saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (47), 2011 ART SCIENCE ...

Teatrmcodneoba7

maia goSaZenekrofilia fromiseuladyvelaferi, rasac aryofnidan yofnaSi gadavyavarTSemoqmedebaa,ambobda platoni. yofna yovelive arsebulissakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT, garedanganusazRvrel-ganupirobebeli TviTobiT aRqma-gancdisgamomxatvelia da imavdroulad, mxolod awmyoseuliSesaZleblobebisa da mdgomareobis gamomxatveli.TviTonac upirvelesad awmyoSi `yofnisas~ vlindeba,latenturi arsebobis inertulobidan Tavs aRwevs darealizdeba. swored awmyosadmi mimarTebas, adamianiswamyvani fsiqikuri tendenciis, _ sicocxlis moyvareobisan moZuleobis umTavres gamomxatvelad miiCnevdafsiqologi erix fromi.fromis mier biofiliad Seracxuli sicocxlismoyvareoba, sicocxlis yovelTvis mxolod awmyoSimoZrav stiqiaSi CarTulobisken swrafvaSi vlindeba,_ awmyos muRamis gancdaSi vlindeba (pasternakiseulimelodiurobiT mJRer sityvebSic, rom gamosWvivisùkvdavebaa Tavad sicocxle – “жизнь и бессмертьеодно“). 1nekrofiliad (mkvdaris rogorc inertulis,ucvlelis,araSemoqmedebiTis moyvareobis gamomxatvelis)fromis mier Seracxuli sicocxlis moSiSi da moZulefsiqikuri tendencia ki swored Sedegze da araprocesze, flobaze da ara Ziebaze, erTxel da samudamod,aTvisebul-Sesisxlxorcebulis naWuWSi gaxvevaze daara cnobierebis zrdasa da gafarToebaze mimarTebaSivlindeba, _ awmyoseuli realobisgan mudmiv gaucxoebadistancirebaSivlindeba.procesis SedegSi, moZravis uZravSi, warmavliswaruvalSi, mokvdavis ukvdavSi STanTqmis, _ sicocxlis8

samudamo sakuTrebaSi miRebis,samudamod mopovebul,uZravSedegad qcevis, _ erTxel da samudamod damsaxurebulinetarebis obieqtad qcevis mania sikvdilis instinqtismSobadsa da masazrdoebel STagonebis wyarod gvevlinebapatrik ziuskindis romanSi `parfiumeri~.nebismier viTarebaSi, nebismier drosa da sivrceSiyofnisgan ganurCevlad, yovelTvis mainc armyofi, _Tvalxilulobis miuxedavad, arsebulis mudam daunaxaviziuskindis romanis gmiri,parfiumeri Jan batist grinuei,avtorisve TqmiT `yvelafers esenciis msgavsad kvaldakvalaRiqvamda, rogorc warsulis sulis matarebelsa daawmyoTi xelSeuxebels~. 2awmyosgan mudam gaucxoebuli,awmyos mudam miuRebeli,awmyoSi mudam armyofi ziuskindiseuli parfiumeri,Jan batist grinuei, yovelTvis swored aq da amJamadsicocxlis moZravi stiqiis uarmyofeli sikvdilisinstinqtis, _ nekrofiliis (fromiseuli gagebiT)gansaxierebad gvevlineba.yovelive cocxalis,_ Sesabamisad moZravis,cvalebadis,mzardisa da ganviTarebadis da imavdroulad warmavalswraflmavalismoZule parfiumeriis genia ukvdavisurnelebis SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnisa da flobismaniiT iyo Sepyrobili. edemiseuli da imavdrouladwaruvali sunamos Seqmnas ki swored warmavalis,Sesabamisad cocxalis mokvdinebis Sedegad aRwevs.netarebis momgvrel surnelebaTa adre Tu gvianqrobadobis gardauvalobasTan brZolis ziuskindiseuliparfiumeris Jini, arsebiTad, swored mudmivi Zalisxmevisgamovlenis momTxovni,warmaval-swraflmavali cxovrebisTavad procesis erTxel da samudamod mopovebul uZravSedegSi gaxevebis, sanukvar momavlad aRqmul edemiseulidiliis netar inertulobaSi dabrunebis ukvdav ocnebaswarmoaCens.TviTmoqmedi idiliis wiaRSi uSfoTvelad miZinebis,usasrulo `hefi-endad~ qceuli cxovrebis ùkvdav~9

maia goSaZesakuTrebaSi miRebis survili ziuskindiseul romanSi,siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT edemSi dabrunebis iluziisSTamberavi sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniis saxiTvlindeba. saamur surnelebaTa dapyrobis swrafvaSi,pirvel warmatebas parfiumeri yvavilebis Tavisuflebiskenmswraf aromatebze borkilebis dadebiT aRwevs.zRva yvavilebis Wknobis, mokvdinebis, svel `gvamebad~qcevis sanaxaobiT monusxuli parfiumeri kuprSiaduRebuli surnelovani sulis mesakuTred iqceoda.aromatizirebuli qonisgan damzadebuli, edemiseulisurnelebis mfrqveveli sunamos SeynosvisTanave adamiansmaradiuli axalgazrdobisa da netarebis mopovebisgancda eufleboda. cxovreba maSinve siberisa dasikvdilis gardauvalobisgan, yovelgvari Zalisxmevisgamovlenis saWiroebisgan, _ zogadad nebismieri saxisprocesSi myofobisgan Tavisufal uZrav Sedegadiqceoda, _ TviTmoqmed idiliis uZrav peizaJad iqceoda.gafiqrebisTanave, yvela survilis aRmsrulebel edemSivirtualurad dabrunebuli, erTxel da samudamodmopovebul netarebaSi (cxeli wyliT gavsebul abazanaSiCamjdariviT) xevdeboda.swored mokvdavi aromatis mimTvisebeli ukvdavisurogati, _ WeSmaritad cocxali aromatisTvis sulisamomxdeli aduRebuli kupris naxarSi afrqvevda edemiseulsurnelebas, ukvdavebasTan ziarebis momnusxvel iluziasaziarebda mis Semynosavebs. swored aduRebuli kuprissamflobelos Semoqmedi iqca kuprSive `gamomcxvari~edemis avtorad, _ marad moZravi warmavlobis uZravimaradisobiT Canacvlebisken swrafvis sayovelTao maniismasazrdoeblad.waruvali bednierebis iluziis STamberavi produqciaswored warmavalis damTrgunavi, _ WeSmaritad cocxaliaromatisTvis sulis amomxdeli cnobierebis pirmSonayofadgvevlineba.sagulisxmoa rom RvTaebrivi surnelebis marad10

nekrofilia fromiseuladmomavlisken, saiqiosa Tu ucxo planetebisken momzirali,aswleulebisa Tu aTaswleulebis Semdgom cxovrebasrom Senatris, nebismieri siSoresa da xangrZlivobasgulgaxsnil-xelgaSlili rom egebeba mudam karCaketili,Zunwi da Seuvali swored arsebulis mimarT rCeba, _iqneba es yofiTi Tu Sinagani `realoba~, Sinagani xma Tumowodeba. erTaderTi rac mis gulsa da suls ar ekareba,risi aRqma-gancda da gaazreba ar surs, yofniseulimimarTebis momTxovni realobaa.swored momavliT gaTenebamde ZilquSidan gamosvlisarmsurvelad, TiTqos marTlac dabadebamdel, netarinertulobaSi dabrunebis msurvelad gvevlineba Cexovisgmiri kinomsaxiobTa Teatriseul àlublis baRSi~.giorgi margvelaSvilis mier dadgmul speqtaklSi,TeTri alublis edemis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa, _mudam awmyos acdenilsa da am acdenilobaSi TiTqosurTierTamreklav oreulTa wyvilebad qceul gmirTainfantiluri samyaros protagonistad ranevskaia (nineliWankvetaZe) gvevlineba; mis Tavisebur, _ arsobriv daara erTi medlis ori mxaris warmomCenn antipodad, _mudam garedan gapirobebulobaze apelirebadi umweobisuarmyofelad ki lopaxini.mTeli speqtaklis manZilze mudam Seusmenelilopaxini (gia roiniSvilis SesrulebiT) ara mxolodranevskaias mier uaryofil Tayvanismcemlad, ara mxolodmis Tavisebur alternativad, _ arsebobis gansxvavebuliSesaZleblobebis warmomCenad, aramed alublis baRismaradiul mkvidrTa mier Seusmeneli maTive Sinagani xmis,Seucnobadi da amdenad dakarguli `sinamdvilisa~ daSesaZleblobebis personificirebad gmirad iqceva.speqtaklSi lopaxini siyvaruls uxsnis pirdapirigagebiT. smenadaxSul ranevskaias,dawolis win,xmaurisagandamcav sacobebs yurebSi rom Caidgams, daZinebis amaomcdelobis Semdeg warmomdgari ki zardaxSidan amoRebuliraRac qaRaldebis Tvalierebas iwyebs. sanam ranevskaia,13

nekrofilia fromiseuladrolSi erTdroulad aRmoCenili, gamorTmevisTanavehaerSi moisvris. lopaxinis mier akrefili yvavilebisxelmeored gamorTmevisTanave ranevskaia imave Jestsimeorebs, _ odnav onavruli keklucobiT Serbilebuli,magram TiTqos raRac iracionaluri yovlismflangvelobisbrma sijiutiT.ziuskindis romanSi swored momavlis ukvdavsayofad`sulamoxdili~ yvavilebis msgavsad, kinomsaxiobTaTeatris scenaze mimofantuli, zed gadavlisa dagaTelvis TiTqos uxilav obieqtad qceuli yvavilebi,sicocxlis yovelTvis swored awmyoSi moZravi,warmavalswraflmavalistiqiis usasrulod ganmeorebadiuaryofis niSan-xatad gvevlinebian.miwisqveSa gamoqvabulSi Zilis moyvaruli parfiumerismsgavsad, ranevskaia nineli WankvetaZis SesrulebiT,sicocxlis marad moZrav stiqias daxSuli sivrcisuZraobaSi, _ arsebiTad misive ucvleli cnobierebisTaviseburad proecirebad uZraobaSi gaurbis, _ xangaremomcvelebisgan Tavs (ufrosebisgan damalulibavSviviT) wignebis karadas afarebs, xan ki Zvelmanebisdamtev skivrSi Cawveba da am saxiT stovebs,ufro sworedki am saxiT gaaqvT dakarguli mamulidan.aryofnis netar inertulobaSi,_ samyarosTan pirveladi,edemiseuli, harmoniis inertulobaSi gaxevebiskenmswraf alublis baRis mkvidrTa scenuri istoriaganxorcielebadis ganuxorcieleblobis, gansacdelisganucdelobis, aRsaqmelis aRuqmelobis, SesmenadisSeusmelobis Sinagan istorias warmoaCens.ama Tu im saxiT moazrebuli gapirobebulobiswinaSe individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebisSegrZneba, swored arsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebisZiebisgan gaqcevis,_ sakuTar `fexze~ wamodgomis nacvladuzenaes sazrisze amaRlebuli nostalgiis kvarcxlbekzegaSeSebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.yofna-aryofnis dilema, sikvdil-sicocxles Soris15

maia goSaZe(cxadia egzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT) arCevaniswored ùkvdav~ Sedegsa da `mokvdav~ process SorisarCevanSi vlindeba, _ maradisobiT dajildovebis imediTaTu moTxovniT, yovelive amJamad arsebulis, mocemulis,realizebadis gaufasurebasa da yovelgvari gasaCivrebisgareSe, swored awmyoSi, arsebulSi, mocemulSi sakuTariSesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT cxovrebas SorisarCevanSi vlindeba.1. Борис Пастернак.Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, с. 225.2. Патрик Зюскинд. Парфюмер, М., 1967, с. 43.3. uiliam Seqspiri.tragediebi, Tb., t.3, 1987, gv. 227.4. William Shakespeare. Tragedies, L. 2001. p. 167.5. Антон Чехов. Рассказы, повести, пьесы. М., 1967, с. 654.6. Платон, Пир. м. 1969, с. 76.7. ix.: Эрих Фромм, Душа человека. М., 1984.16

kulturis menejmenti17

18nino sanadiraZekulturis sferos produqtebi dasaxeebiekonomistebis, marketingisa da bazris kvlevisspecialistebis ganmartebiT, produqti aris sargeblisnakrebi myidvelis TvalsazrisiT. produqtis aRweramisi teqnikuri parametrebis an simboluri faseulobismixedviTaa SesaZlebeli, rac sabolood, realuran warmosaxviTi sargeblis nakrebs warmoadgens.momxmareblebi iyeneben TavianT finansebs calkeuliproduqtis SesaZenad sakuTari survilebisa da saWiroebisSesabamisad.nebismieri kompaniisaTvis produqti ganisazRvreba,rogorc teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis nakrebi, romelicsxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeba mwarmoebeli kompaniismier. sxvadasxva adamianis TvalTaxedvidan produqtisxvadasxvagvarad xasiaTdeba: Tu erTisTvis warmoadgensmaterialuri komponentebis nakrebs, meoresTvis, igiveproduqti, saqonlis (sasaqonlo) xarisxis seriasSeiZleba niSnavdes.momxmareblis mier produqtebis klasifikaciasxvadasxvagvarad xdeba da ganisazRvreba moxmarebismoculobis Sesabamisad, romelsac iyenebs (xarjavs)momxmarebeli da sabolood jgufdeba Semdegnairad:• yoveldRiuri moTxovnis an pirveladi moxmarebissaqoneli;• dagegmili sayidlebi;• specialuri asortimentis saqoneli;yoveldRiuri saqoneli aris is saqoneli, romelsacmomxmarebeli xSirad yidulobs da TiTqmis ar eZebsgansazRvruli savaWro niSnis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tumomxmarebels ar surs Sors mdebare supermarketSiwasvla,Cveuli savaWro niSnis (markis) rZis,puris an sxva,

uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia SeiZinos nebismierisxva savaWro niSnis produqti, romelic mezobel anaxlo mdebare maRaziaSi iyideba.dagegmili produqtebi (SenaZenebi) xSiraddakavSirebulia gansazRvruli an gamorCeuli savaWroniSnis produqtebTan, romlis gamoc momxmarebelimzadaa gamoiyenos mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva da miiRosspecialuri SeTavazeba an ipovos sasurveli produqti.dagegmili sayidlebis dros momxmarebeli uars ambobsSemTxveviT SeTavazebul nebismieri sxva savaWro niSnis(markis) produqtze, _ Tu misTvis sasurveli produqtiar iqneba maRaziaSi, is yvela Zalisxmevas gamoiyenebs daecdeba SeiZinos zustad misTvis sasurveli produqti.specialuri asortimentis saqonlis kategoriaSi,sxva danarCen maRali brendebis kategoriebTan erTad,kulturis produqtebic moiazrebian: momxmarebelssurs gansazRvruli Sous an filmis naxva, sayvareliSemsruleblis gansazRvruli Canaweris SeZena.momxmarebeli ar dauSvebs kompromiss da ZalRonesar daiSurebs winaswar SeiZinos bileTi, idges rigSian gaiaros sxvadasxva manZili misTvis sasurveliproduqtis misaRebad an sanaxavad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,kulturis produqti, SeiZleba miekuTvnos dagegmilisayidlis kategoriasac. magaliTad,musikaluri Canawerisan kulturis mza produqtebis SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebelieZebs sxvadasxva kategoriaSi misTvis sasurvel CanawersaTu produqts.produqtebis umetesoba xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadikomponentiT:1. ZiriTadi produqti an TviT obieqti;2. Tanmxlebi momsaxureba;3. faseuloba, – simboluri, emociuri an raime sxvafaseuloba, romelsac momxmareblebi am Tu im produqtsaniWeben.kulturis sferos produqtebi gansakuTrebul19

nino sanadiraZeproduqtTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian da specialuriasortimentis rigSi ganixilebian. Tanamedrovemkvlevrebi kulturis produqts „rTuli produqtebis“kategoriasac akuTvneben.kulturis produqti: rTuli produqti _ produqtissirTule SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos misi(produqtis) specifikuri Taviseburebebidan,momxmareblismier miniWebuli maxasiaTeblebis an TviT produqtisdamaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare. zogierTiproduqti miiCneva ufro rTulad, maTi teqnikurispecifikidan gamomdinare, radganac momxmareblisaganmoiTxovs mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas – aRiqvas da Seafasosproduqtis Taviseburebani. magaliTad, gamoucdelimyidveli,romelic pirvelad iZens personalur kompiuters,awydeba teqnikur sirTuleebs, rac iwvevs kompiuterisSeZenasTan dakavSirebul emociur daZabulobas. axalimanqanis SeZenamde momxmarebels SeuZlia rCeva hkiTxosmegobrebs, vinaidan maTi azri mniSvnelovania SerCevisrTul procesSi. igive momxmarebeli sxva „Cveulebrivan martiv“ produqtebs avtomaturad SeiZens, rogorc esxdeba yoveldRiuri moxmarebis saqonlis umravlesobisSeZenis dros, yvelanairi daZabulobisa da CarevisgareSe.kulturis produqtebis umravlesoba ganisazRvrebarogorc rTuli produqti, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,rodesac isini saWiroeben specialur codnas an efuZnebianabstraqtul cnebebs,romlebic momxmareblisgan moiTxovengansakuTrebuli Sefasebis unars. sirTule miT ufroizrdeba, rodesac momxmarebeli ar icnobs produqtisgansazRvrul tips an Taviseburebas. miuxedavad amisa,kulturis sfero moicavs rogorc rTul, aseve naklebadrTul produqtebsac,rac gulisxmobs iseTi produqtebiskategorias,romlebSic gamoyenebulia Zalzed konkretuli,martivi ideebi. aseT produqtebs xSirad popularuliproduqtebi ewodeba. pop-musika da samer-stok Teatri20

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi(Summer stock theatre, - „msubuqi“ Teatris nairsaxeoba)SeiZleba CaiTvalos martiv produqtad, klasikursimfoniur repertuarTan an avangardul speqtaklTanSedarebiT Teatri („msubuqi“ Teatris nairsaxeoba)SeiZleba CaiTvalos martiv produqtad, klasikursimfoniur repertuarTan an avangardul speqtaklTanSedarebiT.produqtze saubrisas mniSvnelovania ganisazRvrostermini – produqtis xazi, romelic gulisxmobsyvela im produqtTa jgufs, romlebic sakmaodmWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. termini„produqtis xazis siRrme“ gamoiyeneba erTi produqtisxazSi SemoTavazebuli sxvadasxva nimuSis raodenobisaRwerisaTvis. wignis maRaziaSi SeZenili romanebiwarmoadgenen produqtis xazs. periodika, leqsikonebi dasabavSvo wignebi, _ warmoadgenen erTi tipis produqtissam sxvadasxva xazs. produqtis narevi Sedgeba erTikompaniis mier SemoTavazebuli yvela xazisagan. magaliTad,Teatraluri dasi, romelic ucxo qveyanaSi gastrolzeuCvenebs mxolod erT warmodgenas, mayureblisaTviswarmoadgens erTi mwarmoeblis, mxolod erT produqts.am SemTxvevaSi xazis an narevis idea ubralod ararsebobs. Teatraluri dasi, romelsac mudmivi scenaaqvs da sezonis manZilze ramdenime warmodgenas marTavspremieris CaTvliT, hyavs Tavisi mudmivi momxmarebelida Tavis mayurebels sTavazobs produqtis xazs. yovelispeqtakli,miuxedavad sxvadasxva Teatraluri esTetikisada Janrisa, sxvadasxva reJisorisa da msaxiobebisa,ekuTvnis produqtis erT kategorias – „Teatri“ dawarmoadgens erTi mwarmoeblis mier Seqmnil calkeulproduqts. sagamomcemlo saxli an studia, romelicaseve awarmoebs kulturis produqtebs TavianTiwarmoebuli produqtebiT, momxmarebels sTavazobswarmoebuli produqtebis narevs, Teatraluri dasi kiwarmoadgens produqtebis xazs, romelsac momxmarebels21

nino sanadiraZeTanmimdevrulad sTavazobs. produqtebis narevis cnebaiolad gamosayenebelia im kompaniebis mimarT, romelTaamocanasac warmoadgens sxvadasxva gasarTobi RonisZiebisgavrceleba. prezenteri an promouteri momxmarebelssTavazobs sxvadasxva produqts (warmodgena, klasikurmusika,qoreografia,Sou),romelTagan TiToeuli arsebobsrogorc produqtis xazi,momxmarebeli ki iRebs, rogorcproduqtebis narevs. xelovnebisa da kulturis msxvilcentrebsa da organizaciebs SeuZlia Teatraluri xazis,sabaleto xazisa da sxvaTa calkeulad SeTavazebamaSin, rodesac mcire centrebsa da mcire masStabianorganizaciebs SeuZliaT mxolod SezRuduli narevisSeTavazeba,romelSic iqneba mxolod ramdenime produqtisxazi, romelTagan yoveli SeiZleba Seicavdes mxoloderT produqts.kulturis organizaciebs, TavianT ZiriTadproduqtebTan erTad, aqvT saSualeba da SesaZleblobaSeqmnan Tanmxlebi produqtebis seria, romlebic ZiriTadproduqtebTan iqnebian kavSirSi da mainc warmoadgenendamoukidebeli produqtebis xazs. simfoniur orkestrsSeuZlia momxmareblisaTvis sakoncerto abonementisSeTavazeba, sakuTari repertuaris kompaqt-diskze Cawerada amave dros sareklamo sagnebis, magaliTad, maisurebisgayidva.Tanmxlebi produqtebis gayidvebsa da marketingisgamoyenebas,kulturis sferos sxvadasxva organizaciasTanerTad, yvelaze warmatebiT, muzeumebi mimarTaven.kulturis sferos organizaciebis marketingimWidrodaa dakavSirebuli auditoriis gafarToebisada amasTan, mudmivi momxmareblis cnebis Seqmnisa damomxmarebelTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis saqmianobasTan.magaliTad, muzeumebs, mudmivi da droebiTi gamofenebisCatarebasTan erTad,SeuZliaT SesTavazon saganmanaTlebloda kulturuli RonisZiebebi, master–klasebis,eqskursiebisa da konferenciebis CaTvliT. muzeumTa22

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebiumetesobas aqvs agreTve kafe, restorani da suvenirebismaRazia. muzeumebis mier SemoTavazebuli gafarToebuliproduqtis narevisa da mTavar produqtTan urTierTobasaSualebas iZleva gazardos Semosavlebi da gazardosdamoukidebeli Semosavlebis SesaZlebloba. damoukidebeliSemosavali dakavSirebulia kulturis sferosorganizaciebis unarTan, _ miiRos Semosavali sakuTariZalisxmevis xarjze, gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo saxsrebismozidvisa da subsidiebisagan, Semowirulobebisagan da a.S. gansxvavebiT yvela im danarCeni saxsrebisagan, rasacmoziduli saxsrebi ewodeba. Semosavlebis damoukidebladmiReba gulisxmobs saxsrebis im wyaroebis gamoyenebas,romlebic umeteswilad dakavSirebulia momxmarebelTamomsaxurebasTan. msgavsi tipis saxsrebs miekuTvneba:• Sesvlis safasuri / bileTis fasi;• sacalo vaWroba – maRazia, an sasuvenire vaWroba;• kvebis obieqtebi;• ijaris safasuri;• sxvadasxva RonisZiebis, prezentaciisa dagansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebis mowyobiT miRebuliSemosavlebi;• saganmanaTleblo programebi;• sagamomcemlo saqmianoba da informaciissaSualebebi;• saxelSekrulebo momsaxureba.kulturis sferos obieqtebi (filmebi, gamofenebi,wignebi, koncertebi da sxv.) ganixileba koordinirebuliproduqtis narevis saxiT, romelTa sxvadasxva nawiliTvaWroba unda iyos urTierTgamaZlierebeli faqtorebi dadamatebiTi saxsrebis mosazidad Catarebuli RonisZiebebi.Tanamedrove msoflioSi moqmedi muzeumebis ori mesamediTavis momxmarebels sxvadasxva tipis momsaxurebassTavazobs: biblioTekas, arqivs, kino da sakonferenciodarbazs, suvenirebis maRazias da restorans an kafes da sxv.garda zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebisa,kulturis23

nino sanadiraZesferos produqti xasiaTdeba Semdegi gansakuTrebuligansxvavebebiTac:• xarisxi da gansakuTrebuloba _ gansakuTrebuliwarmomavloba, istoriuli mniSvneloba da warmoebisiSviaTi teqnologia;• niSan-Tvisebebi _ masalis iSviaTi saxeoba da nivTiseqskluziuri warmoeba,nivTis istoriuli mniSvnelobada a. S.;• produqtis stili da dizaini.kulturis produqtebis ganzomileba _ gardadamaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebisa, arsebobs kulturisproduqtis, rogorc nawarmoebis, ganxilvis sxvadasxvaxerxi, romelic kulturis produqtis mxatvruliRirebulebis sami ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba da SedarebiTi,teqnikuri da araZiriTadi, anu meorexarisxovani,ganzomilebebis saxeliTaa cnobili.SedarebiTi ganzomileba momxmarebels aZlevssaSualebas sxvadasxva kriteriumze (dargi,Janri,istoriada a. S.) dayrdnobiT ganixilos produqti gansazRvrulkonteqstSi. SedarebiTi kriteriumebis raodenoba izrdebaan mcirdeba konkretuli momxmareblis gamocdilebis anmis mier produqtis codnis Sesabamisad. es ganzomilebagansazRvravs produqts, rogorc amJamad arsebul,agreTve adre arsebul produqtTan SedarebiT. magaliTad,Tanamedrove qoreografiis nawarmoebi SeiZleba Sefasdesrogorc produqti imave programis sxva nomrebTanSedarebiT, imave baletmaisteris sxva nawarmoebebTan ancekvis sxva stilTan (moderni, jazi da sxva) SedarebiT.xdeba Sefaseba imisa, Tu ra adgili ukavia produqtskonkretul bazarze, sad arsebobs an arsebobdnen sxvaproduqtebi. urTierTkavSirebis es rTuli sistemaganmartavs, ratomaa amdenad daujereblad rTulikritikosis amocana: man unda icodes yvela es sxvadasxvaaTvlis wertili. SedarebaTa sistemis sirTule xsnis,agreTve,Tu ratomaa zogierTi kulturis produqti sxvaze24

