q. Tbilisis klimaturi maxasiaTeblebi
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q. Tbilisis klimaturi maxasiaTeblebi

q. Tbilisis klimaturi maxasiaTeblebi

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flpmphjb!!eb!!hbnxwbofcb<br />

hbnxwbofcb!<br />

Ucjmjtj<br />

vscbovm!!hbsfnpTj<br />

doqtori, profesori<br />

TinaTin ximSiaSvili<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2009<br />

1

fotoebi: nata sofromaZe<br />

2

Sesavali<br />

samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciisa da bunebrivi garemos<br />

gardaqmnis masStabebis gafarToebis perioldSi<br />

sul ufro did aqtualurobas iZens garemo aris dacva.<br />

bunebis dacvis aucilebloba da racionaluri bunebis<br />

sargebloba XXI saukunis dasawyiss gadaiqca urTules,<br />

mravalspeqtrul socialur-ekonomikur, biologiur da<br />

teqnikur problemad.<br />

bunebismetyvelebasa da sazogadoebriv mecnierebeb-<br />

Si bunebisa da adamianis saqmianobis urTierTkavSirebis<br />

sakiTxebi iReben sul ufro Rrma gaSuqebas.<br />

bunebis SenarCunebis aucilebloba TvalnaTlivia<br />

samecniero-teqnikuri progresis mZafr tempebTan er-<br />

Tad. ekologiuri problemis gamwvavebis mTavar wyaros<br />

warmoadgens mzardi industrializacia da biologiuri<br />

garemos urbanizacia.<br />

urbanizirebul raionebs da mWidrod dasaxlebul<br />

saqalaqo aglomeraciebs gaaCniaT bunebriv garemoze<br />

aSkara damangreveli moqmedeba.<br />

Tanamedrove qalaqis mosaxleobis intensiuri zrda<br />

orjer aRemateba mosaxleobis saerTo zrdas. urbanizaciis<br />

aseTi swrafi tempebi warmoadgenean upirveles<br />

yovlisa sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi mimdinare<br />

cvlilebebis Sedegs.<br />

urbanizacia, erTis mxriv, aumjobesebs mosaxleobis<br />

cxovrebis pirobebs, xolo meores mxriv, mivyevarT bunebrivi<br />

sistemebis gamoZevebamde garemo aris gamabinZurebeli<br />

xelovnuri komponentebis mier, rac zrdis qimiur,<br />

fizikur da fsiqikur datvirTvas adamianis organizmze.<br />

biosferos ganviTarebis Teoria xdeba ekologiis<br />

problemebisa da garemo aris gardaqmnis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis amosaval punqtad.<br />

