saqarTvelos ariduli da semiariduli ekosistemebis konservaciis
saqarTvelos ariduli da semiariduli ekosistemebis konservaciis
saqarTvelos ariduli da semiariduli ekosistemebis konservaciis
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<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong>semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong><strong>konservaciis</strong> menejmentis gegma(teqnikuri reziume)
4.2. iSviaToba4.3 mowyvladoba4.4. tipuroba4.5 istoriuli monacemebi <strong>da</strong> menejmenti sabWoTa periodSi4.6. esTetikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri Rirebulebani4.7. gaumjobesebis potenciali4.8. socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba4.9. ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis cnobierebis done4.10 rekreacia <strong>da</strong> turizmi4.11 samecniero kvlevamasalis Sejameba<strong>ekosistemebis</strong> mdgomareoba: reziume5. instituciuri mdgomareoba5.1. saxelmwifo seqtori5.1.1. sakanonmdeblo seqtoris instituciuri mowyoba5.1.2. saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, saxelmZRvanelo dokumentebi <strong>da</strong> normatiuliaqtebi – ras vflobT5.1.3. kanonmdeblobis zogadi analizi regionSi identificirebuli ZiriTadiproblemebis TvalsazrisiT5.1.3.1. ga<strong>da</strong>Zoveba5.1.3.2. ukontrolo Cexva5.1.3.3. cxovelebis ukanono mopoveba5.1.3.4. biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi5.1.4. aRmasrulebeli seqtoris efeqturobis analizi ekosistemaSiidentificirebuli ZiriTadi problemebis TvalsazrisiT5.1.4.1. monitoringTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli instituciuri kolizia5.1.4.2. monitoringis meTodikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi5.2. arasamTavrobo seqtoriinstituciur sakiTxTa analizi: reziume6. menejmentis gegmis mizani <strong>da</strong> amocanebi6.1. menejmentis gegmis mizani6.2. ZiriTadi uaryofiTi faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen miznismiRwevaze6.2.1. kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>uxvewaoba <strong>da</strong> kanonis aRsrulebis <strong>da</strong>balefeqturi3
meqanizmebi6.2.2. arsebuli resursebis simwire6.2.3. instituciuri SesaZleblobebis simwire6.3. menejmentis gegmis amocanebi7. samoqmedo gegma7.1. menejmentis saxeebi <strong>da</strong> qmedebebi (proeqtebi) amocanebisganxorcielebisaTvis7.1.1. biotopebis menejmenti7.1.2. saxeobebis menejmenti7.1.3. samecniero kvlevaTa menejmenti7.1.4. instituciuri menejmenti7.1.5. sakanonmdeblo menejmenti7.1.6. ganaTlebis menejmenti8. menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis strategia8.1. <strong>da</strong>nergvis meTodika8.1.1. zogadi midgoma8.2.2. procesis zogadi aRwera8.2.2.1. menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>mnergavi struqturebi8.2.2.2. mosamzadebeli etapi8.2.2.3. <strong>da</strong>nergvis etapi9. <strong>da</strong>mnergavi struqturebi10. monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis zogadi procedurebi11. <strong>da</strong>narTebi4
5winasityva1
Cvenma partniorma organizaciebma <strong>da</strong>uRalavi SromiT xorci Seasxes Cvens saerToproeqts.levan buTxuziproeqtis direqtori7
proeqtis sakoordinacio sabWos wevrebi:b-ni kaxa Citaia, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebiskomitetis Tavmjdomare;b-ni nugzar zazanaSvili, bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio fondis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ofisis<strong>konservaciis</strong> programis xelmZRvaneli;b-ni paata SanSiaSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqtisdireqtori;b-ni giorgi qeburia, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> soflis meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTis saministrosgaremos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> bunebaTsargeblobis sammarTvelos ufrosi;q-ni maka wereTeli, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvisministris mrCeveli;b-ni malxaz adeiSvili <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvissaministros globaluri garemos<strong>da</strong>cviT fondTan urTierTobebze operatiulipasuxismgebeli piri;b-ni zaal sixaruliZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong>samonadireo meurneobebis saxelmwifo departamentis Tavmjdomaris moadgile;b-ni avTandil gelaZe, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> satyeo meurneobis departamentis informaciismonitoringis, analizisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo uriTierTobebis sammarTvelos ufrosi.proeqtis konsultantebi <strong>da</strong> monawileebi:saqarTvelob-ni gia naxucriSvili, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTaakademiis wevr korespondenti;b-ni oTar ab<strong>da</strong>laZe, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori;b-ni viaCeslav CxikvaZe, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori;b-ni giorgi arabuli, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni iuri SveliZe, geologia-mineralogiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni aleqsandre buxnikaSvili;8
-ni zurab javaxiSvili.azerbaijanisubkontraqtori organizacia: «Экологический союз Азербайджана»b-ni ramiz tagievi, subkontraqtis koordinatori;b-ni manaf suleimanovi, geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori;q-ni elena tagieva, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni adil orujevi biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni ilias babaevi biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni sudjadin kulievi biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni tavakul iskanderovi biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni elSad askerovi;b-ni samir isaevi.somxeTisubkontraqtori organizacia: «Союз экологическая выживаемость»b-ni bardux gabrieliani, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti, subkontraqtiskoordinatori;b-ni rafael oganesiani, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori;b-ni eduard iavruiani, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori;b-ni feliks <strong>da</strong>nieliani, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori;b-ni nSan margariani, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni aikaz rubeniani, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;b-ni aSot CarCoRliani biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;9
q-ni evelina gukasiani, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;q-ni dSxui saakiani biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;q-ni susana akopiani biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;q-ni arevik ovsepiani, biologiis mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;q-ni marina vartaniani, sasoflo-sameurneo mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>ti;q-ni ala xosroviani;b-ni karapet karapetiani.10
<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> 11 proeqti2
2.1. proeqtis mimoxilvasaxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri (NACRES) misi <strong>da</strong>arsebisdRi<strong>da</strong>n (1989 w.) intensiur muSaobas eweva biomravalferovnebis samecnierokvlevisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> saqmeSi. bolo aTi weli gansakuTrebiT mkacri gamodga<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> veluri bunebisaTvis. erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>, cxadia, ara erTaderTi, mizeziamisa aris is, rom Cvens qveyanaSi warmoebuli garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi saqmianoba verafriTver iqneba bolomde warmatebuli, Tu mas ar ganvavrcobT kavkasiis masStabiT,radgan am periodSi, rogorc arasdros, cxadi gax<strong>da</strong> banaluri WeSmariteba, romveluri cxovelebi administraciul sazRvrebs ar cnoben. amitom 1997 wels Cvenmaorgnizaciam makarturebis fondis (The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foun<strong>da</strong>tion,USA) finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT <strong>da</strong>iwyo veluri bunebis regionuli Seswavlisproeqtis ganxorcieleba. am proeqtma gaaerTiana mecnierebi <strong>da</strong> arasamTavroboorganizaciebi erTi ideis garSemo. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi azerbaijaneli, qarTveli<strong>da</strong> somexi kolegebi erTad muSaobdnen kavkasiis veluri bunebis monacemTa bankisSesaqmnelad. swored am proeqtma warmoaCina, rom samxreT kavkasiis <strong>ariduli</strong>transsasazRvro regioni warmoadgens ara marto erT-erT yvelaze metaddegradirebul zonas amierkavkasiaSi, aramed masze, administraciuli sazRvrebisgar<strong>da</strong>, ikveTeba sami qveynis sasicocxlo interesebic. amitom, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>mTavrobis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> centrma 1998 wels SeimuSava<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> proeqtis koncefcia. eskoncefcia mowonebul iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> prezidentTanarsebuli sainvesticio sabWos mier, ris Semdegac gaeros ganviTarebis programamgamoyo proeqtis I fazis (proeqtis detaluri dokumentis (e.w. PDF-Amosamzadebeli etapi) <strong>da</strong>finanseba. I fazis (anu mosamzadebeli etapis)ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> proeqtis detaluri dokumentis SeqmniT, ris SemdegacgakeT<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi mimarTva gaeros ganviTarebis programisadmi, raTa am saagentos<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis Suamdgomloba gaewia garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis globaluri fondis (GEF)winaSe proeqtis sruli <strong>da</strong>finansebis misaRebad.1999 wels garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTma globalurma fondma (GEF) <strong>da</strong>amtkica proeqti"<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> konservacia amierkavkasiaSi", romlisganmaxorcielebel partniorad gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ofisi gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, amave wlis 21 noembers gaform<strong>da</strong> kontraqti UNDPsa<strong>da</strong> saxeobaTa centrs Soris proeqtis <strong>da</strong>sanergavad.proeqtis ZiriTadi mizania degra<strong>da</strong>ciis safrTxis winaSe myofi <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong>semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>da</strong>cva bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi marTvisuzrunvelyofis gziT. am miznis misaRwevad un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iWras Semdegi amocanebi:• miwaTsargeblobis alternatiuli gzebis gansazRvra ekosistemisa <strong>da</strong> sakvanZosaxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT;• biotopebisa <strong>da</strong> saxeobebis kvleva <strong>da</strong> konservaciuli qmedebebis <strong>da</strong>nergva• amierkavkasiis qveynebs Soris urTierTkoordinaciis gaZliereba transsasazRvrobunebrivi resursebis mdgradi marTvis sferoSi; <strong>da</strong>12
• miwaTmosargebleTa <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxareebis garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi cnobierebisamaRleba <strong>da</strong> biologiuri resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofadmarTvis sistemebis Camoyalibeba.amave dros ganisazRvra im detalur qmedebaTa nusxa, romelTa <strong>da</strong>nergva migviyvan<strong>da</strong>zemoxsenebuli amocanebis Sesrulebamde; teqnikuri detalebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebismizniT Cven Tavs vikavebT yvela qmedebis CamoTvlisagan <strong>da</strong> ufro marTebuladgveCveneba, winamdebare dokumentSi mkiTxvels mivawodoT ZiriTadi:a) <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> biomravalferovnebis inventarizacia<strong>da</strong> biologiuri resursebis statusis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovan monacemTamopovebis <strong>da</strong>sruleba <strong>da</strong> regionSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikurifaqtorebis analizi. am fazis Semdeg proeqti iTvaliswinebs ekosistemismenejmentis gegmis Seqmnas, romlis <strong>da</strong>nergvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentisademonstracio pilot-proeqtebis ganxorcielebaa. proeqtis dokumentismixedviT, pilot-proeqtebi ganixileba rogorc iniciativaTa nakrebi,romelic xels Seuwyobs ekosistemis biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvas.b) menejmentis gegmis mier gansazRvruli qmedebebis <strong>da</strong>nergva2000 wels <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> pirveli qmedebis ganxorcieleba, romlis materialuradgamosaxul Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos winamdebare dokumenti.2001 wlis ganmavlobaSi, <strong>da</strong> garkveulwilad Semdeg wlebSic, Cven miznad visaxavTmenejmentis gegmiT gansazRvruli qmedebebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas.2.3. menejmentis gegmis struqturamenejmentis gegma Sedgeba ori nawilisagan:a) menejmentis gegmis teqnikuri reziume (winamdebare dokumenti) <strong>da</strong>b) <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> Seswavlis masalebimenejmentis gegmis teqnikuri reziume warmoadgens regionis Seswavlis masalebisgeneralizebul variants. Tavad reziume Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi nawilebisagan:• <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> zogadi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba (upasuxebskiTxvas: ras vflobT?)• <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> mdgomareobis Sefaseba (aRwers aqarsebul problemebs <strong>da</strong> mimoixilavs am problemaTa gamomwvev mizezebs)• menejmentis gegmis miznebi, amocanebi <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegma (upasuxebs kiTxvas:ra un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes gamovlenili problemebis aRmosafxvrelad?)13
• menejmentis gegmis meTodologiuri nawili (upasuxebs kiTxvas: rogor un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>vnergoT qmedebani, raTa mivaRwioT menejmentis gegmis mizans?)• menejmentis gegmis samuSao programa, misi monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebisprocedurebireziume warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo dokuments menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>mnergavebisa<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebTaTvis.yvela pirs, vinc <strong>da</strong>interesebulia im vrceli masaliT, romelic iZleva detalurinformacias, Tu ris safuZvelze mox<strong>da</strong> teqnikur reziumeSi ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>skvnisgamotana <strong>da</strong> ratom <strong>da</strong>isaxa esa Tu is qmedeba, vTavazobT dokumentis meore nawils -<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> Seswavlis masalebs. es nawili warmoadgensSemdegi sakiTxebisagan Semdgar dokuments:• florisa <strong>da</strong> mcenareulobis kvlevis masalebi• faunisturi kvlevis masalebi• ekologiuri kvlevis masalebi• socialur-ekonomikuri kvlevis masalebi• instituciuri kvlevis masalebi• sakanonmdeblo bazis kvlevis masalebiaqve gvsurs SevniSnoT, rom teqnikuri reziume arsebobs rogorc qarTul, aseverusul <strong>da</strong> inglisur enebze. <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> Seswavlismasalebis sruli varianti ki mxolod qarTul enazea. Tumca arsebobs misi mokleaRweriTi dokumenti inglisur <strong>da</strong> rusul enebzec, rac saSualebas aZlevs<strong>da</strong>interesebul mkiTxvels, saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> centrs SeukveTos misTvissaintereso konkretuli nawilebis inglisuri an rusuli Targmani.SekveTebi un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centrisaRmasrulebeli direqtoris saxelze:b-ni kaxa arcivaZeaRmasrulebeli direqtoris/y 20; Tbilisi 380079saqarTvelofaqsi: 53 71 24tel: 53 71 25el.fosta: director@nacres.orgsaxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri (www.nacres.org)14
15Tavi mesame: ekosistemis zogadi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba3
3.1. teritoriis mdebareoba <strong>da</strong> farTobisamxreT kavkasiis <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> proeqtismier moculi teritoriis koordinatebia:ganedi: 41 0 20’NgrZedi: 45 0 43’EpirobiTi sazRvrebi<strong>da</strong>savleTiT: mdinare debedis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-somxeTissaxelmwifo sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis wertiliCrdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT:q. rusTavis samxreT misadgomebiCrdiloeTiT: kaxeTis gzatkecili; wnor-lagodexisgzatkecili sof. ulianovkamdeCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT:aRmosavleTiT:samxreT-aRmosavleTiT:lagodex-zaqaTalis gzatkecilizaqaTala-alabadis gzatkecilimingeCauris wyalsatevis perimetri mimdebareteritoriiTsamxreTiT: ganja-yazaxis gzatkecili somxeT-azerbaijan<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>saxelmwifo sazRvramde; amavesazRvris gayolebiT mdinare debedis <strong>da</strong>saqarTvelo-somxeTis saxelmwifo sazRvrisga<strong>da</strong>kveTis wertilisaerTo farTobi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10,800 km 2 Seadgens16
3.2. florazogadi mimoxilvawarsulSi <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> floristuli kvlevebiZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d regionis garkveul adgilebSi iyo koncentrirebuli <strong>da</strong> met-naklebadsruli inventarizacia pirvelad am proeqtis farglebSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, regionis flora umaRles mcenareTa <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 756saxeobis, 398 gvarisa <strong>da</strong> 101 ojaxisagan Sedgeba.saxeobrivi mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani ojaxebia:Fabaceae parkosanni (102 saxeoba), Poaceae marcvlovanni (74 saxeoba), AsteraceaerTulyvavilovanni (71 saxeoba), Rosaceae vardisebrni (52 saxeoba), ChenopodiaceaenacarqaTamasebrni (40 saxeoba), Lamiaceae tuCosanni (39 saxeoba), Brassicaceaejvarosanni (29 saxeoba), Caryophyllaceae qoTanasebrni (26 saxeoba), Apiaceaeqolgosanni (24 saxeoba), Boraginaceae laSqarasebrni (16 saxeoba).zemoT moyvanili ojaxebi (sul 10) moicaven am zonis mTeli floris simdidrisnaxevarze mets _ 473 saxeobas, anu 62%-s. <strong>da</strong>narCeni 283 saxeoba 91 ojaxsganekuTvneba. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT meti saxeobebiT (4-i<strong>da</strong>n 10 saxeobamde) arian warmodgeniliojaxebi: Scrophulariaceae, Liliaceae, Cyperaceae, Iri<strong>da</strong>ceae, Rubiaceae, Ranunculaceae,Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Aspleniaceae, Cupressaceae, Linaceae <strong>da</strong> Tamaricaceae. <strong>da</strong>narCeniojaxebi 3 an naklebi saxeobiT aris warmodgenili.gvarebis raodenobis mxrivac, mTavari mniSvneloba 10 wamyvan ojaxs aqvs, mcirerigobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebiT, ase, mag.: Asteraceae _ 47 gvari, Poaceae – 43, Fabaceae – 27<strong>da</strong> a. S. floris wamyvani gvarebia: Trifolium (15 saxeoba), Vicia (13 saxeoba), Astragalus(11 saxeoba), Medicago (10 saxeoba), Pyrus (10 saxeoba), Salsola (7 saxeoba), Stipa (7saxeoba), Salvia (7 saxeoba), Centaurea (8 saxeoba), Euphorbia (7 saxeoba), Salix (6saxeoba), Carex (6 saxeoba), , Achillea (5 saxeoba), Galium (5 saxeoba), Allium (5 saxeoba),Bupleurum (4 saxeoba), Inula (4 saxeoba), Scorzonera (4 saxeoba), Lepidium (4 saxeoba), Silene(4 saxeoba), Helianthemum (4 saxeoba), Veronica (4 saxeoba), Iris (4 saxeoba), Acer (4saxeoba);<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> floris 756 saxeoba geografiulielementebis 50-mde tips miekuTvneba. maT Soris wamyvani mniSvneloba aqvs:xmelTaSuazRveTur, xmelTaSuazRveTur-iranul-Turanul, aRmosavleTxmelTaSuazRveTur-iranul-Turanul, iranul-Turanul, winaaziur, evropulxmelTaSuazRveTur, aRmosavleTamierkavkasiur, xmelTaSuazRveTur-Turanul <strong>da</strong>iberiuli arealis mqone geografiul elementebs. floris ZiriTad birTvs, 50%-zemets, swored CamoTvlili arealis mqone saxeoebebi Seadgenen <strong>da</strong> naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos,stepis, <strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyeebis, friganoiduli <strong>da</strong> Sibliakis tipis buCqnarebisa <strong>da</strong>Walis tyeebis mcenareulobis edifikatorebad <strong>da</strong> subedifikatorebad gvevlinebian,rogoricaa: Juniperus foetidissima, Pistacia mutica, Artemisia fragrans, Bothriochloa ischaemum,Quercus pedunculiflora, Salsola dendroides, S.ericoides, Paliurus spina-christi, Stipa lessingiana, St.17
capillata <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva. es saxeobebi mWidrod arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli CamoTvlilfloristul centrebTan.regionis floris endemizmidReisaTvis arsebuli monacemebiT regionis floris endemizmi 41 saxeobiTganisazRvreba. maTi mniSvnelovani nawili paleoendemia, maT Soris aris carculiperiodis endemebic.gamovlenili saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>n 65 kavkasiis endemia (8%), maT Soris 17 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>endems warmoadgens. kavkasiis endemebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia: Salvia garedji, Pinus el<strong>da</strong>rica,Torularia el<strong>da</strong>rica, Iris iberica, Pyrus georgica, P. el<strong>da</strong>rica, Berberis iberica, Dianthus subulosus, Seseligrandivittatum, Symphytum caucasicum, Tulipa eichlerii <strong>da</strong> sxva.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> endemebia: Onobrychis kachetica, O. iberica, Thymus tiflisieinsis, Campanulakachetica, Amyg<strong>da</strong>lus georgica, Pyrus sachokiana, Paeonia mlokosewitschi, Euphorbia boissierriana,Galathela el<strong>da</strong>rica, Astragalus bungeanus, Artemisia el<strong>da</strong>rica <strong>da</strong> sxva. bevria iseTi saxeoba,romelic pirobiT, anu subendemad aris miCneuli, aucilebelia aseTi saxeobebisSesaxeb sruli informaciis mopoveba, ris Semdgomac regionis floraSi endemebisprocentuli Semadgenloba gaizrdeba.konservaciuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani saxeobebiregionSi gavrcelebuli 33 saxeobis mcenare Setanilia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTel wignSi,Tumca dRevandeli monacemebiT 60-ze meti saxeoba iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myofsaxeobaTa kategorias SeiZleba miekuTvnos. anTropogenuri zemoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong>ekosistemis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis Tanamedrove tempis gaTvaliswinebiT es ricxvi SesaZloakidev ufro gaizardos. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mcenareTa iseTi saxeobebi,romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT sakvlevi regionis florisa <strong>da</strong>mcenareulobis genezisisa <strong>da</strong> istoriuli formirebis TvalsazrisiT. aseTisaxeobebia: Campanula kachetica, Nitraria schloberi, Pinus el<strong>da</strong>rica, Amyg<strong>da</strong>lus georgica, Populuseuphratica, Vitis silvestris, Pistacia mutica, Centis caucasica, Ulmus georgica, Juniperus foetidissima,Acer ibericus, Quercus pedunculiflora, Pterocarya pterocarpa, Astragalus caucasicus, Ceterachofficinarum, Kalidium caspicum, Sue<strong>da</strong> microphylla, Anabasis aphylla, Camhorosma monspeliaca,Platycladus orientalis, Iris iberica, Pyrus sachokiana, Paeonia mlokosewitschii, Bongardia chrisogonum,Thuja orientalis, Suchtelenia calicina <strong>da</strong> sxva.regionis floris 70-ze meti saxeoba reliqturia. moyolebuli carculiperiodi<strong>da</strong>n, isini sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva periodis reliqtebs miekuTvnebian, mag., carculiperiodis reliqtebia Thuja orientalis, Populus euphratica, Campanula Kachetica; tugaisfloris reliqtebs paleogenis periodis (eocenis epoqas) miakuTvneben. maT SorisaaWalis tyeebis wamyvani komponentebi: Carpinus caucasica, Iuglans regia, Ulmus carpinifolia,Acer velutinum, Populus hybri<strong>da</strong>, Quercus pedunculiflora, Q. iberica, Tilia cor<strong>da</strong>ta, Punica granatum,Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus divaricata, P. spinosa, Pterocarya pterocarpa, gvarebi _ Salix, Pyrus <strong>da</strong>sxva. balaxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n islisa (Carex) <strong>da</strong> lelis (Phragmites) warmomadgenelebi.18
gamyinvarebis periodis reliqtebia: Pistacia mutica, Pyrus salicifolia, Astragalus caucasicus,Punica granatum, Vitis sylvestris, Rvia (Juniperus) <strong>da</strong> naTeli tyis Semqmneli saxeobebisumetesoba. aRsaniSnavia agreTve gamyinvarebaTa Semdgomi periodis reliqtebi: Pinusel<strong>da</strong>rica, Alnus barbata, Euonimus europea, E. latifolia, E. verrucosa, Mespilus germanica, Fraxinusexcelsior, Celtis caucasica, gvarebi – Amyg<strong>da</strong>lus, Nitraria, Cotinus, Salsola, Atriplex <strong>da</strong> sxva.lianebi _ Hedera pastuchowii, Smilax excelsa.19
flora: reziumeproeqtis farglebSi Catarebuli literaturis mimoxilvisa <strong>da</strong> intensiuri savele samuSaoebisSedegad SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom:- aseTi tipis <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>aTvis samxreT kavkasiis transsasazRvro <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong>zonis flora mravalferovania, radgan igi moicavs 756 saxeobis umaRles mcenares, romlebic398 gvarsa <strong>da</strong> 101 ojaxSia gaerTianebuli.- endemizmis donis sruli gamovlena gacilebiT detaluri kvlevis Sedegi un<strong>da</strong> iyos, vidre eserTma proeqtma SeiZleba SeZlos. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebiTacSesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom ekosistema xasiaTdeba sakmarisad maRali endemizmiT:a) 65 saxeoba kavkasiis endemiab) maTgan 17 saxeoba - <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> endemia- 33 saxeoba Setanilia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTel wignSi- regionis floris 60-ze meti saxeoba iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myof saxeobaTa kategoriasSeiZleba miekuTvnos, Tumca iSviaTobis statusi <strong>da</strong>sadgenia im specialuri kvlevebissafuZvelze, romlebic <strong>da</strong>emyareba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi arsebul kriteriumebs- amave dros regionis floris 70-ze meti saxeoba reliqturia, maT Soris aris carculi <strong>da</strong>paleogenis periodebis reliqtebi20
