strategiuli marTvis kibernetikuli meTodi
strategiuli marTvis kibernetikuli meTodi
strategiuli marTvis kibernetikuli meTodi
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g. baRaTuria, o. baRaTuria<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong><br />
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />
g. baRaTuria, o. baRaTuria<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong><br />
damtkicebulia stu-s<br />
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos<br />
mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2009
uak (UDC) 303.4:681.51<br />
monografiaSi ganxilulia zogadi <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong><br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> politikur-ekonomikuri procesebis dagegmvisa da <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
mizniT. monografia moicavs politikur-ekonomikuri procesebis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da <strong>marTvis</strong> ZiriTad cnebebs, amocanebsa da<br />
meTodologiur safuZvlebs, romelic damyarebulia avtorTa originalur<br />
kvlevebze. dawvrilebiT aris Camoyalibebuli <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> arsi, kibernetikul koncefciaze damyarebuli <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
dagegmvis zogadi, universaluri algoriTmi, naCvenebia Tu rogor unda<br />
ganxorcieldes gamosakvlevi <strong>strategiuli</strong> politikur-ekonomikuri<br />
problemis (<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqtis) formalizeba <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
<strong>meTodi</strong>T, rac aseTi obieqtebis optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> (anu problemis<br />
efeqtiani gadawyvetis) SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba kibernetikis principebis<br />
gamoyenebas mravalsubieqtiani <strong>strategiuli</strong> politikur-ekonomikuri<br />
procesebis kvlevis problematikaSi.<br />
monografiaSi gadmocemuli masalis Sesaxeb avtorebs gakeTebuli<br />
aqvT moxsenebebi samecniero konferenciebze, kvlevis Sedegebi<br />
gamoqveynebulia samecniero JurnalebSi da konferenciebis SromaTa<br />
krebulebSi.<br />
monografia sasargeblo iqneba maTTvis, vinc dainteresebulia<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da menejmentis Tanamedrove meTodebis gamoyenebiT<br />
biznesis, saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong>a da sajaro politikis amocanebSi.<br />
avtorebi:<br />
giorgi baRaTuria, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli<br />
profesori<br />
oTar baRaTuria, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti<br />
recenzentebi:<br />
SoTa doRonaZe, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori<br />
nodar jiblaZe, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori<br />
samecniero redaqtori<br />
arCil frangiSvili, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespodenti<br />
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009<br />
ISBN 978-9941-14-674-9<br />
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/<br />
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,<br />
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu<br />
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.<br />
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.<br />
2
Sinaarsi<br />
gverdi<br />
Sesavali _ rogor vmarToT saxelmwifo?.............................. 4<br />
Tavi 1. <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebi ................................ 13<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis sawyisebi ............................................................. 13<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> menejeruli principebi ...................... 18<br />
menejeruli azrovnebis ganviTarebis etapebi ..................... 23<br />
menejeruli azrovnebis ramdenime magaliTi ........................ 38<br />
menejmentis nacionaluri stili ................................................ 40<br />
menejmentis swavlebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi ...... 45<br />
Tavi 2. <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis amocanebi. ........................... 58<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis daniSnuleba ........................................ 58<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis procesi ................................................. 69<br />
biznes-strategiis tipebi................................................................... 73<br />
Tavi 3. <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
<strong>meTodi</strong> .......................................................................................................... 75<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> obieqtis <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> struqtura .................... 75<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
modeli .......................................................................................................... 80<br />
mravalsubieqtiani politikur-ekonomikuri<br />
procesebi .................................................................................................... 83<br />
saqarTvelo, rogorc <strong>marTvis</strong> mravalsubieqtiani<br />
sistema ......................................................................................................... 87<br />
politikuri procesebis <strong>marTvis</strong> specifika ......................... 92<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da <strong>marTvis</strong> zogadi<br />
algoriTmi .................................................................................................<br />
100<br />
prognozireba <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebSi ............... 104<br />
daskvna ......................................................................................................... 109<br />
avtorTa Sromebi .................................................................................. 112<br />
3
Sesavali<br />
rogor vmarToT saxelmwifo?<br />
`Cven Cafluli varT cxovrebaSi, sadac samyaro<br />
mTlianad emorCileba Termodinamikis meore kanons:<br />
uwesrigoba matulobs, xolo wesrigi ki klebulobs. mainc,<br />
... Termodinamikis meore kanoni, Tumca ki SeiZleba igi<br />
dasabuTebul iqnas mTeli daxSuli sistemisTvis,<br />
garkveulad miuyenebelia sistemis araizolirebuli<br />
nawilebis mimarT. samyaroSi, sadac mTlianad aRebul<br />
entropias zrdisken aqvs miswrafeba, arsebobs adgilobrivi<br />
da droebiTi kunZulebi, sadac entropia mcirdeba. am<br />
kunZulebis arseboba zogierT Cvengans SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevs daamtkicos progresis arseboba~.<br />
norbert vineri, `kibernetika da sazogadoeba~<br />
saxelmwifoTa normaluri ganviTarebisTvis, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, saWiroa qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi politikis,<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis moqnili da efeqtiani<br />
funqcionireba, msoflio politikisa da ekonomikis<br />
globalur procesebSi swori da drouli orientireba,<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> ganviTarebis veqtoris ucdomeli warmarTva.<br />
saxelmwifos efeqtiani politikuri da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
ganxorcielebis miznisTvis gadaudebel aucileblobas<br />
warmoadgens <strong>marTvis</strong> Tanamedrove Teoriisa da praqtikis<br />
4
Seswavla, axali meTodebisa da midgomebis ganviTareba da maTi<br />
realizeba.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> problematika, sazogadad, ganixileba<br />
sxvadasxva Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT. arsebobs saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> principebis formulirebis sami ZiriTadi midgoma:<br />
samarTlebrivi, politikuri da menejeruli (mmarTvelobiTi)<br />
midgoma.<br />
winamdebare naSromSi saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> problematika<br />
ganixileba menejeruli midgomiT. menejeruli midgomis<br />
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> ZiriTadi Rirebulebebia<br />
efeqtianoba, ekonomiuroba da Sedegianoba, romlebic ise unda<br />
iyos formulirebuli, rom maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli iyo<br />
maTi gazomva. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba termini<br />
`saxelmwifo menejmenti~ (public management) rogorc<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> cnebis sinonimi.<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi rogorc politikosTa, ise saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleTa saqmianobis warmmarTveli unda iyos kanonis<br />
uzenaesobisa (samarTlebrivi midgoma) da xalxis nebis<br />
aRsrulebis (politikuri midgoma) principebi da saWiro<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRebis (menejeruli midgoma)<br />
miznebi. dasaxuli politikuri miznebis miRweul SedegebTan<br />
da praqtikulad realizebul principebTan Sesabamisoba<br />
gansazRvravs saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> xarisxs. saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> xarisxis Sesafaseblad TiToeuli zemoaRniSnuli<br />
midgomisTvis Sesabamisi kriteriumebi gamoiyeneba. msoflioSi<br />
farTod aris gavrcelebuli gaeros mier SemuSavebuli<br />
<strong>meTodi</strong>ka, romliTac gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
xarisxis mTavari maCveneblebi e.w. `Zireuli Rirebulebebi~ 1 .<br />
menejeruli midgomis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebia: Sedegianoba da<br />
efeqtianoba (effectiveness and efficiency) _ xelisuflebis<br />
organoebi aRweven iseT Sedegebs, romlebic akmayofileben<br />
sazogadoebriv molodins; amave dros, saukeTesod iyeneben maT<br />
1 http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp<br />
“What is good governance?”<br />
5
gankargulebaSi arsebul resursebs da zrunaven am resursebis<br />
aRwarmoebaze.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT<br />
saintereso informacias gvaZlevs meore aTaswleulis<br />
miwurulis msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
procesebis gaanalizeba. es periodi ori zesaxelmwifos, aSS-sa<br />
da ssrk-is dapirispirebis fonze, ,,civi omis“ pirobebSi<br />
viTardeboda. am periodidan sul ufro TvalsaCino gaxda<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sabWoTa sistemis CamorCena. es gasagebic<br />
gaxldaT. sabWoTa komunisturi ideologiis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
saxelmwifos, qveynis ekonomikis Tu sazogadoebis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
principebi erTxel da samudamod savsebiT ganisazRvra<br />
marqsizm-leninizmis moZRvrebiT. sazogadoebisa da<br />
saxelmwifos marTva e.w. ,,mecnieruli komunizmis“ meTodebiT<br />
xorcieldeboda, qveynis ekonomikuri sistemisa ki _<br />
administraciul-mbrZanebluri meTodebiT, romlebic<br />
politbiuros dadgenilebebiT ganisazRvreboda da srulebiT<br />
gamoricxavda arsebuli ekonomikuri realobis gaTvaliswinebas.<br />
swored es gaxldaT saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sabWouri sistemis<br />
mTavari naklovaneba _ <strong>marTvis</strong> procesSi ukukavSiris rgolis<br />
ignorireba anu realurad arsebuli saSinao Tu sagareo<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri viTarebis ugulebelyofa.<br />
`ucdomel~ komunistur partias ar esaWiroeboda<br />
sazogadoebasa Tu ekonomikaSi praqtikulad arsebuli<br />
viTareba. mecnierul azrovnebis politikuri ideologiis<br />
prokrustes sarecelSi moqcevam, faqtobrivad, ganapiroba<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris sul ufro mzardi sayovelTao CamorCena,<br />
jer mecnieruli, Semdeg ekonomikuri, rasac sabolood<br />
uzarmazari sabWoTa imperiis politikuri kraxic mohyva.<br />
msoflios mowinave qveynebSi ki sul ufro garTulebuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis efeqtiani<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> axali mecnieruli meTodebis SemuSaveba. biznesisa da<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi prioritetuli<br />
gaxda <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong>a (<strong>strategiuli</strong> menejmentis) da<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis meTodebi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
6
ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki dRes <strong>marTvis</strong> sferoSi<br />
uzarmazari ufskrulia dagrovil codnasa da mis praqtikul<br />
gamoyenebas Soris. mmarTvelobiTi mecnierebis Tanamedrove<br />
problemebi is aris, rom rogorme Semcirdes arsebuli didi<br />
gansxvaveba <strong>marTvis</strong> liderebsa da Semsruleblebs Soris.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom warmatebuli, efeqtiani <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis<br />
kacobriobam daagrova srulebiT sakmarisi codna da<br />
gamocdileba, mainc, Tanamedrove industriuli da<br />
postindustriuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi mTavari naklovaneba<br />
is gaxlavT, rom cota vinmem Tu icis ra aris realurad<br />
marTva, menejmenti, risTvis aris is saWiro, rogori<br />
SesaZleblobebi da ra valdebulebebi aqvs mas. xSirad TviT<br />
marTvasTan dakavSirebuli terminebic ar aris zustad<br />
gansazRvruli.<br />
sagulisxmoa sityvebis: marTva, menejmenti,<br />
administracia _ gamoyenebis specifikuri mxareebi, vinaidan<br />
menejmenti (da ara marTva/administracia) gaxda mTavari<br />
kategoria, razec Teoretikosebi da praqtikosebi saxelmwifo<br />
samsaxuris organizaciasTan dakavSirebiT kamaToben 2 . sityvebis<br />
_ „menejmenti“ da „administracia/marTva“ _ terminologiuri<br />
aRreva arTulebs saxelmwifo menejmentis, rogorc samecniero<br />
disciplinis, Camoyalibebas. terminologiuri uzustobebi ki,<br />
Tavis mxriv, konceptualur aRrevas uwyobs xels.<br />
sazogadod (vebsteris leqsikonis ganmartebiT), sityva<br />
`menejmenti~ amgvarad ganimarteba _ `resursebis organizacia<br />
da marTva sasurveli miznis misaRwevad”. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
ras niSnavs saxelmwifo menejmenti? ras gulisxmobs termini<br />
`menejmenti”, rodesac saubaria saxelmwifo menejmentze? riTi<br />
gansxvavdeba termini `menejmenti” terminisagan<br />
`administracia”? vin miekuTvneba saxelmwifo menejerebs _<br />
merebi, gubernatorebi Tu prezidentebi, municipaluri<br />
mmarTvelebi, mdivnebi, sagangebo rwmunebulebi, kanonmdeblebi,<br />
mosamarTleebi?<br />
2 www.parliament.ge/kvlevebi/analitika/arqivi/. 2006 w. ianvari<br />
7
sxvadasxva gamokvlevis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros `saxelmwifo menejmentis” Semadgeneli<br />
elementebi 3 . es elementebia: personalis marTva,<br />
xelmZRvaneloba; samuSao Zalis dagegmva; koleqtiuri<br />
SeTanxmebis miRweva da SromiTi urTierTobebis marTva,<br />
sakadro politikis warmarTva; saqmianobis produqtiulobisa<br />
da efeqtianobis Sefaseba; organizeba/reorganizeba; finansuri<br />
menejmenti, auditi, biujetis Sedgena; organizaciis<br />
saqmianobis Sefaseba, angariSgeba.<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis kvleviTi departamentis<br />
analitikuri ganyofilebis azriT, sityvebi „menejmenti“ da<br />
„administracia/marTva“ swored Semsruleblis rolSi gamodis.<br />
realurad am terminebis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu<br />
ramdenad xSirad gamoiyeneba isini kanonebSi, akademiur<br />
kvlevebSi, oficialur moxsenebebSi, saubrebSi da a.S.<br />
terminologiuri cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad, saxelmwifo<br />
seqtoris revoluciuri transformaciis _ Zveli saxelmwifo<br />
marTvidan (old public administration) axal saxelmwifo marTvamenejmentamde<br />
(new public management) gamoxatulebad aRiqmeba.<br />
saxelmwifo seqtoris marTvam mniSvnelovani<br />
transformacia ganicada XX saukunis miwurulidan.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> mkacri, biurokratiuli forma, romelic<br />
manamde dominirebda, Secvala moqnilma, saxelmwifo<br />
menejmentis bazarze orientirebulma formam. axali<br />
saxelmwifo menejmenti sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva formiT<br />
dainerga saxelmwifo seqtoris <strong>marTvis</strong> istoriuli bunebidan<br />
da reformis amocanebidan gamomdinare. magaliTad, skandinaviur<br />
qveynebSi aqcenti gakeTda Sesrulebis menejmentze, amerikis<br />
SeerTebul Statebsa da didi britaneTis gaerTianebul<br />
samefoSi yuradReba gamaxvilda sabazro tipis meqanizmebsa da<br />
3 Mushkin Selma J., Sandifer Frank H., Familton Sally. Current Status of Public<br />
Management: Research Conducted by or supported by Federal Agencies (Public<br />
Services Laboratory, Georgetown University, 1978); Gulick Luther, Urwick Al, eds.<br />
Papers in the Science of Public Administration (Institute of Public Administration,<br />
1973). Gray A. and Jenkins B. “from Public Administration to Public Management:<br />
Reassessing a revolution?”<br />
8
momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
reformebis grZelvadiani Sedegebi empiriulad dasabuTebuli<br />
ar iyo, reformatorebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ganviTarebad qveynebs,<br />
saxelmwifo seqtoris <strong>marTvis</strong> gaumjobesebis mizniT, uari<br />
unda eTqvaT saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> tradiciul modelze da<br />
daenergaT axali saxelmwifo menejmenti.<br />
reformis TiToeuli elementi unda emsaxurebodes, erTi<br />
mxriv, mTavroba/saministroebsa da, meore mxriv,<br />
departamentebsa da sxva erTeulebs Soris momxmareblis da<br />
mimwodeblis tipis urTierTobis Camoyalibebas an gaZlierebas.<br />
„kontraqtze“ damyarebulma urTierTobam mTlianad unda<br />
Secvalos saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> tradiciuli sistema. Zveli<br />
saxelmwifo marTvidan axal saxelmwifo menejmentze gadasvla,<br />
ZiriTadad, Semdeg princips emyareba: menejeri ar aris<br />
pasuxismgebeli Sedegebze, Tu mas ara aqvs moqmedebis<br />
Tavisufleba. es imas niSnavs, rom menejers saSualeba unda<br />
hqondes damoukideblad marTos Tavisi organizacia. axali<br />
zelandiis magaliTma aCvena, Tu rogor SeiZleba kerZo<br />
seqtorSi gamoyenebuli efeqtiani menejmentis danergva da<br />
ganviTareba saxelmwifo seqtorSi. saxelmwifo menejmentis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilebi: `strategia~, `personalis marTva~,<br />
`finansuri menejmenti da kontroli~ umeteswilad biznesidan<br />
damkvidrda. es procesi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT ara rogorc<br />
mxolod axal ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvla, aramed rogorc<br />
mTlianad sazogadoebis da misi yvela institutis<br />
fundamenturi transformacia sabazro ideologiis Sesabamisad.<br />
meore mxriv, ismis kiTxva: Secvala Tu ara saxelmwifo<br />
menejmentma (public management) saxelmwifo marTva (public<br />
administration)? am terminTa aRiarebuli ganmartebiT<br />
administrireba fokusirebulia procesze, procedurebsa da<br />
sakuTrebaze, maSin roca menejmenti bevrad mets gulisxmobs 4 .<br />
administracia ufro viwroa Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, vidre<br />
4 Boyne, G. “The intellectual crisis in public administration: is public management the<br />
problem or the solution? Public Administration, 74, 679-694, 1996; Hughes, O.E.<br />
Public Management and Administration: An introduction, 1994<br />
9
menejmenti da Sesabamisad erTidan meoreze gadasvla Teoriasa<br />
da praqtikaSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs.<br />
amrigad, marTva saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> SemTxvevaSi<br />
politikasTan erTad warmoadgens mTavrobis mkafiod<br />
gamokveTil funqcias: realurad ganaxorcielos ukve<br />
gansazRvruli politikuri RonisZiebebi da, amasTanave,<br />
aRasrulos saxelmwifos mier gamoxatuli neba. marTva<br />
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs ubralod aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis funqcias, e.i. mTavrobis sistemaSi garkveuli<br />
Zalauflebis aRsrulebas, aramed igi warmoadgens<br />
saxelmwifos nebis ganxorcielebasac. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
moqmedebis es areali zog SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs mTavrobisTvis<br />
kanoniT miniWebul uflebamosilebas, zogan ki _ masze mcirea.<br />
amdenad, tradiciul samTavrobo organoebSi mmarTvelebs<br />
pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT saxelmwifo menejerebi, xolo<br />
maT mier ganxorcielebul saqmianobas _ saxelmwifo<br />
menejmenti. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom menejmentis cnebas<br />
ukavSirdeba, agreTve, sityva `xelmZRvaneloba“ 5 .<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong>, menejmentis. administrirebis problema<br />
gansakuTrebiT mwvavea postsabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> Tanamedrove koncefciebi ukeTes<br />
SemTxvevaSi ignorirebulia, uares SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofili.<br />
winamdebare monografiaSi kibernetikis principebze<br />
dayrdnobiT Camoyalibebulia <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> axali,<br />
universaluri <strong>meTodi</strong> politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebisa<br />
da procesebis <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT, rogorc menejmentis, ise<br />
5 terminebis aRreviT gamowveuli Sinaarsobrivi gaugebrobis magaliTia<br />
inglisuri sityva „public“ Targmnis SemTxvevebi. konteqstis mixedviT sityva<br />
„public“ qarTulad SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc „saxelmwifo“, „sajaro“ an<br />
„sazogadoebrivi“, Tumca xSirad xdeba am sityvebis aRreva da maTi<br />
meqanikuri Canacvleba; aseve, `erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi~ ar gulisxmobs<br />
nacionaluri niSniT Catarebul gamocdebs, amdenad, upriani iqneboda Tu mas<br />
saxelmwifo gamocda daerqmeboda. an aseTi gancxadeba _ `... mimdinareobs<br />
narCenebis <strong>marTvis</strong> maregulirebeli kanonis proeqtze muSaoba~. aq<br />
`narCenebis marTva~ „waste management“-is sruli kalkia da qarTulad<br />
gaugebari Sinaarsis matarebelia.<br />
10
administrirebis amocanebisTvis; damuSavebulia saxelmwifos<br />
efeqtiani politikuri da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
meTodologia da am ukanasknelis gamoyenebiT _ saxelmwifos<br />
efeqtiani politikuri da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
dagegmvis zogadi algoriTmi.<br />
kibernetika berZnulad niSnavs mesaWes. <strong>marTvis</strong> TeoriaSi<br />
es termini Semoitana amerikelma maTematikosma norbert<br />
vinerma, romelmac 1948 wels gamocemul naSromSi<br />
,,kibernetika anu marTva da komunikacia cocxal organizmebsa<br />
da meqanizmebSi”, kibernetika gansazRvra, rogorc mecniereba,<br />
romelic swavlobs <strong>marTvis</strong>a da komunikaciebis zogad<br />
principebs. vineris mixedviT <strong>marTvis</strong>a da komunikaciis<br />
principebi erTgvarovania rogorc cocxali organizmebisTvis,<br />
ise meqanizmebisTvis. amJamad kibernetika ganixileba rogorc<br />
mecniereba <strong>marTvis</strong>, komunikaciisa da organizaciis Sesaxeb<br />
nebismieri tipis obieqtebisTvis.<br />
avtorTa azriT, mTlianobaSi, ekonomikuri da<br />
politikuri procesebis <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemebi (menejeruli<br />
midgomiT) <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> erTian sistemas warmoadgens.<br />
aseTi gaerTianebis wanamZRvars qmnis TviT <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
koncefcia, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia davinaxoT<br />
sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebSi mimdinare procesebi <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
Teoriis TvalsazrisiT da CamovayaliboT erTiani sistemuri<br />
midgoma maTi <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT. amave dros, gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
unda iqnas am obieqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri<br />
Taviseburebebi.<br />
monografia Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavisa da daskvnisgan.<br />
SesavalSi ganxilul iqna saxelmwifo marTvaSi<br />
menejeruli midgomis Taviseburebebi.<br />
pirvel TavSi ganxilulia <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis<br />
zogadi sakiTxebi, <strong>marTvis</strong> istoriuli sawyisebi,<br />
terminologiuri Taviseburebebi, menejmentis zogadi<br />
principebi, politikuri procesebis (saxelmwifos) <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
Tanamedrove principebi, menejmentis swavlebis meTodologiuri<br />
safuZvlebi, mocemulia `kargi <strong>marTvis</strong>~ ramdenime magaliTi.<br />
11
meore TavSi ganxilulia <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> procesis<br />
ganmsazRvreli elementis _ <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis arsi, misi<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi, amocanebi, <strong>strategiuli</strong> alternativebi,<br />
biznes-strategiis tipebi, miznebi da efeqtianoba.<br />
mesame TavSi damuSavebulia <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong>. mocemulia <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
sistemis <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> modeli, <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
zogadi algoriTmi, rekomendaciebi gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebisTvis; ganxilulia mravalsubieqtiani <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
procesebi, maT Soris, saqarTvelo, rogorc mravalsubieqtiani<br />
obieqti; damuSavebulia mravalsubieqtiani procesebis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> algoriTmi. dasabuTebulia, rom<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebSi anu saxelmwifos<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebSi realuri<br />
politikuri, organizaciuli da ekonomikuri efeqtis miRwevis<br />
mizniT aucilebelia <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> meTodologiisa da<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis algoriTmis gamoyeneba.<br />
dasasrul gakeTebulia daskvna kibernetikis<br />
instrumentis gamoyenebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.<br />
12
Tavi 1<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebi<br />
... `Cven, rogorc adamianuri arsebani, ar<br />
warmovadgenT izolirebul sistemebs. Cven gare samyarodan<br />
vRebulobT CvenSi energiis SeqmnisTvis aucilebel sakvebs da<br />
amis Sedegad warmovadgenT nawilebs ufro vrceli samyarosi,<br />
romelic Seicavs Cveni sicocxlisunarianobis am wyaroebs.<br />
magram ufro mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom Cveni grZnobis<br />
orgnoebiT vRebulobT informacias da vmoqmedebT miRebuli<br />
informaciis Sesabamisad~.<br />
norbert vineri, `kibernetika da sazogadoeba~.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis<br />
warmoqmna<br />
nebismieri organizmis, sawarmos, sazogadoebis,<br />
teqnikuri Tu ekonomikuri sistemis, saxelmwifos Tu<br />
sasoflo TviTTmmarTvelobis met-naklebad sicocxlisunariani<br />
funqcionireba uSualod ukavSirdeba <strong>marTvis</strong> im principebsa<br />
da sistemas, romelic am organizaciis (sawarmos,<br />
sazogadoebis, qveynis) <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis gamoiyeneba. efeqtiani<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> ganxorcielebis erT-erTi aucilebeli winapiroba aris<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis meTodebis gamoyeneba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
didi ganzomilebis mqone obieqtebisTvis.<br />
13
<strong>marTvis</strong> ZiriTadi principebis Casaxva kacobriobis<br />
gariJraJze, pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebaSi unda<br />
vivaraudoT, maSin, rodesac daiwyo gadasvla samomxmareblo<br />
tipis ekonomikidan (nadiroba, Tevzaoba, nayofis Segroveba da<br />
sxv.) materialuri faseulobebis warmoebis ekonomikaze.<br />
uZvelesi civilizaciebis gaCenisTanave ki xdeba <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
principebis daxvewa, formalizeba, dasabuTeba. pirveli<br />
werilobiTi monacemebi <strong>marTvis</strong> met-naklebad formalizebuli<br />
principebis Sesaxeb III aTaswleulidan Cndeba Zvel egvipteSi.<br />
am dros egvipteSi ukve sakmaod Zlier aris ganviTarebuli<br />
saxelmwifo, amasTan saxelmwifo iyo rogorc politikuri<br />
organo, aseve sameurneo subieqti. Sesabamisad ganviTarebulia<br />
moZRvrebani saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> Sesaxeb, gamarTulad<br />
funqcionirebs Sesabamisi struqturebi.<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciidan (egvipte, babiloni,<br />
indoeTi da CineTi) SemorCenilia msjelobani saxelmwifos<br />
mowyobisa da <strong>marTvis</strong> Sesaxeb. civilizaciis gariJraJze<br />
egvipteSi, babilonSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi ukve arsebobs<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa funqcionireba SeuZlebeli iqneboda<br />
garkveuli politikuri wesebis, normebisa da principebis<br />
gareSe. im dros ZiriTadi iyo Tezisi xelisuflebis<br />
RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, xolo TviT saxelmwifo<br />
miiCneoda msoflio kosmosuri wesrigis Semadgenel nawilad.<br />
iTvleboda, rom umaRlesi mmarTvelebi RvTaebriv<br />
xelisuflebas axorcieleben da amitom maTi xelisufleba<br />
memkvidreobiTia, uflebamosileba _ wmidaTawmida, isini _<br />
xelSeuxebelni arian, xolo, socialuri uTanasworoba _<br />
winaswargansazRvruli da racionaluri. Camoyalibebulia<br />
erTgvari religiur-politikuri ideologiuri sistema,<br />
romelic asabuTebs arsebuli socialur weswyobilebas,<br />
umaRles mmarTvelTa SeuzRudav Zalauflebas. imdroindeli<br />
araracionaluri meurneoba ganapirobebda mmarTvelobis<br />
despotur formebs, amis gamo msjelobani sazogadoebisa da<br />
saxelmwifos mowyobis Sesaxeb umetes SemTxvevaSi atarebda<br />
qveSevrdomTa darigebebis xasiaTs, politikuri mosazrebebi<br />
14
pragmatuli xasiaTis iyo da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
praqtikul sakiTxebs exeboda.<br />
uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis organizeba, maT mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli grandiozuli proeqtebi – egviptis<br />
piramidebi, CineTis didi kedeli, babilonis dakiduli baRebi,<br />
inkebis qalaqebi tenotitClani da maCu-pikCu SeiZleboda<br />
aSenebuliyo mxolod mravali adamianis koordinirebuli,<br />
organizebuli ZalisxmeviT.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> SesaniSnavi adreuli nimuSebia<br />
uZvelesi imperiebi _ CineTis, sparseTis, romis, rodesac<br />
Seuferxeblad imarTeboda udidesi teritoriebi, dabolos,<br />
romis imperia, romelsac saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> mkafiod<br />
Camoyalibebuli sistema hqonda. <strong>marTvis</strong> da dagegmvis mkafio<br />
struqturis mqone disciplinirebuli romauli legionebi<br />
marSiT ipyrobdnen cudad organizebul evropul da aziur<br />
qveynebs. romis imperias hqonda im dros saukeTeso<br />
kavSirgabmulobis sistema - aSenebdnen SesaniSnav gzebs,<br />
romelTagan nawili dResac gamoiyeneba. gzebis meSveobiT<br />
xdeboda gadasaxadebis drouli akrefa, vaWrobisa da<br />
warmoebis ganviTareba, jarebis swrafi gadaadgileba. XX<br />
saukuneSi menejmentis specialistebi ukve Teoriulad<br />
daasabuTeben, rom nebismieri organizaciis warmatebis erTerTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi piroba aris mis sxvadasxva nawilebs<br />
