globaluri ekologia
globaluri ekologia
globaluri ekologia
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Eelizbar elizbaraSvili<br />
nikoloz sulxaniSvili<br />
<strong>globaluri</strong> <strong>ekologia</strong><br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009
Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
e.elizbaraSvili, n.sulxaniSvili<br />
<strong>globaluri</strong> <strong>ekologia</strong><br />
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009<br />
1
Uuak 57.026: 551.5<br />
Ddamxmare saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi Seesabameba<br />
moqmed saswavlo programebs da gankuTvnilia<br />
sabunebismetyvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
specialobebis studentebisaTvis. is agreTve gamoadgeba<br />
<strong>globaluri</strong> ekologiis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul<br />
doqtorantebs, maswavleblebs da sazogadoebis farTo<br />
wreebs.<br />
redaqtori: geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori<br />
m.elizbaraSvili<br />
rezenzentebi: geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori<br />
l.qarTveliSvili<br />
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa<br />
kandidati m.melaZe<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-1587-8<br />
2
Sinaarsi<br />
gv.<br />
G<strong>globaluri</strong> ekologiis sagani ----------------------------------5<br />
Tavi 1. biosfero da geografiuli garsi -----------------8<br />
1.1. sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze.<br />
biosferos warsuli ------------------------------------------------8<br />
1.2. biosferos struqtura ------------------------------------------11<br />
1.3. geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanoni ------------17<br />
1.4. biosferos momavali --------------------------------------------20<br />
Tavi 2. ekologiuri faqtorebi -------------------------------23<br />
2.1. ekologiuri faqtorebi da mcenareuli safari---23<br />
2.2. ekologiuri faqtorebi da cxovelTa samyaro ---26<br />
2.3. biocenozebi -----------------------------------------------------------29<br />
Tavi 3. atmosferos ekologiuri problemebi ----------30<br />
3.1. garemos gamWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa buneba da<br />
Tvisebebi --------------------------------------------------------------30<br />
3.2. atmosferos gaWuWyianebis gavlena adamianze,<br />
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze -----------------------32<br />
3.3. atmosferos <strong>globaluri</strong> daWuWyianeba ------------------34<br />
3.4. atmosferos gaWuWyianeba moZravi wyaroebidan ----35<br />
3.5. qalaqis klimatis antropogenuri cvlilebebi ---37<br />
Tavi 4. hidrosferos ekologiuri problemebi -------39<br />
4.1. wylis ZiriTadi momxmareblebi -----------------------------39<br />
4.2. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena xmeleTis<br />
wylebze --------------------------------------------------40<br />
4.3. msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis wyaroebi da<br />
saxeobebi -------------------------------------------------------------42<br />
4.4. msoflio okeanis wylebis gaWuWyianebis<br />
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ------------------------------------44<br />
Tavi 5. liTosferos ekologiuri problemebi -------46<br />
5.1. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena niadagebze -------46<br />
5.2. niadagebis radiaqtiuli gaWuWyianeba ---------------47<br />
5.3. Rvarcofuli procesebi ---------------------------------------49<br />
Tavi 6. <strong>globaluri</strong> daTboba da gaudabnoeba ---------52<br />
6.1.<strong>globaluri</strong> daTboba --------------------------------------------52<br />
6.2.gaudabnoeba da masTan brZolis konvencia -------- 53<br />
6.3.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi raionebi ----------------------------55<br />
6.4.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi bunebrivi faqtori –<br />
gvalva ---------------------------------------------------------------------57<br />
6.5.gaudabnoebis anTropogenuri faqtorebi ---------------60<br />
3
6.6.gvalvebi da gaudabnoebis problema<br />
saqarTveloSi ------------------------------------------------------61<br />
Tavi 7. garemos dacva ------------------------------------------------65<br />
7.1 .biosferos regulirebis problema --------------------65<br />
7.2. zedapriuli wylebis dacva gaWuWyianebisagan -67<br />
7.3. zRvis garemos dacva gemebis eqspluataciis<br />
dros -------------------------------------------------------------------69<br />
7.4. mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi<br />
zRvis garemos dacvis dargSi ---------------------------70<br />
7.5. niadagis radiaqtiur gaWuWyianebasTan<br />
brZolis meTodebi ---------------------------------------------72<br />
7.6. gvalvasa da gaudabnoebasTan brZolis meTodebi73<br />
literatura ------------------------------------------------------------76<br />
4
G<strong>globaluri</strong> ekologiis sagani<br />
<strong>ekologia</strong> berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa,<br />
„oikos“_niSnavs sacxovrebel adgils. es termini 1869<br />
wels Semoitana gamoCenilma biologma e.hekelma. dRes<br />
ekologiis qveS igulisxmeba mecniereba organizmebis da<br />
garemos urTierT mimarTebaTa Sesaxeb. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare ekologiuri problemebiT dainteresebulni<br />
arian sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi - botanikosebi,<br />
zoologebi, niadagmcodneebi, geografebi,<br />
paleontologebi, geofizikosebi, geoqimikosebi da sxva.<br />
Tu aRniSnul urTierTmimarTebas ganvixilavT<br />
globalur masStabSi, anu ganvixilavT<br />
urTierTmimarTebas sazogadoebasa da geografiul<br />
garemos Soris maSin saqme gveqneba globalur<br />
ekologiur problemebTan, romlebic uSualod exeba<br />
geografiul sivrces, geografiul garss, mTlianad<br />
dedamiwas, mis biosferos, mosaxleobas, yvela<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos da bolos dedamiwaze<br />
mcxovrebi yvela admianis interesebs. es problemebi<br />
dedamiwis ekologiis, anu geoekologiis problemebs<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi<br />
gauTvaliswinebeli maStabebi miiRo biosferos<br />
gaWuWyianebam. gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa mravali<br />
saxeoba, maT Soris metalebi, mtveri, pesticidebi,<br />
radiaqtiuri nivTierebani, atmosferos da hidrosferos<br />
cirkulaciuri procesebis Sedegad scildeba<br />
regionalur dones da vrceldeba <strong>globaluri</strong><br />
maStabebiT. amiT Cveni planeta gadaiqmneba erTian<br />
teqnobiologiur sistemad. aseTi gardaqmnebi<br />
biologiur garemoSi ukvalod ar Caivlis<br />
adamianebisaTvis. medikosebis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad<br />
samrewvelo sawarmoTa gamonabolqvebi Seicaven 150-mde<br />
nivTierebas, romlebic seriozul zians ayeneben<br />
adamianis janmTelobas. adamianis mravali dRevandeli<br />
daavadeba ukavSirdeba bunebriv garemoSi qimiuri<br />
warmoebis produqtebis da satransporto saSualebebis<br />
gamonabolqvebis arsebobas. amasTanave gamaWuWyianebel<br />
nivTierebaTa did nawils axasiaTebs mutagenuri<br />
5
Tvisebebi, romelTac unari aqvT gavlena moaxdinon<br />
adamianis STamomavlobaze.<br />
<strong>globaluri</strong> masStabiT garemos gauaresebis<br />
mizezebi amiT ar amoiwureba. SeiZleba CamoiTvalos<br />
uamravi, maT Soris rogorc antropogenuri, ise<br />
bunebrivi faqtori, romlebic uaryofiT gavlenas<br />
axdenen garemoze da globalur ekologiur problemebs<br />
qmnian. Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
ekologiuri problema <strong>globaluri</strong> daTbobaa.<br />
amrigad, adamianis mier bunebis arasworma<br />
eqspulataciam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo, anu sxvanairad<br />
rom vTqvaT, sistemam „adamiani_buneba“<br />
funqcionalurad Caketili saxe miiRo. buneba<br />
gadaamuSavebs adamianis sameurneo moRvaweobis Sedegebs<br />
axal faqtorebad, romlebic SemdgomSi gvevlinebian<br />
adamianis sazianod. amitom, didi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
zogadi samecniero koncefciis SemuSavebas, ris<br />
safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda ganxorcieldes<br />
mizandasaxuli procesi sazogadoebis da bunebis<br />
urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb Tavisi optimaluri SedegebiT.<br />
swored am Teoriuli ganzogadebis konceptualuri<br />
safuZveli unda Seqmnas integralurma samecniero<br />
mimarTulebam- globalurma <strong>ekologia</strong>m.<br />
amrigad <strong>globaluri</strong> ekologiis ZiriTadi mizania<br />
sazogadoebis da garemos urTierTqmedebis procesis<br />
ganviTarebis da srulyofis optimaluri gzebis<br />
gansazRvra adamianis mavne zemoqmedebis minimumamde<br />
dayvaniT. aqedan gamomdinare savsebiT gasagebia<br />
Tanamedrove periodSi ekologiuri ganaTlebis<br />
gazrdili mniSvneloba. amaze miuTeTebda jer kidev 1977<br />
wels TbilisSi iuneskos xaziT Catarebuli specialuri<br />
konferenciis dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmadac mudmivi<br />
ekologiuri ganaTleba da aRrzda unda danergiliyo<br />
dawyebuli sabavSvo baRebidan , saSualo da umaRles<br />
skolebSi, agreTve umaRlesi kvalifikaciis kadrebis<br />
gadamzadebis gziT. dRes ekologiuri momzadeba<br />
esaWiroeba rogorc rigiT, ise xelmZRvanel muSakebs da<br />
specialistebs, ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela dargis<br />
sferoSi. samwuxarod saWiro raodenobis gamocdili<br />
momzadebuli pedagogiuri kadrebis ukmarisoba da<br />
6
Sesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebis ar arseboba xels<br />
uSlis mosaxleobas ekologiur ganswavlulobaSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi ekologiuri ganaTlebis<br />
gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mcdeloba iyo Telavis<br />
i.gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />
geografia-ekologiis specialobis gaxsna. universitetma<br />
am specialobis 10-ze meti gamoSveba ganaxorciela,<br />
ramac dadebiTi roli Seasrula regionis Sesabamisi<br />
samsaxurebis maRalkvalificiuri kadrebiT<br />
dakompleqtebis saqmeSi.<br />
zogadi geoekologiis kursi Telavis<br />
i.gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi<br />
ikiTxeba geografia-ekologiis specialobis gaxsnis<br />
dRidan meore kursis pirvel da meore semestrebSi.<br />
amJamad <strong>globaluri</strong> <strong>ekologia</strong> amJamad ikiTxeba rig<br />
sabunebismetyvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
specialobebze. avtorebis mier sagnis wlebis manZilze<br />
wakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli gamocdileba daedo<br />
safuZvlad winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenas.<br />
avtorebi acnobiereben, rom damxmare<br />
saxelmZRvanelo ar aris moklebuli xarvezebs da<br />
siamovnebiT miiReben SeniSvnebs da rCevebs, rac<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba misi Semdgomi gamocemis<br />
dros.<br />
7
Tavi 1. biosfero da geografiuli garsi<br />
1.1. sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze. biosferos<br />
warsuli<br />
biosfero berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs<br />
”sicocxlis garss“. is gulisxmobs da aerTianebs<br />
atmosferos qveda nawils, hidrosferos mTlianad da<br />
liTosferos zeda nawils, romelic dasaxlebulia<br />
cocxali organizmebiT..<br />
biosfero warmoiSva dedamiwaze cocxali<br />
organizmebis warmoSobisTanave, daaxlovebiT 3,5-3,8<br />
miliardi wlis ukan. misi warmoSobis sakiTxi jer<br />
kidev ar aris srulad Seswavlili. dReisaTvis<br />
cnobilia mravali hipoTeza, romlebic pirobiTad<br />
SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad _ sicocxlis kosmosur da<br />
miwier warmoSobis hipotezebad. pirvels miekuTvneba<br />
mosazrebebi, romelTa mixedviTac cocxali organizmi<br />
dedamiwaze Semovida kosmosidan, xolo meore jgufs<br />
miekuTvneba hipotezebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sicocxle<br />
warmoiSva uSualid dedamiwaze.<br />
sicocxlis warmoSobis kosmosuri hipotezebi<br />
gabatonebuli iyo XIX saukuneSi da mas mxars uWerdnen<br />
iseTi cnobili mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen kelvini da<br />
helmholci. isini Tvlidnen, rom cocxali organizmebi<br />
dedamiwaze Semoitana meteoriteebma. ra Tqma unda am<br />
hipotezas obieqturi safuZvlebi ar gaaCnda da is<br />
miviwyebul iqna, Tumca dResac, civilizaciis<br />
Tanamedrove pipobebSi am mimarTulebiT axleburad<br />
daisva sakiTxi, kerZod, xom ar SeiZleba cocxali<br />
organizmebi Semosulyvnen dedamiwaze sxva<br />
civilizaciis kosmosuri xomaldebis saSualebiT?<br />
kosmosuri sicocxlis Zieba intensiurad<br />
mimdinareobs dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri<br />
Tanamgzavris gaSvebis dRidan. amis paralelurad<br />
tardeba agreTve radio informaciis miRebis cdebi<br />
aramiwieri civilizaciebidan, am mizniT gamoyenebuli<br />
cdebis arsebuli istoria imdenad xanmoklea, rom<br />
TviTon es droc ar aris sakmarisi radiotalRuri<br />
signalebis gasacvlelad dedamiwasa da Cveni<br />
galaqtikis sxva planetebs Soris, amitomac akademikosi<br />
m.budiko aRniSnavs, rom “Znelia iTqvas amomwuravi<br />
8
pasuxi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, radganac Cven ar gagvaCnia<br />
dedamiwaze ciuri sxeulebidan sicocxlis Semotanis<br />
raime konkretuli faqti, Tumca arc misi sawinaaRmdego<br />
faqti gvaqvs”.<br />
hipotezebis meore jgufis Tanaxmad sicocxlis<br />
warmoSoba dedamiwaze dakavSirebulia aracocxali<br />
nivTierebebis gardaqmnasTan cocxalSi. am azrs<br />
iziarebdnen XIX saukunis gamoCenili mecnierebi<br />
lamarki, darvini da sxvebi. am hipotezis detaluri<br />
damuSaveba mogvca akademikosma a.oparinma. man dauSva<br />
dedamiwaze iseTi pirveladi organizmebis arseboba,<br />
romelTaTvisac nivTierebaTa cvla mimdinareobda<br />
Jangbadis monawileobis gareSe, maT ewodaT anairobuli<br />
baqteriebi. a.oparinis mier moyvanili mosazrebebi<br />
Tanamedrove periodSi ukve damtkicda<br />
eqsperimentuladac.<br />
varaudoben, rom uZveles biosferos ekava<br />
gansazRvruli adgili dedamiwaze da Sedgeboda e.w.<br />
“sicocxlis kunZulebis” jgufisagan, sadac primitiuli<br />
organizmebi poulobdnen Tavisi arsebobisaTvis<br />
keTilsasurvel pirobebs. am kunZulebisaTvis<br />
gavrcelebis adgilebi dRemde ucnobia.<br />
geoqronologiuri skalis Tanaxmad sicocxlis<br />
warmoSoba dedamiwaze TariRdeba 3.8 miliardi wlis<br />
win. uZveles cocxal arsebaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen<br />
baqteriebi da wyalmcenareebi.<br />
kambriul periodamde warmoiSva sxvadasxva saxis<br />
mcenareebi da frinvelebi, maT Soris mravalujrediani<br />
formebi. varaudoben, rom kembriulamdeli periodis<br />
cocxali organizmebi cxovrobdnen mxolod<br />
hidrosferoSi. kambriul periodSi, daaxlovebiT 570<br />
milioni wlis ukan moxda cocxali bunebis radikaluri<br />
cvlileba. am dros warmoiSva pirveli xerxemliani<br />
cxoveli. amis Semdeg paleozouri eris pirvel<br />
naxevarSi fauna da flora TandaTanobiT ivseboda<br />
sxvadasxva saxis axali formebiT. amasTan erTad iwyeba<br />
am formebis gavrceleba xmeleTze da haerSi. kerZod, am<br />
dros gaCndnen sxvadasxva saxis qvewarmavlebi da<br />
giganturi mwerebi. am eris meore naxevarSi ukve didi<br />
9
farTobebi ekava maRali xeebisagan Semdgar tyeebs.<br />
izrdeboda xegvimrebi, Svitebi da likopodiumebi.<br />
mezozouri eris dasawyisi(230 mln wlis ukan)<br />
xasiaTdeba SedarebiT Raribi mcenareuli safariT da<br />
cxovelTa samyaroTi. amis mizezi iyo klimaturi<br />
pirobebis mkveTri cvlileba. kerZod, paleozouri eris<br />
dasasruls moxda gamyinvareba. amis gamo amowyda<br />
cxovelTa mravali saxeoba da ganadgurda mcenareuli<br />
safari. mezozouri eris ganmavlobaSi moxda<br />
frinvelebis da ZuZumwovrebis gaCena. zRvebSi<br />
binadrobdnen didi mtaceblebi _ iqtiozavrebi.<br />
xmeleTze binadrobdnen udidesi dinozavrebi, xolo<br />
haerSi dafrinavdnen didkbila xvlikebi.<br />
mezozouridan kainozourSi gardamavali<br />
periodi(70-80 mln wlis ukan) kritikuli aRmoCnda. am<br />
dros Seesabameba cocxali organizmebis, maT Soris<br />
dinozavrebis, masobrivi amowyveta. aRniSnuli movlena<br />
ukavSirdeba bunebrivi pirobebis mkveTr cvalebadobas,<br />
kerZod, temperaturis dawevas da haerSi Jangbadis<br />
raodenobis Semcirebas. miuxedavad amisa, akademikos<br />
m.budikos azriT, msgavs pirobebs ar SeeZlo gamoewvia<br />
cocxali organizmebis masobrivi amowyveta, radganac es<br />
procesebi mimdinareobda milioni wlebis manZilze da<br />
mas TandaTan unda Seguebodnen cocxali organizmebi.<br />
amitom am movlenebs ukavSireben e.w. vulkanur da<br />
meteoritul hipotezebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac romelime<br />
mZime asteroidis dacema dedamiwaze gamoiwvevs misi<br />
qerqis dazianebas mniSvnelivan sivrceze, ris Sedegadac<br />
mosalodnelia vulkanuri movlenebis gaaqtiureba. es<br />
ukanaskneli ki gamoiwvevs dedamiwis temperaturis<br />
mkveTr dacemas. aseTi azri gamoTqmuli iyo 1981 wels<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da 1983 wels dasavleT<br />
berlinSi Catarebul specialur samecniero TaTbirebze.<br />
mesameuli periodis dasawyisSi momravlda<br />
ZuZumwovrebi da frinvelebi, gamoCndnen daTvebis,<br />
antilopebis, irmebis pirveli saxeobebi, amave dros<br />
warmoiSva adamianis msgavsi maimuni.<br />
TviT adamians da mis winapars miakuTvneben<br />
hominidTa ojaxobas. sxvadasxva qveynebSi aRmoCenilia<br />
hominidTa ojaxis naSTebi, romlebic cnobilia<br />
10
avstralopitebis saxeliT. isini iTvlebian adamianis<br />
uSualo winaprebad, maTi asaki daaxlovebiT 5 milioni<br />
welia.<br />
evoluciis Semdgom etapze moxda<br />
avstralopitekebis dayofa masiur avstralopitekebad,<br />
romlebic SemdgomSi mTlianad amowydnen da<br />
homonidebad, kerZod homo gabilis da homo ereqtus<br />
saxiT. pirveli Sromis iaraRebis povna ukavSirdeba<br />
swored homo gabiliss da daaxlovebiT 2-2,2 mln wlis<br />
asakisaa. evoluciis Semdgom etapze Camoyalibda<br />
Tanamedrove adamiani(homo sapiens). es moxda 40 aTasi<br />
wlis win. swored aqedan iwyeba adamianis aqtiuri<br />
zemoqmedeba biosferoze.<br />
adamianis sameurneo saqmianobam, gansakuTrebiT<br />
gasul saukuneSi, mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda biosferozegaanadgura<br />
cocxali organizmebis mravali saxeoba,<br />
gaizarda atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis koncentracia,<br />
Seicvala hava.<br />
1.2.biosferos struqtura<br />
atmosfero. atmosfero warmoadgens dedamiwis<br />
airovan garss. atmosfero dedamiwaze sicocxlis<br />
arsebobisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.<br />
igi saWiroa ara marto cocxali organizmebisaTvis,<br />
aramed is icavs dedamiwas gadaxurebisagan,<br />
gacivebisagan, meteoruli sxeulebisagan da kosmosuri<br />
sxivebisagan. dedamiwis Tanamedrove atmosfero<br />
warmoadgens pirvelyofili, dedamiwis zedapirze<br />
daaxloebiT 3-4 miliardi wlis win dawyebuli<br />
evoluciis saboloo Sedegs. am periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mravaljer Seicvala atmosferos Tvisebebi da<br />
Sedgeniloba.<br />
dedamiwis atmosferos parametrebis gazomvis<br />
istoria moicavs mxolod ukanasknel or saukunes,<br />
amitom Znelia vilaparakoT misi warmoSobis da<br />
ganviTarebis yvela detalze. dReisaTvis cnobilia<br />
ramodenime hipoTeza pirveladi atmosferos Tvisebebisa<br />
da Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. erTerTi pirveli hipoteza<br />
gamoTqva l.pasterma XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi. man<br />