adamianTa sazogadoeba arsebobs biosferos fargeb-<br />

3

Si, biosferodan iRebs saSualebebs arsebobisaTvis, amitomac<br />

mis dacvas farTo gagebiT pirvelxarisxovani<br />

mniSvneloba gaaCnia.<br />

qalaqTmSeneblobaSi aucilebelia urbanizaciisa da<br />

bunebis regulireba.<br />

urbanizaciis procesebis ganviTarebis sakiTxs bunebis<br />

Zalebis moqmedebasTan urTierTokavSirSi, ekologiur<br />

kanonzomierebebs da TiToeuli bunebrivi kompleqsis<br />

cvlilebis dinamikas swavlobs axali mimarTuleba<br />

arqiteqturuli-qalaqTmSeneblobis ekologia.<br />

qalaqTmSeneblobis ekologia disciplinaTSoriso<br />

mecnierebaa, romelic warmoadgens qalaqTmSeneblobis,<br />

samedicino-biologiur, geografiul, socialur-ekonomikur<br />

da teqnikur mecnierebaTa kompleqss.<br />

qalaqTmSeneblobasa da raionul dagegmarebaSi bunebrivi<br />

da garemo aris dacvis sakiTxebze Sromebis didi<br />

raodenobis miuxedavad qalaqTmSeneblobis ekologiis<br />

problemebi Tanamedrove qalaqTmSeneblobis proeqtebSi<br />

arasakmarisadaa gaTvaliswinebuli. arasakmarisad regulirdeba<br />

urTierTobebi urbanizaciasa da bunebas Soris<br />

sivrcesa da droSi ekonomikuri da ekologiuri gegmarebis<br />

qalaqTmSeneblobis proeqtirebasTan mis yvela<br />

doneze efeqturi Sexamebis gziT.<br />

didi qalaqi cvlis bunebrivi garemos TiTqmis yvela<br />

komponents atmosferos, mcenareulobas, niadags, reliefs,<br />

hidrografiul qsels, miwisqveSa wylebs, aucileblad<br />

iwvevs sxvebis cvlilebasac. qalaqebSi Secvlilia dedamiwis<br />

eleqtruli, magnituri da sxva fizikuri velebi.<br />

am Seuqcevi darRvevebis asacileblad, saWiroa, rom<br />

biosfero mTlianobaSi da misi elementebi imyofebodnen<br />

Sewonasworebul mdgomareobaSi, anu unda uzrunvelyofili<br />

iqnes sufTa wylis, haeris, niadag-mcenareuli safaris,<br />

calkeuli ekosistemebis da biogeocenozebis regeneracia.<br />

4

qalaqTmSeneblobis ekologiis mTavari amocanaa did<br />

qalaqebSi ekologiuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

ekologiuri wonasworobis qveS urboekologiis farglebSi<br />

saWiroa gvesmodes bunebrivi garemos dinamiuri<br />

mdgomareoba TviTregulacia, misi bunebrivi komponentebis:<br />

atmosferuli haeri, wylis resursebis, niadagmcenareuli<br />

safaris, cxovelTa samyaros kvlavwarmoeba.<br />

magram qalaqis urbanizirebul teritoriaze metad<br />

Znelia ekologiuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofa. Tu<br />

qalaqs ganvixilavT rogorc gansaxlebis lokalur<br />

sistemas, maSin mas ar gaaCnia TviTregulaciis sakmarisi<br />

SesaZleblobebi.<br />

v.v. vladimirovi wers Semdegs: „kargad gamwvanebuli<br />

milioniani qalaqis teritoriac ki (daaxloebiT 20 aTasi<br />

ha) erTi wlis manZilze warmoqmnis ara umetes 25-30<br />

aTas tona Jangbads. xolo am airis moxmareba mrewvelobis,<br />

energetikis, qalaqis transportis mier Seadgens ara<br />

nakleb 10 milion tonas (milioniani qalaqis mcxovreblebs<br />

mxolod sunTqvisaTvis yovelwliurad sWirdebaT<br />

150-200 aTasi tona Jangbadi, mrewvelobis saWiroebisaTvis<br />

5-6 milioni tona da transportisaTvis 2-3 milioni<br />

tona). Tu aseTi qalaqis sahaero auzi SezRuduli iqneba<br />

raime zRudiT, maSin Jangbadi mis mkvidrebs eyofaT sul<br />

40-50 wels. imis meoxebiT, rom haeri mudmivad Seireva da<br />

aRdgeba, Jangbadis kleba urbanizirebuli teritoriis<br />

zemoT praqtikulad ar SeigrZnoba…..<br />

………..<br />

saSualod Jangbadis xarji milioniani qalaqis mier<br />

SeiZleba Sevsebul iqnes am airis regeneraciis xarjze<br />

Rima sivrceebis mier, romelTac ukaviaT ara nakleb 15-<br />

30 aTasi kvadratuli metri.<br />

amitomac qalaqi ganxiluli unda iqnes masTan teritoriulad<br />

miaxloebul sxva raionebTan erTobaSi.<br />

didi qalaqi da xeluxlebeli buneba es TiTqos Tanamedrove<br />

biosferos ori polusia, romelic adamianisaTvis<br />

5

saWiroa Tanabari zomiT.<br />

did teritoriebze saWiroa umsxvilesi saqalaqo warmonaqmnebis<br />

da Ria sivrceebis gamoyofa, romlebic urTierT<br />

aTanasworeben erTmaneTs ekologiuri mimarTebiT.<br />

biologiuri teritoriebis, egreTwodebuli „buferuli<br />

kompensatorebis“ (bts) gamoyofas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos<br />