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi(meore produqtze) popularuli. magaliTad, saSualomomxmarebeli adreuli asakidan ismens popularul musikasda amgvarad wlebis ganmavlobaSi iZens gamocdilebas,romelic axdens misi gemovnebis formirebas; sabaletowarmodgena ki yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ar aris farTodgavrcelebuli da amitom xelovnebis es forma saSualoan SemTxveviTi momxmareblisaTvis naklebad gasagebia.teqnikuri ganzomileba Seicavs produqtis teqnikurda materialur komponentebs im saxiT, romliTacmomxmarebeli iRebs maT. es SeiZleba iyos TviTproduqti (skulptura), matarebeli (firfita an wigni)an nawarmoebis Sesrulebis komponenti (speqtakli, Sou).momxmarebeli, romelic yidulobs kompaqt-disks, iZensmxatvruli nawarmoebis teqnikur ganzomilebas. magramimave momxmarebels mayureblis saxiT SeuZlia naxos(dainaxos) teqnikuri ganzomileba rogorc nawarmoebisnawili, magram ar SeuZlia flobdes mas. nebismierSemTxvevaSi teqnikuri ganzomileba gavlenas axdensproduqtis xarisxze.araZiriTadi anu meorexarisxovani ganzomilebadakavSirebulia warmosaxviT garemoebebTan, romlebicaxlavs produqtis aRqmas. xelovnebis nawarmoebis orjersruliad erTnairad danaxva SeuZlebelia – erTi daigive adamianisTvisac ki. momxmareblis aRqma produqtisSefasebaSi warmoadgens Zireul da garduval komponents.igive SeiZleba iTqvas im konteqstis aRqmazedac,romelSic warmodgenilia produqti. magaliTad, peizaJisxvadasxvanairad gamoiyureba mzis Casvlisa da dRiszecis fonze. ufro metic, personas, romelic aRiqvamsproduqts, SeiZleba qondes sxvadasxva ganwyoba, fizikurimdgomareoba, garemo da sxva, romlebic gansazRvrulrols TamaSobs produqtis saerTo aRqmaSi da gavlenasaxdens momxmareblis azrze.kulturis sferos produqtebis maxasiaTeblebis dasxvadasxva ganzomilebaze saubrisas mniSvnelovani da25

nino sanadiraZegasaTvaliswinebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli garemoeba,romelsac gansakuTrebuli anu cocxali garemoeba SeiZlebavuwodoT da romliTac xasiaTdeba saSemsrulebloxelovnebis sfero. miuxedavad imisa, rom momxmareblisaRqma kulturis yvela produqtisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani(kulturis sferos produqtebi maxasiaTeblebisada sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT), gansakuTrebulrols TamaSobs saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi, sadacmsaxiobis ganwyobileba, misi fizikuri mdgomareoba damis mier mayureblisa Tu msmenelis reaqciis aRqma asevewarmoadgens araZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenasaxdenen produqtis xarisxze da kidev erTxel amtkiceben,rom xelovnebis am saxeobaSi is ar SeiZleba iyos orjerda metjer absoluturad erTnairi, da dasturdeba isfaqti, rom xelovnebis am saxeobaSi aRqmis xarisxiar SeiZleba iyos orjer an metjer absoluturaderTnairi.kulturis sferos produqtebis warmoebismaxasiaTeblebi - kulturis sferos produqtebiswarmoebisas mniSvnelovani yuradReba eniWeba ekonomikisZiriTadi kanonebis codnasac, Tumca ar eqvemdebarebamxolod da mxolod ekonomikur kanonebsa da wesebs.kulturis sferos marTvisas mniSvnelovania kulturismmarTvelobiTi bunebis codnac, radganac menejmentikulturis sferoSi (mmarTvelobiTi funqcia) ar undamoqmedebdes, mxolod momxmareblis moTxovnilebaTaganviTarebaze, aramed menejmentma unda Seqmnas pirobebiukve arsebuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.kulturis produqtis sasicocxlo cikli _samyaroSi,yvelaferi,adamianiT dawyebuli da warmoebuliproduqciiT damTavrebuli ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba.cneba sasicocxlo ciklis produqtebis mimarTacgamoiyeneba, radganac kacobriobis manZilze araerTiproduqti yofila aqtualuri da mniSvnelovani,romlebic daviwyebas miscemia da istoriad qceula26

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi(magaliTad, papirusi, kalami da samelne, gramofonida firsakravi da a. S.). mogvianebiT warmatebuliproduqtebi gamosayeneblad ufro moxerxebuli, ufroefeqtiani produqtebiT Seicvala, romlebic ukeTakmayofileben momxmareblis moTxovnebs, vidre maTiwinamorbedni. produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis kvlevebida warmodgenebi aucilebelia, radganac teqnologiebisganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba rogorc momxmareblismoTxovnileba, ise gemovnebac. teqnologiuri progresida gemovneba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli fenomenia,romlebsac gavlena aqvT erTmaneTze da dakavSirebuliawarmoebuli produqtebis sicocxlisunarianobaze.produqtis sasicocxlo cikli oTxi stadiisganSedgeba da Znelia imis mtkiceba, Tu, romel stadiazeaRmoCndeba produqti ama Tu im dros da romel fazazeiqneba esa Tu is produqti warmatebuli.• produqtis gatana bazarze;• zrda;• bazris gajereba;• kleba - moTxovnilebis vardna.bazarze gatana - produqtis sasicocxlo ciklisganxilvisas, axali produqtis bazarze gatana xasiaTdebaneli gasaRebiT,finansuri danakargebiTa da konkurentebisararsebobiT. bazarze gatanis etapi SeuZlebeliaganisazRvros,radganac garefaqtorebze da momxmarebelTagamoxmaurebazea damokidebuli. momxmareblis ZiriTadimasa rac ufro male Seicvlis Tavis Cvevebs dagaiTavisebs siaxles, miT ufro swrafad iqneba miRweulizrdis stadia. produqtis bazarze damkvidrebis procesiSeiZleba Seneldes sxvadasxva gamomwvevi mizezisgamo: es SeiZleba iyos gavrcelebisa da distribuciisqseli, romelic zRudavs axal produqtTan miaxloebas,konkurenti kompaniebis swrafi ganviTareba, analogiuriproduqtebis dawinaureba, maRali fasi, konservatulibunebis momxmarebeli, romlebic eWvis TvaliT uyurebs27

nino sanadiraZesiaxles, da sxva.gamocdilebisa da bazris kvlevebis mixedviT, bazarzeproduqtis yvelaze maRali gasayidi fasi bazarzegatanis stadiaSi fiqsirdeba, _ rodesac mwarmoebelsuwevs gaweuli xarjebis dafarva. maRalia ara martosaqonlis erTeulis warmoebis Rirebuleba,aramed gasayidfass emateba produqtis garantiisa da momxmarebelTankomunikaciis xarjebic (reklama,PR da a. S.). mwarmoebelmaaseve unda gaiTvaliswinos momxmareblis moTxovnebisSesabamisad warmoqmnili damatebiTi xarjebis procentic,romelic SesaZloa moxmardes produqtis srulyofasada damuSavebas.zrda - bazarze produqtis aTviseba zrdis stadiaSiSedis da ganixileba momxmarebelTa dainteresebismixedviT. axali produqtis ganxilvisa da bazarzegatanis dros momxmarebelTa dainteresebis ricxvi ufromniSvnelovania, vidre gayiduli produqtis raodenoba.moTxovnis gazrdis procesi SesaZlebels xdis iseTimniSvnelovani nabijebis SesaZleblobas, rogoricaafasis gazrda an daweva, SeTavazebebis arealis gazrda daaxali sareklamo kampaniis dawyeba. es stadia xasiaTdebagayidvebis da konkurenciis sakmaod didi gazrdiT,radganaxla bazars SeuZlia SeiTavsos sxva konkurentebic. axalimomxmareblis gamoCena mwarmoebels aZlevs sakmarisiSemuSavebis (mogebis) SesaZleblobas ise, rom safrTxear Seuqmnas ukve arsebuli kompaniebis gasavlianobas.am periodSi saqonlis samomxmareblo seqtorSi izrdebamomxmareblis raodenoba da individualuri gamoyenebisdone.am periodSi kompaniebs xvdeba sakmaod seriozulidilema: Rirs Tu ara moklevadiani Semosavlebidansargeblis miReba, Tu jobia es Semosavlebi CaidosinvesticiebSi produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Semdgomstadiaze konkurenciis ukeTesi poziciis gamomuSavebisimediT. meore variantis arCeviT, xelmZRvanelma SeiZleba28

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebigadawyvitos: saerTo mogebidan raRac procenti Cadosproduqtis srulyofaSi,gavrcelebis gzebis gafarToebaSi,axali kategoriis momxmareblis moZiebaSi, saqonlisdawinaurebisa da cnobadobis amaRlebisaTvis CatarebulkampaniebSi da sxva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi miRebulimogeba moxmardeba kompaniis samomavlo mdgomareobisgaumjobesebas.gajereba - bazris gajerebis stadia, yovelTvisgrZeldeba ufro didxans, vidre wina stadiebi.gajereba, _ es aris axali produqtis bazarze gatanisprocesi, rodesac potenciuri momxmareblis moTxovnebidakmayofildeba da saerTo moTxovnis niSnuli darCebaerTsa da imave doneze.gajerebis stadia SeiZleba daiyos sam periodad:pirveli, – gajerebis zrda, rodesac realizaciis zrdaneldeba. am periodSi iseTi momxmareblebic ki, romelTaceSiniaT da ar uyvarT siaxleebi, iwyeben produqtisaTvisebas da uerTdebian mudmivi momxmareblis ricxvs,romelTa ricxvic gajerebis procesSi izrdeba. meoreperiodi, _ esaa periodi, rodesac produqtis realizebaCerdeba ZiriTadad Semcvleli saqonlis gayidviT.mesame periodi, – gajerebis vardna, romelic xasiaTdebarealizaciis moculobis uecari vardniT,radgan zogierTmomxmarebels ukve ainteresebs Semcvleli an axaliproduqti.moTxovnis vardna iwvevs konkurenciis sferoSiseriozul Sedegebs. imisda miuxedavad, rom bazarimTlianad gajerebulia, mudam Cndeba axali kompaniebi anaxali produqtebi, romlebic bazarze TavianTi adgilismopovebas cdiloben. konkurenciis mzardi intensiurobaSedarebiT sust kompaniebs aiZulebs SeCerebas an axaliadgilis moZiebis aucileblobas.sasicocxlo ciklis gajerebis stadiaze arsebuliproduqtis mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis dadgenaarc ise advilia. Tumca, bazarze gatanis da zrdis29

nino sanadiraZestadiis dadgena ufro martivia, vidre sxva stadiebSi.magaliTad, rogor unda ganvasxvaoT realizaciisdroebiTi stabilizacia bazris gajerebis fazisagan?diagnostikuri midgoma moicavs sam elements: produqtisgavrcelebis done, bazris axali segmentebis mopovebisSesaZlebloba da erT sulze moxmarebis moculoba. Tukompanias ar SeuZlia gazardos momxmareblis ricxvimocemul segmentSi da da veRar poulobs damatebiT,ana axal segmentebs, romelTa interessac SeiZlebawarmoadgendes SeTavazebuli produqti da SeuZlebelixdeba erT sul momxmarebelze moxmarebis moculobisgazrda, es niSnavs imas, rom sruli gajerebis zRvarimiRweulia.vardna - sasicocxlo ciklis stadiaSi vardnis stadia,yvelaze rTuli stadiaa, rac realizaciis droebiTiCavardnas gulisxmobs. vardnis statiis gamomwvevi bevrimizezi SeiZleba arsebobdes: gare faqtorebi, informaciissimwire, moumzadebloba, bazris arainformirebulobada sxva. problemis analizisas Cndeba kiTxva, rogorganvasxvaoT moTxovnis droebiTi daweva vardnisagan?aseT gaurkvevlobas mivyavarT rTul SedegebamdegansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu produqti arsebobs bazarzesakmaod xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. mTavariindikatori, rasac vardnis stadiis diagnostikis drosiyeneben, bazris analizi da kiTxvaa: arsebobs Tu arabazarze analogiuri, magram ukeTesi xarisxis produqti?produqtis vardnis stadia, rogorc yovelTvis, maSinmiiRweva,rodesac bazari jerdeba ufro maRali xarisxismsgavsi an analogiuri produqtebiT. aseTi indikatorisSesaniSnavi magaliTia kompaqt-diski, romelmacTavdapirvelad Seaviwrova, mogvianebiT ki bazridanmTlianad gaaqro firfita. aris SemTxvevebi rodesac arcproduqtis indikatoria absoluturad zusti kriteriumi:bazris bevri mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom televiziamTlianad Caanacvlebda da gadaaSenebda radios, dRes30

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebifiqroben rom interneti da onlain sistemebi mTlianadgaaqroben televiziebs an eleqtronuli produqtebida wignebi mTlianad gaaqroben gamomcemlobebsa dawignebs, rogorc produqtebs, magram produqtis orivekategoriebi Tanabrad arseboben, gankuTvnilni arianmomxmareblebis erTi da igive bazrisTvis, miuxedavaderTnairi daniSnulebebisa, xasiaTdebian sxvadasxvateqnikuri maxasiaTebliT,moTxovnebiTa da damokidebuliamomxmareblis gemovnebaze.produqtis vardnis fazaSi mwarmoebelma SesaZloaairCios sxvadasxva strategia: produqtis warmoebisdroebiT SeCereba, status qvo-s SenarCuneba anstrategiis Secvla, romelic iTvaliswinebs bazrisyvelaze sargeblian segmentebze poziciebis gaZlierebasada momxmareblis CarTulobis gazrdas.produqtis Seqmna da riskebi - axali produqtisSeqmna an gamoSveba, gulisxmobs damuSavebis mTelprocess – produqtis ideas, teqnikur ganzomilebas,warmoebis moculobas da fass. kulturis sferosproduqts, gansxvavebiT sxva danarCenni produqtebisgan,romlebic yvela zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebisaganSedgeba, emateba, _ Sefaseba – testireba, Sefasebas kikulturis sferos produqti mxolod bazarze gatanisSemdeg iRebs. kritikuli procesis ganxilva xdeba ukveimis Semdeg, roca mas gauSveben gasayidad, gaxsniliadasaTvaliereblad an Sesrulebulia mayureblisTandaswrebiT. axali produqtis damuSaveba da marketingi– seqtoris miuxedavad, TavisTavad gulisxmobs risksda ramdenime mkafio Tanmimdevruli stadiisgan Sedgeba.TiToeuli stadia. moiTxovs gadawyvetilebis miRebas,romelTa analizisas menejeri an samuSao jgufi iRebsgadawyvetilebas, mxolod produqtis ganzomilebebisSefasebis mixedviT (bazris analizisa da fasis kvlevisgareSe),gaagrZelos produqtis damuSaveba Tu ara,radganacSemoqmedebiTi procesi, romelic yvela mxatvruli31

nino sanadiraZeproduqtis damuSavebas axasiaTebs, gansxvavdeba zogadadproduqtis Seqmnis procesebisgan. magaliTad, Teatrsmxolod premieraze SeuZlia gaigos, rogor aRiqvamsspeqtakls sazogadoeba. eqspertebic ki SeiZleba Secdnenpiesis komerciuli warmatebis winaswarmetyvelebaSi.piesasa da speqtakls Soris didi gansxvavebaa,_ speqtaklimza produqtia, sadac Semsruleblebis Semadgenloba,sarepeticio procesi da reJisura da sxva faqtorebimniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen produqtze. arsebobs asevegarkveuli elementebi, romlebic gars akravs mxatvruliproduqtis „warmoebas“, da warmatebasac, SeiZlebagadaisinjos, magaliTad, sareklamo kampaniis elementebi.zemoT ganxiluli yvela TvisebiTa da maxasiaTebliTSeiZleba davaskvnaT Semdegi: produqtis gansazRvrebaramdenime wesiT aris SesaZlebeli. produqti, _ esaris sargeblis nakrebi myidvelis TvalsazrisiT.produqtis aRwera misi teqnikuri parametrebisa ansimboluri faseulobis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli, rac,sabolood realur an warmosaxviTi sargeblis nakrebswarmoadgens.produqti iyofa moxmarebisa da gamoyenebis mixedviT,radganac produqtis cneba bevrad farToa,vidre ubralofizikuri realoba, gansxvaveba sxvadasxva produqtsa dakulturis produqtebs Soris, Tanxlebi samsaxuriTa dasimboluri ganzomilebiT ganisazRvreba. kulturuliproduqti SeiZleba gansazRvro sami ganzomilebisTanaxmad: SedarebiTi, teqnikuri da meorexarisxovanianu araZiriTadi ganzomileba;kulturul produqtebs Zalian xSirad aRiqvamenrogorc rTuls, imitom, rom maTTan dakavSirebuliaesTetikuri gageba, subieqturi, gauzomavi raodenobrivielementi, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT gemovnebas,mentalobasa da damokidebulebasac ki.kulturuli produqtis sirTulis xarisxi SeiZlebameryeobdes organizaciis misiidan damokidebulebaSi.32

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebigamyidvelisTvis produqti SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodesrogorc sargeblobis krebuli, romelsac aRiqvamsmyidveli;produqtis sasicocxlo cikli marketingis cnebiswyaroa. is Cveulebrivad ganisazRvreba oTxi stadiiT:produqtis bazarze gatana, ganviTareba, bazris gajereba,moTxovnilebis vardna. kulturis organizaciebebisTvis,produqtis sicocxlis unarianoba gansazRvrulia da misipraqtikuli gamoyeneba gansakuTrebulad SezRudulia;axali produqtis gamoSveba warmoadgens gansakuTrebulrisks, warmoeba kulturisa da xelovnebis seqtorebSiunda ganvixiloT rogorc gansakuTrebulad sariskowamowyeba, radgan yvela produqti, am mimarTulebiT,axal produqts warmoadgens. kulturis produqtebiswarmoebisas riski sami TvisebiT xasiaTdeba: pirveli(magaliTad, Semsrulebel xelovnebebSi), _ SeuZlebeliaproduqtis naxva da gamocda premieramde da warmoebisada sareklamo xarjebis gaReba xdeba brmad. meore, –kulturis sferos produqtebis sicocxlis vada winaswararis gansazRvruli, miuxedavad maTi komerciuliwarmatebisa. mesame, – kulturis sferos produqti arinaxeba, rogorc mwarmoeblis, aseve momxmareblis mier,ris Sedegadac izrdeba ara mxolod riskis done, aramedrTuldeba konkurenciis problema.1. James Heilbrun .The Economics of Art and culture. 2000.2. Iain Robertson . understanding international art markets andmanagement 20053. Dr Paul du Gay. Production of Culture/Cultures ofProduction.1998.4. François Colbert, Jacques Nantel, Suzanne Bilodeau, J. DennisRich. Marketing culture and the arts.2006.33

34universitetissadoqtoro programa

scenografiis istoria daTeorianaSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. qeTevan kinwuraSvili35

36L Llali gelaSvilidoqtoranturis III kursikostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi`qeTo da kote~yaraCoxelTa samosis magaliTzekinofilmi ,,qeTo da kote~ gadaRebulia 1948 wels a.cagarelis komediis ,,xanuma~ da viqtor doliZis operis,,qeTo da kote~ mixedviT. ,,qeTo da kote~ gadaiResreJisorebma:vaxtang tabliaSvilma da Salva gedevaniSvilmasiko faSaliSvilis scenaris mixedviT. musika arisarCil kereseliZis da viqtor doliZisa. filmis mTavarimxatvaria ioseb sumbaTaSvili, kostiumebisa – farnaozlapiaSvili. filmze agreTve, muSaobdnen mxatvrebi: kotekvaliaSvili, evgeni maWavariani da qristesia lebaniZe.kostiumebis mxatvroba filmis erT-erTimniSvnelovani komponentia. mxatvarma didi Sroma gaswiauamravi personaJisTvis rogorc mxatvrtul-istoriuladgamarTlebuli, ise saxasiaTo Cacmulobis Sesaqmnelad.farnaoz lapiaSvils, rogorc scenografs, gamoarCevskonstruqciul da ferwerul saSualebaTa harmoniuladSerwymis unari. kostiumebi filmSi naxatiT da faqturaTamravalferovnebiT unda Serwymoda interierebs,rekvizits,dekoraciul garemos.XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis Tbilisi, sadac filmismoqmedeba mimdinareobs, mravalferovani qalaqi iyo.evropisa da aziis gasayarze mdebare qalaqSi erTmaneTserwymoda aRmosavluri da dasavluri motivebi,rac,cxadia,saxasiaTo gamovlenas povebda CacmulobaSi. mxatvarsmoeTxoveboda mravalferovani wyaroebis moZieba,Seswavla,mxatvrulad gaazreba, rasac farnaoz lapiaSvilmamisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRali profesionalizmiTa damxatvruli alRoTi gaarTva Tavi. filmisTvis Seqmnilikostiumebidan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa yaraCoxelTakostiumi.

kinofilmSi ,,qeTo da kote~ didi ostatoba gamoavlinayaraCoxelTa jgufma. maRali Sefasebis Rirsia msaxiobTaromantikuli paTosiT savse STagonebuli TamaSi, rackoloritulobas matebs kinosuraTs, romelic filmiswarmatebis erT-erTi mizezia. yaraCoxelTa scenebi isreJisoruli mignebaa,uromlisodac ar iqmneba xelovnebisnawarmoebi.yaraCoxelebis epizodma warmoSva siyvarulis poezia,ramac films ganumeorebloba da mayureblis aRiarebamoutana. maRalmxatvruli RirsebebiT aRbeWdilmaepizodebma waruSleli STabeWdileba datova mayurebelze,elvis siswrafiT gaikafa gza msmenelis gulisaken. aqmxolod yaraCoxelTa serenadas anu, rogorc xalxiuwodebs,muxambazis magaliTis dasaxelebac ki sakmarisia.ganumeorebelia, agreTve yaraCoxelebis cekva SandlebiT,romelic ise moswonebia iliko suxiSvils, romelic amfilmis qoreografiul nawilze muSaobda, rom Semdeg escekva ,,qarTuli xalxuri cekvis saxelmwifo ansamblis~’’repertuarSi dautovebia.originalurad gadawyvetili yaraCoxelTa epizodebi,Tamamad unda mivakuTvnoT filmis saukeTeso kadrebs.ramdeni gamomgonebloba da gemovneba gamoavlines filmisdamdgmelebma da kompozitorma. am WeSmaritad brwyinvalescenaSi, raoden damajerebeli, gamomsaxveli, poeturi daamasTan koloritulia yovelive es.istoriulad yaraCoxeli darbaiseli, Caspandi,gulmarTali, patiosani, raindi iyo. garegnulad kiwarmosadegi, mxarbeWiani, brge da pirbudaRi. yaraCoxelianu ,,yaraCoxeli~ niSnavs SavCoxians. isini xelosanTafenas warmoadgendnen (15, gv. 43).rac Seexeba maT samoss, _ ecvaT Savi Salis Coxa,grZelkaloebiani, moklenaoWiani da orCaqiani. Coxisnapirebi damuSavebuli iyo buzmentis brtyeli CafariSiT.ecvaT agreTve axaluxi, ganieri Sarvlebi da waRebi.miuxedavad imisa, rom filmi `qeTo da kote~ Sav-37

lali gelaSviliTeTria, yaraCoxelTa samosi faqturulad imdenadmetyvelia da detalebiT mdidari, rom feradovnebisSegrZnebasac qmnis. Sesabamisi wyaroebis mokvlevisda istoriuli cnobebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelzesaSualeba gveZleva cocxlad warmovidginoT es samosi damaT feradovnebazec ki SeviqmnaT STabeWdileba. maT CoxisSignidan ecvaT: wiTeli abreSumis doSluRgakeTebuli dagulamoWrili perangi,zemodan ki Savi atlasis an satiniswvrilnaoWiani axaluxi,romelic gverdze ikvreba. Rilebiki yaiTnis hqondaT. rac meti Rili hqonda mas, miT ufrolazaTianad iTvleboda. axaluxs sami jibe hqonda – origaredan da erTi Signidan. saerTod axaluxi ikerebodawiTeli feris.yaraCoxelTa Coxa ori saxis iyo: naoWiani da unaoWo.gulze marjvniv da marcxniv gakeTebuli hqonda sakvesebi.am sakvesebSi qalis naxevari TiTi Tu Caeteoda. masar xmarobdnen. es ise, Snos gulisTvis iyo gakeTebuli.Coxa arasodes ikvreboda, ise iyo Sekerili, rom piripirs ar unda misdeboda da Coxis qveS axaluxi undagamoCeniliyo.filmSi yaraCoxels ganieri Sarvali acvia. maTiSarvali gansakuTrebiT qobaCi Savi Salisagan ikereboda,TavebSi abreSumis foCebiani xonjari hqondaT gayrili.Sarvlis farTo totebi Signidan hqondaT Camagrebuli,sacveTebis CarCubaRebSi. saSarvle qsovilebs iZendnendaRestneli lekebisagan. Sarvals sabumiani erqva. misiube sami naWrisagan ikereboda. saSinaod icvamdnen qoSebs,sagareod xmarobdnen yafaRian waRebs.yaraCoxelTa samkauli iyo vercxlis gobakebianiqamari, qamarSi ki wiTeli baRdadi hqondaT Camagrebuli.Tavze galibandis qudi exuraT, welSi vercxlis Cibuxida CibuxisaTvis qisa-weqoTi ekeTaT. yvela yaraCoxeliatarebda ulvaSs.qarTuli samosi odiTganve xasiaTdeboda TavisiindividualurobiTa da momxibvlelobiT. SeiZleba38

kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi`qeTo da kote~ yaraCoxelTa samosis magaliTzeiTqvas, rom am niSanTvisebebs XVII saukunemde ufromdgradad inarCunebda eri. am periodSi qarTlis samefos,xelisuflebis saTaveSi modis rostom-xani, romelmacqarTul samefo sistemaSi umtkivneulod SeZlo iranuliTanamdebobebis SemoReba. aman, raRa Tqma unda, asaxvahpova qarTul samosSic. magaliTad, gavrcelda xalaTebigverdze SeWrili,farTo mklavebiT da a. S.,rac qarTulikostiumisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli. imave periodsukavSirdeba yaraCoxelTa fenis gaCena. istorikosebisazriT, isini iraneli sazogadoebis `raindebis~STamomavlebi iyvnen. amis safuZvels maTi cxovrebiswesi da Cacmuloba iZleoda. maT hqondaT Tavisi droSa,Tavisi wesi,wesdeba da rac mTavaria,kultura. vercxlisqamari, romelsac isini atarebdnen iyo maTi simdidre.ambobdnen, rom maT qamars unda `daemarxa~ isini. omiiyo da omobdnen, mSvidoba iyo da Sromobdnen, leqsebsacTxzavdnen, mRerodnen, cekvavdnen da qeifobdnen kidec.zemoT warmodgenilma yaraCoxelTa samosma, rogorcwerilobiTi wyaroebic adastureben da rac naTladCans ekranidan, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli yaraCoxelTarolis Semsrulebel msaxiobebs, Zalze dasamaxsovrebelisaxasiaTo saxis SeqmnaSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, isic Turogor exmareba filmSi ara marto msaxiobebs, aramedmocekvaveTa dass samosi plastikaSi, ra haerovnadmoZraoben isini am samosSi gamowyobilni.filmSi ,,qeTo da kote’’ ara marto ama Tu im interierisgaregnuli saxe, gmiris profesia, sazogadoebrivimdgomareoba,midrekilebebi,xasiaTi da a.S. aramed yovelikostiumi, fexsacmeli, sagani Tu aqsesuari laparakobsmis mflobelze. rom ara, profesionali mxatvris Tvalida gemovneba, mxolod garemo da rekviziti ar iqnebodasakmarisi, piriqiT, es sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda cudadasaxuliyo kinosuraTze, magram farnaoz lapiaSvilma,SeZlo daecva sazRvari fufunebasa da TavSekavebulobasSoris, mxatvarma SeZlo sxvadasxva socialuri fenisa39

lali gelaSviliTu klasis interesebi, Cvevebi kostiumebSi gadmoeca daamave dros, SeZlo tradiciuli Strixebis SenarCunebacratom aRafrTovanebs XX saukuneSi mayurebelskinofilmi da ratom aris ase aqtualuri isev? Cveni azriTmxatvarma maRal doneze gadmosca imdroindeli realurikostiumi, amave dros man SeZlo sakuTari TvalTaxedvadidi gemovnebiTa da sifrTxiliT gadaetana masSi,kostiumi gaexada stilizeburi da cocxali. msaxiobebiki ar acocxleben filmis kostiumebs, aramed kostiumebiexmarebian msaxiobebs yoveli kadri Tu mizanscena iyosharmoniuli, originaluri da ganumeorebeli,kinofilmis mxatvrul warmosaxvaSi didi roli iTamaSaTbilisis XIX saukunis epoqis arqiteqturulma fonmada ioseb sumbaTaSvilis mxatvrobam. epoqis SegrZnebasada Secnobas, kargad da sworad aRwevs kinonawarmoebSimxatvari.maxvil-gonivrulma,SemoqmedebiTma unarma,im periodisqalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi formaciis kargma codnam,mdidarma fantaziam da agreTve sxvadasxva xelwerisada individualurobis mxatvrebs misca saSualeba,kinofilmisaTvis „qeTo da kote“ SeeqmnaT konkretulirealuri garemo XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisa, rogorcdekoraciebis, aseve kostiumis TvalsazrisiT. romelickinoxelovnebis masalisadmi XX saukunis pirvelinaxevris damokidebulebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. swored esiyo erTaderTi swori gza gamovleniliyo da filmSiasaxuliyo realuri burJuaziuli yofa cxovreba,qalaqisiersaxe da im epoqis realuri samosi, romelic Semdegmivida kinokostiumamde.gamovlinda kinokostiumis gadawyvetis sxvadasxvadekoratiuli SesaZleblobebi, rac ar aris martivi dagacilebiT rTulia vidre naturalizmi da foto masalisaRdgena.filmSi xatovnad aris asaxuli, rTuli masobrivi– saxalxo scenebi. maxvili kompoziciuri alRo40

kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi`qeTo da kote~ yaraCoxelTa samosis magaliTzekarnaxobda filmze momuSave mxatvrebs, kadris gabedulagebas, xolo faqizad gaazrebuli mravalferovanigadawyveta, mTlianad daeqvemdebara moqmedebis emociuriatmosferos gaxsnas, Seesityva moqmed pirTa saxeebs.scenebis dekoraciul gadawyvetaSi ki filmis mxatvrebiiswrafvodnen gamoevlinaT yvelaze mTavari ama Tu immovlenaSi.rom ara „qeTo da kotes~ mxatvroba, kinematografSigadasuli mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebani:dinamikis, riTmisa da moZraobis mZafri SegrZneba,mayurebeli ver CaerTveboda moqmedebaSi da ver gaxdebodamisi uSualo monawile.am filmma gauZlo dros swored imitom romSemoqmedebiTma jgufma SeZlo yoveli drois mayureblisfilmSi Tanamonawileoba. am SemoqmedebiT jgufSi ki,erT-erTi umTavresi roli mxatvrebs ekuTvniT, udaoamxatvris roli filmze muSaobisas konkretulad amfilmis mxatvroba da misi genialuri ganmxorcieleblebirom ara, „qeTo da kote“ ver iqneboda iseTi sicocxlisunariani, rogoric aris.reJisorebis, operatorisa da mxatvrebis mWidroTanamSromlobam ganapiroba plastikuri enis Rrmagamomsaxveloba, epoqisa da komikuri yofis WeSmariti,cxovrebiseuli saxis Seqmna, ramac didad Seuwyo xelifilmis esTetikuri koncefciis poeturad gadmocemas.1. n. uruSaZe. Teatris samyaroSi. farnaoz lapiaSvili, Tbilisi,1982, gv. 50.2. i. griSaSvili. Zveli Tbilisis literaturuli bohema,baTumi, 1986. gv 14-49.3. T. gersamia. Zveli Tbilisi, Tbilisi, 1984. gv. 379.4. c. bezaraSvili. g. jalabaZe. qarTuli xalxuri tansacmeli,41

lali gelaSviliTbilisi, 1988. gv. 22.5. l. molodini. g. CaCaSvili. qarTuli kostiumis katalogi 1xevsuruli, Tbilisi, 1964. gv. 158.6. l. gelaSvili. msoflio modis ilustrirebuli enciklopedia,Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „imperia“ 2006. gv. 408.N42

dramis reJisuranaSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,prof. vasil kiknaZe43

nino lipartianidoqtoranturis III kursifilosofiuri postmodernizmiukve ramdenime aTwleulia, rac midis gacxarebulikamaTi postmodernizmze, am fenomenis arsze, misiwarmoSobis adgilsa da mizezebze, mis mimarTebazemodernizmTan.Pam diskusiaSi monawileTa SorisazrTa sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva, Tumca, miuxedavadamisa, Camoyalibda am movlenis garkveulwiladmyari daxasiaTebac. gamoikveTa postmodernis mTelirigi gavleniani Teoretikosi, dagrovda teqstebismniSvnelovani raodenoba, sadac analizi ukeTdebapostmodernistul situacias.cneba `postmodernizmi~, `postmoderni~,`postmodernistuli~ Tanamedrove xelovnebaSigarkveuli mimarTulebisa da koncefciis aRmniSvneladda tendenciebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba. am cnebebsiyeneben politikaSi, religiaSi, eTikaSi, filosofiaSi,isini aseve kulturis periodizaciisTvisac gamoiyeneba.gaCnda aucilebloba mTlianobasa da urTierTkavSirSigaazrebuliyo kulturaSi mimdinare procesebi,cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ekonomikurstruqturebSi,yvelaferSi,rasac xSirad modernizacias,postindustriul, samomxmareblo sazogadoebasuwodeben.postmodernizmis, postmodernis gansazRvra, rogorcTeoretikosebis da mkvlevrebis umetesoba amtkicebs,SeiZleba mxolod `modernizmTan~ socialuristoriulkonteqstSi moxdes. `postmodernizmi~aRiqmeba, rogorc ambivalenturi termini, romelicniSnavs modernizmis, rogorc gagrZelebas, asevegadalaxvas. am TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben terminebs44

`postmoderni~, rogorc modernizmis, filosofiurisafuZvlebis revizia da `postmodernizmi~, – rogorcmodernizmis xelovnebis gadaxedva. postmodernisfenomeni, rogorc specifikuri reaqcia wina periodiskulturis damkvidrebul formebze, evropisa daamerikis mowinave qveynebSi aRmocenda. amerikeliTeoritikosis f. jeimisonis azriT, postmodernisgamoCena SeiZleba omis Semdgomi periodiT daTariRdes,kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi _ 1940-1950wlebiT. safrangeTSi postmodernis formireba mexuTerespublikis damyarebas (1958 w.) daemTxva .1 miuxedavadamisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `postmodernizms samSobloar gaaCnia~, – ase amtkicebs amerikeli Teoretikosid. silvermani. dRes postmodernistuli situaciakulturaSi mTels msoflioSi SeiniSneba, xoloyvelaze `postmodernistul~ qveyanad J. deridaiaponias asaxelebs.postmodernizmis dRevandelobasTan yvelazedaaxloebuli ganmarteba arnold toinbim daamkvidra,rogorc dasavleTevropuli kulturis ganviTarebisetapi, romelic 1875 wels daiwyo.am termins XX saukunis pirveli naxevrissxvadasxva avtorTan vxdebiT: 1934 wels espaneliliteraturaTmcodne federiko de onisa saubrobspostmodernizmze, romelic literaturis istoriaSiganixileba rogorc gardamavali faza (1905-1914 ww.)`modernizmsa~ da e. w. ùltramodernizms~ Soris. 2yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria sxvadasxva saxismovlenaze. ufro gamokveTili azri postmodernizmisSesaxeb mxolod mogvianebiT Camoyalibda. am fenomenismkvlevarebis umetesoba ixreba iqiT, rom postmoderniaRmocenda mxatvruli kulturis farglebSi da ukvemogvianebiT gamoixata sxva sferoebSi – filosofiaSi,politikaSi, religiasa, Tu mecnierebaSi. 345

nino lipartianipostmodernis wamyvani Teoretikosi J. f. liotariTvlis, rom sazogadoebis gadasvla postindustriulepoqaSi 1950-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo. TavisnaSromSi `pasuxi SekiTxvaze: ra aris postmodernizmi~, 4habermasTan polemikaSi, is ganmartavs, rom modernisproeqti ki ar dasrulda, aramed daimsxvra, ganadgurdada likvidirebul iqna. swored am movlenisaRsaniSnavad iyenebs igi simbolos òsvencimi~, –danaSaulisas, romelic postTanamedroveobas xsnis.am simbolos igi imisTvis iyenebs, rom xazi gausvasdiskursebis konfliqtis saSiSroebas da survilserTi Janris diskursma daiqvemdebaros meore, rasacaucileblad totalitarizmamde mivyavarT. naSromSi`postmodernizmis mdgomareoba~ (1979 w.) liotariaRwers postTanamedrove codnis Taviseburebebs,romelic orientirebulia ara SeTanxmebaze,konsensusze,aramed azrTa sxvadasxvaobaze `paralogiaze~. liotarismsjelobaSi amosavali punqti aris survili, `rogorgadaarCinos azrovnebis Rirseba osvencimis Semdeg~.postmoderni liotarTan ar aris modernisantiTeza, is aucileblad modernsac moicavs dawarmoadgens modernis nawils. liotari Tvlis, romTavsarTi `post~ Zalian xSirad iwvevs gaugebrobasstatiaSi `pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris postmoderni?~(1982 w.), is gvTavazobs ganvixiloT TavsarTi `post~ara rogorc gagrZeleba, aramed rogorc dabruneba,anamnezi, kulturis ganviTarebis winamdebare periodisgadaxedva. 5 mogvianebiT, Tavis gamosvlaSi, romelicgamoqveynda saTauriT `redaqtirebuli moderni~, ismiuTiTebs imaze, rom dasaxeleba TavsarTis gareSemisTvis gacilebiT metad misaRebia, vidre postmodernida postmodernizmi, radgan amiT iridebs saSiSroebasganixilos postmoderni, rogorc modernis antiTeza,piriqiT, igi Tvlis, rom postmoderni ukve modernSive46

filosofiuri postmodernizmiiwyebs arsebobas,amitom postmoderni aris ara modernisdasasruli, ara axali epoqa, aramed modernis Semdgomiganaxlebis stadia. moderni agrZelebs Tavis ganviTarebaspostmodernTan erTad. modernis antiTeza aris arapostmoderni, aramed klasika. liotari darwmunebulia,rom dRes Tanamedroveobis `gadawera~ warmoadgensaucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewoniliiqneba modernis redaqtireba,ris Semdegac SesaZlebeligaxdeba visaubroT epoqis dasasrulze da momdevnoperiodis dasawyisis daTariRebaze .6am azrs iziareben sxva dasavleli filosofosebic,kerZod v. strada, romelic ganixilavs postmodernizms,rogorc modernis fazas XX sauknis bolos da xazsusvams, rom TavsarTi `post~ aris is, rac modernSiaRwevs kritikul gacnobierebas, rogorc Tavisiwarsulis, aseve rTuli siaxlisa. 7r. rosti Tvlis, rom filosofosebi undagaurbodnen cdunebas gaxdnen `cvlilebebis agentebi~,piriqiT filosofosis daniSnulebas xedavs imaSi,rom Zvelisa da axlis Sejereba moaxdinos, gaxdessamarTliani Suamavali Taobebs Soris, tradiciebsada kulturulad aqtiur sferoebs Soris. swored amSemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli mivaRwioT garkveulkulturul kosmopoliss. 8 amave azrs iziareben r.bernstaini, f. jeimisoni, p. de mani da sxvebi.Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom postmoderni,ubralod, gansxvavdeba modernisagan. misi SinaarsiaraviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris axali. is moiazrebs arasiaxles, aramed pluralizms da am pluralizms aqvsTavisi antikuri da Suasaukuneebis formebic. siaxledSeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi isgaxda dominanti da es ganasxvavebs XX saukunispostmoderns modernisagan,radgan Tu adre pluralizmiaucilebeli iyo mxolod zogierT sferoSi, axla issayovelTao da radikaluria.47

nino lipartianiSesabamisad, liotarma Seqmna postmodernisformulireba modernTan damokidebulebaSi.`postmoderni gansazRvravs Tavis mdgomareobas aramodernis Semdeg an masTan opoziciaSi, aramed piriqiT,is ukve masSi arsebobs, modernSivea Cadebuli~. 9 esmotivebi, romelic aqamde dafaruli formiT arsebobda,axla ganmsazRvreli gaxda. i. vitgenSteini Tavisfilosofiur kvlevebSi eTxoveba monoTeisturazrovnebas da gzas uTmobs gardauval, mravalmxrivenobriv TamaSebs. is propagandas uwevs e. w. popurs,yvelafris aRrevas, garkveul ìnteleqtualurdisneilends~. es aris mravalferovnebis yalbi forma,sadac yvelaferi ganurCevlad erT masaSi ireva.filosofiam pluralizmi Seafasa, rogorcpozitiuri xedva. dRes ukve naTelia,rom filosofiuripostmodernizmi xdeba meTodologiuri RerZi,romelicbolo aTwleulSi Seiqmna da xeli Seuwyo kulturaSiarsebuli situaciis gaazrebas. wina epoqebisgangansxvavebiT Cveni epoqa SeiZleba ganisazRvrosrogorc `mravalmxrivi dialogis~ epoqa. mravalmxriviimitom, rom dialogi xdeba `kulturis arsebobisuniversaluri, yovlismomcveli saSualeba~.gansakuTrebul pozicias postmodernistulmkvlevrebSi ikavebs J. bodriari Tavisi naSromebiT,romlebic eTmoba krizisuli movlenebis mTel speqtrs,rac XX saukunis kulturas axlda. igi Seexoadamianis sulieri da praqtikuli moRvaweobis yvelasferos – ekonomikas, politikas, warmoebas, religias,fsiqologias da xelovnebas. Tanamedrove kulturisbevr Taviseburebas bodriari simulakris koncefciaSixedavs - `simboluri gacvla da sikvdili~ (1976 w.).simulakrSi is moiazrebs saxes, romelic STanTqavsrealobas. simulakri Cndeba kulturis ganviTarebismxolod garkveul etapze.48

filosofiuri postmodernizmirogorc bodriari amtkicebs, sazogadoeba gadadissiyalbis epoqaSi. is gamoyofs simulakris sam dones.simulakris pirvel doned miiCnevs e. w. `TabaSirismiRwevebs~. barokos xelovnebaSi, taZrebsa dasasaxleebSi TabaSiri yvelanairi masalis imitaciasaxdens. es ukve xelovnuri niSnebis demokratiistriumfs gvamcnobs. simulakris sawyis etapze,TabaSiris simulakrs funqcionaluri daniSnulebaaqvs da efeqtis moxdenazea gaTvlili. Sedegad, iserTferovani da mosawyenia. bodriari simulakrispirvel da meore dones ganasxvavebs da `radikalurimutaciis process~ uwodebs.simulakris meore dones warmoadgens warmoebisteqnikuri epoqa, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeliaseriuloba. pirvelad es movlena v. beniaminmagaaanaliza statiaSi `xelovnebis nawarmoebi teqnikurigamomsaxvelobis epoqaSi~.beniaminma teqnologiur warmoebaSi sruliad axaliformebi gamoikveTa. warmoebis procesSi is xedavdasistemas, romelic Sepyrobilia gauTavebeli warmoebiscieb-cxelebiT, rasac mesame donis simulakramdemivyavarT,sadac xdeba yvelanairi formebis modelireba.modelis sizustes didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.beniaminis wignSi `borotebis gulaxdiloba: esseeqstremalur fenomenebze~ Sefasebulia simulaciismdgomareoba, Cven ganwirulni varT gadaviTamaSoTyvela scenari, rac ki odesme Seqmnila. Cven vcxovrobTgauTavebeli idealebis reproduqciaSi, fantaziebsa daocnebebSi,romelTa originalebi warsulSi darCa. `gaqraprogresis idea, magram progresi grZeldeba~, 10 – wersbodriari. gaqra simdidris idea, romelic amarTlebdawarmoebas. TviTon warmoeba ki ganagrZobs arsebobas,ufro meti aqtivobiT,vidre aqamde. politikur sferoSigaqra politikis idea, Tumca politikuri TamaSi49

nino lipartianigrZeldeba. yoveli mxridan vxedavT seqsualurobissikvdils, sadac gaurkveveli aseqsualuri arsebebiubralo erTjeradi gayofiT mravldebian.bodriari aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove kulturagadatvirTulia. kacobriobas aRar Seswevs ZalamoiSoros dagrovili xlami. kultura transismdgomareobaSi imyofeba. misi azriT kacobriobas daTanamedrove kulturas aRar Seswevs unari moZebnosganviTarebis Tundac erTi pozitiuri impulsi.modernizmis triumfalurma svlam ver moaxerxaadamianis faseulobebis transformacia, samagierodmoxda faseulobebis gafantva _ involucia. amis Sedegigaxda `totaluri konfuzia~.J. derida `Tanamedroveobis gadalaxvas moiazrebstradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis dekonstruqciiT~.Ggrifinis azriT ki, saboloo jamSi, dekonstruqciulipostmodernizmi midis relativizmsa da nihilizmamde.amis alternativa aris konstruqciuli dareviziuli postmodernizmi, romelic miiswrafvisgadalaxos modernizmi. magram ara dekonstruqciis,aramed postTanamedrove azrovnebis konstruqciisgziT. konstruqciuli postmodernizmi Tvlis, romTanamedrove epoqasac aqvs pozitiuri miRwevebi,romlebsac ver uarvyofT. 11postmodernizmi Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens dasavluricivilizaciis mravalmxriv Teoriul anarekls,gansakuTrebiT kulturisa da filosofiis sferoSi.kulturuli postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeliastruqturuli mravalferovneba. postmodernizmi mzadaris ganWvritos momavali da moZebnos kacobriobisgadarCenisa da xsnis gza. am kuTxiT filosofosebisamocana aris ara marto axsnas gansxvaveba Zvels daaxals Soris, aramed daexmaros kacobriobas momavlisSeqmnaSi50

filosofiuri postmodernizmi1. f jeimisoni.,postmodernizmi da momxmarebelisazogadoeba// xelovnebaTmcodneobis kiTxvebi.2. ix. velSi., ”postmoderni”. erTi sadavo cnebisgeneologia da mniSvneloba3. giddensi e., modernitis Sedegebi// axalipostindustrialuri talRa dasavleTSi. anTologia.4. ix. J.-f. liotari pasuxi kiTvaze: ra aris postmoderni?5. ix.: J.f. liotari SeniSvnebi “post”-is gagebaze6. ix. : J.f. liotari SeniSvnebi “post”-is gagebaze7. v. strada modernizacia da postmodernuloba8. r. rorti filosofia da momavali// filosofiissakiTxebi.9. J. f. liotari postmodernis mdgomareoba.10. ix. : v. beniamini, xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuriaRdgenis epoqaSi. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi.dekonstruqtivizmi. postmodernizmi.11. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi.postmodernizmi• Джеймисон Ф. Постмодернизм и потребительское общество //Вопросы искусствознания.XI (2/97). С.54-• См.: Вельш В. «Постмодерн». Генеалогия и значение одногоспорного понятия//Путь. 1992. № 1. С.109–136.• Гидденс Э. Последствия модернити // Новаяпостиндустриальная волна на Западе. Антология. М.,Academia. 1999. С. 109.• [11] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Ответ на вопрос: что такоепостмодерн? // Ежегодник Ad Marginem,93. М., 1994. C. 320.• [12] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» //Иностранная литература. 1994. С. 58.51

• [14] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» //Иностранная литература. 1994. № 1. С. 56-59.• Страда В. Модернизация и постмодерность // Академическиететради. № 2. С. 34.• [20] Рорти Р. Философия и будущее // Вопросы философии.1994. № 6. С. 33.• [9] [17] Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Состояние постмодерна. С.• ix. : v. beniamini, xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuriaRdgenis epoqaSi.• i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi.postmodernizmi.52

Mmaia SengeliaDdoqtoranturis III kursiUuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~genezisisaTvissareJisoro eqsplikaciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesinawilia nawarmoebis literaturuli analizi. marTaliadramis Teoriis sakiTxebis trafaretuli gamokvlevebismimarT k. stanislavski Tavis skepticizms ar malavdada ambobda, rom àm gamzadebuli trafaretis mixedviTpirvel moqmedebaSi unda iyos kvanZis Sekvra an eqspozicia,meoreSi – ganviTareba, mesameSi – kulminacia, meoTxeSi –movlena, romelic kvanZis gaxsnas amzadebs da mexuTeSi– kvanZis gaxsna da morali~, 1 magram iqve aRniSnavda:`literaturuli analizi ar Sedis Cemi kompetenciissferoSi. me mxolod SemiZlia visurvo, rom gamoCndesspecialisti artistebis dasaxmareblad da SeimuSaos,Seqmnas meTodi, romelic Seamsubuqebs samuSaos damimarTulebas miscems piesisa da rolis literaturulanalizs... aucilebelia misdio avtors mis mier gakvalulgzaze, raTa ara marto gaigo, aramed ganicado kidecpoetis amocanebi da miznebi...artistma-xelovanma,unda icodes piesis agebuleba,masunda SeeZlos imTaviTve miakvlios piesis literaturuliorganizmis mTavar mamoZravebel centrebs, romlebSicerTad gamonaskvulia poetis poeturi qmnilebis yvelaZarRvi.~ 2literaturuli analizi, garda dramis Teoriiswminda teqnikuri sakiTxebisa (eqspozicia, kvanZis Sekvra,ganviTareba, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna da a. S.), moicavsinformacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel literaturul1. Станиславский К. С. Т.5. М. 1957. gv. 461-462;2. iqve.53

maia Sengeliamimdinareobas ekuTvnis mocemuli nawarmoebi, rodisda ra pirobebSi daiwera igi, ra iyo misi Seqmnismaprovocirebeli movlena. literaturuli analizimoicavs aseve masalas mwerlis biografiisa da epoqis,nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqis, filosofiuri azrovnebis,arqiteqturis, mxatvrobis, modis, musikis, cekvis,aqsesuarebis, avejis Sesaxeb. literaturuli analizisdros xdeba personaJTa qmedebis fsiqologiuri analizi,fsiqoanalizis elementebis (narcisizmi, oidiposisada eleqtras kompleqsi, totemizmis gamovlineba,homoseqsualizmi da sxva.) aRmoCena, personaJTatipologiis dadgena (iungis tipologiis mixedviT),astrologiuri analizi (sxvadasxva horoskopissafuZvelze), niSandobliobis (naklis, tikis da sxva.)analizi.Lliteraturuli analizis umniSvnelovanesinawilia nawarmoebis miTologiuri da religiurianalizi, miTologiuri da sxvadasxva religiaTadanaSrevis aRmoCena da maTi mniSvneloba personaJTaqmedebis motivaciaSi.Yyvelaferi es saSualebas gvaZlevsganvsazRvroT momavali speqtaklis Janri, grZnobaTabuneba, TamaSis xerxi, forma, sawyisi movlena, romelicTavis mxriv gansazRvravs personaJTa qmedebis motivaciasda Sesabamisad sworad amovxsnaT nawarmoebis fabula.literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis peripetiebi,garkveul asaxvas povebs rogorc TviT am nawarmoebSi,iseim speqtaklis formis xasiaTSic, romlis safuZvelsacigi warmoadgens.Seqspiris Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeba im pirvelwyaroebs, romelzedayrdnobiTac didi dramaturgi qmnida sakuTarqmnilebebs.Aam sakiTxis siRrmiseuli kvlevisas,kvlav da kvlav wamoiWreba xolme skeptikosTa miermanipulirebadi àvtorobis~ Tema.Mmagram am naSromSiam problemas ar SevexebiT. aRvniSnav mxolod, rom54