dauSva, rom pirveladi atmosfero ar Seicavda Jangbads<br />
11
da Cven planetaze cocxali organizmebis pirvel<br />
saxeobas warmoadgendnen anairobuli baqteriebi,<br />
romelTaTvisac nivTierebaTa cvla mimdinareobda<br />
Jangbadis monawileobis gareSe. anairobuli baqteriebis<br />
mravali saxeoba dResac arsebobs.<br />
zogierTi mecnieris azriT pirvelad dedamiwa<br />
warmoadgenda gavarvarebul planetas, romelzec<br />
moqmedebda uamravi vulkani, saidanac amoifrqveoda<br />
wylis orTqli da kidev uamravi sxva nivTiereba. wylis<br />
orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegad modioda naleqi da<br />
grovdeboda wyali. yofili sabWoTa mecnierebis mier<br />
damuSavebuli hipoTeza uaryofda am azrs, maTi<br />
SexedulebiT dedamiwa arasodes yofila gavarvarebuli<br />
planeta, aramed is Tavidan Seiqmna, rogorc civi<br />
sxeuli, romelic TandaTan Tbeboda radiaqtiuri<br />
elementebis daSlis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos<br />
xarjze. maTi azriT atmosferos Camoyalibeba daiwyo<br />
dedamiwis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, vardnili<br />
meteoritebisa da kosmosuri sxeulebidan gamoyofili<br />
airebis xarjze.<br />
meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ingliselma<br />
biologma i.heldenma daadgina, rom pirvelyofili<br />
atmosfero Seicavda wylis orTqls, naxSiroJangs da<br />
amiaks. misi azriT es nivTierebebi warmoadgenen pirveli<br />
organuli SenaerTebis warmoqmnis safuZvels. garda<br />
amisa arsebobda kidev sxva Sexedulebebi pirvelyofili<br />
atmosferos warmoSobis da ganviTarebis irgvliv.<br />
kerZod, heldenis Sexedulebebs ar iziarebda a.oparini,<br />
romlis azriTac Tavdapirvelad atmosferos<br />
SemadgenlobaSi iyo wyalbadi, wylis orTqli, amiaki da<br />
metani. gansxvavebul azrs gamoTqvamdnen agreTve sxva<br />
mecnierebic. magaliTad p.abelsoni Tvlida, rom Tavidan<br />
atmosfero mdidari iyo azotiT, wyalbadiT da<br />
naxSirorJangiT. isini ultraiisferi sxivebis<br />
moqmedebiT urTierTqmedebden erTmaneTTan, ramac<br />
gamoiwvia pirveladi organuli nivTierebis warmoqmna.<br />
am procesebis Sedegad, romelTa buneba, jerjerobiT,<br />
gaurkvevelia warmoiqmna SedarebiT rTuli ujredebi,<br />
romlebic mogvevlina, rogorc sicocxlis sawyisi.<br />
12
akademikos k.kondratievis azriT atmosferos<br />
SemadgenlobaSi Tavdapirvelad Sedioda<br />
wyalbadi,naxSirorJangi, naxSirbadi, gogirdwyalbadi,<br />
inertuli gazebi, amiaki da meTani. dedamiwaze<br />
sicocxlis arsebobisTvis saWiro Jangbadi warmoiSva<br />
da dagrovda ufro mogvianebiT. varaudoben, rom igi<br />
warmoiqmna wylis molekulebis da mzis radiaciis<br />
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. es urTierTqmedeba iwvevda<br />
wylis molekulebis gaxleCvas wyalbadis da Jangbadis<br />
molekulebad, ris gamoc Tavisufali Jangbadi<br />
grovdeboda atmosferoSi. zogierTi mecnieri ar<br />
eTanxmeba am Sexedulebas, aramed isini Tvlian, rom<br />
Jangbadi aris dedamiwis zedapirze mimdinare<br />
fotosinTezis Sedegi. amrigad, rogorc Cans<br />
Tanamedrove atmosfero principulad gansxvavdeba<br />
pirvelyofili atmosferosagan.<br />
Tanamedrove atmosferos Tvisebebi da<br />
Sedgeniloba kargadaa Seswavlili. atmosferos<br />
SemadgenlobaSia 4 ZiriTadi da ramodenime<br />
meorexarisxovan airi, agreTve sxvadasxva minarevi,<br />
romelTac miekuTvneba wylis orTqli,ozoni,<br />
naxSirbadi, amiaki, sxvadasxva marilebi, mtveri da sxv.<br />
yvelaze didi raodenobiT atmosferoSi aris<br />
azoti. misi Semcveloba atmosferos qveda fenebSi 78%-<br />
ia. azots didi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa samyarosa<br />
da mcenareul safarSi nivTierebaTe cvlisaTvis.<br />
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT atmosferos yvelaze<br />
aqtiuri airi Jangbadia. misi Semcveloba atmosferoSi<br />
21%-s Seadgens. argonis Semcveloba Seadgens 0,93%-s,<br />
xolo naxSirorJangis-0,03%-s. maT garda atmosfero<br />
Seicavs bevr nivTierebas myar da Txevad mdgomareobaSisxvadasxva<br />
mikroorganizmebs, marilis nawilakebs,<br />
mtvers da a.S.<br />
atmosferos saerTo masa 5,27*10.18 kg-ia. misi<br />
udidesi nawili moTavsebulia uSualod dedamiwis<br />
zedapirTan axlos. atmosferos masis naxevari<br />
moqceulia daaxlovebiT 5,5 km simaRlemde, misi 75%-11<br />
km simaRlemde,xolo 95%-20 km simaRlemde.<br />
atmosferoa ar gaaCnia gamokveTili zeda sazRvari,<br />
is TandaTan gadadis saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi.<br />
13
atmosferos meteorologiur sazRvrad pirobiTad<br />
miRebulia 1000-1200 km.<br />
atmosfero Tavisi aRnagobiTac ar aris<br />
erTgvarovani. fizikuri Tvisebebis, ZiriTadad<br />
temperaturis cvlilebis mixedviT, vertikaluri<br />
mimarTulebiT ganasxvaveben atmosferos xuT<br />
fenas:troposferos, stratosferos, mezosferos,<br />
Termosferos da egzosferos.<br />
troposfero vrceldeba dedamiwis zedapiridan<br />
daaxlovebiT 8-16 km simaRlemde. aq moTavsebulia<br />
atmosferos 75-80%. haeris temperature simaRlis<br />
mixedviT yovel km-ze ecema 5-6 –iT da troposferos<br />
zefa sazRvarze Seadgens ekvatorTan mcirdeba 60-mde,<br />
xolo polusebTan-45-mde.<br />
troposferos zemod ganlagebulia stratosfero,<br />
romelic vrceldeba daaxlovebiT 50 km-mde. aq<br />
temperature simaRlis mixedviT iwyebs matebas, risi<br />
mizezic aris ozonis warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebi. ozoni warmoadgens<br />
warmoadgens Jangbadis gansakuTrebul formas.<br />
Jangbadis Cveulebrivi oratomiani molekulisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT(O2), ozoni Sedgeba misi samatomiani<br />
molekulisagan(O3). ozonis ZiriTadi masa Tavmoyrilia<br />
daaxlovebiT 25 km simaRleze. ozonis arsebobas<br />
atmosferoSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac is<br />
icavs dedamiwaze cocxal organizmebs mzis<br />
ultraiisferi sxivebis mavne da damRupveli<br />
moqmedebisagan.<br />
stratosferos zemod daaxlovebiT 80 km<br />
simaRlemde ganlagebulia mezosfero, anu saSualo<br />
fena. aq temperature simaRlis mixedviT klebas iwyebs.<br />
mezosferos cvlis Termosfero. TermosferoSi<br />
temperature simaRlis mixedviT Tavdapirvelad<br />
mkveTrad izrdeba, Semdeg ecema -100-mde, ris Semdegac<br />
kvlav iwyebs zrdas. Termosfero vrceldeba<br />
daaxlovebiT 600-800 km simaRlemde.<br />
atmosferos zeda fenas egzosfero warmoadgens. is<br />
yvelaze naklebad aris Seswavlili. Teoriuli<br />
gaangariSebebis Tanaxmad temperature simaRlis zrdiT<br />
14
izrdeba da daaxlovebiT 2000-mde aRwevs. egzosfero<br />
TandaTanobiT saplanetaTaSoriso sivrceSi gadadis.<br />
atmosferos zeda sam fenas aerTianeben erTi<br />
saxelwodebis qveS da uwodeben ionosferos. ionizaciis<br />
mizezi aris sxvadasxva airebis atomebis mier mzis<br />
energies STanTqma. ionosfero xasiaTdeba maRali<br />
eleqtrogamtareblobiT.<br />
Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT atmosferoSi<br />
ganasxvaveben or fenas-homosferos, romelic<br />
daaxlovebiT 100 km-mde vrceldeba, da heterosferos.<br />
pirvel maTganSi ZiriTadi airebis procentuli<br />
Sedgeniloba simaRlis mixedviT ar icvleba, mudmivi<br />
rCeba agreTve haeris molekuluri masa. meoreSi –haeris<br />
molekuluri masa simaRlis mixedviT mcirdeba.<br />
hidrosfero. hidrosfero dedamiwis wylis garsia.<br />
is moicavs msoflio okeanesa da kontinentur wylebs.<br />
msoflio okeanes ukavia dedamiwis Zedapiris farTobis<br />
71%, anu 361 mln.kv.km. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi<br />
msoflio okeanes ukavia 61%, xolo samxreTsi-81%.<br />
okeanis wylebis saerTo masa Seadgens 1300 mln.kub.km-s.<br />
msoflio okeane 4 nawilad iyofa: CrdiloeT<br />
yinulovani okeane, atlantikis okeane, indoeTis okeane<br />
da wynari okeane. amaTgan yvelaze didi, zedapiris<br />
farTobiT da siRrmiT aris wynari okeane. misi<br />
zedapiris farTobi 179 mln.kv.km-ia, saSualo siRrme 4<br />
km, xolo maqsimaluri siRrme 11,22 km. mas mosdevs<br />
atlantikis okeane, misi farTobi 93 kv.km-ia, saSualo<br />
siRrme _ 3,5 km, xolo maqsimaluri 9 km-ia. momdevnoa<br />
indoeTis okeane, farTobiT 75 mln.kv.km, saSualo siRrme<br />
2,9 km, maqsimaluri siRrme 7,4 km. yvelaze patara ki<br />
CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanea, farTobiT 13 mln.kv.km,<br />
saSualo siRrme 1,2 km, maqsimaluri siRrme 5,2 km.<br />
TiToeul okeanes gaaCnia Tavisi nawilebi: zRvebi<br />
da yureebi. zRvebi Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis,<br />
hidrologiuri reJimis da kidev sxva maCveneblebis<br />
mixedviT iyofa Sida, naxevrad Caketil da Caketil<br />
zRvebad. ufro xSirad ki geografiuli mdebareobis<br />
mixedviT zRvebs yofen or did jgufad: Sida da<br />
ganapira zRvebad. Sida zRvebi metnaklebad Rrmad arian<br />
15
SeWrilni kontinentebSi, xolo ganapira zRvebi ki<br />
okeaneebs gamoeyofian kunZulebiT.<br />
hidrosferos miekuTvneba agreTve zedapiruli<br />
wylebi, miwisqveSa wylebi, wyaroebi, myinvarebi,<br />
mdinareebi da tbebi.<br />
myinvarebi Seicaven daaxloebiT 24 mln.kub.km<br />
wyals. misi daaxloebiT 90% modis antarqtidaze. wylis<br />
daaxlovebiT igive raodenobas warmoadgens miwisqveSa<br />
wylebi. msoflio wylis maragis yvela danarCeni<br />
mdgeneli gacilebiT naklebia. magaliTad. wylis<br />
maragi tbebSi Seadgens 0,18 mln.kub.km, mdinareebSi _<br />
0,002 mln.kub.km da a.S.<br />
varaudoben, rom hidrosferos wyali warmoiSva<br />
liTosferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sedegad. dedamiwam<br />
geologiuri istoriis manZilze gamoyo wylis<br />
orTqlisa da Txevadi wylis didi raodenoba. okeanis<br />
wyali warmoadgens Zalian rTul qimiur xsnars. igi<br />
Seicavs 60-ze met sxvadasxva komponents. gansakuTrebiT<br />
didi raodenobiT Seicavs qlors, natriums, magniums da<br />
gogirds. mineraluri nivTierebebis msgavsad igi<br />
Seicavs organul nivTierebebsac, romlis Semcvelobac<br />
1l-Si 2 mlgr-ia. okeanis wyalSi gaxsnilia agreTve<br />
sxvadasxva saxis gazebi. am airebs Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia Jangbadi da naxSirbadi. ukanasknelis (C)<br />
raodenoba okeaneSi 60-jer aRemateba misive raodenobas<br />
atmosferoSi. msoflio okeanis wylis saSualo wliuri<br />
temperatura Seadgens 17,8&-s, rac daaxloebiT 3&-iT<br />
maRalia haeris saSualo temperaturaze. amrigad zemoT<br />
Tqmulidan gamodis, rom okeane agrovebs siTbos did<br />
raodenobas, xolo acivebis Semdeg gadascems<br />
atmosferos. kontinenturi wylebi did gavlenas axdenen<br />
liTosferos zeda fenebze. upirveles yovlisa wyali<br />
warmoadgens fizikuri da qimiuri gamofitvis udides<br />
faqtors, amave dros didia misi gavlena kontinenturi<br />
gamyinvarebis zedapiris formis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
liTosfero. liTosfero warmoadgens dedamiwis<br />
xmeleTis garss, magram biosferos SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Sedis ara mTliani liTosfero, aramed misi zeda<br />
nawili, romlis sisqec ar aRemateba ramodenime metrs.<br />
swored am fenaSia moTavsebuli cocxali organizmebis<br />
16
ZiriTadi masa. cnobilia, rom niadagebi yalibdeba mTis<br />
qanebis ngrevisgan warmoqmnili mineraluri<br />
nivTierebebis da organuli nivTierebebis Serevisa da<br />
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze. am urTierTqmedebiT<br />
niadagSi warmoiSoba: fosfori, kaliumi, magniumi,<br />
natriumi, naxSirbadi da kidev sxva elementebi.<br />
organul nivTierebaTa niadagSi daSlis meore<br />
mniSvnelovani Sedegia is, rom am procesis dros<br />
gamoyofili naxSiroJangiT maragdeba atmosfero da<br />
hidrosfero.<br />
cocxali organizmebi. biosferos mniSvnelovan<br />
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen cocxali organizmebi.<br />
amJamad cnobilia mcenareTa daaxloebiT 500 000 da<br />
cxovelTa 1 500 000 saxeoba misi gavrceleba ara<br />
Tanabaria. umTavresad isini koncentrirebulni arian<br />
dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos. magaliTad, okeaneSi<br />
cocxali organizmebis umravlesoba gvxvdeba wylis<br />
zeda fenaSi, sadac aRwevs mzis radiacia, niadagSi da<br />
mis zedapirzec sadac aris cxovrebis<br />
damakmayofilebeli pirobebi.<br />
amave dros dedamiwaze gvxvdeba yinuliT dafaruli<br />
raionebi, sadac cocxali organizmebis raodenoba<br />
farTis erTeulze Zalian mcirea. aseT adgilebSi<br />
mxolod SemTxveviT Tu moxvdeba cocxali organizmi,<br />
xolo rac Seexeba mudmiv sicocxles iq ar aris.<br />
1.3. geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanoni<br />
geografiul sivrces yofen oTx nawilad:<br />
1) axlo kosmosi _ misi qveda sazRvari dedamiwis<br />
zedapiridan 1500_2000 km-ze mdebareobs. aq<br />
aRiniSneba kosmosuri faqtorebis, dedamiwis<br />
magnituri da gravitaciuli velebis<br />
urTierTqmedeba.<br />
2) maRali atmosfero _ qvemodan SemosazRvrulia<br />
stratopauziT, zemodan axlo kosmosiT. aq xdeba<br />
kosmosuri sxivebis Sekaveba da gardaqmna. am<br />
fenaSi fiqsirdeba ozonis fena, romelic gvicavs<br />
17
mzis ultraiisferi gamosxivebis damRupveli<br />
dozebisagan.<br />
3) landSafturi garsi, igi moicavs sivrces<br />
stratopauzidan liTosferos zedafenis CaTvliT.<br />
4) qvefenili qerqi, romelsac ukavia miwis qerqis<br />
momdevno fenebi.<br />
rogorc am dayofidan Cans geogrefiuli garsi<br />
warmoadgens garss, romelSic erTmaneTs exeba,<br />
erTmaneTSi aRwevs da urTierTqmedebs liTosferos zeda<br />
nawili, atmosferos qveda nawili da hidrosfero.<br />
geografiuli garsis yoveli komponenti anu<br />
Semadgeneli nawili _ reliefi, niadagi, wylebi da<br />
organuli samyaro arsebobs da viTardeba sakuTari<br />
kanonebis mixedviT da am ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
TiToeuli maTgani ganicdis danarCeni komponentebis<br />
gavlenas. amrigad, geografiuli garsis arcerTi<br />
komponenti ar arsebobs da ar viTardeba izolirebulad,<br />
aramed isini erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian.<br />
yvela komponentebis urTierTqmedeba aerTianebT maT<br />
erTian materialur sistemad, romeli sistemis yvela<br />
nawili erTimeorezea damokidebuli da gavlenas axdens<br />
erTmaneTze. am sistemas specialistebi geokompleqss<br />
uwodeben.<br />
sistemis erTianoba imdenad didia, rom Tu<br />
geokompleqsSi an landSaftur garsSi romelime<br />
komponenti Seicvala, maSin masTan erTad yvela<br />
danarCenebic daiwyeben Secvlas. swored amaSi<br />
mdgomareobs geografiuli garsis mTlianobis kanoni.<br />
ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: gamyinvarebis<br />
periodi, rodesac iqmneba uzarmazari myinvaruli<br />
safarebi, umTavresad msoflio okeanedan aorTqlebuli<br />
tenis xarjze, bunebrivia rom xdeba msoflio okeanis<br />
donis daweva. es ki Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens<br />
mTel dedamiwaze, rogorc pirdapir ise iribad. pirdapiri<br />
gavlena mdgomareobs mniSvnelovani ubnebis amoSrobaSi<br />
ris Sedegadac<br />
zedapirze amodis kontinenturi TavTxelis<br />
garkveuli nawili. izrdeba materikebis farTobi,<br />
arqipelagebi gardaiqmnebian kunZulebad, erTiandebian<br />
18
O<br />
kunZulebi, materikebi da a.S. aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios<br />
cxovelTa da mcenareTa migracia.<br />
okeanis donis dawevis arapirdapiri anu iribi<br />
gavlena imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es procesi iwvevs am<br />
okianeebSi Camdinare mdinareebis siRrmiTi eroziis<br />
gaZlierebas. kerZod, xeobebis gaRrmavebas da saerTod<br />
xmeleTis reliefis intensiur danawevrebas.<br />
Tbil, anu gamyinvarebaTa Soris epoqaSi myinvarebi<br />
ukan ixeven da nadnobi wyali brundeba okianeebSi. amis<br />
Sedegad xdeba misi donis aweva, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs<br />
kontinentebisa da kunZulebis danawevrebas, mdinareTa<br />
eroziis bazisiis awevas zeviT da garkveul wilad<br />
izRudeba xmeleTis florisa da faunis migracia. A<br />
amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT geografiuli garsi<br />
warmoadgens saocrad agebul meqanizms, sadac erT<br />
cvlilebas aucileblad moyvebaa meore anu warmoiSveba<br />
“jaWvuri reaqcia”. geografiuli garsis mTlianobis<br />
kanonidan gamomdinare aucilebelia amaTuim teritoriaze<br />
raime sameurneo zemoqmedebis dawyebamde winaswar da<br />
detalurad SeviswavloT mocemuli teritoriis<br />
geografiuli struqtura da misi SesaZlo Sedegebi. mag:<br />
vidre daviwyebdeT wyalsacavis mSeneblobas, saWiroa<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT misi aSenebis da eqspluataciaSi<br />
Sesvlis Semdeg SesaZlo cvlilebebi, kerZod,<br />
warmoqmnili datborili farTobis maStabebi, gruntis<br />
wylebis wyalsacaviT Segubebis Sedegebi, havis SesaZlo<br />
gardaqmnebi da sxva.<br />
literaturuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom<br />
wyalsacavis gavlena mimdebare teritoriis havaze<br />
SesaZlebelia gamovlindes:<br />
1) uyinvo periodebis xangrdlivobis erTidan sam<br />
kviramde gazrdaSi.<br />
2) temperaturis zrdaSi saSualod 0,5 _ 2,5C-iT.<br />
3) absoluturi sinotivis gazrdaSi daaxloebiT 1-9 mmiT.<br />
4) qaris siCqaris gazrdaSi 30% -iT da zogjer metiT.<br />
5) sxvadasxva efeqtebSi, romlebic vrceldebian 0,5-dan<br />
5-7 km-mde da metzec.<br />
jvarSi adgilobrivi klimaturi cvlilebebi<br />
emTxveva jvris wyalsacavis eqspluataciis dasawyiss 1982<br />
19
wels. wyalsacavebis gamaTbobeli efeqti aRiniSneba<br />
seqtember-oqtomberSi da ar aRemateba saSualo Tviuri<br />
temperaturis 0,5C-s, xolo gamacivebeli efeqti aRiniSneba<br />
april-maisSi da Seadgens 0,5_0,7C-s.<br />
sionis wyalsacavTan gamacivebeli efeqti vlindeba<br />
wyalsacavis Seqmnidan (1963 w.) cota mogvianebiT 1966<br />
wels. aRsaniSnavia, rom jvris wyalsacavTan SedarebiT es<br />
efeqti umniSvneloa da 0,2C-s Seadgens, xolo gamaTbobeli<br />
efeqti aRiniSneba noember-dekemberSi, dawyebuli 1962<br />
wlidan, e.i. wyalsacavis eqspulataciamde erTi wliT<br />
adre. es SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos tyeebis gaCexviT<br />
da idev sxva samSenebli samuSaoebis Catarebis gamo.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom es gavlena gamacivebelze ufro<br />
umniSvneloa 0,1_0,3C. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan<br />
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom bunebis Segnebulad gardaqmna<br />
dauSvebelia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT geografiuli<br />
garsis mTlianobis kanons, aramed msgavsi problemebis<br />
gadawyvetas yovelTvis win unda uZRodes dasabuTebuli<br />
ekologiuri eqspertizebis Catareba.<br />
1.4. biosferos momavali<br />
bevr mkvlevars dRemde ver gaucia pasuxi kiTxvaze<br />
Tu ra moelis biosferos momavalSi. biosferos momavali<br />
damokidebulia Semadgeneli garsebis ganviTarebaze,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki atmosferos evoluciaze da adamianebis<br />
sameurneo saqmianobaze. Cven vnaxeT, rom atmosferos<br />
evolucia adamianebis sameurneo saqmianobebis mizeziT<br />
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT xdeba, rac gamoixateba<br />
intensiuri tempebiT havis gaTbobaSi. gamoTvlebma aCvena,<br />
rom arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebiT mosalodnelia<br />
mivideT iseT klimatur pirobebTan, rogoric arsebobda<br />
mesameuli periodis meore naxevarSi. akademikos budikos<br />
Tanaxmad aseT klimatur pirobebs SesaZlebelia<br />
mivuaxlovdeT am saukunis 50-iani wlebisaTvis. amrigad<br />
mimdinare procesi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />
biosferos klimatis bunebrivi pirobebis aRdgena. Tu<br />
procesi warimarTeboda neli tempebiT, maSin SegveZlo<br />
gvefiqra, rom is keTilsasurvel gavlenas moaxdenda<br />
kacobriobaze. magram procesis didi siCqare qmnis mTel<br />
