samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi ...
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi ...
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi ...
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<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ganaTlebisa da mecnierebissaministroniko berZeniSvilis instituti<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong><strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>IVgamomcemloba„SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti“baTumi - 20091
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OFGEORGIANIKO BERDZENISHVILI INSTITUTETHE QUESTIONS OFSOUTHERN-WESTERNGEORGIA HISTORYIVPublishing House«Shota Rustaveli State University»Batumi - 20092
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИГРУЗИИИНСТИТУТ НИКО БЕРДЗЕНИШВИЛИВОПРОСЫ ИСТОРИИЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ГРУЗИИIVИздательство«Государственный университет Шота Руставели»Батуми – 20093
winamdebare krebuli _ „<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong> IV“ _ niko berZeniSvilis institutis<strong>istoriis</strong> ganyofilebaSi gamosacemad momzadebuli aRniSnuliseriis meoTxe tomia. masSi, tradiciisamebr, Sesulia baTumisada Tbilisis sxvadasxva samecniero dawesebulebaSi (nikoberZeniSvilis instituti, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teqnikuri universiteti, iv. javaxi-Svilis <strong>istoriis</strong>a da eTnologiis instituti da sxv.) moRvawemecnierTa Sromebi.krebulis Tematika sakmaod mravalferovania. igi moicavs<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis<strong>istoriis</strong> sxvadasxva sakiTxs uZvelesi droidan dRemde,agreTve Tanamedrove geopolitikuri viTarebisa da politikuriazrovnebis amsaxvel masalebs.krebuli saTanadod exmaureba Cvens realobaSi arsebulbevr mtkivneul problemas, rac, udavod, kidev ufro metadzrdis mis Rirsebas. igi gankuTvnilia rogorc specialistebis,ise istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.redaqtori _ malxaz sioriZe<strong>istoriis</strong> mecnierebaTa doqtorirecenzentebi_ kaxaber surgulaZe<strong>istoriis</strong> mecnierebaTa doqtorinana xaxutaiSvili<strong>istoriis</strong> akademiuri doqtori.oleg jibaSvili<strong>istoriis</strong> akademiuri doqtoriISSN 1987-524X© `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifos universiteti~ _ 20094
nana xaxutaiSvilimosxebis // mesxebis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvisgvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xana <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong>is periodia, rodesac qveynis socialur-ekonomikurcxovrebasa da kulturis sferoSi mimdinareobs kardinaluriZvrebi: demografiuli cvlilebebi da sxvadasxvaeTnikuri jgufis moZraoba Tu adgilgadanacvleba,Cndeba msxvili dasaxlebebi, xmarebaSi Semodis rkina –erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mZlavri liToni, romelic udidesrols asrulebs kacobriobis istoriaSi, farTodviTardeba xelosnuri warmoeba da xdeba misi specializaciada a. S. amdenad, sazogadoebriv-kulturuliganviTareba adis axal, maRal safexurze (g. meliqiSvili,1965., oT. jafariZe, 1991: 228-258., oT. lorTqifaniZe,2002: 102-124, 127-153).swored am dros, ZvelaRmosavlur wyaroebSi gaCndapirveli moxsenieba qarTveli tomebisa da maTi didipolitikuri gaerTianebebisa. maTgan pirvel rigSi undadavasaxeloT muSqebi, romelnic, rogorc Cans, qarTulkolxurerTobaSi mimdinare diferenciaciisa da gancalkevebisprocesis Sedegad Cndebian <strong>istoriis</strong> asparezze.mogvianebiT, swored muSqTa STamomavali mosxebi/mesxebiasruleben mniSvnelovan rols aRmosavlurqarTulisaxelmwifos – qarTlis samefos (berZnul-romauliwyaroebiT - iberiis) SeqmnaSi. mesxTa tomebsukavSireben aseve xeTur-mcireaziuri warmoSobis kultebisSemotanas da rigi geografiuli saxelebisgaCenasac, maT Soris qalaq mcxeTis saxelwodebas (Г.Меликишвили, 1959: 111-сл.).5
Cvens winaSe dgas rTuli da sadiskusio sakiTxi imisSesaxeb, Tu vin arian mesxebi, romelTac miewerebaT ase-Ti didi roli agreTve kolxeTis aRmosavleT olqebSimogvianebiT mTel rig eTnokulturul siaxleebSi, racnaTlad aisaxa arqeologiur monapovarSic (oT. lorTqifaniZe,2002: 124-241).imisaTvis, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvaze, Tu vin arianmesxebi, kidev erTxel unda davubrundeT qarTvelurtomTa eTnikuri ganviTarebis istorias proqarTvelurifuZe-enis diferenciaciis Semdgom (Г. Климов, 1961: 239-253.g. meliqiSvili, 1970: 338). rogorc viciT, saerToqarTvelurifuZe-ena ukve arsebobda Zv. w. IV - III aTaswleulebSi,e. i. adrebrinjaos epoqaSi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulisdamdegisaTvis iwyeba saerTo-qarTvelurifuZe-enidan svanuri enis gamoyofis procesi, xolo Zv. w.VIII saukuniT aTariReben zanur-qarTuli erTobis daSlas(Г. Климов, 1961: 35-сл., T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani,1965: 17., g. meliqiSvili, 1970: 338). Tumca arsebobs sxvamosazrebac.Gaxali arqeologiuri da lingvisturi monacemebissafuZvelze, mkvlevarTa nawili dReisaTvisufro im azrs emxroba, rom qarTul-kolxuri (qarTulzanuri)enobrivi erTobis daSla da, Sesabamisad,kolxuri enis gamoyofa unda daTariRdes ufro adreulixaniT. maTi azriT, es procesi jer kidev Zv. w. IIaTaswleulis Sua xanebze adre unda dawyebuliyo (T.miqelaZe, 1974: 72, 194., oT. lorTqifaniZe, 1986: 48-57., Т.Гамкрелидзе, В. Иванов, 1984: 909., oT. jafariZe, 2003: 193-218).akad. g. meliqiSvils (Г. Меликишвили, 1959: 98-100)qarTvelur tomTa eTnikuri ganviTarebis istoria aseaqvs warmodgenili: “ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirvelnaxevarSi svanuri eTnikuri jgufi enobriv da, amasTandakavSirebiT, faqtiur gancalkevebas ganicdis qarTulzanurijgufisagan. radganac am ukanasknels <strong>samxreT</strong>iT6
xeTur-xuritul mosaxleobasTan kontaqtebi uCans, undavifiqroT, rom svanuri tomebi am dros qarTvelur tom-Ta gavrcelebis CrdiloeT arealSi iyvnen dasaxlebuli,xolo qarTul-zanuri tomebi – <strong>samxreT</strong>iT... amrigad,qarTveluri tomebi uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze. amasTan, safiqrebelia, romisini nawilobriv dRevandeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> farglebsgareTac mosaxleobdnen, kerZod, mcire aziis CrdiloaRmosavleTraionebSi, <strong>samxreT</strong>-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisteritoriaze. Aamas mowmobs, jer erTi, kulturismxriv am raionebis mWidro kavSiri, xSir SemTxvevaSisruli erTobac ki <strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan, rac kargadCans arqeologiuri masalis Suqze, agreTve mTelirigi enobrivi faqtebi, romlebic metyvelebs qarTvelitomebis kontaqtze mcire aziis centralur da mesopotamiisCrdilo raionebSi mosaxle xeTur (protoxeTur,nesitur) da xuritul mosaxleobasTan” (g. meliqiSvili,1970: 341-343).iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, werilobiTi wyaroebissimciris gamo, ar xerxdeba amierkavkasiaSi mesxebisgansaxlebis arealis gansazRvra (iv. javaxiSvili, 1950:18). Ee. kavaignakma zemo mesopotamiaSi Zv. w. XII saukuneSiSeWrili muSqebi istoriuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong>olqebidan gamolaSqrebul masad miiCnia (E.Cavaignae, 1953: 140., g. meliqiSvili, 1970: 321 ). mosxebis(muSqebis) arafrigiul warmomavlobas emxroba eminakurgalic, romelic muSqebs aRmosavleT anatoliismkvidrebad miiCnevs (E. Akurgal, 1955: 113).Ggviandeli mesxebi, rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelurimodgmis qarTis tomTa jgufs miekuTvneba, meore mxrivki, hekateos miletelis cnobiT, “mosxebi kolxuritomia da cxovroben matienebis mezoblad” (“dedamiwisaRweriloba,” 188). Gg. meliqiSvilis mosazrebiT, “... mos-7
xebis kolxur tomad gamocxadeba gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu“kolxuri” cnebis qveS Cven saerTo-qarTvelur an, ufrozustad, qarTul-zanuri erTobis aRmniSvnel saxelwodebasvigulisxmebT” (g. meliqiSvili, 1970: 82). n.lomouris varaudiT, am cnobaSi im periodis viTarebaaasaxuli, “rodesac mosxuri tomebis nawili <strong>samxreT</strong>isakenaris gaWrili da swored CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSian mis mezoblad Cans. asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT...mesxebis ZiriTadi Zveli adgilsamyofeli mcire aziisCrdilo-aRmosavleTi olqi iyo” (n. lomouri, 1963: 11-12).Nn. xazaraZis gamokvleviT, “zemo evfratis regionSi(alzi-furulumzi-qaTmuxis mxareSi) muSqebis pirveligamoCena Zv.w. XII saukuniTaa (Zv. w. 1165 w.) daTariRebuli,daaxloebiT amave teritoriaze somxebis winaprebismosvla ki – arauadres Zv. w. VII saukunis 70-60 wlebiT”(n. xazaraZe, 1984: 174).Zv.w. XII saukunis Semdeg, vidre VII saukunemde, muSqebisgansaxlebis areali, rogorc n. xazaraZem miuTiTa,unda veZeboT qaSiaris mTebis (Tanamedr. tur-abdinis)CrdiloeTiT, tigrosis marjvena sanapirosa da misizemo dinebis (Tanamedr. Mmurad-Cais) axlomdebare regionSida alzi-furulumzi-qaTmuxisa da xaTes qveynebismezoblad (n. xazaraZe, 1984: 91). aq iyo gansaxlebulimuSqebis is nawili, romelic, rogorc Cans,qarTveluri modgmisa iyo da gviandeli mesxebis winaprebsSeadgendnen. “sxvadasxva drois (Zv.w. XII-VII ss.)asurul da urartul wyaroebSi “muSqebis qveynis” saxeliTaRiniSneboda ori erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebulimxare. erT SemTxvevaSi “muSqebis qveyana” moicavdamd. Eevfratis zemo dinebis aRmosavleTiT (dRev.murad-sus <strong>samxreT</strong>iT), qaSiaris mTebis (dRev. turabdinis)CrdiloeTiT, tigrosis marjvena sanapirosa damis zemo dinebasTan mimdebare olqebs (alzi, furulum-8
zi, qaTmuxi), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – md. evfratis<strong>dasavleT</strong>iT gadaWimul raionebs. am or sxvadasxva regionsSoris arsebul vrcel teritoriaze mosaTavsebelia,zemoaRniSnuli lokalizaciidan gamomdinare,iseTi didi da mcire politikuri erTeulebi, rogoricaaTabali, Tuna, SinuxTu, xilaqu, que, Tilgarimu,gurgumi, qamanu-melidi, qumuxi da sxva... masalebi imazecmiuTiTeben, rom zemo evfratispireTSi muSqebis gamoCenaZv.w. XII s-iT, ufro sworad, Zv. w. 1165 wliTaa dasaTariRebeli,xolo asureTis provinciebis <strong>dasavleT</strong>iTmdebare regionSi (halisispireTi) – Zv. w. VIII s-is bolomeoTxediT (daaxl. Zv. w. 717 w.)” (n. xazaraZe, 1984: 105-106).g. meliqiSvilis azriT, muSqebis uZvelesi adgilsacxovrisimcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT teritoriazeasaZiebeli, saidanac isini, ufro maTi erTi nawili (e. w.“aRmosavleTis muSqebi”) Crdilo mesopotamiaSi SeiWra,xolo meore nawili (e. w. “<strong>dasavleT</strong>is muSqebi”) centralurda <strong>dasavleT</strong> mcire aziaze avrcelebs Tavis gavlenasda iq Zlier samefos qmnis. am samefos (qveyanas)asurelebi “muSqebis qveyanas” eZaxian, xolo antikuriavtorebi – frigias. Zv. w. 676 w. kimerielTa da urartelTaerTiani ZalisxmeviT frigiis samefo ganadgurda,ris Semdegac muSqebis erTma nawilma Crdilo-aRmosavleTisakenwamoiwia da gviandeli mesxeTis teritoriazedasaxlda. Mmisi sityviT, muSqebi-mesxebi aRmosavlurqarTulimodgmaa (g. meliqiSvili, 1959: 84-135., g. meliqiSvili,1965: 72-73., Г. Меликишвили, 1959: 104 и сл.). amasTandakavSirebiT SeiZleba aRgveniSna, rom istoriuli mesxeTisteritoriaze – Woroxisa da mtkvris dinebaTaSesabamisi monakveTebi – gviani brinjaosa da adreulirkinis xanaSi dasturdeba nivTieri monacemebi, rac <strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, Sida qarTlis, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong> da <strong>samxreT</strong>-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis9
nivTieri kulturis erTianobaze miuTiTebs da kolxuribrinjaos kulturaSi Cans asaxuli. gamoTqmulia mosazreba,rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi qar-Tul-zanuri erTobis SigniT ukve unda arsebuliyodialeqturi sxvaoba da mosxebis kolxuri samyarosadmimikuTvneba garkveuli droidan SesaZloa ufro politikurimotiviT iyo Semagrebuli, Tumca eTnikuri er-Tobac unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli (g. meliqi-Svili, 1970: 395).mosxebis eTnikul kuTvnilebaze qarTveluri samyarosadmiakad. Gg. meliqiSvili akeTebs daskvnas: “saxelwodebamosxebi /mesxebi/ gavrcelebuli Cans uzarmazarteritoriaze mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilidan qar-Tul mesxeTamde... teritoria, romelzedac Cven vnaxulobTam saxelwodebas, TiTqos naxevar wred ertymis<strong>samxreT</strong>-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTiszRvispira zols. ramdenadac ukanaskneli, ZiriTadad,megrul-Wanuri tomebis adgilsacxovrisi iyo, romelTaCrdiloeTiT imyofeboda svanebis teritoria, maSin bunebrivia,Tundac gviandeli viTarebidan gamovideT, maTganaRmosavleTiT mimdebare zoli CavTvaloT teritoriad,romelzec gansaxlebuli iyo qarTvelur tomTamesame ZiriTadi jgufi - qarTebi. Ees garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs,rom mosxebi (mesxebi) iyvnen qarTis(aRmosavlur-qarTuli) tomebi. cnobilia, rom mesxTatomebma didi roli Seasrules aRmosavlur-qarTulisaxelmwifoebriobisa da aRmosavlur-qarTuli xalxisformirebaSi... SeiZleba aRiniSnos im viTarebis Sesaxebac,rom qarTul enaSi ar SeiniSneba movlenebi, romlebicsaTaves iRebdnen... Zlieri araqarTuli fenisgan...naTqvams isic SeiZleba davamatoT, rom mosxebis teritoriasnawilobriv faravs istoriuli speris saxelwodeba,romelic organulad ukavSirdeba swored aRmosavlur-qarTulsamyaros” (g. meliqiSvili, 1970: 395-396.,10
Г. Меликишвили, 1959: 111). exeba ra hekateos mileteliscnobas mesxebis kolxuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, g.meliqiSvili aRniSnavs: “Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rommesxuri elementi mudam qarTebis elements emTxveva,“kolxi” – saxels aq dasavlur-qarTulis mniSvnelobasver mivaniWebT, radgan, Zveli, legendaruli kolxeTisarsebobis xanaSi (Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli saukuneebi)kolxeTi jer kidev sustad diferencirebulqarTvelur eTnikur jgufs moicavda. Aam dros megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba, yovelSemTxvevaSi, jer ar unda yofiliyo. Aamitomac, “kolxi”saxeli am uZveles xanebSi saerTo-qarTveluri TuqarTul-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) elementis aRmniSvneliunda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi qarTvel tomebs jerkidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis arsebobis kolxurxanaSi gaecnen da “kolx” saxelsac, unda vifiqroT, amerTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen. amitomac mosxebis“kolxur tomad” moxsenieba hekateos miletelTan,saerTod, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs da megrul-Wanurwarmomavlobaze arafers laparakobs” (g. meliqiSvili,1970: 395).GT. miqelaZis SexedulebiT, mesxebi swored kolxurimodgmaa (T. miqelaZe, 1974: 26., T. miqelaZe, 1976: 116-Smd.).saamisod mas Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis (hekateosmileteli, straboni da sxv.) gverdiT moaqvs dRevandelimesxeTis toponimebi, romelTa axsna zanuris meSveobiTSeiZleba (zanavi, CorCani, CxroWa, artanuji, oSqa-oSka,xviliSa, WixoriSi, ojorjali, oxoma, focxovi,WiTaxevi, mtkvari, toba, toloSi, jinjigora, xona,koCaneTi, mazanaTi, WankeTi, dadeSi da a. S.) (T. miqelaZe,1974: 27-28). misi azriT, “aseTi mZlavri zanuri kvalisarseboba am mxareSi, romelic erTi pirvelTaganiganicdis qarTizaciis intensiur process, xolo Semdeg11
TviT xdeba qarTizaciis medroSe da qarTuli erovnulisaxelmwifoebriobis kera, miuTiTebs imaze, rom qar-Tebis mosvlamde aRniSnuli mxaris mosaxleoba, e. i.mesxebi, Tu am ukanasknelT mesxeTis uZveles binadrebadCavTvliT, zanuri iyo. amitom mesxsa da qarTs Soristolobis niSnis dasma ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli.” T.miqelaZem samarTlianad SeniSna, rom “... mesxeTis toponimiaSizanuri fenis dadasturebis faqti kargadeTanxmeba am mxareSi aRmoCenil nivTier Zeglebs (kolxuriculi, segmentisebri iaraRi, waldi, Toxi), romlebicTavis erTobliobaSi gansazRvraven swored dasavlur-qarTuli,kolxuri kulturis specifikas da romelTagavrcelebis areali zanuri toponimiis gavrcelebisfarglebs emTxveva. niSandoblivia isic, romzogierTi aRmoCenis TaviseburebaTa mixedviT (kolxuriculis Telovanis yalibi, waRveris saxelosnos naSTebi,udes ganZi, tanZoTis aRmoCenebi da sxva), mesxeTSiSeiZleba gamoikveTos kidev erTi kera kolxuri kulturisa”(T. miqelaZe, 1974: 30).mosxebis gansaxlebis areali, bunebrivia, mudmivmocemulisidide ar iyo.rogorc aRiniSna, hekate miletelis mixedviT, mesxebikolxuri tomia, romelic matienebis mezoblad cxovrobda(hekateos mileteli, fr. 188). n. lomouris varaudiT,am cnobaSi im xanis viTarebaa asaxuli, “rodesacmosxuri tomebis nawili <strong>samxreT</strong>isaken aris gaWrili daswored CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi an mis mezoblad Cansasuruli wyaroebis mixedviT” (n. lomouri, 1963: 11). igiar gamoricxavs, rom mesxebis “ZiriTadi, Zveli adgilsamyofeli– mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi olqi”iyo (n. lomouri, 1963: 11-12). varaudoben, rom mxolodamgvari lokalizaciis pirobebSi aris gasagebi hekatescnoba mosxebis matienebTan (misi ganmartebiT _ mitanelebTan)mezoblobaze.12
n. xazaraZe specialuri kvlevis Semdeg mividadaskvnamde, rom “radgan pirvelwyaroebisa da saTanadosamecniero literaturis saSualebiT sakmaod kargadxerxdeba mosxebTan erTad moxseniebuli matienebis,tibarenebis, kerketebisa da qarimatebis adgilmdebareobisdadgena, amitom zemoT moyvanili cnobebis ubralourTierTSejerebidanac ki naTelia, rom Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebiswerilobiT wyaroebSi mosxebis lokalizaciisori, erTimeorisagan gansxvavebuli variantia asaxuli:hekateos miletelisa da herodotes Tanaxmad, mosxebiCrdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi binadroben, xolohelanike mitilenelisa da palefate abidoselis mixedviT,igive saxelwodebis matarebeli tomebi Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze arian saZiebelni” (n.xazaraZe, 1984: 6).mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs rogorc gansaxlebissuraTi drois sxvadasxva monakveTze, ise misikuTvnileba qarTveluri samyaros ama Tu im nawilisadmi.Zv. w. VI s. elinebi, rogorc hekate miletelis mixedviTCans, mosxebs kolxur tomad miiCnevdnen da, ma-Sasadame, eTnikurad kolxuri samyaros nawilad warmoidgendnen.ra Tqma unda, amgvari warmodgena antikursamyaroSi SeiZleboda warmoqmniliyo im niadagze, rommosxebi, misi erTi nawili mainc, kolxas samefos SemadgenlobaSiSedioda da, rogorc Cans, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong>saqarTveloSi binadrobda. amisi pirdapiri mowmobaaherodotes cnoba aqemeniduri samefos administraciuliaRwerilobidan, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom aqemenidimefeebisagan “mosxebs, tibarenebs, makronebs, mosinikebsada marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti. esaris XIX satrapia” (T. yauxCiSvili, 1960: 75). qsenofonteaTenelis “anabasisidan” viciT, Tu rogori iyo makronebis,mosinikebisa da tibarenebis gansaxlebis areali13
(T. miqelaZe, 1967: 85-112). es aris, ZiriTadad, <strong>samxreT</strong>aRmosavleTida <strong>samxreT</strong> SavizRvispireTi. is garemoeba,rom qsenofonte ar ixseniebs mosxebs, gvafiqrebinebs,rom maTi gansaxlebis areali zRvis sanapiro zolisagandacilebiT, qveynis siRrmeSi iyo gaSlili, magramise, rom igi arsad gadakveTda 10000 berZeni molaSqrismarSruts. da, marTlac, mosxebis gansaxlebis arealiskidev ufro dasakonkreteblad garkveul monacemsiZleva herodotes kidev erTi cnoba qserqses laSqrisaRwerilobidan: “mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT,xolo farebi da Subebi – patara, Subis wverebi kigrZeli hqondaT. tibarenebi, makronebi da mosinikebimosxebiviT aRWurvili laSqrobdnen. maT saomar rigebsmarTavdnen Semdegi meTaurebi: mosxebsa da tibarenebs –ariomarde, romelic dariosisa da parmisis Svili iyo.makronebsa da mosinikebs winamZRolobda artaikte, romelichelespontis sestoss ganagebda” (T. yauxCiSvili,1960: 113). mosxebis dasavleli mezoblebi matienebiiyvnen. n. xazaraZis azriT, “hekate miletelisa da herodotescnobebis Suqze, matienebis es gaerTianeba saZiebeliamd. halisis rkalis SigniT paflagonielebis,sirieli kapadokielebisa da frigielebis mezoblad” (n.xazaraZe, 1984: 21). rac Seexeba tibarenebs, qsenofontis“anabasisis” mixedviT, maTi gansaxlebis areali moicavdaqalaq kotioras (dRevandel ordus) midamoebs davrceldeboda mesudiemde da md. TermeCais saTaveebamde(T. miqelaZe, 1974: 52., n. xazaraZe, 1984: 29). maTganaRmosavleTiT, zRvispira zolSi, binadrobdnen mosinikebi,xolo ufro aRmosavleTiT kolxi tomebis makronul-sanurijgufi. es mogviano drois Wanebia Tavisimravali TemiT.n. xazaraZis gamokvleviT, “tibarenebis gansaxlebisarealia dRevandeli ordudan (antikuri kotiora) pontosmTebamde gaSlili teritoria. raki maT aRmosav-14
leTiT, rogorc wesi, mosinikebs asaxeleben, dasavle-TiT _ xalibebs an sirielebs, erTaderTi misaRebi SeiZlebaiyos iseTi lokalizacia, romlis mixedviT mosxebiunda moTavsdnen tibarenebis <strong>samxreT</strong>iT, dRevandelitokat-yarahisar-giumiSxanes sanaxebSi” (n. xazaraZe,1984: 30).“kolxuri tomebis” gavrcelebis arealis Ziebisassaintereso monacemebs iZleva herodotes cnoba, rom“...kolxeTidan midiaSi didi araa gadasavali, aramedmxolod erTi tomia am /qveynebs/ Soris. es aris saspeirebis/tomi/, amaT rom Cauvli, xar midiaSi” (T. yaux-CiSvili, 1960: 65). da kidev, “sparselebi cxovroben daaRweven <strong>samxreT</strong>is zRvamde, romelsac uwodeben mewamuls.amaT zemoT CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT cxovrobenmidielebi, midielebs zemoT – saspeirebi, saspeirebiszemoT – kolxebi, romlebic aRweven CrdiloeTiszRvamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es oTxitomi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde” (T. yauxCiSvili, 1960:82).mosxebi “kolxur modgmad”, rogorc Cans, “darCnen”Zv. w. IV saukunis miwurulamde, roca gaZlierebulmaiberiis samyarom daiwyo kolxuri samyaros qarTizacia.mas Tan axlda qarTis modgmis gansaxlebis arealisgafarToeba <strong>samxreT</strong>iT da <strong>dasavleT</strong>iT, rac kolxuritomebis gansaxlebis arealis Semcirebis xarjze xdeboda.am dros zanur-qarTuli (kolxuri) erToba ukvedaSlilia zanur da qarTul eTnokulturul arealebad.<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTvelo da iberiis mimdebare,mcire kavkasionis <strong>dasavleT</strong>iT gaSlili regioniTandaTanobiT qarTis modgmis gansaxlebad iqca. asegaformda qarTizebuli provinciebi _ samcxe, SavSeTi,klarjeTi, kola, artaani, speri, tao, aWara, guria,imereTi da a. S.15
ogorc n. xazaraZem gamoikvlia, Zv. w. I - ax. w. IsaukuneebSi mosxebi (mesxebi) binadroben mcire kavkasionis<strong>samxreT</strong> nawilis mimdebare mxareebSi. misivesityviT, „... mosxebis qveyana (sam nawilad gayofamde)moicavda, feodaluri xanis qarTuli nomenklaturiT,kola-artaans, klarjeTs, SavSeTs, amier da imier taos,javaxeTs, samcxes, aWaras, basians da spers, anu mTel<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>” (n. xazaraZe, 1984: 55., Г.Лордкипанидзе, 1978: 22).amdenad, Zv. w. IV saukunidan mainc unda daCqarebuliyomosxebis qarTizaciis procesi, magram Zv. w. IIsaukunidan xdeba kidev erTi faqti, romelsac ar SeiZlebayuradReba ar mivaqcioT. kerZod, strabonis cnobiT,„mosxebis qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo(laparakia levkoTeas taZarze), sam nawils Seicavda:erTi misi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore – iberebs damesame – armenielebs” (T. yauxCiSvili, 1957: 125). armenulimodgmis eqspansia Crdilo-<strong>dasavleT</strong>sa da <strong>dasavleT</strong>isaken,rogorc Cans, marTlac aaSkaravebda qarTvelurimodgmis gansaxlebis arealis Semcirebis tendencias.strabonis cnobiT, armenia „...pirvelad patarayofila, gazrdila artaqsiasa da zariadris meSveobiT,romlebic pirvelad antioq didis sardlebi iyvnen,xolo mere, misi damarcxebis Semdeg, gamefdnen, erTisofenes, akisenes, odomantisa da zog sxva mxareSi,xolo meore – artaqsatas midamoebSi. amaT gazardesqveyana imis xarjze, rom mezobel xalxebs CamoaWresnawilebi: midielebs –kaspiane, favniti da basoropeda,iberebs – pariadres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene,romelic mtkvris gadaRma aris, xalibebsa da mosinikebs– kareniti da qserqsene, romlebic mcire armeniis mezobladarian, Tu mis nawils Seadgenen ... ise rom16
yvelani exla erT enaze laparakoben” (T. yauxCiSvili,1957: 189).amgvarad, strabonis dros momTavrebuli CansqarTveluri modgmis zogierTi tomis adgilsacxovrisisgarkveuli nawilis armenizacia, rac uSualo gamoxatulebasarmenuli enis gabatonebaSi naxulobs. amasTandakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs plinius sekundiscnoba, rom „mTeli dablobi, md. mtkvridan mokidebuli,dasaxlebulia albanelTa tomis mier, xolo SemdegiberTa mier, romlebsac pirvelTagan sazRvravs md. okazene,romelic kavkasiis mTebidan momdinareobs da md.mtkvars erTvis. mTavari qalaqebia: albaneTSi – qabalaqa,xolo iberiaSi - hermastusi. md. neorisTan (Semdegdevs) Tasiisa da Triaris olqebi haripeRriis mTebamde.maT gadaRma Zevs kolxeTis dablobebi. im mxares,romelic keravnis mTebiskenaa miqceuli, cxovroben armenoxalibebida Zevs mosxebis miwebi md. iberiamde,romelic mtkvars erTvis, xolo qvemoT sakanenebi, Semdegmaxeronebi md. afsarosamde” (Plin., VI, 29).arsebuli monacemebis urTierTSejereba safuZvelsgvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom qarTveluri modgmis gansaxlebiseTnikuri ruka Zv w. II-I aTaswleulebsa da ax. w IaTaswleulis damdegs sagrZnoblad Seicvala. kerZod,mniSvnelovnad Semcirda mosxebis rogorc gansaxlebisareali, ise maTi ricxobrivi odenoba, moxda maTi erTinawilis qarTizacia (iberizacia), xolo meore nawilis– armenizacia. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom mosxebis erTinawili darCa im saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis SemadgenlobaSi,romelsac urartuli da asiriuli wyaroebikolxa-kulxas, xolo antikuri tradicia _ aia-kolxidissaxeliT icnobda. amgvari realobis asaxva undaiyos hekateos miletelis cnoba kolxur samyarozekuTvnilebis Sesaxeb da strabonis cnoba mosxebis sac-17
xovrisis ganawilebaze kolxebs, iberebsa da armenebsSoris.hekateos miletelis cnobasTan dakavSirebiT, aqveSeiZleboda aRgveniSna, rom mosxebis gansaxlebis teritoriiserTi nawili, kerZod, Sua saukuneebis samcxisis nawili, romelic mtkvris marcxena mxares moicavdataSiskaramde, adrerkinis xanis materialuri kulturismixedviT, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis kolxuri kulturisarealSi Sedioda.amgvarad, Zv w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da IaTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi kolxuri modgmis <strong>samxreT</strong>ijgufis, mocemul SemTxvevaSi - mosxebis gansaxlebisarealis <strong>samxreT</strong>i sazRvari halisis (yizil-irmakis),evfratis da Woroxis (afsarosis) wyalgamyofi qedebiszonaSi gadioda. CrdiloeTiT igi tibarenebsa da xalibebsebjineboda, aRmosavleTiT –xalibebsa da mosinikebs,<strong>dasavleT</strong>iT – matienebs, xolo <strong>samxreT</strong>iT –kilikielebs(armenebs?). maTi gansaxlebis areali mogvianebiTgavrcelda Woroxsa da mtkvris zemo welis xeobeb-Sic, Tumca gansaxlebis areali <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong>iTZlier Semcirda.rogorc vxedavT, muSqebis/mesxebis eTnikuri warmomavlobisada qarTvelur eTnikur samyarosTan maTi genetikurikavSiris Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs.muSqebis STamomaval mesxebs mkvlevarTa umravlesobaaRmosavlur-qarTul tomad da qarTis anu sakuTrivqarTuli enis matareblad miiCnevs. magram gamoTqmuliaagreTve mosazreba mesxebis kolxuri eTnosisadmikuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. es mosazreba, rogorc aRvniSneT,emyareba, erTi mxriv, cnobas, romelic Semonaxuliastefane bizantielTan da miewereba Zv. w. VI s-is avtorshekateos mileTels, meore mxriv – im faqts, romkolxuri brinjaos kulturis ayvavebis periodSi, e. i.18
Zv. w. XV-VIII ss. mesxeTi kolxuri kulturis arealSiamoqceuli da am teritoriaze megrul-Wanuri (e. i.kolxuri) toponimebicaa dadasturebuli. Sesabamisad,amtkiceben, rom mesxebi Tavdapirvelad kolxur tomebswarmoadgendnen, romelnic Semdgom asimilirdebianaRmosavlur-qarTul tomebTan, ris Sedegadac, TiTqosdakarges TavianTi pirvandeli kolxuri ena (T. miqelaZe,1974: 30, 73-75).bibliografia:gamyreliZe T., maWavariani g., sonantTa sistema da ablautiqarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1965.lorTqifaniZe oT. argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb., 1986.lorTqifaniZe oT. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan,Tb., 2002.lomouri n. berZeni logografosebis cnobebi qarTvelitomebis Sesaxeb, “masalebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a da kavkasiis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis,”nakv. 35, Tb., 1963.meliqiSvili g. saqarTveloSi klasobrivi sazogadoebisa dasaxelmwifos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1959.meliqiSvili g. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, kavkasiisa da maxlobeliaRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965.meliqiSvili g. <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> uZvelesigaerTianebebi, “<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> narkvevebi,” І, Tb., 1970.meliqiSvili g. qarTvelebi, maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi,“<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> narkvevebi,” І, Tb., 1970.miqelaZe T. qsenofontis “anabasisi,” Tb., 1967.miqelaZe T. Ziebani kolxeTisa da <strong>samxreT</strong>-aRmosav-leTiSavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan, Tb., 1974.miqelaZe T. mesxTa sakiTxisaTvis, iv javaxiSvilis dabadebis100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1976.yauxCiSvili T. strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957.yauxCiSvili T. herodotes cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, Tb.,1960.19
xazaraZe n. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Zveli <strong>istoriis</strong> eTno-politikuriproblemebi /mosxebi/, Tb., 1984.javaxiSvili iv. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, kavkasiisa da maxlobeliaRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi, Tb., 1950.jafariZe oT. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri <strong>istoriis</strong> sakiTxisaTvisarqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, Tb., 1976.jafariZe oT. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> arqeologia (qvisa da brinjaosxana), Tb., 1991.jafariZe oT. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> saTaveebTan, Tb., 2003.Вестник Древней Истории, #2, М. 1949.Климов Г.А. О лексико - статистической теории М. Сводеща. «Вопросытеории языка в современной зарубежной лингвистике», М., 1961.Климов Г.А. Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964.Лордкипанидзе Г.А. Колхида в VI-II вв. до н. з., Тб., 1978.Меликишвили Г. К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1959.Akurgal E. Phrigische Kunst, Ankara, 1955.Cavaignae E. Mushki et Phrigiens, Journal Aziaantique, XLI, 1953.Nana KhakhutaishviliTowards The Issue of the History of the Meskhi-MoskhiSummaryIn the given work we have tried to present and generalise the materialwhich gives the possibility to discuss an ethnical properties ofMeskhi/Moskhi tribes during the period from II millenium BC till firsthalf of I millenium, and also about an area of expansion of the giventribes during the epoch under study.The presented material allows us to assert that the Meskhi/Moskhi arethe East Georgian tribes which play a serious role in ethnocultural processof the Colchis. It is assumed that the given tribes or at least their one partcreate the basis of formation of the East - Georgian, Iberian state.20
Нана ХахутаишвилиК вопросу истории Месхов // МосховР е з ю м еВ данной работе мы постарались представить и обобщитьматериал, который дает возможность беседовать об этническойпринадлежности племен Месхов/Мосхов в период с II тысячелетиядо н. э. по первую половину I тысячелетия, а также об ареалерасселения данных племен в изучаемую эпоху.Представленный материал дает возможность утверждать, чтоМесхи/Мосхи являются Восточно-Грузинскими племенами, которыеиграют серезную роль в этнокультурном процессе колхов. Какпредполагают, именно данные племена или их одна часть создаетоснову, позднее, формирования восточно-грузинского, Ибериискогогосударства.21
irine tatiSvilimosazrebebi xeTebis sazogadoebishumanurobis Sesaxebhumanizmis klasikuri ganmartebidan Tu amovalT daSevTanxmdebiT imaze, rom humanizmi mdgomareobs adamianisTviscentraluri adgilis miniWebaSi, gonebis aRiarebaSiprogresis wyarod, kritikul azrovnebasa daSemwynareblobaSi, xeTebis sazogadoebaSi SeiZlebamarTlac davinaxoT humanizmi an misi romelime aspeqti.xeTur kanonTa krebulis aRmoCenisTanave (XX saukunisdasawyisi) mecnierTaTvis TvalSisacemi gaxda aqmiTiTebul sasjelTa naklebi sisastike babilonur,asurul, egviptur kanonebTan SedarebiT. Zveli aRmosavleTiscnobili mkvlevrebi aRniSnavdnen, rom xeTebTan,zemoT CamoTvlil sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, ufrofasobda adamianis sicocxle da pirovneba. magaliTad,eduard maieri sagangebod aRniSnavda xeTebis “mkafiodgamoxatul humanur-samarTlebriv Segnebas”, rac maTganasxvavebda egviptelebisgan da miuTiTebda imaze, romxeTebTan xSirad dasturdeba “mkacrad samarTlebrivida humanuri Sexedulebebi” [E. Meyer, 1928: 28, 482, 517].albrext goetce xeTur kanonebTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavda:“Semarcxveneli sasjelis saxeebi, rogoricaa,magaliTad, cema an dasaxiCreba, rac xSirad gamoiyenebodaasurul samarTalSi, aq TiTqmis ar aris; xolo iq,sadac vxvdebiT, mxolod monebis mimarT aris gamoyenebuli.amiT vlindeba xeTebsa da Zveli wina aziissemitur xalxebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba, rac saboloojamSi SeiZleba interpretirebuli iyos ise, rom22
xeTebTan metad fasobda adamianis sicocxle da Rirseba”[A. Götze, 1933: 109; 1936: 65]. imave azris iyo xeTologiisfuZemdebeli, xeTuri kanonebis teqstis pirveligamomcemeli _ b. hrozni. xeTebis gamorCeul humanurobazemiuTiTebda cnobili frangi mkvlevaric a. more,romlis TqmiT, “xeTuri samarTlis wigni mkveTrad gansxvavdeba,Cveulebebisa da kanonebis sirbiliT, xamurabissamarTlis wignisgan, agreTve asuruli kanonebissistematuri sisastikisgan. ... sxvadasxva rasisa da enisxalxTa am (xeTur) konfederaciaSi gaerTianebas axorcielebssamefo administracia; is iyenebs mesopotamiidanmomdinare kanonTa krebuls, magram ufro humanurinterpretacias ukeTebs mas. kanonis am SerbilebaSiCven SevniSnavT pirvel niSnebs axali socialuri sulisa,indoevropelebis sulisa, romelic pativs scemssazogadoebaSi pirovnebas. maSinac ki, rodesac boRazqoisdinastia aRmosavleTis ufro Zveli monarqiebidanaiRebs RvTaebrivi warmoSobis garegnul aspeqtebsa dasakraluri despotizmis rituals, rigiTi moqalaqeSeinarCunebs sakuTar Rirsebasa da Tavis uflebebs” [A.Moret, 1936: 574-575].aseTi Sefaseba 40-iani wlebis sabWour istoriografiaSimoinaTla indoevropeli xeTebis semitebisadmirasobriv dapirispirebad. v. struve xeTebis humanizmssaeWvod miiCnevda da Tvlida, rom “xeTuri samarTlise.w. humanuroba ganpirobebuli iyo xeTuri sazogadoebismkafiod gamoxatuli monaTmflobeluri xasiaTiT” [В.В.Струве, 1947: 11 Smd.]. aseTi axsna TavisTavadac ar gamoiyurebamTlad logikurad, xolo dRes saTuoa aramxolod xeTuri sazogadoebis “monaTmflobeluroba”[Г.А. Меликишвили, 1985: 3 слл.; Э. А. Менабде, 1961: 55 слл.],aramed saerTod “monaTmflobeluri formaciis” arsebobacki [l. gordeziani, 2002: 54 Smd.]. Tumca, xeTuri23
humanizmi SeiZleba garkveulwilad ukavSirdebodes sazogadoebissocial-ekonomikur Taviseburebebs. didmdinareTa civilizaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, xeTebTankoleqtiuri Sromis aucilebloba naklebi iyo, Sesabamisad,saxelmwifo naklebad ereoda rigiTi adamianisyoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, calkeuli adamiani ki metidamoukideblobiT sargeblobda da damoukidebel Rirebulebasacwarmoadgenda [l. gordeziani, 2005: 36].xeTebis humanurobis Sesaxeb mokle istoriografiulmimoxilvas davamTavreb Tanamedrove frangi xeTologisrene lebrenis SesaZloa erTob Tamamad dasmuli SekiTxviT:“is Rirebulebebi, romelTa warmoSobas tradiciuladZv.w. mexuTe saukunis aTenis demokratiaSivamtkicebT, xom ar arsebobdnen ukve Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebisanatoliaSi?” [R. Lebrun, 1993/1994: 25].mgonia, rom xeTuri humanizmis <strong>sakiTxebi</strong> TanamedroveistoriografiaSi arasakmarisad aris gaSuqebuli dakvlevis Rirsia. meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarTanSedarebiT xeTuri teqstebis ricxvi bevrad gazrdilia,xolo am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil naSromTa ricxvi Zalzecotaa (r. lebrenis zemoT miTiTebuli statiis gardaSeiZleba davasaxeloT a. arkis statia “xeTebis humanuroba”[A. Archi, 1979: 37-48]). Cemi azriT, gamosavlenia daTavi unda moeyaros sxvadasxva Sinaarsis xeTur teqstebSi(da ara mxolod kanonTa krebulSi) gabneul monacemebs,romlebic xeTebis sazogadoebis humanurobazeSeiZleba metyvelebdnen. gasarkvevia, xom ar aris gada-Warbebuli an iqneb, piriqiT, jerovnad ar aris gamovleniliam kuTxiT xeTuri sazogadoebis Taviseburebebi,ra axsna moeZebnebaT maT da a.S. es, ra Tqma unda,erTi statiis farglebSi ver ganxorcieldeba da ufrodidi naSromis Tema SeiZleba iyos, sadac gamokveTiliiqneba xeTuri sazogadoebis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa:24
individis (kaci iqneba is Tu qali, Tavisufali TuaraTavisufali) Rirsebis dacva, pirovnebis roliRvTaebasTan urTierTobaSi, Semwynarebloba, kacTmoyvareoba.aq mxolod ramdenime aspeqts Sevexebi.CvenTvis saintereso <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>s Sesaxeb erT-erT umniSvnelovaneswyaros warmoadgens xeTur kanonTa krebuli,romelic 200-mde muxls Seicavs [KBo VI 4, 6, 13;KUB XIII 11 da sxv. fragmentebi; H. Hoffner, 1997]. teqstisCvenamde moRweuli aslebi ganekuTvneba axali samefosbolo periods (Zv.w. XIII s.), Tumca enobrivi monacemebiTCawerili unda iyos ufro adre, Zveli samefosdasasruls (Zv.w. XVI-XV ss.). mxolod erTi asli [KBo VI4] Cans Sedgenili axali samefos xanaSi (Zv.w. XIV-XIIIss.). albaT sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom es kanonebiar miewereba romelime RvTaebas da ar aris erTxel dasamudamod gansazRvruli (rogorc, magaliTad, “xamurabiskanonebi” an sxv.). kanonebi, rogorc Cans, icvlebodada ixveweboda droTa ganmavlobaSi da asaxavsxeTuri sazogadoebis rogorc samarTlebriv Segnebas,aseve adamianis sasargeblod kanonmdeblobis evoluciismoTxovnilebas. Cvenamde moRweuli teqstis erTianire-daqciis uqonloba saSualebas iZleva, rom kanonmdeblobisganviTarebaSi da misi daxvewis procesSi gamoiyosramdenime etapi: uZvelesi etapi sikvdiliT dasji-Ta ($ 166) da didi jarimebiT ($$ 57-59); Semdgomi etapebi,romelzec sikvdiliT dasja Secvlilia sanacvlosakraluri SesawiriT an jarimiT (marcvleuliT da,mogvianebiT, vercxliT) ($$ 158-161); yvelaze gviandeliareformis Semdgomi etapi (reformas mowmobs gamoTqmebi:“winaT” da “axla”). reformis Sedegad, jarimebi Semcirebulia($$ 63 Smd., 67 Smd., 75 Smd.), sikvdiliT dasjada sxeulis dasaxiCrebiT gamoxatuli sasjeli SecvliliajarimiT (vercxliT kompensaciiT) an sasjelis25
sxva saxiT. amrigad, droTa ganmavlobaSi sasjeli zogadadufro lmobieri xdeba da Zveli samefos periodidanmoyolebuli, SeiniSneba sikvdiliT dasjis materialurikompensaciiT Secvlis tendencia. Tumca, sikvdiliTdasja mTlianad ar gauqmebula da zogierTidanaSaulis SemTxvevaSi SenarCunebulia. aseTi danaSaulebebia:mefis da mis moxeleTa mier gamotanili ganaCenisSeusrulebloba; msaxuris urCoba batonis mimarT;Savi magia/jadoqroba (Tu am danaSauls msaxuri sCadis);qurdoba (Tu es exeboda sasaxlis kuTvnil qonebas);col-qmruli Ralati; Zaladoba qalze da xeTebisTvisdauSvebeli sqesobrivi kavSirebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, romkanonebis e.w. paralelur teqstSi [KBo VI 4], romelicaxal samefoSia Sedgenili da ormociode muxls Seicavs,sasjeli mTel rig SemTxvevebSi damZimebulia. SesaZlebelia,rom adamianis danaSaulebebisadmi midrekilibunebiT imedgacruebuli xeTi reformatori SeecadamogvianebiT win aRdgomoda garkveul TavaSvebulobas.Tumca, Cemi azriT, es ar cvlis zemoT aRniSnul zogadtendencias. sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom arsebobdasasjelis Semarbilebeli garemoebebi. aseTi garemoebaSeiZleboda yofiliyo dazaralebuli/Seuracxyofilimxaris keTili neba an damnaSavis mier danaSaulis aRiarebada monanieba: magaliTad, Tu moRalate cols,qmris surviliT, sikvdiliT ar dasjidnen, maSinsicocxle unda SenarCuneboda colis sayvarelsac ($$197-198); batons SeeZlo ar daesaja Tavisi msaxuri,romelic aRiarebda sakuTar danaSauls batonis winaSe.teqstSi, romelsac ewodeba “darigebani taZris msaxur-TaTvis,” vkiTxulobT: “Tuki msaxuri/yma aRiarebs dana-Sauls batonis winaSe, misi batonis suli damSviddeba(da) batoni amas (e.i. danaSauls) apatiebs” [CTH 382.2,KUB 14.8 Vs 27-28].26
SeiZleba garkveulwilad sadavo gaxdes is, Turamdenad gamoxatavs zemoTqmuli humanurobas. sasjelisSemsubuqebis da misi materialuri kompensaciiT Secvlistendencia, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva xeTur teqstSiasaxuli kacTmoyvareobis Tu Semwynareblobis calkeulifaqtebi, SeiZleba calsaxad arc miviCnioT xeTebissazogadoebis humanurobis dadasturebad, aramed davukavSiroTfuladi urTierTobis ganviTarebas, samuSaoZalis SenarCunebis survils da sxv. amdenad, xeTebis,erTi SexedviT, humanurobis calkeuli gamovlena SeiZlebaavxsnaT maTi realizmiT, racionalizmiTa Tu angarebiT.magram, xeTuri werilobiTi Zeglebidan gvaqvsiseTi faqtebic, romlebic humanurobis TvalsazrisiTnaklebad sakamaToc SeiZleba iyos: xeTebis mefeTa“analebSi” (sxva ZvelaRmosavluri msgavsi Sinaarsis, magaliTad,asuruli teqstebisgan gansxvavebiT) ver vxedavTkvexnas an siamayes mtris mimarT gamoCenili sisastikisgamo. TvalSisacemia xeTebis lmobiereba maTipolitikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT: meamboxe vasaluriqveynis mmarTvelebs Seiwyalebdnen, Tu isini patiebassTxovdnen xeTebis mefes (amis tipuri magaliTiamdinare sexas qveynis mmarTvelis, manafaTarxunTisSemTxveva). mefe Telifinum (Zv.w. XVI s.), romelic cdilobda,rom xeTebis samefoSi gaxSirebul uzurpacias,Zaladobas da sisxlisRvras samarTlebrivi gziT dapirispireboda,SeimuSava ediqti, sadac, sxvaTa Soris, Tavispolitikur mowinaaRmdegeebTan dakavSirebiT werda:“dae, isini wavidnen da icxovron. dae, maT Wamon dasvan. boroteba ki maT aravin miayenos. da me vTqvi: memaT boroteba momayenes, me ki maT borotebas ar mivayeneb”[R. Haase, 1984: 52 ff.]. xaTusili III daindobs Tavisdamarcxebul politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs: “Tumca CemmaZmam sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT me procesi momagebina,me armaTarxunTs borotebiT samagiero aRar gada-27
vuxade. radganac armaTarxunTi Cemi sisxliT naTesaviiyo da amasTan igi moxucebulic iyo, me is gavaTavisufle.sifaciTic (misi vaJiSvili) gavaTavisufle.gavaTavisufle ra isini, me maTTvis araferi damiSavebia.armaTarxunTis coli da vaJiSvili alasiaSi gavagzavne...” [i. tatiSvili, 1990: 206 Smd.]. xaTusili Tavis Zmis-Svils, urxiTeSubs, marTalia, samefo taxtidan gadmoagdebs,magram sicocxles SeunarCunebs da umaRlesi sasjelisniSnad qveynidan gaasaxlebs. xeTebis samarTlebriviSegnebis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovnad mimaCniaSemdegi pasaJic imave teqstidan: “Cemi Zmis pativiscemiTme (cudi) araferi Camidenia da Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSiviTmendi. is ki (igulisxmeba urxiTeSubi _ i.t.)cdilobda Cems daRupvas RvTaebis sityviT da adamianissityviT. da me xaqfisa da neriqi wamarTva. aRar movuTmineda mas brZola davuwye. xolo, rodesac mas vebr-Zodi, me sibilwes ar Cavdiodi. gana me mas (sabrZolo)etlze mdgomi avujanydi an sasaxleSi avujanydi! me maskacurad SevuTvale: ”... modi! Cven samuxas iSTari daneriqis amindis RvTaeba gangvsjian sasamarTloSi.” rodesacamas vwerdi urxiTeSubs, vinmes rom CemTvis aseeTqva: “adre ratom dasvi is mefed da axla rad sweromis Sesaxeb? _ me vupasuxebdi: “mas rom TviTon ardaewyo CemTan SuRli, gana RmerTebi samarTlian didmefes patara mefes dauqvemdebarebdnen?” axla, radganacis me meqiSpeboda, RmerTebma is sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiTme damiqvemdebares...” [i. tatiSvili, 1990: 207].xeTuri kanonmdebloba indobda da ar sjida sxeulisdasaxiCrebiT xeTebis Tavisufali fenis warmomadgenlebs,Tu isini omis dros gadavidodnen mtrismxareze. egvipturi kanonebiT am sasjels ver ascdebodasazogadoebis verc erTi warmomadgeneli _ verc dabalisocialuri kategoria da verc didgvarovani. sxvaTa Soris,rogorc teqstebidan Cans, am gansxvavebam problema28
Seqmna xaTusilisa da ramses II-s Soris Zv.w. 1259 welsdadebuli cnobili xelSekrulebis (msoflioSi pirvelisamSvidobo xelSekrulebis) gaformebisas. orivemxare iTxovda sakuTari kanonmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebas.sabolood, gaTvaliswinebuli iqna xeTuri kanonmdebloba.xelSekrulebis teqstis Tanaxmad, TiToeulimxare valdebuli iyo daebrunebina ltolvilebi meoremxarisTvis, magram isini (iqnebodnen isini didgvarovanniTu ubralo mosaxleni) ar unda daesajaT _“maT ar amoaZroben enas, ar daTxrian Tvalebs, ardaaWrian yurebs an fexebs” _ naTqvamia xelSekrulebisteqstSi [G. Beckman, 1996: 90 ff.].Zalian mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia pirovnebis roliRvTaebasTan urTierTobaSi. xeTuri locvebidan Cans,rom xeTebs SeuZliaT ekamaTon RvTaebebs rogorc TavianTsworT, eWvi Seitanon RvTaebrivi ganaCenis sisworeSi,Seecadon, rom Seacvlevinon RvTaebebs xandaxangabrazebisas, cxel gulze gamotanili ganaCeni. mursiliII-is dros (Zv.w. 1318-1290) eWvqveS dgeba codvis memkvidreobiToba,wina planze wamoiwevs pirovneba, misipiradi pasuxismgebloba. aRsaniSnavia arkuwar-tipis locvebi,sadac RvTaebebis winaSe argumentirebuli TavismarTlebaa mocemuli (am sityvas arkuwar “Tavis dacva,Tavis marTleba” etimologiurad ukavSirdeba laT.arguo, argumentum).adamianisa da RvTaebis urTierToba Sedarebulia batonisada misi ymis urTierTobasTan. mokvdavs SeiZlebodahqonoda imedi imisa, rom codvis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSimas RvTaeba aRar dasjida, iseve rogorc batoni_ Tavis msaxurs, romelsac analogiur SemTxvevaSi kanoniicavda.xeTuri sazogadoebis am aspeqtebis Semdgomi kvlevada ZvelaRmosavlur konteqstSi misi SesaZlo gansxva-29
vebulobis warmoCena, Cveni azriT, xels SeuwyobsxeTuri civilizaciis TviTmyofadobis ukeT gamovlenas,misi rolisa da mniSvnelobis gaazrebas Zveli axloaRmosavleTis civilizaciaTa istoriaSi.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. KBo (= Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi).2. KUB (= Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi).3. CTH (= Catalogue des Textes Hittites).4. gordeziani l., monaTmflobeluri formacia _ miTi Turealoba? Zveli istoria 2, Tb., 2002.5. gordeziani l., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Zveli da Sua saukuneebis<strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis, ena da kultura 5-6, Tb., 2005.6. tatiSvili i., xaTusili III-is avtobiografia, ZveliaRmosavleTis xalxTa <strong>istoriis</strong> qrestomaTia, Tb., 1990.7. Меликишвили Г.А., Об основных этапах развития древнегоближневосточного общества. ВДИ 4, 1985.8. Менабде Э. А., О рабстве в Хеттском государстве. Переднеазиатскийсборник 1, Москва 1961.9. Струве В.В., О «гуманности» хеттских законов. ВДИ 4, 1947.10. Archi A., L’Humanité des Hittites, Florilegium Anatolicum, Paris, 1979.11. Beckman G., Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Atlanta, 1996.12. Götze A., Kleinasien, Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft III/I, München,1933.13. Haase R., Texte zum hethitischen Recht. Eine Auswahl, Wiesbaden, 1984.14. Hoffner H., The Laws of the Hittites, Leiden – New York – Köln, 1997.15. Lebrun R., Réflexions sur l’Humanisme Hittite, Acta Orientalia BelgicaVIII, Louvain-la-Neuve1993 [1994].16. Meyer E., Geschichte des Altertums, II/I (Die Zeit der ägyptischenGrossmacht), Hamburg, 1928.17. Moret A., Histoire de l’Orient, II, Paris, 1936.30
Irene TatishviliReflections about humanism of the Hittite societySummaryThe article discusses some aspects of humanism of the Hittites on thebasis of the textual data, such as respect of personality, tolerance, legalconsciousness.These peculiarities of the Hittite society show originality of their cultureand their role and importance in the history of the ancient civilizations.Ирина ТатишвилиРазмышления о гуманизме хеттского обществаРезюмеВ статье на основе текстуальных данных рассмотрены некоторыеаспекты гуманизма хеттов – уважение личности, терпимость, правовоесознание.Эти особенности хеттского общества выявляет самобытность ихкультуры и указывает на роль и значение хеттов в истории древнихцивилизаций.31
Unana baxsolianiurartus qalaqebimiuxedavad imisa, rom urartus <strong>istoriis</strong>admi,urartuli lursmuli warwerebisadmi miZRvnili araerTinaSromi Seiqmna [A.H. Sayce, 1882; J. Sandalgian, 1900;F. Bagel, F. Schachermeyr, 1928, 1935; Г. А. Капанцян, 1940; Г. А.Меликишвили, 1954; P. Pecorella, M. Salvini, 1984; P.E. Zimansky,1985], urartuli qalaqebis <strong>istoriis</strong> amsaxveli specialurigamokvleva jerjerobiT ar arsebobs.winamdebare statia urartus qalaqebis <strong>istoriis</strong>rekonstruqciis mokrZalebuli cdaa. Cemi mizania urartulilursmuli warwerebisa da urartus teritoriazegamovlenili Zv. w. IX-VII ss. daTariRebuli arqeologiuriZeglebis kompleqsuri Seswavla da maTi SedarebiTianalizi.urartus mefeebi (iSfuini, menua, argiSTi I, sardurII, rusa I, rusa II) kvexniT gviamboben ara marto maTmier mezoblad mcxovrebi tomebisa da mosazRvre teritoriebiswinaaRmdeg laSqrobasa da dapyrobaze, aramedmaT mier Catarebul `didebul” samSeneblo saqmianobazec.ase, magaliTad, iSfuini vanis kldeze SesrulebulwarweraSi ambobs, rom tuSfaSi karibWe daudgams, axalisimagre augia da venaxi da baRi gauSenebia [Г. А.Меликишвили, 1960: 124; Н. В. Арутюнян, 2001: 21]. keliaSinisbilingvaSi ki iSfuins qalaq ardinSi RvTaeba xaldisaTvistaZari augia, mis win asurul-urartuli warwerebiTdamSvenebuli stela aRumarTavs, qalaqisaTviskaribWe daudgams [Г. А. Меликишвили, 1960: 127; Н. В.Арутюнян, 2001: 27]. vanis muzeumSi dacul warweraSimenua gvamcnobs, rom mas simagre da sasaxle auSenebia,32
qalaqi dauarsebia da misTvis menuaxinili `menuas qalaqi”uwodebia [Г. А. Меликишвили, 1960: 178, 183, 196; Н. В.Арутюнян, 2001: 73, 74, 114, 515; А. А. Мартиросян, 1964: 232-233]. karmir-bluris warweraSi argiSTi I qalaq erebunisaRmSeneblad gvevlineba [Н. В. Арутюнян, 2001: 219, 224; Б.Б. Пиотровский, 1959: 4-5]. aikaberdis warweraSi sardur IIgvamcnobs, rom cicabo kldeze RvTaeba xaldisTvistaZari, RvTaeba irmuSinisaTvis ki simagre da saxliaugia, md. gugunadan arxi gauyvania, venaxi gauSenebia,axali qalaqi dauarsebia da misTvis sardurixiniliuwodebia [Н. В. Арутюнян, 2001: 262; Г. А. Меликишвили,1971: 251]. rusa I-s ki, covinaris warweris Tanaxmad,`RvTaeba TeiSebas qalaqi”, simagreebi auSenebia da xelovnuritba da arxebi gauyvania, argiSTixiniliauRorZinebia [Г. А. Меликишвили, 1960: 329]. rusa II-s vanismTis Crdilo-<strong>dasavleT</strong>iT eidurus mTebis win didebulisimagre, taZari da sasaxle augia, venaxi da xilis baRigauSenebia da axali qalaqi rusaxinili dauarsebia [Н.В. Арутюнян, 2001: 334-335; A. Çilingiroğlu, M. Salvini,1995: 111-112].warwerebSi moxseniebuli cixe-simagreebi, taZrebi,aRmarTuli WiSkrebi imaze metyvelebs, rom nagebobebigarkveul dasaxlebul punqtebSi iyo Tavmoyrili. urartulilursmuli warwerebi dasaxlebaTa ramdenime saxelwodebasgvamcnobs: URU `qalaqi” da `cixe-simagre,galavani, citadeli, sasaxle /didi saxli”.urartus qalaqebs citadeli ertya. aSurnasirpal IIis`analebSi” qalaqi damdamusa `gamagrebuli qalaqis”aRmniSvneli determinativiT moixsenieba [Н. В. Арутюнян,1985: 72]. warweris Tanaxmad, asureTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulixula Tavs swored am qalaqs afarebda. aSurnasirpalII-s igi Seupyria, cocxlad tyavi gauZvria daqalaqis kedelze gadmoukidia.AaseTive `gamagrebuli qa-33
laqebis” ricxvs miekuTvneba, `luvris firfitaze”daculi warweris Tanaxmad, geta, romelic `mTis Ziras,mRelvare zRvis napirze (vanis tba – n. b.) yofilagaSenebuli; arcabias mTis ferdobze gaSlili qalaqigizuarcu; kukuru (niSnavs `Zliers”, udidess”); baniu,romelic sargon II-is saxeliT Sedgenil `werilSi”moixsenieba; balduarca `mRelvare zRvis napirze damTis ferdobze” gaSenebuli [И. М. Дьяконов, 1951: 280] daa. S.cixe-simagre sxvadasxva daniSnulebis iyo: xSirSemTxvevaSi es iyo TavdacviTi, administraciuli centri,zogic didi laSqrobis mosamzadebel bazas warmoadgenda.TavdacviTi simagreebi Znelmisadgom adgilebSi, ma-Ral borcvebze an cicabo kldeebze iyo agebuli. argiSTiunasargon II-is warweraSi `Zlier“ cixe-simagredmoixsenieba, romelic `varskvlavis msgavsad elvarebda”da misi simaRle 120 metrs aRwevda [Б. Б. Пиотровский,1959: 104].arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, cixe-simagriskedlis sisqe 3 metrs Seadgenda [Б. Б. Пиотровский, 1959:200].arqeologiurad yvelaze ukeTesad SeswavliliTeiSebainis cixe-simagrea. igi 120-dan 150-mde nagebobasmoicavda. simagres ori Sesasvleli hqonda <strong>samxreT</strong>idanda Crdilo-<strong>dasavleT</strong>idan. Cemi mosazrebiT, am mxareebsupiratesoba mosalodneli politikuri saSiSroebisgamo eniWebodaT. WiSkrebi rogorc fexiT mosiarule-TaTvis, aseve satransporto saSualebisTvisac (oTxTvalaetlisTvis) iyo gaTvlili. kedlebi aliziT, yovelgvariduRabis gareSe iyo naSeni. cixe-simagris ganuyofelnawils kontrforsebi da masiuri koSkebi Seadgendnen.kedlebis simaRle sxvadasxva adgilas 6-dan 1234
metramde meryeobda [Б. Б. Пиотровский, 1959: 200; C.A. urney,1957: 37-53].qalaqi citadelTan axlos – <strong>samxreT</strong> da <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong>mxares iyo gaSenebuli. komunikacia farTo dagrZeli quCebiT xorcieldeboda. quCis orive mxaressacxovrebeli kvartlebi iyo ganlagebuli [Б. Б. Пиотровский,1959: 200].aRsaniSnavia, rom urarteli mSeneblebi, Tavdapirvelad,nagebobis models amzadebdnen.Fmkvlevrebi samarTlianadmiiCneven, rom asureTis mefeTa sasaxlis kedlebzeZRvenis mirTmevis scenebSi swored es modelebiaaRbeWdili [Б. Б. Пиотровский, 1959: 205-206]. kedlebzegamosaxuli adamianis xelisgulze moTavsebuli cixesimagreebismodelebis mirTmeva, simagris mSeneblobisdamTavrebasTan erTad, mefisadmi morCilebas gamoxatavda.Senobis gadaxurva xis koWebiT xdeboda. `luvrisfirfitaSi” naTqvamia, rom rusas qalaq ulxuSi sasaxleauSenebia da Weri kviparosis koWebiT gadauxuravs. igiSesaniSnav surnels gamoscemda. rodesac asurelebiulxuSi SeiWrnen, sasaxle daangries, kviparosis koWebinajaxiT moWres da danarCen nadavlTan erTad asureTSiwaiRes [Б. Б. Пиотровский, 1959: 206].Senobis gadaxurvisaTvis sakoWe masalad, aseve, fiWvi,alvis xe, muxa da iSviaTad wifeli gamoiyeneboda.sargon II-is warwerebidan cnobili xdeba, rom urartelidurglebi karebs kviparosisa da palmis xis masalidanamzadebdnen. karebi garedan mbzinavi spilenZiTiyo dafaruli.iataki alizis an datkepnili miwis iyo. erT-erT nagebobaSiiatakis mosworebisas adamianis TiTebis anabeWdebiaSemorCenili [Б. Б. Пиотровский, 1959: 207].35
amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, dRes arsebuli werilobiTiwyaroebi (urartus mefeTa warwerebi), sxvadasxvanagebobebze SemorCenili bareliefebi da arqeologiurikvleva-Ziebis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebi saSualebasgvaZlevs TvalnaTliv warmovidginoT urartusqalaqebis ier-saxe. gansakuTrebiT saintereso isaa, romes sami wyaro, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs avsebs da srulisuraTis rekonstruqciis safuZvels warmoadgens.Dgamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. Арутюнян Н. В., Корпус Урартских клинообразных надписей, Ереван,2001.2. Арутюнян Н. В., Топонимика Урарту, Ереван, 1985.3. Дьяконов И. М., Ассиро-вавилонские источники по истории Урарту,ВДИ, №2-4, Москва, 1951.4. Капанцян Г. А., История Урарту, Ереван, 1940.5. Мартиросян А. А., Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа, Ереван,1964.6. Меликишвили Г. А., Наири-Урарту,Тбилиси,1954.7. Меликишвили Г. А., Урартские клинообразные надписи, Москва, 1960.8. Меликишвили Г. А., Урартские клинообразные надписи, ВДИ, №3,1971, Москва.9. Пиотровский Б. Б., Ванское Царство (Урарту), Москва, 1959.10. Пиотровский Б. Б., Урартская надпись из раскопок Кармир-блура,связанная с основанием Эребуни, ЭВ, 1966.11. Bagel F., Schachermeyr F., Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig, 1928, 1935.12. Burney C. A., Urartian fortresses and towns in the Van Region, AnatolianStudies, VII, London-Ankara, 1957.13. Çilingiroğlu A., Salvini M., Rusahinili in Front of Mount Eiduru: TheUrartian Fortress of Ayanis, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatoli, Roma, 1995.14. Pecorella P., Salvini M., Tra lo Zagros e`l Urmia, Roma, 1984.15. Sandalgian J., Les inscriptions cunéiformes urartiques, Venise, 1900.16. Sayce A. H., The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, Journal of the RoyalAsiatic Society, XIV, London, 1882.36