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvisSeqspiri gviani Suasaukuneebis tipuri warmomadgeneliada isic iseTive wesebiT xelmZRvanelobda xelovnebaSi,rogorc imdroindeli msoflios araerTi avtori.Sors rom ar wavideT, amis sailustraciod rusTavelis`vefxistyaosanic~ kmara.`vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi avtori garkveviTambobs:èse ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi,viT margaliti oboli, xelis-xel sagogmanebi,vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi, saqme vqmen saWoWmanebi.Cemma xel-mqmnelman dammarTos laRman da lamazmannebi.~ 3rogorc vxedavT, rusTavels sruliadac ar miaCniasaZraxisad, rom sparsul ambavs gviyveba, sxvisgan ukveSeTxzulsa da naambobs.Mmagram iqve, erTi taepiT win,didi mgosani sakuTar damsaxurebasac aRniSnavs:`mo, davsxdeT, tarielisTvis cremli gvdis ar-SeSrobili,misebri marT dabadebiT vinmca yofila Sobili! Ddavje, rusTvelman gavleqse, misTvis gul-laxvarsobili,aqamdis ambad naTqvami, aw margalitad wyobili.~ 4rogorc vxedavT, rusTavels sakuTar Rirsebad aqamdeambad naTqvamis leqsad Txroba miaCnia.amdenad, Sua saukuneebSi msgavsi SemTxvevebi mravladiyo mTels msoflioSi.Aamasve aRniSnavs qarTveliSeqspirologi n. yiasaSvilic: `Seqspiris droindeliTeatris repertuari savse iyo antikuri siuJetebiTada TviT adre arsebuli piesebidan aRebuli calkeulidramatuli situaciebiT.Ees ukve garkveul tradiciadiqca da Seqspiris mier am Temebisa da siuJetebisgamoyenebis faqti, TavisTavad tradiciisaTvis valis3. rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb. 1986. gv. 10.4. iqve.55

maia Sengeliamoxdas udrida.Mmagram am faqtze dayrdnobiT ar SeiZlebaSeqspiris tradiciulobaze laparaki. siuJets, ambavsda TviT Temasac Seqspiris droindel TeatrSi metadpirobiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. mayurebeli Teatrisaganar moiTxovda sruliad axleburi, iqamde daumuSavebeliTemis (da miT ufro siuJetis) moZebnas. samagierod igimetad mgrZnobiare iyo yvela im siaxlis mimarT, rasacdramaturgi Seitanda adre arsebul piesaSi. amdenad,dramatuli nawarmoebis `forma~ erTgvarad tradiciulida xSirad konservatorulic ki iyo mis `SinaarsTan~SedarebiT~. 5Seqspiris piesebis pirvelwyaroebad mravali avtorida nawarmoebi saxeldeba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, dididramaturgi ar cdilobda sagangebod gamoegonebina esaTu is siuJeti. rogorc erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobs: `masrom yvela wyaro waekiTxa,romelsac Tavs axvevdnen,maSinwignebiT Caxergili misi Semoqmedebis sakuTari wyarodaiSriteboda.aravis ecodineboda dRes romeo da julietas,hamletis,otelos,liris da makbetis istoriebi,Seqspirirom ar Sexeboda maT sakuTari magiuri SemoqmedebiskverTxiT.~ 6Seqspiris piesis `titus andronikusis~ pirvelwyarosada TviT piesis genezisis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs.sxvadasxva wyaros Soris saxeldebian ovideusis`metamorfozebi~, senekas `fiesto~ da `troeli qalebi~,magram dramis yvelaze ufro savaraudo wyarod miiCnevaSeqspiris dros arsebuli da Cvenamde XVIII saukunis5. yiasaSvili n. `skilasa da qaribdas Soris~. Tb. `saqarTvelo”1992. stat.: `Seqspiri: tradicia da novatoroba~. gv.1086. Гарин И.И. Пророки и поэты. Том 6. Шекспир. Истоки. 1992.http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/garin_proroki_vi/default.aspx boloSemowmeba: 08.07. 201156

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvismeore naxevris gamocemis saxiT moRweuli wigni,romelicSeicavs `titus andronikusis~ prozaul versias datitusisa da guTTa dedoflis baladas (aRmoCenilia1936 wels). 7 Mmagram aqve unda aRiniSnos,rom dasaxelebulwignSi guTebis dedofals atava (Attava) hqvia da aratamora.calke msjelobis sagania gasuli saukunis 70-ianwlebSi S. badriZisa da i. kenWoSvilis mier ganxiluliv. dibeliusis mosazreba. mas miaCnia, rom dramis wyaroswarmoadgens XII saukunis bizantiis istoriis movlenebi.kerZod, rom Seqspiris gmiris titus andronikusisprototipia bizantiis keisari andronik I (1183-85),xologuTebis dedoflis – andronikes Tanamedrove qarTvelTamefe Tamari (1184-1213).dibeliusi eyrdnoba andronikes mefobis Semdgomi xanisistorikosis, nikita akominatoris, cnobas imis Sesaxeb,rom andronikes mefoba savse iyo sazareli, despoturida yovelgvar morals moklebuli ambebiT; rom andronikesadisturad daundobeli iyo sakuTari mtrebis mimarT,Tumca gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli nebisyofiTa da yvelazekritikul momentSic ki inarCunebda simSvides.Mmisibiografia savsea aRviraxsnilobiT.Mmagram andronike iyofarTe gaqanebis politikuri figura, romelmac gaataramTeli rigi reformebi qveynis ekonomikis mowyobisaTvisda didi kvali datova bizantiis saxelmwifoebrivcxovrebaSi.dibeliusis azriT renesansuli zekacis TvisebebiTandronike da Seqspiris gmiri erTmaneTs gavs. magaliTad:andronike komneni daundobeli iyo uaxloesi naTesavebis7. Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса при уча-стии Джеймса ШоуМ., Радуга, 2002. http://www.thelib.ru/books/avtor_neizvesten/shekspirovskaya_enciklopediya-read.htmlbolo Semowmeba: 12. 06.201157

maia SengeliamimarT,aseve ar daindo sakuTari vaJi titusmac.Ddibeliussmohyavs paralelic istoriul da Seqspirul andronikesSoris.Aambavi disupatorisa, romelic andronikem Sewvada sakuTar meuRles gaugzavna, gvagonebs qironisa dademetriusis beds, romlebic titusma maT dedas, tamorassauzmeze miarTva.`rogorc istoriuli, aseve Seqspiruli andronikesmTavari mowinaaRmdege qalia:istoriaSi – dedofali mariaqsene, xolo SeqspirTan – tamora. orive SemTxvevaSi amqalebis sayvarlebi (istoriaSi aleqsi protosebastosi,xolo SeqspirTan aaroni) maTi vaJiSvilebis mtrebi arian.titusi Tavis qaliSvils axal mbrZanebelze daniSnavs,magram es qorwineba CaiSleba. aq dibeliusi msgavsebasxedavs mis mier amdagvarad gadmocemul istoriulfaqtTan: andronike komnenma Tavisi qaliSvili irinedaaqorwina Tavissave naxevarZma aleqsize. magram SemdgomSiandronikes SeeSinda siZis metoqeobisa, daabrmava igi dagandevna.Qqmris bedi gaiziara andronikes qaliSvilmac.Ddibeliusi varaudobs, rom es ori aleqsi (e. i. keisarialeqsi da andronikes naxevarZma), SesaZloa SemdgomSierT pirovnebad aRiqves~. 8tamora da titusi dauZinebeli mtrebi arian,xolo Tamar mefe da andronike komneni istoriuliwyaroebis mixedviT, politikuri mosazrebebiTerTmaneTs mfarvelobdnen. maT Soris naTesauri kavSiriarsebobda. `Tamaris pirveli istorikosis cnobiT: daviTaRmaSenebelma Tavisi qaliSvili kata bizantiaSi gagzavnagasaTxoveblad. 1118 wlis agvistoSi,roca keisari aleqsiI sikvdilis piras iyo,konstantinopolSi Casulebi iyvnenabazgebi (e. i. qarTvelebi),romlebic acilebdnen TavianTimefis asuls.Ees ukanaskneli daniSnuli iyo keisris vaJ8. `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1972. red.nN. yiasaSvili. stat.: S. bad-riZe, i. kenWoSvili. “u. Seqspiris`titus andronikusi~.58

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvisaleqsize. ucnobia Sedga Tu ara es qorwineba, magram iski cnobilia, rom Semdgom nikifore ereniusma ver miiRokeisris taxti. garda amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,rom garkveuli droidan katas meuRle iyo aleqsiserTaderTi vaJi isaak I,romelTanac mas SeeZina andronikeI komneni, SemdgomSi bizantiis keisari~. 9andronike I iyo Tamaris mamis giorgi III (1156-1184)mamis, e. i. demetre I (1125-1156) diswuli. maSasadameandronike komneni dedis mxridan iyo daviT aRmaSeneblisSviliSvili da giorgi III mamidaSvili.Aamitom saqarTvelossamefo kari XII saukuneSi uaRresad keTilganwyobiliiyo komnenebisadmi. roca antibizantiuri politikisgatarebisas Tamarma trapizonis sakeisro Seqmna, missaTaveSi swored andronikes Svilebi daayena. Aar arsebobs raime faqti andronikesa da Tamars Sorisarsebuli mtrobisa, romelic safuZvlad daedebodaSeqspiris tragedias.`Tamar-tamoras igiveobis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs isic,rom XII da momdevno saukuneebSic evropis mkvidrni Tamarmefes asaxelebdnen uZlieres da amave dros, RvTismosavdedoflad.rac Seexeba Seqspiris dros, am xanebSi ingliselebmabevri araferi icodnen ara Tu Tamarze, aramed, saerTodsaqarTveloze.~ 10Tamar-tamorasTan dakavSirebuli daskvna, sruliadacar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom titusandronikusis prototipad, sworedac rom andronike ImiviCnioT, gamomdinare im paralelebidan, rac axlavsgmirisa da andronike komnenis xasiaTsa da cxovrebiseulperipetiebs.9. sanikiZe l. `daviTian-Tamariani~. Tb. ùniversitetis gamomcemloba~1994.10. `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3 Tb. `xelovneba~ 1972. red.Nn. yiasaSvili. stat.: S. badriZe, i. kenWoSvili. ù Seqspiris`titus andronikusi~.59

maia Sengeliarogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kata 1118 wels coladSerTes keisar aleqsi I komnenis umcros Zes isaaks,romelic ufros ZmasTan, keisar ioane II qiSpobis gamoojaxiT bizantiidan Turqul rumikoniaSi gadaixvewa,sulTan ruqnaddin masud I xiznad. TurqTa karze meoreZe SeeZina, _ andronike. bolos Zmam Seiriga da isaakicdabrunda bizantiaSi. isaaks taxti ar eRirsa, ufrosiZe ioanec ikoniaSi dabrunda, sulTnis asuli SeirToda gaTurqda. 1143 wels keisari ioane II gardaicvala(nadirobisas daiWra sasikvdilod; _ SeadareT basianusissikvdils), taxti misma Zem manuilma daikava ise, romandronikem xelis ganZrevac ver moaswro. keisar manuilI komnenTan, e. i. RviZl biZaSvilTan, andronikes axlomegobruli urTierToba hqonda: erTad gaizardnen, erTadswavlobdnen. 1145 wels manuilma andronike belgradis,niSisa da branicovos mmarTvelad daniSna.andronikemkavSiri gaaba madiarTa (ungrelTa) sasaxlesTan,arpadoviCTa dinastiis mefe geza II, romelic saomarmdgomareobaSi iyo konstantinopolTan. imperatormaandronike RalatisTvis Seipyro da cixeSi Casva. rvawlis patimrobis Semdeg andronikem gaqceva moaxerxada Tavi ruseTis mTavar iaroslav galickis Seafara.galicki moxibla bizantielma gmirma. karamzini `rusulisaxelmwifos istoriaSi~ werda: `mTavarma galickimmegobrulad miiRo manuilis mteri andronike,isaakis Svili,romelic konstantinopolis sapyrobiledan gamoiqca dasamarTavad ramdenime qalaqi gadasca. andronike, rogorcbizantieli istorikosebi weren, _ yovelTvis Tanaxlda iaroslavs nadirobisas, eswreboda saxelmwifosabWos sxdomebs, cxovrobda sasaxleSi, sadilobdamTavarTan erTad da TavisTvis jars agrovebda.Bbolos,ganucxada ra Tavisi ukmayofileba iaroslavs, manuilmagamogzavna ori mitropoliti, romlebmac daiyoliesandronike dabrunebuliyo cargradSi.Eepiskoposma, kozma60

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvisgalickim da iaroslavis boiarebma pativiT gaaciles igisazRvramde.~Aandronike mxolod usafrTxoebis mtkicegarantiebis miRebis Semdeg Seurigda manuils. erTi welidaicves es pirobebi moSuRleebma. erTi wlis Semdegmanuilma andronike konstantinopolidan moiSora dakilikiaSi gaamwesa mTavarsardlad. iq qalebis moyvarulmaandronikem kidev erT qalTan daiWira saqme – grafiniafilipasTan.Ees qali TviTon keisar manuilis colisda,maria dedoflis da iyo. SurisZiebiT daSinebulmaandronikem imperia datova.Mman Tavi antioqias Seafara,mere ierusalims Cavida da iq axalgamefebul jvarosanxelmwife amalrixs Sexvda, isic aRafrTovana daqalaqi beriti (axlandeli beiruTi) miiRo saCuqrad.Aiq dedofali Teodora gaixada sayvarlad, winare mefis,balduin III qvrivi, amalrixis rZali (Zmis coli) damanuil keisris Zmiswuli,e. i. TviT andronikes biZaSvili(SeadareT guTebis Semosevis winamZRoli amalrixi;guTebis dedofali tamora,romelsac raRac simpaTiebi aqvstitusisadmi da Teodora).Amanuili gaacofa andronikessaqcielma, is moiTxovda mis konstantinopolisTvisgadacemas da dabrmavebas.Aandronikem TeodorasaganSeityo, rom sikvdili eloda, amitom gaecala da Tanwaiyvana masze uzomod Seyvarebuli qali. 111167 wels andronike saqarTveloSi Camovada. giorgiIII sixaruliTa da pativiT miiRo mamidaSvili.orive daviTaRmaSeneblis SviliSvilebi iyvnen: giorgi _ demetre I,andronike _ katasagan.Aandronikes stumrobisas, wyarosmixedviT, Sirvanidan giorgis meore mamidaSvilma, daviTaRmaSeneblis àRmosavlelma SviliSvilma~, ufrosiasulis Tamarisa da SirvanSah manuCar II Zem, aRsarTanma(axsitan) Svela iTxova omSi. aRsarTani giorgisùCnda viTarca Svilyofilad, viTarca erTi didebulTa11. журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль 2000. СергейДашков. Андроник I Комнин. http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: 09.06.201161

maia SengeliamisTagani~.Ggiorgim andronikec waiyvana da xazarebi dayivCayebi erTiani ZaliT gandevnes Sirvanidan. 12Semdeg ucnobia, riT damTavrda andronikesstumroba saqarTveloSi. is rumikonias wavida sulTankiliC arslan II karze. TurqTa sulTanma sabatonodda saTareSod trapizoni misca. es mxare odiTganveqarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, Tumca imJamad bizantiasesazRvreboda da emorCileboda.Aandronikec daundobladawiokebda TanamoZmeebs. konstantinopolis patriarqmaeklesiisagan gankveTa da dawyevla. daundobeli JletagrZeldeboda manam, sanam trapizonis gamgebelma nikiforepaleogolosma erT-erT SetakebaSi xelT ar igdoTeodora da misi Svilebi, romlebic andronikesaganhyavda.Aandronike manuilTan gamocxadda,fexebSi Cauvardada acremlebulma, patriarqis TandaswrebiT SewyalebaiTxova. ùZRebma Svilma~, amjeradac miiRo Sewyaleba.manuilma sammarTvelod paflagoniis mdidari qalaqienea misca. imperatoris mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilomosaxleoba andronikes aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. andronikemamiT isargebla da jaris Sekreba daiwyo.MmanuiliiTmenda, magram Tavisi Zis, aleqsandres erTgulebazemainc daafica.manuilis sikvdilis Semdeg,Zalaufleba mcirewlovanialeqsandres dedis, kaTolike marias xelSi gadavida.berZnebi amiT ukmayofiloni iyvnen, riTac isargeblaandronikem da 1182 wlis gazafxulze paflagoniis jarebikonstantinopolisken daiZrnen. gzaSi maT bevri berZeniSeuerTda. 1183 wlis aprilSi andronike zeimiT SevidakonstantinopolSi. inaxula manuil I saflavi da moTqmiTgamoitira,mis Svils aleqsi II pativiT eqceoda da sakuTarTavs ùRirs mrCevels~ uwodebda. roca igrZno, romZalauflebas mtkiced flobda, Ria moqmedebaze gadavida.12. ix.: sanikiZe l. `daviTian-Tamariani~. Tb. ùniversitetisgamomcemloba~. 1994; metreveli r. `Tamari~. Tb. “ganaTleba”.1991.62

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis1183 wlis seqtemberSi igi akurTxes, rogorc aleqsiII TanammarTveli, ris Semdegac man swrafad moaxdinaaleqsis izolireba, xolo mogvianebiT moakvlevina.aleqsis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 63 wlis andronikem aleqsis13 wlis daze, agnesaze iqorwina. marTalia, dinastiurimosazrebebiT es qorwineba gamarTlebuli iyo, magramcinikurad gamoiyureboda.Ddidebulebi,vinc ukmayofilebasgamoTqvamda,saxifaTo meamboxeebad gamoacxada da daabrmava,xolo daumorCilebeli patriarqi feodosi, gadayenebuliqna.andronik I gaatara axali fiskaluri reforma,raTa qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gamoesworebina.maRal Tanamdebobebze, gansakuTrebiT samosamarTlopostebze daawinaura mcodne da patiosani xalxi. sjidausamarTlobas, uwesrigobas da meqrTameobas.Ppiradadismenda yovel saCivars da samarTlianad ganixilavda.sakuTar Tavs xalxis da glexebis mefes uwodebda.magram aqve,nikita akominatori aRniSnavda: `dasjis drosdaundobeli, is erToboda moyvasis wamebiT; fiqrobda ra,rom sxvisi daRupviT ganimtkicebda sakuTar Zalauflebas,amiT gansakuTrebul siamovnebas ganicdida...Zma Zmas ar indobda da mama Svils, Tu es andronikessurda... es adamiani im dRes daRupulad miiCnevda, rocaromelime didebuls ar Seipyrobda, an ar daabrmavebda,ardaaSinebda pirquSi gamoxedviT da veluri mrisxanebiT...mxecebis msgavsad uyvarda mTebis xeobebSi xetialida Tan ise daatarebda sayvarlebs,rogorc mamali qaTmebs,an Txa _ Txebs mdeloze.mokled rom vTqvaT, andronikes rom moeToka Tavisisisastike da maSinaTve ar miemarTa gaxurebuli SanTisada maxvilisaTvis, gamudmebiT rom ar Seelaxa sakuTarisamefo samosi sisxliT da ar dayrdnoboda dasjas(romliTac daavadda xalxisagan, xiznobis dros visTanaccxovrobda), arcTu ukanaskneli mefe iqneboda komnenebis63

maia Sengeliagvaridan~. 13ukmayofilo didebulebma moawyves amboxi andronikeswinaaRmdeg 1185 wlis miwuruls.Aandronikem CaaxSoajanyeba, magram mis mier gatarebulma represiebmaTavidan gamoiwvia ajanyebis talRa da is taxtidanCamoagdo avanturistma isaak II angelosma.Mmisi brZanebiTSepyrobil andronikes mklavi mokveTes da cali TvaliamoTxares, mere aqlemze Sesves da quCebSi Camoatares.xalxma TiTqmis mkvdari andronike awama, bolos qalaqismoedanze Tavdayira dakida da daundoblad cema. sikvdiliswin momakvdavma amoikvnesa: ùfalo, ufalo, Semiwyaleme; xolo Tqven _ raisTvis amsxvrevT lerwamsa awdamsxvreulsa?!” (SeadareT titusis xelis mokveTas damis ukanasknel sityvebs: `markus, Cirgvni varT, kedrebadki mogvqonda Tavi~.) Mmicvalebuli manam ekida, sanamZvlis grovad ar Camoiyara. 1413. журнал “Культ Личностей”, январь/февраль 2000. СергейДашков. Андроник I Комнин. http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: 09.06.201114. a) iqveb) l. sanikiZe.”daviTian-Tamariani”. Tb. “universitetis gamomcemloba”.1994.A64

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvisdaakvirdiT genealogias:aleqsi I komnenidaviT IV aRmaSenebeliisaaki kata demetre I Tamariandronike I giorgi III aRsarTanmanuilTamarialeqsi trapezonisdaviTimefeaseTia andronike I cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis,saqarTvelosTan misi kavSiris istoria. is WeSmaritadmasStaburi, renesansuli figura iyo.Mmisi xasiaTisTvisebebi da Tavgadasavlis detalebi, TiTqos erTpersonaSi aerTianebs Seqspiris tragediis yvela personaJserTad aRebuls. swored am da mTeli rigi niuansebisgamo, savsebiT SesaZlebelia igi titus andronikusisprototipi yofiliyo, rasac ver vityviT Tamarisa datamoras identobis Sesaxeb.1. Гарин И.И. Пророки и поэты. Том 6. Шекспир. Истоки. 1992.http://www.i- u.ru/biblio/archive/garin_proroki_vi/default.aspxbolo Semowmeba: 08.07. 20112 ix.: metreveli r., `Tamari~. Tb. `ganaTleba~. 1991;65

maia Sengelia3. журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль 2000. СергейДашков. Андроник I Комнин. http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: 09.06.20114. rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb. `ganaTleba~. 1986. gv. 10.5. sanikiZe l.. “daviTian-Tamariani”. Tb. “universitetisgamomcemloba” 19946. Станиславский К. С. Т.5. М. 1957. gv. 461-4627. ix.: `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1972.red. nN. yiasaSvili. stat.: S. bad-riZe, i. kenWoSvili.: ù.Seqspiris `titus andronikusi~.8. yiasaSvili n. “skilasa da qaribdas Soris”. Tb. “saqarTvelo”1992. stat.: “Seqspiri: tradicia da novatoroba”. Ggv. 1089. Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса приучастии Джеймса Шоу. М., Радуга, 2002. http://www.thelib.ru/books/avtor_neizvesten/shekspirovskaya_enciklopediya-read.htmlbolo Semowmeba: 12. 06.201166

saTeatro JurnalistikisistorianaSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ giorgi CarTolani67

Mmariam CubiniZedoqtoranturis III kursiqarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikada mayurebeliperiodul presaSi Teatris Sesaxeb gamoqveynebulimasalebi Teatris istoriis Seswavlis erT-erTimniSvnelovani saSualebaa. misi daxmarebiT mkiTxveliigebs ara mxolod konkretuli speqtaklis Taobaze,aramed imasac, Tu ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondesTeatrs qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri, sazogadoebriviTu kulturuli cxovrebis fonze. Tumca, garda amisa,saTeatro Jurnalistika ukve TavisTavad dasrulebuliprofesiaa da ara Teatris mxolod erTgvari `damateba~.amgvarad, saintereso xdeba Tavad es profesia, misiTiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili _ presis dainteresebaTeatriT, mimomxilvelTa interesebis konkretuliobieqtebi (dramaturgi, msaxiobi, mayurebeli), Sefasebisxerxebi _ azrovnebisa da weris stili, statiebismoculoba, maTi adgili Jurnal-gazeTebSi da konkretulSemTxvevaSi maTi mniSvneloba.qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika saTaves XIXsaukunis meore naxevarSi iRebs. vinaidan, am periodSisaqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri reJimis fonze,qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis mcdelobebis miuxedavad,SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda ramdenime qarTulenovani gamocemiserTdroulad arseboba, amitom saTeatro Jurnalistikissawyisebze saubrisas (gamomdinare qarTuli presisarastabiluri mdgomareobidan), Cven vcdebiT 50-ianwlebs da mimovixilavT Semdgom, daaxloebiT sam aTeulweliwads.qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikis CvenTvis sainteresoperiodze msjelobisas, cxadia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, ra68

xdeba qarTul TeatrSi am wlebSi. 1850 wels daarsda damaleve daixura giorgi erisTavis Teatri. amis Semdeg ocweliwadze metxans qarTveli scenismoyvareebi TbilisSi dasaqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa Tu sofelSi metnaklebiaqtiurobiT warmoadgenen speqtaklebs.Aam dros presaakvirdeba da wers TiToeul maTganze. Jurnalistebismier Teatris erovnul-ideologiuri mniSvnelobis (enis,erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dacva, ganaTlebis sakiTxebi)gaanalizebiT, mayurebelSi esTetikuri moTxovnilebebiszrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis mowinavenawilisTvis naTeli xdeba, rom drouli da aucilebeliaprofesiuli Teatris daarseba. Tu ra roli iTamaSamudmivmoqmedi Teatris SeqmnaSi qarTulma periodulmapresam, es qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi cnobili faqtia,Tumca qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikis pirveliperiodi imiTac saintereso da mniSvnelovania, rom man amdrois manZilze SeZlo profesiuli Teatris mayurebladgaezarda sakuTari mkiTxveli, romelTagan bevrs ama Tuim perioduli gamocemis wakiTxvamde arc ki gaegonaTeatris Sesaxeb.presa, rogorc mediatori, pirvel etapze mkiTxvelisTeatrSi mizidviTaa dainteresebuli.Ees procesi1879 wlamde (mudmivmoqmedi Teatris daarsebamde)Tanmimdevrulad xorcieldeba. Jurnalistebi sxvadasxvasaSualebas iyeneben imisTvis,rom mkiTxveli (potenciurimayurebeli) TeatrSi siaruls miaCvios,masze fiqrisTvisganawyos da saerTodac, is maT cxovrebaSi erT-erTumniSvnelovanes movlenad aqcios.erT-erTi pirveli aseTi xasiaTis werili Jurnal`ciskris~ _ `salaybos furclebSi~ gamoqveynda.`molaybem~ (m. TumaniSvili) gamoaqveyna statia, sadacdawvrilebiT mimoixilavs qalaqSi arsebul yvelagasarTobs. werils ase amTavrebs: `davxede saaTsa daiyo merve. magram kmara amdeni layboba. zogi kvlav iyos.69

mariam CubiniZemetadre xom iciT Teatri Cemi bomonia, imaze gadamigiaCemi sicocxle, iq mitirnia, iq micinia, iq davmtkbarvar _darCes Teatri Semdeg furclebamdis. 1werilis avtori TiTqos eTamaSeba mkiTxvels. vrcladmimoixilavs qalaqur gasarTobebs, da bolos, mxoloderTi, TiTqos zogadi abzaciT sruliad cvlis rogorcsakuTari, aseve mkiTxvelis interesis sagans. ucebaRmoCndeba, rom am werilSi umTavresi is sakiTxebi kiar yofila, razec Jurnalistma amdeni ìlayba~, aramedis, razec man saerTod ver moaswro saubari, anu Teatri,da amas mkiTxveli SesaniSnavad grZnobs.am statiaSi Cven ukve vxvdebiT Jurnalistur intrigasda CvenTvis naTeli xdeba, rom rodesac Jurnalistmazustad icis, Tu ra sakiTxs surs miapyros mkiTxvelisyuradReba, maSin kargad mofiqrebuli intriga, mxolodsworad gamiznuli Jurnalisturi xerxi xdeba, romelicamave Tvisebis met-naklebad matarebel mkiTxvelssakiTxis mimarT interess uCens. Semdgom, Cven davinaxavT,rom molaybis es Canafiqri zustad `moxvda~ mizans.amis Semdeg `ciskris~ ramdenime nomeri ise gamovida,rom masSi `molaybis~ mier Sepirebuli statia ar aRmoCnda(SesaZloa, esec am gamowvevis gagrZelebaa). rogorcCans, erT-erTi mkiTxveli, i. beriZe am faqtma sakmaodgaanawyena da Jurnalis meaTe nomerSi redaqciam misiwerili gamoaqveyna. werilis bolos igi wers,rom gaaxara`salaybos furclis~ danaxvam, `magram ra rom, didismouTmenlobiT amovikiTxe winasityvaoba da ara mimxediimisa, mainc kidev Cavurbine pirvel furcels: uecradxelebi Camomcvivda da wigni gamvarda xelidan. `Teatri,Teatri, sad aris Teatri?~ _ viZaxdi gagiJebuliviT,ratom ar aRasrula piroba? ratom ar mogviTxramazrebis mkiTxvelT ambavi Teatris warmodginebaTa? 2beriZis am werilSi,sadac pirvel rigSi kargad igrZnobaerT-erTi rigiTi moqalaqis daintereseba TeatriT,70