3.3. fauna3.3.1 uxerxemloebiregionis uxerxemloTa fauna metad saintereso <strong>da</strong> mravalferovania. Tbili <strong>da</strong>mSrali klimati, mcenareTa mravalferovneba, qviani <strong>da</strong> qviSnari nia<strong>da</strong>gi saxarbielopirobebs qmnis uxerxemloTa saxeobrivi mravalferovnebisaTvis. maTi didi nawiliRameuli cxovrebis nirs eweva. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovani arian sworfrTianebi(kaliebi, kutkaliebi, WriWinebi). uxerxemloTa faunis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliwarmomadgenlebi arian: Buthus eupeus, Scolopendra cengulata, Smerinthus ocellatus L., Sm.kindermani L.d., Marumba quercus Den.et Shitt., Laothoe populi L., Acherontia atropos L., Herse(Protoparce) convolvuli, Sphinx ligustri L., Celerio hippophaes, Celerio zygophilii O., Celerio euphorbiaeL., Celerio linaeta F. sap. livornita Esp., Deilephila (Pergesa) elpenor L., Deilephila porcellus L.,Deilephila (Eumorpha) suellus Stgr., Pterogon gorgoniades Hb., Macrogllossa stellatarum L., Hemarisfuciformis L., Saturnia pyri Schitt., Papilio machaon L., Papilio alexanor orientalis Rom., Iphichlidespo<strong>da</strong>lirius L., Nymphalis io L., Vanessa cardui L., Vanessa atalanta, Nymphalis urticola Cl., Lithosiaquodra, Eilema delpana Esp., Eilemna complana L., Eilema caniola Hb., Eilema luterella L., Utethesiapulchella L., Arctia caja L., Epicallra villica L., Euphlagia quadripuretaria Pd., Euchloe ausoria (Hb.),Anthocharis car<strong>da</strong>mines (L.), Zergis eupheme menestho (Men.), Aporia crataegi (L.), Pontia <strong>da</strong>plidice(L.), Colias erate (Esp.), Colias hyale (L.), Colias crocea, Gonepterix rhamni (L.), Gonepterix farinosa(Zell.), Lasiomnata megera (L.), Lasiomnata maera (L.), Coenonimpha glicerion, C. saadi (Kollar), C.pamphilus (L.), Chazara brieseis (L.), Ch.persephone (Hb.), Meloe variegatus, Capdonis cariosa,Cicindela campestris.sakvlev regionSi gavrcelebulia 29 saxeobis xmeleTis moluski, romlebic SedianSemdeg ojaxebSi (frCxilebSi miTiTebulia saxeobaTa raodenoba): Cyclophori<strong>da</strong>e (1);Pomatiasi<strong>da</strong>e (1), Ellobii<strong>da</strong>e (1), Cionelli<strong>da</strong>e (2), Pupillini<strong>da</strong>e (5), Vallonii<strong>da</strong>e (2), Eni<strong>da</strong>e (1),Clausilii<strong>da</strong>e (3), Ferussacii<strong>da</strong>e (1), Zoniti<strong>da</strong>e (4), Vitrini<strong>da</strong>e (1), Helici<strong>da</strong>e (7);magaliTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>vimowmebT monacemebs sakvlevi teritoriis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> nawilSiregistrirebuli mwerebis zogierTi jgufis Sesaxeb:cxrili #. 1.1. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli saxeobebis saerTo raodenoba. 2. kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong>momijnave teritoriebis endemebi. 3. ssrk wiTel wignSi Setanili saxeobebi. 4.regionSi warmodgenil saxeobaTa raodenoba.taqsoni 1 2 3 4HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEAColleti<strong>da</strong>e 20 - - 6Andreni<strong>da</strong>e 46 - 1 24Halici<strong>da</strong>e 56 - - 15Melitti<strong>da</strong>e 5 - - 1Megachili<strong>da</strong>e 56 4 1 19Anthophori<strong>da</strong>e 71 5 2 31Api<strong>da</strong>e 42 16 4 3LEPIDOPTERAPapilioni<strong>da</strong>e 8 2 8 321
Pieri<strong>da</strong>e 22 12 4 16Satyri<strong>da</strong>e 35 6 4 15cxrili # 2.sakvlev regionSi warmodgenili peplebis zogierTi jgufitaqsonissrkwiTeliwigniLEPIDOPTERAPieri<strong>da</strong>e1. Leptidea sinapis (L.)2. Leptidea duponcheli (Strg.)3. Anthocharis car<strong>da</strong>mines (L.)4. Anthocharis gruneri armeniaca5. Euchloe ausonia (H.B.)6. Zegris eupheme menestho7. Aporia crataegi(L.) +8. Pontia <strong>da</strong>plice(L.)9. Pontia chloridice10. Pieris (Pieris) brassicae (L.)11. Pieris (Arbogea) napi (L.)12. Pieris (Artogeia) rapae (L.)13. Pieris (Artogeia) krueperi (Strg.)14. Colias erate (Esp)15. Colias hyale (L.)16. Colias crocera (Geoffrou etFourcrou)17. Gonepteryx rhamni (L.)18. Gonepteryx farinosa (Zell.)Papilioni<strong>da</strong>e1. Iphiclides po<strong>da</strong>lirius +2. Papilio machaon +3. Papilio alexanor +Satyri<strong>da</strong>e1. Esperage climene roxandra (H.-S.)2. Pararge aegeria tircis3. Lasiommata megera(L.)4. Lasiomata maera(L.)5. Melanagnia galathea(L.)6. Melanagnia larissa (Geyer et Hb.)7. Coenonimpha arcania (L.)8. Coenonympha glycerion Borkh10. Coenonympha saadi +11. Coenonympha pamphilus (L.)22kavkasiisendemebi<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>endemebi
12. Proterebia afra (F.)13. Hyponephele lycaon14. Hyponephele lupina15. Maniola jurtina(L.)16. Minois dryas (Scop.)17. Satirus terula armazicus Strg.18. Hipparchia pelluci<strong>da</strong> (Stauder)19. Aretusana aretusa (Den et Schift )20. Chazara brieseis(L.)21. Chazara persephone (Hb.)22. Pseudochazara mniszechii (Led) +23. Pseudochazara pelopea persica(Chr.)un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom ekosistemis uxerxemloebi gacilebiT met yuradRebasmoiTxoven kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, radgan regionSi didi xania ar Catarebula maTierTiani kompleqsuri kvleva; amave dros ar arsebobs araviTari monacemTa baza.3.3.2 xerxemlianebiTevzebiregionSi aris 3 didi mdinare (mtkvari, iori, alazani). bunebrivi wyalsatevebi<strong>da</strong>naseve gamovyofT jan<strong>da</strong>ris tbas. yvela zemoCamoTvlil wyalsatevSi TevzebissaxeobaTa saerTo raodenoba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 33-ia; aqe<strong>da</strong>n, komerciuli TvalsazrisiT(romelTa sarewao mopovebazec gaicema licenziebi garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebs<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros mier) mniSvnelovania Semdegi 9 saxeoba: wiTeltuCa Werexi(Aspius aspius taeniatus); mtkvris wvera (Barbus lacerta cyri); murwa (Barbus mursa); Wanari(Barbus capito); karCxana (Carasius carasius); kobri (goWa) (Cyprinus carpio); kavkasiuri qaSapi(Lenciscus cephalus orientalis); qaSapi (Leuciscus cephalus orientalis Nordmann); xramuli(cocxali) (Varicorhinus capoeta).23amfibiebiregionis amfibiebis fauna mdi<strong>da</strong>ri ar aris. literaturuli monacemebiT is moicvs4 saxeobas: mwvane gombeSo (Bufo viridis), mcireaziuri vasaka (Hyla savignyi), siriulimyvari (Pelobates syriacus) tbis bayayi (Rana ridibun<strong>da</strong>).maTgan proeqtis farglebSi Catarebuli eqpediciebis gamavlobaSi ar iqna nanaxisiriuli myvari, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es saxeoba, literaturis mixedviT, un<strong>da</strong>iyos regionSi <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens kavkasiis endems, romelic Sesulia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>wiTel wignSi. misi ricxovnoba ganuxrelad mcirdeba bolo 10-15 wlisganmavlobaSi. <strong>da</strong>narCeni saxeobebi sakmaod Cveulebrivia regionSi.qvewarmavlebi
egionis herpetofauna sakmaod mdi<strong>da</strong>ria. maTgan aRsaniSnavia <strong>da</strong>savluri maxrCobela(Eryx jaculus), grZelfexa scinki (Eumeces schneideri), grZeli mcuravi (Elaphe longissima),xmeleTaSuazRvuri ku (Testudo graeca)- <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignis saxeobebi.eqspediciebis Sedegad gamoiyo ZiriTadi saxeobebi:Emys orbicularis - evropuli Waobis kuMauremys caspica - kaspiuri (kiserzoliani) kuTestudo graeca - xmeleTaSuazRvuri kuOphisaurus apodus - gvelxokeraAgama caucasia - kavkasiuri jojoEremias velox – mardi fsveniLacerta trilineata media - didi mwvane, anu samzoliani xvliki (sin.: saSualo xvliki)Lacerta strigata - zolebiani xvlikiColuber jugularis - wiTelmucela mcuraviNatrix natrix - Cveulebrivi ankaraNatrix tessellata - wylis ankaraVipera lebetina - giurzaam saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia giurza, romelic sakmaod didi ricxovnobiT xasiaTdeba.igi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze mobinadreTagan yvelaze didi zomis Sxamiani gvelia.giurzas saerTo areali sakmaod vrcelia, aRm. saqarTvelo warmoadgens mis kidurasazRvars.frinvelebiaseve Zalian mdi<strong>da</strong>ria regionis orniTofauna, sul aRricxuli iqna 241 saxeobisfrinveli, sai<strong>da</strong>nac IUCN-is wiTel nusxaSi (1996) Setanilia 6, xolo<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTel wignSi (1982) - 9 saxeoba, esenia:saxeoba<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeliwigniPhalacrocorax pygmeusEgretta alba *Gyps fulvus *Aegypius monachus * LRGypaetus barbatus *Haliaeetus albicilla * LRAquila heliaca * VUFrancolinus francolinus *Tetrax tetrax * LRAythya nyrocaPerdix perdix *IUCN-is wiTeli nusxiskategoriaLRVU24
aq gavrcelebuli saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>n ZiriTadi sanadiro obieqtebia xoxbisebrTa ojaxiswarmomadgenlebi: xoxobi (Phasianus colchicus), mwyeri (Coturnix coturnix), kakabi (Alectorischukar).ZuZumwovrebiregionSi binadroben ZuZumwovrebis klasis saintereso <strong>da</strong> Taviseburiwarmomadgenlebi. proeqtis eqspediciebis Sedegad aRricxulia 73 saxeoba. maTgan<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTel wignSi Setanilia 12, azerbaijanis wiTel wignSi - 5, somxeTiswiTel wignSi - 7, bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris wiTel nusxaSi - 15 saxeoba.sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezebis gamo Zalian mniSvnelovania Semdegi saxeobebi:Barbastella leucomelasRhinolophusferrumequinumMyotis emarginatusNyctalus leisleriMiniopterus schrebersiRhinolophus hipposideros IUCN-VURhinolophus mehelyiEliomys quercinusMesocricetus brandtiSuncus etruscusHystrix indicaLutra lutraHyaena hyaenaUrsus arctosLynx lynxFelis silvestrisGazella subgutturozaCervus elaphussomxeTis wiTeli wigniIUCN-LR/ntIUCN-VU; <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wigniIUCN- LR/nt, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wigniIUCN- LR/nt, samive qveynis wiTeli wignebiIUCN-VU, somxeTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignebiIUCN - VU<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wigni<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignisomxeTis wiTeli wigniIUCN- VU, somxeTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignebiIUCN- LR/nt, azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignebi;ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis ukiduresi safrTxis winaSea saqarTveloSi(ramdenime individi SemorCa)somxeTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignebiazerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignebi, emuqrebaga<strong>da</strong>Senebis ukiduresi safrTxesomxeTis <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis wiTeli wignebiIUCN- LR/nt, sruliad ga<strong>da</strong>Senebulia saqarTveloSi<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wigniteritoriis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> nawilSi aRricxulia 53 saxeoba, maT Soris: rigiInsectivora-s 3 ojaxis 6 saxeoba; rigi Chiroptera-s 2 ojaxis 12 saxeoba; rigi Lagomorphas1 ojaxis 1 saxeoba; rigi Rodentia-s 6 ojaxis 15 saxeoba, rigi Carnivora-s 6 ojaxis14 saxeoba, rigi Arctio<strong>da</strong>ctila-s 3 ojaxis 3 saxeoba. am saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>n 4 (Myotis<strong>da</strong>ubentoni, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Hystrix indica, Mus musculus domesticus-is egzanTropuliforma) pirvela<strong>da</strong>a aRmoCenili <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze.sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mosazrebebiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis endemebad iTvleba ori<strong>da</strong>n (Sorexvolnuchini, Mesocricetus brandti) 5 saxeobamde (Talpa levantis, Sorex volnuchini, Crociduragueldenstaedti, Mesocricetus brandti, Apodemus ponticus).25
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr wiTeli wignis monacemebiT <strong>da</strong> adrindeli SefasebiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>wvril ZuZumwovarTa Soris iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myof saxeobebs miekuTvneba:Sorex volnuchini, Crocidura leucodon, Suncus etruscus, Nyctalus leisleri, Myocastor coypus, Allactagaelater, Cricetulus migratorius, Mesocricetus brandti. mniSvnelovani saxeobaa Talpa levantis,romelic aq arealis aRmosavleT kideze imyofeba <strong>da</strong> friad mowyvladia.<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saxeobebia Erinaceus concolor, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Myotis blithi,Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus kuhli, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Lepus europaeus, Microtus socialis,Meriones libycus, Mus macedonicus, amave dros aq xSirad an Cveulebriv un<strong>da</strong>gvxvdebodnen Crocidura leucodon, Suncus etruscus, Barbastella leucomelas, Eptesicus bottae, Hystrixindica, Allactaga elater, Allactaga willamsi, Cricetulus migratorius, Mesocricetus brandti, Apodemusfulvipectus, Mus macedonicus. magram Zlieri anTropogenuri gavlenisa <strong>da</strong> amasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli biotopebis rRvevis gamo am saxeobaTa raodenoba mcirea. amasTanerTad aq binadroben iseTi saxeobani, rogoricaa: Talpa levantis, Sorex volnuchini, Crociduragueldenstaedti, Pipistrellus nathusii, Nyctalus noctula, Nyctalus leisleri, Plecotus auritus, Myocastorcoypus, Arvicola terrestris.aRsaniSnavia iseTi iSviaTi saxeobebi, rogorebicaa focxveri (Lynx lynx), zolebianiafTari (Hyaena hyaena), qurciki (Gazella subgutturosa), keTilSobili iremi (Cervuselaphus), wavi (Lutra lutra); fonuri saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>n - mela (Vulpes vulpes), tura (Canisaureus), mgeli (Canis lupus), kurdReli (Lepus eurepaeus) <strong>da</strong> gareuli Rori (Sus scrofa).am regionSi vxvdebiT ZuZumwovrebis sam invaziur saxeobas – enots (Procyon lotor),enotisebur ZaRlsa (Nyctereutes procyonoides) <strong>da</strong> nutrias (Myocastor coypus). essaxeobebi Semoyvanili iqna XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyissa <strong>da</strong> Sua periodSi, rogorcZvirfasi bewvis momcemi saxeobebi. Tumca introduqciis Semdeg maT <strong>da</strong>karges bewvisxarisxi, radganac adgilobrivi klimaturi pirobebi maTi bewvis RirsebisaTvisaraxelsayreli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. samagierod maT aiTvises teritoria <strong>da</strong> amJamad sakmaodmravalricxovan saxeobebs warmoadgenen. samwuxarod, ucnobia, Tu ra gavlena aqvTmaT aborigen saxeobebze <strong>da</strong> mTlianad ekosistemaze, es sakiTxi calke Seswavlissagania.gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnis Rirsia ekosistemis iseTi indikatorebi, rogorebicaaxelfrTianebi, romelTa kvleva saqarTveloSi mxolod sawyis etapzea.26
fauna: reziumeproeqtis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi <strong>da</strong>skvnebi:1. ekosistemis uxerxemloebi gacilebiT met yuradRebas moiTxoven kvlevis TvalsazrisiT,radgan regionSi, jerjerobiT, ar Catarebula maTi erTiani kompleqsuri kvleva; amave drosar arsebobs monacemTa baza2. savele samuSaoebis dros sakvlevi regionis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> nawilSi zogierTi saxeoba srulia<strong>da</strong>r <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> (siriuli myvari), an <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> mxolod erTeuli individebis saxiT(zolebiani afTari, qurciki, focxveri, keTilSobili iremi, <strong>da</strong>Tvi, wavi), rac SemaSfoTebelmovlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos3. regioni zogierTi saxeobis msoflio arealis ukiduresi sazRvaria, rac Zalze mniSvnelovanifaqtoria am saxeobebis <strong>konservaciis</strong>aTvis (mag., giurza, wylis mRamiobi, zolebiani afTari,jeirani <strong>da</strong> sxv.)4. regioni mdebareobs mravali frinvelis samigracio gzaze, aseve warmoadgens araerTi saxeobis<strong>da</strong>sazamTrebel adgils, rac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelovnebas sZens ekosistemas <strong>konservaciis</strong>TvalsazrisiT. aseve aq gavrcelebulia garkveuli raodenobis sanadiro-sarewao frinvelissaxeoba.5. regionSi gavrcelebulia ZuZumwovrebis 73 saxeoba. maTgan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTel wignSiSetanilia - 12, azerbaijanis wiTel wignSi - 5, somxeTis wiTel wignSi - 7, bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvismsoflio kavSiris wiTel nusxaSi - 15 saxeoba6. endemizmis TavlsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia mcire zomis ZuZumwovrebi. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mosazrebebiT<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis endemebad miCneulia 5 saxeobamde; magram Zlieri anTropogenurigavlenisa <strong>da</strong> amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul biotopebis rRvevis gamo am saxeobebis populaciebi mcirea7. warsulSi regionSi mox<strong>da</strong> zogierTi saxeobis introduqcia <strong>da</strong>, samwuxarod, ucnobia, Tu ragavlena aqvT maT aborigen saxeobebze <strong>da</strong> mTlianad ekosistemaze. es sakiTxi calke Seswavlissagania8. yuradRebas ipyrobs ekosistemis iseTi indikatorebi, rogorebicaa xelfrTianebi, romelTakvleva saqarTveloSi mxolod sawyis etapzea.9. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia jeirnis populacia (Gazella subgutturosa), romelic<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze sruliad eliminirebulia27
3.4. biotopebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebaSeswavlil teritoriaze Semdegi biotopebia:1. naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bno2. stepi3. polidominanturi hemiqserofiluri buCqnari (Sibliaki <strong>da</strong> frigana)4. <strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tye5. tugais tipis Walis tyeaucilebelia imis gaTvaliswineba, rom aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa metad pirobiTia. magram amgvaripirobiTi <strong>da</strong>yofa mniSvnelovani iyo menejmentis gegmis dokumentis logikuri <strong>da</strong>Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT martivi wyobisaTvis.3.4.1. naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoaRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi zonaluri tipis mcenareuloba mxolod am regionSiawarmodgenili, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mtkvar-araqsis <strong>da</strong>blobzea gavrcelebluli <strong>da</strong>calkeuli masivebis saxiT aRmosavleT saqarTvlos teritoriazec Semodis(marneuli, yaraiazi <strong>da</strong> el<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>blobi). eqstrazonaluri gavrceleba aqvsaRniSnuli regionebis mimdebare mTiswina teriotoriebzec.naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos tipologiur nairgvarobaSi yvelaze meti landSafturi mniSvnelobaavSnis formacias aqvs, sa<strong>da</strong>c edifikatorad Artemisia fragrans gvevlineba. aRsaniSnaviamlaSoburian-avSnianis ramdenime varianti, uroian-avSniani, mTis mlaSoburiani,efemerian-avSniani – sa<strong>da</strong>c avSanTan erTad Semdegi ZiriTadi komponenetebimonawileoben: Salsola ericoides, Salsola dendroides, Salsola nodulosa, Gamanthus pilosus, Suae<strong>da</strong>microphylla, Perosimonia brachiata, Poa bulbosa, Bromus japonicus, Eremopyrum orientale, Allyssumdesertorum, Helianthemum salicifolium, Tamarix ramosissima <strong>da</strong> sxv.naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoSi (Hemideserta) gamoiyofa 4 formacia <strong>da</strong> 14 asociacia, romelTacganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs aRniSnuli biotopis mcenareulobis SeqmnaSi. qvemoTmoyvanil cxrilSi warmodgenilia naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos formaciebi <strong>da</strong> asociaciebiformaciaI. avSnianis formacia(Artemisieta, A.fragrans)II.yarRanianis formacia(Salsoleta, S. dendroides)asociacia1) xurxumoian-avSniani(Artemisietum-Salsolosum nodulosae)2) Caranian-avSniani(Artemisietum-salsolosum ericoidis)3) efemerian-avSniani (Artemisietumephemerosum)4) ialRunian-Caranian-avSniani (Artemisietum-Salsolosum ericoidis – Tamaricosum)5) efemerian-avSnian-yaraRaniani (Salsoletum-Artemisioso-ephemerosum)6) kalidiumian-yarRaniani(Salsoletum –Kalisdioso)28
III.IV.xurxumianis formacia(Salsoleta, S. nodulosa)uroian-avSnianisformacia(Bothriochloeto-Artemisieta, A.fragrans).7) xurxumian-yarRaniani(Salsoletum-Anabasiosum)8) ialRunian-yarRaniani(Salsoletum– Tamaricosum)9) efemerian-xurxumiani (Salsoletum –ephemerosum)10) efemerian-avSnian-xurxumiani (Salsoletum-Artemisioso- ephemerosum)11) erTwlovani mlaSoburian-xurxumiani(Salsoletum-Petrosimonioso-Gamanthosum)12) uroian-avSniani(Artemisietum-Bothriochloosum)13) nairbalaxovan-uroian-avSniani(Artemisietum-Bothriochlooso-varioherbosum)14) vaciwverianuroian-avSniani(Artemisietum-Bothriochlooso-Stiposum).naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos tipur faunas Seadgenen reptiliebis iseTi warmomadgenlebi,rogorebicaa xmelTaSuazRvuri ku <strong>da</strong> giurza.orniTofauni<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sarsaraki (Tetrax tetrax), romelic aqjer kidev didi raodenobiT izamTrebs. arc ise didi xnis win SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> savaTis(Otis tar<strong>da</strong>) naxvac. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac aRniSnuli tipis biotopSiizamTrebs mwyeri (Coturnix coturnix), romelic sxvagan mobu<strong>da</strong>r saxeobas warmoadgens.naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bno warmoadgens mniSvnelovan biotops weroturfasaTvis (Anthropoidesvirgo), romelic aq droebiT Cerdeba migraciis dros.naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos wvril ZuZumwovarTa TanasazogadoebaSi gamovlenilia 13 saxeobaAllactaga elater, Apodemus fulvipectus, Erinaceus concolor, Lepus europaeus, Merioneslibycus, Microtus socialis, Mus macedonicus, Myotis blithi, Myotis mystacinus, Pipistrelluskuhli, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus hipposideros.amaTgan ori saxeoba Allactaga elatior <strong>da</strong> Suncus etruscus mxolod naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoSia<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli.rogorc saerTo biotopis nawilSi, naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoSi gvxdeba zoga<strong>da</strong>d regionSigavrcelebuli msxvili ZuZumwovrebis umetesoba (irmis gar<strong>da</strong>), romlebic amteritoriebs iyeneben dReRamuri Tu sezonuri aqtivobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fazaSi.jeirnisTvis ki es biotopi ZiriTad sabinadro garemos warmoadgens.proeqtis mixedviT Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoebSi gamoikveTaSemdegi ZiriTadi problemebi:- saxezea nia<strong>da</strong>gis mZime erozia, rac mZlavri anTropogenuri presis Sedegia- rig adgilebSi aRiniSneba nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>mlaSebis Seuqcevadi procesi <strong>da</strong>29
3.4.2. stepigau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis tendenciasakvlev teritoriaze landSafturi mniSvneloba uroian (Bothriochloa ischaemum)steps aqvs, romelic cenoarealis ZiriTad nawilSi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ivris zegnisgorakian-talRovan reliefTan <strong>da</strong> xSirad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis buCqnarul<strong>da</strong>jgufebebTan erTad, metad rTuli reliefis formebzec ki qmnis mcirefarTiancenozebs. stepur mcenareulobas garkveuli gavrceleba aqvs agreTve naklebad<strong>da</strong>mlaSebul mTiswina <strong>da</strong>blobebze <strong>da</strong> Sibliakisa <strong>da</strong> friganoiduli mcenareulobiskompleqsebSi. buCqnaruli <strong>da</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyeebis kompleqsebSi uros(Bothriochloa ischaemum) gar<strong>da</strong>, cenozebs mniSvnelovan farTobebze vaciwverasa <strong>da</strong>velis wivanas (Stipa lessingiana, St. stenophylla, St. capillata, Festuca rupicola) saxeobebicqmnian. CamoTvlili saxeobebi stepuri mcenareulobis gansazRvrul tipebSi xSiradkodominanteba<strong>da</strong>c gvevlinebian. stepuri mcenareulobis fragmentebs sakmaod didifarTobebi ukavia mdinarispirul terasebze, umetesad met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>mrecireliefis formebze. zemoTqmulis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ekosistemis stepur mcenareulobasuroianebi gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong> yvelze did farTobebzea warmodgenili.regionisTvis uroiani stepis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ekologiur-cenotikurivariantebia:1) Glycyrrhizieto (G. glabra)- Bothriochloeta gavcelebulia Savmiwagvar nia<strong>da</strong>gebze, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dterasul vakeebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>blobebSi; 2) Bothriochloeta – xeroherbosa – uroianiqserofiluri nairbalaxeulobiTa <strong>da</strong> parkosnebiT gavrcelebulia Crdiloferdobebze sustad ganviTarebul wablisfer nia<strong>da</strong>gebze; 3) Bothriochloeta- ephemerosaan Bothriochloeta in lapidosis uroiani efemerebis sinuziiT gavrcelebulia samxreTisZlier qvaRorRian ferdobebze; 4) Bothriochloeta-Pratohebosa – uroiani mdeloselementebiT gavrcelebulia <strong>da</strong>blobebSi <strong>da</strong> RartafebSi, kargad ganviTarebuliSavmiwa nia<strong>da</strong>gebis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.uroiani formaciis (Botriochloeta, B. ischaemum) asociaciebia: 1) avSnian-vaciwverianuroiani(Bothriochloetum-Stiposo-Artemisiosum); 2) vaciwverian-uroiani (Bothriochloetum-Stiposum); 3) veliswivanian-vaciwverian-uroiani (Bothriochloetum-Stiposo-Festucosum); 4)avSnian-uroiani (Bothriochloetum-Artemisiosum); 5) vaciwverian-uroiani (Bothriochloetum-Stiposo capillatae); 6) nairbalaxovan-uroiani (Bothriochloetum -varioherbosum).naklebi landSafturi mniSvneloba aqvs buCqnarul <strong>da</strong> naTeli tyis kompleqsebSiganviTarebul vaciwverian steps, romlis SeqmnaSic vaciwveras ramdenime saxeobamonawileobs (Stipa lessingiana, St. capillata, St. stenophylla), magram, rogorc wesi,yovelTvis mcire farTobebzea warmodgenili.stepis wvril ZuZumwovarTa Tanasazogadoeba Seicavs Semdeg saxeobebs: Apodemusfulvipectus, Crocidura gueldenstaedti, Erinaceus concolor, Lepus europaeus, Microtus socialis, Musmacedonicus, Mus musculus, Pipistrellus kuhli, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Meriones libycus, Myotis30
lithi, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, romlebic regionis sxvabiotopebSic gvxvdebian.msxvili ZuZumwovarebi<strong>da</strong>n stepSi gvxvdebian regionSi gavrcelebuli saxeobebi,irmisa gar<strong>da</strong>. naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnosTan erTad stepi warmoadgens jeirnis sabinadrogaremos.proeqtis mixedviT Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad gamoikveTa stepebSi arsebuliSemdegi ZiriTadi problemebi:- mimdinareobs stepis cenozebis degra<strong>da</strong>ciisa <strong>da</strong> gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis intensiuriprocesi;- saxezea nia<strong>da</strong>gis umZimesi erozia, romelic anTropogenuri presiT arisgamowveuli3.4.3. Sibliakisa <strong>da</strong> friganas tipis mcenareuloba(polidominanturi hemiqserofiluri buCqnari)aridul <strong>da</strong> semiaridul zonaSi farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli Sibliakis tipis SereulibuCqnarebi. gansakuTrebiT didi farTobebi ukavia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variantis ZeZvianebs(Paliureta-typus shibljak), tragantul <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs (Astragaleta-typus phrygana). maTigavrcelebis are ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mSral xevebs, Rartafebs, gamotanis konusebs,flateebsa <strong>da</strong> kuestebis Crdilo ferdobebs moicavs.Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT farTo gavrceleba aqvs buCqnaris Semdeg tipebs: uZraxeliani avSnisa <strong>da</strong>efemerebis safariT (Caraganetum-Artemisioso-ephemerosum); ZeZvian-uZraxeliani(Caragaletum-Paliurosum); Trimlian-ZeZviani stepis safariT (Cotineto-Paliuretum-Stiposum);glerZiani wiTelwveras monawileobiT (Astragaletum-Kochiosum); ZeZviani urossafariT (Paliuretum-Bothriochloosum) <strong>da</strong> sxva.wvrili ZuZumwovrebis TvalsazrisiT Sibliakisa <strong>da</strong> friganas tipis mcenareulobayvelaze didi saxeobrivi mravalferovnebiT xasiTdeba. aq <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia 21saxeobis wvrili ZuZumwovari: Allactaga willamsi, Apodemus fulvipectus, Apodemusponticus, Apodemus uralensis, Cricetulus migratorius, Driomys nitedula, Eptesicus serotinus,Hystrix indica, Lepus europaeus, Microtus socialis, Mus macedonicus, Mus musculus, Myotisblithi, Myotis mystacinus, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus kuhli, Pipistrellus pipistrellus,Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus hipposideros, Talpa levantis,romelTagan 3 mxolod am biotopSi gvxvdeba: Allactaga willamsi, Cricetulus migratorius,Driomys nitedula.fizikuri <strong>da</strong> cenozuri maxasiaTeblebis gamo, es biotopi warmoadgens regionSigavrcelebuli msxvili ZuZumwovrebis saerTo biotopis im nawils, sa<strong>da</strong>c cxovelebiTavSesafarsa <strong>da</strong> sabunage adgilebs pouloben. orniTofaunis tipuriwarmomadgenelia kakabi. flateebsa <strong>da</strong> kldeebze budoben mtacebeli frinvelebi:orbi, svavi, velis kakaCa, faskunji.31