Soris kargi kavSiris arseboba. romis imperiis dRegrZelobis<br />
erT-erTi winapiroba swored kargi gzebic iyo. amas<br />
adasturebs imdroindeli romauli sentenciac – gza<br />
sicocxlea (laTinurad Via est vital).<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad rTuldeboda<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> xelovnebac. evropaSi samrewvelo revoluciis<br />
periodSi, XVIII –XIX saukuneebSi, <strong>marTvis</strong> Sroma gamoeyo<br />
sakuTrebas. mesakuTreebi qiraobdnen garkveuli tipis<br />
adamianebs, romelTac andobdnen sawarmoebis marTvas. Caisaxa<br />
mmarTvelis anu menejeris profesia. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sferoSi revoluciurma gardaqmnebma xeli Seuwyo<br />
menejerebis Sromis gancalkevebas, normebisa da standartebis<br />
SemoRebas, Tanamdebobrivi instruqciebisa da pasuxismgeblobis<br />
15
mkafiod gansazRvras. XX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Sroma kvlav Tvisebrivad Seicvala informaciis<br />
kompiuterebiT gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobis warmoqmnis gamo.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mecnieruli meTodebis damuSavebis<br />
aucilebloba Tavdapirvelad samrewvelo revoluciam<br />
warmoqmna. am periodSi ukve SeuZlebeli xdeboda sul ufro<br />
mzardi warmoebis marTva da saWiro xdeboda iseTi meTodebis<br />
gamoyeneba, romlebic axlad fexadgmul kapitalizms efeqtiani<br />
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas miscemda. sazogadoebrivi<br />
warmoebis marTva gaxda <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba, romelic sabunebismetyvelo,<br />
ekonomikuri, sociologiuri, sazogadoebrivi da sxva kanonebis<br />
Segnebuli gamoyenebiT axorcielebs sawarmoo koleqtivebze<br />
mizanmimarTul zemoqmedebas.<br />
mrewvelobisa da sazogadod ekonomikis ganviTareba<br />
moiTxovs sul ufro met ganaTlebul adamians. meore mxriv,<br />
rac ufro metia ganaTlebuli adamiani, miT ufro metia<br />
organizaciis (da <strong>marTvis</strong>) moTxovnileba da piriqiT. amdenad,<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> procesi socialuri cvlilebebis stimulatori xdeba<br />
_ iwvevs ganaTlebaze moTxovnis ,,afeTqebas”. vinaidan marTva,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, adamianebsa da adamianTa gaerTianebaze<br />
zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs, amitom igi socialur mecnierebas<br />
miekuTvneba, Tumca mecnierebis sxva dargebis (ekonomikuri,<br />
fiziologiuri, pedagogiuri, fsiqologiuri da sxv.)<br />
miRwevebsac iyenebs.<br />
pirveli samecniero Sromebi <strong>marTvis</strong> TeoriaSi,<br />
romliTac ganzogadebulia <strong>marTvis</strong> dagrovili praqtikuli<br />
gamocdileba, XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi gamoCnda. mecnierebis, teqnikis da sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze warmoebis marTvaSi<br />
warmoqmnili aqtualuri problematikis gadaWra <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
mecnierebis anu menejmentis sxvadasxva skolebiT<br />
xorcieldeboda. Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda mecnieruli<br />
menejmentis skola, romelic Semdeg sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT<br />
ganviTarda imis mixedviT, Tu ra problemebi iCenda Tavs<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sul ufro garTulebuli procesis srulyofis dros.<br />
16
ase warmoiqmna administraciuli menejmentis mimarTuleba,<br />
Semdeg adamianur urTierTobaTa menejmentis mimarTuleba, meti<br />
yuradReba daeTmo qceviT da procesualur midgomebs. XX<br />
saukunis meore naxevridan, <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebis gadawyvetis<br />
dros sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba raodenobrivi,<br />
sistemuri da situaciuri midgomebi.<br />
menejeruli azrovnebis ganviTareba ZiriTadad<br />
evoluciuri procesia, romelic uwyvetad mimdinareobs da<br />
orientirebulia rogorc msoflio ekonomikur-politikuri<br />
panoramis cvlilebebze, ise organizaciaTa miznebze,<br />
strategiasa da amocanebze. rogorc ki icvleba organizaciis<br />
miznebi da strategia, maSinve icvleba konkretuli amocanebi<br />
da Sesabamisad icvleba <strong>marTvis</strong> struqtura da meTodebi.<br />
koleqtiuri saqmianobis <strong>marTvis</strong> sxva principebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT menejmenti TavisTavSi mudmivi ganaxlebadobis<br />
Tvisebas Seicavs. menejmentis ganviTarebis etapebi gvaCvenebs,<br />
rom igi damokidebulia garemo pirobebisa da, pirvel rigSi,<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. menejmentis mravalferovan<br />
skolebsa da mimarTulebebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT<br />
ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, es aris mecnieruli <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
skola (mecnieruli menejmenti), administraciuli <strong>marTvis</strong> anu<br />
klasikuri skola (administraciuli menejmenti), adamianuri<br />
urTierTobebisa da qceviTi mecnierebebis skola (adamianur<br />
urTierTobaTa menejmenti), maTematikuri (an raodenobrivi<br />
meTodebis) skola, sistemuri, situaciuri midgomebi da sxv.<br />
yvela am mimdinareobis urTierTkavSiri ganapirobebs <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
maRal efeqtianobas. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi gamoiyeneba am<br />
mimarTulebaTa sxvadasxva elementi. menejmentis (<strong>marTvis</strong>)<br />
yvela mimarTulebaTa ganzogadoeba SesaZlebelia<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong>s meSveobiT.<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi sociologiisa da fsiqologiis<br />
marTvaSi gamoyeneba moinaTla `burJuaziis xrikebad~, xolo<br />
kibernetika _ crumecnierebad. sabWoTa kavSiris realur<br />
mmarTvelobaSi menejmentis Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebas<br />
saerTod ar `amCnevdnen~. dasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria sabazro ekonomikis, demokratiisa da<br />
17
Tavisuflebis pirobebSi viTardeboda, sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria e.w. `mecnieruli komunizmis~ safuZvlebze<br />
`erTxel da samudamod~ iyo Camoyalibebuli, aq gabatonebuli<br />
iyo <strong>marTvis</strong> administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistema,<br />
ukukavSiris principebis sruli ignorirebiT, ramac, saboloo<br />
angariSiT, ganapiroba kidec sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva.<br />
dRes, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom biznesisa da saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi mTlianad aris<br />
Camoyalibebuli. sxva saqmea Tu rogor xdeba aRniSnuli<br />
principebis realur cxovrebaSi realizeba da dagrovili<br />
codnis faqtobrivi realizeba konkretul saxelmwifoebriv<br />
Tu komerciul saqmianobaSi. ZiriTadi problema dRes aris<br />
Teoriuli miRwevebis praqtikuli realizeba, agreTve,<br />
biznesisa da saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemebis praqtikuli<br />
organizeba.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflios politikur-ekonomikur<br />
ganviTarebas ganapirobeben transnacionaluri kompaniebi,<br />
romelTa <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis aucilebeli gaxda <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
meTodologiis damuSaveba da Sesabamisi meTodebis _<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> kvlevis, <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> gamoyeneba. mmarTvelobiTi azrovnebis<br />
miRwevaTa gamaerTianeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> modeli, romelic erT mTlian<br />
sistemaSi aqcevs <strong>marTvis</strong> mecnierul midgomebsa da meTodebs<br />
rogorc biznesis, ise saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebisTvis.<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> midgoma, <strong>marTvis</strong> problemis strategiul<br />
xedvasTan erTad, opitimaluri (garkveuli TvalsazrisiT _<br />
saukeTeso) Sedegebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rogorc<br />
ekonomikuri, ise politikuri sistemebis kvlevisa da<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong>aTvis.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
menejeruli principebi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria dasabamidan<br />
viTardeboda rogorc politikur moZRvrebaTa erT-erTi<br />
18
mimarTuleba, XIX saukunidan ki ukve damoukidebel<br />
samecniero mimarTulebad Camoyalibda. am dros saxelmwifos<br />
Seswavlis mizniT germaniaSi Seiqmna samarTlebrivi skola,<br />
Semdeg aSS-Si kolumbiis kolejSi (SemdgomSi Columbia<br />
Univerity) politikuri mecnierebebis skola, romelmac male<br />
daiwyo yovelkvartaluri politikuri Jurnalis gamocema<br />
(Political Science Quarterly). Semdeg msgavsi specialobebi<br />
evropisa da aSS-is sxva universitetebSic gaixsna. aq<br />
politikur mecnierebaTa saerTo kompleqsSi ukve saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> problemebi iswavleba. TandaTan ikveTeboda<br />
specialurad saxelmwifo moxeleTa momzadebis aucilebloba,<br />
rasac ganapirobebda garTulebuli sazogadoebrivi da<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> struqturebi, izrdeboda<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleTa raodenoba, ZiriTadad dabali rangis,<br />
magram, amiT saxelmwifo aparatis efeqtianoba ar maRldeboda.<br />
saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis kvalobaze TandaTan<br />
yalibdeboda Sesabamisi biurokratuli struqturebi. XIX<br />
saukuneSi biurokratulma aparatma ukve mTlianobaSi metnaklebad<br />
Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo. formirebas iwyebs<br />
kanonmdebloba saxelmwifo samsaxuris Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />
aregulirebs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi dasaqmebul moxeleTa<br />
Sromas. TandaTan Cndeba specialurad saxelmwifo moxeleTa,<br />
administratorTa momzadebis aucilebloba. 1927 wels<br />
JenevaSi daarsda `mmarTvelobis saerTaSoriso instituti”,<br />
xolo 1959 wels `mmarTvelobis meTodebis swavlebis<br />
centrebis saerTaSoriso asociacia”.<br />
administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis<br />
(rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero mimarTulebis)<br />
fuZemdeblad iTvlebian aSS-is 23-e prezidenti vudro<br />
vilsoni, amerikeli politologi frenk gudnau da germaneli<br />
sociologi da ekonomisti maqs veberi.<br />
XIX saukunis miwuruls imJamad samarTlis<br />
profesorma vudro vilsonma (SemdgomSi) daiwyo saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> procesebis Teoriuli kvleva (administraciuli<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mimarTulebiT). man SeimuSava `administraciuli<br />
efeqtianobis modeli”, sadac ganixila saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
19
procesebSi <strong>marTvis</strong> im meTodebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba,<br />
romlebic ukve arsebobda biznesis marTvaSi. amave sakiTxebze<br />
muSaobda frenk gudnau. vilsoni da gudnau cdilobdnen<br />
SeemuSavebinaT demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi<br />
biurokratiis modeli, romelic vilsonma praqtikulad<br />
ganaxorciela kidec saxelmwifo moRvaweobis dros. Semdeg<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria mecnieruli menejmentis<br />
mimarTulebiT ganviTarda. am SemTxvevaSi <strong>marTvis</strong> sakiTxebi<br />
ganixileba saxelmwifos politikuri ideologiisgan<br />
damoukideblad.<br />
vilsonis azriT mTavrobis muSaobis gaumjobesebisa da<br />
Sromatevadobis Semcirebis mizniT SesaZlebeli iyo biznesSi<br />
arsebuli racionaluri organizaciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba<br />
uSualod <strong>marTvis</strong> procesis organizebis mizniT da ara<br />
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisTvis. qveynis<br />
politikuri xelmZRvanelobisTvis saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
administracia (biurokratia) biznesSi moqmedi <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
struqturebis analogiurad unda gamxdariyo politikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebis praqtikulad realizebis aparati. amrigad,<br />
biurokratiisadmi wayenebuli mTavari da erTaderTi moTxovna<br />
iqneboda misi kompetenturoba da profesionalizmi da ara<br />
partiul-politikuri Sexedulebebi. maSasadame, politikuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis Secvlam ar unda gamoiwvios<br />
administraciuli aparatis cvlileba da, ufro metic,<br />
saerTod ar unda imoqmedos mis saqmianobaze. amrigad,<br />
administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemaSi<br />
biurokratiuli aparati unda warmoadgendes garkveuli<br />
ierarqiiT agebul profesionalur instruments, sadac<br />
funqciebi mkafiod aris gancalkevebuli. mTavroba gamoscems<br />
kanonebs, Camoayalibebs qveynis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebs,<br />
xolo administracia maT aRasrulebs _ es aris saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> arsi, amiT mkveTri sazRvaria gavlebuli<br />
politikosebsa da biorokratias Soris. biurokratias ar unda<br />
hqonoda politikaSi Carevis SesaZlebloba, rac politikosTa<br />
mxridan moiTxovs biurokratiis moqmedebebis kontrols.<br />
20
vilsonisa da gudnaus ideebis Semdgomi ganviTareba da<br />
srulyofa saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> Tanamedrove, menejeruli<br />
mimarTulebis saxiT ganaxorciela maqs veberma. saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Tanamedrove, menejeruli mimarTulebis safuZveli<br />
gaxda maqs veberis mier SemuSavebuli Teoria racionaluri<br />
biurokratiis Sesaxeb, romelic man Camoayaliba naSromSi<br />
`meurneoba da sazogadoeba”. veberma garkveuli gavlena iqonia<br />
agreTve Tanamedrove politikuri realizmis koncefciis<br />
Camoyalibebaze. veberis azriT, saerTaSoriso politika<br />
qveynebs Soris dausrulebel brZolas warmoadgens,<br />
saxelmwifoebi dausruleblad ibrZvian gadarCenis mizniT da,<br />
amdenad, mSvidobac aris omis erT-erTi forma.<br />
germaniis saxelmwifo biurokratiis sistematizebuli<br />
analizis safuZvelze veberma axsna biurokratsa da<br />
politikoss Soris arsebuli ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi da<br />
faqtobrivad Camoayaliba saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> (menejmentis)<br />
institucionaluri aspeqtebi. saxelmwifos organizaciis<br />
yvelaze ufro efeqtiani sistema veberis azriT aris mkacr<br />
biurokratiul principebze agebuli sistema. biurokratiuli<br />
sistemis efeqtianoba ganpirobebulia movaleobebis,<br />
profesionalizmisa da disciplinis mkacri gancalkevebiT.<br />
aseTi sistema organizaciis gansazRvrul parametrebze<br />
aqcentirebisa da misi saqmianobis mimarTulebaTa<br />
formalizaciis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
racionaluri biurokratia ar iRebs politikur<br />
gadawyvetilebebs, saxelmwifo moxele ar aris (ar unda iyos)<br />
politikosi da mxolod politikuri xelmZRvanelobis<br />
gankargulebebs asrulebs. amisaTvis, biurokratiuli aparati<br />
zedmiwevniT kargad unda flobdes biurokratiuli procesis<br />
wesebs.<br />
yovelTvis arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom biurokratiam<br />
SesaZloa daiwyos sakuTar da ara saxelmwifoebriv<br />
interesebze zrunva. am dros biurokratia cdilobs <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
teqnikis monopolizebas iseTi xerxebis gamoyenebiT,<br />
rogoricaa informaciis gasaidumloeba, „samsaxureobrivi<br />
saidumlobis“ dacva da a.S. sazogadod, rogorc maqs veberi<br />
21
aRniSnavda, biurokratia iswrafvis gaafarTovos Tavisi<br />
gavlenis areali, gacdes sakuTari ufleba-movaleobebis<br />
farglebs. aseTi biurokratia xelmZRvanelobs e.w.<br />
`Zalauflebis instinqtiT“ da funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT.<br />
saqmis efeqtiani war<strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis biurokratias unda hqondes<br />
garkveuli damoukidebloba, magram `zedmeti~ damoukideblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi biurokratias uCndeba saxelmwifo Zalauflebis<br />
monopolizebis SesaZlebloba, ris gamoyenebasac<br />
damoukideblad moqmedi, e.w. totaluri biurokratia<br />
aucileblad ecdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi diqtatoruli<br />
reJimis damyarebaa mosalodnelia. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa biurokratiis<br />
uflebamosilebaTa mkafiod gansazRvra da aRniSnul<br />
uflebamosilebaTa aRsrulebis efeqtianobisa da xarisxis<br />
mkacri kontroli.<br />
amdenad, administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
Teoriis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi sul ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> aparatis imgvari formireba, rom igi mTlianad<br />
yofiliyo gamijnuli politikisgan. aseTi midgoma ganapirobebs<br />
biurokratiuli aparatis efeqtianobas, misi saqmianobis<br />
mizanmimarTulad warmarTvas. meore mxriv, <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
biurokratiuli aparatis formirebisTvis aucilebeli gaxda<br />
saTanado mecnieruli meTodebis damuSaveba.<br />
amrigad, administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
TeoriaSi Camoyalibda menejeruli midgoma anu iseTi marTva,<br />
romelic ar aris damokidebuli politikur ideologiaze.<br />
Teoriuli menejeruli principebis praqtikulad gavrcelebis<br />
mizniT TandaTan daiwyo specialuri organizaciebis Seqmna.<br />
amJamad dasavleTis qveynebSi ukve sistematur safuZvelze<br />
aswavlian saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> meTodebs (upiratesad<br />
administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> mimarTulebiT).<br />
saboloo saxiT administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria Camoyalibda rogorc disciplinaTaSorisi<br />
mecniereba. dReisTvis igi politologiis, menejmentis,<br />
fsiqologiis, filosofiis, sociologiis da sxv. mecnierebaTa<br />
sinTezia. administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis<br />
22
sagans warmoadgens im procesebis mecnieruli kvleva,<br />
romliTac xorcieldeba saxelmwifos optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> organoebis saSualebiT da<br />
risTvisac gamoiyeneba codnis yvela sferos miRwevebi,<br />
daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc amas aristotele ganmartavda<br />
politikasTan dakavSirebiT 6 . ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT,<br />
administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis mizania<br />
aRmoaCinos administrirebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi<br />
kanonzomierebebi da maT safuZvlze SeimuSavos Sesabamisi<br />
rekomendaciebi, romlebsac administraciuli samarTalis<br />
Teoria iuridiul normativebSi gardaqmnis.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis ZiriTadi amocanebia: saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
organizeba sxvadasxva doneze (nacionaluri, regionaluri,<br />
adgilobrivi) da Sesabamisi funqciebis damuSaveba saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> aparatisTvis; saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sxvadasxva<br />
struqturebis, rogorc erTiani sistemis koordinacia;<br />
mmarTveli kadrebis rekrutireba da momzadeba; saxelmwifo<br />
aparatis saStato Semadgenlobis optimaluri struqturis<br />
dadgena; saxelmwifo organizaciis personalis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
problemebis kvleva; saxelmwifo administrirebis teqnikis<br />
SemuSaveba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis, prognozirebis,<br />
krizisebisa da konfliqtebis <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT; masobrivi<br />
informaciis saSualebebTan da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis<br />
teqnologiis damuSaveba da sxv.<br />
menejeruli azrovnebis<br />
ganviTarebis etapebi<br />
mecnieruli menejmentis fuZemdeblad iTvlebian<br />
amerikeli inJinrebi frederik teilori da misi mowafeebi es<br />
6 `...ramdenadac mecniereba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb iyenebs sxva mecnierebebs,<br />
rogorc saSualebebs, da, garda amisa, kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvravs Tu ra<br />
aris gasakeTebeli da ra _ ara, amdenad, misi mizani, rogorc Cans, Seicavs<br />
sxva mecnierebaTa miznebs, maSasadame, adamianebisTvis swored es mizani iqneba<br />
umaRlesi sikeTe.’’ aristotele, `Политика~, gv.321.<br />
23
mimarTuleba ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba frederik teiloris mier<br />
SemuSavebuli <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis Teoriasa da praqtikas. Tavisi<br />
Sexedulebebi teilorma Camoayaliba wignSi `mecnieruli<br />
menejmentis principebi~, romelic XX saukunis dasawyisis<br />
industriuli periodis menejeruli azrovnebisa da praqtikis<br />
Taviseburebebs asaxavs. iTvleba, rom iseve, rogorc adam<br />
smitis TeoriiT daiwyo politekonomiis sxvadasxva Stoebis<br />
ganviTareba, aseve, teilorma misca dasabami menejmentis<br />
Semdgom ganviTarebas, anu rogorc ambobda p.drukeri<br />
`teilorizmi _ es aris klde, romelzedac daSenebulia Cveni<br />
disciplinebi~. mecnieruli menejmentis mixedviT marTva<br />
ganixileba rogorc meqanizmi, romelic moqmedebs sxvadasxva<br />
faqtorebis kombinaciis Sedegad da iZleva dasaxuli miznebis<br />
maqsimaluri efeqtianobiT miRwevis SesaZleblobas resursebis<br />
xarjvis minimizaciiT.<br />
mecnieruli <strong>marTvis</strong> koncefciam gardatexa Seitana<br />
warmoebis <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemaSi, es midgoma swrafad gavrcelda<br />
aSS-sa da evropaSi (inglisSi, safrangeTSi da sxv.). magram,<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> procesebis garTulebasTan erTad gamoCnda mecnieruli<br />
menejmentis meqanicizmis principuli SezRuduloba.<br />
teilorma pirvelma gansazRvra menejmenti, rogorc<br />
`warmoebis organizacia~, daamuSava mecnieruli <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
principebi, romelsac `teilorizmi~ ewoda. teilorma es<br />
principebi Camoayaliba SromiTi operaciebis, standartuli da<br />
zedmeti moZraobebis acilebis empiriuli analiziT. teilorma<br />
muSaTa Sromis analiziT da misi ZiriTadi elementebis<br />
gansazRvriT daamuSava Sromis normirebis meTodologiuri<br />
safuZvlebi, moaxdina samuSao operaciebis standartizacia,<br />
praqtikaSi danerga muSaTa SerCevis, ganawilebisa da maTi<br />
Sromis stimulirebis mecnieruli meTodebi, man daamuSava<br />
agreTve organizaciuli urTierTkavSiris rTuli sistema,<br />
qronometraJi, sainstruqcio baraTebi, muSaTa gadamzadebis<br />
meTodebi, dagegmvis biuro, socialuri informaciis Segrovebis<br />
sistema. igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda xelmZRvanelobis<br />
stils, disciplinarul sanqciebs da Sromis stimulirebas.<br />
mis sistemaSi efeqtianobis mTavari wyaro aris Sroma, vinc<br />
24
mets Sromobs, is met gasamrjelos iRebs, _ es aris<br />
teilorizmis erT-erTi mTavari debuleba.<br />
teiloris azriT menejmentis principuli mizani unda<br />
iyos damqiraveblisa da TanamSromlebis maqsimaluri<br />
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa. erTi mxriv, damqiraveblisaTvis<br />
`maqsimaluri keTildReoba~ niSnavs ara marto didi mogebis<br />
swrafad miRwevas, aramed sawarmos yvela aspeqtis<br />
ganviTarebas misi mudmivi warmatebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.<br />
meore mxriv, TanamSromlisaTvis `maqsimaluri keTildReoba~<br />
niSnavs ara mxolod droebiT maRal Semosavals, aramed misi<br />
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas samuSaos maqsimalurad kargad<br />
Sesrulebis mizniT. teiloris azriT xelmZRvanelobasa da<br />
muSebs Soris winaaRmdegobis daZlevisa da warmadobis zrdis<br />
uzrunvelyofisTvis saWiro iyo sawarmoo procesis<br />
sistematurad Seswavla, rac samuSaos Sesrulebis saukeTeso<br />
meTodebis dadgenisa da, Aamave dros, muSebis efeqtiani<br />
kontrolis SesaZleblobebs qmnida.<br />
teiloris naSromebSi xazgasmulia arasamuSao<br />
elementebis maqsimaluri gamoricxvisa da viwro<br />
specializaciis mkacri aucilebloba, amocanis arsze<br />
yuradRebisa da Zalisxmevis koncentracia. teilorizmis<br />
mixedviT, marTva aris specifikuri saqmianoba, xolo kompania<br />
mxolod moigebs, Tu muSaTa TiToeuli jgufi imas gaakeTebs,<br />
rac yvelaze ukeT gamosdis. ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba<br />
sawarmoo procesebis marTvas. aseTma midgomam saSualeba misca<br />
teilors gaezarda Sromis nayofiereba, firmis Semosavali da<br />
muSaTa xelfasi. teilorma pirvelma gaiTvaliswina da<br />
praqtikaSi daamkvidra `adamianis faqtoris~ cneba. teiloris<br />
mier Camoyalibebuli <strong>marTvis</strong> koncefciis mTvari principebia<br />
organizaciuli harmonia, ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri<br />
mizanSewoniloba, agreTve, materialuri stimulireba.<br />
teiloris principebi farTod iyo danergili da<br />
amJamadac sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba masobrivi warmoebis<br />
kompaniebSi. Tumca es ideebi mis sicocxleSive iqna<br />
gakritikebuli muSebis garkveulwilad efeqtianad momuSave<br />
manqanebis donemde dayvanis gamo.<br />
25
teilorTan erTad mecnieruli mimarTulebis<br />
damfuZneblebad iTvlebian agreTve frenk da liliana<br />
jilbertebi, henri ganti da sxv. mecnieruli skolis<br />
SemoqmedTa TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia xelis Sromis mravali<br />
operaciis srulyofa da maTi efeqtianobis gazrda logikiT,<br />
dakvirvebebiT, gazomvebis analizis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
mecnieruli <strong>marTvis</strong> skolis mimdevarTa menejeruli<br />
azrovneba efuZneboda debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia vmarToT mecnierulad. es idea maSin seriozuli<br />
aRmoCena iyo. marTlac, sainJinro mecnierebaTa ideebis<br />
sawarmoo sferoSi gadatanam sul male moitana pirveli<br />
efeqti. gamoqveynda pirveli samecniero Sromebi menejmentis<br />
dargSi, romliTac ganzogadebulia <strong>marTvis</strong> dagrovili<br />
praqtikuli gamocdileba.<br />
mecnieruli menejmentis Semdgomi ganviTareba<br />
ukavSirdeba e.w. administraciuli <strong>marTvis</strong> klasikur skolas<br />
(administraciuli menejmenti). mecnieruli menejmentis<br />
fuZemdeblebma (teilori da misi mowafeebi) kariera muSis<br />
Tanamdebobidan daiwyes, ramac, bunebriva, rom imoqmeda maT<br />
warmodgenaze organizaciis <strong>marTvis</strong> Sesaxeb. klasikuri skolis<br />
fuZemdeblebs (harington emersoni, anri faioli, henri<br />
fordi), ukve hqondaT didi biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> gamocdileba da,<br />
amrigad, maTi interesebi mTeli organizaciis efeqtian<br />
muSaobas exeboda. klasikuri skolis fuZemdebelTa<br />
umniSvnelovanesi miRweva aRmoCnda maT mier Camoyalibebuli<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> principebi, romlebic orientirebuli iyo, pirvel<br />
rigSi, formaluri organizaciuli struqturebisa da<br />
sistemebis Seqmnaze. es gaxldaT administrirebis mecnierebis<br />
pirveli damoukidebeli Sedegi. administraciuli skolis<br />
ganviTareba ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobada – warmoebis<br />
racionalizacia da <strong>marTvis</strong> problemebis Seswavla. am skolis<br />
mizani iyo <strong>marTvis</strong> iseTi universaluri principebis Seqmna,<br />
romlis gamoyenebac aucileblad moitanda warmatebas.<br />
`klasikosTa~ TvalsazrisiT mTavaria SemuSavebul iqnas<br />
administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong> principebi,<br />
romlebic yvela qveyanaSi gaaumjobesebs saxelmwifo<br />
26
administrirebas. es principebia: administraciulsaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
organizaciebis <strong>marTvis</strong> racionaluri<br />
sistemis damuSaveba da organizaciis struqturis ageba.<br />
amasTan <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemaSi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos<br />
harmonia (urTierTwinaaRmdegobis nacvlad), TanamSromloba<br />
(individualuri muSaobis sapirwoned) da maqsimaluri<br />
mwarmoebloba TiToeul samuSao adgilze. es aris zemodan<br />
qvemoT mkafiod reglamentirebuli ierarqiuli organizacia,<br />
TiToeuli Tanamdebobrivi kategoriis funqciis mkveTri<br />
gansazRvriT. aseTi modeli efeqtiania stabiluri socialuri<br />
garemos SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadasawyvetia erTnairi tipis<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebi. am dros naklebi yuradReba eqceva<br />
administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis socialur<br />
problemebs.<br />
gansakuTrebuli roli warmoebis organizebis sferoSi<br />
ekuTvnis menejmentis amerikel eqsperts harington emersons,<br />
man pirvelma ganixila warmoebis efeqtianoba farTo<br />
masStabiT. misi naSromi `warmadobis 12 principi~ (1911 w.)<br />
mewarmeTa da bisnemenTa sayovelTao dainteresebis sagani<br />
gaxda. rogorc im dros aRniSnavdnen, emersonis principebis<br />
dacva ganapirobebs <strong>marTvis</strong> maqsimalur efeqtianobas rogorc<br />
warmoebis dargSi, ise sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis TiTqmis<br />
yvela sferosTvis. nebismieri warmoebis Tu samrewvelo<br />
organizaciisa da sabanko operaciis efeqtianoba SesaZloa<br />
Sefasebul iqnas imis mixedviT Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maTi<br />
saqmianoba emersonis principebs.<br />
emersonis azriT, `WeSmariti mwarmoebluroba<br />
yovelTvis iZleva maqsimalur Sedegebs minimaluri<br />
danaxarjebiT; daZabuloba, piriqiT, iZleva sakmaod did<br />
Sedegebs, mxolod aranormalurad mZime pirobebSi~. emersonma<br />
daasabuTa kompleqsuri, sistemuri midgomis gamoyenebis<br />
aucilebloba rTuli, mravalmxrivi praqtikuli amocanebis<br />
gadawyvetis dros rogorc warmoebis <strong>marTvis</strong> organizaciis,<br />
ise nebismieri moRvaweobis SemTxvevaSi. emersoni cnobili<br />
gaxda agreTve <strong>marTvis</strong> saStabo principebis kvleviT. misi<br />
azriT, organizaciis saStabo principiT marTva ara marto<br />
27
samxedro, aramed nebismieri tipis organizaciebSia<br />
SesaZlebeli.<br />
warmoebis organizaciis sakuTari xedva ganaviTara<br />
amerikis saavtomobilo industriis fuZemdebelma henri<br />
fordma. fordis mixedviT warmoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi<br />
piroba aris samecniero-teqnikuri siaxleebis operatiuli<br />
danergva, xelis mZime Sromis manqanebiT Secvla, saamqroebSi<br />
sisufTavisa da simyudrovis uzrunvelyofa, avtomobilebis<br />
maRali xarisxi, maTi servisuli momaxurebis qselis<br />
ganviTareba. mrewvelobis miznad fords miaCnda ara mxolod<br />
momxmarebelTa (klientTa) dakmayofileba, aramed maTi<br />
(klientTa Seqmna (Semdeg am azrs safuZvlianad ganaviTarebs<br />
p.drukeri), muSaTa Sromis maRali anazRaurebisa da<br />
produqciaze fasebis Semcirebis miRweva.<br />
XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis menejmentis udidesi<br />
warmomadgenelia frangi inJineri anri faioli,<br />
`administraciis Teoriis~ avtori. amerikelebi mas menejmentis<br />
mamas uwodeben. faiolim daamuSava administraciis moRvaweobis<br />
analizis zogadi midgoma da Camoayaliba <strong>marTvis</strong> zogierTi<br />
mkacrad aucilebeli principi. faiolis Sromebis bazaze<br />
Camoyalibda kompaniis organizaciuli struqturis cneba,<br />
romlis elementebs Soris myardeba garkveuli urTierTkavSiri<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> ZiriTadi funqciebis realizebis mizniT.<br />
administraciuli Teoriis Tanaxmad warmoebis<br />