did teritoriebze atmosferuli Jangbadis, zedapiruli<br />

da miwisqveSa wylebis, mcenareulobis da cxovelTa samyaros<br />

sakmarisi raodenobis wonasworoba-kvlavwarmoeba,<br />

anu, bunebrivi garemos normaluri ganviTareba.<br />

qalaqebSi ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebis<br />

sakiTxSi pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs bunebrivi<br />

airis maxasiaTebels (landSaftis geoqimiuri aqtiurobis<br />

done, maTi fizikuri medegobis done, biomasis balansi<br />

da a.S.).<br />

qalaqebSi gamwvanebuli teritoriis (gamwvanebis<br />

saqalaqo sistemis mTlianobaSi) da misi calkeuli elementebis<br />

(saqalaqo da raionuli parkebi, mikroraionebisa<br />

da sacxovrebeli jgufebis baRebi, skverebi, bulvarebi,<br />

gamwvanebuli quCebi) efeqturoba pirdapir damokidebulebaSia<br />

sagareubno tyeebis mdgomareobasTan. Ria<br />

sivrceSi bts bunebrivi elementebi urTierTmoqmedeben<br />

sagareubno mwvane zonebTan, nakrZalebTan.<br />

Tanamedrove qalaqTmSenebel proeqtebSi mWidrod<br />

dasaxlebul raionebSi kardinaluri cvlilebebis<br />

xelSemwyobi higienuri da teqnologiuri RonisZiebebis<br />

mniSvnelobis Seumcireblad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />

teritorialuri regulirebisa da gadanawilebis<br />

meTodebis gamoyeneba. antropogenuri datvirTvebis<br />

Tanabari ganawileba qalaqis teritoriasa da mis SemogarenSi<br />

uzrunvelyofs ekologiur wonasworobas.<br />

Tanamedrove didi qalaqi moicavs teritoriebs sxvadasxva<br />

qalaqTmSenebel da bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebiT,<br />

romlebic yovelTvis ar pasuxoben higienur moTx-<br />

6

ovnebs. qalaqis ares bio<strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebis xarisxze<br />

damokidebulia adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT xandazmuli<br />

adamianebisa da bavSvebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri mdgomareoba.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT saWiroa praqtikaSi dainergos<br />

samecniero naSromebSi samrewvelo Camonadenebis da<br />

gamonabolqvebis gawmendis dargSi, unarCeno warmoebebis<br />

da sabruni wyalmomaragebebis, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis<br />

biologiuri dacvis da a.S. efeqturobis amaRlebis<br />

RonisZiebebi.<br />

saqalaqo struqtura da saqalaqo aris xasiaTi icvleba<br />

mwarmoebluri Zalebisa da sawarmoo urTierTobebis<br />

ganviTarebis, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis, misi socialuri<br />