rig sirTuleebs, romlebic Zalze Zneli gadasaWrelia.<br />
20
daTbobis procesi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens sasoflo<br />
sameurneo produqtebis mosavlianobaze. samagierod<br />
Semciedeba naleqebis saerTi raodenoba da Semcirdeba<br />
mdinareTa Camonadeni. amrigad, moxdeba arqtikuli<br />
yinulis gadnoba da amis Sesabamisad moimatebs mtknari<br />
wylis maragi. amave dros myinvaruli safaris gadnoba<br />
gamoiwvevs msoflio okeanis donis daaxloebiT 90m-iT<br />
awevas, ris Sedegadac wyliT daifareba xmeleTis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili, sadac ganlagebulia msoflios<br />
udidesi qalaqebi. havis aseT mkveTr cvlilebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT dgeba biosferos SenarCunebis umTavresi<br />
problema, kerZod cxovelTa da mcenareTa mravali<br />
saxeobis SenarCuneba. biosferos ufro Soreuli momavali<br />
dakavSirebulia uamrav sxavdasxva faqtorebTan.<br />
dReisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodebiT sakmao sizustiT<br />
aris SesaZlebeli mzesTan dakavSirebiT dedamiwis<br />
zedapiris mdgomareobis gamoTvla Soreul momavalSi.<br />
aseTi gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad daxloebiT 5000 wlis Semdeg<br />
zomier ganedebSi mosalodnelia radiaciis mniSvnelovani<br />
Semcireba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios axali myinvaruli<br />
epoqis dadgoma, msxvili kontinenturi myinvaris<br />
ganviTareba.<br />
varaudoben, rom dReisaTvis arsebuli tendenciebis<br />
SenarCunebiT mzis radiaciis Semcireba da gamyinvaebis<br />
epoqis dadgoma SesaZloa aseuliaTasi wlebis Semdeg.<br />
aseT pirobebSi adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis<br />
SemcirebasTan erTad Semcirdeba atmosferoSi<br />
naxSiroJangis raodenobac da gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad<br />
naxSiroJangis koncentraciis Semcirebas im donemde,<br />
rodesac SesaZlebelia planetis sruli gamyinvareba<br />
dasWirdeba ramdenime milioni weli. cxadia, rom sruli<br />
gamyinvareba dedamiwaze gamoiwvevs biologuri<br />
ganviTarebis Sewyvetas. biosfero ukve iyo axlo<br />
daRupvasTan bolo gamyinvarebis epoqaSi, magram<br />
gamyinvarebam ar miaRwia im kritikul ganedebs, ris<br />
Semdegac yinuli vrceldeba ekvatoris mimarTulebiT.<br />
dedamiwis klimatis modelirebam aCvena, rom aseTi<br />
gamyinvareba SesaZloa dairRves dedamiwis saSualo<br />
temperaturis ramdenime gradusiT awevisas, rac albaT<br />
21
SesaZlebelia vulkanuri moqmedebis gaaqtiurebis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
akademikosi m.budiko varaudobs, rom dedamiwis<br />
sruli gamyinvareba SeiZleba dairRves mzis gamosxivebis<br />
gazrdis Sedegad, rasac dasWirdeba ramdenime miliardi<br />
weli. amasTan haeris temperatura dedamiwaze gaizrdeba<br />
80&-mde. temperaturis Semdgomma gazrdam SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios msoflio okeanis amoSroba da yovelive amis<br />
Semdeg atmosferos qimiuri Sedgeniloba da dedamiwis<br />
hava aRmoCndebian planeta venerasTan arsebul pirobebTan<br />
axlo.<br />
peterburgis hidrologiur institutSi Catarebuli<br />
gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad biosferos SedarebiT Soreul<br />
momavalSi mzis gamosxiveba SesaZlebelia Sewydes da<br />
dedamiwis temperatura daecema absolutur nulamde.<br />
biosferos arsebobis drois gaxangrZlivebis sakiTxebze<br />
muSaobdnen sxvadasxva mecnierebi. isini mividnen<br />
daskvnamde, rom biosferos gaxangrZlivebis erTerTi<br />
saSualeba aris noosferos, anu gonebis sferos Seqmna.<br />
noosferos Seqmna gulisxmobs adamianis mier<br />
garemomcveli bunebis safucvlian gardaqmnas, rasac<br />
udavod dasWirdeba kolosaluri energia. es idea,<br />
noosferos Sesaxeb, dakavSirebulia <strong>globaluri</strong> maStabiT<br />
klimatis regulirebasTan, kacobriobis interesebis<br />
Sesabamisad. amis ganxorcieleba mcire maStabiT<br />
SesaZlebelia Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebiT. mag.:<br />
cnobilia, rom stratosferoSi TviTmfrinavebma da<br />
gogirdis dawvam unda Seamciros atmosferos<br />
gamWvirvaloba da temperatura dedamiwaze, agreTve<br />
stratosferoSi sxvadasxva airebis gavrcelebiT,<br />
romlebic STanTqaven grZeltalRian radiacias, SeiZleba<br />
mivaRwioT temperaturis gazrdas.<br />
dedamiwis zedapirze amJamad mimdinare<br />
naxSiroJangis koncentraciis xSiri zrda atmosferoSi<br />
gamoricxavs myinvaruli epoqebis ganviTarebas,<br />
romlebsac araerTxel miayenes ziani. biosferos aseve<br />
didi energiis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia asteroidebis<br />
orbitis Seqmna, rac gamoricxavs dedamiwaze cocxali<br />
organizmebis masobriv amowyvetas. dReisaTvis<br />
kacobriobis pirvelxarisxovani amocanaa TermobirTvuli<br />
22
omis SeCereba, dedamiwaze dagrovili TermobirTvuli<br />
iaraRis saerTo energia milionjer aRemateba xirosimaSi<br />
afeTqebuli atomuri bombis afeTqebas.<br />
gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad aseTi energiis moqmedebas<br />
SeuZlia gamoiwvios biosferos daRupva. es afeTqeba<br />
SeiZleba SevadaroT dedamiwaze dacemuli didi<br />
asteroidis Sedegs, amitom cxadia, rom biosferos<br />
SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa mSvidobis SenarCuneba.<br />
Tavi 2. ekologiuri faqtorebi<br />
2.1. ekologiuri faqtorebi da mcenareuli safari<br />
garemo, sadac arsebobs mcenare araerTgvarovania da<br />
Seicavs uamrav elements, anu faqtors, romlebic<br />
gavlenas axdenen mcenareulobaze. maT ekologiur<br />
faqtorebs uwodeben. ekologiur faqtorebs miekuTvneba:<br />
sinaTle, siTbo, wyali, niadagi, mineraluri nivTierebebi<br />
da a.S. isini, yvela erTad, Seadgenen mcenaris arsebobis<br />
pirobebs. TviToeuli ekologiuri faqtori xasiaTdeba<br />
mniSvnelobaTa gansazRvruli diapazoniT. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT miRebulia faqtoris intensivobis<br />
gansazRvruli 3 kardinaluri mniSvneloba:<br />
1. minimumi, 2. maqsimumi, 3.optimumi.<br />
midamoebs, optimumsa da minimums Soris da agreTve<br />
optimumsa da maqsimums Soris, sadac daikvirveba<br />
faqtoris deficiti an piriqiT siWarbe, uwodeben<br />
”pesimumis zonebs“. am zonebSi mcenareTa ganviTareba<br />
uaresdeba. mcenareTa saukeTeso ganviTarebis pirobebi<br />
Seesabameba faqtoris optimalur mniSvnelobebs.<br />
ekologiur faqtorebs yofen 3 jgufad:<br />
1. abioturi, 2. bioturi 3. anTropogenuli<br />
abiotur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: klimaturi<br />
pirobebi, niadagi, hidrologiuri da orografiuli<br />
faqtorebi.<br />
bioturi faqtorebia: cocxali organizmebis<br />
zemoqmedebis faqtorebi, mag. cxovelTa nawili ikvebeba<br />
mcenareebiT, cxivelebi da mwerebi avrceleben mcenareul<br />
Teslebs da a.S.<br />
anTropogenuli faqtori uSualod adamianis<br />
zemoqmedebis faqtoria. masSi igulisxmeba tyeebis gaCexva,<br />
cxovelTa daxocva da sxva.<br />
23
dawvrilebiT SevCerdeT zogierT faqtorze.<br />
abioturi faqtorebi<br />
sinaTle. mas didi fiziologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
mcenareebisaTvis. sinaTlesTan damokidebulebis mixedviT<br />
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben 3 jgufs:<br />
1. sinaTlis moyvarulebi _ tundris, udabnos da stepis<br />
mcenareuliba, utyeo mTaTa mwvervalebi da ase Semdeg.<br />
2. CrdilgamZle mcenareuloba, romlebSic umTavresad<br />
igulisxmeba velebze gazrdili mcenareebi.<br />
3. Crdilmoyvaruli mcenareulobis jgufi, maT miekuTvneba<br />
tyis mcenareebi, romlebic mxolod CrdilSi izrdebian.<br />
siTbo. siTbo aucilebelia mcenareTa<br />
ganviTarebisTvis, fotosinTezisaTvis, mcenareTa<br />
sunTqvisaTvis, transpiraciisTvis, zrdisTvis da a.S. mis<br />
ganawilebas dedamiwaze ZiriTadad gansazRvravs mzis<br />
sxiuri energia da dedamiwis forma. swored amis gamo<br />
dedamiwaze yalibdeba sxvadasxva siTburi sartyelebi.<br />
wyali. mas mcenareuloba Rebulobs niadagidan<br />
fesvebis daxmarebiT. Semdeg igi gadaecema Reros,<br />
foTlebs da aqedan orTqldeba. mcenaris foTlebidan<br />
wylis aorTqlebis process ewodeba transpiracia. wyali<br />
niadagSi ZiriTadad xvdeba naleqebis saSualebiT. Cven Tu<br />
naleqebis ganawilebis rukas mcenareulobis ganawilebis<br />
rukas SevadarebT, davinaxavT garkveul kanonzomierebas.<br />
tropikuli tyeebi Seguebulia 2000-1200 mm naleqebs,<br />
evraziis zomieri tyeebi 500-700 mm-s, udabnoebi maqsimum<br />
250 mm-s.<br />
niadagi. misi umTavresi Tviseba aris nayofiereba.<br />
sxvadasxva mcenare kmayofildeba nayofierebis sxvadasxva<br />
xarisxiT. amis mixedviT mcenareulobaSi ganasxvaveben 3<br />
jgufs: 1. evtrofebi, 2. oligotrofebi da 3.<br />
mezotrofebi.<br />
1. evtrofebi moiTxiven niadagebis maRal<br />
nayofierebas. maT miekuTvneba: stepis, tyestepis da<br />
farTo foTlovani tyeebi.<br />
2. oligotrofebi. izrdebian Rarib niadagebze. maT<br />
miekuTvneba: qviSiani niadagebis da Waobis<br />
niadagebis mcenareuloba.<br />
3. mezotrofebs ki Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT am<br />
ors Soris.<br />
24
orografia. xmeleTis reliefi did gavlenas axdens<br />
mcenareuli safaris ganviTrebaze, radganac is<br />
ganapirobebs siTbosa da tenis ganawilebas. mag.<br />
samxreTiT orientirebuli ferdobebi ufro Tbilia da<br />
notio, vidre CrdiloeTiT orientirebulni, amitom<br />
samxreTis ferdobebze ufro siTbos moyvaruli<br />
mcenareebi gvxvdeba. gansakuTebiT didia mTebis<br />
mniSvneloba. mTebSi viciT, rom aRiniSneba simaRlebrivi<br />
sartyeluroba e.i. simaRlis mixedviT icvleba siTboc da<br />
naleqebic. es ki gavlenas axdens mcenareulobis<br />
gavrcelebaze. garda amisa didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
agreTve TviTon reliefis formas, kerZod, uaryofiTia<br />
Tu dadebiTi.<br />
bioturi faqtorebi<br />
bioturi faqtorebidan ganvixiloT erTi saxis<br />
mcenareulobis gavlena meore saxis mcenareulobaze. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben mcenareTa<br />
urTierT kavSiris ramodenime tips: 1. butualizmi 2.<br />
komensalizmi 3. parazitebi da 4. konkurencia.<br />
1. “mutuas” – laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs<br />
“urTierTs”. mutualizmis dros mcenareebi erTad<br />
arsebobis pirobebSi Rebuloben sargeblobas. es<br />
urTierTkavSiri aucilebelia maTi normaluri<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
2. rac Seexeba komensalizms, igi mcenareTa<br />
urTierTobis iseTi formaa, rodesac erTad<br />
arseboba xelsayrelia mxolod erTi<br />
maTganisaTvis, xolo meoresTvis amas arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba ar aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi erTma<br />
mcenarem SesaZlebelia gamoiyenos meore mcenare<br />
mimagrebis obieqtad.<br />
3. parazitizmi urTierTobis gansxvavebuli<br />
formaa. mcenare paraziti cxovrobs sxva<br />
mcenaris xarjze. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac<br />
parazitul mcenares gaaCnia mwvane Seferiloba,<br />
e.i. ganicdis fotosinTezss, maSin mas naxevrad<br />
parazits uwodeben.<br />
4. konkurencia warmoiqmneba mcenareTa Soris<br />
arsebobisTvis brZolaSi. es brZola<br />
gamoixateba mcenaris tanis ganviTarebaSi,<br />
25
sakveb nivTierebebze, sinaTleze da a.S. am dros<br />
orive konkurenti mcenare erTmaneTze<br />
uaryofiTad moqmedebs.<br />
anTropogenuri faqtorebi<br />
adamianebi odiTganve axdenen zemoqmedebas garemoze<br />
da bunebrivia mcenareul safarzec. es gansakuTrebiT<br />
sagrZnobia Cvens droSi.<br />
adamianis gavlena garemoze SeiZleba iyos<br />
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.<br />
pirdapiri gavlenaa mosavlis aReba, tyis gaCexva,<br />
yvavilebis da kvirtebis gakrefa da a.S. aseTi gavlena<br />
bunebrivia uaryofiTad moqmedebs garemoze da iwvevs<br />
zogierTi saxis mcenareulobis Semcirebas da<br />
ganadgurebasac ki.<br />
iribi gavlena gamoixateba mcenareTa arsebobis<br />
pirobebis SecvlaSi. mas miekuTvneba yvelanairi<br />
irigaciuli samuSaoebi. kerZod, morwyva, Waobebis<br />
amoSroba da sxva.<br />
mcenareulobaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs agreTve<br />
adamianTa mier atmosferos da niadagebis dabinZureba,<br />
rac xSirad iwvevs mcenareTa zogierTi saxeobebis<br />
sruliad ganadgurebas.<br />
2.2.ekologiuri faqtorebi da cxovelTa samyaro<br />
mcenareTa analogiurad am SemTxvevaSic ganixileba<br />
cxovelTa arsebobis ekologiuri faqtorebi. kerZod,<br />
abioturi, bioturi da anTropogenuli. zustad<br />
analogiurad ganiazRvreba nebismieri faqtoris minimumi,<br />
maqsimumi da optimumi, Tavisi Sesabamisi pesimumebiT.<br />
abioturi faqtorebi<br />
siTbo. cnobilia, rom swored siTbo gansazRvravs<br />
dedamiwaze cxovelTa gansaxlebas. cxovelebi siTbos<br />
amtanobis mixedviT iyofa 2 ZiriTad jgufad _<br />
evriTermebi da stenoTermebi.<br />
“evri” berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs “farTos”. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare evriTermul jgufs miekuTvnebian cxovelebi,<br />
romlebic itanen temperaturis did cvalebadobas.<br />
“stenoc” berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs “viwros”,<br />
amitom am jgufs miekuTvneba iseTi cxovelebi, romlebic<br />
26
ver itanen temperaturis did ryevas da damokidebulni<br />
arian mxolod garkveuli, dabali an maRali<br />
temperaturis pirobebze. gamomdinare aqedan stenoTermul<br />
jgufSi ganasxvaveben cxovelTa 2 saxeobas: civ da Tbil<br />
garemoSi misaxleebi. pirveli saxeoba qmnis sicivis<br />
moyvarulTa jgufs, xolo meore siTbos moyvarulTa<br />
jgufs.<br />
sicivis moyvarulTa jgufidan aRsaniSnavia: TeTri<br />
daTvi, selapi, pingvini, CrdiloeTis iremi da a.S.<br />
siTbos moyvarulTa jgufSi: adamianis msgavsi<br />
maimunebi, Jirafebi, qvewarmavlebi da a.S.<br />
Tbilsisxliani cxovelebi ufro metad<br />
evriTermulebi arian, amitom maTi gansaxleba umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi araa dakavSirebuli temperaturaze.<br />
civsisxlianTa gansaxleba ki mniSvnelovnadaa<br />
dakavSirebuli temperaturaze, amitom maT Soris umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi gvxvdebian stenoTermuli cxovelebi.<br />
wyali. cnobilia, rom wyali warmoadgens erTerT<br />
mniSvnelovan faqtors cxovelTa samyaroSi. zogierTi<br />
cxovelis umetesi nawili 50-90% wyals Seicavs. mag.<br />
meduzis sxeuli 98% wyals Seicavs. organizmSi wylis<br />
nawilobrivi daklebis Tanave cocxali organizmi<br />
avaddeba da xSirad iRupeba, magram zogierT cxovels<br />
didxans SeuZlia uwylod gaZleba. aseT cxovelebs<br />
miekuTvneba aqlemi, mravali mRrRneli da a.S.<br />
haeris sinotives didi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa<br />
gansaxlebaSi. zogierTi cxoveli saWiroebs Warb<br />
sinotives da misi mcired Semcirebisas iRupebian. samxreT<br />
afrikaSi gvalvebis dros, rodesac mdinareebi da wylis<br />
udidesi nawili faqtiurad Sreba, am dros mniSvnelovnad<br />
ecema haeris sinotive da am ori faqtoris gamo masiurad<br />
iRupebian Sinauri cxovelebi da mosaxleobas didi ziani<br />
mosdis. amaT paralelurad arseboben iseTi cxovelebic,<br />
romlebic sinotivis daklebas advilad itanen.<br />
sinotivisa da wylis moTxovnilebis mixedviT<br />
cxovelebs yofen 2 jgufad: evrihidrobiontebi da<br />
stenohidrobiontebi.<br />
pirvels miekuTvneba iseTi formebi, romlebic<br />
kargad itanen sinotivisa da wylis did meryeobas.<br />
27
aseTebia: ZuZumwovarTa umravlesoba da frinvelTa didi<br />
nawili.<br />
meoreni saWiroeben an simSrales, an sinotivisa da<br />
wylis siWarbes. amasTan dakavSirebiT maT Soris<br />
ganasxvaveben simSralis da sinotivis moyvarulebs.<br />
Tovlic mniSvnelovani faqtoria cxovelTaTvis.<br />
kerZod, rodesac niadagi Tovlis safariTaa dafaruli<br />
zogierTi cxoveli veRar moipovebs sakvebs da iRupeba.<br />
sinaTle. misi, rogorc erTerTi ekologiuri<br />
faqtoris mniSvneloba zRvebSi da xmeleTze mobinadre<br />
cxovelebisTvis gansxvavebulia. zRvas ganaTebulobis<br />
mixedviT yofen sam zonad: yvelaze metad ganaTebulia<br />
zRvis zedapiridan 30 m-mde zona, romelsac polifotur,<br />
anu evfotur zonas uwodeben. zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi<br />
siRrme vrceldeba 50-80 m-mde. am zonis momdevno fena<br />
vrceldeba 200 m-is siRrmemde. is evfoturTan SedarebiT<br />
naklebad gnaTebulia da mas uwodeben mezofotur anu<br />
disfotur zonas. zogjer es Sre vrceldeba 400-500 m-mde.<br />
es aris praqtikulad sazRvari, romlis qvemoTac<br />
fotofirfita reaqcias aRar Rebulobs da praqtikulad<br />
aRar gvxvdebian wyalmcenareebi. mis Semdeg vrceldeba<br />
Sre, TiTqmis fskeramde da mas afoturi zona ewodeba.<br />
igi xasiaTdeba mudmivi wyvdiadiT.<br />
Cvens mier CamoTvlili zonebis Sesabamisad<br />
erTmaneTisgan ansxvaveben: polifotur, disfotur da<br />
afotur cxovelebs. siRrmis cxovelebs absoluturi<br />
wyvdiadis pirobebSi uxdebaT arseboba. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT mraval siRrmis cxovels axasiaTebT<br />
manaTobeli organoebi. zigierTi maTgani brmaa, xolo<br />
zogi xasiaTdeba teleskopuri TvalebiT.<br />
xmeleTze mzis sxivi TiTqmis yvelgan aRwevs, garda<br />
uRranisa da swored amitom xmeleTis cxovelebSi<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian sinaTlis da sibnelis<br />
moyvarulebi. pirvels miekuTvneba: ZuZumwovrebi,<br />
frinvelTa didi nawili da sxva. meore jgufs ki: Ramis<br />
mtacebeli frinvelebi, Cliqosnebis didi nawili,<br />
mRrRnelebi da sxva.<br />
Jangbadi. misi moTxovnilebis mxriv cxovelebi<br />
nawildebian 2 jgufad, esenia: evrioqsidiontebi da<br />
stenooqsidiontebi. pirvels miekuTvnebian isini,<br />
28
omlebic Jangbadis saerTo raodenobis cvalebadobas<br />
advilad itanen. es jgufi mcirericxovania da maT<br />
miekuTvneba kobrisebrTa ojaxis da karasis saxeobebi.<br />
danarCenebi ki warmoadgenen stenooqsidiontebs.<br />
amrigad, Cven davinaxeT, rom cxovelTa esaTuis<br />
saxeoba egueba garemos garkveul faqtorTa metnakleb<br />
amplitudas. cxovelTa calkeuli saxeobis unarianobas<br />
garemos faqtorTa meryeobis amtanianobisadmi,<br />
ekologiuri anu zoologiuri valentovneba ewodeba. rac<br />
ufro didia igi, miT ufro farTo gavrceleba<br />
axasiaTebT.<br />
aseT formebs, rogorc viciT evribiontebi<br />
ewodebaT, xolo mcire ekologiuri valentovnebis mqone<br />
cxovelebi warmoadgenen stenobiontebs.<br />
2.3. biocenozebi<br />
kavSiri mcenareulobasa da cxovelebs Soris<br />
ormxrivia. kerZod, cxovelebi mcenareulobidan<br />
Rebuloben organul nivTierebebs, xolo mcenareebi Tavis<br />
mxriv cxovelebidan iReben azots. aseTi urTierT kavSiri<br />
miuTiTebs imaze, rom ar SeiZleba saubari calke<br />
mcenareTa da calke cxovelTa arsebobaze, aramed<br />
arsebobs mcenareTa da cxovelTa garkveuli dajgufebebi,<br />
romelTac biocenozebs uwodeben. biocenozi warmoadgens<br />
istoriulad, ekologiurad da fiziologiurad<br />
dakavSirebul formaTa kanonzomier kompleqss. yovel<br />
biocenozs ukavia biosferos garkveuli adgili anu<br />
biotopi. biocenozebi iqmneba evoluciis procesSi<br />
bunebrivi SerCevis safuZvelze. msgavsad geografiuli<br />
garsisa Tu SevcvliT biocenozis romelime rgols,<br />
Seicvlebian sxva danarCeni rgolebic. am mxriv gvaqvs<br />
sruli analogia geografiul garsTan.<br />
xmeleTze biocenozis struqturaSi, rogorc wesi<br />
batonoben mcenareebi, xolo zRvebsa da okeaneebSi ki<br />
cxovelebi. saxeobaTa simdidre biocenozebSi sxvadasxvaa.<br />
polarul qveynebSi, udabnoebSi da maRalmTian raionebSi<br />
is SedarebiT Raribia. ufro metia tyeebSi da<br />
gansakuTrebiT mravalferovania tropikul tyeebSi.<br />
yovelive es ganisazRvreba niadagklimaturi da sakvebi<br />
pirobebiT.<br />
29
iocenozebi sakmaod mdgradi warmonaqmnia, Tu mas<br />
davarRvevT gaaCnia aRdgenis unari. Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi biocenozis erTi mdgradi tipi icvleba meore<br />