17. Zimansky P. E., Ecology and Empire: the Structure of the Urartian State,Chicago, 1985.Nana BakhsolianiCities of UrartuSummaryThe analysis and comparison of the written sources existing at present(inscriptions of the kings of Urartu), plots of bas-reliefs preserved on variousmonuments of Urartian architecture, artifacts brought to light as a result ofarchaeological research on the territory of the former territory of Urartu haveallowed the author of the present paper to reconstruct basic aspects of thehistory of functioning of Urartian cities.Нана БахсолианиГорода УрартуРезюмеАнализ и сопоставление существующих на сегодняшний деньданных письменных источников (надписи урартских царей), сюжетовотдельных барельефов, засвидетельствованных на памятниках урартскойархитектуры, артефактов, выявленных в ходе археологическихизысканий на бывшей территории Урарту, дали автору предлагаемойстатьи возможность реконструировать основные аспекты историифункционирования городов Урарту.37
nugzar wulukiZebagrationTa miTosuri winapari,,mahabxaratadan~atadan~qarTul istoriografiaSi bagrationTa daviT winaswarmetyvelisaganwarmomavloba da am gziT maTi mariamRvTismSobelTan da ieso qristesTan naTesaoba qarTultradiciadaa cnobili. am tradiciis yvelaze adreulfiqsaciad miCneulia giorgi merCules ,,grigol xanZ-Telis cxovrebaSi~ (850 w) grigolis mimarTva aSot kurapalatisadmi:,,daviT winaswarmetyvelisa da uflisamier cxebulisa Svilad wodebulo xelmwifeo...~ [ingoroyva,1954: 40]. ufro vrclad aRniSnulis Sesaxeb moTxrobiliakonstantine porfirogenetis 852 wliT daTariRebulSromaSi ,,De administrando imperio”.me-10 saukunis somexi istorikosis ioane drasxanakerteliscnobaze dayrdnobiT varaudoben, rom bagrationTadaviT winaswarmetyvelisagan warmomavlobisgadmocemas icnobda somxuri istoriografiac [drasxanaskerteli,1937: 3].m. lorTqifaniZis dasabuTebiT, bagrationTa RvTiuriwarmomavlobis Sesaxeb Tqmuleba qarTul da somxuristoriul wyaroTa avtorebs erTmaneTisagan ar usesxebiaT[lorTqifaniZe, 1996: 149]. erTmaneTisagan damoukidebladerTnairi gadmocemebis warmoSoba gvafiqrebinebs,rom isini, SesaZloa, warmoadgenen qristianizebulkontaminacias, bagrationTa winaparTan dakavSirebuliZveli, CvenTvis ucnobi Tqmulebisa, romelic bagration-Ta winare samSoblodan, SesaZloa, arian-qarTlidaniRebdes saTaves.38
ogorc cnobilia, me-12 saukunis pirvel naxevarSimoRvawe arsen beris (metafrasis) cnobam: ,,Cven qarTvelniSvilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosrulTani ...da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa SvilisSvilni arian~ [arsen beri, 1971: 47], mecnierTa erTnawilSi (p. ingoroyva, s. janaSia, g. grigolia da sxv.)saTave daudo bagrationTa azo-farnavazianTa STamomavlebadmiCnevas. aRniSnul Tvalsazriss, p. ingoroyvasmixedviT, saZirkvels umagrebs porfirogenetis cnoba(mogvyavs SemoklebiT, p. ingoroyvas mixedviT): ,,undavicodeT, rom iberielebi, e.i. kurapalatisani [qarTvel-Ta samefos mkvidrni], amayoben imiT, rom arian STamomavalnihuris [xeTelis] meuRlis [bersaviasi], romelicSeirTo mefem da winaswarmetyvelma daviTma; saxeldobr,[iberielebi] amtkiceben, rom arian STamomavalni Svilebisa,romlebic mas [bersavia xeTels] SeeZina daviTisagan.amitomac isini uwodebdnen Tavis Tavs daviT mefisada winaswarmetyvelis naTesavs, da aqedan yovladwmidaRmrTismSoblis naTesavsac, radgan isic [RmrTismSobeli] daviTisagan aris warmoSobili... isini [iberielebi]mogviTxroben, rom maTi tomi ierusalimidan romwamovida, iyvnen [iberTa winamZRolni] daviTi da Zma misispandiati...dasaxelebul daviTs, spandiatis Zmas, hyavda Svilibagrati. bagrats hyavda Svili aSoti...~ [ingoroyva, 1954:81].p. ingoroyvas SexedulebiT, ,,es Tqmuleba qarTvelixalxis <strong>samxreT</strong>idan (ierusalimidan) gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb,bagrationTa gvareulobis meTaurobiT, arisvariacia, Semdgomi xanis Secvlili saxeoba Zveli saistoriogadmocemisa qarTveli xalxis <strong>samxreT</strong>idan _,,arian-qarTlidan~ _ gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb farnavazianTa(azo-farnavazianTa) dinastiis meTaurobiT~ [ingoroyva,1954: 81-82].39
p. ingoroyvas mier aRniSnulis dasasabuTeblad moyvaniliargumentebi, ZiriTadad, sarwmuno Cans. amasTan,SevniSnavT: ulamazesi bersavia rom colad SeerTo,daviT winaswarmetyvelma misi qmris, uria xeTelismokvlis codva daido da RvTis risxva Tavs daitexa.bersaviasTan ukanono kavSiriT SeZenili Svili moukvda,Seiqmna safrTxe Cadenili codvis simZime tvirTad daswolodawinaswarmetyvelis STamomavlobas [ 2 mef.T. 11-12]. ratom SearCies, rogorc Cans religiis msaxurebma,winaswarmetyvelTan dakavSirebuli mainc da mainc essakmaod mZime istoria?! _ imitom xom ara, rom isiniTavisufalni ar iyvnen am arCevanSi? Cveni azriT, maTmiznad hqondaT bagrationTa arian-qarTlel winaparzearsebul warmarTul gadmocemas Canacvleboda Zvelismsgavsi, axali qristianuli gadmocema. swored ise,rogorc warmarTuli arian-qarTlidan mosvlas, wmindaqalaq ierusalimidan gadmosaxleba Caanacvles. msgavsiufro iolad enacvleba msgavss. aqedan isic gamodis,rom daviT winaswarmetyvelisagan bagrationTa warmomavlobis<strong>istoriis</strong> ZiriTadi sqema unda emTxveodes,imeorebdes bagrationTa winaparTan dakavSirebul uZvelesigadmocemis siuJets, romelic, Cveni azriT, arsebobda,rac xelSemwyob pirobas qmnis misi mikvlevisaTvis.bagrationTa winaparze adrindeli gadmocemis Zie-bisasaseve mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria bagrationebSidominirebul saxel bagrats, romlisganac warmoSobiliCans gvari bagrationi. gasaTvaliswinebelia somex istorikosTaSexedulebebic am sakiTxze. adonci Tvlida,rom bagratis somxuri Sesatyvisi saxeli bagarati sparsuli,,bagadatidan~ modis [Адонц, 1908: 307-308, 412-413]. hr.aWarianis azriT ki es aris sparsuli sityva bhagadata_ ,,RvTis boZebuli~ [saqarTvelo, 1937: 318].40
Zneli SesamCnevi ar unda iyos, rom saxelSi da gvar-Sic bagrationi, ikiTxeba RmerTis aRmniSvneli indoevropulisityva, rusuli ,,bog~, Zvelsparsuli ,,baga~,Zvelinduri ,,bhagavat~-i [Мифы, I, 2002: 201]. msgavsi warmomavlobisaCans: qarTuli gvari baRaTuria, saxelibaRaTera; warmarTuli sakerpos saxeli qarTlSi _bagini; toponimebi: bagata _ sofeli goris raionSi[saqarTvelo, 1997: 314], bagineTi _ armazcixe, igive toponimiaris vanis raionSic da sxv.rac Seexeba saxel bagadati/bagadatas, igi gvxdebaara mxolod sparseTSi, rogorc amas somexi mecnierebimiuTiTeben, aramed gvxvdeba meore ariul qveyanaSic.Cveni SexedulebiT, arian-qarTlelebi indoarielebiiyvnen [wulukiZe, 2005: 101] da Ziebac indur samyaroSiunda warimarTos. Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebSi Seqmnil, induistTabibliad miCneul epos ,,mahabxarataSi,~ romelicistoriul wyarodac iTvleba, gvxvdeba bhagadata-Ta modgma. maTTan dakavSirebuli gadmocema sayurad-Rebo Cans Cveni ZiebisaTvis.,,mahabxarataSi~ moTxrobilia samefo taxtisaTvisbrZolis istoria biZaSvilebs, pandavebsa da kauravebsSoris, rasac indoeTSi samoqalaqo omi mohyva. pandavebsmaTi mamidaSvili mefe da ufali krSna exmareboda.Tavidanve maTdami dapirispirebul banakSi, kauravTamxares, Cans pragjotiSis mefe bhagadata. miuxedavadimisa, rom kauravebi eposSi uaryofiTad xasiaTdebian,maT mxareze myof bhagadatasa da mis vaJze mxolod kargiiTqmis. roca kurukSetras velze gadamwyveti brZoliswin kauravTa mefe da mxedarTmTavari duriodxanaSeSinda, igi ase gaamxneves: ,,gmiri qSatriebi bhagadatasmeTaurobiT, zeciuri iaraRis mrisxane mcodneni, gaanadgurebenSens mtrebs. Sewyvite wuxili~ [Махабхарата, III,1987: 487].41
hagadatas, rogorc uZlieres mebrZols da RirseulmowinaaRmdeges, araerTxel pativiscemiT ixseniebs ufalikrSna [Махабхарата, VIII, 1990: 48, 176,177].bhagadata kurukSetras brZolaSi daeca gangmiruliuZlieresi arjuna pandavas mier, romlis sabrZoloetlsac Tavad ufali krSna warmarTavda: ,,meufe zRvispirasmcxovrebi kiratebisa, dxarmis erTguli, usayvarlesiTavad RmerTTa mefisaTvis (indrasaTvis _ n.w.)qSatriuli tradiciebis sixaruliT aRmasrulebeli mefebhagadata, simamacis gamoCeniT iamas saufloSi gagzavnasimdidris mompovebelma~ [Махабхарата, VIII, 1990: 19].kurukSetras velze daeca bhagadatas vaJi vajradatac,romelic daxasiaTebulia, rogorc mravalZalianida did sibrZnes Semwvdari [Махабхарата, VIII, 1990: 20].aRniSnuliT bhagadatas modgmis istoria ar wydeba.saxeli bhagadata isev gvxdeba ,,mahabxaratas~ bolo, me-18 wignSi, krSnas cxovrebas rom aRwers. fiqroben, romigi I-V saukuneebSi Seiqmna. saxeli bhagadata am wignSiisev qalaq pragjotiSSi Cndeba, rac gvafiqrebinebs, romigi pragjotiSis mefis, brZolaSi daRupuli ufrosibhagadatas STamomavalia. qalaqi pragjotiSi (,,aRmosavleTisnaTeli~), mdebareobda e.w. ,,braxmaputras kulturulvelze~, igi CineTTan savaWro gzaze mniSvnelobiTmeore qalaqs warmadgenda Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulispirvel naxevarSi. krSnas cxovrebis miTSi igidemonur qalaqadaa warmodgenili. miCneulia, rom esgadmocema aireklavs <strong>dasavleT</strong> da aRmosavleT indoeTsSoris warsulSi arsebul eTnokulturul da politikurdapirispirebas [Махабхарата, III, 1987: 613].pragjotiSis mflobelma, uzarmazari Zalis mqonebhaumasuram, igive muram, mravali usamarTloba Caidinada RmerTebic Seawuxa, amitom zeciuri planetebis mefeindram ufal krSnasTan uCivla. krSnam muras sataxto42
qalaqs miaSura da daZabul brZolaSi mohkla igi. bhaumasuragapirovnebuli dedamiwis vaJi iyo. misi sikvdilisSemdeg krSnasTan Tavad gapirovnebuli dedamiwagamocxadda mcirewlovan SviliSvilTan erTad da uTxra:,,Zvirfaso ufalo, neba momeciT gauwyo, rom esbiWi, bhagadata, Cemi Zis, bhaumasuras vaJia .... me vTxovSens meufebas, mieci TavSesafari mas da akurTxe Senilotosis terfebiT. es biWi imisaTvis moggvare, rom manmamis codviliani moqmedebebis Sedegebs daaRwios Tavi~.rodesac ufalma krSnam dedamiwis Txovna moismina,umalve aRuTqva, rom biWs araviTari safrTxe ar eloda.man uTxra bhagadatas _ ,,nu geSinia~, Semdeg krSnambhaumasuras mier motacebuli 16 100 axalgazrda mefisasuli colad SeirTo da isini Tavis sataxtoSigagzavna [krSna, 1991: 372-376].sxva versiiT, krSnas bhaumasuras meuRle bhavmamatigamoecxada da Seevedra eSvilebina bhagadata, romeliciq subhagadatas saxeliT aris moxseniebuli: ,,CaTvalesubhagadatta Sens sakuTar Svilad~, da krSnam iSvilamis mier moklulis Ze [Лалу джи Лал, 1937: 323].bhagadatasTan dakavSirebuli es Tqmuleba, Cveni azriT,amJRavnebs kavSirs bagrationTa warmomavlobisbibliur Tqmulebaze dafuZnebul qarTul gadmocemas-Tan.ufalma krSnam mis mier moklulis Ze, bagrationTawinapris saxelis matareblad miCneuli bhagadata gawmindamamis codviani qmedebebis Sedegebisagan da Tavisimfarveli kalTa gadaafara, iSvila, riTac RvTisagancxebulad aqcia. am aqtiT unda iRebdes saTaves modgmissaxeli bhagadata, sanskr. ,,RvTisagan boZebuli~.aq, sapirispiro epizdebSic, siaxlovea bibliur gadmocemasTan:daviT winaswarmetyvels, uri xeTelis usamarTlodmokvlisaTvis, bersaviasTan SeZenili pirveliSvili moukvda. mamam mZime marxvis, miwaze RamisTevis,43
moTqma-monaniebisa da RvTisadmi locvavedrebis miuxedavad,ver SeZlo Tavisi codviani qmedebebis gamo biWisaTvissikvdilis acileba, mxolod Semdeg Seundoufalma da bersaviasTan Ze aCuqa, qarTuli gadmocemiT,bagrationTa winaparTagani.krSnam colad SeirTo mis mier moklulis mflobelobaSimyofi 16 100 qali. daviT winaswarmetyvelmaccolad SeirTo misi nebiT moklulis coli bersavia.daviTic krSnasaviT mravalcoliani iyo, ,,hyavda Svidasicoli dedoflad da samasi xarWad~ [3 mef. 11,3].daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavlad yofna bagrationebsanaTesavebda mariam RvTismSobelTan da iesoqristesTan, romlebic daviT winaswarmetyvelis CamomavlebadiTvlebian. indur gadmocemaSi RvTismSobelidedis adgili gapirovnebul qalRvTaeba dedamiwas uWiravs.indoeTSi, iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi, Cvens planetasdedas uwodeben. [krSna, 1991: 63]. bagrationTamiTosur winaprad moazrebuli bhagadata gapirovnebulidedamiwis SviliSvilia.bhagadatas mfarveli da mamobili krSna, garda imisa,rom daviT winaswarmetyveliviT RvTiTganbrZobili miwierimefea, imavdroulad aris induri samebis wevrisviSnus inkarnacia, qristes msgavsad zeciuri CasaxviTmiwaze dabadebuli RvTis Ze. qriste mxsnelia, viSnusada krSnas mxsnelis funqcia akisriaT. cnobilia, krSnasmiTis zogi epizodi pirdapir imeorebs qristes cxovrebisgadmocemas, SeimCneva fonetikuri siaxlove saxelebSic,krSnas erT-erTi saxeli kristna metad axloasaxelTan qriste. yvelaferi es mecnierebs afiqrebinebs,rom krSna saxecvlili qristea, romelmac jerac daudgeneligziT daimkvidra adgili krSnas miTSi [Мифы, II,2002: 18].zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, SegviZliavTqvaT, rom induri gadmocema bhagadataze win uswrebda44
da misi gaTvaliswinebiT, mis Casanacvleblad SeiqmnabagrationTa daviT winasawarmetyvelisagan warmomavlobisTqmuleba (arsebobis ufleba aqvs im Tvalsazrissac,rom bagrationebTan dakavSirebulma Tqmulebam,qristes Sesaxeb gadmocemasTan erTad, saqarTvelodanSeaRwia krSnas miTSi).bhagadatas Sesaxeb indur gadmocemas da bagration-Ta Sesaxeb bibliur Tqmulebaze dafuZnebul gadmocemasSoris iseTi Rrma kavSiri SeimCneva, rom aSkaraa,orives erTi arqetipuli wyaro asazrdoebs. amitom, bagrationTaRvTiurmiTosur warmomavlobaze msjelobisas,raimes SeTxzva-gamogonebaze saubari marTebuladar gveCveneba.bhagadataze indur gadmocemas saqarTveloSi romicnobdnen, es, Cveni azriT, Cans amiranis Tqmulebissvanur variantSi. ambris (induri miTosis Sambara) Canacvlebulimomakvdavi devi merabis mier amiranisaTvisTavisi vaJiSvilebis gasazrdelad mibareba, unda aireklavdeskrSnas mier mokluli demon muras vaJiSvilismfarvelobaSi ayvanas [Ciqovani, 1947: 374]. aRniSnulTvalsazriss isic uWers mxars, rom qarTuli miTosisamirani, zog epizodSi, did siaxloves avlens indoel-Ta RmerT krSnasTan:gadmocemiT, amirani hgavs ,,Savsa Rrubelsa saavdrodgamzadebulsa~. krSna aseve niSnavs Savs, mas amsgavsebensaavdro Rrubels, romelsac wvima moaqvs dasicxulibunebisaTvis [Мифы, II, 2002: 15].krSna mzes hgavs [krSna, 1991: 115], amiranic mzismsgavsi vaJi iyo [Ciqovani, 1947: 357].mSoblebs dacilebuli krSna mdinare iamunas napirasizrdeboda ZmasTan balabxadrasTan (balaramasTan)erTad, mwyemsi dedobil-mamobilis ojaxSi. erTxelkrSna Zroxis rZiT ganbanes [krSna, 1991: 184]. krSna Zmas-Tan erTad bevrs ancobda, mezoblis qalebs abrazebda,45
Tixis qoTnebs uxvretda, naRebsa da mawons iparavda.uCveulo Zalis gamovlena da demonebis xocva bavSvobidanvedaiwyo da a.S. [krSna, 1991: 51-140].daoblebuli amiranic ZmebTan, maT Soris badrisTanerTad, dedobil-mamobilis ojaxSi izrdeboda. iqveaxlos dioda iamanis wyaro. ojaxs hyavda Zroxebi daerTxel amirani rZiT ganbanes [Ciqovani, 1947: 357]. amiraniadridanve bevrs ancobda, wyaroze mimaval qalebskokebs utexda da abrazebda. uCveulo Zalis gamoCena dadevebis xocva bavSvobidanve daiwyo da a.S. msgavseba-Ta CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba kidev SeiZleba. vfiqrobT,bhagadatas mfarvel krSnas msgavseba amiranTan zemoTmotanilepizodebSi eWvs ar unda iwvevdes.amiranis mier qajTbatonTan gadaxdili omic aireklavskurukSetras omis epizodebs. qajTbatoni, satanasindur Sesatyvis ravanasTan erTad, iTavsebs borotebisdemon kalis xorcSesxma duriodxanasac. es is duriodxanaa,romelic brZolis win, SeSinebuli, mefe bhagadatasxsenebiT gaamxneves. duriodxanas sxeuli welszemoT almasebisagan Sedgeba da yovelgvari iaraRisaganSeuvalia [Махабхарата, III, 1987: 487], amitom kurukSetrasbrZolis miwuruls, krSnas rCeviT, mas wels qvemoTakrZaluli dartymiT hklaven [Мифы, II, 2002: 142].amiranic, yamaris rCeviT, dabla SemokvriT hklavs qajTbatons.aq Canacvleba gamowveulia imiT, rom yamariserT-erTi induri Sesatyvisis, draupadis saxelic ariskrSna - ,,Savi~ [Мифы, I, 2002: 395].zemoaRniSnulic adasturebs, rom bagrationTa winapradnagulisxmevi ,,mahabxaratas~ gmiris, bhagadatasmiTosur garemocvas icnobs amiranis Tqmuleba. magrammxolod aq ar xvdeba induri da qarTuli miTosi erTmaneTs.Cveni azriT, uZveles qarTul da indur zepirgadmocemebserTmaneTTan udidesi siaxlove akavSirebT.46
agrationTa winaprad moazrebul bhagadatasTan dakavSirebuli,qarTuli gadmocemis Sesatyvisi Tqmulebisarseboba indur miTosSi, aseve dRemde naklebadcnobiliindur-qarTuli miTologiuri paralelebis warmo-Cena, avtoris azriT, arian-qarTlis indoariul samyaroSiZiebis safuZvels qmnis.gamoyenebuli literatura1. arsen beri, cxovreba ninoisi, Zv. qarT. agiografiulilit. Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1971.2. ioane drasxanakerteli, Targmani il. abulaZisa, Tb., 1937.3. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954w.4. krSna, RmerTebis uzenaesi pirovneba, prabhupadas redaqciiT,1991.5. lorTqifaniZe m., legenda bagrationTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb,kavkasiis xalxTa <strong>istoriis</strong> sakTxebi, Tb., 1996.6. saqarTvelo, enciklopedia, I, Tb., 1997.7. Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tb., 1947.8. wulukiZe n., arian-qarTlelTa gamosvla, Jurn. ,,Woroxi~#5, 2005.9. Адонц Н., Армения в эпоху Юстиниана, 1908.10. Лалу джи Лал, Легенди о Кришне, І (Прем сагар), Лен., 1937.11. Махабхарата, ІІІ, Лесная. Коммент. Я. В. Василкова и С.Л. Невелевой,М., 1987.12. Махабхарата, VIII, книга о Карне, М., 1990.13. Мифы народов мира, т. I, II, М., 2002.47
Nugzar TsulukidzeBagrations’ mythical ancestors from “Makhabkharata”SummaryAccording to historical tradition Bagrations’ are ancestors of DavidProphet. It is discovered that the abovementioned legend in the mainpassages are repeated by the legend connected with the personage of IndianEpo Bhagadata . Also the noteworthy is the fact that Bhagadata (in theSanskrit “given by God”) is considered as the name of Bagrations’ ancestor.In one aspect Bagrations are ancestors of Arian-Kartlians which came toKartli and the origin of which is not defined. According to author existenceof similar legend in Indian mythos, also revealing the Indian and Kartlianmythological parallels gives us basis of searching Arian Kartli in Indo-Aryanworld.Нугзар ЦулукидзеМифический предок Багратион с «Махабхарата»РезюмеПо исторической традиции Багратионе являются потомкамиясновидящего Давида. Выяснено, что отмеченную легенду в основном вштрихах повторяет индийский эпос «Махабхарат», переданнаяперсонажем Бхагадатта. Занимательно то, что Бхагадатта (на языкеСанскрит «Дарованный Богом») сходно с одним изначальным именемпредков Багратион. По одному мнению, предки Багратион в Картлипришли от Ариан-картлийцев, родословная которых не являетсяустановленной. Связанная с рассудительным Бхагадаттом предкомБагратион, существование грузинской переданной соответствующейлегенды в индийском мифе, на сегодняшний день по меньшей степениизвестны мифологические параллели индийско-грузинские, которыесоздают, по мнению автора, основу поиска в индоарийском миреАриан-картли.48
evaz uzubaZemerab uzunaZesofel erges istoriidan(nikitauri, gvarela)erge, masSi Semavali soflebiT (zemo da qvemo joWo,nikitauri, kapandibi), miekuTvneba erT-erT uZveles dasaxlebaTarigs. aRsaniSnavia, rom erges Temi gamoirCevatoponimTa mravalricxovnobiTa (fiqsirdeba orasamdetoponimi) da mravalferovnebiT. rac warmoadgens uaRresadsaintereso da utyuar masalas soflis (aseve mxaris)<strong>istoriis</strong> ama Tu im aspeqtis Sesaswavlad. <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong> onomastikis cnobili mklevari,prof. m. qamadaZe miuTiTebs: Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas,rom aWaris mosaxleobis warsulis Sesaxeb werilobiTiwyaroebi mcire raodenobiT mogvepoveba, SeiZleba gadau-Warbeblad iTqvas, sakvlevi mxaris toponimia werilobiTiwyaros rols asrulebs [m.qamadaZe, 1992: 46].amjerad Cveni kvlevis obieqtebia toponimebi `nikitauri~,`gvarela~.erges TemSi Semavali sofeli nikitauri gaSenebuliaarfazonis qedis <strong>samxreT</strong> kalTebze da gadahyurebs md.Woroxissanaxebs. igi mosaxleobis raodenobiT (gasulisaukunis 60-ian wlebSi iTvlida 15-de komls) patarasofelia. amitom mas pawa (patara) 1 sofelsac eZaxian. nikitauriuZvelesi dasaxlebaa. sofelSi cxovrebis kvaliSeiniSneba brinjaos xanidan, razec metyvelebs 1966 w. aqaRmoCenili brinjaos ganZi [f.sixaruliZe, 1967: a.kaxiZe,2007: 145].mTeli <strong>istoriis</strong> manZilze sofelSi SeimCneva cxovrebisuwyvetobis kvali (SemorCenilia nasaxlarebi, Wure-49
i....). aRniSnulis Taobaze arqeologiur da werilobiTmasalebTan erTad sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdian soflistoponimebi. sainteresoa soflis saxelwodebis etimologia.igi aris anTroponimuli warmoSobis geografiulisaxeli. nawarmoebia -ur- sufiqsiT, rac mis warmomavloba-kuTvnilebazemiuTiTebs.xalxuri etimologiis mixedviT soflis saxelwodebadakavSirebulia vinme urum (berZen) Tu somex nikitassaxelTan. TiTqos igi odesRac saxlobda aq da amitomacSeerqva sofels saxelwodeba nikitauri.rogorc sakiTxis kvlevam gviCvena, erT-erTi uZvelesi<strong>istoriis</strong> mqone soflis saxelwodebis dakavSireba nikitassaxelTan ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. vinaidan, jererTi, igi unda yofiliyo gamoCenili pirovneba, rom misisaxeli Serqmeoda sofels. am SemTxvevaSi xalxis xsovnaaucileblad Semoinaxavda gadmocemas, rac ar arsebobs.amasTan, sakuTar saxels nikitas ar icnobs <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong> anTroponimia. am mxriv CvenTvisupirveles wyaroSi _ `tbeTis sulTa matiane~ (XII-XIVss.)_ arcerTxel araa moxseniebuli msgavsi sakuTari saxeli.xalxuri etimologiis mixedviT soflis saxelwodebisaxsnas saeWvod miiCnevs prof. i. sixaruliZec. Rvawlmosilimecnieri miuTiTebs, rom `sageografio saxeli TiTqosufro gvarsaxelisagan unda warmodgebodes, vidreadamianis sakuTari saxelisagan~ [i.sixaruliZe, 1977].rogorc irkveva, soflis Tavdapirveli saxelwodebayofila niqatauri. masSi aRniSnulia niqatas (niqataZis)Camomavloba da maTi kuTvnili sacxovrebeli adgili [m.uzunaZe, 2003]. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT CvenTvis Zvirfasmasalas Seicavs `tbeTis sulTa matiane~. masSi moxseniebuliagvari niqataZe. matianeSi vkiTxulobT: `sulsaniqataZis giorgis da mis meuRlis mariamis da mis dedasnaTelis Seundven RmerTman~ [matiane, 1977: 98]. mosaxsenebelimiekuTvneba XV saukunes. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,50
qristianobis periodis sofeli ZiriTadad dasaxlebuliyofila niqataZeebiT. Sesabamisad, adgils ewoda niqatauri,anu niqataZeTa sofeli. aWaris magaliTze mravladgvaqvs msgavsi warmoSobis adgilTa saxelebi (gundauri,goginauri, qoqolauri, osanauri, cecxlauri, jinWarauli,maxvilauri ...). aseve, maTTan erTad, sofelSi saxlobdnenkubrasZeebi, sumbatisZeebi. am ukanasknelTa aq cxovrebas,xalxur gadmocemasTan erTad, adasturebs `tbeTis sulTamatiane~. kubrasZe dRes kupraZis formiTaa warmodgenili.sumbatisZeTa gvars miekuTvnebian zeda joWoSi mcxovrebiafaqiZeebi, baxtaZeebi, lorTqifaniZeebis ekalauris 2 Sto.aRsaniSnavia, rom soflis bolos, joWoswylis Sesar-TavTan, marjvena mxares, davakebul ferdobze arsebulaosmalTa batonobamdeli periodis cixe (adgilis saxelwodebaanacixvara. 3 gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebamde SemorCeniliiyo cixis saZirkvlis naSTebi. cnoba mogvawodasoflis mkvidrma ioseb gorgoSaZem). mas hqonda strategiulidaniSnuleba [i.sixaruliZe, 1977]. igi ergesTanketavda zRvispira saqalaqo centrebidan(fiWvnaris naqalaqari, cixisZiri, baTumi) axalSen _xe(v)yru _ wyalgvelas xev _ ergeze gamaval centralursaqaravno gzas, romelic miemarTeboda, aWariswylisa daWoroxis xeobebis gavliT, aRmosavleTis provinciebisaken.cixesTan axlos (<strong>samxreT</strong>-das.) yofila sasaflaoebi. gadmocemiTaq `saZmo saflavze~ yofilan damarxuli osmalomomxdurebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daRupuli ergelivaJkacebi. zaqaria WiWinaZe werda: `osmaloebs pirveladerges xalxisaTvis dautanebiaT Zala rjulis gamocvlisaTvis.ergeSi bevri qarTveli gamwydara rjulisaTvis~[z.WiWinaZe, 1913: 125-126]. Cans, am periodSi moiSala-daingracixe.osmalTa batonobis droidan sofelSi ar Cans niqataZeTacxovrebis kvali. aWaraSi, osmalTa batonobis periodSi,idevneboda yovelive qarTuli, ZaliT mimdi-51
nareobda mosaxleobis gamuslimaneba, qarTuli gvarsaxelebisaTu adgilTa saxelwodebebis Secvla TurquliT.osmalTa moZaladeobis gavleniT niqataZeebs an gvariunda SeecvalaT, an kidev qristianuli rwmenis SesanarCunebladgadaxvewiliyvnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> romelime kuTxeSi.ar Cans, rom maT gvari Seicvales. ase rom yofiliyo,isini Secvlili gvariT darCebodnen sofelSi. rogorcirkveva, niqataZeebi gadasaxlebulan guriis mxareSi. dro-Ta viTarebaSi gvarma nawilobriv ganicada cvlileba daiwerebian miqataZed.niqataZeebis mier TavianTi sacxovrisis mitovebisSemdeg sofelSi Camosaxlebulan: gvianiZe _ maWaxlis xeobidan,fenCiZe (fanCiZe) _ SavSeTidan (sof.Wuarebi), zoiZe_ qobuleTidan (sof. CaqvisTavi).avbedobis gamo, aseve soflis saxelwodebam ganicadacvlileba da bgeraTa monacvleobis Sedegad miviReTnikitauri (niqatauri nikitauri). 4amrigad, niqataZeTa aq cxovrebis kvali Semogvinaxatoponimma. `ama Tu im gvareulobis sofelSi Sesabamisisagvareulos warmonadgenelTa ar arseboba istoriulepoqaSi am gvaris dasaxlebis faqtze mianiSnebs~, miuTi-Tebs aWaris mosaxleobis migraciisa da eTnodemografiuliproblemebis cnobili mkvlevari, prof. T.futkaraZe[T.futkaraZe, 2005: 26].EBO gvarela saTesi adgilia qvemo joWoSi. miekuTvnebaerT-erT iSviaT toponimTa rigs. sainteresoa misi etimologia.saxelwodebaSi gamoiyofa fuZe gvarli. ,,gvarli(guarli) _ Tivis Toki,’’ _ ganmartavs sulxan-saba [sulxan-sabaorbeliani, 1966: 171]. am formiT moixseniebs masvaxtang VI (1675-1737). Tavis cnobil ,,majamaSi’’ igi wers:zogjer wuTisofeli adamians ,,saukunod codvis gvarli-Ta gadaxvanjviT daiWirvis [vaxtang VI, 1975: 55, 46].gvarli, werilobiT masalebSi, kuTxeTa dialeqtikurmetyvelebaSi gvxdeba sxvadasxva formiT: gvarli, gorili,52
gorali, gvarali [n.CubinaSvili, 1992: 117; d.CubinaSvili,1984: 400]. leCxumur metyvelebaSi gvarli hqvia momkilipuris, Znis Sesakravs [al.Rlonti, 1974: 151]. aWaraSi igifiqsirdeba Semdegi formiT: gvarali, gvaralai, gvareli,gvarela [st.menTeSaSvili, 1937: 146; i.megreliZe, 1971: .246;al.Rlonti, 1974: 151; v.SamilaZe, 1969: 95; i.sixaruliZe, 1958:48]. eTnografiuli da dialeqtikuri leqsikis masalebiTdadgenilia aWaraSi misi mniSvnelobebi: Tavsaxvevi, Caliskonis Sesakravi, Tivis Toki [i.megreliZe, 1974: 246]. sayuradReboa,rom aWaraSi dadasturebuli formiTa daSinaarsiT gvxdeba igi ,,vefxistyaosanSi.’’ sulmnaTi SoTarusTaveli avTandils aTqmevinebs:,,Tvar vismca eqmna gorliTaSekrva Tavisa mrTelisa.’’rac niSnavs, Torem vis uqmnia mrTeli (janmrTeli)Tavis Sekvra saxveveliT [ak.SaniZe, 1988: 400].vfiqrobT, gvarli Tavdapirvelad iyo balaxovani mcenareissaxeli. ,,gvarli-balaxi,’’ _ miuTiTebs sulxan-saba[s.s.orbeliani, 1966: 171]. qegl-is mixedviT: gvarli-kanafismsxvili Toki’’ [qegl., 1986: 148]. igi unda iyos kanafismagvari, boWkovani mcenaris erT-erTi saxeoba [saqarTveloSicnobilia boWkovan mcenareTa sxvadasxva saxeoba:seli, kanafi, svia, vardkanafa, Svia, jinWari…... ix.: iv.javaxiSvili,1996: 397; j.ruxaZe, 1972: 79; a.mayaSvili, 1991: 80;qegl., 1986: 503], romlisgan amzadebdnen gvarlis anu TavisToks. gvaqvs magaliTebi, rodesac mcenaris saxeli hqviamisgan damzadebul nawarms: kanafi (bal.) _ kirnafi(kanafis Toki), Wili (bal.) _ Wilofi (Wilis qveSagebi),Cala (bal.) _ Calis qudi, cocxi (bal.) _ cocxi (cocxisagandamzadebuli mosagveli), Romi (pureuli mcenare),aseve Romi hqvia misgan damzadebul saWmel fafas [a.maya-Svili, 1991: 95; qegl, 1986: 462, 515, 571; n.CubinaSvili, 1961:437]. rogorc Cans, droTa ganmavlobaSi gvarli (TivisToki) gaxda sazogado saxeli yvela im Tokisa Tu Se-53
sakravisa, romlebic Tivisagan mzaddeboda (amis erT-erTidasturia cocxis magaliTi. igi Tavdapirvelad erqva mxolodcocxisagan damzadeul mosagvels. Semdeg man miiRosazogado saxelis mniSvneloba: ,,cocxi _ zogi mcenariswvril ReroTa an totebis kona risame mosagvelad, saxvetad’’[qegl., 1986: 540] ). rac Seexeba mcenaris saxels, igiSesaZloa droTa viTarebaSi Seicvala axliT, xoloTavdapirveli saxeli miviwyebas mieca. ase magaliTad: eqvsunji(eqsunji) _ kanafi, qubi _ Wvavi, Celta _ aslis (kilianixorbali) erT-erTi saxeoba, qvrima (qurima) _ fetvi[s.s.orbeliani, 1966: 235, 348; iv.javaxiSvili, 1996: 359; n.CubinaSvili,1971: 394, 430]. qarTuli medicinis cnobilimklevari, prof. r. surmaniZe miuTiTebs: ar aris gamoricxuli,rom zogierTi mcenare klasikur ZeglebSi Setaniliiyos sxva saxeliT, xolo misi Tavdapirveli saxelidroTa ganmavlobaSi miviwyebul iqna [r.surmaniZe, 1996:182].sakvlevi toponimis SemTxvevaSi gvarela (gvarli-gvarali-gvarela)gamoyenebuli Cans metsaxelad (saxelad?),romlisganac warmomdgaria adgilis saxelwodeba (qar-Tul anTroponomiaSi mravlad gvxdeba msgavsi metsaxelebiTu sakuTari saxelebi: jinWara, xorbala, Wila,fetvia, gvarli, gvarali, niora [i.sixaruliZe, 1990]). racmiuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli teritoria ekuTvnoda vinmegvarelas (gamokvleulia, rom magavsi saxelwodebebi rTuliSedgenilobis toponimebis nawilia. Tavdapirveladunda gvqonoda gvarelas yana (saTesi), magram droTa ganmavlobaSitoponims CamoSorda meore Semadgeneli nawilida mxolod piris saxeli Tu gvari darCa geografiuliobieqtis saxelad [m.qamadaZe, 1992: 46] ). aWaraSi gvaqvsSemTxvevebi, rodesac adgilis saxelad gamoyenebuliapirovnuli saxeli, metsaxeli (msgavsi toponimebia: rostomigza _ tye (Suaxevis r-ni), abramai _ saTibi (Suaxevisr-ni), kaxaberi _ sofeli (xelvaCauris r-ni)…[m.qamadaZe,54
1992: 46; misive, 1999: 34-35] ). metsaxeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> yvelakuTxeSi cnobilia (m.qamadaZe, r.TofCiSvili, i.axuaSvili).aWaraSic uxvad gvxdeba formiTa da semantikurad sainteresometsaxelebi. metsaxelebi <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSiZvelTaganve unda yofiliyo cnobili. amis magaliTebisakmaod gvxdeba werilobiT wyaroebSi. zogjerpirovnebas metsaxeliT ufro icnobdnen, vidre sakuTarisaxeliT [m.qamadaZe, 1999: 34-35].agreTve, metad sayuradReboa, wlebis ganmavlobaSiaWaris toponimiis siRrmiseulad Seswavlis safuZvelze,prof. m. qamadaZis mier gakeTebulidaskvna: ,,aWaris onomastika mdidaria leqsikuriTvalsazrisiT. leqsikis am uZveles fonds, gansakuTrebiTtoponimias, mravali sayuradRebo leqsikuri erTeuliSemounaxavs, romelic faseulia istoriuli dialeqtologiisaTvis’’[m.qamadaZe, 1999: 46].aseve gvarelasagan unda iyos warmomdgari ,,tbeTissulTa matianeSi’’ damowmebuli gvari gvarelasSvili (gvarelaSvili).masSi moxseniebulia: gvarelasSvili giorgida misi meuRle Tina [matiane, 1977: 134]. ganekuTvneba XV-XVI ss.-is fenas. msgavsi warmoSobis gvarebia _ gvarliani,gvaralia [i.maisuraZe, 1990: 45; a.silagaZe, 1997: 58].Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ,,tbeTis sulTa matianeSi’’mosaxseniebel geografiul arealSi, aRniSnulis garda,arsad fiqsirdeba toponimi gvarela, vfiqrobT, gvarelasSvilebiunda yofiliyvnen erges Temidan, kerZod,saxlobdnen qvemo joWoSi (sakiTxis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiTgasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom qarTulSimetsaxelebisa Tu gvarsaxelebis erTi nawili gamomdinareobswinaparTa xeloba-saqamianobisagan (meqvabiSvili,mWedliSvili, dalaqiSvili, durgliSvili, feiqriSvili).rogorc Cans, gvarelaSvilTa winapari aq amzadebda gansakuTrebulgvarlebs. amitomac, metsaxelidan gamomdinare,adgils Seerqva gvarela, xolo STamomavlebs55
ewodaT gvarelaSvilebi). swored adgili gvarela warmoadgensgvarelaSvilTa da winapar gvarelas nafuZars.osmalobis dros maT gvari nawilobriv SeecvalaT daiwodebodnen gvareloRlebad. 5 rogorc Cans, isini ergesTemidan sacxovreblad gadasulan sxva adgilas. gamokvleulia,rom aWaraSi gvarTa adgilmonacvleoba ,,sxvadasxvadros da sxvadasxva mizeziT xdeboda’’ [T.futkaraZe,2002: 10]. cnobilia ali-aRa gvareloRli, gvarel-zadexusein-aRa zade, sasuliero moRvawe iusuf efendi gvareloRli[x.axvlediani, 1943: 126; n.kaxiZe, 2005: 186]. XX s-is30-iani wlebis represirebulTa masalebSi moxseniebuliaosman gvareloRli [oT. TurmaniZe, 2003].SeniSvnebi1. `pawa _ mcire~ [s.orbeliani, 1966: 614].2. soflis ubani ergeSi.3. arebobs adgilis topografiuli ruka. aWaris csa, f.r_223, an 1, s. 140, furc. 22.4. qarTuli enis didaqtikuri (aWaruli) metyvelebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb ix. S.niJaraZe,1961: 43; misive, 1971: 98.5. gvareloRlis warmomavlobis sakiTxs Seexo agreTve prof.S. niJaraZe. Rvawmosili mecnieri, aWaris onomastikasTn dakav-SirebiT, gamoTqvams metad sayuradRebo mosazrebas: zogjer gvarovnulsaxelSi gamoxatulia am Tu im pirovnebis sacxovrebeliadgilis warmomavloba.’’ rac Seexeba gvareloRlisproblemas, igi miuTiTebs: am gvarSi kargad Cans, rom misiwinaprebi gvaradan (sof. qobuleTis r-Si) yofila. gvareloRliamJamad ase gauazrebiaT – gvariSvili, rac, ra Tqma unda, arunda iyos swori [S.niJaraZe, 1982: 34]. savsebiT viziarebTmkvlevaris meore mosazrebas. xolo gvareloRlis miCneva misigvaradan warmomavlobis sabuTad, vfiqrobT ar gamodgeba.radgan, jer erTi, gvarelaSvil-gvareloRlis igiveoba utyuarifaqtia (osmalobis batonobis gavleniT gvars daboloeba _ ZeSeecvala _ oRliT, xolo fuZe igive darCa). meorec, ,,tbeTis56
sulTa matianedan’’ gamomdinare, gvarelasSvilebi cxovrobdnenWoroxis xeobis arealSi].gamoyenebuli literatura1. axvlediani x., narkvevebi aWaris istoriidan (me-16-19saukuneebi), baT., 1943.2. aWaris csa, f. r–223, an 1, s. 140, furc. 22.3. vaxtang meeqvse, leqsebi da poemebi, Tb., 1975.4. TurmaniZe oT., sisxliani wvimebi aWaraSi (politikurirepresiebi XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi), gaz. ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika”,#44, 2003.5. kaxiZe a., Sua brinjaos xana aWaris teritoriaze, <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> narkvevebi (aWara), I, baT., 2007.6. kaxiZe n., baTumis mazris Tavadaznauruli warmoSobis qarTvelmahmadianTa brZola Zveli privilegiebis aRdgenisaTvis, ,,saistoriomacne,’’ XIV, baT., 2005.7. maisuraZe i., qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990.8. megreliZe i., mokle (aWaruli) leqsikoni; j. noRaideli,narkvevebi da Canawerebi, baT., 1971.9. menTeSaSvili st., aWaris eTnografiuli masalebi, ,,enimkismoambe,’’ II, Tb., 1937.10. niJaraZe S., qarTuli enis zemo aWaruli dialeqti, baT., 1961.11. niJaraZe S., qarTuli enis aWaruli dialeqti (leqsika), baT.,1971.12. niJaraZe S., literaturul-enaTmecnieruli narkvevebi, Tb.,1982.13. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I-II, Tb., 1966.14. ruxaZe j., kanafis meurneoba svaneTSi, masalebi<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eTnografiisaTvis, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1972.15. SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, Tb., 1992.16. sixaruliZe i., <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> toponimebi, t.I, baT., 1958.17. sixaruliZe i., sadan warmoiSva soflis saxeli nikitauri?gaz. `oqtombris gziT~, 1977, #56.18. sixaruliZe fr., maxos gora-samosaxlo, gaz. `oqtombrisgziT~, 1967, #25.57
19. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> geografiuli saxelebis orTografiulileqsikoni, Tb., 1987.20. surmaniZe r., qarTuli karabadini (XVIII s.), baT., 1996.21. silagaZe avT., ToTaZe a., gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi, Tb.,1997.22. ,,tbeTis sulTa matiane,’’ Tb., 1997.23. uzunaZe m., erge (nikitauri), gaz. `kaxaberi~, 2003, #12.24. futkaraZe f., aWaris mosaxleobis migracia da eTnodemografiuliproblemebi polieTnikur regionebSi, baT., 2005.25. qarTuli enis ganmartebaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1986.26. qamadaZe m., zemo aWaris toponimia,_ aWaruli dialeqtisdargobrivi leqsikoni, VIII, Tb., 1992.27. qamadaZe m., aWaris onomastika <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>regionis monacemebTan mimarTebiT (avtoreferati), baT., 1999.28. Rlonti al., qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb, 1974.29. futkaraZe T., aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis istoriuleTnologiuriproblemebi (avtoreferati), baT., 2002.30. SamilaZe v., alpuri mesaqonleoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1969.31. SaniZe ak., vefxistyaostis sakiTxi, Txz., t. V, Tb., 1988.32. CubinaSvili n., qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1961.33. CubinaSvili d., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984.34. WiWinaZe z., muslimani qarTvelebi da maTi soflebisaqarTveloSi, tb., 1913.35. javaxiSvili iv., Txz., t. IV, Tb., 1996.58
Revaz Uzunadze, Merab UzunadzeFrom the history of village Erge(Nikitauri, Gvarela)ResumeNikitauri and Gvarela are geographical names of anthroponomicalepoch of Christianity. Nikitauri, Niqitauri presented village of Nikitadze’s.Gvarula was Gvarulashvil’s populated area.Реваз Узунадзе, Мераб УзунадзеИз истории села Эрге(Никитаури, Гварела)РезюмеДля изучения прошлого села значительную информацию содержатантропотопонимы. Никитаури, Гварела географические названияантропономического происхождения. Указывают, что Никитаури/Никатаури(niqatauri) представлял собой село фамилии Никатадзе(niqataZe), а Гварела - поселение фамилии Гварелашвили.59
irakli baramiZezendidis cixisa da misi mflobelibeJaniZeebis gvaris <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvisam ramdenime wlis win, rogorc qedis municipalitetissof. zendidis cixis Semswavleli kompleqsurisamecniero eqspediciis wevrs, saSualeba momeca axlosgavcnobodi aRniSnuli cixis istoriul warsulsa damis amJamindel mdgomareobas.Tavidanve unda SevniSnoT, rom Tavisi strategiulimdebareobisa da masStabebis miuxedavad, zendidis cixesTiTqos raime mniSvnelovani datvirTva ar hqonia daarc ramdenadme naTeli kvali daumCnevia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>istoriaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis xelmisawvdomiistoriuli wyaroebi (rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri)sduman amis Sesaxeb. mas mogzaur-mkvlevarTa (g. yazbegi,d. baqraZe, T. saxokia) gansakuTrebuli interesic ar gamouwvevia.ufro metic, arc erTi maTgani ar axsenebszendidis cixes. Tumca, amas, garkveulad, axsnac moepoveba:giorgi yazbegs qvemo aWaraSi ar umogzauria,amitom is arc am sofelsa da cixes moixseniebs. dimitribaqraZe cixis sanaxavad ar asula, magram sofelarsenaulidan kargad daunaxavs “beJanoRlis anu beJani-Svilis didi orsarTuliani TeTri saxli da dakbilulikldis msgavsi Zveleburi cixis nangrevebi” [baqraZe,1987: 48]. Tedo saxokia sinanulsac gamoTqvams, romqedaSi yofnisas piradad ver moaxerxa enaxa beJaniZeTaojaxi da cota xans maTTan darCeniliyo [saxokia, 1985:244]. bunebrivia, amis gamo cixec ver daaTvaliera. albaTamitomac qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi, sadacsof. zendidis Sesaxebaa motanili mokle informacia60
[qse, t.4], araferia naTqvami istoriuli cixis Sesaxeb.sainteresoa, rom adgilze dadasturebul toponimebsSoris absoluturi umravlesoba ar ukavSirdeba cixes[sixaruliZe, 1958]. unda iTqvas, rom sof. zendidis mcxovreblebicnakleb interess iCendnen cixe-simagrismimarT. yovelive ki cixis lokalur, adgilobriv mniSvnelobazeunda miuTiTebdes, Tumca, araa gamoricxuli,rom mas <strong>istoriis</strong> calkeul periodebSi seriozulifunqcia hqonoda.zendidis cixis agebis, misi iniciator-maSeneblisaTu agebis TariRis Sesaxeb gvaqvs mxolod gadmocemebi.z.WiWinaZe zendidis cixes “modi naxe”-s eZaxis (sxvaTaSoris, soflis uxucesebisaTvis es saxeli ucnobia).batoniSvili vaxuSti “modinaxes” cixeebs asaxelebsqarTlsa da imereTSi, aWaris “modinaxes” Sesaxeb kiarafers ambobs. Tavis erT wignSi z. WiWinaZe wers, romcixe XVII saukuneSia agebuli beJaniZeTa winaprebis mier[WiWinaZe, 1916: 15], Tumca, 1911 wels gamocemul wignSiXVI saukunis 70-iani wlebis ambebTan dakavSirebiT moixseniebszendidis “ganTqmul” cixes, romlis “kedlebimetaT sqeli da yovlaT uSiSarni” iyo da iqve dasZens,rom jer kidev Tamaris dros es cixe “niSnaT erTgulebisa”Cabarda zendidis mebatone Tavadebs pirfareSisZeebs [WiWinaZe, 1911: 52-55]. rogorc Cans, am informaciisgavleniT x. axvlediani wers: “gadmocemiT, aTabagebiTavs afarebdnen am cixes, rodesac maT mteri Tavsdaesxmoda. gadmocemiTve, am cixis Tavebi – ufrosebiyofilan Tamaris dros ganTqmuli pirfareSisZeni. me-12saukunis Semdeg maT miecaT aWara da zendidis cixe”[axvlediani, 1944: 143].Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ras efuZneba zemoaRniSnulicnoba. Tamaris dros cixis arseboba arc werilobiTi,arc nivTieri masaliT ar dasturdeba. Cans, aq ubralodTamaris kultis gavlenasTan gvaqvs saqme (aWaraSi es61
arc ise iSviaTi da uCveulo ambavia) da ara obieqturrealobasTan. istoriul WeSmaritebasTan ki ufro isgadmocemaa miaxloebuli, romelic cixis aSenebas XVI-XVII saukuneebis mijnas ukavSirebs (Tumca, saboloosityva mainc arqeologiurma masalam unda Tqvas).sakiTxavia, mainc ra Zalam aaSena es cixe aRniSnulperiodSi da ras emsaxureboda igi. am periodisaTvisosmaleTis gavlena marTalia sustad, magram mainc igrZnobaregionSi. osmalebi XVII saukunis damdegisTvis,miuxedavad aq osmaluri samxedro-administraciulierTeulis _ sanjayis arsebobisa, kuTxis baton-patronebadar gvevlinebian. swored aseT situaciaSi qvemoaWaris sof. zendidSi, strategiulad moxerxebul adgilze,sakmaod didi cixe igeba da Tu vis mier, amazeistoriuli wyaroebisa Tu samecniero masalis uqonlobisgamo, samwuxarod, mxolod varaudis daSveba SeiZleba:Tuki zaqaria WiWinaZis miniSnebebs gavyvebiT, SeiZlebavifiqroT, rom osmaleTis agresiis Sedegad samcxidanaWaraSi TavSesafrisTvis gadmosuli msxvilifeodaluri sagvareulo sakuTari Zalis, avtoritetisada gavlenis safuZvelze, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisinteresebis Sesabamisad, saTaveSi udgeba antiosmalurmoZraobas regionSi da xdeba qvemo aWaris magistralur,sakvanZo gzasTan, strategiulad mniSvnelovan SemaRlebazecixis agebis iniciatori. albaT, es cixeunda gamxdariyo dasayrdeni osmalTa agresiis SesaCereblad.aWaris siaxloves, samcxeSi aseT feodalursagvareulos, romelic osmalebTan Seurigebeli brZoliTaacnobili, warmoadgenda diasamiZeTa sagvareulo.SemTxveviTi araa, rom z. WiWinaZe aRniSnuli beJaniZeebis(romelTa Zvelebis mierac _ misive TqmiT _ iyo aSenebulizendidis cixe) Zvel gvarad diasamiZes asaxelebs[WiWinaZe, 1916: 15]. dRes diasamiZeebis cixed aris62
cnobili zendidis mezobeli sof. gulebis miudgomelicixe (eseni, sxva mezobel cixeebTan erTad, Cans, er-Tiani saforTifikacio jaWvis Semadgeneli nawilebia),romelic, savaraudod, daaxloebiT imave periodSiaagebuli.rogorc Cans, diasamiZeebma erTxans SeinarCunes TavianTimdgomareoba aWaraSi, Semdeg ki TandaTan daTmespoziciebi. am sagvareulos erTi Sto (romelic zendidiscixes flobda), iseve, rogorc osmalTagan dapyrobilsxva qarTul teritoriaTa mflobelni, osmale-Tis samsaxurSi Cadga, gamahmadianda da iurTlukisa daojaklikis (sagvareulo-samemkvidreo mflobeloba) safuZvelzeSeinarCuna Tavisi ekonomikuri da politikurigavlena osmaleTis batonobis drosac, rac iyoerTgvari kompromisi. z. WiWinaZis mixedviT, XVII saukunisdamlevs, erT diasamiZeTagans, romelsac islamimiuRia, saxelad beJani rqmevia, “amitomac osmalTaganamaT diasamiZis magier beJanoRli swodebiaT, osmalurisaxelis “Tulumbazades” damatebiT. dRes eseni iwodebianbeJanoRli TulumbazadeT” [WiWinaZe, 1916: 15]. rogorcCans, beJanoRlebma amgvari gziT moaxerxes cixisSenarCuneba, osmalTagan begobac miiRes da amitomac“modi naxe” beJaniZeebis sagvareulo cixed aRiqmeba.SesaZlebelia sxva varaudis daSvebac. kerZod:XVI saukunis 70-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi iranismbrZanebelma Sah-Tamazma dalaSqra samcxe. mizezi iyois, rom saaTabagos faqtobrivma mmarTvelma dedisimedma(romlis meuRle gardacvlili, Ze _ yvaryvare ki mcirewlovaniiyo) motyuebiT moakvlevina samcxis msxvilifeodali, iranis Sahis colisZma varaz SalikaSvili,riTac misi siZis risxva daimsaxura. “dedisimedi da Zenimisni gardaixvewnen aWaras da mun ganernes” _ wersvaxuSti [q. cx., 1973: 719]. z. WiWinaZe aq vrcel ambavs63
CaurTavs, rom TiTqos, gamoqceulebma aWaraSi Taviswored zendidis cixes Seafares, romlis mflobelmadiasamiZe-pirfareSisZeebma didi daxmareba aRmouCinesmaT. “pirfareSis Zeni mxned moqmedebdnen, amaT SekribesmTeli aWaris vaJkacoba, nametur saxalxo gmirebi darCeva qmnes zendidSi, rom Tu SahTamazi Semovides dagveomos, maSin yvela CvenTagani mokvdes <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>-Tviso. yvelam fici misces, vinc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> uRalatos,is Sercxvenil iqnes da SeCvenebulio” [WiWinaZe,1911: 52-55]. am gadmocemis mixedviT, iranelebma aWaraSicomi hqmnes, “moswydes ramdenime Zmani diasamiZe-pirfareSisZeTa”, Tumca sabolood samcxe qarTvelTa saSveladmosul osmalebs darCaT [WiWinaZe, 1911: 52-55].Tu es gadmocema raime istoriul WeSmaritebasemyareba, maSin SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSizendidis cixe pirvelad igeriebda mters, anu sworediranelTagan Tavdasacavad iqna agebuli (iqneb osmalTamxardaWeriTac) da xalxis mexsierebamac pirveli brZolisepizodic ukeT Semoinaxa (z. WiWinaZe xom ZiriTadadzepirsityvier masalas eyrdnoboda).1603-1612 wlebSic da Semdegac, 30-iani wlebisbolomde, Sah abas I-is iranma araerTxel dalaSqrasamcxe da garkveuli periodulobiT misi SenarCunebacmoaxerxa [sin, 1973: 304-311]. bunebrivia, arc osmalebiTmobdnen poziciebs, ris dasturia is, rom am periodSimaT q. axalcixeSi magari cixe augiaT da Sig Tavisimecixovneebic CauyenebiaT [munSi, 1969]. araa gamoricxuli,rom imave osmalebis dasturiTa Tu uSualo monawileobiTaWaraSi, kerZod zendidSi, swored maSin aSenebuliyocixe, romelic, erTi mxriv, maT samsaxurSiCamdgari feodaluri sagvareulos (diasamiZe-beJanoRli)social-politikur-ekonomikur dawinaurebas (da, Sesabamisad,masze dayrdnobiT, regionSi osmaluri gavlenis64
gaZlierebas) moemsaxureboda, meore mxriv ki, iranelTaagresiis Semakavebel forpostad iqceoda.zemoT moyvanil masalebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZliavivaraudoT, rom zendidis cixe aSenebulia XVI saukunis70-iani wlebidan XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebs SorisperiodSi. aseT varauds garkveulad aZlierebs erTimetad saintereso faqti. kerZod, socialuri da qronologiuriTvalsazrisiT advili dasaSvebia, rom z. WiWinaZesTancixis aRmSeneblad dasaxelebuli axmed begi[WiWinaZe, 1916: 16] da 1595 wlis “gurjistanis vilaeTisdid davTarSi” aWaris mir-miranad, anu beglar-begadmoxseniebuli axmed faSa [davTari, 1941: 452] erTi daigive pirovneba iyos!aqve, zendidis cixesTan dakavSirebiT, mogvyavs sruliteqsti (stilis dacviT) z. WiWinaZis wignidan “qarTvelmahmadianTa cxovreba” (tf., 1916), rac, vfiqrobT,mkiTxvelisTvis ar iqneba uintereso:“modi naxe” cixis ambavi aWaraSi.aWaras, sof. zendidSi, scxovroben begi beJaniZeeni.eseni samcxidam gadasaxlebulan aWaraSi XVII sauk. daSemdegs. aWaraSi eseni dasaxlebulan zendidSi da escixe “modi naxec” maSin gaukeTebiaT maT Zvelebs. am begebisZveli gvari diasamiZea. amaT Zvelebs Zvelis ZvelaTpir msaxuris ZeTac ityodnen. pirT msaxuraT qarTvelebSiTamar mefe igulisxmeba, maSasadame eseni Tamarmefis msaxuraTac yofilan, Tavadobac mis drosmiuRiaT.amaTi islamTan dakavSireba miewereba XVII saukunisdamlevs, am dros, erT maTgans, romelsac islami miu-Ria, saxelaT beJani rqmevia, amitom osmalTagan amaTdiasamiZes magier beJanoRli swodebiaT, osmalurissaxelis “Tulumbazades” damatebiT. dRes eseni iwodebianbeJanoRli TulumbazadeT.65
ogorc sCans, muslimanobaSi gamoCenili yofilaber xudar begi. am begs auSenebia “modi naxes” cixeTavis mamulSi. am cixis gakeTebis dros, sof. zendidSimisula sof. zvareli ali aRa gvaraZe 140 wlis moxuci.am moxucs ukiTxavs beJanoRlisaTvis._ Tu magisTana maRal cixes raT akeTebo? begsmiugia:_ me minda iseTi maRali cixe gavakeTo, rom rocamteri mova, rom man Cems saxlSi araferi dainaxos damiT iqmnes gadarCenilio.moxucs es sityva mousmenia da mere aseTi pasuximiucia:_ Tqven Tu gsurT da gwadiaT, rom mterma argnaxoT, maSin am qvis cixis magier, Tqven xalxSi moipoveTadgili, xalxis gulSi aRaSeneT mkvidri samezoblocixe da garwmunebT, rom maSin Tqven mteri verasgavnebT, Tu ara da cixeebi ramdenic unda aRagoT daaRamaRloT, mters mainc miT verafers daaklebT, saqmexalxi gaxlavsT da xalxis guli, Tqven xalxis gulSiaRageT Tqveni ojaxis mfarveli cixe.es sityva, barxudaris SvilisSvils, cixis amSenebelsaxmed begs didaT moewona, am dRidan es begiSeudga sxva gvar moqmedebas, amis Semdeg aWaraSi 500aWareli Rarib Ratakni kacni Tu qalni Semosa tanT-CacmiT, aseve bevrs Raribs dauriga fuli da sxva dasxva nivTebi, Semdegac am begs erTi xeli sul Raribfuxara xalxisaken aqvnda da maT uSvreboda sikeTes.amisagan naqnari sikeTe eniT dauTvlelia Turme...am axmed begs hyvanda ori Svili memed begi da muTibegi. erTxel axmed begi SvilebiT sanadiroT wavidnen,SecdomiT axmed begma Tavisi Svili memed begi mokla, amSecdomam axmed begi erTob daaRona. mere stambolidammarmarilos qva moatanina, Svils saflavzed Zegli gaukeTa,amiT gaiqarva Svilis mokvlis Wmunvarebis dardi.66
uwindel aWaris begebi beJanoRlebi am begebis STamomavalnigaxlavan, romelnic sof. zendidSi scxovroben,aq “modi naxes” cixe dResac mTeli dgas” (gv. 15-16).rac Seexeba beJaniZeTa sagvareulos. vin iyvnen, saidanmovidnen “beJaniZeTa winaprebi”?Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi (“qarTlis cxovreba”)beJaniZeTa gvari ar gvxvdeba. Cans, igi osmalobisperiodSi iRebs saTaves (osmalur saxel “Tulumbazades”dResac atarebs beJaniZeTa erTi Sto). zeviT iTqva,rom z. WiWinaZis mixedviT es sagvareulo samcxeldiasamiZeTa ganayofia da dawinaurebul mdgomareobasqedaSi aRwevs XVII saukunisaTvis. am aswleulis damlevisaTviserT maTgans, beJan diasamiZes islami miuRiada osmalTagan misi memkvidreni beJanoRlebad (beJanis-Svilebad) wodebulan. sainteresoa, rom “qarTliscxovrebaSi” sakuTari saxeli beJani mxolod erTxelgvxvdeba da isic zemoaRniSnulTan qronologiurad axloepoqaSi. es beJani iyo giorgi saakaZis mxleblisgorgaslis (samwuxarod, gvari ar saxeldeba) Svili.roca giorgisa da mis mxleblebs osmaleTSi TavismokveTa gadauwyvites (1629 w.), gorgasalma moisyida jalaTi,TviTon gaswira Tavi, Svili beJani ki gadaarCinasikvdils [egnataSvili, 1959].ufro did interess iwvevs axlad aRmoCenil osmalurdokumentur wyaroebSi moxseniebuli beJani _aWariswylis xeobis qristiani mflobeli XVI saukunisSua wlebSi. es beJani yofila daumorCilebeli, awyobdaareulobebs, ajanyebebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg, ris gamocmas aWariswylis xeoba CamoerTva da mxolod mas Semdeg,rac morCileba-erTgulebis fici da islami miiRo,mehmedis saxeli dairqva, daibruna Tavisi mdgomareobaaWaraSi [SaSikaZe, 2002: 156]. iqneb, swored es beJaniabeJanoRlebis sagvareulos fuZemdebeli? marTalia, z.WiWinaZe CvenTvis saintereso beJans XVII saukunis dam-67
levis moRvawed miiCnevs, magram qronologiuri Secdomebi(Tundac saukuneze meti) dasaSvebia. Canawerebi xomz. WiWinaZes xalxSi gavrcelebuli Tqmulebebis SejerebissafuZvelze aqvs gakeTebuli. Tumca, aseTi varaudissasargeblod naklebad metyvelebs is garemoeba, rom z.WiWinaZis beJanis muslimanuri saxeli axmedia, aWariswylismmarTveli beJani ki islamis miRebis Semdeg mehmedsirqmevs. meorec, z. WiWinaZesTan beJanyofili axmedi arsadsaxeldeba aWaris sanjybegad. miuxedavad amisa,TviT faqti uaRresad sayuradRebo da gasaTvaliswinebelia.rogorc aRvniSneT, beJaniZeTa winaprebi gadmocemiTTamaris pirisfareSebi yofilan da pirfareSisZeebadaciwodebodnen. dReisaTvis zendidSi beJaniZeTa orisagvareulo Stoa: erTis winaprebi (maTive gadmocemiT)begebi yofilan, meoris _ aRebi. maT erTmaneTSi moyvrobacaqvT, Tumca, ver uaryofen, rom orive gvars erTiZiri, saerTo warmomavloba gaaCniaT. zendidel beJani-ZeTa uxucesebma ician, rom aRa beJaniZeebi iwodebodnenpirmsaxuroRlebad (pirmsaxurisZeebad), begi beJaniZeebiki Tulumbazadeebi iyvnen. sainteresoa, rom sofliserTi uxucesi warmomadgeneli diasamiZeTa gvaridan argamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom pirmsaxurisZeebaddiasamiZeebi iwodebodnen.dRes beJaniZeebi saxloben qedaSi, Caqvsa da qobuleTSi.es ukanasknelni aRiareben TavianTi Zvelebisgadmocemas, rom yvelani saerTo samkvidro mamulidan _qedidan arian wasulebi.zendidis beJaniZeebi sakmaod gavleniani xalxi yofila.am gvaris warmomadgenlebis sityviT, beJaniZeebs mamulebihqoniaT qedis centrSi, gulebSi, varjanisSi,tyeebi _ zendidSi, saZovrebi _ klaskurSi, saxlebi _ q.baTumSi. rogorc Cans, TurqeTis mmarTvelobis boloperiodSi ufro dawinaurebulan baTumisa da Caqvis68
eJaniZeebi, rasac aRiarebs a. frenkeli [Френкелъ, 1879:14-15]. swored am Stos ekuTvnodnen xusein da xasanbeJaniZeebi, romlebic sxvebTan erTad 1878 wlis noemberSiaWaridan TbilisSi miwveul deputaciaSi Sediodnen.sainteresoa, rom frangi mogzauri Jan murie baTum-Si arsebul “Tamaris cixes”, romelic man “Zveli saxlebisaTu koSkis nangrevebad” miiCnia, beJanoRlebis anubeJaniSvilebis sakuTrebad asaxelebs [murie, 1962: 8, 28].CvenTvis ucnobia, rogor daisakuTra “Tamaris cixe”beJaniZeTa gvarma, magram am cixis kedlebs Soris maTxis saxlic rom hqondaT, amaze TviT dimitri baqraZecmiuTiTebs: “iq, sadac yoroliswyali zRvas SeerTvis,aRmarTulia patara goraki, romelzec axla saraiadwodebuli beJanoRlis saxli dgas. xelovnuri gorakia,romelic Tamar mefem gaakeTebina im dros, roca didilaSqriT brundeboda trapizonidan (1204 w). maszeTamarma maSinve aago cixe, romlis naSTi dResac Cans...es saxli dgas momcro ganmartoebul konusisebr gorakze,romelic TiTqos xelovnur yorRans qmnis. igiukacrieli iyo, dangrevis piras miwevnili; misi zemosarTuli xisa iyo, qvemo qvisa, bneli viwro derefaniboselSi gadioda. saxlTan idga Zveli qviTkisris gvirgvinianiWa” [baqraZe, 1987: 27-28]. amgvarad, beJaniZeebs esadgili ara marto SeuZeniaT, aramed cixis nangrevebsSoris saxlic auSenebiaT, rac maT did gavlenazecmetyvelebs.beJaniZeTa gvarma Tavisi istoriuli misia pirnaTladSeasrula, riTac xalxis siyvaruli da pativiscemadaimsaxura.69
wyaroebi da literatura1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a,“qarTlis cxovreba”, t. IV, Tb., 1973.2. beri egnataSvili, axali “qarTlis cxovreba”, “qarTliscxovreba”, t. II, Tb., 1959, “qarTuli mwerloba”, t. 6, Tb., 1989.3. gurjistanis vilaeTis didi davTari, w. II, Tb., 1941.4. isqender munSis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, Tb., 1969.5. axvlediani (kirisiloRlu) x., narkvevi aWaris istoriidan(me-16-me-19 saukuneebi), baT., 1944.6. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,baT., 1987.7. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb., 1973.8. Jan murie, baTumi da Woroxis auzi, baT., 1962.9. saxokia T., mogzaurobani, baT., 1985.10. sixaruliZe i., <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> toponimika,w. I, baT., 1958.11. qse, t. 4, Tb. 1979.12. SaSikaZe z., ori mniSvnelovani dokumenti XVI saukunisaWaris istoriidan, bsu memed abaSiZis saxelobis samecnierokvleviTicentris krebuli, III, baT., 2002.13. WiWinaZe z., istoria osmaleTis yofil musliman qarTvelT<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i, baT., 1911.14. WiWinaZe z., qarTvel mahmadianTa cxovreba, tf., 1916.15. Френкелъ А., Очерки Чурук-су и Батума, Тиф., 1879.70
Irakli BaramidzeHistory of the Zendidi fortress and its owner the BejanidzesSummaryThere article studies the history of the Zendidi fortress (municipality ofKeda) and its owner the Bejanidzes. On the basis of available documentarymaterials it is supposed, that the fortress has been constructed at the turn ofXVI-XVII centuries. As for the Bejanidzes, their ancestors were significantfigures at the time of Queen Tamara and after a conquest of south-westGeorgia by the Ottomans they maintained the influence and property.Ираклий БарамидзеИстория Зендидской крепости и ее владельца рода БежанидзеРезюмеВ данной работе исследована история Зендидской крепости(Кедский муниципалитет) и ее владельца рода Бежанидзе. На основанииимеющихся документальных материалов предполагается, что крепостьбыла построена на рубеже XVI-XVII вв. Что касается рода Бежанидзе,то их предки были значительными фигурами при царице Тамаре и послезавоевания юго-западной Грузии османами они сохранили свое влияниеи владения.71
