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ana kldiaSvili<br />
nino RaRaniZe<br />
Tamar jayeli<br />
xelovneba<br />
VII klasi<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
klio<br />
2009
edaqtori — nana kupraSvili<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro<br />
akademiis profesori,<br />
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori
civilizaciebi1<br />
Zveli
4<br />
1 uZvelesi<br />
ras gavixsenebT:<br />
• fondegomis da altamiras<br />
gamoqvabulebis mxatvrobas.<br />
• gaixseneT sad<br />
aRmoCnda uZvelesi<br />
adaminis naxatebi?<br />
• ra iyo gamosaxuli<br />
maTze?<br />
• aRwere aq warmodgenili<br />
scena.<br />
• Seni azriT, ra Sinaarsis<br />
scenaa aq gamosaxuli?<br />
tasili. gamoqvabulis<br />
mxatvroba. Crd. afrika.<br />
?<br />
• daakvirdiT TrialeTis<br />
petroglifebs.<br />
aRwereT isini.<br />
• Tqveni azriT,<br />
vin arian aq warmodgenili<br />
adamianebi?<br />
?<br />
?<br />
adamianis<br />
naxatebi<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
raze xatavdnen Zveli adamianebi?<br />
riT xatavdnen da ras xatavdnen isini?<br />
rogor gamosaxavdnen Zveli adamianebi sakuTar Tavs?<br />
sad gvxvdeba uZvelesi adamianebis gamosaxulebebi?<br />
1. TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia,<br />
rom uZvelesi adamianebi<br />
TavianTi sadgomebis<br />
gamosaxulebebis kedlebs<br />
naxatebiT amkobdnen.<br />
2. uZvelesi adamiani Tavisi<br />
naxatebis Sesaqmnelad<br />
bunebriv masalas iyenebda:<br />
es iyo naxSiri, mineralebi,<br />
mcenareebis fesvebi da sxv.<br />
gamoqvabulis kedelze isini<br />
xeliT an sagangebod Seqmnili<br />
”funjiT” gadahqonda.<br />
Zvalze wamocmuli gareuli<br />
cxovelis bewvi funjis<br />
funqcias asrulebda. sa<br />
RebaviT uZvelesi adamiani<br />
gamosaxulebis kontursac<br />
moxazavda da mTel figurasac<br />
feravda.<br />
tasili. gamoqvabulis<br />
mxatvroba. Crd. afrika.<br />
3. Tavdapirvelad adamiani cxovelTa gamosaxulebebs<br />
xatavda, odnav mogvianebiT ki adamianebis gamosaxulebebic<br />
gaCnda.<br />
nadiroba uZvelesi adamianisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
aqti iyo. amiT igi sarCosabadebels moipovebda. cnobilia,<br />
rom nadirobis win Zveli adamianebi sagangebo ritualebs<br />
asrulebdnen, raTa warmatebiT moenadirebinaT<br />
cxovelebi.<br />
TrialeTis petroglifebi. saqarTvelo.
4. Tu daakvirdebiT tasilis uZvelesi adamianis mier<br />
daxatul figurebs, aSkarad dainaxavT, rom isini Zalze<br />
moZravni da cocxalni arian. figurebs xelSi mSvildisrebi<br />
uWiravT, cxovelebs umizneben da aqtiurad moZraoben,<br />
TiTqos cekvaven.<br />
figurebi Zalze martivadaa<br />
gamosaxuli. maTi Tavebi<br />
mrgvali formis Savi<br />
laqiTaa gadmocemuli. Sav<br />
siluetebad warmodgenili<br />
sxeulis proporciebi Zalze<br />
darRveulia, zogi Zlieradaa<br />
wagrZelebuli, zogic<br />
gazneqili.<br />
tasili. gamoqvabulis<br />
mxatvroba. Crd. afrika.<br />
santa kruzi. argentina. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba.<br />
<strong>davaleba</strong><br />
xelebis saSualebiT SeqmeniT feradovani kompozicia.<br />
SegiZliaT, Tqvens kompoziciaSi cxovel<br />
Ta gamosaxulebebic CarToT.<br />
?<br />
• d a a k v i r d i T<br />
da gaaanalizeT, rogoraa<br />
ganawilebuli figurebis<br />
siluetebi sibrtyeze.<br />
• ramdenad realuradaa<br />
gamosaxuli adamianis<br />
figura uZvelesi adamianis<br />
naxatebze.<br />
• aRwereT uZvelesi<br />
adamianis es mxatvroba.<br />
• Tqveni azriT, ras<br />
unda niSnavdes xelebis<br />
gamosaxulebebi?<br />
?<br />
tasili. gamoqvabulis<br />
mxatvroba. Crd. afrika.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
5<br />
petroglifi (berZ. petros<br />
qva, klde da glyphē<br />
amoWra, amokveTa) _ gamoqvabulebSi<br />
da kldeze<br />
amokveTili gamosaxulebani<br />
cxovelebisa, frinvelebisa,<br />
Tevzebisa, meomrebisa<br />
da a. S.