mdgradi tipiT. am Secvlis process ewodeba sukcesia. igi<br />
warmoadgens biocenozis cvlilebis gamomwvevi Sinagani<br />
da garegani mizezebis Serwymis rTul Sedegs. garegan<br />
mizezss miekuTvneba biocenozSi axali cxovelebis da<br />
mcenareebis SeRweva, havis Secvla, adamianTa sameurneo<br />
moRvaweoba da sxva.<br />
Sinagani mizezebia niadagebis evolucia, brZola<br />
biocenozis SigniT arsebul organizmTa Soris da kidev<br />
sxva mravali.<br />
Tavi 3. atmosferos ekologiuri problemebi<br />
3.1.garemos gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa<br />
buneba da Tvisebebi<br />
adamiani Tavisi sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad<br />
aWuWyianebs atmosferul haers, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
uaryofiTad ubrundeba TviT adamians. garemos<br />
dabinZurebis wyaroebs Soris pirvel adgilzea<br />
naxSirbadebis wiaRiseuli. maT miekuTvneba naxSiri,<br />
navTobi da gazi. maTi wvis Sedegad gamoyofili narCenebi<br />
aWuWyianeben atmosferos da uaryofiT gavlenas axdenen<br />
adamianis organizmze. atmosferos gamaWuWyianebeli<br />
nivTierebebi adamianis organizmze moqmedebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT axdenen fizikur da qimiur zemoqmedebas.<br />
fizikur zemoqmedebas axdens radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi,<br />
siTburi gaWuWyianeba(temperaturis gazrda), xmauri da<br />
dabalsixSiriani vibraciebi. qimiur zemoqmedebas axdens<br />
Txevadi naxSirwyalbadebi, sarecxi saSualebebi,<br />
plastmasebi, pesticidebi da sxva sinTeTikuri<br />
nivTierebebi, azotis da gogirdis narCenebi, mZime<br />
metalebi, ftoris SenaerTebi, myari minarevebi, organuli<br />
nivTierebebi.<br />
warmoSobis mixedviT atmosferuli haeris<br />
gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebi iyofa bunebrivi da<br />
xelovnuri (antropogenuri) warmoSobis minarevebad.<br />
bunebrivi warmoSobis minarevebi atmosferoSi xvdeba<br />
vulkanuri moqmedebis, niadagisa da mTis qanebis<br />
30
gamofitvis, tyeebis xanZris, meteoritebis wvis Sedegad.<br />
antropogenuri warmoSobis minarevebi warmoiqmneba<br />
upirveles yovlisa sawvavis wvis procesSi – Sida wvis<br />
ZravebSi, Tboeleqtro sadgurebSi, gamaTbobel sis<br />
temebSi da agreTve samrewvelo da yofiTi narCenebis<br />
wvis, birTvuli afeTqebebis da sxv. Sedegad.<br />
erT weliwadSi atmosferoSi moxvedrili msoflio<br />
samrewvelo yofiTi gamonabolqvebis saerTo masa<br />
daaxlovebiT 600 gega tonas Seadgens. gasuli saukunis<br />
ganmavlobaSi atmosferoSi moxvda 1,35 mega t kremniumi,<br />
1,5 mega t miSiaki, 1mega t-ze meti nikeli 0,6 mega t cinki.<br />
Semadgenlobis mxriv atmosferoSi moxvedril<br />
minarevebs Soris ganasxvaveben airovans, myars da<br />
Txevads. amasTan airovan nivTierebaTa wilze 90% modis.<br />
mas miekuTvneba naxSirbadis oqsidi, gogirdis dioqsidi,<br />
azotis oqsidebi, naxSirwyalbadebi. myar minarevebzemtveri,<br />
mZime metalebi,mineralebi da organuli<br />
SenaerTebi, radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi modis daaxlovebiT<br />
10%. Txevadi minarevebis masa (gogirdmJava) airovan da<br />
myar minarevebs Soris Zalze mcirea.<br />
atmosferos yvelaze gavrcelebuli gazia<br />
naxSirbadis oqsidi (CO). misi ZiriTadi masa warmoiQmneba<br />
saTbobis wvis Sedegad, xolo ZiriTadi wyaro Sida wvis<br />
Zravaa. aSS-i avtomanqanebi yovelwliurad gamoabolqveben<br />
120 mega tona naxSirbadis oqsids. misi maqsimaluri<br />
mniSvneloba warmoiqmneba Zravas gaxurebis procesSi.<br />
meore, masis sididiT, atmosferos gamaWuWyianabel<br />
nivTierebaTa Soris gogirdis dioqsidia(SO 2 ). is<br />
ZiriTadad warmoiqmneba naxSiris wvis Sedegad.<br />
gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad yovelwliurad atmosferoSi<br />
xvdeba 145 mega tona gogirdis dioqsidisa. amave dros am<br />
gamonabolqvebis 70% warmoiqmneba naxSiris, xolo 16%-<br />
Txevadi saTbobis, ZiriTadad mazuTis wvis Sedegad.<br />
SO2-is daSla atmosferoSi xdeba masze ultraiisferi<br />
radiaciis moqmedebis Sedegad, rac ganapirobebs<br />
gogirdis angidridis(SO 3 ) warmoqmnas. gaWuWyianebul<br />
notion atmosferoSi reaqciebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba<br />
agreTve gogirdmJava(H 2 SO 4 ). atmosferoSi xvdeba agreTve<br />
gogirdwyalbadi(H 2 S), romelic warmoiqmneba niadagis<br />
mikroorganizmebSi da zRvis garemoSi.<br />
31
enzinisa da dizelis wvis Sedegad Sida wvis<br />
ZravebSi warmoiqmneba azotis oqsidi da dioqsidi.<br />
azotis dioqsidi atmosferoSi rCeba daaxlovebiT 3<br />
dReRamis ganmavlobaSi. wylis orTqlTan reaqciis<br />
Sedegad is gardaiqmneba azotmJavad da sxva nitratebad,<br />
romlebic, naleqebTan erTad, ubrundebian niadags.<br />
azotis dioqsidi iSleba agreTve ultraiisferi<br />
radiaciis zemoqmedebad da gardaiqmneba NO–d. misi daSla<br />
xdeba agreTve maRali temperaturebis (600-ze meti) dros.<br />
naxSirwyalbadis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi wyaro<br />
mcenareebia, antropogenuri wyaro-avtotransporti.<br />
naxSirwyalbadebs miekuTvneba naxSirbadis da azotis<br />
oqsidebi.<br />
atmosferoSi, rogorc bunebrivi, ise antropogenuri<br />
procesebis Sedegad xvdeba agreTve myari nawilakebi, anu<br />
aerozolebi. maT gansxvavebuli formebi aqvT.<br />
gaWuWyianebis ZiriTadi wyaroa saSeni masalebis<br />
mopovebasTan da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mrewveloba. kerZod qanebis xerxva karierebSi, cementis<br />
damzadeba da sxva. myari nawilakebis did raodenobascinks,<br />
spilenZs, tyvias da alumins gamoabolqvebs feradi<br />
metalurgia.<br />
3.2. atmosferos gaWuWyianebis gavlena adamianze,<br />
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze<br />
atmosferoSi moxvedrili nivTierebaTa umravlesoba<br />
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens adamianis organizmze. isini<br />
xvdebian adamianis organizmSi sasunTqi organoebidan.<br />
nawilakebis 50% aRwevs filtvebSi da ileqeba.<br />
organizmSi SeRweuli nivTierebebi iwveven toqsikur<br />
efeqts. dadgenilia sakmaod kargi statistikuri kavSiri<br />
haeris daWuWyianebis donesa da iseT daavadebaTa Soris,<br />
rogorebic aris zeda sasunTqi organoebis daavadeba,<br />
gulis ukmarisoba, bronqiti, asTma, pnevmonia, filtvebis<br />
emfizema da sxva. Cven ganvixilavT zogierTi mavne<br />
nivTierebebis uSualo gavlenis Sedegebs cocxal<br />
organizmebze.<br />
CO naxSirbadis oqsidis maRali koncentracia<br />
romelic aRemateba dasaSveb zRvars iwvevs adamianis<br />
32
organizmSi fiziologiur cvlilebebs, xolo zogjer<br />
sikvdilsac. es aixsneba imiT, rom CO advilad uerTdeba<br />
hemoglobins. am SeerTebis dros warmoiqmneba<br />
karboqsilgemoglobini, rac iwvevs mxedvelobis<br />
daqveiTebas, gulis da filtvebis moqmedebis gauaresebas,<br />
Tavis tkivils, spazmebs, sunTqvis darRvevasa da<br />
sikvdils. CO-s gavlena organizmze fasdeba ara mxolod<br />
misi koncentraciiT, aramed misi moqmedebis<br />
xangrZlivobiT anu eqspoziciiT. sabednierod<br />
karboksilgemoglobinis warmoqmnis procesi Seqcevadia.<br />
gazis SesunTqvis SeCerebis Semdeg iwyeba misi<br />
TandaTanobiTi gamosvla sisxlidan.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mavne gavlenas adamianebze da<br />
cocxal organizmebze axdens SO₂ da SO₃. maTi moqmedebiT<br />
aRiniSneba daavadebulTa da sikvdilianobis swrafi<br />
zrda, mcenareTa foTlebis dazianeba da sxva.<br />
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze uaryofiT<br />
gavlenas axdens radiaqtiuri nivTierebani, isini daSlis<br />
Sedegad masaSi klebuloben da usasrulod didi drois<br />
Semdeg Teoriulad unda gaqrnen. im dros, romlis<br />
ganmavlobaSic radiaqtiuri elementis masa mcirdeba 2-<br />
jer, naxevardaSlis periods uwodeben. sxvadasxva<br />
nivTierebis naxevardaSlis periodi sxvadasxvaa da<br />
icvleba ramodenime saaTidan, ramodenime miliard<br />
wlamde.<br />
gansakuTrebiT saSiSia iseTi radiaqtiuri nivTierebani,<br />
romelTa naxevardaSlis periodi ramodenime kviridan<br />
ramodenime wlamdea. es dro sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom<br />
radiaciam SeaRwios mcenareTa da cxovelTa organizmSi.<br />
kvebis produqtebis saSualebiT radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi<br />
xvdebian adamianis organizmSi, grovdebian da garkveuli<br />
dozis miRwevis Semdeg zians ayeneben mis janmrTelobas.<br />
radiaciT dasxivebis simZime damokidebulia organizmis<br />
mier STanTqmul energiaze. am energiis erTeulad<br />
miRebulia 1 radi. is warmoadgens dasxivebis dozas,<br />
rodesac cocxali nivTierebis erTi grami STanTqavs 10−¹<br />
j energias. dadgenilia, rom Tu adamiani miiRebs dozas _<br />
1000 rads, igi iRupeba. 700 radis SemTxvevaSi sasikvdilo<br />
Sedegia 90%, 200 radis dros 10%-ia, xolo 100 radis<br />
SemTxvevaSi adamiani cocxali rCeba, magram<br />
33
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba misi kiboTi daavadebis da sruli<br />
paralizebis albaToba.<br />
3.3.atmosferos <strong>globaluri</strong> gaWuWyianeba<br />
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan gamoyofili atmosferos<br />
gamaWuWyialebeli nivTierebebi gadaitanebian haeris<br />
masebis mier da vrceldebian sakmaod did manZilebze.<br />
aseTi gziT warmoiqmneba atmosferos <strong>globaluri</strong><br />
daWuWyianeba. am gaWuWyianebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />
miekuTvneba radiaqtiur minarevebs, radganac swored<br />
isini warmoadgenen udides saSiSroebas. atmosferos<br />
radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianeba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda 20skis<br />
50-60-ian wlebSi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo birTuli<br />
iaraRis masobriv gamocdebTan. 1963 wels bieTvuli<br />
iaraRis gamocda atmosferosa da kosmosSi akrZaluli<br />
iqna, Tumca zogierTi qveyana (CineTi, safrangeTi da sxva)<br />
ar SeuerTda am konferencias da ganagrZo iaraRis<br />
gamocda. swored amitom, atmosferos radiaqtiuri<br />
gaWuWyianebis problema dResac inarCuebs aqtualurobas.<br />
radiaqtiuri minarevebis atmosferoSi moxvedris 4 wyaroa<br />
da amis Sesabamisad maT yofen 4 jgufad: I-s miekuTvneba<br />
dedamiwis qerqis zogierTi radiaqtiuri elementis<br />
eminaciebi da maTi daSlis produqtebi. II-s qmnian<br />
kosmogenuri izotopebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian haeris<br />
atomebis kosmosur sxivebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad.<br />
III jgufs qmnian birTvuli afeTqebis produqtebi, xolo<br />
IV-s ki atomuri mrewvelobis narCenebi.<br />
gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad dadgenilia, rom birTvuli<br />
afeTqebebi iwveven ara mxolod lokaluri masStabis<br />
Sedegebs, aramed seriozul, globalur darRvevebs, ramac<br />
SesaZloa migviyvanos havis Seuqcevad cvlilebamde,<br />
dedamiwis ozonis fenis garRvevamde da biosferos<br />
arsebiT gardaqmnamde. birTvuli afeTqebis dros<br />
warmoiqmneba gavarvarebuli cecxlovani sfero, romelic<br />
warmoadgens sinaTlis gamosxivebisa da dartymiTi<br />
talRis wyaros. afeTqebis momentSi gavarvarebuli<br />
sferos emperature Seadgens ramodenime million<br />
graduss. afeTqebidan daaxloebiT 10-15 wamis Semdeg<br />
temperatura ecema 2000-3000-mde da amave dros<br />
cecxlovani sfero kargavs sikaSkaSes. erTmaneTisagan<br />
34
ganasxvaveben: sahaero, miwiszeda da miwisqveSa an<br />
wyalqveSa birTvul afeTqebebs.<br />
sahaero afeTqebis dros cecxlovani sfero ar<br />
exeba dedamiwis zedapirs da mTeli radiaqtiuri mtveri<br />
Sedgeba mxolod bombis radiaqtiuri narCenebisagan,<br />
kerZod namsxvrevebisagan. isini afeTqebis dros<br />
orTqldebian, xolo Semdgomi gacivebisas ganicdian<br />
kondensacias.<br />
miwiszeda afeTqebis dros cecxlovani sfero exeba<br />
dedamiwis zedapirs, ris gamoc is itacebs gruntis<br />
mniSvnelovan masas. am dros gruntis zedapiruli fena,<br />
ramodenime aseuli metris radiusSi orTqldeba da ereva<br />
afeTqebis radiaqtiur produqtebs. gacivebis Sedegad<br />
warmoqmnili myari nawilakebi warmoadgenen<br />
radiaqtiurobis ZiriTad gadamtanebs. rodesac sfero<br />
kargavs sikaSkaSes warmoiqmneba TeTri an nacrisferi<br />
radiaqtiuri Rrubeli, is Rebulobs sokosmagvar formas<br />
da TandaTan zemoT miiwevs. am Rrublis aRmasvla<br />
grZeldeba manam, sanam misi temperatura ar gautoldeba<br />
garemos temperatures. amis Semdeg Rrubelis moZraoba<br />
damokidebulia or ZiriTad faqtorze: I _ simZimis Zalis<br />
moqmedebaze haeris winaaRmdegobis ZalebTan erTad da II<br />
_ qaris velze.<br />
pirveli faqtoris moqmedebiT xdeba nawilakebis<br />
daSveba, xolo meores moqmedebiT _ Rrublis gadatana<br />
horizontaluri mimarTulebiT. radiaqtiuri produqtebis<br />
daSvebis saerTo dro, saSualo da didi simZlavris<br />
bombebisaTvis Seadgens 6-8 saaTs, xolo maTi<br />
horizontaluri gavrcelebis zomebi icvleba did<br />
sazRvrebSi, romelic dakavSirebulia qaris siCqareze da<br />
misi simaRlis cvlilebaze.<br />
3.4.atmosferos gaWuWyianeba<br />
moZravi wyaroebidan<br />
avtotransportis da aviaciis ganviTarebam<br />
arsebiTad gazarda maTgan gamonabolqvi airebis wili<br />
atmosferoSi. Sefasebebi gviCvenebs, rom saSualo<br />
raodenobis mosaxleobis samrewvelo qalaqSi<br />
avtotransportis wilze modis gamonabolqvis saerTo<br />
masis 30-70%. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
35
damaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis 40% modis moZravi<br />
wyaroebis gamonabolqvze, maT Soris satvirTo da<br />
samgzavro avtomobilebze, orTqmavlebze da sahaero<br />
transportze. ZiriTadi wili moZravi wyaroebidan<br />
atmosferos dabinZurebaSi modis benzinze momuSave<br />
avtomobilebze. a.S.S.-Si maTi xvedriTi wili Seadgens<br />
75%-s, TviTmfrinavebis gamonabolqvisa _ 5% da a.S.<br />
ZiriTadi gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebia naxSirbadis<br />
oqsidi, naxSirwyalbadebi da azotis oqsidebi.<br />
naxSirwyalbadebisa da naxSirbadis oqsidis udidesi<br />
gamonabolqvi aRiniSneba avtotransportis damuxruWebisa<br />
da Tavisufali svlis dros, xolo azotis oqsidisa<br />
Seesabameba did siCqareebs. saerTod avtomobilebi Zlier<br />
AaWuWyianeben haers gaCerebisa da daZvris dros. dizelis<br />
Zravebi SedarebiT ekonomiuria da gamoabolqveben<br />
zogierTi nivTierebis SedarebiT nakleb raodenobas,<br />
magram dizelis Zrava didi raodenobiT gamoabolqvebs<br />
dauwvav naxSirbads, amitom isini ufro metad aWuWyianeben<br />
garemos da ufro cudad moqmedeben adamianis<br />
janmrTelobaze. TviTmfrinavis gamonabolqvebi naklebad<br />
moqmedeben qalaqis haerze, is ZiriTad gavlenas axdens<br />
haeris gaWuWyianebaze mxolod aeroportis raionSi.<br />
Sefasebulia, rom sawvavis 42% ixarjeba TviTmfrinavis<br />
gamoyvanaze asafren bilikamde da Seyvanaze misi<br />
dajdomis Semdeg. am dros dauwvavi da atmosferoSi<br />
gamonabolqvi sawvavi gacilebiT metia vidre mTeli<br />
frenis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
zogierTi siCqaris TviTmfrinavebi da kosmosuri<br />
xomaldebi aWuWyianeben stratosferos azotisa da<br />
gogirdmJavas moqmedebiT, agreTve aluminis oqsidis<br />
nawilakebiT. isini uaryofiTad moqmedeben ozonis fenaze<br />
da haeris globalur temperaturaze. qlor-ftor<br />
meTanebi, freoni 11, freoni 12, isini warmoadgenen gazs,<br />
romlebic warmoiqmnebian im aerozoluri preparatebis<br />
aorTqlebisas, romlebic gamoiyeneba Tmebis SesaRebad.<br />
aRniSnuli gazebi vrceldebian da xangrZlivad arseboben<br />
troposferoSi.<br />
freonebi aZliereben saTburis efeqts, gamoTvlebis<br />
Tanaxmad daaxloebiT 2030 wels freonebis gavlenis<br />
Sedegad ozonis saerTo raodenoba Semcirdeba 18%-iT,<br />
36
xolo qveda stratosferoSi 40 %-iT. yovelive amis<br />
saboloo Sedegad, <strong>globaluri</strong> miwispira temperatura<br />
gaizarda 12-21C-iT.<br />
atmosferos mavne gamWuWyianebelTa ricxvs<br />
miekuTvneba agreTve xmauri, is gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs<br />
adamianze, misi gavlena damokidebulia mis intensivobaze,<br />
mis speqtralur Sedgenilobaze da moqmedebis<br />
xangrZlivobaze. adamianze gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs<br />
xmauri 3000-5000 herci sixSiris diapazoniT. xmauri<br />
damRupvelad moqmedebs sasmen aparatze, centralur da<br />
vegetatur nervul sistemaze da gulis muSaobaze.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebis<br />
xmauri, igi iwvevs xmis talRis dartymas da vibraciebs<br />
aeroportis axlos ganlagebul binebSi. Tanamedrove<br />
zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebi gamoscemen xmas, romlis<br />
intensivobac gacilebiT aRemateba dasaSveb normebs.<br />
3.5.qalaqis klimatis antropogenuri cvlilebebi<br />
qalaqis sahaero sivrceSi moxvedrili<br />
gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebani atmosferuli da sxva<br />
procesebis urTierTqmedebiT arsebiT gavlenas axdenen<br />
qalaqis da misi Semogarenis mikro- da mezoklimatur<br />
reJimze. am gavlenis Sedegad qalaqSi xdeba garkveuli<br />
cvlilebebi temperaturis, sinotivis, qaris siCqaris,<br />
radiaciis, mxedvelobis, naleqebis, Rrublebis da nislis<br />
ganawilebaSi.<br />
qalaqisa da mis Semogarens Soris temperaturaTa<br />
sxvaobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa ingliselma mecnierma louk<br />
houardma jer kidev 1820 wels. misi monacemebiT<br />
londonSi saSualo Tviuri temperatura zogjer 1,2-iT<br />
aRemateba temperaturas mis SemogarenSi.<br />
didi qalaqis mikroklimati ganisazRvreba mTeli<br />
rigi faqtorebiT:<br />
1. gamonabolqvebisa da mtvris arsebobiT, rac<br />
cvlis radiaciul reJims da wylis orTqlis<br />
kondensaciis pirobebs;<br />
2. qvefenili zedapiris TaviseburebiT,<br />
romelic xasiaTdeba kargi siTbogamtarobiT;<br />
3. qalaqis Zlier danawevrebuli<br />
reliefiT(quCaTa qseli, moednebi, skverebi,<br />
37
parkebi, nagebobebi), rac ganapirobebs qaris<br />
siCqaris da mimarTulebis, agreTve<br />
turbulenturi cvlis intensivobis Secvlas.<br />
qalaqi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens radiaciul<br />
reJimze. centraluri evropis did qalaqebSi Catarebuli<br />
dakvirvebebis Sedegad dadginda, rom atmosferos<br />
gaWuWyianebis Sedegad mzis radiaciis nakadi qalaqSi mis<br />
SemogarenTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia 29-36%-mde.<br />
gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebani ara mxolod ancireben mzis<br />
radiaciis nakads, aramed cvlian mis speqtralur<br />
Sedgenilobas. magaliTad parizSi jamuri radiaciis<br />
nakadSi ultraiisferib radiaciis wilze modis 0,3%,<br />
qalaqgareT ki-3% da a.S.<br />
radiaciuli balansis Secvla da siTbos<br />
damatebiTi modena atmosferoSi ganapirobebs qalaqis<br />
maRal temperaturul fons. o.drozdovis Tanaxmad<br />
saSualo wliuri temperaturebi gareubanTan SedarebiT<br />
moskovsa da TbilisSi momatebulia 0,8 0 -iT, parizsa da<br />
stokholmSi-0,7 0 -iT, milanSi-1,3 0 -iT, xolo niu-iorkSi-1,8 0 -<br />
iT.<br />
qalaqis rolis gavlena haeris temperaturaze<br />
gansakuTrebiT didia gazafxulze, rac am dros<br />
turbulenturi cvlis gaaqtiurebis Sedegia.<br />
qalaqis gavlena SeiniSneba agreTve Rrublianobisa<br />
da naleqebis mniSvnelobebSic. qalaqis Tavze haeris<br />
swrafi gaTbobis, turbulentobis gaZlierebis da<br />
anTropogenuli warmoSobis aerozolebis koncentraciis<br />
gazrdis gamo warmoiqmneba Rrublebis ganviTarebis<br />
xelsayreli pirobebi. amitom Rrublianoba da naleqebi<br />
qalaqis centrSi izrdeba. sxvaoba udidesia zafxulis<br />
TveebSi, rac konveqciuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas da<br />
turbulenturi cvlis gaZlierebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
did gavlenas atmosferos gaWuWyianebis doneze<br />