proeqtis mixedviT Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom Sibliakisa <strong>da</strong>friganis tipis mcenareulobaSi adgili aqvs seriozul erozias3.4.4. <strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyesakvlev teritoriaze aridul naTel tyeebs ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ori saxeoba qmnis: sakmlisxis aRmosavleTxmelTaSuazRvur-iranuli saxeoba Pistacia mutica <strong>da</strong>aRmosavleTxmelTaSuazRvuri arealis mqone Savi Rvia – Juniperus foetidissima. aridulnaTel tyeebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc ekosistemis mcenareuli safarisdRevandeli struqturul-funqcionaluri mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> misi Semdgomisuqcesiuri cvlis gansazRvrisTvis, ise aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> zonisflorisa <strong>da</strong> faunis istoriuli formirebis TvalsazrisiT.Rviianis <strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyeebi ivris zegnis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilSia gavrcelebuli –vaSlovanis nakrZali, pantiSara, mTa nazarlebi, Siraqis platos Canasxletebi,kowaxuras qedi, el<strong>da</strong>ris qedis <strong>da</strong>savleTi nawili <strong>da</strong> sxv.Cvens mier mikvleuli iqna dRemde ucnobi reliqturi Rviianis (Juniperus foetidissima)masivebi.Rviianis formaciis (Junipereta, J.foetidissima) asociaciebia 1) vaciwverian-Savjagrian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Rhamnosa-Stiposum); 2) vaciwverian-cxratyavian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Loniceroso ibericae-Stiposa); 3) marcvlovan-buCqnarian(Sibliaki)-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Mixtofruticoso (typus shibljak)-graminossum); 4)uroian-ZeZvian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Paliuroso-Bothrichloosum); 5)nairbalaxovan-glerZian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Astragaloso-Mixtoherbosum);6)uroian-Trimlian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Cotinoso-Bothrichloosum); 7)uroian-Savjagian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Rhamnoso-Bothriochloosum); 8) vaciwverian-ZeZvian-Rviiani(Junipereum-Paliuroso-graminosum); 9) marcvlovan-cxenmuxlian-Rviiani (Juniperatum-Ephedroso-Graminosum) 10) ZeZvian-sakmlisxian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Pistacioso-Paliurosum);marcvlovan-sakmlisxian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Pistacioso-Graminaosum); 12) ZeZvian-Trimlian-Rviiani (Juniperetum-Cotinoso-Paliurosum); gavrcelebulia Rviis sxvasaxeobebic (Juniperus oxycedrus, J. oblonga, J. polycarpos), magram maT xSir SemTxvevaSi<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli mniSvneloba aqvT <strong>da</strong>, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>bali rangis cenotipebswarmoadgenen.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad regionSi mTavari cenotipis farTo gavrcelebisa, sakmlisxianebs(Pistacieta) fitocenologiuri mniSvneloba mxolod mTiswineTsa <strong>da</strong> mdinarispiraterasebze aqvT. vaSlovanis nakrZalSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sakmlisxianebis klasikuri variantebiawarmodgenili, Semdegi asociaciaTa jgufebi gamoiyofa: 1) Pistacieta semidesertosa –sa<strong>da</strong>c sakmlis xis naTeli tye ganviTarebulia u<strong>da</strong>bnosa <strong>da</strong> stepis asociaciaTakompleqsis fonze, romelsac qmnis iseTi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saxeobebi, rogorebicaa:Botriochloa ischaemum, Salsosa ericoides, Kochia prostrata, Artemisia fragrans, Stipa capillata, St.lessingiana <strong>da</strong> sxva. aRniSnuli tipis sakmlisxianebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganviTarebulianakrZalis “fskerze”; 2) Pistacieta-Botriochloosa - ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qvian ferdobebsa <strong>da</strong>32
gorakebzea gamosaxuli, 3) Pistacieta stiposa - sa<strong>da</strong>c balaxovanTa sinuzias stepurimarcvlovnebi qmnian.mdinare ivris auzSi (WaWunasa <strong>da</strong> ivris stepis teritoriebi) gamotanis konusebze,mTiswina kalTebsa <strong>da</strong> mdinarispirul terasebze Semdegi asociaciebi gamoirCeva 1)uroian-ZeZvian-sakmlisxiani (Pistacietum-Paliuroso-Bothriochloosum); 2)ZeZvian-Rviian–sakmlisxiani (Pistacietum-Juniperoso-Paliurosum); 3)Rviian-ZeZvian-sakmlisxiani(Pistacietum-Paliuroso-Juniperosum); 4)nairbalaxovan-sakmlisxiani (Pistacietumvarioherbosum);5)ZeZvian-sakmlisxiani (Pistacietum-Paliurosum), 6)uroian-sakmlisxiani(Pistacietum-Bohtriochloosum), 7)nairmarcvlovan-sakmlisxiani (Pistacietum-Graminoseum);8)nairbalaxovan-ialRunian-sakmlisxiani (mdinarispira terasebze) (Pistacietum-Tamaricoso-varioherbosum) <strong>da</strong> sxva.wvrili ZuZumwovrebis TvalsazrisiT, es biotopi regionis sxva biotopebTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT yvelaze Raribia. <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli sami saxeobis (Microtus socialis, Merioneslibycus <strong>da</strong> Mus macedonicus) koloniebi aq mudmivad <strong>da</strong>bali ricxovnobiT xasiaTdeba,magram isini depresiebis drosac ki ar qrebian, rac miuTiTebs am tyeebis, rogorcqserofiluri saxeobebis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis staciebis, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas.rogorc TavSesafari <strong>da</strong> sakvebis mosapovebeli adgili, es biotopi asevemniSvnelovania msxvili ZuZumwovrebisTvisac. mxolod am biotopSi iqna<strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli <strong>da</strong>Tvis arseboba.aridul naTel tyeebSi pirveladi problemis saxiT gamoikveTa tyis degra<strong>da</strong>ciisseriozuli tendenciebi, rasac iwvevs:1. ganukiTxavad iCexeba naTeli tyeebi;2. naTeli tyis ganaxleba TiTqmis ar mimdinareobs, pirutyvis Warbi Zovebisasaxali amonayari mTlianad nadgurdeba;3. matulobs nia<strong>da</strong>gis degra<strong>da</strong>cia (mcenareuli safari nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cvas veRaruzrunvelyofs);4. saZovrebis eqstensiur <strong>da</strong> araracionalur gamoyenebas emateba Savmiwania<strong>da</strong>gianifarTobebis intensiuri aTviseba, rac naTeli tyeebis arealis Seviwroebasiwvevs;5. anTropogenuri presis pirobebSi gamokveTilia gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis tendencia. amitom,<strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyis, rogorc iSviaTi reliqturi (pliocenuri)mcenareulobis naSTis, <strong>da</strong>cvas didi yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces.3.4.5. Walis tyeebi (tugais tipis)aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Walis tyeeebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d farTofoTlovani, zomieradsiTbosmoyvaruli foTolmcveni saxeobebisagan aris Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> amis gamo maTtugais tipis tyeebs miakuTvneben.33
md. alaznis Walis tyeebi floristuli SemadgenlobiT <strong>da</strong> struqturuliagebulebiT yvelaze tipuria, rac upirvelesad maTi geografiuli mdebareobi<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinareobs. alaznis veli kavkasionis mTavar mTagrexilsa <strong>da</strong> civgomborisqedebs Soris mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad ufro mezofiluria, vidre mtkvrisa <strong>da</strong>ivris auzebi. amdenad alaznis Walis tyeebi kolxeTis lianiani tyis analogswarmoadgens <strong>da</strong> garkveulwilad gamdidrebulia kolxeTis uZvelesi reliqturi tyiselementebiT (Zelkova carpinifolia, Vitis sylvestris, Clematis vitalba, smilax excelsa, Hederapastuchovii, Populus hybri<strong>da</strong>, Querqus pedunculifora <strong>da</strong> sxva.), rac mdinare mtkvrisa <strong>da</strong>gansakuTrebiT ivris Walis tyeebSi gaRaribebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili. CamoTvlil<strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva kolxuri tyis elementebs aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Walis tyeebisSeqmnaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba kavkasiis florisa <strong>da</strong> mcenareulobisCamoyalibebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, radgan alaznis Walis tyeebis tipigar<strong>da</strong>mavali variants warmoadgens kolxeTsa <strong>da</strong> aRm. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel mSrali tipis tyeebs Soris.sakvlev teritoriaze mTavari mniSvneloba mesameul reliqtebs_TeTr verxvs(Populus hybri<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> Walis muxas (Quercus pedunculifolia) aqvs. mdinareTa kalapoti<strong>da</strong>npirvel <strong>da</strong> meore terasebze ganviTarebulia lianiani verxvnarebi, xolo ufromoSorebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c gruntis wylebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Rrma<strong>da</strong>a, ganviTarebulia Walistyeebis mSrali tipi, Walis muxis dominantobiT. ekosistemis Walis tyeebimeoradia, <strong>da</strong>rRveulia maTi bunebrivi struqtura <strong>da</strong> amdenad xSir SemTxvevaSi isinifitocenologiurad Camouyalibebulia. amis gamoa, rom ufro didi farTobebipolidominanturad Sereuli Sedgenilobis tyeebs ukavia. mTavari cenotipebis gar<strong>da</strong>monawileoben: Carpinus caucasicus, Fraxinus exelsior, Ulmus carpinifolia, Acer platanoides, Robiniapseudoacacia <strong>da</strong> sxva. qvetyeSi: Crataegus kytostyla, C.curvisepala, Mespilus germanica,Ligustrum vulgare, Swi<strong>da</strong> australis, Lonicera kaprifolia; lianebi: Smilax excelsa, Vitis sylvestris,Periploca greca, Hedera helix, H.pastuchovii <strong>da</strong> a.S.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom md. ivris auzi geologiurad bevrad ufro Zvelia, vidrealaznis auzi, aqauri Walis tyeebi, gansakuTrebiT misi qvemo dinebis nawilSi,bevrad Raribia rogorc floristulad, ise tyis masivebis moculobiT. zogadgilas Walis tye isea ganadgurebuli, rom md. ivris kalapoti sakmao farTobebzeSiSvelia. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom md. ivris Walis tyeebSi ar <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulaWalis tyis iseTi mniSvnelovani komponentebi, rogoricaa suros mesameulireliqturi saxeobebi (Hedera pastuchovii, H.helix). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa md. ivris qvemo dinebisWalis tyeebis Cveulebrivi komponentebia sakmlis xe (Pistacia mutica) <strong>da</strong> akakis xe(Celtis caucasica), rac md. alaznisa <strong>da</strong> mtkvris Walis tyeebSi aRar meordeba.ekosistemis Walis tyeebis biotopi yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ria carculi periodi<strong>da</strong>nmoyolebuli uZvelesi reliqtebiT, Seicaven araerT iSviaT <strong>da</strong> endemur saxeobas.Walis tyeebis ZuZumnwovarTa Tanasazogadoeba sakmaod mravalferovania.gamovlenilia wvrili ZuZumwovrebis 17 saxeoba: Apodemus fulvipectus, Apodemus ponticus,Apodemus uralensis, Arvicola terrestris, Crocidura gueldenstaedti, Eptesicus serotinus, Lepuseuropaeus, Microtus socialis, Mus macedonicus, Mus musculus, Myocastor coypus, Myotis <strong>da</strong>ubentoni,Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Talpa levantis. maTgansami: Arvicola terrestris, Myotis <strong>da</strong>ubentoni, Nyctalus leisleri mxolod aq iqna gamovlenili.34
amasTan erTad Walis tyeebi warmoadgenen wvrili ZuZumwovrebis mezofilursaxeobaTa rezervatebs.regionSi gavrcelebuli msxvili ZuZumwovrebi<strong>da</strong>n Walis tyeebis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelisaxeobaa gareuli Rori, xolo mtkvris WalaSi ki jer kidev gvxvdeba iremi. aseveam biotopSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia Sveli. maRali ricxovnobiT gamoirCeva enoti(introducirebuli saxeoba). Walebis faunis tipuri warmomadgenelia kolxurixoxobi. mtkvris WalebSi (gar<strong>da</strong>bnis aRkveTilSi), aseve alazanze gvxvdeba Saviyaryati (Ciconia nigra), ivris WalebSi dRemde SemorCa duraji (Francolinus francolinus),begobis arwivi (Aquila heliaca), iSviaTad gvxvdeba TeTrku<strong>da</strong> arwivic (Haliaeetusalbicilla).Walis tyeebSi umTavresi problemis saxiT gamoikveTa tyis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis seriozulitendenciebi, rac gamoixateba misi farTobis Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan SemcirebaSi;winaswari monacemebiT mdinareebis hidrologiuri reJimi Secvlilia, rac SesaZloaWalis tyeebis mZime mdgomareobis erT-erTi mizezi iyos.3.5. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebiregionSi mdebareobs 6 <strong>da</strong>culi teritoria maT Soris 2 nakrZali (mariamjvris <strong>da</strong>vaSlovnis) <strong>da</strong> 4 aRkveTili (gar<strong>da</strong>bani, yoruRi, iori, WaWuna).<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriissaxelwodebaraioni statusi farTobi(ha)vaSlovani dedofliswyaro nakrZali 8034WaWuna dedofliswyaro aRkveTili 5200gar<strong>da</strong>bani gar<strong>da</strong>bani aRkveTili 3484yoruRi sagarejo aRkveTili 2068iori siRnaRi aRkveTili 1336mariamjvari sagarejo nakrZali 10403.6. a<strong>da</strong>mianis aqtivobis zogadi aRwera<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> zonis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoria istoriulad gamoiyenebazamTris saZovrebad. aq dRemde, yovel zamTars, garkveuli raodenobiT cxvarigadmoirekeba qveynis centraluri <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilebi<strong>da</strong>n. Sesabamisad,mosaxleoba, romelic gavlenas axdens ekosistemaze, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d orientirebuliamecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebaze (matyli, yveli, xorci). dRevandelimonacemebiT, cxvris gadmorekva iwyeba seqtemberSi <strong>da</strong> saqoneli am adgilebSiSemdegi wlis aprilamde rCeba.35
mecxoveleobis paralelurad, agraruli sameurneo saqmianobac seriozulianTropogenuri faqtoria regionSi. aq arsebuli saxnav-saTesi savargulebigamoiyeneba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mzesumziras <strong>da</strong> arasafuraJe marcvleuli kulturebismosayvanad. regionis zogierT adgilas gavrcelebulia mevenaxeobac. agrarulisaqmianobis progresisaTvis 1970-80-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo miwebis saxnav-saTesa<strong>da</strong>Tvisebis aqtiuri procesi. am dros moewyo sarwyavi infrastruqtura -wyalsaqaCebisa <strong>da</strong> arxebis sistema. 80-iani wlebis mijnaze ki aSen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>lis mTiswyalsacavi (wylis sarkis ze<strong>da</strong>piri _ 1700 ha). yvelaferi es gakeT<strong>da</strong>garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi normebis sruli ugulebelyofiT <strong>da</strong> SesaZlo uaryofiTi SedegebisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe.90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n regionSi ganaxl<strong>da</strong> navTobsaZiebo samuSaoebi, romlebickomunisturi epoqis dros mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> mcire masStabiT. samuSaoebi ganaaxlakompaniam Frontera Resources. am navTobmompovebeli kompaniis monacemebiT, ZiriTadisamizne areali saqmianobisaTvis dResdReobiT aris eqvsi wertili, romlebicganawilebulia Semdeg velebze: taribana, mirzaani, nazarlebi, bai<strong>da</strong>, kilakupra <strong>da</strong>mware xevi. kompaniis gegmaSia uaxloesi 25 wlis manZilze zemoxsenebuliWaburRilebi<strong>da</strong>n dReSi 25-30,000 bareli navTobis amoReba <strong>da</strong> WaburRilTaraodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong> 100 erTeulamde.mniSvnelovani sakiTxia tyis Wrac. komunistur periodSi regionis Walisa TunaTeli tyeebi saxelmwifos mier ar ganixilebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc merqnis intensiurimopovebis ramdenadme seriozuli resursi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Walis tyeebiintensiurad iWrebo<strong>da</strong> sameurneo mizniT (sawvavi, saZovrebis gafarToeba <strong>da</strong> a.S.),ramac gamoiwvia maTi ganadgureba <strong>da</strong> mdinareebis gaswvriv maTi mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>wyveta.Walis tyeebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d SemorCa <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis farglebSi.ganxiluli regioni odiTganve warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> nadirobisa <strong>da</strong> TevzWeris popularuladgils. ZiriTadi sanadiro obieqtebia: qaTmisnairebi, kurdReli <strong>da</strong> gareuli Rori.1993 wlamde saqarTveloSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> mtaceblebze premialuri sistema, rac mZimetvirTad awva mtacebelTa Tanasazogadoebas. Tevzaoba dRes intensiuradmimdinareobs akrZaluli xerxebiT (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d eleqtroSokis aparatis gamoyenebiT).yovelive zemoTqmulze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier aq ganxorcielebuli saqmianobisfarTo speqtri SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>jgufdes sam ZiriTad mimarTulebad, romlebic yvelazemet gavlenas axdens ekosistemis funqcionirebaze. esenia:1. soflis meurneoba: mecxoveleoba, agraruli meurneoba, melioracia,xelovnuri wyalsatevebi2. industriuli Careva: navTobmopovebiTi samuSaoebi3. biologiuri resursebis mopoveba: tyis resursebis gamoyeneba, nadiroba <strong>da</strong>Tevzaoba36
3.6.1. ekosistemaSi gamokveTili gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis tendenciaaRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> zona - gomboris qedis wina kalTebi<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>wyebuli e.w. ivris zegani <strong>da</strong> misi mimdebare teritoriebi, vidre alazan-ivrisSesarTavamde, istoriulad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> zamTris saZovars warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. boloaTwleulis zamTris ganmavlobaSi (anu mas Semdeg, rac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> pirutyviyizlaris zamTris saZovarze aRar ga<strong>da</strong>yavs) am teritoriis sameurneo <strong>da</strong>tvirTvaerTi-orad gaizar<strong>da</strong>.cnobilia, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis materialuri dovlaTis moculoba <strong>da</strong> stabiluroba,maSasa<strong>da</strong>me ama Tu im regionis mcxovrebTa raodenoba <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis xarisxi bevra<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli mcenareulobis Tanamedrove mdgomareobaze <strong>da</strong> misi gamoyenebisiseT wesrigianobaze, rom arsebiTad ar <strong>da</strong>irRves ekosistema <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebuli iqnasmisi bunebrivi nairgvaroba.<strong>da</strong>kvirvebam gviCvena, rom friad sapirispiro <strong>da</strong> arasaxarbielo tendenciasTan gvaqvssaqme Siraq-el<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong> ivris zamTris saZovrebze. aqauri mcenareuli safariganviTarebulia farTobis erTeulze zeWarbi pirutyvis mudmivi sasaZovre degresiispirobebSi. <strong>da</strong>rRveulia fitocenozTa struqtura, ukiduresad SesustebuliamcenareTa sicocxlisunarianoba <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare maTi sinuziuri ganviTarebisstrategia. mcenareuli safari nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cvas veRar uzrunvelyofs <strong>da</strong> saxezegvaqvs gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis mkafio suraTi. iseT Sekrul <strong>da</strong> "Seuval" cenozebSic kirogoricaa uroiani nia<strong>da</strong>gis safari _ <strong>da</strong>rRveuli <strong>da</strong> degradirebulia.gamorCeulad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos Zovebis uaryofiTi zegavlena gazafxulis pariodSi(marti, aprili, maisi), maSin roca iwyeba mcenareTa axali sasicocxlo cikli. amperiodSi cxvari avSans <strong>da</strong> uros aRar Zovs <strong>da</strong> mTlianad ikvebeba axali vegetaciismcenareuli mwvane masiT. am dros yvelaze metad ziandeba nairbalaxebi, romelTacgansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba aqvT rogorc saZovris gakeTilSobilebaSi, isefitocenozTa struqturuli wyobisa <strong>da</strong> saxeobrivi Semadgenlobis gaumjobesebaSi.maisis bolo<strong>da</strong>n, pirutyvis sazafxulo sazovarze ga<strong>da</strong>yvanis Semdgom,degradirebuli <strong>da</strong> gaTqerili mcenareebi srulfasovan wliur sasicocxlo ciklsveRar gadian, sinuziaTa rogorc vegetatiuri, ise ganeraciuli ganaxleba<strong>da</strong>gvianebuli <strong>da</strong> friad SezRudulia. zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare fitocenozebimTlianobaSi arasrulfasovani <strong>da</strong> martivia, Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>balia saerTo biomasismoculobac.ekosistemis mcenareul safarze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens aseve tyis (<strong>ariduli</strong>meCxeri <strong>da</strong> Walis tye) ukontrolo Cexva <strong>da</strong> xvna-Tesva iseT adgilebze, romelTacaraviTari ekonomikuri efeqtianoba ar gaaCnia, xolo mcenareuli safari kimudmivad ziandeba. sabWouri mmarTvelobis dros ixvnebo<strong>da</strong> miwis yvela monakveTi,sa<strong>da</strong>c ki traqtori gavlas SeZleb<strong>da</strong>, rac adgilobriv mkvidrTa gadmocemiTekonomikuri zaraliT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. amJamad am teritoriaze, iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c misTvisbunebrivi pirobebi aRar aris, ganviTarebulia naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnosa <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos37
mcenareuloba. es ganapiroba iman, rom ga<strong>da</strong>xnuli <strong>da</strong> degradirebuli miwebisaxalgazr<strong>da</strong>, moSiSvlebul ze<strong>da</strong>pirze u<strong>da</strong>bnos elementebi (avSanis saxeobebi,mlaSoburebi, efemerebi <strong>da</strong> sxva), rogorc pioneri mcenareebi, sxva mcenareebTanerTad Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT yovelTvis ukeT viTardebodnen. SemdgomSi ki mcenareulobisaRdgena mudmivi Zovebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva egzodinamiuri procesebis pirobebSi mimdinareobs,rac sabolood xels Seuwyobs naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos cenozebis gafarToebas <strong>da</strong>CamoyalibebaSi.gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis tendencia ekosistemis sakmaod did farTobebzea gamoxatuli,rogoricaa: WaWunas stepi, kowaxuras qedis samxreT ferdis mTiswineTi, ivrisstepi, el<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>blobi, taribanas depresia, natbeuri, CaTmis depresia, md. ivristerasebi (<strong>da</strong>lis wyalsacavi<strong>da</strong>n qvemoT) kowaxuras qedis <strong>da</strong>savleTi nawilismTiswineTi (navTobis WaburRilisa <strong>da</strong> WaWunas steps Soris) <strong>da</strong> sxva. gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebistendencia mcire fragmentebis saxiT gamoxatulia aseve sakmlisxiani naTeli tyiskompleqsSic.38
iotopebis mdgomareoba: reziumeproeqtis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad biotopuri TvalsazrisiT gamoikveTa SemdegiZiriTadi problemebi:naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnoSi:- saxezea nia<strong>da</strong>gis mZime erozia ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli anTropogenuri presis Sedegad- rig adgilebSi aRiniSneba nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>mlaSebis Seuqcevadi procesistepSi:- mimdinareobs stepis cenozis degra<strong>da</strong>ciisa <strong>da</strong> gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis intensiuri procesi;- saxezea nia<strong>da</strong>gis umZimesi erozia gamowveuli anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT- rig adgilebSi aRniniSneba nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>mlaSebis Seuqcevadi procesiSibliakisa <strong>da</strong> friganis tipis mcenareulobaSi:- gamokveTilia nia<strong>da</strong>gis seriozuli eroziaaridul naTel tyeebSi:- pirveladi problemis saxiT gamoikveTa reliqturi tyis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis seriozuli tendenciebiWalis tyeebSi:- farTobis ganuxreli Semcireba; mdinareebis hidrologiuri reJimi seriozula<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>rRveuli,rac mZimed aisaxeba Walis tyeebis mdgomareobaze (ganukiTxavi Wra, xmoba)zoga<strong>da</strong>d ekosistemaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis aqtivobis yvelaze intensiuri saxeebia:- soflis meurneoba: mecxoveleoba, agraruli meurneoba, melioracia, xelovnuri wyalsatevebi- industriuli Careva: navTobmopovebiTi samuSaoebi- biologiuri resursebis mopoveba: tyis resursebis gamoyeneba, nadiroba <strong>da</strong> Tevzaoba39
40Tavi meoTxe: ekosistemis mdgomareobis Sefaseba4
4.1. anTropogenuri faqtorebis analizirogorc 3.7. qveTavSi iyo aRniSnuli, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom regionis didi nawili<strong>da</strong>usaxlebelia, igi mainc Zlieri anTropogenuri zegavlenis qveSaa moqceuli.anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis zemoT gamoyofili saxeebi<strong>da</strong>n TiToeuls Tavisiintensivobis <strong>da</strong>tvirTva <strong>da</strong> Sedegi axasiaTebs.soflis meurneobaaRsaniSnavia, rom istoriul warsulSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc saZovrebis utilizaciismeTodebi, ise <strong>da</strong>tvirTva cxvris raodenobisa <strong>da</strong> simWidrovis TvalsazrisiT.gasabWoebamde <strong>da</strong>nergili iyo nakveT-morigeobisa <strong>da</strong> saZovarTbrunvis tradiciulisistema, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saZovrebis mdgradgamoyenebas uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. mecxvareebi jgufebad erTiandebodnen <strong>da</strong> TiToeulmaTgans ori nakveTi eZleo<strong>da</strong> 10-15 wlis vadiT. yoveli nakveTi mTiani <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTvake zonisgan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. Semodgomis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi TiToeuli jgufi jer orinakveTi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis mTagorian zonas iyeneb<strong>da</strong>, xolo zamTarSi cxvari vakeSiCamohyav<strong>da</strong>T. momdevno wels imave wesiT gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> wina wels <strong>da</strong>svenebuli meorenakveTi.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gasabWoebis Semdeg saZovrebis marTvis tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> mdgradi wesebiaxali saxelmwifo wyobilebis ekonomikasTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. moispo kerZoseqtori <strong>da</strong> mis nacvlad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> kolmeurneobebi <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa meurneobebi.gauqm<strong>da</strong> kerZo mflobelobisa <strong>da</strong> Temuri miwaTsargeblobis tradiciebi, romlebicmecxvareebs eroziis uaryofiTi gavlenis adeqvaturad Sefasebis safuZvels uqmni<strong>da</strong>.swored am periods ukavSirdeba <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> saZovrebisdegra<strong>da</strong>ciis procesis <strong>da</strong>wyeba.sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg sabazro ekonomikas kerZo <strong>da</strong> saTemo sakuTrebisaRiareba mohyva. magram tradiciuli nakveTmorigeobis <strong>da</strong> saZovarTbrunvis meTodebisaRorZineba ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, cxvris migracia dResac mimdinareobs,mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom regionSi Camoyvanili cxvris raodenobas dRes ematebagarkveuli raodenobis saqoneli azerbaijanis mimdebare teritorii<strong>da</strong>nac.dRevandeli monacemebiT, sazafxulo saZovrebi<strong>da</strong>n cxvris gadmorekva iwyebaseqtemberSi <strong>da</strong> saqoneli am adgilebSi Semdegi wlis aprilamde rCeba. Sedegadmimdinareobs nia<strong>da</strong>gis Zlieri eroziis procesi. saZovrebi yovel welsdegradirdeba, rac aiZulebs mecxvareebs an axali teritoriebi eZion (Tun<strong>da</strong>caralegalurad SeiWran <strong>da</strong>cul farTobebze) an mimarTon saZovrebis gaumjobesebisalternatiul gzebs, romelTa Catarebis meTodika, sezonuroba <strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, logikarig SemTxvevaSi sruliad moklebulia <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas. aseTi alternatiuli gzebiTsaZovarTa gaumjobesebis maTeul qmedebas ganekuTvneba xelovnuri xanZrebisfenomeni, romelsac mwyemsebi regularulad awyoben. TavisTavad cxadia, romxelovnuri xanZrebi aseTi tipis ekosistemaSi realurad warmoadgens saZovrebisgaumjobesebis gzas. Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni tipisanTropogenuri Carevis msgavsad, xelovnur xanZrebsac win un<strong>da</strong> uswrebdes garemoze41