6<br />
qalaq uris zikurati.<br />
rekonstruqcia<br />
2 SuamdinareTi<br />
?<br />
• SuamdinareTis romeli<br />
qalaqebi ici istoriidan?<br />
• daakvirdiT fotoze<br />
da rekonstruqciaze<br />
warmodgenil zikuratebs.<br />
aRwereT maTi forma.<br />
• dafiqrdiT, ras<br />
gagonebT maTi forma?<br />
ninevia. iSTaris karibWe<br />
• xom ar iciT,<br />
vin iyo iSTari?<br />
?<br />
?<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
• ra aris zikurati?<br />
• vin gamoigona aguri?<br />
• vin iyo nabuqodonosor II?<br />
• ras gamosaxavdnen babilonis sasaxleebis Semamkobel<br />
reliefebze?<br />
1. or mdinares tigrossa da evfrats Soris mdebare<br />
nayofier miwas uZvelesi droidanve SuamdinareTs<br />
uwodebdnen. am teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros<br />
mcxovrebma sxvadasxva modgmis xalxebma (Sumerebma,<br />
asurelebma, xeTebma) Zveli samyaros erTerTi RirSesaniSnavi<br />
civilizacia Seqmnes. am civilizaciis Cvenamde<br />
moRweul fragmentebs dRes mecnierebi ikvleven.<br />
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
am teritoriaze mcxovrebi uZvelesi xalxis Sumerebis<br />
mier agebuli qalaqebis iersaxis warmodgena. qalaqebs<br />
qalaq uris zikurati.<br />
gars galavani ertya. maT centrSi ki safexurebiani ta<br />
Zari zikurati idga. zikurati RvTismsaxurebis adgili<br />
iyo. gvian RamiT qurumebi maSxalebiT xelSi iwyebdnen<br />
zikuratis safexurebze msvlelobas, romelic sul zeda<br />
terasaze TaRebiT gaxsnil mcire saTavsSi msxverplis<br />
SewirviT sruldeboda.<br />
2. SuamdinareTSi ar moipoveboda qvis magari jiSebi<br />
da xis masala, magram didi raodenobiT iyo Tixa. mSeneblobisaTvis<br />
aqaurebi swored Tixisagan gakeTebul agurebs<br />
iyenebdnen. agurs Tavdapirvelad mzeze aSrobdnen,<br />
Semdeg meti simtkicisaTvis maTi sagangebo RumelSi gamowvavdnen.<br />
TandaTan ki aguris Semkobac daiwyes. amisaTvis<br />
aguris zedapirs sagangebo feradi feniT WiquriT<br />
faravdnen. moWiquli aguriT aris mopirkeTebuli qalaq<br />
nineviis iSTaris karibWe. iSTaris kaSkaSa moWiquli lurji<br />
aguriT naSeni karibWis masiuri kedlebi da koSkebi<br />
damSvenebulia fantastikuri cxovelebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT.<br />
lurj fonze warmodgenili oqrosferi
cxovelebi naTlad ikiTxeba da es feradovneba sazeimo<br />
iers aZlevs karibWes. iSTaris karibWe dRes<br />
berlinis muzeumSia gadatanili.<br />
3. SuamdinareTis istoriam ar Semogvinaxa xuroTmoZRvarTa<br />
da moqandakeTa saxelebi, magram kargad<br />
aris cnobili babilonis samefos mmarTvelTa hamurabisa<br />
da nabuqodonosor IIis saxeli. bevri Rir<br />
SesaniSnavi nagebobis mSenebloba swored nabuqodonosoris<br />
saxels ukavSirdeba. man babilons Semoavlo<br />
mZlavri galavani, ganaaxla qalaqis zikurati, sarwyavi<br />
sistema da mravali sasaxle aago. mis mier agebuli<br />
erTerTi taZris kedelze aseTi warweraa SemorCenili:<br />
„me davamTavre etemenankis taZris mSenebloba, imisaTvis,<br />
rom cas gavjibrebodi“.<br />
babilonSi mefeTa sasaxleebis reliefebiT Semkobis<br />
tradicia arsebobda. es reliefebi saintereso informacias<br />
gvawvdis am xalxis cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb.<br />
aSurbanipalis armia. ninevia. Zv. w. 669633<br />
lomze nadirobis scena. aSurnasirpalis sasaxle. nimrudi. Zv. w. 850 w.<br />
<strong>davaleba</strong><br />
daakvirdi aq warmodgenil reliefebs. dafiqrdi,<br />
ra informacias gvawvdis isini SuamdinareTis istoriis,<br />
kulturis da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb.<br />
cxovelis gamosaxuleba.<br />
iSTaris karibWe<br />
?<br />
• msoflios Svidi<br />
saocrebidan romeli<br />
ukavSirdeba mefe nabuqodonosor<br />
IIis saxels?<br />
• ra ici am saocrebis<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
hamurabis kanonebi<br />
mefe hamurabi sul<br />
axalgazrda iyo, rodesac<br />
brZoliT moipova taxti.<br />
misi saxelmwifo wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi inarCunebda<br />
Zlierebas. hamurabi mis<br />
mier Seqmnili kanonebiTaa<br />
cnobili istoriaSi. mefis<br />
b r Z a n e b i T<br />
ka nonebi qvis<br />
svetze amoWres<br />
da maTi<br />
wakiTxva yvelas<br />
SeeZlo.<br />
h a m u r a b i s<br />
kanonebi Sesruleba<br />
am<br />
saxelmwifos<br />
T i T o e u l i<br />
m o q a l a q i s<br />
vali iyo.<br />
7<br />
hamurabi
3 piramidebi<br />
8<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
ras gavixsenebT:<br />
•<br />
• ra aris mumia?<br />
• rogori geometriuli<br />
formaa piramida?<br />
mastaba<br />
Tavdapirveli samarxebi<br />
martivi formisa iyo. trapeci<br />
is formis Senoba ori<br />
miwiszeda da miwisqveSa<br />
nawilisagan Sedgeboda. miwiszemoT<br />
ganlagebuli iyo<br />
samlocvelo da masSi sxvadasxva<br />
nivTebi inaxeboda,<br />
xolo miwisqveS samarxi kamera<br />
sarkofagiTa da mumiiT.<br />
amgvar samarxebs mastaba ewodeba.<br />
es arabuli sityvaa da<br />
skams niSnavs.<br />
faraon joseris samarxi<br />
kompleqsi. sakara.<br />
Zv. wis XXVIII s.<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
vin cxovrobs dRes Zveli egviptis teritoriaze?<br />
rogor emzadebodnen egviptelebi saiqio cx ovrebisTvis?<br />
rogori samarxebi hqondaT egviptel faraonebs?<br />
vin iyo imxotepi da ra aago man?<br />
rogoria gizas ansambli?<br />
1. egviptelebs swamdaT, rom adamianis arseboba sikvdiliT<br />
ar mTavrdeba. igi cxovrebas micvalebulTa anu<br />
amduatis qveyanaSi agrZelebs. man rom mSvidad icxovros<br />
mastaba<br />
imqveynad yvelaferi sWirdeba, rac amqveynad gaaCnda. diax,<br />
yvelaferi, sakuTari sxeulic ki. amitomac inaxavdnen egviptelebi<br />
gardacvlilis sxeuls mumiis saxiT. mumias ki<br />
sagangebod agebuli mosasvenebeli samarxi esaWiroeboda.<br />
2. egvitelebi adamianis samudamo gansasvenebels<br />
yvelaze mkvidri masalisagan<br />
qvisagan agebdnen. istoriam Semogvinaxa<br />
Zveli egvipteli xuroTmoZRvris<br />
imxotepis saxeli, romelic amave dros<br />
cnobili iyo rogorc brZeni, mecnieri,<br />
astronomi da eqimi. mogvianebiT igi egviptelebma<br />
gaaRmerTes kidec. imxotepis<br />
agebulia faraon joseris safexurebiani<br />
piramida da samarxi kompleqsi sakara<br />
Si, romelic Zveli welTaRricxvis XXVIII<br />
saukuniT TariRdeba.<br />
faraon joseris samarxi kompleqsi mravali<br />
nagebobisagan Sedgeboda. mis centr<br />
Si idga 60 metris simaRlis safexurebiani<br />
piramida. es iyo erTmaneTze Sedgmuli eqvsi<br />
mastaba, romelTa zomebi simaRlesTan<br />
erTad mcirdeba da piramidis safexurovan<br />
formas qmnis. aqve iyo samlocveloebi,<br />
Ria ezo da mravali sxva nageboba. mTeli<br />
ansambli garSemortymuli iyo galavniT.