ediSer gvenetaZezurab kvetenaZe<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikuri mdgomareobaXV s. pirvel naxevarSi da aleqsandre ITemur-lengis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1405 wlis 18Tebervali) misi imperia myisierma krizisma moicva,riTac moxerxebulad isargebla mefe giorgi VII-m. manSeteva wamoiwyo Temuris memkvidreebis winaaRmdeg. erTerTiucxoeli avtori gvamcnobs: “am dros wamovida<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe, SeiWra yarsisa da arzrumis miwebze,romlebic did somxeTSia Tavrizis miwebamde” [deklavixo, 1992: 36]. amasve adasturebs sparsuli wyaro davaxuSti batoniSvilic, romlis mixedviTac mefe giorgiVII SedarebiT myarad flobs <strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> _”mefeman giorgi ganagna imereTi yovliTa damorCilebiTaTvisiTa” [vaxuSti, 1973: 275]. Mmale situacia radikaluradSeicvala. <strong>istoriis</strong> asparezze gamovida TurqmanTatomebi, romelTanac brZolas Seewira mefe giorgiVII 1407 wels [vaxuSti, 1973: 275].samefo taxti daikava misma Zmam konstantine I-ma(1407-1412), romelmac isev SesZlo Tavis kontrolqveSdaebrunebina lixTimereTi. xolo is, vinc mas winaaRmdegobasuwevda <strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi daviT narinisSTamomavali dimitri aleqsandres Zis saxiT, kvlavaris gaZevebuli “somxiTs sarCoTi” [vaxuSti, 1973: 805].vfiqrobT amis Sedegi unda yofiliyo is, rom “imereTiepyra mefesa konstantines nebasa Sina” [vaxuSti, 1973:805].rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, konstantines sami vaJihyolia: aleqsandre, bagrati da giorgi [<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>72
siZveleni, 1910: 414; s.kakabaZe, 1913: 3], romelTagan gansakuTrebiTgamwvavebuli urTierToba hqonda aleqsandresTan.es ukanaskneli ojaxidan ltolvilic ki yofilaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. amasobaSi, 1412 wels, SavbatknianebTanbrZolaSi konstantine I daiRupa da taxtidaikava ojaxisagan ltolvilma aleqsandrem _ “movidamefe aleqsandre da mis taxtze dajda” [n.berZeniSvili,1965: 40].am droisaTvis aleqsandre daojaxebuli yofila.mas hyolia meuRle dularduxti da misgan Svilebi: vaxtangida dimitri. rogorc Cans, am garTulebuli vi-TarebiT isargebla odiSis mTavarma mamia II dadianma(1396-1414), romelmac 1414 wels “ineba damorCileba afxazTa,amasve welsa Seikribna spani odiSarni megrelnida warvida, misruls afxazeTs ewyo ServaSiZe afxaziTsimagriT gamo. moswyvdnes megrelni da mokles dadianimamia” [vaxuSti, 1973: 278].mTavris aseTi politikuri nabijebi moulodneliunda yofiliyo erTiani <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefisaTvis. amitommas saswrafo nabijebi unda gadaedga mdgomareobisstabilizaciisaTvis. Aam mizniT man “mswrafl” SekribalaSqari da gadavida samegreloSi. mamias Zem liparitmaver gabeda winaaRmdegobis gaweva da mefisagan SendobaiTxova. aleqsandrem viTareba realurad Seafasa, liparitTanerTad gadavida afxazeTSi, iq mas SeegebaServaSisZe da igic “daemorCila brZanebas missa” [vaxuSti,1973: 278].dabrunebuli aleqsandre movida “quTaTiss,” Semokribaimer-ameri didebulebi da ekurTxa mefed [vaxuSti,1973: 278].Uudavoa, es SemTxveviTi movlena ar iyo (mxedvelobaSigvaqvs aleqsandres quTaisSi mefed kurTxeva).rogorc Cans, <strong>dasavleT</strong>is didebulebi ukmayofiloniiyvnen politikuri centris aRmosavleTSi gadanacvlebiTda rodesac amis saSualeba eZleodaT, maSinve73
gamoxatavdnen TavianT ukmayofilebas. Aamitom, qarTvelimefeebi, iTvaliswinebdnen ra arsebul gamwvavebulsituacias, Cadiodnen quTaisSi da iq ekurTxebodnenmefed. amiT isini xazs usvamdnen TavianT legitimiurobas<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo taxtze da xasgasmiT mianiSnebdnencentridanul Zalebs TavianT srul mzadyofnazemosalodneli garTulebebis Tavidan asacileb-lad.rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, politikuri mdgomareobisganmtkicebis mizniT aleqsandre I sxva qmediTRonisZiebebsac mimarTavs. kerZod, is colad irTavsimereTis “mefis” aleqsandres (1387-1389) asuls Tamars(daviT narinis STamomavali) [vaxuSti, 1973: 278-279].wyaroebidan irkveva, rom misi pirveli Tanamecxedre amdroisaTvis gardacvlilia. TamarTan mas SeZenia Svilebi:daviTi da giorgi. maSasadame misi vaJebi yofilan:vaxtangi, dimitri, giorgi, daviTi, da zogierTi sabu-TiT _ zaalic [s.kakabaZe, 1913: 8-10].amis Semdeg igi kvlav energiul nabijebs dgams<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi Tavisi poziciebis gansamtkiceblad,risi dasturicaa misi colisZmis dabrunebasomxiTidan da daniSvna imereTis erisTavad.Aaleqsandreses politikuri nabijebi aucileblobiT iyo nakarnaxevi,vinaidan am droisaTvis mas samcxis aTabagTanhqonda urTierToba garTulebuli da aucilebeli iyoviTarebis stabilizacia.magram simSvide didxans ar gagrZelebula. <strong>dasavleT</strong>saqarTveloSi mefobas iCemebs vinme bagrati, romelic,vfiqrobT, SesaZloa provinciis mefis rangSi yofiliyo.Tu rogor ganviTarda am dros movlenebi, Znelia amazesaubari, vinaidan wyaroebi amis saSualebas ar gvaZleven.Tumca gadaWriT unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelopolitikurad erTiania.politikuri mdgomareoba gamwvavda XV saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis. Ees upirvelesad gamowveuli iyo qveynis74
ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT _ saqarTvelo faqtobrivadTandaTanobiT kargavda funqcias msoflio politikurda geografiul arenaze. is roli, romelic mas odiTganvegaaCnda da romelic mdgomareobda <strong>dasavleT</strong>isada aRmosavleTis dakavSirebSi, nel-nela qreboda. evropissaxelmwifoebis interesebis sferoSi didi geografiuliaRmoCenebi eqceoda, xolo saqarTvelo amdroisaTvis funqciadakargul da <strong>dasavleT</strong>isagan mitovebulqveyanas warmoadgenda, romelsac msoflio istoriuliprocesebi did siurprizebs umzadebda.udavoa, aleqsandre I-s kargad esmoda SeqmniliviTarebis mTeli politikuri anatomia. amitom igi cdilobdaqveyana reformebis gziT gadaerCina moaxloebulisafrTxeebisagan. vfiqrobT, absoluturadswori iyo aleqsandre I, rodesac calkeuli reformistulisaSualebebiT cdilobda rogorc qveynis ekonomikurimdgomareobis gajansaRebas, ise politikuricvlilebebis miRwevas. magram, rogorc movlenaTa ganviTarebamuCvena, yovelive amao gamodga.rogorc Cans, aleqsandre didis Svilebs mZafribrZola hqondaT gaCaRebuli taxtisaTvis. wyaroebidanaSkaraa, rom ganuzomlad didi iyo samefo ojaxis wevrebisgavlena samefo saqmeebze. mefes iseTi RonisZiebebiunda gaetarebina, rom qveyana saboloo jamSipolitikurad wagebuli ar aRmoCeniliyo. am mizniT man<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> calkeuli regionebi samarTavad gadascaTavis Svilebs da aRWurva isini erisTavis uflebebiT.SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos vaxuStis monaTxrobi _ “garnaTu ZeTa dasxmidnen ara mefed, aramed erisTavad damorCilad” [vaxuSti, 1973: 285]. vfiqrobT, es iyo aleqsandreI-is ukanaskneli cda reformebis gziT gadaer-Cina qveyana da aecilebina Tavidan misi politikuridaSla.75
imisaTvis rom SenarCunebuliyo realuri status-kvo,aleqsandre I-ma Tavis sicocxleSive Tanamosaydred dasvaTavisi ufrosi vaJi vaxtangi, romelsac faqtobrivadamzadebda kidec mefobisaTvis. politikuri mdgomareobidangamomdinare, Seqmnili viTareba savsebiT esadagebodasaqarTveloSi arsebul istoriul tradicias.safiqrebelia is, rom aleqsandre I amiT cdilobdamoegvarebina Zmebs Soris arsebuli daZabuloba da See-Cerebina qveyanaSi mimdinare decentralizaciis procesi.miTumetes wyaroebidan Cans, rom mefobas iCemebda aleqsandresZma giorgic [istoriuli dokumentebi.., 1958: 15].samefo taxtisaTvis brZolaSi Cabmuli yofilaaleqsandre didis meore Zma bagratic. amitom savsebiTlogikuria vifiqroT, rom aseT rTul viTareebaSialeqsandre I-ma qveyana Tavis Svilebs gauyo. zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, es iyo iZulebiTi xasiaTisRonisZieba. oRond xazi unda gausvaT im garemoebas,rom es “mefeebi” iyvnen adgilebze mivlinebulni centrismier, riTac kmayofildeboda bagrationTa saxlisambiciebi da adgilebze Casuli “mefeebi” aneitralebdnencalkeul separatistebs, romlebic cdilobdnenCamoecilebinaT esa Tu is regioni centrisagan.aleqsandre I-is sicocxleSi gamefebuli vaxtangi(1442-1446) male gardaicvala, taxtze avida misi Zmagiorgi VIII (1446-1466). isic iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewiaarsebuli politikuri mdgomareobisaTvis da imere-Tis erisTavad “dasua” bagrati, romelic, rogorc irkveva,iyo aleqsandre didis Zmis giorgis vaJi, da romelmacTavisi politikuri moqmedebebebiT XV s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi saboloo wertili dausva <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifoebriv-politikurerTianobas [e.gvenetaZe, 2003].amrigad, ganviTarebuli socialur-politikuri procesebida is sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba, romel-Sic imyofeboda saqarTvelo XV s-is pirvel naxevarSi,76
obiqturad uwyobda xels qveyanaSi mimdinare decentralizacias,romelic kidevac damTavrda qveynis daSladanawevrebiT.gamoyenebuli literatura1. ruis gonsales de klavixos cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb,espanuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebidaurTo e. mamisTvala-Svilma, Tb., 1992.2. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a, _qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tb., 1973.3. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> siZveleni, t. III, tf., 1910.4. kakabaZe s., istoriuli sabuTebi, II, tf., 1913.5. berZeniSvili n., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, t. II,Tb., 1965.6. istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guriaodiSissamTav-roebisa (1466-1470), w. I, teqsti gamosca, winasityvaobada saZieblebi daurTo S. burjanaZem, Tb., 1958.7. gvenetaZe e., imereTis samefos warmoqmnis istoriidan, Tb.,2003.77
Edisher Gvenetadze, Zurab KvetenadzeThe political condition in the I half of XV century in GeorgiaSummaryIn the article is discussed the political condition in Georgia in the I halfof XV century. There is considered that the King Alexander I trialed topreserve the unity, but he didn’t get it with reforms.Едишер Гвенетадзе, Зураб КветенадзеПолитическая положение Грузии I половине XV в. и Александр IРезюмеВ работе рассмотрены общеполитические ситуации страны Iполовины XV в. После смерти Тимур-Ленга усобицей между егопотомками воспользовались вожди туркменских племён. Среди нихвыделились племена т. н. черного барана (Кара-Коинлу). Именно вборьбе сними и погиб Георгий VII.На престол взошел Александр I, который передал отдельныерегионы страны своим сыновьям. Это нужно расценить как вынужденнуюмеру. Он бы решал две задачи: 1. Удовлетворить личные амбицииотдельных представителей царского дома; 2. При помощицаревичей нейтрализовать попытки местных сепаратическых силотделить ту или иную область от центра.78
murman papaSviliinglisis diplomatia ruseT-TurqeTisTurqeTisurTierTobis gamwvavebaSi da saqarTvelo(1722-1724 1724 ww.)XVIII s-is 20-ian wlebSi iranSi mimdinare ambebma,petre I-is kaspiispireTSi laSqobam da vaxtang VI-isruseTTan samxedro-politikurma kavSirma mniSvnelovaniadgili daikava evropis saxelmwifoebis da, gansakuTrebiT,inglisis diplomatiaSi.aRniSnul regionSi momxdari ambebi inglisis politikosTadiplomatiuri angariSianobis sagani gaxda. es,uwinares yovlisa, gamoixata imaSi, rom inglisis diplomatiacdilobda petre I-is kaspiispireTSi laSqrobiTaRSfoTebuli TurqeTi ruseTTan omamde mieyvanada amiT xeli SeeSala amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebisganmtkicebisTvis.TurqeTSi inglisis elCis a. stanianis 1722 wlis 15ivlisis werilis analizis Sedegad i. iakobi wers:,,staniani ruseTis am laSqrobisas mixvda mefis (petreI-is _ m.p.) ganzraxvas, rom sparseTis vaWroba TurqeT-Tan Tavis imperiaSi gadaetana. aman mas daanaxa inglisisvaSWrobisaTvis mosalodneli zarali smirnasada alepoSi” [J.Jacob, 1945: 71]. amave weriliT stanianilondons atyobinebda, rom ost-indoeTis kompaniisagents isfahanSi miswera, raTa mas ganemarta SahisaTvispetre I-is gegmebi da ruseTis winaaRmdeg ganewyo is[L.Lokhart, 1958: 218].rac Seexeba Turq politikur mesveurebs, stanianiafrTxilebda: petre I ,,am laSqrobis Sedegad ara martodaisakuTrebs sparseTis abreSumze vaWrobas, aramed79
indur nawarmsac misi Zveli gzidan kaspiis zRvis navsadgurebiTruseTis teritoriaze gadaitans. mis cnobilproeqts, rom sparseTisa da indoeTis vaWrobabaltiis zRvisaken warmarTos, xels Seuwyobs isic, rommas aqvs iafi saSualebebi (gemebi da marxilebi) amsaqonlis gadasatanad, riTac igi ajobebs Turqebs”.TviT sulTani ki stanians ganumartavda: ,,yoveli saxelmwifoTavisi vaWrobiT cxovrobs da Tu ruseTi xelSiaiRebs sparseTis abreSumze vaWrobis monopolias, maSinigi STanTqavs TurqeTis vaWrobas. amiT ki konstantinopolSimoaxlovdeba ,,berZnuli imperiis” aRdgena damefe aRmosavluri abreSumis monopoliis SemosavlissaSualebiT TurqeTis provinciebs erTimeoreze daimor-Cilebs” [ J.Jacob, 1945: 71].staniani energiulad Seudga antirusul diplomatiurmoqmedebas. igi erT-erT werilSi inglisis statsmdivankarterets swerda: ,,yovel SemTxvevas gamoviyeneb,raTa vazirma irwmunos Cemi azri..., rom mefis axalidapyrobebis Sedegad Cvens vaWrobas da portasTan megobrobassafrTxe elis ruseTis mxridan” [ J.Jacob, 1945:72]. TviT kartereti miiCnevda, rom Tu petre I ,,ganaxorcielebdaTavis miznebs, maSin is gamoiwvevda ostindoeTisada levantis kompaniis kraxs, razedac didadiyo damokidebuli ingliselTa siZliere da parlamenturiwyobis uSiSroeba” [ J.Jacob, 1945: 72].axla, roca iranis imperia ukidures mdgomareobaSiimyofeboda, inglisma CaTvala, rom TurqeTis saSualebiTSesaZlebeli iyo ruseTis Sekaveba. ingliseliistorikosi lourens lokarti wers, rom inglisis mefegeorg I ,,Tvlida, Tuki TurqeTi ruseTTan omSi Caebmeboda,maSin es petres Seacvlevinebda Tavis gegmebsbaltiispireTSi” [L.Lokhart, 1958: 221].80
amrigad, inglisis diplomatia energiulad aqezebdaTurqeTs, xeli SeeSala aziaSi ruseTis ekonomikuri dapolitikuri winsvlisaTvis.Seqmnil saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi <strong>dasavleT</strong>is diplomatiada, gansakuTrebiT, inglisis diplomatia yovelsaSualebas iyenebda TurqeTs iranisa da amierkavkasiismimarTulebiT ruseTis winaaRmdeg waremarTamTeli yuradReba. jer kidev 1722 wlis dasawyisSi konstantinopolSiruseTis rezident nepliuevs TurqmaTarjimanma acnoba sulTanisadmi inglisis elCis miergadacemuli notis Sinaarsi: ,,inglisis elCma, _ iuw yebodanepliuevi, _ portas gadasca Turqul enaze memorandumi,sadac naTqvamia, rom prusiis samefo kariscnobiT ruseTis xelmwife agrovebs didZal jars daapirebs laSqrobas daRestnis winaaRmdeg, raTa gaafar-Toos Tavisi samflobeloebi Sav zRvamde” [С.Соловьев,1963: 397]. amave memorandumSi staniani TurqeTis mTavrobasruseTTan oms advilad warmousaxavda im mizeziT,rom”... ruseTis xelmwife arc erT evropul saxelmwifosTanar iyo megobrulad. mis mimarT yvelamtrulad iyo ganwyobili” [С.Соловьев, 1963: 397].inglisis diplomatiam petre I-is kaspiispireTSilaSqrobis dawyebis momentSi gamoscada TurqeTisdaSinebis politika da gaavrcela cru xmebi ruseT<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>samxedro-politikuri kavSiris miznebisSesaxeb [АВПР, д. №6, ч. I: 93; 160]. inglisis elCma stanianmaxelsayrelad CaTvala, daerwmunebina TurqeTismTavroba, rom”... ruseTis monarqi aris brZeni da atyuebsmaT zaviT (1720 wlis konstantinopolis samaradisomSvidobis xelSekrulebiT _ m.p.), amieridan surs,daeuflos sparseTis zogierT provincias. amis ganxorcielebisganTu Tqven mas (petres _ m.p.) iaraRiT arSeakavebT, maSin is aiRebs im provinciebs da aqedan81
Seutevs TurqeTs” [АВПР, д. №6, ч. I: 234]. ,,stanianma mravalnairadwarmosaxa is saSiSroeba, romelic emuqrebodaotomanTa imperias ruseTis winsvlisagan”- wersingliseli istorikosi a. vudi [A. C. Wood, 1925: 551].cnobilia, TurqeTs yvelaze did SiSs hgvridaruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kavSiris Seqmna. evropis diplomatebma(safrangeTis, veneciis, prusiis) icodnen ra es,gangeb miaqcevdnen TurqeTis yuradRebas am sakiTxisadmi.am mxriv staniani ufro energiulad moqmedebda. igididvazirs arwmunebda: ,,im dros, roca ruseTis rezidentiportas sTxovda, kaspiispireTSi ruseTis uflebebiecnoT, Tu Turqebi Tbilissa da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTlianadar daikavebdnen, ar moixsneboda iqidan saSiSroeba,Tundac rom rusebma gaiyvanon jari kaspiispireTidan.es konfliqti momavalSic ganmeordeba. amitom sulTanmaiaraRiT unda daimorCilos saqarTvelo da somxeTi, ra-Ta es saSiSroeba sabolood aRkveTos” [J.Jacob, 1945:74].Mmsgavs cnobas vkiTxulobT avstriis saelCos TanamSromlisn. Teilsis relaciaSi: ,,am ministris (stanianis– m.p.) mizania Camoagdos ganxeTqileba or imperiasSoris. igi (stanianis – m.p.) aRmaSfoTeblad uxsnidadidvazirs mefis (petres _ m.p.) gegmebs sparseTisa dadaRestnis mimarT. aseve mis (petres _ m.p.) mzadyofnasSeiWras Savi zRvis mxareSi, raTa Turqebs erTbaSadgada-uxados prutis samarcxvino zaviT miyenebuliwyena” [Osterreichishes... T. 90: 91].inglisis diplomatiis cdebi, daeSinebinaT TurqeTismTavroba ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kavSiriT, metad amwvavebdaruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,nepliuevi 1722 wlis noembris relaciiT iuwyeboda:,,...portas Caagones, rom Cven gvinda mfarvelobaSi aviyvanoTara mxolod sparseTis Sahis mflobelobaSi myofiqarTvelebi, aramed portas qveSevrdomebic... da yoveli-82
ve es Zalze yalbadaa gaxmaurebuli...” [АВПР, 1722, д.№4: 83].1723 wlis dasawyisSi ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobaTavisi gamwvavebis axal fazaSi Sedioda. TurqeTi dauyovnebliviTxovda ruseTis jaris gayvanas daRestnidanda kaspiispireTidan [АВПР, 1723, д. №5, ч. I: 11], aseveiranis saqmeebisagan xelis aRebas [АВПР, 1722 д. №6, ч. I:37]. portas gansakuTrebiT aSinebda darubandSi ruseTisjaris datoveba. staniani xedavda, rom TurqeTs es SiSshgvrida, da didvazirs ganumartavda: ,, ... mefe umal omsgamoacxadebs, vidre datovebs darubands, daRestansa dayumuxTa qveynis simagreebs” [Osterreichishes... T. 90: 88].,,inglisis elCi, _ wers n. Teilsi, _ acxadebda, rom misi(petres _ m.p.) gancxadebebi Tumca mSvidobas qadagebdnen,magram igi ar Secvlis Tavis gadawyvetilebebssparseTis provinciebis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevaSi sparseTisqveSevrdomi saqarTvelo (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo_ m.p.) da somxeTi, romlebic ruseTs aniWebdnen upiratesobas,mefis TurqeTze Tavdasxmis saimedo garantiaiqneboda”. aqve avtori ganagrZobs: ,,inglisis elCis mierSTagonebuli vaziri eWvobda: mefem (petrem _ m.p.) SeiZlebaupasuxos, rom amieridan ar iZiebs Surs daRestnismmarTvel daud xanze. Tanac Tavs ise moaCvenebs,TiTqos xeli aiRo Tbilisis xanis (vaxtang VI-is _ m.p.)mfarvelobaze, riTac Seec-deboda, moedunebina portasyuradReba, xolo amasobaSi maTi kampania win waiwevda”[sterreichishes... T. 90: 87-88].ruseTis winaaRmdeg omis gadawyvetilebis miRebisasTurqeTis mTavroba did imedebs amyarebda inglisismxardaWeraze. amitom, didvaziri cdilobda, daezustebinastanianis qmediTi daxmarebis SesaZleblobani. amsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, n. Teilsis 1723 wlis relaciaSivkiTxulobT, rom 23 Tebervals didvazirma ga-83
moiZaxa inglisis saelCos Tarjimani da esaubra imaze,rom ,,ruseTis mimarT porta Surs iZiebda”. amasTandakavSirebiT, didvazirma Tarjimans ,,misca ramdenimedavaleba mis elCTan”. vaziris mizani iyo, Tarjimans esinglisis elCisTvis ecnobebina da ,,qristianebis (<strong>dasavleT</strong>issaxelmwfoebis _ m.p.) azri gaego”. n. Teilsi iqvedasZens: ,,...rom inglisis mefes igive grZnobebi amoZravebda,rac mas warsulSi hqonda ruseTis winaaRmdeg”[Osterreichishes... T. 90: 90]. staniani ki 1723 wlis 19 TebervlisweriliT karterets auwyebda, rom man moskovidandawvrilebiT Seityo petre I-is momavali laSqrobisSesaxeb da vaziris davalebiT saidumlod mimarTa Taviskolegas venaSic [J. Jacob, 1945: 70]. ,,petre I-is kaspiispireTSimomavali laSqrobis Sesaxeb cnobebi gamiznuliiyo imisaTvis, rom stanians didvaziri SeeSfo-Tebina ruseTis eqspansiiT” [J.Jacob, 1945: 70].saintereso cnobas vkiTxulobT n. Teilsis realaciaSiimis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor usabuTebda stanianididvazirs ruseTis kaspiispireTSi momavali laSqrobissababs: ,,inglisis elCisagan waqezebul vazirs surdarusi SaTiris gagdeba..... Seexo ra is (staniani _ m.p.)divanze miRebul gadawyvetilebas, ganacxada..., rommefis (petres _ m.p.) pretenziebi daud xanis winaaRmdeggamowveulia 4 milionis zaraliT, ris gamoc mefegangeb eZebs mudmivi uTanxmoebis sababs, radgan kargadicis, rom daud xani arasodes gadauxdis am TanxasruseTs” [Osterreichishes... T. 90: 86].rogorc vxedavT, inglisis diplomatia iyenebda raruseT-TurqeTis winaaRmdegobasa da SeuTanxmeblobas,mTeli mondomebiT cdilobda gamoewvia maT Soris omi,xolo TurqeTs, stanianis rCeviT, saqarTvelo gamoeyenebina,rogorc ruseTis Semakavebeli zRude.84
useT-TuqreTs Soris daZabuli urTierToba grZeldeboda.es viTareba TiTqos unda Seecvala 1723 wlisTebervalSi moskovSi Casuli Turqi despanisaTvis SeTavazebulwinadadebas orive qveynis mxridan saomarimoqmedebebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. magram ruseTidan 1723wlis maisSi Turqi despanis niSli mehmed aRas dabrunebisSemdeg, TurqeTis mTavrobam daaskvna, rom petre IsaqarTveloze xelis aRebas aprebda [M.Shay, 1944: 108].TurqeTis mTavroba ki imeds ar kargavda, rom Taviseqspansionistur politikaSi inglisi mxardaWeras aRmouCenda[M.Shay, 1944: 107]. staniani ki cdilobda, daerwmunebinasulTani, rom ,,ruseTTan omi saSiSi araa,radgan qveynis SigniT areulobaa; amasTan, man ruseTSiurTierToba daamyara iseT pirTan, romelic omis SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba TurqeTisaTvis gamosadegi iyos” [С.Соловьев,1963: 399]. inglisis mTavroba sulTans ruseTTanomis SemTxvevaSi fulad daxmarebas hpirdeboda [С.Соловьев,1963: 231]. ruseT-TurqeTis mtrobis gasaRvivebladpetre I-isadmi undoblobis dasanergad staniani uflebamosiliiyo, daexarja 10. 000 piastri [A History..., 1976:231].amierkavkasiaSi TurqeTis agresiul politikas ruseTimtkice diplomatiur winaaRmdegobas uwevda, magramevropis diplomatTa mxardaWeriT waqezebuli portaTavis poziciebs ar Tmobda. 1723 wlis aprilisaTvisdidvaziri nepliuevs sTxovda, ecno ruseTs irani,amierkavkasia da darestani TurqeTis uflebebSi [АВПР,1723 д. №5, ч. II: 241]. arzrumis faSa pirvelsave niSanzeunda daZruliyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aken, romlis dapyrobastanianis azriT,” ... faSas didi Zalebis gareSe SeeZlo”[J.Jacob, 1945: 73].1723 wlis 10 ivniss TurqeTis jarma Tbilisi daikava.am cnobam londonSi didi sixaruli gamoiwvia. ,,karte-85
etma swor gadawyvetilebad CaTvala, rom TurqeTmaiaraRs mokida xeli. amjerad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ar SeeZlowinaaRmdegoba gaewia da misi SenarCuneba advili iyo,radgan mefes (petres _ m.p.) baltiis zRvaze mouwesrigebelisaqmeebi hqonda da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ver daexmareboda”.amitom, ... Turqebs es erTaderTi saSualeba undagamoeyenebinaT, _ aZlevda instruqcias kartereti stanians,_ rom ar miecaT saSualeba petre didisTvis,daedo TurqeTTan xelsayreli zavi” [J.Jacob, 1945: 73].ruseTis rezidentis nepliuevis cda, SeeCerebinaTurqeTis jaris saqarTveloSi Semosvla, uSedego aRmoCnda.konstantinopolSi safrangeTis elCis markiz debonakis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,nepliuevma yvelaferigaakeTa, rac ki SeeZlo, raTa uari eTqva portas saqarTveloSijaris Seyvanaze” [Archives du Ministere...T. 4; T. 65-66: 66, 168]. Tbilisis dakavebis Semdeg Turqe-Tis mTavrobam gadawyvita, daewyo molaparakeba ruseTisrezidentTan im mizniT, rom sabolood gadaWriliyoiranisa da amierkavkasiis sakiTxi [g.paiWaZe, 1981: 145].1723 wlis 14 ivliss Sedga pirveli konferenciakonstantinopolSi. nepliuevi xelSekrulebaSi mocemuli<strong>sakiTxebi</strong>s SeTanxmebamde moiTxovda TurqeTs Seewyvitasaomari moqmedebebi amierkavkasiasa da iranismimarTulebiT. es winadadeba portam uaryo. verc meoreTaTbirze moxda am sakiTxze SeTanxmeba. mesame TaTbirze,agvistoSi, TurqeTis warmomadgenlebi moiTxovdnen,ruseTs ecno, rom porta <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, azerbaijanis,daRestnisa da Sirvanis saxiT Tavisi ,,ZvelisZveli”miwebis dabrunebas eswrafvoda. nepliuevma uari ganacxada,ganexila es sakiTxi, radgan amaze ar hqonda uflebamosilebada unda dalodeboda miTiTebebs[J.Hammer, 1844: 397]. ruseTis rezidenti kvlav daJinebiTiTxovda, rom TurqeTs Seewyvita saomari moqmedeba,raTa SeTanxmebisTvis mieRwiaT, da uari ganacxada gane-86
xila <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxi [M.Shay, 1944: 106].Nnepliuevmadidvazirs sTxova, Sewyvetiliyo omi, vidre yovelivespetre I-s Seatyobinebdnen da miiRebdnen miTiTebas. TurqeTismxare nepliuevs daTanxmda, rom 3 TviT Sewyvetdasaomar moqmedebas [J.Hammer, 1844: 396].1723 wlis dasasruls ruseT-TurqeTis molaparakebebiSewyda. amis mizezi iyo ruseT-iranis 1723 wlis 12seqtembris peterburgis xelSek-rulebis Sesaxeb cnoba,romelic dekemberSi venis gavliT konstantinopolSimiiRes [M.Shay, 1944: 101]. igi manmade farTod iqna reklamirebulievropaSi ruseTisadmi mtrobis suliskve-TebiT. TurqeTis gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebas iwvevda amxelSekrulebis is muxli, romliTac ruseTis mtrebiiranis mtrebad iyvnen miCneuli da piriqiT, rom saerTomtris winaaRmdeg isini erTmaneTs unda daxmarebodnen.inglisis elCi imeds ar kargavda, rom es saerToaRSfoTeba axla mainc miiyvanda TurqeTs ruseTTanomamde [J.Jacob, 1945: 75]. stanianis ganmartebiT, esxelSekruleba warmoadgenda TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ruseT-iraniskavSirs [J.Jacob, 1945: 75]. 1724 wlis 11 ianvarsvazirTan audienciaze stanianma “... xazi gausva im mZimeSedegebs, rac mohyveboda ruseT-iranis kavSirs daTurqeTis sparseTTan vaWrobis dakargvas. Man miuTiTaim SesaZleblobaze, ris safuZvelzedac daeuflebodamefe sparseTis taxts. staniani ise Sors wavida, romwarudgina ra Turq ministrebs zogierTi instruqcia,vaziri daaSina da daiTanxma Tavis mosazrebebze [J.Jacob,1945: 75].1724 wlis dasawyisisaTvis ruseTi TurqeTTan omiszRvarTan iyo. 15 ianvars divanze sakiTxi ase idga: omiTu mSvidoba. xmis umravlesoba omis momxre iyo, magramde bonakis Carevam viTareba ganmuxta [J.Jacob, 1945: 75].87
didi diplomatiuri brZola uZRoda win 1724 wlis 12ivnisis konstantinopolis xelSekrulebis SemuSavebas.am brZolaSi aSkarad gamoikveTa inglisis diplomatiispozicia, romelic yvela saSualebiT cdilobda misCaSlas. aseT rTul saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi xangrZlivimolaparakebebis Semdeg daido aRniSnuli xel-Sekruleba, riTac ruseTis gamgeblobaSi gadavida 1723wlis 12 seqtembris ruseT-iranis peterburgis xelSekrulebiTmiRebuli kaspiispireTis provinciebi; aseveviwro sanapiro zoli darubandidan Semaxamde. amis sakompensaciodTurqeTma Zalaufleba daamyara aRmosavleTsaqarTveloze, ganjaze, erevanze, yarabaxze, Tavrizsada yazvinze.amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze davaskvniT:konstantinopolSi inglisis diplomatiis antirusulisaqmianobis mTavari amocana iyo, TurqeTi CaebaruseTisaTvis arasasurvel omSi. amiT is or mizansisaxavda: pirveli, TurqeTis saSualebiT moexdina ruse-Tis Zalebis blokireba aRmosavleTSi. ramdenadac inglissamierkavkasiis xalxTa uSualo damorCilebis sa-Sualeba ar hqonda, is arCevda es qveynebi winandeburadiranisa da TurqeTis xelqveiTebi yofiliyvnen. SeqmnilviTarebaSi, roca irani ZalawarTmeuli iyo, inglisisdiplomatia amis miRwevis safuZvels TurqeTis mieramierkavkasiis dapyrobaSi xedavda. meore, moexdinaevropis politikur asparezze warmatebiT gamosuliruseTis Zalebis paralizeba da SeenarCunebina ,,ZalTawonasworoba”. es politika uaryofiT gavlenas axdendaruseTis mokavSire amierkavkasiis xalxebis damoukideblobisaTvisbrZolaze, ramdenadac igi mxars uWerdaTurqeTis batonobas damorCilebul xalxze. amiT inglisisdiplomatia aRwevda, ganemtkicebina sakuTarisaxelmwifos poziciebi Sua da axlo aRmosavleTSi.88
marTalia, aRniSnul periodSi TurqeTma damoukidebelisagareo politika SeinarCuna, magram inglisisdiplomatiis antirusul saqmianobas is Sedegi hqonda,rom ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda mTeli yuradReba CrdiloeTisakengadaetana, radgan TurqeTi iyo ra aRmosavleTSiruseTis TanabarmniSvnelovani mowinaaRmdege,winandeburad did saxelmwifod rCeboda.aRniSnulis fonze naTlad gamoCnda, rom qarTlismefis vaxtang VI-is ruseTTan samxedro-politikurikavSiris dadeba emyareboda axlo aRmosavleTSi ZalTaTanafardobis mcdar Sefasebas. ,,mas gaazrebuli arhqonda, rom ruseTi jer kidev ar iyo mzad am regionisdasapyrobad. verc is gaiTvaliswina, rom sparseTisimperiis dacemas, rasac man ase Zlier Seuwyo xeli,aucileblad moyveboda Seqmnili politikuri vakuumisTurqebis mier dakaveba” [d.lengi, 2003: 129]. cxadia, amisgaTvaliswineba qarTlis mefes udavod marTebda.Seqmnil viTarebaSi SedarebiT karg gamosavlad aqtiuri,,lodinis politika” Canda. Znelia, dRes vimarCieloTsabolood mas ra dadebiTi Sedegi eqneboda, magram espolitika vaxtang VI-s diplomatiuri manevrirebissrul saSualebas dautovebda da ukandasaxevi gzamoWrili ar eqneboda.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. Архив внешней политики России (АВПР), ф. Сношения России сТурцией, 1722, д. №4; д. № 6, ч. I; 1723, д. №5, ч. I, II.2. Osterreichisches Staatarchives, Turcica, t. 90.3. Archives du Ministere Affaires Etrangeres, Paris, ,,perse”, t. 4; ,,Turquie”, t.65, 66.4. lengi devid, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefos ukanaskneli wlebi,Targmna mixeil gamyreliZem, Tb., 2003.5. paiWaZe g., vaxtang meeqvse, Tb., 1981.89
6. A History of the ottoman to 1730, chapter by V. G. Parry and others- editedby M. A Mosk, Cambridge University press, 1976.7. Hammer J. Histoire de l’ Enpire ottoman, depuis son origine jusqu a nosjours, t. III, Paris, 1844.8. Jacob J. Beziehungen Englands zu Russland und zur Turkei in den jahren1718- 1727. eine historisch_ diplomatishe Studie, Bd. 18, Basel, 1945.9. Lokhart L.L. The fall of the Safavi Dynasty and the Afghan occupation ofPersia, Cambridge, 1958.10. Shay M. L. The Ottoman Empire from 1720 oto 1734 as revealed indispatches of the Venetian baili, Urbana, 1944.11. Wood A. C. The English embassy at Constantionple, 1600- 1762. _ ,,TheEnglish Historical Review”, vol. XL, N 160, October, 1925.12. Соловьев С. М. История России с древнейших времен, в пятнадцатикнигах IX, М., 1963.Murman PapashviliDiplomacy of England in Russian-Turkish strained relations andGeorgia(1722-1724)SummaryIn 20-s’ years of XVII century the current actions in Iran, Caspian coastmarsh of Peter the first and military-political connection of the king of KartliVakhtang VI took the important place in diplomacy of England.In Constantinople the English ambassador A. Stanian by all means triedto lead to the war the revolted Turkish, because of the Russian king’s Caspiancoast marsh, and so it would manage to prevent its position consolidation inTranscaucasus. The main issue of England antirussian diplomacy inConstantinople was the fact, that Turkish was involved in undesirable war forRussia. By the fact England aimed to block the Russian forces in the East bythe means of Turkey. As England couldn’t subordinate the people ofTranscaucasus, it preferred the countries stayed under Iran and Turkey’scommand. The politics influenced negatively on Russia’s ally - Georgia’sstraggle for independency. It revealed the fact, that the military-political90
agreement of the king of Kartli Vakhtang VI with Russia was a mistake. Inthe given situation, “active waiting” politics of the king of Kartli was acomparative good decision, as it would allow the diplomacy maneuvers.Мурман ПапашвилиДипломатия Англии в обострении русско-турецких отношенийи Грузия(1722- 1724 гг.)РезюмеГлавной целью антирусской деятельности английской дипломатии вКонстантинополе было вовлечение Турции в нежелательную войну сРоссиею. Этим английская дипломатия преследовала цели: во- первых,с помощью Турции заблокировать русские силы на Востоке, во- вторых,парализовать на европейской политической арене действия усилившейсяРоссии и сохранять ,,равновесие сил”. Такая политика оказывалаотрицательное воздействие на освободительное движение союзныхРоссии народов Закавказья, ибо потворствовала господству Турции надними. Результатом антирусской деятельности английской дипломатииявилось то, что Россия была вынуждена перенести все внимание наСевер, ибо Турция, будучи равным для России соперником на Востоке,оставалась по- прежнему великой державой.91
oleg jibaSviliruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 1774 wlebis omSiqarTl-kaxeTis monawileobismizanSewonilobis sakiTxisaTvisruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi qarTl-kaxe-Tis mefe erekle II ruseTis mxareze gamovida. ruseTTanaliansSi igi osmalTagan mitacebuli qarTuli miwebisganTavisuflebas isaxavda miznad [v.maWaraZe, 1988: 415-416(dok.#160)]. mokavSirisadmi peterburgisa da misi warmomadgenlebisdamokidebulebam erekles miswrafebebiCaSala, Tanac qarTl-kaxeTis samefos seriozuli problemebicSeuqmna [o.jibaSvili, 2007: 159-163]. sainteresoa,imdroindeli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenad gamarTlebuliiyo erekle II-is zemoT aRniSnuli nabijida hqonda Tu ara misi gegmebis realizebisaTvis saWiroresursebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos?gavaanalizoT arsebuli mdgomareoba.mesxeTis (lazeTiTurT) ganTavisuflebis idea qar-Tul politikur azrovnebaSi ar gaCenila spontanurad,mxolod ruseT-osmaleTis aRniSnul omTan dakavSirebiT.es mtkivneuli sakiTxi yovelTvis warmoadgendafiqrisa da gansjis sagans qarTveli eris progresulinawilisaTvis. arc is iyo SemTxveviTi, rom gansakuTrebuliaqtiurobiT es azri erekle II-is samefo karzemusirebda. mocemuli periodisaTvis gaerTianebuliqarTl-kaxeTis samefo qarTul samyaroSi yvelaze Zlierpolitikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad,problemis mogvarebis pretenziac yvelaze metad aqigrZnoboda.92
kaxeli bagrationebis TaosnobiT aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>gaerTianebas safuZveli XVIII saukunis IImeoTxedSi Caeyara, roca qarTlis Seurigebeli brZolisfonze kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz II-m TandaTan proiranulikursi aiRo. iranis maSindelma mbrZanebelma nadir-Sahma(1736-1747 ww.) saTanadod Seafasa kaxeTis mefis faqtorida igi warmatebiT daupirispira rogorc qarTlis ajanyebulTavadebs, ise Warelebs, osmalebsa da vaxtang mefisZes – baqar batoniSvils, romelic ruseTis kandidatadmoiazreboda qarTlis taxtze. sanacvlod „nadir-SahmaTeimurazs jildod didi fuli gamougzavnada qarTlis mmarTvelobac yazax-borCaloTi mas Caabara”[n.berZeniSvili, 1973: 335]. 1744 wlis ivnisSi SahisnebiT Teimurazi qarTlis, xolo misi vaJi ereklekaxeTis mefed dainiSna. faqtobrivad, qarTl-kaxeTigaerTianda.mama-Svilis samxedro-politikurma tandemma da maTdamiiranis xelisuflebis loialurma damokidebulebamkargi perspeqtiva Seqmna qveynis Semdgomi gaZlierebisada istoriuli qarTuli miwebis SemoerTebisaTvis. winaplanze maSinve mesxeTis sakiTxi wamoiwia. 1744 wels,isargebla ra iran-osmaleTis omiT, Teimuraz II axalcixismxaris dakavebas Seecada. mis imedebs, rogorc Cans,irani kvebavda. papuna orbelianis cnobiT, imave wlismiwuruls nadir-Sahs uTqvams kidec TeimurazisaTvis:„viTa Svili Cemi egre giyureb, marto qarTli Seni sakadrisiar aris, sxvis qveynisac moimede iyav” [p.orbeliani,1981: 90]. exeba ra am cnobas, prof. S.lomsaZe varaudobs,rom es „qveyana” samcxe-saaTabago unda yofiliyo[S.lomsaZe, 1975: 58]. amasve fiqrobs prof. m.samsonaZec[m.samsonaZe, 1988: 78-80]. Teimuraz mefem marTlac gaaqtiuraTavisi moqmedeba am mimarTulebiT da garkveulwarmatebebsac miaRwia, magram saboloo jamSi es wamowyebaCaiSala – nadir-Sahma saWirod CaTvala qarT-93
velebs dakavebuli teritoriebi daecalaT [S.lomsaZe,1975: 59; m.samsonaZe, 1988: 80]. es SemTxveva kargi magali-Tia imisa, Tu ramdenad rTulia qarTuli saqmis keTebaucxo Zalaze dayrdnobiT.1747 wels SeTqmulebma nadir-Sahi mokles. iranianarqiam moicva. gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTisaTvisxelsayreli dro dadga damoukidebeli politikis sawarmoeblad.mama-Svili aqtiurad Caeba amierkavkasiaSihegemonobisaTvis gamarTul brZolaSi da 40-50-ianwlebSi maT mniSvnelovan warmatebebsac miaRwies. ker-Zod, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samanebSi Semovida SamSadili, erevnisada ganjis saxanoebi moxarkeebi gaxdnen, xolo Saqis,Samaxiis, yarabaRisa da naxCevnis mflobelebi sajarodaRiarebdnen qarTveli mefeebis uzenaesobas [sin,1973: 630]. im xanebSi Teimuraz-erekles garemocvaSi iranistaxtze qarTvelTaTvis sasurveli kandidatis ayvanisproeqtebic muSavdeboda [n.berZeniSvili, 1973: 354-355;d.janeliZe, 1972: 153; m.samsonaZe, 1988: 118-120], rac TvalsaCinodmetyvelebs qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri roliszrdaze.<strong>samxreT</strong> kavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis hegemonoba Senar-Cunebuli iyo 1760-70-iani wlebis mijnazec, roca amsamefos erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ereklemefis xelSi iyo moqceuli. Aamaze naTlad metyvelebsimdroindeli dokumentebic.Mmag. regionSi erekle II-isaSkara liderobaze sagangebod miuTiTebs ruseTidansaqarTveloSi 1770 wlis zafxulSi specialuri misiiTCamosuli leib-gvardiis semionovskis polkis kapitanin.iazikovi 1772 wlis noembris moxsenebaSi [v.maWaraZe,1997: 521(dok. #492)]. amasve aRniSnavs kidev erTi dokumenti,romelic 1769 wlis apriliTaa daTariRebuli,Sedgenilia peterburgSi, imereTis elCis, mitropolitmaqsime quTaTelis monaTxrobis safuZvelze da asaxavs94
imdroindeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mdgomareobas [v.maWaraZe,1988: 320(dok. #98)].„nadirSas gazrdil” erekles seriozul angariSsuwevda iranic, romelic mTlianad jer kidev ar iyogamosuli Sinafeodaluri omebidan da misi provinciebismxolod nawili emorCileboda qerim-xan zends.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos is faqti, rom qerimxanma,romelmac iranSi Seqmnili viTarebisa da ereklesgaZlierebis gamo praqtikulad ver SeZlo aRmosavleT<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damorCileba [sin, 1973: 631], iZulebiT cno„qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba, agreTve ereklesufleba ganja-erevnis saxanoebze da amiT aRiara<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis upiratesoba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi”[n.berZeniSvili, 1965: 208].imedis momcemi iyo qveynis Sidapolitikuri viTarebac.Teimuraz II-is ruseTSi gardacvalebis gamo (1762 w.ianvari) qarTl-kaxeTi erekle II-is xelSi gaerTianda.„markozaSvilis darbazelebis” SeTqmulebis gaxsniTada wevrebis dasja-gasamarTlebiT (1765 w.) garkveulwiladlagami amoedo feodalTa TviTnebobas. mniSvnelovaninabiji gadaidga qveynis centra-lizaciis saqmeSic– gauqmda aragvis saerisTavo (1743 w.), yazaxisa (1755 w.)da borCalo-baidaris (1765 w.) saxanoebi da amieridanmaT uSualod mefis mouravebi marTavdnen [n.berZeniSvili,1965: 208-210]. 1769 wels erekle II-m qsnis saerisTavosgauqmebisa da misi saxasod gadaqcevis gadawyvetilebacmiiRo [scssa, 506]. aRmavlobas ganicdida ekonomika [z.cqitiSvili, 1982: 21]. moqmedebda vercxlis, spilenZis,rkinisa da tyviis sadnobi qarxnebi [giuldenStedti,1962: 229], romlebic sakmaod solidur Semosavals aZlevdaxazinas [al.koWlavaSvili, 1955: 337]. didi yurad-Reba eqceoda socialuri <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>s mowesrigebas [n.ber-ZeniSvili, 1973: 399-409].95
politikur-ekonomikuri aRmavlobis Sesabamisi iyoreligiuri da ideologiuri xasiaTis movlenebic. antonkaTalikosis xelmZRvanelobiT mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebitardeboda qarTuli eklesiis gasaZliereblad.safuZveli eyreba qristianobis intensiur propagandaskavkasiis mTianeTSi [n.berZeniSvili, 1973: 356].qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri rolis zrdam 60-ianwlebSi biZgi misca proqarTuli orientaciis warmoSobasacda „gamoacocxla axlo aRmosavleTis Cagrulixalxebis, upiratesad qristianebis, ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraoba (somxebi, aisorebi, qurTTa zogierTi tomi,anatolieli berZnebi da sxv.), romlebic im dros <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>daxmarebiT fiqrobdnen Tavisuflebis mopovebasda erekles mfarvelobas moiTxovdnen” [sin, 1973:635].erekles saxeli didi rezonansiT sargeblobda evropaSic[d.janeliZe, 1972: 151-158; i.tabaRua, 1978: 58-59;i.tabaRua, 2000: 3-9].erTi sityviT, qarTl-kaxeTi „am periodSi regionisyvelaze Zlier erTeulad gamoiyureboda” [m.samsonaZe,1988: 117], rasac erekle II-m ZiriTadad Tavis qveSevrdomebzedayrdnobiT miaRwia. maTi ricxvi mefis brZanebiTCatarebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos 1770 wlis 5 aprilisaRweris mixedviT 42-43 aTas komlamde ivaraudeba, saidanacqarTvelebi naxevarze cota naklebs Seadgendnen[v.maWaraZe, 1988: 546-548(dok. #242)]. qarTvelebis araqarTvelebTanaseTi Sefardeba dasturdeba sxva wyaroebiTac[giuldenStedti, 1962: 187].5 aprilis aRweris monacemebTan SedarebiT mosaxleobisgansxvavebul ricxvs asaxelebs mkvlevari v.jao-Svili. 1770 wlisaTvis igi aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>mxolod Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi 43095 komls anu 330677suls varaudobs (imave farglebSi 5 aprilis aRweriT33560 komli iTvleba) [v.jaoSvili, 1984: 47-48]. radgan am96
icxvSi Seyvanili ar aris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<strong>samxreT</strong>i provinciebis ZiriTadad TaTrul-somxuri (5aprilis aRweriT 9-10 aTasi komli, realurad ki ufrometi) da istoriuli dvaleTis osuri mosaxleoba, aRniSnuli43 aTasi komlidan did umravlesobad qarTvelebiunda moviazroT, rac arcTu ise cotaa regionSiarsebuli imdroindeli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SedarebisaTvismoviyvanT zogierT monacems. Mmag. yubasada mis mier mierTebul saxanoebSi (darubandi, baqo, javaTi,Sirvani) azerbaijaneli istorikosis g.abdulaevisvaraudiT 1770-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT345 aTasamde kaci cxovrobda [Г.Абдуллаев, 1965: 241], misivemonacemebiT XIX saukunis I naxevrisaTvis yarabaRissaxanoSi 84 aTasi, xolo SaqSi 90 aTasi suli iricxeboda[iqve]. v.jaoSvilis gamokvleviT ki 1770 wlisaTvis<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebSi (afxazeTi-TurT) daaxloebiT 45780 komli anu 359249-mde suli undayofiliyo [v.jaoSvili, 1984: 48].interesmoklebuli ar iqneba iranis, osmaleTisa daruseTis demografiuli mdgomareobis gacnobac.mravalerovani irani, romelic dResac ki „40-ze metierovnebisa da eTnikuri jgufis” warmomadgeneliTaa dasaxlebuli[v.babalaSvili, 1987: 31], XVII saukunis bolodanda, gansakuTrebiT, XVIII saukunis Sua xanebidanmokidebuli ise ganadgurda gare agresiis, tomTaSorisiTu Sidafeodaluri omebisa da stiqiuri ubedurebebisagan,rom XIX saukunis I naxevarSic ki misi mosaxleobisraodenoba mxolod 6 milions aRwevda [v. babalaSvili,1987: 21-23].aseve mravalerovani osmaleTis imperia 1760-ianiwlebis bolos 25 milionze met qveSevrdoms moiTvlida[Восточный вопрос.., 1978: 33]. am mosaxleobis umravlesobasdapyrobili xalxebi Seadgendnen, romlebic,97
qristianebica da muslimebic, ganuwyvetliv erovnulganmaTavisuflebelbrZolebs eweodnen da TavianTicentridanuli miswrafebebiT seriozul problemebsuqmnidnen brwyinvale portas. samecniero literaturidanirkveva, rom am droisaTvis eTnikuri Turqebiimperiis mosaxleobis mxolod 45 % unda yofiliyvnen[v.lorTqifaniZe, 1998: 73-74]. maTi wili TviT anatolia-Sic ki XIX saukunis mTel sigrZeze 50-55 % iyo, danar-Cen nawils antiosmalurad ganwyobili asi aTasobiTqarTveli, somexi, berZeni, asirieli, qurTi da sxvaSeadgenda [iqve]. TavisTavad cxadia, rom Seurigebeliantiosmaluri brZolebis pirobebSi imperiaSi mcxovrebxalxebs „saerTo samSoblos grZnoba da am samSoblosadmisiyvaruli araTu ar gaaCndaT, aramed, piriqiT,droTa viTarebaSi osmaleTis mravalerovani mosaxleobasul ufro da ufro naklebad iyo mosurne, rom er-Tad, erT saxelmwifo farglebSi ecxovra” [o.giginei-Svili, 1982: 112]. ufro metic, saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobisaTvisTviT Turquli elementic ki ar iyo bolomdesaimedo dasayrdeni. Turqebs, romelTa umravlesobaanatoliaSi iyo koncentrirebuli, araTu XVIII saukuneSi,XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki ar hqondaT saerToerovnuliTviTSegneba bolomde Camoyalibebuli [iqve].maTSi viwro-tomobriv Tu feodalur separatistulgamovlinebebs sakmaod xSirad hqonda adgili. amdenad,eTnikurad da konfesiurad Wreli osmaleTisaTvis 25milioniani mosaxleoba im droisaTvis arsebuli politikur-ekonomikurikrizisis pirobebSi aSkarad gamoxatuliseparatizmis saTave ufro iyo, vidre qveynisZlierebis garanti.rac Seexeba ruseTis imperias, 1770-iani wlebis bolosaTvises qveyana flobda 14084259 km 2 teritorias,romelzedac daaxloebiT 18-19 milioniani mravalerovani(rusuli elementis dominantobiT) mosaxleoba iyo98
gafantuli [Очерки ист. СССР, 1956: 45]. sakuTriv kavkasiaSi(Crd.kavkasia) rusi eTnosi sustad, ZiriTadadSereuli kazakuri mosaxleobis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.regionis aseT demografiul fonze qarTl-kaxeTissamefos maSindeli mosaxleoba, romelic v.jaoSvilisgamokvlevisa da 5 aprilis aRweris monacemebis SejerebiT,agreTve qarTvelebis araqarTvelebTan zemoaRniSnuliurTierTSefardebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 400 aTas kacamdemainc unda vivaraudoT, rac arc ise xelwamosakravZalad mosCans. miT umetes, igi SedarebiT mcireteritoriaze iyo koncentrirebuli da erTi TviTmpyrobelimonarqis sakmaod mtkice xelisuflebas emorCileboda.qarTl-kaxeTis samefo samxedro potencialis TvalsazrisiTacseriozul resursebs flobda axlo mezoblebTanSedarebiT. 5 aprilis aRweris masalebSi erekleII Tavis sabrZolo Zalebs 23 aTasi kaciT gansazRvravs[v.maWaraZe, 1988: 549(dok. #242)], maSin roca misivemonacemebiT axalcixis safaSos 5 aTasi kacis gamoyvanaSeeZlo, yarsisas – 2 aTasi, erevnis saxanos – 2 aTasi,ganjas – 3 aTasi, yarabaRs (somxis meliqebiTurT) –6500, Saqs – 3 aTasi, War-belaqnis Temebs – 5-6 aTasi.rac Seexeba politikurad daquc-macebul da eTnikuraduaRresad Wrel daRestans, mxolod gansakuTrebulmomentebSi, visime TaosnobiT droebiTi gaerTianebisSemTxvevaSi SeeZlo gamoeyvana 22 aTasi da meti meomari[iqve, 357-360(dok. #123)].cal-calke aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis vercerTi politikurierTeuli ver Seedreboda qarTl-kaxeTis samefosZlierebiT. masze gaerTianebuli ZalebiT TavdasxmisSemTxvevaSic gamarjveba umetesad qarTvelebsrCebodaT. mag. cnobilia, rogor daamarcxa erekle mefemorgzis (1754-1755 ww.) avar-xanis meTaurobiT qarTl-99
kaxeTSi SemoWrili daRestnis gaerTianebuli Zalebi.aqedan rigiT meore SemosevaSi daRestnelTa 22 aTasianlaSqarTan erTad War-belaqnelTa, ganjelTa da Saqel-Ta 10 aTasiani jaric monawileobda [iqve, 360(dok. #123)].qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro upiratesoba erekles mxedarTmTavruliniWiTa da qarTveli mebrZolis kargiTvisobrivi monacemebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. sainteresoa,rom qarTuli jaris simamacesa da brZolisunarianobazesagangebod miuTiTebda ruseTis elitarulipolkis oficeri, kapitani n.iazikovi [v.maWaraZe, 1997: 521-523(dok. #492)].aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikur-ekonomikuridawinaureba regionSi arsebulma xelsayrelma saerTa-Soriso viTarebam ganapiroba _ iransa da osmaleTsfaqtobrivad unari aRar SeswevdaT win aRsdgomodnen amprocess. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mimovixiloT am qveynebissaerTo mdgomareoba.irani, romelic aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> De juresuzerenad iTvleboda, XVII saukunis II naxevridan dawyebuli,seriozul kriziss ganicdida. fe-odalTaseparatizmma, dapyrobili xalxebis amboxebebma, feodalurisistemis moZvelebulobam siRrmiseulad Searyiamisi Zlierebis safuZvlebi. amas zed daerTo sagareogarTulebebi. „avRani da Turqi dampyroblebis Semosevebma,mosaxleobis rbevam, masobrivma xocva-Jletam daayram” saSinlad gaaCanaga mravali olqi; daeca xelosnoba,ganadgurda soflis meurneoba [v.babalaSvili,1987: 21]. Sedegad, politikur-ekonomikuri krizisi XVIIIsaukunis I naxevarSi kidev ufro gaRrmavda [z.SaraSeniZe,1970: 14]. nadir-Sahis dampyroblurma omebma da misimkvlelobis Sedegad atexilma feodalurma SinabrZolebmasaerTod gamofita qveynis sasicocxlo Zalebi.amas daemata saxalxo moZraobebi, romelic „farTodgaiSala ara marto dapyrobil qveynebSi, aramed TviT100
iranSic” [l.Sengelia, 1973: 61]. taxtis irgvliv atexilomSi gamarjvebuli sabolood qerim-xan zendi gamovida,magram igi mxolod nawilobriv akontrolebda irans.xorasanze, avRaneTsa da amierkavkasiis qveynebze maspraqtikulad xeli aRar miuwvdeboda _ amis Zala aRarSeswevda [z.SaraSeniZe, 1970: 49-50]. ufro metic, qerimxansTavis e.w. samflobeloebzec ki ar gaaCnda mtkiceZalaufleba. xanebi da tomis beladebi mxolod garegnuladeqvemdebarebodnen iranis veqils da arc masucdia seriozulad qveynis centralizeba [l.Sengelia,1973: 94-95].kidev ufro gamwvavda iranis saerTo mdgomaroba 1768wlidan, roca qerim-xanma „avadmyofoba daiwyo, CaiketaSirazSi da iqedan aRar gamodioda”. gauaresda ekonomika,imata feodalTa centridanulma miswrafebebma.iranis veqils Tavisi mmarTvelobis dasayrdeni realuriZala aRar gaaCnda, „ukve aRaravis eSinoda qerimxanisxelisuflebisa”, xanebi da tomis beladebi axaliSinabrZolebisaTvis emzadebodnen [z.SaraSeniZe, 1970: 86-88]. marTlac, qerim-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg (1779 w.)Sinafeodalurma brZolebma axali ZaliT ifeTqa damiuxedavad 80-iani wlebis bolodan taxtze yajarTadinastiis damkvidrebisa, XIX saukunis bolomde gastana[Ист.Ирана, 1977: 214-216].TavisTavad cxadia, aseTi „suzereni” seriozulidabrkoleba veRar iqneboda qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifoebrivigaZlierebisTvis; miT umetes 1760-iani wlebisbolos, roca erekle II mtkice poziciebs flobda dameTodurad atarebda „gamoxsna-aRdgomis” miseul politikas.aqve xazi unda gavusvaT imasac, rom mogvianebiTdatrialebuli krwanisis tragedia iyo Sedegi araqarTl-kaxeTTan mimarTebaSi iranis samxedro upiratesobisaRdgenisa, aramed damsaxureba ruseTis farulidiplomatiisa da qarTvelebis politikuri Secdomisa101
[o.jibaSvili, 2001: 95-104]. am faqtma (qarTvelebis damarcxebamkrwanisTan) saboloo jamSi sargeblobaruseTs moutana da ara irans. magram es iyo mogvianebiT,xolo manamde, sanam ruseTi qarTvelebisave xel-SewyobiT aseT situacias Seqmnida, politikurad daqsaqsulda yovlismomcveli krizisiT welSi gatexilirans ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo msgavsi warmatebebis miRwevaze.amrigad, XVIII saukunis 60-70-iani wlebisaTviserekle II-is xelmZRvanelobiT Tbilisis irgvliv qar-Tuli miwebis Semokrebis politikas iranis mxridanseriozuli winaaRmdegoba aRar emuqreboda.politikur-ekonomikuri krizisi mZvinvarebda osmaleTisimperiaSic. imperiis dacemis xana XVII saukunidandaiwyo. procesi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa saukunisdasasruls, roca brwyinvale porta e.w. „saRvTo ligis”koaliciasTan damarcxda da sazavo xelSekrulebebisTanaxmad uari Tqva mTel rig adre dapyrobil evropulmiwebze. „es iyo osmaleTis samflobeloebis pirvelisaerTaSoriso danawileba. am droidan dawyebuli osmaleTisimperiis teritoriebis evropis saxelmwifoebsSoris danawilebis sakiTxi ar ixsneba saerTaSorisodiplomatiis dRis wesrigidan” [o.gigineiSvili, 1982: 10].aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebis precedenti mowmobda „aramarto imas, rom imperiis Semtevi Zalebi gatexili iyo,es ufro adre gamomJRavnda, aramed imasac, rom ukveTurqTa TavdacviTi Zalebic sustdeboda” [Б.Данциг, 1949:11].XVIII saukuneSi krizisi kidev ufro gaRrmavda da1760-iani wlebis bo-losaTvis grandiozul masStabebsmiaRwia, moicva ra imperiis saxelmwifoebrivi sistemisyvela sfero. erT dros evropis risxvad aRiarebuliosmaleTi am periodisaTvis ukve Tavad iyo qceulipolitikuri zewolis obieqtad da sul ufro metademorCileboda <strong>dasavleT</strong> evropis diqtats. es imdenad102
Sors wasuli procesi iyo, rom osmaleTisaTvis mniSvnelovani<strong>sakiTxebi</strong> ufro parizsa da londonSi wydeboda,vidre sakuTriv stambolSi [А.Новичев, 1963: 210].Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom 1768-74 wlebis omamde osmaleTiinerciiT jer kidev inarCunebda garkveul avtoritets.izrdeboda <strong>dasavleT</strong>evropuli qveynebis ekonomikurieqspansiac [iqve, 211], rac dauzogavad aCanagebdaTurqul vaWrobasa da mrewvelobas. osmalur ekonomikasangrevda samxedro alafis, saxelmwifo salaros mTavariSemavsebeli saSualebis, warumatebeli omebis mizeziTgamowveuli deficitic [o.gigineiSvili, 1982: 11]. seriozulsafrTxes uqmnida qveyanas saxelmwifo moxele-Ta umaRles doneze asuli meqrTameoba da maT miersaxelmwifosa da kerZo pirTa qonebis dataceba-Zarcvac[А.Новичев, 1963: 217-218].samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisisagangamowveuli zaralis anazRaurebas brwyinvale portasakuTari mosaxleobis eqspluataciis gaZlierebisxarjze cdilobda. aseTi tendencia, erTi mxriv, iwvevdaTanamdebobebze samxedro kastis warmomadgenlebis TandaTanCanacvlebas safinanso-biurokratiul saqmeSi daxelovnebulipirebiT da imperiis sabrZolo suliskveTebisdaqveiTebas [o.gigineiSvili, 1982: 14], xolomeore mxriv, imperiis mosaxleobis farTo masebis, maTSoris Turqi xalxis, ukidures SeWirvebasa da ukmayofilebas[ Е. Дружинина, 1955: 94].mZime socialur-ekonomikuri foni da saxelmwifoebrividegradacia ganapirobebda Sidapolitikuri viTarebismkveTr gauaresebas. dapyrobili xalxebis Seunelebelierovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi damsxvili feodalebis aSkarad gamoxatuli separatizmiwarmoadgenda destabilizaciisa da politikuri anarqiisdauSretel saTaves. msgavsi mdgomareoba damaxasia-103
Tebeli iyo mTeli imperiisaTvis, ris gamoc bevr regionSisulTnis xelisufleba nominalur xasiaTs atarebda,maT Soris osmaleTis imperiis gulis _ anatoliismxareebSic [Б.Данциг, 1949: 11; o.gigineiSvili, 1982:161; А.Новичев, 1963: 221]. aRniSnuli viTareba, gamefebulkorufciasTan erTad, meTodurad angrevda saxelmwifoebrivimTlianobis safuZvlebs da qveyanas daRupvisakenmiaqanebda. imperiis moRvaweTa saRad moazrovnenawili situaciis gamosworebas cdilobda, magram uSedegod_ mdgomareoba kvlav savalalo rCeboda.arsebuli qaosi seriozul problemebs uqmnida SeiaraRebulZalebs. osmaluri armiis mdgomareobas amZimebdasamxedro-lenuri sistemis krizisic [А.Новичев,1963: 219-220], aSkara CamorCena SeiaraRebis dargSi daumaRlesi mTavarsardlobis arakompetenturobac [Е.Дружинина, 1955: 99].1768-1774 wlebis omma jarSi arsebuli negatiuri mxareebimTeli sicxadiT gamoavlina. stamboleli maRal-Cinosnebis winaswari gamoTvlebis mixedviT, osmaleTissabrZolo droSis qveS 600-aTasiani armia unda damdgariyo,magram am raodenobis kontingenti mxolod qa-Raldze aRmoCnda dafiqsirebuli, realurad ki sabrZolooperaciebSi monawileoba gacilebiT naklebmameomarma miiRo [ Е. Дружинина, 1955: 228]. garda imisa, romosmaleTis armia Tanadroul standartebs CamorCebodagawvrTnilobisa da aRWurvis TvalsazrisiT, dabaliiyo Turq jariskacTa sabrZolo suliskveTebac. moraluradgaxrwnil armiaSi jariskacTa udisciplinobada dezertiroba Cveulebriv movlenad iyo qceuli. racunda daujerebeli gveCvenos, marto „1771 wlisaTvisosmaleTis moqmedi armiis 2/3 frontidan gaiqca” [o.gigineiSvili,1982: 13]. cudad idga mebrZoli nawilebisrezerviT Sevsebis sakiTxic. „jariskacebi, iqnebodnen104
isini ieniCrebi, daqiravebulni Tu feodaluri laSqridan,frontze misvlamde gzidan garbodnen”[iqve]. yovelivees miuTiTebs, rom imperias ar gaaCnda myari ideologiuribazisi, romelic farTo masebSi saxelmwifoebrivipatriotizmis sayrdenad gamodgeboda. saxelmwifosada mosaxleobas sxvadasxva interesebi amoZravebdaT,rac uaryofiTad aisaxeboda am mosaxleobisagan dakompleqtebuliarmiis sabrZolo ganwyobaze. Tu gavixsenebT,rom am armiaSi arc disciplina vargoda, adviliwarmosadgenia misi brZolisunarianobis done.Turq-osmalTa samxedro sisusteze miuTiTebs 1750-60-ian wlebSi solomon I-is meTaurobiT warmoebuli antiosmaluribrZolebic.solomoni imereTis taxtze 1752 wels avida osmalebisxelSewyobiT [m. rexviaSvili, 1992: 19]. miuxedavadamisa, igi Tavidanve energiulad Seudga TurqTa gandevnisada qveynis gamoxsnisaTvis brZolas. brwyinvaleporta vasalis damorCilebas Seecada, magram misi sadamsjelojarebi mravalgzis sastikad iqna damarcxebuli,aTeul aTasobiT mebrZoli ki ganadgurebuli.am damarcxebebisa da moaxloebuli ruseT-osmaleTis1768-1774 wlebis omis gamo sulTani mustafa III iZulebuligaxda eRiarebina 15 aTas komliani (raWis gareSe[v.jaoSvili, 1984: 48]) imereTis faqtobrivi gamarjveba [v.maWaraZe, 1988: 68]. ra Tqma unda, osmaleTis imperia cocxaliZalisa da materialuri resursebis TvalsazrisiTflobda sakmao SesaZleblobebs imereTis samefosTanangariSis gasasworeblad, magram mTel Tavis sabrZolopotencials marto misken xom ver mimarTavda? imperiisvrceli teritoria uamravi aseTi „cxeli wertiliT”iyo mofenili da yvelgan samxedro Zala iyo saWiropoziciebis SesanarCuneblad. gamomdinare aqedan, undavifiqroT, rom sulTanma Tavisi SesaZleblobebis dasaSvebimaqsimumi gamoiyena solomonis winaaRmdeg, mag-105
am sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia. es kidev erTxelmetyvelebs imperiis sisusteze.amrigad, cxadia, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi,msgavsad iranisa, aRarc osmaleTi warmoadgenda ZvelebursafrTxes qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis. piriqiT,Tavisi TvalSi sacemi dauZlurebiT, rogorc irkveva,igi stimulsac ki aZlevda Tbilisel politikosebsseriozulad efiqraT „osmalos <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>” Semdgombedze. es iqidanac Cans, rom xelsayreli politikurisituaciis SeqmnisTanave (aRniSnuli omi) erekle mefemteritoriuli pretenziebi wamoayena da regionTan dakavSirebiTmasStaburi gegmac warmoadgina [v.maWaraZe,1988: 415-416 (dok.#160)]. aseTi ram winaswari SemzadebisgareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda.roca aRvniSnavT, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaaCndakargi winapirobebi osmalTagan mitacebuli qarTulimiwebis dabrunebis saqmeSi warmatebis imedi hqonoda, esar niSnavs imas, TiTqos yvela sxva sakiTxi mowerigebuliiyo da qveynis yuradReba mxolod am amocanisirgvliv koncentrirdeboda. piriqiT, omSi Cabmis momentisaTvisqarTl-kaxeTis xelisuflebis winaSe sakmaoraodenobis politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTisproblema idga. sxvagvarad verc iqneboda. mahmadianuriaRmosavleTis ramdenimesaukunovani gaafTrebeliSemotevis Sedegad qveyanas normaluri ganvi-Tarebis gza dakarguli hqonda, uamravi sirTule iyodasaZlevi, cxovrebis sasurvel kalapotSi Cayenebasdidi dro da energia sWirdeboda. ismeba kiTxva: ramdenadmizanSewonili iyo aseT pirobebSi axal problemasTanSeWideba, xom ar gadaiyolebda igi ganviTarebisgzaze axlad fexSedgmul qveyanas?am kiTxvas rom pasuxi gavceT, gavarkvioT drois ramonakveTSi moaxerxa qarTl-kaxeTma miRweuli warmatebebismopoveba.106
nadir Sahis mkvlelobidan (1747 w.), roca qarTvelsaxelmwifo moRvaweebs erovnuli politikis gatarebissaSualeba miecaT, ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebamde(1768 w.) oc welze cota meti gavida. aqedan droisumetesi nawili iranidan wamosuli uamravi bedisa TuSahobis maZieblis winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolebs moxmarda.xelisufleba mxolod 1760-iani wlebis dasawyisidangadaerTo intensiurad saSinao saqmeebis mogvarebazeda urTules pirobebSi (warsulis mZime memkvidreoba,lekianoba, feodaluri decentralizmi, ekonomikurida socialuri foni) sul raRac 8-9 weliwadSixelSesaxeb warmatebebs miaRwia. drois mokle intervalSimiRebuli aseTi Sedegebi imaze miuTiTebs, romqveyanaSi saTanado resursebic arsebobda reorganizaciisgasatareblad da saxelmwifo moRvaweTa reformatorulijgufic, romelsac hqonda am gardaqmnebisganxorcielebis survilica da unaric, yovel SemTxvevaSi,mocemul etapze mainc.rogorc aRvniSneT, warmatebis erT-erTi sawindariiyo qarTuli mosaxleoba, romelic kargi brZolisunarianobiTada mSvidobianobis xanmokle SualedebSi sameurneocxovrebis swrafi aRdgenis unariT xasiaTdeboda.meore da umTavresi winapiroba qarTl-kaxeTis gar-Semo sagareo faqtorebis keTilsasurvel TanxvdomaSimdgomareobda. iransa da osmaleTs ukve aRar gaaCndaTamierkavkasiaSi aqtiuri politikis warmoebis Zala,xolo ruseTs amis saSualeba jer kidev ar hqonda –igi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic ki ar iyo jerovnad fexmokidebuli.anu arsebobda erTgvari vakuumi, romlisdrosac gare Zalebi arsebiT gavlenas veRar axdendnenqarTul politikaze. aRniSnuli faqtorebisa da qveynisaRorZinebis masStabis gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom„gamoxsna-aRdgomis” erekleseuli gegmis ganxorcielebassasurveli tempi hqonda aRebuli da misi saboloo107
ealizacia arcTu Soreuli momavlis perspeqtivadmoCanda. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTis mxardamxar gamosvlaagoniaSi myofi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, rasac qarTulimiwebis gamoxsnis xarjze qveynis teritoriuli gafar-Toeba unda mohyoloda, erekle II-is samefo karze gaazrebuliiqneboda ara rogorc mimdinare gardaqmnebisdroebiTi Semaferxebeli movlena, aramed am procesisSemadgeneli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili. e.i. qarTlkaxeTisomSi Cabmas, wesiTa da rigiT, ara Tu undaSeeqmna raime safrTxe qveyanaSi mimdinare sasikeToZvrebisaTvis, aramed, mosalodneli teritoriuli Sena-Zenis gaTvaliswinebiT, misTvis xelic ki unda Seewyo.es asec iqneboda, rom ara ruseTis mxridan samokav-Sireo normebis aSkara darRvevis tendencia. magram amiswinaswari ganWvreta araTu erekles, Tavad ruspolitikosebsac ki ar SeeZloT. amdenad, 1768-1774 wlebisomSi erekles gamosvla ruseTis mxareze am etapzeswori gadawyvetileba iyo (Tundac imisaTvis, rom iranosmaleTsnaTlad daenaxa, ra SeeZlo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>darialis gaxsniT, Tu mis mtrobas ar moiSlidnen) –mas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gaeSva xelidan qar-Tuli miwebis gamoxsnis esoden realuri Sansi. sxva sakiTxia,rogor gamoiyena igi man.aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT erT mtkivneul sakiTxs– lekianobas.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lekianoba mocemul periodSiqarTl-kaxeTisaTvis yvelaze seriozul problemas warmoadgenda,magram igi namdvilad ar iyo raRac dauZlevelidilema. jer erTi daRestnelebi, romlebic „saqarTvelo-daRestnisurTierTobis ukiduresi gamwvavebispirobebSic ki sadavod ar xdidnen qarTvelTa hegemonobas”[l.tuxaSvili, 1971: 157], saTanado Tanxis gadaxdisSemTxvevaSi, umjobesad miiCnevdnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>sakeTildReod moeqniaT xmali, vidre mis sawinaaRm-108
degod [S.lomsaZe, 1975: 51]; da meore, samsaxurSi lekebisqiriT mizidvis paralelurad, „lekianobis” aRkveTisefeqturi saSualeba iqneboda arc ise mravalricxovaniregularuli jariT sasazRvro perimetris mudmivi kontroli.faqtia, rom 1774 wlidan Seqmnilma e.w. „morigejarma”, miuxedavad misi ireguliarobisa, leon batoniSvilisunariani xelmZRvanelobiT, saimedod Caketasaxelmwifo sazRvrebi da Zalze SezRuda lek marbiel-Ta TareSi. „qveyana normalur cxovrebas daubrunda,mitovebuli soflebi isev moSenda” [n.berZeniSvili, 1973:436]. unda gavixsenoT, rom es moxda 1770-ian wlebSi,roca wina aTwleulTan SedarebiT daRestanTanac gauaresebuliiyo urTierToba da nakleb stabiluri iyoqveynis saerTo mdgomareobac. e.i., Tu eqstremalur situaciaSigamoinaxa operatiuli saSualeba lekianobisaRsakveTad, igi namdvilad ar yofila raRac dauZleveliproblema. amdenad, daRestnis sakiTxs, miuxedavadmisi seriozulobisa, iranisa da osma-leTis dasustebisfonze aRar SeeZlo xeli SeeSala da gadaulaxavi barierigamxdariyo qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.rac Seexeba lekianobis aRdgenas 1780-90-ian wlebSi, es iyo ruseTidan marTuli destruqciuliZalebis moqmedebis Sedegi da igi calke kvlevis sagania.amrigad, XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolosaTvisqarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli samefo erT-erT uZlierespolitikur erTeuls warmoadgenda regionSi. warmatebiTmimdinareobda qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesi,rasac mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels erTi mxriv iransada osmaleTSi gabatonebuli yovlismomcveli saxelmwifoebrivikrizisi, meore mxriv ki mzardi ruseTisjer kidev aramyari poziciebi kavkasiaSi. aRmosavleT<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> irgvliv arsebuli politikuri viTarebarealurad tovebda 1768-1774 wlebis omSi ruseTis mxa-109
eze monawileobis SemTxvevaSi osmalTagan mitacebuliqarTuli miwebis gamoxsnisa da dabrunebis imeds. miTufro, rom mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze erekle mefesseriozuli mokavSire Zala gaaCnda qarTul-somxuri dasxva dapyrobili araTurqi mosaxleobis saxiT.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. scssa, f. 1449, an. 1, s. 506 (teqstSi ix. scssa, 506).2. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanuliteqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTog.gelaSvilma, t.I, Tb., 1962.3. koWlavaSvili al., ruseTis roli samTo-metalurgiulimrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi, № kr.: saistorio moambe, t.8, Tb., 1955.4. maWaraZe v., masalebi XVIII saukunis meore naxevris ruseT<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>urTierTobis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis, naw. III, nakv. I, Tb.,1988.5. maWaraZe v., masalebi XVIII saukunis meore naxevris ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>urTierTobis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis, naw. III, nakv. II, Tb.,1997.6. orbeliani p., ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina, Sesavali,leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo e.cagareiSvilma, Tb., 1981.7. babalaSvili v., iranis demografiis aqtualuri problemebi,Tb., 1987.8. berZeniSvili n., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, w. II,Tb., 1965.9. berZeniSvili n., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, w.VI,Tb., 1973.10. gigineiSvili o., narkvevebi osmaleTis istoriidan, Tb.,1982.11. lomsaZe S., samcxe-javaxeTi (XVIII saukunis SuawlebidanXIX saukunis Suawlebamde), Tb., 1975.12. lorTqifaniZe v., istoriuli mesxeTi, demografiuli ganviTarebisproblemebi, Tb., 1998.13. rexviaSvili m., imereTis mefeni – solomon I, solomon II,quTaisi, 1992.110
14. samsonaZe m., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gaerTianebis problema da sagareoorientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tb., 1988.15. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> narkvevebi (teqstSi ix. sin, 1973),t. IV, Tb., 1973.16. tabaRua i., saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso arenaze XVIII s-isII naxevarSi, Tb., 1978.17. tabaRua i., evropuli cnobebi erekle II-is Sesaxeb, Tb.,2000.18. tuxaSvili l., qarTl-kaxeTis urTierToba kavkasiisxalxebTan XVIII saukuneSi, Jurn. ”mnaTobi”, Tb., 1971, №#1.19. SaraSeniZe z., irani XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tb.,1970.20. Sengelia l., irani qerim xan zendis dros, Tb., 1973.21. cqitiSvili z., garsevan WavWavaZis saxelmwifoebrivimoRvaweoba, Tb.,1982.22. janeliZe d., erekle da aRmosavleTi, Jurn. ”mnaTobi”, Tb.,1972, #4.23. jaoSvili v., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mosaxleoba VIII-XIX saukuneeSi,Tb., 1984.24. jibaSvili o., krwanisis omis sakiTxisaTvis, Jurn. ”literaturuliaWara”, baT., 2001, №#6.25. jibaSvili o., general totlebenis avanturis sakiTxisaTvis,niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi, t.V, baT., 2007.26. Абдуллаев Г., Азербайджан в XVIII веке и взаимоотношения сРоссией, Баку, 1965.27. Восточный вопрос во внешней политике России конец XVIII–начало XXв., М., 1978.28. Данциг Б., Турция, М., 1949.29. Дружинина Е., Кючук-Кайнарджийский мир 1774 года, М., 1955.30. История Ирана, М., 1977.31. Новичев А., История Турции, т. I, Лен., 1963.32. Очерки истории СССР, 2-я половина XVIII века, М., 1956.111
Oleg JibashviliFor the issueof appropriateness of Kartl-Kakheti participationin Russian-Osman war in 1768-1774SummariIn the war of Russian and Osmans the king Erekle II of Kartli and Kakhtisupported Russia in 1768-1774. In the alliance wiz Russia he aimed atreleasing Georgian lends occupied by Osmans. Here is a question,considering the situation of the time, how justified was such step of Erekle IIand did the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti have necessary resources forrealizing king’s plans?In the given article it is analyzed the possibilities of Kartli and Kakheti,also the political situation around it and it is made aconclusion that existingsituation was beneficial for the realization of the abovementioned plan.Hence, the decision of Erekle the II was appropriate, he should not havemissed such authentic opportunity to release Georgian lands, and the otherissue is how he used it.Олег ДжибашвилиК вопросу целесообразности участияКартли-Кахетинского царства в Русско-османской войне1768-1774 годовРезюмеВ Русско-османской войне 1768-1774 годов Картли-Кахетинскийцарь Ираклий II выступил на стороне России. В альянсе с русскими онпланировал освобождение захваченных османами грузинских земель.Ставиться вопрос, имея в виду тогдашнюю обстановку, насколько былоправданным этот шаг Ираклия II-го, и были ли необходимые ресурсыдля реализаций данного плана в Картли-Кахетинском царстве?112
В статье проанализированы возможности упомянутого царства иполитическая обстановка вокруг её, и сделаны выводы, что существующиереальности создавали хорошую почву для реализацииуказанного плана. Поэтому представляется, что решение Ираклия II-гобыло пра-вильным – он ни в коем случае не должен был упускать стольреального шанса освобождения грузинских земель. Другой вопрос, какэтот шанс был использован.113
caca CxartiSvilijumaTis monastris ganZi ucxoeTSiqarTuli eklesia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erovnuli saxis Semnaxvelia,saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Zvirfas ganZeulobaTasavanea, romelic Cveni kulturis nivTieri sabuTia.1811 wels ruseTma gaauqma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samociqulomarTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefalia. misi eklesia-monastrebirusi egzarqosebis mmarTvelobis qveSaRmoCnda [CxartiSvili, 2003: 24]. ruseTis sinodis miersaqarTveloSi gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad SemcirdaeparqiaTa ricxvi, daixura eklesia-monastrebi, aikr-Zala qarTul enaze RmrTismsaxureba da galoba [xuci-Svili, 1987: 61]. rusi moxeleebi saqarTveloSi imisTviski ar modiodnen, rom eklesiisTvis epatronaT (TumcaerTgvarad evaleboda kidec), aramed imisTvis, romgaeZarcvaT qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi. am saSinelebasverc jumaTis gabriel da miqael mTavarangelozismamaTa monasteri gadaurCa [CxartiSvili 2002: 40].jumaTi gaxldaT guriis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareamave saxelwodebis saepiskoposos kaTedraluri centri.igi ozurgeTidan Crdilo-<strong>dasavleT</strong>iT mdebareobs daaxloebiT15 km-is daSorebiT. taZari aRmarTulia Coxataurisqedis erT-erT Txemze, kerZod jumaTis mTaze,rac SesaniSnav panoramas uqmnis monasters. jumaTisSesaxeb vaxuSti batoniSvili mogviTxrobs: “ lanCxuTis<strong>samxreT</strong> warmovals mTa sajavaxos mTidan da sadacdasawydebis mTa ese, aris am mTis maRals Txemsa zedaeklesia jumaTis, didi gumbaTiani, didSeni, mWvretizRvisa da guria odiSisa. aramed zamTari gausaZlisida zafxuli saamo, mSveni, keTilhaerovani. zis episko-114
posi mwyemsi sufseis mdinarisa da rions Soris adgil-Ta” [batoniSvili, 1937: 79]. jumaTis monasteri TvalsaCinorols asrulebda guriis istoriaSi. “igi jumaTelepiskoposTa mdidari da pativcemuli kaTedra iyo. hqondadidZali uZravi qoneba da Zvirfasi xatebi” [baqraZe,1987: 217]. igives mogviTxrobs germaneli mogzauri iohangiuldenStedti, romelmac 1772 wels imogzaura saqarTveloSi.igi gvamcnobs: “Semoqmedis monastris gardamniSvnelovani adgilebi guriaSi aris jumali (jumaTi)da xino” [giuldenStedti, 1987: 129].jumaTis xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi moicavs eklesias,galavans, karibWes da samreklos, romelic galavniskedlebSia CarTuli. jumaTis episkoposTa rezidenciaiyo miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis saxelzeagebuli ugumbaTo eklesia. marTalia, vaxuSti batoni-Svili Tavis TxzulebebSi mas moixseniebs, rogorc gumbaTiantaZars, magram aSkarad scdeba. 1737 wels SedgenillixTimereTis rukaze igi aRniSnulia, rogorcerTnaviani ugumbaTo saydari [burjanaZe, 1969: 195].jumaTis monasteri mZlavr feodalur erTeulswarmoadgenda. igi flobda sakmaod mdidar mamulebsguriis samTavros sxvadasxva kuTxeSi: CibaTSi, CoCxaT-Si, SuxuTSi, akeTSi, lanCxuTSi, askanasa da gurianTaSi[scssa, f. 488].jumaTis monasteri 275 koml glexs flobda. isiniixdidnen 23 qila Roms, 280 sarwyav oTxdoqian Rvinos,yovel sam weliwadSi TiTo Zroxas, 800 qaTams, 600kvercxs da 12 qila lobios. venaxis mamulebidan 20sawyavi Rvino Sesdioda monasters. jumaTSi weliwadSiorjer imarTeboda vaWroba. XIX s. dasawyisSi vaWrebior Tumnamde baJs ixdidnen, romlis naxevaric ruseTisimperatoris xazinas ekuTvnoda. md. sufsis naosnobidanacyovelwliurad ori Tumani baJi Sedioda, misi naxevaricxazinaSi Sedioda. monastris Semosavals ema-115
teboda sajumaTlo tyidan nadiri da md. malTayvidanTevzi. jumaTel episkoposs ekuTvnoda paliastomis tba-Si daWerili Tevzis meaTedic. jumaTis mRvdelmTavrebsbaJis asaRebad sagangebod augiaT koSki md. mal-Tayvaze, magram mRvdelmTavrebis uyolobis periodSisaepiskoposos qoneba sxvebs miutaciaT da SesabamisadSemosavalic daukargavT, monastris mamulebs ki saeropirebi dapatronebian [scssa, f. 488: 185].jumaTis monasteri mZlavri kulturul-mwignobrulikera iyo. aq gadauweriaT jumaTis gulani (sagalobeli),romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. aqve yofila daculioqromWedlobis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi. d. baqraZe aRniSnavs,rom `jumaTSi xatebi cotaa, magram friad Zvirfasi~.jumaTis monasterSi inaxeboda XI s. erisTavTerisTavvardan vardanisZis mier Sewiruli wm. giorgisoqros xati. igi didad iyo saxelganTqmuli mTel guriaSiTavisi ZaliTa da SemweobiT. xatze wminda giorgigamosaxulia qveiTi meomris saxiT. wm. giorgis amgvariformiT gamosaxva win uswrebs gveleSapTan mebrZoliwm. giorgis kompozocias da gacilebiT adrindelia. XIsaukune qarTul xelovnebaSi is periodia, roca skulpturuliamocanebis gadawyveta zustdeba da mkvidrdeba.es naTlad Cans jumaTis wm. giorgis xatze. amasTanaveam xatma Semogvinaxa imdroindeli meomris Cacmulobissaxe da qarTuli kaligrafiis saukeTeso nimuSi. gardavardan vardanisZis warwerisa, xatze aris mogvianoperiodis warwera beSqenisa da misi Zis miqel gurielisa.maT albaT ganaaxles xati, Tumca g. CubiniSviligamoTqvams eWvs, rom SesaZloa nawili, romelzec beSqengurielis warweraa datanili, sxva dakargul xatsekuTvnoda da wm. giorgis xats ubralod daakres[CubiniSvili, 1959: 196, 246].wm. giorgis xati ukve Zlier dazianebuli iyo 1889wlisaTvis, roca igi moinaxula da aRwera n. kondakov-116
ma. 1921 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebis davalebiT aRweresjumaTis qoneba. imave wlis seqtemberSi monasteri gai-Zarcva. daikarga wm. giorgis xati. misi fragmentebi mogvianebiTipoves Tbilisis bazrobaze, romelic SemdegpeterburgSi, ermitaJSi moxvda. wm. giorgis xati SemogvrCamxolod d. ermakovis mier gadaRebul fotoze.jumaTis monasterSi aseve daculi iyo mamia gurielisada dedofal TinaTinis mier Sewiruli gabrielda miqael mTavarangelozebis wminda xati, romelicZvirfasi TvlebiT iyo Semkuli, Tavisive vercxlis kuboTi.maTive Sewiruli miqael mTavarangelozis oqrosxati, 7 Zvirfasi TvliT da 12 margalitiT moWedil karedzemiqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis moRvaweobisscenebiT; marex anTiZis Sewiruli macxovris mooqrovilivercxlis xati, miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozTareliefuri gamosaxulebiT; jumaTis monastrissaganZurSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava veeberTelasawinamZRvro jvars, bajaRlo oqros burTuliT, romelsacgumbaTiani eklesiis forma hqonda. jvris mkvlavebzewmindanebi iyvnen gamosaxulni. jvari ZvirfasiTvlebiT iyo Semkuli. igi monastrisaTvis giorgi gurielsada dedofal xvaramzes SeuwiravT [baqraZe, 1987:41].mogvianebiT, 1889 wels, jumaTis monastris siZveleebimoinaxula cnobilma rusma mecnierma nikodime kondakovmada aRwera naSromSi «Опись памятниковь в некоторыххрамах и монастырьях Грузии». n. kondakovs monastris monaxulebisasTan axlda d. baqraZe. maT xatebi adgilze ardaxvedriaT. n. kondakovi wers: “orive xati waRebuliamonastridan 80-ian wlebSi da ar daubrunebiaT; rogorcCans, isini an gatacebuli an mTlianad gadadnobil iqna;minanqris medalionebi ki ruseTis sxvadasxva koleqciebSigayidula~.117
n. kondakovis mier <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eklesia-monastrebissiZveleTa aRwerisaTvis mowyobili eqspedicia pirdapirkavSirSi iyo umaRlesi rusi sasuliero mmarTvelobiswarmomadgenelTa waqezebiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eklesia-monastrebidangatanili siwmindeebis sakiTxTan. maT SorisgansakuTrebulad figurirebda jumaTis mTavarangelozTaxatebis minanqris medalionebi.egzarqosTan daaxloebulma Tbiliselma somexma fotografmasabin-gurma 1881 wels TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelo-imereTissinodalur kantoras, raTa nebadaerToT misTvis <strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eklesia-monastrebidanTiTqosda “restavraciisTvis” gaetana saeklesiosiZveleebi [Дурнов, 1907: 21]. sabin-guri pirobasiZleoda, rom Zvel dazianebul CarCoebs SeakeTebda.egzarqosisgan nebarTvis miReba mas ar gasWirvebia da<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, maT Soris guriis (Semoqmedi,jumaTi) eklesia-monastrebidan gaitana “yvelaze Zvirfasi,iSviaTi xatebi da jvrebi” [scssa, f. 489 : 21].sabin-gurma jumaTis monastridan waRebuli siZveleebiukan aRar daabruna. jumaTidan da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>sxva eklesia-monastrebidan gatanili saunjidan sabingursSemosavali hqonda. man erTi medalioni koleqcionergraf a. bobarinskis miutana, romelic am drossaimperatoro arqeologiur komisias Tavmjdomareobda.am ukanasknelma igi dauyovnebliv SeiZina da nikodimekondakovs uCvena, romelic minanqrebis did specialistadiTvleboda. mecnierma maSinve icno jumaTis monastrisxatis kuTvnili medalioni da bobrovskis uCvenaXIX s. 70-ian wlebSi d. ermakovis mier gadaRebuli amxatis foto. medalioni da fotosuraTi saswrafod warudginesgraf voroncov-daSkovs, Semdeg ki aleqsandreIII-s. swored es gaxda safuZveli, rom n. kondakovi aqtiuradCarTuliyo sabin-gurisa da misi TanamoazreebiswinaaRmdeg brZolaSi.118
n. kondakovi TbilisSi xelmwife-imperatoris davalebiT1889 wlis 28 ivliss Camovida. igi am dros saimperatoroarqeologiuri komisiis wevri da saxelmwifomrCeveli iyo. mis Camosvlas gamoexmaura gazeTi“iveria”.kondakovi weriliT aRniSnavs im faqts, rom d. baqraZismier aRwerili nivTebidan 20 aRar aRmoCndaadgilze. maT Soris jumaTis monastridan xati mTavarangelozgabrielisa da miqaelisa. mas ase ganumartesmizezi. erTma Tbiliselma mxatvarma nebarTva miiRo,rom ganeaxlebina saeklesio Zvirfaseuloba, magram isiniukan ar daubrunebia sabin-gurs. is da misi mfarveliegzarqosi dausjeli darCa, radgan am saqmis sajaroobismTavari mowinaaRmdege, rogorc miuTiTeben, im droisTvisyovlisSemZle sinodis oberprokurori pobedonosceviiyo [scssa, f. 488: 668].swored pobedonoscevis da sxva maRalCinosnebismfarvelobis Sedegi iyo is, rom sankt-peterburgisumaRlesi xelisufleba uyuradRebod tovebda qarTulisamRvdeloebis Txovnas saeklesio siZveleebis dabrunebisTaobaze.yuradsaRebia erisTav giorgi gurielis, misi Zislomasa da meuRle adasujanis mier Semkobili miqaelmTavarangelozis oqros xati, arSiaze 10 minanqris medalioniT,firuzisa da margalitis TvlebiT. kaxabergurielis Sewiruli gabriel mTavarangelozis xatiaseve 10 minanqriani medalioniT. medalionze gamosaxuliiyvnen: macxovari, sami maxarobeli (markozis garda),wm. giorgi, wm. demetre, wm. Tevdore. kondakovis miergamoqveynebuli zvenigorodskis koleqciisadmi miZRvnilialbomi gviCvenebs, rom xatze 10-ze meti medalioniyofila dakruli. luka maxaroblis medaloni amZvralia,igi mTavarangeloz gabrielis centralur WedurgamosaxulebaSi CaumagrebiaT, xolo marjvena mxares,119
mesame da meoTxe medalionebs Soris mTlianad amomZvraliamooqruli CarCos nawili, sadac SesaZloa kideverTi medalioni iyo, safiqrebelia, wminda markoz maxaroblisa.mogviamebiT a. zvenigorodskis igi j. pirpontmorganisTvis miuyidia. metropoliten muzeumSi 9 medalionia,xolo erTi, wm. dimitris gamosaxulebiani medalionimorgans luvrisTvis gadaucia, saidanac igikliunis muzeumSi moxvedrila. wminda Tevdores gamosaxulebianimedalioni ki <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelovnebis muzeumSiadaculi. metropoliten muzeumSi gamofenilminanqrebs aseTi warwera aqvs: “umravlesoba am nivTebisaSegrovilia ruseTSi XIX saukuneSi, didi rusimoxelis aleqsandre zvenogorodskis mier. es nivTebibolos j. pirpont morganma SeiZina da Tavisi SvilissaxeliT Seswira am muzeums 1917 wels” [lomaSvili,1975: 67].parizSi gamomaval qarTul emigrantur Jurnal “kavkasionis”me-12 nomerSi, gamoqveynda giorgi nozaZis werili“qarTuli minanqrebi niu-iorkis metropolitenmuzeumSi.” werilidan vigebT, rom metropolitenma gamoscakalendari, romelSic warmodgenilia oTxi medalioni_ RmrTismSoblis, wminda giorgis, ieso qristesada ioane naTlismcemlis. avtori miiCnevs, rom es arisjumaTis monastris miqael mTavarangelozis xatiskuTvnili medalionebi da swuxs, rom isini ar daibeWdaS. amiranaSvilis mier parizSi gamocemul albomSi.S. amiranaSvilis daskvniT miqael mTavarangelozisxatis minanqris medalionebi qarTuli xelobisaa, xologabriel mTavarangelozis xatis medalionebi bizantiuri.d. baqraZe zemoT xsenebuli xatebis aRwerisas aRniSnavda,rom miqael mTavarangelozis xatis medalionebsqarTuli warwerebi aqvs, xolo gabriel mTavarangelozisxats berZnuli. mecnieri Tvlida, rom esxatebi erTdrouladaa damzadebuli da erTi da igive120
xelobisaa, rogorc Cans, berZnul warwerebiani medalionebibizantiuri warmoSobisaa da igi mogvianebiTdaukravT gabriel mTavarangelozis xatze. jumaTis monasterigauZarcvavT 1905 wels, 1921 wels da uamravinivTi da xatebi gautaniaT. gamtaceblebi ki dausjelnidarCenilan.jumaTis monastris ganZis umravlesoba dakargulia.nawili ucxoeTis sxvadasxva muzeumSi inaxeba, nawiliki <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelovnebis muzeumSia.rus moxeleTa `wyalobiT~ jumaTis monastridan gatanilisimdidre dResac amSvenebs niu-iorkis, sanktpeterburgis,kliunis, parizisa da sxva muzeumebissaganZurebs.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,f. 488, saq.1851.2. scss arqivi, f. 489, s. 38981, f. 21.3. scss arqivi, eqvTime TayaiSvilis fondi, # 668.4. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTveloisa,“qarTlis cxovreba”, t. IV, Tb., 1973.5. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,baT., 1987.6. burjanaZe S., lixT-imereTis 1737 wlis ruka, rogorc feodaluri<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> pirvelwyaro, Jur. xelnawerTa institutismoambe, # 17, Tb., 1969.7. giuldenStedti i., mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanuliteqsti gamosacemad moamzada qarTuli TargmaniT da winasityvaobiTg. gelaSvilma, t. I, Tb., 1962.8. lomaSvili j., werilebi, Tb., 1975.9. CubiniSvili g., qarTuli oqromWedloba, Tb., 1959.10. CxartiSvili c., jumaTis monasteri _ iv. javaxiSvilis<strong>istoriis</strong>a da eTnologiis institutis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> axali <strong>istoriis</strong>krebuli, #56, Tb., 2003.121
11. CxartiSvili c., qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia ruseTisreaqciasTan brZolaSi, iv. jvavaxiSvilis <strong>istoriis</strong>a daeTnologiis institutis krebuli “analebi”, #1, Tb., 2002.12. xuciSvili m., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eklesiis socialur-politikuripozicia, Tb., 1987.13. Дурновo Г., «Судьбы Грузинской церкви», М., 1907.Caca ChkhartishviliThe Treasure of Jumati Monastery in AbroadSummaryIn the 19 th century Jumati monastery of archangels Michael and Gabrielwas robed for several times. The icons, crosses having great value werestolen. Now they enrich foreign museums. In one of the museum of Paris St.Demeter’s medallion, the twelfth medallion from the icon of Jumatimonastery of archangels, is kept. In New-York Metropolitan museumenameled medallion from the archangel Gabriel’s icon and the cross, that isof 2m. height and is adorned with precious stones, are kept.Цаца ЧхартишвилиСокровище Джуматского Монастыря находящегося в заграницеРезюмеДжуматский монастырь Архангелов Михаила и Гаврила в ХIХ векемного раз подвергался грабежу. Украденные иноки и кресты,украшенные драгоценными камнями, хранятся музей в Париже.В музее Клуна хранится медальон св. Дмитрия, украшенная эмалью.В Нью-Йорке в музее Метрополитен хранится медальон украшеннаяэмалью, которая принадлежало Архангела Гавриилу, а такжекрест, который достигает двух метров высоты и украшен драгоценнымикамнями.122
dodo WumburiZeqarTveli mowyalebis da artaanSiana erisTavi-WavWavaZe(1833-1878 1878 ww.)XIX saukunis meore naxevridan gaaqtiurda qarTulieTnikuri erTobis konsolidaciis procesi da uaRresadgaizarda sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgebloba erovnuliTviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi. mTavariaqcentebi gakeTda eTnokulturuli Rirebulebebis dacva-ganviTarebaze,kulturul-saganmanaTleblo veqtorisgaZlierebaze. am procesSi monawileobdnen rogorccalkeuli moRvaweni, aseve sazogadoebebi, romelTacZiriTadad saqvelmoqmedo profili hqondaT. es iyosaerTo-erovnuli moZraoba, sadac didi da patara saqmear arsebobda, yvelaferi erT _ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gadarCenisada erovnuli aRorZinebis konteqstSi ganixileboda.saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebis Seqmnas masStaburisaxe mieca XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos, ruseT-TurqeTis omis mimdinareobisas, rodesac qarTul sazogadoebasZirZveli erovnuli teritoriis da samisaukunis winaT dakargul TvistomTa mSobliur wiaRSidabrunebis realuri imedi gauCnda. Ee.w. `saqvelmoqmedoTemebs~ evalebodaT frontisTvis sxvadasxva saxiTdaxmarebis gaweva, maT Soris mowyalebis debis gagzavnaomSi. erT-erTi aseTi organizacia Seqmna da frontisxazze sxva mowyalebis debTan erTad gaemgzavra cnobilipoetis _ aragvis erisTavTa STamomavlis _ rafielerisTavis, aseve poetis _ ilia WavWavaZesTan polemikiTcnobili barbare jorjaZis da _ ana erisTavi-123
WavWavaZisa.Aana am drois rCeuli mamakacis _ mTeliimperiis masStabiT saxelganTqmuli generlis, `didinikos~ meuRle iyo.generaliNniko zurabis Ze WavWavaZe (1829-1897) yvarleliWavWavaZeebis Stos ekuTvnoda, hyavda erTi Zma daori da. elisabed (bebe) zurabis asuli WavWavaZe iyomeuRle Tavad zurab adamis Ze andronikaSvilisa (1820-1871); TinaTin (Tiko) zurabis asuli WavWavaZe (1835-1875)iyo meuRle giorgi (aslan) dimitris Ze avaliSvilis (s.Cumlayi, 1821-1885). Aam col-qmars miiCnevdnen Tanamedroveniilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianis~ mTavari gmirebis _luarsabisa da darejanis prototipebad [WavWavaZe, 1987:97].Nnikos Zma _ melqisedeki (mixeili, 1839-1877) daqorwinebuliiyo nadeJda nikolozis asul Satixinaze, misimemkvidreebi arian XX saukunis moRvaweni _ niko dazurab WavWavaZeebi [Ciqovani, 2002: 12-14].`didi niko~ Tbilisis pirveli gimnaziis damTavrebisSemdeg Sevida qarTul miliciaSi, romelic kaxeTismosaxleobisagan iyo Sedgenili da lekebis winaaRmdegibrZoda. sul male moipova maRali samxedro xarisxebi.Ddidigmiroba Caidina 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi.kavaleriis eskadronis ufrosi _ niko WavWavaZe monawileobdabaSkadiklaris, qiuruq-daras da Coloqis legendarulbrZolebSi. ColoqTan mZimed daiWra, magramselim-faSas korpusis ganadgurebaSi gadamwyveti roliiTamaSa. mas ~zRaprul aTletad~ moixseniebdnen. ibrZodaSamilis winaaRmdeg, mis datyvevebaSic didi ZalisxmevagamoiCina. imperiis arc erTi didi samxedro jildoar daklebia am saxelovan generals, Hhqonda gamor-Ceuli samxedro Tanamdebobebic: 1865 wels daRestnisolqis gubernatori gaxda, Semdeg ki ganjis samxedrogubernatori.TurqeTTan omis dawyebisTanave, niko WavWavaZe kavkasiisfrontis wina xazze gaemarTa, magram male gada-124
vida CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, sadac daiwyo lekebisa daCeCnebis ajanyeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg.Kkavkasiis omi axalidamTavrebuli iyo, magram ruseT-TurqeTis mimdinarekonfliqti axali antirusuli ajanyebis signali gaxdakavkasiis mTielebisaTvis. Aam mxareSi namsaxuri, kavkasielixalxisa da sabrZolo asparezis kargi mcodneqarTveli generali, saxelmoxveWili meTauri da administratoriukan daabrunes. man udidesi roli Seasrulaam ajanyebis CaqrobaSi [megreliZe, 1979: 80-84].rodesac qmari CeCen-daRestnelebs ebrZoda, misimeuRle _ ana erisTavi-WavWavaZisa saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobiTiyo dakavebuli. col-qmari uSvilo iyo, rac maTtkivils warmoadgenda, am danakliss isini dauRalavisazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT inazRaurebdnen. Oorivenidid daxmarebas uwevdnen xelmokle niWier axalgazrdebs,agzavnidnen ruseTisa da evropis universitetebSiswavlis gasagrZeleblad, uxdidnen yvarlel moswavleebsswavlis qiras. Ggeneral niko WavWavaZes sakmaodmaRali xelfasi da pensia hqonda, riTac mudam exmarebodamSobliur kuTxes, gahyavda sarwyavi arxebi, gzebi,Semweobas iCenda upovarTa mimarT. `did nikos~ saqarTveloSigamorCeuli piradi biblioTeka hqonda, romelicsicocxleSive gadasca `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelsazogadoebas~. is ar ganarCevda adamianebs wodebismixedviT, arc erovnuli niSniT. mTeli Segnebuli cxovreba,rogorc carizmis moxelem, Crdilo kavkasiaSigaatara. Tu aqaurTa damokidebulebas gavixsenebTamgvar moxeleTa mimarT, Mmas Suri da mtroba undamieRo am xalxisagan, magram piriqiT moxda _ udidesisiyvaruli da pativiscema daimsaxura. rodesac gardaicvala(1897 wlis 9 marti), CeCnebma sololakidan, sadacgenerali cxovrobda, qaSveTamde misi kubo aravis daanebes,madlierma Tanamemamuleebma ki yvarlamde xeliTwaasvenes maTTvis sayvareli adamiani. samwuxarod, mis125
gverdiT, mSobliur miwaSi dakrZalva ar eRirsagenerlis mSvenier meuRles _ ana erisTavs.Aana daviTis asuli erisTavi-WavWavaZe daibada 1833wlis 18 aprils, sofel qistaurSi. Mmisi ojaxi qar-Tuli aristokratiis maRal wres ekuTvnoda, amitomkargi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. Aam periodSi saqarTveloSidaiwyo qalTa moZraoba. qarTuli sazogadoebiskonservatuli nawilisaTvis miuRebeli iyo qalisaqtivobis amgvari formebi, es miiCneoda erovnuli tradiciisdarRvevad, qalis mTavar daniSnulebad dedoba,ojaxis diasaxlisoba iTvleboda. meore nawili Tvlida,rom qarTveli qali CamorCeboda evropuli ganviTarebisdones swored amgvar tradiciul CarCoSi Caketvis gamo.mas unda daexsna Tavi ojaxis tyveobidan, unda moepovebinamoRvaweobis farTo asparezi, mamakacis gverdiT,cxovrebis yvela sferoSi daeWira Rirseuli adgili.swored 70-iani wlebis movlena gaxda qarTvel qalTasaswavleblad gamgzavreba evropul qalaqebSi, maTimonawileoba sazRvargareT Seqmnil qarTul politikurorganizaciebSi. xSirad qalebi ojaxebidan maluladmidiodnen, rogorc amas rusudan nikolaZe igonebdaerT-erT werilSi [nikolaZe, 1950: 42]. qalTa amgvarmoZraobaze saubrobda poeti rafiel erisTavi disgardacvalebis gamo daweril werilSi _ `nekrologismagier~, romelic 1878 wlis `droebaSi~ gamoqveynda[erisTavi, `droeba~ 1878, #173]. statiaSi poeti ar wersanas pirad, ojaxur urTierTobebze, marto imas ambobs,rom sazogadoeba xSirad usamarTlod kilavda keTilisaqmisTvis Tavgadadebul qarTvel qalebs.statiaSi naTqvamia, rom ana 1877 wlis 7 maiss CasulaartaanSi, maSin, rodesac es qalaqi daukavebia rusuljars. unda vigulisxmoT, rom misi meuRle, generaliniko WavWavaZe am dros aq ibrZoda. Sexvda Tu aracol-qmari erTmaneTs, Cven ar viciT, cxadia, generlis126
Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadayvanis gamo, isini sabolooddaSordnen. Aanas mWidro werilobiTi urTierToba eqnebodaojaxTan, rac kargad Cans rafiel erisTavis amstatiidanac, sadac saubaria mowyalebis dad misi mu-Saobis detalebze. sainteresoa artaanis viTarebis aRweraamdroindel qarTul presaSi, kerZod, imave gazeT`droebaSi~ gamoqveynebulia `werilebi artaanidan~, romlisavtoria publicisti fsevdonimiT _ `Wia-Wamia~. Eesfsevdonimi ekuTvnoda levan lukas Ze mWedliSvils,romelic imave gazeTSi sxva fsevdonimebiTac werda. Eesiyo: las las mani, krazana, l. udeli; `iveriaSi~ kiigive avtori `uCinos~ fsevdonimiT moRvaweobda. `Wia-Wamia~ dawvrilebiT aRwerda axlad dakavebul artaans,aqaur mcxovreblebs, qalaqSi Seqmnil ganwyobilebas.avtori miuTiTebda im did msxverplze, romelic artaanisaRebas Seewira, qalaqSi dabanakebul jarze, yvavyornebze,mudmivad rom dastrialebdnen Tavs daumarxavimeomrebis neStebs, guliaverdis mTaze, saidanac,omis dros, frontis sardali loris-meliqovi aTvalierebdaartaanis simagreebs. QqarTveli Jurnalistismegzuri iyo axalcixeli somexi. qalaqSi Sesvlisas maTSexvdaT artaaneli mola, romelic, Aavtoris TqmiT,`saSineli fanatikosi ram aRmoCnda~ da romelmac aseTidialogi gaumarTa maT: `_ Sen, getyoba, qarTveli undaiyo da ai getyvi gangebis nebas: es adgili, romelze Sensdgexar, odesme ekuTvnoda SenTa winaparTa, romelTacmravali sisxli dauRvriaT aq, amis dasamtkicebladgetyvi, rom TviT artaanSi exlac naxavT didi Tamarmefisagan aSenebuls cixes, ager, niSnebi Tqvenis aquflebisa, _mimiTiTa aoxrebul nasoflarebze. TviT magnasoflaris saxelebi amtkiceben, rom es adgili qarTvelTatoms hkuTvnebia, ager, aim adgils exlac `minda-Sens~ eZaxian, aiger imas `safuxavi~ ewodeba, ager mesameda meoTxe `sazara~ da `verana~... Cemi winaparnic Tqvenni127
tomisani yofilan, magram daxe RvTis gangebas! ZaliTada nebiTa misiTa daipyres osmalTa, agvexila misiveZaliT Tvalebi, dagvixsna urwmunoebisagan da mogvaniWamarTali da WeSmariti sarwmunoeba...~ es gamahmadianebuliqarTveli, cnobierebaSi mainc rom SemorCenodaTavisi erovnuli warmomavloba, mola iyo da ase msjelobamisgan bunebrivia. Cveulebrivi, samuslimano <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>qarTvelebic SiSobdnen _ ar SelaxuliyomaTi sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebi, sxva mxriv, maT dedasam-SoblosTan dabruneba sixarulsa da bednierebas ani-WebdaT.Llevan mWedliSvilis aRwerili 1878 wlis artaaniase gamoiyureboda: usufTao quCebi, wivis suni, romelsacaq SeSis nacvlad iyenebdnen, imeruli, zoganaxalcixis mazris msgavsi Senobebi, viwro quCebi... artaanimozrdil sofels ufro hgavda, vidre qalaqs. masdahyurebda Tamaris cixe.Ddasaxlebis aRmosavleT nawilSiidga didi, yazarmuli tipis Senobebi, isinifaSebis, saWiroebisas ki _ jaris sadgomebad gamoiyeneboda.aq iyo telegrafi, sasamarTlo, hospitlebi, SedarebiTmdidari adamianebis sacxovrebeli saxlebi.artaans mtkvari or nawilad hyofs, maSin aq ori xisxidi yofila, saxlebis didi nawili oms daengria, zogiTavad mcxovreblebs aeyaraT da TurqeTis siRrmeSigadasulan, zogi ki, omis dros, zarbaznebs gaunadgurebiaT.Aartaanis bazarSi Zalian bevr adgilas ismodaqarTuli saubari. eseni, `droebis~ publikaciis avtorisTqmiT, axalcixeli ebraeli da somexi vaWrebiyofilan, isini qarTulad esaubrebodnen aq CamosulaWarlebs, romelTac didi raodenobis xili, erbo dasxva produqtebi CamohqondaT artaanSi gasayidad.artaanSi Sesul jars iq daxvedria duqnebSi mokala-Tebuli axalcixeli somexi vaWrebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen,rom es duqnebi maT Tu maT mama-papebs ekuTv-128
nodaT. rusis saldaTebma yuri ar ugdes, TaviseburadTofis kondaxebi wausves kiserSi da gamoyares iqidano.qarTvel Jurnalists bevri uambes moxeleTa da jarisgulgrilobaze, isic uTxres, rogor waarTves jariskacebmaadgilobriv mcxovrebT saxlebi da Sig somxisojaxebi Caayenes. qalaqSi iyvnen baTumis mazridan mosulilazebi, romlebic mxolod qarTulad laparakobdnen.`Wia-Wamias~ _ levan mWedliSvils gaucvnia lazibiZaSvilebi _ husein da hasan qarabaZeebi. maT uTqvamT,rom baTumis mazraSi ZiriTadad qarTulad laparakobdnen,dedakacebs saubarTan erTad wera-kiTxvac martoqarTulad exerxebaT, rasac STamomavlobas aswavliano.Aartaanis Zveli Zeglebi _ guliaverdi da ramazani_ nawilobriv dangreuli iyo. yazarmebSi romis,aryis, koniakis, preferansis, Cinovnikuri Worebis, intrigebissuni trialebda, iyo saubari Cinebze, ordenebzeda jamagirebze, sicive da wvimebi Seadgendnenaqaur cxovrebas, zogjer Camodiodnen Teatralurijgufebi imperiis qalaqebidan, maT Soris Tbilisidanac[gazeTi `droeba~, 1878, #189].Aai, am qalaqsa Tu did sofelSi Cavida mowyalebisdad ana erisTavi-WavWavaZe 1878 wlis 7 maiss.Tavdapirvelad anas samoci daWrili miabares mosavlelad,Semdeg es ricxvi asamde gaizarda, daWrilebisada avadmyofebis movla did mxneobas, gulmodginebas damoTminebas saWiroebda. Kkarg cxovrebasa da gancxromasmiCveuli qalisTvis advili ar iyo am siZneleebis gamklaveba.yovel dRe orjer mainc unda Camoevlo TiToeuliavadmyofisaTvis, Seexsna Wriloba, gaewminda, gamoecvalawamlebi, SeerCia malamo, Seexvia dakodili adgili,gaemxnevebina sneuli, daeyvavebina misTvis, moeTminahospitalSi datrialebuli saSineli suni. ZalianuWirda, magram veravin SeamCnevda, is ki arada, namdvilfsiqoTerapevtad iqca, adamianebisTvis imedi da sixaru-129
li mohqonda. keTili moqmedebiT Yyvelas ise SeayvaraTavi, rom avadmyofebi mas aRsarebasaviT abarebdnenTavianT saidumlos, uziarebdnen azrebsa da ocnebebs,sixarulsa da mwuxarebas.mZime samuSaos, SeuCvevel datvirTvas ematebodaartaanis saSineli pirobebi, rTuli hava _ Ramis siciveda dRis autaneli sicxe, uvargisi wyali da qarTveliaristokrati qalisTvis uZnelesi garemo. am yvelaferma,mometebul SromasTan erTad, aiZula qali, eTxovaSvebuleba, erTi TviT daesvena TbilisSi da Tavisianebicenaxa. rTuli gzis dasawyisSive, artaanTan axlos,xeli moitexa. saSineli tkivilebi tanjavda, masTan myofiqarTvelebi urCevdnen samudamod mietovebina fronti,dabruneboda ojaxs, magram, rogorc misi Zma, rafielerisTavi werda, `movaleoba miaCnda umetes TavisTavisa~ da jer kidev sneuli, gzidanve dabrunda artaanSiavadmyofebis mosavlelad.anas dabrunebam aRafrTovana Turme eqimebi, hospitalSimomsaxure mTeli personali da avadmyofebi,radgan ise uyvardaT, rogorc `RviZli da _ Zmebs,rogorc mSobeli deda _ Svilebs~. xuTi Tvis manZilze,Tavad sneuli da susti qali, kvlav TavdadebiT emsaxurafronts, ise uvlida da patronobda daWrilebs,verc miuxvdeboda vinme gasaWirs. erTxel, rodesac mZimeddaWrili jariskaci miwvenili hyavda Tavis mtkivanmklavze da sakuTari xeliT aWmevda, misustebul avadmyofsguli wauvida, gverdze gadavarda, anam xeli mia-Svela da axlad Sexorcebuli mklavi xelaxla gadautyda.Tavidan daewyo tkiviliani wameba, magram albaTamasac dasZlevda es mamaci sulis qali, rom ara axaliubedureba: avadmyofebisgan Seeyara hospitalSi gavrcelebulipartaxtiani tifi, romelsac am dros `pataraSav Wirs~ uwodebdnen. saxads ki veRar gauZlo, mismosavlelad aq aravis ecala, iyo erTi Cveulebrivi,130
upatrono da uTvistomo avadmyofiviT. Qqali, romlissaxelovani generali meuRle imperias azanzarebda,visi da-Zmac, saxelovani qarTuli ojaxebiT, yvelasTvisnacnobi da rCeuli adamianebi iyvnen, itanjeboda dakvdeboda marto, axlad SemoerTebul artaanSi, sadacodesRac misi winapari qarTveli qalebi moRvaweobdnen,Svilebs zrdidnen da mtrebs ebrZodnen... poeti barbarejorjaZe disadmi miZRvnil leqsSi moTqvamda misiamgvari sikvdilis gamo, natrobda, rom mowameobrivadgardacvlils samoTxeSi daesadgurebina. misi azriT,anam Tavidanve icoda am saSinel xvedrze da sasikvdiloganaCeni Tavad gamoutana Tavs. Lleqss igi amstriqonebiT amTavrebda:`salmobis dReSi vina gyavda xelis momwvdeli?vis Seavedre usjuleTSi netavi suli?netav vicode, Tu ra gqonda im dros saTqmeli,romels gvixmobdi Sens mSvelelad cnobamixdili.Cven sada gyvandiT sisxl-xorcni da naTesavebi,rom ar givlidiT, ar dagicxreT seni Semwveli,mand iqnebodi, rogorc mwiri, vinme ucnobi,uWirisuflo, viT glaxaki cremldauyreli!..~gardacvlilis Zma, poeti rafiel erisTavi dismagaliTs qarTvel qalTa didi Rirsebis gamomxatveladmiiCnevda da werda: `Semdeg amisa Cven nuRar vityviT,rom CvenSi ar iyvnen qalebi, energiis mqoneni, swavlismsurvelni da qvelmoqmedebisaTvis Tavganwirulni, nu-Rar vityviT, rom qalebs Svilebis Sobis da aRzrdismeti daniSnuleba ar aqvTo da daubrunoT is simarTle,risac Rirsni yovelTvis yofilan, arian da iqnebian dadaamSveneben da daagvirgvineben kidec im adgils daTanamdebobas, romelTac igini miiReben~.ana erisTavi-WavWavaZisa 1878 wlis 18 aprils gardaicvala.dakrZalulia artaanSi. Mmis meuRles _ nikoWavWavaZes, romelmac TiTqmis ori aTeuli weli icocx-131
la anas gardacvalebis Semdeg, coli aRar SeurTavs,mTeli cxovreba saqvelmoqmedo da sazogadoebriv saqmianobasSealia. Aanasgan gansxvavebiT,Mmisi saflavimSobliur yvarelSi, sagvareulo sasaflaoze gaiTxara.albaT, araviTari sxva didi dabrkoleba ar iqnebodaiseTi adamianebisTvis, rogoric ana erisTavi-WavWavaZismeuRle da naTesavebi iyvnen, misi gadmosveneba da axloblebisgverdiT dakrZalva, rom ara erTi mizezi: anaxom saxadiT gardaicvala, amgvari adamianebis neStic kisaSiSad iTvleboda da amitom Tu moeridnen da datovesmisi saflavi iq, sadac bedisweram Tavad miiyvanada erTi wlis manZilze mowameobrivi Rvawli gaaRebinaadamianebisa da uflis winaSe.Nnetari avgustine werda: istorias damwvar sulTaganavardnili ali hqmniso. erTi dawvari sulis ali ammSvenieri, saTno da keTilSobili qarTveli mandilosniscxovrebacaa. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istorias amgvari uCinari,Tavdadebuli adamianebi aduRabebdnen.Ggamoyenebuli literatura1. avaliani g., sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis gamoZaxili, Tb.,1974.2. erisTavi r., nekrologis magier, gaz. `droeba,~ 1878, #173.3. ilia WavWavaZe TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi, g. leoniZissaxelobis literaturis muzeumis gamocema, 1987.4. megreliZe S., Cveni saxelovani samxedro winaprebi, Tb.,1979.5. mWedliSvili l. (Wia-Wamia), gakvriTi SeniSvnebi, werilebiartaanidan, gaz. `droeba~, 1878, #189.6. nikolaZe r., v. petriaSvili da Tergdaleulebi, wignSi _v. petriaSvili, Tb., 1950.7. Ciqovani i., Tavadi WavWavaZeebi, Tb., 2002.8. Потто В. А., История Нижегoродскoго драгунскoго Полка, М., 1905.132
Dodo ChumburidzeThe Georgian Nurse in ArtaaniAna Eristavi - Chavchavadze (1833 - 1878)SummaryAna Eristavi - Chavchavadze was from the famous 19 th century Georgianaristocratic family. She was a descendant of Aragvi Eristavs (rulers ofAragvi region). Her brother Raphiel Eristavi and sister Barbare Jorjadze wereprominent poets and public figures. Ana had an excellent education, was awife of a famous general of the Russian empire - Niko Chavchavadze who inGeorgia was known as “great Niko”. Ana together with her husband wascarrying on cultural, educational and philanthropic activities. In 1877, whenRussian - Turkey war took place Niko Chavchavadze was fighting againstTurks at forward positions. His wife founded an organization “PhilanthropicCommunity” for helping wounded and sick warriors. She was the first amongothers who went to the war as a nurse. Ana spend a year in Artaani that wasjoined to Georgia during this war. A woman who was used to a well providedlife showed unprecedented steadfastness and devotion. Ana underwent manydifficulties but finally died. She was buried in Artaani. She died of infectiousdisease, that may be the reason why she was not buried in motherland. Herhusband, Niko Chavchavadze, left all his property and rich library in his lifeto “The Society of Spreading Reading and Writing”.133
Додо ЧумбуридзеСестра милосердия в АртааниАнна Эристави-Чавчавадзе (1833-1878)РезюмеАнна Эристави-Чавчавадзе, происходила из известной грузинскойаристократической семьи XIX века, была потомком Арагвскихэриставов. Брат и сестра Анны – Рафиэл Эристави и БарабареДжорджадзе - поэты и известные общественные деятели. Анна получилапрекрасное образование, она была замужем за известным генераломРоссийской империи – Нико Чавчавадзе, которого в Грузиипрозвали «великим Нико». Вместе с супругом Анна занималаськультурно-просветительской деятельностью и благотворительностью.Когда в 1877 началась Русско-турецкая война, Нико Чавчавадзесражался с турками на переднем крае, а его жена в это время создалаблаготворительное Общество помощи раненым и больным бойцам.Одной из первых она отправилась на фронт в качестве сестры милосердия.Анна прожила год в Артаани, который в то время присоединилсяк Грузии. Привыкшая к беззаботной жизни женщина проявиланеобычайную стойкость и самоотверженность, перенесла множествобед, но в итоге все же погибла. Ее похоронили там же, в Артаани.Причиной того, что ее прах не перевезли на родину, должно быть, сталото, что она скончалась от инфекционного заболевания. Ее муж еще прижизни завещал все свое состояние и богатейшую библиотеку «Обществупо распространению грамотности».134
jemal karaliZebaTumis saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba1888-1900 1900 wlebSi<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan SeerTebis Semdeg swrafi tempiTmimdinareobda baTumis ganviTareba. pirveli aTi wlismanZilze mniSvnelovnad gaizarda rogorc qalaqis mosaxleoba,ise misi ekonomikuri potenciali. Secvliliqalaqi moiTxovda cvlilebebs mmarTvelobis sferoSic.baTumelTa moTxovnis safuZvelze 1888 wlis 28aprils xelisuflebam gasca gankarguleba baTumSi saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuligankargulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis Seiqmna komisia,romelsac saTaveSi kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis kancelariismoxele k. d. gavronski Cauyenes. gankargulebismixedviT qalaqis Tavis movaleobas pirveli oTxi wlismanZilze Seasrulebda ara saTaTbirosagan arCeuli,aramed mTavrobisagan daniSnuli pirovneba, aseve qalaqissamSeneblo nawili darCeboda sagubernio mmarTvelobisgankargulebaSi. amdenad, baTumis TviTmmarTvelobisuflebebi imTaviTve Sekveces, rasac ematebodaruseTis imperiis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebi: arCevnebis SezRuduloba,administraciis mxridan saTaTbiros saqmeebSi CarevisSemTxvevebi da sxva. miuxedavad am naklovanebebisasaqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba baTumSi iyo didimniSvnelobis movlena, ramac seriozuli gavlena moaxdinarogorc qalaqis ekonomikur, ise sazogadoebrivpolitikurganviTarebaze. XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidanbaTumSi Tavi moiyara erovnuli suliskveTebiT135
gamsWvalulma Zalebma, romelTa mizani iyo ,,baTumisqarTul qalaqad gadaqceva” [s.mgalobliSvili, 1938: 85].1888 wlis 25 agvistos da 2 seqtembers Catarda ba-Tumis saqalaqo saTaTbiros xmosanTa pirveli arCevnebi.oTxi wlis vadiT airCies sami Tanrigis 36 xmosani.baTumis pirveli saTaTbiros Semadgenloba erovnuliniSnis mixedviT aseTi iyo: qarTveli – 11, rusi – 8, somexi– 10, berZeni – 2, ebraeli – 2, poloneli – 2, germaneli– 1 [Батумь и его окрестности, 1906: 486].1 oqtombers Sedga baTumis TviTmmarTvelobis sazeimogaxsna. qalaqis Tavad dainiSna k. gavronski, misimoadgile gaxda d. bikovi, gamgeobis wevrebi iyvnen a.koianderi da i. Sadinovi, qalaqis mdivani gaxda i. mesxi.baTumis saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba Camoyalibebis-Tanave energiulad Seudga qalaqisaTvis mniSvnelovaniproblemebis mogvarebas. 1889 wlis 13 Tebervlis sxdomazeSeiqmna komisia i. mamulovis TavmjdomareobiT,romelsac unda Seeswavla is kontraqtebi, romelTasafuZvelzec moxda savaWro firmebisaTvis navTobsadenebisgayvanaze nebarTvis gacema [acsa, f.6, s.57, f.6].TviTmmarTveloba daJinebiT svamda sakiTxs qalaqisfarglebidan navTisa da navTobproduqtebis sawyobebisgatanis aucileblobis Sesaxeb [acsa, f.6, s.73, f.13-17].baTumis saTaTbiros xmosanTa ganmeorebiTi arCevnebiunda Catarebuliyo 1892 wels. winasaarCevno samzadisidaiwyo kidec, magram aRmoCnda, rom cenzian moqalaqeTaqonebis mesamedi ekuTvnoda rotSildis kaspia-SavizRvis navTobmrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sazogadoebas.e.i. mxolod rotSildi unda Sesuliyo amomrCevelTapirvel TanrigSi da masve unda aerCia xmosanTa mesamedi.Seqmnil viTarebaSi quTaisis gubernatorma SesaZlebladCaTvala baTumis amomrCevlebis or Tanrigaddayofa, Tumca saqmes verc aman uSvela. axali dayofiTpirvel TanrigSi xvdeboda eqvsi mesakuTre, romlebic136
flobdnen baTumelTa mTeli qonebis naxevars da maTveunda aerCiaT xmosanTa naxevari _ 18 xmosani. danarCencenzian moqalaqeebs (500 kacs) SeeZloT aseve aerCiaT 18xmosani. baTumis gamgeobam moiTxova arCevnebis gaer-Tianebuli siiT Catarebis ufleba, razec kavkasiis administraciamaxali debulebis miRebamde uari ganacxada.gadawyda Zvel xmosnebs gagrZelebodaT uflebamosileba,sanam ar gauqmdeboda Tanrigebi da yvelacenzianisTvis saerTo-saarCevno kreba Camoyalibdeboda[Батумь и его окрестности, 1906: 492-493].axali debuleba damtkicda 1892 wlis 11 ivniss. amdebulebiT baTumSi xmis micemis ufleba eZleodaT 1000maneTze meti qonebis mflobel moqalaqeebs. amiT saar-Cevno siaSi xvdeboda mxolod msxvili da saSualomesakuTreebi. faqtobrivad, mesame Tanrigis amomrCevlebma(wvrilma mesakuTreebma) dakarges arCevnebSi monawileobisufleba. aseTma kanonma mniSvnelovnad SeamciraamomrCevelTa raodenoba baTumSi [al. bendianiSvili,1982: 234]. Tu 1888 wlis arCevnebSi baTumis 14.000 mcxovrebidanmonawileobda 525 kaci, 1894 wels – 25 aTasidanmxolod 318.1894 wlis 12 oqtombers baTumSi meored Catarda sa-TaTbiros xmosanTa arCevnebi. siaSi myofi 318 amomr-Cevlidan arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo 239 kacma. maTairCies 35 xmosani da 9 kandidati. xmosnebis erovnuliSemadgenloba Semdegnairi iyo: qarTveli – 19, rusi – 8,berZeni – 5, poloneli – 3. qarTvelebma saTaTbiroSimiiRes adgilebis 55%, ramac uzrunvelyo qalaqisTavisada gamgeobis arCevnebisas qarTvelTa warmateba. xmebisdidi umravlesobiT qalaqisTavad airCies luka asaTiani.,,iveria” am faqts Semdegnairad aRwerda: ,,qalaqisTavis Tanamdebobaze samma kandidatma iyara kenWi: b. bikovma,b. severinma da b. luka asaTianma. bikovma da severinmamiiRes 16 TeTri da 19 Savi kenWi, luka asaTian-137
ma – 19 TeTri da 17 Savi... amgvarad qalaqis Tavad arCeuliqna luka asaTiani, gamgeobis wevrebad gr. volskida iv. ivanovi. sekretrad marto b. ivane mesxs uyareskenWi, romelsac amouvida 30 TeTri da 5 Savi~ [,,iveria”,#79, 1894].axlad arCeuli saTaTbiro da gamgeoba aqtiur saqmianobasSeudga baTumis Semdgomi zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis.cxadia, qalaqisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobahqonda portis ganviTarebas. amitom portis Tema saTaTbirosmudmivi zrunvis sagans warmoadgenda. jer kidev1888 wlis 23 seqtembers saTaTbiros sxdomaze moisminesgansakuTrebuli mosamzadebeli komisiis moxseneba ,,ba-Tumis portis sanapiro zolis gafarToebisa da misTvismimdebare miwis gamoyofis sakiTxis saswrafod gadawyvetisSesaxeb”, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo: ,,amJamadbaTumis portis navmisadgomi zoli mxolod 380 saJensSeadgens, rac mxolod navTobproduqtebis eqsportisTvisaris sakmarisi... tvirTbrunvis progresuli zrdisSemTxvevaSi arsebuli zoli moTxovnilebis mxolod umniSvnelonawils Tu daakmayofilebs... saWiroa navmisadgomizoli 800 saJenis masStabisa” [acsa, f. 7, s. 3, f. 10-12].gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad ports SemdgomSicuWirda daekmayofilebina tvirTbrunvis sulufro mzardi moculoba. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresosuraTs iZleva baTumisa da foTis portebSi gemebis mimosvlisada tvirTbrunvis moculobis Sedareba. 1893wlis, monacemebiT baTumis portSi Semovida sul 2751gemi (2. 1.58 orTqlis, xolo 593 ialqniani), roca foTisportma miiRo sul 590 gemi (514 orTqlis, xolo 76ialqniani). imave wels baTumis portSi Semoitanes 6. 068.120 fuTi tvirTi (romlis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 9. 701.774 maneTs), xolo gaitanes 57. 725. 902 fuTi (RirebulebaSeadgenda 23. 556. 659 maneTs). maSin roca foTis138
portSi Semoitanes 1. 787.000 fuTi tvirTi (saerTo RirebulebiT2. 239. 500 maneTi), xolo gaitanes 11. 495. 542fuTi (saerTo RirebulebiT 2. 239. 500 maneTi) [qcsa, f.130, s. 178, f. 7-14].moiTxovda ra portis gafarToebas, baTumis Taviluka asaTiani 1900 wlis 28 agvistos quTaisis samxedrogubernatorisadmi gagzavnil werilSi miuTiTebda: ,,20wlis winaT baTumis portis tvirTbrunva ar aRemateboda500.000 fuTs, 1899 wels ki man 90 mln. fuTsmiaRwia. 1898 wels baTumis portSi Semosuli gemebisraodenobam Seadgina 1740 (Turquli da rusuli pataragemebis CauTvlelad). baTumis portis navmisadgomiSeadgens mxolod 600 saJens. saSualod erT saJenzeunda modiodes 200.000 fuTi navTobi, xolo sxva tvirTi40.000 fuTi. am SesabamisobiT portis navmisadgomi zoliunda iyos 1333 saJeni... [scssa, f. 12, s. 713, f. 52-53].saTaTbiro cdilobda gazrdiliyo baTumis portidanmarganecis eqsportic. am mizniT 1899 wlis 22 Tebervlissxdomaze qalaqis gamgeobas Sesabamisi SuamdgomlobisaRZvrac daavala [acsa, f. 7, s. 315, f. 5-7].Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT saTaTbiro xelsuwyobda sxvadasxva savaWro saxlebisa da firmebisdamkvidrebas baTumSi [acsa, f. 6, s. 112, f. 25].baTumis ekonomikuri zrdisa da saTaTbiros mecadineobiTTvalsaCinod gaizarda qalaqis biujetic. Tu1892 wels Semosavalma Seadgina 122. 161 maneTi [acsa, f.6, s. 97, f. 4], 1896 wels miaRwia 334. 995 man. [qcsa, f. 130,s. 184, f. 21], xolo 1900 wlisTvis _ 680. 996 maneTamdegaizarda [acsa, f. 6, s. 214, f. 8].saTaTbiro seriozulad zrunavda qalaqis komunalurimeurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, ganaTlebisa dajandacvis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis. saTaTbirosada gamgeobis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis Sedegebimale daetyo baTums – gaizarda qalaqis farTobi da139
