Sesatyvisoba~ (7.401,402). Amitomac, amtkicebs asti, rom<br />
`mixvedra, winaTgrZnoba, aris gonis jer gaurkveveli da ganuviTarebeli<br />
winareSemecneba, romelic gansaWvret da naTel Semecnebad gadaiqceva<br />
erTeulTa Semdgomi wvdomiT... yoveli qmna iwyeba raRac miTiuri,<br />
TavisTavSi jer dafaruli sawyisi wertiliT, romlisganac qmnis<br />
faqtorebis saxiT ganviTardebian sicocxlis elementebi~ (104.119_120).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, astis mixedviT, `sawyis wertilSi ganuviTarebeli<br />
idea TandaTan Seqmnil produqtebSi ganxorcieldeba da obieqturad<br />
gadaicema. yoveli qmnis dasasruli aris gonis gamocxadeba, harmoniuli<br />
gaerTianeba garegani _ Tavdapirveli erTianobidan gamoyofili<br />
elementebisa _ da Sinagani _ goniTi sicocxlisa. amrigad, qmnis<br />
procesi, romelsac imeorebs gageba-axsna, sami safexuris erTianobaa:<br />
qmnis dasawyisia erTianoba, Tavad qmna gulisxmobs – simravles _<br />
elementebis dapirispirebulobas, xolo qmnis dasasruli erTianobisa da<br />
simravlis urTierTgamsWvalvaa _ yovladobaa. mTlianobis idea,<br />
Tavdapirvelad ganuviTarebeli da gauSleli, calkeuli fragmentebis<br />
rigSi viTardeba da bolos, sruliad amJRavnebs Tavs. e. i. midis sakuTar<br />
arsebamde, midis Tavis TavTan. gonis am misvlaSi Tavis Tavdapirvel<br />
arsebasTan, gonis am Tavisebur ukanasvlaSi gamoisaxeba axsnis<br />
wrexazuli moZraoba~ (7.402_403).<br />
133
ogorc vxedavT, astTan axsna gagebis, xolo nawili mTelis<br />
wvdomis saSualebad gvevlineba, nawilebi mTelSi, rogorc imTaviTve<br />
mocemul erTian ideaSi, anu mTelis mier Tavisi Tavdapirveli<br />
mTlianobis kvlavwvdomis gzaze aseve imTaviTve elementebad<br />
igulisxmebian. Sesabamisad, gagebac, rogorc ideis Tavdapirveli<br />
mTlianobis SidawiaRi, sakuTar TavSi, anu sakuTari Tavis TviTwvdomis<br />
gzaze, Semadgeneli nawilebis saxiT axsnasac imTaviTve gulisxmobs. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, rom ar arsebobdes Tavdapirveli mTlianoba da gagebis<br />
intuituri mocemuloba, ar iarsebebdnen arc nawilebi da arc axsnis,<br />
rogorc Tavdapirveli mTlianobis Tundac mizanmimarTuli,<br />
mizandasaxuli analizis SesaZlebloba.<br />
am konteqstSi bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva gagebis pirobaTa Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis gareSec gageba, rogorc aseTi, ver iarsebebs. fridrix<br />
Slaiermaxeris mixedviT, gageba iq unda veZioT, `sadac aris `ucxo~,<br />
gageba `ucxos~ gagebaa, am `ucxoobis~ gareSe, gasagebi Tavidanve cxadi<br />
iqneboda, magram es `ucxo~ ar unda iyos `savsebiT ucxo~, radgan<br />
`savsebiT ucxo~ gaugebaria. Tu ar arsebobs raRac saerTo wertili,<br />
raRac igiveobrivi gagebasa da gasagebs Soris, gageba ver<br />
ganxorcieldeba. me da meore adamiani ver gavugebT erTmaneTs, Tu ar<br />
arsebobs Sexvedris wertili Cvens Soris. yoveli dialogi emyareba<br />
`ucxoobasa~ da `igiveobrivobas~. igive iTqmis yoveli teqstis gagebaganmartebaze.<br />
komunikacia sxva adamianebTan da yovel adamianur<br />
qmnilebasTan am ori elementis arsebobas moiTxovs~ (104.135).<br />
Slaiermaxeris msgavsad, `dilTaic fiqrobs, rom ganmarteba SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda, Tu gansamartavi _ sicocxlis esa Tu is gamovlena _ savsebiT<br />
ucxoa, meore mxriv, ganmarteba iqneboda savsebiT zedmeti, gansamartavSi<br />
raime ucxo rom ar iyos~ (7.114). maSasadame, `ganmarteba `devs~ am or<br />
ukiduresad dapirispirebul wertils Soris. ganmarteba saWiroa<br />
yvelgan, sadac aris raRac ucxo, romelic moiTxovs gagebis xelovnebis<br />
gamoyenebas~ (7.114). e. i. gageba imdenadaa SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac<br />
gamgebisa da gasagebis `ucxoobaSi~ maTi `naTesaobac~, anu garkveuli<br />
igiveobrivoba Tundac Sefarulad igulisxmeba. Sesabamisad, axla dgeba<br />
`hermenevtikis umniSvnelovanesi problema: rogor aris SesaZlebeli<br />
134
gageba konkretulad, ra iZleva imis saSualebas, rom erTi goni wvdes<br />
meores erTmaneTis mimarT savsebiT ucxo fenomenebi, verafers gaugeben<br />
erTmaneTs. gagebis misaRwevad am fenomenTa ramenairi msgavsebaa<br />
aucilebeli. axla ismeba kiTxva: raSi gamoixateba es msgavseba~ (7.114).<br />
dilTais pasuxi am kiTxvazec gaaCnia, misi Sexedulebis “ZarRvia<br />
gamgebisa da gasagebis koncefciaTa naTesaobis aRiareba.<br />
interpretatoris individualuroba da nawarmoebis avtoris<br />
individualuroba dilTaisTvis, msgavsad Slaiermaxerisa, ar<br />
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, rogorc ori sawinaaRmdego faqti. adamianis<br />
buneba zogadia, saerToa. adamianTa es erToba qmnis swored<br />
urTierTgagebis SesaZleblobas. individualurobis arseboba, fiqrobs<br />
dilTai, sulac ar gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris igiveobrivis, raRac<br />
saerTos arsebobas. ratom imitom, rom individualur gansxvavebas<br />
adamianTa Soris, saboloo angariSiT, qmnis ara pirovnebaTa Taviseburi<br />
sxvaobani, aramed adamianebis sulier procesTa raodenobrivi,<br />
xarisxobrivi sxvaobani. dilTais koncefcia gagebis<br />
intersubieqturobisa, gulisxmobs individualurobis swored amgvar<br />
koncefcias, gulisxmobs imas, rom `ucxos~ gamovlenaSi ar monawileobs<br />
araferi iseTi, rasac ar Seicavs Cemi _ gamgebis _ sococxliseuli<br />
mTlianoba. adamianis bunebis es igiveoba niSnavs imas, rom yovel<br />
adamianSi igiveobrivi SesaZleblobebi da midrekilebebia~ (7.414_415).<br />
dilTais miTiTebul Tvalsazriss, anu transpoziciis Teorias maqs<br />
Selerisa da sxva filosofosebis saxiT, kritikosebi maleve gamouCndnen.<br />
kritikosTa am jgufis ukmayofilebis mizezi, saerTo jamSi isaa, rom<br />
`subieqtze, subieqtis sulier cxovrebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam<br />
dilTais moZRvrebaSi Zlieri subieqtivisturi nakadi Semoitana. es<br />
naTlad Cans misi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis erT-erTi Zireuli<br />
Semadgeneli nawilis _ sxvisi `mes~ _ wvdomis problemis magaliTze.<br />
sxvisi gageba misTvis sakuTari gancdebis gadatanaa sxvaSi, `mes<br />
kvlavpovnaa SenSi~. cxadia, amgvari Teoria arsebiTad uaryofs imis<br />
SesaZleblobas, risi dafuZnebisTvisac aris mowodebuli: man unda<br />
gagvagebinos sxvisi `mes~ gagebis meqanizmi, sinamdvileSi ki amtkicebs,<br />
rom gageba transpoziciaa sakuTari gancdebisa, maSasadame, arcaa gageba~<br />
135
(7.443). rac Seexeba konkretulad maqs Selers, igi `akritikebs or<br />
ZiriTad Teorias, romelTac pretenzia aqvT axsnan sxvisi `mes~ wvdoma.<br />
pirveli Teoria analogiiT daskvnis saSualebiT cdilobs problemis<br />
gadawyvetas. Cemi sxeulis yovel moqmedebasTan dakavSirebulia<br />
garkveuli sulieri mdgomareobebi. roca meore adamianSi vxedav Cemi<br />
romelime moqmedebis msgavs moZraobas, me vaskvni, rom am subieqtSi<br />
iseTive sulieri mdgomareobaa, rogoric iyo CemSi am moqmedebis<br />
Sesrulebisas. aseTia analogiiT daskvnis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tezisi.<br />
meore Teoria sxvisi `mes~ sulieri cxovrebis naTelyofisas aRar<br />
laparakobs daskvnaze an raime sxva logikur operaciaze. is STagrZnobis<br />
Teoriaa da fiqrobs, rom sxvisi `me~ Cven gveZleva gancdebis gadataniT<br />
sxvis sxeulSi. dilTais transpoziciis Teoria STagrZnobis Teoriis<br />
nairsaxeobad unda CaiTvalos. saerToa maTTvis imis aRiareba, rom sxvisi<br />
`mes~ wvdomisas xdeba sakuTari `mes~ gancdebis proeqcia~ (7.443_444).<br />
Seleris mier miTiTebuli ori Teoriis kritika gancdaTa<br />
aradiferencirebulobis aRiarebas emyareba: `Sua saukuneebis moRvaweni<br />
Tavis azrebs `kiTxulobdnen~ antikuri xanis TxzulebebSi, magaliTad,<br />
aristoteles qristianul yaidaze ganmartavdnen. SelerisTvis<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aseTi mdgomareoba: gancdebi mocemulia,<br />
magram me veWvianob da ar vici, Cemia Tu sxvisi. es viTareba naTlad<br />
laparakobs Cveni cnobierebis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaze _ gancdaTa<br />
aradiferencirebulobaze. Tavdapirveladaa gancdaTa indiferentuli<br />
nakadi. gancda gaxdeba `Cveni~ an `sxvisi~ ufro gvian~ (7.445). Tavis mxriv,<br />
dilTais sxva kritikosebic gancdaTa aradiferencirebulobis Sesaxeb<br />
Seleris Tvalsazriss eyrdnobian da erTmniSvnelovand askvnian:<br />
`kvlavgancda dilTaisTan emyareba gasagebisa da gamgebis igiveobas.<br />
`sxva~ Cemi sxvagvarad organizebuli SesaZleblobebia da am<br />
SesaZleblobaTa aqtualizebiT me SemiZlia gavigo sxva. maSasadame,<br />
sxvaSi me gavigeb Cems Tavs da amitom `sxva~ sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs.<br />
arsebobs Cemi me da misi sxvis perspeqtivaSi mocemuli anareklebi~<br />
(48.117). saerTo jamSi, dilTais kritikosebi im azramde midian, rom<br />
dilTais transpoziciis Teoria siZneles Seicavs: `is, faqtobrivad,<br />
uaryofs sxvisi `mes~ gagebas~ (7.446). Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, `Seleris<br />
136
Rrma dakvirvebebi gvaTavisufleben am siZnelisgan. gancdaTa<br />
aradiferencirebulobiT, sakuTari sulieri cxovrebis aqtivoba sulac<br />
ar gamoiricxeba, magram es aqtiuroba sxvisi gancdis miRebis saSualebaa<br />
da ara `gadatanis~, transpoziciis piroba~ (7.446).<br />
cnobierebis Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba, cxadia, gancdaTa<br />
aradiferencirebulobaa, magram iqneb dilTais transpoziciaSic<br />
gancdaTa aradiferencirebuloba imTaviTve uTqmelad igulisxmeba da Tu<br />
es marTlac asea, maSin transpoziciis sakiTxSi dilTais oponentTa<br />
umTavresi Secdoma isaa, rom maT dilTais transpoziciaSi es<br />
nagulisxmevi Sinaarsi ki ar moZebnes, piriqiT, apriori aRiares, rom<br />
dilTais transpozicia aseT Sinaars ar gulisxmobs. WeSmaritebas am<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gagebis pirobaTa konteqstSi moxseniebuli iseTi<br />
`ucxos~ ganmartebiT Tu davadgenT, romelic amave dros `arc savsebiT<br />
ucxoa~, anu ra aris es ucxo, romelic amavdroulad savsebiT ucxoc<br />
araa am kiTxvaze pasuxisTvis, mizanSewonilia Tavdapirvelad<br />
cnobierebis raobaze TviTrefleqsia ganvaxorcieloT: cnobiereba CvenSi<br />
CvendadaukiTxavadaa mocemuli, igi ukve manam moqmedebs CvenSi, vidre Cven<br />
masze refleqsias movaxdendeT, anu cnobierebis aqtivoba yovelTvis win<br />
uswrebs cnobierebaze Cvens refleqsias, amitomac gvevlineba igi rogorc<br />
`ucxo~. Tavis mxriv, swored aseTi `ucxooba~ ganapirobebs cnobierebis<br />
aracnobierad mocemulobas. ufro zustad, aracnobieri sxva araferi<br />
unda iyos, Tu ara cnobierebis winswreba cnobierebisadmi Cvens<br />
refleqsiaze, xolo cnobierebis aseTi winswrebiTi gamovlena, rogorc<br />
aracnobieri, erTnairi ZaliT axasiaTebT zogadad kacobriobas, didi Tu<br />
mcire geografiuli arealiT SemosazRvrul did Tu mcire<br />
sazogadoebriv koleqtivebs da individs, rogorc personas. Sesabamisad,<br />
zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis, sakuTriv calkeuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
koleqtivebis zne-Cveulebebisa Tu individualuri Sexedulebebis<br />
safuZvelic, ra Tqma unda, miTiTebuli winmswrebi cnobiereba, anu<br />
aracnobieria, romelsac yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia<br />
zecnobieric vuwodoT. ramdenadac es winmswrebi aracnobieri, anu<br />
zecnobiereba, rogorc uzogadesi ram, kacobriobis stadiaze ramdenadme<br />
konkretizirdeba, amdenad, SegviZlia igi zogadsakacobrio masStabis<br />
137
koleqtiur aracnobierad movixsenioT, magram, ramdenadac igive<br />
zecnobieri, didi Tu mcire sazogadoebrivi koleqtivebis stadiaze kidev<br />
ufro konkretizirdeba, SesaZlebelia mas, ubralod, koleqtiuri<br />
aracnobieri SevarqvaT. amisdakvalad, miTiTebuli zecnobieri<br />