efeqtianobis miRweva SesaZlebelia ara mxolod samuSao<br />
adgilisa da saamqros, aramed mTlianad organizaciis<br />
(sawarmos) srulyofiT. <strong>marTvis</strong> fuZemdeblur principebad<br />
faioli ganixilavda Zalauflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis<br />
Sexamebas, disciplinas, xelmZRvanelobis erTianobas, kerZo<br />
interesebis saerTo interesebisadmi damorCilebas, TiToeuli<br />
muSakis iniciativas, korporaciul ganwyobas da a.S. faiolma<br />
administraciis moqmedeba sxvadasxva operaciebad da<br />
funqciebad dayo. es funqciebia: dagegmva, organizeba,<br />
motivireba (Sromis stimulireba), koordinireba da<br />
kontroli. faiolis mTavari wvlili <strong>marTvis</strong> TeoriaSi is<br />
gaxlavT, rom man marTva ganixila rogorc universaluri<br />
28
procesi, romelic ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
funqciisgan Sedgeba.<br />
praqtikulad menejmentis safuZvlebi gageba faiolis<br />
interpretacias eyrdnoba, romelTanac Sexamebulia sxvadasxva<br />
mimdinareobebi. faiolma Camoayaliba warmoebis <strong>marTvis</strong> 14<br />
zogadi principi, romlebic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, dResac<br />
aqtualuria, gansakuTrebiT postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis<br />
(romlebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc gardamavali<br />
saxelmwifoebriobisa da ekonomikis mqone qveynebi). faiolis<br />
principebi exeba rogorc Sromis danawilebis da <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
organizebis principebs, ise personalis <strong>marTvis</strong> sakiTxebs.<br />
faioli Tvlida, rom <strong>marTvis</strong> principebis raodenoba ar aris<br />
SemosazRvruli da viTarebis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad<br />
SeiZleba Seicvalos <strong>marTvis</strong> principebic. gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas faioli aniWebda gegmis Sedgenas da prognozirebas.<br />
faiolis damsaxurebaa agreTve is daskvna, rom ara mxolod<br />
sainJinro-teqnikur personals unda gaCndes administraciuli<br />
mmarTvelobis met-naklebi Cvevebi, aramed sazogadoebis yvela<br />
wevric unda flobdes mas elementarul doneze mainc.<br />
faiolma daaskvna, rom administratoris pirovneba<br />
arsebiTia organizaciis warmatebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
faiolma Seadgina im Tvisebebis nusxa, romlebsac unda<br />
akmayofilebdes menejeri. es Tvisebebia: janmrTeloba da<br />
fizikuri sixalise; Wkua da inteleqti; moraluri Tvisebebi,<br />
mizanmimarTuloba, energia, gambedaoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
dros da pasuxismgebloba, movaleobis grZnoba da a.S.; kargi<br />
zogadi ganaTleba; mmarTvelobiTi Tvisebebi: intuicia,<br />
moqmedebis gegmis Sedgenis unari, organizaciuli Cvevebi,<br />
adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba, mravali adamianis<br />
gaerTianebisa da maTi Zalisxmevis war<strong>marTvis</strong> niWi, maTi<br />
kontrolis unari; zogadi codna sawarmos yvela ZiriTadi<br />
funqciis Sesaxeb; dabolos, namdvili kompetenturoba<br />
organizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri saqmianobis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad mbrZaneblobiTi<br />
meTodebi TandaTan adgils uTmobs <strong>marTvis</strong> arapirdapir, irib<br />
29
formebs. eqstensiuridan intensiur meurneobriobaze gadasvlam<br />
gamoiwvia axali meTodebis Ziebis aucilebloba mmarTvelobiT<br />
azrovnebaSi. menejmentis Teoretikosebma TandaTan SeamCnies,<br />
rom mkafiod Camoyalibebuli samuSao operaciebi da kargi<br />
xelfasi yovelTvis ar iwvevda Sromis nayofierebis zrdas,<br />
rogorc amas Tvlidnen mecnieruli <strong>marTvis</strong> mimdevrebi.<br />
adamianTa Soris warmoqmnili urTierTobebi xSirad<br />
aWarbebdnen xelmZRvanelobis Zalisxmevas. muSakebi ufro<br />
regirebdnen kolegebis zewolaze, vidre xelmZRvanelobis<br />
SeniSvnebsa Tu materialur stimulebze. TandaTan<br />
Camoyalibebas iwyebs `adamianur urTierTobaTa~ an, sxvanairad,<br />
mecnieruli menejmentis neoklasikuri skola (h.<br />
miunsterbergi, m. foleti, a. maslou, e. meio, u. merfi),<br />
romelic, faqtobrivad warmoadgens fsiqologiisa da<br />
sociologiis miRwevebis marTvaSi gamoyenebas. Semdeg wlebSi<br />
es mimarTuleba gagrZelda organizaciis, rogorc socialuri<br />
sistemis, Teoriis ganviTarebiT. fsiqologiisa da<br />
sociologiis ganviTarebasTan erTad adamianur urTierTobaTa<br />
mimdinareoba gardaiqmna menejmentis qceviTi anu<br />
bihevioristul mecnierebad (r. laikarti, d. makgregori, a.<br />
maslou, C.bernardi).<br />
neoklasikuri da bihevioristuli skolebis<br />
warmomadgenelTa kvlevebma aCvenes, rom adamianTa qcevis<br />
motivacia ZiriTadad aris ara ekonomikuri, aramed sxva<br />
xasiaTis, rasac fuliT ver daakmayofileb. Tu xelmZRvaneloba<br />
ufro metad izrunebs muSakebze, maSin maTi kmayofileba ufro<br />
izrdeba rasac bunebrivad mivyavarT nayofierebis zrdisken.<br />
neoklasikosebis azriT, `mxolod adamianuri resursebi<br />
gvaZlevs ekonomikur Sedegebs. yvela sxva resursi meqanikis<br />
kanonebs emorCileba, maTi ukeT gamoyeneba SeiZleba, magram<br />
maTi jamuri Sedegebi ar iqneba Sesasvlelze arsebuli<br />
resurebis jamze meti~. amitom, saWiro gaxda socialurfsiqologiuri<br />
faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba. organizacia unda<br />
ganixiloY rogorc socialuri sistema, formalur<br />
organizacias unda daematos araformaluri struqtura. es<br />
unda iyos aucilebeli da arsebiTi komponenti organizaciis<br />
30
efeqtiani saqmianobisTvis. organizacia aris aisbergi, zemoT<br />
Cans formaluri urTierTobebi, qvemoT ki aris araformaluri<br />
kavSirebi. Sromis mwarmoeblobis gazrda SesaZlebelia<br />
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT da muSakTa<br />
motivirebis gaZlierebiT. aRmoCnda, rom muSakTa Soris<br />
arsebuli kargi urTierToba an maTi kmayofileba Tavisi<br />
SromiT avtomaturad ar iwvevs mwarmoeblobis gazrdas.<br />
gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania maRali Sedegebis miRwevis<br />
motivireba da sxva fsiqologiuri momentebi.<br />
`neoklasikosebi~ Tvlidnen, rom warmoebis procesSi<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> simZimis centrma unda gadainacvlos adamianebs Soris<br />
urTierTobebze. marTvas isini Seiswavlidnen fsiqologiisa da<br />
sociologiis meTodebis gamoyenebiT, e.i. adamianis qcevis<br />
mecnierebiT. am Teoriis Tanaxmad adamiani aris yuradRebis<br />
mTavari obieqti, amitom kandidatebis SerCeva unda<br />
ganxorcieldes testirebiT, momavali TanamSromlebis<br />
erTmaneTTan Tavsebadobis SemowmebiT, midrekilebiT sxvadasxva<br />
profesiebisadmi. rekomendebulia, agreTve, fsiqologiuri<br />
zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba muSakTa saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad.<br />
amitom, kompaniis saqmianobis analizi ar unda Semoifarglos<br />
mxolod Tanamdebobrivi struqturebiT. menejerma unda<br />
Seasrulos ori funqcia _ ekonomikuri da socialuri.<br />
pirveli – organizaciis miznebis miRwevisTvis, meore –<br />
efeqtianad momuSave SromiTi gaerTianebebisa da jgufebis<br />
Seqmnisa da <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis.<br />
adamianur urTierTobaTa problematikis kvleva<br />
TandaTan adamianTa qcevis dawvrilebiTi Seswavlis<br />
mimarTulebiT ganviTarda. bihevioristuli skolis<br />
warmomadgenlebi Tvlidnen, rom organizaciaSi <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
efeqtianobis gazrda unda ganxorcieldes socialuri<br />
fsiqologiisa da sociologiis miRwevebis safuZvelze, ara<br />
mxolod pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebiT,<br />
aramed TiToeuli muSakis qcevis analiziT da masze<br />
zemoqmedebiT, misi stimulirebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT. amJamad<br />
es meTodebi personalis <strong>marTvis</strong> samecniero safuZvelia.<br />
qceviTi (bihevioristuli) skolis mizania davexmaroT muSaks<br />
31
misi SesaZleblobebis SecnobaSi, Sesabamisad organizaciis<br />
efeqtianoba unda gaizardos misi adamianuri resursebis<br />
efeqtianobis zrdis xarjze. bihevioristebma gamoikvlies<br />
adamianTa saqmianobis kooperaciis problemebi da aCvenes, rom<br />
indidvidebi moqmedeben sxvebTan TanamSromlobiT. individebi<br />
unikalurni, damoukidebelni arian, organizaciebi ki _<br />
kooperaciulni. kooperacia maSin arsebobs, Tu aris Sedegi da<br />
efeqtianoba; Sedegi gamoixateba miznebis miRwevaSi,<br />
efeqtianoba _ individebis dakmayofilebaSi. amitom, menejerma<br />
erTmaneTs unda Seuxamos organizaciis kooperaciuli da<br />
individualuri komponentebi. dadebiTi motivacia – samuSaos<br />
warmatebiT Sesrulebis mTavari faqtoria.<br />
meore msoflio omis pirobebSi jarebis <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT<br />
Caisaxa menejmentis raodenobrivi meTodebi. gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
miRebaSi daiwyes maTematikisa da kompiuterebis gamoyenebas.<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxda didi raodenobis statistikuri<br />
informaciis damuSaveba, rac SemTxveviT movlenebSi<br />
kanonzomierebaTa SemCnevisa da movlenaTa ganviTarebis<br />
prognozirebis saSualebas iZleva. amave periodSi daiwyo<br />
sistemuri da situaciuri mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba. amJamad<br />
mravali kompania iyenebs maTematikur meTodebs (operaciaTa<br />
kvleva, modelireba, grafebis Teoria da sxv.) TanamSromelTa<br />
daqiravebis, mowyobilobis ganawilebis, sasawyobo meurneobis<br />
dagegmvis dros. raodenobrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba <strong>marTvis</strong>a<br />
da sawarmoo problemebis gadasawyvetad, gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebisTvis, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gamosaTvlelad da a.S.<br />
didi sistemebis Teoriisa da kibernetikis meTodebis<br />
ganviTarebam biznesisa da saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> miznebisTvis,<br />
faqtobrivad, daZlia winaaRmdegoba `<strong>marTvis</strong> mecnierebis~<br />
momxreTa racionalizmsa da adamianur urTierTobebsa da<br />
organizaciebSi harmoniis idealist enTuziastebs Soris. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi sityvieri aRwera icvleba modelebiT,<br />
somboloebiT da a.S.<br />
maTematikis gamoyeneba anviTarebs sistemur midgomas,<br />
sistemur analizs. sistemur midgomaSi igulisxmeba, rom<br />
xelmZRvanelma organizacia unda ganixilos rogorc<br />
32
urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebis erToblioba, rogoricaa<br />
adamianebi, struqtura, amocanebi da teqnologia, romlebic<br />
orientirebulia sxvadasxva miznebis miRwevaze cvlad garemo<br />
pirobebSi. sistemuri midgomis mixedviT saxelmwifo<br />
administrirebis mTeli sistema unda warmovidginoT erTianad,<br />
misi qvesistemebisa da elementebis urTierTkavSirSi da<br />
garemosTan anu mTel sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTdaqvemdebarebaSi. sazogadoeba ki mudmivad viTardeba<br />
da icvleba; amrigad, SeuZlebeli xdeba <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebis<br />
zusti prognozireba. saWiro xdeba <strong>marTvis</strong> iseTi sistemis<br />
SemuSaveba, romelic reagirebas moaxdens cvlad garemosa da<br />
pirobebze. aqedan gamomdinare warmoiqmna situaciuri midgomis<br />
mimarTuleba. situaciuri midgomis Tanaxmad <strong>marTvis</strong> dros<br />
aucilebelia garemosa da sxva faqtorebis cvlilebis<br />
mudmivi gaTvaliswineba e.w. `moqnili azrovnebisa” da<br />
`organizaciuli kibernetikis” meTodebis meSveobiT.<br />
situaciuri midgomiT xazgasmulia, rom <strong>marTvis</strong> ama Tu im<br />
<strong>meTodi</strong>s efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba Seqmnili realuri<br />
situaciiT. situaciuri midgomiT miRebul <strong>marTvis</strong> models<br />
uwodeben strategiul (an proaqtiur) models. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia <strong>marTvis</strong> procesis garemosTan<br />
Segueba. <strong>marTvis</strong> strategiul models axasiaTebs <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
procesisadmi miznobrivi da sistemuri midgoma.<br />
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebi gardatexis periodia<br />
mmarTvelobiT azrovnebaSi. dadginda, rom organizacia aris<br />
Ria sistema, romelic cdilobs Seeguos realurad arsebul<br />
cvalebad garemos, gare da Sida faqtorebis erTobliobas,<br />
organizaciis SigniT mimdinare movlenebis mTavari mizezebi<br />
unda veZeboT mis gareT. Semdeg wlebSi xdeba im meTodebis<br />
intensiuri Zieba, romlebmac erTmaneTs daukavSires garemos<br />
tipebi da <strong>marTvis</strong> sxvadasxva formebi – anu moxda<br />
universalizmis principebidan `situaciur midgomaze~<br />
gadasvla, rac figuralurad SeiZleba SevadaroT munji Sav-<br />
TeTri kinodan xmovan da ferad kinoze gadasvlas. <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
erT-erT mTavar principad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqmisadmi<br />
integrirebuli midgoma (parki mTlianad unda dainaxo,<br />
33
odesac axali jiSis xes rgav). unda imoqmedo ise, rom<br />
gadawyvetileba pasuxobdes konkretul gansazRvrul<br />
situacias.<br />
Semdeg axali naxtomis aTwleuli dadga. gamovlinda<br />
`organizaciuli kulturis~ didi mniSvneloba, rac didi<br />
moulodneloba aRmoCnda amerikelebisTvisac ki (romlebic<br />
Zalian swrafad da iolad iReben siaxleebs) da rasac friad<br />
efeqtianad iyeneben iaponelebi. menejmentis mecnierebaSi dRes<br />
pirovnuli kultura <strong>marTvis</strong> iseTive mniSvnelovan<br />
instrumentad iTvleba, rogorc TviT organizacia, misi<br />
struqtura. marTlac, ukve sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom<br />
progresuli gardaqmnebis mTavar potencialsa da, amave dros,<br />
mTavar safrTxes adamiani warmoadgens (ufro sworad adamianis<br />
azrovneba, misi kultura, maT Soris organizaciaSi qcevis<br />
kulturuli stereotipebi).<br />
viTardeba agreTve adhokratiuli sistemebi 7 . es aris<br />
gansakuTrebuli organizaciuli meqanizmebi, romlebic rig<br />
SemTxvevebSi ufro efeqtianad wyveten sakiTxebs, vidre<br />
biurokratuli sistema. aq ar aris mkacri ierarqia,<br />
mimdinareobs paraleluri kvlevebi, warmoeba<br />
decentralizebulia, organizaciis filialebsa da<br />
ganyofilebebs eZleva maqsimaluri avtonomia, mimdinareobs<br />
Sidasafirmo konkurencia da a.S., maqsimalurad gamoiyeneba<br />
adamianuri faqtori, agreTve mravalferovani moraluri<br />
stimulebi. aseTi sistemebis meSveobiT did kompaniaSi gadadis<br />
mcire firmebis muSaobis praqtika, filialebs mcire zomebi<br />
aqvs, marTva gamartivebulia, biurokratiuli barierebi _<br />
minimizebuli, mmarTvels mudmivi piradi kontaqti aqvs<br />
personalTan, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisTvis ar arsebobs<br />
reglamentacia, yvela TanamSromelSi yalibdeba erTiani ojaxis<br />
SegrZneba.<br />
mmarTvelobiTi azrovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
erTgvarad calke dgas avstriuli warmoSobis amerikelma<br />
7 adhokratia (laTinuridan ad hoc) – mocemuli SemTxvevisTvis<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
34
mecnieris, menejmentis Teoretikosisa da konsultantis peter<br />
drukeris figura, romelmac sabolood daasrula menejmentis<br />
Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebisTvis mwyobri xasiaTis<br />
micema.<br />
XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan msoflios wamyvani<br />
koncernebi muSaoben `drukeris mixedviT~. drukeris mier<br />
formulirebuli ideebi Semdeg menejmentis postulatebi<br />
xdeboda. marTlac, TiTqmis ar arsebobs mecnierebis<br />
mimarTuleba <strong>marTvis</strong> Sesaxeb, romelic drukeris ideebs ar<br />
eyrdnoba. am TvalsazrisiT unda iTqvas, rom drukerma<br />
menejmentis filosofia Seqmna. drukerma moaxdina menejeris<br />
funqciis sistematizeba da pirvelma ganacxada, rom sawarmos<br />
yvelaze ufro Zvirfasi resursi aris menejeri _ biznesis<br />
elita, romelic gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs sawarmos<br />
saqmianobaSi. mTavari adamianuri faseulobebis safuZvelze<br />
Camoayaliba drukerma menejmentis WeSmariti arsi: marTva aris<br />
ara gare impulsebze pasiuri reaqcia kompaniis gadarCenis<br />
mizniT, aramed ganviTareba sawarmos miznebis Camoyalibebisa da<br />
miRwevis gziT. menejmentis amocanaa energiis gazrda<br />
organizaciaSi. am ideis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba gaxda<br />
DdRes popularuli koncefcia marTva miznebis mixedviT<br />
(management by objectives, МВО). МВО-m kardinalurad Secvala<br />
menejmentis logika. 50-ian wlebSi menejerebi<br />
koncentrirebulni iyvnen funqciebsa da procesebze, xolo<br />
drukeri ki amtkicebda, rom marTva unda daviwyoT miznebis<br />
CamoyalibebiT da mxolod Semdeg unda gadavideT funqciebis,<br />
urTierTqmedebebisa da procesebis formirebaze. _ `biznesis<br />
Zireul sferoebSi miznobrivi maCvenebelebi warmoadgens<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> pults (xelsawyoTa panels), romelic aucilebelia<br />
saqmiani sawarmos pilotisTvis~. МВО–s arsi imdenad<br />
faqtorebisTvis Tvalyuris devneba ki ar aris, ramdenadac<br />
organizaciis yvela TanamSromlis – rogorc xelmZRvanelTa,<br />
ise rigiTi muSakebis _ sruli monawileoba organizaciis<br />
miznebis damuSavebaSi da yvela maTganis pasuxismgebloba<br />
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.<br />
35
adamianis roli organizaciaSi drukerma srulad ukve<br />
informaciul epoqaSi Camoayaliba. informaciuli epoqa<br />
xasiaTdeba `codnis sazogadoebiT~, am dros wamyvani xdeba<br />
`inteleqtualuri muSaki~, icvleba urTierToba pirovnebasa<br />
da kompanias Soris. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi adamiani<br />
organizaciisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre<br />
organizacia _ adamianisTvis. drukeris azriT, Tanamedrove<br />
adamianis mTavari moTxovnileba, misia aris sakuTari Tavis<br />
marTva, nacvlad imisa, rom mxolod is akeTos, rasac<br />
eubnebian. sakuTari adgilis povnis procesSi `codnis<br />
ekonomikis~ muSakebisTvis erTaderTi kriteriumi unda iyos<br />
sakuTari faseuloba. amave dros, maT unda aiRon<br />
pasuxismgebloba organizaciaSi arsebul urTierTobebze,<br />
vinaidan Tanamedrove organizaciebi `ndobas da<br />
urTierTgagebas~ eyrdnoba. aqedan gamomdinareobs drukeris<br />
mier gamovlenili fundamenturi cvlileba _ organizaciebSi<br />
adre arsebuli ierarqiuli damokidebuleba ufrosebsa da<br />
xelqveiTebs Soris icvleba TanamSromlobiTi<br />
damokidebulebiT. codnis epoqaSi icvleba informaciuli<br />
nakadebis intensiuroba da mimarTulebebi, Sesabamisad unda<br />
Seicvalos organizaciis struqtura. drukeri aRniSnavda, rom<br />
organizaciis struqtura unda iyos maqsimalurad<br />
horizontaluri, xolo gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRebodes<br />
maqsimalurad dabal doneze. drukeri ganmartavs, rom<br />
struqtura imdeni unda iyos, ramdenic aris biznes-proeqti<br />
da adamiani: `nebismieri organizacia ganviTarebul qveynebSi<br />
unda Seiqmnas konkretuli amocanisTvis, droisa da<br />
adgilisTvis (an kulturisTvis)”.<br />
drukeris azriT, aucilebeli xdeba axali, `mewarmeTa<br />
sazogadoebis~ Seqmna. am sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi unda<br />
gaxdes menejerTa inovaciuri saqmianoba _ es aris<br />
organizaciisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi saSualeba codnis<br />
ekonomikaSi. organizaciam unda uzrunvelyos sami inovaciuri<br />
principis dacva. es aris produqciis mudmivi srulyofa,<br />
codnis gamoyeneba ganviTarebisTvis da sistemuri inovaciuri<br />
saqmianoba. amasTan, inovacia ganixileba rogorc ara mxolod<br />
36
teqnikuri saqmianoba, aramed rogorc Sida safirmo da<br />
socialuri `mewarmeoba~. drukeris azriT, iaponiis warmateba<br />
ganpirobebulia swored socialuri inovaciiT, kerZod iseTi<br />
institutebis ganviTarebiT, rogorc umaRlesi da saSualo<br />
ganaTleba, SromiTi xelSekrulebebi. amave dros,<br />
gansakuTrebuli paTosic ar aris saWiro inovaciebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, vinaidan, drukeris azriT, warmatebul<br />
inovaciaTa umetesoba damyarebulia ara unikalur aRmoCenebsa<br />
da ucnob faqtebze, aramed ukve cnobil movlenebze,<br />
magaliTad, mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis,<br />
mrewvelobisa da bazris struqturis cvlilebaze da a.S. amave<br />
dros, rogorc drukeri Tvlida, novatorobis swavlac Zalian<br />
advilia. gavrcelebuli stereotipebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
drukeri mkveTrad mijnavs, TiTqmis upirispirebs erTmaneTs<br />
xelmZRvanelis qarizmasa da mis efeqtianobas _ `didi<br />
menejerebi SeiZleba iyvnen qarizmatulebi an usaxoni, uxvni an<br />
Zunwebi, emociurebi an dinjebi, maT mxolod erTi ram<br />
aerTianebT _ isini efeqtianad muSaoben~.<br />
ukanasknel dros drukeri sul ufro met yuradRebas<br />
uTmobda momavlis problemebs. mTavar problemebad igi Tvlida<br />
Sobadobis Semcirebas ganviTarebul qveynebSi (`ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebi iwyeben koleqtiur TviTmkvlelobas~), cvlilebebs<br />
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi, mzard Seusabamobas ekonomikur<br />
globalizaciasa da politikur gaTiSulobas Soris,<br />
cvlilebebs efeqtianobis gansazRvraSi, konkurenciis<br />
globalizacias.<br />
rogorc msoflios wamyvani menejerebi, Teoretikosebi<br />
da praqtikosebi Tvlian, drukerTan erTad, faqtobrivad,<br />
dasrulda menejmentis Teoriuli ganviTareba, axla imis droa,<br />
rom dawvrilebiT gadavamuSavoT arsebuli Teoriuli masala<br />
da praqtikuli rCevebi, gadavideT <strong>marTvis</strong> specializaciaze.<br />
37
menejeruli azrovnebis<br />
ramdenime magaliTi<br />
specializacia da Sromis danawileba<br />
jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi specializaciiT da Sromis<br />
danawilebiT miRweul iqna warmoebis saocrad maRali<br />
efeqtianoba. Sromis danawilebamde erTi muSaki dReSi maqsimum<br />
20 qinZisTavs (`bulavkas~) amzadebda. Sromis danawilebiT<br />
gamoiyo 18 operacia: mavTulis gaWimva, gamarTva, daWra,<br />
wamaxvileba, maryuJis gakeTeba,... gaTeTreba, qaRaldze<br />
damagreba. Sedegi? swori marTviT aTma muSakma dReSi gaakeTa<br />
48 aTasi qinZisTavi. e.i. erTma muSakma daamzada 4800<br />
qinZisTavi anu im raodenobaze 240-jer meti, ramdensac is<br />
Sromis danawilebamde axerxebda (aRebulia adam smitis<br />
wignidan `xalxTa simdidre” 8 ). faqtobrivad specializaciiT<br />
da Sromis danawilebiT daiwyo samrewvelo revolucia.<br />
Jan pol geti<br />
meore msoflio omis dros Jan pol getis, maSin<br />
navTobis magnats, sTxoves exelmZRvanela<br />
TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobisTvis. pol getis azriT, miuxedavad<br />
mrewvelobis dargisa, biznesis principebi ar icvleba. man,<br />
menavTobem, marTlac seriozul warmatebas miaRwia<br />
TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobaSi.<br />
1942 wlis TebervalSi, mas Semdeg, rac aSS iaponiis<br />
winaaRmdeg omSi Caeba, pol getis aSS-is samxedro sazRvao<br />
flotis sardalma polkovnikma frenk noqsma sTxova aqtiuri<br />
monawileoba mieRo im ori korporaciis (Spartan Aircraft da<br />
Spartan School of Astronautics) marTvaSi, romlebic<br />
TviTmfrinavebis warmoebasa da mfrinavebis momzadebasTan iyvnen<br />
dakavSirebulni. im dros pol getim araferi icoda<br />
TviTmfrinavebis warmoebis Sesaxeb, man mxolod is icoda, rom<br />
TviTmfrinavs aqvs frTebi da Zravi da, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
sworad aris agebuli da sworad imarTeba, frinavs. pol getim<br />
8 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, v. 1(London: Dent, 1910) p.5. agreTve<br />
М.Мескон, М.Альберт, Ф. Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. Пер. с английского,<br />
Москва, 1999. (с. 108).<br />
38
logikurad CaTvala, rom is ZiriTadi principebi, romlebiTac<br />
xdeba samuSaoTa organizeba am dargSi, mTlianobaSi im<br />
principebis msgavsi unda iyos, romlebiTac unda<br />
ixelmZRvanelon sxva sferoebSi garkveuli saqmiani<br />
operaciebis Catarebisa da strategiis gamomuSavebis dros.<br />
pol getim daiwyo am dargis xelmZRvaneloba, ris Sedegadac<br />
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi qarxnis sawarmoo farTobi 5-jer<br />
gaizarda, xolo TanamSromelTa raodenoba _ TiTqmis aTasjer.<br />
qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebaSi miRweul iqna<br />
seriozuli warmatebebi, raSic, pol getis azriT, mTavari<br />
wvlili Seitanes misma TanamSromlebma. pol getis saboloo<br />
daskvna aseTia: `biznesi aris biznesi. biznesis principebi ar<br />
icvleba, safuZvlebi igivea, mrewvelobis romel dargsac ar<br />
unda exebodes”.<br />
ratom marcxdeba menejeri?<br />
siuzen donelma gamoikvlia 2500 warumatebeli<br />
xelmZRvaneli 9 . ra aris maTi warumateblobis ZiriTadi<br />
mizezebi?<br />
I. potencialurad warumatebel menejers ainteresebs mxolod<br />
maRali xelfasis miReba da piradi komforti. mas<br />
ainteresebs ara sawarmos saqmianoba, aramed piradi maRali<br />
Semosavali.<br />
II. potencialurad warumatebeli menejeri gadaWarbebuli<br />
yuradRebas aqcevs mdgomareobis simboloebs: kabinets,<br />
manqanas, samuSao magidas, saxls. misi kabineti namdvili<br />
cocxali muzeumia, igi gatenilia kabinetis mflobelis<br />
statusis damadasturebeli atributebiT. efeqtian menejers<br />
axasiaTebs sisadave.<br />
III. potencialurad warumatebel menejers ainteresebs mxolod<br />
sakuTari persona. cud xelmZRvanels sxvebi ar ainteresebs.<br />
9 Gerald Graham, “Study Points to Failings of Ambitious Managers”. News Sun<br />
Sentinel, Weekly Buiness, January 30, 1984, p.21. agreTve М.Мескон, М.Альберт,<br />
Ф. Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. Пер. с английского, Москва, 1999. (с. 63)<br />
39
IV. potencialurad warumatebel menejers axasiaTebs<br />
TanamSromelTa warmatebuli Sedegebis miTviseba, sakuTari<br />
TanamSromlebis warmatebis miCqmalva.<br />
V. potencialurad warumatebel menejers axasiaTebs<br />
TviTizolireba koleqtivisgan da saerTod sxvebisgan. igi<br />
dakavebulia sakuTari TaviT da dros simartoveSi atarebs.<br />
VI. potencialurad warumatebel menejers axasiaTebs azrebisa<br />
da grZnobebis damalva.<br />
menejmentis nacionaluri<br />
stili<br />
ZiriTadad, SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT menejmentis aziuri da<br />
evro-amerikuli stili.<br />
aziuri menejmentis safuZvelia megobruli koleqtivebis<br />
Seqmna Sromis organizaciis formaluri da araformaluri<br />
elementebis SexamebiT. kompaniaTa Soris urTierTobebi<br />
agebulia urTierTndobasa da urTierTgagebaze, kompaniaTa<br />
xelmZRvanelebis megobrul urTierTobebze; xelmZRvanelTa<br />
TaTbirebze gadawyvetileba miiReba konsensusiT; kompaniebSi<br />
inergeba kompaniisadmi erTguleba; aucilebelia dajildoeba<br />
SromaSi miRweuli warmatebebisTvis; Sromis anazRaurebasa da<br />
dawinaurebaSi yvelaze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kompaniaSi<br />
TanamSromlis muSaobis staJs; aq arsebobs erTi da igive<br />
sasadilo muSebisa da xelmZRvanelebisTvis; periodulad<br />
tardeba kompaniis yvela TanamSromlis `ojaxuri~ sadili;<br />
samsaxurSi miReba xdeba samudamod; muSis pensiaze gasvlis<br />
Semdeg misi ojaxis yvela wevri uzrunvelyofilia pensiiT;<br />
xelmZRvanelebis xelqveiTebisadmi damokidebuleba<br />
koreqtulia, xolo xelqveiTebis xelmZRvanelobisadmi<br />
damokidebulebaSi SesamCnevia Tanadgomis grZnoba da sxv.<br />
iaponiasa da samxreT koreaSi kompaniebi adamianebs ara<br />
mxolod dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas<br />
aZleven, aramed yovelTvis xels uwyoben maT TviTganviTarebas,<br />
TviTdamkvidrebas.<br />
40
iaponeli biznesmenebi molaparakebebs warmarTaven nela,<br />
SesvenebebiT, TandaTan uaxlovdebian saqmis arss. mizani – jer<br />
miRweul iqnas urTierTgageba da ndoba, xolo Semdeg<br />
gadasvla saqmeze da problemebis gadawyvetis dawyeba.<br />
SesaZloa, rom molaparakebebze ar moiwvion iuristebi.<br />
evropuli stilis damaxasiaTebelia individualuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba; calkeul ganyofilebaTa xelmZRvanelobis<br />
TviTdamkvidreba kompaniaSi; TanamSromlebs ar aqvT sakuTari<br />
samuSao adgilisadmi erTgulebis grZnoba; gadawyvetilebas<br />
iRebs xelmZRvaneli individualurad xelqveiTTa daxmarebis<br />
gareSe (da amiT Tavis Tavze iRebs personalur<br />
pasuxismgeblobas). xelqveiTebi mxolod exmarebian mas<br />
gadawyvetilebis arCevaSi warmoebis xarjebis analizis<br />
safuZvelze; saqmiani urTierTobebi arasdros ar exeba pirad<br />
urTierTobebs.<br />
amerikuli stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia biznesmenebis<br />
sworxazovani moqmedeba; molaparakebebis dros,<br />
gadawyvetilebis SeTanxmebis procesSi zewolis, iZulebis<br />
gamoyeneba; didi Sesavlebis gareSe pirdapir saqmis arsis<br />
ganxilvaze gadasvla, sakiTxebis pragmatuli klasificireba da<br />
maTi swrafad gadawyveta.<br />
amerikelebisTvis mTavari mizania sayovelTao SeTanxmebis<br />
miRweva. erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa yvela kanonis,<br />
normatiuli aqtis, debulebis zusti dacva. am dros mogebis<br />
miRebis survilmac ki SesaZloa ukana planze gadaiwios.<br />
amerikuli delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi molaparakebebze<br />
aucileblad aris uflebamosili warmomadgeneli (romelsac<br />
aqvs gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba) da iuristi. amerikeli<br />
menejerebi ar iwoneben Tu ki maTi kolegebi (partniorebi)<br />
wyveten diskusias da gadawyvetilebis miRebis win sxvagan<br />
gadian sakuTari gadawyvetilebis ganxilvis mizniT.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> inglisur-amerikuli modelis monawileni arian:<br />
menejerebi, mflobelebi, aqcionerebi, samTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi. dauSvebelia ZiriTad investorad bankis an<br />
sainvesticio fondis monawileoba.<br />
41
menejmentis inglisuri modelis Taviseburebaa didi<br />
yuradRebis daTmoba warmoebis xarjebis Semcirebisadmi, axali,<br />
mecnierebatevadi produqciis damuSavebisadmi; aq guldasmiT<br />
atareben samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro<br />
samuSaoebs; Zveli teqnologiuri procesebis modernizacia da<br />
axali procesebis danergva sakmaod swrafad xdeba;<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba epyroba warmoebis procesis<br />
detalebsa da niuansebs.<br />
menejmentis germanuli modelis Taviseburebania:<br />
SorsmWvreteloba; maRali disciplina; warmoebis<br />
modernizaciis dros siaxleTa danergvis SedarebiT xangrZlivi<br />
procesi; kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba xorcieldeba ori<br />
struqturiT: gamgeobiT da sameTvalyureo sabWos mier. maTi<br />
funqciebi gancalkevebulia da aravis SeuZlia SeiTavsos orive<br />
struqturis funqciebi. gamgeobis wevrebi arian mxolod<br />
kompaniis TanamSromlebi; sameTvalyureo sabWos ricxovnobas<br />
adgens kanoni da misi Secvla aqcionerebs ar SeuZliaT; xmis<br />
micemis dros aqcionerebis uflebebi SezRudulia; bankebs<br />
ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon xmis micemaSi aqcionerTa<br />
krebaze.<br />
me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan msoflio ekonomika<br />
moxibla iaponuri kompaniebis warmatebebma, rac iaponur<br />
saswaulad moinaTla. aSS-Si, im droisTvis umdidres qveyanaSi,<br />
didi yuradRebiT swavlobdnen iaponur gamocdilebas da<br />
cdilobdnen epovaT iaponuri saswaulis saidumloebani.<br />
iaponuri kompaniebis warmatebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes<br />