mosaxleoba, gaixsna axali fabrika-qarxnebi, Seicvalaqalaqis iersaxe. 1897 wlis 22 oqtombris qalaqis saTaTbirossxdomaze aRiniSna: ,,baTumis mosaxleoba gaxda26.417 adamiani, axalgazrda qalaqSi aSenda 3000 saxli,maT Soris 800 qvis, qarxnebis raodenoba gaizarda 18-mde, maTi saerTo RirebulebiT 7. 094. 480 maneTi vercxliT.yovelive amasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdaqalaqis keTilmowyoba“ [acsa, f. 6, s. 152, f. 39]. amwarmatebebSi didi iyo qalaqis saTaTbirosa da gamgeobiswvlili.1898 wlis 18 oqtombers Catarda baTumis saTaTbirosmesame arCevnebi. 2 dekembers Sedga xmosanTa ficis dadebisceremoniali. 1899 wlis 7 ianvars Catarda gamgeobisarCevnebi. rogorc saTaTbiros, ise gamgeobis SemadgenlobaZiriTadad ucvleli darCa.carizmis reJimis mxridan seriozuli zewolis miuxedavadbaTumis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobam 1888-1900wlebSi didi roli Seasrula rogorc qalaqis ekonomikuriaRmavlobis, ise misi sazogadoebriv-politikuricxovrebis gajansaRebis saqmeSi.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 6, aRwera1, saqme 57.2. acsa, f. 6, a. 1, s. 73.3. acsa, f. 6, a. 1, s. 97.4. acsa, f. 6, a. 1, s. 112.5. acsa, f. 6, a. 1, s. 152.6. acsa, f. 6, a. 1, s. 214.7. acsa, f. 7, a. 1, s. 3.8. acsa, f. 7, a. 1, s. 314.9. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f.12, aRwera1, saqme 713.140
10. quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 130,aRwera1, saqme 178.11. qcsa, f. 130, a. 1, s. 184.12. ,,iveria”, #79, 1894.13. bendianiSvili al., saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba da brZolamisi demokratizaciisaTvis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1982.14. mgalobliSvili s., Tb., 1938.15. Батумь и его окрестности, Бат., 1906.Jemal KaralidzeBatumi urban self-government in 1888-1900SummaryAfter freeing from Osman rule, Batumi became a fast growing city.Grown population and economical revival demanded changes in themanagement of the city as well. On the 28 th of April 1888, tsarism had toorder urban self-government in Batumi. Despite great restrictions (Gavronskiwas appointed as the head of the city, but building part was still in thecompetence of the province government), self-government began itsenergetic work immediately. In 1894 there was held deliberative voters’election for the second time in Batumi. Luka Asatiani was elected as a headof the city. Since then the council with the government played an active partin impoving organization of public services and amenities, education andhealth care conditions.Despite supression and legislative restrictions from the government, selfgovernmentplayed an important role in the development of Batumi as aGeorgian city.141
Джемал КаралидзеБатумское городское самоуправление в 1888-1900 г.г.РезюмеПосле освобождения от османского господства Батуми развивалсябыстрыми темпами. Возросшее население и растущая экономиканастоятельно требовали изменений в сфере городского управления.Царизм был вынужден 28 апреля 1888 года издать указ о введении вБатуми городского самоуправления. Несмотря на большие ограничения(городским головой был назначен К. Гавронский, а строительная частьвсë ещë оставалась в ведении губернского управления), самоуправлениеначало энергичную работу. 1894 году в Батуми вновь состоялисьвыборы гласных думы. Городским головой был избран Лука Асатиани.С этого времени дума в месте с управой ведëт активную работу по благоустройствудел в сфере образования и здравоохранения.Несмотря на законодательние ограничения и давление со сторонывластуй самоуправление сыграло большую роль в развитии Батуми какгрузинского города.142
lela saraliZeucnobi furclebi aWaris istoriidan(emigraciuli presis masalebis mixedviT)aWaris <strong>istoriis</strong> Sesaswavlad saintereso masalebsgvawvdis damoukidebeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> (1918-1921 ww.) pirvelidroebiTi mTavrobis finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobisministri giorgi Juruli (1865-1951 ww.). igi amcnobebs, ZiriTadad, Tavisi mamis durmiSxan JurulisdRiurebze dayrdnobiT gadmogvcems, romelsac emigraciaSigamomavali gazeT “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”-sfurclebze periodulad aqveynebda saxelwodebiT:“furclebi rveulidan”. aRniSnul masalebs didi mniSvnelobaeniWeba istoriuli faqtebis ukeT gacnoba-SefasebisaTvis.giorgi Juruli baTumis, aseve TbilisisTviTmmarTvelobis samsaxurSi moRvaweobda. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>iZulebiTi gasabWoebis dros, igi WiaTuris Saviqvis mrewvelTa sabWos xelmZRvanelobda. bolSevikebmamoindomes misi codnis da gamocdilebis gamoyeneba,magram okupantTa samsaxurSi warmatebul karieras manqarTveli sazogado moRvawis ekliani gza amjobina daqarTuli politikuri emigraciis mZime xvedri gaiziara.ruseTis mier <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> okupaciis Semdeg, 1921-1923 wlebSi, g.GJuruli berlinSi qarTuli saTvistomospirveli Tavmjdomare iyo. emigraciaSi igi aqtiuradmonawileobda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvisbrZolaSi, 30-ian wlebSi ki parizSi qarTulikoloniis Tavmjdomarec iyo da aqtiurad TanamSromlobdaJurnal “qarTlosi”-s furclebze, sadac sainteresowerilebs aqveynebda [SaraZe, 2005: 8].143
g. Juruli aRniSnavs, rom man saWirod CaTvala gadmoecais informacia, rac mas gaaCnda mamis dRiurebissaxiT, aseve piradad hqonda mosmenili 1877-1878 wlebisruseT-osmaleTis omis uSualo monawileTagan. igiambobs: “rus-osmalos omi rom atyda, 12 wlisa viyavi,magram mainc did nerviulobas ganvicdidi mTel imxanaSi, radgan osmaleTTan brZolaSi mamaCemic monawileobda.bevri ram sayuradRebo TviT mamisagan maqvsgagonili, zogi ram piradi Sexvedrebis dros, im qarTvelioficrebisagan, romelTac zogierT SemTxvevaSigadamwyveti xelmZRvaneloba rgebiaT brZolebis Catarebisdros” [Juruli, #143, 1938: 5]. ZiriTadi wyarosdasaxelebis Semdeg, giorgi Juruli aRniSnavs: “manam isarqiv-mogonebani gamoqveyndebodes, Cven Tavs nebasvaZlevT, Tumca ara uSualod monawilem im Zvel saqme-Ta, avwero aq is cota ram, rac sxvebisagan gamigonia immuSaobis Sesaxeb, swored kulisebSi rom xdeboda”[Juruli, #143, 1938: 5].baTum-artaanis, artanuj-arTvinis da Caqv-qobuleTis<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tvis SemoerTebas, ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis Sedegad, Tavisi dauwereli istoriaaqvs. giorgi Jurulis cnobiT, arTvin-baTumis mxarisrusebis mier osmalebisagan gaTavisufleba, “ucabedadda moulodnelad” ar momxdara. rusul jarSi, romelickavkasiis frontze ibrZoda, mravali qarTveli mxedariciricxeboda. Cveni valia arc erT maTgans ar davukargoTTavianTi sabrZolo gmiroba. giorgi Jurulis sasaxelodunda iTqvas, rom man emigraciuli presis furclebzeSemogvinaxa mravali maTganis gmirobis ambavi.giorgi Juruli aRniSnavs, rom osmalebis winaaRmdegbrZolebSi gansakuTrebiT samma qarTvelma mebrZolmaisaxela Tavi. eseni iyvnen: polkovniki mixeil amirejibi(giorgi Jurulis cnobiT, osmalebis damarcxeba misiuSualo sardlobiT moxda), polkovniki dimitri mus-144
xeliSvili (SemdgomSi sazogado moRvawe) da praporS-Ciki iliko maqaraSvili (SemdegSi rusuli armiis general-leitenanti).giorgi Jurulis gadmocemiT, am brZolebisuSualo TviTmxilveli iyo misi mama, romelicgeneral komarovis StabTan erTad imyofeboda erT-erTmaRlobze da iqidan uSualod adevnebda Tvals brZolismsvlelobas. mamis dRiurebze dayrdnobiT, giorgiJuruli gadmogvcems, rom rusuli oficialuri wyaroebiscnobiT, praporSCikma maqaraSvilma 4 zarbazniTosmalebis 40 zarbazani “CaaCuma”. TavianTi samxedro davalebisSesrulebis dros, isini moqmedebdnen, rogorckargi qarTveli patriotebi. giorgi Juruli ambobs, rommas piradad mixeil amirejibisagan mousmenia aseTi informacia:“Cems bargSi, omSi rom mqonda waRebuli, Tangrigol orbelianis da nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsebicwaviyole. brZolebis dawyebis wina dRes am leqsebsvkiTxulobdi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> warsuli omebis mogonebiTguls viRelvebdi da amiT mters ufro Seupovrad veZgerebodiTxolme im jariT, romelic gvyavda” [Juruli,#143, 1938: 6]. rac Seexeba dimitri musxeliSvils, g.Jurulis gadmocemiT, igi mkvidri Svili iyo mesxeTis,sadac uSualod brZola mimdinareobda. dimitri musxeliSvili,sxva qarTvel mowinave inteligenciis warmomadgenlebTanerTad, SemdgomSi samxedro eqspertad iyomiwveuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxebTandakavSirebul erT-erT saidumlo Sekrebaze.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebisomi istoriuli teritoriebis dabrunebiT dasrulda.1878 wlis 19 Tebervals, daba san-stefanoSi ruseTsa daosmaleTs Soris daido zavi, romlis Tanaxmad kavkasia-Si artaani, yarsi, baiazeTi, aWara baTumiTurT ruseTisSemadgenlobaSi Sedioda [guruli, 2004: 190]. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>daubrunda aWara da baTumi, Tumca TiTqmis savsebiTgamahmadianebuli cecxliTa da maxviliT, magram145
eniT, kulturiT, mTeli Tavisi brwyinvale istoriuliwarsuliT ganuyrelad dakavSirebuli deda-samSoblos-Tan. q. baTumi, saukeTeso porti <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SavizRvis sanapiroze, evropisaken farTod gaRebul karadgadaiqca.omSi osmaleTis damarcxebam aWaris mkvidrT gadaawyvetinaubrZolvelad SemoerTebodnen danarCen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>.musulmani qarTvelebis TavkacebTan, uSualodSerif ximSiaSvilTan da mis TanamoazreebTan,ruseTis umaRlesma samxedro sardlobam mosalaparakebladsaidumlod gagzavna durmiSxan Juruli da mixeilmefisaSvili. giorgi Juruli aRniSnavs: “am saxifaTomisiis aRsrulebis detalebi mamaCems aqvs TavisdRiurSi datovebuli. igi savsea dramatuli epizodebisaRweriT: Rame, Tavsxma wvimis dros cxenebiT rogorgavidnen adidebul mdinareSi, erT Caxramul ualagoalagas, osmaleTis banaks gverdi rogor auares daSemdeg tyeSi rogor elodnen Serif begis niSans masTanuSiSrad asasvlelad” [Juruli, #143, 1938: 6].dRiurebidan naTlad Cans is qarTuli suliskveTeba,rac durmiSxan Jurulma Serif ximSiaSvilis ojaxSistumrobisas ixila. igi wers: “beg ximSiaSvilTan, rommivediT, iq iseTi sanaxaoba dagvxvda, rom Tavs vgrZnobdiTnamdvil qarTul ojaxSi, laparakic qarTuli,zrdiloba, moqcevac Cveneburi”. masTan stumrad misulielCebisaTvis Serif beg ximSiaSvils ganucxadebia: “Cveni,yvela qarTveli musulmanis survilia, Cvenc iq viyoT,sadac danarCeni Cveni moZme qarTvelebi arian, gadaeciTrusis mTavrobas, rom ubrZolvelad davnebdebiT,mxolod osmaleTis jaris Tvalis asaxvevad srolashaerSi daviwyebT. Cveni jari Setevaze, rom wamova,Cven ukan davixeviT, mere CagbardebiT, magram Cvenipiroba aseTia: Cvens mxareSi ucxo xalxi aravin iyos Casaxlebuli,Cvens rjulzed darCena ar gvekrZalebodes146
da rac Cven, begebsa da aRebs uflebebi da sakuTrebagvaqvs, ucvlelad Cvenve unda migvekuTvnos; Tu espirobebi rusebisagan ar iqneba miRebuli, brZolasganvagrZobT” [Juruli, #143, 1938: 6]. cnobilia, romaWaris deda-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan SeerTebis survili aWarelTaTavkacma Serif ximSiaSvilma, jer kidev 1870wels gaando masTan misul ivane kereseliZes [axvlediani,1956: 123]. bunebrivia misi aseTi ganwyoba, radganigi Rirseuli STamomavali iyo selim ximSiaSvilis(1755-1815 ww.), romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> TavisuflebisaTvisbrZolas Seewira. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan kavSiris mcdelobisaTvisosmalebma mas sajarod mokveTes Tavi. selimximSiaSvilis anderZi misma STamomavalma Serif ximSia-Svilma 63 wlis Semdeg aRasrula da aWara samsaukunovanidaSorebis Semdeg, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> daubrunda [maxaraZe,1998].durmiSxan Jurulis azriT, swored mosaxleobisproqarTuli ganwyobis Sedegad moxda aWaris usisxloddabruneba. amitom, “...Siga da Sig, begebsa da aRebs zogsgenerlis da oficris Cini uwyalobes, zogs “uriadnikis”wodeba da bevri “zafTiebad” miiRes. rusis moxeleebispirveli kadrebic metwilad qarTvelebi iyvnen:erisTavebi, wereTlebi, mefisaSvilebi, beTaniSvilebi,dekanoziSvilebi da bevri sxvani” [Juruli, #143, 1938: 6].1878 wels durmiSxan Jurulis ojaxic baTumSi dasaxlda.Tavis werilebSi giorgi Juruli xazs usvams aWarismkvidri mosaxleobis deda-samSoblosTan SeerTebissurvils. igi ambobs: “arc baTumi iyo ruseTis mieriaraRiT aRebuli. omSi damarcxebulma osmaleTma igiruseTs dauTmo sazavo xelSekrulebis ZaliT, magram iszavic rom ar yofiliyo, baTumi da mTeli misi mxaremainc SeuerTdeboda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritorias” [Juruli,#144, 1938: 13]. Tumca g. Juruli iqve aRniSnavs, rom147
usebma am mxareSi SemdegSi moxeleebad qarTvelebisnacvlad araqarTvelebi Caayenes da daiwyes adgilobrivimosaxleobis Seviwroeba, ris gamoc daiwyo qarTvelmusulmanTa ayra da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba.12 wlis giorgis gansakuTrebiT damaxsovrebia damarcxebuliosmalebis baTumidan gamgzavrebis procesi.igi wers: “maxsovs, osmalos jariskacni or yazarmaSiiyvnen dabanakebulni. erTi maTgani is Senobaa, sadacSemdegSi “Hotel de France”-i moTavsda, meore ki rusebma eklesiadgadaakeTes. kargad maxsovs osmalos jarisufrosi, vinme faSa, muqi saTvaleebiT nerviulad bol-Tas rom scemda Tavisi yazarmebis win, TavCaRunuli daCafiqrebuli, TiTqos darcxvenili. 12 wlis kadetisamxedro wesiT salams vaZlevdi xolme faSas, romelicsul imas eloda, rom stambolidan male mosuliyo gemimaT wasayvanad” [Juruli, #144, 1938: 14].giorgi Juruli aqcents akeTebs baTumis mdgomareobazeruseTis xelisuflebis periodSi da aRniSnavs,rom marTalia, osmalebis ukanaskneli eSelonebis wasvlisSemdeg, baTumi ruseTis administraciul centradgadaiqca, magram realurad igi namdvil qarTul qalaqadCamoyalibda. baTumi, es axali qarTuli administraciulicentri, itevda 30-40 aTas mcxovrebs, maSinrodesac 1879 wels igi patara dabas warmoadgenda,romlis mosaxleoba 2000 ar aRemateboda. osmalebiswasvlis Semdeg, baTumSi male gaixsna qarTuli skola,gaiba kavSiri Tbilisis qarTul centralur sazogadoebrivdawesebulebebTan. giorgi Juruli aRniSnavs:“mxcovanma moRvawem dimitri yifianma gamougzavnamamaCems da notarius herenSteins ori wesdeba qarTvel-Ta Soris wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebisa, winadadebiT, rombaTumsa da mis olqSi gaxsniliyo sazogadoebis ganyofilebada daarsebuliyo qarTveli musulmanebisaTvisskolebi. qarTulma Teatralurma sazogadoebam gamog-148
zavna Tavisi dasi, sadac Sediodnen Cveni saukeTesomsaxiobebi. bolos, baTumis TviTmmarTvelobac qarTvelebisxelSi gadavida. qarTvelebs didi brZolebidasWirdaT Tavisi poziciebis SesanarCuneblad, rogorcruseTis moxeleebisagan, ise sxva, araqarTvel elementebisagan.qalaqi TandaTan Sendeboda. qarTulma TviTmmarTvelobamiwyo misi galamazeba da galazaTianeba,amoaSro irgvliv Waobebi, xeli Seuwyo savaWro portisaSenebas da ganviTarebas... male baTums moawyda yvelaqveynis gemebi, datvirTuli yovelgvari saqonliT,rogorc adgilobrivi daniSnulebis, ise satranzito”[Juruli, #144, 1938: 14].giorgi Juruli SeniSnavs, rom Tavisi qarTulixasiaTi baTums arc revoluciis xanaSi, arc osmalebisada inglisis moklevadiani okupaciis periodSi ar daukargavs.igi gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs im faqts, rodesac,1918 wels, amierkavkasiis delegaciasTan erTadosmalebis mier dapyrobil baTumSi moxvda. z. avali-Svilis cnobiT, amierkavkasiis delegacia Sedgeboda 45kacisagan, aqedan uSualod delegati iyo eqvsi. gardaamisa, delegaciaSi iyvnen mrCevlebi, samxedro misia[avaliSvili, 1990: 57]. rogorc Cans, maT Soris iyogiorgi Jurulic. igi wers: “piradad dramatizmiT savsewamebi ganvicade, rodesac 1918 wels baTumSi mogvixdamisvla. iq maSin cnobili baTumis konferencia iyoTavmoyrili da baTumi osmaleTs epyra. radgan mosalodneliiyo, rom am konferenciaze baTumis sakiTxicunda dasmuliyo, rogorc am qalaqis saqmeebis mcnobi,mec movxvdi Tbilisis delegaciaSi. male gamoirkva, romkonferenciis sxdomebma sxva mimarTuleba miiRo, me iqgasakeTebeli aRara mqonda ra da davbrundi TbilisSi.mokle vadiT baTumSi darCenis dros osmalebis mbrZaneblobasrom vxedavdi da vgrZnobdi qarTvelebis da-Cagvras, sul is faSa magondeboda, Cemi Wabukobis dros149
aTumis quCebSi rom vxvdebodi xolme Cafiqrebuls dadaRonebuls” [Juruli, #144, 1938: 14]. g. Juruli aseveSeniSnavs, rom amierkavkasiis delegatebs Soris ar iyoerTsulovneba. ufro metic, delegaciis araqarTveliwevrebi baTumis dasabruneblad osmalebTan Sejaxebasaucileblad ar Tvlidnen, radgan, maTi azriT, iseTipatara qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, foTisa dasoxumis portebic savsebiT sakmarisi iyo. g. JurulisamarTlianad SeniSnavs: “...Tqma ar unda, rom amnairadkiTxvis dayeneba Cvendami ufro aramegobrulis grZnobebiTiyo nakarnaxevi, vidre samarTlianobiT; istoriulifaqtebis gangeb miCqmalviT da qarTvelebis saarsebointeresebis ararad CagdebiT. amis gamo, aucilebeligaxda qarTvelebis mxriv Tavis gamodeba, rom swori damarTebuli xazi dagvecva. marTlac, vinc saqmis viTarebaicis, igi uTuod daadasturebs, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>erTaderTi da saimedo porti baTumia da mxolodbaTumi” [Juruli, #145, 1938: 5].g. Jurulis cnobiT, “Savi zRvis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sanapiroze,ruseTis mier TavSive iyo dadgenili, rombaTumi unda gadaqceuliyo samxedro portad, xolo fo-Ti ki savaWrod. yvela zomebi iqna miRebuli, romSeeferxebinaT baTumSi savaWro gemebis mimosvla. miuxedavadamisa, TandaTan da Seuferxeblad baTumi gadaiqcacentrad im didi eqspot-importisa, romelic asuldgmulebdakavkasias da satranzito qveynebis aRebmicemobas,radgan baTums bunebrivi mdebareobis gamo,uamindobis drosac Tavisuflad afarebdnen Tavs savaWrogemebi” [iqve].giorgi Juruli, 1951 wels, 86 wlis asakSi gardaicvalaparizSi, dakrZalulia levilis qarTvelTasasaflaoze. mis mier mowodebuli cnobebi sainteresowyaros warmoadgens aWaris <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis.150
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. Juruli g., baTum-aWaris mxareebi (furclebi rveulidan),gaz. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, #143, 144, 145, 1938.2. avaliSvili z., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damoukidebloba 1918-1921wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tb., 1990.3. axvlediani x., saxalxo ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis istoriidan<strong>samxreT</strong> saqarTveloSi, baT., 1956.4. guruli v., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria XIX saukune, Tb., 2004.5. maxaraZe m., ximSiaSvilebi da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraoba aWaraSi, gaz., “<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika”, 18 agvisto,1998.6. SaraZe g., qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria,t.VIII, Tb., 2005.Lela SaralidzeUnknown folios from the history of Adjara(Basing on the emigration Press)SummaryThe work deals with Giorgi Zhuruli’s new materials about Adjara inRussian – Ottoman war in 1877-1878. He was the minister of finance andtrade-industry of the first interim government of Georgia. This is all based onGiorgi Zhuruli’s father’s diary that used to be periodically published in theemigration newspaper “Independent Georgia”. The title of these publicationswas “Folios from a Notebook.”G. Zhuruli writes that, in the war against the Ottomans, three Georgianwarriors became exceptionally popular. These were Colonel MikheilAmirejibi, Colonel Dimitri Muskhelishvili and Corporal Iliko Makarashvili.According to Giorgi Zhuruli his father was the eye witness of those battlesand was observing the battle from one of the summits with the GeneralKomarov.After the defeat of the Ottoman army the Russian army generals wereplanning to negotiate with the leaders of Georgian Muslim community.Durmishkhav Zhuruliu and Mikheil Mepisashvili were sent to Sharif Beg151
Xhimshiashvili and the dairy provides the real Georgian spirit thatDurmishkhan Zhuruli had witnessed during his visit to Sharif BegXhimshiashvili”s family.The diary provides interesting material for studying the history of Adjarain this period.Лела СаралидзеНеизвестные страницы из истории Аджарии(по материалам эмиграционной прессы)РезьюмеВ работе рассмотрены некоторые сведения об Аджарии, содержащиесяв публикациях Гиоргия Журули _ министра финансов, торговлии промышленности первого временного правительства незавысимойГрузии (1918-1921 гг). В частности, из истории присоединения к Грузиигорода Батуми в результате Русско-Турецской войны 1877-1878 годов.Эти сведения Гиорги Журули периодически публиковал на страницахэмиграционной прессы _ в газете “Дамоукидебели Сакартвело” (НезависимаяГрузия), под названием “Пурцлеби рвеулидан” (Страницы стетради). Автор ссылается как на дневник непосредственного участникаэтой войны _своего отца Дурмишхана Журули, так и на рассказыдругих участников войны.Гиорги Журули отмечает, что в бою против турков особоотличились три грузинских бойца: полковник Михаил Амиреджиби _по сведению Г.Журули, непосредственный руководитель этого боя;полковник Дмитрий Мусхелишвили _ в будушем известный обшественныйдеятель; прапорщик Илико Макарашвили _ в будушем генераллейтенантрусской армии. По сведению Г.Журули, непосредственнымучастником этой войны был и его отец - Дурмишхан Журули, которыйвместе со штабом генерала Комарова находился на одной из вершин иоттуда следил за перипетиями сражения.152
После победы в войне, для проведения переговоров с руководителямигрузинских мусульман, в частности с Шериф Беком Химшиашвили,руководство русской армии отправил Дурмишхана Журули и МихаилаМефисашвили. В дневнике Дурмишхана Журули особо подчеркиваетсятот грузинский порыв, с которым встречали гостей в семье Ш.Химшиашвили.В дневнике изложены также и другие интересные материалы изистории Аджарии.153
154biWiko diasamiZeganaTleba da kultura abuserisZeTamoRvaweobis drois <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong>saqarTveloSiabuserisZeTa mmarTvelobis drois <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kulturul-saganmanaTleblo cxovrebaswin uswrebda da myar safuZvels uqmnida IX-X saukuneebissaqarTveloSi farTod gaSlili kulturulsaganmanaTleblosaqmianoba rogorc qveynis SigniT,ise mis farglebs gareT. gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa qar-Tuli saliteraturo enis mniSvnelobis zrda-ganviTareba,rac X saukuneSi aRiniSna kidec ioane zosimesodiT “qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai,” romelSicxazgasmulia am enis gansakuTrebuloba da gamorCeulobamsoflio enaTa Soris. Aam saukuneebSi Seiqmna ma-Rali donis agiografiuli Txzulebebi, basil zarzmelis“serapion zarzmelis cxovreba” da giorgi merCules“grigol xancTelis cxovreba.” gansakuTrebulia amdrois sasuliero poezia _ himnografia miqael modrekilisleqsebis saxiT. ganviTarda mTargmnelobiTisaqmianoba, rasac xels uwyobda rogorc sazRvargareTqarTvelTa mier daarsebuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblocentrebi (palastinaSi _ sabawmindis lavra (VI s.),aTonis iverTa monasteri (X s.), aseve <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>teritoriaze _ tao-klarjeTSi Seqmnili eklesia-monastrebi:xanZTa, Satberdi, opiza, iSxani, oSki, wyaros-Tavi, bana da sxvebi. yvelaferma aman Seamzada safu-Zveli iseTi didi qarTveli moRvaweebis warmosaCenad,rogorebic iyvnen eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebi(aToni), efrem mcire (siriaSi _ Sav mTaze), romelmacqarTulad Targmna 70-mde wigni (g. meliqiSvili, 1980, 96).
axal simaRleze avida saistorio mwerloba, filologia,samarTlis Teoria, gansakuTrebulad dawinaurebuliCans xuroTmoZRvreba. dResac aRtacebas iwvevsbagrat mesamis dros agebuli quTaisisa da bediisdidebuli taZrebi, mcxeTis sveticxoveli, nikorwmindisada samTavisis qmnilebani da sxva.ase, rom X_XI saukuneebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis kulturisada xelovnebis aRmavlobis wlebia. swored amperiodSi gadainacvla Sida mTiani aWaris administraciul-kulturulmacentrma didaWaridan xixanSi,sxalTiswylis xeobaSi (d. musxeliSvili, 2007: 99),rasac, rogorc Cans, moyva am xeobaSi kulturul-saganmanaTlebloda aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobis gaaqtiureba.am saukuneebiT (IX_XI) TariRdeba sacixuris (jvar-Tnis), Tikanauris, sxalTis mcire da Txilvanis abuserisZeTasagvareulo eklesiebi. pirveli sami darbazulitipis nagebobebia, Txilvanis eklesia ki bazilikuritipisaa.eklesiaTa mSenebloba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurebulaXII saukuneSi, qveynis saerTo aRmavloba-gaZlierebisxanaSi. XII saukunis dasawyisidan, roca qveyanas daviTIV marTavda, cxovrebis yvela sferoSi reformebi gatarda,aRikveTa TurqTa TareSi, qveyana aRmSeneblobaganviTarebisgzas daadga da gansakuTrebuli yuradRebamieqca kulturis, ganaTlebis ganviTarebas. daviT mefisuSualo iniciativiT gelaTis didebul taZarSi daarsdamonasteri, romelic mefis gadawyvetilebiT, meoreaTinad unda qceuliyo. aq mouyara man Tavi swavlulebs,aq moRvaweobda cnobili filosofosi ioane petriwi, aqgaiSala farTod samwerlo-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba.daviT mefis dros aSenda cnobili saganmanaTleblocentri SiomRvimis did taZaric, sadac moRvaweobda didimoazrovne mwerali arsen iyalToeli, aqve moRvaweobdnenarsen saRirisZe, giorgi xuces-monazoni da155
sxv. Aase, rom SiomRvime, sxaltbis qedis Zirs gaSenebuliZvelTaZveli qarTuli monasteri mniSvnelovan kulturul-SemoqmedebiTZalebs aerTianebda (l. menabde,1962, 195). mefe mfarvelobda da yovelgvar pirobebsuqmnida ucxoel kulturis moRvaweebsac, maT Soris mahmadianmwerlebsa da mecnierebs. mefe yuradRebas aqcevdagzebis, xidebis, eklesiaTa mSeneblobas.yvelaferi es aisaxa aWariswylis xeobis, abuseris-ZeTa sagamgeo mxaris cxovrebaSic.gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia am periodSi sakulto nagebobis,eklesiebis mSenebloba. bolo wlebSi Catarebuliarqeologiuri gaTxrebi da XIX saukunis meorenaxevarSi aWaraSi myof mogzaur-mkvlevarTa (d. baqraZe,g. yazbegi, z. WiWinaZe. T. saxokia da sxv.) Canawerebiadastureben, rom Sua saukuneebis aWariswylis xeobisTiTqmis yvela sofelSi moqmedebda qristianuli salocavebi.marto z. WiWinaZis monacemebiT, aWaris sofleb-Si asamde eklesiaa aRricxuli (z. WiWinaZe, 1913), TumcaCvens dromde met-naklebad, sruli saxiT, mxolodsxalTis eklesiam moaRwia.sxalTis didi darbazuli taZari Sua saukuneebissakulto arqiteqturisa da monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobiserTaderTi nimuSia aWaraSi. misi moxatulobaTavisi ideuri gadawyvetiT, exmianeba epoqis im saerTopesimistur ganwyobilebas, romelic XIV saukunis<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mosaxleobisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.sxalTis moxatulobis umTavresi idea uflis dabadebisada meored mosvlis Temas ukavSirdeba (m. WiWilei-Svili, 2007, 40). sxalTis moxatulobis programa, garkveulwilad,aris tbelis Txzulebis “saswauli wmidisamTavar mowamisa giorgisni” Sesavali nawilis vizualurisuraTi, romelic aRsavsea qristianuli mrwamsisdogmatebisa da wmindaTa meoxebis rwmeniT. sxalTisferwerul ansamblSi gamoxatuli Teologiuri Sexedu-156
lebebis da saerTo ideuri gadawyvetis safuZvels, rogorcCans, saerTo epoqiseuli suliskveTeba, qtitorTamoTxovnebi da abuserisZe tbelis memkividreoba gansazRvravda(m. WiWileiSvili, 2007, 41).X_XIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba da abuserisZeTa kulturulmoRvaweobas ukavSirdeba xixanis, vernebis, kaloTis,vanaZeebis (agaris) da sxva eklesiaTa mSeneblobebic.amaTgan zogierTi eklesiis (xixani) mSeneblobisSesaxeb tbel abuserisZis TxzulebaSicaa moTxrobili(abuserisZe tbeli, 1988, 68).saintereso cnobas gvawvdis tbeli sakuTri TavisSesaxebac. garda imisa, rom igi Zmebis davalebiT xelmZRvanelobswm. giorgis eklesiis mSeneblobas,gvauwyebs, rom “ese Zlispirni da stiqaronni me davsxenamiT yovliTa SematebuliTa da vidre cocxali var,odesca mindan, me movixmareb da dasaguleblad gana-Ramca.” vfiqrobT, es informacia imiTaa saintereso, romiZleva imis safuZvels, vamtkicoT tbelis sasulierosaqmianobis Sesaxeb. is, rom sasuliero piri ar iyos,“Zlispirni da stiqaronni” ar daWirdeboda. amdenad gamoTqmulimosazreba, rom tbeli sasulieri piria(abuserisZe tbeli, 1998, 87), sarwmuno unda iyos.tbelis dis vanenis aSenebulia Txilvanis iovanemaxaroblis eklesia, abuserisZeTa sagvareulo saZvale.amas xom TviTon tbel abuserisZec adasturebs (abuserisZetbeli, 1998, 68). amave sofelSi eklesiis nangrevebidan50 metris daSorebiT, 1948 wels aRmoCda ornamentebiTSemkuli didi zomis qva warweriT: “qriste, wmidaoiovane maxarobelo daicven suliTa da xorciTaerisTavT_erisTavi abuseri da dedofali vaneni daDZemaTi zaqaria da Svilni maTni da yoveli eri maTni damoxaimne eqmnen. dRes amisa sasjelisa nu dasji, amin”. . .(S. mamulaZe, 2000: 65). saeWvo ar unda iyos, rom amwarweraSi naxsenebi pirebi Txilvanis eklesiis mSeneb-157
lobasTan unda iyvnen dakavSirebuli, radgan anderZismixedviT, vanenia iovane maxaroblis saxelobis Txilvaniseklesiis aRmSenebeli (abuserisZe tbeli, 1998, 68),magram erTmaneTs ar eTanxmeba tbelis TxzulebaSinaxsenebi vanenisa da abuseris urTierToba am epigrafikulZeglSi naxseneb vanen-abuseris urTierTobas.kerZod, iq werilobiT ZeglSi da-Zmad Canan (“disaveCvenisa _ vanenisa”), aq ki col-qmrad (`erisTavT-eris-Tavi abuseri da dedofali vaneni da Ze maTi zaqaria”).rogorc Cans, motanil wyaroebSi sxvadasxva pirebzealaparaki, asea miCneuli dRemde (r. xalvaSi, 2006m, 6),radgan abuserisZeTa IV_V Taobebad arian aRiarebuliabuser II da misi Ze zaqaria da maTve Tvlis mkvlevarir. xalvaSi Txilvanis qvis warweraSi moxseniebul pirebad.Tu am varauds virwmunebT, maSin Txilvanis eklesiisamSeneblad tbelis dis vanenis miCneva eWvis qveSdgeba, radgan abuserisZe II_is moRvaweoba XI_XII saukuneTamijnaze modis, xolo vanenis moRvaweobis droTiTqmis erTi saukuniT gvianaa. XI saukuniTaa daTari-Rebuli Txilvanis eklesia arqeologTa mierac (S. mamulaZe,2008, 243). gamodis, rom dRes iovane maxarobliseklesiad miCneuli salocavi adreuli periodisaa (XIs.), xolo tbelis dis vanenis mier agebuli eklesiasxvaganaa saZiebi. erTi sityviT, am sakiTxs damatebiTiwyaros moZieba-moSveliebiT Tu davazustebT.abuserisZeTa sagvareulos xelaxali aRzeveba damaTi aqtiuri monawileoba qveynisa da sagamgeo mxarispolitikur Tu kulturul cxovrebaSi XIII saukunispirvel mesamedze, tbel abuserisZis da misi Zmebis abuserisada vardanis moRvaweobis xanaze modis. gansakuTrebuliaam TvalsazrisiT, tbel abuserisZis Rvawli,rogorc mecnierisa, mwerlisa da farTo erudiciismoRvawisa. tbeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> “oqros xanis” bolomoRvawea, romlis SemoqmedebaSic aisaxa misi drois158
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> brwyinvaleba da miRwevebi da amave dros,warmoCnda is tkivilebi, romlebic win uswrebdamonRolTa aswlian batonobas, Cveni <strong>istoriis</strong> “didRames.”tbel abuserisZis, rogorc mwerlisa da mecnierisSemoqmedebaSi mkvlevarebi gansxvavebuli raodenobisTxzulebas ganixilaven. 1998 wels <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTaakademiis, k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTainstitutis da baTumis n. berZeniSvilis saxelobissamecniero-kvleviTi institutis egidiT gamocemul abuserisZetbelis TxzulebebSi, romelic moamzades,gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTes nargizagoguaZem, mixeil qavTariam da raul Cagunavam, ganxiluliasami Txzuleba: “galobani samTa iovaneTa,”“axalni saswaulni wmindisa giorgisni” da “qronikonisruli misiTa, sauwyebliTa gangebiTa.”ufro adre k. kekiliZe da i. sixaruliZe varaudobnenmxolod “galobanis”... tbeliseulobas, xolo mkvlevarir. xalvaSi Tvlis, rom dasaxelebuli sami Txzulebisgarda tbels ekuTvnis “galobani mwvalebelTaSeCuenebisani” da “galobani wmidisa RmrTismSoblisani”(r. xalvaSi, 2006, 10). ase rom, dReisaTvis cnobiliatbelis xuTi Txzuleba.tbelis TxzulebaTagan gamorCeulia agiografiulnawarmoebad miCneuli “axalni saswaulni wmidisa giorgisni,”romelic pirvelad 1941 wels gamosca komentarebiTurTl. musxeliSvilma saTauriT “bolok_basilismSenebloba SuartyalSi da abuserisZeTa sagvareulomatiane,” xolo 1981 wels i. sixaruliZem saTauriT“cxovreba qviTxuroisa basilisa.”tbelis es Txzuleba iqmneboda XIII saukunis 30_ianiwlebis daswyisSi, roca saqarTvelom brZola gadaixadamarbiel monRolebTan da saSineli marcxi da aoxrebaiwvnia xvarazmelTagan. amitom es nawarmoebi Tavisi159
paTosiTa da mizandasaxulobiT arsebiTad gansxvavdebabednieri da Zlieri <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> pirobebSi SeqmniliTxzulebebisagan. axla, roca Cveulebrivi gaxda “kacismWamelTamgelTa otebani sruliad sazRvarTa Sinasrulisa saqarTveloisaTa,” saWiro iyo RvTismSoblisada wminda giorgis Tanadgoma. sainteresoa, rom tbeliam TxzulebaSi mogviTxrobs XII saukunis Sua xanebSiagebuli eklesiis mSeneblobis ambebs. gviCdeba kiTxva,ram Caafiqrebina avtors eklesiis agebidan 80 wlisSemdeg am Txzulebis dawera, ra mizans isaxavda, risiTqma undoda? ramdenadac igi saqarTveloSi datrialebuliubedurebebis (monRolebTan da xvarazmelebTanmarcxi) mizezad qarTvelTa mier Cadenil codvebs miiCnevda(“mogebisaTvis codvaTa CvenTaisa”), romelsac aWaracver gadaurCa, igi Tanamedroveebs Seaxsenebda didimfarveli wmindanis _ wmida giorgis saxelsa da Zalasda simbolurad mas eklesiis mSenebelTa Semwed warmogvidgens.SesaZlebelia, aq eklesia qveynis simbolociyos, radgan tbelis Txzulebebze dakvirvebiT SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom avtori misi drois movlenebSi RrmadCaxeduli moRvawea, romelic fiqrobs qveynis bedze dacdilobs axsnas momxdari ubedurebebis mizezebi. igiubedurebagamovlili kacis azrovnebiT afasebs movlenebsda eklesiis mSeneblobisas qviTxuro basilis miergamoCenili Tavganwirvisa, Tu wmida giorgis sawaulebisCvenebiT, Tanamedroveebs qveynis gadarCenis rwmenasacunergavs (b. diasamiZe, 2007, 56_57).tbeli saintereso informacias gvawvdis qveyanaSiSeqmnili politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxebac. xvarazmelTaSemosevaze miuTiTebs TxzulebaSi naTqvami “kacismWamelTa mgelTa otnebani, sruliad sazRvarTaSina srulisa saqarTveloisaTa.” an “aravin daSTa ultolvelikerZoTa aWarisaTaca” da sxva. avtori amSemTxvevaSi mis Tanamedrove ambebs gadmogvcems da igi160
kargad jdeba nawarmoebis saerTo mizandasaxulobaSi;TxzulebaSi mocemuli anderZic ki nawarmoebis aucilebelnawilad Cans, radgan aq xixanis eklesiis mSeneblobada masSi abuserisZeTa adrindeli Tu momdevnoTaobebi arian moxseniebuli. anderZSi moxseniebuliarian tbelis babuas mama grigol II, babua _ abuseri III,mama _ ivane da tbelTan erTad misi Svilebi e.i. oTxiTaoba. wm. tbel abuserisZis genailogia 10 Taobas moicavs.I_III Taobebi: ioane, misi Ze abuseri I da SviliSviligrigol I ixseniebian “matiane qarTlisaSi;”IV_V Taobebi: abuser II da misi Ze zaqaria, ixseniebianTxilvanis epigrafikul warweraSi, xolo momdevno xu-Ti Taoba (grigol II, abuser II, ivane I, tbeli, tbelisSvilebi) ixsenieba A _ 85 xelnaweris “anderZSi” (r.xalvaSi, 2006, 6).tbelis am TxzulebaSi aseTi mravalmxrivi informaciisTavmoyra, maRal mxatvrul doneze gadmocema damovlenaTa mizez_Sedegobrivi axsna Tavis gamarTlebashpovebs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT abuserisZeTa feodalurisaxlis kulturul garemos, misi da_Zmebis suliersimdidres, qvelmoqmedebas, maT kavSir_urTierTobas imdrois <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ganaTlebisa da kulturis elitarulcentrebTan rogorebic iyo gelaTi da varZia,martyofi da alaverdi.yvela zemoTqmulis Semdeg, gasakviri araa, rom tbeliaiseTi sruli hagiografiuli xasiaTis nawarmoebisavtori, romelSic aramarto sasuliero xasiaTis Temebzeamsjeloba.tbel abuserisZis TxzulebaTagan gamorCeulia “qronikonisruli misiTa, sauwyebeliTa gangebiTa.”am Txzulebas jer kidev me-16 saukuneSi miaqcies yuradRebada misi Seswavla ara erT mkvlevars ucdia.1541 wels gadamwer svimon kargareTels naSromis avtoris,Sedgenilobis da Sinaarsis garkvevis mcdelobisas161
gaukeTebia daskvna, rom es naSromi ekuTvnis iovane Sav-Tels, rac e.w. “saredaqtoro danarTSic” iyo miTiTebuli.1730 wels am naSromis Sesaswavlad seriozuli samuSaoCautarebia sulxan-saba orbelianis Zmas nikolozorbelians. pirvelma man SeamCnia naSromSi ori adamianisxeli. pirveli nawili iovane SavTelisad CaTvala,meoreze ki aras ambobs, magram misi SeniSvnebi CaRrmavebulikvlevis tolfasad aris Sefasebuli (abuserisZetbeli, 1998, 184).Txzulebis Tanamedrove meTodebiT Seswavlas safu-Zveli daudo mari brosem. man 1868 wels frangul enazegamosca naSromis teqsti. misi azriT, Tavdapirvelad estraqtati iambikuri formiT unda daewera ioane Sav-Tels, xolo mogvianebiT (1233 weli) tbel abuserisZesprozad gadaukeTebia winamorbedi moRvawis naazrevi(abuserisZe tbeli, 1998, 185).Txzulebis avtoris dadgenaSi gadamwyveti sityvaTqva da naSroms seriozuli Sefaseba misca k. kekeliZem.man pirvelma aCvena, rom Txzulebis ZiriTadi, 532 wlianipasqaluri cxrilis da misi ganmartebiTi teqstisavtori aris ara ioane SavTeli, aramed abuserisZetbeli. Txzulebis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT, k. kekeli-Zem winamorbed mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, ganacxada,rom “avtori cdila Seefardebia erTi meorisaTvisqarTuli da berZnuli welTaRricxva da pasqalisturisistema da SeZlebisdagvarad SeeTanxmebia isini” (k.kekeliZe, 1951, 310_311). tbelis am Txzulebis Sesaxebsaintereso mosazrebebi aqvs prof. i. sixariliZesac. igiaCvenebs gansxvavebul gaangariSebebs 532 wlian pasqalurcxrilTan dakavSirebiT ioane zosimesa da tbelabuserisZesTan. amave dros miuTiTebs naSromis pedagogiurdaniSnulebazec (i. sixaruliZe, 1963, 67_80). marTlac,aSkarad Cans, rom tbelis es naSromi Seqmnilia162
praqtikuli saWiroebisaTvis, radgan TxzulebisaTviserT_erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania masalis xSirigameoreba. Amas avtori Segnebulad akeTebs da saWiroganmartebasac iZleva Txzulebis dasasruls: erTi, romkidev ufro safuZvlianad axsnas sakiTxi da meore, rommkiTxveli ufro kargad CauRrmavdes “uklebadre uwyebisaTvisda wuliladre gamoZiebisaTvis” (abuserisZetbeli, 1998, 273). swavlebis gaadvilebis mizniT, tbelisistematurad iyenebs TvalsaCinoebas, romlis rols mismierve sagangebo damatebebiT aRWurvili 532 wlianicxrili asrulebs. dRes sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli,rom tbels TxzulebaSi aCvenebs wlebis iuliseuliaTvlis naklovanebas _ mis CamorCenas bunebrivisagan,astonomiulisagan. am TvalsazrisiT misi kvleva praqtikulTanerTad, mecnierul Rirebulebasac iZenda, radgansami saukunis Semdeg (XVI s.) saWiro gaxda moqmediiuliusis kalendris reforma.dro da misi aTvala, dros gacnobiereba adamiansuZvelesi droidan dasWirda, gansakuTrebiT, roca igimwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadavida. pirvelad droiserTeulebad vizualurad SesamCnevi movlenebi (dRe-Rame, mTvaris fazebi, weliwadis droebi...) iqca. Cvenseramde 4_5 aTasi wlis winaT egviptelebma dros xangrZlivierTeuli _ weliwadi SemoiRes da igi gansazRvres365 dRiT, romelSic 12 ocdaaTdRian Tves da 5 damatebiTdRes angariSobdnen. mas mzis weliwads eZaxian.mzis astronomiuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba ki_drodedamiwis mzis garSemo erTxel garsSemovlisa tolia,365 dRe_Ramis, 5 saaTis, 48 wuTis da 46 wamis. ufrogvian, III aTaswleulSi Cv. w-mde babilonelebma SeqmnesmTvaris kalendari, romelic mTvaris fazebis cvlis mixedviTsinoduri 12 Tvisagan Sedgeboda da SesabamisadmTvaris weliwadis xangrZlivoba 354 dRe_Rames udrida.Cinelebis Seqmnilad iTvleba mTvare_mzis kalendari.163
Zvel droSic yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli iyo mziskalendari. es kalendari moqmedebda Cv. eramde pirvelsaukuneSi romis imperiaSic. Zv. w_is 46 wels romiskeisarma iulius cezarma mzis kalendris reforma Caataraaleqsandrieli astronomebis (sozingeni) ZalebiTda kalendaruli wlis xangrZlivoba ganisazRvra 365dRiT da 6 saaTiT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom wlis xangrZlivobakalendarulSi gazrdilia 11 wuTiT da 14 wamiT.es TiTqosda umniSvnelo gansxvaveba yovel 128 weliwadSierT dRe-Rame gansxvavebas iZleva (kalendaruliweli CamorCeba). XVI saukuneSi es gansxvaveba 10 dRe-Rames Seadgenda. aseTi kalendari praqtikul mniSvnelobaskargavda, radgan momavalSi gansxvaveba (cTomileba)kidev ufro gaizrdeboda. amitom romis papma grigolXIII_m Caatara kalendris reforma, romliTac gaswordais cTomileba (10 dRe-Rame) da gansxvaveba arc momaval-Si dagrovdeboda. es kalendari kaTolikurma qveynebmame-17_18 saukuneebSi miiRes. marTmadideblurma qveynebmaufro gvian. ruseTma, romlis SemadgenlobaSi SediodasaqarTvelo, mxolod 1918 wels daiwyo am kalendriTsargebloba. XVI saukunidan XX saukunamde cTomilebasami dRiT gaizarda. amitom CvenTan Zvel stilsa(iuliusis kalendari) da axals (grigorianuli kalendari)Soris 13 dRea.qarTvelebi tbelis moRvaweobis xanaSi da dResacsargebloben agreTve, welTaRricxviT (era) “dasabamiTgan,”rac niSnavda qarTvelTa warmodgenas samyarosgaCenaze da mas angariSobdnen Cvens eramde 5604 wliT.bizantielebisa (berZnebis) udrida 5508 wels, aleqsandrielebisa(egvipte) _ 5500-s da a. S. ramdenadac iSviaTiar iyo qarTvelebis mier bizantiuri eriT sargebloba,amasTan erTnairad aRniSnavdnen religiur dResaswaulebsac,miuxedavad eraTa xangrZlivobaSi gansxvavebisa,(96 weli: 5604_5508), saWiro iyo am yvelafris axsna. es164
gaakeTa swored tbeli abuserisZem da imgvarad, rom igiTanamedroveTaTvis gasagebi yofiliyo da amasTan,asaxuliyo im drois miRwevebi am sferoSi. amitom, dRessayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, romtbeli abuserisZis astronomiuli traqtati XIII saukunis<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> astronomiuli codnis demonstrirebacaa.tbelis TxzulebaSi sakmao informaciaa misi da-Zmebis kulturul saqmianobaze. kerZod, das vanensauSenebia ioane maxarobli eklesia, Zmebis abuserisa davardanis davalebiT aSenebda TviT tbel wm. giorgiseklesias xixanze, Cans tbelis meuRlis _ bagulisRvawlic, yvela kulturul-aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobisiniciatorad da qvelmoqmedad Cans erisTavTerisTaviabuseri, magram SedarebiT naklebad Cans tbelis Zmisvardanis wvlili. bolo wlebSi gamoiTqva mosazreba,rom mis saxelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli dResnangrevebis saxiT SemorCenili “vardcixe,” romelsacsavaraudod “vardanis cixe” unda rqmeoda (r. surmaniZe,1992,22).abuserisZeTa kulturul-aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobisSesaxeb tbel abuserisZis Semdeg araferi viciT,magram vvaraudobT, rom ise, rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi,monRolTa aswlianma batonobam Tavisi gavlenaiqonia abuserisZeTa sagamgeo mxarezec, miT umetes, romaq araerTxel SemoWrilan monRoli marbielebi. marTaliagiorgi V brwyinvales mmarTvelobis xanaSi araerTkulturul movlenas hqonda adgili (saeklesio-samonastromSenebloba, sazRvargareTis kulturul-saganmanaTlebloda saeklesio centrebis aRorZineba, mniSvnelovanisamarTlis kanonebis miReba...), magram ar viciT,ra monawileobas iRebdnen abuserisZeebi yvela am saqmianobaSi.varaudi am gvaris kidev erTxel aRzevebisTaobaze SeiZleba imis mixedviT, rom XIV saukunis Sua165
xanebSi erTiani <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> amirspasalarad Cans ivaneabuserisZe, romelic gardaicvala 1356 wels. rodisgaxda is amirspasalari ar viciT, magram gamoricxuliar aris, rom samcxis SemoerTebisa da yvaryvaresgamTavrebisas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisufleba Seecdebodakvlav erTi piris xelSi ar yofiliyo aTabagoba daamirspasalaroba. amitom safiqrebelia, rom yvaryvaresaTvismxolod aTabagoba daetovebinaT da amirspasalarobaisev misi yofili erisTavT-erisTavis ivaneabuserisZisaTvis gadaecaT. Tu amas virwmunebT, maSin imdrois kulturul-saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebSi ivaneabuserisZis monawileoba araa gamoricxuli.literatura1. abuserisZe tbeli, Txzulebani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades,gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTes: nargiza goguaZem,mixeil qavTariam da raul Cagunavam, baTumi, 1998;2. b. diasamiZe, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTvelo (aWara) tbelabuserisZis xanaSi (socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, kr. <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>, II, baTumi, 2007);3. n. kaxiZe, qviTxuroba Sua saukuneebis aWaraSi (abuserisZetbeli saistorio Txzulebis mixedviT). Kkr. tbeloba, saerTaSorisosamecniero konferencia, masalebi, 2008;4. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tb.,1951;5. T. komaxiZe, religia da saRvTismsaxuro nagebobebi aWaraSi,baTumi, 2006;6. S. mamulaZe, nana verulaSvili, Txilvanis abuserisZeTa sagvareuloeklesia. kr _ tbeloba, 2008;7. S. mamulaZe, aWariswylis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi(gzamkvlevi), 2000;166
8. d. musxeliSvili, aWaris istoriuli geografiisaTvis, wg.<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong> narkvevebi, aWara, I,2007;9. l. musxeliSvili, bolok_basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSida abuserisZeTa sagvareulo matiane, Tbilisi, 1941;10. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I, nak. I,Tb., 1962;11. pr. ratiani, Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi, abuserisZetbel-is moTxroba, rogorc saistorio wyaro, Jurn. “mna-Tobi,” # 11, 1979;12. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, sakiTxavi wigni Sedgenili akad. s.janaSiasa da akad. n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT gamoqveynebulisaxelmZRvanelo-ebis mixedviT Semdgenel-redaqtori giorgimeliqiSvili, Tb., 1980;13. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, I, 2008;14. T. saxokia, mogzaurobani, baTumi, 1985;15. i. sixaruliZe, naTeli dauRamebeli, baTumi, 1979;16. r. surmaniZe, vardan abuserisZe _ mwerlis Zma, kr. _tbel abuserisZe _ 800, baTumi, 1992;17. qca_qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadixelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955;18. r. xalvaSi, tbel abuserisZis cxovreba da Rvawli, ba-Tumi, 2006;19. r. xalvaSi, tbel abuserisZe _ ioane SavTelis, arsenbudmasaimis-Zisa da saba svingelosis TanamoRvawe, kr. _ tbeloba,2008;20. r. xalvaSi, tbel abuseisZe, galobani wmidiaTa iovaneTa:naTlism-cemlisa, maxaroblisa da oqrospira. gamosacemadmoamzada, gamokv-leva, leqsikoni da komentarebi daurTo ramazxalvaSma, baTumi, 1992;21. iv. javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialurikulturis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis, I, mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1996.167
Bichiko DiasamidzeThe Abuserisdzes in the Cultural Life ofSouth-Western Georgia in 11 th -14 th CenturiesSummaryThe article deals with the participation and contribution of theAbuserisdzes - the ruling feudal clan of Adjara – in the cultural life of theregion under their rule as well as the whole country. The article alsoshows their merit in building of cult (churches and monasteries),fortification (fortresses) and arched bridges construction.A special attention is given to the piety and charitable activities ofTbel’s brothers and sisters (Abuseri, Vardani, Ganeni) and their relatives.Apart from this the article gives the evaluation of the scientific andpractical value of the Tbel’s works.As the conclusion, the article makes a supposition that this clan stillcontinued the activities in the 14 th century as well judging from the factthat Ivane Abuserisdze appears to be the commander-in-chief of thecountry in the mid of the 14 th century.Бичико ДиасамидзеРод Абусерисдзе в культурной жизни Юго-Западной Грузиив XI-XIV векахРезюмеВ данной статье показано участье представителей правящегофеодального рода Аджарии Абусерисдзе в культурной жизни страныи управляеммого ими регионе. Также представлен тот вклад,который они внесли в строительство культовых (монастыри и168
церкви) и фортификационных (крепости) сооружении, характерныхарочных мостов.В работе особо подчеркивается благотворительная деятельностьбратьев и сестер Тбела Абусерисдзе (Абусера, Вардана, Ванени) иих родственников. Дана оценка научной и практичной ценноститрудов Абусерисдзе.В заключении высказано предположение о продолженииактивной деятельности представителей данного рода и в XIV веке, очем явно свидетельствует тот факт, что в середине этого столетияИване Абусерисдзе упоминается в должности амирспасалараГрузии.169
malxaz sioriZe<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSiHrkinigzis ganStoebaTa mowyobis<strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis(1878 – 1918)me-19 s. 70_80-iani wlebidan ruseTis imperia farTodCaerTo msoflio aReb-micemobaSi. manqanaTmSeneblobis,gemTmSeneblobis, radio-satelegrafo kavSirgabmulobisda sxva axali dargebis ganviTarebam moiTxova navTobis,samTamadno wiaRiseulis da sxva saxis nedleulisgazrdili mopoveba, gadamuSaveba da msoflio bazris-Tvis miwodeba. aman gamoiwvia tvirTbrunvis gaZliereba,rasac Zveli satransporto saSualebebi (oTxTvala,uremi, Wapani) veRar audioda. swored masobrivi gadazidvebisaucileblobam Seuwyo xeli sarkinigzo transportisganviTarebas da rkinigzis xazebis daCqarebulmowyobas msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi.am mxriv gamonaklisi arc amierkavkasia yofila, sadac1872 wlidan ukve moqmedebda foTi-Tbilisis magistralurirkinigza. masze me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan1921 wlamde periodSi moewyo ramdenime gverdiTiganStoeba: 1) baqosTan surxanis navTobis raionis damakavSirebeli(1880 w); 2) baqo-Tbilisis da baTum-samtrediis(1883); 3) quTais-tyibulis (1883-1887); 4) xaSuriborjomis(1893-1894); 5) borjom-bakurianis viwroliandagiani(1898-1902); 6) Sorapani-WiaTura-saCxeris (1894-1904);7) darkveTi-saCxeris viwroliandagiani (1904); 8) Tbilisi-aleqsandropoli-yarsis(1895-1899); 9) aleqsandropoli-uluxanlu-erevanis(1902); 10) uluxanlu-julfas170
(1908) [“k.k.” 1913:196-197]; 11) kaxeTis Sto (1910-1015 ww.) da12) axalsenaki-xeTa (1919 w.). 1900 w. baqodan kaspiiszRvis gaswvriv petrovskamde liandagis gayvaniT amierkavkasiisrkinigza SeuerTda ruseTis sarkinigzo qsels[totoCava, 1972:26].aRsaniSnavia, rom amierkavkasiaSi rkinigzis gverdiTiganStoebebis mowyobiT ufro gaiolda iq arsebulinavTobis, manganumis, spilenZis, xe-tyis, qvanaxSiris,grafitis, TuTiis da sxva sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebada eqsporti, agreTve, adgilze nawarmi bambis,matylis, abreSumis parkis, Tambaqos, Zirtkbilas, xilis,Rvinis, xorcis da kvebis sxva produqtebis miwodebasaSinao da sagareo bazrebisaTvis.zemoaRniSnul ganStoebaTagan rogorc ekonomikuri,ise samxedro TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyobaqo-Tbilisis da samtredia-baTumis rkinigza, romlebicmaT eqsploataciaSi SesvlisTanave (1883 w.) iqcnenSavi da kaspiis zRvebis damakavSirebeli sarkinigzomagistralis sawyis punqtebad.aRsaniSnavia, rom baTumisken rkinigzis gayvanis azrixelisuflebaSi warmoiSva TurqeTTan 1877-1878 wlebisomis damTavrebisTanave. 1878 w. 1 noembers imperatormadaamtkica ministrTa komitetis debuleba samtrediidanbaTumamde rkinigzis gasayvanad saxelmwifo gamokvlevisCatarebis Sesaxeb. am saqmis warmoeba daevala amierkavkasiisrkinigzis inspeqtors inJiner statkovskis. manSeimuSava da ukve dekembris damlevs kavkasiis xelisuflebaswarudgina samtrediidan baTumamde rkinigzis gayvanismimarTulebis sami varianti: 1. mTiani guriisa daozurgeTis gavliT, 2. dReisaTvis moqmedi marSruti da3. foTidan zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv baTumamde. esukanaskneli iyo yvelaze mokle mimarTuleba (42 versti*),magram mas mTlianad unda gaevlo Waobian da171
dausaxlebel teritoriaze. amasTan, rkinigza zRvidanacdaucveli Kiqneboda. amitom am variantze uari iTqva.1880 w. 6 ivniss ruseTis imperiis ministrTa komitetissaTanado debulebiT dadginda, rom aerCiaT dReisaTvismoqmedi baTum-samtrediis rkinigzis marSruti(105 versti). misi mSeneblobisaTvis xazinam gamohyo 6,5milioni rubli [А. Аргутинский-Долгоруков, 1896 : 58-62].SemoerTebidan 5 welSi baTumis rkinigza ukve amoqmedda.amgvar siswrafes amierkavkasiis rkinigzis <strong>istoriis</strong>cnobili mkvlevari a. arRuTinski-dolgorukoviSemdegi mizezebiT xsnis: pirvelyovlisa, es iyo gamowveulipolitikuri momentiT da baTumis mniSvnelovanistrategiuli mdebareobiT. xolo, meores mxriv, amasganapirobebda bunebrivi pirobebiT gamorCeuli baTumisporti, rac gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi iyo Stormisagandaucveli foTis portis mouxerxeblobis gamoo [iqve :57].foTis navsadguri Stormis dros imdenad gamousadegariiyo tvirTbrunvisTvis, rom saokeano gemebibaTumSi Semodiodnen. aq xdeboda maTi datvirTva-gadmotvirTvada patara gemebiT foTSi gagzavna, saidanactvirTi rkinigziT igzavneboda amierkavkasiis siRrmeSi,CrdiloeT sparseTsa da Sua aziaSi. aseve iyo eqsportisdrosac. foTSi rkinigziT Catanili tvirTi pataragemebiT igzavneboda baTumSi da iq xomaldze gadaqondaT.amdengzis CatvirTva-gadmotvirTva mekurtneTa zurgiTxdeboda, rac sakmaod aZvirebda tvirTis Rirebulebas.amitom, yoveldRiurad mzardi eqsport-importisda tranzitis interesebi moiTxovda baTumis navsadguramdesarkinigzo mimosvlis swrafad mowyobas.baTum-samtrediis rkinigza 1883 w. 12 aprils Caibaraspecialurma komisiam. am xazze moewyo rkinigzis 8sadguri: samtredia, nigoiTi, sajavaxo, lanCxuTi, sufsa,172
natanebi, qobuleTi da baTumi. TiToeuli verstis mSeneblobazesaSualod daixarja 62 aTasi rubli.1883 w. 21 maiss baTum-samtrediis rkinigza sazeimodgaixsna. qalaqSi Semosu;li pirveli matareblisdasaxvedrad baTumis da misi Semogarenis uamravmamcxovrebma moiyara Tavi[Шарабидзе, Абусеридзе, 1984 : 4-6].baqosa da baTums Soris gaCaRda grandiozulitvirTbrunva. TviTon baqos gadaqceva navTobis msxvilmompovebel da eqsportior centrad ganapiroba baTumisnavsadgurma. is gaxda azerbaijanis navTobis didirezervuari, saidanac gadamuSavebuli da dafasoebulisxvadasxva saxis navTobproduqti uxvad miedinebodaevropis, afrikisa da aziis qveynebis bazrebze. baTumisnavsadguris tvirTbrunvaSic umTavresi wili navTobzemodioda. magaliTad, 1903 w. saerTo tvirTbrunvam Seadgina107,7 milioni fuTi. aqedan navTobi iyo 78,5 mln.fuTi [sioriZe, 2002:33-34].navTobis wyalobiT baTumi gaxda msxvili navsadgurida savaWro-samrewvelo centri. aq Seiqmna navTobproduqtebisdaxarisxebisa da transportirebisTvissaWiro infrastruqtura. baTumsa da mis gareubnebSimuSaobda navTobis taris (Tunuqis bidonebis da xiskasrebis) damamzadebeli 9 msxvili da aTeulobiT wvrilisawarmo. aigo didi tevadobis 150-mde rezervuari.navTobproduqtebis gemebSi CasatvirTavad navsadgurSimoewyo 30-ze meti Camosaxmeli sadguri da elevatori.keTilmoewyo navsadguri da qalaqis ZiriTadi quCebi.rkinigziT, garda navTobisa, baTumSi SemohqondaT daaqedan gemebiT ucxoeTSi gahqondaT 45-mde dasaxelebissxvadasxva saqoneli: manganumi, xe-tye, simindi, matyli,abreSumis parki, bamba, Zirtkbila da sxv. xolo evropidanSemohqondaT da aqedan rkinigziT mTels amierkavkasiaSivrceldeboda 25-ze meti saxis saqoneli: gogirdi,saRebavebi, samrewvelo manqanebi da mowyobilo-173
ebi, liTonis nawarmi, manufaqtura, yava, aveji, marmarilo,aguri, kramiti, Tunuqi da sxva [sioriZe, 2002: 36].ukve aRvniSneT, rom baTum-samtrediis rkinigzaTavidan gaiyvanes rogorc foTi-Tbilisis magistraliserT-erTi ganStoeba. magram male, rkinigziT gatarebulitvirTebis didi moculobis gamo, baTumi gaxda amierkavkasiissaqonelgacvlis mTavari navsadguri da sarkinigzomagistralis iseTi xelsayreli punqti, saidanacSemdegSi daigegma istoriul <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSirkinigzis ramdenime ganStoebis gayvana, rasacexeba es naSromi.<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> socialur-ekonomikurganviTarebaSi me-19 saukunis damlevidan wamyvaniroli mieniWa arTvinis regions. es mxare mdidari iyowiaRiseuliT. amitom, samrewvelo wreebSi gaCnda baTumidanarTvinamde rkinigzis gayvanis azri.1901-1903 wlebSi amis gakeTebas cdilobda firma“krezo”, romelic gegmavda arTvinis mxaris rkinis sabadoebiseqsploatacias, magram es idea ver ganaxorciela,radgan samxedro uwyebam “strategiuli mosazrebis”gamo neba ar darTo am regionSi rkinigzis gayvanaze[Проект.., 1916:4,7].amis Semdeg Woroxis xeobaSi rkinigzis gayvanis surviligamoTqva 1900 w. londonSi daarsebulma “kavkasiisspilenZis samrewvelo sazogadoebam”. mas md. murRulisxeobaSi hqonda sahaero-sabagiro gzebiT erTmaneTTandakavSirebuli aTeulobiT maRaro, 4 gamamdidrebelifabrika, eleqtrosadguri da uaxlesi teqnikiT aRWurvilispilenZsadnobi qarxana. am kompleqsis mSeneblobaSifirmam daabanda im droisTvis didi kapitali _20 milioni rubli. magram samxedro uwyebam masac armisca rkinigzis gayvanis ufleba. amitom firmis xelmZRvanelobaiZulebuli gaxda baTumidan – md. Woroxisada murRuliswylis xeobebiT gaeyvana 60 versti174
