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PARADIGMA-PARADIGMA PEMBANGUNAN - WordPress.com

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CHANGES IN BOTH THEORY AND POLICY PRESCRIPTIONSARISE MAINLY FROM THE FOLLOWINGFIVE SOURCES:First, there is learning. As our empirical and theoretical knowledge-baseenlarges, new theoretical propositions, or new evidence concerning eitherresounding real-world successes or conspicuous real world failures,be<strong>com</strong>e apparent. These feed into new theoretical or empirical paradigms.Second, there are changes in ideology. As different power-elites ascendand wane, their ideologies ascend and wane with them. New ideologiesprovide new prisms through which to view both old theories and old policyprescriptions. When they are inconsistent with new fundamental values,they must be reformulated so as to achieve congruence.Third, there are (exogenous?) changes in the internationalenvironment. When major technological innovations, such as the Industrialor the Communications revolutions, or major global institutionaltransformations, such as the Post Bretton Woods architecture of the globalfinancial system, take place, they can have major implications for boththeory and policy. They can raise new issues, open new opportunities, orclose old ones.Fourth, there are changes in domestic institutions, constraints andaspirations. The dynamics of development themselves fundamentallyrestructure institutions, relax some constraints while tightening others, andbring new aspirations to the fore.Fifth, there is the culture of the discipline, which serves to structure theart of discourse and manner of argumentation in the discipline. It determineshow the previous four sources of change are incorporated into theories andmodels.

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