3. udabnos ukidegano, yviTelqviSian sivrceSi, qvis<br />
kristalebiviT amoizrdeba sami uzarmazari piramida.<br />
gizas kompleqsi<br />
es gizas ansamblia, romelSic<br />
sami faraonis<br />
xeopsis, xefrenis da<br />
mikerinis piramidebi<br />
Sedis. isini Zve<br />
xeofsis piramidis derefani liwelTaRricxvis XXVIII<br />
saukuneSia agebuli. TiToeuli piramidis<br />
garSemo mravali nageboba iyo ganlagebuli:<br />
sulis mosaxseniebeli taZrebi, faraonis<br />
moxeleebis, naTesavebis, ojaxis wevrebis samarxebi<br />
mastabebi. bunebrivia isini bevrad ufro mcire<br />
iyo zomiT, mag., mikerinis piramidis maxloblad misi<br />
sami colis sami mcire piramida idga. faraon xefrenis<br />
piramidis ansamblSi ki cnobili sfinqsi Sedioda.<br />
gizas kompleqsi<br />
?<br />
• ra gsmeniaT gizas<br />
cnobili piramidebis Sesaxeb?<br />
?<br />
xeofsis piramida<br />
gizas piramidebidan zomiT<br />
yvelaze didia xeofsis<br />
piramida. misi simaRle<br />
146 metria. nage bia kargad<br />
gaTvlili erTmaneTTan uduRabod,<br />
mWidrod mij rili<br />
qvis blokebisagan. sul 2 milion<br />
300 aTasi qvis blokia<br />
gamoyenebuli, romelTa wona<br />
2,5sa da 30 tonas Soris meryeobs.<br />
cnobilia, rom misi<br />
mSenebloba 30 wels gagr<br />
Zelda. aqedan 10 weli piramidasTan<br />
misasvleli gzebis<br />
mSeneblobas moandomes.<br />
xeopsis piramidis TiTqmis<br />
SuagulSi moTavsebulia<br />
samarxi kamera,<br />
romliskenac farTo<br />
derefans mivyavarT.<br />
garda<br />
amisa, pirami<br />
daSi da miwis<br />
qveS aris derefnebis mTeli<br />
qseli labirinTi, romelic<br />
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs kidev<br />
or kameras.<br />
• Seni azriT, ratom<br />
agebdnen Zveli egviptelebi<br />
aseT grandiozul<br />
samarxebs?<br />
• ra ici sfinqsis Sesaxeb?<br />
ganmartebani<br />
9<br />
duRabi _ qvis blokebis<br />
SemaerTebeli, SemakavSirebeli<br />
xsnari.
10<br />
4<br />
ras gavixsenebT:<br />
• rogori religiuri<br />
warmodgenebi hqondaT egvitelebs?<br />
• CamoTvaleT egvipturi<br />
RvTaebebi.<br />
rogor daarsda<br />
axetatoni<br />
exnatonma gadawyvita, rom<br />
RvTaeba atons calke qalaqi<br />
miuZRvnas. igi tovebs egviptis<br />
Zvel dedaqalaqs Tebes<br />
da axali dedaqalaqis<br />
axeta to nis mSeneblobas<br />
iwyebs. legendis mixedviT,<br />
exnat ons qalaqis adgili<br />
Tavad atonma miuTiTa. axetatonis<br />
nangre vebi aRmo<br />
Cenilia dRevan de li qalaqis<br />
elamarnas max lo blad. aqedan<br />
warmosdga exnatonis<br />
Cvidmetwliani mmar Tvelobis<br />
periodis saxelwodeba <br />
amarnis periodi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, XIX sSi am<br />
adgilas erTerTma glexma<br />
ipova exnatonis droindeli<br />
mimoweris mravali nimuSi<br />
sxva qveynebis mmarTveleb<br />
Tan, riTic vgebulobT, rom<br />
exnatons aqtiuri urTier<br />
Toba hqonda sxva qveynis<br />
mmarTvelebTan.<br />
• aRwereT exnatonis<br />
portreti.<br />
?<br />
?<br />
TuTmosis saxelosno<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
ra cvlileba Seitana exnatonma egviptur religiaSi?<br />
rogor daarsda qalaqi axetatoni?<br />
vin iyo exnatonis karis moqandake?<br />
1. Zveli welTaRricxvis XIV sSi egvipteSi metad mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlilebebi xdeba. taxtze adis amenhotep IV,<br />
romelic auqmebs<br />
yve la RvTaebis<br />
kults da erTaderT<br />
WeSmarit<br />
RmerTad aRiarebs<br />
Tavad mzes<br />
atons. atoni<br />
erTaderT RvTaebad<br />
cxaddeba;<br />
amenhotep IV gadairqmevs<br />
saxels<br />
da amieridan ex<br />
natonadiwodeba, rac „atonis<br />
gansaxierebas“ ni<br />
Snavs. exnatonma<br />
axali dedaqalaqi<br />
ax etatoni aago.<br />
gaTxrebis Se degad<br />
dadasturda, rom<br />
am qalaqis mTavar<br />
nagebobas war<br />
gamocxadebaTa<br />
sarkmeli<br />
axetatoni. rekonstruqcia.<br />
moadgenda taZari atonis saxli. aqve iyo mefis sasaxlec,<br />
romelic Sedgeboda saparado da sacxovrebeli nawilisagan.<br />
maT erTmaneTTan akavSirebda daxuruli xidi, romel<br />
Sic datanebuli iyo „gamocxadebaTa sarkmeli“. am sarkmlidan<br />
sazeimo ceremoniebis<br />
dros faraoni da misis ojaxis<br />
wevrebi ubralo mokvdavT<br />
esalmebodnen.<br />
2. cnobilia, rom exnatonis<br />
karze moRvaweobda im drois<br />
gamoCenili moqandake TuTmosi,<br />
romelsac exnatonisa da<br />
misi ojaxis wevrebis mravali<br />
portreti aqvs Seqmnili. mis<br />
exnatonis portreti.