axdens qari. sacxovrebeli da samrewvelo nagebobani<br />
cvlian haeris nakadis siCqares da mimarTulebas. amiT<br />
isini gavlenas axdenen qalaqSi gamaWuWyianebel<br />
nivTierebaTa ganlagebaze. qalaqis atmosferos<br />
gaWuWyianeba xels uwyobs mxedvelobis gauaresebas,<br />
nislis sixSiris gazrdas.<br />
38
Tavi 4. hidrosferos ekologiuri problemebi<br />
4.1.wylis ZiriTadi momxmareblebi<br />
wylis resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebisaTvis<br />
upirvelesyovlisa saWiroa vicodeT Tu misi ra<br />
raodenobaa saWiro yvela momxmareblis<br />
dasakmayofileblad ara mxolod dRevandel pirobebSi,<br />
aramed perspeqtivaSic. meurneobis dargebs wylis<br />
resursebTan mimarTebaSi hyofen or<br />
kategoriad:wylismomxmareblebad da<br />
wylisgamomyeneblebad. wylismomxmareblebi wyals<br />
gamoiyeneben samrawvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
produqciis Sesaqmnelad, xolo wylisgamomyeneblebi<br />
wyals gamoiyeneben, rogorc garemos (wylis transporti,<br />
meTevzeoba) an rogorc energiis wyaros<br />
(hidroeleqtrosadgurebi).<br />
wylis resursebis Tanamedrove kompleqsuri<br />
gamoyenebis etapze zRvari am or kategorias Soris<br />
iSleba da orives uwodeben wylismomxmareblebs. qvemod<br />
ganvixilavT wyalmomxmareblobis ZiriTad saxeobebs.<br />
mosaxleobis wyalmomarageba. es dargi<br />
dakavSirebulia wylis sasmelad da komunalursayofacxovrebo<br />
daniSnulebiT gamoyenebasTan. am<br />
miznebisaTvis saWiro wylis raodenoba dakavSirebulia<br />
mosaxleobis raodenobasTan. mag.: moskovsa da niu-iorkSi<br />
xvedriTi wyalmomarageba Seadgens daaxloebiT 600<br />
litrs erT kacze (dRe-RameSi), parizsa da sankt<br />
peterburgSi _ 500 l, londonSi _ 300 l da a.S.<br />
mrewvelobis wyalmomarageba. mrewvelobaSi saWiro<br />
wylis momarageba damokidebulia TviT mrewvelobis<br />
dargze, am mrewvelobaSi arsebul teqnologiebze,<br />
wyalmomaragebis sistemebze, klimatur pirobebze da a.S.<br />
XX sk xasiaTdeba mrewvelobaSi wylis gamoyenebis<br />
mzardi tempebiT. mag.: 1900 wels mTels msoflioSi<br />
mrewvelobis miznebisTvis gamoiyeneboda 30kub.m wyali.<br />
1950 wels _ 190kub.m, 1970 w-s _ 510kub.m, xolo 2000<br />
wlisTvis 1900kub.m-s miaRwia. es aixsneba rogorc<br />
saerTod mrewvelobis swrafi ganviTarebiT, agreTve<br />
iseTi axali wyaltevadi warmoebis swrafi ganviTarebiT,<br />
rogoricaa navTobqimiuri mrewveloba, Tboenergetika da<br />
sxva. Tboenergetika moiTxovs wylis did raodenobas<br />
39
agregatebis gasaciveblad. wylis ufro met raodenobas<br />
saWiroebs atomurieleqtrosadgurebi da sxva.<br />
wylis momxmarebloba soflis meurneobis mier.<br />
soflis meurneoba wylis moxmarebis erTerTi ZiriTadi<br />
dargia. sarwyavi miwebis farTobi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba.<br />
Tu XX sk-is dasawyisSi mTels msoflioSi sarwyav miwebs<br />
ekava 40 mln ha, 1970 wels igi gaizarda 235 mln ha-mde,<br />
xolo 2000 wlisaTvis am miwebis miaxloebiTi farTi 420<br />
mln ha-s Seadgenda.<br />
wyalsacaveebic wylis erTerTi momxmarebelia da<br />
maTi raodenoba mTels msoflioSi ganuwyvetlad izrdeba.<br />
wylis moxmareba wyalsacavebis mier Seadgenda<br />
1970 wlisaTvis 70kub.km-s, xolo 2000 wlisaTvis 240 k-s.<br />
jamuri wylis momxmarebloba. mTeli msoflios<br />
mdinareTa Camonadeni Seadgens daaxloebiT 44 540kub.m-Si.<br />
2000 wlisTvis kacobrioba iyenebda am Camonadenis 12-13%-<br />
s. calkeul kontinentebs Soris yvelaze didi<br />
momxmarebloba aqvs evrazias, romlis wyalmomxmarebloba<br />
Seadgens 10-22%-s, xolo yvelaze naklebi aqvs samxreT<br />
amerikas 10-dan 3 %-mde.<br />
4.2. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena<br />
xmeleTis wylebze<br />
xmeleTis wylebis resursebis intensiuri<br />
gamoyenebis Sedegad icvleba ara mxolod wylis<br />
raodenoba, aramed icvleba agreTve wylis balansis<br />
mdgenelebi, wylis obieqtebis hidrologiuri reJimi da<br />
TviTon wylis xarisxic. wylis resursebis raodenobriv<br />
da xarisxobriv cvlilebebze gansakuTrebul gavlenas<br />
axdenen sameurneo moRvaweobis iseTi saxeobebi,<br />
rogorebicaa wyalmomxmarebloba, samrewvelo da<br />
komunaluri miznebisaTvis, agreTve urbanizacia,<br />
wyalsacavebis Seqmna, morwyva amoSroba da sxvadasxva<br />
agromelioraciuli samuSaoebi.<br />
ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ramdenadme detalurad.<br />
mrewveloba. wylis xarisxobrivi cvlileba<br />
umTavresad gamowveulia mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis<br />
mier, rogoricaa metalurgiuri, qimiuri, organuli<br />
sinTezis da kidev sxva dargebis mier gadamuSavebuli<br />
wyali bunebrivia icvlis Sedgenilobas da binZurdeba.<br />
40
ZiriTad damaWuWyianebel nivTierebebs am wyalSi<br />
Seadgenen navTobi, feradi metalebi, fenolebi, rTuli<br />
qimiuri SenaerTebi da sxva. yovelive es gavlenas axdens<br />
biocenozze, moqmedebs bunebis ganviTarebaze da axdens<br />
biologiuri procesebis darRvevas. calke unda aRiniSnos<br />
e.w. siTburi dabinZureba, mag. Tu temperatura ar<br />
aRemateba 26C-s biocenozze mavne zemoqmedeba ar<br />
aRiniSneba, Tu temperatura 26_30C-mdea, maSin es<br />
uaryofiTad moqmedebs Tevzebis sicocxlis unarianobaze,<br />
xolo 30C-is zeviTaa, aRiniSneba mavne zemoqmedeba<br />
biocenozze.<br />
sameurneo_sayofacxovrebo anu komunaluri<br />
Camonadeni wylebi. am wylebis gamo Tanamedrove<br />
pirobebSi did mdinareebzec ki, didi qalaqebis<br />
maxloblad aRiniSneba intensiuri gaWuWyianeba.<br />
sayofacxovrebo Camonadeni wylebi Seicaven sxvadasxva<br />
saxis baqteriebs, sakmaod didi raodenobiT, ris gamoc<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes infeqciur daavadebaTa warmoqmnis<br />
mizezi.<br />
urbanizacia. urbanizaciis qveS igulisxmeba<br />
mosaxleobis da sawarmoo Zalebis qalaqSi koncentracis<br />
procesi. igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba mosaxleobis zrdas da<br />
mecnierebis da teqnikis swraf ganviTarebas. am procesis<br />
intensivoba mkveTrad gaizarda XX sk-is II naxevridan da<br />
2000 wels mTeli dedamiwis mosaxleobis didi nawili<br />
cxovrobda qalaqSi. yovelive es iwvevs urbanizebul<br />
teritoriaze wylis moxmarebis zrdas, rogorc<br />
mosaxleobis, ise mrewvelobis mxriv, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
zrdis samrewvelo Tu sayofacxovrebo Camonadenebs da<br />
Sesabamisad iwvevs maTi xarisxis cvlilebebs, romlebic<br />
bunebrivia uaryofiTad moqmedeben garemoze.<br />
samelioracio RonisZiebebis gavlena zedapirul<br />
wylebze. morwyvac da amoSrobac arsebiTad moqmedeben<br />
samelioracio teritoriebis wylebis bunebriv<br />
resursebze. rwyvis Sedegad icvleba teritoriis<br />
saSualo wliuri Camonadeni, misi Sida wliuri<br />
ganawileba, Camonadenis eqstremaluri<br />
, sarwyavi<br />
masivebidan gamotanili marilebis xarjze xdeba<br />
mdinareebis wylis mineralizaciis zrda, misi qimiuri<br />
Sedgenilobis cvlileba mdinareebSi moxvedrili<br />
41
marilebis raodenoba aRwevs aTeulobiT, xolo Zlier<br />
damlaSebuli niadagebis SemTxvevaSi ki aseul tonasac 1<br />
ha-dan.<br />
amoSrobis gavlena vlindeba gruntis wylebis donis<br />
dacemaSi, niadagis tenis maragis cvlilebaSi da saerTod<br />
teritoriis wylis balansis cvlilebaSi.<br />
wylis xarisxis cvlileba wyalsacavebSi.<br />
wyalsacavebis Seqmna iwvevs wylis hidroqimiuri reJimisa<br />
da xarisxis cvlilebas im mdinareTa mimarT, romelzedac<br />
aigebian. erTi wyalsacavis hidroTermel reJimze<br />
gavlenas axdens am wyalsacavSi wylis cvlilebis<br />
intensivoba, romelic gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:<br />
k=wsr|wwl, wsr aris wyalsacavis moculoba, xolo wwl<br />
aris konkretuli mdinaris wliuri Camonadeni. rac metia<br />
Camonadeni, miT naklebia wyalsacavSi wylis<br />
mineralizaciis cvlileba da es damokidebuleba<br />
saSualebas iZleva wyalsacavis daproeqtebis fazaSive<br />
gamoviangariSoT masSi wylis mosalodneli<br />
mineralizacia. wylis xarisxis cvlileba wyalsacavSi<br />
ganpirobebulia, rogorc wylis reJimis cvlilebiT, ise<br />
Sida biologiuri procesebiT: dinebis siCqaris<br />
cvlileba, gamWvirvaleobis gazrda, organuli da<br />
biologiuri nivTierebebis gazrda, romelic gamowveulia<br />
samrewvelo, komunaluri da sasoflo komunaluri<br />
CamonadenebiT iwvevs biogenuri nivTierebebiT<br />
gamdidrebul wyalSi fotoplanqtonis gaZlierebas. Tu<br />
wyalSi gaCndnen lurji an mwvane wyalmcenareebi, maSin<br />
am wyalSi warmoiqmnebian toqsikuri nivTierebebi da<br />
bunebrivia wylis xarisxi uaresdeba. am process uwodeben<br />
meorad anu biologiur gaWuWyianebas.<br />
4.3. msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis<br />
wyaroebi da saxeobebi<br />
msoflio okeanis damaWuWyianebel ZiriTad<br />
nivTierebebs warmoadgenen navTobi da navTobproduqtebi,<br />
pesticidebi, sinTeturad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, mZime<br />
metalebi (vercxli, tyvia, cinki, kadmiumi, spilenZi da<br />
sxva.). garda amisa msoflio okeanes abinZureben agreTve<br />
teqnogenuri warmoSobis radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi.<br />
SevCerdeT zogierT maTganze.<br />
42
navTobi da navTobproduqtebi. navTobis ZiriTadi<br />
komponentebia naxSirbadebi. maTi xvedriTi Sedgeniloba<br />
98%-mdea. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben navTibis 4 klass,<br />
esenia parafinebi, cikloparafinebi, aromatikuli<br />
naxSirbadebi da olefinebi. navTobi Seicavs agreTve<br />
gogirds, Jangbads, azotur SenaerTebs, kobalts, nikels<br />
da a.S.<br />
navTobi da navTobproduqtebi erTerTi<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli damabinZurebeli nivTierebebia<br />
msoflio okeaneSi. isini wyalSi sxvadasxva gziT<br />
xvdebian, magram navTobis gansakuTrebiT didi raodenoba<br />
msoflio okeaneSi xvdeba misi transportirebis dros.<br />
wyalSi moxvedrisas navTobi warmoqmnis zedapirul apks,<br />
am apkis Seferilobis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT<br />
misi sisqe.<br />
pesticidebi warmoadgenen xelovnurad Seqmnil<br />
nivTierebebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian mavneblebisa da<br />
mcenareTa daavadebebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi pesticidebis daaxloebiT 1.5 mln<br />
tona nivTierebaa moxvedrili miwiszeda da okeanur<br />
ekosistemebSi. pesticidebi did zians ayeneben<br />
organizmebs da aqveiTeben bunebrivi biocenozebis<br />
janmrTelobas.<br />
sinTetikuradurad aqtiur nivTierebebs Seicaven<br />
sinTetikuriuri sarecxi saSualebebi. isini xvdebian<br />
zedapirul wylebSi da saboloo jamSi ki okeaneebSi.<br />
sinTeturi sarecxi saSualebani Seicaven natriumis<br />
polifosfatebs, silikatebs da kidev sxva wylis<br />
organizmebisaTvis momwamlav nivTierebebs.<br />
mZime metalebs miekuTvnebian iseTi saxis<br />
nivTierebebi, romlebic warmoadgenen toqsikur<br />
gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebebs. mZime metalebi gamoiyeneba<br />
sxvadasxva sawarmoebSi da miuxedavad gamwmendi<br />
saSualebebisa maTi garkveuli nawili xvdeba Camonaden<br />
wylebSi. am SenaerTebis didi nawili okeaneSi xvdeba<br />
atmosferodan da unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom<br />
biocenozebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSia vercxli, tyvia<br />
da kadmiumi.<br />
teqnogenuri warmoSobis radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis,<br />
ZiriTadad ki uranisa da plutonis daSlis produqtebis<br />
43
okeaneSi didi raodenobiT moxvedra daiwyo 1945 wlis<br />
Semdeg. es dro emTxveva birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis da<br />
atomuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebis dasawyiss. marto 1948-<br />
1962 wlebSi Catarebuli iyo 450 atomuri bombis afeTqeba,<br />
romlis Sedegadac atmosferoSi aerozolebis saxiT<br />
gavrcelda radiaqtiuri mtveri. atmosferoSi arsebuli<br />
radiaqtiuri mtveri haeris masebTan erTad gadaitaneba<br />
did manZilze da ileqeba. maTi didi naWili ileqeba Cr.<br />
ganedis 45 0 -sa da samxr. ganedis 45 0 -s Soris. wyalqveSa<br />
xomaldebze damontaJebuli atomuri energetikuli<br />
danadgarebi, agreTve aWuWyianeben okeanes, amas emateba<br />
avariebis Sedegad gamoyofili radiaqtiuroba da a.S.<br />
4.4. msoflio okeanis wylebis gaWuWyianebis<br />
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba<br />
uamravi eqspediciis Catarebis safuZvelze<br />
miRebulia daskvnebi msoflio okeanis dabinZurebis<br />
Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa<br />
dadgenilia, rom daWuWyianeba mravali komponentis mxriv<br />
iRebs globalur xasiaTs. dadgenilia aseve ZiriTadi<br />
cirkulaciuri sistemebis da SedarebiT mdgradi zonebis<br />
roli gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis gadanawilebasa da<br />
dagrovebaSi. ase magaliTad, golfstrimis da Cr.<br />
atlantikuri dinebis wylebi intensiurad WuWyiandebian<br />
CrdiloeT amerikis da evropis sanapiroebTan, samagierod<br />
norvegiisa da barenciis zRvebSi isini ganitvirTebian.<br />
amrigad arqtikuli raioni, zemoT dasaxelebuli zRvebis<br />
CaTvliT, warmoadgens mavne nivTierebaTa akumulators.<br />
Cven ganvixilavT mxolod zogieraTi mavne<br />
komponentis ganawilebas.<br />
navTobis naxSirwyalbadebiT gaWuWyianebis raionebi<br />
Seesabameba Selfur wylebs, navTobis gadazidvisa da<br />
intensiuri mimosvlis raionebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia trasebi axlo aRmosavleTidan da<br />
indoneziidan iaponiis mimarTulebiT. gaWuWyianebis<br />
maRali doniT gamoirCeva iaponiisa da samxr. CineTis<br />
zRvebi, wiTeli zRva, sparseTis yure da kidev sxva<br />
adgilebi. wylis dinebebis saSualebiT navTobi da<br />
navTobproduqtebi gadaitaneba norvegiisa da barenciis<br />
zRvebSi. am produqtebis siRrmiT ganawilebas Semdegi<br />
44
saxe aqvs, navTobis naxSirwyalbadebis maqsimaluri<br />
koncentracia aRinSneba wylis zeda fenebSi, xolo 500 m-<br />
is qvemoT isini, rogorc wesi aRar gvxvdebian.<br />
pesticidebis ganawileba msoflio okeaneSi<br />
araTanabaria. am mxriv aRiniSneba gazrdili, Semcirebuli<br />
da nulovani koncentraciis zonebis monacvleoba.<br />
gazrdili koncentraciis lokaluri ubnebi aRiniSneba<br />
ara mxolod daWuWyianebis wyaroebTan ganlagebul<br />
zonebSi, aramed maTgan sakmaod daSorebul adgilebSi,<br />
rac atmosferuli gadatanisa da dinamiuri movlenebis<br />
Sedegia. pesticidebis Semadgenloba okeanis wylebSi,<br />
rogorc wesi 0-dan 100 m siRrmemde sakmaod<br />
erTgvarovania, xolo 500 m-ze mcirdeba orjer.<br />
sinTetikurad aqtiur nivTierebaTa ganawilebaSi<br />
aRiniSneba gaWuWyianebis velebis lokalizacia Cr.<br />
amerikis, das. evropis da afrikis Selfur zonebSi. Ria<br />
okeaneSi maTi koncentracia mcirdeba, maTi fizikurqimiuri<br />
Tvisebebis gamo umetesi raodenoba Tavs iyris<br />
wylis zedapirul fenaSi. amave dros nivTierebaTa<br />
mniSvnelovani xsnadoba da wylebis vertikaluri<br />
moZraobebi xels uwyoben maT SeRwevas Rrma fenebSi.<br />
toqsikuri metalebis ganawilebaSi aRiniSneba maTi<br />
maqsimumi Selfur raionebSi da Sida zRvebSi, xolo<br />
minimumi Ria okeaneSi. gansakuTrebiT didi kontrastia<br />
tyviis da cinkis ganawilebaSi. tyviis didi koncentracia<br />
aRiniSneba baltiis zRvaSi, SedarebiT naklebi<br />
CrdiloeTis zRvaSi. cinkis koncentracia gansakuTrebiT<br />
maRalia wynari okeanis Cr.das. nawilSi, xolo dabalia<br />
samxr. atlantikaSi.<br />
radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianeba, mravalricxovani<br />
birTuli afeTqebis Sedegad, wynar okeaneSi ufro<br />
maRalia, vidre atlantis okeaneSi. gansakuTrebiT maRali<br />
radiaqtiuroba iyo aRniSnuli 1954-58 ww-Si atomuri<br />
afeTqebebis dros. am dros dafiqsirda Tevzebis didi<br />
raodenobiT daRupva. Cr.aRm. atlantikis radiaqtiurobaSi<br />
didi wvlili Seaqvs islandiis zRvaSi didi britaneTis<br />
mier CaSvebul narCenebs. vertikalur ganawilebaSi maTi<br />
maqsimumi aRiniSneba 100-700 m siRrmeze, minimumi<br />
zedapirul fenaSi, xolo 700 m-is qvemoT koncentracia<br />
swrafad mcirdeba fskeris mimarTulebiT.<br />
45
Tavi 5. liTosferos ekologiuri problemebi<br />
5.1. sameurneo moRvaweobis gavlena niadagebze<br />
biosferos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis liTosferos<br />
zeda fena, romlis sisqec ramodenime metrs Seadgens.<br />
Swored am fenaSi, anu niadagebSi aris moTavsebuli<br />
cocxali organizmebis ZiriTadi masa.<br />
niadagebis cvlilebebze gavlenas axdenen sameurneo<br />
moRvaweobis iseTi saxeobebi, rogorebicaa urbanizacia,<br />
sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebi, wyalsacavebis Seqmna,<br />
morwyva, amoSroba da sxva agromeloraciuli samuSaoebi.<br />
mokled ganvixiloT es samuSaoebi.<br />
1. niadagis gaWuWyianeba atmosferodan. niadagis<br />
gaWuWyianeba uSualod ukavSirdeba atmosferuli haeris<br />
gaWuWyianebas, am ukanasknelis mdgomareoba ki zemoT iyo<br />
ganxiluli Cvens mier. ar gavimeorebT ra monacemebs maTi<br />
bunebisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, mxolod CamovTvliT, rom<br />
maT miekuTvnebian bunebrivi da anTropogenuli warmoSobis<br />
iseTi minarevebi, romlebic warmoiSvebian vulkanuri<br />
moqmedebis, mTis qanebisa da niadagis gamofitvis, tyis<br />
xanZrebis, meteoritebis wvis, saTbobis wvis, birTvuli<br />
afeTqebebis Sedegad da a.S. es minarevebi haeris dinebaTa<br />
saSualebiT gadaitanebian did manZilebze da Semdeg<br />
ileqebian niadagebze.<br />
2. sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebi. am samuSaoebidan<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs pesticidebis<br />
gamoyeneba. pesticidebi warmoadgenen xelovnurad Seqmnil<br />
nivTierebebs, romlebic gamoiyenebian mcenareTa<br />
daavadebebTan da mavneblebTan sabrZolvelad.<br />
ekonomistebis gamoangariSebiT, TiToeuli sabWoTa maneTis<br />
danaxarji pesticidebze uzrunvelyofs marcvleuli<br />
kulturebidan daaxloebiT 10 man, xolo teqnikuri<br />
kulturebidan _ 30 man mogebas. amave dros ekologiuri<br />
gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom pesticidebi, anadgureben<br />
ra mavneblebs, did zians ayeneben organzmebs da bunebriv<br />
biocenozebs. soflis meurneobaSi ukve didi xania dgas<br />
problema mavneblebTan brZolis qimiuri meTodebidan<br />
ekologiurad sufTa biologiur meTodebze gadasvlisa.<br />
3. samelioracio RonisZiebebi. ukanasknel wlebSi<br />
sul ufro farTovdeba samelioracio RonisZiebaTa<br />
46
moculobebi, rac dakavSirebulia axali miwebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan. Samelioracio RonisZiebebi, maT Soris<br />
morwyva da amoSroba, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen<br />
niadagebis bunebriv resursebze.<br />
amJamad muSavdeba xmeleTis saerTo farTobis 1/3,<br />
xolo irwyveba mxolod 4%. morwyva moxmedebs niadagis<br />
adiaciul da siTbur balansze, cvlis mis temperaturul<br />
reJims. morwyvis dros xdeba marilebis gamotana<br />
niadagebidan, rac gavlenas axdens mis qimiur<br />
Sedgenilobaze.<br />
Waobebisa da daWaobebuli miwebis saerTo farTobi<br />
Seadgens mTeli xmeleTis 5%. maTi amoSroba warmoadgens<br />
bunebrivi pirobebis mizandasaxul gardaqmnas adamianis<br />
sakeTildReod. amoSrobis gavlena upirveles yovlisa<br />
gamoixateba mocemuli teritoriis wylis balansis<br />
SecvlaSi. kerZod icvleba Camonadenis pirobebi,<br />
klebulobs gruntis wylebis done, icvleba produqtiuli<br />
tenis maragis dinamika da a.S. amave dros matulobs<br />
niadagis temperatura, rac xels uwyofs mcenareTa siTboTi<br />
uzrunvelyofas.<br />
4. wyalsacavebis mSenebloba. miuxedavad mTeli rigi<br />
keTilsasurveli efeqtebisa, rasac axdens xelovnuri<br />
wyalsacavi mimdebare teritoriaze, arsebobs azri imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom xelovnuri wyalsacavis Seqmna uayofiT<br />