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebelivxvdebiT erT sayuradRebo SeniSvnasac. saqme exebaJurnalSi saTeatro cxovrebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebulistatiebis simwires da am statiebSic, TeatriT, rogorcmxolod sazogado problemiT dainteresebis tendencias,rodesac avtorebi maTSi TiTqmis ar saubrobdnenmsaxiobebze, mayurebelze, dramaturgebze da a. S.dRes, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelma ukve kargad icis, romes profesiuli kritikis daniSnulebaa da naklebikavSiri aqvs im sferosTan, romlis warmomadgenladacam SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba `molaybe~. es publicistikaa,rac iTvaliswinebs swored sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebiswin wamowevas. imdroindel qarTul JurnalistikaSi es,marTalia, pirveli mcdelobebia am JanrSi, magram sakmaodmaRali profesionalizmiT warmodgenili, ris mizezadacim periodis qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis ganaTlebismasStabi da sazRvargareTis, gansakuTrebiT ki rusulipresis gamocdilebis codna SegviZlia davasaxeloT.mayureblis TeatrSi mizidvas gansxvavebuli xerxiTcdilobs 1861 wels dimitri baqraZe. `wigni miweriliredaqtorTan~ reportaJul xasiaTs atarebs damogviTxrobs quTaisSi saqvelmoqmedo mizniT warmodgenilispeqtaklis `gayris~ Sesaxeb. aRwerilia scenismoyvareTamzadebis procesi. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sainteresoa`gayris~ finaluri scenis dawvrilebiT aRwera,romlis saSualebiT dResac ki SegviZlia TvalnaTlivwarmovidginoT da nawilobriv aRvadginoT is suraTida ganwyoba, rac quTaisis erT-erT klubSi 1861 wlis 3marts sufevda: `daboloeba warmodgenisa iyo mosawoni.qorwili, mayruli simRera, patarZlis Semoyvana, ucxodrom iyo TeTrad Cacmuli da Semkuli davarayebulisialqniTa. lekuri Semdeg milocvis da dasasrul qalTada kacTagan simReriTve warmoTqma Secvlilisa leqsisa,romelSic avtoris magier isini uCveneben `gayris~ sagansada iTxoven Sendobasa naklulovanebisTvis~. 371

mariam CubiniZeamgvarad, d. baqraZe ar cdilobs Tavisi Tanamedroveavtorebis mibaZvas da Teatris aRmzrdelobiTmniSvnelobaze ar saubrobs. mkiTxvelis yuradRebasufro speqtaklis esTetikuri mxarisken miapyrobs. iszust gaTvlas akeTebs qarTveli mayureblis emociurxasiaTze da warmodgenaze werisas swored zemoaRniSnulscenas gamoyofs gansakuTrebiT. unda aRiniSnos isic,rom `gayra~ is piesa iyo, romelic im dros sakmaodxSirad idgmeboda. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom werilismkiTxveli,samomavlod aucileblad daelodeboda `gayris~momdevno warmodenas. aseve, didi iqneboda cduneba im`kartinis~ xilvisa, romlis Sesaxeb `Tergdaleuli~ (k.lorTqifaniZe) `ciskris~ 1862 w. #6-Si wers. mimoixilavsra sxvadasxva qalaqur sanaxaobas, askvnis, rom maTzegacilebiT sainteresoa Teatri:àba erTi daukvirdiT,visacTqvengan Teatri unaxavs da warmoidgineT ki piruTvneladgiorgi erisTavis melodramaSi `SeSlili~, saca giJiqali Sav kabaSi Tma gaSlili mReris da laparakobs.me ara mgonia, qarTvelisTvis amaze meti kartina vinmemmoZebnos~. 4 am sityvebis Semdeg, mkiTxvelSi cxadia undagaCndes interesi da survili aseTi sanaxaobis xilvisa.sainteresoa is, rom CamoTvlil TvalsaCino gasarTobebs`Tergdaleuli~ aseve saxier suraTs upirispirebs daara, magaliTad, raime zogad azrs an mxolod sakuTar,Teoriul mosazrebas, rasac SeiZleba gaeRizianebinada sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebiT ganewyo mkiTxveli.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom avtori mkiTxvels ukve sakuTarTanamoazred xdis _ garkveul avtoritetad (`daukvirdiT,visac Tqvengan Teatri unaxavs~) da amgvarad, yovelgvarididaqtikis gareSe urCevs erovnuli TeatrisTvisyuradRebis miqcevas. is mkiTxvels maTsave moqalaqeobrivda erovnul TviTSegnebaze ugdebs sityvas.1974 wels, gazeT `droebaSi~ `mevelem~ (d. miqelaZe)mayurebels Teatri da misi mniSvneloba sruliad72

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeligansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoudgina. mkiTxvelisyuradRebas ipyrobs ukve werilis saTauri: `ra iqnebaCvenTvis qarTuli Teatri?~ (esec erT-erTi Jurnalisturixerxi,romelic qarTul JurnalistikaSi sxva sainteresomagaliTebiTac gamovlinda). avtori Tavis publicisturnawerSi aRniSnavs, rom g. erisTavis Teatris daarsebiswlebSi naklebi raodenobiT iyideboda `saTamaSo qaRaldi~,iklo loTobam, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulmac, rasac`mevele~ Teatrs ukavSirebs da miiCnevs, rom is zneobisamaRlebis erT-erTi umTavresi saSualebaa.werili im mxrivaa saintereso,rom masSi Jurnalistismier statistikuri monacemebis codnas vxvdebiT. amperiodSi qarTveli publicistebi TavianT naSromebSiukve xSirad da mizanmimarTulad iyeneben statistikurmonacemebs, romlebic `maTTvis ZiriTadi mamtkicebelisabuTia~. 5 am SemTxvevaSic, avtori mimarTavs mas Teatrissazogadoebriv mniSvnelobaze sasaubrod. rogorcvxedavT,qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika sociologiurkvlevebsac ki iyenebs, rodesac mudmivmoqmedi dasisSeqmnis aucileblobaze wers.publicistikis da zogadad, imdroindeli qarTuliJurnalistikisTvis damaxasiaTebel kidev erT formasvxvdebiT `ciskarSi~ (1865 w., #4) es aris piradiwerilebi, romlebic zogjer sakmaod mdare xarisxisiyo da ubralod, gverdebis Sesavsebad iyenebdnen. maTze`Tergdaleuli~ kritikulad aRniSnavda, rom, `Cveni`ciskari~ Seiqmna foCtis magierio~. 6 Tumca, arsebobdagamonaklisebic da am Janrmac dagvitova ramdenimesaintereso nimuSi saTeatro JurnalistikaSi. erT-erTiswored zemoaRniSnuli werilia _ ucnobi avtoris,miwerili Zmisadmi, romelic saqarTveloSi ar imyofebada ainteresebs qarTuli Teatris ambavi. adresatisinteresebis sferodan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom avtoriswerili piradi mimoweris farglebs sagrZnoblad73

mariam CubiniZedascildeba. rodesac werils gavecnobiT, mivxvdebiT, romavtorma es forma Segnebulad airCia, raTa amiT odnavmainc Seerbilebina is mkacri toni, rasac igi mkiTxvelismimarT gamoTqmul sayvedursa da mosazrebaSi amJRavnebs.erTgvari sociologiuri dakvirvebis elementebs eswerilic Seicavs. garda amisa, aqve vxvdebiT avtorismier qarTveli mayureblis `cnobieri~ xasiaTis codnas.saqme exeba maT mier italiuri operiTa da rusulispeqtaklebiT gadaWarbebul dainteresebas. werilsepigrafad qarTuli andaza aqvs wamZRvarebuli, romelicgarkveul miniSnebas ukve gvaZlevs mis problematikaze:`mamis suli maminacvlisas ficulobdao~, _ ambobsqarTuli andaza. avtori, romelic mayureblis ampozaze saubrobs da ar erideba mis mxilebas, movlenissaboloo SefasebaSi daundobelia: `qarTuli warmodgenisukadrisoba qarTvelisgan aris Tavis masxrad agdeba~. 7es sityvebi asmagad mwvave da mniSvnelovani xdeba,Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli sazogadoebis aseTivedamokidebulebas qarTuli literaturisa da enismimarT.italiuri operis da rusuli Teatris mimarTqarTvelTa interess, ramdenime wlis Semdeg TavisstatiaSi sxvagvar Sefasebas aZlevs ànCisxatisubneli~(p. umikaSvili) da mas mayureblis esTetikurimoTxovnilebiT xsnis. sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi,ase vTqvaT, mayureblis mxares irCevs da miiCnevs, rompirvel rigSi, jer Teatri unda dadges saTanado doneze,raTa daimsaxuros mayureblis yuradReba:`Cveni mayurebelipublika xedavs italiur operas, rusul speqtaklebs,Tvali da yuri sakmaod gaxsnili aqvs. Tu gindaT, romdasacinari ar gaxdeT,maSasadame,imaT dasakmayofilebladwarmodgenis gaumjobesebaa saWiro~. 8 aseT SemTxvevaSiavtors mayurebeli ukve sxva `ganzomilebaSi~ gadahyavs.marTalia, iribi formiT, am werilSic mTavari Teatria,74

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli`misi ukeT mowyoba~, magram erTi SexedviT (an erTiwakiTxviT), mayurebeli TeatrisTvis Tavis mniSvnelobasgrZnobs. amjeradac,mas imas ki ar Seaxseneben,rom Teatrimisi sulieri Tu gonebrivi aRzrdisTvis aucilebeliada a. S. aramed, mas ukve Tavad Tvlian angariSgasawevmovlenad. es ki mkiTxvelze magiurad moqmedebs.miuxedavad imisa, rom `droebas~ da mogvianebiTdaarsebul Jurnal `mnaTobs~ bevr sakiTxze da, maTSoris, Teatrzec xSirad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebihqondaT (rac araerTxel gamxdara maT Soris polemikisgamarTvis mizezi),cxadia,arsebobda sakiTxebi,raSic isinierTsulovanni iyvnen. Cven mier zemoaRniSnul werilsmoyva n. avaliSvilis naweri Jurnal `mnaTobSi~, sadac ismayureblis mniSvnelobaze agrZelebs saubars. werilSi,saTauriT `Teatris mniSvneloba~ avtori gansxvavebulsTiTqos arafers ambobs,_ wers Teatris saganmanaTleblomniSvnelobaze; magram aq aRsaniSnavia werilis dasawyisSiavtoris minaweri: `vuZRvni Cvens mowinave sazogadoebas~, 9Tumca statiidan gamomdinare, Cven mivxvdebiT, rom esar aris sazogadoebis mxolod garkveuli (`mowinave~)nawilisadmi mimarTuli sityvebi. werili ekuTvnismTlianad qarTvel xalxs da gajerebulia maTdamiloialuri ganwyobiT. es kontrasti (minawersa dawerilis Sinaars Soris) mkiTxvels TiTqos samomavlodaxali cxovrebis wesze dafiqrebas sTavazobs _ geqnebaTTeatri? maSin Tqven sruli ufleba gaqvT mowinavesazogadoeba gerqvaT. es erTgvari gamowvevaa.rogorc davinaxeT, pirvelma qarTulenovanma JurnalgazeTebmaTavidanve miaqcies yuradReba Teatrismayureblis kulturis Camoyalibebas. pirvel etapze Cvenufro xSirad iseTi xasiaTis werilebs vxvdebiT, sadacavtorebi sazogadoebisTvis Teatris mniSvnelobazemsjeloben,Tumca mogvianebiT davinaxavT,rom ukve TviTonmayurebeli xdeba aranakleb mniSvnelovani.75

mariam CubiniZeamjerad,Cven mokled mimovixileT is ramdenime werili,sadac avtorebi uSualod mayureblis problemas ayeneben.es qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikis mxolod erTisferoa im mravalTagan,romelTa Rrma da TanmimdevrulmaJurnalisturma kvlevebma sabolood safuZveli CauyaraqarTul profesiul Teatrs.1. ix.: `molaybe~. `salaybos furceli~, Jurnali `ciskari”, 1858, #1.2. ix.: i. beriZe. Jurnali `ciskari”, 1858. #10.3. ix.: d. baqraZe. `wigni miwerili redaqtorTan”, Jurnali“ciskari”, 1861, #3.4. ix.: `Tergdaleuli”. àxali ambebi”, Jurnali `ciskari”, 1862,#6.5. al. kalandaZe. `narkvevebi qarTuli Jurnalistikisistoriidan”,1965, gv. 209.6. `Tergdaleuli”. Jurnali `ciskari”, 1862, #4.7. `qarTuli warmodgena TbilisSi”. Jurnali `ciskari”, 1865,#4.8. ànCisxatisubneli”. `feletoni”, gazeTi `droeba”, 1869,.#40.9. n. avaliSvili. `Teatris mniSvneloba”.,Jurnali `mnaTobi” ,1869, #7-8.76

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Tanamedrove evropuli TeatrinaSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvanelebi _ Tamar bokuCava79

80guram kokaiamagistraturis II kursivsevold meierholdis reJisoruliZiebebi 1902-1906 wlebSi1896 wels momavalma didma reJisorma vsevoldmeierholdma Caabara moskovis filarmoniis saswavlebelSi,vladimer nemiroviC-danCenkos samsaxiobo jgufSi.mogvianebiT is gaxda moskovis samxatvro Teatrismsaxiobi.samxatvro TeatrSi moRvaweobis dros,meierholdi ariziarebda Teatris naturalistur,realistur,ganwyobiTesTetikas. is werda, rom samxatvro Teatrs ori saxehqonda: naturalisturi da ganwyobis. naturalizmiTeatrma meiningelebisgan aiRo, romlebic zustadasaxavdnen piesaSi mocemul garemos. Teatri iqceodaavtoris sityvebis ilustratorad. ganwyobis Teatria. p. Cexovis SemoqmedebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. misiganwyobis saidumlo enis ritmSi mdgomareobda. ganwyobisTeatris Seqmna garkveulwilad Cexovis TeatrSi aqtiurmamuSaobam ganapiroba. `Tolias~ dadgmis dros, ganwyobasSemsruleblebis musikaluroba qmnida, romelTacgaTavisebuli hqondaT Cexovis poeziis ritmi. moskovissamxatvro Teatris esTetikur principebs meierholdi ariziarebda da amitom is samxatvro Teatridan wavida.1901-1902 wlebSi meierholdTan erTad samxatvroTeatris dasi datoves: roksanovam, saninma, koSeverovma,mixailovskim, luCininma, abesalamovma, principarma. isiniwavidnen ruseTis samxreT provinciaSi, daba xersonSi da1902 wlis 22 seqtembers meierholdis xelmZRvanelobiTSeudgnen saTeatro moRvaweobas. xersonis Teatrismsaxiobi f. k. lazarevi ixsenebda, rom meierholdiartistebs Tavisi muSaobis stiliT itacebda. aZlevdamaT SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas da exmareboda rolisSeqmnaSi.

meierholdis miswrafeba axali ideebisadmi naTladgamoCnda franc fon Sentanis piesis, àkrobatebis~dadgmiT. es piesa man msaxiob n. a. bukeviCis daxmarebiTTargmna da gamosca Tavisi reJisoruli miTiTebebiT. ampiesis sareJisoro SeniSvnebi SemorCenilia meierholdisarqivSi da daTariRebulia 1903 wlis ianvriT.àkrobatebis~ moqmedeba xdeboda cirkis msaxiobebissagrimioroSi. scenis iataki maRla unda yofiliyoaweuli siTbos SesanarCuneblad. perspeqtivaSi, ukanafonad, unda yofiliyo mayurebeli, an namdvili, andaxatuli. kedlebze gakruli iqneboda sxvadasxvasareklamo afiSa. aseve iqneboda kedelze mimagrebulizari eqvsi RilakiT, romelic sxvadasxva RilakzeTiTis daWerisas sxvadasxvanairad aJRerdeboda. pirvelmoqmedebaSi scenaze xelovnuri qaosi unda yofiliyo.scenaze miyril-moyrili iyo cxvirsaxocebi,fexsacmelebi,TeTreuli, qudebi, qolgebi. meore moqmedebaSi scenalagdeboda da yvelaferi Tavis adgils ubrundeboda.mTavar gmirs, kloun landovskis meierholdi TavadTamaSobda. klounis qaliSvils TamaSobda e. munti,dasis wamyvani qali msaxiobi. landovskis ecva klounisnamdvili kostumi. TiTqmis yvela SemsruleblisTvisaxali kostumi Seikera. xersonis gazeT `samxreTSi~,speqtakls reJisoruli Sedevri uwodes.meore sezonSi dasi datova koSeverovma. meierholdmajgufs saxeli gadaarqva da Seqmna àxali dramisamxanagoba~. am periodSi ruseTSi moRvaweobdnensimbolisti poetebi: bloki, briusovi, balmonti. esukanaskneli ambobda, rom realistebi yovelTvis ubralodamkvirveblebi iyvnen, simbolistebi _ moazrovneebi.simbolizms SeeZlo gaego azris axali mniSvneloba.simbolizmis siom samxatvro Teatris karic SeaRoda scenis farda aaSriala. stanislavski moskovSi dameierholdi xersonSi erTnairad fiqrobdnen simbolizmze.v. nemiroviC-danCenkoc simbolizmSi xedavda CixSi Sesuli81

guram kokaiaTeatris gadarCenis saSualebas. is werda, rom Cexovissayvarelma, Tavmdabalma, liriulma gmirebma daasrulesTavisi arseboba. `mxatis~ naturalizmis krizisi naTladgamoCnda 1902 wels dadgmul speqtakl `wyvdiadisZalasa~ da 1903 wels dadgmul ìulius keisarSi~.stanislavskim scada simbolisturi piesebis dadgma.1904 wels man dadga meterlinkis `brmebi~,ùpatiebelni~,ìq SigniT~. misTvis advili ar iyo konceptualuradgansxvavebul àxal dramaze~ muSaoba. mas sWirdebodadamxmare, romelic dramis axal principebSi gzasgaukvalavda da aseTi meierholdi iyo. mxatis samxatvroxelmZRvaneli meierholdze werda, rom ipovna is, vincsWirdeboda da romlis muSaobac da moRvaweobac misocnebebs emTxveoda.1905 wlis pirvel maiss nikalaevis gazeTSi daibeWdacnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom meierholdis àxali dramisamxanagoba~ Sedioda samxatvro Teatris SemadgenlobaSi,misi filialis saxiT, meierholdis xelmZRvanelobiT.studia `mxati~ kvleviT laboratorias warmoadgenda,sadac profesionali msaxiobebi muSaobdnen. stanislavskisTqmiT, studiis devizi winsvla, xolo mizani _ axalidramatuli formebis Zieba iyo. mxatvrebad studiaSimuSaobdnen: sapunovi, sudeikini, denisovi, ulianovi,gugunava, golsti, kompozitorad _ ilia saci.studiaSi sruli Tavisufleba sufevda. meierholdmadaiwyo moris meterlinkis piesaze `tentaJilessikvdili~ muSaoba. am piesaze muSaobisas TavdapirveladCamoyalibda statikuri Teatris principebi, romlebicscenaze figurebis ganlagebis axlebur xerxebsefuZneboda. reJisori msaxiobebs ise ganalagebda,TiTqos monumentur bareliefebsa da freskebs qmnida. ampiesaze muSaobam reJisors saSualeba misca musikisa daplastikis saSualebiT personaJebis Sinagani dialogigamoevlina. mas saSualeba mieca moqmedebis mistikurida logikuri maxvilebi SeeerTebina. masTan obieqturi82

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSicxovrebis nacvlad, win wamovida misi subieqturi aRqmada swored es gansazRvravda simbolistur Teatrs.meierholdis gaTvliT Seqmnil atmosferos unda daepyromayurebelTa darbazi. misTvis Teatri iyo taZari, misimoRvaweebi _ qurumebi, mayureblebi _ morwmuneebi.msaxiobi yvelas Tvalwin unda Cavardnliyo eqstazSida wmindanis roli etvirTa. meierholdi meterlinkSidid yuradRebas uTmobda sxvadasxva xmaursa da xmas.iswrafvoda ritmulobisken. Tu samxatvro TeatrSimsaxiobisTvis mTavari iyo gadmoeca misi personaJisyovelwamieri gancdebi,meierholdTan mTavari iyo saerTotoni, saerTo JReradoba.Semoqmedebis am etapze, meterlinkis piesaze muSaobisdros, meierholdma uaryo maketi da gadavida dekoraciiseskizze. am dadgmaze muSaobdnen mxatvrebi: n. sapunovida s. sudeikini. mxatvrebs xelT hqondaT speqtaklisreJisoruli gadawyveta, romlis mixedviTac isiniSesabamis ferTa harmonias qmnidnen. meierholdi werda,rommaketis xelSi trialiT,isini xelSi Zvel,naturalisturTeatrs aTamaSebdnen, romlis ganadgurebac maT surdaT.`tentaJiles sikvdilis~ didi nawili SuasaukuneebissasaxleSi mimdinareobda. misi dekoraciis awyobas dididro sWirdeboda da amitom,maT pirobiTi sasaxle gaakeTes.dekoraciaSi iyo daxatuli ukana foni, xidi, xeivani.saqusari Txel gamWvirvale qsovilze (tiuli) iyodaxatuli. sudeikinma gaakeTa I-III moqmedebis dekoracia,sapunovma _ II-IV moqmedebisa. maT namuSevarSi mTavariiyo feri, harmonia, koloriti, ferTa gama. am yvelafersmogvianebiT meierholdi impresionistuls uwodebs.`tentaJiles sikvdilis~ dekoracia mwvane-lurj tonSiiyo gadawyvetili. mas harmoniulad erwymoda iliasacis musika. meierholdi cdilobda mieRwia msaxiobisTamaSis ritmulobisTvis, scenis erTiani sivrculi daferadovani gadawyvetisTvis. gaCnda statikuri uZraviTeatris koncefcia. artistebi aCvenebdnen ara adamianis83

guram kokaiamoZraobis asls, aramed Senelebuli musikis TanxlebiTpiesis sulis moZraobas. plastika eyrdnoboda moZraobismusikalur ritms da ara cxovrebiseuls. daZabulmomentebSi msaxiobebi uecrad SeSdebodnen. reJisoriartistebisgan skulpturul gamomsaxvelobas iTxovda.gaCdnen cocxali Zeglebi da bareliefebi. scenis win iyogamWvirvale qsovilis (tiuli) farda da mayurebeli mismiRma xedavda scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas. es fardaiZleoda idumalis,ararealuris STabeWdilebas. saqusarzeexata zRva da kldeze mdgari cixe-simagre. meierholdmascenis ukana foni avanscenasTan axlos moswia. speqtaklSipirobiTi Jesti, faqtobrivad, ritualuri iyo. nel-nelayalibdeboda stilizaciis principi.`Sluksa da iauSi~, sadac ludovikoebis epoqa undaeCvenebinaT, mxatvarma ulianovma ramdenime saxasiaTodetaliT mianiSna masze: pirvel moqmedebaSi sasaxliskaribWe naCvenebi iyo patara, mrgvali kariT, romelzeczemoT brinjaos patara amuris qandakeba iyo damagrebuli.samefo saZinebeli warmodgenili iyo specialuradgadidebuli sawoliT. krinolini, pariki, msaxiobiskostiumi, _ dekoraciis ferebSi iyo gadawyvetili.meierholdma fsiqologizms omi gamoucxada dawminda formis ZiebaSi yuradReba dauTmo plastikas,ritms, Jestis gamomsaxvelobas, gansakuTrebuladteqstis kiTxvas. is werda, rom naturalisturi Teatriar icnobda plastikis xibls, ar aiZulebda msaxiobebsevarjiSebinaT sxeuli. mas miaCnda, rom Tu àntigones~an ìulius keisris~ dadgmas moisurvebda, jer maTSiarsebuli musika unda gaegona.meierholdi axali tipis Teatrs qmnida.stanislavskisTvis mTavari iyo msaxiobis Sinagani teqnika,xasiaTis Tavisebureba,fsiqologia. meterlinkze muSaobisdros Camoyalibda im esTetikis principebi, romelTacmeierholdi msaxiobebs Txovda. es iyo civi kiTxvaTavisufali vibraciisa da motirali intonaciisgan.84