individualur stadiaze, personalur aracnobierad gvevlineba. am<br />
logikis mixedviT, cxadze cxadia, zogadsakacobrio masStabis<br />
koleqtiur aracnobiers avtomaturad dahyveba absoluturi zecnobieris<br />
xasiaTi, garkveul koleqtiur aracnobiers _ zecnobierisa da<br />
zogadsakacobrio masStabis koleqtiuri aracnobieris xasiaTi, xolo<br />
individualur anu personalur aracnobiers _ zecnobieris,<br />
zogadsakacobrio masStabis koleqtiuri aracnobierisa da viwro<br />
koleqtiuri aracnobieris xasiaTi. maSasadame, zecnobiereba, rogorc<br />
`dafaruli” da “amoucnobi” “ucxo”, amavdroulad, swored rom yvela<br />
zemoT CamoTvlil stadiaze imTaviTve gvevlineba, rogorc `arc savsebiT<br />
ucxo~. Amitom, CemTvis, Tundac sxvisi `dafaruli” da “amoucnobi~ `ucxo~<br />
personaluri gancdebi, ukve manamaa ramdenadme cxadi, gagebadi da `arc<br />
mTlad ucxo~, vidre me mivxvdebode, rom es asea. Sesabamisad,<br />
zecnobieris zogadsakacobrio masStabis koleqtiur aracnobierad, ufro<br />
viwro masStabis koleqtiur aracnobierad da personalur aracnobierad<br />
gamovlena, gancdaTa upirobo diferencirebaSi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
unda avurioT, anu gancdaTa diferenciacia imitom atarebs pirobiT<br />
xasiaTs, rom aseTi diferenciaciis safuZveli swored gancdaTa<br />
Tavdapirveli aradiferencirebulobaa. Sesabamisad, dilTais<br />
transpozicia ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos igi gancdaTa<br />
aradiferencirebulobas upirispirdeba, aramed ise, rom transpozicia<br />
sworedac gancdaTa aradiferencirebulobas emyareba. amdenad,<br />
transpozicia mxolod da mxolod gancdaTa aradiferencirebulobis<br />
pirobebSi xorcieldeba. aki TviTon dilTaic garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom<br />
adamianis buneba zogadia, saerToa da urTierTgagebis SesaZleblobac am<br />
saerToobaSi mdgomareobs, anu transpozicia apriori analogiiT daskvnis<br />
meTodi ki ar aris, aramed analogia sworedac grZnobaTa<br />
aradiferencierebulobis pirobebSi, aradiferencirebulobis wyalobiT<br />
xorcieldeba. sxva sityvebiT, sxvisi gageba imdenadaa Cemi gancdebis<br />
138
sxvaSi gadatana, ramdenadac gancdaTa Tavdapirveli<br />
aradiferencirebulobis gamo, sxvac zogadad imTaviTve iseTi xasiaTis<br />
gancdebsaa naziarebi, rogorsac me. amitom, savsebiT bunebrivia, Tuki<br />
maqvs molodini, rom romelime konkretul situaciaSi sxvac ise moiqceva,<br />
rogorc me da am dros sxvaSi mxolod Cemi gancdebis proeqcia ki ar<br />
xdeba, aramed sxvisi gancdebis gagebac grZnobaTa Tavdapirveli<br />
aradiferencirebulobis safuZvelze. amave dros, zustad grZnobaTa<br />
Tavdapirveli aradiferencirebuloba miqmnis imis gancdasac, rom<br />
SeiZleba sxvam konkretuli situacia sxvagvarad ganicados, Sesabamisad,<br />
sxvagvarad moiqces, anu Tuki sxivisi sxvagvarad gancda-moqcevis<br />
mixvedriloba sxvaSi Cemi SesaZlo moqmedebebis proeqciaa, amave logikiT,<br />
aseTi mixvedriloba sxvisi SesaZlo moqmedebebis CemSi proeqciacaa,<br />
rogorc imis gageba, rom sxvisi moqmedebebi ara mxolod Cemi sxvagvarad<br />
organizebuli SesaZleblobebia, aramed amavdroulad es sxvisi<br />
moqmedebebi sakuTriv sxvisi SesaZleblobebicaa, iseTi SesaZleblobebi,<br />
romlebic garkveul situaciebSi SeiZleba Cemadac iqces. aseTi<br />
urTierTtranspozicia ki, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara Cemi da<br />
sxvisi gancdebis safuZvelmdebare zogadi obieqturi safuZveli, rogorc<br />
CemTvis da sxvisTvis saerTo zecnobierebis zogadsakacobrio masStabis<br />
koleqtiur, SedarebiT viwro masStabis koleqtiur da individualurpersonalur<br />
aracnobierad gamovlena maT urTierTukugamsWvalulobaSi.<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, iqneb usafuZvloc ki iyos dilTais im<br />
kuTxiT kritika, TiTqos misi transpozicia subieqtivisturi iyos. metic,<br />
swored Cemi da sxvisi gancdebisTvis saerTo obieqturi safuZvlebis<br />
aRiarebaSi Cans yvelaze metad dilTaisTan metafizikuris aCrdilic.<br />
amave konteqsts unda mivusadagoT volfis e. w. `Casaxlebac~ da<br />
Slaiermarxeris `divinaciac~. `gansakuTrebuli yuradReba volfma miaqcia<br />
im aucileblobas, rom gamgebma SeZlos nawarmoebis avtoris sulier<br />
mdgomareobaSi `Casaxleba~, sxvisi azrebis gaTaviseba, sxvis gancdebSi<br />
STasvla~ (7.405). Slaiermaxeric aseve `laparakobs divinaciaze, uSualo,<br />
intuiciur wvdomaze, divinaciaa is, rac Segviyvans Txzulebis avtoris<br />
sulSi. esaa mwerlis individualur gonSi `STasvlis~, `gardasvlis~,<br />
`Casaxlebis~ erTaderTi piroba, es `STasvla~ logikurad auxsnelia.<br />
139
yovel nawarmoebSi gamoiyofa is `subieqturi~ elementi, romelic<br />
mxolod divinacias eqvemdebareba da is `obieqturi~ elementi, romelic<br />
SeiZleba analizis sagani gaxdes~ (7.407_408).<br />
SlaiermaxerTan marTlac iqmneba saimiso STabeWdileba, rom<br />
`obieqtur elements~ divinaciasTan saerTo TiTqosda arc araferi aqvs.<br />
Sesabamisad, Tuki divinacias mxolod nawarmoebis `subieqtur<br />
elementTan~ dakavSirebiT, maSin divinacias obieqturi sayrdeni<br />
mnamdvilad gamoecleba, amitom calmxrivoba amTaviTve unda<br />
gamovricxoT, miT umetes, roca TviTon Slaiermaxeric subieqtur<br />
elementebze laparakobs ara ganyenebulad, aramed xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebis, rogorc aseTis, obieqtur elementTan kavSirSi. ese igi, Cven<br />
xelovnebis nawarmoebis Semoqmedis individualur suls mTlianad<br />
xelovnebis nawarmoebis gagebis gareSe verafriT CavwvdebiT, radgan Tuki<br />
xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar gveqneba, cxadia, verc am nawarmoebis<br />
Semqmnelis individualuri suli mogvecema, xolo xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebis Seqmnisas, avtori, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, Tundac<br />
misdauneburad verafriT gaeqceva misi Tanadrouli epoqis ideebsa da<br />
gancdebs, anu obieqtur safuZvlebs. Sesabamisad, Semoqmedic, rogorc<br />
`subieqturi elementi~, unda Tu ara es TviTon Slaiermaxers, Zalian<br />
siRrmiseulad swored obieqtur safuZvels, anu zekoleqtiur<br />
aracnobiers, rogorc zecnobierebas emorCileba. e. i. Tuki xelovnebaSi<br />
`subieqturi elementi~ mainc ufro metad gvamaxvilebinebs yuradRebas, es,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, albaT TviTon xelovnebis mravalferovnebis bralia,<br />
xelovnebis mravalferovnebas ki ara mxolod epoqaTa Tu kulturaTa<br />
sxvadasxvagvaroba ganapirobebs, aramed xelovneba, mravalferovnebiT<br />
romelime erTi epoqisa Tu romelime erTi kulturis pirobebSic<br />
gamoirCeva. aseTi viTareba, Tavis mxriv, apriori gulisxmobs Semdegi<br />
Sinaarsis kiTxvas: Tuki esa Tu is epoqa, esa Tu is kultura, esa Tu is<br />
xelovneba, saerTo zecnobierebiTaa determinirebuli, maSin rogor<br />
SeiZleba epoqaTa monacvleoba, kulturaTa sxvadasxvagvaroba an<br />
xelovnebis mravalferovneba, miT umetes, roca msgavs mravalferovnebas<br />
TviTon xelovnebis ama Tu im dargis SigniTac vxvdebiT marTlac,<br />
bunebis erTsa da imave movlenaze sxvadasxva fermweris mier<br />
140
Sesrulebuli ferweruli tiloebi, rogorc minimum, raRaciT<br />
aucileblad iqnebian erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulni, erTi da imave<br />
Temaze sxvadasxva Semoqmedis mier Sesrulebuli poeturi Tu prozauli<br />
nawarmoebebic ra Tqma unda, raRaciT gansxvavebulebi aRmoCndebian, rac<br />
Semoqmedis, avtoris gansakuTrebulobis, Sesabamisad, subieqturobis<br />
elementis logikurad auxsnelobis, anu am subieqturi elementis<br />
zecnobierebisadmi, rogorc obieqturi safuZvlisadmi daumorCileblobis<br />
STabeWdilebas aSkarad tovebs. maSasadame, `SuaSi gavlis~ siZneles<br />
amjerad hermenevtikul WrilSi, kidev erTxel mivadeqiT: erTi mxriv,<br />
saqme gvaqvs zekoleqtiur aracnobierTan, anu zecnobierebasTan, rogorc<br />
yovelgvari individualurobis aucilebel pirobasTan, meore mxriv ki,<br />
swored individualurobaSi mdgomareobs goniTi mravalferovneba,<br />
rogorc Tavisufleba. amitomac amtkicebda hegeli, Tavisufleba<br />
aucileblobis gamovlinebis formaao. Slaiermaxeris divinaciac,<br />
vfiqrobT, mravalferovnebis, Tavisuflebis gamovlinebis amgvar<br />
konteqtsts gulisxmobs, ubralod, SlaiermaxerTan zustadaa nagrZnobi<br />
`SuaSi gavlis~ siZnele, roca sakiTxi zogad kanonzomierebasa da am<br />
kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare mravalferovnebis, Tavisuflebis axsnas<br />
exeba. `SuaSi gavlis~ es siZnele SegviZlia ramdenadme mainc<br />
Semdegnairad avxsnaT da davZlioT: vinaidan individualuri,<br />
personaluri cnobierebis doneze aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis<br />
siRrmiseuli erTianoba Tavisuflebis primatiT gveZleva, Cven xelovnebis<br />
mravalferovnebas da mravalferovnebas xelovnebis calkeuli dargebis<br />
SigniT, veRar aRviqvamT determinirebulobis Sedegad, igi mxolod<br />
Semoqmedis, rogorc subieqtis sakuTvrivi aqtivobiT ganpirobebulad<br />
gveCveneba, ramdenadac subieqtis aqtiurobis obieqturi sayrdeni<br />
TiTqosda gamoclil-gamqralia. swored obieqturi sayrdenis gamoclilgamqralobis<br />
msgavsi `mistikuri~ aqti gansazRvravs rogorc avtoris,<br />
aseve xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebis specifikurobaindividualurobasac<br />
da interpretaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebsac. e.<br />
i. personaluri cnobierebis doneze, am personaluri cnobierebis<br />
obieqturi sayrdeni, rogorc zekoleqtiuri aracnobieri, anu zecnobieri,<br />
TiTqos sadRac qreba, magram sinamdvileSi zustadac es sadRac gamqrali<br />
141
obieqturi sayrdeni, Tumca SeumCnevlad, magram mainc ganapirobebs<br />
Tavisuflebisa da Tavisufali interpretaciis mravalferovnebas. am<br />
logikiT, Slaiermaxeris divinaciac avtoris sulSi rogorRac<br />
`STasvlis~, `Casaxlebis~ pirobebSi, iribad am avtoris nawarmoebebis<br />
mravalnairad interpretaciis SesaZleblobebsac unda gulisxmobdes.<br />
marTlac, ama Tu im kategoriis mkiTxvels erTi da imave nawarmoebis ara<br />
mxolod mravali kuTxiT danaxva, iqneb imaze ukeTesad gagebac ki ZaluZs,<br />
vidre igi Tavad avtors esmoda. hermenevtikis cnobili warmomadgeneli<br />
biorki, magaliTad, aseT formas aZlevs Slaiermaxeris azrs:<br />
`ganmmartebelma avtori unda gaigos ara marto ise kargad, rogorc esmis<br />
Tavisi Tavi avtors, aramed ukeTesadac ki~ (98.52). aseve esmis divinaciis<br />
arsi dilTaisac: `poetis ganmarteba aris gansakuTrebuli amocana,<br />
gavigoT ukeTesad, vidre avtors esmoda sakuTari Tavi _ am wesidan<br />
gadawydeba problema poeziaSi mocemuli ideis Sesaxeb~ (7.411).<br />
Slaiermaxeris mimdevari haiman StainTalic msgavs Tvalsazriss<br />
aviTarebs: `filologs esmis mosaubre da poeti ukeTesad, vidre maT<br />
sakuTari Tavi da ufro ukeTesad, vidre esmodaT maT Tanamedroveebs~<br />
(104.172).<br />
miTiTebuli filosofosebi amnairi `ukeTesad gagebis~ mizezad<br />
miiCneven im garemoebas, rom `ganmmartebeli ganmartebis procesSi<br />
acnobierebs imas, rac gamomTqmelis, avtoris mier ar iyo<br />
gacnobierebuli. hermenevtikosi gamoacalkevebs im momentebs, pirobebs,<br />
romlebTanac avtori Sezrdili iyo da romlis arsebobasac ver<br />
grZnobda, ver acnobierebda~ (7.411_412). am konteqstSi saintereso daskvnas<br />
akeTebs xladeniusic. misi Sexedulebis mixedviT: `gaugo avtors, ar<br />
aris mTlad igive, rac bolomde gaigo metyveleba Tu teqsti. wignis<br />
gagebis normad avtoris azri araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda miviCnioT,<br />
ramdenadac yvela adamiani ver iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom<br />
Semoqmedis sityvebSi, metyvelebam Tu Semoqmedebam, SeiZleba gamoxatos<br />
is, risi Tqmac Tu dawerac winaswar ar hqonia gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad,<br />
avtoris nawarmoebis gagebis mcdelobisas, Tundac Cvendauneburad,<br />