zemoqmedebis seriozul Sefasebaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli strategia <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaTa gegmaSesabamisi sezonisa <strong>da</strong> xanZrebisaTvis vargisi adgilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.dResdReobiT ki xanZrebis provocireba stiqiurad (adgilebis specifikurobisa <strong>da</strong>masStabebis gauTvaliswineblad) iwyeba Tebervlis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> es procesigansakuTrebiT masobriv xasiaTs iRebs martis pirvel deka<strong>da</strong>Si. procesisstiqiurobis sailustraciod gamodgeba isic, rom mecxvareebi xanZrebs ara mxolodsaZovrebze aCenen, aramed areulebsa <strong>da</strong> WalebSic. xanZrebi iwveven Tebervlisvegetaciis dros axalamowverili balaxis ganadgurebas.melioraciuli sistemis intensiur mSeneblobas, regionis nia<strong>da</strong>gebis fizikurqimiuriTaviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobas Sedegad nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>mlaSebisprocesebis seriozuli gaZliereba mohyva. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c adre farTobebi irwyvebo<strong>da</strong>sasoflo-sameurneo miznebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT mTagorian adgilebSi), nia<strong>da</strong>gisfena ga<strong>da</strong>recxilia <strong>da</strong> gaxsnili TabaSiri TixasTan erTad gamotanilia <strong>da</strong>qanebismimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong> akumulirebulia Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT vake adgilebze. aseT adgilebSimcenareuli safari TiTqmis aRar amodis. aqve gvxvdeba TabaSiris gamokristalebuliagregatebic. amdenad am nia<strong>da</strong>gebze teqnologiuri zemoqmedeba ormagad unayofosxdis nia<strong>da</strong>gs <strong>da</strong> amiT, bunebriv procesebTan erTad, xdeba misi ormagad <strong>da</strong>mlaSeba.amave logikis mSeneblobebs ganekuTvneba xelovnuri wyalsacavebi. magaliTisaTvis,<strong>da</strong>lis wyalsacavi, rogorc winaswari monacemebis eqstrapolaciiT Cans, mis qvemoTarsebuli Walis tyis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori gax<strong>da</strong>. wyalsacavis esroli jer kidev gansasazRvria seriozuli gamokvlevis Sedegad. dReisaTvis kimxolod imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom ara marto wyalsacavi, aramed zoga<strong>da</strong>d mTelisarwyavi infrastruqtura absoluturad paralizebulia <strong>da</strong> umoqmedo<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>rCenili.amas emateba is faqtic, rom eleqtroenergiis deficitisa <strong>da</strong> misi maRaliRirebulebis gamo wyalsaqaCebis eqsploatacia ekonomikurad sruliad wamgebiania.industriuli Carevaaranakleb mniSvnelovania ekosistemaSi warmoebuli navTobmopovebiTi samuSaoebisgavlena biomravalferovnebaze. 2000 wels, navTobmompovebeli kompaniisaganmiRebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, maT jer ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T Camoyalibebuli regionisbiomravalferovnebaze nedleulis mopovebisa <strong>da</strong> transportirebis strategiisa <strong>da</strong>samoqmedo gegmis ganmsazRvreli samenejmento dokumenti. aseTi dokumentisararseboba sakmarisad arTulebs biomravalferovnebis usafrTxoebis normebis<strong>da</strong>cviTi samuSaoebis Catarebas, zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> biomravalferovnebis konservaciasa <strong>da</strong> mis monitorings.biologiuri resursebis mopovebaukanaskneli 10-12 wlis manZilze tyis WrasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mdgomareobamkveTrad Seicvala uaresobisken. marTalia, saxelmwifo samrewvelo Wrebi dResoficialurad ar mimdinareobs, magram adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am resurssukontrolod iyenebs, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom, komunisturi epoqisagangansxvavebiT, regionis mecxoveleoba saxelmwifo dotaciaze aRar aris. mecxvareebi42
aRar maragdebian Txevadi sawvaviT. amas emateba saxelmwifoSi arsebuli mZimeenergetikuli krizisi <strong>da</strong> kanonis aRsrulebis <strong>da</strong>balefeqturi meqanizmebis arseboba.am fonze adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis gacilebiT xelsayrelia "ufaso"nedleulis moxmareba tyis saxiT, vidre Txevadi sawvavis SeZena. amis Sedegad Walistyeebs, zemoaRwerili problemebis gar<strong>da</strong>, aralegaluri mopovebac mZime tvirTa<strong>da</strong>wevs <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs tyis zolis ganuxrel Semcirebas. warmoudgenel masStabebsaRwevs ukanono nadiroba, adgilobrivi monadireebi ar icaven nadirobis kanoniT<strong>da</strong>dgenil vadebs.nadirobis obieqtia TiTqmis yvela cxoveli. maRalia moTxovnileba gareulcxovelTa derivatebze, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d tyavze, gansakuTrebiT mglis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tvis qonze.nadiroba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod intensiuria, mosaxleobis nawilisTvisnadirobis vadebs mxolod uamindoba zRu<strong>da</strong>vs.aRkveTilebis direqtorebic <strong>da</strong> egerebic miiCneven, rom mtacebeli cxovelebis<strong>da</strong>xocva misaRebia sakuTari meurneobis usafrTxoebis mizniT. egerebi metwiladsakuTari nakveTebis movliT arian <strong>da</strong>interesebuli, vidre brakonierobasTanbrZoliT.brakonierebTan brZola garTulebulia, meTodebi xSirad TviTneburia <strong>da</strong>arakanonieri. egerebi ufro TevzWeris faqtebs avlenen, vidre nadirobis.80-iani wlebis bolos - 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Sxamis mopovebis mizniTdidi raodenobiT iWerdnen amierkavkasiur giurzas (weliwadSi 1,5-<strong>da</strong>n 2 aTasamde),misi fasi zr<strong>da</strong>sruli egzemplarisTvis zogjer aRwev<strong>da</strong> 50 aSS dolars. bolowlebSi aJiotaJi Cacxra <strong>da</strong> amJamad mizanmimarTulad giurzebze ar nadiroben. amismizezi isaa, rom realuri myidveli TiTqmis ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n saerTaSorisobazarze Rirebuleba aqvs saTanadod <strong>da</strong>muSavebul giurzas Sxams <strong>da</strong> ara gvelismowvelis pirvelad produqts. magram Tu monadire giurzas waawydeba, rogorc wesi,klavs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n monadire ZaRlebi xSirad xdebian maTi Sxamis msxverpli.mZime mdgomareobaa TevzWerasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac; Tevzis mopoveba xdebaeleqtroSokisa <strong>da</strong> sxva eleqtromowyobilobebiT, Cadgmuli badeebiT, zogjeriyeneben momwamvlel nivTierebebsac (qloris SenaerTebi <strong>da</strong> sxva.) amas emateba ivrissarwyavad gamoyenebis faqtebi, rac wylis donis <strong>da</strong>wevas iwvevs, zogjer <strong>da</strong>Srobasacki.socialur-ekonomikurma Sefasebam aCvena adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgaremos<strong>da</strong>cviTi ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali done. mosaxleoba im cxovelebs, romlebsacsarewao mniSvleloba ar gaaCnia, mavned miiCnevs, xSiria mtaceblebis xocvisfaqtebi. amasTanave TanagrZnobiT saubrobs tyis gamCexebze <strong>da</strong> Tavs energetikulisakiTxis mougvareblobiT imarTlebs.4.2. iSviaTobaam ekosistemis iSviaToba gapirobebulia rogorc aq warmodgenili biotopebisa <strong>da</strong>cenozebis, aseve saxeobrivi komponentebis iSviaTobiT qveynis an globalurimasStabiT. ekosistemis didi nawili TavisTavad warmoadgens <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>TvisiSviaT biotops (<strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyeebi, naxevrad u<strong>da</strong>bnoebi <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos43
elementebi) ris gamoc garkveuli saxeobebi saqarTveloSi mxolod aq gvxvdeba, mag.,giurza, duraji, zolebiani afTari, jeirani.aRsaniSnavia, rom aq pirvelad <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> maCvzRarba (Hystrix indica), romelicSemovi<strong>da</strong> azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n.ekosistemis farglebSi SemorCenilia iSviaTi cenozebi, romelTa msgavsic<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva teritoriebze aRar gvxvdeba. aseTi cenozebia: kalidiumianyarRaniani(Salsoletum-Kalidiosum) <strong>da</strong> anabazian-yarRaniani (Salsoletum-Anabasiosum). maTlokaluri gavrceleba aqvT naxevrad u<strong>da</strong>bnosa <strong>da</strong> stepuri mcenareulobiskompleqsebSi <strong>da</strong> dReisaTvis mxolod el<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>blobi<strong>da</strong>n arian cnobili. amcenozTa Semqmneli saxeobebia: Salsola dendroides, Kalidium caspicum <strong>da</strong> Anabasis aphylla.ekosistema araerT iSviaT, endemur <strong>da</strong> reliqtur saxeobas iTvlis, aq mxolodramdenimes <strong>da</strong>vasaxelebT: Thuja orientalis - aRmosavluri tuia. es saxeoba mxolodCineTSia gavrcelebuli. ekosistemis kirqvianebis carculi periodis reliqtia.Pinus el<strong>da</strong>rica - uZvelesi reliqturi endemia. mxolod sakvlevi subregioni<strong>da</strong>n ariancnobili - Torularia el<strong>da</strong>rica, Purus el<strong>da</strong>rica, Galium el<strong>da</strong>ricum, Campanula Kachetica, Artemisiael<strong>da</strong>rica, Galathella el<strong>da</strong>rica <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva. CamoTvlili saxeobebibiomravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT sakvanZo saxeobebs miekuTvnebian.“amierkavkasiis <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong>” proeqtisfarglebSi 2000 wlis seqtemberSi ganxorcielebuli savele kvlevisas md. ivrisauzSi (WaWunas aRkveTilis axlos) mikvleul iqna dRemde ucnobi reliqturiRviianis masivebi, romelTa msgavsic, mravali niSanTvisebis gamo, aRmosavleTamierkavkasiaSi saeWvoa arsebobdes. am tyes Cveni qveynisaTvis bunebriv-kulturulimemkvidreobis TvalsazrisiT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. Rviianis reliqturi naTelityis Semqmnelad Savi Rvia (Juniperus foetidissima) gvevlineba.regionSi gavrcelebuli mwerebi<strong>da</strong>n 24 saxeoba Sesuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris wiTelwignSi, maT Soris: Papilio machaon, P. alexanor orientalis, Iphichlides po<strong>da</strong>lirius, Utethesiapulchela, Arctia caja, Coenonimpha saadi, <strong>da</strong> sxv. xerxemlianTa iSviaTi saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>naRsaniSnavia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wignis iseTi saxeobebi, rogoricaa siriulimyvari (Pelobates syriacus), <strong>da</strong>savluri maxrCobela (Eryx jaculus), grZelfexa scinki(Eumeces schneideri), grZeli mcuravi (Elaphe longissima), TeTrku<strong>da</strong> arwivi (Haliaeetusalbicilla), TeTrTvala yvinTia (Aythya nyroca), gnoli (Perdix perdix), amierkavkasiurizazuna (Mesocricetus brandti), fuRu (Suncus etruscus), mcire meRamura (Nyctalus leisleri), wavi(Lutra lutra), zolebiani afTari (Hyaena hyaena), focxveri (Lynx lynx), jeirani (Gazellasubgutturosa), keTilSobili iremi (Cervus elaphus).wvril ZuZumwovarTa Soris iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myof saxeobebs asevemiekuTvneba: Sorex volnuchini, Crocidura leucodon, Allactaga elater, Cricetulus migratorius, Allactagawillamsi, Hystrix indica <strong>da</strong> sxv.44
eqspediciebis dros aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Rhinolophus ferrumequinum-is <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1000 -individiani gasamravlebeli kolonia, romelic udidesia saqarTveloSi. es saxeobaSesulia bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris wiTel nusxaSi (LR/nt).zogierTi saxeobis frinveli <strong>da</strong> wvrili ZuZumwovari iSviaTia globalurimasStabiTac <strong>da</strong> Sesulia bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris (IUCN) wiTel nusxaSi.magaliTad: mcire Cvama (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) – LR; svavi (Aegypius monachus) – LR;TeTrku<strong>da</strong> arwivi (Haliaeetus albicilla) - LR; begobis arwivi (Aquila heliaca) – VU; sarsaraki(Tetrax tetrax) – LR; TeTrTvala yvinTia (Aythya nyroca) – VU; Rhinolophus ferrumequinum -LR/nt; Rhinolophus hipposideros - VU.A2c; Barbastella barbastellus - VU.A2c; Driomys nitedula -LR.nt, <strong>da</strong> sxv.4.3 mowyvladobamTeli ekosistema, ise rogorc misi calkeuli komponentebi, <strong>da</strong>balirezistentulobiT xasiaTdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmoSobis faqtorebisa <strong>da</strong> maTierToblivi zemoqmedebis gamo. bunebrivi faqtorebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, romTanasazogadoebis zogierTi komponenti, mag., siriuli myvari, giurza, wylismRamiobi, zolebiani afTari, jeirani, saxeobis msoflio arealis kidurapopulaciis nawils warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad metad mgrZnobiarea rogorcSi<strong>da</strong>populaciuri (demografiuli), ise gareSe faqtorebis mimarT. amasTan mocemuliekosistema, misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli biotopuri mravalferovnebis wyalobiT, Seicavs<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> sistemebisTvis atipiur elementebs, mag., iseT saxeobebs,rogoricaa TeTrku<strong>da</strong> arwivi, focxveri, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wylis frinvelebi. savaraudoa,rom am saxeobebis populaciebi sakmaod sensitiuria bunebrivi katastrofebismimarT (gvalvebi, bunebrivi xanZrebi, <strong>da</strong> sxv.).ekosistemis flora Seicavs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tvis iSviaT saxeobebsa <strong>da</strong> iSviaT endemebs,romlebic mowyvlad saxeobebs warmoadgenen viwro arealis an mcirericxovnobisgamo. maTgan aRsaniSnavia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTel wignSi Setanili saxeobebi. magaliTad,aRmosavleTis brtyeltota (Thuja orientalis) saqarTveloSi bunebrivad mxolod aqgvxvdeba; iSviaT saxeobebs miekuTvneba sakmlis xe (Pistacia mutica), oqrosferibongardia (Bongardia chrysogonum). saxokias beryena (Pirus sachokiana) <strong>da</strong> qarTuliTela (Ulmus georgica) iSviaTi viwro endemebia (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wiTeli wigni, 1982).sayuradReboa, rom mowyvladobis ganmapirobebeli bunebrivi faqtorebigansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba arsebuli anTropogenuri zewolis fonze. a<strong>da</strong>mianissaqmianobis (mecxvareoba, miwaTmoqmedeba, biologiuri resursebis Warbi <strong>da</strong> usistemomopoveba, tyis Cexva, araswori melioracia <strong>da</strong> a. S.) uaryofiTi zegavlenisTanamedrove done scildeba ekosistemis rezistentulobis (TviTaRdgenisSesaZleblobis) sazRvrebs, ris gamoc ganviTarebulia degra<strong>da</strong>ciis met-naklebadSeuqcevadi procesebi: <strong>da</strong>qveiTebulia ekosistemis produqtiuloba <strong>da</strong> mcenareTasicocxlisunarianoba, aSkaraa gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebis procesebi (Walis tyeebSic ki SeimCnevau<strong>da</strong>bnos elementebis SeWra), adgili aqvs nia<strong>da</strong>gis eroziasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlaSebas.ekosistemis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva komponentis, saxeobebisa <strong>da</strong> calkeuli cenozebis CaTvliT,45
mowyvladoba romelime konkretuli anTropogenuri faqtoris an maTi erToblivimoqmedebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Walis tyeebis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis mizezebia Cexva <strong>da</strong> Zoveba.WaWunas aRkveTilsa <strong>da</strong> misi mimdebare Walebis SemTxvevaSi ki amas <strong>da</strong>liswyalsacavis mier gamowveuli wylis reJimis <strong>da</strong>rRvevac emateba. cxovelTa mravalipopulaciis mowyvladobis ZiriTadi mizezi ki brakonieroba <strong>da</strong> sakvebi bazissimwirea. regionSi mimdinare samrewvelo saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze realur potenciursafrTxes qmnis navTobis mopoveba, gar<strong>da</strong> uSualo Semawuxebeli faqtorisa, navTobis<strong>da</strong>Rvris SesaZlo riskis TvalsazrisiT. zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, naTelia, romekosistema sakmaod mowyvladia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d anTropogenuri faqtorebis mimarT,romelTa zemoqmedebac gansakuTrebiT Zlieria sxvadsxva bunebrivi faqtorebisa <strong>da</strong>klimatis cvlilebis (aridizacia) globaluri procesebis fonze.4.4. tipurobaam ekosistemis tipuroba gamoixateba mSrali ekosistemisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli imtipuri landSaftebis arsebobaSi, romelTac qmnis sakmlis xisa <strong>da</strong> Rviis <strong>ariduli</strong>naTeli tyeebi, stepebi, naxevrad u<strong>da</strong>bnos <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos elementebi, <strong>da</strong> sxv. aqgavrcelebulia mSrali <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>Tvis tipuri saxeobebi, magaliTad zolebianiafTari (Hyaena hyaena), sazogadoebrivi memindvria (Microtus socialis), wiTelku<strong>da</strong>meqviSia (Meriones libycus), xmelTaSuazRvuri ku (Testudo graeca), giurza (Vipera lebetina),<strong>da</strong>savluri maxrCobela (Erix jaculus) <strong>da</strong> sxv. bunebrivia, rom ekosistema gansakuTrebiTmdi<strong>da</strong>ria qvewarmavlebiT (30-mde saxeoba). Tumca isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, romZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mdinareebisa <strong>da</strong> Walebis arsebobis gamo aseve gvxvdeba iseTi saxeobebic,romlebic <strong>ariduli</strong> biotopebisTvis atipuria, mag.: focxveri (Felis (lynx) lynx),TeTrku<strong>da</strong> arwivi (Haliaeetus albicilla) <strong>da</strong> Savi yaryati (Ciconia nigra); gar<strong>da</strong> amisa wvriliZuZumwovrebis mravali saxeoba, rogoricaa: Talpa levantis, Sorex volnuchini, Crociduragueldenstaedti, Pipistrellus nathusii, Nyctalus noctula, Nyctalus leisleri, Plecotus auritus, Arvicolaterrestris, Mus musculus domesticus, <strong>da</strong> sxv.4.5 istoriuli monacemebi <strong>da</strong> menejmenti sabWoTaperiodSiregioni istoriulad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> zamTris saZovrebad, Tumca icvlebo<strong>da</strong> rogorcsaZovrebis utilizaciis meTodebi, ise <strong>da</strong>tvirTva cxvris raodenobisa <strong>da</strong>simWidrovis TvalasazrisiT. gasabWoebamde <strong>da</strong>nergili iyo nakveT-morigeobisa <strong>da</strong>saZovarTbrunvis tradiciuli sistema, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSiyalibdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saZovrebis mdgrad gamoyenebas uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. mecxvareebijgufebad erTiandebodnen <strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans ori nakveTi eZleo<strong>da</strong> 10-15 wlisvadiT. yoveli nakveTi mTiani <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT vake zonisgan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. Semodgomis<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi TiToeuli jgufi jer ori nakveTi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTis mTagorian zonasiyeneb<strong>da</strong>, xolo zamTarSi cxvari vakeSi Camoyav<strong>da</strong>T. momdevno wels imave wesiTgamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> wina wels <strong>da</strong>svenebuli meore nakveTi.saZovrebis marTvis tradiciuli <strong>da</strong> mdgradi wesebi sabWoTa ekonomikasTanSeuTavsebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. moispo kerZo seqtori <strong>da</strong> mis nacvlad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>46
kolmeurneobebi <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa meurneobebi. gauqm<strong>da</strong> kerZo mflobelobisa <strong>da</strong> TemurimiwaTsargeblobis tradiciebi, romlebic mecxvareebs eroziis uaryofiTi gavlenisadeqvaturad Seefasebis saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg,sabazro ekonomikas kerZo <strong>da</strong> saTemo sakuTrebis aRiareba mohyva. magram tradiciulinakveT-morigeobis <strong>da</strong> saZovarTbrunvis meTodebis aRorZineba ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.1970-80-ian wlebSi intensiurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> axali teritoriebis saxnav-saTesa<strong>da</strong>Tviseba. am mizniT moewyo sarwyavi infrastruqtura - wyalsaqaCebisa <strong>da</strong> arxebissistema. 80-iani wlebis mijnaze ki aSen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>lis wyalsacavi. yvelaferi es gakeT<strong>da</strong>garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi normebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gauTvaliswineblad.regionis nia<strong>da</strong>gebis fizikur-qimiuri Taviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobas<strong>da</strong>mlaSebis procesebis gaZliereba mohyva. <strong>da</strong>lis wyalsacavi ki, rogorc Cans, misqvemoT arsebuli Walis tyis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori gax<strong>da</strong>.dReisaTvis sarwyavi infrastruqtura mTlianad paralizebulia, miT umetes, romeleqtroenergiis deficitTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT wyalsaqaCebis eqspluataciaekonomikurad wamgebiania.biologiuri resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> menejmentis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, romsabWoTa periodSi regionis farglebSi <strong>da</strong>arsebuli iyo 2 nakrZali (mariamjvris <strong>da</strong>vaSlovnisa) <strong>da</strong> 4 saxelmwifo satyeo-samonadireo meurneoba (garadbnis, yoruRis,ivrisa <strong>da</strong> WaWunasi), am ukanasknelebs dReisaTvis miniWebuli aqvs aRkveTilisstatusi. maTi saerTo farTobi Se<strong>da</strong>gens 12 088 ha. samonadireo meurneobebisfarglebs gareT cxovelTa mopoveba praqtikulad mxolod sanadiro sezonis<strong>da</strong>wesebiT regulirdebo<strong>da</strong>.4.6. esTetikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuriRirebulebaniesTetikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri TvalsazrisiT metad Rirebulia regionSiarsebuli Zeglebi. upirveles yovlisa, Zalze mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong>viTgarejissamonastro kompleqsi. is <strong>da</strong>arsebulia Cveni welTaRricxvis VI saukuneSi.warmoadgens kldeSi nakveTi calkeuli eklesiebisa <strong>da</strong> qvabebisagan Semdgarkompleqss. dReisaTvis gamokvleulia 19 eklesia. amave kompleqsis gagrZelebaswarmoadgens mdinare ivris auzSi arsebuli sabereebi (calkeuli gamoqvabulebi).saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi igi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> erT-erT kulturul <strong>da</strong> religiur centrs.RirsSesaniSnavia Tavisi istoriuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri RirebulebiT, arqiteqturiT <strong>da</strong>freskebiT. amJamad aRdgenilia wm. mama <strong>da</strong>viTis lavra, sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinareobssamonastro cxovreba. dedofliswyaros raionSi mdebareobs kidev erTi istoriuliZegli – xornabujis cixe.regionSi gamovlenilia mravali arqeologiuri Zegli, romlebic mowmobs, roma<strong>da</strong>miani am teritoriaze saxlob<strong>da</strong> Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis meorenaxevramde.4.7. gaumjobesebis potenciali47
<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> calkeuli monakveTebi TiTqmis xeluxlebelbiotopebs warmoadgenen. nawilobriv amis mizezia <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis arseboba(nakrZalebi, saxelmwifo aRkveTilebi) <strong>da</strong> ufro ki maTi miudgomeliadgilmdebareoba <strong>da</strong> rTuli reliefi. maT paralelurad arseboben iseTimonakveTebic, romlebic anTropogenuri zewolis Sedegad Zlier degradirebulniarian.gaumjobesebis potenciali moepoveba Walis tyeebs. tyis Cexvis, xelovnurixanZrebisa <strong>da</strong> Zovebis aRkveTa mraval adgilas gamoasworebs Walis tyismdgomareobas. sasurvelia, nawilobriv mainc aRdges mdinare ivris bunebrivireJimi, romelic winaswari monacemebiT <strong>da</strong>rRveulia <strong>da</strong>lis mTis wyalsacavis gamo.amisaTvis saWiroa Catardes hidrogeologiuri kvleva <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegebis mixedviTSemuSavdes ivrispira Walis tyis reabilitaciis gegma.bevr adgilas <strong>da</strong>ucveli an degradirebulia cxovelTa sasicocxlod mniSvnelovanistaciebi (wyalTan misasvleli, samigracio gzebi <strong>da</strong> a. S.). faunis iswarmomadgenlebic ki, romlebic <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebSi an Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT SemonaxulbiotopebSi cxovroben, eliminaciis safrTxis winaSe dganan. magaliTad, mecxvareTabinebis jaWvi ganlagebulia mdinare iorsa <strong>da</strong> kowaxuras qeds Soris. am qedze,romelic SesaniSnavi TavSesafaria cxovelebisaTvis, mobinadre populaciebsmecxvareTa gamo moWrili aqvT gza mdinarsaken.zogierTi saxeoba mTlianad ga<strong>da</strong>Senebulia (jeirani), an SemorCenilia erTeuliindividebis saxiT, romlebic ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis kritikuli safrTxis winaSe dganan(zolebiani afTari, iremi mtkvris WalaSi). maTi aRdgenisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvisaucilebelia ex-situ RonisZiebebis Catareba. am saxeobebis potenciuri Rirebulebasakmaod maRalia <strong>da</strong> maTi restokingingi naklebad degradirebul ekosistemebSi maTgajansaRebas Seuwyobs xels.ekosistemisgaumjobesebisaTvisZalze mniSvnelovaniaZovebis sistemisgaumjobesebaracionalurimeTodebis <strong>da</strong>nergvisgziT.4.8. socialurekonomikurimniSvneloba21%12%1%1%3%24%38%saZovrebisaxnav-saTesibaRebityeebivenaxebisaTibebi<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>saxlebuli punqtebi<strong>da</strong> sakarmi<strong>da</strong>mo nakveTebi48farTobebis ganawileba miwaTsargeblobis mixedviT
samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specializaciis mixedviTerTiandeba miwaTmoqmedebis (marcvleuli kulturebi, mevenaxeoba) <strong>da</strong> mecxoveleobis(mesaqonleoba, mecxvareoba) zonaSi. amgvari zonirebis safuZvelia am regionisTvis(gar<strong>da</strong>bnis, sagarejos, siRnaRis <strong>da</strong> dedofliswyaros raionebi) <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebelimsgavsi bunebrivi pirobebi (hava, <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> landSafti, nia<strong>da</strong>gebi <strong>da</strong>sxv.) <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri parametrebi (miwaTmoqmedebis ekonomika, warmoebuliproduqciis moculoba, misi TviTRirebuleba <strong>da</strong> sxv.). am raionebis saerTo farTobi1984-1985 wlis monacemebiT 695 884 heqtars Seadgens, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 262,7 aTasi heqtarisaZovrebs ukavia. saTibebis saerTo farTobi Seadgens 5,6 aTas heqtars; sasoflosameurneosavargulebi 197,6 aTas heqtars, sai<strong>da</strong>nac saxnav-saTesi farTobebi 168, 3aTasi heqtariT ganisazRvreba, venaxebi 23,5 aTasi heqtaria, baRebi ki 5,8 aTasiheqtari. regioni Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Raribia tyiT - tyiT <strong>da</strong>faruli farTobi - saxelmwifosatyeo fondi <strong>da</strong> yofili sakolmeurneo tyeebi, romelTa statusic jer kidevgaurkvevelia, Seadgens 84,6 aTas heqtars. sakarmi<strong>da</strong>mo nakveTebi, <strong>da</strong>saxlebulipunqtebi <strong>da</strong> sxva miwebi Seadgens 145.5 aTas heqtars.zamTris saZovrebis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobawarmodgenili monacemebiT naTlad Cans, rom regionis mTliani farTobebis TiTqmis40% saZovrebs ukavia. amdenad maTi wvlili sakvlevi regionis ekonomikaSi erT-erTganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgens.regionSi dReisaTvis wamyvani roli mecxoveleobas ekuTvnis. saZovariteritoriebis sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis SemTxvevaSi mxolod ijariT gacemulifarTobebiT miRebuli Semosavali raionebis mixedviT (miaxloebiTi gaangariSebiT)Semdegia: sagarejo – 141 753 lari, siRnaRi– 141 018 lari, gar<strong>da</strong>bani – 217 515lari, <strong>da</strong> dedofliswyaro – 407 742 lari.zamTris saZovrebis ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva mecxvareobas ukavSirdeba. dReisaTvisregionis zamTris saZovrebiT sargeblobs ara marto am farTobebis mesakuTreraionebis mosaxleoba, aramed <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva raionebic: duSeTi, yazbegi, axmeta,axalgori, Telavi, yvareli, romlebSic mecxoveleobis xvedriTi wili saerToekonomikuri dovlaTis SeqmnaSi (xorcis, rZis, matylis, yvelis warmoeba <strong>da</strong> sxv.)ganuzomlad didia. adgilobrivi biujetis TiTqmis naxevari ki mecxoveleobi<strong>da</strong>n140000120000100000800006000040000200000sagarejo axmeta siRnaRi gar<strong>da</strong>bani49msxvilfexa pirutyvicxvariSinaur cxovelTa raodenoba zamTris saZovrebze raionebis mixedviT