organizaciis, materialuri da sulieri kulturis<br />

ganviTarebis kvaldakval.<br />

qalaqis generalur gegmaSi unda Sediodnen sanitarul-higienuri,<br />

teqnologiuri, biologiuri da gegmarebiTi<br />

RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen adamianis<br />

garemomcvel yvelaze optimalur saqalaqo ares,<br />

xelSemwyobs qalaqis bunebrivi kompleqsis dacvisaTvis<br />

araxelsayrel cvlilebebisagan, agreTve qalaqis mimdinare<br />

teritoriaze antropogenuri datvirTvebis SemcirebisaTvis.<br />

urTules ekologiur struqturas msoflioSi warmoSobs<br />

urbanizaciis maRali done (zogierT qveyanaSi,<br />

qalaqSi macxovrebeli mosaxleoba Seadgens 80%). qalaqebis<br />

mouwesrigebel zrdas, soflis adgilebTan Serwymas<br />

mivyevarT ufro msxvili warmonaqmnebis mega-polisebis<br />

Seqmnamde. klasikur magaliTad gamodgeba los-anJelesi.<br />

amerikeli sociologebi winaswarmetyveleben, rom<br />

aSS qalaqebis dagegmarebis uqonloba uaxloes droSi<br />

migviyvans mosaxleobis koncentraciamde sam ufarToes<br />

megapolisebSi: „bosvas“-Si, gadaWimuls bostniidan vaSingtonamde,<br />

„san-san“-Si, moTavsebuls san-franciskosa<br />

7

da san-diegos Soris da „Cipits“-Si Cikagodan pitsburgamde.<br />

urbanizaciis stiqiuri procesi iwvevs Tavisi<br />

masStabebiT mosaxleobis arnaxul koncentracias, badebs<br />

ekologiur problemebs sisxl-ZarRvebis, kibos, nervofsiqiur<br />

daavadebebis gavrcelebas.<br />

msgavsi proeqtebi adamians aSorebs bunebisagran.<br />

isini uars amboben mraval adamianur faseulobebze, maT<br />

Soris, esTetikurze, dagrovebuls qalaqTmSeneblobis<br />

mier mis mravalsauknovani ganviTarebis procesSi.<br />

msxvili qalaqebis stiqiuri gavrceleba da aglomeracia<br />

badebs sahaero auzis gabinZurebas, mikroklimatis<br />

araxelsayrel cvlilebebs, Ria sivrceebis ukmarisobas<br />

yoveldRiuri dasvenebisaTvis qalaqSi,.<br />

„Tavisufali“ teritoriebis urbanizacia arRvevs<br />

saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebis aTaswleul saz-<br />

Rvrebs, qalaqi TandaTanobiT kargavs Tavis organul<br />

erTianobasa da kompaqturobas.yalibdeba dasaxlebuli<br />

punqtebis aglomeraciebi, romlebsac sul ufro didi<br />

teritoriebi ukaviaT da saxifaTo siswrafiT mcirdeba<br />

bunebrivi landSaftis teritoriebis farTobi.<br />

XIX-XXI saukuneebSi warmoiqmna axali qalaqTmSeneblobis<br />

koncencepciebi, romelic qalaqs ixilavda garemo<br />

teritoriasTan urTierTkavSirSi d.g. govardi.<br />

wina saukunis 60-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi damkvidrda<br />

garemo aris dacvis problemebisadmi axali<br />

midgoma. ingliseli ekologiebi gamovidnen axali moTxovnebiT:<br />

qalaqisa da misi bunebrivi garemos harmoniuli<br />

urTierTozemoqmedebis sahaero da wylis auzze, niadagze<br />

negatiuri teqnogenuri zemoqmedebis Semcirebisa da<br />

xmauris reJimis uzrunvelyofa. ingliseli damgegmarebeli<br />

f. osbori wers: „mcire imedi, rom rodesme msxvili<br />

qalaqis naklovanebebi TavisiT ase Tu ise gamoswordeba<br />

da darCeba mxolod misi dadebiTi mxareebi maT srul ga-<br />

8

furCqvnaSi kacobriobis sasixarulod, cxadia, ar dasturdeba<br />

movlenebiT“.<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gamovimuSavoT dagegmarebis<br />

iseTi praqtika, romelsac eqneba zemoqmedeba<br />

erTdroulad ekonomikis efeqturobasa da socialur<br />

progresze da garemo aris dacvaze.<br />

zarali, miyenebuli garemo arisaTvis, warmoadgens<br />

ara marto mrwevelobis ganviTarebis Sedegs, aramed<br />

urbanizaciisac mTlianobaSi. amitomac mniSvnelovania<br />

teritoriuli ganviTarebis da teritoriis dagegmarebis<br />

iseTi politikis gamomuSaveba, romelic qmnis swor,<br />

amJamad arsebulisagan Zirfesvianad gansxvavebul mimarTulebas<br />

da eqneba zemoqmedeba garemo aris dacvaze.<br />

dasmuli problemebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare kvlevis<br />

obieqti ganxilulia or aspeqtSi Teoriulsa da<br />

praqtikulSi: Teoriuli gagebiT igi warmoadgens qalaqis<br />

ekosistemas, rogorc bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierToqmedebis<br />

sivrcobriv formas, xolo praqtikul aspeqtSi<br />

kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong>a da misi<br />

gareubnebis dagegmarebiTi struqturebi.<br />

am wignSi aris gamokvleuli <strong>Tbilisis</strong> bunebrivi da<br />

anTropogenuri faqtorebis urTierTokavSiri. masSi<br />

aris mocemuli qalaqis dagegmarebis grafikuli rekomendaciebi<br />

gegmarebiTi struqturebis ekologiurad<br />

dasabuTebuli poziciebidan. gaanalizebulia qalaqis<br />

landSafturi sistemebis mTlianobis sqemebi da gaazrebulia<br />

misi aglomeraciis dagegmarebis formebi, rogorc<br />

ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebis da mTavari<br />

ekologiuri miznis miRwevis ZiriTadi kriteriumi.<br />

wignSi warmodgenilia <strong>Tbilisis</strong> qalaqmSeneblobis<br />

struqturebis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebis gansazRvra:<br />