sigrZis navTsadeni mili, riTac xdeboda qarxnebisTvisTxevadi sawvavis miwodeba.firmas aseve Zviri ujdeboda mza spilenZis baTumamdeCatanac. is murRulis xeobidan furgonebiT gahqondaTxofamde, Semdeg gadatvirTavdnen navebze da md.WoroxiT CamohqondaT baTumSi [sioriZe, 1987:142-146]. rkinigzaki mniSvnelovnad gaamartivebda da gaaiafebda zemoaRniSnuloperaciebs da TviT warmoebis processac.rkinigziTve iqneboda SesaZlebeli md. Woroxis xeobaSimoqmedi samTo-mompovebeli sawarmoebis momarageba iafisawvaviT (koqsi, qvanaxSiri), warmoebisTvis saWiro manqana-danadgarebiTda sxva saqoneliT.1900-iani wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi damis Semdeg ganviTarebuli depresia uaryofiTad aisaxabaTumis navsadguris tvirTbrunvazec. amitom, baTumissaqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi seriozulad daiwyes fiqriSeqmnili mdgomareobis gamosworebaze. amis TaobazebaTumis mTavari sabaJos mmarTvelis iv. lopatos mier1911 w. 17 ianvars Sedgenil saangariSo moxsenebaSi vkiTxulobT:“baTumis portSi tvirTebis misazidad qalaqisTviTmmarTveloba amuSavebda proeqts baTumidan yarsamderkinigzis gasayvanad. is unda gavides Woroxisa damisi Senakadebis xeobebiT, Semdeg uReltexiliT gadavaartaanis platoze da SeuerTdeba amierkavkasiis rkinigzisjulfas mimarTulebas sparseTze gasasvlelad. esrkinigza baTumidan julfamde gzas Seamcirebs 200verstiT da iqneba umoklesi baTumsa da sparseTis bazrebsSoris. bunebrivia,_daaskvnis sabaJos mmarTveli, _rom baTumis porti pirvel adgils daikavebs sparseTsada <strong>dasavleT</strong> evropas Soris satranzito vaWrobaSi”[acsa, f. 48, aR. 1, s. 1385, furc. 56].samxedro uwyebisagan nebarTvis miRebis HSemdeg ba-Tum-yarsis momavali rkinigzis proeqtis Sedgena daevalainJiner d. sviSCevskis. 1914 w. zafxulSi misi xel-175
mZRvanelobiT Catarebuli kvleva-ZiebiT baTum-yarsisrkinigzis mTliani sigrZe ganisazRvra 348,4 verstiT.baTumidan 303-e verstze rkinigzas unda gadaekveTaTbilis-yarsis rkinigzis xazi punqt iagnisTan (yarsisCrdiloeTiT) da bolos unda SeerTeboda aleqsandropol-julfasrkinigzas punqt bugdaSenTan (aleqsandropolis<strong>samxreT</strong>iT).rkinigzis daproeqtirebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqnabaTumis olqis wiaRiseuli simdidreebis eqsploataciisinteresebi. amitom gadawyda rkinigzis gatareba md.Woroxis dinebis gaswvriv, saidanac saWiroebisas SesaZlebeliiqneboda gverdiTi Stoebis gayvana SenakadxeobebSi.pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam Seaferxa proeqtisdasruleba, Tumca 1915 w. kavkasiis frontze ruseTisarmiam seriozuli warmatebebi moipova. d. sviSCevskimacimave wels daasrula da waradgina proeqti, rac 1916wels daistamba TbilisSi qarTuli sagamomcemlo amxanagobismier. es aris 154 nabeWdi gverdis moculobiswigni da Sedgeba oTxi Tavisagan. masSi dasabuTebuliabaTum-yarsis rkinigzis gayvanis aucilebeli saWiroebada misi ekonomikuri efeqtianoba, mocemulia proeqtisganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli xarjebi da teqnikurimaxasiaTeblebi.Sesaval werilSi d. sviSCevski aRniSnavs, rom 30welze meti gavida baTumisa da misi olqis Semoer-Tebidan, magram zRvis sanapiro zolis garda, olqisdanarCen nawilSi cxovrebis is Zveli pirobebia, rac aqdatova TurqTa batonobamo. marTalia, rkinigzis gayvanammniSvnelovani roli Seasrula q. baTumis zrda-ganviTarebaSi,magram danarCeni olqi ugzoobas moucavs.TviT saubno-administraciuli centrebic ki ar ariserTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli borbliani transportisT-176
vis vargisi gzebiT. olqis SigniT gadaadgileba xdebafexiT, cxeniT an saWapane transportiTo.mTeli es mxare mofenilia eklesia-monastrebis dacixesimagreTa mravalricxovani nangrevebiT. es mowmobs,rom Zvelad aq sicocxle Cqefda, rac mxolod kargisamimosvlo gzebis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. amasdRemde SemorCenili da moqmedi qvis TaRiani xidebicadasturebso.regionis am mdgomareobidan gamoyvanis erT-erT mTavarpirobad d. sviSCevskis miaCnda Woroxis velze rkinigzisgayvana. es gaxdeboda agreTve transportirebis-Tvis vargisi Siga samimosvlo gzebis mowyobis safu-Zveli. gaioldeboda tvirTebis, adgilze nawarmi produqtebisgadatana da mgzavroba, rac dadebiTad imoqmedebdaadgilobriv mcxovreblebze da gamoiwvevda maTkeTilganwyobas xelisuflebisadmi.sviSCevski baTum-yarsis rkinigzas ukavSirebda sxvaxelsayrel garemoebebsac: 1) sarkinigzo gadazidvebixels Seuwyobda swraf tvirTbrunvas. 2) olTisisraionSi arsebuli qvanaxSiris da koqsis uxvi sabadoebiseqsploatacia, iqamde rkinigzis Stos gayvanisSemdeg da am iafi sawvaviT Woroxis auzis spilenZismwarmoebeli qarxnebis uzrunvelyofa 3) baTum-yarsisrkinigzas Tu sazRvriskenac daemateba gverdiTi ganStoebebi,mas SeuZlia moemsaxuros TurqeTis aRmosavleTprovinciebs. es Seaferxebs baTumis konkurentitrapizonis portis gafarToebas da is veRar miizidavssparseTis tranzitso [Проект.., 1916:3-6].winaswari gamoTvliT baTum-yarsis rkinigzis (348,4versti) mSenebloba dajdeboda 62,2 mln. rubli. anu 1verstze saSualod daixarjeboda 178 aTasi rubli. SemdegsviSCevskis mohyavs rkinigziT tvirTbrunvis damgzavrTa gadayvanis savaraudo cifrobrivi monacemebida wers, rom maRali danaxarjebis miuxedavad rkinig-177
zis aqcionerTa wliuri sufTa mogeba dasawyisSive 143aTasi rubli iqneboda [iqve:11-14].proeqtSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli rkinigzis mar-Suti. is unda Se erTeboda baTumis sabargo sadgurs,saidanac SesaZlebeli iqneboda Seuferxebeli satvirTooperaciebi baTumis portSi. Tumca, umaRlesi xelisuflebismier ukve damtkicebuli iyo gegma baTumis e.w.“navTobis qalaqis” gadakeTebis Taobaze. is iTvaliswinebdarkinigzis samgzavro da sabargo sadgurebisqalaqidan kaxabris dausaxlebel velze gadatanas. sviS-Cevskis azriT es adgili mosaxerxebeli iyo baTum-yarsisrkinigzis sadguris mosawyobadac. aqedan rkinigzaWoroxis xeobiT gaemarTeboda yarsisaken.baTumidan me-40 verstze gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pirvelisadguris mowyoba daba borCxaSi. aqedan axlosiyo murRulis spilenZsadnobi qarxana da manganumissabadoebi. rkinigzis meore sadguri igegmeboda kvarcxanisspilenZsadnobi qarxanisaTvis. Semdegi unda yofiliyoq. arTvinis rkinigzis sadguri (61-e verstze). Semdeggza kvlav aRma miyveboda Woroxis kldovan xeobas, 70-everstze uxvevda marcxniv da miuyveboda Woroxis Senakadmd. imerxevs, Semdeg am ukanasknelis Senakad Sav-SeTis wyals. amis Semdeg rkinigza uxvevda <strong>samxreT</strong>isken,gars Semouvlida bil-belanis mTian masivs da ialanuz-Camskis uReltexilSi gaWrili gvirabebiT daeSvebodaartaanis mxareSi, md. mtkvris velze, saidanac gadakveTdaTbilis-yarsis rkinigzas da rk. sadgur bugdaSenTanSeuerTdeboda aleqsandropol-julfas xazs.proeqtis avtorTa varaudiT baTum-yarsis rkinigzateqnikurad iZleoda 8 wyvili matareblis (e.i. 16 sarkinigzoSemadgenlobis) erTdroulad moZraobis saSualebas.xolo omianobis viTarebaSi, e.w. ”asaqcevi liandagebis”gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda 15 wyvilisamxedro da 1 wyvili samoqalaqo matareblis moZraoba.178
aTumis olqis mTagorian adgilebSi, baTumidan sof.dolisyanamde, matareblis Semadgenlobis moZraobis-Tvis saWiro iqneboda ori orTqlmavali. inJineri sviS-Cevski iqve svamda sakiTxs, rom rkinigzis Znelad gadasalaxavubnebze gamoeyenebinaT eleqtroweva (igiveelmavlebi). maTTvis saWiro energia mTis mdinareebzemowyobili stacionaruli eleqtrosadgurebidan undamieRoT.sviSCevski agreTve ayenebda winadadebas, rom baTumyarsisrkinigzisTvis baTumis portSi gamoeyoT monakve-Ti gemmisadgomTan da mis maxloblad rkinigzis platformismosawyobad saWiro teritoria [Проект.., 1916:24-39].dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom baTum-yarsis rkinigzisproeqtis ganxorcieleba samomavlod gadaido. misnacvlad ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba 1916 w. zafxulSiswraf tempSi Seudga samxedro daniSnulebis baTumtrapizonisrkinigzis mSeneblobas [sioriZe, 2005 : 80-85].1916 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis kavkasiis armiam,romlis TvalsaCino nawils qarTvelebi Seadgendnen,osmalTagan gaaTavisufla istoriuli lazeTi. SemdegiSeteviTi operaciebisTvis moqmedi armiis uzrunvelsayofadruseTis sardlobam saWirod CaTvala q. trapizonSimtkice zurgis samsaxuris mowyoba. amisTvislazeTis zRvispira zolSi, baTumidan trapizonamdegadawyda farToliandagiani rkinigzis gayvana.1916 wlis maisSi q. baTumSi Seiqmna specialuri dawesebulebebisaxelwodebiT _ “baTum-trapizonis farToliandagianisamxedro rkinigzis samuSaoTa sammarTvelo”,romlis xelmZRvanelad dainiSna polkovniki m. a.verderevski [scssa, f. 2080, aR.1 s. 544:422]. imavdrouladdaiwyo saproeqto samuSaoebi.baTum-trapizons Soris kldovani zRvis napiriTrkinigzis gayvanis gadawyvetilebas “briyvul saqmes”179
uwodebs mwerali daviT kldiaSvili. is am dros iyoomiT gaTavisuflebuli lazeTis erT-erTi zRvispirapunqtis (pironitis) komendanti da amdenad am movlenebisSemswre da TviTmxilveli. misi SefasebiT polkovnikiverderevski iyo mesangreTa oficeri da aragzaTa saqmis specialisti inJineri. mas <strong>dasavleT</strong>isfrontze, vake adgilas, ukve gayvanili hqonda 16 verstisigrZis rkinigza ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi. amas isemouxiblavs mTavarsardali nikoloz nikolozis Ze, romsxva inJiners aRar ikadrebdao. roca nikoloz nikolozisZe mefisnacvlad dainiSna, mas verderevskim warudginagegma erT weliwadSi baTum-trapizons Soris rkinigzismowyobis Sesaxeb, rac uproblemod damtkicebula[kldiaSvili, 1984:197].baTum-trapizonis rkinigzis sammarTvelos q. baTumSigamouyves calke Senoba da uzrunvelyves saWiro personaliT.“sammarTvelosTan” Seiqmna teqnikuri, meqanikurida geologiuri ganyofilebebi, damoukidebeli samedicinosamsaxuri [acsa, f.6, aR. 1, s.896:4].^baTumis municipalitetmaqalaqis ganapiras, sof. souqsus sazRvar-Tan, gamohyo agreTve 1,8 heqtari miwis nakveTi mSenebarerkinigzisaTvis sawyobebis da meqanikuri saxelosnoebismosawyobad [iqve, s. 873:1-8]. maTi eleqtroenergiiT momaragebisaTvis,1917 w. ianvris dasawyisSi baTumis maxloblad,md. Woroxze moewyo mcire hidroeleqtrosadguric.sadenebis gasayvanad gamoiyenes qalaqis eleqtroboZebi[iqve, s. 899:6-9].lazeTis rkinigzis asagebad xazinam gamohyo soliduriTanxa_25 milioni rubli. 1916 wlis 14 dekembersimperator nikoloz II-is mier xelmowerili “droebiTidebulebiT” mSeneblobis ufross mieniWa SeuzRudaviuflebebi TanamSromelTa raodenobis, maTi xelfasebis,warmoebul samuSaoTa Sefasebis, mSeneblobisTvis saWiroteqnikis da mowyobilobaTa Rirebulebis, agreTve,180
sxva saxis xarjebis gansazRvraSi. masve SeeZlo, saWiroebisas,ukve damtkicebul proeqtSic Seetana aucilebelicvlilebebi [scssa, f. 2080, aR. 1 s. 544:422-433].lazeTis rkinigzis mSenebloba daiwyo 1916 wlis agvistoSi.samuSaoebi warmoebda erTdroulad ramdenimeubanze, q. baTumidan dawyebuli _ trapizonamde.lazeTis zRvispireTi kldovania. amitom, rkinigzazesamuSaoebi ganisazRvra sam etapad. pirveli rigisamocana iyo dablob adgilebSi relsebis dasagebadniadagis momzadeba. meore etapze gansazRvruli iyoxidebis ageba da gvirabebis gayvana kldovan adgilebSi,rac mesame etapze unda dasrulebuliyo samontaJosamuSaoebiT da matareblebis moZraobis dawyebiT.rkinigzis mSeneblobam aTasobiT muSaxeli miizida<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTvelodan, maT Soris lazeTidanac. d.kldiaSvilis cnobiT inJiner-teqnikuri personalis “umravlesobaiyo gadmoyvanili Crdilo ruseTidan, murmanskinsrkinigzaze namuSevrebi. ubralo muSebic TiTqmiserTianad ruseTidan Camoiyvanes” [kldiaSvili,1984:198]. mSeneblobis ubnebze, aigo xe-tyis saxerxiqarxnebi da sxvadasxva saxis saxelosnoebi; moewyobarakebi, sasadiloebi, savaWro fardulebi, abanoebi dasxva obieqtebi. mSeneblobaze muSaobda aTeulobiTsabargo avtomobili, asobiT oTxTvala da uremi.1917 wlis ianvarSi daiwyo amierkavkasiis rkinigzismagistralTan lazeTis Stos SeerTebis sakiTxis ganxilva.amisaTvis Seiqmna Sereuli komisia, saxelmwifomrCevel g.s. qiqoZis TavmjdomareobiT. komisiaSi SediodnenbaTum-trapizonis rkinigzis, amierkavkasiisrkinigzis, baTumis TviTmmarTvelobis, samxedro uwyebis,mixeilis cixesimagris, baTumis savaWro da samxedronavsadgurebis warmomadgenlebi. komisiam gadawyvita,rom baTum-trapizonis rkinigza amierkavkasiis magistralTandroebiT SeerTebinaT baTumis sabargo181
sadgurTan. komisiis wevrebi agreTve SeTanxmdnen, romuaxloes momavalSi SeedginaT baTumis damoukidebelisakvanZo sadguris proeqti, romelsac SeuerTdebodarogorc baTum-trapizonis, ise ukve daproeqtebuli ba-Tum-yarsis rkinigzac [acsa, f.6, s. 896:5]. rogorc zemoTukve aRvniSneT, baTumis sakvanZo sadguris ageba igegmebodaqalaqgareT, kaxabris velze. magram Semdeg ganviTarebulimovlenebis gamo am gegmebis ganxorcielebaveRar moxerxda.1917 w. Tebervlis revoluciiT ruseTis saTaveSi mosuldroebiT mTavrobas mZime politikuri da ekonomikurimemkvidreoba darCa. korumpirebuli moxeleebismier gaZarcvuli xazina ukve uSualod frontis saWiroebebsacZlivs akmayofilebda. amitom mTavrobamgadawyvita arapirdapiri samxedro xarjebis Semcireba.es Seexo baTum-trapizonis rkinigzasac, radgan ar hqondaTsaxsrebi mis bolomde misayvanad. rkinigzismSeneblobaze Catarebuli reviziis Sedegad aRmoCnda,rom fulis udidesi nawilis (21 mln. rubli) daxarjvismiuxedavad samuSaoebi sanaxevrodac ar iyo Sesrulebuli.relsebis dasagebad grunti ZiriTadad dablobadgilebSi momzadda da isic uxarisxod. kldovanadgilebSi ki samuSaoebi jer dawyebulic ar iyo[scssa, f. 2080, aR. 1, s. 544:4-5]. mSeneblobis dasrulebadamatebiT saWiroebda did Tanxebs, ris saSualebac xazinasaRar hqonda. seriozuli sirTuleebi gaCnda rkinigzisrelsebiT da sxva saSeni masalebiT momarageba-Sic. gamoikveTa saxelmwifo fulis didi raodenobiTdatacebis da aradaniSnulebisamebr xarjvis araerTifaqti, razec samxedro prokuraturam daiwyo mokvlevada aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi. yovelive amisgamo ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis 1917 wlis 15 aprilisdadgenilebiT baTum-trapizonis rkinigzis mSeneblobaSewyda.182
amrigad, istoriul <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSidagegmil baTum-trapizonisa da baTum-yarsis rkinigzisganStoebebs dadebiTi rolis Sesruleba SeeZlo lazeTsada arTvin-artaanis regionebis mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikurganviTarebaSi. es xels Seuwyobda<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxeebTan maT integrirebasac. magrames mSeneblobebi ver ganxorcielda ruseTSi bol-Sevikuri gadatrialebisa da pirveli msoflio omisSedegad <strong>samxreT</strong> kavkasiaSi Seqmnil specifikur viTarebaTagamo.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi(SemoklebiT scssa) fondi 2080, aRw. 1, saqme # 544.2. scssa fondi 1854, aRw. 1, saq. 766.3. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (Semokl. Aacsa),fondi 6, aRw. 1, saqme # # 873, 896, 899.4. acsa fondi 16, aR. 1, s. 42.5. acsa fondi 48, aR. 1, s. 1385.6. goSaZe g. g amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mSeneblobis, eleqtrofikaciisada eqsploataciis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1959.7. kldiaSvili d. Cemi cxovrebis gzaze, baTumi, 1984.8. sioriZe m. samTo-metalurgiuli mrewveloba <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong>saqarTveloSi da ucxouri kapitali (1878-1921 ww.) _“aWaris socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi”, VIII, baT., 1987 (gv. 135-153).9. sioriZe m. <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong>i saqarTvelo 1914-1918 wleb-Si, baT., 2002.10. sioriZe m. rkinigzis mSenebloba lazeTSi 1916-1917 wlebSi._ baTumis niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis samecniero_kvleviTiinstitutis Sromebi, IV, baT., 2005 (gv.80,86). .11. totoCava k., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr transportis istoria, Tb.,1973.12. Аргутинский-Долгоруков А., История сооружения и эксплоатацииЗакавказзской железной дороги, Тифл., 1896.183
13. Комерческая деятельность Закавказских железных дорог за 1907-1911гг. – . ,,Кавказский Календар" (teqstSi ix. Semokl. К.К.) На 1914 г. (отд.Статистю), Тифл., 1913. с. 196-204.14. Сагратян А. История железных дорог закавказья (1856-1921), изд-во,,Аиастан" Ереван 1970 (264 с.).15. Шарабидзе Э ., Абусеридзе З., От Самтредии до Батуми, Бат.,1984.* versti (versi) _ sigrZis sazomi erTeuli Zvel ruseTSi. 1versti udris 500 saJens, anu 1,0668 kilometrs.Malkhaz SioridzeHistory of the Construction of the Railway Branchesin the South-Western GeorgiaSummaryAfter constraction af the Batumi-Samtredia railway (1883) Batumibecame the main port of the barter operation of the Eastern Black sea. In thefirst decades of the XX-th century it was planned to constract the railwayfrom Batumi in different directions: At the beginning of the XX-th centuryforeign manufacturers unsuccessfully tried to get the permission for theconstruction of the reailway branch from Batumi till Artvin.After the world’s economical crisis by the initiative of Batumi townmunicipality with the aim of attracting of the new goods to Batumi port wasdesigned the project of Batumi-Kars railway. This railway project wasshortening the distance to Iran border by 200 versts and beside of that acould help to serve the local needs of Artvin, Ardagan, Kars regions. Butthe realization of this project was stopped and in the summer of 1916 wasstarted the construction of the military railway Batumi-Trabzon. Theconstructive works simultaneously were carring out on different places fromBatumi to Trabzon along Black sea coast of Lazistan. The central office ofthis construction was situated in Batumi. Here in the future was disignedtobuild the railway junction station with the aim to join to it as well asTrabzon so Kars railway branches. but after the February revolution of 1917and the subsequent events the realization of the above named projects werestopped.184
Малхаз СиоридзеК истории устройства железнодорожных ветвей вЮго – Западной ГрузииРезюмеПосле проведения Батум-Самтредской железнодорожной линии(1883 г.) г.Батуми стал главным товарообменным портом восточногопричерноморья.В первые десятилетия 20-го века из Батуми было запланированопровести ж/д ветви по несколким направлениям: В начале 20-го векаиностранные промышленники безрезултатно старались добиться разрешенияпровести ж/д. ветвь до г. Артвина.После мирового экономического кризиса, по инициативе Батумскогогородского муниципалитета, с целью привлечения новых грузов вБатумский порт, был разработан проект т.н. Батум-Карсской ж/д. Этадорога на 200 вёрст сокращала расстояние до границы с Персией иодновременно могла обслуживать местные нужды регионов Артвина,Ардагана и Карса.Однако, осуществление данного проекта было приостановлено илетом 1916 г, начали строительство Батум-Трапезундской военнойжелезной дороги. Строительные работы одновременно развернулись наразных участках от Батума до Трапезунда вдоль Черноморскогопобережья Лазистана.Главный офис этого строительства находился вБатуми.Здесь же, в скором будущем, намечалось проектирование узловойстанции с целью присоединения к ней как Трапезундской, так иКарсской ж/д ветвей.Однако, после Февральской Революции 1917 года и позднейшихсобытий осуществление вишеназванных проектов прекратилось.185
oTar TurmaniZegadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado sistema<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> soflad(1901-1917 ww.)ruseTma <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi XX saukunisdasawyisamde SeinarCuna osmaluri gadasaxadebi dasagadasaxado sistema. igi ganpirobebuli iyo politikurimotivaciiT. magram peterburgis centralurixelisufleba, kavkasiis samxareo administracia kargadxedavda, rom baTumisa da yarsis olqebSi osmalurigadasaxadebis SenarCuneba sarfiani aRar iyo. sagulisxmoa,rom kavkasiis regionSi erTiani sagadasaxado sistemasaerTod ar arsebobda, rac mraval gaugebrobasada siZneles qmnida ara marto am mxaris, aramed, agreTve,mTlianad imperiis masStabiTac. amitom aucilebeliiyo cvlilebebi. mTavrobis dadgenilebiT, 1901wels kavkasiaSi sagadasaxado sistemis reforma gatarda.yvela winandeli gadasaxadi gaauqmes da adgilmamulebisdabegvris erTiani wesebi SemoiRes. esreforma yarsis olqs, baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebsacSeexo. aq, rogorc mTlianad kavkasiaSi, adgil-mamulebidaibegra: saxelmwifo saRalo gamosaRebiT, saerobo mosakrebeliTda saxelmwifo miwis gadasaxadiT. pirvelisaxazino miwebze dawesda, meore _ yvela saxis miwebze,xolo mesame _ kerZo sakuTrebaSi myof mamulebze.mTavrobis Sesabamisi organoebi aRniSnuli saxis gadasaxadebisnusxas sami wliT winaswar adgendnen. amieridangadasaxadebi miwis farTobze dawesda, mosavalisaTvalavSi aRar miiReboda.1903 wlis 12 maisis umaRlesi dadgenilebiT ami-186
erkavkasiaSi SemoiRes axali wesi da ganakveTebi sagerbogamosaRebis, saerobo mosakreblis, binis, miwisda sxva gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb. am dadgenilebiTdasabegr miwebs ekuTvnoda: venaxi da xexilis baRebi,saxnavi, Tambaqos plantaciebi, tye da saZovrebi. manamdearsebuli wesisagan gansxvavebiT, ezoebi da saTibebigamoyofili ar iyo saerTo savargulebisagan. dabegrvisaxali wesis Tanaxmad daadgines dasabegri miwebis axalikategoriebi.Mmiwebi daiyo oTx Tanrigad. pirvelTanrigs miakuTvnes kaxabrisa da Curuqsus dablobismiwebi, meores _ zRvasTan axlomdebare damrec gorakebzeganlagebuli savargulebi, mesames _ mTiswinaferdobebze ganTavsebuli saxnavi, xolo meoTxe Tanrigs_ maRalmTian zonaSi mkveTri ferdobebis savargulebi.miwebis saerTo Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis gaTvaliswinebiTdaaweses sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. ma-Sindel pirobebSi erTi desetina pirveli kategoriissaxnavi miwis Semosavali gansazRvres 75 rubli, danaxarji_ 55, xolo wminda Semosavali _ 20 rubli. meoreTanrigis miwebze Sesabamisad: 65, 53 da 12 rubli.mesame Tanrigis miwebze _ 45, 37 da 8 rubli. meoTxekategoriis erTi desetina miwis saerTo Semosavalidaadgines 28 rubli, danaxarjebi _ 25, xolo wmindaSemosavali _ 3 rubli. Tambaqos plantaciebi kategoriebadar iyofoda. erTi desetina Tambaqos plantaciiswminda Semosavali gansazRvres 37 rubli da 50 kapiki.erTi desetina tyisa da saZovrebis Semosavali daadgines30 kapikis odenobiT.Cais plantaciebi da venaxi 1903 wels ar ibegrebodaim motiviT, rom es dargebi mniSvnelovnad ganviTarebuliar iyo. arTvinis okrugis miwebi dabalnayofieradSeafases da eqvs kategoriad iyofoda. pirvelikategoriis erTi desetina miwis saerTo Semo-187
savali 28 rubliT gansazRvres, xolo wminda Semosavali_ 22 rubliTa da 50 kapikiT. erTi desetina saZovrebisada sabalaxoebis Semosavali ganisazRvra 15kapikiT [acsa, s. 103: 27]. saerTo da wminda SemosavlebisafuZvlad daedo adgil-mamulebis vargisianobis gansazRvrasda amis mixedviT miwis farTobze saadgilmamulogadasaxadebis dadgenas.gadasaxadebis amoReba adgilobrivi, sagubernio,samxareo da TviT centraluri organoebis mTavarsaqmed rCeboda. reformis Semdeg es saqme uSualodguberniebis saxazino palatebs daevalaT. saqarTveloSiori aseTi uwyeba arsebobda: erTi quTaisis, xolo meoreTbilisis guberniaSi. baTumis olqi quTaisis guberniissaxazino palatas eqvemdebareboda, xolo yarsisolqi - erevnis guberniis analogiur uwyebas. saxazinopalatebis dasayrdeni Zala iyo sasoflo sazogadoebebismamasaxlisebi da sasoflo okrugebis ufrosebi.saxazino palatebs baTumis, arTvinis, artaanisa daolTisis okrugebSi gamoyofili hyavdaT sagadasaxadoinspeqtorebi. isini sagadasaxado saqmeebs awesrigebdnensaolqo, saokrugo, sapolicio ubnebisa da sasoflookrugebis moxeleebTan TanamoqmedebiT.saadgilmamulo rentis ZiriTadi simZime sanadelomiwebze modioda (1905 wels _ 97%, 1915 wels _ 84%).1915 wels saRalo gamosaRebiT da saerobo mosakrebliTdabegrili iyo 465 sofeli (baTumis okrugSi _301, arTvinisaSi 164 sofeli [КК, 1916: 340-341] ). yvelaisini saxelmwifo dasaxlebad iTvlebodnen.saerTod sagadasaxado ganakveTebi myari ar iyo. 1902-1907 wlebSi soflis mosaxleobis saadgilmamulo saRalogamosaRebis ganakveTebi ZiriTadad erTi da igivedarCa. Semcirebis tendencia 1908 wlidan SeimCneva. ukve1915 wels 1905 welTan SedarebiT sanadele miwebze188
gawerili saRalo gamosaRebi mesamediT da kidev metadaaSemcirebuli. amis mizezi iyo mosaxleobis miermiwis zogierTi nakveTis mitoveba. ZiriTadad es iyosaZovrebi da tye-buCqnarebi, nawili ki moaxalSeneebmaSeiZines.baTumis olqis mosaxleoba, 1917 wlis cnobiT, Ralisada saerobo mosakreblis saxiT ixdida sanadelomiwebis saerTo Semosavlis 20%-dan 47%-mde. konkretulad,kintriSis ubanSi igi Seadgenda 20%-s (nadelebissaerTo Semosavali iyo 32598 rubli, gadasaxadi kiSeadgenda 6484 rubls), qvemo aWaris ubanSi _ 20.4%-s(nadelebis saerTo Semosavali _ 18681 rubli, gadasaxadi_ 3804 rubli), gonios ubnis oRlauris sasoflookrugis mosaxleobaze gawerili Rala da saerobomosakrebeli Seadgenda nadelebis saerTo Semosavlis23%-s (sanadelo miwebis Semosavali _ 3835 rubli, gadasaxadi_ 1801 rubli). zemo aWaris didaWaris sasoflookrugSi saRalo gamosaRebi da saerobo mosakrebelinadelebis saerTo Semosavlis 47%-s udrida (nadelebissaerTo Semosavali iyo 9666 rubli, xologadasaxadi _ 4541 rubli [acsa, s. 203: 2-58]).kerZo miwebze gawerili gadasaxadebi sagrZnobladaagazrdili. magaliTad, 1905-1915 wlebSi am kategoriisadgil-mamulebis gadasaxadis odenoba TiTqmis samjergadidda, ZiriTadad, kerZo sakuTrebis miwebis gazrdiT.adgil-mamulebis kerZo mesakuTreni metwilad moaxal-Seneebia. 1915 wels baTumis olqSi kerZo mesakuTrea 463kaci, romlebic saadgilmamulo gadasaxadebiT iyodabegrili. amaTgan 439 mesakuTre baTumis okrugSi,ZiriTadad zRvispireTSi, saxlobda. wliurad TiToeulimaTgani saSualod 14 rubls ixdida[КК, 1916: 340-341].saadgilmamulo fuladi rentis sami saxidan (sa-Ralo gamosaRebi, saerobo mosakrebeli, miwis gadasaxadi)wamyvani iyo saRalo gamosaRebi. 1915 wels igi189
TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda saxelmwifo sanadelo miwebzedawesebul saerobo gamosaRebs, cametjer – saadgilmamulogadasaxads, romliTac kerZo miwebi iyodabegrili.artaanisa da olTisis okrugebSi miwis kerZo mesakuTreebiTiTqmis ar yofilan. Aamdenad, saRalogamosaRebi saxelmwifo dasaxlebis sanadelo miwebzemodioda. 1909 wels artaanis okrugSi saadgilmamulosaRalo da saerobo gamosaRebi erTad aRebuli 112580,xolo olTisSi – 49130 rubls Seadgenda. dabegvrissimZime aqac saRalo gamosaRebze modioda (artaanisokrugSi _ 63%), olTisisaSi _ 60% [Обзор Карской…, 1910:66-67; КК, 1916: 340-341]). amasTan, artaanisa da olTisisokrugebSi saxelmwifo dasaxlebis miwebis saRalo dasaerobo gamosaRebi 3,5-jer meti iyo, vidre baTumisolqSi. 1901 wlis sagadasaxado reformis Semdeg argazrdila mosaxleobis dabegvris rogorc absoluturi,ise SefardebiTi maCveneblebi, magram xalxs gadasaxadebisgadaxda kvlavindeburad uWirda. miuxedavad imisa,rom 1901 wlis aSaris narCenebi Camoweres, gadasaxadebisargadamxdeli komlebi da mTliani soflebic ki yovelwliuradizrdeboda. narCenebis raodenoba, e.i. ”nedoimkebi”,sagadasaxado ganakveTebs yovelwliurad emateboda.magaliTad, 1905-1909 wlebSi baTumis olqSi sa-Ralo gamosaRebisa da saxelmwifo miwis gadasaxadisnarCenebis saerTo odenoba 22159 rubls udrida.aqedan 1906 wels Seadgina 12719 rubli, 1909 wels_ 4922 rubli [scssa, s. 1570: 17]. 1909 wels artaanisokrugSi saRalo gamosaRebisa da saerobo mosakreblisnarCenebi 43453 rubls iTvlida, rac saerTo sagadasaxadoTanxis 38.6%-s Seadgenda. olTisis okrugSisagadasaxado narCenebi wliuri saganakveTo Tanxis80%-s udrida [Обзор Карской…, 1910: 58].190
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobammasobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina. 1914-1916 wleb-Si saadgilmamulo gada-saxadebis didi narCenebi dagrovda.quTaisis guberniis saxazino palatis ufrosmaaraerTxel mimarTa baTumisa da arTvinis okrugebissagadasaxado inspeqtorebs gadasaxadebis narCenebisamoRebis Sesaxeb. 1915 wlis 21 ianvris mimarTvaSi ba-Tumis sagadasaxado inspeqtorisadmi kategoriuladmoiTxova TaTbirebis Catareba adgilobriv organoebTangadasaxadebis amoRebis Taobaze [acsa, s. 80: 136].yarsisa da baTumis olqebis mosaxleobas reformisSemdeg kidev axali saxis sakomlo gadasaxadi Seaweres_ saTemo begara, romelic ori saxisa iyo: mudmivi dadroebiTi. pirvelis Semosavali xmardeboda sasoflommarTvelobis moxeleebis, sasuliero wodebis, skolebisada sxva sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaTa dabali Cinismosamsaxure personalis Senaxvas. droebiTi saTemobegaris Semosavlebi sazogadoebrivi Senobebis, (eklesia-monastrebi,soflis mmarTvelobis kancelariebi,skolebi da sxva.) mSeneblobisa da remontisaTvis iyogankuTvnili.baTumis okrugSi saTemo begaris Semosavali 1903wels 60711 rublsa da 64 kapiks, xolo 1910 wels _62528 rubls Seadgenda (TiTo komlze Sesabamisad _ 4da 5 rubli [Обзор Батумской…, 1904: 22; Обзор Батумской…,1912: 108]). daaxloebiT ase iyo sxva wlebSic. artaanisokrugSi 1909 w. saTemo begaram 105530 rubli Seadgina(mudmivi _ 51513, droebiTi _ 53817), olTisis okrugSi Sesabamisad46571, 22788 da 23782 rubli (komlze saSualodmodioda: artaanis okrugSi _ 13, xolo olTisisaSi _ 11rubli [Обзор Карской…, 1910: 74]).saTemo begaridan miRebuli Semosavlis didi nawiliixarjeboda adgilobrivi dawesebulebebis momsaxure191
personalis Senaxvaze. 1910 wels baTumis olqSi am miznisaTvisdaixarja 83% (52247 rubli [Обзор Батумской…,1912: 108]). saTemo begaris simZimes qedis (baTumis okrugi)skolis maswavleblis konstantine mkurnalis Canawericmowmobs. igi 1905 wels werda: aWarlebisaTvisgansakuTrebiT mZime tvirTia sasoflo mmarTvelobiskancelariebis Senobebis Sesyidvisa da moxeleebisSesanaxi xarjebis gaRebao [18].aranakleb mZime iyo e.w. samxedro begara. am gadasaxadsaWaraSi “saldaTis fuls”@ eZaxdnen. ruseTismTavrobam aqauri mosaxleobidan armiaSi gawveva verSeZlo da iZulebuli gaxda osmaluri begara bolomdeSeenarCunebina. mxolod XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSiSeecada xelisufleba mis gauqmebas da mamakacebis gawvevasmefis armiaSi.am sakiTxze 1910 wels mimowera hqondaT ruseTissamxedro ministrsa da kavkasiis mefisnacvals. isiniSeTanxmdnen samxedro begaris gauqmebisa da armiaSiaxalgazrdobis sayovelTao gawvevis Sesaxeb, magramamas win aRudga baTumis olqis samxedro gubernatori.igi 1910 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvals moaxsenebda:aqauri muslimani mosaxleoba ar SeiZleba iyos erTgulida saimedo jariskaci. samxedro valdebulebebisSemoReba ki ara, am sakiTxze xmebis gavrcelebac kipanikas gamoiwvevs da mosaxleoba masobrivad aiyrebao.igi samxedro begaris gauqmebas moiTxovda, radgan aqaurimosaxleobis “saldaTad” gawvevas naadrevad Tvlida.marTlac, mTavrobam am ganzraxvaze xeli aiRo dasamxedro begara winandeburadve ZalaSi darCa. 1910wels, magaliTad, mosaxleobaze gawerili samxedrobegara, e.w. “saldaTis fuli”@ 15013, xolo wina wlebisnarCenebTan erTad 17904 rubls Seadgenda[Обзор Батумской…,1912: 134].192
gadasaxadebis amoRebis gaumjobesebis mizniT kavkasiismefisnacvalma voroncov-daSkovma 1915 wlis ivlisSidaamtkica axali redaqciiT debuleba yarsisada baTumis olqebis sasoflo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. amdebulebis siaxle is aris, rom mniSvnelovnad izrdebodasasoflo okrugebis ufrosisa da soflis mamasaxlisisufleba-movaleobani gadasaxadebis gawerisa daamoRebis, sagadasaxado angariSwarmoebisa da angariSgebissaqmeSi. mkafiod ganisazRvra saTemo mosakreblebisodenoba da amoRebuli Tanxis xarjvis saxeebi.rogorc ukve iTqva, saRalo gamosaRebi, saxelmwifomiwis gadasaxadi da saerobo mosakrebeli uSualoddakavSirebuli iyo adgil-mamulTan. maTi masStabi miwisfarTobis sididisa da vargisianobiT ganisazRvreboda.saTemo begara(mosakrebeli) winaswar iyo dadgenilida soflis komlebze nawildeboda. 1916 wlis xarjTaRricxviTTiToeul sasoflo okrugze modioda 1500rubli, romelic Semdegi saxis xarjebisagan Sedgeboda:mweral-mdivnis jamagiri _ 480 rubli, sasoflo okrugisufrosis gasamjelo _ 300, ori damtareblis _ 480rubli. sasoflo okrugebis Senobis remontisaTvis andadaqiravebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 300 rubli, sakancelarionivTebis SeZenisa da gaTboba-ganaTebisaTvis100-100 rubli [acsa, s. 87: 8, 13, 24].mZime iyo SromiTi begarac. marTalia, osmalTa batonobisbolo wlebSi (TanzimaTis gatarebis Semdeg)glexoba aRa-begebis kabalisagan ganTavisuflda, magramSromamigeba, rogorc SromiTi begaris saxeoba, SemorCa.ruseTis mflobelobis dros misi masStabi gaizarda dagamoiyeneboda privilegirebuli wodebis mamulebSi dasaxelmwifo saxazino samuSaoebze. aWaraSi Sromamigebame.w. nadis forma SeiZina.SromiTi renta yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli yofilasaxelmwifo samuSaoebze (gzebi, xidebi da sxva). misi193
nairsaxeoba iyo satransporto begara. anazRaurebisgareSe, anda umniSvnelo sazRauriT mosaxleobas did-Zali tvirTi gadahqondaT sakuTari xar-uremiT da cxeniT.1897 wels baTumis olqSi SromiT begaraze 13268kaci, 732 xar-uremi da 952 cxeni gamouyvaniaT (8538 kacibaTumis okrugidan iyo). Sesrulebuli mTliani samu-Saos Rirebuleba 12124 rubls Seadgenda [Обзор Кутайской…,1898: 144].momdevno wlebSi masStabebi gaizarda. 1902 wlisSromiTi begara 13480 kacma Seasrula (baTumis okrugidan3370, xolo arTvinis okrugidan _ 10120 kaci). maTgamoiyvanes 375 xar-uremi da 647 cxeni da 17560 rublissamuSao Seasrules[Обзор Кутайской…, 1903: 45].1903 wels SromiTi begariT kidev meti samuSaoebiSesrulda. kerZod, 15160 kacma, 567 xar-uremi da 1331cxeni gamoiyvana, 60771 rublis samuSao Seasrula[ОбзорБатумской…, 1904: 22]. pirveli msoflio omis wlebSiSromiT begaraze masobrivad gamohyavdaT baTumis olqismosaxleoba. 1915 wels borCxaSi gzebisa da xidebismSeneblobaze 800 kaci muSaobda[14].artaanisa da olTisis okrugebSi mosaxleobas ufrometad saurme begara ekisreboda. 1906 wels 5000 kacisakuTari xar-uremiTa da cxeniT muSaobda [Обзор Карской…,1907: 28-29].umZimesi iyo saaqcizo gamosaRebi. mas axdevinebdnensasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis, kerZod, Tambaqos, Cais,Rvinisa da arayis warmoebisaTvis. Tambaqoze aqcizi 1879wels, xolo meCaieobaze _ 1903 wels SemoiRes. 1914 welsbaTumis olqis mosaxleoba Tambaqos nedleulis warmoebazeyovelwliurad 100 aTas rublamde saaqcizogamosaRebs ixdida [o.TurmaniZe, 1979: 21]. mravalricxovaniiyo sabaJo gamosaRebic (qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis,uZrav-moZravi qonebis yidva-gayidvisas sasamarTlo-no-194
tariusis sabuTebis SedgenisaTvis da a.S.).gaaCnda ki mosaxleobas am mravalricxovani saadgilmamulogadasaxadebis, mosakreblebisa da saTemobegaris gadaxdis saSualeba? cxadia, umetesobas amisSesaZlebloba ar hqonda. gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi gadamxdelisaSualo glexoba iyo. baTumis olqSi isini,mdidar glexebTan erTad, mosaxleobis umciresobasSeadgendnen. gamonaklisi iyo kintriSis ubani, sadacsaSualo glexi mosaxleobis umravlesobad iTvleboda.saSualo glexoba Warbobda agreTve artaanis daolTisis okrugebis mosaxleobaSi. v.lisovski, romelicXIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Woroxis mxares gaecno,xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom teritoriis meti nawilimTagoriania, qviania da tye-buCqnariTaa dafarulio. miwaarasakmarisia da rac aris, misi damuSaveba didSromasa da garjas moiTxovso. igi miuTiTebda mosaxleobisukidures siRaribesa da gaWirvebaze [ЛисовскийВ., 1887: 20]. imerxevSi (arTvinis okrugi) mosaxleobissiRaribeze gazeTi “Cernomorski vestniki”@ mogviTxrobda[12]. qvemo aWaris Sesaxeb analogiur cnobebs iZleodamaswavlebeli konstantine mkurnali. misi gadmocemiT,glexebi Zalze cudad ikvebebodnen, xorceulswlis ganmavlobaSi muslimanuri dResaswaulis drosTu miirTmeveno. iSviaTi iyo iseTi glexuri komli,visac 3-4 frTaze meti frinveli hyavda. TiTo komlsmcire raodenobis rqosani pirutyvi da erTi Txa Tueyoleboda. aseTi mdgomareoba imaTaa gamowveuli, rommosaxleobas mecxoveleobisa da mefrinveleobis ganvi-TarebisaTvis saWiro raodenobis sakvebi ar moepovebaT[13].glexTa mdgomareobas kidev ufro amZimebda stiqiuriubedurebani da sxva tragikuli movlenebi.umZimesi iyo mosaxleobis mdgomareoba pirveli195
msoflio omis wlebSi. <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>kaliasaviT moednen ucxoeli interventebi. maT mier mosaxleobisZarcva-glejas sazRvari ar hqonda. amis gamobevri daiRupa, mravalic xiznad iqca.1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegadmosaxleobis mdgomareoba ukeTesobisaken ar Secvlila.droebiTi mTavroba Seecada policiuri Zalebis gamoyenebiTamoeRo gadasaxadebi. es sagangebo RonisZiebaganpirobebuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom 1917 wlisaTvissaadgilmamulo gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis Sedegadkidev metad gaizarda e.w. “nedoimkebi”. 1917 wlis ivlisisbolos quTaisis guberniaSi nadelebis saRalogamosaRebisa da saerobo mosakreblebis narCenebi 226982rubls udrida. baTumis olqSi nadelebis gadasaxadebisnarCenebi 23652 rubls, xolo kerZo miwis mflobelebisa_ 14821 rubls Seadgenda [acsa, s. 187: 1].sagadasaxado sistemasa da gadasaxadebis amoRebiswesebSi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda 1917 wlis 29 maisiskanonis Sedegad. am kanonis safuZvelze imperiis finans-Ta ministrma imave wlis 4-5 ivliss specialuri cirkularidaugzavna Sesabamis uwyebebs. kanonis Tanaxmadgadasaxadebis amoReba milicias daekisra. saganakveTogaangariSebasa da ganawilebas sagadasaxado samsaxuriaxorcielebda. fosta-telegrafs daevala Setyobinebisfurclebis adresatamde gagzavna-mitana [acsa, s. 187: 15-16].1917 wlis agvistoSi q. baTumSi specialuri yrilobagaimarTa gadasaxadebis amoRebis Taobaze. mis muSaobaSimonawileobdnen olqis, okrugebis, ubnebis xelmZRvanelebi,sagadasaxado samsaxuris inspeqtorebi damaTi TanaSemweebi, sasoflo okrugebis ufrosebi. yrilobismoTxovna _ mosaxleobisagan amoeRoT gadasaxadebi,praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. omis Sedegadganawameb xalxs araTu gadasaxadebis srulyofilad196
gadaxda, fizikuri arsebobis SenarCunebis saSualebacaRar hqonda.amrigad, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi ruseTisbatonobis dros saadgilmamulo-sagadasaxado urTier-TobaSi Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi cvlilebebi moxda.rusuli samiwaTmoqmedo gadasaxedebis SemoRebiT da sagadasaxdosistemaSi axali uwyebebis SeqmniT xelisuflebamgazarda saxelmwifo xazinis Semosavali, amasTan,mosaxleoba autanel mdgomareobaSi Caayena. daCqardamosaxleobis axali socialur-politikuri gamosvlebi.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi (teqstSiacsa)i-81, an 1, saqmebi 80, 81, 103, 187, 203.2. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, saqme 63,67.3. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi(teqstSi-scssa), fondi 13, an 27, saqme 1570.4. КК на 1905 год. ТИФ., 1906.5. КК на 1917 год. ТИФ., 1916.6. Обзор Батумской области за 1903 год. Бат., 1904.7. Обзор Батумской области за 1910 год. Бат., 1912.8. Обзор Карсской области за 1906 год. Карс., 1907.9. Обзор Карсской области за 1909 год. Карс., 1910.10. Обзор Кутайской губернии за 1897 год. Кутаис, 1898.11. Обзор Кутайской губернии за 1902 год. Кутаис, 1903.12. Газ. «Черноморский вестник», 6 марта, 1905.13. Газ. «Черноморский вестник», 7 апрелья, 1905.14. Tanamedrove azri, 6 dekemberi, 1915.15. Лисовский В.Я., Чорохский край, Тиф., 1887.16. TurmaniZe o., glexTa moZraoba aWaraSi ruseTis pirvelirevoluciis wlebSi, baT., 1979.197
Otar TurmanidzeTaxes and tax system in the rural areas of South-West Georgia(1901-1917)SummaryBefore the beginning of the twentieth century Russia kept the Osmantaxes and tax system in the South-West of Georgia. But this fact causedmisunderstanding and difficulties. In short, the situation did not respond theinterests of the Russian State. That is why the tsarist government had toaccomplish the reformation in agricultural governing and tax system. On July22, 1900 the Caucasian chief governor ratified the regulation about thegoverning the Karsi province, Batumi and Artvin districts.On the basis of this regulation in 1901 in Karsi province, Batumi andArtvin districts the new land taxes were adopted and the new tax system wasestablished. It was the duty of the district governors and village headmen totake the taxes. After the establishing the reformation the main taxes were:State labor rent, State land taxes and social taxes. The first was paid by statepeasants, the second – by private landowners and the third- by thelandowners of all categories.The social taxes were the main burden for the payers. After thereformation the taxes became even more difficult. The population could notpay them. The arrears of rent were increasing each year. The governmentused the methods of constraint, as well as the police forces, but it was notpossible to take the taxes perfectly.198
Отар ТурманидзеНалоги и налоговая система на селе в Юго-Западной Грузии(1901-1917гг.)РезюмеДо начала ХХ века в Юго-западной Грузии сохранялись османскиеналоги и налоговая система. Такое положение нередко вызывалоразного рода затруднения, в конце- концов оно не отвечало интересамРоссийской империи. Поэтому царское правительство было вынужденоосуществить реформу сельского управления и налоговой системы. 20июля 1900г. главноначальствующий на Кавказе Голицын утвердил«Положение о сельском управлении Карской области, Батумского иАртвинского округов Кутаисской губернии.На основе этого положения с 1901г. были введены новыепоземельные и другие налоги. Главными из них были: государственнаяоброчная подать, государственный налог и земский сбор. Первымибыли обложены государственные крестьяне, вторыми- частныеземлевладельцы, третьими - все землевладельцы. Основной была государственнаяоброчная подать, на нее приходились сравнительнобольшие доходы государственной казны.Поземельные и другие налоги стали тяжелее, чем были прежде.Население не имело возможности полностью уплачивать подати,налоги и сборы. С каждым годом росли недоимки. Царское правительствочасто применяло принудительные часто применяло принудительныемеры, нередком полицейские силы.199
ermile mesxiasamcxe-javaxeTis mmarTvelobisistoriidan(1919-1920 1920 ww.)<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebasmZime memkvidreobad ergo mefis ruseTis administraciulimmarTvelobis mankieri sistema. saqmes ar-Tulebda isic, rom xelisuflebaSi mosul socialdemokratebssaxelisuflebo struqturebis marTvisaranairi gamocdileba ar hqondaT.marTalia, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erovnuli sabWos da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>respublikis 1918 wlis 2 agvistos kanoniT,ganxorcielda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze darCeniliruseTis, kavkasiis an amierkavkasiis saerTo dawesebulebaTada maTi adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis nawilobrivian sruli likvidacia, parlamentis 1919 wlis 30 ianvrisgadawyvetilebiT gauqmda qveynis guberniebad dayofa[saqarT. demokr. resp. samarT. aqt. kr., 1990: 47-235]. Aamismiuxedavad, centralur da adgilobriv organoebSimainc ver moxerxda ruseTuli Cinovnikur-biurokratiuliaparatis mmarTvelobis stilis ukugdeba.niSandoblivia, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebam argaiTvaliswina xelovnurad Seqmnili xelisSemSlelipirobebi, romelic antisaxelmwifoebrivi Zalebis moqmedebiTda amierkavkasiis regionSi mimdinare politikuriprocesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli (S. vadaWkoria, 2006:148).yovelives zed daerTo partiisa da saxelmwifos funqciebiserTmaneTSi aRreva. `bevrs ukve ar exerxebodagarCeva imisa, Tu sad Tavdeba partia da iwyeba saxelmwifo,bevrisaTvis partia da saxelmwifo erTi da igive200
cneba Seiqna~, _ werda imdroindeli presa [gaz. `axalisxivi~, 1920: 34].rac Seexeba meore sakiTxs _ aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisadgilobriv organoebs, amasTan dakavSirebiTxelisuflebas gamokveTili pozicia eWira. misi azriT,centraluri da adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTaorganoebis uflebebis gamijvna urTierTdapirispirebisaRmosafxvrelad aucileblobas warmoadgenda.dasaxuli amocanis gadawyveta im etapze garkveulsirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, radgan qveyana saTanadoreformebisaTvis ar iyo momzadebuli.aRniSnuli mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli samcxe-javaxeTSimmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebis naCqarevadda araorganizebulad Camoyalibeba.amis garda, samcxe-javaxeTis samazro da saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobis formirebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenasaxdenda mxareSi Seqmnili rTuli demografiuli pirobebi.adgilobrivi administracia mTlianad an nawilobrivdakompleqtebuli iyo araqarTveli (somxebi, inguSebi,lekebi, azerbaijanelebi) moqalaqeebiT. orivemazris ZirZveli mosaxleoba ki xelisuflebaSi monawileobisaganfaqtobrivad izolirebuli iyo [ m.sioriZe,2002: 165].<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebamsamcxe-javaxeTSi mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebisformirebamde Seqmna general-gubernatorisinstituti. paralelurad daiwyo adgilobrivi organoebisformireba.xelisuflebis cvla amjeradac naCqarevad da araorganizebuladmimdinareobda. kvlavac Zlieri iyo xelisuflebisundobloba adgilobrivi kadrebisadmi, gansakuTrebiTki imaT mimarT, romlebic opoziciur politikurpartiebs warmoadgendnen, imis miuxedavad, rogoriiyo am ukanasknelTa gavlena mosaxleobaSi.201
xelisuflebam Tavi ver daaRwia mmarTvelobis iseTmankier sistemas, rogoric iyo mravalxelisuflebianoba.general-gubernatoris Tanamdebobisa da samazroTviTmmarTvelobis gverdiT samcxe-javaxeTis mxareSiCamoyalibda saxelisuflebo partiis adgilobrivi komitetebi,romlebic xelisuflebis gagrZelebas warmoadgendnenda TavianTi partiuli interesebidan gamomdinarexSirad aSkarad upirispirdebodnen adgilobrivxelisuflebas. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki TviTmmarTvelobisdublirebas eweodnen.mxareSi, sadac daZabuli saSinao da sagareopolitikuriviTarebis gamo gamocxadebuli iyo sagangebomdgomareoba, misaRebi iyo da aucilebelic, Zalaufleba,rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve samxedro, gadasuliyogeneral-gubernatoris xelSi. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobamgeneral-gubernators uflebebi Seukveca da prioritetisaxelisuflebo social-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlobasmianiWa. samcxe-javaxeTSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>iurisdiqciis aRdgenisa da qarTuli jaris Sesvlidanoriode dReSi sagangebo rwmunebulad dainiSna axalgazrdapartiuli funqcioneri leo ruxaZe, romelicaRWurvili iyo gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT.axalcixis mazris komisrad misi Tanapartielihaidar-beg abaSiZe dainiSna. isini, marTalia, ZiriTadadpartiuli ujredebis SeqmniT da krebebis CatarebiTiyvnen dakavebulni, magram xSirad uxeSad ereodnengeneral-gubernatoris funqciebSi da mTavrobas arasworinformacias awvdidnen adgilze arsebuli viTarebisSesaxeb, rom mieCqmalaT `Tavisi tlanqi da mouridebeliqceviT da adgilobrivi adaTebisa da CveulebebisSelaxviT~ gamowveuli mosaxleobis vnebaTaRelva[g.mazniaSvili, 1990: 134-135].umwvavesi socialuri viTarebis fonze orxelisuflebianobismZime Sedegebi aSkara iyo. aseTma gaucnobe-202
ebelma nabijebma kidev ufro daamZima sazogadoebrivpolitikurimdgomareoba.samTavrobo gazeTi arsebul viTarebas xsnida ara`administraciis vargisobasa da uvargisobaSi... aramedosmaleTis agentebis moRvaweobiT~ [gaz. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>respublika~, 1919: 42].samcxe-javaxeTi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva mxareebisagangansxvavebiT, warmoadgenda eTnikurad da religiuradyvelaze rTul mxares.xelisufleba mTel rig SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebda<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mxareebSi mcxovrebi araqarTveli mosaxleobisinteresebs, romelic Sesabamisi sakanonmdebloaqtebiT iyo garantirebuli, magram miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiarasakmarisi iyo sxvadasxva religiis matarebelmravalerovan mxareSi samoqalaqo mSvidobisa daTanxmobis dasamkvidreblad. miTumetes maSin, roca ammxareSi seriozuli gavlena hqondaT antiqarTul Zalebs.adgilobrivi administraciis marTvaSi daSvebulSecdomebs zed daerTo agraruli reformis adgilobrivipirobebis, mosaxleobis socialur-fsiqologiurida religiuri faqtorebis gauTvaliswinebloba.revoluciuri ideebiT gatacebul social-demokratebspartiul yrilobebze gamosvlisas RalatobdaTzomiereba da gadawyvetilebebsac ise Rebulobdnen, romangariSs ar uwevdnen mosalodnel Sedegebs. aseTi suliskveTebiTCaiara axalcixis mazris glexTa yrilobamac(1919 wlis 1 ianvari). yrilobis muSaobaSi monawileobamiiRo miwaTmoqmedebis ministrma n. xomerikma,romelic agrarul sakiTxze moxsenebiT gamovida [gaz.`erToba~, 1919: 2; gaz. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika~, 1919: 7].yrilobis rezoluciaTa Soris mniSvnelovani iyo damokidebulebaagraruli reformisa da begebis mimarT:`erTi mTliani demokratiuli saqarTvelo mteri iqneba203
yovelgvari monobis, mSromeli xalxis daCagvris dadabeCavebis. begebs da Tavadebs ki ar surT ase Sekav-Sirebuli da xeli xel Cakidebuli midiodes mTeli saqarTvelo,radganac es iqneba maTi batonobis dacema daxalxis ganTavisufleba~ [gaz. `ganaxlebuli mesxeTi~,1919].xelisuflebas meti sifrTxilis gamoCena marTebdaagraruli reformis ganxorcielebisas. droebiT reformisgadadeba iyo saWiro, vidre politikuri viTarebasamcxe-javaxeTSi stabiluri ar gaxdeboda da xelisuflebaar darwmundeboda reformis gatarebis usafrTxoebaSi.cxadia, eqscesebi reformis gatarebas yovelTvismoyveboda, magram winaaRmdegobis masStabebi gacilebiTnaklebi iqneboda, vidre 1919 wlis dasawyisSi.erTi sityviT, mTavrobis naCqarevma da mouzomavmapolitikam samcxe-javaxeTis loialuri begebic ki demokratiulirespublikis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ganawyo.maT mniSvnelovani gavlena hqondaT adgilobrivmosaxleobaSi. daiwyes agitacia, TiTqos <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>mTavroba maT ZaliT gaaqristianebda (sul cota xniswin xelisuflebam miiRo kanoni `saRvTo rjulisSesaxeb~, romlis safuZvelze skolebSi aikrZala saRv-To rjulis swavleba), mahmadian axalgazrdebs jarSigaiwvevda, agraruli reformis Sedegad adgilobriv-TaTvis CamorTmeul miwebze qristianebs Camoasaxlebdada a.S [v.nozaZe, 1989: 48].Tu 1919 wlis dasawyisidan antiqarTuli moZraobismimdevrebi epizoduri xasiaTis gamosvlebs mimarTavdnenxelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, ianvris bolodan serverbegismomxreTa gamosvlam organizebuli xasiaTi miiRo.warmatebuli operaciebis miuxedavad, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> armiammowinaaRmdegis Semotevas ver gauZlo. 11 Tebervalsamboxebulebma axalcixe daikaves. `gamarjvebulma~ ser-204
ver begma axalcixeSi axali administraciis Camoyalibebadaiwyo. Seiqmna mTavroba, romelsac uwodes komisariati.`axalma mTavrobam~ TiTqmis erT Tves iarseba.7 marts qarTulma jarma aRidgina dakarguli poziciebi.mokle periodSi axalcixis mazra mTlianad ganTavisufldaamboxebulebisagan.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damfuZnebelma krebam Seqmna axalcixissaqmeTa gamomrkvevi komisia, romlis daskvna komisiissaxeliT damfuZnebel krebas warudgina g. anjafariZem.maTSi CamoTvlili iyo is mizezebi, ramac gamoiwviaaxalcixis amboxeba. mizezTa Soris dasaxelebuli iyo:proTurquli moZraoba, inglisis samxedro misiis ormagistandartis politika da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobismier daSvebuli Secdomebi (adgilze administraciismouwyobloba, kadrebis xSiri cvla, samxedro disciplinissisuste, memamuleTa SiSi agraruli reformisadmida a.S).komisia sTavazobda mTavrobas Sesabamisi RonisZiebebisgatarebas. vinaidan jer kidev arsebobda safrTxemazridan gandevnil meamboxeTagan SemoWrisa, mazraSiunda gagrZelebuliyo samxedro wesebi. adgilobriviadministracia unda daqvemdebareboda jarebis sardals.momxdarTan dakavSirebiT unda daniSnuliyo gamoZiebadamnaSaveTa gamosavlenad. amasTanave mianiSnebda xelisuflebismier adgilobrivi adminisraciis dakomleqtebaSidaSvebul Secdomebze [scssa, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 4,furc. 17].qarTvelma erma daxmarebis xeli gauwoda omisagandazaralebul mosaxleobas. Seiqmna samcxe-javaxeTisltolvilTa damxmare komiteti [gaz. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika~,1919: 63]. mTavrobis davalebiT, 20 marts axalcixisada axalqalaqis mazrebSi viTarebis adgilzeSesaswavlad da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gasatarebladCavida respublikis administraciis inspeqtori S. maR-205
lakeliZe, romelsac Tan axlda sagubernio batalionisnawilebi. maT davalebuli hqondaT adgilobrivi ad-ministraciisaRdgena. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobam ar gaiTvaliswinadamfuZnebeli krebis komisiis daskvna dagaauqma mazrebis general-gubernatoris Tanamdeboba. generalg. kvinitaZes daevala mxolod saomari operaciebiswarmoeba, S. maRlakeliZes ki _ samoqalaqo uwyebebissaqmeTa mowyoba [gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919: 214].samcxe-javaxeTSi daiwyo omisagan miyenebuli WrilobebismoSuSeba. TandaTanobiT cxovreba Cveul ritmsdaubrunda. mxaris glexoba adgilobriv administraciasmxarSi edga soflis dawesebulebaTa (skola, obolbavSvTa TavSesafari, samkiTxvelo, kooperativi) aRdgenaSi[scssa, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 167, furc. 135-136; gaz.`erToba~, 1919: 286; gaz. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika~, 1920:28-193].gansakuTrebiT rTuli iyo viTareba omiT dazaralalebulsoflebSi (40 soflidan darbevas gadaurCa mxolod4 sofeli). mosaxleoba sursaTis gareSe darCa.mwvaved idga sasmeli wyliT momaragebis sakiTxi. adgilobriviZalebiT ki am problemebis gadawyveta SeuZlebeliiyo. amitom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobam biujetidandamatebiT gamoyo 2 milioni maneTi [scssa, f. 1833, aRw.1, saq. 515, furc. 19; saq. 1132, furc. 9].samcxe-javaxeTSi kvlav grZeldeboda administraciulimarTvis Zveli, mankieri stili. mxareSi damatebiTfunqcionirebdnen paraleluri struqturebi (mazriskomisari, mTavrobis rwmunebuli), romlebic erTmaneTisagandamoukideblad moqmedebdnen. amis gverdiT moqmedebdnensaxelisuflebo partiuli da profesiuli kav-Sirebi, romlebic TviTneburad ereodnen administraciismarTvaSi. mosaxleoba aRSfoTebas ver malavda saxelmwifomoxeleTa da samarTaldamcvelTa mxridan206
damnaSaveTa mimarT mfarvelobis gamo [gaz. `saxalxosaqme~, 1919: 582].<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT, qarTuladministracias axalqalaqis mazraSi zedamxedvelobasuwevda amierkavkasiaSi mokavSire saxelmwifoTa misia,romlis aparatSi Sedioda TiTo warmomadgeneli adgilobrivmcxovrebTagan (1 somexi, 1 mahmadiani qarTveli[gaz. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika~, 1919: 21].adgilobrivi administraciis mowyobisaTvis didimniSvneloba hqonda arCeviTi organoebis formirebas.obieqturi mizezebis gamo 6 ivliss (1919 w.) daniSnuliarCevnebi gadaido. arCevnebSi monawileobis misaRebadregistraciaSi gatarda 5 partia. arCevnebis Catarebamdeqalaqis xelmZRvaneloba droebiT daevala qalaqis sab-Wos mier arCeul 3-kacian komisias. faqtobrivad qalaqissaqmeebs ganagebda am komisiis wevri gvarad lazievi[gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919: 222].xelisuflebis adgilobrivi struqturebis CamoyalibebamTavrobis zedamxedvelobiT mimdinareobda, vinaidanmxaris marTva da xelisuflebis kursis gatarebabevrad iyo damokidebuli, Tu ra Zalebi movidodnenadgilobriv saxelmwifo struqturebSi. mTavroba perioduladagzavnida pasuxismgebel pirebs adgilze viTarebisSesaswavlad da praqtikuli daxmarebis gasawevad(mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem axalcixis mazris marTvagamgeobisSemowmeba daavala senatis Tavmjdomares iv.jafariZes, romelic sagangebo uflebamosilebiT iyoaRWurvili) [gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919: 716-774].gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda samcxejavaxeTSi<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebs,romelic 1919 wels ver Catarda mxareSi arsebuli saomarimdgomareobis gamo. `arCevnebs hqonda ara martoSinapolitikuri mniSvneloba, igi ufro farTo xarisxisiyo da mas mieca plebicistis xasiaTi: gaimarjvebda ar-207