mier Seqmnil portretebSi aSkarad<br />
Cans faraonis saxasiaTo garenuli<br />
niSnebi: dagrZelebuli saxis ovali,<br />
savse qveda yba, didi tuCebi, iribad<br />
Casmuli Tvalebis wvrili da<br />
mogrZo Wrili, damZimebuli didi<br />
quTuToebi, romlebic saxes erTgvar<br />
sevdian ganwyobilebas aniWebs.<br />
nefertitis portreti<br />
exnatonis portreti<br />
3. amarnis periodSi portretebTan erTad xSirad iqmneboda<br />
reliefebi, romlebzec faraoni exnatoni gamosaxuli<br />
iyo ojaxur garemoSi, meuRlesTan da SvilebTan erTad. igi<br />
zogan eTamaSeba Svilebs, zogan kidec efereba maT. Cans<br />
Tbili da cocxali uerTierToba adamianebs Soris.<br />
?<br />
?<br />
nefertiti<br />
cnobilia, rom exnatonis<br />
meuRle nefertiti ulamazesi<br />
qali iyo. mas exnatonisagan<br />
eqvsi qaliSvili SeeZina.<br />
taxtis memkvidre vaJi ki<br />
arada ar eyola. 1912 wels<br />
elamarnaSi aRmoCnda nefertitis<br />
portreti qudiT. es<br />
portreti egvipturi silamazis<br />
simbolod iqca. misi aRmomCeni,<br />
germaneli arqeologi<br />
borxardti werda: „amis<br />
aRweras azri ara aqvs, mxolod<br />
uyureT!“ varaudoben,<br />
rom es nefertitis portretic<br />
moqandake TuTmosis<br />
Seqmnili unda iyos.<br />
• aRwereT nefertitis<br />
portreti.<br />
• am portretis mixedviT<br />
daaxasiaTeT<br />
?<br />
11<br />
• aRwereT es<br />
ori reliefi.<br />
• romelic maTgani<br />
ukeT gadmocems adamianebs<br />
Soris urTierTobas<br />
da ratom?
12<br />
5 ZvelberZnuli<br />
aTenis akropolisi. rekonstruqcia.<br />
frontoni<br />
akropolisi<br />
akropolisi ZvelberZnuli<br />
sityvaa da niSnavs<br />
zeda qalaqs. is qalaqis<br />
sazogadoebrivi da religiuri<br />
centri iyo,<br />
romelSic am qalaqis<br />
simdidre inaxeboda; mis<br />
win mdebare moedanze ki<br />
saxalxo Tavyrilobebi<br />
da dResaswaulebi imar<br />
Teboda.<br />
arqiteqtura<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
• ra aris akropolisi?<br />
• rogoria berZnuli taZari?<br />
• ra aris orderi?<br />
• rogori iyo berZnuli qalaqis mTavari<br />
moedani?<br />
1. Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT, nebismier<br />
RvTaebas esaWiroeboda mudmivi adgilsamyofeli,<br />
sacxovrebeli dedamiwaze da es iyo taZari.<br />
yvela berZnuli polisi cdilobda, Tavisi<br />
mfarveli RvTaebisaTvis rac SeiZleba mSvenieri<br />
da didebuli taZari aego.<br />
taZrebi umetesad qalaqis centralur<br />
borcvebze akropolisebze Sendeboda.<br />
2. berZnuli taZris saxe nelnela, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
yalibdeboda. taZrebi Tavda pirvelad xisa da agurisgan<br />
Sendeboda, mogvianebiT ki, berZnebi saSen masalad<br />
sxvadasxva jiSis qvas, da maT Soris, keTil<br />
Sobil marmarilosac iyenebdnen.<br />
berZnuli taZris umniSvne lovanesi<br />
elementia sveti. Zveli<br />
berZnuli taZari garedan<br />
svetebis erTi an ori rigi<br />
Taa garSemortymuli. mis Tavze<br />
orqanoba saxuraviT Seqmnil<br />
samkuTxa formas frontoni ewodeba.<br />
frontoni umetesad reliefebiT<br />
imkoboda.<br />
berZnuli taZari<br />
aTenis akropolisi. parTenoni.<br />
svetebi
3. rogorc vTqviT, sveti berZnuli taZris erTerTi<br />
mTavari elementia. mas ori nawili aqvs: svetis tani da<br />
svetis Tavi kapiteli.<br />
kapiteli SeiZleba sxvadasxva formisa iyos.<br />
1 2 3<br />
doriuli<br />
orderi<br />
ioniuri<br />
orderi<br />
korinTuli<br />
orderi<br />
„ordo“ ZvelberZnulad wesrigs niSnavs. Zveli berZnebi<br />
TavianT taZrebis agebisas mkacrad icavdnen wesebs,<br />
romlebsac orderi ewodeboda. sxvadasxva orders gansxvavebuli<br />
formis kapiteli gaaCnia.<br />
5. Zveli berZnuli qalaqebis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
adgili iyo qalaqis mTavari moedani agora, romelic<br />
umetesad ori centraluri, SedarebiT ganieri gzis<br />
gadakveTaze ewyoboda xolme. es iyo moqalaqeTa TavSeyris<br />
adgili, sadac ganlagebuli iyo qalaqis bazari, biblioTeka,<br />
mmarTvelTa sasaxleebi, taZrebi da sxv. agora<br />
xSirad garSemortymuli iyo galereebiT, sadac saxelosnoebi<br />
da duqnebi iyo ganTavsebuli. es iyo qalaqis yvelaze<br />
xalxmravali adgili, romelic xSirad qandakebebiT<br />
iyo Semkuli.<br />
qalaq asosis agora<br />
?<br />
ganmartebani<br />
svetis Tavi<br />
(kapiteli)<br />
13<br />
svetis tani<br />
• aRwere aq mocemuli<br />
TiToeuli kapitelis<br />
forma.<br />
agoranomi<br />
cnobilia, rom Zveli saberZneTis<br />
qalaqebSi arsebobda<br />
sagangebo Tanamdeboba<br />
agoranomi. am adamianebs<br />
agoraze wesrigis dacva evalebodaT.<br />
• polisi qalaqsaxelmwifo<br />
Zvel saberZneTSi.<br />
• akropolisi zeda<br />
qalaqi; maRlobze, gorakze<br />
gaSenebuli Zveli saberZne<br />
Tis qalaqebis centraluri<br />
gamagrebuli nawili.