Semosuli TanxebiT ivseba. marto axmetis raionis 17 185 suli msxvilfexapirutyvi <strong>da</strong> 65 787 suli cxvari zamTrobs zamTris saZovrebze. amas gar<strong>da</strong> aqzamTrobs sagarejos raionis 20 800 msxvilfexa <strong>da</strong> 131 800 wvrilfexa pirutyvi,siRnaRis raionis, Sesabamisad - 31 200 <strong>da</strong> 50 200, <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>banis raionis - 6 700<strong>da</strong> 2000.aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis aRmavali tempigarkveulwilad korelaciur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSia miwaTsargeblobis sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebis(memindvreoba, mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba <strong>da</strong> sxva) CamorCenasTan. bolo wlebSi aSkaradSeimCneva am <strong>da</strong>rgebis xvedriTi wilis kleba, rasac wmin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri parametrebigansazRvravs. erT heqtarze warmoebuli produqciis (marcvleuli, bostneuli,yurZeni) TviTRirebuleba <strong>da</strong> misi sarealizacio fasi mWidrod <strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong>erTmaneTs. es ki aramomgebians xdis am <strong>da</strong>rgebis ganviTarebas. amas ramdenime mizeziaqvs. <strong>da</strong>balia miwis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis teqnologia, dReisaTvis aRar muSaobs sarwyavisistemebi <strong>da</strong> maTi reabilitacia gaumarTlebelia ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramedgaremoze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiTac (nia<strong>da</strong>gebis fizikur-qimiuri Taviseburebebisgamo didia <strong>da</strong>mlaSebis saSiSroeba), maRalia mosavlis <strong>da</strong>kargvis riski gvalvebis,setyvisa <strong>da</strong> sxva bunebrivi procesebis Sedegad, xolo misi <strong>da</strong>zRveviT miRebulikompensacia nuls utoldeba; didia <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi mineraluri sasuqebisa <strong>da</strong>Sxamqimikatebis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>balia warmoebuli produqciisxarisxobrivi maCveneblebic, rac Tavis mxriv arakonkurentunarians xdis warmoebulproduqcias regioni<strong>da</strong>n eqsportisTvis <strong>da</strong> mxolod Si<strong>da</strong> bazris moTxovnebsakmayofilebs.anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis gamo ekosistemis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis Tanamedrove tempisgaTvaliswinebiT, naTeli xdeba, rom regionis ekonomikuri Rirebuleba axlomomavalSi mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>ecema. es gansakuTrebiT zamTris saZovrebs Seexeba. WarbZovebas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi savalalo Sedegebi moaqvs ara martobiomravalferovnebis, aramed ekonomikuri TavalsazrisiTac. amis erT-erTi naTelimagaliTia WaWunas aRkveTilis mimdebare teritoria (kowaxuras qedis CaTvliT),romelic biomravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT <strong>ariduli</strong> zonis erT-erTi yvelazemniSvnelovani adgilia. aq arsebuli zamTris saZovrebi ki Warbi Zovebis Sedegadsul male SesaZloa saerTod gamousadegari gaxdes. amis gamo es teritoriaSesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas sanimuSo “pilot-proeqtis” gansaxorcieleblad,romelic grZelvadiani ekonomikuri efeqtTan erTad biomravalferovnebisSenarCunebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis demonstrirebas moaxdens.4.9. ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis cnobierebis donegaremos <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebSi cnobierebis done Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia. es Seexeba ara martozoga<strong>da</strong>d sazogadoebas, aramed im pirebsac, romlebic Tanamdebobrivad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliarian garemos <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan <strong>da</strong> garkveulwiladga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebsac iReben.50
egionSi arsebobs 8 arasamTavrobo organizacia, romlebic muSaoben garemos <strong>da</strong>cvissferoSi.<strong>da</strong>viTgarejis kompleqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arian arasamTavrobo organizaciebi:fondi “u<strong>da</strong>bno” <strong>da</strong> kavSiri “are”. maT mier gamocemulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ekoaqciebi(publikaciebi, fotogamofenebi 1995-2000 ww.). arasamTavrobo organizacia GCCWismier gakeTebulia ramdenime telega<strong>da</strong>cema regionis biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb(<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> televizis II arxi, 1997)SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>saxeldes garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi cnobierebis <strong>da</strong>bali donis ramdenime mizezi:ü moZvelebuli saskolo programebi. isini amJamad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisprocesSia. dRemde gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d is saxelmZRvaneloebi <strong>da</strong>programebi, romlebic Sedgenili iyo sabWoTa periodSi. isinimoswavleebs ver acnoben Tanamedrove ekologiur problemebs, maTiga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebs <strong>da</strong>, saerTod konservaciuli biologiis safuZvlebs,rac saboolo jamSi uaryofiTad moqmedebs garemos mdgomareobaze.maTi seriozuli naklia is, rom gadmocemuli masala ar arisgamdidrebuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> magaliTebiT;ü moZvelebuli programebi umaRles saswavleblebSi;ü trening- <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programebis ararseboba saxelmwifomoxeleTaTvis;ü Tematika arapopularulia masmediisaTvis, ris gamoc SeuZlebeliasazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna.ekosaganmanaTleblo saqmianobisTvis regionSi dReisaTvis ar arsebobs saTanado baza.cotaa popularuli publikaciebi am Temaze.4.10 rekreacia <strong>da</strong> turizmiregioni dResdReobiT potenciurad warmoadgens turizmis mniSvnelovan adgils. aqar mdebareobs arc erTi kurorti (saerTod naklebad <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli regionia). misipotenciali ufro mniSvnelovania eko-, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> saTavga<strong>da</strong>savlo turizmisTavalsazrisiT. amas xels uwyobs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tvis, <strong>da</strong> saerTod evropisTvis,aratipuri landSaftebi, cxovelTa <strong>da</strong> mcenareTa saxeobrivi simdidre <strong>da</strong>mravalferovneba. kulturuli Zeglebi (<strong>da</strong>viTgareji <strong>da</strong> sxv.) popularulituristuli obieqtebia, magram ufro mowesrigebuli infrastruqturis SemTxvevaSimaTi potenciuri wvlili adgilobriv ekonomikaSi arsebulze gacilebiT didiiqneba. aseve didia regionis potenciali sanadiro turizmis ganviTarebisTvasazrisiT. dResdReobiT es teritoriebi brakonierobisa <strong>da</strong> usistemo nadirobisa<strong>da</strong> TevzWeris mZlavr zewolas ganicdis. mowesrigebuli mdgradi sanadiroturizmisa <strong>da</strong> meTevzeobis ganviTareba ormagad xelsayreli iqneba rogorcbiologiuri resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis, ise adgilobrivi ekonomikis mxar<strong>da</strong>WerisTvalsazrisiT.51
4.11 samecniero kvlevaekosistemis mcenareuli safaris mecnieruli kvleva gasuli saukunis 30-ianiwlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo. seriuli samuSaoebi Catarebuli iyo garejis velze. Sedegad<strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong> stepuri mcenareulobis tipologiuri nairgvaroba, misi ganawilebiskanonzomierebani, fitocenotikuri struqtura, aRiwera mecnierebisTvis axalisaxeobebi. maSindeli monacemebiT garejis stepis floris simdidre <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 300saxeobiT ganisazRvra.1937 wels Siraqis velze (kasriswyali) <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTaakademiis botanikis institutis stacionari, romelic samecniero-kvleviT muSaobaseweo<strong>da</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> mcenareulobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. kvlevebiZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d biomorfologiuri, bioekologiuri, fitocenologiuri <strong>da</strong> floristulixasiaTis iyo. konkretulad Seiswavlidnen stepuri <strong>da</strong> naxevrad u<strong>da</strong>bnos mcenareTasezonuri ganviTarebis ritms, fitocenozTa struqturas, calkeul saxeobaTabiologias, fesvTa sistemas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong> uroiani velisSeswavlas <strong>da</strong> misi Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.sabWouri prioritetebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, am mravalwliani kvlevebis umTavresi arsibunebrivi resursebis “a<strong>da</strong>mianis keTildReobis samsaxurSi Cayeneba” iyo, racsaZovari, saTibi <strong>da</strong> saxnavi savargulebis maqsimalur aTvisebas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo muzeumis botanikis ganyofileba 1980 wels leningradisbotanikis institutis mkvlevrebTan erTad Seiswavli<strong>da</strong> Siraqis velis stepuri,naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bnos <strong>da</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyeebis geobotanikur, floristul, bioekologiurTaviseburebebs. 1990 wli<strong>da</strong>n, finansuri krizisis gamo, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>saxelmwifo muzeumSi savele kvleva-Zieba praqtikulad Sewy<strong>da</strong>.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> landSaftebis ZuZumwovarTa Seswavla <strong>da</strong>iwyo i.a.giuldenStedtma, romelic kavkasiaSi 1781-85 ww. moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg XIX s.60-ian wlebamde <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> landSaftebis ZuZumwovarTa faunasseriozuli mkvlevari ar hyolia. 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n ki <strong>da</strong>iwyo g.i. rades samecnieromoRvaweoba kavkasiis muzeumis direqtoris postze, ramac axali impulsi miscazoologiur kvlevebs saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> didi xniT, XX s. 40-ian wlebamde, liderisroli zoologiaSi <strong>da</strong>umkvidra kavkasiis (Semdgom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo)muzeums. magram ZuZumwovarTa seriozuli, meToduri Seswavla kavkasiis muzeumSi<strong>da</strong>iwyo konstantine satuninis saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebis Semdeg. man SeimuSavapirveli zoogeografiuli warmodgenebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis faunaze, CaatarafarTomasStabiani taqsonomiuri kvlevebi.pirveli kvlevebi exebo<strong>da</strong> faunistikasa <strong>da</strong> sistematikas <strong>da</strong> zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebulmkvlevarTa gar<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis faunis Taviseburebis warmoCenaSi did wvili Seitaness.g. gmelinma, p.s. palasma, i.f. brandtma, a. neringma <strong>da</strong> sxv.52
I msoflio omma gamoiwvia samecniero kvlevaTa droebiTi SeCereba <strong>da</strong> kvlevaTaga<strong>da</strong>yvana gamoyenebiT (epidemiologiur, sasoflo sameurneo) sferoSi. 1916-1917 ww.saero sadguris mier (SemdgomSi Savi Wiris sawinaaRmdego sadguri), Segrovebuliqna didi masala, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>ariduli</strong> rionebi<strong>da</strong>n (mesxeT-javaxeTi, qvemo <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong>qarTli). revoluciis Semdeg kvlevebi droebiT SeCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 20-ani wlebisbolosTvis isev ganaxl<strong>da</strong>. am droi<strong>da</strong>n muzeumTan erTad gaC<strong>da</strong> sxva samecnierocentrebic <strong>da</strong> 40-ani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iniciativa ZuZumwovarTa kvlevaSi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ga<strong>da</strong>dis<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis zoologiis institutis xelSi, rasac igi 90-anwlebamde inarCunebs. am periodSi moRvaweobas eweodnen gamoCenili mecnierebi - i.CxikviSvili (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> muzeumi), a. papava (pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri instituti), m.v.Sidlovski (zoologiis instituti), romelmac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sistemaSi moiyvanakavkasiis mRrnelTa taqsonomiisa <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebis sakiTxebi, iwinaswarmetyvela iseTitaqsonomiuri siaxleni, romlebic dResac pouloben Tavis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas. SemdgomSiaqve wvril ZuZumwovarTa kvlevas agrZelebdnen s. koxia, g. enuqiZe, i.morgilevskaia <strong>da</strong> g. macaberiZe. zoologiis institutSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> ZuZumwovarTasistematikis, faunistikis, morfologiis, ekologiis, zoogeografiis,embriologiis, qcevisa <strong>da</strong> parazitebis Seswavla. aridul landSaftebSi muSaobdnen<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis mcenareTa <strong>da</strong>cvis institutis TanamSromlebi i.m. beriSvili <strong>da</strong> j. m. beraZe. didi Sroma aqvT Catarebuli Tbilisis Savi WirissawinaaRmdego sadguris TanamSromlebs; es sadguri ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>mRrRnelTa epidemiologiur mniSvnelobas ikvlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavisi naxevradgasaidumloebuli statusis gamo misi muSakebis es <strong>da</strong> sxva faunisturi <strong>da</strong>ekologiuri xasiaTis masalebi dRemde ucnobia farTo samecnierosazogadoebisaTvis. 90-ani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Savi Wiris sawinaaRmdego sadguriszoologiurma samsaxurma faqtiurad Sewyvita arseboba. amave dros, usaxsrobis gamo<strong>da</strong>iwyo samuSaoebis gaCereba zoologiis institutSi. samuSaoebi aq dResacgrZeldeba, magram <strong>da</strong>finansebis arqonis gamo maT seriozul moculobaze laparakicki zedmetia, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, dro<strong>da</strong>dro xdeba wvril ZuZumwovarTa qcevisa <strong>da</strong>kariologiis kvleva. samwuxarod, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi aRar arsebobsramdenadme seriozuli iqtiologiuri, herpetologiuri <strong>da</strong> orniTologiuri skola.usaxsrobis gamo mxolod calkeuli mecnierebi Tu axerxeben viwro mimarTulebiskvlevebs am disciplinebSi.yovelive amis ZiriTad mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos akademiis sistemis dotaciuroba<strong>da</strong> misi araqmediTunariani struqtura, romelic gamarTlebuli iyo sabWoTaperiodSi, xolo sabazro ekonomikaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT stagnaciis fazaSiSevi<strong>da</strong>.53
ekosistemis mdgomareobis Sefasebaproeqtis farglebSi Catarebuli literaturis mimoxilvisa <strong>da</strong> savele samuSaoebis Sedegad SegviZlia<strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT:- Warbi Zovebis gamo zamTris saZovrebis mdgomareoba wli<strong>da</strong>n-wlamde uaresdeba, xolomecxvareebis mier Catarebuli gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi (meTodika <strong>da</strong> ganrigi) sruliadmoklebulia samecniero safuZvels;- melioraciuli RonisZiebebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvisas ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli nia<strong>da</strong>gebis fizikur-qimiuriTaviseburebebi, rasac <strong>da</strong>mlaSebis procesebis seriozuli gaZliereba mohyva;- regionSi moqmed navTobmompovebel kompanias sasurvelia qondes Camoyalibebuli strategiulidokumenti ekosistemis biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> masze zemoqmedebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb;- energomatareblebis deficitis pirobebSi mosaxleoba intensiurad moipovebs SeSas regionSiarsebul Walis tyeebSi;- biologiuri resursebis mopovebis mxriv, regionSi sagangaSo mdgomareobaa; intensiuradmimdinareobs aralegaluri nadiroba <strong>da</strong> Tevzaoba (maT Soris akrZaluli meTodebiT).- regioni mdi<strong>da</strong>ria iseTi biotopebiT, cenozebiTa <strong>da</strong> saxeobebiT, romlebic iSviaTia qveynis anglobaluri masStabiT;- <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemebi sakmaod mowyvladia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d anTropogenurifaqtorebis mimarT, romelTa zemoqmedebac gansakuTrebiT Zlieria sxvadsxva bunebrivifaqtorebisa <strong>da</strong> klimatis cvlilebis globaluri procesebis fonze;- regionSi gvxvdeba mSrali <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>Tvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli tipuri landSaftebi <strong>da</strong>biotiopebi (<strong>ariduli</strong> naTeli tyeebi, mSrali stepebi, naxevrad u<strong>da</strong>bnos <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnoselementebi, <strong>da</strong> sxv.), aseve tipuri saxeobebi (zolebiani afTari, sazogadoebrivi memindvria,wiTelku<strong>da</strong> meqviSia, giurza, <strong>da</strong>savluri maxrCobela <strong>da</strong> sxv.). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, asevegavrcelebulia mSrali <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>Tvis atipiuri saxeobebic (focxveri, TeTrku<strong>da</strong> arwivi,Savi yaryati, <strong>da</strong> sxv);- sabWoTa periodSi mox<strong>da</strong> mecxvareobis tradiciuli meTodebis aRmofxvra; intensiuradmimdinareob<strong>da</strong> axali teritoriebis aTviseba <strong>da</strong> sarwyavi sistemebis mSenebloba; armimdinareb<strong>da</strong> biologiuri resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> mopovebis saTanado menejmenti;- regioni mniSvnelovania esTetikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri TvalsazrisiT, rackorelaciaSia rekreaciisa <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobasTan;- miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom regioni Seicavs TiTqmis xeluxlebel biotopebs, aqve aris iseTimonakveTebic, romlebic anTropogenuri zewolis Sedegad Zlier degradirebulia (saZovrebi,Walis tyeebi). mravali saxeoba an ga<strong>da</strong>Senebulia, an kritikuli safrTxis winaSea (jeirani,zolebiani afTari, iremi). am saxeobebisa <strong>da</strong> degradirebuli <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> aRdgenaga<strong>da</strong>udebeli amocanaa;- ekosistemis socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba sakmaod maRalia <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d zamTrissaZovrebiT ganisazRvreba. Tumca, degra<strong>da</strong>ciis Tanamedrove tempis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTelixdeba, rom regionis ekonomikuri Rirebuleba axlo momavalSi mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>ecema;- garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebSi cnobierebis done Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia. es Seexeba ara marto zoga<strong>da</strong>dsazogadoebas, aramed im pirebsac, romlebic Tanamdebobrivad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arian garemos<strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan.54
ekosistemis mdgomareoba: reziumeekosistemaSi arsebuli eqstensiuri xasiaTis Zoveba, tyis ukontrolo Cexva, xelovnuriwyalsatevebi, brakonieroba <strong>da</strong> kvleviTi instutebis finasuri krizisi, aseve ekologiuriganaTlebis nakleb integrirebuloba saswavlo procesSi <strong>da</strong> ekoganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali propagan<strong>da</strong>iwveven Semdeg problemebs;- ekosistemis uxerxemloebi gacilebiT met yuradRebas moiTxoven kvlevis TvalsazrisiT,radgan regionSi, jerjerobiT, ar Catarebula maTi erTiani kompleqsuri kvleva;- bolo aTi wlis manZilze, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, regionis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>nawilSi ar Catarebulia ramdenadme seriozuli iqtiologiuri kvleva. samwuxarod,SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi iqtiologiuri skola praqtikulad aRar arsebobs- warsulSi regionSi mox<strong>da</strong> zogierTi saxeobis introduqcia <strong>da</strong>, samwuxarod, ucnobia, Tu ragavlena aqvT maT aborigen saxeobebze <strong>da</strong> mTlianad ekosistemaze. es sakiTxi calke Seswavlissagania- yuradRebas ipyrobs ekosistemis iseTi indikatorebi, rogorebicaa xelfrTianebi, romelTakvleva saqarTveloSi sakmarisad <strong>da</strong>bal donezea- floris iSviaTobis statusi <strong>da</strong>sadgenia specialur kvlevebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, romlebic<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iqneba aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso kriteriumebis gamoyenebaze- zogadi <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SesaZloa vTqvaT, rom usaxsrobis gamo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTaakademiis institutebis paralizeba uaryofiTad aisaxa ekosistemis kvlevis dinamikaze- samwuxarod, ar arsebobs ekosistemis monitoringis sistema- garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi cnobierebis done Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi, maT Soris amsferosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul pirebsa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebTa Soris- regionis floris 60-ze meti saxeoba iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myof saxeobaTa kategoriasSeiZleba miekuTvnos,- savele samuSaoebis dros sruliad ar <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> (an mxolod erTeuli individebis saxiTaawarmodgenili) zogierTi saxeoba (siriuli myvari, focxveri, zolebiani afTari), racSemaSfoTebel movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.- gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom jeirnis populacia (Gazella subgutturosa)sruliad eliminirebulia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze- saZovrebis degra<strong>da</strong>ciis Tanamedrove procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi ekonomikuri RirebulebaSesaZloa axlo momavalSi mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>eces.yovelive zemoTqmulze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SesaZloa iTqvas, rom <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemebidResdReobiT ukiduresad mowyvladia, magram kompleqsuri aRgeniTi samuSaoebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis SemTxveaSimaT moepovebaT aRdgenis garkveuli potenciali55
56Tavi mexuTe: instituciuri mdgomareoba5
5. instituciur sakiTxTa analizi(2000 wlis 1 ivnisis mdgomareobiT)instituciuri TvalTaxedviT, winamdebare menejmentis gegma <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong>semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> koncefcias afuZnebs ori ZiriTadimimarTulebis analizze. esenia:a) biomravalferovnebis mdgradi gamoyenebis saxelmwifo principebi, <strong>da</strong>b) biomravalferovnebis monitoringis saxelmwifo principebiamavdroulad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom sakmarisad Znelia gamoiZebnos instituciuriseqtori, romlis qmedeba pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu iribad, <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, <strong>da</strong>debiTad anuaryofiTad, ar axdendes gavlenas biomravalferovnebaze. amitom am TavSiganxilulia mxolod is seqtorebi, romlebic yvelaze metad arian CarTulniekosistemaTa resursebis gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> monitoringis saqmeSi. Sesabamisadwinamdebare Tavi agebulia Semdegnairi logikis <strong>da</strong>cviT:- saxelmwifo seqtoris mdgomareobis analizi samizne <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>biomravalferovnebis mdgradi gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> monitoringis kuTxiT- arasamTavrobo seqtoris mdgomareobis analizi samizne <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>biomravalferovnebis mdgradi gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> monitoringis kuTxiT- identificirebuli problemebi5.1. saxelmwifo seqtoridRevandeli mdgomareobiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemisresursebis sargeblobasTan (maT Soris samecniero kvlevebis CaTvliT) TumonitoringTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ZiriTadi saxelmwifo uwyebebis sqema Semdegnairadwarmogvidgeba:57
ekosistemis menejmentTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifo uwyebebisakanonmdeblo seqtoriaRmasrulebeli seqtorisxva saxelmwifo institutebigaremosa <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis komitetigaremosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiaagraruli komitetisoflis meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTissaministrozoologiis institutisaxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrobotanikis institutiSinagan saqmeTa saministroganaTlebis saministronia<strong>da</strong>gmcodneobis institutisxva saxelmwifosamecniero kvleviTiinstitutebisatyeo meurneobis saxelmwifodepartamenti<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa<strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobebissax. departamentimiwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamentisazRvris <strong>da</strong>cvis saxelmwifo departmanetiupriani iqneba mokled mimogvexila TiToeuli rgolis kompetenciis is sfero,romelic de-faqto <strong>da</strong> de-iure ukavSirdeba ekosistemas, <strong>da</strong> am fonze dRevandelobisTvalsazrisiT Segvefasebina maTi muSaobis adeqvaturoba.sakanonmdeblo seqtoris instituciuri mowyoba<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamenti, misi Sesabamisi komitetebis gziT, iRebs ZiriTad CarCokanonebs. amave dros parlamenti ukeTebs ratifikacias yvela saerTaSorisokonvenciasa Tu SeTanxmebas.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> biomravalferovnebis <strong>konservaciis</strong>aTvis saWiro ZiriTadisakanonmdeblo baza iqmneba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> palamentis garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebriviresursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis komitetis saSualebiT.agraruli komiteti SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc biomravalferovnebis sakiTxebTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mniSvnelovani saparlamento struqtura, radgan, saZovrebisTvalsazrisiT, misi kanonSemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis produqts erT-erTi yvelazeseriozuli gavlena un<strong>da</strong> hqondes <strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemis resursebis gamoyenebaze.samizne ekosistemis <strong>konservaciis</strong> kuTxiT es ori komiteti warmoadgenssakanonmdeblo seqtoris yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils.ekosistemis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan kanonSemoqmedebiT instituciur rgolswarmoadgens maJoritaruli deputacia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c58