CevnebSi qarTuli orientacia Tu ara~ [v.nozaZe, 1989: 60].arCevnebis gamarTvas mieZRvna axalcixis samazro erobisyriloba, romlis muSaobaSi monawileobas Rebulobda<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa ministri n. rami-Svili. ministris gamosvla wminda propagandistulixasiaTisa iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda mosaxleobasmxari daeWira saxelisuflebo partiisaTvis [gaz. `saqarTvelo~,1920: 97]. arc opoziciuri presa malavda,rom arCevnebis Sedegebs udidesi politikuri mniSvnelobahqonda, rogorc mxaris, aseve mTlianad qveynisaTvis[gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920: 777/779/791].axalcixis mazraSi arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRoO30 050 amomrCevelma. qarTulma partiebma miiRes 26 500xma, somxurma partiam mxolod _ 3 000 xma. axalqalaqismazraSi arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo 21 636 amomrCevelma.qarTulma partiebma miiRes 13 000 xma, somxurma _8000 xma. `am arCevnebmac daumtkica qveyanas, rom es mxaresadavo ar iyo da igi arCevnebis mixedviTac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ekuTvnoda~ [v.nozaZe, 1990: 60].<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebam aseTive damajerebeligamarjveba moipova saerobo arCevnebSic. adgilobrivTviTmmarTvelobas imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWedammarTveli partiis organo (gazeTi `erToba~), rom erobas<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa damisi ganmtkicebis erT-erT safuZvlad acxadebda [gaz.`erToba~, 1918: 179].axalcixis mazraSi 10 politikuri organizaciidansaarCevno barieri gadalaxa mxolod 2 partiam. mmarTvelmasocial-demokratiulma partiam 33 adgilidandaikava 31 adgili, somxeTis erovnulma partiam _ 2adgili. axalqalaqis mazraSi 31 adgilidan mmarTvelmapartiam moipova 22 adgili, erovnul-demokratebma _ 1,socialist-revolucionerebma _ 1, daSnakebma _ 7. rogorcvxedavT, xelisuflebam meti ndoba moipova axal-208
qalaqis mazraSi, rac erovnuli politikis didi gamarjvebaiyo [gaz. `erToba~, 1921: 17].samcxe-javaxeTSi administraciuli mowyobis problemebida xelisuflebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebi gamomdinareobdaiqedan, rom 1920 wlamde <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>xelisuflebas ar hqonda mkafiod Camoyalibebuli politikaqveynis teritoriul-administraciuli mowyobisa.am sferoSi arsebuli xarvezebi sakanonmdeblo bazisararsebobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.zogierTi politikuri Zala samcxe-javaxeTis administraciulmowyobas sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavda.maTTvis mTavari iyo ara qveynis tradiciebi da memkvidreoba,aramed politikuri koniunqturiT Seqmnili viTareba.unda aRvniSnoT, rom avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxiidga ara mxolod afxazeTis, zaqaTalisa da baTomisolqis mimarT, aramed <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>meore nawilis _ samcxe-javaxeTis mimarTac.samcxe-javaxeTis mxarisaTvis avtonomiis statusisminiWebis ideas mxars uWerdnen erovnul-demokratebi (g.gvazava), social-demokratiuli partiis axalcixisorganizaciis zogierTi gavleniani wevri (o. miqelaze).am ideas mxardamWeri hyavda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobaSic(n. ramiSvili) da sxv. avtonomiis ideis mxardamWerTaSoris ufro zomieri iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damfuZnebelikrebis wevris g. anjafariZis pozicia, romelic Tvlida,rom `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobis deklaracia (am dokument-Si saubaric ar iyo samcxe-javaxeTze _ e.m.) avtonomiisSesaxeb gamowveuli iyo ukidures mdgomareobiT~. misiazriT, `es `avtonomia~ iyo kompromisi~ Seqmnil kritikulviTarebaSi. g. anjafariZe dasaSvebad miiCnevda mxolodkulturul avtonomias [scssa, f. 1833, saq. 4, furc.19-25].1920 wels <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damfuZnebelma krebam Seqmnasakonstitucio komisia. meaTe Tavis `adgilobrivi209
mmarTveloba~ proeqtis momzadeba daevala m. rusias[gaz. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika~, 1920: 276].<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriis danawilebis axali saadministracioerTeulebis (olqebis) proeqtiT (ZiriTadiavtori cnobili mecnieri da patrioti pavle ingoroyva)saqarTveloSi 17 administraciuli erTeuli iyogaTvaliswinebuli (XIX saukkuneSi da XX saukunisdasawyisSic 17 mazra da 2 okrugi iyo) [saqarT. umaR.sasw. ... samecn. konf. masalebi, 2005: 101].marTalia, winamdebare proeqti e.w. `rusul modelze~iyo agebuli, magram, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavsmkvlevari r. TofCiSvili, p. ingoroyvas sruliad argadmouRia carizmisdroindeli samazro dayofa.man mxolod safuZvlad daudo is axal administraciulidayofis proeqts da cvlilebebic Seitana. esrom asea proeqtis ganmartebidanac Cans: `samazro danawileba,romelic miRebuli iyo ruseTis mflobelobisdros, ar iyo xelovnurad Seqmnili ram. es erTeulebimTeli saukuneebia rac arsebobs, da Seefereba<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> bunebriv danawilebas sageografio erTeulebad...TviTeuli amaTgani warmoadgens calke bunebrivsgeografiuls provincias, mTlians orografiulad,hidrografiulad da sameurneo pirobebis mixedviT~.samazro dayofa gvianSuasaukuneebis sadroSo dayofasacSeefardeboda [saqarT. umaR. sasw. ... samecn. konf.masalebi, 2005: 101].<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis konstituciiTdakanonda qveynis teritoriul-administraciulierTeulebi da maTi mowyobis ZiriTadi principebi,magram konstitucias ganxorcieleba ar ewera. 1921 wlisTeberval-martis ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> omSi saqarTvelodamarcxda da isev imperiis provinciad (amjerad saxe-Secvlili formiT) gamocxadda. bolSevikebma saqarTveloSirusuli administarciuli marTvis wesebi daam-210
kvidres. araswori erovnuli politikisa da, gansakuTrebiT,qveynis ganapira mxareebSi mahmadianuri sarwmunoebismatarebeli mosaxleobisadmi undoblobis tragikuliSedegebi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs deportirebulimesxebi) dRemde ar aRmofxvrila.gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura1. vadaWkoria S., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikuri <strong>istoriis</strong> <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>(XX saukune), wigni II, Tb., 2006.2. mazniaSvili g., mogonebani, baT., 1990.3. nozaZe v., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTisgamo, Tb., 1989.4. sioriZe m., <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTvelo 1914-1918 wlebSi,baT., 2002.5. TofCiSvili r., samazro (saolqo) dayofa _ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>teritoriul-administraciuli mowyobis ZiriTadi principi.saqar-Tvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da samecniero dawesebulebebissamecniero konferenciis masalebi, baT., 2005, gv. 101.6. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi.7. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebriviaqtebis krebuli, Tb., 1990.Ermile MeskhiaFrom the history of local governing of Samtskhe-Javakheti(1919-1920)SummaryAfter February revolution in Russia in 1917 government changing inSamtskhe-Javakheti was conducted quickly and without organization.Difficult demographic region position profounded effect on durgh and localgovernment.211
In 1918 was confirmed governor-general government because of thestate of emergency. Local government and leading party formation hadbegun. Besides that, parallel structures, regional commissars, plenipotentiarywere functionated. In 1920 elections were conducted in local government, inwhich the leading party had won.Some of political forces looked at administration municipal of Samtskhe-Javakheti in different ways. Constitution (February, 1921) of democracyRepublic of Georgia had legalized territorial forms of government and themain principals of their administration. But this constitution was not realizedbecause of the intervention of Russia.Эрмиле МесхияИз истории управления Самцхе-Джавахети(1919-1920гг.)РезюмеПосле февральской революции 1917 г. в России смена правительствав Самцхе-Джавахетии проводилась поспешно и неорганизованно.На формирование уездного и городского самоуправления значительноевлияние оказывало трудное демографическое положение края.В 1918 г. из-за чрезвычайного положения было введено правлениегенерал-губернатора. Началось формирование местных органовуправления и комитетов ведущей партии. Дополнительно функционировалипараллельные структуры областной комиссар уполномоченныйправительства. В 1920 г. были проведены выборы в местные органывласти и учредительных собраний, в которых победила правящаяпартия.Некоторые политические силы по-разному рассматривали административноеуправление Самцхе-Джавахети. Конституцией (февраль1921г.) демократической Республики Грузии были узаконены территориально-административныеединицы страны и основные принципы ихуправления (деление на уезды) но осуществление этой конституции непроизошло из-за оккупации Россией Грузии.212
sulxan aleqsaiacxinvalis regionis konfliqturi keradokumenturi masalebis mixedviT(2000_2005 ww.)cxinvalis regionis konfliqti ramdenadme ganpirobebuliasaerTaSoriso viTarebiT _ <strong>dasavleT</strong>isa daruseTis interesTa TanxvedriT, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> geostrategiiTda msoflios energetikuli politikiT. racSeexeba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Tavdacvas msoflios saerTaSorisoorganizaciebSi, es sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas:meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropis uSiSroebaze natozrunavda da amitomac evropuli TavdacviTi struqturaim periodisaTvis moisustebda. Tumc me-20 saukunis bolosaTvisbalkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ganviTare-bulmamovlenebma, aseve centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSimimdinare procesebma da ruseTis eqspansiis SiSmaevropuli saxelmwifoebi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom masunda Seeqmna evropis erTiani sagareo urTierTobebisdamcveli organizacia. 2003 wlidan evrokavSiri Tavdacvisada usafrTxoebis erTian sistemas qmnis. sworadaRniSnavs T. grigolia, rom ,,dReisaTvis gaeros umoqmedobisfonze <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan mimarTebaSi evrokavSirigvevlineba umniSvnelovanes saerTaSoriso organizaciad,romlis daxmarebis mimarT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> molodinidRiTidRe izrdeba”[T.grigolia, 2008: 241].uaxloes periodSi evrokavSiris interesTa arealSisaqarTvelo ZiriTadad imis Semdeg moxvda (garda imisa,rom saqarTvelodanac modioda survilebi masTan TanamSromlobisada masTan yofnisa), roca praqtikuladamoqmedda evropis energetikuli da satransporto po-213
litika, kerZod ki PETRA (panevropuli satransportoareali), TRASEKA (evropa_kavkasia _aziiis satransportosatranzito derefani), INOGATE (navTobisa da gazistransportireba evropaSi) da am proeqtebis arealSisaqarTveloc moeqca. ramdenadme swored am proeqtebisgamo saqarTvelo ruseTisa da evropis dapirispirebisarealSia moqceuli. ruseTi, erTis mxriv kargad xedavs,rom saqarTveloze kontrolis dakargviT, is mTelikavkasiis regionze dakargavs kontrols. xolo meoresmxriv ki evropisaken mimavali navTobis axali magistralebiTu mas gverds auvlis da saqarTveloze gaivlis,mis ekonomikur interesebs seriozulad daazaralebs. amorive mizezis gaTvaliswinebiT ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ur-TierToba gansakuTrebiT daZabulia dRemde da romruseTi ver egueba regionze kontrolis dakargvasa daekonomikuri interesebis Selaxvas, amis pirdapirigamoZaxilia afxazuri da osuri konfliqtebis gaRvivebada misi eskalacia. swored misi xelSewyobiT xdebaosi da afxazi separatistebis waqezeba da qarTuliiuridiuli sivrcis xelyofa. es aris is realoba,romelSic dReisaTvis gviwevs Cven cxovreba. magram, TuuSualod amas rogor akeTebs da os da afxaz separatistebsrogor aqezebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg (maTzurgs ukan amofarebuli), es kargad Cans im mravalricxovanidokumentebidan, romelic miRebulia ruseTisfederaciis mTavrobisa Tu afxazuri da osuri defaqtomTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebis mier.marTalia cxinvalis regionis konfliqturi kera me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Cndeba, magramCveni sakvlevi periodi (2000-2005 wlebi) gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa im garemoebaTa gamo, rom swored am drosxdeba konfliqtis miaxloeba im aSkara farTomasStabian214
dapirispirebamde, romelsac adgili hqonda 2008 wlisagvistoSi.osi separatistebi, romelTac aSkarad zurgs umagrebdaruseTis federacia, 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvisTavs damoukidebel suverenul saxelmwifod Tvlida da2001 wlis 8 aprils miiRo konstitucia (ZiriTadikanoni), romelSic aRniSnulia, rom:,,muxli 1.1. <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis respublika aris <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTisxalxis TviTgamorkvevis Sedegad Seqmnili suverenulidamoukidebeli saxelmwifo...muxli 2.<strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis respublika damoukideblad gansazRvravsTavis saxelmwifo samarTlebriv statuss,wyvets politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialur-kulturuliaRmSeneblobis sakiTxebs.muxli 10.<strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis respublikas ufleba aqvs Sevidessxva saxelmwifoebis kavSirSi da gadasces kavSirisorganoebs Tavisi uflebamosilebis nawili...”[gaz. ,,Южная Осетия”, #33, 2001].am konstituciis miRebiT e.w. <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis separatistulmamTavrobam kidev erTxel daafiqsira <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>iuridiuli sivrcidan gamosvla da iuridiuladmoamzada safuZveli (maTi azriT) ruseTis federaciaSiSesvlisa.Sereulma sakontrolo komisiam 2001 wlis 21 aprilsmiiRo gadawyvetileba ltolvilTa dabrunebis Sesaxeb.romelSic vkiTxulobT: ,,safuZvlad iqnes miRebuliltolvilTa speckomitetis mier warmodgenili ltolvilTa,iZulebiT gadaadgilebul da qarTul-osurikonfliqtebis Sedeged dazaralebul sxva pirTa dabrunebis,mowyobis, integraciisa da reintegraciis rusul-qarTulisamTavrobaTSorisi programis proeqti215
maTi dabrunebis raionebSi meurneobis aRdgenis Ronis-Ziebebis CaTvliT” [regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi..,2005: 377-378]. amave komisiis mier ltolvilTadabrunebis Sesaxeb dadgenileba 2001 wlis 3 ivlisaciqna miRebuli [iqve, 382-383], magram saqme win ver wavidada ltolvilTa problema kvlav gadauwyveteli darCa.ruseTis federaciam 1999 wlis euTos stamboliserTobliv Sexvedraze dado piroba daexura gudauTissamxedro baza da nel-nela Tavisi jarebi gaeyvanasaqarTvelodan. amis Seusruleblobis gamo 2001 wlis 18ivliss <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentma miiRo dadgenileba:,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamenti ukidures SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamsruseTis federaciis mier euTos 1999 wlis stamboliserToblivi gancxadebis Seusruleblobis gamo...msoflio Tanamegobrobis winaSe nakisri valdebulebebisSeusrulebloba saSiSi precendentia da safrTxesuqmnis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlissayovelTaod aRiarebul normebsa da msoflio marTlwesrigs”[gaz., ,,afxazeTis xma”, #29, 2001].miuxedavad am samarTliani mowodebisa, ruseTi, romelicaSkarad antiqarTul politikas atarebda (dasaubedurod dRemde atarebs), ar Cqarobda saqarTvelodanTavisi jarebis gayvanas.moskovis waqezebiT Cveni saukunis dasawyisisaTviscxinvalis regionSi ramdenadme kidev ufro daiZaba situaciakonfliqtis zonaSi SeiaraRebuli pirebis SeRwevisada maT mier aq myofi samarTaldamcavi organoebisTanamSromlebTan Setakebebis saxiT [regionalurikonfliqtebi saqarTveloSi.., 2005: 388]. amas daematacxinvalis regionis separatistuli reJimis mier 2001wlis 18 noembrisaTvis dagegmili ararsebuli e.w. <strong>samxreT</strong>oseTis respublikis prezidentis arCevnebis daniSvna,romelic dagmo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentma: ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>parlamenti amasTan dakavSirebiT acxadebs, rom216
cxinvalis regionis separatistuli reJimis es gadawyvetilebasamarTlebrivad usafuZvloa da warmoadgens<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis morigmcdelobas” [www. Parlament. ge].qarTul-osuri da qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtebisruseTis mxridan aSkarad Seufarav eskalacias daosur-afxazuri separatistuli de-faqto mTavrobebis<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg mxardaWeris klasikuri nimuSiaruseTis federaciis federaluri krebis saxelmwifodumis 2002 wlis 6 martis gancxadeba, romelSicvkiTxulobT Semdegs: ,,saxelmwifo duma miesalmeba afxazeTisada <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis xelmZRvanelobisa da mosaxleobisTanmimdevrulad gamoxatul ruseTTan ufromWidro urTierTobebiT dainteresebas... movlenebisaraxelsayreli ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoduma mzadaa ganixilos afxazeTisa da <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTissaxelmwifoebriobis Semdgomi Camoyalibebis sxva gzamaTi xalxebis nebis demokratiuli gamoxatvis safu-Zvelze da bolo dros msoflio Tanamegobrobis mierpraqtikaSi gamoyenebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisSesabamisad” [www. duma. ru]. bolo dros praqtikaSigamoyenebul saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebSi ruseTiaSkarad balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls da aRmosavleTevropas gulisxmobs. mas <strong>dasavleT</strong>isadmi erTgvariSurisZieba amoZravebs da afxazur-osuri konfliqtebisaSkarad gaRvivebiTa da xelSewyobiT cdilobs erTgvaradsamagiero gadauxados ,,danarCen msoflios” imisaTvis,rom aRmosavleT evropisa da balkaneTis <strong>sakiTxebi</strong>mis daukiTxavad da rig SemTxvevaSi, misTvis arasasurveladrom gadawyvites.qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri konfliqtebisgaCena garkveulwilad ganapiroba, zemoT aRniSnulidangamomdinare, did saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSoriso217
organizacibs Soris arsebulma geostrategiulma dapolitikurma araTavsebadobam. ruseTis dumis es gancxadebacswored am fonze unda ganvixiloT. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>parlamentma 2002 wlis 20 marts dagmo moskovis mxridangamoxatuli aSkara antiqarTuli propaganda da ganacxada:,,...ruseTis saTaTbiros gancxadeba, rom igi iTanamSromlebs,,afxazeTis” da ,,<strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis” TviTgamocxadebulrespublikebTan da ,,calmxrivad miiRebsgadawyvetilebas ruseTis federaciis sazRvris usafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofisaTvis, maT Soris afxazeTsa da<strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze”, warmoadgensruseTis mxridan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriulimTlianobis eWvqveS dayenebas da separatistebis mxardaWeras...amgvari tipis gancxadebebi SesaZlebelia aRqmuliiqnes mxolod rogorc politikuri fonis momzadeba<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg agresiis ganxorcielebisaTvis”[gaz. ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika”, #68, 2002].2002 wlis 24 maiss qalaq sankt-peterburgSigaimarTa ruseTis federaciis prezident v. putinisa daaSS prezident j. buSis Sexvedra, sadac maT erToblivigancxadeba gaakeTes: ,,Cven vadasturebT Cvens erTgulebasterorizmTan brZolis sakiTxebze <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>mTavrobasTan muSaobaSi, mxars vuWerT mis suverenitets...”[www. usinfo. state. gov]. aRniSnuli gancxadeba, TugaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom moskovs praqtikuladar Seucvlia Tavisi damokidebuleba (mis mierve provocirebul)afxazur-osuri konfliqtebisadmi, CvenTvisfaratina qaRaldis tolfasi gancxadebaa. ufro metic,is agrZelebs konfliqtis eskalacias. v. putini amartivebsruseTis federaciis moqalaqeobis miRebas da cdilobsafxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis mosaxleobas218
useTis moqalaqeoba misces [Собрание ЗаконодательстваРоссийской Федераций, №22, 2002: 5481-5496].oriode sityviT SevexoT ,,Sereuli sakontrolo komisiis“moRvaweobas. is Seiqmna 1992 wlis 24 ivnisisqalaq soWis SeTanxmebis mesame muxlis Tanaxmad.komisiis mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen saqarTvelo, e.w. <strong>samxreT</strong>oseTi, CrdiloeT oseTi, ruseTi da eswrebodnen euTos,evrokomisiis da gaeros warmomadgenlebi. daarsebidan10 wlis Semdeg, 2002 wlisaTvis, 22 Sexvedris oqmi arsebobda,romelic iyofoda sam jgufad. Sereuli sakontrolokomisiis oqmebSi ZiriTadad vkiTxulobT,rom afxazuri da osuri konfliqturi kerebi mokledroSi unda aRmoifxvras, unda moxdes am kerebis ekonomikuriaRorZineba da ltolvilTa ukan dabruneba.aseve aqve saubaria rig mimdinare sakiTxebzec, magramdokumentebi Tavisi SinaarsiT da gancxadebebiT didadar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. ruseTis federaciisgancxadebiT aRniSnuli komisia qmediTunariania da didrols TamaSobs am konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. realuradki saqme imaSia, rom verc es komisia da verc mismier miRebuli dadgenilebebi didi veraferi bedena iyo,radganac konfliqturi kerebi isev inarCunebda daZabulobismaRal muxts da ruseTi isev Zveleburad ganagr-Zobda separatistuli mTavrobebis aSkara mxardaWeras.dRiTidRe izrdeboda ruseTis eqspansiis muqara<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg. es kargad dainaxa evrosabWomda amasTan dakavSirebiT gaakeTa specialuri gancxadeba(2002 wlis 25 seqtembers, qalaq strasburgSi):,,11. asablea mouwodebs ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebas:Tavi Seikavos nebismieri qmedebisa da gancxadebisagan,romelnic SeiZleba warmoadgendnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas an <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> suverenitetisada teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevas, kerZod,219
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze raime samxedro moqmedebebisgatarebisagan, rogorc es gancxadebuli iyo ruseTisfederaciis prezidentis 2002 wlis 11 seqtembers” (afxazeTissakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi, nawili III,318-320).analogiuri xasiaTis gancxadeba iqna gakeTebuli2003 wlis 30 ianvars <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentis mierac[www. Parlament. ge].rusuli politikis erTgvarma gamtarebelma dsT-m2003 wlis 19 seqtembers gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom ,,kvlavaRiarebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriul mTlianobas dasuverenitets...” [gaz. ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika”, #251,2003]. Tumc igive ruseTi 2004 wlis 2 ivniss akeTebsSemdegi xasiaTis gancxadebas: ,,ruseTis federaciis federalurikrebis saxelmwifo dumam Rrma wuxiliTaRiqva sainformacio saagentoebis cnoba qarTul-osurikonfliqtis zonaSi 2004 wlis 31 maiss specialuri daniSnulebisqvedanayofebisa da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SinagansaqmeTa saministros jarebis Seyvanis Taobaze. saxelmwifodumis deputatTa azriT, es aqcia sanqcirebuliiyo qarTuli politikuri xelmZRvanelobis mier daSeiZleba Sefasdes, uTuod rogorc Zalis demonstrireba.amgvari qmedebebi iwveven <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis garSemoviTarebis mkveTr destabilizebas...” [www. duma. ru].amrigad, rusuli demokratiulobis TamaSis ,,niRabi”(dsT-s gancxadebis saxiT), misma mkveTrad gamoxatulmaantiqarTulma ,,realurma” politikurma suraTma Secvala.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentma (2004 wlis 4 ivniss) mouwodaruseTs: ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamenti mouwodebs ruseTisfederaciis xelisuflebis calkeul organoebsda masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs, gamoiCinon metipolitikuri SorsmWvreteloba, obieqturoba, koreqtulobada TavSekaveba” [regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi..,2005: 466-467].220
SemaSfoTebelia cxinvalis regionis konfliqturikerisadmi gakeTebuli ruseTis federaciis federalurikrebis saxelmwifo dumis gancxadeba (2004 wlis 10ivlisi), romelSic vkiTxulobT:,,ruseTis federaciis federaluri krebis saxelmwefoduma gamoxatavs ukidures wuxils qarTul-osurikonfliqtis zonaSi viTarebis mkveTr gamwvavebasTandakavSirebiT.SegaxsenebT, rom oseTi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi 1774wels nebayoflobiT Sevida rogorc erTiani oseTi daara rogorc <strong>samxreT</strong> da Crdilo oseTi. es erTianixalxia.saxelmwifo dumis deputatebi ukiduresad SeSfoTebulniarian cnobebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>xelisufalni ar wyveten TavianT marTlsawinaaRmdegoda provokaciul qmedebebs qarTul-osuri konfliqtiszonaSi. amgvari meTodebis gamoyenebiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>xelisufalni uxeSad arRveven aRniSnul SeTanxmebas dasaqme mihyavT imisaken, rom qarTul-osuri problemis gadawyvetagaiyvanon samarTlebrivi sibrtyis gareT.ukidures gaocebas iwvevs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelmZRvanelobiszogierTi warmomadgenlis gancxadebani, romleb-Sic gamarTlebulia qarTuli Zalovani struqturebisprovokaciuli qmedebebi rusi mSvidobismyofelebis winaaRmdeg...zemoxsenebulis gaTvaliswinebiT saxelmwifo dumisdeputatebis aSkara gaognebas iwvevs evropaSi uSiSroebisada TanamSromlobis organizaciis saparlamentoasambleis wevrebis pozicia, romlebmac arsebiTad mxaridauWires qarTuli delegaciis mier <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTSisituaciis Taobaze micemul Sefasebas...” [www. duma. ru].vgoneb, raime komentaris gakeTeba aRniSnul gancxadebasTandakavSirebiT zedmetia.221
konfliqtis kidev ufro meti eskalaciisa da provocirebisakengadadgmuli nabijia ruseTis dumis 2004wlis 5 agvistos gancxadeba, romelSic vkiiTxulobT:,,ruseTis federaciis federaluri krebis saxelmwifoduma gansakuTrebuli SeSfoTebiT aRniSnavs, rom bolodReebSi ukiduresad gamwvavda afxazeTisa da <strong>samxreT</strong>oseTis statusis mouwesrigeblobasTan dakavSirebulisituacia kavkasiaSi. oficialuri Tbilisis mxridanismis saomari suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli, xolo zogjeraSkarad agresiuli gancxadebebi, qarTul-osuri daqarTul-afaxazuri konfliqtebis calmxrivad gadawyvetismizniT yvelaze gadamWreli zomebze wasvlis mzadyofnisSesaxeb... qarTulma mxarem sxva dainteresebulimxareebis azris sruli ignorirebiT kursi aiRo arsebuliproblemis Zalismier gadawyvetisaken...Seuwyveteli muqara <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelmZRvanelobismxridan <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTisa da afxazeTis teritoriazemudmivad mcxovrebi ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeebismimarT, warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis suverenitetisxelyofis mcderlobas...” [www. duma. ru]. aRniSnuli gancxadeba,Tu CavukvirdebiT mis qveteqsts, metad SemaSfo-Tebelia da erTgvari samxedro eqspansiis dawyebismuqaris tolfasia. im muqarisa, romelic cdilobs aSkarafarTomasStabiani Setakebebis dawyebamde iuridiuligamarTleba mouZebnos sakuTar qmedebebs (romelicmarTlac sisruleSi moiyvanes 2008 wlis agvistoSi).evroparlamenti kargad Cawvda ruseTis am gancxadebisqveteqsts da 2004 wlis 13 oqtombers, briuselisSexvedrisas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan dakavSirebiT miiRo specialurirezolucia: ,,...amasTan unda aRiniSnos, romafxazeTisa da <strong>samxreT</strong> oseTis regionSi konfliqtismougvarebloba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs qveynis ganvi-Tarebas...222
gmobs ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis gancxadebas<strong>samxreT</strong> kavkasiis regionze prevenciuli samxedrodartymebis ganxorcielebis Taobaze, rasac ruseTisxelisufleba safuZvlad udebs ruseTis usafrTxoebisdoqtrinas...evroparlamenti mxars uWers <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriulmTlianobas. miiCnevs, rom afxazeTisa da oseTiskonfliqtebis mogvareba unda moxdes mSvidobiani molaparakebebisada ndobis aRdgenis gziT, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqalaqeebisuflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT...” [www. Parlament.ge].miuxedavad am gancxadebebisa, 2005 wlis miwu-rulisaTviscxinvalis regionSi viTareba kvlav feTqebadsa-SiSi rCeba. qarTuli mxare cdilobs konfliqti mSvidobianimolaparakebebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlisnormebis mkacri dacviT gadawyvitos. ruseTis federaciaki, dasavluri demokratiuli Rirebulebebis sapirispirod,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> geostrategiuli mniSvnelobisada energetikuli politikis saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiTarad dagidevT qarTuli iuridiuli sivrcisa damisi teritoriuli mTlia- nobis darRvevas.gamoyenebuli literatura1. afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumantebSi, nawili III,Tb., 2003.2. gazeTi ,,afxazeTis xma”, #29, 2001.3. gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika”, #68, 2002.4. gazeTi ,,<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublika”, #251, 2003.5. grigolia T., evrokavSiris sagareo usafrTxoebis politikada saqarTvelo, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong><strong>sakiTxebi</strong> III, baT., gv., 240-247, 2008.223
6. regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi_<strong>samxreT</strong> oseTisavtonomiuri olqi. afxazeTis assr (1989-2005). politikur-samarTlebriviaqtebiskrebuli, Tb., 2005.7. Собрание Законодателъства Российской Федераций, #22, 2002.8. Газ. ,,Южная Осетия”, №33, 2001.9. www. Parlament. ge.10. www. duma. ru.11. www. usinfo. state. gov.Sulkhan AleksaiaReviewing Tskhinvali Region conflict area on the basis ofdocumentary materials (2000-2005)SummaryTskhinvali Region conflict area in 2000-2005 is particularyinteresting from the point of the fast that, although the conflict arousein early 90s of 20 th century, it reached its culmination in the periodwe are researching, taking plase in August 2008 when it drew into aserious attack.We have collested and analyzed all the political-legal acts ordocuments passed not only by Georgian Government or parliament butby De Facto so called south Osetian Government, Rusian Federation,the USA, international organizations (UN, OSGE, EC, EU, CIS) thatfirectly or indirectly refer to this problem.224
Сулхан АлексаиаКонфликтный очаг в Цхинвалъском регионе в светедокументальных Материалов (2000-2005 гг.)РезюмеКонфликт в Цхинвалъском регионе 2000-2005 годов, безусловно,интересно. Этот конфликт начался в 90-е годы XX века. Нодля нашего исследования особый интерес представляет кульминационныймомент, который наступил в августе 2008 году в видеширокомасштабного столкновения.Предметом нашего исследования стали все политические и юридическиедокументы прямо или косвенно касающиеся этой проблемы,которые были приняты с 2000 по 2005 годах правительством ипарламентом Грузии, а также так называемой де факто правительствомРоссийской Федерации, США и международными организациями(ООН, ОБСЕ, Эвросаюз, СНГ).225
uCa oqropiriZeCveni momavali _istoriul-geopolitikuri gaazrebara daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>istoriis</strong>uaxloesi ocwleulis gamocdilebidan? ra social-ekonomikuri,politikuri da geostrategiuli faqtorebisgaTvaliswineba gvmarTebs, rom sworad ganvsazRvroTCveni qveynis geopolitikuri funqcia da momavaliim sivrceSi, romelSic mas Tavisi aqtivobis warmarTvauwevs, ise, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sasicocxlo interesebiwinaaRmdegobaSi ar aRmoCndes arc mis mezoblebTanda arc samomavlo perspeqtivaSi partniorebTanda strategiul megobrebTan? ras moiTxovs samarTlianoba,da saerTod, dRes samarTlianobad aRiarebulisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis progresuli normebi,raTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ar uwevdes sakuTari suverenuliuflebebidan ukan daxevisa Tu daTmobebis xarjze misiueWveli saarsebo sivrcis sazRvrebisaTvis ganuwyvetelidava da aqedan gamomdinare, qronikul arastabilurviTarebasTan brZola saSinao Tu saerTaSorisoasparezze.gasaanalizebeli periodis monacemebi gvaZlevs sa-Sualebas gavakeToT daskvna, rom Zalebi Tu ar movikribeTda sakuTar fexze ar davdeqiT, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>dRevandeli mdgomareobidan ver isxnis verc `<strong>dasavleT</strong>isa~da verc ruseTis (`aRmosavleTis~) moimedeoba,radgan politikuri morali da msoflio movlenebisgadawyvetis meTodebi TiTqmis srulebiT ar Secvlilada aq mxolod mas uweven angariSs, visac realuri Zalaumagrebs zurgs. amaSi mxolod politikuri stabilu-226
oba da ekonomikuri Zliereba, samxedro potencialiar igulisxmeba – qveynis simZlavris umTavresi qvakuTxedi,misi zneobriv-eTikuri sayrdeni, rwmena-moralissimtkice da uryevi nebaa.Cven Tu gvsurs iseTi qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba,sadac daculi iqneba yvela Cvenganis Rirsebada gamoyenebuli Rirseuli cxovrebis realuri SesaZleblobani,amas aucileblad mivaRwevT. oRond, upirvelesyovlisa, unda movaxdinoT Cveni samomavlo strategiulimiznebis geopolitikur prizmaSi gaazreba damasze dayrdnobiT, uaxloesi perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT,SevZloT realuri samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba.amasTan erTad, win unda wamovwioT da daveyrdnoTzneobriv-samarTlebriv prioritetebs. xolo rac amaSiigulisxmeba, yvela saSualebiT dRemudam unda mimdinareobdesqarTveli xalxis Semzadeba saTanado, mecnieruladdamuSavebuli da argumentirebuli axsna-ganmartebiTida aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobiT, romelSic maTnaTlad unda dainaxon sakuTari warmatebuli momavlisgarantia da perspeqtiuloba.Cveni erTi-erTi uaxloesi da didi mezobeli ruseTi,samwuxarod, Tavisi moZaladeobrivi, usamarTlo politikiT,mxolod imas axerxebs, Tavis potenciur mokav-Sireebsa da megobrebs iqeT ubiZgos, rom `<strong>dasavleT</strong>Si~eZion xsna da gadarCena. amitomac mas simarTle pirSiunda vuTxraT.rasputini da rasputinoba Tavis droze ruseTSi iqcamis sulier ZalTa gamofitvis socialur-fiziologiurgamoxatulebad. ruseTSi rasputinobis aRzevebaiyo sulieri degradaciis naTeli dadastureba, misisicrueze da siyalbeze agebuli cru mesianizmispolitikis saboloo kraxis fizikuri gamoxatuleba.rasputini da rasputinoba iyo uflis Surisgebayalbi rusuli mesianizmis saxeliT xalxTa da saxel-227
mwifoTa mkvlelobis cdisaTvis. rasputinobis aRzevebasmohyva romanovebis taxtis damxoba da maTi ojaxisfizikuri ganadgureba, riTac ruseTma kidev erTxelxazi gausva mis sulSi Cabudebul velur instinqtebs,Tumca, maTi xeliTve aRsrulda marTlmsajulebac dausamarTlobaTa qmnisaTvis uflisagan xelaRebulicodvili dinastia codvilTa xeliT daemxo (Tu raimear Seicvala, amave gzas adgas, sxvaTa Soris, dasavluricivilizaciac).bolSevikebis saxiT ruseTs moevlina axali damsaxurebulisasjeli da codvaTa simZimis gamo misigadarCena TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. is ki, imis magivrad,rom movlenaTa namdvil arsSi Cawvdoma ecada, ufrometi sisastikiT daatyda Tavs sustsa da miusafar erebsda cecxliTa da maxviliT bolSevizmis Tavs moxveviTscada maTi saboloo moSToba (amaSi mas xeli Seuwyo<strong>dasavleT</strong>is wayruebis politikamac). es udidesi gansacdelicuflis nebiTa da SewevniT gadaitana Cvenma sam-Soblom. magram rusul wiaRSi yofnas Cveni qveynisaTvisukvalod ar Cauvlia da damoukideblobis aRdgenis-Tanave isev gaisma satanis xarxari saqarTveloSi.yvelaze samwuxaro ki is aris, rom arc Tu umniSvneloiyo e.w. opoziciur ZalTa cda da Zalisxmeva im didcodvaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi datrialda. am saqmeSigansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules ruseTis mkerdzegazrdilma kolaboracionistulma nomenklaturam (`wi-Teli inteligenciis~ CaTvliT) da ra Tqma unda, maTmasulisTqmam da imedma saqarTveloSi _ eduard SevardnaZem.mas ki gverds umSvenebdnen `qarTveli~ xutlu-bu-Rebi da (Zalian simboluria! _ u.o.) karolina sobanskaiebi.da midioda uzneo arCevan-aradanobia. rusi daruseTi ki igive rCeba. da Zveli, cnobili formula _ruseTi Telavs patara erebs da maT Rirsebas, ruseTismZafrad aSlil vnebebs ki Tavisi basri iaraRiT228
acxroben rasputinebi _ ZalaSia. ase rom rasputinidanputinamde araferi Secvlila _ ruseTsa da postsab-Wour sivrces kvlav abuCad igdebs rasputinoba. putinmedvedevobaki mxolod misi nairsaxeobaa.msoflios amaod hqonda imedi, rom vladimer putiniSesZlebda ruseTis am mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas da amuzurmazari geostrategiul sivrces qaossa da kataklizmebsaacilebda. magram msofliom unda icodes, romruseTis imperia Tavis garSemo xelovnurad TviTonqmnis da TviT aris am qaosis mizezi, radgan misi arsebobasxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, amisaTvis xarjavsuzarmazar saxsrebsa da energias, nacvlad imisa, rom issakuTari mosaxleobis keTildReobisaTvis gamoiyenos.mis orpirul politikas saerTod msoflioSi dakerZod, kavkasiaSi, kidev erTxel axada niRabi bolodros momxdarma movlenebma. saqarTveloSi, CeCneTSi,beslanSi, inguSeTSi Tu saerTod, kavkasiaSi datrialebulitragediebisadmi <strong>dasavleT</strong>is wayruebis politikabumerangiviT daubrunda isev <strong>dasavleT</strong>s da medvedevputinisruseTisaTvis metad sasiamovno gasarTobiaRmoCnda imis cqera, Tu rogor iyineboda (am zamTarSi)sicivisagan TiTqmis mTeli evropa. yovelive amanmsoflio politikis mamebi kidev erTxel daarwmuna,rom ruseTma warmatebiT daikava borotebis imperiisadgili evraziul sivrceSi; rom igi, rogorc sabWouriimperiis memkvidre, isev darCa uborotesi muxtis matarebelavbediT sivrced, sadac verasdros izeimebs ke-Tilgoniereba, _ da Tu ase gagrZelda `mesame romic~gaiziarebs misi winamorbedebis beds.aq ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT dRevandel msoflioSimetad modur e.w. terorizmTan brZolis problemas.Tu obieqturi poziciidan SevxedavT, warmoudgeneliaelementarul adamianobaze pretenziis mqones TavisiTanamoZmeebis JuJva axarebdes da saerTod, vis raSi229
unda awyobdes umweo xalxis xocva-Jleta?! meoresmxriv, vis interesebSi Sedis aTaseulobiT udanaSauloadamianis msxverpliT manipulireba terorizmTan brZolissababiT saomari kampaniebis Sesamzadeblad, rasacase gacxarebiT cdiloben sainformacio saSualebebiT?!da bolosda bolos vin aris aq namdvili teroristi?!?!– im qveynis xelisufleba, romelmac araferi gaakeTasakuTari mosaxleobis genocidis Tavidan asacilebladda romelic mravali wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSkara ZaladobiTada teroriT cdilobs mis mier mravalgzisiavarqmnili xalxis morCilebaSi moyvanas, _ Tu ispatriotebi, romlebic cdiloben am Zaladobisagandaicvan TavianTi samSoblo da SeinarCunon elementaruliarsebobis ufleba?! an, rodemde SeiZleba istoriulimexsierebis mqone da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSiTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli gmiri xalxisaTvis marionetebisTavze dasma da maTi WeSmariti nebis ignorireba?!es yvelasaTvis gasagebi unda gaxdes da msofliosmomavlisTvisac warmatebis sawindari iqneba, Tu bolosda bolos yvelafer amas namdvili saxeli daerqmeva daTavs davanebebT erTmaneTisaTvis TvalebSi nacrisSeyris politikas, riTac, sxvaTaSoris, Tavs vixsniT amgaugonar sisaZagleSi Tanamonawileobisagan. aravisTvissaidumlos ar warmoadgens, rom msoflio sazogadoebissakmaod didi nawilisTvis, es e.w. teroristebi srulebiTacar aRiqmebian ise, rogorc es zogierTebs surTwarmoaCinon. da Tu gvinda, rom msofilio am globalurisenisagan namdvilad ganikurnos, bolo undamovuRoT globalur usamarTlobas, davadginoT misigamomwvevi mizezebis namdvili raoba da aqedan gamomdinareutyuari arsi. rodesac yvelaferi es msofliosazogadoebrivi azris prizmaSi gadamuSavdeba da sabolooCamoyalibebul, daxvewil saxes miiRebs, igi230
aucileblad miva daskvnamde, rom dRes terorizmTanbrZolis sababiT msoflioSi mimdinareobs kudianebzenadiroba, rasac namdvil safenlad udevs zogierTisupersaxelmwifoTa arcTu uangaro interesebis dakmayofileba.da Tu droze ar SeCerdebian isini, SeiZlebaes axali msoflio omis preludiad iqces, risi yvelaniSanic ukve TvalnaTliv Cans.unda vaRiaroT, rom saerTaSoriso terorizmisaTvisnoyier niadags qmnis zogierTi e.w. supersaxelmwifosmier gatarebuli politika. da rodesac am politikisSedegad daCagruli patara erebi veRar axerxebenTavianTi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesisa da TavisTavadobisSesanarCuneblad am supersaxelmwifoebisaTvissaerTaSoriso normebiT aRiarebuli saSualebebiT omisgamarTvas (aSkara ganadgurebis, an jer kidev SenarCunebuliefemeruli Tavisuflebis dakargvis SiSiT),samarTlianobis aRdgenis mizniT mimarTaven sazogadoebrivazrze zemoqmedebis eqstremistul formas _e.w. terors.nuravis Seiyvans SecdomaSi is, rom dRevandelimsoflios saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba garegnuladmxars uWers terorizmTan brZolas. sinamdvileSi ki esaris msoflioSi dRes gabatonebuli Zalebis da maTganmomdinare SexedulebaTa sazogadoebriv azrze zewolisSedegi (teroris Taviseburi forma, radgan yvelanairizewola Trgunavs adamianis Tavisufal nebas), rac sazogadoebisdid nawilSi sruliad ar aRiqmeba RvTisnebad (samarTlianobad), rogorc es maT surT warmoa-Cinon... da amerikis prezidentisaTvis saxeSi erayeliJurnalistis mier nasroli fexsacmelic, swored amisdadastureba iyo.rodesac Tanamderove msofliosa da, gansakuTrebiT,ruseTis saxelmwifo politikis yovlismomcvel mxilebasmivmarTavT, Cveni mizani srulebiTac ar aris vinmes231
gabiabrueba da, miTumetes, abuCad agdeba-gamasxaraveba.es yvelaferi keTdeba imisTvis, rom ruseTi, es udidesimonstri (radac dRes aris naqcevi) da Tavisi yvelanairipotenciuri SesaZleblobebiT umdidresi qveyana,gamovafxizloT da SevagnebinoT misi namdvili da arafsevodo-mesianizmze agebuli misia. Torem am gzazeSemgari ruseTi im Zalebis mier, romlebic dRes msofliobedis warmarTvas cdiloben, ganwirulia gardauvalidasasrulisaTvis. SemTxveviTi araa isic, romrusTa mefeebma mesame romad moskovis aRiarebiT Tavsmoixvies im codvaTa memkvidreobac, rac wina or`romSi~ trialebda. konstantinepoli xom Tavisi arsebobisbolo saukuneebSi imave impulsebs gadmoscemdada imave borotebis TesliT wamlavda msoflios, rogorcamas yofili ruseTis, Semdeg sabWoTa imperia dadRes ki, misi politikis dRevandeli mZevali, ruseTiakeTebs. magram rusT mefeebis am nabijs maSin hqondaraRac gamarTleba, radgan maT moskovis mesame romadgamocxadebiT, gamowveva esroles wina ori romis damaqcevarZalebs da amiT TavianT saxelmwifos msofliofunqcia SesZines; amasTan es nabiji SeiZleba gamarTlebuliiqnas imiTac, rom ruseTma marTlmadideblobisam citadelis (konstantinepoli igulixseba) dammxobiZalebi, romelic konstantinepolis aRebiT da aiasofiastaZarSi cxenze amxedrebuli SesvliT, TavianTireligiuri Tu sxva Rirebulebebis upiratesobis damtkicebascdilobdnen, daarwmuna maT mier TiTqosdaganadgurebuli idealebis sicocxlisunarianobaSi, Semdegki maT winaaRmdeg warmarTa Surisgebis Zlevamosilimaxvilic. Tu riT dasrulda ruseT-osmaleTismravalsaukunovani samkvdro-sasicocxlo Serkineba yvelasaTviscnobilia. Tumca ruseTma ver aisrula Tavisisanukvari ocneba da samemkvidreod miCneul cargradSiTavisi mflobeloba ver `aRadgina~, magram Tavisi232
Seupovari cdebiT osmaleTis memkvidre TurqeTi aiZula,Tavis gadasarCenad xsna swored evropul ojaxSieZebna.Tavisi dRevandeli politikiT, ruseTi mis mezobelregionebze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT uxeSZaladobas mimarTavs da misi gaZlierebis mowinaaRmdegeZalebs uadvilebs ruseTis irgvliv e.w. anakondas rkalisSeqmnas. aba, rusma politikosebma saRad gadaavlonTvali TavianTi dRevandeli sazRvrebis gaswvriv mimdinaremovlenebs da imwuTSive igrZnoben civsisxlianianakondas sulisSemxuTav sisins, romelic dRiTidReasustebs ruseTis saxelmwifos sicocxlisu-narianobismasazrdoebel Zalebs. es aris Sedegi im politikisa,romelsac ruseTi Tavisi gavlenis sferod miCneulsivrceSi atarebs da Tavisi ugunuri nabijebiT mispotenciur partniorebs da megobrebs mosisxle mtradekideba da maTac sakuTari mTeli sasicocxlo resursebisdaZabviT, Tavis gadasarCenad misdami arakeTilmosurnedganwyobili banakisaken xelovnurad ubiZgebs.es aris swored Cvens mier zemoT gakritikebuli rusulicru-mesianizmze agebuli politikis gagrZelebisinerciis Sedegi. ruseTma unda gaigos, rom warsulsCabarda is dro, roca msgavsi fsevdo-Rirebulebis winwamoweviT msoflio azriT manipulireba, an maszezemoqmedeba iyo SesaZlebeli. dRes yvelam yvelaferiicis da simarTlis misaCqmalad silaSi Tavwayofilisiraqlemebi (Tu droze azrze ar movlen) igrZnobensamarTlianobis saxeliT alesil laxvarTa daZgerebas.Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi ammosalodnel, axal `warRvnaze~ miuTiTeben.ruseTs ki, Tu is msoflio politikis farvaterSinormalurad Cajdeba, aqvs Sansi msoflios es udidesikataklizmebi aacilos. misdami dapirispirebuli Zalebismizani yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris, rom is233
xelovnurad amoagdon ganviTarebis normaluri kalapotidan(ase moxda 1917 wlis oqtomberSic) da misi uSre-ti energia mimarTon fsevdo Rirebulebebis realiza-ciaze, _ gaabriyvon cru-mesianisturi ideebiT da aaci-lon mis WeSmarit msoflio funqcias _ namdvil marTl-madideblur sawyisebze aRmocenebul misi gadarCenismisias.ruseTis adgili msoflio rukaze da misi SesaZleblobebimsoflios aZlevs Sanss Seqmnas TviTrealizaciisunikaluri sistema. Tu ruseTidan misi periferiebisada monapire regionebisken daiZvreba WeSmaritisikeTiTa da siyvaruliT gamTbari, masSi dRemdexelovnurad Cakluli, sasicocxlo energia da igievropasa da aziaSi, rogorc Tanatoli-Tanatols Sexvdebada gadaejaWveba analogiur ZalTa ukve Camoyalibebulcivilizaciebs, romlebic adamianTa modgmisukeTes momavalsa da maTi ukeTilSobilesi miznebisganxorcielebazea orientirebuli, igi SeiZleba namdviladiqces msoflios bedis erT-erT gadamwyvetfaqtorad.ai, ruseTis WeSmariti misia da misi xsnac! xoloruseTis xsna, msoflios xsnacaa!.. radgan daiwyebs Tuara ruseTi Tavisi namdvili, realuri funqciis Sesrulebas,evrazias moefineba ganmaaxlebeli suli; igiaRivseba sasicocxlo energiiT, romelic mas aRudgenssakuTari Zalebisadmi rwmenas da am sivrces kvlavaqcevs msoflios bedisweris gadamwyvet qvakuTxedad,romliskenac imediT iqneba mipyrobili dedamiwelTagulisyuri. erTiani evraziis Camoyalibebam xeli undaSeuwyos monros principis ganxorcielebas am uzarmazargeostrategiul sivrceSi (afrikis CaTvliT) da misirgvliv Sekras erTiani mizniT damuxtuli msofliodaniSnulebis mqone kontineturi Zalebi, romlebicsruliad gaakontroleben aRniSnul sivrces da aRar234
dauSveben evraziaze gare naxevarmTvaridan maTi strategiuligamofitvisaken mimarTul Sors gamiznul zewolas;da Tu es uaxloes periodSi ar ganxorcielda,evropisa da aziis is Zalebi, romelTac pretenziagaaCniaT gavlena iqonion msoflio movlenebis ganviTarebaze,jer `maTsave sasikeTod~ ganeitralebuli iqnebianam sivrceSi mimdinare movlenebze zemoqmedebisagan,rasac moyveba maTi interesebis ignorirebiT aRniSnulisivrcis Zaladobrivi aTviseba (rac faqtobrivad ukvedawyebulia _ erayi, avRaneTi da sxva) araevraziuliZalebis mier, da bolos yvelafer amas daagvirgvinebsmondealisturi erTpolusiani msoflios Seqmnis cda,sadac gabatonebuli iqneba e.w. dasavluri Rirebulebanida Talasokratiuli, sazRvao civilizacia. es cdaki, ufro aRvivebs winaaRmdegobas msoflio <strong>istoriis</strong>warmmarTvel or Zalas Soris da faqtiurad ukvedawyebuli meoTxe msoflio omi (mesame civi omi iyo –u.o.) Tavis globalur fazaSi Seva. civilizaciaTaSejaxeba sabediswero xasiaTs miiRebs, sadac orivemxare absoluturad darwmunebuli iqneba Tavis `simarTleSi~da erTmaneTis gasanadgureblad yvela saSualebasgamarTlebulad CaTvlis (ase iqna inspirirebulimeore msoflio omic). amis magaliTebi saxezea _ `<strong>dasavleT</strong>i~,aSS-s saxiT, cdilobs ra msoflio daarwmunosTavisi qmedebebis samarTlianobaSi, amisaTvisaraviTar tyuilsa da falsifikacias ar erideba _`aRmosavleTi~ ki, swams ra Tavisi simarTle, misgansicocxlis msxverplad Sewirvis fasad cdilobs Tavisiidealebis dacvasa da SenarCunebas.msofliom unda Seignos, rom `aRmosavleTi~ da `<strong>dasavleT</strong>i~,srulebiTac ar aris raRac pirobiTi, zerelecnebebi da maTSi koncentrirebulia ori gansxvavebulicivilizaciis uRrmesi sasicocxlo impulsebi – maTigansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesiT, adaT-CvevebiT, kultu-235
iT, Tu sxva umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblebiT. romhalstuxiani komivoiaJeri, yvelafriT movaWre, sakuTarojaxSi stumrad myofi Svili da homo-faberi, yovelTvisgaugebari da miuRebeli iqneba aRmosavleTis unazesigrZnobebiT mfeTqavi gulisa da SemecnebisaTvis,romelsac aTaswleulebis istoriaSi gamovlili dadResac udidesi pativiscemiT aRWurvili ierarqiulobaaxasiaTebs... da vin ra sityvebiTac ar unda monaTlosmaTi es ufaqizesi urTierTdamokidebuleba da rogorcar unda aZagos maTi istoriul miwaSi fesvgadgmuli,arcTu civiluri Sexedulebani, veravin am damokidebulebasda rwmenas ver Seacvlevinebs, misgan ki sapasuxodukidures zizRsa da jixads miiRebs. amitomacniSandoblivia am civilizaciisaTvis sakuTari idealebisaTvisTavganwiruli, misi istoriuli fesvebis dasacavadyovelTvis gmirulad SemarTuli partizanisfigura.igi ibrZvis sakuTar miwaze sakuTari rwmenisa daidealebis da, bolosdabolos, sakuTari ojaxis gadasarCenad.da Tu ara `civilizebuli <strong>dasavleT</strong>isgan~ucilobeli gawirvis SegrZneba, igi Znelad gardaiqmnebodaim `fanatikosad,~ romlis teroristad SesaRebasdRevandeli msofliosaTvis cdiloben. am `teroristebis~umravlesoba `<strong>dasavleT</strong>is~ mier iqna momzadebulissr kavSiris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad `cxel wertilebSi~.roca `borotebis imperiisgan~ momavali safrTxeukugdebuli iqna, `aRmosavleTis~ problema maincgadauWreli da ugulebelyofili darCa; miuxedavadTavianTi Tavganwiruli brZolisa, `aRmosavlelebma~ vermiiRes TavianTi problemebis samarTliani gadawyvetisveraviTari garantia (piriqiT, kidev ufro Rrmavdeba dacdiloben civilizebul formebSi moaqcion saukuneebiswinaT dawyebuli maTi bunebrivi resursebis barbarosuliZarcva) da mixvdnen, rom erT borotebas meoris236
saSualebiT ebrZodnen, romelic ar kmayofildebodauSualo kontrolis dawesebiT da ara naklebi mondomebiTcdilobda maTze srul gabatonebas, vidre is,visac adre ebrZodnen. amitomac maTi siZulvilisa dasabrZolo suliskveTebis masazrdoebeli motivebiTvalnaTelia. maT TavianT adrindel `moZRvrebSi~ danaxulisiyalbe mTeli dasavluri civilizaciis umTavresmaxasiaTeblad aRiqves da ar moelian ra maTgan xajiusufisnairzneobriv aqts, TviTon gadawyvites gawbilebulirwmenisa da imedebisaTvis maTze Surisgeba; miTumetes,aSkarad igrZnes, Tu rogor misCereboda maT `<strong>dasavleT</strong>is~sisxlsmowyurebuli Tvalebi, viTarca morigmsxverpls, romlis gaglejis gareSe mis ocenebebsaRsruleba ar ewera.ai, saidan Rebulobs am ZalTa ukompromisoba daTavganwirva yovlisgadamlaxav damangrevel energias...da sanam ar moispoba am energiis umTavresi masazrdoebeliwyaro _ usamarTloba, yovelgvari brZola miswinaaRmdeg, kidev ufro aZlierebs am energiaTa koncentracias,da vai mas, visac igi samarTlianobis aRdgenissaxeliT daatydeba. amitom nuravis auvardeba Tav-Si, rom droebiT, warmavali warmatebis fonze gamarjvebiszeimiT, tkboba daiwyos; gamogonili cneba `<strong>istoriis</strong>dasasruli~ qimeraa da msoflio isev mowmea civilizaciaTaSerkinebisa, oRond dRes moWarbebul SexedulebaTagamo, isev ukana planzea gadanacvlebulizneobrivi kategoriebi da miznis misaRwevad amoSiSvlebuliadevizi, _ Tumca amas farisevlurad Cqmalaven,_ `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~.Tu istoriul analogiebs mivmarTavT, amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis yofili prezidenti (buSzea laparaki),es msoflios mfeTqav ZarRvze moTamaSe mevioline,mogvagonebda romis imperiisdroindel kaligulas,romelic uxeSi CeqmebiT Telavda Tavisuflebaze meoc-237
nebe msoflios ukeTilSobiles grZnobebs da Tan Tavismsaxur - `partniorTac~ mTel msoflioSi aiZulebdamasTan erTad CaSvebuliyvnen siyalbis, sibilwis dagaryvnilebis wumpeSi, romelsac TviTon xelovnuradnergavda da axalisebda. aseTi zneobis pirobebSi araris gasakviri neronobis aRorZinebac, romelmac Tvi-Ton gadawva romi, Semdeg ki es qristianebis gasaJuJavsababad gamoiyena.amitom, roca vlaparakobT evraziuli strategiulierTobis Seqmnis aucileblobasa da mis msofliofunqciaze, upirveles yovlisa, Cven mxedvelobaSi gavqvsam udidesi potenciis mqone sivrceSi arsebul gonivrulZalTa konsolidaciis aucilebloba, romelicgaauvnebelyofs e.w. <strong>dasavleT</strong>idan momdinare Cvens mierzemoT aRniSnul arajansaR impulsebs, aRmofxvristerorisa da terorizmis masazrdoebel usamarTlobebs,am sivrceSi warmoebul saerTaSoriso politikas gaxdissrulad gamWvirvales da mas miusadagebs sayovel-Tao sikeTis interesebs; Tavis inteleqtualur da materialurSesaZleblobebs gamoiyenebs dedamiwis Sesamzadebladsxva civilizaciebTan Sesaxvedrad. am funqciisSesasruleblad evraziasTan gaerTiandeba afrikac. daes geostrategiulad srulqmnili `msoflio kunZuli~SeZlebs `<strong>dasavleT</strong>idan~ (aSS) arajansaRi zewolis Sedegaddakarguli funqciis aramarto aRdgenas, aramedmasTan normalur metoqeobasa da partniorobasac. amas-Tan gaawonasworebs da `aRzrdis~ mas, riTac xelsSeuwyobs namdvili samarTlianobis principebze agebuliaxali msoflios Camoyalibebasac. ai, es arisevrazielTa namdvili misia!radgan dedamiwaze yvelaferSi dualizmi, orpolusianobafiqsirdeba, amitom misi erTpolusian msofliodgardaqmnis cda, misi arsebobis kanonis sawinaaRmdegocaa.amitomac misi <strong>istoriis</strong> warmmarTvel Zalebs238
unda mivceT TavianT orbitebze bolomde ganviTarebisSesaZlebloba da dedamiwelTa gonivruli moTxovnilebebisdakmayofileba uaxloes momavalSi uzrunvelyofsmaT dedamiwis orbitaze, kosmosSi gaerTianebisgardauvalobas, radgan ukidegano samyaros Cven arSegviZlia cal-calke SevxvdeT. es TavisTavad moxdeba,roca dedamiwis energia usasrulo samyaros anbaniswakiTxvas moisurvebs, da vigrZnobT, rom misi danawevrebakatastrofis tolfasia.dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ki WeSmaritebisagan iseSors varT, rogorc arasdros. amitomac xdeba, romsimarTlis mTqmels, Cvens droSic, cxeni Sekazmuliunda hyavdes. magram ara uSavs. TeTri cxeni Tavisuflebissimboloa da vinc masze amxedrdeba, TavganwirvisaTvismzad unda iyos.RvTis neba yvela adamianis Tavisuflebaa, _ rasacsrulebiT ar uwyobs xels dRevandel msoflioSi gatarebulipolitika. yvela unda dafiqrdes da rodesacmsoflios xsnaze pretenzias vacxadebT, angariSi gavuwioTmis azrs imdenad mainc, rom mas Cven cdomilebaTaRvTis nebad SesaReba ar vakadroT. msoflios xsna kiuflis nebaa da mis am rols dedmiwaze veravin Sei-Tavsebs.239
Ucha OkropiridzeOur Future – Historical-Geopolitical Point of ViewSummaryThe work considers the geopolitical problems facing the formation of theGeorgian state and the necessity to work out the real plans taking intoconsideration these problems. The work also shows the importance of therole of Russia in the Caucasian, particularly in the Georgian space; Relyingon the corresponding materials it is concluded that the world has not beenchanged in the period from Rasputin to Putin, - the “rasputinism” keepsscoffing at the Russian and Post-Soviet space again, - and the “putinmedvedevism”is only its variety.The work concerns to the problem of struggling against terrorism in themodern world and it puts a very polysemantic question – who is a realterrorist?! –The government of the country who has not done anything toavoid the genocide of its own population (Russia) and has been trying tomake them obedient with evident violence and terror for many years, - orthose patriots trying to defend their homeland from this violence and keep theright of common existence?! Or how long is it possible to impose themarionettes over the people with historical memory who have been fightingwith heroism for their liberation?!The article criticizes the policy of modern leading states and underlinesthat the “East” and the “West” are not something conditional, surface notionsand the deepest vital impulses of two different civilizations are concentratedin them, - “the end of the history” is the chimera and the struggle ofcivilizations is going on.240
Уча ОкропиридзеНаше будущее – историко-геополитическое размышлениеРезюмеВ работе в вкратце рассмотрены те историко-геополитическиеявление, которые произошли в последние 20 лет в постсоветскомпространстве и вокруг Грузии, и которые дают возможность сделатьвыводы, что от Распутина до Путина почти ничего не изменилось вмышление русской дипломатии и до сих пор здесь считаются только сгрубой силой и возможностью насильственно решить все вопросы,касающихся государств, которых она считает входящих в сферу своеговлияния.В работе сделаны критические выводы по поводу политики,которую проводят ведущие державы современного мира. Сказано, что«Восток» и «Запад», это вообще не поверхностное и иллюзорноепонятие, и них сконцентрированы глубоко жизненные импульсы двухсовершенно разных цивилизаций – что понятие - «Конец истории», этохимера и противостояние двух цивилизаций продолжается.241