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSiis Tavisufali iyo daZabulobisgan. sityva ise undagaJRerebuliyo, rogorc wylis wveTis xma Rrma WaSiCavardnisas. ar unda yofiliyo boloebis gagrZeleba,wamRereba,Sinagani TrTola da mRelvareba unda arekliliyoTvalebze,tuCebze,intonaciaze. es ar unda gamoxatuliyomkerdSi xelis cemiT,rogorc es sxva TeatrebSi xdeboda.Sinagani emociebi dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnengaregan formasTan. scenaze ar unda yofiliyo swrafisaubari nevrasTeniuli notebiT. meierholdi sityvas,grZnobis gadmocemis saukeTeso saSualebad ar miiCnevda.kargad, daxvewilad naTqvami sityva ar niSnavda azrs.mas rixard vagneris magaliTi mohqonda argumentad daambobda, rom sulieri daZabulobis gadmosacemad vagneriorkestrs iSveliebda da mxolod msaxiobis Sesrulebaar hyofnida. rogorc vagneri iyenebda orkestrs, isevsevold meierholdi iyenebda plastikur moZraobas.Tvlida, rom msaxiobisTvis aucilebeli iyo plastikuristatikuroba.1905 wels stanislavskim,Tavisi azriT warumatebelimuSaobis gamo,studia daxura. meierholdi mixvda,rom jeraxali msaxiobi unda aRezarda da Semdeg unda daesva miswinaSe axali saSemsruleblo amocanebi. briusovi werda,rom studia realizmisgan gaTavisuflebas cdilobda.masSi iyo ufro meti plastika, vidre realobis baZva.arc dekoracia iyo realisturi. saubari yovelTvismusikis fonze midioda. reJisorisa da msaxobebis teqnikaerTmaneTs ar emTxveoda. sadac mTavrdeboda reJisorulimignebebi, iq iwyeboda msaxiobTa tradiciuli TamaSi danaTlad Canda, rom cudi msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen.studiaSi muSaobis dros, meierholdi iswrafvodapirobiTi Teatrisken. mas surda TeatrisTvis daebrunebinais pirvelqmnili JReradoba,rac mas dabadebidanve hqonda.reJisuris xelovnebaSi igi or ZiriTad models gamoyofda.orive oTx ZiriTad Teatralur elements efuZneba. esenia:dramaturgi, reJisori, msaxiobi da mayurebeli. pirvelia85

guram kokaia`Teatri _ samkuTxedi~. am SemTxvevaSi samkuTxedis zedawveroSi dgas reJisori, qvemoT ki avtori da msaxiobi.mayurebeli am oris xelovnebas, reJisoris gavliT iRebs,anu _ reJisori am sistemaSi mTavar poziciaze dgas. aseTSemTxvevaSi reJisori gvTavazobs ama Tu im piesis miseulxedvas,gaazrebas. muSaobs speqtaklze manam,sanam sasurvelSedegs ar miaRwevs. es hgavs orkestrs, sadac diriJoriaris wamyvani. meierholdi ambobda,rom orkestrs SeuZliadaukras mravaljer Sesrulebuli nawarmoebi diriJorisgareSe. marTalia Sesruleba ar iqneboda srulyofili,magram musika mainc gaiJRerebda. msaxiobebs ki yovelTvissWirdebaT reJisori. is mayurebels mxolod reJisorisCanafiqris gacnobiT ver moizidavs. is mayureblisyuradRebas mxolod maSin daimsaxurebs, Tu Tavis TavSigaaerTianebs avtors, reJisors da aCvenebs sakuTar Tavsscenidan. es faqti ganasxvavebs Teatrsa da orkestrs.meore models `pirdapiri Teatri~ hqvia. ammodelSi Semadgeneli komponentebi erT wrfeze SemdegiTanamimdevrobiT arian ganlagebulni,_ avtori,reJisori,msaxiobi,mayurebeli. am modelSi reJisori da dramaturgierTmaneTSi arian Serwymulni,xolo msaxiobi am modeliswamyvan figuras warmoadgens.`mxatidan~ meierholdi peterburgSi wavida. iq mangaicno Tanamedrove xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi:viaCeslavivanovi,bloki,sologubi,andrei beli... g. Culkovi werda,rom simbolisturi Teatri ukve momwifebuli iyo.saWiro iyo mxolod gambedavi reJisori, romelic masganaxorcielebda.1906 wlidan meierholdi dadgmis procesSi mTelscenasa da darbazs iTvisebs da Tavisi SexedulebebisSesabamisad iyenebs. es poltavis Teatris scenidaniwyeba, romelzec manipulaciebis gakeTeba adviliiyo. meierholdi speqtakls Teatraluri Senobisyvela kuTxemde Slis. poltavis ufardo speqtaklmameierholds dekoraciis Seucvlelobis idea gauCina.86

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSiamiT is inarCunebda samoqmedo adgilis erTianobas.zogjer meierholdi mayureblis TandaswrebiT cvlidadekoracias.am dros rusul simbolizmSi Teatris bunebisSesaxeb ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba gamoikveTa.andrei belis azriT, drama misteriidan wamovida daisev misteriasTan unda dabrunebuliyo. viaCeslavivanovi samoedno Teatrs emxroboda. rusuliTeatraluri simbolizmis gamarjvebad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos meierholdis mier vera komisarJevskaiasTeatrSi dadgmuli `da beatrisa~, àdamianis cxovreba~,`balaganCiki”. meierholdTan, Teoriuli Sexedulebismxriv, axlos iyo briusovi, romelmac 1902 wels dawerastatia àrasaWiro simarTle~ da es statia daexmarareJisors daenaxa gansxvaveba `mxatsa~ da sakuTar TavsSoris. briusovi ambobda, rom xelovneba ar iyo mxolodcxovrebis anarekli.gardatexa moxda 1906 wlis 22 noembers meterlinkis`da beatrisas~ dadgmiT. es iyo vera komisarJevskaias dameierholdis saukeTeso erToblivi naSromi imave msaxiobisTeatrSi, peterburgSi. komisarJevskaia pirvelad Sevidayovelgvari kaprizebis gareSe reJisorul speqtaklSi dagamoavlina axali SesaZleblobebi. speqtakli beatrisazeagebuli da msaxiobze awyobili iyo. meierholdi mixvdaTu rogor esmoda komisarJevskaias ansambluroba. ismaSin eTanxmeboda am princips, roca danarCenebi misgarSemo iyvnen gaerTianebulni. speqtaklis mxatvaris. sudeikini iyo. Ria vercxli, gobelenis Zveli oqro,joto, botiCeli qmnidnen scenis gaformebas. speqtakliswarmatebis mTavari mizezi albaT iyo is, rom reJisorisada dramaturgis idea daemTxva erTmaneTs. reJisoris,msaxiobis,dramaturgis saTqmeli iyo mwuxareba darRveuliharmoniulobis gamo da amisgan gamaTavisuflebelisaswaulis molodini. speqtaklSi didi yuradReba masisorganizebas hqonda daTmobili.87

guram kokaia1906 wlis 30 dekembers komisarJevskaias TeatrSiaCvenes ori speqtakli, meterlinkis `wminda antoniussaswauli” da blokis `balaganCiki”. meterlinkis piesisgadawyvetas reJisori marionetebSi eZebda. am speqtaklisSemdeg meierholds xSirad abralebdnen,rom mas msaxiobebismarionetebiT Canacvleba surda. marionetebs artistzesando masalad ganixilavda Tavad meterlinki.blokis `balaganCikiT~ simbolizmSi gaCnda erTgvariantiburJuaziuli groteski. am speqtakls skandalimohyva. misi dadgma saetapo iyo meierholdisTvis. masSiSemodis maskaradis, niRbebis, karnavalis Tema, romelicyovelTvis itacebda mas. `balaganCikSi~ gaixsna scenissiRrme, marjvena da marcxena kulisebi Caiketa cisferitiloTi, ukana fonad cisferi tilo daikida da SeiqmnamTlianad cisferi sivrce. scenaze idga patara TeatriTavisi Semadgeneli nawilebiT (xaraCoebiT, fardiT,suflioris ormoTi, portalebiTa, padugebiT, arlekiniT,kalosnikebiT.). mayurebeli xedavda rogor icvlebodapatara Teatris dekoraciebi. patara Teatris rampis windatovebuli iyo patara adgili avtorisTvis. moqmedebaiwyeboda barabnis xmiT. iwyeboda musika da mayurebelixedavda rogor ikavebda sufliori Tavis adgils. rocapatara Teatris farda ixsneboda, mayurebeli samkedlianpavilions xedavda. rampis paralelurad idga grZelimagida, romelTanac isxdnen mistikosebi. erTi kari iyomarcxniv, meore _ SuaSi, marjvniv _ fanjara. fanjrisqveS iyo mrgvali magida grimis qoTniT da oqros skamiT,romelzedac piero ijda. mistikosebis magida Savi fardiTiyo dafaruli, romelic iatakze eSveboda. mayureblebimistikosebis mxolod tanis zeda nawils xedavdnen.roca mistikosebs ramis eSinodaT isini Tavs xridnen damxolod biusti Canda scenaze. isini manekenebs hgavdnen.`balaganCikis~ mxatvari iyo n. sapunovi. roca avtorigamodioda patara Teatris scenaze, mas mistikosebiiWerdnen da iZulebiT gahyavdaT scenidan. roca piero88

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSimonologs amTavrebda, misi magida da skami zemoTadioda da mis nacvlad svetovani darbazis dekoraciaCamodioda. scenaSi, roca niRbebi Semorbodnen yviriliT_ `lamprebi~, statistebi kulisebidan yofdnen mxolodxels, romelSic lamfebi lamprebi eWiraT. TeatrmaamiT mayurebels uTxra, rom mas ar rcxvenoda imis,rom is Teatri iyo. gamJRavnda pirobiToba. speqtaklisgadawyveta reJisors STaagona blokis remarkam, sadacewera, rom `kulisebidan gamosuli xeli iWerda avtorssayeloTi~. meierholdi am speqtaklSi pieros rolsTamaSobda. speqtaklma mayureblis araerTgvarovaniSefaseba daimsaxura, zogi yviroda da ustvenda, zogs kiZalian moewona. `balaganCikis~ kompozitori iyo kuzmini.Tavad piesis avtors Zalian moewona Tavisi nawarmoebismeierholdiseuli gaazreba.simbolisturi Teatri meierholdisTvis iyogardamavali rgoli pirobiTi Teatrisken. simbolisturiTeatri,garkveul wilad,dakavSirebuli iyo fsiqologiurTeatrTan. masSi SenarCunebuli iyo `meoTxe kedeli~.SenarCunda siCume da scenuri suraTi, romelicfantastikur samyaros gviCvenebda. siCumes meterlinkigrZnobebis gamoxatvis saukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevda.scenaze ararealuris CvenebiT mizanscenebi aRar hgavdacxovrebiseul scenebs. arc saubari, Jesti da poza iyocxovrebidan aRebuli.cota xnis Semdeg,meierholdis SemoqmedebaSi gamoCndaleonid andreevi, romlis piesebic Zalian axlos iyosimbolistur TeatrTan da maTSi eqspresionistulinotebic Canda. andreevi cdilobda kosmiuri damaradiuli simbolizmis ideebi rusuli realobisTvisdaekavSirebina. man Semoitana alegoriebi. misi àdamianiscxovreba~ iyo axali sityva simbolizmSi. 1907 welsmeierholdma daiwyo àdamianis cxovrebis~ repeticiebi.am piesis repeticiebi paralelurad midioda moskovissamxatvro TeatrSi. `balaganCikis~ msgavsad, aqac89

guram kokaiareJisorisTvis piesis gasaRebi gaxda dramaturgis remarka:`yvelaferi ise, rogorc sizmarSi.~ meierholdma mTeliscena nacrisfer tiloSi gamoawyo. piesis personaJis,viRac nacrisferSis monologi srul sibneleSi midioda.mere nel-nela inTeboda sinaTle da Canda divani,romelzec moxucebi isxdnen. mTel speqtaklSi sinaTliserTi patara wertili iyo, romelic scenis sxvadasxvanawils anaTebda da mxolod msaxiobi da is aveji Canda,romelzedac Semsrulebeli ijda. iqmneboda STabeWdileba,rom scenaze uxilavi kedlebi iyo aRmarTuli. avejsada rekvizits udekoracio speqtaklSi ufro didimniSvneloba mieniWa. mayurebeli xedavda divnis konturs,svets, bufets, savarZels, karadas da danarCens TavisfantaziaSi qmnida. msaxiobebi qandakebebs hgavdnen damaTi grimi saxis nakvTebs gamokveTda. meierholdi werda,rom axali Teatris ZiebaSi mTavari ar iyo ferwerulifonis Seqmna da masze msaxiobebis, rogorc bareliefebis,ise ganlageba. àdamianis cxovrebas~ ar hyavda mxatvari.misi funqciebi meierholdma SeiTavsa. bloki àdamianiscxovrebas~ meierholdis saukeTeso speqtakladmiiCnevda.am periodSi meierholdis esTetikuri principebismixedviT Seqmnili Teatri,naturalisturisgan gansxvavebiT,ar iswrafoda mizanscenebis mravalferovnebisken. misimTavari amocana iyo xazis floba, kostiumebisa dajgufebis Seqmna. es Teatri Tavisi statikurobiT ufrodinamikuri iyo vidre naturalisturi Teatri.• Мейерхольд Всеволод Эмильевич. Статьи, письма, речи, беседы.Часть первая (1891-1917), Издательство «Искусство», Москва, 1968.• К. Рудницкий. `Режиссёр Меиерхольд”, академия наук СССР,институт истории исскуств, министерства культуры СССР,издательство `Наука”, Москва, 1969.• SoTa samuSia. `rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni gramatikuli cnobariT~,gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, Tbilisi, 2006.90

absurdis drama da misiwarmomadgenlebi(eJen ionesko)Tamar kamlaZemagistraturis II kursiabsurdis drama XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebisfrangul dramaturgiaSi warmoqmnili mimdinareobaa.xSirad, saxelwodebis gamo, kamius egszistencialurTeatrSi erevaT, rac uxeSi Secdomaa. Tumca, es SecdomaalbaT imiT aixsneba, rom swored egzistencialistmakamium Semoitana àbsurdis adamianis~ cneba Tavisfilosofiur werilebSi. am mimdimareobas, aseve,avangardul da eqsperimentul Teatrsac uwodeben,zogjerki antiTeatrad da `ganqiqebis Teatradac~ (theatre dederision) moixsenieba. Aabsurdis drama uaryofs realistur da angaJirebulTeatrs.Aam mimarTulebis dramaturgebi miiCneven, romideologiuri Teatri ideis mona xdeba, sadac xelovnebameore planzea da win mxolod ideis vulgarizaciamodis, isini scenis realobisa da yoveldRiuri yofiTirealobis gaigivebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben.antiTeatrs Tavisi principebi axasiaTebs: Teatrimxolod Teatrsave miemarTeba, msaxiobebi ki mxolodpiesis msvlelobisas arseboben, moqmedeba zRaprul,sizmriseul, gamogonil samyaroSi mimdinareobs da aremorCileba drosa da sivrceze tradiciul warmodgenebs.ar arsebobs aranairi, simboluri logikac ki, romelicgaaerTianebs azrs da mis gamomxatvel simboloebs.sityvebi da sagnebi sruli avtonomiiT sargebloben,metyveleba kargavs sakomunikacio funqcias da sascenoobieqti xdeba, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania e. w.`metyvelebis krizisi~. absurdistebis azriT, sityvebs,xSirad, SecdomaSi SevyavarT, radgan maTi mniSvneloba91

Tamar kamlaZegaremoebis mixedviT icvleba, amitom avangardul TeatrsaRar swams metyvelebis, enis, igi upiratesobas Jestebsada moZraobas aniWebs.axali Teatraluri mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebzeZiriTadi gavlena alfred Jarim, antonen artom dasiurealistebma moaxdines. Jaris `mefe ubu~ absurdisdramis uSualo winamorbedad aris miCneuli. aq personaJebigaupirovnebelia, maT ganzrax ar aqvT raime saxisfsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, specialuri niRbebiT da`xmebiT~ arian aRWurvilni. gvxvdeba masis gamomxatvelikrebiTi personaJebic. artos naSromSi `Teatri damisi oreuli~ fsiqologia da morali uaryofiliada dialogebi azrs ar atareben. mTavaria ara teqsti,aramed Jesti da xma. siurealizmisagan antiTeatrmasizmriseuli sivrcisadmi miniWebuli mniSvneloba,metyvelebis sakomunikacio funqciis uaryofa, alogizmida asociaciuroba gadaiRo.saxeli àbsurdis Teatri~ martin eslinis wignidanwamovida,romelic avtorma 1962 wels gamoaqveyna. esliniswignSi absurdistTa saxeliT erT jgufSi is Tanamedrovedramaturgebi gaerTiandnen, romlebic cdilobdnen TavisisigiJe, Relva, ocneba Tu msoflmxedveloba avangarduliformis axal dramaturgiul samyaroSi gadaetanaT. ammoZraobis wamyvani figurebi arian: eJen ionesko, semuelbeketi,Jan Jene,artur adamovi da harold pinteri. Tumca,zogierTi maTgani ar eTanxmeboda am gansazRvrebas damiaCnda, rom misi Semoqmedeba sruliad damoukidebelfenomens warmoadgenda,TiToeuli maTgani dainteresebuliiyo gamoexata Tavisi individualuri xedva msofliosada samyaros Sesaxeb. Tavisi xelovnebis specifikisgamosaxatavad, isini sxvadsxva gansazRvrebas mimarTavdnen,magaliTad iseTebs, rogoricaa antiTeatri an axaliTeatri. absurdistTa jgufSi,xSirad sxva dramaturegebicmoixseniebodnen: tom stopardi, artur kopiti, fridrix92

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)durenmarti, fernando arabali, edvard olbi da sxvebi.xandaxan, absurdis periods 1920-30 wlebisavangarduli eqspeqrimentebis periodsac ukavSireben,Tumca, cxadia, rom misi fesvebi ufro Rrma warsulSimidis. samyaros absurdulobis gancda berZnul dramaSicSeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, absurdis niSnebs Sua saukuneebis,aRorZinebis epoqisa da barokos dramaturgTa SemoqmedebiTxelwerasa da msoflaRqmaSic vxvdebiT.XIX saukunis dramaSi absurdis esTetikismsgavsi mxatvruli modelirebis elementebi ibsenis,gansakuTrebiT ki strindbergis piesebSi SeiniSneba.Tumca, absurdis Teatris namdvili winamorbedi alfredJaris `mefe ubu~ iyo, `Tojinebisa da monstrebispiesa~ ùbu roi~, romelSic mefe ubus miTologiuri,groteskuli figura Seiqmna. kidev erTi adamiani, vincabsurdis winamorbedad ganixileba – luiji pirandeloa,gansakuTrebiT misi àvtoris maZiebeli 6 personaJi~.pirandelo namdvili eqsperimentatori gaxldaT, surdadramaturgiuli realizmis meoTxe kedeli gaerRvia.absurdis dramaturgiis formirebaze udidesi zegavlenamoaxdina jeims joisis cnobierebis nakadis meTodma dafranc kafkas eqspresionizmma.absurdis Teatris dRevandeli forma II msoflioomis Semdgomi fenomenia. Jenes `msaxuri qalebis~ pirveliwarmodgena parizSi 1947 wels Sedga. ioneskos `qaCalimomRerali qali~ da adamovis adreuli piesebi 1950 welswarmoadgines. beketis `godos molodinSi~ 1952 welsdaidga. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom yvela es warmodgenaparizSi gaimarTa. raRa Tqma unda, parizi absurdis TeatrissamSoblos warmoadgens. aseve ucnauri da mniSvnelovania isic,rom absurdisti dramaturgebi, ZiriTadad, sxva qveynebidanarian safrangeTSi Camosulebi: beketi – anglo-irlandieliada safrangeTSi frangul enaze wers, ionesko – naxevradfrangi,naxevrad ruminelia,adamovi – rus-amerikeli,mxolod93

Tamar kamlaZeJenea frangi, aq dabadebuli da gazrdili.absurdis warmomadgenelTa Soris semuel beketsgansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, misi `godos molodinSi~XX saukunis saukeTeso piesad aris aRiarebuli. beketiyvelaze metad poetia, `godos molodinSi~ da `TamaSisdasasruli~ udavod misi dramaturgiuli da poeturiSedevrebia. `mSvenieri dReebi~, `krepis ukanaskneliCanaweri~ da òri moqmedeba sityvebis gareSe~ brwyinvaleda Rrma poetur suraTebs warmoadgens. aseTivepoeturobiT xasiaTdeba radio piesebi: `nacari~,`sityvebida musika~ da `CanCqeri~ – maT Tanabrad idumali ZalaaqvT.Cveulebriv, klasikur piesebSi personaJebidamajerebelni da fsiqologiurad motivirebulni arian.aseTi piesa logikur dialogzea damyarebuli, aqvsdasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli, absurdistulipiesis personaJi ki umotivacio qmedebebiT xasiaTdeba.zogierTi absurdistuli piesis dialogi, TiTqosda,saerTod suleluria da uazro bodvaSi gadadis, espiesebi yovelTvis TviTneburi wertilidan iwyeba daaseve TviTneburad sruldeba. es nawarmoebebi dascinodayvela im standartebs, romelsac Cveulebrivi dramasaukuneebis manZilze misdevda.absurdis dramis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesiwarmomadgeneneli, irlandieli dramaturgi, semuelbeketia, romelic absurdis dramasTan mWidro kavSirSia.mis savizito baraTad piesa `godos molidinSi~ iqca.beketis Semoqmedeba, ZiriTadad, adaminis arsebobis mimarTpesimisturi damokidebulebiTaa cnobili, Tumca, espesimizmi mis piesebSi xSirad iumors ukavSirdeba dasabolood ganqiqebis saxes iRebs. beketis Semoqmedebasadamianis samyaroSi arsebobis uazrobis gancda mudamTan sdevs. adamiani dabadebisTanave absurdisTvisaaganwiruli da es qmnis tragizms: `Tqven miwaze xarT94

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)da amas aRaraferi eSveleba~ – ambobs piesa `TamaSisdasasrulis~ protogonisti saxelad hami.adamianTaAurTierTdamokidebulebisa da adamianuriarsebobis tragizmi `godos molodinSi~ mTeliradikalurobiT warmogvidgeba. scenazea ori mawanwala– vladimiri da estragoni, romelnic ukacriel adgilas,erTi xis qveS, Tavadac ar ician ratom, mistikuripersonaJis, vinme godos gamoCenas elodebian, romelicarc arasodes unaxavT, ar ician vin aris, da arc isician, saerTod mova Tu ara igi. epoqa, adgili, vinaobapiesaSi saerTod ar arsebobs, mTeli intriga mxolodmolodinSia. personaJebs situaciaze zemoqmedebis moxdenaar SeuZliaT, amitomac maT uazro molodins dasasruliara aqvs. usasrulo molodinis mdgomareoba adamianisyofierebis sayovelTao absurdulobas gadmoscems. magram,miuxedavad amisa, rogorc hami ambobs: ùnda gagrZeldes,yvelaferi unda gagrZeldes~. am gamonaTqvamis azri imaSia,rom sazrisi unda eZebo, eZebo yvelafris miuxedavad.beketis piesebis umravlesobaSi metyveleba moSliliada sakomunikacio mniSvneloba dakarguli aqvs, aq mTavariamocana kontaqtis SenarCunebaa, Tundac uazrod. magramfrazis damTavreba, personaJTa uamravi replika raimeinformacias ar iZleva da arc dialogs anviTarebs. aseiqmneba tragizmiT savse komikuri situaciebi. piesaSisaerTod gaugebaria ra, ratom da risTvis xdeba. ormawanwala personaJs erTmaneTis meti aravin hyavT,erTmaneTs ver itanen, Tumca uerTmaneTodac ar SeuZliaT,mxolod godos molodini aerTianebT da elian massaidanme, risganme, vinmesgan, aqedan an iqedan, mimarTulebasmniSvneloba ar aqvs. isini mxolod godos molodinSiarseboben, romelic SeiZleba saerTodac ar arsebobs, misgareSe ki veraviTar gadawyvetilebas ver miiReben, Tavismokvlisac ki. maTi fiqriT, godo mgoni SabaTs apirebsmosvlas, moxucebma ki ar ician ra dRea dRes, kviris95

Tamar kamlaZedasawyisi Tu dasasruli, dilaa Tu saRamo, sizmaria Tucxadi, dari Tu avdari. arc is ician, godos risTviselodebian da ra unda sTxovon mas. albaT, isini, yofisabsurdulobisagan gaqcevas da Tavis daRwevas vinmezeCaWidebiT cdiloben, mxsnels sruliad Seugneblad daSeucnoblad elodebian.semuel beketis SemoqmedebaSi metyveleba absoluturadfuWia, radgan azrs ar atarebs, magram, meore mxriv,mniSvnelovania, radgan mniSvnelobis iluzias qmnis.semuel beketTan erTad,SeuZlebelia ar aRvniSnoT,aseveabsurdis dramaturgis, eJen ioneskos umniSvnelovanesiwvlili absurdis dramis ganviTarebasa da aRorZinebaSi.warmoSobiT rumineli, frangi dramaturgi da mwerali,absurdis dramis ubadlo warmomadgenelia. mSoblebisusaxsrobis gamo,ionesko dasTan erTad,safrangeTis erTerTisoflis mcxovrebis ojaxSi izrdeboda. es periodimwerlis mexsierebaSi yvelaze bednier wlebad darCa.axalgazrda mwerals mamasTan konfliqti hqonda, radgammama Svilis literaturiT gatacebas ver egueboda,amis gamo ionesko dedasTan brundeba rumineTSi, sadacojaxdeba da paralelurad wers leqsebs, romanebs daliteraturul kritikas. 1938 wels, mas Semdeg, racrumineTi germaniasTan erTad, ruseTis winaaRmdeg omsiwyebs, mwerali kvlav safrangeTSi brundeba da amjerad,aq sabolood rCeba.1948 wlidan,piesiT `qaCali momRerali qali~,ioneskos,rogorc dramaturgis karieris aRmasvla iwyeba. 1950 welspiesas scenaze dgamen da is kritikosTa yuradRebasacipyrobs. am periodSi ionesko safrangeTis moqalaqeobasiRebs. Semdgom wlebSi ionesko piesebs `gakveTili~ da`Jaki, anu morCilebas~ wers, ris Semdegac, mas, absurdisdramis umniSvnelovanes warmomadgenlad aRiareben. 1953wels ioneskos piesebis pirveli krebuli gamodis, oriwlis Semdeg misi piesebi sazRvargareT pirvelad idgmeba.96