14<br />
6<br />
• imsjeleT gamonaTqvamis<br />
`Seican Tavi Seni”<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
•<br />
poza.<br />
?<br />
aRwereT kurosis<br />
?<br />
• aRwereT aq mocemuli<br />
ori kurosis saxe.<br />
• ra iqcevs Tqvens<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradrebas<br />
kurosebis saxeebze.<br />
?<br />
berZnuli qandakeba da<br />
idealuri adamiani<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
• vin arian kurosebi?<br />
• ra aris ”arqauli Rimili?<br />
• rogoria idealuri adamiani berZenTa warmodgeniT?<br />
• polikletosis ”kanoni”<br />
berZnul kulturaSi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba interesi<br />
adamianis mimarT. ”Seican Tavi Seni” es warwera<br />
amSvenebs taZris Sesasvlels.<br />
1. adreuli xanis berZNul qandakebaSi vxvdebiT<br />
Wabu kebis gamosaxulebebs e.w. kurosebs (kurosi ber<br />
Znulad Wabuks niSnavs). vis ganasaxiereben<br />
isini? zogi mecnieri Tvlis, rom<br />
es RvTaeba apolonis gamosaxulebaa,<br />
zogi ki miiCnevs, rom isini realuri<br />
adamianebi arian gmirebi, meomrebi<br />
Tu olimpiur TamaSebSi gamarjvebuli<br />
aTletebi. marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
kurosebi konkretul damanTa gamosaxulebebs<br />
warmoadgendnen, magram maT<br />
Si portretulobisa da individualobis<br />
niSanwyalic ki araa.<br />
2.kurosTa figuris erTaderTi samkauli<br />
Tmaa, romelic ornamentuli<br />
xveulebis saxiT gars uvlis figuris<br />
Tavs da mxrebze eSveba. kurosTa saxeebze<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs<br />
erTi arsebiTi Strixi Rimili.<br />
”arqauli Rimili” ase uwodes mas mecnierebma,<br />
radgan misi analogi msoflio<br />
xelovnebis istoriaSi ar moiZebneba.<br />
tuCebis odnav zemoT aziduli kideebi<br />
metropotenis<br />
muze umis kurosi.<br />
Zv.w. VI s.<br />
amarTlac Rimilis STabeWdilebas qmnis,<br />
magram is, mxolod bageebs Sexebia. saxis<br />
wyoba da gamometyveleba, mzera mSvidia<br />
da TiTqos tuCebis RimilTan<br />
araferi aqvs saerTo. aseTi ”Seusabamoba”<br />
erTgvai idumalebiT<br />
aRavasebs, amoucnobis da miuwvdomlis<br />
daRs asvams maT saxeebs.<br />
es TiTqos erTgavi Canasaxia adamianuri<br />
grZnobebisa, romelsac<br />
kurosTa mkacr saxeebSi erTgvari<br />
sicocxle, sikeTis elferi da<br />
xalisiani ganwyobileba Seaqvs
3. Zveli berZeni moqandakeebi cdilobdnen srulyofili<br />
da harmoniuli adamianis gamosaxuleba SeeqmnaT. Zveli<br />
berZeni filosofosi sokrate fiqrobda, rom amqveyniur<br />
samyaroSi ar arsebobs srulyofili forma. misi<br />
gadmocema mxolod xelovnebis qmnilebaSia SesaZlebeli.<br />
srulyofilebis da harmonis miRweva, berZnebis azriT,<br />
SesaZlebelia maTematikuri gaangariSebebis safuZvelze.<br />
Zvelma berZenma moqandakem polikletosma sagangebo<br />
traqtatic ki Seqmna, romelsac ”kanoni” erqva da romelSic<br />
Camoyalibebuli iyo misi Sexeduleba adamianis<br />
sxeulis harmoniuli proporciebis Sesaxeb. am traqtatiT<br />
dadgenili proporciebis mixedviT Seqmna man Tavisi<br />
cnobili namuSevari ”axalgazrda aTletis” brinjaos<br />
figura, e.w. ”doriforosi” (Subosani). am figuraSi Tavi<br />
sxeulis 1/7ia anu 7jer eteva sxeulSi; xelis mtevnebi<br />
1/10, fexis terfebi 1/6.<br />
”laokooni”.<br />
Zv. w. II s.<br />
4. Tu kurosebisa da doriforosis SemTxvevaSi figurebi<br />
mSvid, auRelvebel STabeWdilebas toveben, ukve<br />
mogvianebiT Seqmnili ”laokoonis” qandakebaSi Cven moZrav<br />
da mRelvare figurebs vxvdebiT.<br />
adreul xanaSi adamianis idealuri saxe gawonasworebuli<br />
da harmoniuli iyo. moZraoba, poza Tu saxis<br />