maia amirgulaSviliTengiz grigoliareligia Tu ideologia?Cven vcxovrobT ideologiebis zeobis epoqaSi. raaris ideologia? es iseTi swavleba anu Teoriaa, romelicTavis Tavs ara mxolod absolutur da yovlismomcvelWeSmaritebad asaRebs, aramed adamiansgarkveul qcevasa da moqmedebasac ganusazRvravs. Tukiideologiis raobas CavuRrmavdebiT vnaxavT, rom iserzacia da cdilobs religias Caenacvlos, magramudidesi gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias SorisimaSia, rom religia da rwmena yovelTvis Zalzed piradulia,mxolod da mxolod piradi da Rrma SinaganigamocdilebiT miiRweva, religia da religiuri RirebulebebiSeiZleba iTqvas, adamianisa da sazogadoebisyvela Rirebulebaze maRla dgas [e.kodua, 2001: 240].maSin roca nebismieri ideologia yovelgvar pi-rads,rogorc usargeblos, uaryofs.religia rwmenisaken mowodebaa da yovelTvis adamianisakenaamimarTuli. ideologia ki - xalxis masebis,koleqtivis, klasebisa da kacobriobisadmi. religiisarsi da mizania, rom RmerTis povniT adamianma ipovnossakuTari Tavi da gaxdes namdvili adamiani. ideologiismizani da arsi ki imaSia, rom mTlianad daiqvemdebarosadamiani da ideologiis msaxuri gaxados. religiaambobs: “rai sargebel ars kacisa ukueTu sofeli eseyoveli SeiZinos xolo suli Tvisi izRvios?” [biblia,1998: 26]. ideologia ki ambobs: ideologiis gansaxorcielebladmTeli samyaro unda SeiZino. religia mogviwodebssxva adamianSi vxedavdeT moyvass. ideologia ki242
yovelTvis Soreul, upirovno da ganyenebuli adamianebisakenaamimarTuli.ideologiis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs is faqtic, romcnobieri <strong>istoriis</strong> dasabamidan dRemde ar moiZebnebaarc erTi dadebiTad dasaxasiaTebeli ideologia. misiyvela istoriuli forma erTi jgufis interesebs sxvajgufebis xarjze wamoswevs win, rasac bunebrivia, sxvebiver urigdebian da emijnebian. ideologiis istoriaSisayovelTao mniSvnelobis ideologia jer ar arsebulada arc iarsebebs, radgan igi uTanasworobis damkvidrebissaSualebaa, damTrgunveli Zalaa [e.kodua, 2001: 263].religiis mzis Casvenebam da ideologiis zeobamsaqme pirovnebis ideisa da masTan dakavSirebuli mTeligamocdilebis TiTqmis srul kvdomamde miiyvana. amgamocdilebis safuZveli cxadia religiuria. mxolodreligiaSia SesaZlebeli pirovnebis ideis arseboba _ aira ar esmiT, risi gageba ar SeuZliaT da ar surT Tanamedroveadamianebs, romlebic xsnas ama Tu im ideologiaSieZieben.arsebobda mosazreba, rom religia, Tavisi zeobisepoqaSi istoriulad Zalian xSirad Trgunavda pirovnebisideas da TviT pirovnebis uflebebis, Tavisuflebisada sxva amgvari principebi religiasTan brZolaSiiSva. es nawilobriv marTalia, magram saWiroa amsimarTlis mTeli sirTulis gaazreba.diax, qriste religiurma xalxma acva jvars, magramswored imitom, rom man maTi cru religiuroba amxila,anu Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, imaSi amxila, romreligia ideologiad gadaaqcies. qristes mis jvarmcmelebTankonfliqtis mTeli arsi Semdegia: qristemadamiani yvelaferze maRla daayena, mxolod is gaxadasiyvarulisa da absoluturi yuradRebis sagani. qristesmtrebi ki religiisagan elodnen wesrigs, samSoblosgadarCenas, TviTkmayofilebas da yvelafer amisaT-243
vis moiTxovdnen upirovno kanonebisadmi brma morCilebas.amis Sesaxeb ki qristes sityvac ar uTqvams iseve,rogorc araferi uTqvams saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis,<strong>istoriis</strong>a da kulturis Sesaxeb, romlebic odiTganveyvela ideologiisaTvis mTavar sakiTxebs warmoadgendnen.qristes yuradReba yovelTvis mimarTuli iyo misgarSemo myof cocxal adamianebze. is maT uflebebzearc ki saubrobda. man mxolod maTken mimarTa siyvaruli,TanagrZnoba da interesi. swored imis gamo, romqristem adamiani samyaroSi yvelaferze maRla daayena,is dagmes. magram am dagmobiT _ droa es SevignoT _TviTon religia ideologiidan cocxal Zalad gardaiqmnada mTel samyaroze maradiulad gamefda pirovnebisidea, romelic religiuria.Tu RmerTi ar arsebobs, maSin arc adamiani arsebobs.aris mxolod xalxi, upirovno masa, romliscxovelur keTildReobazec zrunavs ideologia da arerideba adamianur danakargebs.aman unda SegvaZrwunos, sanam gvian ar aris, sanamcocxali pirovneba jer kidev ar Canacvlebula ubralorigiTi nomriT, sanam adamiani jer ar gamxdara sulufro da ufro rTuli uzarmazari manqanis ubralo“WanWiki”. religiis sakiTxi axla, upirvelesad sworedpirovnebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs warmoadgens.pirovnebis cneba SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod religiurmsoflmxedvelobas. pirovnebis am cnebis, misiaRiarebis, intuiciis gareSe yovelgvari zrunva kacobriobazemTlianad moCvenebiTi da warumateblo-bisaTvisganwirulia.bevri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom TviT sazogadoebisada misi miznebisaTvis sasargebloa pirovnebis Tavisuflebacda misdami meti pativiscemac. Tu Tavisuflebaiqneba, mrewvelobac gaumjobesdeba, mecnierebac ufro244
swrafad ganviTardeba da yovelgvari opoziciac Semcirdeba.magram aqac, cxadia, Tavisufleba da pirovnebakvlav mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebrivi sargeblobisTvalsazrisiT moiazreba.Tavisuflebisa da pirovnebis uflebebis utilitarulidasabuTeba ara mxolod arasakmarisia, aramed isubralod Seuferebelia adamianisaTvis, radgan aq saboloodadamiani, rogorc faseuloba, ganisazRvrebamxolod imiT, Tu ramdenad sasargebloa koleqtivisaTvisTavisi, ase vTqvaT, produqtiulobiT.imis aRiareba, rom yoveli adamiani absoluturi faseulobaa,niSnavs misTvis ara mxolod sazogadoebisagandamoukidebeli uflebebis miniWebas, aramed, ganuzomladmets, niSnavs imas, rom samyaroSi sxva arafersmivaniWoT absoluturi mniSvneloba da pirvelyovlisaTviTon sazogadoebas. es niSnavs Tavdayira davayenoTmTeli Cveni Cveuli warmodgenebi da bolos da bolosvaRiaroT, rom adamiani gamoirCeva Cveulebrivi bunebriviwyobidan da is umaRlesi arsebaa. amas ki adamianisSesaxeb mxolod religia ambobs da mecnierulad verdavasabuTebT. es SeiZleba mxolod gvwamdes.cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qristianobisgaafTrebuli moZule nicSe ambobda: “moyvasisadmisiyvaruls Cven SevcvliT Soreulisadmi siyvaruliT!”Soreuli aris aravin, is, visac ver vxedavT, raRaczogadi, jer ar arsebuli adamiani. moyvasi ki saxarebismixedviT aris is, vinc Cems gverdiTaa, misi erTaderTisaxe yovelTvis cocxali, konkretuli da unikaluria.cxadia, aseve ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom samyaroSi yvelaferi,yvela filosofia, ideologia da programa,romlebic mimarTulia Soreulisadmi, sazogadosadmi,koleqtiurisadmi, sastikad ver itans religias dayovelTvis, raRac uryevi kanonis mixedviT, ebrZvis mas.maT rasakvirvelia ician, rom religiis amoZirkva245
niSnavs swored pirovnebis TandaTanobiT ganadgurebas.amitom aris, rom eSiniaT ara maTi, vinc mxolod xmamaRlagahyviris Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebze,aramed maTi, visac swams RvTaebrivi suli da sulisukvdaveba da visac ubralod veraviTari miwieri sargebeliTver acduneb.“rai sargebel arc kacisa, ukueTu sofeli yoveliSeiZinos da suli Tvisi warwymidos?” [biblia, 1998: 26].sanam dedamiwaze es sityvebi ismis, sanam adamianebs axsovTparadoqsaluri saxarebiseuli ariTmetika, romlismixedviTac erTi adamiani yovelTvis faseuli damniSvnelovania oTxmocdacxrametze, adamianis pirovnebasveravin mospobs da aqedan gamomdinare, ver SesZlebenkacobriobis saboloo koleqtivizacias, rodesacmonobas Tavisufleba daerqmeva, upirovno sargeblisadmidaqvemdebarebas _ uflebebi, xolo sapyrobiles _miwieri samoTxe.mxolod erT rames SeuZlia win aRudges totalitarizmisyovelgvar saxeobas dedamiwaze _ rwmenas Rmer-Tisa, romelmac adamiani Seqmna Tavis xatebad da msgavsebadda mouwoda mas Tavisuflebisa da maradiulobisaken.mxolod rwmena da sxva araferi.gamoyenebuli literatura1. kodua e., kulturis sociologia, Tb., 2001.2. biblia, Tb., 1998.3. CitaSvili m., religiurobis fsiqologia, Tb., 2002.4. http://theoryandscience.icaap.org/content/vol001.001/04fouche_clean.html5. http://www.scribd.com/doc/4477493/slavoj-zizek-religion-and-ideology246
Maia Amirgulashvili, Tengiz GrigoliaReligion or Ideology?SummaryThere is often some confusion over the difference between religion andideology. The outcome of a sturdy belief in either religious beliefs or apolitical ideology can result in the same actions, namely instilling a drive in aperson toThink and behave in a certain way, but when you pulled out a sanderand polish off the surface similarities it becomes clear that the foundationsbelow are significantly different. One primary, overriding difference existsbetween religion and ideology. A religion is defined by a moral code basedon text most often referred to scripture that is usually collected within asingle volume. The teaching of the scripture is the principal source behind thechoices and behavior of followers. Ideology, on the other hand, does not referback to a singular source. To take obviously misunderstood example, manycritics argue that the writings of Karl Marx can never be pronounced untrueby a Marxist. Unfortunately for those who have tried their hardest tocondemn Marxism, that is simply not the case. Even a cursory study ofMarxist ideology will reveal striking differences in interpretation as well asoutright rejection of much Marxian doctrine.Religion also differs from ideology in considering the text, and in manycases the spokesmen for that text, to be infallible. Only the most hardened ofCommunist believers, for instance, would have considered Josef Stalin to beinfallible, while on the other hand it is the strictest possible doctrine that anyman who wears the big funny hat of a Pope is just as infallible as the word ofGod in the Bible the Pope consistently perverts for his own purposes.Infallibility of text or person, however, is not at all applicable to ideology. Inthe words of Louis Althusser, ideology is the inculcation of ideas throughtheir reproduction by such apparatuses as the media, the educational systemand even the religious infrastructure of the prevailing power.247
Маия Амиргулашвили, Тенгиз ГриголияРелигия или идеология?РезюмеМы живем в эпоху торжества идеологий - ужасное слово, возникшее,в сущности, совсем недавно и уже почти непоправимо отравившеенаш мир, нашу жизнь. Что такое идеология? Это учение или теория,не только выдающая себя за абсолютную и всеобъемлющую истину, нои предписывающая человеку определенное поведение, действие. Наглубине идеология - это, конечно, эрзац, подмена религии. Но разница,и огромная разница, между религией и идеологией в том, что религия,вера - это всегда нечто очень личное, невозможное без глубокоголичного и внутреннего опыта, тогда как идеология, всякая идеология,начинает с того, что просто все личное отрицает и отвергает какненужное.Религия - призыв верить - всегда обращена к человеку. Идеологиявсегда обращена к массе, коллективу, в пределе к народу, к классу,человечеству. Цель, сущность религии - в том, чтобы, найдя Бога,человек нашел бы себя, стал собой. Цель и сущность идеологии - в том,чтобы подчинить себе без остатки человека, чтобы человек стал исполнителеми слугой идеологии. Религия говорит: "Какая польза человеку,если он весь мир приобретет, а душе своей повредит?" Идеологияговорит: нужно весь мир приобрести для осуществления идеологии.Религия в другом человеке призывает видеть ближнего; идеологиявсегда направлена на дальних, безличных, отвлеченных людей.248
qeTevan jijeiSviliqarizmatuli lideris problemaTanamedrove saqarTveloSiliderobis problemaze arsebul TeoriaTa SorisTanamedrove politologiur literaturaSi erT-erTimniSvnelovani adgili ukavia `situacionizmis~ Teorias.am Teoriis mimdevrebi liderobas ganixilaven, rogorcsituaciis funqcias. adamiani, romelic xangrZlividrois manZilze lideria, fsiqologTa mtkicebiT, axdenssakuTari rolis `interiorizebas~, eCveva am rolisSesrulebas da masSi xdeba im niSnis ganviTarebaganmtkiceba,romelic aucilebelia am rolis Sesasruleblad,magram lideris qceva, romelic erT situaciasSeefereba, SeiZleba sruliad gamousadegari iyos sxvasituaciaSi. pirovneba, romelic liderobas SeZlebssaprotesto aqciebis mowyobaSi, arsebuli wyobis ngrevaSi,xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, SeiZleba uZlurida unayofo aRmoCndes axlis SenebaSi. kargi opozicioneriTavisTavad ar niSnavs, rom igi kargi funqcioneriiqneba yovelTvis.gardamavali periodi, misTvis damaxasiaTebeliarastabilurobiTa da problemaTa revoluciurad gadawyvetiswesiT ar SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes.msoflio istoria uamrav magaliTs icnobs imisas,rom politikosebi, romelTac itvirTes ama Tu im saxelmwifosganviTarebis Semdegomi etapis warmarTva,aramarto TavianTi principebis deklarirebas axerxebdnen,aramed kidec axorcielebdnen maT. magaliTad, 1799wlis safrangeTis konstituciis bolo abzacSi vkiTxulobT:`moqalaqeno, revolucia damTavrda~. es niSnavda,249
om daiwyo reformebis xana, romelic yvela klassa dasocialur fenas unda Sexeboda da maTi problemebiunda moegvarebina. xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave, napoleonmadaiwyo manamde arnaxuli reformatoruli saqmianobdada Tavidanve aRkveTa yvelaferi, rac revoluciisSemdgomi safrangeTis ganviTarebas SeuSlidaxels. ukidures memarcxeneebsa da memarjveneebs Sorisdaiwyo Serigebis procesi, Camoayaliba saxelmwifosmarTvis axali administraciuli sistema, Seqmna e.w.`napoleonis kodeqsi~. Sedegi iyo evropuli masStabisimperiis warmoSoba.samwuxarod, qarTul sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. esarc iyo gasakviri, radgan <strong>dasavleT</strong>Si liberalizmi,sabazro ekonomikis tradiciebi, racionalisturi daindividualisturi filosofia da romauli samarTlistradiciebis mimdevari samarTlebrivi azrovneba saukuneebisganmavlobaSi amzadebda safuZvels, raTa ar momxdariyodemokratiuli procesebis oxlokratiad(brbos xelisufleba) gadagvareba da iseTi qarizmatulilideris warmoSoba, romelic daangrevda demokratiulinstitutebsa da demokratiul Rirebulebebs.saqarTveloSi stabiluri socialuri sistemisarsebobas Tan erTvoda masebis konservatizmi. iq sadacrespublikuri tradicia sustia, _ werda amerikelipolitologi a. hagslei, _ yvelaze saukeTeso konstituciebicki ver daabrkolebs ambiciur politikosebs...ahyvnen xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebis cdunebas [v.Subi-TiZe, a.bucxrikiZe, 2009: 173].amitomac iyo, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> vercerTma prezidentmaver ganicada rutinizaciis procesi. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdias Zala damisadmi mxardaWera komunisturi wyobilebisadmi mkveTridapirispirebiT, imperiasTan Seupovari brZoliT da,rac mTavaria, erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZo-250
lis ideiT iyo ganpirobebuli. magram cxovrebam cxadyo,rom erTia daupirispirde arsebuls da meorea, realurad,civilizebuli gziT moaxdino Zvelis demontaJida aaSeno axali struqturebi. man ver SeZlo erovnulida socialuri procesebis emocionaluri aRqmidan racionalurzegadasvla _ Sorsmoqmedi miznebis praqtikulirealizacia da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisTvisobrivi cvalebadoba da disidenti gamsaxurdiaprezidentobis Jamsac disidentad darCa.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> meore prezidentma eduard SevardnaZemdidi politikis scenaze sami roli iTamaSa erTnairiRimiliT, romelic bevr politikoss SeSurdeboda, magramsxvadasxva niRbiT. pirveli roli komunistursaqarTveloSi Seasrula. meore ssrk sagareo saqmeTa ministrisposti iyo, mas ekisreboda mniSvnelovani roliaxali msoflios CamoyalibebaSi da misi es roliSedga.misi mesame roli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> prezidentis rangSiunda Semdgariyo. mas ekisreboda warmmarTveli roliaxali sazogadoebrivi struqturebis CamoyalibebaSi. esroli samwuxarod, ver Sedga da arc SeiZleba Semdgariyo,radgan ar arsebobda gardamaval periodSi procesebismarTvis swori Teoria, swori strategia dataqtika. SevardnaZis xelisuflebas ar gaumJRavnebiapolitikuri neba arc Tundac garedan nakarnaxevi strategiiskeTilsindisieri ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. igibolomde darCa sagareo saqmeTa ministrad da deformirebulistruqturis erT-erTi Semoqmedi misive mZevaligaxda.verc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moqmedi prezidenti iqca revoluciisbeladidan biurokratiul-demokratiul liderad.amis damadasturebelia misi prezidentobis drosSeqmnili politikuri, erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivikrizisi.251
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samive prezidenti movida qarizmatulilideris saxiT, Tavisi mxardamWerebiT dominirebdnenparlamentSi da TiToeul maTgans SeeZlo yvelafriskeTeba, rasac saWirod CaTvlida. aseT pirobebSi politikurpraqtikaSi xSirad wamoiWra problema qarizmatulilideris politikuri Zlierebis sazRvrebiszrdis Sesaxeb da xSir SemTxvevaSi institutebi `politikosebistanze iWreba~ xolme.<strong>dasavleT</strong>Si politikosebi didi xania arsebulsaxelmwifoebriv institutebs ergebian da azradac armosdiT saxelmwifoebriv institutebs saxe sakuTarisurvilisa Tu gemovnebis Sesabamisad ucvalon. <strong>dasavleT</strong>isagangansxvavebiT saqarTvelo im qveyanaTa rigsmiekuTvneba, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSenebloba midisrevoluciebisa da gadatrialebebis TanxlebiT.amitomac isini, vinc wina xelisuflebas am gziTcvlidnen, saxelmwifo institutebis gadawyobas ukveTavis gemoze iwyeben.zviad gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis dros sworedmasze gaTvliT iqna saqarTveloSi SemoRebuli prezidentisinstituti. gamsaxurdias mowinaaRmdegeebs kiieriSi ara mxolod pirovnebaze, aramed prezidentisinstitutzec mihqondaT. ase rom gamsaxurdias damxobisSemdeg `prezidentis instituti~ saqarTveloSi `diqtaturis~sinonimad gamoacxades da saqarTveloSi CamoyvaniliSevardaZisaTvis prezidentoba droebiT SeuZlebeliaRmoCnda. amitom, 1992 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisdros SevardnaZisaTvis specialurad moigones da mankenWi iyara calke `parlamentis Tavmjdomaris~ postze.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaamsoflioSi, sadac sayovelTao-saxalxo kenWisyriT air-Cies parlamentis Tavmjdomare.1995 wlis konstituciaSi yvelaferi Tavis adgilzedabrunda da prezidentis instituti `SevardnaZis252
Targze~ gamoiWra. am postma aRniSnuli uflebamosilebiTmxolod SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dasasrulamdegaZlo. erT-erTi pirveli nabiji, rac vardebis revoluciisSemdeg mosulma xelisuflebam gaakeTa, es konstituciisgadakeTeba da prezidentis uflebamosilebiskidev ufro gazrda iyo. prezidentis instituti axlaukve `saakaSvilis Targze~ moiWra.vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, 2004 wlis TebervalSiganxorcielebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT SemoRebuliiqna premier-ministris posti da aravisTvis saidumlosar warmoadgenda, rom es gakeTda zurab JvaniasaTvis.premier-ministris uflebamosileba mniSvnelovanwiladganisazRvra im ZalTa balansiT, racarsebobda im dros vardebis revoluciis TvalsaCinoliders _ saakaSvilsa da Jvanias Soris.aRsaniSnavia, rom premier-ministris postis Semo-Reba ganixileboda 2001 welsac, maSin parlaments misimiRebis sawinaaRmdego bevri araferi hqonda, magramrogorc ki SevardnaZem aRniSna, rom premieris postzeJvanias varaudobda, parlamentSi maSinve dablokessakonstitucio reforma. premieris postis dakavebisambicia maSinac bevrs hqonda, radganac misi damkavebeliSevardnaZis yvelaze realur memkvidred miiCneoda.saakaSvilis TqmiT, Zlieri saprezidento xelisufleba<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> dRevandeli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiTsWirdeba, samomavlod ki saqarTveloc SeiZlebaevropul modelze gadavides, rodesac `prezidentebirealur Zalauflebas ar floben da liderebi premierministrebiarian.~ `garkveuli etapebis gavlis Semdeg,saqarTvelo, albaT, evropul models airCevs da Tusituacia dalagdeba, Cvens qveyanaSic saparlamentoxelisufleba da evropaSi damkvidrebuli sis-tema Camoyalibdeba~_ aRniSna <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> prezidentma bratislavaSiyofnis dros [m.macaberiZe, 2007: 57].253
1871 w. safrangeTSi revoluciis dros JorJ dantonmaTqva: `Tu frangi eris Tavisufleba damokidebuliiqneboda erT adamianze, maSin Cven davimsaxurebdiTmonobas da damcirebaso~. am `erT adamianSi~ manigulisxma `axali da Zveli~ samyaros gmirad wodebuligenerali lafaieti, pirovneba, vinc monawileobdaCrdiloeT amerikis cameti koloniis ganmanTavisuflebelbrZolaSi inglisis winaaRmdeg da sardlobdafrang moxaliseebs, vinc iyo amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, mogvianebiTsafrangeTis didi burJuaziuli revoluciis Tvalsa-Cino lideri da `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTadeklaraciis~ erT-erTi avtori.aranakleb sainteresoa mxsnelad movlenili lafaietismisamarTiT dedofal mari-antuanetas mierTqmuli: `misie de lafaieti Cvens dasaxsnelad movida,magram vin gvixsnis Cven misie lafaetisagan?~esaa maradiuli kiTxva, romelic aranaklebi simwvaviTdgeba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ganviTarebis Tanamedroveetapzec _ vin gvixsnis Cven qarTveli lafaetisagan?gamoyenebuli literatura1. macaberiZe m., politikuri procesebi saqarTveloSi, Tb.,2007.2. SubiTiZe v., bucxrikiZe a., imijologia, Tb., 2009.254
Ketevan JijeishviliProblem of Charismatic Leader in modern GeorgiaSummaryIn Georgian reality none of the presidents could experience the processof transformation and none of them could become a bureaucratic leader.In the presented article on their examples are reviewed risks – factorswhich are brought to the country a charismatic leader, who is given a greatpower.Кетеван ДжиджеишвилиПроблема харизматического лидера в современной ГрузииРезюмеВ Грузинской реальности не один президент Грузии не смог пройтипроцесс рутинизации и не смог перерасти с вождя революций биурократическимлидером.В этой статье на примерах трёх президента разобраны те рискфакторы,которые приносят для страны деятельности харизматическихлидеров имеющих большую власть.255
vaJa SubiTiZegiorgi talaxaZeglobalizacia _ rogorc ganviTarebadiqveynebis dakabalebis instrumentiganviTarebadi samyaros arc erT calke aRebul qveyanaSiglobalizacias ar gamouwvevia saerTo keTild-Reobis zrda.`globalizaciis doqtrina sxva araferia, Tu aralamazad SeRebili fasadi, romlis saSualebiTac igiTavis msxverpls ganviTarebad qveynebSi amSvidebs damisi yuradReba gadaaqvs sxva Temebze, sanam mdidariqveynebi Rarib qveynebs resursebisagan fitaven da iseTmdgomareobaSi agdeben, rom verasodes SesZlon imperiuliZalebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva~, _ werscnobili amerikeli politologi Calmers jonsoni TaviswignSi `imperiis tkivilebi. militarizmi, saidumloebiTmoculoba da respublikis dasasruli.~imavdroulad, globalistebi arwmuneben xalxs mTelmsoflioSi, rom `ganuviTarebeli~ qveynebi TviTonvearian TavianT siRaribeSi damnaSave korufciis, klanurobisda sakuTari Sansebis gamoyenebis uunarobisgamo.samagierod didi qveynebi Caagoneben Raribi samyarosmosaxleobas, rom Ria bazrebi, Tavisufali vaWroba,yvelas keTildReobas niSnavs, rac ZirSive arasworiada xels aZlevT transnacionalur kompaniebs, romlebmacizrunes saamisod da floben am bazrebiT manipulirebisZalasa da resursebs. amitomac aris, rom globalizmsyvelaze meti momxreebi amerikel ekonomistebsada politologebSi hyavs.256
dResdReisobiT arsebul 25 maRalganviTarebul kapitalisturqveyanas warmatebisaTvis ar miuRwevia globalizaciismier naqadagebi receptebiT. jer kidev 1841wels aSS-Si germaniidan emigrirebuli ekonomikis Teoretikosifridrix listi naSromSi `politikuri ekonomikisnacionaluri sistema~ werda: `vinc maRal simaRleebzemwvervals miaRwia, maTi sayvareli da Tanmoxerxebuli triukia im kibis gadagdeba, romlis saSualebiTacisini am simaRleze avidnen, raTa sxvam veravinSesZlos maTsaviT amosvla~ [g.rcxilaZe, 2008: 75].faqtia, rom umniSvnelovanesma industriulma qveynebma,rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia, germania, didi britaneTi,safrangeTi, Svecia, belgia, niderlandebi, Sveicariada industriulad ganaxlebadi qveynebi (<strong>samxreT</strong>korea, taivani da singapuri), met-naklebad erTnairigziT da saSualebiT miaRwies warmatebas _ esaa ekonomikuriproteqcionizmi. maT sakuTari bazrebi maRalisabaJo tarifebisa da kidev bevri `arasatarifo~ savaWrodabrkolebis Seqmnis gziT gaaZlieres. mag: didmabritaneTma Tavisufali vaWroba mxolod 1840 welsdauSva _ rodesac Tavad didi xania iyo msoflios wamyvaniqveyana. 1790 wlidan 1940 wlamde aSS msoflioSibaJebiTa da savaWro barierebiT yvelaze ufro daculmakroekonomikas warmoadgenda. erT-erTi qveyana, sadac1970-80-ian wlebSi arc erTi iaponuri manqana ar moZraobda,<strong>samxreT</strong> korea iyo, romelic am periodSi saku-Tari saavtomobilo industriis organizebas iwyebda.TiToeulma am odesRac `ganviTarebadma~ qveyanam sxvadasxvameTodiT moipova progresuli teqnologiebi imqveynebisagan, romlebic maT ganviTarebas uwyobdnenxels, ikvlevda da aanalizebda am teqnologiebs daSemdeg miznobrivad debda investiciebs maT gaumjobesebasada ganviTarebaSi. saxelmwifo icavda da mxarsuWerda warmatebul samamulo sawarmoebs, romlebSic257
eqsportiorobis potencials xedavda. imisaTvis, romsakuTari produqciiT CaenacvlebinaT importuli saqoneli,es qveynebi masobrivi subvenciebiT, xSirad xarjianobisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe exmarebodnen arakonkurentuladgilobriv kompaniebs.mokled, msoflioSi arsebuli mcirericxovani (25qveyana 200-dan) warmatebuli qveynebi zustad imissawinaaRmdegos akeTebdnen, rac maT globalizaciisTeoretikosTa mixedviT unda gaekeTebinaT, xolo vincgaatara globalistTa Tezisebi _ `Tavisufali vaWrobis~SemoReba, komunaluri sawarmoebis gayidva, kapitalisgadaadgilebebze kontrolis moxsna, sakuTarimewarmeebisaTvis privilegiebis gauqmeba da a.S. _ yvelamkatastrofuli Sedegi miiRo [g.rcxilaZe, 2008: 77]. amqveynebis ricxvSi Sedis saqarTveloc, romlis ekonomikafaqtobrivad daingra.1981 wlidan aSS globalizaciis droSiT da missafarvelqveS axorcielebs sagangebo strategias, romelic2 miznis miRwevas isaxavs amocanad: erTi mxriv,aSS cdilobda saxelmwifos mier marTuli kapitalizmis(rogoricaa iaponiaSi) diskreditacias da iaponurimodeliT ganviTarebadi aRmosavleT-aziuri qveynebidandanarCen msoflioSi am modelis gavrcelebis damuxruWebas.meore mxriv, aSS cdilobda ganviTarebadi,mesame samyaros qveynebis suverenitetis Sesustebas, ra-Ta gaZlierebuliyo maTi damokidebuleba maRalganviTarebulkapitalistur qveynebze, ar momxdariyo maTi erTZalad organizeba da mdidari qveyne-bisagan samarTlianisavaWro pirobebis moTxovnis wamo-yeneba. amstrategiis ganxorcielebis berketebad gamoyenebuliqna jer msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savalutofondi, mere ki 1995 wlidan Seqmnili msoflio savaWroorganizacia (mso).258
ealurad ki msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savalutofondi aSS finansTa saministrodan kontroldebian.orives rezidencia mdebareobs vaSingtonSi ormezobel quCaze (me-19 da `eiC~ quCebze), orive iseT sistemazeadafuZnebuli, rom aq gadawyvetilebebs vermiiReben aSS finansTa ministris Tanxmobis gareSe. 1980-ian wlebSi aSS-ma orive organizacias mianiWa `mesamemsoflios~ valebis problemebis mogvarebis prerogativada misca ori miTiTeba am kuTxiT: pirvel rigSi izruneTimisTvis, rom movale qveynebi TavianTi valebisgastumrebas nawilobriv mainc moemsaxurebian daoficialurad gadaxdis uunarod ar gamoacxadeben Tavs,amasTan, am qveynebs imdeni fuli gamosZaleT, ramdenicSesaZlebelia.orive organizaciam siamovnebiT miiRo aRniSnuliinstruqcia, ris saSualebiTac maT axali funqcia Sei-Zines araperspeqtiuli kreditebis gamcemi bankebissasargeblod fulis amoRebis saxiT [Ch.Johnson, 2003: 78].Zalian male mesame samyaros qveynebis umravlesobamoeqca saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis ekonomikuriideologiis wnexSi da 2000 wlisaTvis 90 saxelmwifo(maT Soris saqarTvelo) vaSingtonis mier gamoweriliSokuri Terapiis farglebSi `struqturulad adaptirebul~iqna (valden bello).es qveynebi TavianTi valebis mosamsaxureblad axalkreditebs im SemTxvevaSi miiRebdnen, Tu Seasrulebdnenmsoflio bankis da savaluto fondis `rekomendaciebs~(sinamdvileSi brZanebebs), isini pirvel rigSi iTxovenvaWrobis `liberalizacias~, raSic igulisxmeba ucxoelebisaTvisadgilobriv ekonomikaSi Carevis saSualebebisaTvisyvelanairi barieris moxsna. amis garda, mocemulmaqveyanam unda Seamciros jandacvisa da ganaTlebissferoSi socialuri programebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulixarjebi, raTa sabiujeto saxsrebi gamoTa-259
visuflebul iqnas ucxouri bankebisadmi arsebuli davalianebismosamsaxureblad. Semdgom xdeba adgilobrivisoflis meurneobisaTvis subvenciebis SewyvetisiZuleba da amis sapirispirod im agrokoncernebisaTvisdaxmarebis gazrda, romlebic awarmoeben yvavilebs anxils. savaluto fondi iTxovs, rom gauqmdes kapitalzekontroli mTeli qveynis masStabiT da ucxoel investorebsada sawarmoebs mieniWoT ufleba, Seisyidonsaxelmwifo mflobelobaSi arsebuli komunaluri sawarmoebi,satelefono da satransporto kompaniebi danedleulis mompovebeli sawarmoebi (yovelive CamoTvlilisaqarTveloSi ukve ucxoelTa xelSia).magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani albaT mainc SemdegimoTxovnaa: Tuki ganviTarebad qveyanas surs msofliobankisagan kreditis aReba, man sakuTari valutis (mag. _laris) konvertabeluroba unda uzrunvelyos. amrigad,es saxelmwifo iZulebuli xdeba, gacvliTi kursismiuxedavad, sakuTari valuta ucxour saangariSsworebosaSualebebze gayidos da amiT misi momavali RirebulebisganviTareba saspekulacio operaciebze damokidebuligaxados. aseTi programebi, rogorc wesi, iseasusteben ama Tu im qveyanas, rom igi perioduli ekonomikurikrizisebiT mocemul kleptokratiad yalibdeba,romelTac win uswrebdnen veluri spekulaciebi (rogorc,magaliTad meqsikaSi 1994-95 wlebSi, tailandSi,<strong>samxreT</strong> koreasa da indoneziaSi 1997 wels, braziliasada ruseTSi _ 1998 wels, argentinaSi 2000 da venesuleaSi2002 wlebSi).amis garda samuSao bazari damokidebuli xdeba dasavlurkoncefciebze, romlebic im momentSi ukvepraqtikulad mTeli samomxmareblo saqonlisa da sazogadoebrivimomsaxurebis seqtoris erTmaneTSi gayofasaswreben (jon medeli). am politikis arqiteqtori damTavari mogebuli mxare aSS-ia. mag.: 1992-93 wlebSi260
msoflio bankSi kreditebis sakiTxs wyvetda lourenssamersi, SemdegSi prezident qlinTonis administraciaSifinansTa ministri da bolos harvardis universitetisprezidenti. swored samersma mouwoda 1991 wlis 12dekembers memorandumiT industriulad maRalganviTarebuliqveynebis garemos damabinZurebeli kompaniebismflobelebs TavianTi warmoebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSigadaetanaT: `me vfiqrob, dabinZurebuli narCenebis Senaxvadabali xelfasebis qveynebSi idealuri variantia~[g.rcxilaZe, 2008: 80]. ase `zrunaven~ ganviTarebad qveynebzeganviTarebuli qveynebi. Sedegebic saTanadoa. Tu1960-80 wlebSi laTinuri amerikis da karibis auzisqveynebis ekonomika mTliani Sida produqtis maCnevebliTerT sul mosaxleze 75%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1980-2000 wlebSi _ globalizaciis fazis pikze _ mxolod6%-iT.nobelis premiis laureati, ekonomisti, msofliobankis kvlevebis yofili direqtori, iozef StigliciSemdeg daskvnamde mivida: `SeZlebuli qveynebi, romlebicoficialurad Tavisufal vaWrobas qadageben,ufro xSirad Tavad iyeneben sabaJo gadasaxadebsa dasubvenciebs Raribi qveynebidan importis SesazRudad daisini amiT uars amboben Raribi qveynebis saeqsportoSesaZleblobebis realizaciaze, rac maT siRatakisaganTavis dasaRwevad da ekonomikuri zrdisTvis biZgismisacemad sWirdebaT~ [Ch.Johnson, 2003: 83].faqtia isic, rom msoflio savaWro organizaciisdaarsebis Semdeg (1995w.) msoflioSi siRatake ki arSemcirda, aramed piriqiT, ufro Cqara iwyo mateba.msoflio bankis da savaluto fondis yvelaze TvalsaCinomsxverpli gaxda erT dros mdidari da ganvi-Tarebuli qveyana _ argentina.1991 wlis TebervalSi argentinam gadawyvita saku-Tari ekonomikis radikalurad gadakeTeba aSS-is mode-261
lis mixedviT. prezidentma karlos menemma ekonomikisministrad moiwvia harvardis universitetSi ganaTlebamiRebuliekonomisti domingo kavallo. man argentinisekonomika masobrivad gaxsna ucxouri investorebisaTvis(rogorc es keTdeba dRes saqarTveloSi) da argentinulipesos mibma moaxdina amerikul dolarze (1=1). orivevaluta Tavisufal brunvaSi iqna gaSvebuli. argentinasavaluto fondis neoliberalur savaWro-ekonomikurprincipebs da receptebs yvela qveyanaze gulmodginedatarebda cxovrebaSi. 1998 wels argentinuli bankebis80% ucxoelebs ekuTvnoda. aSS finansTa ministri, zemoTnaxsenebi lourens samersi aqezebda argentinas daqebas ar iSurebda mis mimarT. Tavdapirvelad pesos dolarzemibmam argentinis poziciebi gaaZliera saerTa-Soriso vaWrobaSi, magram, roca dolaris fasma moimatada konkurentma qveynebma TavianTi valutis kursi dawies,maTi produqcia gaiafda argentinul produqtTanSedarebiT. vinaidan argentinaSi erovnuli masStabiTganxorcielebuli samewarmeo transaqcirebis didi nawilidolarSi iyo ganxorcielebuli da sabanko angari-Sebi aseve dolarSi gaxsnili, argentinis mTavrobam vermoaxerxa paritetis gauqmeba. Sedegad argentinuli produqtebimsoflio bazarze gaZvirda da mTavroba iZulebuligaxda, aeRo kreditebi, rom ekonomika srulikolafsisagan exsna.am momentidan argentinam daamyara usiamovno rekordi_ mas kacobriobis istoriaSi udidesi davalianebadaugrovda _ 160 miliardi dolaris odenobiT.qveynis erovnuli Semosavali erT weliwadSi 68%-iTSemcirda, mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, romelic saSualofenas ekuTvnoda, siRatakis zRvars qveviT aRmoCnda.mTavrobam kvlav savaluto fonds mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis.fondma argentinis maSindel prezidents fernandode la ruas kreditebis winapirobad daudo mkacri262
sabiujeto ekonomiis kursis gatareba _ xalxi gaaTavisuflessajaro samsaxurebidan (rogorc saqarT-veloSi),Semcirda xelfasebisa da pensiebis sidide, gauqmdaxelfasebis danamati premiebi. amis Semdeg masobrivmademonstraciebma da policiis terorma qveynisekonomika TiTqmis daangria. 2000 wlis dekemberSi savalutofondma argentinas Tanxmoba gamoucxada 40miliardian kreditze im pirobiT, Tu mTavroba ganagr-Zobda sagareo valebis momsaxurebas da RaribebisaTvissocialuri daxmarebis Semcirebas. es iseTi pirobebiiyo, romelTa miRebac ukve arc erT mTavrobas arSeeZlo. momdevno 14 Tvis manZilze qveyanam 5 mTavrobada 6 ekonomikis ministri gamoicvala. radganac argentinismTavroba savaluto fondis miTiTebebs amjeradise aRar axorcielebda da vinaidan es qveyana aSS-Tvisnakleb strategiuli mniSvnelobas atarebda (vidre,magaliTad, aseve didi davalianebis mqone TurqeTi),savaluto fondma uari ganucxada argentinas kreditebiTdaxmarebaze. Sedegad, argentinaSi inflaciam 10wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad isev miaRwia orniSnaricxvs, pesos Rirebuleba 220%-iT daeca da sazogadoebriviwesrigi moiSala. sabolood argentina _ la-Tinuri amerikis es erTi yvelaze ufro mdidari qveyana,warumateblobis saCvenebel magaliTad iqca _ neoliberalizmis,globalizaciisa da saerTaSoriso savalutofondis wyalobiT.argentinis magaliTi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebisaTvisseriozul gafrTxilebad unda iqces. daanaxosmas, Tu ra Sedegebi moaqvs sxvis Wkuaze siaruls, RiasazRvrebs, Tavisufal vaWrobas, yvela strategiuliobieqtis sxvebze miyidvas, ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisargatarebasa da erovnuli biznesisaTvis dauxmareblobas.263
gamoyenebuli literatura1. rcxilaZe g., aSS sagareo politikis safuZvlebi amerikelida evro-peli avtorebis mixedviT, Tb., 2008.2. Chalmers Johnson: The Sorrows of Empire. Militarism, Secrecy, and theEnd of the Republic. By Metropolitan Books, New York 2003.Vadja Shubitidze, Georgi TalakhadzeGlobalization – as impeding instrument of developing countriesSummaryGlobalization did not rise or strengthen common welfare in neither of theseparate countries of third world.Nowadays existing 25 high developed capitalistic countries have notachieved success as it was preached by globalization. All of them usedeconomical protectionism for it. The countries which zealously realized thetheses of globalization, including Georgia had hard and often destructionresults. Big countries even today inculcate the population of poor countriesthat open markets and free trade mean welfare for all, which is incorrect inthe basis and it support translational companies.USA use financial organizations which are under its control as aninstrument to economically subordinate third world countries – such asWorld Bank and international currency fund, which factually rob developedcountries and weaken their sovereignty. The number of such countriesexceeds 90. Herewith these countries will receive credit only in that case, Ifthey comply demeaning and destruction, Recommendations” of World Bankand currency fund (ch. Johnson).For the same purpose US used world trade organization that wasestablished in 1995, its creation did not reduced poverty in world butaccelerate it. International financial organizations demand trade,,liberalization” from third world countries, which means that foreigners canparticipate in local economy without any drawback. Also country that will264
take credit must reduce expenditures of medical care, education and socialprograms, in order that sum of money used for existing debt service offoreign Banks. After that it will begin to cease subsidy for local agricultureand in contrary ro rise subsidies and support for agricultures that produceflowers and fruit, currency fund is demanding to abolish control on capital inthe scale of whole country and foreign investors and enterprisers give right topurchase existing communal enterprises, tele-communications, transportcompanies and row materials producing enterprises, which are under stateproperty. The most important demand of all is that if developing countrywants to take credit from world bank, it have to guarantee the convertibilityof its own currency. Such programs weaken some countries, which oftenhave economical crisis. The most prominent victim of world Bank andcurrency fund become Argentina, that was rich and developed country at onetime and which amass record debts – 160 milliard dollar.This example of Argentina must become the serious caution for Georgia,about how hard results it can bring to do as others want, to open borders, freetrade, to sell all strategic subjects to others, not carry out economicalprotectionism and not help Georgian business.Важа Шубитидзе, Георгий ТалахадзеГлобализация как инструмент подчинений развивающих странРезюмеВ статье подчеркивается тот факт, что все развитие страны своёвремя достигли успехов путём экономического протекционизма и,наоборот, ни одна страна третьего Мира не может нормальноразвиваться и достичь успеха с помощью рецептов глобалистов. Именноразвитие страны контролируют международные финансовые институты(Мировой банк, международный валютный фонд, мировая торговаяорганизация и др.), с помощью которых они фактически грабят странтретьего мира и ослабевают их суверенитет.265
266guram Caganavadeportirebuli mesxebis qarTuliidentobis fsiqologiuri problemebiI. 1944 wels samcxe_javaxeTidan deportirebuli mesxebisqarTuli identobis problemis safuZvlebad SeiZlebamiCneuli iqnes Semdegi garemoebebi:1. mesxebi maTi religiuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavadarian didi qarTuli eTnografiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi,romlebic Seadgenen e.w. „zemo qarTlis“ mosaxleobasda isini iseve rogorc „qvemo qarTlis“, „SuaqarTlis“ da „Sida qarTlis“ mosaxleoba CveulebriviqarTlelebia anu Zveli rusuli klasifikaciiT „sakuTriv qarTvelebia.“2. mesxebi „sakuTriv qarTvelebia,“ radgan XIX saukuneSimaTi umravlesobis sametyvelo da samwerleboena iyo qarTuli.3.istoriuli „zemo qarTlis“ toponimika, aRmosavleTiTurqeTis didi nawilis CaTvliT, qarTulia. amregionis mosaxleobac „sakuTriv qarTuli“ iyo daabsoluturad moklebulia safuZvels hipoTeza muslimanimesxebis Turquli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. adamiansSeuZlia sakuTari Tavi nebismier erovnebas miakuTvnos,uari Tqvas sakuTar fesvebze da erovnul warsulze.aseTi pirovneba udides diskomforts ganicdis, radganerTis mxriv, is xelovnurad cdilobs miuerTdes sxvaerovnebas, visTvisac is ucxoa, xolo, meore mxriv, sakuTarerovnebaze uaris Tqma mniSvnelovnad sakuTarpirovnul „meobazec“ uaris Tqmas utoldeba, rac arSeiZleba ar iyos Zlier Semawuxebeli adamianisaTvis.4. Cveni monacemebiT Q“muslimani mesxebis“ umravlesobasdResac axsovs maTi qarTuli gvarebi, rac SeuZ-
lebeli iqneboda Tu “muslimani mesxebi“ ar iqnebodnen„sakuTriv qarTuli“ warmoSobis. mesxeT _ javaxeTissoflebSi marTlac cxovrobdnen Turqebi, magram isiniarasdros ar acxadebdnen pretenziebs „mesxobaze“ da esSeuZlebelic iyo, radgan axlac muslimanma mesxebmamSvenivrad ician, Tu vin romel sofelSi iyo Turqi davin iyo qarTuli warmomavlobis.II. deportirebuli mesxebis qarTuli erovnuli identobisproblemas savaraudod aqvs Semdegi Taviseburebebi:1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> feodaluri daSlilobis xanaSi,rodesac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefoebi da samTavroebi gansxvavebulixarisxiT iyvnen damokidebuli osmaleTis imperiaze,qarTuli samxedro_feodaluri zedafena qar-Tuli feodaluri mmarTvelobisa da miwaTmflobelobisTaviseburebebis SesanarCuneblad xSirad formaluradRebulobda islams, osmalebTan erTad monawileobda<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva regionebis winaaRmdeg samxedrooperaciebSi, rac im periodSi ar iwvevda didgakvirvebas, radgan aseT operaciebSi araislamizebulifeodalebic monawileobdnen. amave dros qarTuli feodalurizedafenis Semosavlebis didi nawili samxedrosabrZolosaqmianobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. amitomisini mravali xnis ganmavlobaSi TavgamodebiT ibrZodnenosmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, xolo rodesacwinaaRmdegobis gawevas konkretul situaciaSi azri arqonda iZulebuli gaxdnen am imperiis samxedro samsaxurSiCamdgariyvnen da amgvarad uzrunvelyoT sakuTariarseboba, radgan yvela sxva saSualeba SeenarCunebinaTsakuTari socialuri, materialuri Tu sulierimdgomareoba maTTvis daxuruli iyo. gasagebia, rom imqarTul regionebSi, romlebic mTlianad inkorpirebuliiyvnen osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi qarTvelifeodalebis mimarT Zalian didi iZuleba arc iyo267
saWiro islamis misaRebad, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSiisini avtomaturad kargavdnen maTi arsebobisaTvissaWiro yvela komponents. am qarTveli feodalebisaTvisislamis miReba mxolod garegnul xasiaTs atarebdada isini mxolod Sesaferis situacias elodebodnen,raTa isev qristianobaSi dabrunebuliyvnen, Tumca aseTiSansi maT umravlesobas mxolod didi xnis SemdegmiecaT, rodesac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo_samTavroebi ruseTisSemadgenlobaSi aRmoCndnen.2. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi islami sakmaodfexmokidebuli Cans mesxeT _javaxeTSi, Tumca amanxeli ar SeuSala mesxebis nawils marTlmadideblobasdabruneboda. es procesi gacilebiT ufro intensiuriiqneboda ruseTis xelisuflebas mesxeT_javaxeTis begebisaTvis<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva regionebis warCinebul gvar-Ta msgavsad, ruseTis Tavad _ aznaurobis privilegiebirom mieniWebina. darwmunebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT, romSemdgomSi am regionSi ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebiqarTvelebis mimarT ruseTis imperiis araTanmimdevrulipolitikis Sedegia. erTis mxriv, ruseTisxelisufleba sakuTar Tavs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefos teritoriebisgamaerTianeblad warmoadgenda da amis dasadasturebladmefisnacvlis Tanamdebobac ki daafuZnasaqarTveloSi. qarTveli feodalebi ruseTisimperiis Tavad_aznaurobas gaaTanabra, magram, meoremxriv, ar endoboda qarTvel warCinebulebs, romlebic<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ruseTTan nebayoflobiT mierTebuladTvlidnen da amitom qveynisaTvis damoukideblobismeti niSnebis mikuTvnebas moiTxovdnen pirdapir da iribad.aseT situaciaSi ruseTis administracia cdilobdaSeeCerebina araqarTuli mosaxleobis adaptacia-asimilaciaqarTul sazogadoebasTan, gaezarda araqarTulielementis Semadgenloba ZiriTadad qarTul regionebSi(aseTi unda yofiliyo mesxeT_javaxeTi me_XIX saukunis268
dasawyisSi) sxva qveynebidan araqarTuli jgufebis CamosaxlebiT,romlebsac, rogorc xiznebs damoukideblobisxarisxis zrdis pretenzia sulac ar hqondaTda erTguli iyvnen ruseTis xelisuflebisa. amitom ruseTisadministracia ar iyo dainteresebuli muslimanimesxebis qristianobaSi dabrunebiT, rac gaaZlierebdamaTTvis arasando qarTul mosaxleobas, gazrdidaqarTvelebis avtonomiurobis moTxovnebs, miT umetesad,rom maSin qarTvelebi amierkavkasiaSi yvelaze mravalricxovani,feodalurad organizebuli mosaxleoba iyoda amitom ruseTis administracia yvelanairad cdilobdaxeli Seewyo muslimani mesxebis osmaleTis imperiaSigadasaxlebisaTvis.3. 1828_1829 wlebis ruseT_TurqeTis omis SemdegmesxeTSi darCenil musliman mesxebSi Camoyalibebadaiwyo im droisaTvis saqarTveloSi gabatonebulioficialuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis rusuli wesismimarT „gaucxoebis kompleqsma.“ rusuli cxovrebiswesi mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebuli iyo rusuli marTlmadideblobiT,romelic im droisaTvis oficialuraddanergili iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva regionebSi, qarTulimarTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebiT.amrigad mesxebs ukve aRar SeeZloT marTlmadideblobaganexilaT, rogorc religiuri sulierebis mxolodqarTuli forma. ufro metic aseT viTarebaSi rusuliqristianuli marTlmadidebloba MmaT mier SeiZlebaganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc ucxo ideologia qarTulireligiuri sulierebisaTvis. im droisaTvis saqarTveloSidanergili rusuli marTlmadidebulobis aseTSefasebas unda gamoewvia muslimanuri religiurobisgaZliereba, rogorc rusuli qristianuli marTlmadideblobisaganTavdacvis saSualeba. is ar uzrunvelyofdatradiciuli yofiTi kulturis SenarCunebas.musliman mesxebs SeeZloT aseTi marTlmadidebloba269
araqarTulad CaeTvalaT, romelic maTvis mtrulic iyo,radgan marTlmadideblurma ruseTma iaraRiT daikavamesxeTi da aseve ZaliT danerga rusuli marTlmadideblobaqristian qarTvelebSi. amave dros marTlmadidebeliqarTvelebi ufro iyvnen adaptirebuli rusulmmarTvelobasTan da ufro metic monawileobas RebulobdnensabrZolo operaciebSi, romlebic mimarTuliiyo mesxeTis SemoerTebaze. maT mier aseTi brZolaganixileboda, rogorc qarTuli regionis ganTavisufleba,im dros, rodesac muslimani mesxebi imave sabrZolomoqmedebas ganixilavdnen, rogorc ruseTismxriv oms mesxeTis winaaRmdeg da am brZolebSi qarTvelimarTlmadideblebis monawileobas ki rusebisadmixelSewyobad. amrigad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom 1828-1829wlebis ruseT_TurqeTis omis dros zustad zemoTaRniSnulma fsiqologiurma faqtorebma ganapirobesmuslimani mesxebis distancireba maSindeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>samoqalaqo sazogadoebisagan, rogorc maTvismtruli rusuli TviTmyroblobisa da rusuli marTlmadidebulobisgansaxierebisagan.4. miamituria Sexeduleba, rom deportirebuli mesxebi,maTi umravlesobis mier qarTulis arcodnis gamo,ar iqnebian miRebuli qarTul sazogadoebaSi. sinamdvileSienis codna aucileblad ar aris dakavSirebulierovnul identobasTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSiirlandielebma, romelTa umravlesoba ver flobs irlandiurs,uari unda Tqvan sakuTar erovnebaze, racarc erTs maTgans ar gaukeTebia. amitom gaugebaria,ratom maincdamainc mesxebma unda Tqvan uari sakuTarerovnulobaze, rodesac zustad isini arian im „sakuTrivqarTuli“ eTnografiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi,romlebmac safuZveli daudes qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas;270
5. amtkiceben, rom Turqulenovan mesxebs ar miiRebsqarTuli sazogadoeba, rac gazviadebaa, radgan qarTulsazogadoebaSi ukve didi xania adaptirebulia araqar-Tuli warmoSobis Turqulenovani mosaxleoba, xoloqarTuli warmoSobis mesxebisadmi interesi qarTulsazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iyo da aris. aq Sesaferisiinteresis gamovlena TviT deportirebul mesxebismxridanac unda Candes;6. amtkiceben agreTve, rom Turqulenovani mesxebisyofiTi kulturis Taviseburebebi miuRebelia qarTulisazogadoebisaTvis. aseT mosazrebas aqvs arsebobis ufleba,radgan axal sazogadoebasTan Segueba yovelTvisaris dakavSirebuli mraval sirTulesTan. es sirTuleebizogadia da isini ara mxolod Turqulenovanmesxebs exeba. deportirebuli mesxebi unda iCendneninteress qarTuli kulturisadmi, qarTuli enis Seswavlisadmi.qarTvelobasTan identificirebas, upirvelesyovlisa, isini sakuTar pirovnebaSi unda cdilobdnen.am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, rom me unda vTvli-de Tavs qarTvelad da CemTvis araviTari mniSvnelobaara aqvs vin ras fiqrobs Cemze;7. amtkiceben, rom deportirebuli mesxebis adaptaciaqarTul sazogadoebasTan TiTqos Zalian garTulebuliiqneba imis gamo, rom qarTuli mosaxleobis umravlesobamarTlmadidebeli qristianebia, xolo deportirebulimesxebis umravlesoba muslimania. kargadaris cnobili, rom qarTuli mosaxleobis nawili muslimanuriaRmsruleblobisaa, magram isini did sirTuleebsar ganicdian qarTul sazogadoebasTan adaptaciaSi.271
literatura1. Бакрадзе Дм. Археологическое путешествие по Гурии и Ачаре.СПб.,1978.2. Вейденбаум Е. Закавказские этюды.Тб., 1901.3. Загурский Л. Поездки в Ахалцихский уезд в 1972 г.4. Казбеки Г. Три месяца в Турецкой Грузии. Записки З/к отделаимператорского русск. географ. общества. кн. X.в. I.Тб., 1876.5. Ломсадзе Ш.В. Самцхе-Джавахети с середины XVIII в. по пятидесятыегоды XIX в.. 1975..Guram ChaganavaThe Problems of Georgian Identity of the Deported MeskhesSummaryIn the article it is shown, that deported meskhes basely of Georgianorigin, but the peculiarity of joining of Muskheti, inconsistency of Russiangovernment in the attitude to the Georgian Muslim population and thedisturbance of the traditional interrelation with the other regions of Georgiadetermined the spread of the Turkish language.Гурам ЧаганаваПсихологические проблемы грузинской идентичностидепортированных месхетинцевРезюмеВ статье указано, что депортированные месхетинцы, в основном,грузинского происхождения. Однако особенности присоединенияМесхетии, непоследовательная политика царской России в отношении кгрузинскому мусульманскому населению и нарушение грузинскихтрадиционных связей этого региона с другими регионами Грузииопосредовало распространение турецкого языка.272
s a r C e v inana xaxutaiSvili _ mosxebis // mesxebis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis 5Nana Khakhutaishvili – Towards The Issue of the History of the Meskhi-Moskhi 20Нана Хахутаишвили – К вопросу истории Месхов // Мосхов 21irine tatiSvili _ mosazrebebi xeTebis sazogadoebishumanurobis Sesaxeb 22Irene Tatishvili _ Reflections about humanism of the Hittite society 31Ирина Татишвили _ Размышления о гуманизме хеттского общества 31nana baxsoliani _ urartus qalaqebi 32Nana Bakhsoliani _ Cities of Urartu 37Нана Бахсолиани _ Города Урарту 37nugzar wulukiZe _ bagrationTa miTosuri winapari,,mahabxaratadan~ 38Nugzar Tsulukidze _ Bagrations’ mythical ancestors from ,,Makhabkharata~ 48Нугзар Цулукидзе _ Мифический предок Багратион с ,,Махабхарата~ 48revaz uzunaZe, merab uzunaZe _ sofel erges istoriidan(nikitauri, gvarela) 49Revaz Uzunadze, Merab Uzunadze _ From the history of villaga Erge(Nikitauri, Gvarela) 59Реваз Узунадзе, Мераб Узунадзе _ Из истории села Эрге(Никитаури, Гварела) 59irakli baramiZe _ zendidis cixisa da misi mflobelibeJaniZeebis gvaris <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis 60Irakli Baramidze _ History of the Zendidi fortress and its owner the Bejanidzes 71Ираклий Барамидзе _ История Зендидской крепости и ее владельца родаБежанидзе 71ediSer gvenetaZe, zurab kvetenaZe _ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikurimdgomareoba XV s. pirvel naxevarSi da aleqsandre I 72Edisher Gvenetadze, Zurab Kvetenadze _ The political condition in theI half of XV century in Georgia 78Едишер Гвенетадзе, Зураб Кветенадзе _ Политическая положениеГрузии I половине XV в. и Александр I 78273
murman papaSvili _ inglisis diplomatia ruseT-TurqeTisurTierTobis gamwvavebaSi da saqarTvelo (1722-1724 ww.) 79Murman Papashvili _ Diplomacy of England in Russian-Turkish strainedrelations and Georgia (1722-1724) 90Мурман Папашвили _ Дипломатия Англии в обострениирусско-турецких отношений и Грузия (1722- 1724 гг.) 91oleg jibaSvili _ ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSiqarTl-kaxeTis monawileobis mizanSewonilobissakiTxisaTvis 92Oleg Jibashvili _ For the issueof appropriateness of Kartl-Kakhetiparticipation in Russian-Osman war in 1768-1774 112Олег Джибашвили _ К вопросу целесообразности участияКартли-Кахетинского царства в Русско-османской войне1768-1774 годов 112caca CxartiSvili _ jumaTis monastris ganZi ucxoeTSi 114Caca Chkhartishvili _ The Treasure of Jumati Monastery in Abroad 122Цаца Чхартишвили _ Сокровище Джуматского Монастыря находящегосяв загранице 122dodo WumburiZe _ qarTveli mowyalebis da artaanSiana erisTavi-WavWavaZe (1833-1878 ww.) 123Dodo Chumburidze _ The Georgian Nurse in Artaani Ana Eristavi –Chavchavadze (1833 - 1878) 133Додо Чумбуридзе _ Сестра милосердия в Артаани АннаЭристави-Чавчавадзе (1833-1878) 134jemal karaliZe _ baTumis saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba1888-1900 wlebSi 135Jemal Karalidze _ Batumi urban self-government in 1888-1900 141Джемал Каралидзе _ Батумское городское самоуправление в1888-1900 г.г. 142lela saraliZe _ ucnobi furclebi aWaris istoriidan(emigraciuli presis masalebis mixedviT) 143Lela Saralidze _ Unknown folios from the history of Adjara(Basing on the emigration Press) 151Лела Саралидзе _ Неизвестные страницы из истории Аджарии(по материалам эмиграционной прессы) 152274
iWiko diasamiZe _ ganaTleba da kultura abuserisZeTamoRvaweobis drois <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi 154Bichiko Diasamidze – The Abuserisdzes in the Cultural Life ofSouth-Western Georgia in 11 th -14 th Centuries 168Бичико Диасамидзе – Род Абусерисдзе в культурной жизниЮго-Западной Грузии в XI-XIV веках 168malxaz sioriZe _ <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi rkinigzisganStoebaTa mowyobis <strong>istoriis</strong>aTvis (1878-1918 ww.) 170Malkhaz Sioridze _ History of the Construction of the RailwayBranches in the South-Western Georgia 184Малхаз Сиоридзе _ К истории устройства железнодорожных ветвев Юго-Западной Грузии (1878-1918 гг.) 185oTar TurmaniZe _ gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado sistema<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> soflad (1901-1917 ww.) 186Otar Turmanidze _ Taxes and tax system in the rural areas of South-WestGeorgia (1901-1917) 198Отар Турманидзе _ Налоги и налоговая система на селе в Юго-ЗападнойГрузии (1901-1917гг.) 199ermile mesxia _ samcxe-javaxeTis mmarTvelobis istoriidan(1919-1920 ww.) 200Ermile Meskhia _ From the history of local governing of Samtskhe-Javakheti(1919-1920) 211Эрмиле Месхия _ Из истории управления Самцхе-Джавахети(1919-1920гг.) 212sulxan aleqsaia _ cxinvalis regionis konfliqturi keradokumenturi masalebis mixedviT (2000-2005 ww.) 213Sulkhan Aleksaia _ Reviewing Tskhinvali Region conflict area on thebasis of documentary materials (2000-2005) 224Сулхан Алексаиа _ Конфликтный очаг в Цхинвальском регионев свете документальных материалов (2000-2005 гг.) 225uCa oqropiriZe _ Cveni momavali _ istoriul-geopolitikurigaazreba 226Ucha Okropiridze _ Our Future – Historical-Geopolitical Point of View 240Уча Окропиридзе _ Наше будущее – историко-геополитическоеразмышление 241275
maia amirgulaSvili, Tengiz grigolia _ religia Tuideologia? 242Maia Amirgulashvili, Tengiz Grigolia _ Religion or Ideology? 247Маия Амиргулашвили, Тенгиз Григолия _ Религия или идеология? 248qeTevan jijeiSvili _ qarizmatuli lideris problemaTanamedrove saqarTveloSi 249Ketevan Jijeishvili _ Problem of Charismatic Leader in modern Georgia 255Кетеван Джиджеишвили _ Проблема харизматического лидера всовременной Грузии 255vaJa SubiTiZe, giorgi talaxaZe _ globalizacia rogorcganviTarebadi qveynebis dakabalebis instrumenti 256Vadja Shubitidze, Georgi Talakhadze _ Globalization as impedinginstrument of developing countries 264Важа Шубитидзе, Георги Талахадзе _ Глобализация как инструментподчинений развивающих стран 265guram Caganava _ deportirebuli mesxebis qarTuliidentobis fsiqologiuri problemebi 266Guram Chaganava - The Problems of Georgian Identity of theDeported Meskhes 272Гурам Чаганава – Психологические проблемы грузинскойидентичности депортированных месхетинцев 272276
gamomcemlobis direqtori _ nana xaxutaiSviligamomcemlobis redaqtori _ lali konceliZeteqnikuri redaqtori _ eduard ananiZexelmowerilia dasabeWdad 27.07.2009qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16fizikuri Tabaxi 17.3tiraJi 100fasi saxelSekrulebodaibeWda universitetis stambaSiq. baTumi, ninoSvilis 35277
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