mizezad miCneul iqna <strong>marTvis</strong> iaponuri stili. sabolood,<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad, Camoyalibda aSS-sa da iaponuri<br />
kompaniebis <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis maxasiaTeblebis SedarebiTi<br />
cxrili.<br />
42
cxrili 1<br />
aSS-isa da iaponuri kompaniebis<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
iaponia aSS<br />
muSakTa daqiraveba samudamod moklevadiani daqiraveba<br />
anazRaurebisa da samuSaoze<br />
dawinaurebis dros<br />
prioriteti eniWeba muSakis<br />
asaks<br />
anazRaureba Sromis<br />
individualuri Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT<br />
araformaluri kontroli formaluri kontroli<br />
samuSao davalebis aramkafiod samuSao davalebis mkafiod<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba individualuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba<br />
davaleba ar aris<br />
davaleba ganisazRvreba<br />
damokidebuli Tanamdebobaze TanamdebobiT<br />
koordinaciisa da<br />
efeqtianobisa da Sedegebis<br />
TanamSromlobis prioriteti prioriteti<br />
SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetileba individualuri<br />
gadawyvetileba<br />
marTva `qvemodan zemoT~ marTva `zemodan qvemoT~<br />
swavleba warmoebisgan kvalifikaciis amaRleba<br />
mouwyvetliv<br />
specialuri programebiT<br />
universitetebis<br />
universitetebis<br />
kursdamTavrebulTa mizidva kursdamTavrebulTa da<br />
samuSaod<br />
gamocdili specialistebis<br />
mizidva samuSaod<br />
grZelvadiani orientacia orientacia mimdinare<br />
Sedegebze<br />
radganac iaponiaSi gaficvebi naklebad xdeba, kadrebis<br />
denadoba mcirea, samuSaos gacdenebi iSviaTia, mwarmoebluroba<br />
maRalia, CaiTvala, rom iaponel muSakTa moraluri<br />
mdgomareobac maRali unda iyos. sinamdvileSi, rogorc<br />
specialurma kvlevebma aCvena muSakTa damokidebuleba<br />
43
samuSaosadmi ar xsnis maT qcevas 10 . tradiciulad iTvleba,<br />
rom iaponeli muSa Sromismoyvarea, romelTa kompaniisadmi<br />
erTguleba nayidia samudamo daqiravebiT, didi SeRavaTebiT da<br />
stabiluri dawinaurebiT muSaTa asakisa da staJis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. magram es exeba did, warmatebul kompaniebs,<br />
sadac saSualod dakavebulia iaponel muSaTa daaxloebiT 20%<br />
da romlebic qmnian iaponiis mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp)<br />
20%-s. iaponiis SromiTi resursebis 80% ki dakavebulia<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi (sadac 300 kacze naklebi muSaobs), aq ki<br />
arc iseTi saxarbielo mdgomareobaa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
iaponeli muSa srulebiTac ar aris ufro bednieri amerikel<br />
muSasTan SedarebiT. am daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva qvemoT moyvanili cxrili.<br />
cxrili 2<br />
aSS-sa da iaponuri kompaniebis muSaTa<br />
damokidebuleba kompaniisadmi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi iaponia aSS<br />
samuSaoTi kmayofil muSaTa raodenoba 57% 83%<br />
damqiraveblisadmi loialurad<br />
damokidebul muSaTa raodenoba<br />
44% 68%<br />
muSebi (raodenoba), romelTac ar<br />
awuxebs ufrosoba<br />
28% 79%<br />
muSebi (raodenoba), romlebic Tvlian,<br />
rom kompaniam unda izrunos maTze<br />
36% 88%<br />
muSebi (raodenoba), romlebic mzad<br />
arian meti imuSaon, raTa daexmron<br />
Tavis kompanias<br />
15% 68%<br />
rogorc gairkva, iaponur kompaniaTa warmateba<br />
ganpirobebulia ara muSaTa TavdadebiT da kompaniis<br />
xelmZRvanelobisa da personalis gansakuTrebuli<br />
10 Duns Business, October, 1983, p.35. agreTve М.Мескон, М.Альберт, Ф.<br />
Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. Пер. с английского, Москва, 1999. (с. 648)<br />
44
damokidebulebiT, aramed <strong>marTvis</strong> mecnierebisa da praqtikis<br />
farTod gamoyenebiT. amitom aSS-is an iaponiis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
modelebis zusti kopireba ar aris saWiro, radganac, erTi<br />
mxriv, es detalebi arc ise mniSvnelovania, meore mxriv, es<br />
modelebi ar aris sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli. arc erTi<br />
warmatebuli kompania ar muSaobs sxva kompaniaSi gamocdili<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis brma receptebiT, yvela kompaniaSi saerToa<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> zogadi struqtura, magram xasiaTdeba, agreTve,<br />
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli <strong>marTvis</strong> specifikiT.<br />
menejmentis swavlebis<br />
meTodologiuri safuZvlebi<br />
`sisulelea imis fiqri, rom karg maswavlebelTa gareSe ...<br />
saxelmwifos meTauroba, rac yovel saqmeze udiadesia,<br />
adamians TavisTavad mosdis~.<br />
sokrate<br />
rogor unda iswavlon e.w. `axalgazrda demokratiis~<br />
qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi marTva (menejmenti) da<br />
masTan dakavSirebuli iseT disciplinebi, rogoricaa<br />
saxelmwifo marTva, saxelmwifo politika, sajaro politika,<br />
ekonomikis marTva, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi (PR),<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva, administrireba, menejmenti da sxv.? es<br />
problema exeba, agreTve, saxelmwifo da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
sistemebis formirebis sakiTxsac. biznesisa da saxelmwifos<br />
marTva erTi mTlianis ori nawilia, SeiZleba iTqvas _ erTi<br />
medlis ori mxare. uerTmaneTod arc erTi maTganis swavleba<br />
ar moitans sasurvel Sedegebs maT Soris arsebuli<br />
`sasicocxlod aucilebeli~ kavSiris gamo.<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, romlebmac praqtikulad<br />
daamtkices saxelmwifo da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong> arsebuli<br />
sistemebisa da, maSasadame, Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo<br />
sistemebis efeqtianoba, <strong>marTvis</strong> cneba xSirad ukavSirdeba<br />
biznesis cnebas. magram, amave dros, aucilebelia mkafiod<br />
gavmijnoT biznesisa da <strong>marTvis</strong> (menejmentisa da<br />
45
administrirebis) cnebebi imisaTvis, raTa aseve gavmijnoT<br />
ganaTlebis Sesabamisi sistemebi.<br />
biznesi – es aris saqmianobis is saxeoba, romelic<br />
mimarTulia mogebis miRebisken garkveuli produqciis an<br />
momsaxureobis realizaciis gziT. biznesis marTva (Business<br />
Management) – es aris komerciuli, sameurneo organizaciebis<br />
marTva. amasTan erTad, TiTqmis rogorc sinonimi, gamoiyeneba<br />
termini Business Administration, romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos,<br />
rogorc `saqmiani administrireba”. rac Seexeba termin<br />
`menejments~ igi gamoiyeneba nebismieri tipis<br />
organizaciebisTvis, magram Tu vsaubrobT nebismieri donis<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> organoebze, maSin ufro swori iqneba<br />
gamoviyenoT termini Public Administration _ `saxelmwifo<br />
marTva~.<br />
biznesmeni, menejeri, administratori sxvadasxva cnebebia.<br />
biznesmeni is aris, vinc `fuls akeTebs~, vinc kapitalis<br />
mflobelia, igi gansazRvravs organizaciis ganviTarebis<br />
politikas, mas ar ukavia raime mudmivi Tanamdeboba<br />
organizaciaSi, magram misi aqciebis mflobelia da SesaZloa am<br />
kompaniis (organizaciis) mmarTvelobis wevric iyos. menejers<br />
ki aucileblad aqvs raime mudmivi Tanamdeboba, mis<br />
daqvemdebarebaSi arian sxva TanamSromlebi. saqarTveloSi da<br />
gardamavali saxelmwifoebriobisa da ekonomikis qveynebSi<br />
biznesmeni, mewarme da menejeri xSirad erTi da igive<br />
pirovnebaa, rac, SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, xels uSlis<br />
am qveynebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.<br />
analogiurad, saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemaSi menejeri,<br />
administratori ar aris politikuri figura, igi ar iRebs<br />
politikur gadawyvetilebebs, saxelmwifo moxele ar aris (ar<br />
unda iyos) politikosi da mxolod politikuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis gankargulebebs asrulebs. amisaTvis<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> (biurokratiuli) aparati zedmiwevniT<br />
kargad unda flobdes saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> (biurokratiuli)<br />
procesis war<strong>marTvis</strong> wesebs.<br />
politikur-ekonomikuri procesebis <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis<br />
aucilebelia rogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri<br />
46
procesebis <strong>marTvis</strong> zogadi kanonzomierebebis Seswavla da<br />
maTi erToblivi gamoyeneba. politikuri procesebis swori<br />
marTva xels uwyobs ekonomikuri procesebis efeqtian marTvas<br />
da, piriqiT, ekonomikuri procesebis efeqtiani marTva qmnis<br />
politikuri procesebis, maT Soris saxelmwifos warmatebuli<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> winapirobebs. magram, TviT saukeTeso winapirobebis<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZlebelia <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
damakmayofileblad warmarTva, miuxedavad imisa iqneba <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
obieqti didi, saSualo Tu mcire biznesi, qveynis ekonomika,<br />
saxelmwifo, misi sagareo Tu saSinao politika, sazogadoeba,<br />
Tu Teoriulad mkafiod ar aris Camoyalibebuli da<br />
praqtikulad realizebuli aseTi obieqtebis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
principebi.<br />
amrigad, saxelmwifo marTva aris mecnierebis<br />
damoukidebeli dargi, ufro zustad _ disciplinaTaSorisi<br />
sfero, romelic seriozul Seswavlasa da aTvisebas moiTxovs.<br />
ufro swori iqneba, Tu am dargs vuwodebT `mmarTvelobiT<br />
azrovnebas~, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs mecnierebas,<br />
gamocdilebas, mmarTvelobiT xelovnebas. mmarTvelobiTi<br />
azrovnebaze gavlenas axdens mecnierebis miRwevebi da<br />
menejeruli mecnierebis erT-erTi amocana swored is aris,<br />
rom efeqtianad gamoiyenos es miRwevebi, raTa gadaiWras<br />
mTavari problema – miRebul iqnas sasurveli Sedegebi<br />
mravali adamianis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT, adamianebisa,<br />
romlebic qmnian produqcias, axorcieleben momsaxurebas da am<br />
procesSi mravalferovan resursebs iyeneben, rogorc biznesisa<br />
da ekonomikis, ise politikuri procesebis marTvaSi.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> swavlebis principebis sworad<br />
SerCevis mizniT upirveles yovlisa gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> anu adamianebze zemoqmedebis adre arsebuli ZiriTadi<br />
principebi da Tanamedrove tendenciebi, romlebic axla<br />
mkvidrdeba politikuri procesebisa (saxelmwifos) da<br />
biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> msoflio sistemaSi.<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi Camoyalibda <strong>marTvis</strong> sami<br />
ZiriTadi principi.<br />
47
pirveli aris ierarqia, organizacia, sadac zemoqmedebis<br />
ZiriTadi saSualeba gamoixateba ufrosisadmi xelqveiTis<br />
morCilebiT, es aris TanamSromlis `zemodan~ iZuleba (maT<br />
Soris materialuri sikeTeebis ganawilebis kontroliT da<br />
sxv.), rogorc es iyo ssr kavSirSi da sxva avtoritaruli,<br />
fundamentalisturi Tu totalitaruli reJimis qveynebSi.<br />
meore aris kultura anu sazogadoebis, organizaciis,<br />
jgufis mier gamomuSavebuli da aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi,<br />
qcevis normebi, Sablonebi, wesebi, ritualebi, romlebic<br />
aiZuleben adamians moiqces ase da ara sxvagvarad.<br />
mesame aris Tanaswori horizontaluri urTierTobebis<br />
qseli (anu bazari), romelic damyarebulia produqciisa da<br />
momsaxurebis yidva-gayidvaze, sakuTrebasTan damokidebulebaze<br />
(magaliTad, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba), gamyidvelisa<br />
da myidvelis interesebis wonasworobaze, rasac, politikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, demokratiuli mmarTveloba Seesabameba.<br />
ierarqiuli organizacia, kultura, bazari – rTuli<br />
movlenebia. es araa mxolod <strong>marTvis</strong> instrumentebis<br />
erToblioba. cocxal, realur sameurneo da socialur<br />
sistemebSi yvela maTgani aucileblad aris. saqme is aris, Tu<br />
romel maTgans eniWeba prioriteti, romeli aris mTavari<br />
iaraRi. swored es gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da<br />
politikuri organizebis arss.<br />
tradiciuli sabWoTa sazogadoebis administraciulmbrZaneblobiTi<br />
sistemis xerxemals mkacrad organizebuli<br />
ierarqia warmoadgenda, rasac sayovelTao xasiaTi hqonda.<br />
yvelafers hqonda daqvemdebarebis garkveuli xazi, zemdgomi<br />
organo, xolo umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
uflebamosileba praqtikulad SeuzRudavi gaxldaT. magram,<br />
amasTan erTad, sabWoTa sazogadoeba aqtiurad iyenebda xist<br />
kulturul urTierTobebs, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrebze<br />
zemoqmedebis mZlavr iaraRs. oficialuri ideologiiT,<br />
komunisturi partiis wevrobiT, masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebaTa gavleniT, ganaTlebis sistemiT, mxardaWerili<br />
tradiciebiTa da CvevebiT adamianebi eguebodnen arsebul<br />
viTarebas, icodnen mravalricxovani SezRudvis Sesaxeb _ ra<br />
48
`SeiZleba~ da ra `ar SeiZleba~, rac partokratiiT<br />
kontroldeboda. Tu adamianebi ar icavdnen dadgenil normebs,<br />
maSin gardauvali xdeboda konfliqti oficialur sistemasTan.<br />
amave dros, yovelmxriv iTrguneboda sabazro sistema, rogorc<br />
sameurneo saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis saSualeba da mxolod<br />
moxmarebis sagnebis vaWrobiT iyo Semofargluli. <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
ekonomikuri meTodebi gamoiyeneboda ierarqiuli sistemebis<br />
mkafiod gansazRvrul CarCoebSi. da mainc, bazari, Tavisi<br />
bunebrivi, mZlavri mdgomareobiT arsebobda Crdilovan<br />
ekonomikaSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, agebda sakuTar,<br />
aralegalur ierarqiul urTierTobebs farul,<br />
antisazogadoebriv, korumpirebul struqturebSi, ayalibebda<br />
negatiur kulturas, rac amaxinjebda adamianTa cnobierebas,<br />
maT socialur urTierTobebs.<br />
sabWoTa kavSirisa da, sazogadod, komunisturi sistemis<br />
kraxis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi swored <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
administraciul-mbrZaneblobiTi sistema gaxldaT. aseT<br />
sistemaSi <strong>marTvis</strong> vertikali mimarTulia mkacrad zemodan<br />
qvemoT, romelSic moiTxoveba mxolod brZanebis Sesruleba.<br />
ramdenad sruldeba es brZaneba, saWiroa Tu ara misi<br />
Sesruleba da a.S. es, <strong>marTvis</strong> piramidis mwvervalze<br />
praqtikulad aravis ainteresebs, ar arsebobs efeqtiani<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mTavari Semadgeneli elementi _ ukukavSiri,<br />
xelisufleba yrua mosaxleobisa da sazogadoebis<br />
moTxovnebisadmi da, rogorc Sedegi, arc adre miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebi kontroldeba, Tundac mcdari da<br />
qveynisaTvis saziano. garkveul pirobebSi aseTi marTva<br />
nawilobriv amarTlebs, Tu amave dros daculia<br />
mbrZaneblobiTi sistemis sxva pirobebi: saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
iZulebis meqanizmebis Seuferxebeli moqmedeba; avtoritarul<br />
(diqtatorul) qveyanaSi miRebul RirebulebaTa sistemis<br />
dacvis uzrunvelyofa da kanonierebis darRvevaTa daundobeli<br />
dasja; amave dros, ekonomikuri sistemis garkveuli xarisxiT<br />
sabazro principebiT funqcionireba da ara mTlianad<br />
partiuli struqturis (xelisuflebis) zegavlenis qveS<br />
moqceva, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo dakanonebuli.<br />
49
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifosa da biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
procesebi exeba rogorc saxelmwifo administraciuli<br />
organizaciebis, ise biznes-kompaniebis cvladi garemosadmi<br />
adaptaciis gaRrmavebas, cvlad konkurentul garemoSi<br />
organizaciebis ganviTarebis perspeqtiuli gegmebis Sida<br />
organizaciuli meqanizmebisadmi Sexamebas arCeuli strategiis<br />
realizebis mizniT.<br />
dRes saxelmwifosa Tu biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis aucilebeli<br />
xdeba iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: organizaciis momavlis xedva<br />
(Vision), organizaciis daniSnulebis ganmsazRvreli zeamocana,<br />
misi saqmianobis mTavari miznebi (Mission), organizaciis<br />
ZiriTadi orientirebi, romlebic wamyvani struqturebis<br />
maCveneblebis Sesadaria (Benchmarking) da sxv.<br />
meore tendencia ukavSirdeba globalizacias, ramac<br />
gaaZliera saxelmwifosa da biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
xasiaTi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesoba erTian politikur<br />
sivrces qmnis, maTi ekonomika Ria xdeba da bazarze<br />
Tavisuflad aRwevs praqtikulad nebismieri saqoneli da<br />
momsaxureba, miuxedavad maTi warmoebis adgilisa. sul ufro<br />
mzardi mniSvnelobis aris saerTaSoriso konkurenciis roli,<br />
farTovdeba warmoebaTa kooperacia, iqmneba transnacionaluri<br />
korporaciebi da a.S., rac umniSvnelovanes politikurekonomikur<br />
cvlilebebs iwvevs. es yovelive mraval axal<br />
kiTxvas usvams <strong>marTvis</strong> Teorias da praqtikas. maT Soris<br />
umTavresia _ ra aris gansakuTrebuli marTvaSi? rogori<br />
kanonzomierebebi moqmedebs? saxelmwifosa da biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
romeli formebi da meTodebia universaluri da romelia<br />
specifikuri da moqmedebs mxolod mocemuli qveynebis<br />
konkretul pirobebSi? rogor vmarToT sagareo-ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianoba? raSi mdgomareobs <strong>marTvis</strong> nacionaluri stilisa<br />
da organizaciuli qcevis Taviseburebani? ramdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania am TaviseburebaTa roli sasurveli Sedegebis<br />
miRwevisTvis? rogor unda moaxerxos ucxoelma biznesmenma,<br />
menejerma Tu politikosma da administratorma swrafad<br />
moergos nacionalur, adgilobriv garemos? da a.S.<br />
50
mesame Tavisebureba ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove saxelmwifo<br />
da ekonomikuri saqmianobis materialuri da teqnologiuri<br />
bazis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas, rac warsulisken erTgvari<br />
mobruneba gaxda. am garemoebis ganmsazRvreli gaxda, erTi<br />
mxriv, kompiuteruli teqnikisa da kompiuteruli qselebis<br />
sul ufro mzardi gamoyeneba marTvaSi, organizaciis miznebis<br />
miRwevaze samecniero-teqnikuri progresis gavlenis<br />
gaZliereba, mwarmoeblobisa da xarisxis rolis kidev ufro<br />
amaRleba konkurentunariani produqciis SeqmnaSi, xolo, meore<br />
mxriv, warmoebisa da biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebis, biznesis<br />
teqnologiis gardaqmnis, ufro racionalurad war<strong>marTvis</strong><br />
survili. farTod gavrcelda cneba `reinjineringi~, rac<br />
moicavs aRniSnuli procesebis racionaluri gardaqmnis<br />
meTodebisa da midgomebis erTobliobas. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mmarTvelobiT azrovnebaSi kvlav<br />
Zlierdeba teqnokratizmis roli, oRond amJamad ufro Rrma<br />
da jansaR safuZvelze.<br />
paralelurad viTardeba <strong>marTvis</strong> demokratizacia, rigiTi<br />
muSakebis monawileoba marTvaSi. es idea XX saukunis 20-ian<br />
wlebSi Caisaxa da 50-60-ian wlebSi viTardeboda Teoriulad,<br />
Tumca, maSin es midgoma seriozulad ver damkvidrda. am ideas<br />
skeptikurad gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si epyrobodnen (evropisa da<br />
iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT). dRes <strong>marTvis</strong> demokratizacia,<br />
iseve rogorc biznesis eTikis moTxovnebi, mTel msoflioSi<br />
realoba xdeba. ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom momavali<br />
ekuTvnis <strong>marTvis</strong> demokratiul, e.w. „participation~-ul formas.<br />
Sesabamisad icvleba ganaTlebis principebi. klasikuri<br />
universitetebis dro midis. saxelmZRvaneloebiT studenti<br />
mxolod studentur naSroms Seqmnis. amitom zogad Teoriul<br />
ganaTlebasTan erTad studentma unda miiRos praqtikuli<br />
muSaobis unar-Cvevebi ise, rom man moaxerxos ara mxolod<br />
biznes-kompaniebsa da saxelmwifo organizaciebSi muSaoba,<br />
aramed, mas unda hqondes swrafad cvlad politikurekonomikur<br />
garemoSi drouli orentaciisa da saTanado<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari. aseT SesaZleblobebs<br />
ganapirobebs swavlebis inovaciuri meTodebi, romlebic<br />
51
eyrdnoba `ganaTlebis sam veSaps~ _ (1) klasikur<br />
fundamentur ganaTlebas, (2) uaxlesi Teoriuli samecniero<br />
miRwevebis aTvisebisa da praqtikuli realizebis<br />
SesaZleblobas da (3) leqtorisa da studentis<br />
urTierTTanamSromlobas.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sferoSi dReisaTvis msoflioSi arsebobs<br />
ganaTlebis Semdegi ZiriTadi modelebi _ germanuli<br />
(tradiciuli), amerikuli, iaponuri da Sereuli.<br />
tradiciuli anu germanuli modeli ZiriTadad<br />
gavrcelebulia germaniaSi, avstriaSi, SveicariaSi, aRmosavleT<br />
evropis qveynebSi. germanuli modelis mixedviT organizaciis<br />
xelmZRvaneli kadrebis momzadeba xdeba sxvadasxva dargis<br />
profesionali specialistebis bazaze. am modelis farglebSi<br />
ikveTeba, pirvel rigSi, umaRlesi profesiuli momzadeba, rac<br />
sabaziso codnasa da specialobas (sainJinro, ekonomikuri,<br />
iuridiuli, sociologiuri, sainJinro-ekonomikuri) iZleva<br />
da romelsac pirdapiri damokidebuleba aqvs organizaciis<br />
teqnikur an mmarTvelobiT saqmianobasTan. Semdegia<br />
xelmZRvanelTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba, rac ukve praqtikuli<br />
muSaobis procesSi mimdinareobs, rogorc wesi, kvalifikaciis<br />
amaRlebis moklevadiani kursebis meSveobiT. am kursebze<br />
msmenelebi iZenen <strong>marTvis</strong> specialur, konkretul unar-Cvevebs,<br />
romlebic aucilebelia <strong>marTvis</strong>a da sameurneo saqmianobisTvis.<br />
SesaZlebelia, agreTve, profesiuli gadamzadeba, rogorc<br />
codnisa da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis ufro safuZvliani<br />
forma, rasac SesaZloa mohyves axali specialobis SeZenac<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong>, biznesis, menejmentisa an mewarmeobis<br />
sferoSi.<br />
amerikuli modeli damyarebulia e.w. profesionali<br />
menejeris momzadebaze. es modeli gulisxmobs umaRlesi<br />
profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebas menejmentis dargSi ukve<br />
arsebuli zogadi umaRlesi ganaTlebis (nebismieri dargis<br />
bakalavriatis farglebSi) bazaze. amasTan, bakalavris<br />
profesiuli diplomi SesaZloa iyos sainJinro,<br />
sabunebismetyvelo, humanitaruli an sxv., romelTac SesaZloa<br />
araviTari kavSiri ar gaaCndes saxelmwifo an komerciuli<br />
52
organizaciebis saqmianobasTan. menejmentis dargSi umaRlesi<br />
profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebamde msurvelma unda daagrovos<br />
praqtikuli muSaobis garkveuli gamocdileba, raTa `Signidan~<br />
gaigos ra aris menejmenti realur cxovrebaSi. mxolod amis<br />
Semdeg irCevs is menejeris `karieras~. mecnierebisa da<br />
praqtikis kavSiris gasaZliereblad mravali skola<br />
leqtorebad iwvevs firmebisa da saxelmwifo uwyebebis im<br />
xelmZRvanelebs, romelTac aqvT samecniero xarisxi da<br />
swavlebisa da samecniero muSaobis gamocdileba. aseTi<br />
profesori gansakuTrebiT Rirebul leqtorTa kategorias<br />
miekuTvneba.<br />
evropaSi amerikul modelTan gansakuTrebiT axlos aris<br />
britanuli magistratura, Tumca, aqac, samagistro programebis<br />
ZiriTadi nawili warmoebisgan mouwyvetlad moqmedebs.<br />
profesiuli menejerebis formirebis amerikul meTods<br />
aSkarad gamoxatuli oponenti hyavs iaponuri skolis saxiT.<br />
iaponiaSi xelmZRvanelebs amzadeben TviT firmebi Tanaxmad<br />
koncefciisa - `swavleba gamocdilebis meSveobiT~, muSakTa<br />
TandaTanobiTi gadaadgilebiT sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze da<br />
dawinaurebiT. aseTi <strong>meTodi</strong> biznesis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis<br />
gacnobisa da sakuTari firmis dawvrilebiTi Seswavlis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. iaponur kompaniebSi yvela swavlobs –<br />
muSidan dawyebuli da prezidentiT damTavrebuli. iaponiaSi<br />
biznesis mxolod ramdenime skola aris, ZiriTadad imaT<br />
mosamzadeblad, romlebic sazRvargareT muSaobas apireben.<br />
praqtikos muSakTa kvalifikaciis asamRleblad sxva saswavlo<br />
dawesebulebSi gagzavna iSviaTad xdeba. erT-erTi iSviaTi<br />
gamonaklisia kompania `macusita denki~-sTan arsebuli<br />
macusitas akademia (Academy of Matsusita), sadac umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebis mqone niWier axalgazrdobas kidev xuTi weli<br />
aswavlian. magram, es elitisaTvis gankuTvnili gamonaklisia.<br />
dasavleT evropis qveynebis umetesoba iyenebs Sereul<br />
models. am SemTxvevaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis germanuli tipis<br />
tradiciuli evropuli sistema Sexamebulia amerikul<br />
sistemasTan. swavlebis es sistema farTod aris gavrcelebuli<br />
italiaSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, niderlandebSi, sadac<br />
53
asobiT aseTi modelis skola funqcionirebs. am skolebSi<br />
profesionali menejerebis momzadebas amerikulTan SedarebiT<br />
naklebi dro eTmoba. samagierod, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
realur proeqtebze muSaobas, praqtikas sxvadasxva<br />
kompaniebSi, „swavlebas moqmedebiT“. am dros `akademiur~<br />
komponents, tradiciul programebTan SedarebiT, naklebi<br />
yuradReba eTmoba. saboloo angariSiT, wamyvani evropuli da<br />
amerikuli programebis mizania msmenelTaTvis axali<br />
`karieruli perspeqtivis~ micema.<br />
Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis umTavresi tendencia<br />
imiT gamoixateba, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi arsebuli<br />
mmarTvelobiTi ganaTlebis meTodebi sul ufro uaxlovdeba<br />
erTmaneTs. marTviT dakavebul specialistTa profesia sul<br />
ufro internacionaluri xdeba. TiToeuli qveynis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
gamocdilebis gaziareba metad mniSvnelovania, radganac aseTi<br />
gamocdileba ara mxolod sazRvargareT saqmianobaSi<br />
gvexmareba, aramed, saerTod, xels uwyobs SesaZlo Secdomebis<br />
Tavidan acilebas. sxvisi warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis<br />
istoria xSirad metad TvalsaCinoa da sasargeblo sakuTari<br />
saqmianobis uSecdomo (an naklebad saxifaTo) war<strong>marTvis</strong>aTvis.<br />
efeqtiani <strong>marTvis</strong> sxvadasxva magaliTebis samecniero da<br />
empiriuli ganzogadeba, <strong>marTvis</strong> saerTo principebis SemuSaveba,<br />
misi sxvadasxva formebisa da gamoyenebis pirobebis tipizacia<br />
seriozulad anviTarebs menejerul, mmarTvelobiT azrovnebas.<br />
Tu davakvirdebiT saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong>a da ekonomikuri<br />
sistemebis (biznesis) ganviTarebas dRevandel post-sabWoTa<br />
sivrceSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, vnaxavT, rom realur<br />
marTvaSi eqsperts, saTanadod momzadebul specialists ar<br />
eniWeba mniSvnelovani roli. rogorc wesi, gadamwyvetia<br />
xelmZRvanelis figura, adamianisa, romelic SesaZloa<br />
maincdamainc ganaTlebuli ar iyos (an sul ar hqondes<br />
saTanado ganaTleba), ar gaaCndes codna <strong>marTvis</strong> meTodebis<br />
Sesaxeb, magram flobdes <strong>marTvis</strong>, rogorc xelovnebis,<br />
saidumloebebs da Tavisi piradi Tvisebebis wyalobiT,<br />
pirovnuli (zogjer avanturistis) talantiT, gamocdilebiT<br />
da saRi azrovnebiT, intuiciiT, riskis unariT aRwevdes<br />
54
mniSvnelovan warmatebebs. meore mxriv, mravali, erT dros<br />
warmatebuli organizaciis marcxis mizezi xSirad xdeba misi<br />
xelmZRvanelis arasakmarisi codna. talantisa da samecniero<br />
codnis SeerTeba iZleva warmatebis miRwevis garantirebul<br />
SesaZleblobas rogorc saxelmwifo marTvaSi, ise sabazro<br />
ekonomikaSi.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> realuri problemebi iSviaTad aris `funqciuri~<br />
anu es problemebi ar exeba saxelmwifo Tu ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis mxolod erT romelime mxares, vTqvaT, mxolod<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas an administrirebas, mxolod<br />
finansebs an marketings. biznesis TvalsazrisiT konkurentul<br />
brZolaSi imarjvebs is, vinc biznesis sakiTxebs – bazris<br />
moTxovnebi, finansebi, teqnologiebi, kadrebis SerCeva, maTi<br />
motivireba, marketingi _ kompleqsurad wyvets, erTdroulad<br />
da erTmaneTTan mWidro uTierTkavSirSi. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT ki is organizacia aris warmatebuli, romelic<br />
kompleqsurad wyvets rogorc administrirebis, ise sityvis<br />
Tavisuflebis, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis,<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis gamWvirvaleobis uzrunvelyofis da<br />
sxva sakiTxebs.<br />
aqedan gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva disciplinaTaSorisi<br />
`integrirebuli~ kursebis mniSvneloba, izrdeba interesi<br />
sistemuri azrovnebisadmi, momaval menejerebs realuri,<br />
saqmiani problemebis kompleqsurad gadawyveta unda SeeZloT.<br />
ganaTlebis miReba <strong>marTvis</strong> sferoSi saWiroa ara mxolod<br />
karieris dasawyisSi, aramed, praqtikulad mTeli cxovrebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. amitom iqmneba axali programebi e.w.<br />
`ganuwyveteli magistratura~ (ganaTleba mTeli cxovrebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi), rac, axali kursebis SemoqmedebiTad<br />
SewavlasTan erTad, menejeruli codnis periodulad<br />
ganaxlebas iTvaliswinebs. magram umTavresi is aris, rom<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi efeqtiani menejmentis inovaciuri<br />
meTodebis Sewavla SeuZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli<br />
(rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT) akademiuri ganaTlebis<br />
farglebSi, ra maRali donisac ar unda iyos swavlebis<br />
xarisxi. aucilebelia aratradiciuli, aqtiuri meTodebis<br />
55
gamoyeneba, romelTagan erT-erTia saqmiani TamaSebi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT kompiuteruli imitaciuri TamaSebi, romlebic<br />
mravali welia rac gamoiyeneba msoflios wamyvan <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
skolebSi, fsiqologiuri treiningebi saqmiani komunikaciebis<br />
unar-Cvevebis Camosayalibeblad, molaparakebis xelovneba da<br />
a.S. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Team Building-s (muSaoba erTiani<br />
gundis Camoyalibebis mizniT) da lideris treinings, farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba iseTi formebi, rogoricaa Action Learning<br />
(swavleba moqmedebiT). am dros studenti muSaobs raime<br />
konkretuli saqmiani problemis gadawyvetaze, romlis drosac<br />
iTvisebs swored am problemis gadawyvetisaTvis saWiro<br />
meTodebsa da ideebs. axali, inovaciuri midgoma aris, agreTve,<br />
Project-Based Management Education (saswavlo programebi<br />
proeqtebis seriis bazaze). amas emateba staJireba wamyvan<br />
kompaniebSi da saxelmwifo struqturebSi. Semdegi naxtomia<br />
Learning Organization (mTeli organizaciis swavleba). am<br />
SemTxvevaSi swavlebis obieqtia ara calkeuli adamianebi an<br />
jgufebi, aramed mTeli organizacia, rogorc administraciulsaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
dawesebuleba, ise kerZo biznes-kompania. am<br />
dros cdiloben ara mxolod kompaniis gardaqmnas, aramed<br />
kompaniis TviTgardaqmnis unaris SemuSavebas, rac gulisxmobs<br />