SeiZleba iseT sagnebze vifiqroT da sakmaod safuZvlianadac, romlebic<br />
TviTon avtors iqneb WkuaSic ar mosvlia~ (71.231). cxadia, aseTi<br />
142
situacia, SegviZlia SebrunebiTac warmovidginoT, anu ise, rom SeiZleba<br />
avtors Tavis nawarmoebSi ufro meti hqondes nagulisxmevi, vidre es ama<br />
Tu im kategoriis mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaigos. ra Tqma unda, esec<br />
hermenevtikis amocanaa. ufro zustad, radganac gacilebiT didi<br />
albaTobaa imisa, avtoris teqsti imaze metad an imaze naklebad gavigoT,<br />
vidre Tavisive teqsti TviTon avtors hqonda gagebuli, amitom<br />
xladeniusis hermenevtikis mTavari amocana mxatvruli teqstis zustad<br />
iseve wvdomaSi mdgomareobs, rogorc igi mxatvruli teqstis avtors<br />
esmoda. sxvagvarad, hermenevtikis amocana ara maincdamainc imaSia, rom<br />
`bolos da bolos rogorRac gavigoT es `meti~, aramed imaSi, rom<br />
wignebs maTsave WeSmaritebaSi vwvdeT, maTi Tundac sagnobrivi gagebiT.<br />
yvela wignica da adamianTa metyvelebac sakuTar TavSi raRac<br />
miuwvdomels yovelTvis Seicaven da zustadac es `bneli~ adgilebi,<br />
rogorc sagnobrivi gagebis deficitis gamovlinebani arian nawarmoebis<br />
swori gaazrebis moTxovnilebis safuZvlebi. es `bneli~ adgilebi<br />
mravali azris gaRviZebas, anu inspirirebas iwveven, amavdroulad,<br />
savsebiT SesaZlebelia isic, msgavsi `bneli~ adgilebi CvenTvis<br />
`naTlebic~ gaxdnen~ (71.231).<br />
maSasadame, yvelaze meti siZnele mainc isaa, rom xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebi, anu teqsti zustad ise gavigoT, rogorc is avtors esmoda:<br />
erTi mxriv, Cven gvaqvs imis SesaZlebloba, romelime nawarmoebSi imaze<br />
meti amovikiTxoT, vidre Tavis nawarmoebSi TviTon avtori gulisxmobda,<br />
xolo meore mxriv, naklebi amovikiTxoT, vidre aseve TviTon avtori<br />
gulisxmobda Tavis nawarmoebSi. cxadia, aris imis SesaZleblobac,<br />
xelovnebis nawarmoebi gavigoT zustad ise, rogorc igi TviTon avtors<br />
esmoda, magram amis SesaZlebloba, xladeniusis zemoT moyvanili<br />
Tvalsazrisidanac kargad Cans, gacilebiT mizerulia, radgan divinacia,<br />
romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebSi da avtorSi `subieqturi elementis~<br />
amocnobazea mimarTuli, intepretaciis SesaZleblobasac imTaviTve<br />
sakuTar TavSi gulisxmobs, rogorc aseve sakuTar `subieqtur elements~.<br />
swored am `subieqtur elementSi~ mdgomareobs avtoris Tavisuflebis<br />
mravalferovneba da Tuki individualuri cnobierebis doneze<br />
aucilebloba Tavisuflebis saxiT gveZleva, igi iseTive ZaliT<br />
143
axasiaTebs xelovnebis qmnilebis Semfasebels, rogorc xelovnebis<br />
qmnilebis avtors, anu Tuki avtors `subieqturi elementi~ nawarmoebis<br />
Seqmnis procesSi arCevanis Tavisuflebas aniWebs, aseve aniWebs<br />
xelovnebis qmnilebis Semfasebels es `subieqturi elementi~ Tavisufali<br />
interpretaciis saSualebas xelovnebis qmnilebis Sefasebisas. aqve unda<br />
mivuTiToT, rom xelovnebis qmnilebis TviTon qmnilebis avtorze<br />
naklebad gagebac, Tumca uxarisxo, magram mainc Taviseburi<br />
interpretaciaa.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, aseTi Tu iseTi yaidis interpretaciis safuZvlebi<br />
ara mxolod xelovnebis nawarmoebis xladeniusiseul `bnel kunWulebSi~,<br />
rogorc mravali azris inspirirebis gamomwvev mizezebSia saZiebeli,<br />
aramed TviTon Slaiermaxeriseul divinaRiaSic, miT umetes, roca<br />
xladeniusis mixedviTac, miTiTebuli `bneli~ adgilebis `ganaTeba~<br />
igivea, rac am `bneli adgilebis~ Tundac Cveneburad, subieqturad gageba<br />
_ `ganaTeba~. amdenad, SeiZleba nawarmoebis zustad ise gagebis pretenzia<br />
bevrs hqondes, rogorc igi TviTon am nawarmoebis avtors esmoda, magram<br />
aseTi gageba, Zalze xSirad, iqneb mainc avtoris TviTgagebaze metad an<br />
naklebad gagebis tolfasi iyos.<br />
saerTo jamSi, Slaiermaxeris divinacia, anu im `subiequr<br />
elementebze~ mimarTeba, romelic xelovnebis yvela nawarmoebisTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, aucileblobiT gulisxmobs zekoleqtiur aracnobiers,<br />
anu zecnobierebas, rogorc obieqtur safuZvel-arsebas. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, anu aseTi obieqturi safuZvlis ararsebobis daSvebisas,<br />
subieqturi elementebi xelovnebaSi, SemoqmedSi da mnaxvel-SemfasebelSi,<br />
erTmaneTis mimaT `sruliad ucxo~ aRmoCndebodnen, rac gagebis Sesaxeb<br />
TviTon Slaiermaxeris Teorias Tavidan bolomde SeewinaaRmdegeboda.<br />
Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebul `bnel momentebsac~, romlebic SeiZleba<br />
marTla axasiaTebdes yvela epoqis, yvela kulturis, yvelanairi<br />
xelovnebis, xelovnebis yvelanairi dargis, ama Tu im nawarmoebis<br />
avtoris sulis siRrmeebis gagebis horizonts, igive obieqturi safuZveli<br />
`gamoasxivebs~, anu yovelgvari, maT Soris, miTiTebuli `bneli<br />
momentebis~ Tundac subieqturi kuTxiT gagebis Ziric swored aRniSnuli<br />
saerTo obieqturi safuZvelia. amisdakvalad, sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleba<br />
144
erTsa da imave dros, saerTo safuZveli hqondeT gagebis, rogorc naTel,<br />
aseve bnel aspeqtebsac saqme is aris, rom cnobierebas imitom dahkravs<br />
imavdroulad aracnobieris elferic, rom igi CvenSi CvegdadaukiTxavadaa<br />
mocemuli da Tu am CvendadaukiTxavad mocemul cnobierebas misive<br />
safuZvlebidan, anu zekoleqtiuri aracnobieridan, rogorc<br />
zecnobieridan, aseve CvendadaukiTxavad dahyveba SesaZlebloba, romelic<br />
gagebis naTelmxilebas gulisxmobs, ra gasakviria, amave logikiT, CvenSi<br />
CvendadaukiTxavad mocemul cnobierebas imave safuZvlebidan, anu<br />
zekoleqtiuri aracnobieridan, rogorc zecnobieridan, aseve<br />
CvedadaukiTxavad gadmohyvebodes gagebis siZnelec, rogorc `bneli~<br />
momentebis gagebis SesaZleblobaSi, miT umetes, roca amgvari albaTobis<br />
sasargeblod Tundac mxolod TviTon cnobierebis CvenSi<br />
CvendadaukiTxavad mocemulobis faqti savsebiT samarTlianad metyvelebs.<br />
Tumca, amasTan erTad, isic faqtia, rom gagebis horizontSi `bneli~<br />
momentebis msgavsi mocemuloba Tavisufali, mravalferovani<br />
interpretaciis, e. i. miTiTebuli `sibnelis~ gagebis SesaZleblobasac<br />
rogorRac mainc gulisxmobs. ufro zustad, aRniSnuli `bneli~<br />
momentebis Tavisufali, mravalferovani interpretaciis SesaZlebloba<br />
igivea, rac am bneli `momentebis~ Taviseburi gageba da ramdenadac am<br />
`bneli~ momentebis interpretacia, anu ramenairad gageba SesaZlebelia, e.<br />
i. arc es `bneli~ momentebi yofilan `mTlad ucxoni~, winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, aRniSnuli `bneli~ momentebis ramdenadme<br />
interpretacia-gagebis minimaluri Sansic ar iarsebebda. amgvari logikiT,<br />
ise gamodis, TiTqos yvelaferi, e. i. miTiTebuli `bneli momentebic~<br />
rogorRac gagebadia da Tu es asea, maSin raRa saWiroa gagebaze amdeni<br />
msjeloba Seleris Tqmisa ar iyos, `araferia imaze naTeli, rom Cven<br />
viazrebT rogorc Cvens azrebs, aseve sxvebis azrebs, SegviZlia<br />
ganvicadoT rogorc sakuTari grZnobebi, aseve sxvaTa grZnobebic, gana<br />
amis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurad ar vlaparakobT~ (7.445). marTlac asea, aki<br />
`im droidan, rac adamiani arsebobs dedamiwaze, gagebac arsebobs~, magram<br />
amavdroulad, isic xom faqtia, Cveni da sxvisi azrebisa da grZnobebis<br />
yoveldRiuri sicxade kvlav da kvlav met sicxades rom moiTxovs amnair<br />
Sinagan moTxovnilebas zedmiwevniT kargad warmoaCens merab<br />
145
mamardaSvilis sityvebi: `SegiZlia ise mokvde, rom arasdros aRmoaCino<br />
ra iyo Seni grZnoba. es grZnoba Seni iyo, magram is ver igrZno; fiqri<br />
Seni iyo, magram Sen is ver ifiqro; gamocdileba Seni iyo, magram am<br />
gamocdilebidan azri ver gamotano. ase da amgvarad, gamocdileba<br />
meordeba, TiTqos Seni cxovreba maradiulad ReWavda erTsa da imave<br />
naWers, ise, rom verc erTxel ver gadaylapa igi~ (28.21). swored amas hqvia<br />
gadameriseuli `dafaruloba TavisTavad gasagebisa~ (104.7_8).<br />
mamardaSvilisa da gadameris aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi adamianTa<br />
mxolod garkveuli kategoriis SesaZleblobebs ar unda davukavSiroT,<br />
ufro zustad, ki unda davukavSiroT, magram ara mxolod maT, radgan<br />
`erTi da igive naWris ReWva~ met-naklebad TiToeul Cvengans axasiaTebs.<br />
ase ki imitom xdeba, rom adamiani misdauneburad, anu manamdea CarTuli<br />
hermenevtikul horizontSi, vidre am horizontze refleqsiis<br />
ganxorcielebas Seecdebodes da swored amaSi mdgomareobs gagebis<br />
Tanadrouli moTxovnilebac, amavdroulad, zemoT aRwerili siZneleebis<br />
arsic gagebis procesis ganxorcielebis gzaze. am garemoebebis Zalze<br />
sayuradRebo axsna-ganmartebas da am axsna-ganmartebis Sesabamis daskvnas<br />
vxvdebiT haidegerTanac: `arseboba yovelTvis win uswrebs mis moazrebas:<br />
Semecnebis aqts, romlis drosac subieqti upirispirdeba obieqts, win<br />
uswrebs Semmecneblis Tavdapirveli CarTuloba masSi, rasac imecnebs, is<br />
yovelTvis winaswar `poulobs~ Tavis Tavs gansazRvrul adgilsa Tu<br />
situaciaSi. saSualeba, romliTac xorcieldeba es `povna~, aris swored<br />
gageba, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara adamianuri cxovrebis<br />
ganxorcielebis sawyisi forma da ar aris SemecnebisTvis aucilebeli<br />
moTxovnebis damakmayofilebeli garkveuli meTodologiuri operacia.<br />
ramdenadac gageba xorcieldeba axsnis, interpretaciis saSualebiT,<br />
amitom haidegeris TvalsazrisiT, adamianuri yofiereba Tavdapirveladve<br />
hermenevtikulia~ (43.21). ase rom, gageba imis `povnaa~, rac ukve winaswaraa<br />
`napovni~, e. i. gagebis ZiriTadi piroba am winaswar povnilis kvlavpovnis<br />
moTxovnilebaa, xolo am moTxovnilebas, rogorRac ukugavyavarT<br />
(TviTwarmoaCens) im ganzomilebaze, sadac winaswarpovnilebac imTaviTvea<br />
mocemuli da winaswarpovnilis kvlavpovnis SesaZleblobac. es<br />
ganzomileba ki, cxadia, sxva veraferi iqneba, Tu ara zekoleqtiuri<br />
146
aracnobieri, anu zecnobereba, rogorc enaSi, xelovnebaSi, kulturaSi<br />
da adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sxva sferoSi gamovlenili amouwuravi<br />
mravalferovnebis, aseve am sferoebSi mocemuli `bneli~ momentebis<br />
mravalgvari, Tavisufali interpretaciis SesaZleblobis erTgvari<br />
winaswarmoxazuloba. amitom, aq kidev erTxel marTldeba hegelis<br />
cnobili debuleba Tavisuflebis aucileblobidan gamomdinareobis<br />
Sesaxeb. marTlac asea, magaliTad, xelovnebis ama Tu im nawarmoebis an<br />
am nawarmoebis ama Tu im adgilis nebismier interpretacias, ra Tqma<br />
unda, imTaviTve goniseuli kvali amCnevia, Sesabamisad, Sedegis saxiTac,<br />
interpretaciis es mravalgvarobani, TiTqosda usazRvro Tavisuflebis<br />
miuxedavad, mainc ver scildebian absolutiseul, anu zekoleqtiuri<br />
aracnobieris, rogorc zecnobierebis sayovelTao areals. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
aseTi mizanSewonili mizanSeuwonlobis saxiT miemarTeba Tavisufleba, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi interpretaciis mravalferovneba sakuTarive safuZvlisken da<br />
Tu msgavsi mizanSeuwonlad mizanSewonili interpretaciis<br />
ganxorcielebis areali, rogorc Tavisufleba, mainc amouwuravia, es imis<br />
`bralia~, rom Tavisuflebis, Sesabamisad, Tavisufali, mravlgvarovani<br />
intepretaciis amdagvar bunebas Tavad absoluti, rogorc zekoleqtiuri<br />
aracnobieri, anu zecnobiereba ganapirobebs, ramdenadac igi TviTonaa<br />
amouwuravi da amouleveli SesaZleblobebis swored Tavisuflebis<br />
formiT gamomvlinebeli, amisdakvalad, mravalferovani, mravalgvari<br />
interpretaciis `gamomsxivebeli~ safuZvliseuli uzogadesi wminda raoba,<br />
anu wminda arara.<br />