gamometyveleba simSvides asxivebda. swored amgvari iyo<br />
berZnul kulturaSi damkvidrebuli idealuri adamiani.<br />
mogvianebiT ki Zveli berZnebi adamianebis grZnobebiT,<br />
emociebiT dainteresdnen da ”laokoonis” qandakebac<br />
amis naTeli magaliTia.<br />
?<br />
• aRwereT doriforosis<br />
moZraoba.<br />
• SeadareT es figura<br />
kurosebisas. ra msgavsebasa<br />
da gansxvavebas xedavT?<br />
?<br />
15<br />
• aRwereT aq mocemuli<br />
”laokooni”.<br />
• daaxasiaTeT fi gurebis<br />
moZraoba da pozebi.<br />
laakoonis istoria<br />
qurumi laokooni troelebs<br />
afrTxilebda, rom aqavelTa<br />
mier karibWesTan datovebuli<br />
cxeni qalaqSi ar<br />
SeeyvanaT, radgan es qalaqis<br />
dacemas gamoiwvevda. apoloni<br />
amis gamo ganrisxda masze,<br />
gamougzavna gvelebi, romelbmac<br />
jer misi Svilebi mogudes<br />
da Semdeg Tavad laokoonic<br />
dagesles.<br />
laokoonis qandakeba cnobili<br />
berZeni moqandakeebis,<br />
agesandres, polidorisosa da<br />
aTinodorosis mieraa Sesrulebuli.<br />
is 1506 wels rom<br />
Si gaTxrebiasa aRmoaCines da<br />
amJamad vatikanSi inaxeba.
16<br />
7<br />
ras gavixsenebT:<br />
imperator titusis TaRis<br />
reliefi. ax. w. 7981 w.<br />
romis xelovneba<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
• rodis Seiqmna da<br />
rodemde arsebobda romis<br />
imperia?<br />
• rogor saxelmwif os<br />
ewodeba imperia?<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
ra aris triumfaluri TaRi?<br />
ra gamoisaxeboda triumfalur TaRze?<br />
vin iyo vitruviusi?<br />
rogor iswavles romaelebma qandakebis xelovneba?<br />
1. romis imperia Zveli samyaros<br />
Zlevamosili saxelmwifo iyo. misi<br />
sazRvrebi gamudmebiT farTovdeboda<br />
axali qveynebis dapyrobis xarjze.<br />
romaul kulturaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili ekava meomris, mxedarmTavris<br />
omSi miRweuli warmatebis Temas.<br />
yvela mniSvnelovani movlenis<br />
an mogebuli omis ukvdavsayofad<br />
romis imperiis qalaqebSi igeboda<br />
sazeimo anu triumfaluri TaRebi.<br />
qalaqSi dabrunebuli jari, misi<br />
mxedarmTavari da xSirad Tavad imperatoric<br />
am TaRis gavliT Sedioda<br />
qalaqSi da esalmeboda maT dasaxvedrad<br />
gamosul xalxs.<br />
triumfaluri TaRis reliefebi<br />
imperator konstantines triumfaluri TaRi. Zv. w. 117138 ww. xSirad omis epizodebs asaxavs. magaliTad,<br />
imperator titusis tri<br />
• daakvirdiT aq warmodgenil<br />
reliefs. rogor<br />
fiqrobT, ra scenaa<br />
gamosaxuli masze?<br />
?<br />
umfalur TaRze ierusalimidan dabrunebuli<br />
meomrebis procesiaa aRbeWdili, maT zemoT<br />
aRmarTul filebze sxvadasxva qalaqis saxelia amotvifruli.<br />
amgvari triumfaluri TaRebi axlac dgas romis<br />
mier dapyrobil evropis sxvadasxva qalaqSi da TvalnaTliv<br />
mouTxrobs STamomavlebs romis<br />
istoriis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
• eTanxmebiT Tu<br />
ara vitruviusis am<br />
gamonaTqvams?<br />
?<br />
2. romis kulturisa da xelovnebis<br />
Sesaxeb zust da saintereso<br />
cnobebs gvawvdis inJineri da xuroTmoZRvari<br />
vitruviusi. man dawera<br />
„10 wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb“.<br />
am wignebSi vitruviuss detalurad<br />
aqvs aRwerili romauli xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />
nimuSebi, samSeneneblo<br />
agebis masala, agebis teqnika da<br />
mxatvruli iersaxe. swored vitruviuss<br />
ekuTvnis cnobili gamoTqma „nagebobebs unda axasiaTebdes<br />
gamZleoba, sargeblianoba da silamaze“.<br />
romaulis garda vitruviusma aRwera Zveli berZnuli<br />
arqiteqtura da qarTuli (kolxuri) sacxovrebelic.