efeqtsac iZleva. aseT efeqtTa ricxvs miekuTvneba zarali<br />
(rasac vaxsenebT garemos, sarwyavi miwebis, uZvelesi<br />
soflebis Tu tyeebis ganadgurebiT) dakvirvebaTa<br />
safuZvelze wyalsacavebis eqspluataciis pirobebSi<br />
dadgenilia daWaibebis procesebis gaZliereba,<br />
hidrologiuri procesebis gardaqmna, mwvane zonebis<br />
daRupva.<br />
yovelive es Tavismxriv gavlenas axdens Tbo da<br />
tenbrunvis cvlilebaze, rogorc wyalsacavSi, ise<br />
mimdebare teritoriaze.<br />
5.2. niadagebis radiaqtiuli gaWuWyianeba<br />
rogorc cnobilia xelovnuri radiaqtiuli<br />
nivTierebani xvdebian biosferoSi, maT Soris niadagebSi,<br />
birTvuli afeTqebebis, atomuri danadgarebis avariebis da<br />
atomuri mrewvelobis sawarmoTa narCenebis gziT.<br />
47
niadagebSi radiaqtiuli daWuWyianebis done ramdenadme<br />
SesamCnevi gaxda 1945 wlidan, rac emTxveva birTvuli<br />
iaraRis gamocdis periods. niadagebi, iseve rogorc<br />
atmosfero da hidrosfero, SedarebiT naklebad binZurdeba<br />
atomuri industriis narCenebiT.<br />
dakvirvebaTa masalebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom<br />
radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis maqsimaluri koncentracia<br />
niadagebSi aRiniSneba, rogorc Crdilo, ise samxreT<br />
naxevarsferoebSi 40-50º ganedebSi. Absoluturi maqsimumi<br />
Cr. naxevarsferoSi 3-4-jer metia vidre samxreTSi. Cr.<br />
ganedis 20-60º intervalSi, sadac Tavmoyrilia msoflio<br />
mosaxleobis 80%-ze meti. niadagebis radiaqtiuli<br />
daWuWyianeba 2-jer aRemateba mis saSualo mniSvnelobas.<br />
minimaluri dabinZureba aRiniSneba ekvatorul zolSi.<br />
niadagi warmoadgens im garemos, romelic<br />
radiaqtiuri daSlis produqtebiT kvebavs mcenareul da<br />
cxovelur organizmebs. amitom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
mTel rig sakiTxebs, romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia Semdegi ori.<br />
1. radio izotopebis sorbcia, anu unari maTi niadagSi<br />
yofnisa.<br />
2. radiaqtiuri produqtebis niadagSi migraciis anu<br />
transportirebis unari.<br />
radiaqtiuri produqtebis niadagSi sorbciis<br />
sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba aqvs. is damokidebulia<br />
mraval faqtorze, gansakuTrebiT ki niadagis qimiur da<br />
mineraligiur Semadgenlobaze. Didi mniSvneliba aqvs<br />
radiaqtiuri izotopebis STanTqmisaTvis niadagis<br />
mJavianobis xarisxs, amave dros gavlenas axdens<br />
niadagis meqanikuri Semadgenloba da sxva.<br />
radioizotopebis niadagSi migraciis aRniSnuli<br />
Tvisebebis garda efeqti damokidebulia<br />
meteorologiur pirobebze, naleqebis raodenobaze da<br />
a.S. magaliTad dadgenilia, rom niadagis zedapirze<br />
moxvedrili stronciumi SesaZloa wvimis Sedegad<br />
gamorecxil iqnas niadagidan. amave dros misi<br />
gadaadgileba niadagis ufro Rrma fenebSi pirdapir<br />
proporciulia naleqebis raodenobisa. dadgenilia<br />
agreTve, rom es procesi Zalze xangrZlivia da<br />
48
stronciumi 15 sm siRrmeze SesaZloa gaiJonos mxolod<br />
mcire raodenobiT, Tanac ramodenime wlis Semdeg.<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mag. qviSaSi, romelic<br />
xasiaTdeba kargi filtraciuli TvisebebiT, Tavsxmas<br />
swrafad Caaqvs stronciumi niadagis siRrmeSi. Sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki rodesac niadags susti filtraciuli<br />
Tvisebebi gaaCnia, mTeli stronciumis koncentrireba<br />
xdeba mxilid zeda fenebSi. literaturuli monacemebis<br />
Tanaxmad mTeli stronciumis 80% moTavsebulia<br />
niadagebis zeda 5 sm-ian fenaSi.<br />
5.3. Rvarcofuli procesebi<br />
Rvarcofi ewodeba zogierTi mTis mdinaris uecar<br />
da Zalian swraf adidebas, rac warmoiSoba<br />
gansakuTrebul geomorfologiur, geologiur da<br />
hidroklimatur pirobebSi. upiratesad Tavsxma wvimebis<br />
dros, zogjer Tovlisa da yinulis swrafad dnobis an<br />
Segubebuli xeobis zRudis gangreviT. Rvarcofi Seicavs<br />
didi raodenobiT myar masalas, zogjer 90 %-mde. mas aqvs<br />
didi siswrafe da ngreviTi Zala. Rvarcofebi warmoqmnian<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel gamonatans. igi saxalxo<br />
meurneobas da mosaxleobas did zians ayenebs. arsebobs<br />
ori tipis Rvarcofi _ struqturuli, anu Sekruli da<br />
turbulenturi, anu denadi. ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli<br />
niSani Rvarcoful nakadebs Soris maTSi myari masalis<br />
%-uli Sedgenilobaa. struqturuli Rvarcofi, romelic<br />
Seicavs 70-80 % myar masalas, warmoiSveba gazafxul<br />
zafxulis sazRvarze 5-15 weliwadSi erTxel an ufro<br />
gvian. igi viTardeba gansakuTrebul geomorfologiur,<br />
liTologiur da klimatur pirobebSi. swored amitom<br />
struqturuli Rvarcofi gvxvdeba mxolod zogierTi<br />
mdinaris zemo welSi an SemdinareSi. am tipis Rvarcofi<br />
gamozidvis konusamde iSviaTad aRwevs da wyalmovardnis<br />
nakadis Serevis gamo saxesac icvlis.<br />
turbulenturi Rvarcofi romelSic 20-30 %-ze meti<br />
myari Rvarcofuli masalaa didad gavrcelebulia. igi<br />
warmoiqmneba SigniT kaxeTis umTavres mdinareebSi da<br />
xSirad gamozidvis konusamde da mis periferiebamde<br />
aRwevs. maTi dacxroma umetesad gamozidvis konusze<br />
xdeba. Rvarcofis es tipi warmoiSveba sam weliwadSi<br />
49
erTxel, gazafxulobiT da Semodgomaze, xandaxan ki<br />
zafxulSi. RvarcofebSi gamoiyofa ramodenime saxis<br />
nakadi. esenia: talaxiani nakadi, talax-qviSiani, qviSiantalaxiani,<br />
talax-qviani, qviSian-qviani, qva-talaxiani, qvaqviSiani<br />
da wyal-qviani.<br />
SigniT kaxeTSi, gansakuTrebiT kavkasionisa da<br />
gomboris qedebis mTis Zirobebze, Rvarcofebs<br />
ZvelTaganve qonda adgili. adamiansa da Rvarcofebs<br />
Soris mudmivi brZola arsebobda. adreul periodSi<br />
Rvarcofebi imarjvebdnen da adamians axalaxal<br />
savargulebs arTmevdnen, xolo ukanasknel periodSi<br />
SedarebiT ukeT SeswavlaSi da RvarcofsawinaaRmdego<br />
RonisZiebebis, teqnikis gamoyenebis Sedegad, Rvarcofis<br />
sakmaod didi nawili alagmuli an Sesustebulia.<br />
RvarcofebiT dakavebuli aTasobiT heqtari, kerZod<br />
gamozidvis konusebi aTvisebulia da adamianis sasikeTod<br />
aris gamoyenebuli. kaxeTSi Rvarcofebis Seswavla da maT<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebis dasaxva me-19-e sk-is<br />
dasawyisamde primitiul xasiaTs atarebda. pirveli didi<br />
samamulo omis Semdgom kvlevam gegmazomieri, magram<br />
calmxrivi xasiaTi miiRo. stiqiur-damangreveli<br />
geomorfologiuri procesebi, maT Soris Rvarcofebi,<br />
bunebis mravali faqtoriT ganpirobebuli Zalian rTuli<br />
movlenebia, romelTanac faqtorebis saxiT genetur<br />
kavSirSia geografiis, nawilobriv geologiis,<br />
geofizikisa da biologiis iseTi dargebi, rogorebic<br />
aris geomorfologia, klimatologia, hidrologia,<br />
liTologia, Tanamedrove teqtonikuri moZraoba, botanika<br />
da sxva. Rvarcofebis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi dRemde<br />
Catarebuli RonisZiebebi saTanado doneze ar idga. mag.,<br />
kaxeTSi zemo alaznis sistemis mSeneblobisas alaznis<br />
vakis marjvena mxaris Rvarcoful xevebs TiTqmis yvela<br />
mdinaris gaswvriv orive mxareze gaukeTda aluviol<br />
yrilebi. magram igi vargisi gamodga mxolod<br />
wyalmcirobis periodSi. mZlavri Rvarcofebis dros<br />
nakadi TiTqmis yvela mdinaris kalapotidan gadavarda da<br />
soflebi da savargulebi waleka. Semdeg kvlav ganmeorda<br />
napirebis am meTodiT dacva da Rvarcofebisgan maTi<br />
walekva. am meTodma ar gaamarTla. Rvarcofi warmoiqmneba<br />
RvarcofwarmomSobi mTavari faqtorebis: reliefis,<br />
50
liTologiisa da havis zegavleniT. Tu romelime maTgani,<br />
rogorc RvarcofwarmomSobi faqtori, monawileobas ar<br />
iRebs Rvarcofi ar warmoiqmneba. mdinaris xeobaSi Tavs<br />
iCens, rogorc geomorfologiuri, agreTve hidrologiuri<br />
movlenebi. mdinareebSi mimdinare procesebi Semdegnairad<br />
warmogvidgeba, mdinaris Rvarcoful tipebSi<br />
geomorfologiuri procesebis Sedegad vRebulobT<br />
struqturul anu Sekrul Rvarcofebs da turbulentur<br />
anu denad Rvarcofebs.<br />
mdinaris hidrologiuri reJimis tipebSi,<br />
hidrologiuri procesebis Sedegad, viTardeba 1)<br />
wyaldidoba da 2) wyalmovardna.<br />
wyalmovardna, romelSic myari masala mxolod 3-4<br />
%-ia, Rvarcofidan wayaldidobaze gardamaval movlenas<br />
warmoadgens. Tu wyalmovardna gaZlierda da maTSi myari<br />
masalis raodenoba gaizarda igi miiRebs Rvarcofis<br />
saxes, xolo Tu Sesustda da procesi gaxangrZlivda igi<br />
Rebulobs wyaldidobis saxes. Rvarcofuli procesebis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavari sazrunavia garantirebuli<br />
RonisZiebebis dasaxva da Sesruleba. SigniT kaxeTSi adre<br />
Catarebulma RonisZiebebma, romlebic saproeqto<br />
organizaciebma SeimuSaves, ver aRmofxvres Rvarcofuli<br />
procesebi, amitom isini jer kidev did zarals ayeneben<br />
saxalxo meurneobas. es faqti ganpirobebulia imiT, rom<br />
Rvarcofebisadmi miZRvnil saproeqto angariSebSi<br />
mocemuli ar aris procesis arc sistemuri kvleva da<br />
arc garantirebuli prognozuli SefasebiTi sinTezi.<br />
Rvarcofebis kvlevisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
Rvarcofwarmomqmnel faqtorebs, anu garemos, romelic<br />
Rvarcofis warmoSobas, sivrciT gavrcobas da<br />
intensivobas gansazRvravs. Rvarcofebis warmoSobas<br />
gansazRvravs 3 umTavresi faqtori. esenia, I _<br />
morfologiuri, II _ liTologiur-teqtonikuri, III _<br />
klimatur-hidrologiuri faqtori.<br />
am sami faqtoridan Tu erTerTi faqtori xels ar<br />
uwyobs, Rvarcofi ar warmoiqmneba. garda amisa,<br />
Rvarcofebze did gavlenas axdenen agreTve niadaguri,<br />
mcenareuli, anTropogenuli da geomorfologiuri<br />
faqtorebi.<br />
51
Tavi^6. <strong>globaluri</strong> daTboba da gaudabnoeba<br />
6.1. <strong>globaluri</strong> daTboba<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierTa yuradReba miipyro im<br />
garemoebam, rom atmosferos Semcveli komponentebi<br />
ganicdian cvlilebebs, ramac SesaZloa gamoiwvios<br />
klimatis <strong>globaluri</strong> Secvla. es cvlilebebi<br />
ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba adamianTa sameurneo saqmianobas<br />
da vlindeba ZiriTadad naxSiroJangis raodenobis da<br />
atmosferuli aerozolebis koncentraciis gazrdaSi.<br />
saTbobis wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi naxSiroJangis<br />
raodenobis zrdis SesaZlebloba jer kidev 30-ian<br />
wlebSi ivarauda gamoCenilma mecnierma kolenderma,<br />
romlis varaudic SedarebiT mogvianebiT dadasturda<br />
eqsperimentul masalebze dayrdnobiT.<br />
dagenilia, rom naxSiroJangis balansi<br />
atmosferoSi Tanamedrove periodSi ufro metadaa<br />
damokidebuli anTropogenur faqtorze, vidre bunebriv<br />
pirobebze. adamianTa mier naxSiris, navTobis da sxva<br />
sawvavi masalebis moxmareba xels uwyobs naxSiroJangis<br />
koncentraciis mniSvnelovan zrdas atmosferoSi. aseTi<br />
gziT atmosfero katastrofulad binZurdeba.<br />
dadgenilia, rom Tu naxriroJangis koncentracia<br />
dRevandelTan SedarebiT 2-jer gaizrdeba, es gamoiwvevs<br />
dedamiwaze temperaturis 3&-iT gazrdas. garkveul<br />
cvlilebebs ganicdis agreTve Jangbadis koncentraciac,<br />
romlis Semcvelobac atmosferoSi bolo saukunis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.<br />
adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba xels uwyobs<br />
atmosferuli aerozolebis koncentraciis gazrdasac.<br />
Tanamedrove gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad yovelwliurad<br />
atmosfero Rebulobs 200-dan 400 mln tonamde<br />
atmosferul aerozols, rac atmosferos saerTo masis<br />
10%-20% Seadgens. amasTan erTad dadgenilia isic, rom<br />
atmosferuli aerozolebis umravlesoba warmoiSoba<br />
didi samrewvelo qalaqebis maxloblad da vrceldeba<br />
sakmaod did manZilze. amrigad atmosferos ganviTareba<br />
Tanamedrove epoqaSi grZeldeba erTismxriv im procesebis<br />
gavleniT, romlebic moqmedebdnen warsulSi da meores<br />
mxriv, atmosferoze moqmedebs adamianis saqmianoba. amitom<br />
atmosferos Semdgomi ganviTareba damokidebuli iqneba<br />
52
swored am ori- bunebrivi da anTropogenuli faqtorebis<br />
erTdroul moqmedebasTan.<br />
nax.6.1. <strong>globaluri</strong> temperaturis cvlileba<br />
XIX saukunis dasasruls daiwyo cnobili<br />
“arqtikis daTboba”, ramac maqsimums gasuli saukunis 30-<br />
ian wlebSi miaRwia. daTboba gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo<br />
gamoxatuli maRali ganedebis atlantikur seqtorSi.<br />
Uufro mZlavri aRmoCnda ukanaskneli daTboba, dawyebuli<br />
80-iani wlebidan (nax. 6.1). Ggaeros egidiT Catarebuli<br />
gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad am procesis Sedegad gasuli<br />
saukunis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwis <strong>globaluri</strong><br />
temperatura gaizarda daaxloebiT 0,50C-iT. globalurma<br />
daTbobam gamoiwvia regionaluri klimatebis cvlilebebi,<br />
moxda naleqebis gadanawileba.<br />
6.2.gaudabnoeba da masTan brZolis konvencia<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gaudabnoebasTan<br />
brZolis konvenciis Tanaxmad “gaudabnoeba” niSnavs<br />
miwis degradacias aridul, naxevrad aridul da mSral<br />
subhumidur raionebSi, gamowveuls sxvadasxva<br />
faqtorebiT, maT Soris klimaturi cvlilebebiT da<br />
adamianis saqmianibiT.<br />
53
gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom ukanasknel<br />
aTwleulebSi atmosferos zogadma cirkulaciam evropul<br />
seqtorSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada.<br />
atmosferos wneva maRal ganedebSi Semcirda, dabal da<br />
zomier ganedebSi gaizarda da centri gadaadgilda<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT-afrikis centralur raionebSi da<br />
saxelis zonaze.<br />
wnevis gazrdam da anticiklonebis gaZlierebam<br />
dabal ganedebSi xeli Seuwyo Tbili zamTrebisa da<br />
gvalvebis ganmeoradobaTa gazrdas, gaudabnoebis arealis<br />
gafarToebas. amrigad klimatis cvlilebis bunebriv<br />
procesebma gaaqtiura gaudabnoebis procesebi evraziis<br />
vakeebze, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi,<br />
dasavleT da aRmosavleT cimbirSi. CamoTvlili<br />
regionebi SemdgomSic gaudabnoebis intensiur zonaSi<br />
iqnebian moqceulni.<br />
arsebuli mravalricxovani literaturis<br />
Tanaxmad ukanasknel 10-wleulebSi TiTqmis yvela<br />
kontinentze aRiniSneba gansakuTrebiT mkacri gvalvebi.<br />
1972 wels daiwyo da TiTqmis saukunis dasasrulamde<br />
gagrZelda erT-erTi yvelaze katastrofuli sudanosaxelis<br />
gvalva. imave wels daiwyo da 1975-1976 w.w. piks<br />
miaRwia xangrZlivma gvalvebma dasavleT evropaSi.<br />
zogierTi monacemebiT es iyo yvelaze mkacri gvalva<br />
dawyebuli 1698 wlidan.<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1977 wlis gvalva<br />
yvelaze mkacri iyo 40 wlis periodis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
xolo kanadaSi XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze<br />
mkacri gvalvebi aRiniSna 1984 da 1988 wlebSi.<br />
ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gvalvebi<br />
gaaqtiurda agreTve CrdiloeT afrikaSi,<br />
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, cimbirSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,<br />
centralur aziaSi, kavkasiaSi.<br />
dendroklimaturi informacia saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs davakvirdeT gvalvebis ganmeoradobis<br />
dinamikas ukanaskneli 300 wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
monacemebi adastureben gvalvianobis gaaqtiurebas<br />
TiTqmis yvela kontinentze. gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad<br />
ukanaskneli 70-80 wlis ganmavlobaSi gvalvebis<br />
ganmeoradoba 2 jer gaizarda, rasac kargad eTanxm,eba<br />
54
amave periodSi tbebis donis dacema da teritoriebis<br />
gaudabnoebis saerTo zrda.<br />
gaudabnoeba ukve didi xania, rac msoflios mTeli<br />
rigi qveynebis ZiriTad ekonomikur, socialur da<br />
garemosdacviT problemad iqca. amitomac jer kidev 1977<br />
wels gaeros specialurma konferenciam miiRo<br />
gaudabnoebasTan brZolis samoqmedo gegma. miuxedavad<br />
amisa 1991 wels gaeros garemosdacviTi programis<br />
daskvnis Sesabamisad miwebis degradaciis problema<br />
ufro gamwvavda. amasTan dakavSirebiT 1992 wels rio-de-<br />
JaneiroSi gamarTul konferenciam TxovniT mimarTa<br />
gaeros generalur asambleas, raTa momzadebuliyo<br />
gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvencia. 1994 wlis 17 ivniss<br />
parizSi miRebul iqna aRniSnuli konvencia. amJamad mas<br />
xeli moawera 160-ze metma saxelmwifom.<br />
saqarTvelom aRniSnul konvencias xeli moawera 1994<br />
wels, xolo ratifikacia moaxdina 1999 wlis 23 ivliss,<br />
riTac valdebuleba aiRo SeimuSavos gaudabnoebasTan<br />
brZolisa da gvalvis Sedegebis Semcirebisaken<br />
mimarTuli saTanado RonisZiebebi.<br />
6.3.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi raionebi<br />
nax.6.2.-ze warmodgenilia gaeros mier gavrcelebuli<br />
gaudabnoebis saSiSroebis qveS arsebuli msoflios<br />
gvalviani raionebis ruka. rukaze naCvenebia sakuTriv<br />
gvalviani, naxevradgvalviani da mSrali subhumiduri<br />
raionebi.<br />
rukidan Cans, rom gaudabnoebis saSiSroeba moelis<br />
xmeleTis zedapiris sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils.<br />
sadReisod planetaruli masStabiT gaudabnoebas<br />
ganicdis sarwyavi miwebis 80%-ze meti, urwyavi miwebis<br />
170 milioni heqtari. gaudabnoeba yovelwliurad<br />
ukargavs da gamousadegars xdis 6 milion heqtar<br />
farTobs. gaudabnoebiT aqtiurad xelyofil miwebze<br />
mosaxleobs msoflios 110 qveynis 860 milioni kaci, anu<br />
mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 25^%.<br />
55
Nnax.6.2.. gaudabnoebis raionebi: 1-sakuTriv<br />
gvalviani; 2-naxevradgvalviani; 3-mSrali<br />
subhumiduri<br />
rukaze naCvenebia sakuTriv gvalviani, naxevradgvalviani<br />
da mSrali subhumiduri raionebi.<br />
rukidan Cans, rom gaudabnoebis saSiSroeba moelis<br />
xmeleTis zedapiris sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils.<br />
sadReisod planetaruli masStabiT gaudabnoebas<br />
ganicdis sarwyavi miwebis 80%-ze meti, urwyavi miwebis<br />
170 milioni heqtari. gaudabnoeba yovelwliurad<br />
ukargavs da gamousadegars xdis 6 milion heqtar<br />
farTobs. gaudabnoebiT aqtiurad xelyofil miwebze<br />
mosaxleobs msoflios 110 qveynis 860 milioni kaci, anu<br />
mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 25^%.<br />
warmodgenil rukidan Cans agreTve, rom aziaSi<br />
gaudabnoebis yvelaze aqtiuri kerebi kontinentis<br />
centralur nawilSia da ukavia yazaxeTis, uzbekeTis,<br />
yirgizeTis, TurqmeneTis da tajikeTis teritoriebi. am<br />
qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tbili hava da<br />
atmosferuli naleqebis mcire raodenoba, ris gamoc<br />
xSiria xangrZlivi gvalviani periodebi. aseT gvalvian<br />
ekosistemebs gaaCnia gaudabnoebis maRali riski, rasac<br />
56
unaleqobasTan erTad xels uwyobs gaiSviaTebuli<br />
mcenareuli safari, agreTve qviSiani da damlaSebuli<br />
niadagebi.<br />
gaudabnoeba did zarals ayenebs CineTs. qveynis<br />
pirdapiri finansuri danakargebi gaudabnoebis gamo<br />
weliwadSi 2-3 miliard dolars Seadgens, xolo 170<br />
milionze meti adamiani rCeba yovelgvari saarsebo<br />
saSualebebis gareSe. qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi<br />
yovelwliurad gaudabnoeba vrceldeba daaxloebiT 210<br />
aTas ha farTobze. amJamad gaudabnoebulia 20<br />
milionamde ha teritoria da analogiuri procesi<br />
viTardeba kidev 14 miln ha farTobze.<br />
yvelaze gvalvian kontinentad avstraliaa miCneuli,<br />
radganac iq gvalvas da gaudabnoebas ganicdis<br />
kontinentis teritoriis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi.<br />