maSasadame, wminda arara, anu wminda azrovneba, rogorc<br />
zekoleqtiuri aracnobieri, anu zecnobiereba, mudam ucvlelia Tavis<br />
cvalebadobaSi. cvalebadoba ki isaa, rasac kacobriobis epoqebs,<br />
sxvadasxva epoqis kulturas, xelovnebas vuwodebT, e. i. mudam ucvleli<br />
wminda arara, anu wminda azrovneba, rogorc zekoleqtiuri aracnobieri,<br />
anu zecnobiereba, Tavisive gamovlinebis forma-saxeebSi da formasaxeebiTaa<br />
amavdroulad mudam cvalebadic. mudam ucvlelis<br />
mudmivcvalebad forma-saxeebSi da cvalebad forma-saxeebad<br />
gamovlinebaSi mdgomareobs mudmivi ganviTarebis winaswarmoxazuli<br />
SesaZleblobanic. am konteqstSi, kargad daviwyebuli Zvelis axleburad<br />
147
interpretaciac ganviTarebaa. saboloo jamSi, gamodis, rac ufro<br />
zogadia absolutis gamovlinebis forma, miT ufroa igi ufro<br />
konkretul gmovlinebaTa interpretacia-ganviTarebis safuZveli da<br />
saerTod gauswrebadi SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, antikuri, Zvelinduri,<br />
ZvelCinuri Tu Zvelsparsuli kulturebi, konkretuli, specifikuri<br />
gamovlinebani iyvnen absolutisa, magram es kulturebi, Tavis mxriv,<br />
zogad safuZvlebs warmoadgendnen TavianT kulturul arealSi<br />
aRmocenebuli xelovnebisTvis da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebisTvis.<br />
aqve aucileblad unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom miTiTebul kulturaTa<br />
specifikuroba-gansxvavebulobis miRma erTi saerTo `ZarRvi~ dafarulis<br />
saxiT yovelTvis igulisxmeba. es saerTo ZarRvi, ra Tqma unda,<br />
gansxvavebul kulturaTa absolutismierobaa, amitomacaa, rom yvela<br />
kultura TavianTi specifikurobis miuxedavad, erTmaneTs rogorRac<br />
mainc yovelTvis gavs. metic, amgvari absolutismieri logika, Tundac<br />
Sefarulad vrceldeba ara mxolod erTsa da imave epoqaSi paralelurad<br />
arsebul erT an ramdenime, aramed sxvadasxva drois, erTmaneTisgan<br />
aswleulebiT daSorebul kulturebzec. amaSi mdgomareobs absolutis<br />
yovlismomcveli siZliere, Tumca, absolutis aseT `zemodan~ Zlierebas<br />
Cven `qvemodan~ ukeT vgrZnobT. sxva sityvebiT, CvenTvis ama Tu im epoqis<br />
sulic da ama Tu im kulturis xasiaTic swored maTi konkretuli<br />
gamovlinebebidan, am SemTxvevaSi xelovnebidan, xelovnebis ama Tu im<br />
dargSi Seqmnili konkretuli nawarmoebebidan dainaxeba. magaliTad,<br />
antikuri epoqis suls, Sesabamisad, antikuri kulturis xasiaTs yvelaze<br />
ukeT swored fidiasis qandakebebidan Tu sofokles tragediebidan<br />
vwvdebiT. amitom, Tuki ama Tu im epoqis (kulturis) suli gvinda<br />
gavigoT, refleqsia upirveles yovlisa, swored am epoqaSi Seqmnil<br />
xelovnebis nawarmoebebze unda gavakeToT. amasTanave, mxedvelobidan ar<br />
unda gamogvrCes, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, is Sidaparaleluri sulieri<br />
dineba, romelic SeiZleba raRacnairad dafarul-miCqmaluli saxiT imave<br />
epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulieri ganwyobilebebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
ganwyobilebebs winaswarmoxazuli momavlis saxiT gulisxmobdes. aseT<br />
sawinaaRmdego sulier ganwyobilebebs Sidaparaleluri dineba imitom<br />
vuwodeT, rom igi misive Tanadrouli epoqis sulieri arealidan<br />
148
ogorRac mowyvetili ki ar aris, sworadac amave epoqis sulier<br />
arealSi Tundac dafarul-miCqmalulad myofobs. es Sidaparaleluri<br />
sulieri ganwyobilebani maTive Tanadrouli epoqis sulieri arealidan<br />
mowyvetilni, cxadia, arc arasdros iyvnen da verc verasdros iqnebian.<br />
gansxvavebul sulier ganwyobilebaTa maTive Tanadrouli epoqis sulieri<br />
atmosferodan, rogorc zogadi safuZvlebidan gadacdena, imTaviTve<br />
imdenadaa yovlad gamoricxuli, ramdenadac epoqis suli, rogorc<br />
`Sesabamisi~ Tu `Seusabamo~ sulier ganwyobilebaTa zogadi safuZveli,<br />
yovelTvis Tavadaa `gadacdenac~ da amave dros `gadaucdenlobac~. e. i.<br />
rom ara raime `gadacdena~, anu gansxvavebuli sulieri ganwyobilebani,<br />
Tundac ideis, SesaZleblobis doneze, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ama Tu im<br />
epoqis standartuli, `gadaucdeneli~ sulieri atmosfero, radgan Tuki<br />
raime rogoriRac saxiT arsebobs, misi aseTi saxe azrs da garkveulobas<br />
swored `arastandartul gadacdenebTan~ gamijvniT iRebs da piriqiT.<br />
mokled, ase gansazRvraven da ganapirobeben erTmaneTs sapirispiro<br />
garkveulobani TavianT gamovlinebebeSi urTierTgamijvniT, magram<br />
msgavsi urTierTgamijvna, amave dros, am gamovlinebaTa miRma maT<br />
safuZvliseul erTianobazec aSkarad migviTiTebs. rom ara maTi aseTi<br />
siRrmiseuli erTianoba, cxadia, isini verc erTmaneTis xasiaTs<br />
ganapirobebdnen. aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom am garkveulobaTagan erT-erTs<br />
`epoqis suls~ imitom vuwodebT, rom igi masobrivia, xolo am masobrivi,<br />
anu standartuli sulieri atmosferosagan gansxvavebuli sulieri<br />
garkveuloba yovelTvis umciresobaSia, amitomacaa igi TiTqosda<br />
miCqmalul-miCumaTebuli, Tumca rogorc aRvniSneT, amnairi miCqmalulmiCumaTebuli<br />
gansxvavebuli sulieri ganwyobilebani, SeiZleba<br />
winaswarmoxazuli momavlis saxiT iyos Cawnuli TviTon standartul<br />
sulier atmosferoSi. amdenad, Tuki raodenobriv sxvaobas ar miviRebT<br />
mxedvelobaSi, standartuli, masobrivi sulieri atmosfeosgan<br />
gansxvavebuli sulieri ganwyobilebanic zogadad imave epoqis<br />
suliseulia, romeli epoqis sulsac ufro masStaburad standartuli,<br />
masobrivi sulieri atmosfero ansaxierebs. amasTan, arc isaa<br />
gamoricxuli, bolo-bolo, masobrivi sulieri atmosferosgan<br />
gansxvavebuli es sulieri ganwyobilebani gaaqtiurdnen, standartul,<br />
149
masobriv sulier atmosferosac saxe sabolood ucvalon da amiT<br />
dasabami axal epoqas miscen. swored ase moxda antikuri epoqis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca iman, rac antikur sulSi winaswarmoxazuli momavlis<br />
saxiT TiTqosda naklebi ZaliT mniSvnelobda, bolo-bolo antikur suls<br />
saxe ucvala da dasabami monoTeistur azrovnebas, Sesabamisad<br />
monoTeisturi religiebis epoqas daudo. ufro zustebi viqnebiT, Tu<br />
vityviT, rom kultura, romelsac antikuri niSniT vaerTianebT,<br />
gamovlineba iyo antikuri epoqis farTo sazogadoebrivi jgufisTvis<br />
sakuTrivi, saerTo specifikuri maxasiaTbelis mqone koleqtiuri<br />
aracnobierisa. aseve, im periodis Tu manamdeli sxva sazogadoebrivi<br />
jgufebis kulturebic specifikurad maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
koleqtiuri aracnobieris gamovlinebani iyvnen. erTobliobaSi ki es<br />
ukanasknelebi gamovlinebani iyvnen im zogadsakacobrio masStabis<br />
koleqtiuri aracnobierisa, romlis ZiriTadi gamaerTianebeli niSani<br />
poliTeisturi rwmena-warmodgenebi iyo. Tavis mxriv, es zogadsakacobrio<br />
masStabis koleqtiuri aracnobieri, rogocr uzogadesi Wrili,<br />
gamovlineba iyo zekoleqtiuri aracnobierisa, anu zecnobierebisa.<br />
amitomac vuwodebT antikur da sxva mis Tanadroul Tu manamdel<br />
kultura-civilizaciebs uzogades WrilSi erToblivad aRebulebs<br />
poliTestur epoqas, iseve rogorc monoTeistur epoqasac ara marto<br />
qristianuli, masTan erTad musulmanuri, iudaisturi Tu sxva amgvari<br />
msoflmxedvelobebi ganasaxiereben. ubralod, roca poliTeizms<br />
antikurobasTan, xolo monoTeizms qristianobasTan vaigivebT, ase imitom<br />
vakeTebT, rom poliTeisturi epoqis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, yvelaze<br />
ganviTarebuli segmenti antikuri sulieri (Tundac geografiuli) areali<br />
iyo, qristianoba ki aseTive misias kacobriobis monoTeisturi<br />
cnobierebis pirobebSi kisrulobs. Sesabamisad, Tuki zogadad<br />
poliTeisturi sulieri garemos raoba-xasiaTs yvelaze ukeT `qvemodan~,<br />
anu poliTeisturi epoqis xelovnebis konkretuli qmnilebebidan,<br />
magaliTad, antikuri an romauli ferweridan, qandakebidan Tu poeziidan<br />
vgrZnobT, zustad aseve vgrZnobT yvelaze kargad monoTeisturi sulieri<br />
garemos raoba-xasiaTs monoTeisturi epoqis xelovnebis, konkretulad<br />
qristianuli kulturuli sivrcis calkeuli mxatvruli teqstebidan<br />
150
(xelovnebidan). amiT imis Tqma sulac ar gvinda, TiTqos monoTeisturi<br />
epoqos sulieri garemos raoba-xasiaTi musulmanuri Tu sxva kulturuli<br />
sivrceebis xelovnebidan ar igrZnobodes. ubralod, saqme is aris, rom<br />
rac ufro maRalganviTarebulia esa Tu is kulturuli sivrce, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi qristianuli kultura, zogadad epoqis sulis amokiTxvis<br />
miT ufro farTo SesaZleblobebs gvaZlevs igi.<br />
zogadad gagebis aRwerili gadmosaxedi SegviZlia mivusadagoT<br />
Tanamedrove xelovnebasac anu Tanamedrove sruliad axali saazrovno<br />
horizontic siRrmiseulad sxva araferia, Tu ara erTgvari intepretacia,<br />
magram gacilebiT masStaburi moculobisa da radikaluri xasiaTisa,<br />
vidre mxolod garkveulwilad interpretirebul warsulTan Sexvedris<br />
SesaZlebloba da vidre es procesi jer kidev ar dasrulebula,<br />
SegviZlia igi `Suagzadac~ movixsenioT. Tanamedrove epoqis `Sua gzoba~<br />
ki yvelaze mZafrad, rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, swored axal, anu<br />
Tanamedrove epoqis xelovnebaSi airekleba. Sesabamisad, `Sua gzaze~<br />
vimyofebiT axali xelovnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiTac. ufro zustad,<br />
axali xelovnebis gaugebroba mnaxvel-Semfaseblis garkveuli nawilis<br />
mxridan, sinamdvileSi iqneb marTlac erTgvar politikur protests, anu<br />
mizanmimarTul argagebas warmoadgendes, magram Tundac TviTon msgavsi<br />
argagebiTi aqtic, swored rom `Sua gzobis~ winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs<br />
imTaviTve warmoaCens da am problemis aqtualobasac TavisTavad<br />
adasturebs.<br />
151
$3. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtikuli horizontis<br />
modernistuli da postmodernistuli aspeqtebi<br />
termini `modernizmi~, Sesabamisad _ `moderni~ _ sityvasityviT<br />
`Tanamedroveobas~ niSnavs, ufro zustad _ Tanamedroveobas, romelic<br />
kulturul-mecnieruli Tu sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, klasikuri<br />
Sinaarsebisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebis matarebelia.<br />
sainteresoa, rom `modernizmis, anu Tanamedroveobis aTvlis raime<br />
mkacrad gansazRvruli wertili ar arsebobs. Tanamedroveobis aTvlas<br />
zogi XX saukunis racionaluri mimarTulebebidan iwyebs, zogic<br />
mecnieruli Semecnebis momZlavrebis etapidan, zogic XIX sukunis meore<br />
naxevridan, roca XX saukunis kulturul-mecnieruli Tu sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis tendenciebi ukve ramdenadme winaswarganWvretadi iyo~ (95.<br />
28). magaliTad, nicSes, froidisa Tu maTi Tanamedrove sxva<br />
moazrovneebis naazrevSi meoce saukunis, rogorc modernistuli epoqis<br />
konturebi, marTlac winaswar ikiTxeboda, iseve rogorc, modernistul<br />
kulturaSi winaswar igrZnoboda postmodernis, rogorc modernizmisgan<br />
raRac gansxvavebuli kulturis aRmocenebis SesaZlebloba. ese igi, im<br />
bazisad, razec jer modernizmi, Semdeg ki postmodernizmi daSenda,<br />
yvela erTxmad nicSes, froidis, intuitivistebisa da sxva maTi<br />
Tanamedrove moazrovneebis Sexedulebebs miiCnevs, anu gardamavali<br />
safexuri klasikur da postmodernistul epoqebs Soris, gaxda `nicSes,<br />
intuitivistebisa da froidis Sexedulebebi, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
xeli Seuwyves relativizmis aRorZinebas~(45. 111). Sesabamisad, klasikur<br />
da postmodernistul epoqebs Soris gardamavali safexuris funqcia<br />
modernizmmac avtomaturad ikisra. Tuki modernizmi “Tanamedroveobas”<br />
nisnavs, postmodernizmi (postmoderni) igivea, rac `Tanamedroveobis<br />
Semdeg~(95. 237-238). ese igi, Cven ukve vcxovrobT `Tanamedroveobis Semdeg~,<br />