3. romaelebs didi wvlili miuZRviT imaSic, rom dRes<br />
Cven kargad vicnobT berZnul qandakebas. ai, rogor moxda<br />
es: saberZneTis dapyrobis Semdeg, romaelebma ga<br />
Zarcves ZveleberZnuli qalRmerTi. saberZneTidan wamo<br />
Rebuli berZnuli xe lovnebis nimuSebiT marmarilos<br />
Tu brinjaos qandakebebiT romael imperatorTa da didgvarovanTa<br />
sasaxleebi iyo<br />
morTuli. romaelebma am<br />
qandakebebis aslebis damzadebac<br />
daiwyes da male<br />
daostatdnen kidec am<br />
saqmeSi. swored aTasobiT<br />
amgvari aslia axla gamofenili<br />
msoflios mraval<br />
muzeumSi. ase gadaarCines<br />
da Tavisdauneburad saxeli<br />
gauTqves romaelebma<br />
berZnul qandakebas.<br />
romaeli.<br />
Zv.w. I saukune<br />
agripas portreti.<br />
ax. w. I s.<br />
qalis portreti.<br />
Zv.w. II s.<br />
4. droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
romaelebma iseTi qandakebebis<br />
keTeba daiwyes, romle<br />
bic sakmaod gansxvavdeboda berZnulisagan. imperatorebis,<br />
didgvarovnebisa da ubralo mokvdavebis portretebSi<br />
Seulamazeblad aris warmodgenili maTi saxis nakvTebi<br />
Tu sxva saxasiaTo detalebi. maT arc maTi xasiaTis dadebiTi<br />
da uaryofiTi Tvisebebia dafaruli.<br />
oqtaviane avgustusis portreti.<br />
Zv.w. 2017 ww.<br />
?<br />
?<br />
• aRwere aq warmodgenili<br />
romauli<br />
por tretebi.<br />
• S e s a Z l e b e l i a<br />
Tu ara am adamianebis<br />
xasiaTis amokiTxva am<br />
portretebSi?<br />
• daaxasiaTeT Ti<br />
Toeulis piro v nuli<br />
Tvisebebi.<br />
ganmartebani<br />
17<br />
• triumfi Zvel rom<br />
Si: sazeimo Sexvedra, romelsac<br />
uwyobdnen gamarjvebul<br />
sardalsa da mis<br />
jars.<br />
• traqtati mecnieruli<br />
naSromi, romelSic<br />
ganxilulia raime konkretuli<br />
sakiTxi, problema.
18<br />
8<br />
• Zveli civilizaciebidan<br />
cnobili romeli qalaqebi<br />
arsebobs dResac?<br />
?<br />
pompeis nangrevebi. ax. w. I s.<br />
rogor gaiTxara pompei<br />
vulkanis amofrqvevis<br />
Sedegad daRupuli qalaqebis<br />
Sesaxeb pirvelad 1592<br />
wels, arxis gayvanis dros<br />
Seityves, magram aravin icoda<br />
romeli qalaqebi iyo damarxuli<br />
miwisqveS. mxolod<br />
1763 wels erTerTi qandakebis<br />
sadgamze gakeTebuli<br />
warweriT gaxda cnobili,<br />
rom es iyo qalaqi pompei.<br />
1863 wlidan gaTxrebs<br />
xelmZRvanelobda arqeologi<br />
juzepe fioreli. 1870 wels<br />
fiorelim aRmoaCina, rom gamagrebul<br />
lavaSi moyolili<br />
adamianebisa da cxovelebis<br />
sxeulebis adgilas gaCnda<br />
sicariele, romeli mecnierebma<br />
TabaSiriT Seavses da<br />
amiT adamianebis pozebis rekonstruqcia<br />
SeZles.<br />
qalaqi pompei bolomde<br />
gaTxrili ar aris da<br />
arqeologiuri samuSaoebi<br />
iq dResac mimdinareobs.<br />
romauli qalaqebi<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
• ratom SemorCa kargad Zveli romauli qalaqebi<br />
herkulanumi da pompei?<br />
• rogor amkobdnen TavianT sacxovrebels Zveli<br />
romaelebi?<br />
• rogori iyo romauli qalaqebis wyalgayvanilobis<br />
sistema?<br />
1. bevri uZvelesi qalaqis saxeli istoriisaTvis kargad<br />
aris cnobili. zogi maTgani aRar arsebobs, zogma ki<br />
dRemde moaRwia.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi qalaqebi saxes icvlis,<br />
yoveli epoqa Tavis daRs asvams maT<br />
da xSirad maTi pirvandeli saxis warmodgena<br />
mxolod mecnierTa mier Catarebuli sagangebo<br />
kvlevis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli.<br />
magram arsebobs iseTi qalaqebic, romleb<br />
Sic yvelaferi xeluxleblad aris Semonaxuli,<br />
TiTqos isini axlac „cocxalia“.<br />
ax. wis 79 wels 24 agvistos samxreT italiaSi<br />
mdebare qalaqebi pompei da herkulanumi<br />
uecrad gaRviZebuli vulkanis vezuvis<br />
amofrqvevam imsxverpla. qalaqebSi sicocxle<br />
erTbaSad Sewyda, magram TiTqmis ucvlelad<br />
Semoinaxa gavarvarebul lavasa da cxel ferflSi Camarxuli<br />
taZrebi da saxlebi, moednebi da abanoebi, Sadrevnebi,<br />
quCebi, Teatrebi, adamianebi da cxovelebic ki. dRes<br />
es qalaqebi istoriis erTgvari vizua luri saxelmZRvaneloebia.<br />
maTi meSveobiT romauli qalaqebis iersaxisa da<br />
cxovrebis wesis warmodgenaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
2. romauli qalaqis aucilebeli<br />
atributi forumi<br />
iyo. pompeisa da<br />
herkulanumis forumebze<br />
mdebare savaWro nagebobebsa<br />
Tu duqnebSi arqeologebma<br />
aRmoaCines gasayidad<br />
gamzadebuli sagnebi<br />
da sakvebi produqtebi:<br />
sa yofacxovrebo nivTebi,<br />
puri, fuli da sxv.<br />
danaxSirebuli<br />
puri pompeidan<br />
adamianis figuris<br />
rekonstruqcia pompeidan
pompei. kedlis mxatvroba. ax. w. I s.<br />
pompeis quCa ax. w. I s.<br />
3. gaTxrebma daadastura, rom pompeis quCebi keTilmowyobili<br />
iyo: savali nawili mokirwyluli iyo, viwro<br />
trotuarebs ki wvimis sadinari arxebi miuyveboda.<br />
SesaniSnavad iyo mowyobili qalaqis wyalgayvanilobis<br />
sistema. Tixis milebiT mTeli qalaqi iyo daqselili.<br />
zogierT monakveTSi milebi imdenad kargad aris Semor<br />
Cenili, rom maTi gamoyeneba dResac SeiZleba.<br />
4. pompeiSi aRmoCenili saxlebi mkvidrad iyo nagebi,<br />
maTi interierebi Semkuli iyo mxatvrobiTa da mozaikiT.<br />
am mo xatulobebis fe rebi<br />
ki jerac ar ga xunebula,<br />
xolo mxatvrTa ostatoba<br />
naTlad mJRavndeba adamianebis,<br />
cxovelebis da<br />
frinvelebis gamosaxulebebSi.<br />
pompeiSi mravladaa iseTi<br />
saxlebi anu vilebi,<br />
romelTa asagebad da Sesamkobad<br />
im drois sauke<br />
Teso ostatebs iwvevdnen.<br />
pompei. kedlis<br />
mxatvroba. ax. w. I s.<br />
?<br />
• Tu ici, rogor<br />
aris mowyobili wyalgayvanilobis<br />
sistema Tanamedrove<br />
qalaqebSi?<br />
pompei. kedlis<br />
mxatvroba. ax. w. I s.<br />
? • daakvirdiT<br />
pompeis moxatulobebs<br />
da Seecade amoicnoT, ra<br />
siuJetia aq gamosaxuli.<br />
• rogor fiqrob, sazo<br />
gadoebis romeli fenisTvis<br />
iyo gankuTvnili<br />
pompeis vilebi? daasabu<br />
TeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
19<br />
axali aRmoCenebi<br />
2000 wels arqeologebma<br />
kidev erTi romauli<br />
qalaqis kvals miagnes,<br />
oRond amjerad ara xmeleTze,<br />
aramed wyalqveS.<br />
qalaqi zeugma dRevandeli<br />
TurqeTis teritoriaze<br />
mdebareobs. uaxlesi teqnikis<br />
meSveobiT SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxda misi dazverva<br />
wyalqveS. zeugmas Seswavla<br />
jer ar dasrulebula.<br />
arqeologebi mraval axal<br />
aRmoCenas elian.