gare da Sida problemebze droulad reagirebisa da maTi<br />
realurad gadawyvetis unaris gamomuSavebas mTeli<br />
organizaciis mier.<br />
saganmanaTleblo procesebis revoluciuri gardaqmna<br />
gamoiwvia axali sainformacio teqnologiebis, globaluri<br />
sainformacio qselebis, internetis ganviTarebam, ramac<br />
efeqtiani swavlebis axali meTodebi, maT Soris Distance<br />
Learning-is (distanciuri swavlebis) SesaZlebloba Seqmna.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> swavlebis tradiciuli (Zveli) midgomidan<br />
axalze gadasvla, pirvel rigSi, gamoixateba `pasiuridan~ (rac<br />
mxolod saswavlo kursis aTvisebiT ifargleba) `inovaciur~<br />
swavlebaze gadasvliT, saswavlo kursebis programebis<br />
moqnilobiT, maTSi mravalferovani da cvladi realuri<br />
samyaros asaxvis SesaZleblobiT, moswavleze (studentze)<br />
56
ufro aqtiuri zemoqmedebiT da maT mier axali unar-Cvevebis<br />
gamomuSavebiT praqtikuli problemebis gadawyvetis dros.<br />
swavlebis axal formebis SemuSavebasTn erTad icvleba<br />
codnis xarisxis kontrolis sistemac. icvleba, agreTve,<br />
moTxovnebi pedagogebis mimarT. tradiciul sistemaSi karg<br />
pedagogad iTvleboda maRalkvalificiuri profesori,<br />
romelsac hqonda maRali samecniero xarisxi, iyo wignebisa da<br />
samecniero statiebis avtori. am dros swavleba mimdinareobda<br />
profesoridan studentebisken codnis gadacemaSi (vuwodoT<br />
aseT midgomas `carieli WurWlis avsebis <strong>meTodi</strong>”).<br />
inovaciuri swavleba ukve sxva midgomas moiTxovs.<br />
maswavlebeli aRar aris mxolod codnis avtonomiuri wyaro,<br />
igi saswavlo procesis momwyobia (e.w. `fasilitatori~<br />
facilitator), e.w. moTamaSe mwvrTneli da ara mxolod<br />
damrigebeli, mentori. am dros codnis SeZena, unar-Cvevebis<br />
gamomuSaveba, msoflmxedelobis Camoyalibeba xorcieldeba<br />
saswavlo jgufebSi TviT msmenelTa urTierTqmedebiT (`codnis<br />
CiraRdnis anTeba”). aseTi midgoma gansakuTrebiT nayofieria<br />
praqtikos-menejerTa ganaTlebisTvis.<br />
rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, yvela es <strong>meTodi</strong> da midgoma<br />
ganzogadoebulia <strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> algoriTmis<br />
meSveobiT<br />
57
Tavi 2<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis amocanebi<br />
... `sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ganvmartoT Tu ara<br />
Termodinamikis meore kanoni pesimisturad, damokidebulia,<br />
erTi mxriv, im mniSvnelobaze, romelsac Cven vaniWebT<br />
samyaros mTlianad da, meore mxriv _ klebadi entropiis<br />
mqone adgilobriv kunZulebs. davixsomoT, rom Cven TviTon<br />
SevadgenT klebadi entropiis aseT kunZuls da vcxovrobT<br />
sxva amgvar kunZulebs Soris. amis Sedegad Cveulebrivi<br />
perspeqtiuli gansxvaveba uaxloessa da Soreuls Soris<br />
gvaiZulebs gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba mivaniWoT klebadi<br />
entropiis da mzardi wesrigis sferoebs, vidre mTel<br />
samyaros~.<br />
norbert vineri, `kibernetika da sazogadoeba~<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
daniSnuleba<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva aris <strong>marTvis</strong> procesis erT-erTi<br />
funqcia, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba organizaciis<br />
miznebis arCeva da maTi miRwevis gzebis damuSaveba.<br />
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis procesi<br />
aris gadawyvetilebaTa da moqmedebaTa erToblioba, romelsac<br />
mivyavarT organizaciis miznebis miRwevamde. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
rom vTqvaT, <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis ZiriTadi funqcia aris<br />
safuZvlebis uzrunvelyofa yvela mmarTveli<br />
gadawyvetilebisTvis.<br />
58
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva organizaciis xelmZRvanelobas<br />
aZlevs SesaZleblobas uSecdomod (an naklebi SecdomebiT da<br />
riskiT) gansazRvros organizaciis momavali ganviTarebis<br />
gzebi. biznesis sferoSi es niSnavs biznesis ganviTarebis<br />
tempebisa da mimarTulebebis gansazRvras, bazris ganviTarebis<br />
globaluri tendenciebis Sefasebas, imis garkvevas Tu ra<br />
saxis organizaciuli da struqturuli cvlilebebi unda<br />
ganxorcieldes kompaniaSi misi konkurentunarianobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad, ra aris kompaniis upiratesoba, ra<br />
instrumentebis gamoyenebaa saWiro kompaniis warmatebuli<br />
ganviTarebisTvis da a.S. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong>a da, sazogadod,<br />
politikuri procesebis sferoSi <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva<br />
exmareba umaRles politikur xelisuflebas da saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebs gansazRvron qveynis an romelime dargis<br />
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi da SesaZleblobebi, msoflio<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri sivrcis cvlilebebis<br />
mimarTulebebi da gamowvevebi, sazogadoebis moTxovnebi da a.S.<br />
jer kidev sul cota xnis winaT <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva<br />
mxolod saxelmwifos umaRlesi politikuri xelisuflebis,<br />
dargis (saministroebis) xelmZRvanelobis, msxvili<br />
saerTaSoriso koncernebis prerogativa iyo. magram situacia<br />
swrafad icvleba da sul ufro da ufro meti biznes-kompania<br />
Tu saxelmwifo organizacia iwyebs <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis procesi zogadad SeiZleba<br />
warmovadginoT Semdegi Tanmimdevrobis saxiT:<br />
• organizaciis misiisa da miznebis gansazRvra da Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumebis dadgena;<br />
• organizaciis funqcionirebis garemos analizi. garemos<br />
analizi moicavs organizaciis Zlieri da susti mxareebis,<br />
misi potencialuri SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis<br />
analizs arsebuli gare da Sida informaciis damuSavebis<br />
safuZvelze. garemos analizis dros gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
unda iqnas ara mxolod organizaciis Sida ekonomikuri<br />
faqtorebi, aramed agreTve, organizaciis gareT arsebuli<br />
59
moTxovnebi, socialuri da ekonomikur-politikuri<br />
faqtorebi da sxv.<br />
• organizaciis moqmedebis strategiis SerCeva da realizeba.<br />
aq SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas gadawyvetilebebi<br />
resursebis ganawilebis, garemosadmi adaptaciis, Sida<br />
koordinaciis mizniT da sxv.<br />
• <strong>strategiuli</strong> gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebis monitoringi,<br />
Sefaseba, prognozi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
koreqtireba.<br />
mTavari is aris, rom perspeqtiuli gegmebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT <strong>strategiuli</strong> gegma cocxali organizmis msgavsia,<br />
aq aramcTu SesaZlebeli, aramed aucilebelia organizaciis<br />
ganviTarebis mravali variantis, alternatiuli versiebis<br />
arseboba. ra Tqma unda, Tu biznes-kompaniaSi kompaniis<br />
ganviTarebis strategia SeiZleba Seicvalos xelmZRvanelobis<br />
swrafi gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifo struqturebSi ase ar<br />
xdeba. magram, mainc, saxelmwifo organizaciis <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
ganviTarebis gegmac unda iTvaliswinebdes mis winaSe mdgari<br />
amocanebis gadawyvetis sxvadasxvagvar SesaZleblobas<br />
organizaciis uflebamosilebis farglebSi. mmarTvelobiTi<br />
sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros erTmaneTTan Sexamebuli unda<br />
iyos rogorc maTematikuri (raodenobrivi) meTodebi, aseve<br />
SemoqmedebiTi midgoma, intuiciiT nakarnaxevi mosazrebebi,<br />
amave dros, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas adamianuri<br />
faqtoris mniSvneloba.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis procesis efeqtiani<br />
war<strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis upirveles yovlisa saWiroa organizaciis<br />
xelmZRvanelobis <strong>strategiuli</strong> azrovneba. <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
azrovneba warmoadgens sistemuri azrovnebis garkveul tips,<br />
romelic aerTianebs azrovnebis racionalur da SemoqmedebiT<br />
komponentebs, obieqtur da subieqtur aspeqtebs, axorcielebs<br />
sxvadasxva koncefciebisa da meTodebis integrirebas. erTi<br />
mxriv, <strong>strategiuli</strong> azrovneba ganviTarebuli analitikuri<br />
unar-Cvevebis erT-erTi formaa, romelic emyareba logikisa da<br />
formaluri meTodebis Tanmimdevrul da zust gamoyenebas.<br />
60
meore mxriv, tradiciuli warmodgenebis gadalaxvis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi (kreatiuli) unari, araformaluri da, xSirad,<br />
intuiciuri midgoma ama Tu im sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros.<br />
biznesisa Tu saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis dagegmva SemoqmedebiTi<br />
midgomis gareSe mogvcems ara strategiul, cocxal gegmas,<br />
romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos situaciis cvlilebis<br />
kvalobaze, aramed erTxel da samudamod dadgenil, gaxevebul<br />
sqemas, romlis Sesruleba moiTxovs mxolod mocemuli<br />
instruqciebis zust Sesrulebas miuxedavad garemo pirobebis<br />
cvlilebebisa. rogorc viciT, aseTi midgoma ganwirulia<br />
marcxisTvis rogorc biznesis sferoSi, ise saxelmwifo<br />
mmarTvelobaSi, rac naTlad daadastura ganvlilma istoriam,<br />
maT Soris sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> azrovneba sxvadasxvanairad vlindeba<br />
politikaSi, samxedro saqmeSi, biznesSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel<br />
CineTSi ukve iyo dawerili traqtati ,,omis xelovneba~,<br />
romlis avtoradac iTvleba Cineli moazrovne da strategosi<br />
sun Zi (an, sxvanairad sun-cu) 11 . metad sainteresoa misi azri<br />
strategosis Sesaxeb: ,,vinc gaimarjva asjer as konfliqtSi,<br />
mas maincdamainc didi xelovneba ar gaaCnia. strategiis<br />
gamoyenebis xelovneba imorCilebs sxvas masTan konfliqtis<br />
gareSe”. aRniSnul traqtatSi gadmocemulia sxvadasxva<br />
samxedro rCevebi (e.w. strategemebi) romlebic gamarjvebis<br />
miRwevis mizniT mowinaaRmdegisTvis sxvadasxva eSmakuri<br />
xafangebis dagebas gulisxmobs.<br />
samxedro strategiasa da sxvadasxva samxedro eSmakebobs<br />
did yuradRebas uTmobdnen agreTve antikur romSi. romis<br />
saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawis seqstus iulius<br />
frontinusis naSromSi `strategemebi~ gadmocemulia<br />
samxedro Teoria, romelic sistematizebulia samxedro-<br />
11 sun Zi _ Cineli moazrovne da strategosi, romelic cxovrobda<br />
daaxloebiT Zveli w.aR. VI an IV saukuneSi. sxva monacemebiT Zv. w.aR. 313-<br />
238 ww.-Si. ix Сунь Цзы. Искусство войны. an Sun Tzu. On the art of<br />
war. arsebobs qarTuli Targmanic.<br />
61
istoriuli magaliTebis (startegemebis) saxiT 12 .<br />
warmatebuli samxedro moqmedebebisTvis frontinusis azriT<br />
aucilebelia omis guldasmiT momzadeba, brZolebis droisa<br />
da adgilis sworad SerCeva, saTanado samxedro<br />
struqturebis Camoyalibeba, mowinaaRmdegis dezorganizaciis<br />
xerxebis gamoyeneba da sxv. amasTan, samxedro Teoria<br />
ganxilulia istoriul gamocdilebasTan mWidro kavSirSi,<br />
rac metad mniSvnelovania.<br />
SevniSnoT, rom samxedro strategiis kargad floba<br />
sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom aseve kargad SeiZleba flobde<br />
biznesis an saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> xelovnebas. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
sagulisxmoa didi frangi politikosebis napoleonisa da<br />
taleiranis moRvaweobaTa Sedareba. rodesac genialurma<br />
samxedro strategma da saxelmwifo moRvawem, napoleon<br />
bonapartem gadaaWarba samxedro warmatebaTa SesaZleblobis<br />
zRvars da ukve msoflios batonoba ganizraxa, taleirani<br />
(napoleonis imperiis sagareo saqmeTa ministri) mixvda, rom<br />
adre Tu gvian es safrangeTis katastrofas gamoiwvevda da<br />
ukve ramdenime wliT adre, rodesac imperatori napoleoni<br />
da mis mier Seqmnili safrangeTis imperia jer kidev didebis<br />
zenitSi iyo, daiwyo napoleonis Semdgom epoqaSi safrangeTis<br />
(da sakuTari Tavis) usafrTxobaze zrunva. sabolood<br />
napoleoni damarcxda gaerTianebul evropasTan omSi, xolo<br />
taleiranma ostaturi diplomatiuri svlebiT damarcxebuli<br />
safrangeTi, faqtobrivad okupirebuli qveyana aramcTu<br />
gadaarCina danawilebas gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis<br />
kongresze venaSi (1915 w.), aramed, ufro metic, SeunarCuna<br />
mas teritoriebi (maT Soris, 1789 wlis revoluciis Semdeg<br />
mopovebulic ki), siZliere, avtoriteti da didi<br />
12 seqstus iulius frontinusi (daaxloebiT 35-103 ww). laTinurad Sextus<br />
Iulius Frontinus. Stragemata. ... Секст Юлий Фронтин. Стратегемы (Военные<br />
хитрости).<br />
62
saxelmwifos statusi, evropul da msoflio politikaSi<br />
pirvelxarisxovani moTamaSis mdgomareoba.<br />
aseve, gansakuTrebuli <strong>strategiuli</strong> azrovnebiT<br />
gamoirCeoda didi germaneli saxelmwifo moRvawe otto fon<br />
bismarki, romelmac moaxerxa wvril samTavroebad daqsaqsuli<br />
qveynis gaerTianeba da, faqtobrivad, Seqmna iseTi Zlieri da<br />
sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifo, romelic, dResac,<br />
miuxedavad Tavsdamtydari katastrofebisa, msoflios erTerTi<br />
umdidresi da uZlieresi saxelmwifoa. SevniSnoT, rom<br />
XX saukunis tragediebis mizezi gaxda germaniis maSindel<br />
xelisufalTa mier bismarkis <strong>strategiuli</strong> kursis uaryofa<br />
(dawvrilebiT ix. danarTi 1).<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis matarebelia<br />
strategia biznesis amocanebisTvis. biznesis TvalsazrisiT<br />
strategia aris detaluri, Sors gaTvlili, yovelmxrivi,<br />
kompleqsuri gegma, rac imisTvis aris gamiznuli, rom<br />
uzrunvelyos organizaciis misiis ganxorcieleba da misi<br />
miznebis miRweva. aq sagulisxmoa aRiniSnos <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
koncefciis evolucia samxedrodan ekonomikurisken. samxedro<br />
da ekonomikur strategiaTa Soris aris mravali msgavseba,<br />
magram mTavaria maT Soris arsebuli umniSvnelovanesi<br />
gansxvaveba. samxedro strategiis mizani aris mtris<br />
ganadgureba. ekonomikuri strategiisa ki _ komerciuli<br />
efeqtis miReba. momxmarebelTa mosazidad sulac ar aris<br />
saWiro konkurentebis ganadgureba. SeiZleba konkurenti<br />
sulac ar gyavdes (magaliTad, vaWroba da warmoeba ssrk-Si).<br />
aq mTavari aris miaRwio konkurentul upiratesobas.<br />
upiratesoba ara konkurentTan, aramed momxmarebelTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
magaliTad, afTiaqis gaxsna sjobs iq sadac sxva<br />
afTiaqebicaa da ara calke, sadRac. ratom? sadac meti<br />
afTiaqia, iq meti momsvlelia. konkurentuli brZola sxva<br />
afTiaqis ganadgurebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed klientisTvis<br />
ukeTesi momsaxurebis, konkurentze ufro dabali fasebis da/an<br />
ufro maRali xarisxis medikamentebis SeTavazebas/miwodebas.<br />
63
imisaTvis, rom organizaciam efeqtiani funqcionireba<br />
SeZlos, mis xelmZRvanelobas sworad unda hqondes<br />
gaazrebuli Tu ra aris da ras moiTxovs strategia.<br />
strategia aris saboloo Sedegis miRwevis saSualeba.<br />
amasTan, strategia aerTianebs organizaciis yvela nawils erT<br />
mTlianobaSi da moicavs organizaciis yvela ZiriTad aspeqts.<br />
meore mxriv, strategia gansazRvravs organizaciis<br />
grZelvadian gegmebs da uzrunvelyofs organizaciis gegmebis<br />
yvela nawilis urTierTSeTavsebadobas cvladi garemos<br />
pirobebSi. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom strategia<br />
aris winaswar dagegmili reaqcia garemos cvlilebaze.<br />
organizaciis Zlieri da susti mxareebis, agreTve, misi<br />
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis da Seferxebebis analizi aseve<br />
strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />
organizaciis strategia mxolod maSin aris namdvili da<br />
efqetianad moqmedi Tu ki igi Seicavs naTel miznebs, romelTa<br />
miRweva gadamwyvetia saqmis saboloo warmatebisaTvis.<br />
garda amisa:<br />
- strategia xels unda uwyobdes iniciativas;<br />
- strategia unda axdendes mTavari Zalisxmevis<br />
koncentrirebas saWiro dros da saWiro adgilas;<br />
- strategia unda iTvaliswinebdes moqmedebis iseT<br />
moqnilobas, raTa resursebis minimaluri odenobiT<br />
SesaZlebeli iyos maqsimaluri Sedegebis miRweva;<br />
- strategia unda axorcielebdes organizaciis Semadgeneli<br />
rgolebis koordinirebul moqmedebas;<br />
- strategia unda varaudobdes moqmedebaTa gasageb ganrigs;<br />
- strategia unda uzrunvelyofdes miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis realizebisTvis saWiro garantirebul<br />
resursebs.<br />
kerZod, biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> SemTxvevaSi strategia iZleva<br />
pasuxs kompaniis arsis, misi arsebobis ZiriTad kiTxvebze. es<br />
kiTxvebia:<br />
- ra aris, ras warmoadgens Cveni biznesi dRes?<br />
- rogori unda gaxdes Cveni biznesi xval?<br />
- rogoria Cveni saqoneli, funqciebi, bazrebi?<br />
64
- ra unda gavakeToT dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad?<br />
sazogadod strategia erTdroulad aris aqtiuric<br />
(dagegmili) da reaqtiulic (situaciisadmi morgebadi).<br />
realuri (faqtobrivi) strategia unda warmoadgendes<br />
dagegmili moqmedebebaTa da garemos cvalebadobiT gamowveul<br />
sapasuxo momedebebaTa Sexamebas. am TvalsazrisiT<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva aris uwyveti, ganaxlebadi procesi.<br />
xelmZRvanelis amocanaa dainaxos kompania ara mxolod<br />
iseTi, rogoric aris, aramed iseTi, rogoric unda iyos.<br />
amasTan, strategia orientirebuli unda iyos upiratesad gare<br />
da ara Sida pirobebze.<br />
strategiis yvela zemoT moyvanili gansazRvrebis codna<br />
da gaazreba saSualebas aZlevs organizaciis xelmZRvanelobas<br />
Camoayalibos TviTSemowmebis testi (e.w. Check-list), romliTac<br />
gairkveva aqvs Tu ara mis organizacias ganviTarebis<br />
strategia. TviTSemowmebisTvis organizaciis xelmZRvanelma<br />
unda upasuxos iseT kiTxvebs, romelic moicavs zemoTmoyvanil<br />
ganmartebebs. magaliTad, man unda upasuxos aseT SekiTxvebs:<br />
� viciT Tu ara ra aris Cveni saboloo mizani?<br />
� gvaqvs Tu ara warmodgenili rogor unda mivaRwioT<br />
saboloo Sedegs?<br />
� aris Tu ara organizaciis miznebi mkafiod da naTlad<br />
gansazRvruli?<br />
� aris Tu ara organizacia `erTiani gundi~?<br />
� gasagebia Tu ara moqmedebaTa ganrigi organizaciis yvela<br />
Semadgeneli rgolisTvis?<br />
� organizaciis ganviTarebis strategiiT gansazRvrulia Tu<br />
ara saWiro resursebi?<br />
� arsebobs Tu ara organizaciaSi ganviTarebis strategiiT<br />
gansazRvruli saWiro resursebi? da a.S.<br />
aRniSnul kiTxvebze dadebiTi pasuxis gacemis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mkafiod unda Camoyalibdes Tu ras warmoadgens arsebuli<br />
biznesi dRes da rogori iqneba xval, rogoria kompaniis<br />
saqoneli da funqciebi, rogoria bazris koniunqtura,<br />
dabolos, unda arsebobdes saTanado gegma dasaxuli miznebis<br />
misaRwevad.<br />
65
miRebuli pasuxebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia davadginoT<br />
arsebobs Tu ara Cvens organizaciaSi ganviTarebis strategia,<br />
aqvs Tu ara mis xelmZRvanels <strong>strategiuli</strong> azrovneba, ra<br />
naklovanebebi gvaqvs da ra aris gasakeTebeli iseTi<br />
strategiis Sesaqmnelad, romelic efeqtianad moqmedi iqneba.<br />
organizaciaSi strategiis ganmxorcielebelia kompaniis<br />
prezidenti, aRmasrulebeli direqtori, generaluri<br />
direqtori, kompaniis mepatrone, direqtorTa sabWos<br />
Tavmjdomare, mewarme, sportuli gundis mwvrTneli, TeatrSi<br />
_ reJisori, omSi _ sardali, universitetSi _ reqtori,<br />
dekani, kaTedris gamge. am SemTxvevaSi mas strategi ewodeba,<br />
swored igia pasuxismgebeli saerTo saqmis warmatebaze.<br />
strategis roli gansakuTrebulia. warumateblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze metad, pasuxismgebloba swored strategs<br />
ekisreba. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom xelmZRvanel<br />
Tanamdebobaze myofi piri yovelTvis Seefereba strategis<br />
cnebas.<br />
strategiul saqmianobaSi yvelas Tavisi stili aqvs,<br />
gemovneba, meTodebi. magram, mainc, miuxedavad stilisa da<br />
gemovnebisa, arsebobs zogadi moTxovnebi, romlebic<br />
gansazRvravs moTxovnebs strategisadmi..<br />
biznes-kompaniaSi strategi eZebs pasuxs Semdeg kiTxvebze:<br />
rogoria Cveni biznesi? rogoria Cveni biznesis mdgomareoba?<br />
rogori iyo Cveni biznesi guSin? ra Zlieri da susti<br />
mxareebi gvaqvs, ra SegviZlia da ra ar SegviZlia? 13 ra<br />
gviSlis xels? ra gviwyobs xels? saiT mivdivarT? da a.S.<br />
analogiurad Camoyalibdeba strategis funqciebi<br />
saxelmwifo organizaciaSi, im arsebiTi gansxvavebiT, rom<br />
gadawyvetilebis realizebam biznes-gadawyvetilebis<br />
13 an sxva sityvebiT, strategma unda Caataros kompaniis e.w. SWOT analizi,<br />
romlis meSveobiTac ganisazRvreba misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi,<br />
SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi abreviatura SWOT Sedgeba sityvebisgan:<br />
Strenghts – Zlieri mxareebi, Weakness – susti mxareebi, Opportunities _<br />
SesaZleblobebi, Threats _ safrTxeebi.<br />
66
ealizebasTan SedarebiT SeiZleba gacilebiT meti dro da<br />
Zalisxmeva moiTxovos.<br />
rogorc saxelmwifo organizaciis, ise biznes-kompaniis<br />
warmatebis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba aris sworad<br />
gansazRvruli misiis arseboba.<br />
misia aris organizaciis (kompaniis) hipermizani, raRac<br />
ufro meti, vidre mizani, organizaciis kredo, filosofia,<br />
principebi. misia SesaZloa arc iyos absoluturad realuri<br />
da miRwevadi. organizaciam (kompaniam) unda daisaxos<br />
miRwevadi miznebi, mxolod maSin aqvs am organizacisa Tu<br />
kompaniis arsebobas gamarTleba. rac Seexeba misias, is<br />
SeiZleba mTlianobaSi miuRwevadic iyos, magram unda<br />
miuTiTebdes im generalur mimarTulebaze, romliskenac unda<br />
miiswrafvodes saxelmwifo organizacia Tu biznes-kompania.<br />
misia gansazRvravs organizaciis, politikuri partiis,<br />
saxelmwifos rols politikur scenaze, xolo bizneskompaniisa<br />
_ biznesis scenaze 14 .<br />
14 magaliTi. ganvixiloT saqarTvelos erT-erTi umsxvilesi sawarmos, Sps<br />
`saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ misia. erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa, vifiqroT, rom Sps<br />
`saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ misia unda ganisazRvrebodes rogorc sarkinigzo<br />
momsaxureba, rac TiTqos bunebrivad gamomdinareobs biznesis am saxeobidan.<br />
magram menejmentis TvalsazrisiT aseTi midgoma seriozuli Secdomaa, rac<br />
mravalwilad ganapirobebs sawarmos gakotrebis riskis zrdas. es<br />
daadastura kidec rigi sarkinigzo kompaniis warumatebelma saqmianobam. Sps<br />
`saqarTvelos rkinigzis~, rogorc biznes-sawarmos, misia aris<br />
satransporto momsaxureba, rac afarTovebs am struqturis saqmianobis<br />
areals da ukve bunebrivad ganapirobebs kompaniis iseTi miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis arsebobas, rac kvlavac uzrunvelyofs kompaniis momgebian<br />
saqmianobas. Tu misias mxolod sarkinigzo gadazidvebiT SemovfarglavT,<br />
maSin klientis momsaxurebis sfero, saerTod, yuradRebis miRma rCeba. sul<br />
ufro mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi warmatebisTvis sakmarisi aRaraa<br />
Semoifarglo mxolod sarkinigzo gadazidviT da tvirTmflobels SesTavazo<br />
mxolod tvirTis gadazidva erTi sadguridan meoreSi (vTqvaT, foTi-<br />
Tbilisis marSrutiT), aramed unda moizido kidec klienti da yvela piroba<br />
Seuqmna mas, anu unda SesTavazo yvela saWiro servisi, raTa man rkinigzis<br />
transportis gamoyeneba amjobinos sxva saxis transports. aseT kompleqsur,<br />
srul serviss gulisxmobs satransporto momsaxurebis misia. aseTi misia<br />
ukve sxvagvar miznebsac ganapirobebs. magaliTad, mizani unda iyos ara<br />
tvirTbrunvis moculobis gazrda (rac TavisTavad aris aucilebeli, magram<br />
67
kompaniis strategiis ganmapirobebeli kidev erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi cneba aris organizaciis (kompaniis)<br />
potenciali. kompaniis potenciali warmoadgens mis<br />
resursebs, resursebis Sevsebis wyaroebs, igi uzrunvelyofs<br />
kompaniis konkurentul upiratesobas da mdgradobas cvlad<br />
garemoSi, axdens negatiuri faqtorebis neitralizebas.<br />
biznes-kompaniis, arakomerciuli organizaciis Tu<br />
politikuri struqturis strategias, misiasa da<br />
potencialTan erTad, ganapirobebs misi miznebi. sworad<br />
Camoyalibebuli mizani formirebulia zustad, aris gazomvadi,<br />
miRwevadi, droSi gansazRvruli da Seesabameba kompaniis<br />
ganviTarebis strategias da Semsruleblebis interesebs.<br />
kompanias unda hqondes ara mxolod safinanso, aramed,<br />
agreTve, <strong>strategiuli</strong> miznebi. safinanso miznebi gasagebia. Tu<br />
mogeba ar geqneba biznesi daixureba. <strong>strategiuli</strong> miznebi ki<br />
miuTiTebs xelmZRvanelobas ra unda gaakeTos man biznesis<br />
gasaZliereblad. safinanso miznebi aris – mogebis zrda,<br />
sainvesticio Semosavlebis zrda, kreditunarianobis amaRleba,<br />
aqcionerTa dividendebis zrda. <strong>strategiuli</strong> miznebi aris –<br />
kompaniis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, poziciebis<br />
SenarCuneba bazarze, konkurentTa produqciaze ukeTesi<br />
xarisxis miRweva, dargSi arsebul zrdis maCvenebelze ukeTesi<br />
maCveneblis miRweva, momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba, bazris wilis<br />
gazrda, konkurentebTan SedarebiT xarjebis Semcireba,<br />
saerTaSoriso bazarze poziciebis mopoveba, teqnologiuri<br />
liderobis miRweva, zrdis pirobebis Seqmna. direqtorma<br />
(mflobelma) unda izrunos ara mxolod safinanso<br />
mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofaze, aramed kompaniis<br />
konkurentunarianobasa da perspeqtivaze.<br />
sxvadasxva kompanias sxvadasxva miznebi aqvs. kompaniis<br />
strategia dinamikurad formirdeba sxvadasxva elementebisgan<br />
sawarmos ganviTarebis procesSi. strategia aucileblad<br />
arasakmarisi piroba warmatebis misaRwevad), rogorc es sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
dros xdeboda, aramed, safinanso mogebis gazrda.<br />
68
yovelTvis unda gadaixedos cvladi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
an/da srulyofis mizniT.<br />
is sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad sworad aris SerCeuli<br />
strategia da ramdenad sworad xdeba misi ganxorcieleba,<br />
Seadgens strategiis efeqtianobis sagans. strategiis<br />
efeqtianobis ganisazRvreba ramdenime maCveneblis mixedviT. es<br />
maCveneblebia: strategiis Sesabamisoba, kompaniis<br />
konkurentunarianoba da kompaniis mwarmoebluroba _ kargi<br />
strategia zustad Seesabameba kompaniis Sida da gare<br />
mdgomareobas, karg strategias mivyavarT mdgradi<br />
konkurentunarianobisken. rac ufro konkurentunariani xdebi,<br />
miT ufro kargia strategia. kargi strategia iwvevs<br />
mwarmoeblurobis zrdas, mogebis zrdas an mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebas.<br />
amave dros, kompaniis warmatebas gansazRvravs mTeli<br />
rigi e.w. warmatebis faqtorebi. es faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos<br />
sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis: teqnologiuri, sawarmoo,<br />
savaWro, marketinguli, kvalifikaciuri, organizaciuli da<br />
sxv. garda amisa, kompaniis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad<br />
ganapirobebs kompniis imiji da saxeli, misi reputacia,<br />
saerTo mcire danaxarjebi, kargi adgilmdebareoba, Tavaziani<br />
muSakebi, kapitali, patentebi da sxv.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
procesi<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis amocana saboloo anagariSiT<br />
gamoixateba <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> procesis efeqtianobiT.<br />
biznesis strategias gansazRvravs <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
xuTi etapi:<br />
I. gadawyvetilebis miReba biznesis sferos arCevis<br />
mizniT.<br />
II. mas Semdeg rac gansazRvrulia kompaniis ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> mimarTuleba (<strong>strategiuli</strong> xedva), saWiroa<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> xedvis gardaqmna konkretul amocanebsa da<br />
miznebSi.<br />
69
III. am etapze unda Camoyalibdes im praqtikul<br />
RonisZiebaTa nusxa, romelSic dawvrilebiT iqneba miTiTebuli<br />
kompaniis ganyofilebebisa Tu departamentebis samuSao<br />
davalebebi, operatiuli gegmebi, pasuxismgebeli pirebi,<br />
Semowmebisa da kontrolis meqanizmebi da a.S.<br />
IV. arCeuli strategiis kvalificirebuli<br />
realizeba.<br />
V. strategiis realizebis monitoringi anu muSaobis<br />
Sedegebis kontroli da Sefaseba, axali tendenciebis<br />
Seswavla.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> nebismier etapze miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba SesaZlebelia gadaisinjos monitoringis etapis<br />
Sedegebis mixedviT Tu amas moiTxovs Seqmnili realuri<br />
viTareba. <strong>strategiuli</strong> marTva aris uwyveti, ganaxlebadi<br />
procesi. amitom, zemoxsenebul xuT etaps Soris sazRvrebi ar<br />
arsebobs. aRniSnuli etapebis gancalkevebas mxolod<br />
formaluri xasiaTi aqvs da isic kompaniis top-menejerTa<br />
warmosaxvaSi.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> procesi Sedgeba Semdegi<br />
urTierTdakavSirebuli etapebisgan: strategiis dagegmva,<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> organizeba (strategiis realizeba),<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> kontroli da regulireba.<br />
organizaciis strategiis dagegmva iwyeba analiziT:<br />
arsebuli situaciis Sida da gare faqtorebisa da moqmedebis<br />
kvleviT. es aris is faqtorebi, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
SesaZlebelia konkurentuli upiratesobebis miRweva,<br />
SenarCuneba, ganviTareba da kapitalizacia. saboloo angariSiT,<br />
strategiis dagegmvis stadiis dros xorcieldeba strategiis<br />
damuSaveba, <strong>strategiuli</strong> analizi da strategiis arCevani.<br />
strategiis arCevanis dros mimdinareobs alternativebis Zebna.<br />
am Zebnis Sedegad ganxorcieldeba saukeTeso strategiis<br />
arCevani. arCeulma strategiam unda moaxdinos: firmis Zlieri<br />
mxareebis kapitalizacia; susti mxareebis daZleva;<br />
safrTxisaTvis Tavis arideba.<br />
konkretulad biznes-kompaniisTvis strategiis dagegmva<br />
aris mmarTvelobiTi procesi, romelmac unda Seqmnas da<br />
70
SeinarCunos kompaniis miznebis, potencialuri<br />
SesaZleblobebisa da bazarze arsebuli situaciis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> Sesabamisoba. garda amisa, strategiul gegmaSi<br />
gansazRvruli unda iyos, agreTve, kompaniis safinanso<br />
saqmianoba xangrZlivi periodisaTvis. amisaTvis unda Catardes<br />
grZelvadiani safinanso prognozireba.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> Semdegi etapia <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
organizeba, romelic moiTxovs <strong>strategiuli</strong> procesis<br />
organizatorTa da SemsrulebelTa TviTdisciplinas,<br />
pasuxismgeblobas, Tavdadebas. <strong>strategiuli</strong> organizebis<br />
stadiis dros xorcieldeba organizaciuli sistemis awyobagamarTva<br />
arCeuli strategiis Sesabamisad, strategiis<br />
danergva, strategiis realizeba, organizaciuli sistemis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> organizeba an regulireba. strategiis<br />