calkeul raionebSi finansuri danakargebi<br />
yovelwliurad Seadgens 30-40%-s. didi zarali aqvs<br />
miyenebuli kontinentisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mdidar<br />
biomravalferovnebas.<br />
6.4.gaudabnoebis ZiriTadi bunebrivi faqtori –<br />
gvalva<br />
gaudabnoebis bunebrivi faqtorebidan ZiriTadia<br />
klimaturi faqtori – gvalva. s.xromovisa da<br />
l.mamontovas ganmartebis Tanaxmad “gvalva aris<br />
xangrZlivi periodi gazafxulsa da zafxulSi, romlis<br />
drosac naleqebi normaze gacilebiT dabalia, haeris<br />
temperatura ki maRali, ris gamoc niadagSi arsebuli<br />
tenis maragi Sreba da iqmneba mcenaris normaluri<br />
zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebi,<br />
mindvris kulturebis mosavlianoba ki ecema an<br />
mosavali iRupeba”.<br />
gvalva miekuTvneba klimatis katastroful<br />
movlenaTa ricxvs. xSirad moicavs aTasobiT kilometr<br />
teritoriebs. gvalvis dros iRupeba, rogorc bunebrivi,<br />
ise kulturuli mcenareuloba. cxovelTa nawili<br />
iRupeba, xolo nawili gafdasaxldeba sxva raionebSi.<br />
Kkontinentebis mxriv gvalvian raionebs yvelaze<br />
didi teritoria aziaSi ukavia. AaseTi raionebis saerTo<br />
farTobi iq aRemateba 1,8 miliard heqtars, saidanac 1,4<br />
57
miliardi ha ganicdis mniSvnelovan gvalvianobas.<br />
AfrikaSi gvalvian raionebs ukavia 1,4 miliardi ha<br />
farTobi, aqedan mniSvnelovan gvalvas ganicdis 1<br />
miliard ha-ze meti farTobi. AvstraliaSi gvalviani<br />
raionebi moicavs 0,7 miliard ha-s, mniSvnelovnad<br />
gvalviani ki –0,4mlrd. ha-s. CrdiloeT amerikaSi<br />
Sesabamisad gvaqvs 0,6 da 0,4 mlrd. ha, samxreT amerikaSi<br />
–0,4 da 0,3 mlrd.ha, xolo evropaSi- 0,17 da 0,1 mlrd.ha.<br />
Mmkacri gvalvebi ekonomikurad sustad<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebSi iwveven mosaxleobis masobriv<br />
sikvdilianobas da epidemiebs. aseTi katastrofuli<br />
gvalvebis magaliTebia saxelis, eTiopiis, sudanisa da<br />
sxva cnobili gvalvebi.<br />
Kkatastrofuli gvalvebi aRiniSneba evraziis<br />
teritoriazec. magaliTad 1976 wels gvalvam moicva<br />
mTeli dasavleTi evropa da didi zarali miayena mTel<br />
rig qveynebs. gvalvebma Zlieri xanZrebi gamoiwvies<br />
safrangeTSi. ganadgurda tyeebis didi masivebi.<br />
inglisSi gvalvebis Sedegad wylis maragi Semcirda 40-<br />
70 %-mde. parlamenti iZulebuli gaxda gamoeca kanoni<br />
sasmeli wyliT sargeblobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb.<br />
gvalva gansakuTrebiT saSiSia zafxulSi. maRali<br />
temperatura, haeris dabali tenianoba da Zlieri<br />
aorTqleba aSrobs niadagis zeda fenebs, aferxebs<br />
vegetatiuri masis dagrovebas, amcirebs mcenaris kvirts<br />
da zrdis fesvebs, saerTo jamSi ki amcirebs yvela<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis mosavlianobas.<br />
cnobilia gvalvianobis mTeli rigi<br />
agrometeorologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. magaliTad, jer<br />
kidev XIX saukunis dasasruls v.dokuCaevma<br />
gvalvianobis Sesafaseblad SemoiRo atmosferuli<br />
naleqebis da aorTql;ebadobis Tanafardoba.<br />
aorTqlebadoba niSnavs potenciurad SesaZlo<br />
aorTqlebas. b.livingstonma 1921 wels amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis klimatis simSralis<br />
gamosakvlevad gamoiyena naleqebis Sefardeba<br />
aorTqlebasTan. 1934 wels r.davidma am miznebisaTvis<br />
daasabuTa haeris sinotivis deficitis gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. g.selianinovma SemoiRo e.w.<br />
hidroTermuli koeficienti, romelic ganisazRvreba,<br />
58
ogorc naleqebis Sefardeba temperaturebis jamTan.<br />
1948 wels v.popovma havis simSralis dasaxasiaTeblad<br />
Semoitana e.w. efeqturi naleqebis cneba, es naleqebis is<br />
nawilia, romelic gamoiyeneba mcenaris mier. n.bovam<br />
gvalvianobis indeqsis gansazRvrisas naleqebsa da<br />
temperaturasTan erTad formulaSi gaiTvaliswina<br />
niadagSi arsebuli produqtiuli tenis maragic.<br />
Tornveitis indeqsi, romelmac farTo gamoyeneba hpova<br />
50-60ian wlebSi, Seicavs aorTqlebadobas, wylis<br />
deficits da wylis siWarbes. gasuli saukunis 90-ian<br />
wlebSi gvalvebis intensivobis dasaxasiaTeblad sanqtpeterburgis<br />
a.voeikovis saxelobis mTavar geofizikur<br />
observatoriaSi Semotanili iyo e.w. bunebrivi<br />
meteorologiuri kompleqsebi.<br />
Mmiuxedavad gvalvebis agrometeorologiuri<br />
maxasiaTeblebis didi simravlisa, gvalvis yvelaze<br />
saimedo maCveneblad miCneulia niadagis tenianoba,<br />
kerZod gazafxulze tenis maragi niadagis fesvTa<br />
warmomqmnel SreSi. teritoriis teniT uzrunvelyofis<br />
kritikul normad miRebulia naleqebis jami<br />
savegetacio periodSi 150-200 mm. farglebSi.<br />
DdReisaTvis Seqmnilia gvalvebis mTeli rigi<br />
katalogebi, romlebic axasiTeben gvalvianobis<br />
intensivobas dedamiwis sferos sxvadasxva raionSi. erTerTi<br />
aseTi katalogi, romelic damuSavda sanqtpeterburgis<br />
mTavar geofizikur observatoriaSi,<br />
moicavs saukunovan informacias (1891-2000w.w)gvalvebis<br />
Sesaxeb evropaSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,<br />
kanadaSi, indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, saxelSi da avstraliaSi.<br />
gvalva yovelwliurad aRiniSneba CrdiloeT da<br />
ukidures samxreT afrikaSi, centralur aziaSi, axlo<br />
aRmosavleTSi, dasavleT avstraliaSi, CrdiloeT<br />
amerikaSi – kldovan mTebSi, samxreT amerikaSi –<br />
CileSi. ramdenadme naklebia gvalvebis ganmeoradoba<br />
(80%) xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi, samxreT cimbirSi,<br />
dasavleT evropaSi.Ggvalva TiTqmis 2 weliwadSi<br />
erTxel mosalodnelia evraziis teritoriis did<br />
nawilze, CrdiloeT amerikis dasavleT nawilSi,<br />
samxreT amerikaSi (amazonis auzis gamoklebiT), da<br />
avstraliis aRmosavleT nawilSi.<br />
59
6.5.gaudabnoebis anTropogenuri faqtorebi<br />
kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mSrali<br />
miwebis degradacia mudmivad mimdinareobda. Soreul<br />
warsulSi is SemTxveviT xasiTs atarebda da<br />
SemoisazRvreboda mcire teritoriebiT. dawyebuli XVI<br />
saukunidan, mas Semdeg rac mTel msoflioSi<br />
gavrceleba daiwyo dasavleT evropisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelma warmoebis, finansuri urTierTobebis<br />
da vaWrobis Tanamedrove sistemam, miwebis degradaciis<br />
tempi swrafad gaizarda TiTqmis yvela gvalvian<br />
regionSi. ra Tqma unda es ar aixsneba mxolod<br />
klimaturi faqtorebiT, mas mniSvnelovan wilad<br />
ganapirobebdnen <strong>globaluri</strong> da adgilobrivi xasiaTis<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi.<br />
aqadis imperia, romelsac Cvens welTaRricxvamde<br />
XXVI-XXIII saukuneebSi ekava Tanamedrove mesopotamiis<br />
teritoria, daeca okeanuri dinebebis gaTbobis Sedegad<br />
gamowveuli xangrZlivi gvalvebis gamo. imperiaSi<br />
Seqmnili mkveTri socialuri danawevreba da<br />
centraluri ekonomikuri sistema uZlurni aRmoCndnen<br />
am stiqiuri movlenis winaSe. xmelTaSuazRvis auzis<br />
qveyanebSi miwebis degradacia aqtiurad mimdinareobda<br />
romis imperiis epoqaSic. Aamis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo<br />
mosaxleobis da armiis mier tyis da sanovagis mudmivad<br />
mzardi gamoyeneba. albaT igive mizezis gamo daecnen<br />
indielebis cnobili qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi.<br />
200 aTasze meti adamiani daiRupa cnobili<br />
saxelis gvalvebis dros afrikaSi 1968-1974 wlebSi.<br />
Tavdapirvelad SimSilis mizezi iyo gvalva, magram<br />
tragediis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia socialurma faqtorebma.<br />
meurneobis arasworma warmarTvam da agreTve sabazro<br />
da politikuri Zalebis zemoqmedebam gaaqtiura miwebis<br />
degradaciis procesi.<br />
msoflios mTel rig qveynebSi miwebis degradaciis<br />
ZiriTadi mizezi adamianis moRvaweobaa, rac gamoixateba<br />
araracionalur miwaTsargeblobaSi da mcenareuli<br />
safaris ganadgurebaSi. am mizezebis gamo CineTis<br />
60
samxreTis 11 provinciaSi wylismieri erozia gavrcelda<br />
daaxloebiT 48,11 mln.ha-ze, romelTaganac 6,8 mln.ha<br />
mTlianad ganadgurda. es niSnavs, rom TviTeuli heqtari<br />
yovelwliurad kargavs 50-80 tona niadags.<br />
centralur aziaSi miwebis degradaciis ZiriTadi<br />
mizezi wylis resursebis araracionaluri gamoyeneba da<br />
mcenareulobis saTbobad gamoyenebaa. Aaralis zRvis<br />
auzSi ori didi mdinarea amudaria da sirdaria, magram<br />
dawyebuli 1987 wlidan maT arc erTi wveTi wyali ar<br />
CaaqvT aralis zRvaSi. mdinareebis wyali mTlianad<br />
ixarjeba morwyvaze. amis gamo varaudoben, rom 2020<br />
wlisaTvis aralis zRvis farTobi 40780kv.km dan<br />
Semcirdeba 94 00 kv.km.mde.<br />
miwebis degradcias mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs<br />
agreTve anTropogenuri mizeziT gamowveuli qarismieri<br />
erozia, sarwyavi miwebis damlaSeba da teqnogenuri<br />
gaudabnoeba. miwebis degradaciis Sedegad gardauvalia<br />
biologiuri mravalferovnebis cvlileba, rac<br />
gamoixateba ekosistemebis produqtiulobis SemcirebaSi<br />
da saerTo gaRaribebaSi. mcenareTa Zvirfasi saxeobebi<br />
ganidevnebian sarevelebis mier. mxolod kopetdaRSi<br />
gasul saukuneSi gaqra “wiTel wignSi” Setanili mcenaris<br />
sami Zvirfasi saxeoba. amJamad centralur aziaSi<br />
ganadgurebis saSiSroebis qveS imyofeba mcenareTa 70-ze<br />
meti iSviaTi saxeoba.<br />
anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad Raribdeba<br />
damaxasiaTebeli fauna. centralur aziaSi ganadgurebis<br />
saSiSroeba moelis cxovelTa 10 adgilobriv saxeobas,<br />
maT Soris jeirans.<br />
6.6.gvalvebi da gaudabnoebis problema<br />
saqarTveloSi<br />
didi qarTveli mamuliSvili, gamoCenili<br />
geografi, istorikosi da mogzauri vaxuSti<br />
batoniSvili XVIII saukuneSi werda, rom ivris zeganze<br />
icis “... zafxuli cxeli, xaSmiani, gauZlisi”<br />
61
xaSmi niSnavs adgils cudi da mavnebeli haeriT,<br />
arajansaRi haviT. vaxuStis aseTi daxasiaTeba miuTiTebs<br />
imaze, rom ivris zegani da misi mimdebare teritoriebi<br />
gausaZlisi, gvalviani zafxuliT xasiaTdebodnen.<br />
gvalvis Camoyalibebas ZiriTadad sami faqtori<br />
ganapirobebs – unaleqoba (an mcire naleqebi), maRali<br />
temperaturuli foni da niadagSi produqtiuli tenis<br />
maragis deficiti. samive faqtoris analizi gviCvenebs,<br />
rom rogorc naleqebis simciris, ise maRali<br />
temperaturebis da niadagSi tenis deficitis mxriv<br />
swored ivris zegani da qvemo qarTli gamoirCeva.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze atmosferuli<br />
naleqebis wliuri jamebi did farglebSi icvleba – 400-<br />
dan 4500 mm-mde. umciresi naleqebi swored ukidures<br />
aRmosavleT raionebSi modis. Siraqis vakeze zogjer<br />
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 100 mm-ze meti naleqi ar<br />
modis. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad yvelaze xangrZlivi<br />
unaleqo periodebic swored aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
aRiniSneba, kerZod gardabnis, dedofliswyaros,<br />
gurjaanis, sagarejos da sxva raionebSi. magaliTad Tu<br />
unaleqo periodis uwyveti xangrZlivoba dasavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi ar aRemateba 15 dRes, zemoT CamoTvlil<br />
raionebSi es xangrZlivoba 25 dReze metia.<br />
temperaturuli fonic yvelaze maRali ivris<br />
zeganze da qvemo qarTlSia, aq ivlisis saSualo<br />
temperatura 25 0 -s aRemateba. maRali temperaturebis<br />
uwyveti xangrZlivobac gacilebiT metia, vidre<br />
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi.<br />
saqarTvelos niadagSi arsebuli produqtiuli tenis<br />
maragis dinamikis gamokvlevis safuZvelze gamoyofilia<br />
5 agrohidrologiuri zona: Zlieri gawylierebis,<br />
zomieri gawylierebis, susti gawylierebis, kapilaruli<br />
datenianebis da gazafxulis sruli dasvelebis.<br />
TviToeuli zona xasiaTdeba produqtiuli tenis<br />
maragis Taviseburi dinamikiT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
gvalvasaSiS raionebSi gavrcelebulia niadagebis<br />
kapilaruli datenianebis da gazafxulis sruli<br />
dasvelebis tipebi. pirveli maTganis SemTxvevaSi<br />
62
niadagis 1 metrian fenaSi produqtiuli tenis maragi<br />
Seadgens 100-200mm-s, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi 50-150mm-s,<br />
maSin rodesac dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli<br />
tipebisaTvis tenis maragi 400mm-s aRemateba.<br />
amrigad zemoT ganxiluli gvalvis formirebis<br />
ZiriTadi faqtorebis analizidan gamomdinare<br />
saqarTveloSi yvelaze gvalvasaSiS raionebad SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos mTlianad aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, xolo<br />
gansakuTrebiT gare kaxeTi da qvemo qarTli. am daskvnas<br />
kargad Seesabameba nax.6.3.-ze warmodgenili<br />
saqarTveloSi mkacri gvalvebis ganmeoradobis erTaderTi<br />
ruka. mkacrad miCneulia gvalva, romlis drosac<br />
savegetacio periodSi naleqebis jami ar aRemateba<br />
150mm-s. rukis ganxilvidan gamomdinareobs, rom<br />
gvalvebis ganmeoradoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriis did nawilze 10%-s aRemateba, maqsimaluri<br />
ki qvemo qarTlSi da ivris zeganzea sadac aRemateba 30-<br />
40%-s. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvalva iSviaTia. gvalvis<br />
albaToba 2-3 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT naklebia, vidre<br />
erTi wlis Semdeg.AalbaTobis ramdenadme zrda<br />
aRiniSneba 4 wlis Semdeg. Semdeg albaToba mcirdeba da<br />
momdevno maqsimumebi emTxveva 8-13 da 16 wlebs. gvalvis<br />
albaTobis msgavs svlaze miuTiTebda jer kidev<br />
g.selianinovi. analogiuri cikluroba gamovlenil iqna<br />
o. drozdovis mier centraluri ruseTis vakisaTvis da<br />
yazaxeTisaTvis.<br />
63
nax.6.3.. mkacri gvalvebis ganmeoradoba (%)<br />
saqarTveloSi gvalvebisadmi miZRvnil<br />
specialur monografiaSi (e.elizbaraSvili, z.WavWaniZe;<br />
gvalvebi, unaleqo da naleqiani periodebi<br />
saqarTveloSi. mecniereba, 1991) zemoT ganxiluli<br />
gvalvebis klimatologiuri maxasiaTeblebis garda,<br />
gamokvleulia maTi formirebis sinoptikuraerologiuri<br />
pirobebi. dadgenilia, rom gvalvebi<br />
umTavresad polaruli da Sereuli tipis sinoptikuri<br />
procesebis ganviTarebisas yalibdeba.<br />
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis<br />
dacvis saministros oficialuri cnobiT saqarTvelos<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleTSi TiTqmis 3000kv.km farTobis<br />
teritoria, romelic moqceulia naxevradudabnos<br />
zonaSi, ganuwyvetliv ziandeba gvalvebisa da qarismieri<br />
eroziisagan – ganicdis gaudabnoebas. amas Tan sdevs<br />
negatiuri socialuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri<br />
funqciebis aqtivizacia. gaudabnoebis zona mWidrod<br />
esazRvreba meCxer tyeebs. gaudabnoebis procesi kargad<br />
aris gamoxatuli qiziySi, gare kaxeTsa da qvemo<br />
qarTlSi. imave saministros cnobiT dedofliswyaros<br />
raionSi ziandeba 120 aTasamde ha, siRnaRis da<br />
sagarejos raionebSi TiToeulSi 47 aTasamde ha,<br />
64
gardabnis raionSi –32 aTasi ha, xolo marneulis<br />
raionSi –30 aTasi ha. Tu rogor ganviTardeba<br />
gaudabnoebis procesi am raionebSi SegviZlia<br />
vimsjeloT klimatis kvlevis erovnuli programis<br />
Sesabamisad Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze.<br />
gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad gasul saukuneSi aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi globalur daTbobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
haeris temperatura izrdeboda. saSualo wliuri<br />
temperaturis zrdis siCqare yovel 10 weliwadSi<br />
gardabanSi Seadgenda 0,07 0 , marneulSi – 0,06 0 -s, SiraqSi<br />
0,03 0 -s, sagarejoSi 0,02 0 -s. msoflios meteorologiuri<br />
organizaciis egidiT SemuSavebulia mimdinare saukuneSi<br />
temperaturis SesaZlo cvlilebis A,B,C da D scenarebi.<br />
A scenaris Tanaxmad XXI saukuneSi temperaturis zrdis<br />
siCqare yovel 10 weliwadSi iqneba 0,3 0 C, B scenaris<br />
Tanaxmad – 0,2 0 C, C da D scenarebis Tanaxmad 0,1 0 C-ze<br />
meti da 0,1 0 C–is toli Sesabamisad. am scenarebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos semiaridul<br />
landSaftebSi, romlebic ganicdian gaudabnoebas<br />
temperatura ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, vidre<br />
semihumidur da humidur landSaftebSi. temperaturis<br />
gazrda da naleqebis Semcireba qvemo qarTlSi<br />
gamoiwvevs simSralis gaZlierebas da Sesabamisad<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis produqtiulobis<br />
Semcirebas. ivris zeganze ukanasknel wlebSi aRiniSneba<br />
naleqebis umniSvnelo zrda. Tu es tendencia<br />
SenarCunebuli iqneba mimdinare saukunis pirvel<br />
aTwleulebSi, aman SeiZleba dadebiTi roli iTamaSos<br />
aq gaaqtiurebul gaudabnoebis procesebis Sesustebaze.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi gaudabnoebis intensivoba upirveles<br />
yovlisa anTropogenur faqtorebze iqneba<br />
damokidebuli.<br />
Tavi 7. garemos dacva<br />
7.1.biosferos regulirebis problema<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri revolucis Sedegebi saxaven<br />
persoeqtivas regulirebadi <strong>globaluri</strong> ekologiuri<br />
sistemis SeqmnisaTvis da biosferos gardaqmnisaTvis<br />
noosferod. noosferos erTerTi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli<br />
niSani unda iyos misi mdgradoba gareSe faqtorebis<br />
65
zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic biosferos miayenebdnen<br />
mniSvnelovan zians. ganvixiloT biosferos regulirebis<br />
problemis zogierTi sakiTxi.<br />
ramodenime aTaswleulis Semdeg mosalodnelia<br />
axali myinvaruli epoqis warmoqmna. amis sawinaamRdegod<br />
saWiro iqneba dedamiwis saSualo temperaturis gazrda, es<br />
ki SesaZlebelia ukve Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianis<br />
sameurneo moRvaweobis tempebis gazrdis Sedegad.<br />
momavlisaTvis energiis warmoebis mniSvnelovani<br />
zrdis Sedegad mecnierebi varaudoben atmosferos qveda<br />
fenebis temperaturis arsebiT gazrdas. amis Sedegad havis<br />
arasasurveli Sedegebis acilebisaTvis mizanSewonili<br />
iqneba stratosferos gamWvirvalobis Semcireba, rac<br />
Tavidan agvacilebda `saTburis efeqts". amisaTvis farTo<br />
gamoyeneba SeiZleba miiRos stratosferulma aviaciam.<br />
kerZod Sesabamisi reagentebis SetaniT stratosferoSi<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba iq arsebuli aerozolebis STanTqma<br />
an ganbneva da atmosferos gamWvirvalobis gazrda.<br />
saerTod stratosferuli aviacia perspeqtivaSi<br />
SeiZleba ganxilul iyos, rogorc havis <strong>globaluri</strong><br />
regulirebis erTerTi elementi.<br />
biosferosaTvis gacilebiT realur saSiSroebas<br />
warmoadgens anTropogenuli ekologiuri krizisi, romelic<br />
SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas TermobirTvuli Setakebebis<br />
Sedegad. arsebuli amoTvlebis Tanaxmad SesaZlo<br />
TermobirTvuli omis Sedegad daiRupeba kacobriobis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili. mosalodneli, ufro Soreuli<br />
Sedegebi gacilebiT SemaSfoTebelia. SeiZleba vifiqroT,<br />
rom cocxali bunebisaTvis gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas<br />
warmoadgens atomuri omis Sedegad gamowveuli havis<br />
<strong>globaluri</strong> cvlileba.<br />
mravalricxovani birTvuli afeTqebebis Sedegad<br />
atmosferoSi moxvdeba aerozolebis didi raodenoba, rac<br />
arsebiTad Seamcirebs atmosferos gamWvirvalobas. aseTi<br />
nawilakebis Camoyalibebis procesi xangrZlivia, maTi<br />
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba Seadgens erTi or wels.<br />
gamTvlebis Tanaxmad atmosferos gamWvirvalobis<br />
Semcireba gamoiwvevs mzis pirdapiri radiaciis Sesustebas<br />