ramdenadac Cveni Tanadrouli epoqa postmodernistuli epoqaa: `SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom postmodernizmi Tavis arsebiT nawilSi aris pasuxi<br />
`universaluri cnobierebis proeqtis~ krizisze. axali drois evropuli<br />
kulturis fuZemdebluri paradigma goneba da misi kanonmdebeli funqcia<br />
152
postmodernistul kulturaSi uariyofa da mas scvlis<br />
interpretatoruli goneba, rac Tavis mxriv, iwvevs adamianis<br />
inteleqtualuri saqmianobis veqtoris Secvlas. interpretatoruli<br />
goneba codnis transcendentalur safuZvlebs ukuagdebs da kvlevis<br />
sagnad ixdis yoveldRiurobas. codnis wyaros axali goneba xedavs ara<br />
metafizikaSi, aramed aq da amJamad arsebul individTa cxovrebaSi.<br />
postmodernistuli diskursi metafizikas upirispirebs ironias,<br />
tradiciuli teqstis gagebas sclis interteqsti, WeSmaritebas _ kvali,<br />
Semoqmedebas _ dekonstruqcia~ (45.112). moyvanil citataSi `universaluri<br />
cnobierebis proeqtis~ krizisze ZiriTadi aqcenti tyuilad rodia<br />
gadatanili. amgvari krizisi postmodernizmis marTlac uarsebiTesi<br />
maxasiaTebelia, magram postmodernisms sulac `ar gamougonia es<br />
situacia, is mxolod gaiazrebs, is mxolod evropuli reaqciaa swored<br />
rom axali evropuli kulturis proeqtis krizisze~ (45.111). amdenad,<br />
micSes cnobili fraza _ `RmerTi mokvda~ (30.16) _ uaRresad Rrma da<br />
yovlismomcveli qveteqstebis Semcvelia anu `RmerTis sikvdilis~,<br />
Sesabamisad, `universaluri cnobierebis proeqtis krizisis~ Temebi<br />
viwrokonfesiuri gagebiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda aRviqvaT,<br />
ramdenadac es gamoTqmebi gacilebiT globaluri sulier-kulturuli<br />
masStabebisa da epoqluri mniSvnelobebis Semcvelia. marTlac, `Cveni<br />
realoba da cxovrebiseuli samyaro postmodernistuli gaxda. imdenad<br />
danawevrda, rogorc germaneli mwerali muzili ityoda, SeuZlebelia<br />
misi moyola. internetis, sahaero mimosvlis da telekomunikaciebis<br />
epoqaSi gansxvavebulni imdenad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom yovel<br />
nabijze ejaxebian. sxvadasxvadroulobis erTdrouloba, erT toposSi<br />
gansxvavebulebis mSvidobianad Tanaarseboba Cveulebrivi ambavia. axali<br />
samyaro gaxda sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebisa da Tvalsazrisebis<br />
urTierTSeRwevis sawindari~ (45.111). Sesabamisad, `postmodernisa da<br />
zogadad postkulturuli epoqis aRweris savaraudo sqemaSi yvela<br />
ZiriTadi gansazRvruloba `transiT~ iwyeba, magaliTad,<br />
transpolitikuri, transreligiuri, transmecnieruli, transpersonaluri<br />
da sxva~ (45.113), magram gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom `postkulturuli<br />
epoqis `trans~-gansazRvrulobebs Soris yvelaze universaluri<br />
153
transesTetikuria~ (45.113). amitomac `dRes savsebiT samarTlianad<br />
saubroben azrovnebis da ara marto azrovnebis, aramed yofierebis<br />
esTetizaciaze, es siaxle ar aris. ukve me-18 saukunidan, rogorc<br />
habermansi aRniSnavs, filosofiuri diskursi gadaikveTa esTetikur<br />
diskursTan da uamravi problemis gaazreba esTetikur sferoSi xdeba.<br />
siaxle mTeli adamianuri yofnis detalebis gamocxadebaa<br />
transesTetikuris Semadgenel sferoebad~ (45.114). amgvari viTarebis<br />
kvalobaze, savsebiT gasagebia, roca `XX saukunis dasasrulis<br />
esTetikuri diskusiebis erTerT mTavar dominants XXI saukunis<br />
mxatvrul-esTetikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis moniSvna warmoadgens~<br />
(45.113). Tavis mxriv, aseTi ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, gasakviri sulac<br />
ar aris, rom Tanamedrove moazrovneebi modernizmisa Tu<br />
postmodernizmis Temebs, uwinares yovlisa, swored, esTetikur-mxatvruli<br />
gadmosaxedidan ganixilaven, ese igi, `Tanamedrove~ da `Tanamedroveobis<br />
Semdeg~ kulturaTa xasiaTis wvdoma yvelaze ukeT zustadac esTetikurmxatvruli<br />
Wrilidan SeiZleba. magaliTad, barti postmodernistuli<br />
diskursis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul _ `avtoris sikvdilis~ _ Temas<br />
`literaturis Suqze ganixilavs, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im<br />
garemoebas, rom yvelaferi aris teqsti, maSin bartis Tvalsazrisi ar<br />
unda gavigoT mxolod rogorc literaturaTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva,<br />
avtoris sikvdilis dafiqsireba masTan ufro zogadfilosofiuria da<br />
Tanamedrove kulturis Taviseburebebs gamoxatavs~ (45.264). amdenad,<br />
zogadad kulturaa erTi didi teqsti, romlis Sinaarsic yvelaze ukeT<br />
swored mxatvrul teqstSi gamosWvivis, Tavis mxriv ki termini _<br />
`mxatvruli teqsti~ _ xelovnebis yvela dargs gulisxmobs, ramdenadac,<br />
ferwerac, skulpturac Tu arqiteqturac iseve `gvakiTxeben~ sakuTar<br />
Tavs, rogorc literatura da Tu ultraTanamedrove mxatvruli teqsti<br />
anu xelovneba postmodernistuli maxasiaTeblebisaa, ese igi, Tavad Cveni<br />
Tanamedrove kulturaa aseTi, magram vidre postmodernistuli<br />
mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) maxasiaTeblebis ufro vrclad<br />
ganxilvaze gadavalT, manam mizanSewonilia, mxatvruli teqstis<br />
(xelovnebis) modernistuli aspeqtebi mimovixiloT.<br />
154
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijna globaluri gardatexebis periodia,<br />
rogorc teqnicisturi, ise kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. gardatexis am<br />
process, cxadia, xelovnebac versad gaeqca. ufro zustad, xelovnebam<br />
imTaviTve Seisruta axali epoqis saxecvlili Sinaarsi. swored<br />
miTiTebul periodSi warmoiSva fovizmi, rogorc ferweris<br />
aratradiciuli mimdinareoba, fovizmis fuZemdeblad frangi fermweri<br />
anri matisi mogvevlina. es mimdinareoba gaxlavT klasikuri ferweridan<br />
modernistul ferweraze gadasvlis safexuri. Cveni azriT, aseTive<br />
gardamavali safexuris statuss imsaxurebs fovizmamde aRmocenebuli<br />
ferweris metad popularuli mimarTuleba _ impresionizmic.<br />
modernistuli ferweris pirveli ganmasaxierebeli ki abstraqcionizmia,<br />
romlis fuZemdebelic poloneli fermweri kandinskia. abstraqcionizmma,<br />
Tavis mxriv, dasabami misca iseT modernistul mimdinareobebs ferweraSi,<br />
rogorebic arian kubizmi, futurizmi da ase Semdeg. modernistuli<br />
gardatexa, ra Tqma unda, mxolod ferweras ar ganucdia, igive moxda<br />
literaturaSic, poeziaSic da xelovnebis sxva dargebSic. sainteresoa,<br />
rom modernistul xelovnebas sxvagvarad, deformirebul, stilizebul,<br />
RmerTsklebul, saerTo jamSi dehumanizirebul xelovnebasac uwodeben:<br />
dehumanizireba xelovnebis qmnilebaSi raime Sinaarsis deformirebuli<br />
saxiT asaxva-gadmocemas gulisxmobs. soxe ortega-i-gasetis mtkicebiT:<br />
`adamianTa mxatvruli gemovneba tiloze obieqtis cocxlad asaxvasaa<br />
SeCveuli, realobis tiloze deformirebuli saxiT gadmocemas ki ara,<br />
rasac Tanamedrove xelovneba akeTebs~ (88.511). amasTan, dehumanizireba<br />
realobis mxolod deformirebulad asaxva-gamoxatvas rodi niSnavs,<br />
ortega-i-gaseti yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebazec, rom SeiZleba<br />
dRevandelma axalma xelovnebam aradeformirebuli saxiTac asaxos<br />
realoba, magram es asaxva mainc ar emgvaneba realobis tradiciul,<br />
cocxlad asaxvas. gasets, yovelive amis ukeT gagebis mizniT,<br />
Tanamedrove mxatvris mier tiloze momakvdavi adamianis asaxvis<br />
magaliTi mohyavs, romelsac coli, eqimebi an naTesavebi adganan Tavze.<br />
gasetis mtkicebiT, Tuki klasikuri stilis mxatvari aseT scenas<br />
`cocxal realobad~ aqcevda, anu mxatvris tiloze SesamCnevi iqneboda<br />
momakvdavis mimarT garSemomyofTa TanagrZnoba da tiloze asaxuli am<br />
155
TanagrZnobiT TviTon mxatvris TanagrZnobac, amis sapirispirod,<br />
dRevandeli mxatvris mier aseTi scena asaxuli iqneba, rogorc mxolod<br />
`aracocxali realoba~, anu mxatvris tiloze, marTalia, momakvdavis<br />
garSemomyofni aradeformirebulad iqnebian asaxulni, magram am tilos<br />
mainc ar Seetyoba arc momakvdavis garSemomyofTa da, amdenad, arc<br />
mxatvris TanagrZnoba momakvdavis mimarT. msgavs xelovnebas gaseti<br />
`adamiansklebul~, anu `stilizebul~ xelovnebas uwodebs. e. i.<br />
modernistuli xelovnebis garkveul mimarTulebebs deformirebuloba<br />
pirdapiri, konkretuli gagebiT, SeiZleba ar axasiaTebdeT, magram<br />
`adamiansklebuloba-RmerTsklebuloba-stilizeba~ dehumanizirebis<br />
zogadi azriT, anu farTo gagebiT, mainc igivea, rac deformirebuloba.<br />
dRevandeli xelovnebis ZiriTad TvisebaTa _ `realobis aracocxlad<br />
asaxvis~, `RmerTsklebulobis~, `adamianskleblobis~, `stilizebis~,<br />
`deformirebulobis~ _ gamomwvevi mizezebi ufro kargad rom gavigoT,<br />
magaliTisTvis franc kafkas Semoqmedebaze Tvalis gadavlebac kmara.<br />
kafkas SemoqmedebaSi ganuwyvetliv igrZnoba adamianisa Tu samyaros im<br />
maxinji, saSineli mxareebis warmoCenis survili, romelic adamianebs<br />
adamianuri `niRbis~ qveS aqvT damaluli. sxva sityvebiT, kafkas<br />
mixedviT, adamianebi swored adamianuri `niRbis~ Signidan imarTebian,<br />
magram `niRbis~ Signidan aseTi marTuloba yovelTvis aviwydebaT. swored<br />
adamianis sulis aseT simaxinjeebze yuradRebis gansakuTrebul<br />
aqcentirebas vxvdebiT kafkas SemoqmedebaSi: `warmovidginoT, ori nacnobi<br />
kacis saubars Seveswari; vgrZnob, rom maT erTmaneTi arc ainteresebT da<br />
amitom Sinaganad arc usmenen erTmaneTs, garegnulad ki yvelaferi<br />
rigzea. erTbaSad meufleba STabeWdileba, mosaubreebs TiTqos xma<br />
CauwydaT, amaod aReben pirs, araferi ismis, saubari `dayruvda~, imitom<br />
rom saubris miRma siZulvili imaleba. raRa saWiro iyo saubari,<br />
romelic mxolod niRbis rolSi gvevlineboda anda, kaci cxovrobda ise,<br />
rom TiTqos mis cxovrebaSi yvelaferi Tavis wessa da rigze iyo, mas<br />
arasodes daurRvevia mis sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod miRebuli raime<br />
oficialuri kanoni da norma. miuxedavad amisa, erTxel, diliT, roca<br />
SfoTiani sizmris Semdeg gamoiRviZa, aRmoaCina, rom Tavis sawolSi<br />
raRac saSinel mwerad qceuliyo... cxadia, namdvilad ase ar momxdara, es<br />
156
ar aris sinamdvile Cveulebrivi azriT, es ufro molandeba da<br />
moCvenebaa, oRond moCveneba iseTi, romelic farul WeSmaritebas<br />
gamoxatavs~ (23.8).<br />
amrigad, `saSineli samyaros~ orazrovneba, ZiriTadi motivia<br />
dRevandeli xelovnebis stilizebisa Tu deformirebisa. es orazrovnebaa<br />
dRevandeli samyaros `moraluri temperatura~. deformatorma, anu<br />
modernistma mxatvarma adamianuri niRbis qveS samyaros, adamianis maxinji<br />
saxe aRmoaCina da am imedgacruebis gamo mZime Soki miiRo. swored amitom<br />
ambobda kafka, namdvili realoba yovelTvis ararealisturiao. aqedan<br />
gasagebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba `saSineli samyaros~ STabeWdileba<br />
xelovnebaSi radikaluri deformaciis tendenciis impulsad iqces.<br />
`saSineli samyaros~ mxatvari im STabeWdilebis qveS dgas, rom<br />
`movlenaTa namdvili da Sinagani saxe erTob gansxvavdeba maTi bunebriv-<br />
Cveuli, garegnuli saxisgan. es ukanaskneli mas macdur niRbad eCveneba.<br />
swored amitom igi, am samyaros namdvili da Sinagani saxis gamosaxvas<br />
rom lamobs, didis ZaliT gardaqmnis Cveulebriv-Cveul garegnul saxes.<br />
saSineli samyaros namdvili saxis gamosaxva misi bunebrivi-Cveuli,<br />
garegnuli saxisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul formebs, anu abstraqtul<br />
formebs moiTxovs~ (23.51). abstraqtuli xelovnebis fuZemdeblis da<br />
Teoretikosis kandinskis azriTac: `rac ufro saSineli xdeba samyaro<br />
(da swored axlaa igi ise saSineli, rogorc arasdros), miT ufro<br />
abstraqtuli xdeba xelovneba, maSin rodesac bednieri samyaro<br />
realistur xelovnebas warmoSobs~ (96. 201). rogorc vxedavT,<br />