realizebis dros ganisazRvreba kompaniis struqtura, misi<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis funqcia, personali da sistemebi.<br />
strategiis dagegmvisa da <strong>strategiuli</strong> organizebis<br />
Semdeg iwyeba <strong>strategiuli</strong> kontroli da regulireba. es aris<br />
miRweuli Sedegebis da arCeuli strategiis monitoringi,<br />
Sefaseba, kontroli da regulireba. nebismieri darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi unda ganxorcieldes strategiis koreqtireba<br />
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.<br />
sazogadod <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva unda daviwyoT sawyisi<br />
poziciis gaanalizebiT, Cven sakuTar Tavs (kompanias) vusvamT<br />
kiTxvebs _ sad viyaviT guSin? sad varT axla? vin varT, ras<br />
warmovadgenT? ra gvsurs, ras vapirebT, saiT mivdivarT? ra<br />
aris gasakeTebeli miznis misaRwevad? magram, amave dros, unda<br />
gavarkvioT ris gakeTebaa saWiro da SesaZlebeli.<br />
paralelurad vaanalizebT Cvens sust da Zlier mxareebs. Tu<br />
ki viciT ra gviSlis xels da ra gvexmareba, maSin TiTqos<br />
naTeli xdeba ra aris gasakeTebeli: winaaRmdegoba unda<br />
daiZlios, xolo mxardaWera _ gamoviyenoT. cxadia, rom<br />
praqtikulad am sakiTxebis gadawyveta arc Tu ise ioli<br />
gansaxorcielebelia. mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvevT zemoxsenebeul<br />
sakiTxebs SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ra SeiZleba rom gavakeToT<br />
da ra unda gavakeToT. gadawyvetilebis mirebiT sruldeba<br />
71
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis mosamzadebeli etapi. gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebiT ukve viciT ra unda gavakeToT, rogor vimoqmedoT,<br />
ukve gvaqvs moqmedebis strategia. Semdeg iwyeba <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
procesi.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis procesSi erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi etapi aris <strong>strategiuli</strong> alternatiuli<br />
arCevanis gakeTeba. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
obieqtis specifika, gveqneba <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
gansxvavebuli tipis amocanebi, magram ZiriTadi, principuli<br />
sakiTxebi ucvleli rCeba.<br />
biznes-kompaniis ganviTarebis dros, kompaniis<br />
mdgomareobis mixedviT, aucileblad warmoiqmneba <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
ganviTarebis erT-erTi Semdegi alternativa:<br />
� stabiluri ganviTarebis strategia _ stabilur,<br />
Camoyalibebul organizaciebSi yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia<br />
kompaniis ganviTarebis SezRuduli zrda.<br />
� dinamikuri ganviTarebis strategia _ dinamikurad mzard<br />
dargebSi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnas swrafi zrda, TviT<br />
zrdis tempis zrda.<br />
� Senelebuli ganviTarebis strategia kompaniis stagnaciis<br />
periodSi dgeba misi saqmianobis Semcirebis problema, rac<br />
kompaniis racionalizaciis ukanaskneli saSualeba, jansaRi<br />
gzaa.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> alternativebis SerCevis dros didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs kompaniis safinanso analizis sworad<br />
Catarebas. safinanso analiziT gamovlindeba kompaniaSi<br />
arsebul problemaTa simptomebi da tendenciebi;<br />
raodenobrivad Sefasdeba kompaniis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />
amasTan erTad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT safinanso analizis Sedegebze gadametebul<br />
dayrdnobas SesaZloa axasiaTebdes uaryofiT mxareebic.<br />
vinaidan, safinanso analizi yovelTvis warsuls asaxavs, ramac<br />
SesaZloa ver asaxos teqnologiebisa da bazrebis swrafi<br />
cvlilebebi. amasTan erTad, mxolod warsuli gamocdilebidan<br />
gamomdinare xSirad, SeuZlebelia momavlis ganWvreta. garda<br />
72
amisa, safinanso monacemebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas<br />
subieqturi interpretaciisTvis.<br />
biznes-strategiis<br />
tipebi<br />
saqmianobis masStabebis mixedviT SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT<br />
biznes-strategiis sami tipi: korporaciuli strategia<br />
(mTlianad organizacis ganviTarebis strategia), biznesis<br />
saxeobis, mimarTulebis strategia, da funqcionaluri<br />
strategia.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> amocanebis dagegmva da marTva praqtikulad<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod korporaciul doneze. korporaciuli<br />
strategia ufro zogadia. korporaciuli strategiis mTavari<br />
mizania dagegmili mogebis miReba naklebi danaxarjebiT.<br />
mogebis ZiriTadi wyaroa kapitaldabandebebi da aqtivebi.<br />
mxolod danaxarjebis Semcirebaze orientirebam SeiZleba ver<br />
moitanos dagegmili mogeba. amitom korporaciuli strategiis<br />
mniSvnelovani mizania, agreTve, gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis<br />
miRweva produqciis warmoebasa Tu momsaxurebis sferoSi.<br />
aseTi mizniT gaTvaliswinebulia myidvelTa uzrunvelyofa<br />
unikaluri saqonliT, axali faseulobebiT, gansakuTrebuli<br />
TvisebebiT, momsaxurebiT gayidvis Semdgom periodSi da sxv.<br />
amave dros, SesaZlebeli xdeba bazrisTvis ufro maRali<br />
fasebis karnaxic. korporaciuli strategiiT saukeTeso<br />
Sedegebi miiRweva orive aRniSnuli miznis kombinirebiT,<br />
rodesac korporacia axerxebs rogorc xarjebis Semcirebas,<br />
ise axali produqciis (momsaxurebis) SeTavazebas<br />
samomxmareblo bazrisTvis. es mizani Zneli misaRwevia.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis mizani biznes-mimarTulebis<br />
doneze aris konkurentuli upiratesobis miRweva da<br />
SenarCuneba, misi kapitalizacia, arawamgebianobis wertilis<br />
gansazRvra da mudmivi monitoringi kompaniis momgebianobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis mizani funqcionalur doneze<br />
aris kompaniaSi finansebis <strong>marTvis</strong> uzrunvelyofa, marketingis<br />
73
warmarTva, warmoebis organizeba, resursebis ganawileba,<br />
samecniero da sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis Catareba.<br />
korporaciuli strategiis SemTxvevaSi strategia<br />
fokusirebulia kapitalze, misi moqmedebis area mTlianad<br />
mTeli kompania, strategiis resursi ganisazRvreba kompaniis<br />
kapitaliT, xolo strategiis kriteriumia misi efeqtianoba.<br />
biznes-mimarTulebis SemTxvevaSi strategia<br />
fokusirebulia konkurentuli upiratesobebis miRwevaze, misi<br />
moqmedebis area arsebuli biznes-mimarTuleba, strategiis<br />
resursi ganisazRvreba kompaniis Sida potencialiT, xolo<br />
strategiis kriteriumi _ miRweuli <strong>strategiuli</strong> poziciebiT.<br />
funqcionalur strategiis SemTxvevaSi strategia<br />
fokusirebulia efeqtianobaze, misi moqmedebis are<br />
ganisazRvreba Sida safirmo procesebiT, strategiis resursi<br />
ganisazRvreba kompaniaSi moqmedi sistemiT, strategiis<br />
kriteriumia _ Semosavlianoba.<br />
dabolos SevniSnavT, rom Tu organizacias surs<br />
ganaxorcielos saukeTeso marTva, maSin man unda SeZlos<br />
saukeTeso strategiis saukeTesod realizeba. saukeTeso<br />
strategiis ageba SesaZlebelia dagegmvisa da <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
kobernetikuli <strong>meTodi</strong>s gamoyenebiT<br />
74
Tavi 3<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong><br />
`abstraqtuli azrovneba xSirad<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre codna~.<br />
albert ainStaini<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> obieqtis<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> struqtura<br />
kibernetikis TvalTaxedviT sistemas warmovadgenT<br />
rogorc garkveuli saxis materialur obieqts, romelic sxva<br />
obieqtebisgan Sedgeba. am ukanasknelT mocemuli sistemis<br />
qvesistemebi ewodeba. kibernetikis Semdegi umniSvnelovanesi<br />
cnebaa sistemis mdgomareobis gansazRvra drois sxvadasxva<br />
momentSi. amrigad, kibernetika ganixilavs sistemis<br />
organizebas drosa da sivrceSi, anu imas, Tu rogor aris<br />
qvesistemebi sistemad SekavSirebuli da rogor gavlenas<br />
axdens erTi qvesistemis mdgomareobis cvlileba sxva<br />
qvesistemebisa da, saerTod, sistemis mdgomareobaze. mTavari<br />
yuradReba eqceva sistemis droSi organizebas, rac<br />
mizanmimarTulebis SemTxvevaSi, marTvas warmoadgens.<br />
amrigad, <strong>marTvis</strong> (<strong>kibernetikuli</strong>) TvalsazrisiT rogorc<br />
teqnologiuri sistemebi, ise cocxali organizmebi da<br />
sazogadoeba SeiZleba ganvixiloT erTiani poziciebidan.<br />
75
aseTive midgoma unda iqnes gamoyenebuli politikuri<br />
procesebis analizisa da <strong>marTvis</strong>aTvis da, maT Soris,<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebisTvis. sxva sityvebiT, rom<br />
vTqvaT, nebismieri movlena, problema <strong>marTvis</strong> TvalsazrisiT<br />
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqti.<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> TvalsazrisiT unda ganvasxvavoT <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
obieqtebis xuTi klasi: cocxali organizmebi, teqnikuri<br />
sistemebi, ekonomikuri sistemebi, saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba.<br />
es ori ukanaskneli klasi SesaZlebelia warmovadginoT<br />
rogorc politikuri sistema. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
Teoria srulyofilad aris damuSavebuli cocxali<br />
organizmebisa (medicina) da teqnikuri sistemebisTvis<br />
(avtomaturi <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria), Tumca, sainformacio<br />
teqnologiebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze <strong>marTvis</strong> meTodebi kidev<br />
ufro ixveweba da sul ufro srulyofili xdeba. SedarebiT<br />
maRal donezea agreTve ekonomikuri sistemebis <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
Teoria. rac Seexeba politikur sistemebs, aq seriozuli<br />
CamorCenaa, gansakuTrebiT postsabWoTa da sazogadod,<br />
komunisturi orientaciis qveynebisTvis.<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> koncefciis Sesabamisad prioritetuli<br />
gaxda <strong>strategiuli</strong> menejmenti, <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva<br />
biznesisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi biznesis sferoSi<br />
nawilobriv gamoiyeneba strategiul marTvaze dafuZnebuli<br />
sxvadasxva praqtikuli receptebi. rac Seexeba saxelmwifo<br />
marTvas, aq, faqtobrivad, ignorirebulia <strong>marTvis</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
principebi, maT Soris <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> koncefciac, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> kibernetikulma modelma<br />
praqtikulad daamtkica Tavisi upiratesoba _ msoflios<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemebi<br />
ZiriTadad swored kibernetikul koncefcias eyrdnoba.<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> modelis <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> struqtura<br />
SesaZlebelia warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT (ix. naxazi 3.1).<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, gadasawyveti problema<br />
(<strong>marTvis</strong> obieqti) ganixileba rogorc erTgvari ,,Savi yuTi”,<br />
romlis SigniT mimdinare procesebi CvenTvis ucnobia an<br />
76
naklebad cnobili. Cvens gankargulebaSi ZiriTadad aris<br />
obieqtze moqmedi gare procesebi da obieqtis reaqcia am<br />
zemoqmedebaze, misi e.w. gamosasvleli procesi→Y_<br />
,,gamoZaxili“.→Y<br />
Cveni amocanaa ganvaxorcieloT am obieqtis optimaluri<br />
(garkveuli TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso) marTva. anu obieqtis<br />
gareT da mis SigniT mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri,<br />
politikuri Tu fizikur-qimiuri procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
(anu Sesasvleli faqtorebis arsebuli mniSvnelobebisa da<br />
,,xmauris“ zemoqmedebis pirobebSi) ganvaxorcieloT iseTi<br />
gadawyvetileba (movaxdinoT <strong>marTvis</strong> iseTi zemoqmedeba),<br />
romelic saSualebas mogvcems mivaRwioT dasaxul mizans -<br />
uzrunvelvyoT ,,obieqtis” optimaluri funqcionireba.<br />
Tu ,,obieqti” sazogadoebaa, maSin saWiroa mivaRwioT mis<br />
socialur stabilurobas, ekonomikur keTildReobas,<br />
ideologiur Tanxmobas. Tu ,,obieqti” farTo moxmarebis<br />
saqonlis mwarmoebeli sawarmoa – mivaRwioT mis efeqtian,<br />
momgebian funqcionirebas, Tu ,,obieqti“ safexburTo klubia -<br />
mivaRwioT misi Sedegebis gaumjobesebas (Cempionobas, Tasis<br />
aRebas da a.S.).<br />
obieqtis Seswavlisa da <strong>marTvis</strong>aTvis saWiroa mopovebul<br />
iqnas mravalmxrivi informacia, gaizomos mravali sidide,<br />
romelTac, rogorc wesi erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
Tvisebebi aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, es sidideebi, faqtorebi,<br />
romlebic ganapirobeben obieqtis mdgomareobas, SeiZleba<br />
daiyos 4 jgufad:<br />
77
kontrolirebadi<br />
movlenebi da<br />
faqtorebi<br />
X<br />
ukukavSiri<br />
mmarTveli zemoqmedeba, gadawyvetileba U<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong><br />
obieqti anu<br />
,,Savi yuTi“<br />
ξ<br />
gauTvaliswinebeli da/an arakontrolirebadi<br />
movlenebi da faqtorebi `xmauri~<br />
nax.3.1. <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqtis zogadi struqtura<br />
Y<br />
gamosasvleli<br />
faqtorebi,<br />
miznebi
1) Sesasvleli aramarTvadi faqtorebis simravle _<br />
X. Sesasvlel aramarTvadi faqtorebi gavlenas axdenen<br />
obieqtSi mimdinare procesze da mis maCveneblebze. maT<br />
ver vcvliT, magram vakontrolebT (vzomavT)<br />
xelsawyoebiT, laboratoriuli an eqspertuli<br />
analiziT.<br />
2)Sesavleli marTvadi faqtorebis simravle _ X.<br />
marTvad faqtorebiT xdeba obieqtis marTva.<br />
3) arakontrolirebadi faqtorebis simravle (,,xmauri”)<br />
_ ξ. faqtorebi, romlebsac ver vaxasiaTebT verc raodenobrivad,<br />
verc Tvisebrivad, ucnobia maTi obieqtze<br />
zemoqmedebis adgili, dro, intensiuroba. aseT<br />
SemTxveviT faqtorebs (anu aRSfoTebebs) uwodeben<br />
`xmaurs~. `xmauris~ zemoqmedeba iwvevs obieqtis<br />
maxasiaTeblebis ukontrolo cvlilebas, ris Sedegadac<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> procesi rTuldeba an maxinjdeba.<br />
4) gamosasvleli faqtorebis simravle _ Y,<br />
obieqtis maxasiaTebeli faqtorebi.<br />
gamosasvlel faqtorebs xSirad uwodeben<br />
`gamoZaxils~ an `miznis funqcias~.<br />
obieqtis optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanaa vipovoT da<br />
ganvaxorcieloT iseTi gadawyvetilebebi (<strong>marTvis</strong><br />
zemoqmedebebi), romlebic saSualebas mogvcems<br />
mivaRwioT dasaxul miznebs (me-4 jgufis faqtorebis<br />
sasurvel mniSvnelobas), Sesasvleli faqtorebis<br />
arsebuli mniSvnelobebisa da `xmauris~ zemoqmedebis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
imisaTvis, rom SevamowmoT, ramdenad vaRwevT<br />
dasaxul mizans, sworad unda iyos SerCeuli Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumi. kriteriumis mixedviT unda davadginoT Tu<br />
ramdenad efeqtiania Cveni gadawyvetileba, ramdenad<br />
vuaxlovdebiT mizans.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da misi sacdeli<br />
realizaciis Semdeg mniSvnelovania ukukavSiris<br />
meSveobiT miRebuli informaciis anu miRebuli Sedegis<br />
gaanalizeba. ukukavSiriT xorcieldeba adre miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis koreqtireba, Secvla an sabolood<br />
ganxorcieleba, agreTve, Sesasvleli faqtorebisadmi<br />
saWiro moTxovnebis wayeneba. SesaZloa gadaisinjos<br />
optimalurobis kriteriumic.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> modeli<br />
struqturulad saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sqema zemoT<br />
ganxiluli <strong>marTvis</strong> zogadi modelis msgavsia, magram<br />
icvleba <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqtis, ukukavSiris rgolis da<br />
moqmedi faqtorebis Sinaarsi, rac SesaZlebelia<br />
warmovadginoT nax.3.1-is analogiuri nax.3.2-is saxiT, im<br />
gansxvavebiT, rom aq icvleba TiToeuli kvanZis Sinaarsi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqts warmoadgens<br />
arsebuli politikuri sistema, politikuri procesi an<br />
reJimi, romelic Sesasvlel faqtorebs (sazogadod,<br />
amomrCevlis nebas) gamosasvlel faqtorebad (kanonebad,<br />
brZanebulebebad) gardaqmnis da uzrunvelyofs am<br />
kanonebis Sesrulebas.<br />
obieqtis Sesasvleli faqtorebia: arCevnebis<br />
Sedegebi, sazogadoebrivi azri, mmarTveli partiis<br />
politikuri azrovneba, komunikacia xelisuflebasa da<br />
opoziciur politikur elitas Soris, masmediisa da<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianoba.<br />
politikur procesze, saxelmwifos<br />
funqcionirebaze gavlenas axdens rogorc Sida, ise<br />
qveynis gareT arsebuli politikur-ekonomikuri garemo.<br />
am zemoqmedebis xasiaTi, intensiuroba, gamovlenis dro<br />
da adgili winaswar ganusazRvrelia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
arastabiluri politikuri da/an ekonomikuri viTarebis<br />
pirobebSi. ZiriTadad, aseTi viTarebaa gardamavali<br />
ekonomikis qveynebSi, CamorCenil da ganviTarebad<br />
saxelmwifoebSi, gansakuTrebiT damoukidebel<br />
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) sivrceSi.<br />
politikur-ekonomikuri garemos winaswar<br />
80
eleqtorati<br />
nax. 3.2. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> modeli<br />
ukukavSiri _ kanonproeqtebis koreqtireba<br />
politikuri<br />
sistema<br />
politikur-ekonomikuri garemo<br />
araprognozirebadi zemoqmedeba<br />
kanonebi
ganusazRvreli, araprognozirebadi zemoqmedeba ki, rogorc<br />
wesi, uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens arsebuli politikuri<br />
sistemis (saxelmwifos) funqcionirebaze. swored amitom,<br />
politikur-ekonomikuri garemo, <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, `xmaurs” miekuTvneba. ukukavSiris gamoyenebiT<br />
Teoriulad metnaklebi miaxloebiT SesaZlebelia politikurekonomikuri<br />
`xmauris” zemoqmedebis xasiaTis prognozireba da<br />
saxelmwifo politikis saTanado strategiis SerCeva.<br />
efeqtiani da sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
pirobebSi ukukavSiri gavlenas axdens politikur sistemaze<br />
da ayalibebs sxvadasxva moTxovnebs, ramac sabolood unda<br />
gamoiwvios saxelmwifoebrivi miznebis miRweva.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebSi gadawyvetilebis (kanonis,<br />
brZanebulebis) miReba unda ganxorcieldes iseTive<br />
TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc amas <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis zogadi<br />
algoriTmi iTvaliswinebs (ix. qvemoT $ 3.6). aq mokled<br />
mivuTiTebT gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucilebel etapebs:<br />
etapi I. arsebuli gadasawyveti sakiTxebis (problemebis)<br />
gansazRvra da formalizeba.<br />
etapi II. im miznebis mkafiod Camoyalibeba, romlis<br />
miRwevisTvis mzaddeba Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba (kanoni,<br />
brZanebuleba).<br />
etapi III. miznis miRwevis kriteriumebis gansazRvra.<br />
etapi IV. faqtorebis analizi.<br />
etapi V. kanonproeqtis sacdeli realizeba da misi<br />
Sedegebis Semowmeba (monitoringi) ukukavSiris gamoyenebiT<br />
(magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebiT).<br />
igulisxmeba, rom kanonproeqtis sacdeli realizaciisa da<br />
monitoringis Sedegad saWiro gaxdeba kanonproeqtis<br />
(gadawyvetilebis) met-naklebi koreqtireba. koreqtirebis<br />
procesSi SesaZlebelia Seicvalos <strong>marTvis</strong> sqemis yvela<br />
Semadgeneli elementi miznebis CaTvliT.<br />
etapi VI. gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizacia (kanonis<br />
miReba).<br />
82
kanonproeqtis parlamentSi ganxilvis procedura<br />
formalurad ukukavSiris rgolis moqmedebas niSnavs. magram<br />
Tu parlamenti marTvadia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier,<br />
maSin praqtikulad ukukavSiri ar moqmedebs da, Sesabamisad,<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procesi kargavs efeqtianobas. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, TviT aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda iyos<br />
dainteresebuli raTa parlamenti aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebisgan damoukidebeli iyos, vinaidan mxolod am<br />
SemTxvevaSia ukukavSiris rgoli moqmedi da, Sesabamisad,<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _ efeqtiani. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba TandaTan dakargavs<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>marTvis</strong> unars. susti parlamentis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ukukavSiris roli Teoriulad SeiZleba itvirTos, agreTve,<br />
Zlierma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam, Tu xelisuflebas aqvs<br />
sazogadoebis azris mosmenis da gaTvaliswinebis keTili neba.<br />
mravalsubieqtiani<br />
politikur-ekonomikuri<br />
procesebi<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebSi gansakuTrebiT aris<br />
gansaxilveli mravalsubieqtiani an droSi mimdinare<br />
mravalstadiani politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi.<br />
Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba, swored,<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> aseT obieqtebs ganekuTvneba.<br />
kibernetikis TvalsazrisiT, aseT procesebs warmovadgenT<br />
rogorc mravali calkeuli politikuri da/an ekonomikuri<br />
fazisgan Semdgar process. calkeuli fazebi aris<br />
avtonomiuri <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqtebi (avtonomiuri respublika an<br />
olqi, calkeuli regioni an ekonomikis dargi), romelTac<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sesasvleli X, <strong>marTvis</strong> U da<br />
gamosasvleli Y faqtorebi axasiaTebs da optimalurobis<br />
sakuTari K kriteriumi aqvs. vuwodoT am kriteriumebs<br />
lokaluri optimumis kriteriumi. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
politikuri procesis saboloo mizani ganisazRvreba<br />
83
globaluri (anu <strong>strategiuli</strong>) optimalurobis kriteriumiT<br />
W.<br />
rogor unda iqnas miRweuli globaluri (anu<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong>) kriteriumis optimumi? saboloo angariSiT,<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> efeqtianoba imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu<br />
rogor gaviTvaliswinebT <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis<br />
moTxovnebs calkeul fazebSi (subieqtebSi) ukukavSiris<br />
rgolis meSveobiT. avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis qveynebSi,<br />
romelTac garkveuli TvalsazrisiT dsT-is qveynebic<br />
miekuTvneba, ukukavSiri praqtikulad ugulebelyofilia, rac<br />
am qveynebis arasakmarisi tempebiT ganviTarebas ganapirobebs.<br />
meore mxriv, avtoritarizmis sruli uaryofis procesSi<br />
mosalodnelia centridanuli tendenciebis warmoqmna, rodesac<br />
regionebis marTva mxolod adgilobrivi interesebis<br />
dakmayofilebis mizniT (anu lokaluri kriteriumebis<br />
optimizaciiT) xorcieldeba. am dros <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
kriteriumis moTxovnebi (anu saxelmwifo miznebi) naklebad<br />
aris gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac miRweulia<br />
calkeuli subieqtebis miznebi (lokaluri kriteriumebis<br />
optimumi), es mainc ar iZleva saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
funqcionirebis miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas, vinaidan<br />
calkeuli, lokaluri optimaluri Sedegebis ubralo<br />
gaerTianeba, sazogadod, ar iZleva saerTo globalur<br />
(strategiul) optimums. magaliTad, trasekas proeqtiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis miRweva trasekas monawile<br />
qveynebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod saerTo warmatebiT anu<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis optimizaciiT.<br />
globaluri kriteriumiT gansazRvruli romelime fazis<br />
saukeTeso gadawyvetilebiT miRebuli lokaluri Sedegi<br />
SeiZleba ar iyos saukeTeso uSualod am stadiisTvis, magram<br />
unda ekuTvnodes lokaluri kriteriumiT mocemul ares.<br />
mravali subieqtisgan Semdgari saxelmwifos optimaluri<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT calkeuli regionisaTvis (an dargisaTvis)<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetileba unda akmayofilebdes saerTo<br />
84
saxelmwifoebrivi optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> strategiul<br />
kriteriums da ara regionis lokaluri optimalurobis<br />
kriteriums. es ukanaskneli gamoyenebul unda iqnas<br />
regionisaTvis aucilebeli garkveuli pirobebis Sesrulebis<br />
moTxovnis mizniT.<br />
amdenad, calkeul stadiebze (qveynis regionebSi,<br />
ekonomikis dargebSi) miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi optimaluri<br />
unda iyos ara adgilobrivi an dargobrivi interesebis<br />
dakmayofilebis mizniT (anu calkeuli lokaluri<br />
kriteriumiT), aramed globaluri, <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
optimalurobis kriteriumiT an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis zeamocaniT. am dros<br />
lokaluri kriteriumi arsebobs, rogorc garkveuli SezRudva<br />
regionis, dargis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli moTxovnebis<br />
saxiT.<br />
maSasadame, mravali subieqtisgan Semdgari saxelmwifos<br />
optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT calkeuli regionisaTvis (an<br />
dargisaTvis) miRebuli gadawyvetileba unda akmayofilebdes<br />
saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> strategiul<br />
kriteriums.<br />
amrigad, optimaluri gadawyvetilebiT miRebuli Sedegi<br />
ekuTvnis mocemul gansazRvris ares da warmoadgens<br />
saukeTesos <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
maSasadame, mravalsubieqtiani an mravalstadiani politikurekonomikuri<br />
procesis optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> mizani iqneba ara<br />
calkeuli funqcionalebis<br />
Yi=Fi(Xi,Ui), i=1,n<br />
optimizacia, aramed <strong>strategiuli</strong> funqcionalis<br />
W=Φi(Xi,Ui), i=1,n<br />
mravaljeradi, mravalstadiuri optimizacia, im moTxovniT,<br />
rom sruldeba<br />
Ki(Yi)⊂ Ωi,<br />
sadac Ωi (i=1,n) – aris mocemuli subieqtis efeqtiani<br />
funqcionirebis gansazRvris are. cxadia, rom TviT<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> Φi funqcionalis forma da Tvisebebi,<br />
85
sazogadod, gansxvavebuli iqneba lokaluri funqcionalisgan<br />
Fi.<br />
mravalstadiani (mravalkriteriumiani) procesis<br />
globaluri (<strong>strategiuli</strong>) kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
optimizaciis struqtura sqematurad nax. 3.3-zea gamosaxuli.<br />
aseT struqturaSi TiToeuli fazis gamosasvleli sidideebis<br />
efeqtianoba mowmdeba saboloo, <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis<br />
mixedviT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli<br />
gansaxilveli teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri<br />
procesis optimaluri funqcionireba anu, saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT, dasaxuli miznebis miRweva, saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis zeamocanis Sesruleba.<br />
mTavrobis gunduri wesiT formireba garkveulwilad<br />
qmnis <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis<br />
SesaZleblobas, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis<br />
dros _ calkeuli dargebi viTardeba ara avtonomiurad,<br />
aramed saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi zeamocanis Sesrulebis<br />
mizniT. magram, ukukavSiris rgolis gamoyenebis gareSe arc<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> gunduri principia sakmarisi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT politikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis dros.<br />
postsabWoTa sivrceSi dRes arsebuli problemebi,<br />
ZiriTadad, kvlav ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procesSi<br />
ukukavSiris da <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis ugulebelyofas.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procesSi daSvebuli umTavresi<br />
Secdoma swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ignorirebulia<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis mecnierulad da praqtikulad ukve<br />
mravalgzis dadasturebuli mTavari Sedegi _ Mrogorc<br />
teqnikuri, ise ekonomikuri sistemebis da sazogadoebis,<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>marTvis</strong> efeqtianobas gansazRvravs Seuferxeblad<br />
moqmedi ukukavSiris rgoli. cxadia, rom am dros unda<br />
sruldebodes <strong>marTvis</strong>aTvis aucilebeli sxva pirobebi:<br />
mkafiod unda iyos Camoyalibebuli da gansazRvruli <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
miznebi da kriteriumebi, gaanalizebulia moqmedi faqtorebi,<br />
,,xmauri“ da a.S.<br />
86
miuxedavad am, ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtisa,<br />
saxelmwifo moxeleebs uCndebaT iluzia, rom maTi brZanebebi<br />
da gankargulebebi mainc Sesruldeba miuxedavad imisa,<br />
arsebobs Tu ara ukukavSiri. amitom arc aris saWiro<br />
ukukavSiris (anu sazogadoebrivi azris) gaTvaliswineba. amis<br />
mizezi isic aris, rom, teqnikuri an ekonomikuri<br />
sistemebisgan gansxvavebiT, araswori saxelmwifo<br />
gadawyvetilebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi swrafad ar vlindeba.<br />
magram amiT saqmis arsi ar icvleba. ukukavSiris gareSe<br />
ganxorcielebuli marTva adre Tu gvian kraxiT dasruldeba,<br />
rac TvalsaCinod daadastura saqarTveloSi mimdinare<br />
politikurma procesebma.<br />
saqarTvelo, rogorc <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
mravalsubieqtiani sistema<br />
saqarTvelos, rogorc <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqti SesaZloa<br />
warmovadginoT, magaliTad, dargebis (saministroebis) an<br />
regionebis WrilSi (nax. 3.4 da nax. 3.5).<br />
amrigad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, calkeul subieqtebad<br />
unda warmovidginoT qveyanaSi arsebuli mrewvelobisa da<br />
ekonomikuri meurneobis sxvadasxva<br />
87
88<br />
ukukavSiri _ <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumidan individualuri fazebisken<br />
lokaluri kriteriumis<br />
gansazRvris are gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
strategiul kriteriumSi<br />
U1 U2 U3 Un<br />
X1 faza<br />
1<br />
Y1<br />
K1<br />
X2 faza<br />
2<br />
Y2<br />
K2<br />
X3 faza<br />
3<br />
Y3<br />
K3<br />
... Xn faza<br />
n<br />
ξ ξ ξ ξ<br />
Uaraprognozirebadi politikur-ekonomikuri garemo ξ<br />
calkeul fazebze zemoqmedeba SesaZlebelia iyos erTgvarovani an sxvadasxva<br />
nax. 3.3. mravalkriteriumiani procesis <strong>strategiuli</strong> optimizacia<br />
Yn<br />
Kn<br />
W
dargi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sfero. romelime<br />
erTi dargis warmatebuli funqcionireba ver gansazRvravs qveynis<br />
warmatebul arsebobas.<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
saministro<br />
energetikis<br />
saministro<br />
sagareo<br />
saqmeTa<br />
saministro<br />
mTavroba<br />
finansTa<br />
saministro<br />
Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa<br />
saministro<br />
sxva<br />
saministroe<br />
bi da<br />
uwyebebi<br />
nax. 3.4. mravalsubieqtiani <strong>strategiuli</strong> procesi – saqarTvelo<br />
(saministroebis WrilSi)<br />
meore mxriv, saqarTvelo aris mravali subieqtisagan<br />
(regionisgan) Semdgari saxelmwifo (nax. 3.5).