da Sesabamisad temperaturis dacemas dedamiwaze 5-10º-iT.<br />
66
msgavsi aciveba ki gamoiwvevs cxovelTa umavlesi saxeobis<br />
amowyvetas.<br />
amrigad birTvuli Setakebis Sedegad gamowveuli<br />
havis cvlileba SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc udidesi<br />
klomaturi katastrofa, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT<br />
SeiZleba gautoldes geologiuri warsulis klimatur<br />
katastrofebs.<br />
cxovelTa da mcenareTa mravali saxeobis<br />
amowyvetasTan erTad aseTi katastrofa ganixileba rogorc<br />
axali ubedureba kacobriobis im nawilisaTvis, romelic<br />
gadaurCa atomur oms. mZime Sedegebia mosalidneli<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sistemaSi.<br />
TermobirTvuli Setakebis Sedegad Semcireba<br />
atmosferoSi arsebuli ozonis Semadgenloba 30-60%-iT.<br />
ozonis ekranis Semcireba gamoiwvevs mzis ultraiisferi<br />
radiaciis gazrdas dedamiwaze, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
ganapirobebs iseTi specifiuri daavadebis gazrdas,<br />
rogoric aris kibo.<br />
ganxiluli anTropogenuli ekologiuri krizisis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia SeiaraRebis donis<br />
mkveTri Semcireba. mxolod am ukanasknel RonisZiebas<br />
SeuZlia uzrunvelyos regulirebadi <strong>globaluri</strong><br />
ekologiuri sistemis gegmebis ganxorcieleba da<br />
biosferos xangrlivi arseboba.<br />
7.2.zedapriuli wylebis dacva gaWuWyianebisagan<br />
zedapiruli wylebis dacvis sxvadasxva RonisZiebaa<br />
cnobili, ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.<br />
1. wylebis dacvis sainJinro meTodebi. wylebis dacvis<br />
sainJinro meTodebi Seicaven Camonadeni wylebis<br />
gasufTavebis meTodebis SemuSavebas da warmoebis<br />
teqnologiis srulyofas, romelic Seamcirebs an mTlianad<br />
aRmofxvris wylis obieqtebis daWuWyianebas.<br />
Camonadeni wylebis gasufTavebis Tanamedrove<br />
meTodebi SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad: xelovnur pirobebSi<br />
gasufTavebis meTodebi da bunebriv pirobebSi gasufTavebis<br />
meTodebi.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi wylis gasufTaveba xorcieldeba<br />
specialurad Seqmnil nagebobebis, danadgarebi gamoyenebiT.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ganasxvaveben gasufTavebis 4 ZiriTad<br />
67
saxeobas: meqanikurs, qimiurs, fizikur-qimiurs da<br />
bioqimiurs.<br />
meqanikuri gasufTaveba gamoiyeneba Camonadeni<br />
wylebidan organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis msxvil<br />
dispersiuli da gauxsnadi minarevebis amosaRebad<br />
filtraciis an sxva gziT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva<br />
konstruqciebi.<br />
qimiuri da fizikur-qimiuri gasufTaveba gamoiyeneba<br />
Camonadeni wylebidan araorganuli da organuli<br />
nivTierebebis wvril dispersiuli da gaxsnadi minarevebis<br />
amosaRebad bioqimiuri, fizikuri da qimiuri meTodebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
bioqimiuri gasufTaveba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac Camonadeni wylebidan ukve amoRebulia msxvil<br />
dispersiuli minarevebi. es meTodi emyareba<br />
mikroorganizmebis zogierTi saxeobis unars sakvebad<br />
gamoiyenon Camonaden wylebSi arsebuli nivTierebani _<br />
organuli mJavebi, cilebi, naxSirbadebi da a.S.<br />
bioqimiuri gasufTavebis meTodi SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc bunebriv (bologiur<br />
filtrebSi), ise xelovnur pirobebSi (mindvrebze, arxebSi<br />
da a.S.).<br />
2. samelioracio samuSaoebi xels uwyoben wylis<br />
resursebis dacvas gaWuWyianebisagan. ganasxvaveben tyis,<br />
agroteqnikur da hidroteqnikur samuSaoebs.<br />
satyeo melioracia gulisxmobs xeebis dargvas<br />
mdinareTa auzebis zemo da Sua wylebSi, rac amcirebs<br />
zedapirul Camonadens da asustebs wylis eroziis<br />
procesebs.<br />
agroteqnikuri melioracia moicavs niadagis wylis<br />
da sahaero reJimis regulirebas sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
kulturebis mosayvanad, maT Soris niadagis dacvas sakveb<br />
nivTierebaTa gamorecxvisagan.<br />
kompleqsuri samelioracio samuSaoebis Catareba<br />
uzrunvelyofs bunebrivi wylebis daWuWyianebis arsebiT<br />
Sesustebas.<br />
3. bunebrivi wylebis TviTgawmendis procesebi.<br />
gauwmendavi da nawilobrivad gawmendili Camonadeni<br />
wylebi, xvdebian ra wylis obieqtebSi, iwveven maTi<br />
68
fizikuri Tvisebebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis<br />
cvlilebebs, cvlian wylis xarisxs, aWuWyianeben mas.<br />
gaWuWyianebuli wylis obieqtebSi mimdinareoben<br />
rTuli procesebi mdinaris, tbis an wyalsacavis bunebivi<br />
mdgomareobis aRsadgenad. hidrodinamikuri, bioqimiuri,<br />
qimiuri da fizikuri procesebis erTobliobas, romlebic<br />
ganapirobeben nivTierebebis koncentraciis Semciebas,<br />
uwodeben wylis masebis TviTgawmendas. imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu romeli nivTierebani da ra fazur mdgomareobaSi<br />
xvdebian wyalsatevebSi, TviTgawmendis procesSi Warbobs<br />
hidrodinamikuri, qimiuri an biologiuri procesis roli,<br />
mag. Tu Camonaden wylebSi Warbobs msxvil dispersiuli<br />
nivTierebani, TviTgawmendis procesSi arsebiTi roli<br />
miekuTvneba fskerze daleqvis procesebs, e.i. fizikur da<br />
hidrodinamikur procesebs.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom bunebrivi wylebis<br />
TviTgawmendis procesi imdenad rTulia, rom jerkidev ar<br />
aris srulyofilad Seswavlili misi yvela detali,<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT gaWuWyianebis da TviTgawmendis<br />
procesebis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg ZiriTad<br />
mimarTulebebs.<br />
1. Serevis procesebis Seswavla hidrologiuri da<br />
hidrodinamikuri faqtorebis cvalebadibis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
2. wylis xarisxis damokidebulebis dadgena<br />
Camonadenis hidrologiuri reJimisa da<br />
gamoTvliTi maxasiaTeblebisan damokidebiT.<br />
3. gamaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis qimiuri da<br />
fizikur - qimiuri gardaqmnebis Secvla.<br />
4. gamaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa transformaciis<br />
bioqimiuri procesebis gamokvleva.<br />
7.3. zRvis garemos dacva gemebis<br />
eqspluataciis dros<br />
zRvis garemos gaWuWyianebis wyaroebs gemebis<br />
eqspluataciis dros warmoqdgens energetikuli<br />
danadgarebis mier gamomuSavebuli airebi, saTbobis da<br />
zeTis narCenebi, reaqtoruli danadgarebis gamonabolqvebi,<br />
sayofacxovrebo Camonadeni wylebi, yovelmxrivi<br />
sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo nagavi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
69
gaemos dacvis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ar davuSvaT<br />
gaWuWyianebis kritikuli done.<br />
gamonabolqvi airebisagan zRvis garemos<br />
gasufTavebisa da neitralizaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi<br />
meTodebi:<br />
1. katalizuri neitralizatorebi. maT, rogorc wesi<br />
amontaJeben gamomSveb koleqtorebSi. neitralizatoebis<br />
moqmedeba emyareba arasruli wvis produqtebis ualo<br />
Jangvas.<br />
2. aalebadi neitralizatorebi. isini warmoadgenen<br />
specialur kameras sadac xdeba gamomuSavebuli airebis<br />
sruli wva 700-850º-is pirobebSi.<br />
3. kombinirebuli sistemebi. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba<br />
neitralizaciis sxvadasxva xerxi.<br />
gemidan Camonadeni wylebis neitralizaciisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba sami ZiriTadi meTodi:<br />
1. biologiuri, romelic emyareba narCenebis<br />
bioqimiur Jangvas.<br />
2. fizikuri- Seicavs filtracias, daleqvas da a.S.<br />
3. fizikur-qimiuri, uzrulvelyofs wvril<br />
dispersiuli nawilakebi koagulacias,<br />
adsorbaciad da Jangvas.<br />
navTobis produqtebis mosacileblad Camonadeni<br />
wylebisagan gamoiyeneba gawmendis uxeSi da zusti<br />
sistemebi. uxeSi gawmenda gulisxmobs navTobproduqtebis<br />
msxvil dispersiuli nawilakebisagan ganTavisuflebas,<br />
xolo zusti _ danarCeni nawilakebisagan.<br />
7.4.mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi<br />
zRvis garemos dacvis dargSi<br />
zRvis garemos dacvis problemebis warmatebiT<br />
gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod yovelmxrivi<br />
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. is<br />
iTvaliswinebs yvela saxelmwifos, maT Soris did da<br />
pataras, ganviTarebulis da ganviTarebadis, zRvispira da<br />
maTi, visa car aqvs gasasvleli zRvaze, aqtiur<br />
monawileobas.<br />
pirveli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba saxelmwifoTa<br />
Soris msoFlio okeanis dacvis Sesaxeb navTobisa da sxva<br />
saSiSi mavne nivTierebebisagan dadebuli iqna londodSi<br />
70
1954 wels.am konvenciam gansazRvra navTobis daRvris<br />
akrZaluli zonebi-CrdiloeTis da baltiis zRvebi, 1969<br />
wels maT daemata Savi da azovis zRvebi, xolo Semdeg –<br />
mTeli msoflio okeanes akvatoria.<br />
1972 wels aseve londonSi 80 saxelmwifos<br />
monawileobiT SemuSavda konvevcia , romlis danarTic<br />
Seicavda “Sav sias”-im nivTierebaTa nusxas, romelTa<br />
CaSvebac okeaneSi ikrZaleboda. maT miekuTvneba<br />
qlororganuli SenaerTebi, vercxlis wyali da misi<br />
SenaerTebi, kadmiumi da misi SenaerTebi, navTobi da<br />
navTobproduqtebi da sxv.<br />
1973 wels londonSi Catarebul konferenciaze<br />
miiRes axali axali saerTaSoriso konvencia, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac narCenebis CaSveba dasaSvebia aranakleb 12<br />
milis manZilze napiridan aranakleb 25 m siRrmeze.<br />
gansakuTrebul raionebSi, maT Soris Sav zRvaSi aikrZala<br />
narCenebis yovelgvari CaSveba.<br />
analogiuri saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi daido<br />
zRvis garemos radiaqtiuri da baqterialuri<br />
gaWuWyianebisagan dacvis dargSi.<br />
pirveli mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba<br />
zRvis radiaqtiuri gaWuWyianebasTan dakavSirebiT aris<br />
Jenevis 1958 wlis konvencia.<br />
1963 wels moskovSi daido saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekruleba birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis Sesaxeb<br />
atmosferoSi, kosmosur sivrcesa da wyalSi. amis Sedegad,<br />
dawyebuli 1964 wlidan aRiniSneba dadamiwaze<br />
radiawtiurobis mkveTri daqveiTeba.<br />
mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso aqti iyo<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis<br />
25-e sesiaze(1970w) miRebuli xelSekruleba okeaneebisa da<br />
zRvebis fskerze birTvuli da masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva<br />
iaraRis ganlagebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.<br />
1971 wels imave gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis<br />
generalurma asambleam miiRo konvencia baqteriologiuri<br />
da toqsikuri iaraRis damuSavebis, warmoebis da Senaxvis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
1982 wels Catarda gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
organizaciis me-3 konferencia. masSi monawileoba miiRo 156<br />
saxelmwifom. konferenciam miiRo axali konvevcia sazRvao<br />
71
samarTlis Sesaxeb. am konvevciis Tanaxmad is<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeba<br />
wylebi valdebulni arian miiRon zomebi, raTa gaWuWyianeba<br />
ar gavrceldes maTi suverenuli uflebebis qveS myofi<br />
raionebis gareT.<br />
msoflio okeaneSi dadgenilia 200-miliani<br />
ekonomikuri zona sanapiro saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri<br />
interesebis dacvis mizniT. am zonaSi saxelmwifos<br />
miniWebuli aqvs suverenuli uflebebi bunebrivi<br />
resursebis Ziebis, mopovebisa da damuSavebisaTvis. amave<br />
dros ekonomikuri zonaSi yvela sxva saxelmwifos ufleba<br />
eZleva gaataros Tavisi wylis da saaviacio transporti.<br />
7.5.niadagis radioaqtiur gaWuWyianebasTan brZolis<br />
meTodebi<br />
niadagis raioaqtiur gaWuWyianebasTan brZolis<br />
meTodebs Soris yvelaze aRsaniSnavia 3 _ qimiuri,<br />
eleqtruli da biologiuri meTodebi.<br />
brZolis qimiur meTods safuZvlad udevs<br />
radioaqtiuri produqtebis sorbciuli Tvisebebi. kerZod,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi niadagis gasufTaveba xdeba Sesabamisi<br />
xsnarebiT misi garecxvis Sedegad. am dros radoizotopebi<br />
niadagis saxnavi fenidan xelovnurad transportirdebian<br />
ufro Rrma fenebSi. savele cdebis pirobebSi gamrecxi<br />
nivTierebebis rolSi gamoiyeneboda qloristuli<br />
kalciumis, qlorisTuli natriumis, qloristuli rkinis,<br />
gogirdis da marilmJavas koncentrirebuli xsnarebi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom recxvis meTodi zogierTi<br />
radioizotopisaTvis gamodga araperspeqtiuli, amitom aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod nawilobrivi<br />
desorbciis Sesaxeb.<br />
savsebiT efeqturi gamodga niadagis<br />
eleqtrodezaqtivaciis meTodi, am SemTxvevaSi xdeba<br />
niadagis eleqtruli gasufTaveba radioaqtiuri<br />
gaWuWyianebisagan. meTods safuZvlad udevs ionebis<br />
eleqtro gadatanis procesi, anu eleqtruli vels<br />
moqmedebiT ionebis difuziis procesi. am meTodis arsebiTi<br />
naklia procesis naklebi siCqare.<br />
aRsaniSnavia niadagis gasufTavebis biologiuri<br />
meTodi, radioaqtiurad gaWuWyianebul niadagze Tesaven<br />
72
iseT mcenareebs, romlebic fesvTa sistemis saSualebiT<br />
intensiurad STanTqaven radioaqtiur nivTierebebs da amiT<br />
asufTaveben niadags. SemdgomSi am mcenareTagan miRebul<br />
mosavals wvaven, xolo niadagi ukve momzadebulia<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis dasaTesad.<br />
7.6.Ggvalvasa da gaudabnobasTan brZolis meTodebi<br />
cnobilia gvalvebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mravali<br />
meTodi, maT Soris yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven:<br />
atmosferuli naleqebis srul racionalur<br />
gamoyenebas, Tovlis da Tavsxma naleqebis Sekavebis<br />
gziT;<br />
niadagebis struqturis gaumjobesebas, droul<br />
Tesvas da sasuqis Setanas saTanado agroteqnikuri<br />
RonisZiebebis Catarebas.<br />
niadagis zedapiridan araproduqtiuli aorTqlebis<br />
Semcirebis mizniT mindvris damcavi tyis zolebis<br />
gaSenebas;<br />
Sesabamisi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis SerCevas;<br />
xelovnuri morwyvis yovelmxriv ganviTarebas (maT<br />
Soris xelovnuri dawvimeba, wveTovani morwyva)<br />
optimaluri datenianebis mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
morwyvis formis reJimis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli<br />
meTodebis danergvas.<br />
swored gaeros gaudabnoebasTan brZolis<br />
konvenciis miRebis Semdeg moxerxda gvalvebTan<br />
brZolis zemoT CamoTvlili da sxva meTodebis erTian,<br />
saxelmwifoebriv CarCoebSi moqceva. konvencia<br />
mouwodebs gvalvian raionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis<br />
mTavrobebs, rom Seqmnan sakonsultacio komitetebi da<br />
valdebuleba aiRon stiqiiT dazaralebul raionebSi<br />
mosaxleobis gadasarCenad, maTi cxovrebis pirobebis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad. konvencia saSualebas aZlevs<br />
qveynebs TavianTi ganviTarebis nacionalur programebSi<br />
CarTon gvalvasTan da gaudabnoebasTan brZolis<br />
RonisZiebebi.<br />
gaudabnoebasTan brZola dakavSirebulia garemos<br />
dacvis da regulirebis yvela aspeqtebTan. mTavari<br />
roli masSi miekuTvneba wylis racionalur gamoyenebas.<br />
73
swored melioraciis gziT ukanasknel aTwleulebSi<br />
CineTis CrdiloeT raionebSi aRorZinda gaudabnoebuli<br />
miwebis daaxloebiT 10%, xolo miwebis 12%<br />
teritoriaze gaudabnoebis procesi SeCerda. Sua aziis<br />
qveynebma Seqmnes aralis zRvis gadarCenis fondi,<br />
TiToeulma saxelmwifom valdebuleba aiRo gadaricxos<br />
am fondSi erovnuli Semosavlis 1%.<br />
avstraliis nacionalur programaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili ukavia gaudabnoebasTan brZolas. programaSi<br />
minawileobs fermerTa ojaxebis TiTqmis mesamedi.<br />
saxelSi moqmedebs Sveciis mTavrobis mier<br />
dafinansebuli mcenareuli safaris aRdgenis programa.<br />
programis ZiriTadi mizania bunebrivi resursebis<br />
gamoyenebis regulireba da srulyofa. is emyareba<br />
ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, saorganizacio da<br />
socialuri problemebis erTobriv analizs.<br />
1999 wlis noemberSi israelSi Catarda<br />
saerTaSoriso konferencia “gaudabnoebasTan brZola<br />
mcenareebis daxmarebiT”. cnobilia, rom xe-mcenareebi<br />
ufro naklebad arian mgrZnobiareni klimatis<br />
cvlilebis mimarT vidre erTwliani kulturebi,<br />
romlebic tens moiTxoven simwifis fazaSi. amitom<br />
mecnierTa azriT sxvadasxva jiSis xe-mcenareebi<br />
SeiZleba meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos. xeebis mTeli rigi jiSebi<br />
iyo gamoyenebuli israelis naxevradudabnoebsa da<br />
udabnoebSi, maT Soris finikis palma, leRvi, apelsini,<br />
mandarini, mango, qacvi da sxv. es gamocdileba<br />
saintereso iqneba sxva qveynebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
ganicdian gaudabnoebas.<br />
saqarTveloSi gvalvasTan brZolis istoriuli<br />
gamocdileba arsebobs. aq srulyofili irigaciuli<br />
sistemebi jer kidev saqarTvelos samefos Seqmnis dros,<br />
Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV saukuneSi arsebobda.<br />
cnobilia 7 msxvili sarwyavi sistemis arseboba,<br />
romelTaganac 5 mdinare liaxvis auzs ekuTvnoda, xolo<br />
2 – mdinare qsnis auzs. sarwyavi sistemis ganviTarebam<br />
saqarTveloSi umaRles mwvervals XI-XIII saukuneSi,<br />
74
daviT aRmaSeneblis da Tamaris mefobis dros miaRwia.<br />
amJamad saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 7 wyalsacavi.<br />
GgaudabnoebasTan brZolis garkveuli gamocdileba<br />
gaaCnia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wyalTa<br />
meurneobisa da sainJinro ekologiis instituts.<br />
instituti samuSaoebs asrulebs savele pirobebSi<br />
siRnaRis raionSi, 100heqtarian alaznis sacdelsamelioracio<br />
sadgurSi. institutis gamokvlevebis<br />
safuZvelze damuSavebulia, aprobirebulia da<br />
warmoebaSi gamocdilia Zlier da saSualod<br />
damlaSebuli niadagebis aTvisebis sruli cikli,<br />
romelic safuZvlad daedo 1970-ian wlebSi<br />
damlaSebul-gaudabnoebuli masivebis (alazani, lakbe)<br />
farTo masStabiT aTvisebas.<br />
gaudabnoebasTan sabrZolvelad SeiZleba warmatebiT<br />
iqnas gamoyenebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
hidrometeorologiis institutis specialistebis mier<br />
SemuSavebuli naleqebis xelovnurad gamowvevis meTodi.<br />
aRniSnuli meTodi aprobirebuli iyo jer kidev<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi.<br />
75
ZiriTadi literatura<br />
1. Г.Н.Белозеровский, В.С.Вуглинский и др. Основы<br />
геоэкологии.СПб, Изд.Университета, 1994.<br />
2. Г.Н.Белозеровский. Введение в глобальную экологию.<br />
СПб, Изд.Университета, 2002.<br />
3.М.И.Будыко. Глобальная экология.М.,1977.<br />
4.А.М.,.Владимиров, Ю.И.Ляхин, Л.Т.Матвеев, В.Г.Орлов. Охрана<br />
окружающей среды. М.,1991.<br />
damxmare literatura<br />
1.m.alfeniZe, e.elizbaraSvili, k.xaraZe. zogadi fizikuri<br />
geografia. Tb., 2003.<br />
2.e.gugava, g.melaZe. mcenareTa <strong>ekologia</strong>. Tb., 2003.<br />
3.i.eliava, g.naxucriSvili, g.qajaia. ekologiis<br />
safuZvlebi. Tb., 1992.<br />
4.g.melaZe. <strong>ekologia</strong> agrometeorologiis safuZvlebiT.<br />
Tb., 1998.<br />
5.m.melaZe. agrometeorologia. Tb.2008.<br />
6. n. mrevliSvili. saqarTvelos geologia. Tb., 1997.<br />
7.Э.Ш.Элизбарашвили, М.Э.Элизбарашвили. Основные<br />
проблемы климатологии ландшафтов. Тб., 2006.<br />
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