mTa-xeobaTa landSaftebSi qalaqmSeneblobis ekologiurad<br />

dasabuTebuli dagegmarebiTi struqturebis<br />

proeqtirebis meTodikis safuZvlebis damuSaveba.<br />

9

qalaqis sahaero auzis gabinZurebis sakiTxebis gaSuqeba.<br />

qalaqis ekosistemebis Sefaseba teritoriis fizikurgeografiuli,<br />

<strong>klimaturi</strong> da anTropogenuri faqtorebis<br />

analizidan gamomdinare.<br />

Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegi SeiZleba danergil<br />

iqnes q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> qalaqmSeneblobis urbo-ekologiur samuSaoebSi,<br />

qalaqis ekosistemebis ganviTarebis RonisZiebebis<br />

realizaciis procesSi.<br />

10<br />

Tavi I<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> fizikur-geografiuli<br />

daxasiaTeba<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> da misi midamoebis ekologiuri wonasworobis<br />

darRvevis Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes<br />

qalaqis Tanamedrove bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebi (reliefi,<br />

klimati, landSafti). amitomac pirvel TavSi<br />

mokled aris daxasiaTebuli sakvlevi reJimis fizikurgeografiuli<br />

faqtorebi.<br />

qalaq Tbilisi ganlagebulia saqarTvelos samxreT<br />

aRmosavleT nawilSi, CrdiloeTis ganedis 410 43 da aRmosavleTis<br />

grZedis 440 48 gadakveTaze. mas ukavia daaxloebiT<br />

47 kvadratuli kilometris farTobi, mkveTrad<br />

daRaruli reliefiT. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebis udidesi<br />

nawili mdebareobs TianeTis qedis aRmosavleT kidurze<br />

gayofils, md. mtkvris submeridianuli mimarTulebis<br />

gamWoli xeobiT or asimetriul nawilad.xeobis marjvena<br />

mxare xasiaTdeba saSualomTiani, SedarebiT Zlier danawevrebuli<br />

reliefiT, sadac gamoirCevian erTmaneTis<br />

paraleluri ganedi mimarTulebis qedebi, romlebic<br />

erTmaneTisgan gancalkvebuli arian mtkvris marjvena

Senakadebis xeobebiT. xeobis marcxena mxare xasiaTdeba<br />

SedarebiT dabali, naklebad danawevrebuli da safexurebiani<br />

reliefiT.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebis dasavleT nawilSi, arsebobs<br />

ramdenime ganedi qedi, romelTagan yvelaze CrdiloeTi<br />

armazis qedia. misgan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs<br />

diRmis velis samxreTiT mdebareobs 450-550 m-is farglebSi.<br />

diRmis velis samxreTiT mdebareobs lisis qedi.<br />

lisisa da samxreTisaken mdebare mamadaviTis qeds Soris<br />

ganviTarebulia wagrZelebuli saburTaTlos vakisi. mtkvris<br />

xeobis marcxena mxares imyofeba navTluR-orxevis<br />

vake. (misi simaRle 400-600 m.) CrdiloeTiT aris samgoris<br />

maRolbi, misi simaRle zRvis donidan 700 m-mde.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> teritoriis dasavleTi da CrdiloeTi<br />

nawilebi xasiaTdebian saSualomTiani qedebiT, gaaCniaT<br />

absoluturi simaRle 1500-dan 1800-mde, xolo maTi<br />

danawevrebis siRrme ramdenime aseul metrs aRwevs. aRmosavleTi<br />

nawilis absoluturi simaRle ar aRemateba<br />

1100 metrs, xolo samxreTis, romelic romelic vakes<br />

warmoadgens, 300 400 m.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebi xasiaTdeba mdidari floriT, uaxloes<br />

warsulSi <strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebi dafaruli iyo xSiri<br />