90<br />
aWara<br />
samaCablo<br />
qarTli<br />
kaxeTi<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
afxazeTi<br />
imereTi<br />
samegreli<br />
guria<br />
nax. 3.5. mravalsubieqtiani <strong>strategiuli</strong> procesi<br />
(regionebis WrilSi)<br />
cxadia, rom aseTi saxelmwifos optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT<br />
calkeuli regionisaTvis miRweuli gadawyvetileba unda<br />
akmayofilebdes saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
strategiul kriteriums da ara regionis lokaluri<br />
optimalurobis kriteriums. es ukanaskneli gamoyenebul unda<br />
iqnas regionisaTvis aucilebeli garkveuli pirobebis Sesrulebis<br />
moTxovnis mizniT. amdenad, calkeul stadiaze (qveynis regionSi,<br />
dargSi) miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi optimaluri unda iyos ara<br />
adgilobrivi interesebis dakmayofilebis mizniT, aramed
saxelmwifoebriv ganviTarebis zeamocaniT. maSasadame, mravali<br />
subieqtisagan Semdgari saxelmwifos optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT<br />
calkeuli regionisaTvis miRebuli gadawyvetileba unda<br />
akmayofilebdes saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi optimaluri <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
strategiul kriteriums. SeuZlebelia aWaraSi, kaxeTSi an<br />
guriaSi gvqondes kargi mdgomareoba, xolo sxva regionebSi _<br />
cudi.<br />
aseve, SeuZlebelia kargad muSaobdes erTi an ramdenime<br />
dargi (saministro), vTqvaT Sinagan saqmeTa, soflis meurneobis,<br />
xolo sxva dargebi, vTqvaT ganaTlebis, jandacvis _ cudad da<br />
qveyanaSi kargi mdgomareoba iyos.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc warmatebuli mravalsubieqtiani<br />
qveynebis saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> gamocdileba aCvenebs, TviT<br />
calkeuli subieqtebisaTvis aris ufro momgebiani eswrafvodes<br />
ara sakuTari miznebis miRwevas (anu lokaluri kriteriumis<br />
optimizacias), aramed daumorCilos igi saerTo saxelmwifoebriv<br />
miznebs anu <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumis optimalurobis moTxovnas.<br />
mravalsubieqtiani procesebis <strong>strategiuli</strong> kriteriumiT marTva<br />
(an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, aseTi kriteriumiT <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
aucileblobis SegrZneba) aadvilebs mravali rTuli politikuri<br />
sakiTxis gadawyvetas. magaliTad, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,<br />
naTelia, rom afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis teritoriis<br />
saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi moqcevis gareSe saqarTvelo ver<br />
iqneba srulyofili saxelmwifo. es TiTqos cxadia <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
Teoriis gareSec. magram rogor unda movaxerxoT am<br />
teritoriebis dabruneba? mravalkriteriumiani procesis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> optimizaciis meTodologiis Tanaxmad mcdaria<br />
midgoma romelic iTvaliswinebs aseT sqemas _ `jer gavZlierdeT<br />
ekonomikurad, qveyana gavxadoT separatistebisTvis mimzidvel<br />
qveynad da Semdeg isini TviTon SemogvierTdebian”. cxadia,<br />
saqarTvelos mimzidveloba sasurveli mizania, magram<br />
teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenamde es ver moxdeba. maSasadame,<br />
saWiroa sxva gzebis Zieba. am gzebis Zieba scildeba winamdebare<br />
naSromis farglebs. mainc, SeiZleba itqvas, rom `sxva gzebSi~<br />
avtorebi ar gulisxmoben oms, Tumca SesaZloa ganxiluliyo<br />
`garkveuli saxis~ iZulebiTi zemoqmedeba (mag. `mSvidobisTvis<br />
91
iZulebis~ principis gamoyeneba gaeros mier). omis SesaZleblobas<br />
avtorebi kategoriulad uaryofen rogorc arsebuli politikuri<br />
viTarebis, ise geografiuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki _ istoriuli TvalTaxedviT. problemis<br />
mogvarebis erT-erTi gza SesaZloa iyos kviprosis magaliTi. sxva<br />
saqmea, rogor unda moxdes am magaliTis praqtikuli realizeba,<br />
miTumetes, saqarTveloSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebis<br />
pirobebSi, vinaidan: `erTurTis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobil<br />
jgufebad danawevrebul sazogadoebaSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri; maSasadame, SeuZlebelia am sazogadoebis<br />
marTvac. da raki buneba ver iTmens veraviTar vakuums, ararsebuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris adgils uxeSi Zala ikavebs. ukeTes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, uxeSi Zala Tavis Tavze iRebs im funqciebs,<br />
romlebsac sazogadoebrivi azri unda asrulebdes~ 15 .<br />
msgavsi, oRond ufro globaluri masStabis problemebi aqvT<br />
iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogoric aris aSS da ruseTi. <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
optimizacia dRes mxolod evrokavSirSi xorcieldeba<br />
(yovelSemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>marTvis</strong>a da sajaro<br />
politikis mimarTuleba aseTia).<br />
politikuri procesebis<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> specifika<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, politikuri procesebis efeqtiani<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT saWiroa kibernetikis principebis gamoyeneba.<br />
magram, amave dros, unda gaviTvaliswinoT politikuri<br />
procesebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifika, rac, <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
koncefciis Tanaxmad gamoixateba `SemTxveviTi garemos”<br />
zemoqmedebiT. politikuri sistemisTvis ,,SemTxveviTi garemos”<br />
faqtorTa simravle Seadgens socialuri, ekonomikuri,<br />
politikuri, istoriuli, materialuri da sulieri, zneobrivi da<br />
nebelobiTi, adamianuri, bunebrivi da xelovnuri xasiaTis<br />
xdomilobaTa da faqtorTa aradeterminebul erTobliobas,<br />
romlis gamovlenis da/an jamuri zemoqmedebis zegavlenis sididis,<br />
droisa da adgilis gaTvaliswineba SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />
15 xose ortega i gaseti. `masebis amboxi~ Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 135.<br />
92
garkveuli albaTobiT vivaraudoT, rogorc movlenaTa<br />
ganviTarebis erT-erTi SesaZlo varianti xdomilobaTa<br />
ganusazRvreli, Tumca sasruli simravlidan<br />
vinaidan politikuri mecniereba ar warmoadgens zusti<br />
(sabunebismetyvelo) mecnierebis sferos da amis gamo SeuZlebelia<br />
misi WeSmaritobis Semfasebeli obieqturad neitraluri<br />
kriteriumebis, sazomi erTeulis dadgena, amdenad, politikuri<br />
mecnierebis Sedegebis (arsebuli mdgomareobis analizis da<br />
ganviTarebis prognozis) praqtikuli gamoyeneba did sirTuleebs<br />
awydeba. politikuri analizis Sedegebi Tavis gavlenas axdens<br />
sazogadoebis cnobierebaze, TviT am Sedegebis interpretacia ki<br />
araerTgvarovan reaqcias iwvevs sazogadoebaSi (rogorc<br />
mxardaWeras, ise mZafr kritikas, imisda mixedviT, emTxveva Tu ara<br />
politikuri analizis Sedegebi konkretul sazogadoebrivpolitikuri<br />
jgufebis interesebs an warmodgenebs). nebismieri<br />
politikuri faqtis interpretacia xdeba garkveuli socialuri<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare, ufro konkretulad, imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu rogori interpretaciaa misaRebi xelisuflebisaTvis Tu ama<br />
Tu im politikuri partiis an socialuri, eTnikuri, konfesiuri<br />
jgufisTvis. socialuri, erTgvari `kerZo~ interesi (partiuli,<br />
saxelisuflebo, eTnikuri) iwyebs obieqturi sinamdvilis<br />
ignorirebas an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mis interpretirebas Tavis<br />
sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikuri<br />
mecniereba gardaiqmneba politikur ideologiad. politikuri<br />
ideologia ki garkveul miznebs emsaxureba, misi arseboba<br />
ganpirobebulia garkveuli politikuri motivaciiT da, amdenad,<br />
rac sruliad bunebrivia, xSirad uars ambobs arsebul, obieqtur<br />
politikur WeSmaritebaze, cdilobs daiqvemdebaros politikuri<br />
analizis Sedegebi da iwyebs sakuTari miznebiT xelmZRvanelobas.<br />
bunebrivia, rom Tavisufali da WeSmariti ver iqneba<br />
romelime socialur-politikuri doqtrina, msoflmxedveloba,<br />
ideologia. politikuri mecniereba mainc ufro axlos aris<br />
WeSmaritebasTan, vidre politikuri doqtrina, vinaidan igi<br />
asaxavs, an cdilobs asaxos ,,saganTa arsebuli da ara<br />
warmosaxviTi realoba~ (n.makiaveli). am realobis<br />
gauTvaliswinebloba xdeba ama Tu im ideologiis saboloo<br />
93
marcxis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wanamZRvari. komunisturi<br />
ideologiis marcxis mTavari mizezi swored araswori<br />
politikuri analizi da obieqturi realobis gauTvaliswinebloba<br />
gaxda. meore mxriv, rogorc politikuri mecnierebis (Teoriis,<br />
azris) ganviTarebis mTeli istoria gviCvenebs antikuri epoqidan<br />
dRemde, Zalian Znelia mkafiod gavmijnoT politikuri Semecnebis<br />
sfero politikuri ideologiiT gansazRvruli moTxovnebisgan,<br />
mecnieruli, obieqturi miukerZoebloba - politikuri simpaTiaantipaTiebisa<br />
an interesebisgan, arsebuli obieqturi realoba -<br />
mogonili Tu marTlac arsebuli ,,istoriuli simarTlisgan~.<br />
arsebuli politikuri realoba, socialuri konfliqtebi,<br />
sxva saxelmwifoTa interesebi, sazogadoebrivi ganxeTqileba<br />
(zogjer ganzrax iniciirebuli) aiZulebs adamianebs<br />
ideologiurad iazrovnon, maT aviwydebaT, rom yovelive<br />
CamoTvlili agreTve aris ,,obieqturi realoba~ (miuxedavad imisa,<br />
mtruli Zalebis mier aris provocirebuli Tu ara). kibernetikis<br />
terminologiiT es aris ,,xmauri~, winaswar ucnob xelSemSlel<br />
faqtorTa nakrebi, romelic sxvadasxva intensiurobiT yovelTvis<br />
axlavs saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
agreTve is garemoebac, rom politikuri procesebis TviT<br />
keTilsindisieri mkvlevaric yovelTvis ver axerxebs iyos<br />
gulgrili, miukerZoebeli, mas yovelTvis axasiaTebs socialurpolitikuri<br />
simpaTia da eyrdnoba garkveul faseulobebs.<br />
amave dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba im garemoebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebas, rom politikuri procesebis ganviTarebas<br />
kacobrioba bunebrivad mihyavs demokratiuli mmarTvelobisken.<br />
kibernetikis terminologiiT demokratiuli mmarTveloba<br />
xasiaTdeba sistemuri mdgradobiT, mdgradi sistema ar irRveva<br />
aRSfoTebebisa da xelSeSlebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.<br />
sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistema mdgradia Tu xelisufleba<br />
gawonasworebulia (xelisuflebis sami damoukidebeli Sto),<br />
damyarebulia politikuri Tanasworoba da ekonomikuri<br />
keTildReoba, garantirebulia pirovnebis Tavisufleba,<br />
sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis moralur-zneobriv da sulierreligiuri<br />
avtonomia, pirovnebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba da<br />
misi sasicocxlo interesebis dakmayofileba da sxv. anu<br />
94
miRweulia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli demokratiuli faseulobebis<br />
ganuxreli dacva.<br />
Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis misaRwevad, rogorc wesi,<br />
saWiroa udidesi Zalisxmeva 16 . iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,<br />
demokratiuli wyobilebis damkvidreba iolad, usisxlod,<br />
totalitaruli reJimebis da misi Sedegebis Zalmomreobrivi<br />
msxvrevis gareSe ar xerxdeba. saqarTvelos politikuri garemos<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, qveyanaSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis, anu<br />
sistemuri mdgradobis damyarebis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi<br />
piroba aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemuri mdgradoba.<br />
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sistemuri mdgradoba<br />
upirveles yovlisa niSnavs msoflioSi mSvidobis uzrunvelyofas,<br />
terorizmis alagmvas, rig qveynebSi arsebuli siRatakisa da<br />
SimSilis daZlevas, narkotrafikisa da trefikingis aRmofxvras,<br />
agresiuli religiuri fundamentalizmis gavrcelebis SezRudvas<br />
da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso<br />
sistemuri mdgradoba Tanamedrove epoqaSi jer kidev miRweuli ar<br />
aris, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis uSualod saqarTveloSi<br />
mimdinare politikur procesebs da qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
ideologiis, rogorc sistemuri mdgradobis xelSemwyobi erTerTi<br />
gadamwyveti faqtoris, rols.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom `Zala erTobaSia~, mainc, TviT mTeli<br />
xalxisa da saxelmwifos erTianobisa da saerTaSoriso<br />
sistemuri mdgradobis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZlebeli xdeba<br />
saxelmwifos efeqtiani marTva saTanado, mecnierulad<br />
SemuSavebuli da praqtikulad Semowmebuli meTodebis gamoyenebis<br />
gareSe.<br />
politikuri procesebis <strong>marTvis</strong> dros mxedvelobaSi unda<br />
iqnas miRebuli agreTve sxvadasxva konkretuli da praqtikuli<br />
sakiTxi, romelTa gauTvaliwinebloba iwvevs saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
sistemis funqcionirebis Seferxebas. es sakiTxebi exeba biznesis<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> meTodebis saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemaSi gamoyenebas,<br />
saxelmwifo moxelisa da menejeris funqciaTa msgavsebasa da<br />
16 `dro da dro Tavisuflebis xe unda moirwyas tiranTa da patriotebis<br />
sisxliT~ (T.jefersoni).<br />
95
gansxvavebebs, saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procedurebis reglaments,<br />
saxelmwifos Carevas qveynis ekonomikur-socialur cxovrebaSi da<br />
a.S. biznesis sferosgan gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> sistemas<br />
axasiaTebs mTeli rigi specifikuri Taviseburebebi. es aris<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da realizebis sakanonmdeblo<br />
SezRudvebi, rac saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> process naklebad<br />
operatiuls xdis; saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procesze moqmed<br />
faqtorTa simravle, romelic gansxvavdeba biznes-faqtorTa<br />
simravlisgan; personalTan urTierTobis reglamentirebuli<br />
wesebi; Sedegebis miRwevis SefasebaTa aramkafio kriteriumebi da<br />
sxv.<br />
sabWoTa komunisturi ideologiis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
sazogadoebis <strong>marTvis</strong> principebi erTxel da samudamod savsebiT<br />
ganisazRvra marqsizm-leninizmis moZRvrebiT. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
sabWouri sistemis mTavari naklovaneba gaxldaT <strong>marTvis</strong> procesSi<br />
ukukavSiris rgolis ignorireba anu ar xdeboda sazogadoebis<br />
azris da, Tundac, realurad arsebuli saSinao Tu sagareo<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. rasac<br />
sabolood qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri kraxi mohyva.<br />
aRmosavleT evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSirSi,<br />
marqsistuli, socialisturi meTodebi iyo gabatonebuli, rac<br />
pirwmindad gamoricxavda pirad iniciativas da kerZo sakuTrebas.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinis mmarTvelobis<br />
periodSi administraciul-mbrZaneblobiTi meTodebiT moxerxda<br />
mZlavri industriuli saxelmwifos aSeneba, rac sastik<br />
represiul meTodebs eyrdnoboda, magram didi iyo, agreTve,<br />
mosaxleobis enTuziazmi. avtoritaruli sistemebis warmatebuli<br />
ekonomikis saukeTeso magaliTia singapuris miRwevebi, sadac<br />
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobiT (e.w. ,,inteleqtis diqtaturiT”)<br />
miRweulia msoflioSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi<br />
umaRlesi done. 17 avtoritaruli mmarTvelobiT miRweuli<br />
politikur-ekonomikuri warmatebis magaliTebia, agreTve, Cile<br />
(pinoCetis diqtatura) da espaneTi (frankos diqtatura).<br />
sagulisxmoa aRiniSnos, rom am qveynebSi avtoritaruli<br />
17 Lee Kuan Yew: The Singapore Story 2000<br />
96
mmarTvelobis mier politikuri stabilurobis miRwevis Semdeg<br />
misi demokratiul sistemiT Secvla, faqtobrivad, umtkivnulod<br />
ganxorcielda. aqve aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia<br />
memarjvene diqtatura ekonomikurad ufro efeqtiania, vidre<br />
memarcxene, magram normalur demokratiasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT<br />
ufro nakleb efeqtiania.<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
saintereso nimuSia kunZul taivanis gamocdileba, sadac<br />
diqtatoruli reJimidan TandaTan ganxorcielda saxelmwifos<br />
mier regulirebul sabazro ekonomikaze da srul demokratiaze<br />
gadasvla. 18 msgavsi reformebi grandiozuli masStabiT da sruli<br />
ekonomikuri warmatebiT Caatara CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi<br />
den siao-pinma. 19 sabWoTa kavSiris reformirebis mcdeloba ki,<br />
romelsac mixeil gorbaCovi atarebda warumateblad dasrulda,<br />
radganac erTdroulad ver ganxorcielda komunisturi<br />
saxelmwifos rogorc ideologiuri, aseve ekonomikuri gardaqmna.<br />
saxelmwifos krizisidan gamoyvanis saqmeSi metad<br />
mniSvnelovani roli miekuTvneba ruzvelts, aSS-is 32-e<br />
prezidents. saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Careva Teoriulad<br />
daasabuTa ingliselma ekonomistma jon keinsma me-20 saukunis 30iani<br />
wlebis bolos. keinsis azriT TviTregulirebadi ekonomikis<br />
koncefcia mcdaria da ganaviTara idea sabazro ekonomikis<br />
saxelmwifo regulirebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikis saxelmwifo<br />
regulireba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi xorcieldeba ori<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:<br />
- saxelmwifos gamgeblobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis uSualo<br />
marTva;<br />
- sabazro ekonomikis iribi saxelmwifo regulireba saxelmwifo<br />
biujetis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo politikiT, sakreditofuladi<br />
sistemiT da a.S.<br />
saxelmwifos ekonomikur-socialur cxovrebaSi Carevis<br />
aucileblobisa da zomis gansazRvra aris efeqtiani saxelmwifo<br />
menejmentis erT-erTi mTavari maCvenebeli.<br />
18 baRaTuria g., taivani – keTildReobis kunZuli, 2000<br />
19 Yang, Benjamin and Yang, Bingzhang. Deng: A Political Biography. 1998<br />
97
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi<br />
Carevis aucilebloba Teoriulad daasabuTa ingliselma mecnierma<br />
j. keinsma me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos. keinsis azriT<br />
TviTregulirebadi ekonomikis koncefcia mcdaria. man ganaviTara<br />
idea sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis Sesaxeb.<br />
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi,<br />
keinsis azriT, unda ganxorcieldes ori ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebiT: 20<br />
• saxelmwifos gamgeblobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis uSualo<br />
marTviT;<br />
• sabazro ekonomikis iribi saxelmwifo regulirebiT<br />
saxelmwifo biujetis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo<br />
politikiT, sakredito-fuladi sistemiT da a.S.<br />
rogorc aRmoCnda, Tavisufali mewarmeobis pirobebSi,<br />
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, keinsis Teoriuli debulebebi<br />
mTlianobaSi miuRebelia. mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros keinsis mosazrebebi SesaZlebelia<br />
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes mxolod nawilobriv, arasavaldebulo<br />
rCevebis saxiT. didi britaneTis mTavroba asec iqceoda, meore<br />
msoflio omis dros keinsi iyo didi britaneTis mTavrobis<br />
konsultanti saomari drois ekonomikisa da omisSemdgomi<br />
ekonomikuri aRorZinebis sakiTxebSi. rogorc CerCilma SeniSna<br />
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iumoriT _ "If you put two economists in a<br />
room, you get two opinions, unless one of them is Lord Keynes, in which<br />
case you get three opinions." 21<br />
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanis saqmeSi metad<br />
mniSvnelovani, gadamwyveti roli miekuTvneba aSS-is prezidents _<br />
franklin delano ruzvelts. ruzvelti ar icnobda keinsis<br />
Sromebs. ufro metic, rodesac man keinsis specialurad misTvis<br />
gakeTebuli moxseneba moismina, ukmayofilo darCa da ase<br />
ganacxada: `keinsi ufro maTematikosia, vidre politekonomisti~. 22<br />
me-20 sukunis 30-iani wlebis mZvinvare ekonomikuri krizisis<br />
20<br />
Blinder A.S. Keynesian Economists. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.<br />
2002<br />
21<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes “Other notes”<br />
22<br />
Perkins F. The Roosevelt I know. N.Y., 1948, p.183<br />
98
daZleva ruzveltma ganaxorciela e.w. axali kursis~ meSveobiT,<br />
rac misi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi galdaT. 23<br />
`axali kursi~ iTvaliswinebda sxvadasxva socialur programebs,<br />
muSaTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, Tavisufali mewarmeobisadmi<br />
erTgvar konkurencias saxelmwifos mxridan da sxv.<br />
sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis dafinansebiT saxelmwifo xelovnurad<br />
qmnida samuSao adgilebs, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seamcira<br />
umuSevrobis done. `axali kursis~ gatarebaSi ruzvelts did<br />
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen kongresi da uzenaesi sasamarTlo,<br />
ramdenime saxelmwifo programa, rogorc antikonstituciuri,<br />
aikrZala kidec, magram, ruzveltma swori politikiT mainc<br />
moaxerxa `axali kursiT~ gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi miznebis<br />
miRweva _ aSS-Si socialur-politikuri stabilurobis<br />
SenarCuneba da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis stimulireba.<br />
saxelmwifos ekonomikur-socialur cxovrebaSi Carevis<br />
aucileblobisa da zomis gansazRvra aris efeqtiani saxelmwifo<br />
menejmentis erT-erTi mTavari maCvenebeli. am TvalsazrisiT, aSSis<br />
erT-erTi saukeTeso prezidenti, didi saxelmwifo moRvawe da<br />
politikosi franklin delano ruzvelti namdvilad efeqtiani<br />
menejeri iyo.<br />
amrigad, politikuri procesebis marTvaSi principulad<br />
SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> meTodebi, ZiriTadad,<br />
politikuri da saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebis menejmentis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. magram, nebismieri warmatebuli biznesmeni<br />
avtomaturad ver gaxdeba warmatebuli saxelmwifo menejeri.<br />
efeqtiani saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul<br />
iqnas saxelmwifo struqturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
reglamentacia da procedurebi, rac, sazogadod ucxoa biznesmenejerebisTvis.<br />
aseve, warsulSi efeqtianma saxelmwifo moxelem<br />
SesaZlebelia warmatebulad imuSavos biznesis <strong>marTvis</strong> feroSi,<br />
sazogadod, saxelmwifo moxelis gamocdileba sasargeblo iqneba<br />
biznesis administrirebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
23 Schlesinger A. The Crisis of the Old Order 1919-1933, l., 1957<br />
99
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
zogadi algoriTmi<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> koncefciis gamoyenebiT <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
zogadi algoriTmi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:<br />
pirveli etapi _ <strong>marTvis</strong> koncefciis gansazRvra<br />
I. problemis (sakiTxis, amocanis) gansazRvra;<br />
II. misiis gansazRvra;<br />
III. miznis funqciis dadgena;<br />
IV. kriteriumebis gansazRvra;<br />
meore etapi - analizi<br />
V. SWOT analizi;<br />
VI. faqtorebis analizi;<br />
VII. ,,xmauris” analizi;<br />
(saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ safinanso, resursebis, bazris ... da<br />
a.S. analizi)<br />
mesame etapi – gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
VIII. gadawyvetilebebis simravlis gansazRvra;<br />
IX. gadawyvetilebis efeqtianobis analizi da alternativebis<br />
SerCeva;<br />
X. SerCeuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba da/an modelireba;<br />
meoTxe da mexuTe etapebi<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> marTva<br />
meoTxe etapi _ gadawyvetilebis realizacia<br />
XI. gadawyvetilebis sacdeli realizeba;<br />
XII. gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizeba;<br />
mexuTe etapi _ monitoringi/koreqtireba<br />
(ukukavSiri)<br />
XIII. gadawyvetilebis realizebis monitoringi;<br />
XIV. gadawyvetilebaTa SesaZlo koreqtireba.<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sasargebloa sxvadasxva<br />
rekomendaciebis gamoyeneba. maT miekuTvneba amerikeli sociologis<br />
m.rubinSteinis mier Camoyalibebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis aTi<br />
wesi:<br />
1. sanam daiwyebdeT detalebSi garkvevas, jer warmoidgineT<br />
problema (sakiTxi, amocana) mTlianobaSi;<br />
100
2. nu miiRebT gadawyvetilebas, sanam ar ganixilavT yvela<br />
SesaZlo variants;<br />
3. yovelTvis daeWvdiT – TviT sayovelTaod cnobilma<br />
WeSmaritebamac unda gamoiwvios undobloba da ar unda<br />
SegeSindeT maTi uaryofa;<br />
4. SexedeT Tqvens winaSe mdgar problemas sxvadasxva kuTxidan;<br />
5. eZieT modeli an analogia, romelic dagexmarebaT ukeT gaigoT<br />
gadasawyveti problemis arsi. diagramebi da sqemebi saSualebas<br />
iZleva, faqtobrivad, erTi SexedviT warmoidginoT rTuli da<br />
didi problema;<br />
6. dasviT rac SeiZleba meti SekiTxva. sworad dasmul SekiTxvas<br />
SeuZlia radikalurad Secvalos pasuxis Sinaarsi;<br />
7. nu dakmayofildebiT pirvelive gadawyvetilebiT, romelsac<br />
moifiqrebT. ecadeT ipovoT am gadawyvetilebis susti<br />
adgilebi. SeecadeT ipovoT mocemuli problemis sxva<br />
gadawyveta da SeadareT is pirvels;<br />
8. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde esaubreT vinmes Tqveni<br />
problemebis Sesaxeb;<br />
9. nu uaryofT Tqvens emociebs. problemis analizis dros<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs logikur azrovnebas, magram arc<br />
intuiciis rolis ugulebelyofa iqneba marTebuli;<br />
10. gaxsovdeT, rom yvela adamiani uyurebs cxovrebas da<br />
yoveldRiurad warmoqmnil problemebs Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
am rekomendaciebs, Cveni mxriv, davamatoT kidev ori wesi:<br />
� ecadeT isaubroT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb,<br />
daumtkicoT igi sxvebs, raTa TviTon darwmundeT miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis sisworeSi;<br />
� gaxsovdeT, rom axali ideis sazogadoebisTvis gacnobis dros<br />
arsebobs Sedegebis miRwevis sami done:<br />
I. umdablesi – gaacnoT Tqveni idea auditorias da daarwmunoT<br />
msmeneli Tqveni ideis marTebulobaSi;<br />
II. saSualo _ gaacnoT Tqveni idea msmenelebs, gamoiwvioT maTi<br />
uTanxmoeba da diskusiis Sedegad mainc daarwmunoT msmenelebi<br />
Tqveni ideis marTebulobaSi;<br />
101
III. umaRlesi _ gaacnoT Tqveni idea msmenelebs, gamoiwvioT maTi<br />
uTanxmoeba da diskusiis Sedegad Tavad darwmundeT Tqveni<br />
ideis aramarTebulobaSi.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis algoriTmis Sedgenis Semdeg<br />
sasurvelia misi Semowmeba Sesamowmebeli testis “Check-List”-is<br />
meSveobiT, romelic Seicavs kiTxvebs imis Sesaxeb, Sesrulebulia<br />
Tu ara zemoxsenebuli 11 safexuri: gansazRvrulia Tu ara<br />
problema? gansazRvrulia Tu ara misia? Camoyalibebulia Tu ara<br />
miznebi? gansazRvrulia Tu ara miznebis miRwevis kriteriumebi?<br />
Catarebulia Tu ara SWOT analizi? da a.S.<br />
miRebuli pasuxebi naTlad gvaCvenebs, ramdenad<br />
srulyofilia Sedgenili gegma.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis zemoaRniSnuli algoriTmi iujin<br />
bardaxis mier problemaTa efeqtiani mogvarebisTvis damuSavebuli<br />
rvasafexuriani midgomis msgavsia. aseTi midgoma farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba sajaro politikis analizis amocanebSi da moicavs<br />
Semdeg safexurebs 24 :<br />
1. problemis gansazRvra,<br />
2. argumentebis Sekreba,<br />
3. alternativebis konstruireba,<br />
4. kriteriumebis SerCeva,<br />
5. Sedegebis prognozireba,<br />
6. arCevanis problema _ mogvarebis gzebi,<br />
7. gadawyvetilebaTa miReba,<br />
8. saTqmelis gadmocema.<br />
problemaTa gansazRvris dros yuradReba unda mieqces misi<br />
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas, maT Soris raodenobrivad an<br />
xarisxobrivad mainc, problemaTa gamomwvev garemoebebs, arsebul<br />
SesaZleblobebs da aRweris neitralurobas. problemis emociuri<br />
aRwera ufro publicistikis saqmea da ara politikis analizisa<br />
da <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis.<br />
24 Eugene Bardach. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: the Eightfold Path to More<br />
Effective Problem Solving. qarTuli gamocema. iujin bardaxi. praqtikuli<br />
gzamkvlevi politikis analizSi: rvasfexuriani midgoma problemaTa efeqtiani<br />
mogvarebisTvis. saqarTvelos biznes samarTlis centris gamomcemloba. Tbilisi,<br />
2002.<br />
102
argumenetebis (da/an monacemebis) Sekrebis procesi<br />
mravalwilad gansazRvravs miRebuli Sedegebis efeqtianobas. vinc<br />
flobs informacias, is flobs samyaros. aq Znelia universaluri<br />
<strong>meTodi</strong>s Camoyalibeba, vinaidan informaciisa da argumentebis<br />
Sekrebis meTodebi mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli gansaxilveli<br />
problemis xasiaTze.<br />
alternativebis Camoyalibebis dros rekomendebulia<br />
daviwyoT farTo xedviT da davasruloT gamokveTil sakiTxze<br />
fokusirebiT.<br />
kriteriumebis SerCeva, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs analizis<br />
efeqtianobas. kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri an<br />
politikuri xasiaTis, magram mTavaria, rom misi meSveobiT zustad<br />
moxerxdes problemis gansazRvra da problemaTa gadawyvetis<br />
dros miRebuli Sedegebis xarisxis dadgena.<br />
Sedegebis prognozireba ganapirobebs SesaZlo<br />
gadawyvetilebebs, man SesaZloa kvlevis mimarTulebac Secvalos.<br />
gasagebia, rom am midgomis gamoyeneba ar unda iyos<br />
meqanikuri. rogorc sajaro politikis analizis, ise<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis sxvadasxva etapze SesaZloa gamoyenebul<br />
iqnas esa Tu is <strong>meTodi</strong>, rogorc <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis zemoT<br />
moyvanili algoriTmidan, ise rvasafexuriani midgomidan. rogorc<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong>, ise politikis analizisa da <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis<br />