modernistuli xelovnebis deformaciis mizezs, kandinskis azriTac,<br />
saSineli samyarosadmi Tvalis arideba warmoadgens. mxatvari TiTqos<br />
gangeb aridebs Tvals saSinel samyaros da qmnis `deformirebul~<br />
samyaros, Tumca samyaros `deformirebis~ miRma `saSineli samyaros~<br />
danaxvac igulisxmeba, radgan Tvalis arideba gulisxmobs swored imas,<br />
rom raime arasasurvelze arideb Tvals. maSasadame, Tanamedrove<br />
xelovani `deformacias~ swored imitom mimarTavs, raTa Tvali aaridos<br />
`saSinel samyaros~, magram swored stilizeba-deformirebuloba asaxavs<br />
yvelaze mZafrad imas, rasac Tvals arideb, anu Tanamedrove xelovani<br />
didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, araTu Tvals ver ardebs `saSinel<br />
157
samyaros~, iqneb misdauneburad, zustad stilizeba-deformirebulobiT<br />
`saSinel samyaros~ Zalze mZafradac gamoxatavs, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
erTgvar, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `Cixur situacias~ mogvagonebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, savsebiT gasagebia ortega-gasetis, erTi SexedviT,<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi Tvalsazrisi, romelic imis gamo, rom miTiTebuli<br />
`Cixuri situaciis~ winaaRmdegobis mTeli sicxadiT warmoCenaa,<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi aRarc aris: `stilizacia Tavis TavSi dehumanizacias<br />
Seicavs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xelovnebaSi adamianis (adamianuri grZnobebis)<br />
klebiT Tu gaqrobiT gamoixateba~ (88. 517). e. i. arasasurveli, sazizRari<br />
realobis stilizacia-deformirebulobiT Semoqmeds surs swored am<br />
arasasurvel, sazizRar realobas gaeqces, magram zogadad gaqcevis<br />
msgavs mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs `vergaqcevac~, anu arasasurveli,<br />
sazizRari realobis Tundac Tavisdauneburad kidev ufro mZafri da<br />
mkveTri formebiT warmoCena, zogadi gagebiT, `RmerTsklebulobaadamiansklebuloba-dehumanizirebuloba~.<br />
aseTi modernistuli suliskveTeba SemdgomSi kidev ufro<br />
gaRrmavda da postmodernistul suliskveTebaSi gadaizarda _ Tuki<br />
modernistul xelovnebaSi `saSineli samyaros~ gancda TviTon<br />
Semoqmedsac da mnaxvel-Semfasebelsac raRacnairad sinanulisken<br />
ubiZgebda, postmodernistul xelovnebaSi TviTon amgvari sinanulis<br />
SesaZleblobaze ironiis, ufro uxeSad Tu vityviT, dacinvis paTosi<br />
aSkarad igrZnoba. paralelurad, TvalnaTelia avtoris rolisa da<br />
funqciis ignorirebis tendenciac, ramdenadac postmodernSi mxatvruli<br />
nawarmoebis adgils ukve konstruqcia ikavebs. sxvagvarad, postmoderni<br />
TiTqmis mTlianad gamoricxavs raime axlis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas,<br />
radgan `yovelive ukve iyo~ da is, rasac Cven SegviZlia `axali~ vuwodoT,<br />
sinamdvileSi sxva araferia, Tu ara `yovelive ukve iyos~ erTgvari<br />
interpretacia-interpolacia. amgvari tendenciis mizezad Jan bodriaric<br />
swored `yovelive ukve iyos~ miiCnevs: `gaiara ra formis, xazis, ferisa<br />
da esTetikuri koncefciebisgan gaTavisuflebis stadia, moxda ra yoveli<br />
kulturisa da stilis aRreva, Cvens sazogadoebaSi yovlismomcvel<br />
esTetizacias dausadgurebia~ (66.101). bodriari msgavs yovlismomcvel<br />
esTetizacias transesTetikur esTetikas uwodebs. kulturaTa aRrevaze<br />
158
efleqsias akeTebs umberto ekoc, ufro zustad, amnair aRrevas igi<br />
kulturaTa qaoss uwodebs da ra gasakviria, roca misi Tvalsazrisis<br />
mixedviTac, Tanamedrove xelovnebis nawarmoebebi swored am qaosurad<br />
aRreul kulturaTa mxolod konstruirebul garkveuloba-gamovlinebebs<br />
anu erTgvar `konstruirebul TamaSs~ warmoadgenen. msgavsi<br />
gadmosaxedidan ki avtori `yvelanairad ukve namyofi~ stilisturteqstualuri<br />
konstruqciebis mZevlad ufro gamoiyureba, vidre raime<br />
axlisa da originaluris Semoqmedad. es viTareba ki, bartis Tanaxmad,<br />
`avtoris sikvdilis~ adekvaturia. amdenad, modernizmisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli dehumanizaciis procesi postmodernizmSi kidev ufro<br />
gaRrmavda da dehumanizaciaSi nagulisxmev-aRweril qveteqstebTan erTad,<br />
`ukve namyof~ mxatvrul-teqstualur garkveulobaTa Taviseburi<br />
`kontruirebuli TamaSis~ funqciac ikisra. ufro zustad, dehumanizaciastilizacia<br />
Tavis TavSi ukve winaswarmoxazuli saxiT gulisxmobda<br />
teqstualur garkveulobaTa `konstruirebuli TamaSis~ SesaZleblobas,<br />
amitomacaa yoveli teqsti interteqsti postmodernistuli gagebiT, anu<br />
nebismieri teqsti esaa axali teqsti, romelic SegviZlia mxolod Zveli<br />
teqstebis safuZvelze gavigoT, nebismier teqstSi sazrisis amokiTxva,<br />
mxolod ukve arsebul teqstebTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, gasagebia umberto ekos moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />
warsuli unda gadaisinjos, gadaisinjos Taviseburad, ironiulad,<br />
yovelgvari miamitobis gareSe da ara warsulis mecnieruli<br />
monapovrebisa da adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis ignorirebis mizniT.<br />
umberto ekos es Tvalsazrisi savsebiT Seesabameba kristevas<br />
Sexedulebas: `nebismieri teqsti Tavis TavSi sxva teqsts Seicavs da<br />
misdami mimarTul replikas warmoadgens... nebismieri sityva (teqsti) aris<br />
ori sityvis (teqstis) iseTi gadakveTa, romelSic SesaZlebelia sul<br />
cota kidev erTi sityvis (teqstis) amokiTxva... literaturuli Janrebis<br />
yoveli evolucia lingvisturi struqturebis aracnobieri obieqtivaciaa~<br />
(97. 432). mocemuli romelime konkretuli teqstis da sxva teqstis, aseve<br />
sityvisa da sxva sityvis kristevaseuli urTierTmimarTeba, marTlac<br />
aracnobieri xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac nebismieri teqsti Tu sityva, sxva<br />
teqstsa da sxva sityvas ara maincdamainc mizanmimarTulad, upirveles<br />
159
yovlisa, imTaviTve Tavisdauneburad gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, gasagebia,<br />
roca kristevas mixedviT Tanamedrove literatura avtonomiuri<br />
arasodesaa, igi yovelTvis sxva, winare da Tanamedrove literaturebTan<br />
awarmoebs dialogs, rac, Tavis mxriv, TviTon avtoris mier<br />
literaturul formebTan erTgvar brZolasac gulisxmobs imisda<br />
miuxedavad, dasaxuli aqvs aseTi mizani avtors Tu ara. teqstSi sxva<br />
teqstebis, sityvaSi sxva sityvebis nagulisxmevoba mTelisa da nawilebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis Wrilis Rrmad dafarul Sreebs ufro da ufro<br />
aaSkaravebs. kerZod, Tuki teqstSi sxva teqstebi, sitvyaSi sxva sityvebi<br />
apriori igulisxmeba, es imas niSnavs, rom mTeli, rogorc sityvebis,<br />
Sesabamisad, teqstebis da saerTod, sityvebisa da teqstebis<br />
Tavdapirveli aradiferencirebuloba-erTianoba, nebismier sityvasa Tu<br />
teqstSi igulisxmeba, Tavis mxriv, aseT siRrmiseul<br />
aradiferencirebuloba-erTianobaSi am aradiferencirebuloba-erTianobis<br />
sityvebad da teqstebad, anu nawilebad gaSla-gamovlinebis<br />
SesaZleblobac imTaviTve winaswarmoxazuli saxiTaa Cawnuli. ese igi,<br />
rom ara sitvyebsa da teqstebSi maTi Tavdapirveli mTlianobis<br />
nagulisxmevoba da am Tavdapirvel mTlianobaSi calkeuli sityvebisa da<br />
teqstebis winaswarmoxazuloba, sityvebic da teqstebic gaugebari<br />
aRmoCndeboda da maTi Semdgomi SekavSirebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda.<br />
maSasadame, sityvebis erTmaneTTan teqstebad dakavSireba igivea, rac<br />
Tavdapirveli, winaswarmoxazuli erTianobis diferencirebulobaSi<br />
kvlavwvdoma. sxvagvarad, nebismieri konkretuli sityva da teqsti<br />
apriori amoizrdeba maTTvisve aracnobierad maTSive nagulisxmevi sxva<br />
sityvebisa da teqstebis siRrmiseuli mTlianobidan. postmodernistuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, aseTive Rrma Sinagani kavSiri axasiaTebs xelovnebis<br />
calkeuli dargebis konkretul qmnilebebs da, zogadad, xelovnebis<br />
calkeuli dargebis erTmaneTTan urTierTmimarTebas _ xelovnebis<br />
nebismieri calkeuli dargis konkretuli qmnilebac xom Taviseburi<br />
teqstia, iseve rogorc zogadad xelovnebaa erTi didi teqsti. amasTan,<br />
mTelisa da nawilebis msgavsi siRrmiseuli urTierTCawnuloba ara<br />
mxolod warsul da Tanadroul epoqaTa teqstebis, maT Soris,<br />
mxatvruli teqstebis urTierTmimarTebas, aramed sakuTriv yoveli<br />
160
konkretuli, maT Soris, sakuTriv Tanadrouli epoqis teqstebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebasac msWvalavs. interteqstis amnair siRrmiseularacnobier<br />
Sreebs `jenksi paradoqsalur dualizms anu ormagi<br />
kodirebis princips uwodebs, rac erT interteqstualur sivrceSi ori an<br />
meti erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli teqstualualuri fragmentis<br />
urTierTSerwymis ganxorcielebaSi gamoixateba, anu erTi<br />
interteqstualuri sivrcis fragmenti uaryofs amave interteqstualuri<br />
sivrcis sxva fragmentebs da amasTan, TviTonvea uaryofili sxva<br />
fragmentebis mier~ (29.138_139). ufro koknretulad, msgavsi uaryofa<br />
Tavdapirveli urTierTSerwymulobis uaryofis formiT gamovlenili<br />
kvlav urTierTSerwymaa da radganac uaryofis formaSi gamovlenili<br />
safuZvliseuli urTierTSerwymuloba erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel<br />
teqstualur fragmentebad mogvecema, TviTon interteqtualuri sivrcec<br />
avtomaturad msgavsi `wyvetadi~ saxiT warmoCindeba, anu iseTi saxiT,<br />
sadac yovelgvari lingvisturi wesi da norma ignorirebulia. zogadad<br />
teqstis amgvarma zedapirulma fragmentaciam ukve imgvari masStabebi<br />
miiRo, rom yovelgvari norma Tavis mniSvnelobas kargavs. interteqstis<br />
gagebis swored aseT Wrils gulisxmobs termini `pastiCi~. `es italiuri<br />
warmomavlobis termini sxvadasxva stilis operaTa nawyvetisgan<br />
Sedgenil operas niSnavs, rogorc erTgvar popurs. Sesabamisad, pastiCSi<br />
teqstebis sazrisisa da sxvadasxva stilTa erTmaneTTan<br />
urTierTmimarTebis iseTi wesi igulisxmeba, sadac teqstis semantikur<br />
mniSvnelobebTan erTad aqsiologiuri prioritetebic ignorirebulia~<br />
(29.137). amavdroulad, pastiCi sxvadasxvagvari stilisturi da<br />
aqsiologiuri fragmentebis iseTi ekleqtikuri konstruirebaa, romlis<br />
ramenairi gansazRvrebis CarCoSi moqcevac SeuZlebelia da SeuZlebelia<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari konstruqcia yovelTvis rogorRac manam<br />
xorcieldeba, vidre Cven masze refleqsias ganvaxorcielebdeT. amitomac,<br />
miTiTebuli sxvadasxva tipis stilisturi da aqsiologiuri fragmentebis<br />
msgavsi SeerTeba, garegnulad SemTxveviTi konstruirebis STabeWdilebas<br />
tovebs. aseve, TiTqosda SemTxveviT, pastiCi enasTan erTgvari brZolis<br />
iaraRadac gvevlineba. pastiCis mixedviT, aRar arsebobs araviTari<br />
stilisturi norma, igi ewinaaRmdegeba enis pretenziasac imis Taobaze,<br />
161
TiTqos enas raime sazrisi gaaCnia. saerTo jamSi, `pastiCi ignorirebas<br />
ukeTebs sayovelTao normebs, stilisturi wesebisa da mxatvruli<br />
saxeTqmnadobis nebismier kanonmdeblobas, riTac enis struqturalisturi<br />
kanonmdeblobis pretenziazec maRldeba da interteqstualuri teqstis<br />
yofierebis erTaderT iaraRadac Tavad qceula~ (29.140). sxva sityvebiT,<br />
pastiCi uaryofs yovelgvar kanons, magram amgvari kanonis funqcias<br />
Tavadve kisrulobs, Tumca es axali `pastiCuri kanoni~ iseTi kanonia,<br />
romelic amave dros raRac `sxvacaa~, ramdenadac misi gansazRvreba da<br />
erTiani sistemuri saxiT SemuSaveba yovlad SeuZlebelia. swored raime<br />
garkveulobaTa sistemurad Tavmoyris SeuZleblobaa `pastiCuri kanonis~,<br />
Sesabamisad, interteqstis arsi da ZiriTadi kanoni, rogorc `sxva~, anu<br />
`sxva kanoni~. es `sxva kanoni~, igive `pastiCuri kanoni~, imitomacaa Zalze<br />
saintereso, rom igi, erTis mxriv, uaryofs yovelgvar standartul<br />