tanayrili tyeebiT, romelTa gaCanageba warmoebda saukuneebis<br />

manZilze. mtkvris xeobis marjvena mxares, romelic<br />

ufro maRali reliefiT da atmosferuli naleqebis<br />

meti raodenobiT xasiaTdeba, mcenareuli safari ufro<br />

ganviTarebulia 800-1000 m maRla warmodgenilia muxisa<br />

da wiflis tyeebiT, romlebic aRmosavleTisaken adgils<br />

uTmoben aridul Txeltyianobasa da qserofitur buCqnarebs.<br />

aseTive suraTi aRiniSneba samxreT da samxreTaRmosavleT<br />

nawilSi, CrdiloeT nawilSi saguramos<br />

qedze, kargadaa ganviTarebuli mcenareuli safari da<br />

vertikaluri zonaloba qedis zeda nawilSi warmodgenilia<br />

wiflnarisa da muxnaris tyeebi, xolo qvedaSi ki<br />

11

ariduli Txeltyianobaa.<br />

mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba mikroklimatur ubnebTan,<br />

reliefTan da mcenareul safarTan <strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebSi<br />

ganviTarebuli niadagis tipebi, romelTa Soris gvxvdeba<br />

mTiswineTisa da damreci ferdobebis, agreTve mdinareebis<br />

xeobebis niadagebi.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebis mTavari hidrografiul arterias<br />

warmoadgens mtkvari. q. Tbilisi misi daaxloebiT 40<br />

km-ian monakveTzea ganlagebuli. aq misi niSnuli 320-340<br />

m-is farglebSi icvleba.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> midamoebSi mtkvarSi Caedinebian mcire<br />

mdinareebi. mis marjvena Senakadebs warmoadgens md.<br />

diRmis wyali, vere, wavkisis wyali, tabaxmela, yvelaze<br />

ufro CrdiloeTi Senakadi md. gldanis wyalia. qalaqis<br />

gareubnebi sakmaod mdidaria tbebiT, isini patara zomisa<br />

da mcire siRrmisani arian.<br />

12<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> <strong>klimaturi</strong><br />

<strong>maxasiaTeblebi</strong><br />

radiaciuli reJimi. mzis radiacia q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> kontinentalur-subtropikuli<br />

klimatisaTvis warmoadgens<br />

mTavar klimatwarmoqmnel faqtors. swored mzis sxivebis<br />

energia gansazRvravs haeris temperaturuli reJimis<br />

atmosferuli cirkulaciis, aorTqlebisa da landSaftreliefuri<br />

warmonaqmnebis Semdgom formebs. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

mTa xmis naTebis xangrZlivobis wliuri jami 2112 saaTia.<br />

sinaTlis resursebiT qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> teritoria sruliad<br />

dakmayofilebulia zomieri garemos formirebisa da<br />

fitobiologiuri procesebis normaluri mimdinareobis<br />

uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

temperaturuli reJimi. temperaturuli reJimis<br />

mixedviT Tbilisi da misi axlomdebare raionebis hava

zomier subtropikuls, mSral klimatisaze gardamaval<br />

tips ganekuTvneba.<br />

qaris reJimi. q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> qaris reJimi zogadcirkulaciur<br />

procesTan erTad, viTardebian subtropikul<br />

sartyelsa da zomier ganedebSi, ganpirobebulia qalaqis<br />

geografiuli mdebareobiTa da orografiuli pirobebiT.<br />

amitomac qalaqsa da mis midamoebSi mTeli wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebis<br />

qarebi, arc Tu iSviaTia samxreT-aRmosavle-<br />

Tis qarebi. qalaqis aeraciaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT<br />

adgilobriv mTa-xeobaTa qarebs, mkveTrad gamoxatuls<br />

wlis Tbil dros (IV-X Tveebi). qaris saSualo siCqare didad<br />

icvleba reliefis damokidebulebiT. misi sidide<br />

qalaqis teritoriaze meryeobs 2,2-dan 5 m/wm-mde. amas-<br />

Tan umciresi mniSvnelobebi aRiniSneba qalaqis centralur<br />

da ganaSenianebul nawilebSi. qaris maqsimaluri<br />

siCqare, aRiniSneba samxreT-aRmosavleT gareubnebSi,<br />

qalaqis centralur da ganaSenianebul nawilebSi Zlieri<br />

qarebi iSviaTia. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> rTuli fizikur-geografiuli<br />

pirobebi, agreTve qalaqis ganaSenianeba sakmaod did<br />

gavlenas axdenen qaris reJimze sasazRvro fenaSi. nax. 1.<br />

mocemulia q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> mikroraionebis<br />