amocanebSi erTmaneTs gonivrulad unda SevuxamoT xelovneba da<br />
mecniereba.<br />
iujin bardaxis azriT politikis analizi aris ufro<br />
xelovneba, vidre mecniereba da intuicias iseTive mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebs, rogorc kvlevis meTodebs. peter drukeris azriT ki<br />
biznesmens warmatebisTvis sami ram esaWiroeba – niWi, iRbali da<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva. sagulisxmoa aSS-is 34-e prezidentis<br />
duait eizenhaueris azri dagegmvis Sesaxeb: gegma _ araferia,<br />
dagegmva _ yvelaferi.<br />
problemaTa gadwyvetis procesSi saWiroa mimdinare<br />
procesis mudmivi monitoringi, miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT adre<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gadasinjva da, SesaZloa, radikaluri<br />
cvlileba, rac, praqtikulad, ukukavSiris Seuferxebel<br />
funqcionirebas niSnavs.<br />
103
prognozireba <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebSi<br />
saxelmwifos politikuri Tu ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong>Tvis<br />
umniSvnelovanesi elementia SesaZlo movlenaTa prognozireba.<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> gegmis mixedviT, kompaniis SorsgaTvlili<br />
miznebi warmoadgens ara mimdinare saqmianobis ubralo asaxvas,<br />
aramed kompaniis saqmianobis Sida da gare faqtorebis cvlilebaTa<br />
analizisa da prognozirebis Sedegs. amasTan, prognozireba, erTi<br />
mxriv, dagegmvis winapirobaa, xolo, meore mxriv, <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
dagegmvis procesis Semadgeneli erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementia,<br />
romelic am procesis (dagegmvis) sxvadasxva etapze gamoiyeneba.<br />
ekonomikis <strong>marTvis</strong> administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistema,<br />
romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa kavSirSi da, sazogadod,<br />
socialisturi meurneobriobis pirobebSi, icnobda dagegmvis<br />
mxolod droSi gansxvavebul tipebs: moklevadian, saSualovadian<br />
da perspeqtiul gegmebs, romlebSic metnaklebi sisruliT<br />
aisaxeboda sawarmos, zogadad, meurneobis, sxvadasxva ekonomikurfinansuri<br />
maCveneblebi.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi aseTi saxis gegmebze daydrnoba<br />
ukve dagegmvis etapzeve ganapirobebs sawarmos, zogadad mTeli<br />
meurneobis marcxs, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mis arsebobas ukiduresi<br />
CamorCenilobis pirobebSi, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa<br />
ekonomikis socialisturi sistemis, gansakuTrebiT, sabWoTa<br />
sistemis kraxi.<br />
safinanso mogebaze orientirebuli komerciuli sawarmos<br />
efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis meTodebis swor da mizanmimarTul<br />
gamoyenebas. perspeqtiuli dagegmvisagan gansxvavebiT, <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
dagegmva yovlismomcveli cocxali organizmia, romelic<br />
iTvaliswinebs rogorc ekonomikuri organizaciis ZiriTad Sida<br />
elementebs, ise cvlad garemos: qveyanaSi arsebul socialur da<br />
politikur aspeqtebs, momxmarebelTa gemovnebasa da<br />
moTxovnilebebs, konkurentebis moqmedebas, saerTaSoriso<br />
ekonomikur da politikur cvlilebebs da a.S. amasTan, yvela am<br />
faqtoris cvlileba, rogorc wesi, stoqastikuri xasiaTisaa, rac<br />
104
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvis procesSi albaTuri (statistikuri)<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebasac gulisxmobs.<br />
amasTan, Tu grZelvadiani prognozi qveynis <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
ganviTarebis safuZvlebs qmnis da principulad naklebi riskis<br />
fasad aris SesaZlebeli (miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im<br />
garemoebas, rom Secvlili viTarebis kvalobaze yovelTvis<br />
SesaZlebelia grZelvadiani prognozis koreqtireba), moklevadiani,<br />
operatiuli prognozi, TiTqosda naklebad mniSvnelovania, Tumca<br />
gacilebiT rTuli da fataluri Sedegebis momtanic aris<br />
araswori prognozirebis SemTxvevaSi. amis magaliTebi mravlad<br />
aris msofliosa da saqarTvelos istoriaSi. operatiuli,<br />
moklevadiani prognozis didi mniSvneloba imiT gamoixateba, rom<br />
igi gvaiZulebs saswrafod da operatiulad vcvaloT adre<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi Pprognozis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sistemis ukukavSiris rgolSi. moklevadiani prognozis<br />
Sedegebis monitoringis interpretacia saSualebas aZlevs<br />
mocemuli dargis xelmZRvanelobas swrafi reagireba moaxdinos<br />
Secvlil viTarebaze. amave dros, naTeli xdeba, rom ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri movlenebi urTierTgadajaWvulia da politikuri<br />
viTarebis cvlilebaze myisier reagirebas SeuZlia ekonomikuri<br />
movlenebis sasurvel kalapotSi warmarTva da piriqiT,<br />
ekonomikuri viTarebis cvlileba moiTxovs politikis saTanado<br />
warmarTvasac. cxadia, prognozirebas mxolod maSin aqvs<br />
mniSvneloba, Tuki, prognozis gaTvaliswinebiT miRebuli Sedegebis<br />
monitoringi saSualebas gvaZlevs sworad warvmarToT qveynis<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTareba. am TvalsazrisiT, didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis samrewvelo-ekonomikuri dargebisa Tu<br />
msxvili biznes-kompaniebis ekonomikuri maCveneblebis<br />
prognozirebasa da monitorings. operatiuli prognozirebisa da<br />
prognozirebis Sedegebis monitoringis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
informacia saukeTeso masalas iZleva qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis Sesafaseblad (ekonomikis `temperaturis~ gasazomad)<br />
saTanado rekomendaciebis gasacemad da ekonomikuri <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
mimarTulebebis misaniSneblad, rac, aseve, damatebiT impuls<br />
iZleva saxelmwifo politikuri <strong>marTvis</strong> mimarTulebebis<br />
koreqtirebisaTvis.<br />
105
amdenad aris SesaZlebeli monografiaSi damuSavebuli<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> instrumentis (<strong>meTodi</strong>s) meSveobiT politikurekonomikuri<br />
procesebis ganviTarebis prognozireba? amdenad<br />
zusti iqneba aseTi prognozi?<br />
makroekonomikuri procesebis prognozirebaze muSaoben<br />
msoflios wamyvani ekonomistebi, safinanso institutebi, maTi<br />
rekomendaciebiT xorcieldeba sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis dagegmva da marTva. am rekomendaciebiT miRweulia<br />
seriozuli warmatebebi. magram, mainc, ver xerxdeba msoflio<br />
ekonomikuri krizisebis Tavidan acileba, maT Soris XXI<br />
saukeneSic ki, rom araferi vTqvaT umsxvilesi korporaciebis<br />
gakotrebisa da sxvadasxva qveynis gaRatakebis Sesaxeb. ufro<br />
metic, aseTi krizisuli movlenebi TiTqos sruliad<br />
moulodnelad iCens xolme Tavs da iwvevs msoflio ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis ryevas, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daqveiTebas,<br />
umuSevrobas da a.S.<br />
rac Seexeba politikuri procesebis prognozirebas, aq saqme<br />
ufro rTulad aris. marqsistuli moZRvrebis (romelic Tavis<br />
mxriv hegelis filosofias eyrdnoba) mixedviT SesaZlebelia<br />
politikuri procesebisa da/an revoluciuri cvlilebebis da misi<br />
Sedegebis winaswarmetyveleba. praqtikulad es mosazreba<br />
`brwyinvaled~ daadastura 1917 wlis revoluciebma ruseTis<br />
imperiaSi da am `unikaluri eqsperimentiT~ amoiwura sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis marqsistul-leninuri Teoriis damamtkicebeli<br />
magaliTebi.<br />
Tanamedrove politikuri filosofia ZiriTadad uaryofs<br />
politikuri procesebis met-naklebad zusti prognozirebis<br />
SesaZleblobas 25 . rogorc dimitri uznaZe aRniSnavda `arsebobs<br />
swored imdeni kulturuli mimdinareoba, ramdeni erovnebac<br />
cocxlobs. da es imitom, rom kulturuli Semoqmedebis subieqti<br />
SeiZleba mxolod gansazRvruli erovnuli erTeuli iyos...<br />
rodesac kulturis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb vlaparaobT, aucileblad<br />
saxeSi unda gvqondes erTi romelime gansazRvruli erovnebis<br />
25 ix. robert gilpini `saerTaSoriso politikuri cvlilebebis buneba~ wignSi<br />
`saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria~, qrestomaTia, samoqalaqo iniciativebis<br />
instituti, 2000 w. gv. 84-115.<br />
106
kulturuli cxovreba.~ 26 analogiurad SesaZlebelia iTqvas<br />
politikuri procesis unikalurobasa da ganumeoreblobaze.<br />
amdenad, naTeli unda iyos, rom SeuZlebelia iseTi politikuri<br />
moZRvrebis an Teoriis damuSaveba, romelic axsnis msoflio<br />
politikur procesebs da romliTac moxerxdeba am procesebis<br />
prognozireba.<br />
Tumca, arsebobs iseTi Sexedulebac, rom politikuri<br />
procesebis ganviTareba eqvemdebareba obieqtur kanonebs. aseTi<br />
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, mecnierebis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda<br />
iyos am kanonebis aRmoCenisa da gagebisaken 27 .<br />
iseve rogorc saerTod mecnierebaSi, aseve, politikaSic,<br />
SesaZlebelia da saWiroa faqtobrivad arsebuli WeSmaritebisa da<br />
mosazrebis, hipoTezis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. esa Tu is<br />
politikuri Teoria mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba vaRiaroT<br />
WeSmaritebad, rodesac igi uZlebs drois gamocdas. realurad ki,<br />
ufro xSirad ama Tu im moZRvrebis mimdevarni cdiloben axsnan<br />
Tu ratom ar gamarTlda maTi winaswarmetyveleba. Tumca<br />
`mxolod~ faqtebis dadgenac ki, miTumetes maTi kompetenturi<br />
analizis SemTxvevaSi, iZleva sakmaris safuZvels raTa<br />
ganWvretil iqnas esa Tu is politikuri Sedegi. kacobriobis<br />
istoria gvaswavlis, rom ar arsebobs ori erTnairi politikuri<br />
Tu ekonomikuri procesi. amitom, ama Tu im politikurekonomikuri<br />
procesebis kvleva aucileblad unda warimarTos im<br />
konkretuli istoriuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri da<br />
geografiuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic mimdinareobs<br />
es procesebi da romelic gavlenas axdens maTze _ am procesebis<br />
dawyebaze, ganviTarebasa da dasasrulze.<br />
26 n.berulava `d.uznaZe. cxovreba da Semoqmedeba~, Tbilisi 1967, gv. 89<br />
27 `politikuri realizmis Tanaxmad, politika, iseve rogorc sazogadoeba,<br />
obieqturi kanonebiT imarTeba, romelTa fesvebi adamianis bunebaSia. imisaTvis,<br />
rom sazogadoeba gaumjobesdes, jer masSi gavrcelebuli kanonebis gagebaa<br />
saWiro. vinaidan kanonebi saerTod ar emorCileba Cvens prioritetebs, adamianebi<br />
warumateblobis didi riskis fasad Tu SeewinaaRmdegebian maT funqcionirebas.<br />
realizmma, romelsac sjera, rom politikuri kanonebi obieqturia, aseve unda<br />
irwmunos is, rom SesaZlebelia racionaluri Teoriis damuSaveba, romelic,<br />
Tundac, calsaxad da arasrulyofilad, magram mainc asaxavs am obieqtur<br />
kanonebs...~ hans morgenTau, `politikuri realizmis eqvsi principi~, Tavi I.<br />
107
garkveuli miaxloebiT SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom politikur<br />
moZRvrebaTa mTeli istoria am kanonebis aRmoCenis mcdelobaTa<br />
istoriaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri ganviTarebis<br />
sayovelTao kanoni, cxadia, aRmoCenilia ar aris, aseTi kanonis<br />
ararasebobis gamo, ar unda vifiqroT, rom ar arsebobs araviTari<br />
kanonzomiereba. im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adamianis<br />
buneba, praqtikulad, ar Secvlila kacobriobis mTeli ganvlili<br />
istoriis ganmavlobaSi, naTeli unda iyos, rom politikur<br />
moZRvrebaTa anTologia, pirvel rigSi ki CineTis, indoeTisa da<br />
saberZneTis klasikuri filosofiuri moZRvrebebi exmareba gonier<br />
politikoss, saxelmwifo moRvawes, Cawvdes arsebul politikur<br />
viTarebas da miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba. efeqtiani<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mas daexmareba <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong>s<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
108
daskvna<br />
`imoqmede ise, rogorc saWiroa da<br />
dae, moxdes ise, rogorc moxdeba~.<br />
laTinuri andaza<br />
marTva _ es aris xelovneba, romlis daufleba<br />
SesaZlebelia specialuri momzadebiT. aseTi momzadeba eyrdnoba,<br />
erTi mxriv, fundamentur Teoriul codnas (filosofia, istoria,<br />
menejmenti, fsiqologia, mecnierebis sxva sferoebi), meore mxriv<br />
_ <strong>marTvis</strong> procesebSi monawileobis xangrZliv praqtikul<br />
gamcdilebas. imis da mixedviT Tu rogori klasis (ekonomikuri<br />
sistema, saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba) an tipis (sxvadasxva<br />
ganzomilebisa da specifikis) aris <strong>marTvis</strong> obieqti da rogor<br />
istoriul, geografiul, politikur, ekonomikur Tu socialur<br />
garemoSi mimdinareobs <strong>marTvis</strong> procesi mmarTveli (menejeri,<br />
administratori, politikosi) iZens saTanado gamocdilebas,<br />
romelic Sesabamis Teoriul codnasTan erTad aZlevs mas <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
procesis efeqtianad war<strong>marTvis</strong> SesaZleblobas. winamdebare<br />
monografiaSi damuSavebuli <strong>strategiuli</strong> <strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>kibernetikuli</strong><br />
<strong>meTodi</strong> warmoadgens iseT mecnierul meTods, romelic <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
obieqtis klasis, tipis an <strong>marTvis</strong> procesis mimdinareobis<br />
specifikuri garemoebebisa da pirobebis miuxedavad iZleva<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> procesebisa da obieqtebisadmi midgomis universalur<br />
instruments. aseTi midgomiT SesaZlebelia arsebuli politikurekonomikuri<br />
viTarebis obieqturi gaanalizeba da saTanado<br />
109
gadawyvetilebebis miReba <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da efeqtiani<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> mizniT.<br />
monografiaSi damuSavebuli <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmvisa da<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong>s wignieri gamoyeneba sakmaod<br />
swrafad moitans mniSvnelovan organizaciul da ekonomikur<br />
efeqts, rac gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi iqneba gardamavali<br />
saxelmwifoebriobisa da ekonomikis mqone qveynebis (maT Soris,<br />
saqarTvelos) saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebSi. cxadia, rom<br />
aRniSnuli <strong>kibernetikuli</strong> instrumentis gamoyeneba mxolod maSin<br />
moitans saTanado efeqts Tu mas gamoiyeneben saTanadod<br />
momzadebuli profesionali mmarTvelebi (menejerebi,<br />
administratorebi Tu politikosebi).<br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> instrumentis gamoyenebis mTavari mizania<br />
daexmaros menejers, biznesmens, saxelmwifo moxeles Tu<br />
politikoss mkafiod Seimecnos rogorc sakuTari Tavi im<br />
Tanamdebobaze Tu saqmianobaSi, romelsac is eweva, ise misi<br />
organizaciis, saministros, regionis Tu samSoblos misia da<br />
SesaZleblobebi Tanaxmad delfos taZarze amokveTili warwerisa<br />
Seican Tavi Seni! 28<br />
sakuTari Tavis SecnobasTan dakavSirebiT upriania gavixsenoT<br />
sokratesa da misi erT-erTi mowafis, evTidemes, dialogi: 29<br />
`_ erTi es miTxari Cemi evTideme, delfoSi Tu yofilxar<br />
rodisme? _ hkiTxa sokratem.<br />
_ vficav zevss, orjer var namyofi,<br />
_ Tu SeginiSnavs iq taZarze amokveTili warwera: `Seican Tavi<br />
Seni~?<br />
_ diax, SevniSne,.<br />
_ mermeda, ar gamoiCine yuradReba am warweris mimarT, ar<br />
daukvirdi mas da ar scade gamoZieba, Tu vin xar da ra xar Sen?<br />
... vinc ver Seicno Tavisi Tavi da sakuTar Zalas yalbad<br />
afasebs, sxvebsaca da adamianis yovel saqmianobasac aseve epyroba.<br />
man ar icis: ra aris saWiro, ra unda akeTos da riT isargeblos;<br />
28 platonis mixedviT (dialogi `protagora~) antikuri saberZneTis Svidi brZeni<br />
(Talesi, pitaki, bianti, soloni, kleobuli, misoni, hiloni) erTmaneTs Sexvda<br />
apolonis taZarSi, delfoSi, sadac maT es warwera gaakeTes.<br />
29 qsenofonti, mogonebebi sokrateze. IV, 2, 24-29.<br />
110
yovel am saqmeSi cdeba, sikeTes scildeba da borotebas<br />
uaxlovdeba. vinc icis, rasac akeTebs, Tavis saqmianobaSi<br />
yovelTvis warmatebas aRwevs da saxelmoxveWili da pativsacemi<br />
kaci xdeba...<br />
vinc ar icis, rasac akeTebs, arCevanis cud gzas adgeba, rasac<br />
xels hkidebs, im saqmeSi marcxdeba da ara marto am marcxisTvis<br />
jarimdeba an isjeba, aramed saerTod utydeba saxeli, sasaciloc<br />
xdeba da amieridan zizRsa da upatiurobaSi cxovrobs. Sen xom<br />
xedav, is saxelmwifoni, romelTac Tavisi Zala ar uwyian da<br />
ufro ZlierT dauwyeben oms, an aRigvebian pirisagan miwisa, anda<br />
Tavisuflebas kargaven da sxvaTa monebad iqcevian~.<br />
111
monografiis avtorTa naSromebi<br />
kibernetika<br />
1. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. Cybernetic Conception of Public<br />
Management. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. 171, #<br />
2, 2005.<br />
2. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. avtomaturi <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoriis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi sajaro politikasa da saxelmwifo marTvaSi.<br />
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `informaciuli<br />
teqnologiebi marTvaSi~. SromaTa krebuli. Tbilisi,<br />
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2007.<br />
3. a.cincaZe, g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
<strong>kibernetikuli</strong> modeli – aSS-is gamocdileba. amerikis Seswavlis<br />
sakiTxebi. Tsu, Tbilisi, 2004.<br />
4. g.baRaTuria. Russian-Georgian Relations and European Security.<br />
abreSumis gzis me-3 saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. SromaTa krebuli,<br />
Tbilisi, 2006.<br />
politikuri procesebis<br />
<strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva da marTva<br />
5. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria politikuri<br />
sistemebisTvis. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia<br />
`informaciuli teqnologiebi – 2008~. SromaTa krebuli.<br />
Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~ 2008.<br />
6. g.baRaTuria. politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebis marTva _<br />
msgavseba da gansxvaveba. samecniero Jurnali `xelisufleba da<br />
sazogadoeba. istoria, Teoria, praqtika~ # 2 (10), 2009.<br />
7. g.baRaTuria <strong>strategiuli</strong> dagegmva. meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo. stu, Tbilisi 2009<br />
8. S.doRonaZe, g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. komunikaciuri teqnologia<br />
politikuri procesebis marTvaSi. saerTaSoriso konferencia<br />
`verbaluri komunikaciuri teqnologiebi”. SromaTa krebuli.<br />
Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2008.<br />
9. g.baRaTuria, s.cxadaZe. saxelmwifo politikis <strong>strategiuli</strong><br />
dagegmva _ bismarki. samecniero Jurnali `xelisufleba da<br />
sazogadoeba. istoria, Teoria, praqtika~ # 1 (7), 2008<br />
10. saxelmwifo politika (Public Policy). Sesavali specialobaSi.<br />
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo centraluri evropis universitetis<br />
mxardaWeriT. stu, 2002 (avtorTa jgufi a.cincaZisa da<br />
g.baRaTurias saerTo redaqciiT).<br />
112
11. g.baRaTuria. taivani – keTildReobis kunZuli. monografia.<br />
Tbilisi, 2000.<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> Teoria<br />
12. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. saerTo niadagis koncefcia –<br />
solidaruli saxelmwifoebrivi msoflmxedveloba Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTveloSi. monografia. ,,mecniereba”. Tbilisi, 2006.<br />
13. a.cincaZe, g.baRaTuria. arCevani. demokratiis mSenebloba<br />
totalitarizmis epoqaSi. monografia. Tbilisi, 2002.<br />
14. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. saxelmwifoebrivi solidaruli<br />
msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlebi. samecniero Jurnali<br />
`xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. istoria, Teoria, praqtika~ # 4,<br />
2007.<br />
15. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. politikuri reJimi da xelisufali<br />
samecniero Jurnali `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. istoria,<br />
Teoria, praqtika~ # 3, 2007.<br />
16. g.baRaTuria. politikuri samyaro _ cnobiereba, garemo, sistema<br />
samecniero Jurnali `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. istoria,<br />
Teoria, praqtika~ # 2, 2006.<br />
17. g.baRaTuria. The Reasons of Crisis of State Governance in Georgia.<br />
samecniero Jurnali `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. istoria,<br />
Teoria, praqtika~. # 1, 2006.<br />
18. g.baRaTuria, n.abaSiZe, o.baRaTuria. saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong><br />
amerikuli sistemis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi da problemebi. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi.<br />
Tsu, Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
19. o.baRaTuria, idealizmi da pragmatizmi amerikul politikaSi.<br />
amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi. Tsu, Tbilisi, 2004<br />
20. a.cincaZe, g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. saxelmwifos demokratiuli<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> specifika saqarTveloSi. stu-s Sromebi, # 7 (446),<br />
Tbilisi, 2002.<br />
publicisturi werilebi saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> sakiTxebis Sesaxeb<br />
21. g.baRaTuria. qarTlis Wirsa vervin mosTvlis. saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>marTvis</strong> krizisi saqarTveloSi. ,,saqarTvelos respublika”<br />
6.04.2005 w.<br />
22. Г.Багатурия. Германия – Вдохновитель и защитник<br />
независимости Грузии (1918 г.) Газета «Свободная Грузия» 26<br />
мая, 2005.<br />
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23. Г.Багатурия. Причины кризиса системы государственного<br />
управления в независимой Грузии. Газета «Свободная Грузия» 28<br />
мая, 2005<br />
24. g.baRaTuria. rogor vmarToT saxelmwifo? gaz. saqarTvelos<br />
respublika, 10-11 dekemberi, 2004<br />
menejmentis sakiTxebi<br />
25. g.baRaTuria, The Basis of Public Administration Teaching.<br />
saerTaSoriso simpoziumi `umaRlesi ganaTlebis axali<br />
mimarTulebebi~. SromaTa krebuli, Tbilisi, 2007<br />
26. o.baRaTuria. The Signifance of the Course “The Theory of<br />
Statehood” for University Education. saerTaSoriso simpoziumi<br />
`umaRlesi ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebebi~. SromaTa krebuli,<br />
Tbilisi, 2007<br />
prognozireba<br />
27. g.baRaTuria, T,gorSkovi, n.WiWikoSvili. moklevadiani<br />
prognozireba saxelmwifo <strong>marTvis</strong> amocanebSi. samecniero<br />
Jurnali `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. istoria, Teoria,<br />
praqtika~ # 2 (6), 2008<br />
28. g.baRaTuria, T,gorSkovi, n.WiWikoSvili. satransporto<br />
qselis <strong>marTvis</strong> Tanamedrove sistema. samecniero Jurnali<br />
`xelisufleba da sazogadoeba. istoria, Teoria, praqtika~ # 3,<br />
2007<br />
29. g.baRaTuria, T.gorSkovi. <strong>strategiuli</strong> marketingi sarkinigzo<br />
kompaniaSi samecniero Jurnali `saqarTvelos ekonomika~. #4<br />
(101) 2006, aprili.<br />
30. T.gorSkovi, g.baRaTuria, p.cagareiSvili, d.sadraZe. sarkinigzo<br />
gadazidvaTa prognozirebis kompleqsuri meTodologiis<br />
SemuSavebis Sesaxeb. Jurnali ,,mecniereba da teqnologiebi”. № 1-<br />
3, 2005<br />
31. g,baRaTuria, T.gorSkovi. TRACECA – Restoration of Silk Route.<br />
Japan Railway & Transport Review, 28, 2001.<br />
32. g,baRaTuria, T.gorSkovi. Development at Georgian railway. Japan<br />
Railway & Transport Review, 24, 2000.<br />
33. g.baRaTuria `gazomvaTa Sedegebis damuSavebis statistikuri<br />
safuZvlebi~, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, spi, 1986.<br />
34. g.baRaTuria da sxv. `informaciis gamoyenebiTi Teoria~,<br />
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moxsenebebi konferenciebze<br />
1. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `informaciuli<br />
teqnologiebi marTvaSi~. 2007 w. Tbilisi<br />
2. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `verbaluri komunikaciuri<br />
teqnologiebi”. 2008 w. Tbilisi<br />
3. samecniero konferencia `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba~. 2007 w.<br />
4. samecniero konferencia `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba~. 2008 w.<br />
Tbilisi<br />
5. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `xelisufleba da<br />
sazogadoeba~. 2009 w. Tbilisi<br />
6. The New Trends in Higher Education. 2007. Tbilisi<br />
7. 3 rd Silk Road Simposia. 2006. Tbilisi<br />
8. 2 nd Silk Road Simposia. 2005. Tbilisi<br />
9. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2006 w.<br />
10. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2005 w.<br />
11. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2004 w.<br />
12. stu-s samecniero konferencia, Tbilisi, 2002 w.<br />
115
116<br />
Giorgi Bagaturia, Otar Bagaturia<br />
Cybernetic Method of Strategic Management<br />
Reviewers:<br />
Shota Dogonadze, full professor of Georgian Technical University<br />
Nodar Jibladze, full professor of Georgian Technical University<br />
Scientific Editor – Archil Prangishvili, corresponding member Academy of<br />
Sciences of Georgia<br />
The theoretical and practical questions necessary for strategic planning in tasks of<br />
the governance and economy are considered. The manual contains the basic<br />
concepts, tasks and methodological bases of strategic planning, including original<br />
researches of the author. The essence of strategic planning and management, the<br />
general algorithm of strategic planning are in detail formulated, is shown as it is<br />
necessary to formalize a researched problem with the purpose of strategic<br />
planning. Methods of forecasting of political-economical processes are considered<br />
as well.<br />
The special attention is given use of principles of cybernetics in tasks of strategic<br />
planning, including in a problematic of the multi-subject processes, being by the<br />
most important for the governance and the organization of business.<br />
Authors<br />
Giorgi Bagaturia, associate professor of Georgian Technical University.<br />
About problems of Public and State Administration has published a lot of scientific<br />
and publicist articles, the monograph and textbooks for students, including<br />
“Introduction into Public Policy” (2000, group of authors, the book is the winner of<br />
competition of Central European University), «Lessons of Democracy –<br />
Shevardnadze” (2002, 2003, co-author A.Tsintsadze's, the book is translated on<br />
Russian 2002 and English 2007 languages), “Common Ground Concept - the State<br />
Philosophy of Contemporary Georgia” (2006, co-author O.Bagaturia), “Taiwan -<br />
Island of Prosperity” (1997), etc.<br />
Otar Bagaturia, doctoral candidate of Georgian Technical University.<br />
About problems of Public and State Administration has published scientific and<br />
publicist articles, the monograph and textbook for students - “Introduction into<br />
Public Policy” (2000, group of authors, the book is the winner of competition of<br />
Central European University), “Common Ground Concept - the State Philosophy of<br />
Contemporary Georgia” (2006, co-author G.Bagaturia), etc.
Георгий Багатурия, Отар Багатурия<br />
Кибернетический метод государственного управления<br />
Рецензенты:<br />
Шота Догонадзе, профессор Грузинского технического университета<br />
Нодар Джибладзе, профессор Грузинского технического университета<br />
Научный редактор – Арчил Прангишвили, член-корреспондент АН Грузии<br />
Рассмотрены теоретические и практические вопросы, необходимые для<br />
стратегического планирования в задачах государственного управления и<br />
экономики. Учебное пособие содержит основные понятия, задачи и<br />
методологические основы стратегического планирования, в т.ч.<br />
оригинальные исследования автора. Подробно сформулированы суть<br />
стратегического планирования и управления, общий алгоритм<br />
стратегического планирования, показано как нужно формализовать<br />
исследуемую проблему с целью стратегического планирования. Рассмотрены<br />
также методы прогнозирования политико-экономических процессов.<br />
Особое внимание уделяется использованию принципов кибернетики<br />
в задачах стратегического планирования, в т.ч. в проблематике много<br />
субъектных процессов, являющегося наиболее важными для<br />
государственного управления и организации бизнеса.<br />
.<br />
Авторы<br />
Георгий Багатурия, ассоциированный профессор Грузинского<br />
технического университета. О проблемах государственного управления и<br />
стратегического планирования опубликовал множество научных статей и<br />
публицистических писем, монографий и учебников для студентов, в т.ч.<br />
«Публичная политика. Введение в специальность» (2000 г., группа авторов,<br />
книга является победителем конкурса Центрального Европейского<br />
Университета), «Выбор. Строительство демократии в условиях тоталитаризма<br />
– опыт Эдуарда Шеварднадзе» (2002, 2003 гг. в соавторстве с А.Цинцадзе,<br />
книга переведена на русский (2002 г.) и английский (2007 г.) языки),<br />
«Концепция общей почвы – государственное мировоззрение современной<br />
Грузии» (2006 г., в соавторстве с О.Багатурия), «Тайвань – остров<br />
благополучия» (1997 г.) и др.<br />
Отар Багатурия, докторант Грузинского технического университета.<br />
О проблемах государственного управления и стратегического планирования<br />
опубликовал научные статьи, монографию «Концепция общей почвы –<br />
государственное мировоззрение современной Грузии» (2006 г., в соавторстве с<br />
Г.Багатурия) и, совместно с группой авторов, учебное пособие для студентов -<br />
«Публичная политика. Введение в специальность» (2000 г.).<br />
117
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT<br />
gadaeca warmoebas 03.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad<br />
08.07.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 7,5.<br />
tiraJi 100 egz.<br />
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,<br />
kostavas 77<br />
gamomcemloba `cis nami~,<br />
q. Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis 121
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