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> TiToeul administraciul raions hyavs erTi deputati. <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong>semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistema geografiulad xvdeba eqvsi (dedofliswyaro, siRnaRi,gurjaani, sagarejo, gar<strong>da</strong>bani, marneuli), xolo funqcionalurad erTi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi(axmetis) administraciuli raionis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT,am teritoriis interesebs parlamentSi Svidi deputati icavs.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanonis “adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”raionuli rgolis doneze xorcieldeba saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, rac gamoixatebaraionul donze warmomadgenlobiTi organos – sakrebulos arCeviT (pir<strong>da</strong>pirikenWisyriT gziT). sakrebulos mier SemuSavebuli adgilobrivi sakanonmdebloaqtebi biomravalferovnebis mdgradi gamoyenebis kuTxiT ufro SegviZlia moviazroT,vidre monitoringis TvalsazrisiT. am tipis sakanonmdeblo bazabiomravalferovnebaze gavlenis mqone Semdegi adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebsaregulirebs:ü kontroli bunebaTsargeblobis wesebis <strong>da</strong>cvazeü garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTagatarebaü katastrofebis, stiqiuri ubedurebebis <strong>da</strong> epidemiebis salikva<strong>da</strong>cio saxelmwifoprogramaTa ganxorcilebaü socialuri <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebaü a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis, kanonierebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebiü raionis biujetis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mtkicebaü raionis socialur-ekonomikuri gegmis SemuSavebaü ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> jan<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis marTvasaerTaSoriso konvenciebi, saxelmZRvanelo dokumentebi <strong>da</strong> normatiuli aqtebi –ras vflobT<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> biomravalferovnebis mdgrad gamoyenebasa <strong>da</strong>monitorings ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Semdegi kanonebi <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso konvenciebi exeba(mocemulia qronologiurad):ratificirebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebi(frCxilebSi miTiTebulia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier ratifikaciis wlebi)1. konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb (1994 w.)2. konvencia faunisa <strong>da</strong> floris iSviaTi saxeobebiT saerTaSorisovaWrobis Sesaxeb (1996 w.)3. konvencia gau<strong>da</strong>bnoebasTan brZolis Sesaxeb (1999 w.)4. konvencia veluri cxovelebis migrirebadi saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvisSesaxeb (2000 w.)erovnuli programebi <strong>da</strong> regionaluri xelSekrulebebi(frCxilebSi miTiTebulia <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis/xelmoweris wlebi)59
1. xelSekruleba TanamSromlobaze garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanisrespublikis mTavrobas Soris (1998 w.)2. xelSekruleba TanamSromlobaze garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis respublikismTavrobas Soris (1998 w.)4. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis erovnuli programa (1999)5. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis strategiisa <strong>da</strong>moqmedebaTa gegmis erovnuli programa (<strong>da</strong>srulebis procesSi)miRebuli kanonebi1. kanoni nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb (1992 w. 12 maisi)2. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> parlamentis 1995 wlis 23 Tebervlis<strong>da</strong>dgenileba bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis saxelmwiforegulirebisa <strong>da</strong> licenzirebis Sesaxeb3. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoni <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb(1996 w. 7 marti)4. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoni garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb (1996 w.15 oqtomberi)5. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoni saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizisSesaxeb (1996 w. 10 dekemberi)6. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoni garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb (1996 w. 10dekemberi)7. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoni cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb (1996 w. 26dekemberi)8. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> tyis kodeqsi (1999 w. 22 ivnisi)60
kanonmdeblobis zogadi analizi ekosistemaSiidentificirebuli ZiriTadi problemebis TvalsazrisiTga<strong>da</strong>Zovebaam problemasTan mimarTebaSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakanonmdeblo baza sakmaod mwiria <strong>da</strong>mravali sakiTxi regulirebis gareSea <strong>da</strong>rCenili. kanoni “nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb”(1994 w.) krZalavs “saZovrebis gamwirebas uwesrigo ZovebiT”, rac niSnavs imas, romnia<strong>da</strong>gi <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> iyos ga<strong>da</strong>metebuli moxmarebisagan, raTa ar moxdes nia<strong>da</strong>gisgamofitva <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli gaxdes saZovrebis grZelvadiani gamoyeneba. magram arces <strong>da</strong> arc sxva kanoni, an normatiuli aqti, ar gansazRvravs, Tu rogor <strong>da</strong> rawesebis <strong>da</strong>cviT un<strong>da</strong> moxdes saZovrebis Warbi gamoyenebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. ar arisSemuSavebuli tevadobis mixedviT saZovrebis zonireba, rac SesaZlebels gaxdi<strong>da</strong>saZovris tipisa <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT pirutyvis iseTi <strong>da</strong>saSvebizRvruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis <strong>da</strong>dgenas, romelic uzRunvelyof<strong>da</strong> saZovrebis mdgradgamoyenebas.saZovrebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>matebiT problemas qmnis mezobeliazerbaijanis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n cxvris Semoyvanis faqtebi. aseTi SemTxvevebi sakmaodxSiria <strong>da</strong> ise<strong>da</strong>c savalalo mdgomareobaSi myof <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> zamTris saZovrebskidev ufro aCanagebs. kanonis mixedviT, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo sazRvarze piris,tvirTis, cxovelis <strong>da</strong> sxva qonebis gatareba xdeba sasazRvro gamtari punqtismeSveobiT <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs piris mier saxelmwifo sazRvris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTas, saxelmwifosazRvarze cxovelis gadmoyvanis <strong>da</strong> sxva qonebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanis kanonierebis cnobas.saxelmwifo sazRvris specialuri gamtari punqtis gareSe ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa iTvlebakanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevad, magram aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifosazRvris kanonis <strong>da</strong>rRveviT ga<strong>da</strong>kveTisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiTgansazRvruli ar aris.ukontrolo Cexva<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> tyis kodeqsis Sesabamisad, Walis tyeebs (iseve, rogorc saxelmwifosameurneo tyis fondis sakurorto <strong>da</strong> mwvane zonebs, tyis subalpur zols) un<strong>da</strong>hqondeT <strong>da</strong>cvis gansakuTrebuli reJimi, rac niSnavs imas, rom im tyeebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cmoqmedebs <strong>da</strong>cvis gansakuTrebuli reJimi, akrZalulia:a) mTavari sargeblobis Wrebis ganxorcieleba;b) “garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb” <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoniT gansazRvrulipirveli <strong>da</strong> meore kategoriis saqmianoba;aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Walis tyeebSi xis unebarTvo moWra kanoniT akrZalulia <strong>da</strong>sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi,vadiT erT wlamde, an<strong>da</strong> _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT sam wlamde. igive qmedebaCadenili araerTgzis isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi, vadiT orwlamde, an<strong>da</strong> _ Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, vadiT oTx wlamde. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,61
kontrolis efeqturi meqanizmebis ararsebobis gamo Walis tyeebis aralegaluriutilizacia mainc mimdinareobs.gamoikveTa Semdegi problemebi:ar arsebobs raime kanoni an normatiuli aqti, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>ra wesebis <strong>da</strong>cviT un<strong>da</strong> moxdes saZovrebis Warbi gamoyenebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba.ar aris SemuSavebuli tevadobis mixedviT saZovrebis zonireba, rac SesaZlebelsgaxdi<strong>da</strong>, pirutyvis, saZovris tipisa <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, iseTi<strong>da</strong>saSvebi zRvruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis <strong>da</strong>dgenas, romelic uzRunvelyof<strong>da</strong> saZovrebismdgrad gamoyenebas.pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifo sazRvris kanonis <strong>da</strong>rRveviT ga<strong>da</strong>kveTisaTvis sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli ar ariskontrolis efeqturi meqanizmebis ararsebobis gamo Walis tyeebis aralegaluriutilizacia mainc mimdinareobs.cxovelebis ukanono mopovebacxovelebis ukanono mopovebis faqtebi araerTxel <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> proeqtismsvlelobisas, am sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>sazusteblad <strong>da</strong>matebiT Catar<strong>da</strong> sociologiurikvleva. sociologiurma gamokiTxvam gamoavlina rom nadirobaze <strong>da</strong> mis obieqtebzewarmodgena aqvs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yvela socialuri <strong>da</strong> asakobrivi jgufiswarmomadgenlebs. umravlesobam icis, Tu sad binadroben is cxovelebi, romlebicmonadireebs ainteresebs. nadirobis obieqts TiTqmis yvela arsebuli cxoveliwarmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT didia frinvelebi<strong>da</strong>n xoxbis, mwyris, kakbis durajis,gvritis, qednis, sarsarakis, ixvebis xocvis faqtebi. ZuZumwovrebi<strong>da</strong>n klavenmtaceblebs: melas, mgels, lelianis katas, <strong>da</strong>Tvs, maCvs, xSirad klaven kurdRels,gareul Rors, Svels, aris irmis ukanono mopovebis SemTxvevebi.am etapze Znelia <strong>da</strong>dgindes ukanono nadirobisa <strong>da</strong> TevzWeris intensivobis zustidone, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, gamokvleva cxadyofs, rom aralegaluri nadirobaekosistemaSi biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezia.monadireTa umravlesobam ar icis/an ar icavs nadirobis kanoniT <strong>da</strong>dgenilivadebs, amitom cxovelTa samyaros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva obieqtebze nadiroba TiTqmis mTeliwlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs.aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, bavSvebis (13-16 wlis asakis) nadiroba. faqtobrivad, srolisaTu Tevzis Weris ucodinarobis gamo isini metad aqtiurad brakonieroben,ufrosebTan erTad, an ufro iSviaTad <strong>da</strong>moukidebla<strong>da</strong>c.62
nadirobis motivacia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d garTobaa. marTalia, nadirobas mimarTaven rogorchobis, aqtiur <strong>da</strong>svenebas bunebaSi, magram amave dros miiCneven, rom mas raRacSemosavalic un<strong>da</strong> mohyvebodes, magaliTad, xorci, romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>mzaddesSesanaxad an gaiyidos kidec. arsebobs arcTu ise didi, magram stabilurimoTxovnileba <strong>da</strong>Tvis, mglis, maCvis qonze. erTaderTi gamonaklisia nadirobamwyerze, razec moTxovnileba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT didia, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d restornebismepatroneebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, rac kanonis uxeSi <strong>da</strong>rRvevaa - marTalia, mwyerze nadiroba<strong>da</strong>Svebulia, magram mxolod sportuli <strong>da</strong> samoyvarulo <strong>da</strong> ara sarewao komerciulimiznebiT _ "kanoni cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb".iSviaTad, magram gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, roca nadiroba ojaxis rCenis saSualebaswarmoadgens.regionSi xSiria ukanono Tevzaobac. meTevzeebi TevzWeris mTavar obieqteba<strong>da</strong>saxeleben: alazansa <strong>da</strong> iorSi _ loqos, qaSaps, Werexs, wveras sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeobas,tbebSi _ kobrs. Tevzs, rogorc wesi, ojaxis saWiroebisTvis iyeneben <strong>da</strong> asevegzebze yidian xolme. samoyvarulo Tevzaoba bolo dros azrs kargavs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n,meTevzeTa TqmiT, Tevzis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong>. xSiria Tevzaobaeleqtromowyobilobebisa (cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamouyenebiaTeleqtrodebi, mierTebuli maRali Zabvis eleqtroga<strong>da</strong>mcem xazTan (6000 voltamde)<strong>da</strong> momwamlavi (qloris SenaerTebi <strong>da</strong> sxva) nivTierebebis gamoyenebiT.ar aris <strong>da</strong>culi TevzWeris kanoniT <strong>da</strong>Svebuli vadebi. Tevzis rewva mTeli wlisganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. Tevzis rewva zogjer didi masStabebiTac xdeba,cnobilia erTi samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime aTeuli kilogrami<strong>da</strong>n ramdenimeaseul kilogramamde Tevzis <strong>da</strong>Weris faqti. Tevzis realizacia umeteswiladsazogadoebrivi kvebis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi xdeba, iseve rogorc bazrebSi <strong>da</strong> gzebze.cxovelTa ukanono mopoveba <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriebzec gvxvdeba, Tumca Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTnaklebi intensivobiT; aRkveTilis teritoriaze cecxlsasroli iaraRiT nadirobaproblematuria, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi teritoria didi ar aris <strong>da</strong> srolis xma ismis.aRkveTilis TanamSromlebi axerxeben sakuTari ZalebiT brakonierebTan brZolas.saSualod fiqsirdeba mZime <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis 8-12 SemTxveva weliwadSi.ukanono nadirobis <strong>da</strong> TevzWeris TvalsazrisiT mdgomareoba Seswavlil raionebSisakmaod mZimea. problemas arTulebs is, rom ar arsebobs kanonis aRsrulebismZlavri meqanizmi.biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sakanonmdeblo xarvezebikanonis Sesrulebisa <strong>da</strong> masze ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis sistema <strong>da</strong>rRveulia ara martosamizne ekosistemis kuTxiT, aramed mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> masStabiT. pasuxismgebelorganoebs finansebisa <strong>da</strong> kvalificiuri kadrebis naklebobis gamo uWirTkanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevebis aRmofxvra. am fonze katastrofulad Rrmavdeba zewolabiomravalferovnebaze. qveyanaSi ar arsebobs garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb monacemTaSegrovebis, Senaxvis <strong>da</strong> analizis Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> operatiuli sistema, sabWoTa63
kavSiris dros arsebuli sistema ki dReisaTvis mTlianad moSlilia, rac arTulebsrealuri mdgomareobis Sefasebas <strong>da</strong> momavali tendenciebis prognozirebas. es ki,Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis optimaluri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas.ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic Seicavs biomravalferovnebis monitoringis Sesaxeb zogaddebulebebs, aris <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoni garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis Sesaxeb (1996 weli). kerZod,VII Tavis mixedviT, garemos Sesaxeb informaciuli sistema Sedgeba saxelmwifoaRricxvisa (muxli 26) <strong>da</strong> garemos monitoringis sistemebisagan (muxli 27).garemos monitoringis sistema ganmartebulia, rogorc monacemTa Segrovebis,Senaxvis <strong>da</strong> analizis sistema, romlis saerTo koordinaciasac axdens garemos<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro. garemos monitoringis samarTlebrivi reJimi, mocemuli kanonismixedviT, un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>regulirdes specialuri kanoniT garemos monitoringis Sesaxeb.konkretuli garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi kanonebi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> tyis kodeqsi aregulirebenbiomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis samarTlebriv reJimebs TavianTi kompetenciisfarglebSi. TiToeuli maTgani Seicavs biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb informaciisSegrovebis, Senaxvisa <strong>da</strong> analizis sistemis zogad debulebebs. kerZod, am kanonebismixedviT, biomravalferovnebis monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> aRricxvis funqciebiga<strong>da</strong>nawilebulia Semdeg uwyebebs Soris:• garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis saministro asrulebs makoordinirebelrols garemos, maT Soris, biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sferoSi(muxli 27, garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis kanoni; punqti 2, muxli 18, kanoni <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb). amave dros, saministro koordinacias uwevscxovelTa samyaros ka<strong>da</strong>stris warmoebas (punqti 1,2, muxli 59);• <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisa <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobis saxelmwifodepartamenti organizebas uwevs biomravalferovnebis monitorings <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis farglebSi <strong>da</strong> awarmoebs <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ka<strong>da</strong>strs(punqti 2, muxli 17, kanoni <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb);• satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti <strong>da</strong> misi teritoriuliorganoebi awarmoeben saxelmwifo tyis fondis monitoringsa <strong>da</strong> ka<strong>da</strong>strssameurneo tyis fondis farglebSi (tyis kodeqsi, VIII Tavi, muxli 24, 25).magram es qmedebebi iTvaliswinebs tyis resursebis yvela SesaZlo ekonomikurSefasebas <strong>da</strong> am Sefasebis yovelwliur koreqtirebas.• gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, mocemuli kanonmdebloba Seicavs debulebebs TviT monitoringisSesaxeb. kerZod, biomravalferovnebis obieqtebiT mosargebleebi, anulicenziebis mflobelni valdebulni arian, sistematuri <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebiawarmoon gamoyenebuli obieqtebis raodenobaze, mdgomareobaze <strong>da</strong> a.S., <strong>da</strong>miawodon informacia Sesabamis uwyebebs.• <strong>da</strong>matebiT amisa, tyis kodeqsis mixedviT, kerZo <strong>da</strong> iuridiulma pirebma,Sesabamis uwyebebTan winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba awarmoontyis resursebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovelTa samyaros monitoringi <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis,samonadireo meurneobebisa <strong>da</strong> sameurneo tyis fondis farglebSi. <strong>da</strong>finansebiswyaroebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo.64
mocemuli kanonmdeblobis analizis safuZvelze met-naklebad garkveuliapasuxismgebeli organoebis funqciebi. magram umeteswilad es funqciebi ar arismkacrad gamijnuli, metad zogadi <strong>da</strong> bundovania. ase, magaliTad, kanonis mixedviTgaremosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saministros evaleba biomravalferovnebismonitoringis saerTo koordinacia, xolo monitorings TiToeuli zemoTCamoTvliliuwyeba awarmoebs Tavis kompetenciis farglebSi. magram am kompetenciis farglebicar aris mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli.kanonmdeblobaSi agreTve ar aris gansazRvruli monitoringis warmoebis wesi,meTodika, angariSgebis forma, uwyebaTa urTierTvaldebulebebi biomravalferovnebismonitoringis erTiani sistemis farglebSi. am detalebis CarTva un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyokanonSi garemos monitoringis Sesaxeb, romelic jerjerobiT ar SemuSavebula. amkanonma un<strong>da</strong> Camoayalibos garemos monitoringis erTiani sistemis CarCo <strong>da</strong>mkveTrad gamijnos uwyebaTa ufleba-movaleobebi <strong>da</strong> urTierTvaldebulebebimonitoringis erTiani sistemis farglebSi.amrigad gamoikveTa Semdegi problema:sakanonmdeblo baza biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sferoSi metad mwiri <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>uxvewavia. arsebobs mxolod zogadi debulebebiaRmasrulebeli seqtoris efeqturobis analizi ekosistemaSiidentificirebuli ZiriTadi problemebis TvalsazrisiTkanonebis funqcionaluri "<strong>da</strong>Sla" <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong>nergva xdeba aRmasrulebeliseqtoris Sesabamisi uwyebebis (saministroebis, sax. departamentebis) mier amaveCarCo kanonebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT miRebuli debulebebisa <strong>da</strong> normatiuli aqtebissaSualebiT. konvenciebis cxovrebaSi gatarebac aseve aRmasrulebeli seqtoriskompetenciaa.zemoxsenebuli uwyebebi<strong>da</strong>n garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saministrowarmoadgens mTavar saxelmwifo organos, romelsac, kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,sakmarisad mkveTrad aqvs gamoxatuli pasuxismgebeloba garemos <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong>bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis regulirebaze. amave dros saministrokoordinacias uwevs am sferoSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobas<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo, samecniero organizaciaTa saqmianobas. aRwerili garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTikanonebis mixedviT, garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro bunebrivi resursebis mdgradigamoyenebis <strong>da</strong> monitoringis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, uflebamosilia: gascesnebarTvebi, <strong>da</strong>dginos kvotebi, koordinacia gauwios konservaciul programebs,moamzados kanonproeqtebi <strong>da</strong> sxva. <strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemis <strong>konservaciis</strong> TvalsazrisiT<strong>da</strong> dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, saministros aqvs Semdegi organizaciul-funqciuristruqtura:65
garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis<strong>da</strong>cvis saministrobiomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvisdepartamentisax. ekologiuri eqspertizis<strong>da</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi nebarTvebisdepartamentigaremos<strong>da</strong>cviTi monitoringiscentribiomr-is saxelmwifo politikis <strong>da</strong>nergvabunebrivi res-bis mdgradi gamoyenebis menejmentisaerTaS. valdebulebebis Sesrulebis kontroligaremos<strong>da</strong>cviTi nebarTvebis gacemasaxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis Catarebanormatiuli <strong>da</strong> meTodologiuri eqspertizis Catarebamonitoringis sax. sistemisorganizeba <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTareba12 regionaluri ofisis saSualebiTbiomravalferovnebis monitoringi Sedis saministros Semdegi struqturebiskompetenciaSi:• biomravalferovnebis departamentis erT-erTi funqciaa Sesabamisi informaciisSegroveba, Senaxva analizis sistemasTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> biomravalferovnebismonitoringis saerTo koordinacia, normatiul-meTodologiuri dokumentebisSemuSaveba, cxovelTa samyaros saxelmwifo aRricxva <strong>da</strong> ka<strong>da</strong>strireba(saxelmwifo aRricxva warmoebs cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebiT mosargebleTamier pirveladi aRricxvis safuZvelze);• monitoringis erovnuli centri – garemos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva komponentebze (maT Sorisbiomravalferovnebaze) monacemTa kompiuteruli bazis Seqmna;garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministros gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemisresursebis gamoyeneba regulirdeba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qvemoT moyvanili uwyebebis mier (aqveun<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom biomravalferovnebis monitoringis elementebi integrirebuliamxolod saxelmwifo satyeo departamentSi, <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis saxelmwifodepartamentsa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis nia<strong>da</strong>gmcodneobis institutSi):1. soflis meurnebisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTis saministro2. saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro3. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro (ekologiuri policiis sammarTvelo)4. geologiis saxelmwifo departamenti5. miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamenti6. sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cvis saxelmwifo departamenti7. satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti8. <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebis <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobebis saxelmwifodepartamenti<strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis, nakrZalebis <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobebis saxelmwifodepartamenti, romlis funqciebi biomravalferovnebis montoringTan mimarTebaSiaris biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb monacemTa Segrovebis, Senaxvis <strong>da</strong> analizissistemis operireba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis farglebSi. Tumca <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebisfarglebSi uSualo <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebi SeiZleba awarmoon iuridiulma an kerZo pirebma,romlebic floben Sesabamis nebarTvas.66
satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti <strong>da</strong> misi teritoriuli organoebisaxelmwifo tyis fondis sameurneo tyis kategoriis farglebSi awarmoebensaxelmwifo tyis monitorings <strong>da</strong> ka<strong>da</strong>strs. es ar niSnavs, rom es departamentiawarmoebs uSualo montorings. kerZo an iuridiulma pirebma am organosTanSeTanxmebiT SeiZleba awarmoon tyis monitoringi. monitoringis masalebissafuZvelze departamenti adgens saxelmwifo tyis fondis ka<strong>da</strong>strs.saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro, miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamenti,soflis meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTis saministro <strong>da</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiisnia<strong>da</strong>gmcodneobis instituti ganixilaven miwis reformisa <strong>da</strong> privatizaciissakiTxebs, rac, TavisTavad cxadia, organul kavSirSia ekosistemisbiomravalferovnebis gamoyenebasTan. amasTan nia<strong>da</strong>gmcodneobis institutipasuxismgebelia nia<strong>da</strong>gis eroziuli procesebis monitoringze.Sinagan saqmeTa saministro (ekopolicia) valdebulia Caataros kanoniT akrZalulimeTodebiT biomravalferovnebis resursebis gamoyenebis faqtebis gamovlenisa <strong>da</strong>aRkveTis RonisZiebebi. es pirvel rigSi Seexeba <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis gareTarsebul resursebs.sazRvris <strong>da</strong>cvis saxelmwifo departamentis roli Zalze mniSvnelovania, TugaviTvaliswinebT ekosistemis transsasazRvro aspeqtebs. igi valdebuliagamoavlinos biomravalferovnebis resursebis arakanonieri eqsport-importi.calke gansjis sagania <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis institutebi (pirvelrigSi zoologiis, botanikisa <strong>da</strong> paleobiologiis) <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis saministro,romelTa rolic resursebis gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis sakiTxSi arapir<strong>da</strong>piria, magramsxva zemoCamoTvlil uwyebebze aranakleb mniSvnelovani. ganaTlebis saministros,ekosistemis resursebis gonivruli gamoyenebis droSi mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT,Zalze seriozuli "investoris" funqcia akisria. mecnierebaTa akademiis institutebiki samecniero kvleviTi saqmianobiT un<strong>da</strong> qmnidnen aucilebel bazasbiomravalferovnebis grZelvadiani <strong>konservaciis</strong>aTvis, gansakuTrebiTbiomravalferovnebis iSviaTi elementebis aRdgenisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebis mizniT.monitoringTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli instituciuri koliziaaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis (saministroebi, saxelmwifodepartamentebi, saxelmwifo inspeqciebi <strong>da</strong> amave dros aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis funqciebis matarebeli <strong>da</strong>moukideblad arsebuli saqveuwyebo<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, maregulirebeli komisiebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) funqciebs Soris arsebobsparalelizmisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTga<strong>da</strong>farvis tradiciuli problema, rac saboloo jamSisiZneleebs uqmnis aRniSnul sferoSi kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebis saqmes.funqciaTa ga<strong>da</strong>farva (rac aSkarad gamoikveTa qveTav "kanonmdeblobis analizSi")aris erT-erTi (ara erTaderTi) mizezi imisa, rom dRemde ar arsebobsbiomravalferovnebis monitoringis erTiani sistema saqarTveloSi. paralelizmis67
magaliTad biomravalferovnebis monitoringis Camouyalibebeli sistema gamodgeba,funqciebis urTierTga<strong>da</strong>farva _ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis<strong>da</strong>cvis saministros kaxeTis regionalur ofiss, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> satyeo meurneobissaxelmwifo departamentis sagarejos, dedofliswyaros, gurjaanis, siRnaRisaxmetis, gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raionebis adgilobriv warmomadgenlebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>culiteritoriebis, nakrZalebisa <strong>da</strong> samonadireo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentis,semiaridul ekosistemaSi arsebul <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis uwyebebs Soris, racuamrav samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli xasiaTis siZneles qmnis kanonmdeblobisaRsrulebis sferoSi. amave dros, yvela zemoT CamoTvlili uwyeba awarmoebsbiomravalferovnebis monitorings Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, magram imis gamo,rom ar aris unificirebuli meTodika, didi sxvaobaa statistikur monacemebSi,problemas aRrmavebs isic, rom regioni prfesionali kadrebis simcires ganicdis.biomravalferovnebis monitoringis funqciebi ar aris mkacrad gamijnuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvauwyebebs Soris;seqtori ganicdis profesiuli kadrebis simciresmonitoringis meTodikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebiXX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo biomravalferovenebis Sesaxeb monacemTaSegroveba <strong>da</strong> kvleva akademiis institutebSi, kerZod 1937 wels Siraqis velze<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> botanikuri stacionari, romelic samecniero-kvleviT saqmianobas eweo<strong>da</strong>.mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> mcenareulobis Sesaxeb infromaciisSegroveba <strong>da</strong> analizi. Tumca sabWouri prioritetebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ammravalwliani kvlevebis umTavresi arsi "bunebrivi resursebis a<strong>da</strong>mianiskeTildReobis samsaxurSi Cayeneba" iyo.90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n akademiis institutebTan erTad biomravalferovnebis Sesaxebinformaciis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> analizi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavroboorganizaciebmac <strong>da</strong>iwyes. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> biomravalferovnebis inventarizaciispirveli etapi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> "<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> biomravalferovnebis programismasalebis" gamocemiT, (1996 wlis angariSi), sa<strong>da</strong>c warmodgenilia met-naklebisizustiT Segrovili informacia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.bolo dros saqarTveloSi arsebulma mZime socialur-ekonomikurma pirobebma ZlieruaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina garemoze. qveyanaSi jer kidev Camouyalibebeliasaxelmwifo instuticiuri infrastruqtura. amis gamo izrdeba mosaxleobis miergaremos destruqcia pirveladi moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad.zemoaRniSnuli problemebis gamo sruliad moSlilia kanonis Sesrulebisa <strong>da</strong> maszeze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis sistema. pasuxismgebel organoebs finansebisa <strong>da</strong> kvalificiurikadrebis naklebobis gamo uWirT kanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevebis aRmofxvra. am fonzekatastrofulad Rrmavdeba zewola biomravalferovnebaze. qveyanaSi ar arsebobsgaremos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb monacemTa Segrovebis, Senaxvis <strong>da</strong> analizis68
Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> operatiuli sistema, rac arTulebs realuri mdgomareobisSefasebas <strong>da</strong> momavali tendenciebis prognozirebas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlisoptimaluri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas.problemas arTulebs isic, rom ar arsebobs gansazRvruli monitoringis warmoebiswesi, meTodika <strong>da</strong> angariSgebis forma. biomravalferovnebis monitoringis gareSeSeuZlebelia <strong>da</strong>igegmos nebismieri konservaciuli qmedeba, amitom monitoringiswarmoeba erT-erT pirvelad prioritetad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sferoSi arsebuli situacia, romelicgarkveulwilad ganpirobebulia sabWoTa memkvidreobiT, SeiZleba Semdegnairad<strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT: ar arsebobs biomravalferovnebis monitoringis erTiani sistema;informacia biomravalferovnebis Semadgenel komponentebze grovdeba <strong>da</strong> inaxebasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva uwyebebis mier; ar xdeba monacemebis regularuli gacvla uwyebebsSoris; ar arsebobs momxmareblisaTvis xelmisawvdomi monacemTa kompiuteruli baza;pasuxismgebeli uwyebebi floben mwir informacias biomravalferovnebismonitoringis Tanamedrove meTodikebze (magaliTad, Zalian cota ram aris cnobiliGIS-is sistemebis SesaZleblobebze); imis gamo, rom aRricxvis meTodikaunificirebuli araa, didi sxvaobaa statistikur monacemebSi.amrigad gamoikveTa Semdegi problemebi:ar arsebobs biomravalferovnebis monitoringis warmoebis unificirebuli meTodika;ar arsebobs biomravalferovnebis aRricxvis saerTo unificirebuli sistema, risgamoc monacemebis Segrovebis procesi <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul xasiaTs atarebs <strong>da</strong>instituciur-<strong>da</strong>rgobrivad xorcieldeba;ar xdeba biomravalferovnebis monitoringze pasuxismgebel uwyebebs Sorisinformaciis gacvla;ar arsebobs momxmarebelisTvis xelmisawvdomi monacemTa kompiuteruli baza;Sesabamisi uwyebebi ar floben informacias monitoringis Tanamedrove meTodikisirgvliv.ar mimdinareobs biomravalferovnebis sistemuri monitoringi.69
5.1.2. arasamTavrobo seqtoridReisaTvis saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvelasferoSi monawileoben (garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi, saganmanaTleblo, axalgazrduli,saqvelmoqmedo, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, qalTa, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis, bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> mozardTa,ekonomikuri reformebis <strong>da</strong> sxva).<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo statistikis departamentis 2000 wlis monacemebiTsaqarTveloSi arsebobs 2004 arasmTavrobo organizacia, Tumca, samwuxarod,organizaciebis zusti raodenoba ucnobia. fondi `horozontis~ mier Catarebuligamokvlevebis mixedviT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis garkveuli nawili sakmarisadganviTarebulia.dReisaTvis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi organizaciebis miRwevebSi SeiZlebagamoiyos ori mimarTuleba:1. miRwevebi organizaciul ganviTarebaSi• organizaciuli struqturis srulyofa;• kvalificiuri kadrebis mozidva;• TanamSromlobis <strong>da</strong>myareba saxelmwifo seqtorTan (maTSoris kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba), sxva arasamTavroboorganizaciebTan, saerTaSoriso fondebTan <strong>da</strong>organizaciebTan, masmediasTan;• gawevrianeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTs saerTaSorisoorganizaciebSi.2. miRwevebi uSualod garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTs saqmianobaSi• garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi saxelmZRvaneloebis <strong>da</strong> popularulibroSurebis gamocema;• samecniero <strong>da</strong> konservaciuli saqmianoba;• saerTaSoriso garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi konferenciebis Catareba;• garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi xasiaTis aqciebis mowyoba;• turizmis ganviTarebis modelis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> ekologiuribanakebis mowyoba;fondi `horizontis~ gamokiTxvis monacemebiT, TviTon garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTiorganizaciebis azriT, saqmianobaSi maTTvis prioritetuli mimarTulebebia:• biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba;• bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis mdgradi ganviTarebisxelSewyoba;• ekologiuri ganaTleba;• sazogadoebaSi garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi cnobierebis amaRleba;70
• regionebSi adgilobrivi resurscentrebis <strong>da</strong>arseba <strong>da</strong>xelSewyoba;• <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis SenarCuneba.Tumca ZiriTadi saqmianobis paralelurad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTiorganizaciebi aqtiurad muSoben ganaTlebis, kulturis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, axalgazrdul<strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebze.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqmianobas xels uSlisqveyanaSi arsebuli mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, arasrulyofiligaremos<strong>da</strong>cviTi sakanonmdeblo sistema, bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebissaxelmwifo strategiis ararseboba, naklebi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera saxelmwifosgan,TviT<strong>da</strong>finansebis wyaroebis praqtikulad arqona - es seqtori, rogorczemoaRniSnuli gamokvlevi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, mainc warmoadgens garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi <strong>da</strong> masTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mravali saqmianobis <strong>da</strong>nergvis mZlavr iaraRs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,winamdebare menejmentis gegmac seqtors ganixilavs, rogorc erT-erT mTavar moqmedpirs gegmis mier gansazRvrul saqmianobaTa gansaxorcieleblad.71
instituciur sakiTxTa analizi: reziumear arsebobs raime kanoni an normatiuli aqti, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>ra wesebis <strong>da</strong>cviT un<strong>da</strong> moxdes saZovrebis Warbi gamoyenebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba;ar aris SemuSavebuli tevadobis mixedviT saZovrebis zonireba, romlis mixedviTacSesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> pirutyvis iseTi <strong>da</strong>saSvebi zRvruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis <strong>da</strong>dgena,saZovris tipisa <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> saZovrebismdgrad gamoyenebas;sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli ar aris pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifosazRvris kanonis <strong>da</strong>rRveviT ga<strong>da</strong>kveTasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT;kontrolis efeqturi meqanizmebis ararsebobis gamo mimdinareobs Walis tyeebisaralegaluri utilizacia;sakanondeblo baza biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sferoSi metad mwiri <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>uxvewavia. arsebobs mxolod zogadi debulebebi;biomravalferovnebis monitoringis funqciebi ar aris mkacrad gamijnuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvauwyebebs Soris <strong>da</strong> es seqtori ganicdis profesiuli kadrebis simcires;ar arsebobs biomravalferovnebis monitoringis warmoebis unificirebuli meTodika;ar arsebobs biomravalferovnebis aRricxvis saerTo unificirebuli sistema, risgamoc monacemebis Segrovebis procesi <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul xasiaTs atarebs <strong>da</strong>instituciur-<strong>da</strong>rgobrivad xorcieldeba;biomravalferovnebis monitoringze pasuxismgebel organoebs Soris ar xdebainformaciis gacvla;ar arsebobs momxmarebelisTvis xelmisawvdomi monacemTa kompiuteruli baza;Sesabamisi uwyebebi ar floben informacias monitoringis Tanamedrove meTodikisirgvliv.72
73Tavi meeqvse: menejmentis gegmis mizani <strong>da</strong> amocanebi6
6.1. menejmentis gegmis mizanisaqarTveloSi bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis principebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTtranssasazRvro <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> konservacia qmedebebisfarTo speqtris ganxorcielebis saSualebiT, rac gulisxmobs:- mezobeli qveynebis mier qmedebaTa erTobliv <strong>da</strong>nergvas- samTavrobo, arasamTavrobo <strong>da</strong> biznes - seqtorebis saqmianobaTa koordinirebis<strong>da</strong> qmedebaTa grZelvadiani <strong>da</strong> efeqturi meqanizmebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas <strong>da</strong>- qmedebebis <strong>da</strong>sanergad mdgradi finansuri meqanizmebis Seqmnas6.2. ZiriTadi uaryofiTi faqtorebi, romlebicgavlenas axdenen miznis miRwevaze6.2.1. kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>uxvewaoba <strong>da</strong> kanonis aRsrulebis<strong>da</strong>balefeqturi meqanizmebibolo wlebSi garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi kanonmdeblobis sferoSi miRweuli mniSvnelovaniprogresis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mravali konkretuli sfero arasakmarisad an saerTod arregulirdeba. Tumca ZiriTad problemad isev arsebuli kanonebis aRsruleba rCeba.<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier xelmowerili saerTaSoriso konvenciebi ki arasakamrisa<strong>da</strong>agamyarebuli erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong> xSirad ugulebelyofilia amxelSekrulebebiT nakisri valdebulebebi, gansakuTrebiT adgilobriv doneze.regionis biologiuri resursebis gamoyenebis TavalsazrisiT tradiciuliSexedulebebi zogierT SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad mdgradi gamoyenebis principebzeiyo <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. amis magaliTia Zovebis tradiciuli sistemebi. samwuxarod, esmeTodebi dRes saerTod <strong>da</strong>viwyebulia <strong>da</strong> bolo dekadebSi Camoyalibebuli sistemebimimarTulia saZovrebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> moklevadiani sargeblismiRebisaken. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa sabWoTa periodSi respublikebs Soris sazRvrebisfiqtiurobis gamo, tradiciulad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> situacia, roca mezobeli qveynebismecxvareebi saerTod ugulebelyofdnen saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. saqarTveloSiCamoyalibebulia momTabare mecxvareoba, rac, bunebrivi pirobebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,moiTxovs cxvris yovelwliur ga<strong>da</strong>rekvas zamTrisa <strong>da</strong> zafxulis saZovrebze. samizneekosistema ki praqtikulad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erTaderTi zamTris saZovrebia <strong>da</strong> maTigamoyeneba am mizniT tradiciulad mimdinareobs sxav<strong>da</strong>sxva regionis mecxvareTamier.imis gamo, rom ar xdeba saZovrebze cxvris <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis reulireba, adgili aqvsZlier eroziul procesebs <strong>da</strong> saZovrebis produqtiulobis ganuxrel klebas.regionSi biologiuri resursebis mdgradi gamoyeneba warmoudgenelia brakonierobisaRkveTisa <strong>da</strong> nadirobis mowesrigebis gareSe. saqarTveloSi ukve tradiciul74
Sexeduleba<strong>da</strong>a qceuli, rom saxelmwifoSi arsebuli nadir-frinveli saerTosaxalxosakuTrebaa, romelTa mopoveba SeiZleba praqtikulad yvelgan. amis gamonadirobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis aRsruleba sakmaod did sirTuleebsawydeba Sesabamisi qmediTi makontrolebeli meqanizmebis ararsebobis gamo.6.2.2. arsebuli resursebis simwiresaqarTveloSi ukve arsebobs garkveuli gamocdileba bunebis <strong>konservaciis</strong>a <strong>da</strong>biologiuri resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis sferoSi. Tumca zogierT konkretulsferoSi, gansakuTrebiT ki marTvis sakiTxebSi, sasurvelia ucxoeli eqspertebismozidva <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, adgilobrivi finansuri resursebisnakleboba (praqtikulad ararseboba) erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa nebismierikonservaciuli qmedebisa <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, winamdebare menejmentis gegmaSigansazRvrul qmedebaTa didi nawilis ganxorcieleba, samwuxarod, mTlianad annawilobriv saerTaSoriso an biznes - seqtoris finansur <strong>da</strong>xmarebazea<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.6.2.3. instituciuri SesaZleblobebis simwirewinamdebre menejmentis gegmis miznebis miRweva saWiroebs mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaorganizaciis koordinirebul saqmianobas rogorc erovnul, ise regionalur doneze.am organizaciaTa instituciuri SesaZleblobebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba, rac mWidrokavSirSia TiToeuli maTganis xelT arsebul finansur <strong>da</strong> sakadro resursebsa <strong>da</strong>teqnikur bazasTan. saxelmwifo organizaciaTa umetesobis instituciuriSesaZleblobebi ar iZleva maTi kompetenciis farglebSi saqmianobis efeqturadwarmarTvis saSualebas.6.3. menejmentis gegmis amocanebi1. regionSi miwaTsargeblobis iseTi alternatiuli meTodebis <strong>da</strong>nergva,romlebic ekosistemisa <strong>da</strong> sakvanZo saxeobebis aRdgenas Seuwyobs xels2. <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> sakvanZo saxeobebis aRdgenistranssasazRvro RonisZiebebis Catareba3. biotopebis aRdgeniTi RonisZiebebis Catareba4. regionSi brakonierobis donis <strong>da</strong>wevis xelSewyoba5. grZelvadiani samecniero kvlevebis provocireba regionis masStabiT6. saxelmwifos xelSewyoba monitoringis sistemis Seqmnis saqmeSi7. konservaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>xvewa <strong>da</strong> kanonisaRsrulebis provocireba75
8. adrministraciul raionebSi farTomasStabiani saganmanaTleblo saqmianobisgaSla9. <strong>konservaciis</strong> specialuri finansuri instrumentis Seqmna <strong>ekosistemebis</strong>konservaciaSi CarTuli moqmedi pirebis ("sTeiqholderebis") maqsimaluriCarTvisaTvis76
77Tavi meSvide: samoqmedo gegma – ra un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes7
7.1. menejmentis saxeebi <strong>da</strong> qmedebebi (proeqtebi) amocanebisganxorcielebisaTvisTavisTavad cxadia, rom amocanebis <strong>da</strong>nergvisaTvis menejmentis gegmis mieridentificirebuli problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>mWreli qmedebebi uamravia. amitom isinifunqciurad SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>jgufdes menejmentis garkveul kategoriebad("saxeebad"). magaliTad, is sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qmedeba, romlis Sedegic moemsaxurebasaxeobaTa populaciebis gajansaRebas, SesaZloa gaerTiandes saerTo funqciurisaTauriT "saxeobaTa menejmenti", xolo yvela im qmedebis nakrebi, romelicmoemsaxureba mag., biotopebis gajansaRebas, gaerTiandes "biotopebis menejmentSi".sul gamoiyo menejmentis Semdegi saxeebi:- biotopebis menejmenti- samecniero kvlevaTa menejmenti- saxeobebis menejmenti- instituciuri menejmenti- sakanonmdeblo sakiTxTa menejmenti- ekologiuri ganaTlebis menejmenti7.2. biotopebis menejmentibiotopebis menejmentis sworad ganxorcielebisaTvis pirvel rigSi un<strong>da</strong> moxdesspecialuri <strong>da</strong> mizanmimarTuli kvlevis Catareba, yvela im monacemis obieqtura<strong>da</strong>Reba <strong>da</strong> rukaze <strong>da</strong>tana, romlebic mniSvnelovania am TvalsazrisiT. es rukebiperiodulad un<strong>da</strong> ganaxldes, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva monacemis cvlilebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvakanonzomiereba aqvs. Taviseburi dinamikiT icvlebian miwis mflobelebi. es bevra<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli instituciuri mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> kanomdeblobis cvlilebebze.naxevaru<strong>da</strong>bno <strong>da</strong> stepiam biotopebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gamokveTili problemebis <strong>da</strong>saregulireblad saWiroaSemdegi ZiriTadi RonisZiebebis gatareba:- mcenareuli safris swrafi fitoinJinruli aRdgeniTi meTodikis SerCeva <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>nergva- Zovebis <strong>da</strong>saSvebi <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> regulireba- xelovnuri xanZrebis gavlenis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> menejmenti- kvleva <strong>da</strong> monitoringinaTeli tyeam biotopTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gamokveTili problemebis <strong>da</strong>saregulireblad saWiroaSemdegi ZiriTadi qmedebebis Catareba:- Wris aRkveTa78
- degradirebis procesebis <strong>da</strong> anTropogenuri suqcesiebis SeCereba- xanZrebis aRkveTa- kvleva <strong>da</strong> monitoringiSeniSvna: proeqtis mier Catarebuli eqspediciebis procesSi aRmoCenil iqnareliqturi naTeli tye el<strong>da</strong>ris qedze. saWiroa am adgilis <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTiSeswavla, tyeTmowyobis Catareba, sruli inventarizacia. Tavisi unikalurobis gamoes adgili un<strong>da</strong> gamocxaddes Sesabamisi kategoriis <strong>da</strong>cul teritoriad.Wala (tugai)am biotopTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gamokveTili problemebis <strong>da</strong>saregulireblad saWiroaSemdegi ZiriTadi RonisZiebebis gatareba:- hidrologiuri kvlevis Catareba- mdinaris hidrologiuri reJimis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> wyalsacavis funqcionirebisregulireba- xanZrebis aRkveTa- samonadireo meurneobebis Seqmna- <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis gafarToeba <strong>da</strong> maTi reJimis <strong>da</strong>cva/gamkacreba.proeqtebi:degradirebuli cenozebis aRdgenasamonadireo meurneobebis SeqmnamdinareTa hidrologiuri reJimis problemis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi aRdgena7.3. saxeobebis menejmentiTavisTavad cxadia, rom resursebis (finansuri, instituciuri <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri)simwiris gamo verc erTi menejmentis gegma ver moicavs ekosistemaSi gavrcelebuliyvela saxeobas. amitom winamdebare dokumentiT gansazRvrulia e.w. sakvanZosaxeobebis menejmentis strategia. <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> proeqtma Camoayalibaekosistemis sakvanZo saxeobebis gamosavleni kriteriumebi:1. iSviaTi saxeobebi (EN)2. qolga saxeobebi (US)3. indikatori saxeobebi (IS)4. "problemuri" saxeobebi (PS)5. ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani saxeobebi (EV)79
warmodgenil calkeul kriteriums regionSi gavrcelebuli saxeobebi<strong>da</strong>n, ra Tqmaun<strong>da</strong>, bevri akmayofilebs. amitom gamoiyo is saxeobebi (<strong>da</strong> erTi rigi), romlebiczemoxsenebuli kriteriumebi<strong>da</strong>n akmayofileben minimum sams. aseTebia:saxeobamura <strong>da</strong>Tvi (Ursus arctos)mgeli (Canis lupus)qurciki (Gazella subgutturosa)zolebiani afTari (Hyaena hyaena)focxveri (Lynx lynx)keTilSobili iremi (Cervus elaphus)giurza (Vipera lebettina)xelfrTianTa rigi (Chiroptera)rigi qaTmisnairni (Galliformes)kriteriumebiEV, EN, US, PSUS, PS, ISEV, EN, USEN, PS, USEN, PS, USEV, EN, USEV, EN, PSEN, IS, PSEV, EN, ISam saxeobaTa menejmenti SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>vyoT Semdeg ZiriTad qvesaxebad:1. In-situ menejmenti (qvemoT moyvanili qmedebebis gar<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobssaganmanaTleblo saqmianobis farTo integrirebas <strong>da</strong> mezobel qveynebTanqmedebaTa aqtiur koordinacias)2. Ex-situ menejmenti3. mdgradi gamoyeneba (igulisxmeba misi erT-erTi saxis, samonadireomeurneobis ganviTareba)amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom es sakvanZo saxeobebi moicaven ekosistemis TiTqmisyvela biotops <strong>da</strong> maT mimarT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi iribad imoqmedebsekosistemaSi gavrcelebuli yvela sxva saxeobis met-nakleb konservaciasa <strong>da</strong>mdgrad gamoyenebaze.saxeobamura <strong>da</strong>Tvi (Ursus arctos)menejmentis qvesaxeIn-situ: samigracio gzebis <strong>da</strong>cva, biotopisaRdgenamgeli (Canis lupus)In-situ: samigracio gzebis <strong>da</strong>cva, biotopisaRdgenaqurciki (Gazella subgutturosa)In-situ: biotopis aRdgena, samigracio gzebis<strong>da</strong>cva, reintroduqcia <strong>da</strong> translocirebulipopulaciis mkacri <strong>da</strong>cvaEx-situ: RonisZieba <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi restokingi,rogorc In-situ-Si gaerTianebuli qmedebebis<strong>da</strong>mxmare gza80
zolebiani afTari (Hyaena hyaena)In-situ: sakvebi bazis aRdgena, biotopis aRdgena,samigracio gzebis <strong>da</strong>cva, reintroduqcia <strong>da</strong>translocirebuli populaciis mkacri <strong>da</strong>cvaEx-situ: RonisZieba <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi restokingi,rogorc In-situ-Si gaerTianebuli qmedebebis<strong>da</strong>mxmare gzafocxveri (Lynx lynx)keTilSobili iremi (Cervuselaphus)giurza (Vipera lebettina)xelfrTianTa rigi (Chiroptera)rigi qaTmisnairni (Galliformes)In-situ: biotopis aRdgena, samigracio gzebis<strong>da</strong>cva, mkacri <strong>da</strong>cvaIn-situ: biotopis aRdgena, mkacri <strong>da</strong>cvaEx-situ: restokingiIn-situ: biotopebis <strong>da</strong>cva, komerciuli miznebiTukanono mopovebis aRkveTaIn-situ: biotopebis <strong>da</strong>cva, samigracio gzebis<strong>da</strong>cva, TavSesafris <strong>da</strong>cvaIn-situ: biotopebis <strong>da</strong>cvaEx-situ: samonadireo meurneoba, restokingiSeniSvna: radgan saxeobebis menejmenti <strong>da</strong> samecniero kvlevis menejmenti mWidrokorelaciaSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan, am qveTavis proeqtebi gaerTianebulia SemdegiqveTavis proeqtebTan7.4. samecniero kvlevaTa menejmentisamecniero kvlevebis menejmenti moicavs or qvesaxes:1. samecniero kvlevebisa <strong>da</strong> monitoringis warmoeba2. konkretuli samecniero skolebis aRorZineba Sesabamisi samecniero kvlevebisxelSewyobis saSualebiTsamecniero kvlevebi emsaxureba arsebuli TeTri laqebis Sevsebas. aq igulisxmebaaqamde naklebad gamokvleuli jgufebis Seswavla (an im jgufebisa, romelTaSesaxebac monacemebi ar ganaxlebula didi xnis ganmavlobaSi), fenomenebismecnieruli Seswavla, agreTve konservaciuli qmedebebis <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba.am tipis kvlevebs miekuTvneba:81