kanons, magram meore mxriv, warmoqmnilia ra zustadac standartuli<br />
kanonebis uaryofiT, iribad mainc imas emyareba, rasac uaryofs, amiT ki<br />
rogorRac Tavis Tavsac uaryofs, Sesabamisad, teqstis nawilebis Tu<br />
fragmentebis erTiani sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SesaZleblobis<br />
uaryofasTan erTad, amave nawilebisa Tu fragmentebis erTiani sistemuri<br />
saxiT Tavmoyris SeuZleblobasac uaryofs. maSasadame, SegviZlia<br />
ganvacxadoT, rom `pastiCuri kanoni~ teqstis nawilebisa Tu fragmentebis<br />
erTiani sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SeuZleblobis aRiarebis miRma, maTi<br />
sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SesaZleblobas rogorRac mainc gulisxmobs.<br />
ese igi, sulac ar unda vifiqroT ise, TiTqos pastiCis arsi mainc da<br />
mainc teqstis fragmentebis sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyris SeuZleblobis<br />
aRiareba iyos, pastiCi ubralod uars ambobs aseTi fragmentebis<br />
sistemuri saxiT Tavmoyraze da misi arsica da kanonic sinamdvileSi<br />
swored es uarisTqmaa. erTi kia, msgavsi uarisTqma imdenad araa<br />
nebayoflobiTi aqti, ramdenadac igi aracnobieris siRrmiseuli<br />
Sreebidan wamosuli survilia, amdenad, dauZleveli Zalisaa da Cven ki<br />
ar gvemorCileba, Tavad gvimorCilebs Cven. `pastiCuri kanonis~ obieturi<br />
safuZvlis danaxvac zustad am WrilSi SeiZleba, anu irkveva, rom<br />
`pastiCuri kanoni~ winaswarmoxazuli saxiT imTaviTve yofila<br />
nagulisxmevi im wesebsa da kanonebSi, romlebsac standartuls vuwodebT.<br />
162
aqedan gamomdinare miiCneven jenksic da kristevac uaryofis miTiTebul<br />
`pastiCur kanons~ erTgvari paroduli situaciis gagrZelebad. marTlac,<br />
`pastiCuri~, ese igi, iseTi tipis uaryofis uaryofa, romelic uaryofis<br />
uaryofiT mudmivad uaryofs sakuTar Tavs, magram, amavdroulad, mainc<br />
verafriT ubrundeba da egueba sakuTari Tavis uaryofis sapirispiros,<br />
anu imas, rac Tavdapirvelad uaryo (ე.ი. საკუთარ თავს) da amitomac aris<br />
raRac `sxva~, gana Tavadve araa uaRresad kritikuli doziT parodulic,<br />
ironiulic da TviTironiulic aseT situacias zedmiwevniT zustad<br />
gamoxatavs jeimsonis Tvalsazrisi _ `imis SegrZneba, rom dacinvis Jinze<br />
Tanamedrove kulturaSi kidev arsebobs raime normaluri, mTlianad<br />
amowuravs Tavis Tavs~ (79. 223). Tavis mxriv, kristeva miTiTebul zogad<br />
situacias karnavals, karnavalur sicils adarebs da acxadebs:<br />
`karnavalis universalur scenaze ena Tavis Tavze parodirebas<br />
axorcielebs... karnavaluri sicili ara mxolod parodiuli sicilia,<br />
masSi komizmic imdenivea, ramdenic tragizmi. igi Zalian seriozulia da,<br />
amdenad, misdami kuTvnili scenuri sivrce araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
warmoadgens arc kanonis, arc misi parodirebis sivrces. Tanamedrove<br />
werili gvaZlevs im universaluri scenis saocar magaliTebs, romelic<br />
erTsa da imave dros aris kanonic da misi `sxvac~. esaa scena, sadac<br />
sicili iyineba, radganac igi parodia ki ara, mokvdineba da revoluciaa~<br />
(97. 443, 445). amisdakvalad, Tanamedrove mxatvruli teqstis avtori,<br />
TviTparodirebis aqts imdenad veRar gaurbis, ramdenadac interteqstis<br />
sivrceSi pastiCs dausadgurebia. es ukanaskneli ki ara mxolod sxva<br />
teqstebTan parodiul damokidebulebas, TviTparodirebasac imTaviTve<br />
gulisxmobs (29. 140_141). aseTi viTarebis ontiuri safuZveli ki,<br />
bodriiaris azriT isaa, rom Tavad bunebaa ironiuli _ `Cven uSedego<br />
epoqaSi varsebobT da yoveli qmedeba parodiis sxiviT ganaTebuli<br />
bunebis mier xorcieldeba~ (67. 11) _ acxadebs igi. amave azrs kidev ufro<br />
mZafrad kristeva gamoTqvams: `karnavaluri xedva angrevs ara marto<br />
enobrivi kodis wesebs, aramed sazogadoebrivi moralis normebsac...<br />
kanavali uaryofs RmerTs, avtoritetsa da socialur kanons... karnavali,<br />
es Wamisa da kuWSi gasvlis dResaswauli Tanamedove samyaros<br />
simbolodaa qceuli...~ (97. 435, 443, 474).<br />
163
maSasadame, axali epoqis dasawyisSi `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb<br />
nicSes uadgilod rodi wamoscda, aseve tyuilad rodi gaamaxvila<br />
modernistuli xelovnebis RmerTsklebelobaze yuradReba xose ortega-igasetma.<br />
modernistul xelovnebaSi, igrZnoboda ra RmerTklebeloba,<br />
paralelurad, swored RmerTsklebelobiT gamowveuli sinanulis gancda<br />
ramdenadme mainc aqtualuri iyo, postmodernistul xelovnebaSi ki<br />
RmerTsklebulobis gancda ara mxolod gaRrmavda, RmerTsklebulobis<br />
gancdiT gamowveuli sinanuli erTgvarad ironiis, TviTironiis, dacinvis,<br />
TviTdacinvis obieqtadac iqca. amdenad, aq ukve TiTqos saerTod<br />
daviwyebas unda miscemoda RmerTic da masTan erTad sinanulic, magram,<br />
cxadia, arasdros ar xdeba ise, ar gaxsovdes is, ris gamoc raime<br />
daviwyebas unda mieces. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, TviTon daviwyebis<br />
SesaZleblobazec ver vilaparakebdiT. Sesabamisad, viRebT Cixs,<br />
ramdenadac erTi mxriv saxezea daviwyeba, xolo meore mxriv daviwyebas<br />
swored is garemoebebi asuldgmuleben, rasac viviwyebT. ese igi, is<br />
garemoebebi rasac viviwyebT, daviwyebaSi rogorRac mainc gamosWvivis.<br />
amisdakvalad, vawydebiT imnair situacias, rogorsac `pastiCuri kanoni~<br />
gulisxmobs, anu vcdilobT raRacis daviwyebas, magram bolomde mainc<br />
ver viviwyebT mas, radgan amavdroulad TviTon am raRacis daviwyebis<br />
mcdelobis daviwyebasac vcdilobT da msgavs mcdelobebSi viRebT raRac<br />
`sxvas~, rogorc usasrulo `uaryofis uaryofas~. pastiCuri `uaryofis<br />
uaryofa~ ki imitomacaa `sxva~, rom rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, msgavsi<br />
`uaryofis uaryofa~ maincdamainc Tavdapirvelad uaryofilisadmi<br />
mibrunebas ar niSnavs, Tumca pastiCuri uaryofis uaryofa kidev imitomaa<br />
`sxva~, rom igi am `ar niSnavs~ uaryofacaa. amitom pastiCuri `ar niSnavs~<br />
sadRac, rogorRac, iribad mainc niSnavs imas, rasac ar unda niSnavdes.<br />
amrigad, RmerTisa da masTan erTad sinanulis pastiCuri uaryofa,<br />
rogorc `sxva~, anu `uaryofis uaryofa~, zustad am `uaryofis<br />
uaryofaSi~ sadRac, rogorRac, arapirdapir, kvlavac gulisxmobs<br />
RmerTTan erTad gamqrali sinanulis gamo Tundac Zalze mcire doziT<br />
sinanuls. ase rom, postmodernistul xelovnebas TiTqos sinanulis<br />
natamalic aRar unda dastyoboda, magram aki TviTon bodreiaric<br />
yovlismomcveli esTetizaciis paradoqss imaSi xedavs, rom am procesma<br />
164
xelovnebis gaufasureba gamoiwvia da amitom postmodernistuli<br />
esTetizaciac negatiuri sazrisis matarebelia. gana es erTgvari<br />
sinanuli ar aris anda, kristevas mier postmodernistuli karnavalis<br />
`Wamisa da kuWSi gasvlis~ dResaswaulad gancda, iribad sinanuls ar<br />
gulisxmobs umberto eko ki `kulturul-pastiCuri qaos-areulobis<br />
kvalobaze mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs `obieqtis, rogorc obieqtis~<br />
vwdomasa da dadgenas, rac miTiTebul qaos-areulobaSi erTgvar imedis<br />
sxivad cialebs~ (95.338). am konteqstSi Zalze sainteresoa, isev rCeba Tu<br />
ara adgili RmerTis (sinanulis) kvlavmovlinebisTvis am kiTxvas<br />
haidegerma Taviseburi pasuxi gasca, kerZod: `sad unda dabrundes RmerTi<br />
xelaxali mosvlisas, Tuki adamianebma windawin ar moumzades<br />
adgilsamyofeli. viT eqneba RmerTs RmerTis saferi samyofeli, Tuki<br />
windawin, yvelaferi rac aris, Cenas ar daiwyebs RvTaebrivis cialiT<br />
RmerTebi, romlebic niadag mun iyvnen, `dabrundebian~ odes saferJams,<br />
kerZod ki maSin, odes adamianebi safer alags, safergvarad Seicvlebian~<br />
(8. 14). rogorc vxedavT, haidegeris azriT, epoqis Semotrialeba,<br />
marTalia, Zveli RmerTebis kvlavmovlinebiT an axlis SeqmniT ar xdeba,<br />
magram amisda miuxedavad, igi mainc eZebs RmerTis mobrunebisa Tu axali<br />
RmerTis Seqmnis gzebs. amgvari optimisturi pesimizmisa Tu pesimisturi<br />
optimizmis WrilSi Zalze sainteresoa, ras niSnavs RmerTis<br />
kvlavmovlineba Tu axali RmerTis Seqmna. gana RmerTis `dabruneba~ -<br />
`ardabruneba~ Tu `Seqmna~ adamianis gadasawyvetia aseTi `dasabrunebeli~<br />
Tu `Sesaqmneli~ RmerTi zedmiwevniT xom ar hgavs RmerTisadmi nicSeseul<br />
`erTob adamianur~ mimarTebas ra Tqma unda, asea, radgan Tuki RmerTis<br />
kvlavmovlineba Tu axlidan Seqmna adamianis neba-survilzea<br />
damokidebuli, maSin RmerTi, romelic adamianebs sxvadasxva epoqaSi<br />
sxvadasxvanairad swamdaT, yovelTvis `erTob adamianuri~ fantaziis<br />
nairgvari nayofi yofila da Tu asea, maSin winaaRmdegobis saxiT, aqac<br />
erTgvar kvlavparodias viRebT. Sesabamisad, cxadia, msgavs raRacnairad<br />
gansxvavebul realobas verc xelovneba uaryofs. metic, amgvar<br />
kvlavparodiul postmodernistul situacias xelovneba yvelze uwin<br />
aireklavs rogorc epoqalur dabneulobas da rogorc gasaWirs TviTon<br />
xelovnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiTac. tyuilad rodi miuTiTebs liotari,<br />
165
om `Tanamedrove sivrceSi mxatvruli nawarmoebis gagebis garTulebas<br />
xels zogadkulturuli postmodernistuli mdgomareoba uwyobs,<br />
romelic orientirebulia ara realobis asaxvaze, aRmoCenaze, Seqmnaze,<br />
rac klasikuri esTetikuri diskursisTvis iyo niSandoblivi, aramed<br />
sinamdvilis modelirebaze, meore rigis realobis Seqmnaze. xolo is<br />
principebi, romliTac warmosaxva meore rigis realobis generirebas<br />
axdens, TandaTan mTel kulturul sivrces gadafaraven. am procesis<br />
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli popgemovneba, konformistuloba, xels uwyobs<br />
warsulis kulturuli memkvidreobis muzeumad gadaqcevas.<br />
postmodernisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ontologiuri nihilizmi, safuZveli<br />
xdeba imisa, rom iqmneba axali virtualuri realoba Sesabamisi<br />
meTodebiT da Sesabamisi araklasikuri esTetikuri kategoriebiT. cxadia,<br />
es axali virtualuri sivrce mTlianad mxolod warmosaxvis saSualebiT<br />
konstruirdeba~ (45.115).<br />
maSasadame, gamosavali TiTqos arsaiT Cans, aki rogorc zemoT<br />
erTgan ukve aRvniSneT, Cven uSedego epoqaSi vcxovrobT da yoveli<br />
qmnileba parodiis sxiviT ganaTebuli bunebis mier xorcieldeba.<br />
SemTxveviT rodi ambobs miSel fuko: `XIX saukunis damdegidan dasabams<br />
iRebs modernizmi, romlidanac Cven jerac ar gamovsulvarT~ (42.31). ufro<br />
zustad, araTu modernizmidan ver gamovediT, rogorc davinaxeT,<br />
postmodernistuli realobis saxiT, `universaluri cnobierebis<br />
proeqtis~ krizisi, ontologiuri nihilizmi, TviTparodia-ironia Tu<br />
karnavali, rogorc Wamisa da kuWSi gasvlis dResaswauli, Tanamedrove<br />
samyaros arsebiT maxasiaTeblebad iqcnen. amdenad, ukve<br />
postmodernizmidan `gamosvlis~ gzebze msjeloba ufro mizanSewonilia,<br />
Tumca statiaSi aRwerili garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT, aqve<br />
unda mivxvdeT da gavaTviTcnobieroT isic, rom postmodernizmidan<br />
`gamosvlis gzebis~ xelovnurad Zieba imdenad uSedegoa, ramdenadac<br />
TviTon postmodernizmidan `gamosvlis gza~, Tuki es, saerTod,<br />
SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis win uswrebs aseTi gzis xelovnurad Seqmnis<br />
yovelgvar mcdelobas. Sesabamisad, umjobesia, davdumdeT, ufro ukeT,<br />
`aqtiurad davdumdeT~, rogorc skeptikosi da amiT cxovrebas yvelaze<br />
ufro Rrma da saintereso pasuxi gavceT, anu skeptikosis dumili sulac<br />
166
ar aris pasiuri dumili, igi aqtiuri dumilia imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
msgavsi dumili kidev ufro ukeTesad uxsnis gzas enisa da xelovnebis<br />
morevs sulieri SidawiaRis kvlav da kvlav amosaTqmelad. saamiso unari<br />
ki TavianT nebaze `miSvebul~ enasac da xelovnebasac namdvilad gaaCniaT<br />