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)1957 wels iwereba `martorqa~,novela,romelSic avtoriSovinisturi patriotizmisa da rasizmis gavrcelebiswinaaRmdeg gamodis da romelic, simbolurad, alJirisoms ukavSirdeba. Semdgom, es novela piesad gadakeTda,misi pirveli warmodgena diuseldorfSi Sedga,radgan issafrangeTisaTvis Zalzed delikatur sakiTxs exeboda.germaneli mayurebeli masSi nacizmis kritikas xedavs,frangebic amasve dainaxaven, roca `martorqa~ avtorissamSobloSic daidgmeba.ioneskos, faqtobrivad, sizmriseuli, ocnebiseulisituaciebi gadaaqvs scenaze da am ocnebaSi realisturiTeatris xerxebi TiTqmis aRar gamoiyeneba. sizmrebSi araris logika, isini asociaciebiT viTardeba.1970 wels eJen ionesko ukve aRiarebuli dramaturgiada mas safrangeTis akademiis wevrad irCeven. sicocxlisbolo periodSi, ionesko romanis JanrSic cdis beds da1973 wels wers romans `martosuli~.ionesko Tavis nawarmoebebs Tavidanve antipiesebsuwodebs da maT tonalobis ganmsazRvrel iseT saTaurebsaZlevs, rogoricaa: komikuri drama (`gakveTili~),tragikuli farsi (`skamebi~), fsevdo drama (`movaleobismsxverplni~). dramaturgi Tavis groteskul farsebsada alegoriebSi gacveTil salaparako enas, StampurgamoTqmebs kicxavs da dascinis, gangeb qmnis gaugebar dauazro winadadebebs da Cveulebrivi yofiTi situaciebisaaSkaraoze gamoaqvs, maT komikuri warmodgenis iersaxesaZlevs, igi arsebul sazogadoebaSi adamianTa martoobas,sicarieles da absurdul yofas gviCvenebs. misi piesebisZiriTadi Temaa metyvelebis komunikaciuri funqciisuqonloba. scenaze sityvis adgils,xSirad,sagnebi ikavebs:mag. `skamebSi~ gacocxlebuli da amoZravebulia skamebi.esaa erTgvari moZravi arqiteqtura, magram moZraoba aqara sicocxlis, aramed sikvdilis niSania. scena carieliskamebiT ifareba da isini adamianebs Telaven, romlebic97

Tamar kamlaZearsebobis absurdulobiT welSi arian moxrilni, amararaobas metyvelebis krizisi aZlierebs. ioneskometyvelebas angrevs da masTan erTad im siyalbes, rasacmetyveleba gadmoscems. sityvebi erTmaneTs wmindafonetikuri asociaciebiT uerTdeba. sityva, romelicuvargisi gaxda, gaqra da adgili siCumes, simartoves,sicarielesa da absurdulobas dauTmo. adamianismartosulobis, cxovrebis absurdulobis Tema ioneskosTiTqmis yvela piesaSia.piesaSi `martorqa~ sagrZnobi gardatexa xdeba,sadac ukve dramatul metyvelebas garkveuli azri aqvsmicemuli, es ukve uazrobis Teatri aRaraa da pirveliSemTxvevaa, roca ionesko piesas qvesaTaurs aRar aZlevs,e. i. antipiesidan piesaze gadadis. avtori acxadebda, romTeatrisaTvis saWiro sqemas miagno da rom, sabolood,klasikuri Teatris momxrea. misi azriT, avangardisTeatris mowodebac swored amaSia: aRmoaCino arqetipebi,ganaaxlo gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi. Tumca, eJen ionesko,mainc aris da iTvleba absurdis Ddramis ugvirgvinomefed,dasavleTis samyaroSi is modernistuli àbsurdisTeatris~ erT-erT dammaarseblad da beladad miaCndaT.dramaturgma absurdis dramas mTeli rigi piesebimiuZRvna, ramac es mimdinareoba metad ganaviTara damaRal safexurze aiyvana.piesa `gakveTili~ dawerilia 1951 wels. avtormanawarmoebi Tavidanve gansazRvra, rogorc komikuri dramada absurduloba TviT adamianTa urTierTobaSi aCvena,_ roca erTi adamiani meores Trgunavs. maswavlebeli,romelic zogadad mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom adamiansaswavlos, moswavle gogonas gonebas unadgurebs.piesis dasawyisSi TiTqosda zrdili admiani, nel-nelatransformirebas ganicdis da ampartavani, uxeSi, despoti,maniaki xdeba. moswavle gogo ki Tavidan sakmaodxalisiani, uzrunveli personaJia, piesis msvlelobaSi ki98

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)dabneul, daSinebul bavSvad gadaiqceva, bolos ki iseTidaTrgunulia, yovelgvari aRqmisa da raimes SegrZnebisunars kargavs. am SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli azrovnebasansaxierebs, romelic moralurad spobs adamians.maswavlebeli Tavis fsevdomecnierul `WeSmaritebebs~gadmoscems, sadac TandaTan logika qreba, sityvebi azrskargavs, ena ki – Tavis mniSvnelobas. adamianis sulieriwameba Zaladobis pirdapiri aqtiT mTavrdeba,gaSmagebulimaswavlebeli moswavles klavs. gamodis azrovnebammokla adamiani.amgvarad, ionesko yovelgvari gonebrivi sawyisisuaryofamde midis. adamianis damokidebulebebs gamoxatavs,raRac uCinari Zalebisadmi, romelsac igi absurdul daauxsnel moqmedebamde mihyavs. piesaSi avtori arsebuliepoqis mmarTvel klasis racionalizms,azrovnebis kultsda saerTod azrovnebas dascinis, radgan azrovnebiTsamyaros absurdul arss ver miswvdebi.fsevdodrama `movaleobis msxverplni~ eJen ioneskom1953 wels dawera. rogorc avtori ambobda, piesisamosaval wertilad im samyarom ubiZga, daxuTulmiwisqveSa sapyrobiles rom hgavs, sadac yvelaferierTmaneTs anadgurebs, sadac keTilSobilur rwmenasamofarebulni adamianisadmi ukidures siZulvilsniRbaven. piesaSi naCvenebia, rom Tavisi movaleobis brmadSemsrulebel dogmatikoss, mzamzareul ideologiasdaqvemdebarebuls, modadqceul formulebsa da daReWilWeSmaritebas amofarebuls ZaluZs adamianis sastikmwvaleblad,moZaladed da mkvlelad iqces. aseTia piesaSipoliciis inspeqtori, romelic viRac malos eZebs.misdami mindobil gamoZiebas fanatikosis sijiutiTa dajalaTis sisastikiT asrulebs, msxverpli ki ubralo,xelmocaruli dramaturgi Suberti aRmoCndeba.inspeqtori misgan im adamianTan nacnobobis aRiarebasiTxovs, romelic sabralo dramaturgs arasodes unaxavs.99

Tamar kamlaZepiesa `gakveTilis~ personaJis, maswavleblis msgavsad,dasawyisSi moridebuli, Tavaziani da lamis morcxvipolicieli gamoZiebis msvlelobaSi uxeSi, despoti,sadisti adamiani xdeba da acxadebs, rom is jariskacia,ubralo instrumenti da aRuSfoTeblad awamebs Suberts.sikvdilis win policieli Tavs `movaleobis msxverplad~acxadebs.Suberti erTgvari meamboxea, arsebuli reJimiTukmayofilo, radgan awuxebs, rom rekomendacia yovelTvisbrZanebad iqceva xolme,xolo winadadebebi moulodneladmkacri kanonis saxes iRebs. sapirispiro personaJia misicoli madleni, romelic policiis inspeqtors gavsda kanonis dacvasa da inspeqtoris dawyebuli saqmisbolomde miyvanas moiTxovs. piesa cxoveluri RrialiTmTavrdeba: `ReWe! ylape! ReWe! ylape!~. finalSi ki madleniacxadebs: `Cven yvelani movaleobis msxverplni varT~.mTeli piesa SegviZlia dogmatizmis despotizmSigardasaxvisa da tiraniad qcevis simbolur gamoxatulebad,azrovnebaze dogmaturi sistemis damRupvel moqmedebadgavigoT. avtori am Zaladobriv sistemas yvela arsebulpolitikur reJimSi xedavs, acxadebs, rom politikurisistema adamianis daTrgunvis formaa, mas TavisuflebasarTmevs, paikad aqcevs, aiZulebs ama Tu im ideologiismza formulebis mqadageblad iqces. piesaSi ar arismoqmedebis Tanmimdevruli da logikuri ganviTareba,aris mxolod daglejili, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeliepizodebi. Tavis mniSvnelobas ena aqac kargavs. sityvebiarafers gamoxataven da personaJebisagan damoukidebladarseboben. ioneskos samyaro absurdis, koSmaris,moulodnelobebis samyaroa. ufro da ufro vrwmundebiT,rom realizmi yalbi da irealuria, mxolod warmosaxvaaWeSmariti.ori adamianis sruliad gaucxoebuli urTierToba,uazro kamaTi da nabodvari winadadebebi, piesaSi òrTa100

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)bodva~ kidev ufro mZafrad Cans. isini col-qmari arian.piesaSi dialogi sruliad alogikuria. dasawyisSicolq-mari kusa da lokokinas igiveobaze kamaTobs, coliamtkicebs, rom radgan kus javSani aqvs da lokokinas kiniJara, radgan orive Tavis saxlebSi imaleba da oriveZalian nela dadis, maSasadame ku da lokokina erTida igivea – es sruliad absurduli logikaa. kaci daqali erTmaneTs mimarTavs, esaubreba, magram dialogiSinaarss an raime datvirTvas sruliad moklebulia,isini erTmaneTTan gaucxoebulni arian, erTad cxovroben,magram orive martoa sakuTar TavTan darCenili.absurdis piesebis struqtura standartuli piesisepizoduri struqturisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba,yvelaferi moZraobs wreze, ar viTardeba, erTsa daimave wertilze iwyeba da sruldeba. Sinaarsi, xSirad,gaugebaria, dialogebi araviTar azrs ar atarebs.absurdis samyaroSi adamianis arsebobas mniSvnelobada daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia da yvelanairi komunikaciacdarRveulia. logikuri konstruqcia da argumentisityvis iracionalurobisa da alogikurobisaken iZlevagzas da saboloo daskvna aris dumili. am Teatraluristilis mizania, aCvenos msoflio, sadac adamiani maradmartoa, masTan aravinaa, man Tavad unda moipovos Tavisiadgili metafizikur samyroSi.• Martil Esslin. “The Theatre of the Absurd”, “Pinguine Books”published by the “Pinguine Group”, 1991.• semuel beketi. “godos molodinSi”, Jurn. “xomli”, #8, 1972.• eJen ionesko. “gakveTili”, Jurn. “ciskari”, #7, 1989.• “movaleobis msxverplni”. Jurn. “xelovneba”, #7-8, 1998.• “orTa bodva”. Jurn. “mnaTobi”, #3-4, 2004.101

naTia cqvitaiamagistraturis II kursirihard vagneri _ `poeti da moazrovne~rihard vagneri erTi-erTi yvelaze gamoCeniligermaneli kompozitoria, genialuri niWis musikosi,romlis Semoqmedebam didi kvali datova evropulimusikaluri xelovnebis istoriaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom germanul musikaSi, beThovenis Semdeg, ar yofilaaseTi gaqanebis, gabeduli SemarTebis, titanuri,novatoruli CanafiqrebiT aRsavse sxva kompozitori,romelic ase daJinebiT ibrZoda sakuTari miznebisganxorcielebisaTvis.vagnerisa da misi musikaluri dramis irgvliv azrTasxvadasxvaoba arsebobda. erTi mxriv, hyavda momxreebi,romlebic aRiarebdnen mas ara marto musikosad, aramedpoet-dramaturgad, moazrovned, xelovnebis filosofos-Teoretikosad; meore mxriv, misi mowinaaRmdegeni ariziarebdnen kompozitoris saopero reformatorulideebs da zogi uaryofda kidec mis sakompozitoro niWs.am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, swori pozicia iqneboda, kargadSeeswavlaT vagneris, rogorc musikaluri, ise Teoriuli,nawarmoebebi da jerovnad SeefasebinaT misi genialuri niWi,ostatoba, Rirseulad daefasebianad misi musika da aseveRirseulad SeefasebinaT misi nawarmoebebis (musikalurida Teoriuli) ideur-mxatvruli Rirebulebebi.vagneris SemoqmedebiTi saxe yuradRebas ipyrobsmoRvaweobis universalurobiT. is iyo ara marto didikompozitori, aramed poeti da dramaturgi - yvelasakuTari operis teqstebis avtori,Tavisi drois udidesidiriJori, musikaluri kritikosi da publicisti, Tavisixelovnebis Teoretikosi. mravalricxovan literaturulnawarmoebebSi igi exeboda filosofiur sakiTxebs da maTTavis mxatvrul amocanebTan mWidro kavSirSi ayenebda.102

amdenad, rihard vagneris Semoqmedeba sainteresoa aramxolod musikis istoriisaTvis, aramed rogorc saerTodxelovnebis, ise Tanamerove Teatris istoriisaTvis dagermanuli civilizaciisaTvis. vagnerma Seqmna xelovnebisaxali forma, musikaluri drama, romlis kanonebsacvpoulobT mis kritikul TxzulebebSi,romlebic SeicavsSeufasebel dokumentebs musikis esTetikisaTvis. Tumca,vagneris musikaluri drama aranakleb mniSvnelovaniaTeatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT.rogorc yvela didma xelovanma, cxovrebismniSvnelobis maradiul problemaze dafiqrebulmaadamianma, man gvamcno Tavisi ideebi adamianis bedisweraze,rogorc dramis simbolisturi formiT, aseve TeoriuliTxzulebebis saSualebiT. erTi sityviT, is ara martomusikosia, aramed dramaturgi, esTeti da moazrovne _ase axasiaTebs germanel kompozitors anri liStanberJeTavisi wignis _ `rihard vagneri, rogorc poeti damoazrovne~ SesavalSi.vagneri daibada laifcigSi 1813 wels. is bavSobidaniyo garemoculi Teatraluri atmosferoTi, garda amisa,dainteresebuli iyo literaturiT, poeziiT, antikurisamyaros istoriiT. misi kumirebi gaxldnen homerosida Seqspiri. vagneris yvelaze Zlieri musikaluriSTabeWidileba iyo karl maria veberis opera `Tavisufalimsroleli~, romelic man, avtoris diriJorobiT,drezdenSi moismina. laifcigSi beThovenis musikismosmeniT gancdilma STabeWdilebam gadaawyvetina musikosigamxdariyo. pirveli cdebi kopoziciaSi saorkestrouvertiura da safortepiano piesebi iyo. vagnerma Caabaralaifcigis univeristetSi `musikis studentad~.1833 wels vagneri misma Zmam, voitsbergis saoperoTeatris momReralma,Teatris qormaisteris TanamdebobazesamuSaod miiwvia. am periodSi iwyeba vagneris moRvaweobasxvadasxva saopero TeatrSi, germaniis patara qalaqebSi.is swavlobda Teatris specifikas,sxvadasxva skolisa da103

naTia cqvitaiamimdinareobis operebs, momReralTa xelovnebas, aiTvisasaopero Teatris Taviseburebani.1833 wels viurcbergSi daiwera misi pirveliopera `feriebi~ (karlo gocis zRapris `qali-gvelis~siuJetze). 30-iani wlebis I naxevarSi is ukve wersstatiebs operis Sesaxeb, sadac saubrobs germanulioperis da vokaluri xelovnebis krizisis Sesaxeb(statiebi _ `germanuli opera~, `dramatuli simRera~).1836 wels daiwera misi meore opera `siyvarulisakrZalva~ (magdeburgSi). kenigsbergSi vagneri daqorwindamina planerze, msaxiob qalze da masTan erTad rigaSigaemgzavra. vagneris ocneba iyo parizi, sadac igi 1839wels Cavida, magram imedgacrueba ganicada. parizma armoutana mas SemoqmedebiTi warmateba.parizSi Seiqmna `rienci~ da `mfrinavi holandieli~,agreTve uvertiura `fausti~ da ramdenime romansi.40-ian wlebSi vagneri Cadis drezdenSi, sadacsaTaveSi udgeba saopero Teatrs. am wlebSi iqmneba`tanhoizeri~ da `loengrini~ _ gmirul-raindulioperebi. aq vagneri agrZelebs `mfrinav holandielSi~dawyebul saopero reformis xazs, rac Semdeg niSnebSigamoixateba: legendarul-miTologiur siuJetSi,calkeuli,dasrulebuli nomrebis did dramatul scenebadgardaqmnaSi, romlebic erTmaneTs enacvleba, saoperoariis monologad, xolo duetis dialogad qcevaSi, racsaopero JanrSi dramatuli sawyisis gaZlierebas iwvevs,aseve saorkestro ganviTarebasa da gaZlierebaSi, operissimfonizaciaSi, laitmotivizmSi.drezdenSi vagneri simfoniur orkestrsacdiriJorobda, gansakuTrebiT saintereso iyo beThovenisIX simfoniis Sesruleba. vagneri bevrs werda _musikaluri da politikuri Sinaarsis statiebs. 1848wels monawileoba miiRo drezdenis revoluciaSi, risgamoc mas mTavrobisagan damalva mouxda da ferenclistis daxmarebiT SveicariaSi gaixizna.104

ihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~SveicariaSi vagnerma filosofiurad da Teoriuladganazogada SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, romlebic daisaxasaopero reformis mizniT da romlebic, nawilobriv, ukvegadawyvetili iyo `loengrinsa~ da `tanhoizerSi~. es iyoSromebi `xelovneba da revolucia~ da òpera da drama~,sadac Rrmavdeba xelovnebaTa sinTezis idea. vagneriTavis musikalur dramas `momavlis dramas~ uwodebda.misi wignis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomaroebs, rom musika,romelic operaSi gamosaxvis saSualeba unda iyos, monadiqca,xolo drama,romelic mizani unda iyos _ saSualebad.am TvalsazrisiT, vagneri gansakuTrebiT akritikebsitaliur da frangul operebs. misi azriT, poezias arSeuZlia iyos srulyofili drama. mas sWirdeba kavSirimusikasTan, magram musikasTan Serwyma yovelgvar poetursiuJets ar SeuZlia. musikaluri dramis safuZvelia miTi,_ istoriis dasawyisi da dasasruli. igi moklebuliayovelive SemTxveviTs, gamoxatavs maradiuls da amitomyvelaze srulad da organulad erTiandeba musikasTan.rodesac musika da drama erT mTlianobad iqceva,swored es iqneba momavlis xelovneba. musikaluri dadramatuli moqmedeba erTi mTliani nakadi unda iyos,romelic dasrulebuli, calkeuli nomrebiT ar gawydeba.ZiriTadi gamomsaxveli roli eniWeba orkestrs. man undagamoxatos is,rac ar ZaluZs sityvas,anu gaaRrmavos Jesti,gamosaxos gmirTa gancdebi, winaTgrZnoba `gamoTqvas~momavali qmedebisa. simfoniuri musikis melodiuriSinaarsi unda Sedgebodes mravaljer gameorebulimotivebisagan _ laitmotivebisagan, romlebic axasiaTebsdramis moqmed pirebs, bunebis movlenebs, sagnebs, adamianTagrZnobebs. uwyveti simfoniuri ganviTareba, romelicagebulia mokle laitTemebis monacvleobaze, warmoadgensvagneriseul ùsasrulo melodiebs~.Tavis TavSi musikosisa da poetis gaerTianebiT,vagnerma daayena sakiTxi dramaturgi-kompozitorisxedvis ormagobaze dramisa da musikis Serwymis105

naTia cqvitaiaTvalsazrisiT da pirvelma Seqmna dawvrilebiTi dazusti Teoria,Tu rogori unda iyos drama `Cafiqrebulimusikalur sulSi~. zogadad poeziisa da kerZod dramismizans adamianis sulis – `Sinagani adamianis~ gamosaxvawarmoadgens. misi grZnobebis, emociebis da analogiuriemociebis sxvebSi gamowveva. poeziaSi es sityvis anugonebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. emociebi sityvebadgardaiqmneba da mayurebeli maT kvlav emociebad gardaqmnis.Tumca, sawyis emociasa da sityvas Soris, romelic misniSans warmoadgens,ar arsebobs aucilebeli da bunebrivikavSiri. sityvas SeuZlia gadmogvces emociis – sixarulis,sevdis mizezebi an gaaanalizos maTi moqmedeba, zustadgansazRvros, ra garemoebebSi daibada es emocia, magramZala ar Seswevs gvagrZnobinos emocia Tavis TavSi. Cans,poezia ar `gadmocems~ Tavdapirvel emociebs uSualodmsmenelis sulSi. is mxolod karnaxobs analogiuremocias sityvis wyalobiT, romelic moqmedebs gonebaze,Semdgom warmosaxvaze. sxva mxriv, ra aris musika? amkiTxvas ar aqvs gansazRvruli pasuxi. musikas SeswevsZala grZnobebze uSualo zemoqmedebis gziT gamoiwviosCvenSi Zalian Zlieri, magram ganusazRvreli, bundovaniemociebi. aqedan gamomdinare, vagneri askvnis, rom musikaaris zustad is adeqvaturi da uSualo gamoxatulebaemociisa, romelic SeuZlebelia ipovo sityvaSi. am oridargidan yoveli maTgani erTi meoreSi poulobs WeSmaritsrulyofilebas. musikas, Tavis mxriv, sWirdeba sityvisdaxmareba saTqmelis gamosaxatad. sakuTar saSualebebsmindobils, mas ar ZaluZs gamogviyvanos Cven ubraloemociis bundovani mxaridan; es aris axlo da Zlieri xma,romelic arxevs Cveni gulis yvelaze malul nawilakebs,magram arafers ar eubneba Cvens gonebas. amitomac,beTxovenma IX simfoniaSi, bolos, orkestris partiasSeuerTa adamianTa xma: man iwinaswarmetyvela,rom musikasSeuZlia gaaCndes yvelaze maRali mniSvneloba, mxolodpoeziasTan kavSiriT. axla ki gasagebia,Tu rogor SeuZlia106

ihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~gaerTianeba musikasa da sityvas lirikul dramaSi.vagneris reforma srulad ar ganxorcielebula misoperebSi, nawilobriv ki winaaRmdegobebic gamoiwvia.bolo operebSi simfoniuri orkestris rolis gazrdamgamoiwvia moqmedebis Sesusteba da statikuroba.1848 wels vagners daebada idea Seeqmna musikaluridrama germanul-skandinaviuri miTis mixedviT zigfridze.1852 wels. dawera tetralogiis teqsti, romelicoTxi operisagan Sedgeboda: `rkinis oqro~, `valkiriebi~,`zigfridi~, `RmerTebis damxoba~. musika 20 wlismanZilze iqmneboda da pirvelad Sesrulda baireiTSi,1876 wels.`zigfridze~ muSaobis periodSi man Sewyvitatetralogiis wera da 1858-59 wlebSi dawera musikaluridrama `tristani da izolda~, misi geniis erT-erTimiRweva.mas Semdeg, rac man miiRo nebarTva dabrunebuliyogermaniaSi, 1861 wels, is miiwvies vaimarSi, listismier organizebul `sayovelTao germanuli musikalurikavSiris~ gaxsnaze. vagneri dasaxlda bibrisSi, md.rainis sanapiroze da daiwyo muSaoba `niurnbergismaisterzingerze~. 1872 wels fundamenti Caeyaravagneris Teatrs baireiTSi,bavariis patara qalaqSi. 1874wels daasrula musikaluri drama `RmerTebis damxoba~.tetralogiis premiera Sedga 1876 wels baireiTSi. 1882wels daidga misi bolo musikaluri drama `parsifali~.vagneri gardaicvala 1883 wels veneciaSi.vagneruli dramis SeswavlisaTvis da gagebisaTvissaWiroa SeviswavloT vagneris filosofia da esteTika.upirveles yovlisa, vagneris drama - filosofiuri anumjobesia iTqvas, simbolisturia. es aris musikaluridramis bunebis logikuri Sedegi. simbolizmisa dafilosofiisaken midrekilebis gamo,xSirad akritikebdnenkidec mas, radgan miiCnevdnen, rom ar aris gonivrulipoeziisa da filosofiis erTmaneTSi areva, poeturi107

naTia cqvitaiaazrovnebis Senacvleba civi da ganyenebuli tiradebiTfoierbaxisa da Sopenhaueris doqtrinebidan, vrcelimetafizikuri saubrebi, romlebic damRleli, mosawyenida Sinaars moklebulia mayureblisaTvis. msgavsikritikis avtorebi, sakuTar Tavs amxeldnen imaSi, rommaT saerTod ar esmiT ara Tu vagneris SemoqmedebisWeSmariti Rirebuleba, aramed ar aRiareben germanulipoeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel originalurobas: cocxalisaxisa da ideis Serwymas,xiluli da grZnobadi realobisSerwymas idealur kanonTan, Serwyma, romelsac ZalianxSirad vawydebiT goeTes poeziaSi an ibsenis dramebSi(marTalia, sxva saxiT, Tumca aseve maRal doneze). goeTemSeqmna sagnebis amgvari Semecneba da uwoda mas ganWvreta,misi SexedulebiT, arsebiTad ganWvreta gulisxmobsimas, rom yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi davinaxoT saerToidea, romelsac es saxe sakuTar TavSi atarebs. vagnerissimbolizmi goeTes `Wvretas~ gavs, es aris idealurisxilvis unari kerZo movlenaSi.1848-1854 wlebis periodi ikveTeba, rogorc vagnerisinteleqtualuri da moraluri evoluciis erT-erTyvelaze damaxasiaTebel etapi. 1848 wlamde is aRiarebsmaRal idealistur da Zlierad Seferil qristianulpesimizms. 1854 wlis Semdeg is uwodebs sakuTar TavsSopenhaueriseuli doqtrinis mimdevars, amtkicebsadamianis mier yovelgvari warmavali survilebisuaryofis aucileblobas da gvaswavlis, rom kacobriobasSeuZlia mivides monaniebamde, netarebamde mxolodyvelaferze uaris Tqmis, mwuxarebis saSualebiT. manipovna Sopenhaueris nawarmoebebSi Tavisi WeSmaritiazris sruli filosofiuri gamoxatuleba.berZnul tragediaze saubrisas, vagneris SexedulebiT,Tu gadavxedavT istorias, aRmovaCenT, rom sayovelTaoevoluciis ganmavlobaSi, kacobrioba erTxel ukveamaRlda srulyofil mxatvrul nawarmoebamde, romelicmTeli eris qmediTsa da STagonebul TanamSroblobas108

ihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~eyrdnoboda. esqilesa da sofokles dros dramebisavsebiT axorcielebs `komunisturi~ dramis im ideals,romelzec ocnebobda da risi aRdgenac surda vagnersTavisi TanamedroveebisaTvis da momavali TaobisaTvis.es drama, upirvelesad, Tuki ganvixilavT mis masalas,genialuri individuumis xelovnuri da subieqturiqmnileba ki ar aris, aramed, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,nayofia artistisa da xalxis TanamSromlobisa,saTuTi dadidebuli yvavili TviT saberZneTis STagonebuli geniisa.berZeni xalxis cxovrebaSi tragedias gansakuTrebuliroli eniWeboda. igi warmoadgenda saberZneTis religiuriidealis yvelaze srul mxatvrul gamoxatulebas. TavisisawyisiT,iseve rogorc suliskveTebiT,is iyo WeSmaritadreligiuri aqti, SeiZleba iTqvas saberZneTis religiuriistoriisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovani, vidre taZrebSigamarTuli sakulto ceremoniebi.sxva kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, berZnuli drama warmoadgendaara marto xalxis TanamSromlobas, aramed xelovnebaTaTanamSromlobas, urTierTxelSewyobas. sinamdvileSi,gansxvavebuli xelovnebebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTanmWidro ZafebiT da srulyofilebas miaRweven mxolodguliTadi Tanxmobis, Sinagani SeerTebis Sedegad.elinuri xelovnebis brwyinvale ayvavebis epoqasmosdevs dacemis, gaTiSulobis era, dabneulobisa daumisamarTo Ziebis ori aTasi weli. vagneris azriT,amis mizezi iyo adamianis sulis saerTo evoluciaSi.berZnul epoqaSi adamiani jer kidev Zalian axlosaris bunebasTan. igi bunebas mxatvris TvaliT uyurebs,keTili nebiT emorCileba gardauvalobis kanons, romlisgamoxatulebac masSi instiqtia, igi jer kidev axlosaaxalxis sulis udidesi Semoqmedebis pirvelyofilperiodTan, religiasTan, miTTan, bunebriv saxelmwifosTan,enasTan. saukuneebTan erTad Sekruli mTlianoba,bunebriviadamiani rRvevas iwyebs. intuiciisa da instiqtis periodsgansjis periodi mosdevs. ganyenebuli azrovneba iswrafvis109

naTia cqvitaiadaeuflos adamians da amayad amaRldes grZnobaze.ganWvretis nacvlad, igi aanalizebs. buneba, romelSicigi adre aRiqvamda erTianobas, axla danawevrebulia dasul ufro nawevrdeba umcires wvrilmanebamde. amgvaradkosmogonia midis fizikamde da qimiamde, religia iqcevaTeologiad da filosofiad, miTi-istoriul qronikad,bunebrivi saxelmwifo sawyiss aZlevs politikursaxelmwifos da bolos, xelovneba iqceva mecnierebadda esTetikad. yvela sferoSi bunebrivi adgils uTmobsxelovnurs, mTlianoba-danawevrebulobas. amgvarmaevoluciam gamoiwvia mTeli da cocxali mxatvrulinawarmoebis daqucmaceba. axla xelovnebis calkeulisferoebi (arqiteqtura, skulptura, mxatvroba, cekva,pantomima, musika, poezia) cdilobs egoisturad, calcalkegabrwyindes da amasTan, iketeba amay da unayofomartoobaSi.`momavlis mxatvrul nawarmoebSi~ vagnermamimoixila sxvadasxva xelovnebis istoria da aCvena,rom specializaciam, romelsac TiTqos xeli undaSeewyo calkeul sferoTa ganviTarebisaTvis, maTi dacemagamoiwvia. TanamedroveobaSi ki isini kvlav eswrafvianerTmanTTan daaxloebas, raTa erTmaneTi Seavson.vagneris ideebi evoluciis Sesaxeb, xelovnebis orsferosTan: musikasTan da poeziasTan aris dakavSirebuli,radgan swored es gaxlavT mTavari faqtori lirikulidramis mTlian nawarmoebSi.masala,romliTac operirebs musikosi,_ bgeraa,bgerisusazRvro niuansebi, misi simaRlis, tembris bunebrivigamoxatuleba. is usazRvro elferebi, romelic iZenswminda emocias da grZnobas. bgeraTa sferos vagneriokeanes adarebs, romelic usasrulobamde vrceldeba,konkretuli sazRvrebis gareSe. maTi kanonia harmonia.harmonia ganyenebuli mecnierebaa,bgeraTa urTierTSewyobisSesaxeb.gavagrZeloT kompozitoris Sedareba: harmoniis110

ihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~usazRvro okeane aerTianebs or kontinents. sinamdvileSicekva aZlevs musikas, ritms anu is warmoadgenserTgvar wesrigs, kanons, romelic adgens moZraobaTaTanmimdevrobas droSi. meore mxriv, poezia musikasTanSexebis dros TviTneburad badebs melodias. xalxisaracnobieri xelovneba yovelgvari mecnieruli kanonebisgareSe da ucodveli instiqtis wyalobiT qmnis Tavisubralo simRerebs, sadac grZnoba bunebrivad, poeziisada musikis daxmarebiT, gadmoicema da leqsi TavisTavadiSleba musikaSi.vagneris kritikuli naSromebis umetesi nawili, maTSoris yvelaze mTavari - òpera da drama~, daiwera imdros, rodesac mis gonebaSi mwifdeboda gegma saoperonawarmoebisa `nibelungebis beWedi~. am ukanasknelskompozitori musikalur dramad, upiratesad umaRlesimxatvruli formis ayvavebis safexurad miiCnevda.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom òpera da drama~ tetralogiisTeoriuli mimarTulebaa. aq vagneri iZleva dramatulisiuJetis amorCevis miTiTebebs.rogorc, zemoT aRvniSne, 1876 wels baireiTissaopero Teatri gaixsna saopero ciklis `nibelungebisbeWedis~ premieriT, romelic 1876 wlis 13 agvistodan17 agvistomde warmoadgines.baireiTis Teatri mdebareobs bavariis qalaq baireiTisCrdiloeT nawilSi. emsaxureba ZiriTadad rihard vagnerisoperebis dadgmebs baireiTis festivalis farglebSi.Teatri aigo Tavad vagneris xelmZRvanelobiT, gotfridzemperis mier miunxenSi operis ganuxorcielebeliTeatris proeqtis bazaze. Tanxa gamohyo mefe ludvigII. Teatris Sida struqtura UuCveuloa, radgandarbazSi ar aris galerea da aivani, xolo orkestriganlagebulia scenis qveS da uxilavia publikisaTvis.interieri Seqminilia xisagan. garda amisa, darbazSi arisakustikuri balansi orkestrsa da momRerlebs Soris,rac SeuZlebels qmnis darbazSi arasaopero musikis111

naTia cqvitaiaSesrulebas. ormagi prosceniumi vizualurad zrdisscenas. vagneris remofrmatoroba, Teatris struqturulagebulebaSic naTlad Cans.msoflio Teatris istoriisaTvis rihard vagneriaris umniSvnelovanesi figura da reformatori, maTSoris Tanamedrove sadadgmo gamomsaxvelobisa dauaxlesi Teatraluri tendeciebis planSi. misi swrafvasinTezurobisaken, iqca swored `momavlis Teatris~ganmsazRvrelad.XX saukunis saTeatro kulturis SeswavlisaTvis,vagneris Semoqmedeba kidev ufro mniSvnelovaniascenografiuli sivrcis axali gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT,romelsac kompozitorTan erTad Sveicareli musikosi,mxatvari, reJisori-Teoretikosi adolf apia qmnida(1862-1928ww.).rogorc viciT, vagneri sulac ar agebda grandiozulSenobas ganyenebuli Teoriebisagan. man Tavisi esTetikisgamomuSavebiT sakuTar Tavs ki ar Seudgina programa,aramed gonebas misca kvlevisa da sakuTari SemoqmedebiTiwarmosaxvis Semowmebis SesaZlebloba. igi upirvelesadrCeba artistad. aqedan gamomdinare,vagneris SemoqmedebaSipraqtika srulad gansazRvravs mis Teorias.• Анри Лиштанберже . Рихард Вагнер Как Поэт и Мыслитель.http://www.zipsites.ru/books/rikhard_vagner_kak_poet_i_myslitel/• joje belani. “me, rihard vagneri...”, “xelovneba”, 1974.• http://richard-wagner.ru/• http.:// traditio.ru/wiki/112

avtorTa Sesaxebmaia goSaZe _ xelovnebaTmcodnebis doqtori.saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori.daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversitetis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti.sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebiamerikuli, antikuri da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb.amJamad muSaobs Temaze `variaciebi miTosur motivebze~.tel: + 995 (32) 299 65 64nino sanadiraZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtorisaqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi-eqspert specialistiSoTa rusTavelis kinosa da Teatris saxelmwifouniversitetibiznesisa da marTvis fakulteti – asocirebuliprofesori.tel: + 995 5 (77) 78 91 78el-fosta: ninisanadiradze@gmail.com113

THEATRE STUDIESMaia Goshadze114NECROPHILIA BY PHROMESummaryThe article “Necrophilia by Chrome” discusses to run off from thepresent motives in the Patrick Ziuskind, Anton Chekhov and Giorgimargvelashvili’s play “Cherries Garden.”Article’s author’s idea is that the dilemma of to be or not to be,between life and death (by view Existential) choose between “undead” results and “dead’ process is clear in to the chosen, - by hopeor ask of the prized undead. Without praise less and without judge allbeing on the present, given, realization. It must be arise all its wholelife with itself ability again to try discovered unsuccessfully in thesame row.It became hated physical tendency prized with “un dead” future,un received the motive without all giving rules life, always birth newof the creative physical agent, hopefuls, refused of the activates, afraidand hatred of the life.Not wish to arise from the sleeping from the future morning; wecan see Chehkov’s hero, in the play “Cherry garden” made by directorGiorgi Margvelashvili. It may be really wishes to come back in thebest inertial before the birth.Right towards the present, such as humans’ leader physicstendency, - to love life or hate creative motive is realized in thedifferent epochs being madden work.ABOUT AUTHORArt History PhDAssociate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film GeorgianState University.Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian StateUniversity’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She has had her articles onAmerican, Ancient and Renaissance Drama published at various times.Currently she works on paper “Variations on mythical motives”Tel: + 995 (32) 299 65 64

CULTURE MANAGEMENTNino SanadiradzeCULTURE PRODUCTS AND CULTURAL PRODUCTSSEGMENTATIONSummaryIn the article briefly is examined essence of attitude of meaningculture and art products. The production of culture perspectivefocuses on how the symbolic elements of culture are shaped by thesystems within which they are created, distributed, evaluated, taught,and preserved. Initially, practitioners of this perspective focused onthe fabrication of expressive-symbol elements of culture, such as artworks, scientific research reports, popular culture, religious practicesand other parts of what are now often called the culture or creativeindustries. Marketing Culture and the Arts is a useful tool for anyoneseeking to understand how marketing works within the cultural contextand to familiarize themselves with the unique challenges posed byartistic products in the choice of marketing strategies.Market segmentation is the division of a market into differentgroups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/servicerequirements. Or to put it another way, market segmentation is thedivision of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups orsegments, each of which have common characteristics and needsand display similar responses to marketing actions. The marketsegmentation concept is related to product differentiation. If you aimat different market segments, you might adapt different variationsof your offering to satisfy those segments, and equally if you adaptdifferent versions of your offering, this may appeal to different marketsegments. Since there is less competition, your approach is less likelyto be copied and so either approach will do.In conclusion it can be seen that the cultural production is theprocess by which cultural products (including goods, artifacts,visual and experiential objects, services, and art forms) are created,transformed, and diffused in the constitution of consumer culture. In115

this article we are interested in a specific class of cultural products,those that have artistic and aesthetic appeal. A central premise of thecultural production process is that culture itself is constructed andnegotiated by cultural actors (producers, intermediaries, consumers)through interplay of symbolic and sensory modes of experience andtheir concomitant meaning systems in which the cultural actors areengaged.ABOUT AUTHORDr. Associated professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State University, Georgian National MuseumTel: + 995 (577) 78 91 78E-mail: ninisanadiradze@gmail.com116

UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAMTHEORY AND HISTORI OF SCENOGRAPHYHead of the Program: Prof. Ketevan KintsurashviliLali GelashviliThird year PhD studentCOSTUME PAINTING IN THE MOVIE “KETO AND KOTE”SummaryThe movie was shot in 1948 after A. Tsagarelicomedy « Khanuma » and Victor Dolidze opera «Keto and Kote»Poplulation, tired with World War II, needed an entertainingmovie. That is why, the Soviet Government allowed the Georgianfilm directors to shoot the musical comedy « Keto and Kote ». Thepresent work describes what obstacles and difficuilties were overcomein order to make that very movie which we know.« Keto and Kote » film direcotrs are Vakhtang Tabliashvili andShalva Gedevanishvili . The movie is shot after Siko Pashalishviliscreenplay. Music is composed by Victor Dolidze and ArchilKereselidze. The movie designer is Jozeph Sumbatashvili, costumedesigner – Parnaoz Lapiashvili. Other designers : Koteh Kvaliashvili,Evgenyi Machavariani and Khristesia Lebanidze.The costume design is one of the signigicant components in themovie-making process. The film designer Parnaoz Lapiashvili did atremendous job for each particular character for creation of artisticalhistoricallyjustified as well as characteristical apparel. ParnaozLapiashvili is distinguished by his ability to harmonically mergepictorial art and constructive means. The costumes in the movie shouldhave been merged by sketch and diversity of texture with interior,decorative environment and properties.The action in the movie takes place in Tbilisi of the end of 19 thand the beginning of 20 th century. In the multinational city on thecrossroad of Europe and Asia the motives and elements of the east117

and the west weaved and it is not a surprise that this would havefound its expression also in apparel. The designer had to learn lotsof sources and then consider them. This was done brilliantly with hishigh professionalism by Parnazo Lapiashvili.The designer could express in costumes the interests, habits ofdifferent social classes of the society and at the same time to maintaintraditional details.Parnaoz Lapiashvili’s cotumes are not mere costumes. They aremeans of expression of the style of life of Georgians with humor orirony of that epoch.Each mise-en-scene of «Keto and Kote» is unique. The designerknows well in which time interval the characters are in differentinteriors, in nature. In case of designers the changes in environmentand time is expressed in actors’ clothes, also in use of separateaccessories and things.The designer’s art in cinematography is distinquished by aspecificity, which is well felt and considered by «Keto and Kote»designers. This is the reason why this movie is so interesting. Theartistic characteristic features of designers were transfered intoCinematography: perception of dynamics, rhythm and movement.The designer seems to combine by editing the diverse urban scenes. Inartistic reproduction of 19 th century epoch the architectural backgroundof old Tbilisi and Jozeph Sumbatashvili’s art played a great role.Parnaoz Lapiashvili’s work for the movie is loaded with deepthinking and emotions, which is the result of the movie specificepoch and national individuality study, deep learning of ethnographicmaterials. That is why, one can feel so strongly the flavor of XIXcentury Tbilisi, fashion tendencies and real clothes transform intomovie-costumes.The artist conforms with success the contents of the movie andmodern methods of cinematography of that period. In costumescreated for the movie, he reaches the synthesis of texture technologyand painting principles.To our mind, for all this there is one base –National culture, moving of artistic traditions into movie costumes,their styling and creating entire visual material, inner freedom.In the movie Parnaoz Lapiashvili’s costume is active, whenit shows the vivid dinamics of colors and also the dynamics ofdevelopment of personage character. Colors in movement speak loud.118

No matter what is the main purpose of costume for the character, forP. Lapiashvili each costume is a color, combination of colors, which inits way, creat a particular colourful range. Despite the movie is blackand white, alongside with colourful correspondence of costumes, onecan easily see the correspondence of different texture cloths. As forsctuctural correspondence of different cloths – especially for shooting– is not an easy task stemming out of cinema specificity. P. Lapiashvilican fulfill this task with ease.If not “Keto and Kote”-s designers’ personal artistic abilities,transformed into the movie, keen perception of dynamics, rhythm andmovement, the viewer would never become part of performance andits immediate participant.This movie could stand the time because the artistic team madethe viewers of all generation be a participant. One of the major rolesin this artistic team belongs to designers. The close cooperation offilm directors, cameramen and designers define the deep expression ofplatic language, creation of a life images of epoch and comical being.This helped greatly to poetic convey of esthetical conception of themovie.119

DRAMA DIRECTIONHead of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Margvelashvili, Vasil KiknadzeNino LipartianiThird year PhD studentPHILOSOPHICAL POST MODERNISMSummaryPost Modernism era is an age of failed mankind with no moreattempts to build up utopias or readjust the world. On a contrary,it tries to accept the world as it is, conform to it and furnish it withmaximum comfort.Shortly, it does not reflect one’s cruel idea, but an honest reactionupon the cynicism of modern history. It is not a stylish passion but anepoch establishing new style of public relations.We are predestined to replay all scenarios ever created. We livethrough reproduction of endless ideals, fantasies and dreams, theoriginals of which had been left in the past. “The idea of progress hasdisappeared, however the progress still takes place” – Post modernismtries to farewell the past sneeringly.120Maia ShengeliaThird year PhD studentWILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S “TITUS ANDRONICUS” FORGENEZISSummaryShakespeare's works, discussing the importance of thosesources, which the playwright has created his own compositions. Inthis study the question again arises skeptics often manipulated bythe «authorship» question. This time, we can not touch this problem.Only remark that Shakespeare's audience did not demand a new

communities to find. Viewing assessing the novelty of the old, familiarstory in terms of the new show. Shakespeare lived in that era, and itled to this principle. Therefore, to blame others for its use of stories,not right now.All the sources that Shakespeare used, the researchers point out,could not write his own compositions. In particular, «Titus Andronicus,»a source is unknown, but appear to be motivated by several authors:ovideusi, seneka, but the most reliable source is considered the 18thcentury in the second half of the publications and we will come a bookthat contains a «Titus Andronicus» prose version. However, this workis mentioned attava tamoras name instead.Our subject matter dibeliusis idea that Titus Andronicus is aprototype of the Roman Caesar Andronic I, and tamoras - GeorgianQueen Tamar.Comparative analysis has shown, because they were relatives ofQueen Tamar, and Andronicus, and Tamora and Titus enemies are,therefore, can not be Tamara Tamora's prototype. The Tamar is anoble and a Christian believer.As Andronic I, his character and play in the story of his life, thesimilarities, suggest that it is quite possible that Andronic I be Titus'sprototype.121

THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORYHead of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Chartolani122Mariam ChubinidzeThird year PhD studentGEORGIAN THEATRE JOURNALISM AND THE AUDIENCESummaryPeriodical press is the one of the most important means for theresearch of the history of theater. However, the profession of theatrejournalism is full profession itself and not one of the “additions” totheatre.Georgian Theatre journalism emerged in the second half of the 19thcentury. Due to Georgia's political regime at that time and in spiteof Georgian public figures efforts, it turned out impossible to editseveral Georgian publications at the same time; therefore, speakingabout origins of Theatre Journalism (according to unstable situationof Georgian press), we will pass 50 - ies and overview the following30 years.Discussing Georgian Theatre Journalism of the period of ourinterest, of course, we should consider what was happening in Georgiantheatre at that time. Founded in 1850, the theater of GeorgeTsereteliwas quickly closed. A more than twenty years after Georgianstage amateurs, more or less actively, presented theatricals inthe various cities or villages. The press watched and wrote abouteach of them. By the journalists’ analysis of national-ideologicalimportance of theatre (issues of language, protection of nationalidentity, education) and by increasing the viewer’s aesthetic needs, itbecame clear for the prominent part of Georgian society that setting ofprofessional theatre was timely and necessary.The role played by Georgian periodical press in the creationof the permanent Georgian Theatre is well-known fact in thehistory; but the first period of Georgian Theatre journalism is alsointeresting and important by the fact that it succeeded in turning itsreader in the professional theater audience, many of whom before

eading this or other periodical publication not even had heardabout Theatre.We more frequently can see in the press of this period the letterswhere the authors discuss the importance of theater for community, butlater the audience itself becomes of not less importance.The authors of some letters directly raise the problem of theaudience. This is one of the areas of Georgian Theatre journalismwhose deep and consistent research has finally laid the foundation forGeorgian professional theater.123

UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAMMODERN EUROPEAN THEATREHead of the Program: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava124Guram KokaiaSecond year MA studentTHEATRE DIRECTING RESEARCHES OF VSEVOLODMEYERHOLD IN 1902-1906SummaryVsevolod Meyerhold was worldwide known Russian theatredirector, actor and theatre producer. He worked with different theatres,actors and actresses.He began his career in Moscow Art Theatre, with KonstantinStanislavsky and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. He played someroles there. He didn’t agree MAT’s naturalistic aesthetic principles. Heargued with K. Stanislavsky about theatre art and it’s principles.Finally Vsevolod Meyerhold decided to leave the Theatre. Someof actors and actress followed him. They went to the south provinceof Russia, in Kherson and began to work there. The director beganmaking experiments in theatre art.This article is about the experiments Meyerhold has done. Hebegan to work on modern drama. He was delighted with symbolistsplays. He made experiments in every branch of theatre art. He searchedfor new forms of theatre art. This article includes V. Meyerhold’sactivities between 1902-1906 years. There is information aboutthe most notable performances he had done in this period of time:“Acrobats”, “Balaganchik”, “The Death of Tintagiles”, “The Life OfMan”, “Sister Beatrice”, etc. In these performances, the director triednew forms of stage design, light and sound effects, etc. The rythmwas very important for him. He trained an actor in different ways andfinally he created “Biomechanich System”, which spread in the wholeworld.

This article is about the first steps of great director. He developedtheatre art and influenced a lot of other theatre directors. There are V.Meyerholds aesthetic principles, opinions about art and theatre. Lotof his ideas were realized in his performances. This period was thebeginning of his life long artistic researches and creations.Tamar KomladzeSecond year MA studentTHE THEATRE OF THE ABSURD AND ITSREPRESENTATIVESSummaryIn 20th century 50-60’s there has appeared a new direction inFrench drama -Theatre of the Absurd. It was called avant-garde orexperimental theatre, sometimes it was even called Anti-Theatre or“Theatre de Derision”.Theatre of the Absurd neglected the realistic or even ‘engaged’theatre. Anti - theatre of absurd has it’s own rules: theatre is only inthe theatre, actors live only during the play, action is in the dreamy,imaginative place, it’s not subjected to traditional points of viewabout time and space, words and things have their own autonomy,communicational function of speech due to the “crisis of the speech”is wasted and becomes the object of the stage. As a result the Avantgardetheatre of Absurd doesn’t believe in speech, language andprefers gestures and motion.The term was coined by the critic Martin Esslin, who made it thetitle of a book on the subject first published in 1961. According toEsslin, the five defining playwrights of the movement are: EugeneIonesco, Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Arthur Adamov, and HaroldPinter, although these writers were not always comfortable with thislabel and sometimes preferred to use terms such as «Anti-Theater» or«New Theater». Other playwrights associated with this type of theatreinclude Tom Stoppard, Arthur Kopit, Friedrich Durrenmatt, FernandoArrabal, Edward Albee, and N.F.Today the form of Theatre of the Absurd is considered to be the125

phenomenon what appeared after the World War II. One of the earlypeaces of absurd - Jean Jennet’s “The Maids” – first was performedin Paris, in 1947. “The Bald Prima Donna” by Ionesco and earlyplays by Arthur Adamov were performed in 1950. Samuel Beckett’s“Waiting for Godot” –was written between October of 1948 and 29January of 1949. First it was staged in 1953, the Theatre de Babylon,Paris. It was voted «the most significant English language play of the20th century”. The Theatre of the Absurd has appeared as a reactionto the World War II, at this time, there was confluence of existentialphilosophy and elements of drama, it makes to give ability to forminga new style of theatre - The Theatre of the Absurd.126Natia TskvitaiaSecond year MA studentRICHARD WAGNER “THE POET AND THINKER”SummaryRichard Wagner is one of the most famous Germancomposer, musician, great talent, which has very much affectedthe artistic history of European musical art. He’s works are interestingnot only for the history of music, but for the general arts, moderntheater and German music. Wagner created a new form of the art,the “Music drama”. Music drama rules are described in his criticalwritings, which contain invaluable documents for the aesthetics ofmusic. However, the Wagner music drama is also very important in thedevelopment of theatrical art. In short, it is not only a musician, butalso a playwright, aesthete and thinker; this is how he Wagnercharacterized by the German composer Henry Lishtanberzhe inhis book introductions - “Richard Wagner as a poet and thinker”.Through unification in one person the musician and the poet,Wagner raised the question of the playwright - Double point ofthe composer’s vision the drama and music in terms of the merger.He created detailed and accurate theory of how drama should be“conceived of in a musical.”Wagner’s ideas about evolution are related with the two fields ofarts - music and poetry, as this is a major factor in the overall work oflyrical drama.

Richard Wagner is one of the most important figures and reformersin the World Theatre History, with his modern Staged expression thecontemporary theatrical trends in the foreground. His commitment tosynthesis became the “theater of the future” determinant.XX Century Theatre for the Study of Culture, Wagner’s worksis more important Stenography new solution in terms of space, whichtogether with the Swiss composer, musician, painter, and director -theorist created Adolf Apia (1862-1928).As we know, Wagner was not building grandiose building ofthe abstract theories. With his aesthetics, he was not composingcertain programs for himself, but he gave to the mind of the creativeimagination of its own research and testing capability. First of allRichard Wagner remains the artist. Hence, Wagner’s practical worksdetermined his theory.127

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