20<br />
9 nageboba<br />
ras gavixsenebT:<br />
• TqvenTvis cnobil nagebobebs<br />
da mT daniSnulebas.<br />
Zveli romi. kolizeumi.<br />
ax. w. 7280 ww.<br />
• daakvirdiT fotoebze<br />
warmodgenil nagebobebs.<br />
aRwereT isini.<br />
• rogor fiqrobT,<br />
ra daniSnuleba hqonda am<br />
nagebobebs?<br />
?<br />
da misi funqcia<br />
raze visaubrebT:<br />
• ra kavSiri arsebobda arqiteqturul nagebobasa<br />
da mis daniSnulebas Soris?<br />
• rogor igeboda CineTis didi kedeli?<br />
• ra aris stupa?<br />
1. arqiteqtura xelovnebis sxva dargebis mxatvrobisa<br />
da qandakebisagan gansxvavebiT gacilebiT metad aris<br />
dakavSirebuli ama Tu im nagebobis<br />
daniSnulebasTan. nebismieri arqiteqturuli<br />
Zeglis ageba misi daniSnulebis<br />
gaazrebiT iwyeba, yoveli<br />
epoqa da qveyana ki am daniSnulebaze<br />
„morgebul sxvadasxvagvar formas<br />
irCevs. ucnobi Zeglis aRmoCenisas<br />
mecnierebi masSi gamoyenebul arqiteqturul<br />
formebsa da maT urTier<br />
TkavSirs akvirdebian da ase arkveven<br />
ra daniSnuleba hqonda am nagebobas.<br />
aseTi daskvnebis damoukideblad gakeTeba<br />
zogjer Tqvenc SegiZliaT.<br />
2. arsebobs iseTi nagebobebic,<br />
romelic ramdenime funqcias iTavsebs.<br />
magaliTad, Zvel CineTSi jer<br />
kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde daiwyes<br />
sazRvris gayolebaze didi kedlis<br />
mSenebloba, romelsac saimedod unda daecva qveyana<br />
mtrisagan. bunebrivia, aseT grandiozul saqmes auracxeli<br />
muSaxeli, samSeneblo masala da saxsrebi sWirdeboda,<br />
amitom mSenebloba ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />
pompei. sazogadoebrivi<br />
tualeti. ax. w. I s.<br />
Zveli saberZneTi. epidavrosis<br />
Teatri. Zv. w. 380375 ww.
mimdinareobda. kedeli rac SeiZleba gamZle unda yofiliyo<br />
da amitom is sakmaod ganieric iyo. saSualod<br />
misi simaRle 510 metria, xolo sigane 58 metri.<br />
saTavdacvo funqciis garda, kedelma male SeiZina moxerxebuli<br />
da keTilmowyobili gzis funqciac. am gzis<br />
gamoyenebiT CineTis armia gacilebiT swrafad gadaadgildeboda.<br />
kedlis masivSi Catanebuli saTvalTvalo<br />
koSkebSi saSiSroebis moaxlobisTanave anTebdnen cecxls<br />
da ase atyobinebdnen erTmaneTs safrTxis Sesaxeb.<br />
3. indoeTSi budizmis mimdevrebma<br />
religiuri siwmindeebis<br />
Sesanaxad naxevarwriuli<br />
formis stupebis ageba<br />
daiwyes. qvis am veeberTela<br />
goraks Tavze msubuqi fanCaturi<br />
edga. swored iq inaxeba<br />
budas wminda nawilebi. qalaq<br />
sanCis es stupa mTeli budisturi<br />
samyaros umTavresi siwmindea.<br />
4. am fotoze gamosaxulia aqveduki. am nagebobas yofili<br />
romis imperiis sxvadasxva nawilSi dResac SexvdebiT.<br />
nimis aqveduki. ax. w. I s.<br />
CineTis didi kedeli.<br />
mSenebloba daiwyo<br />
Zv. w. III sSi.<br />
?<br />
• Tqveni azriT, ra<br />
daniSnuleba unda hqonoda<br />
am nagebobas?<br />
ganmartebani<br />
21<br />
sanCis<br />
stupa.<br />
Zv. w. 1 s,<br />
• stupa Zvel sanskritze<br />
miwis an qvis<br />
borcvs niSnavs.<br />
• buda (sanskr. gaRviZebuli;<br />
ganaTlebuli)<br />
budisturi religiis mi<br />
Turi damaarsebeli.
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