da Tu enas marTlac zedmiwevniT zustad Seefereba `yofierebis saxlis~<br />
epiTeti, es epiTeti, aseTive sizustiT Seesabameba xelovnebasac _<br />
mxatvruli teqstic xom Taviseburi metyveleba, Taviseburi gamoTqmaa. ese<br />
igi, enaca da xelovnebac erTnairi ZaliT arian `yofierebis<br />
gamosxivebani~, iseve, rogorc `Rrublebi cis Rrublebi arian~ (14.74).<br />
amisdakvalad, skeptikosis `aqtiuri dumili~ savsebiT gamarTlebuli<br />
dumilia: `skeptikosi didad ganswavluli da maRladmxedia. mas<br />
Secnobili aqvs sulis saidumloebani. skeptikoss mZafri, natifi da Rrma<br />
SegrZnebebi aqvs. igi imitom ki ar dums, rom araferi aqvs saTqmeli. maS,<br />
ratom arafers ambobs iqneb, imitom, rom misTvis Sinaganad cnobilia<br />
yovelgvari sityvisa da azris amaoeba, cnobilia, rom sicocxle azrsa<br />
da sityvaze gacilebiT Rrmaa, rom yofiereba ufro Rrmaa, vidre Tavad<br />
adamianis goneba diax, skeptikosis dumili swored cxovrebis myvirala<br />
moTxovnebis mimarT gacemuli pasuxia da Cven vityodiT, rom es yvelaze<br />
ufro rTuli, Rrma da saintereso pasuxTagania saerTod~ (26.5-6). aki,<br />
haidegerisTvisac, `WeSmariti filosofosoba yofierebis mosmenaa~ (14.73),<br />
xolo yofiereba, yvelaze ukeT `Sinagan, gansakuTrebul dumilSia<br />
gacnobierebuli~ (14.67).<br />
167
daskvna<br />
azrovnebis ganviTarebis jer kidev primituli etapidan dRemde<br />
moyolebuli, kacobriobis hermenevtikulma horizontma, rogorc zemoT<br />
mocemuli Tavebidan da paragrafebidan davinaxeT, mravali saxecvlileba<br />
ganicada sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferosTan, maT Soris<br />
xelovnebasTan mimarTebaSi. SegviZlia asec vTqvaT: adamianis<br />
hermenevtikulma moTxovnilebam sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva epoqaSi,<br />
sxvadasxvanairad axsna da gaigo sinamdvile da am sinamdvilis axsnagageba<br />
Taviseburad asaxa ama Tu im epoqis religiaSi, xelovnebaSi Tu<br />
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoSi. magaliTad, Tuki<br />
adamianis istoriuli ganviTarebis poliTeisturi da qristianulmonoTeisturi<br />
etapebis xelovnebaSi `yovladRmerTismieroba~,<br />
`aradeformirebuloba~, `aranihilizmi~, `aradekadansi~ igrZnoboda,<br />
dRevandeli xelovneba swored sapirispiro maxasiaTeblebis matarebelia,<br />
xolo xelovneba, rogorc araerTxel avRniSneT, yvelaze umal da ukeT<br />
aireklavs epoqis tendenciebs, rogorc `epoqis suls~. saerTo jamSi<br />
mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) hermenevtikuli analizis Sedegad<br />
SegviZlia Semdegi daskvnebi gamovitanoT:<br />
1. adamianis hermenevtikulad myofobam antikur(elinistur)<br />
samyaroSi aseT hermenevtikul myofobaze refleqsiis moTxovnileba<br />
warmoSva. Sesabamisad, antikur filosofiaSi marTlac Zalze xSirad<br />
vxvdebiT ama Tu im problemisadmi hermenevtikul midgomebs, magram saqme<br />
isaa, rom aseTi midgomani erTgvari refleqsiis farglebs ar gacdenilan,<br />
Sesabamisad, antikur filosofiaSi hermenevtikis meTodurad dafuZnebis<br />
cdebs versad vawydebiT, samagierod, sakuTari myofobisadmi msgavsma<br />
hermenevtikulma TviTrefleqsiam gamoZaxili da Semdgomi ganviTareba Sua<br />
saukuneebSi pirvelad avgustinesTan hpova, romelmac yvelaze uwin<br />
gaamaxvila yuradReba saRmrTo wignebis gagebis filon<br />
aleqsandrieliseul tradiciaze da igi garkveuli meTodis saxiT<br />
Camoayaliba. swored amis Semdeg, humanizmis epoqaSi, kerZod, martin<br />
luTerisa da flaciusis dava-kamaTSi aiRo safuZveli hermenevtikis<br />
168
meTodad dafuZnebis kidev erTma mZlavrma nakadma. maSasadame,<br />
hermenevtikis meTodad dafuZnebis gza azrTa sxvadasxvaobiTa da<br />
ukiduresi winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeba: Tuki luTeri saRmrTo wignebis<br />
gagebis gzaze erTgvari Tavisuflebis momxrea, flaciusi luTeranuli<br />
midgomebis winaaRmdeg tradiciul Sexedulebebs kidev ufro mkacr<br />
CarCoebSi aqcevs da saamisod sakmaod daxvewil meTodebs nergavs.<br />
flaciusis Sexedulebani, axali epoqisTvis, marTalia moZvelebuli<br />
aRmoCnda, magram flaciusisa da luTeris dava-kamaTis mTeli<br />
damsaxureba isaa, rom maT dava-kamaTSi Camoyalibebuli meTodebi<br />
hermenevtikis problemebis kvleva-Ziebis gzaze dRemde aqtualuri da<br />
misaRebia. sxva sakiTxia, daveTanxmebiT Tu ara dRes flaciusis,<br />
luTerisa Tu Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneTa<br />
Sexedulebebs erTisa da mravlis urTierTmimarTebis, interpretaciis<br />
SesaZleblobisa Tu sxva hermenevtikul problemaTa Taobaze, magram<br />
faqtia, TviTon erTisa da mravlis, interpretaciis SesaZleblobisa da<br />
sxva amgvari Temebi dRevandeli mkvlevarebisTvisac friad sainteresoa.<br />
2. iseTi moazrovne, rogoric dilTaia, hermenevtikas rogorc<br />
gagebis meTods, kidev ufro mZalvrad afuZnebs, Tumca Tu haidegersa da<br />
gadamers verwmunebiT, dilTais nakli isaa, rom man gagebisa da axsnis<br />
meTodebis ukiduresad gamijvniT, erTmaneTisgan ukiduresad gamijna<br />
gonismecnierebani da bunebismecnierebani, riTac moWra gza gagebis<br />
meTodis Semecnebis erT-erT universalur formad, xolo xelovnebis<br />
hermenevtikis erT-erT universalur ganzomilebad gaazrebisken. dilTais<br />
es nakli TviTon haidegerma, gadamerma da sxva hermenevtikosebma<br />
gamoaswores da axsnis meTodis safuZvlad gagebis meTodis miCneviT,<br />
gagebis meTodis erTgvar universalur Semecnebad, xolo xelovnebis<br />
erTgvar universalur hermenevtikad gaazreba savsebiT SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxades. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT saintereso haidegeramde da<br />
gadameramde moRvawe romantikuli hermenevtikis TvalsaCino<br />
warmomadgenlis astis Tvalsazrisia, ramdenadac masTan yvelaferi<br />
gonSi, rogorc yvelafris absolutur substanciaSia fuZedebuli,<br />
Sesabamisad am moazrovnesTan gagebisa da axsnis meTodebs Soris<br />
imTaviTve mxolod formalur gansxvavebas Tu vxvdebiT.<br />
169
3. gagebis meTodis Semecnebis erT-erT umaRles formad, xolo<br />
hermenevtikis erT-erT umaRles ganzomilebad xelovnebis gaazrebam,<br />
sulac ver amowura hermenevtikul problemaTa mravalferovneba. metic,<br />
swored ase da amgvarad gaazrebulma realobam warmoSva mTeli rigi<br />
axali sakiTxebi, magram yvelaze saintereso aq isaa, rom es axali<br />
sakiTxebi, didwilad TanxmobaSi modis antikur(elinistur) epoqaSi<br />
mxolod refleqsiis (da ara meTodis) CarCoebSi gaazrebul sakiTxebTan.<br />
magaliTad, aristoteles `kaTarzisi~ anu ganwmenda, imTaviTve<br />
gulisxmobs `STagrZnobis~, `Casaxlebisa~ Tu `divinaciis~ Ta namedrove<br />
Teoriebs erTobliobaSi. Tavis mxriv, es Teoriebi interpretaciis<br />
SesaZleblobasac da Tanamedrove hermenevtikis erT-erTi centraluri<br />
problemis _ mTelisa da nawilebis _ urTierTmimarTebasac<br />
aucileblobiT Seicaven. aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom aRniSnul TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT aristotele da platoni erTmaneTis msgavs poziciebamde<br />
gansxvavebuli gzebiT, meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT mividnen. saerTo<br />
jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, swored platonma da gansakuTrebiT aristotelem,<br />
mTlianad Seajames mxatvruli teqstis (xelovnebis) gagebis antikuri<br />
horizonti da mxatvruli teqstis gagebis peripetiebi Semdgomi<br />
epoqebisTvisac didwilad winaswar gansazRvres. Tavis mxriv, antikuri<br />
periodis filosofosTa naazrevSi rogorRac winaswar ikiTxeba<br />
hermenevtikis meTodurad dafuZnebis Semdgomi SesaZleblobanic, rogorc<br />
Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis, aseve Tanamedrove epoqisTvisac.<br />
4. sadisertacio TemaSi mocemulma analizma Tavisi<br />
specifikurobiT gamorCeul gansxvavebul epoqaTa urTierTmimarTebaSi<br />
saerTo Strixebi aSkarad da TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa. aseTi saerTo<br />
Strixebi rom ara, CvenTvis rogorc antikuri, aseve Sua saukuneebisa Tu<br />
aRorZinebis epoqaTa xelovnebis gageba saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneboda.<br />
aRarafers vambobT ama Tu im epoqis calkeuli avtorebis gagebis<br />
SesaZleblobaze. amdenad, gamocdileba, romlis mixedviTac Cven<br />
SegviZlia gavigoT gansxvavebul epoqaTa xelovneba, gvaiZulebs vaRiaroT,<br />
rom gansxvavebul epoqebs raRac garkveuli saerTo pirvelfenomeni<br />
gaaCniaT. cxadia es asea, magram yvelaze saintereso aq isaa, rom aseTi<br />
pirvelfenomeni araTu ar aufasurebs garkveul epoqaTa Tu gansxvavebul<br />
170
kulturaTa TviTmyofadobas, piriqiT, igi msgavs gansxvavebuloba-<br />
TviTmyofadobas kidev ufro metad warmoaCens. amdenad, aRniSnulma<br />
viTarebam Tavad gvaiZula, erTgvari winaaRmdegobebi dadebiTi<br />
dialeqtikis WrilSi gadagvewyvita da gangvecxadebina, rom TviTmyofadi<br />
epoqebis, iseve rogorc gansxvavebul xelovnebaTa TviTmyofadobagansxvavebis<br />
safuZveli swored is pirvelfenomenia, romelic amave dros<br />
mocemul TviTmyofadoba-gansxvavebulobaSi maTi erTianobis<br />
safuZvelicaa.<br />
5. hermenevtikuli Tematikis gaanalizebam filosofiur da<br />
hermenevtikul problematikaTa erTgvar (garkveul) Tanabarzomierebazec<br />
cxadad migvaniSna. ufro zustad, Tuki gageba Semcnebis erT-erTi<br />
umaRlesi formaa, xolo xelovneba hermenevtikis erT-erTi umaRlesi<br />
ganzomilebaa, maSin hermenevtika erTgvar (garkveul) universalur<br />
filosofiadac ki gvevlineba. Amitom, gasakviri sulac aRar aris, Tuki<br />
xelovnebaze refleqsias gverds hermenevtikis problematikisadmi<br />
miZRvnili TiTqmis verc erTi nawarmoebi ver uvlis. xelovnebaze<br />
Tanamedrove refleqsia ki, rogorc sadisertacio naSromSi gaSlilma<br />
analizma gvaCvena, imTaviTve win wamoswevs teqstis (xelovnebis) rogorc<br />
interteqstis anu erTgvari konstruqciis, `avtoris sikvdilis~,<br />
Sesabamisad teqstis (xelovnebis), rogorc erTgvari parodiisa da<br />
dacinvis mtkivneul Temebs. aseTi `konstruqcia-parodia-dacinva~<br />
Tanamedrove epoqis `sulia~ da cxadia, masze msjelobas Cvenc versad<br />
gaveqeciT.<br />
6. saboloo jamSi, Cvens mier dasaxuli miznis<br />
ganxorcielebisTvis fenomenologiuri, komparatistuli da<br />
garkveulwilad da garkveuli azriT teqstualuri analizis meTodebi<br />
gamoviyeneT. swored am meTodebis WrilSia ganxiluli xelovnebis<br />
ganmarteba – gageba – interpretaciis Taviseburebani. Zneli saTqmelia,<br />
ramdenad srulyofilad gadavwyviteT disertaciaSi mocemuli<br />
problemebi, magram vfiqrobT, garkveuli xarvezebi namdvilad gvepatieba.<br />
aki `Cven uSedego epoqaSi varsebobT da yoveli qmnileba parodiis sxiviT<br />
ganaTebuli bunebis mier xorcieldeba~. Tuki gaviTvalsiwinebT<br />
disertaciaSi aRniSnul garemoebas, romlis mixedviTac istoriisa da<br />
171
progresis iluzoruloba-realurobis dialeqtika, istoriis, kulturisa<br />
da xelovnebis istoriis erT mTlianobad gaazrebis SesaZleblobaa,<br />
maSin cnobili Tezisi – “yovelive axali, kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia” _<br />
kvlavac aqtualurad mogveCveneba da mivxvdebiT, rom Taviseburi<br />
“modernizmi” da “postmodernizmi” yvela epoqas axasiaTebda. aqve<br />
vacnobierebT imasac, rom rogorc zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT, modernizmidan<br />
da postmodernizmidan “gamosvlis~ gzebis xelovnurad Zieba imdenad<br />
uSedegoa, ramdenadac TviTon modernizmidan da postmodernizmidan<br />
“gamosvlis gza”, Tuki es saerTod SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis win uswrebs<br />
aseTi gzis xelovnurad Seqmnis yovelgvar mcdelobas. Sesabamisad,<br />
umjobesia davdumdeT, ufro zustad `aqtiurad davdumdeT~, rogorc<br />
skeptikosi da amiT cxovrebas yvelaze ufro Rrma da saintereso pasuxi<br />
gavceT.<br />
172
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