• xelfrTianebis saxeobrivi Semadgenlobis <strong>da</strong>zusteba, bioekologiisa <strong>da</strong>mdgomareobis Seswavla)• garemos mimarT a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis qceviTi meqanizmebis Seswavla• mRrRnelebis saxeobrivi Semadgenlobisa <strong>da</strong> ricxovnobis <strong>da</strong>zusteba• kvernisnairTa (gansakuTrebiT Lutra lutra) biologiis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis <strong>da</strong>dgena• leSiWamia frinvelebis kompleqsis Seswavla• uxerxemloTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis inventarizacia/reinventarizacia• ekosistemis msxvili mtaceblebis, Cliqosnebisa <strong>da</strong> indikatoruli saxeobebisTanasazogadoebaTa ekologiuri kvlevebi• ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myofi saxeobebis kvleva, konservaciiuli qmedebebismecnieruli safuZvlebis SemuSaveba (Gazella subgutturosa, Hyaena hyaena, Cervuselaphus) <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>konservaciis</strong> <strong>da</strong>gegmva• invaziuri saxeobebis Seswavla–bioekologia <strong>da</strong> gavlena ekosistemazesamecniero skolebis aRorZineba pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs saqarTveloSiiqtiologiuri <strong>da</strong> herpetologiuri skolebis aRorZinebas mezobeli qveynebisa Tusxva ucxoeli eqspertebis samecniero kvleviTs programebSi CarTvis gziT.menejmentis am qvesaxis pirveladi moTxovnaa adgilobrivi axalgazr<strong>da</strong>specialistebis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba praqtikul samuSaoebSi.proeqtebisamonadireo meurneobis pilot-proeqtis <strong>da</strong>srulebauaxloes warsulSi ga<strong>da</strong>Senebuli an ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras misuli saxeobebis (jeirani, zolebiani afTari,keTilSobili iremi) populaciis samecniero kvleva/aRdgenasakvanZo saxeobebis konservaciuli qmedebebis ganxorcielebasaxeobaTa ekologiis samecniero kvlevebis provocireba: uxerxemloebi, Tevzebi, qvewarmavlebi,wvrili ZuZumwovrebi, frinvelTa Tanasazogadoebani7.5. instituciuri menejmenti• adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis gaZliereba/treiningebi• finansuri meqanizmebis Seqmna• monitoringis sistema• <strong>da</strong>culi tertoriebis (aRkveTilebis) gaZlierebaproeqti:uwyebaTSorisi strategiuli SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong> biomravalferovnebis monitoringis sistemis samodelovariantis <strong>da</strong>nergva82
7.6. sakanonmdeblo sakiTxTa menejmenti• arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Zireuli <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcveli analizi• kanonproeqtebis <strong>da</strong> normatiuli aqtebis SemuSaveba, sazogadoebrivi ganxilva,miReba Sesabamis doneebze• kanonis amuSavebis meqanizmebis Ziebaproeqtebi:kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>xvewakanonis aRsrulebis alternatiuli gzebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> sanimuSo magaliTebis <strong>da</strong>nergva7.7. ekologiuri ganaTlebis menejmentiregionSi garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi cnobiereba Zalze <strong>da</strong>balia, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ekologiuriproblematikisadmi ar aris seriozuli. arsebuli situaciis gamosasworebladsaWiroa aqtiuri koordinirebuli TanamSromloba yvela doneze, raTaganxorcieldes:a) aqtiuri saganmanaTleblo-sainformacio qmedebebi;b) gansakuTrebuli (specifikuri) qmedebebi, romlebic moicavs qmedebebsga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis mimRebTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n;g) ekologiuri cnobierebis asamaRlebeli publikaciebis gamoSveba.qmedebebi: saswavlo programebis modernizeba. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kanoniT garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisSesaxeb gansazRvrulia, rom: garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi ganaTleba moicavs skolamdeli, sabazo,saSualo, profesiuli <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis etapebs; garemos <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> misiresursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb codnis minimumis <strong>da</strong>uflebauzrunvelyofilia saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis saswavlo programiT; saSualoprofesiul <strong>da</strong> umaRles saswavleblebSi gansazRvrulia garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis marTvis,ekologiisa <strong>da</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi profilis sxva sagnebis specialuri kursiTswavleba. samwuxarod, kanonis es moTxovna an ar sruldeba, an sruldeba ise, romSedegi ar moaqvs.un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas axali programebi, xolo maT safuZvelze saxelmZRvaneloebi,romlebSic mocemuli iqneba konservaciuli biologiis safuZvlebi, Tanamedroveekologiuri problemebi <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi. sakmarisi araris sxva mowinave qveynebis saxelmZRvaneloebis Targmna. saWiroa maTi gamocdilebissafuZvelze Seiqmnas originaluri saswavlo literatura, romelic gamdidrebuliiqneba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> magaliTebiT.• modernizebuli programebi skolamdeli, sabazo, saSualo, profesiuli<strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>mxmare <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadisaxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna.83
• trening- <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programebis ganxorcieleba saxelmwifomoxeleTaTvis, <strong>da</strong>mxmare saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna.• trening- <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programebis ganxorcieleba masmediisaTvisadgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis CarTva garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTs saganmanaTleblosaqmianobaSi. popularuli publikaciebis gamocema am Temaze, araperioduligazeTebis gamocema adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis.proeqti:ZiriTadi adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli pirebisaTvis mizanmimarTuli saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong> treningprogramebis ganxorcielebaadgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamaumjobesebeli proeqtebis<strong>da</strong>nergva84
Tavi merve: menejmentis gegmis 85 <strong>da</strong>nergvis strategia8
8.1. menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis meTodika8.1.1. zogadi midgomasaqarTveloSi arsebobs sakmarisad didi gamocdileba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis menejmentisgegmebis Sedgenisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTma umravlesobam ver pova srulfasovani<strong>da</strong>nergva. am fenomenis analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa ZiriTadi mizezi, romlisgaTvaliswinebas <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> menejmentis gegmisSedgenisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba mieniWa. es aris aseTi tipis menejmentisgegmisaTvis saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>finansebis praqtikulad ararseboba <strong>da</strong> uaxloesi wlebismanZilze am sakiTxis gamosworebis perspeqtivis uqonloba. cxadia, <strong>da</strong>isva kiTxva:ra un<strong>da</strong> movimoqmedoT, rodesac arsebuli garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrasamizne ekosistemaSi ga<strong>da</strong>udebel aucileblobad iqca, xolo saxelmwifos am etapzepraqtikulad araviTari finansuri saSualeba ar aqvs, rom ga<strong>da</strong>Wras isini?yovelive zemoTqmulze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, proeqti Seeca<strong>da</strong> gamoeZebna iseTialternatiuli saSualebebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs menejmentis gegmis metnaklebadsrulad <strong>da</strong>nergvas misi moqmedebis mTel periodSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmarebasaxelmwifos misi SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis sferoSi. gamoiyo erTi ZiriTadisakiTxi:vin ganaxorcielebs menejmentis gegmas <strong>da</strong> ra saxsrebiTganxorcieldeba igiaq mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom menejmentis gegmis mier identificirebuliproeqtebis didi nawili ar Sedis romelime erTi organizaciis (maT Soris<strong>ariduli</strong> proeqtis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciis, saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong>samecniero-kvleviTi centris – NACRES) moqmedebis man<strong>da</strong>tsa <strong>da</strong> kompetenciaSi.Tumca saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centrs aqvs sakmarisad naTladCamoyalibebuli interesebis sfero, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi miiCnevs, rom SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>exmarossaxelmwifos. amitom, proeqtebi <strong>da</strong>nergvis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>iyo or pirobiT tipad:- I tipis proeqtebi, romelTa erToblivi <strong>da</strong>nergva xelewifebaT saxeobaTa<strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centrs <strong>da</strong> mTavrobas- II tipis proeqtebi, romelTa erToblivi <strong>da</strong>nergva xelewifebaT sxvaspecializebul institutebsa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobasI tipis proeqtebs ganekuTvneba Semdegi:• samonadireo meurneobis pilot-proeqtis <strong>da</strong>sruleba86
• uaxloes warsulSi ga<strong>da</strong>Senebuli an ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras misulisaxeobebis (jeirani, zolebiani afTari, keTilSobili iremi, siriulimyvari) populaciis samecniero kvleva/aRdgena• sakvanZo saxeobebis konservaciuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba• uwyebaTSorisi strategiuli SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong> biomravalferovnebismonitoringis sistemis samodelo variantis <strong>da</strong>nergvaam proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>sanergavad saWiro Tanxebis garkveuli nawili ukve moZiebulia.aseve mimdinare proeqtis biujetiT gansazRvrulia garkveuli Tanxebi zogierTizemoxsenebuli proeqtisaTvis (mag., samonadireo meurneoba, monitoringis sistema,gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi). mimdinareobs paraleluri muSaoba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi TanxebismoZiebisaTvis.yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni proeqtis (II tipi) <strong>da</strong>sanergavad menejmentis gegmam erT-erTyvelaze qmediT gzad miiCnia specialuri grantebis gamcemi programis Camoyalibeba.grantebis programis xangrZlivoba <strong>da</strong>emTxveva menejmentis gegmis moqmedebis mTelsperiods. es gza miT ufro mniSvnelovnad warmogvidgeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, romekosistemaSi problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>mWreli qmedebebis <strong>da</strong>nergvisaTvis <strong>da</strong>finansebis mimRebi(recipienti) SesaZloa iyos nebismieri iuridiuli/kerZo piri nebismieriseqtorebi<strong>da</strong>n (gamonakliss warmoadgens saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTicentri <strong>da</strong> misi wevrebi, romlebic ar arian uflebamosilni, miiRon monawileobagrantebis konkursSi), magaliTad:seqtori 1: fizikuri pirebi (sainiciativo jgufebi)seqtori 2: samTavrobo organizaciebiseqtori 3: arasamewarmeo kavSirebi (arasamTavrobo organizaciebi)seqtori 4: samecniero-kvleviTi institutebiseqtori 5: saxelmwifo saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebiseqtori 6: biznesis seqtoriseqtori 7: saerTaSoriso organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.anu aq moyvanilia yvela is sfero, romelic Tavisi instituciuri SinaarsiTyvelaze axlos idgeba (<strong>da</strong> instituciurad yvelaze ukeT SeeZleba)identificirebuli problem(eb)is ga<strong>da</strong>Wra. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelazemoxsenebuli seqtori<strong>da</strong>n prioriteti mieniWeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobiswarmomadgenlebs. yovelive es saSualebas iZleva movicvaT problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wrazeorientirebuli organizaciebis farTo speqtri <strong>da</strong> procesis TavSive vigulisxmoTadgilobrivi mosaxleobis monawileobis aucilebloba.menejmentis gegmis mier gansazRvruli qmedebebi, Tematikis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, <strong>da</strong>amavdroulad maTi <strong>da</strong>nergvis prioritetulobis/arsebuli Tanxebis mixedviT,SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT sam kategoriad.a) proeqtebi, romlebic SesaZloa ganxorcieldes semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemis<strong>konservaciis</strong> proeqtSi arsebuli Tanxebis gamoyenebiT87
)proeqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iwyos arsebuli Tanxebis gamoyenebiT, magramsaWiroeben Tana<strong>da</strong>finansebasg) esaWiroebaT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>finanseba8.2.2. procesis zogadi aRweraI tipis proeqtebiam proeqtebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia intensiuri specializebuli kvleviTi savelesamuSaoebi, saswavlo turebi, konkretuli aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, publikaciebi <strong>da</strong>a.S.II tipis proeqtebi: biomravalferovnebis saerTaSoriso fondi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> proeqtis aRmasrulebeliorganizaciis mier <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli organizacia - biomravalferovnebissaerTaSoriso fondi. es aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli samarTlis subieqti (registraciis #672), romelic miznobrivi grantebis gacemis saSualebiT agvarebs samxreT kavkasiisbiomravalferovnebis winaSe warmoqmnil problemebs. fondi warmoadgens dinamiuristruqturis organizacias. es niSnavs, rom fondis farglebSi, saWiroebis mixedviT,iqmneba, <strong>da</strong> miznis miRwevisas uqmdeba, specialuri grantebis programebi. grantebisprogramebi efuZneba im prioritetebs, romlebsac gansazRvraven regionis mTavrobebi,saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri, TviT fondi, <strong>da</strong> aseve samxreTkavkasiis sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. prioritetebis gansazRvras win un<strong>da</strong>uswrebdes regionSi biomravalferovnebis problematikis safuZvliani <strong>da</strong>yovlismomcveli Seswavla. dResdReobiT fondSi muSaobas iwyebs samecnierograntebis programa, romlis ZiriTadi mizania fizikuri pirebis, samecnierojgufebis, umaRlesi saswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> akademiuri seqtoris <strong>da</strong> arasamTavroboorganizaciebis mcire grantebiT <strong>da</strong>finanseba kavkasiaSi fun<strong>da</strong>menturi <strong>da</strong>gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis ganviTarebisTvis xelis Sewyobis mizniT.zemoxsenebuli logikiT, winamdebare menejmentis gegma warmoadgens konkretulregionSi (aridul <strong>da</strong> semiaridul zonaSi) biomravalferovnebis problematikisyovlismomcveli Seswavlis produqts, romelic mowonebulia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>mTavrobis mier <strong>da</strong> mWidro kavSirSia biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvisaken mimarTulerovnul prioritetebTan, saxelmwifo moqmedebaTa gegmebTan <strong>da</strong> programebTan(NEAP, BSAP, samTavrobaTSoriso xelSekrulebebi somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanisrespublikebTan, qveyanaSi mimdinare sxva proeqtebTan <strong>da</strong> programebTan, maT SorisNew REC-is iniciativa, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ganviTarebis programa(WB/GEF) <strong>da</strong> a.S.). amitom, fondSi Seiqmneba <strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemismenejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis finansuri instrumenti: grantebis specialuriprograma, romlis muSaobis xangrZlivoba <strong>da</strong>emTxveva menejmentis gegmis moqmedebisperiods.88
<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> grantebis programaprogramis struqtura fondis SigniT Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:fondis gamgeobaadministraciagrantebissamecnieroprograma<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong><strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong>programagrantebis sxvaprograma(ebi)grantebis gamcemikomisiaprogramis teqnikuriStatifondis mier <strong>ariduli</strong> ekosistemis <strong>konservaciis</strong> programis grantebi gaicemamenejmentis gegmis mier gansazRvruli qmedebebis (e.w. qveproeqtebis) koncefciebisbazaze.qmedebebis (qveproeqtebis) koncefciebiqveproeqtebis koncefcia warmoadgens erT (maqsimum or) furclian, stan<strong>da</strong>rtulicxrilis saxis dokuments, romelic Seqmnilia globaluri garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi fondissaSualo zomis grantis misaRebi proeqtis koncefciis (GEF Medium Sized GrantConcept paper) logikiT. es dokumenti warmoadgens menejmentis gegmis amocanebismisaRwevad gansazRvruli qmedebis (qveproeqtis) ZiriTad arss <strong>da</strong> masSi aRniSnuliafondi<strong>da</strong>n am qmedebis <strong>da</strong>nergvisaTvis gamoyofili maqsimaluri biujeti.89
Tavi mecxre: <strong>da</strong>mnergavi struqturebi991
9.1. menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>mnergavi struqturebimenejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis samuSao programa Sedgeba Semdegi etapebisagan:a) proeqtebis mosamzadebeli etapi (arc erTi proeqtisaTvis ar aRemateba 6Tves)b) proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis etapi (ar aRemateba 7 wels)menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis struqtura Semdegnaira<strong>da</strong>a gansazRvruli:- menejmentis gegmis meurveTa sabWo- menejmentis gegmis ganmaxorcielebeli struqturameurveTa sabWo<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>da</strong> semi<strong>ariduli</strong> <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> <strong>konservaciis</strong> proeqts hyavs TavisimeurveTa sabWo, romlis Semadgenloba ganisazRvra proeqtis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong> misi<strong>da</strong>kompleqteba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iyo proeqtis <strong>da</strong>nergvisaTvis mniSvnelovaniiuridiuli Tu kerZo pirebis gaTvaliswinebaze. radgan menejmentis gegmaTavisTavad ukve sxva instituciuri iniciativaa, amave dros ufro kompleqsuri<strong>da</strong> droSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gaWimuli saqmianobaa, vidre semi<strong>ariduli</strong> proeqti, saWiroamisi <strong>da</strong>nergvis meurveTa axali sabWos Camoyalibeba.meurveTa sabWo Seikribeba minimum weliwadSi erTxel <strong>da</strong> misi ZiriTadifunqciebi iqneba menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis Tvalis devneba, saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi zogadi strategiis <strong>da</strong>xvewa/cvlilebebis Setana <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSimimdinare biomravvalferovnebis proeqtebis urTierTga<strong>da</strong>farvisagan <strong>da</strong>cvisgarantia.menejmentis gegmis meurveTa sabWos Semadgenlobis <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebisasgaTvaliswinebulia proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovaniinstitutebi: mTavrobebi, ZiriTadi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis institutebi, regionuli grantebis gamcemi fondebi, erovnuliproeqtebi. am speqtri<strong>da</strong>n winaswar SerCeulia Semdegi saagentoebi, romelTac<strong>da</strong>egzavnebaT meurveTa sabWoSi gawevrianebis Sesabamisi moTxovna mTavrobis miermenejmentis gegmis mowonebis Semdeg:1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro2. gaeros ganviTarebis programa3. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> soflis meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTis saministro4. msoflio bankis <strong>da</strong>culi teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqti5. bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio fondi6. raionebis gamgeobebi7. azerbaijanis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro8. somxeTis garemos <strong>da</strong>cvis saministro92
9. saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri10. amierkavkasiis biomravalferovnebis fondi11. fondi horizonti12. evraziis fondis samxreT kavkasiis TanamSromlobis programa13. samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi centrimenejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>mnergavi struqturaes struqtura, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ZiriTadi sami ganmaxorcielebelipartniorisagan iqneba Sedgenili:- <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> garemosa <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi resursebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saministros Sesabamisidepartamenti- saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri- biomravalferovnebis saerTaSoriso fondi9.2. mosamzadebeli etapimenejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis meurveTa sabWos Camoyalibebaam sakiTxis mosamzadebeli etapi ar aRemateba 3-4 Tves menejmentis gegmis<strong>da</strong>nergvis oficialuri <strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> moicavs Sesabamisi uwyebebisaganTanxmobebis miRebas, sabWos samuSao (araoficialuri) debulebis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>mtkicebas.menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>mnergavi struqturis Camoyalibebamosamzadebeli etapi moicavs am sam ganmaxorcielebel organizacias Sorismemorandumis momzadebas <strong>da</strong> mis xelmoweras. memorandumis ZiriTadi idea iqnebaiseTi sakiTxebis detalizacia <strong>da</strong> dokumenturi asaxva, rogoricaa:- kompetenciaTa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobaTa ganawileba- ekosistemis menejmentis urTierTharmonizebuli samoqmedo gegmisdetalizacia- meurveTa sabWosadmi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebisadmi angariSis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> Cabareba- <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Tanxebis moZiebis kompetenciaTa ganawilebaam sakiTxis mosamzadebeli etapi ar aRemateba 6 Tves menejmentis gegmis<strong>da</strong>nergvis oficialuri <strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n.menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>mnergav struqturaSi Semavali organizaciebi erTmaneTsxvdebian minimum weliwadSi orjer9.3. <strong>da</strong>nergvis etapi93
- menejmentis gegmis I tipis proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba, proeqtebis monitoringi,Sedegebis Sefaseba, Sedegebis sazogadoebriobisadmi wardgena- II tipis proeqtebze grantebis programis gamocxadeba, grantebis gacema,<strong>da</strong>nergvis monitoringi, Sedegebis Sefaseba, Sedegebis sazogadoebriobisadmiwardgena- meurveTa sabWos wliuri Sexvedrebi- <strong>da</strong>mnergavi organizaciebis Sexvedrebi9.4 samuSao programis droSi ganawilebis cxriliqmedeba/welimosamzadebelietapimeurveTa sabWosSexvedra<strong>da</strong>mnergavi org-ebisSexvedrebigrantebis programisgamocxadebamenejmentis gegmis wliuriangariSebiadgilobrivi mosaxleobiscnobierebis amaRlebisadmimiZRvnili qmedebebis seriadegradirebuli cenozebisaRdgeniTi proeqtebis<strong>da</strong>nergvasamonadireo meurneobisxelSewyobisa <strong>da</strong>monitoringis proeqtis<strong>da</strong>nergvaga<strong>da</strong>Senebul saxeobaTaaRdgenis proeqtis <strong>da</strong>nergvasakvanZo saxeobebiskonservaciuli qmedebebisganxorcielebasaxeobaTa ekologiissamecniero-kvleviTiproeqtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvabiomravalferovnebismonitoringis samodeloproeqtis <strong>da</strong>nergvaI II III IV V VI VII94
kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>xvewisproeqtis <strong>da</strong>nergvakanonis aRsrulebisalternatiuli gzebisSemuSavebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergvissanimuSo magaliTebisproeqtis ganxorcieleba95
Tavi meaTe: monitoringi <strong>da</strong> Sefaseba1096
10.1. menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis monitoringisa <strong>da</strong>Sefasebis zogadi procedurebiganmaxorcielebeli struqturis mier meurveTa sabWosadmi miwodebuli informaciisbazaze sruldeba menejmentis gegmis <strong>da</strong>nergvis Sedegebis mimoxilva. miwodebuldokumentaciaSi aisaxeba ukve Sesrulebuli samuSaos, monitoringisa <strong>da</strong> gamokvlevisSedegebi. sabWos mier gamoiTqmeba werilobiTi kmayofileba an piriqiT. saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi sabWos mier isaxeba gegmis cvlilebebis strategia. es procesiCveulebriv gansazRvrulia erTi wlis periodiT <strong>da</strong> igi emTxveva meurveTa sabWosSexvedrebs. igi miznad isaxavs, imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, rom:- ekosistemebi imarTeba gegmis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad- menejmentis gegmis amocanebi miRweulia <strong>da</strong> isini kvlav marTebulia97
98Tavi meTerTmete: <strong>da</strong>narTebi11
centris misia<strong>da</strong>narTi 1.saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri"saxeobaTa <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi centri” (NACRES) warmoadgensarasamTavrobo, arakomerciul samecniero-kvleviT organizacias, romelic Seiqmna1989 wels. misi ZiriTadi mizania Seiswavlos cxovelTa qceva <strong>da</strong> ekologia,SeimuSaos iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myof cxovelTa saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong>aRdgenis meTodebi, xeli Seuwyos mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRlebas veluribunebis <strong>konservaciis</strong> saqmeSi.1994 wels NACRES gax<strong>da</strong> bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio kavSiris (IUCN) wevri.prioritetebi• iSviaT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis piras myof cxovelTa saxeobebis Seswavla;• safrTxis winaSe myof saxeobaTa genofondis rezervatis Seqmna;• saxeobaTa aRdgena bunebrivi procesebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa <strong>da</strong> tyveobaSi gazrdilindividTa reintroduqcis gziT;• <strong>ekosistemebis</strong> konservacia;• garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi ganaTleba;• biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel<strong>da</strong> biznes seqtorebTan TanamSromloba.ZiriTadi saqmianobav veluri bunebis <strong>konservaciis</strong> samecniero safuZvlebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebisSemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergva (magaliTad, tyveobaSi gazrdil ZuZumwovarTa bunebaSireintroduqciis meTodi);v calkeul saxeobebsa <strong>da</strong> ekosistemebze orientirebuli proeqtebisganxorcieleba kavkasiaSi;v sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis ekosaganmanaTleblo saqmianoba;v TanamSromloba kavkasiis (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis)garemos<strong>da</strong>cviT institutebTan;v TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso samecniero <strong>da</strong> garemos<strong>da</strong>cviT arasamTavroboorganizaciebTan;v biomravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>cvis erovnuli programebis ganxorcieleba;v garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi normatiuli aqtebis proeqtebis SemuSaveba; parlamentisa <strong>da</strong>mTavrobis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemos<strong>da</strong>cviTi konvenciebisa <strong>da</strong>SeTanxmebebis xelmosawerad (CITES, Bonn Convention, AEWA, ACOBAMS, BatAgreement);99
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