sqema (g. WiraqaZis mixedviT).<br />

tenianobis reJimi. saSualo wliuri fardobiTi tenianoba<br />

TbilisSi icvleba 66-69%-is farglebSi da aqvs<br />

kontinentaluri xasiaTi, rac gamoixateba ori maqsimumisa<br />

da ori minimumis arsebobiT. fardobiTi fenianobis<br />

wliuri amplituda Seadgens 18-20%-s. naleqebis saSualo<br />

wliuri raodenoba TbilisSi Seadgens 540 mm, amasTan<br />

maTi 75% wlis Tbil periodze modis.<br />

nislianoba. nisliani dReebis saSualo wliuri ricxvi<br />

qalaqis centrSi Seadgens 19 dRes. nislis sixSiris yvelaze<br />

didi ganmeoradoba q. TbilisSi aRiniSneba weliwadis<br />

civ dros, gansakuTrebiT zamTarSi da gazafxulis<br />

13

dasawyisSi, nislianobis maqsimumi dekembridan Tebervlis<br />

CaTvliTaa da minimumi ivnisidan agvistos CaTvliT.<br />

14<br />

Tavi II<br />

qalaqis istoriuli<br />

ganviTarebis gzebi<br />

saqarTvelos tradiciuli arqiteqtura, maT Soris<br />

sacxovrebeli, rogorc soflis, aseve qalaqis, warmoadgens<br />

garemos harmoniul nawils. xolo qalaqis Zveli<br />

nawili TiTqos Cawerilia landSaftSi, ris Tqmac ar<br />

SeiZleba Tanamedrove arqiteqturis Taobaze, romelic<br />

xSirad arRvevs kidevac bunebis harmonias.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> sawyisi ganaSenianebis mdebareoba<br />

metwilad adgilmdebareobis landSaftis xasiaTiT iyo<br />

ganpirobebuli da pirvelmosaxleTa mxridan bunebrivi<br />

pirobebis mniSvnelobis karg gagebaze metyvelebs (aq iyo<br />

mdinareebis xeobebic, beqobebic, sanapiro vake, mtkvris<br />

kldovani napirebi, kargi daculoba Zlieri qarebisagan,<br />

arsebobdnen cxeli mineraluri wyaroebi, mdidari<br />

mcenareuloba). „berZnebi TavianTi qalaqebis saxelmwifoebis<br />

(polisebis) asaSeneblad yovelTvis irCevdnen<br />

yvelaze xelsayrel adgilsa da landSaftis lamaz ubnebs“.<br />

amave principis mixedviT da, rasakvirvelia, strategiuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT arCeul iqna adgili qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

mSeneblobisaTvis.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> orografiulma mdgomareobam ganapiroba<br />

qalaqis, mTlianobaSi, da misi calkeuli Semadgeneli elementebis<br />

ganlagebis specifika.

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> teritorialuri ganviTarebis<br />

retrospeqtuli analizi<br />

dasawyisSi q. Tbilisi ganaSenianda marjvenasanapiro<br />

kalTidan, xolo Semdeg daiwyo mdinare mtkvris marcxena<br />

sanapiros aTviseba.<br />

Zveli sacxovrebeli raionebis gegmarebiTi struqturebis<br />

organizaciaze yvelaze met gavlenas adgilmde-<br />

15

areobis reliefi axdenda, romelzedac damokidebuli<br />

iyo ganaSenianebis ganTavseba,xerxebi, simWidrove da<br />

sarTulianoba, quCebis trasireba.<br />

mTebis da xeobebis kalTebis safexurovani ganaSenianeba<br />

marTobulad ganlagebuli derefnebiT dadebiT<br />

Sedegebs iZleoda saxlebis aeraciisa da insolaciis<br />

TvalsazrisiT. rogorc etyoba uZveles xanaSi xuroTmoZRvrebi<br />

iTvaliswinebdnen susti qarebis temperaturis<br />

qvefenil invesirebTan Sexamebas.<br />

Zveli nagebobebi Serwymuli iyo garemo bunebriv<br />

aresTan, gamoxatavdnen reliefis plastiurobas. Zveli<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> mravali Tanamedroveebi aRniSnavdnen, rom<br />

qalaqis cicabo kalTebis ganaSenianeba ise iyo mowyobili,<br />

rom qvemoT ganlagebuli saxlis saxuravi Semdegis<br />

ezos warmoadgenda. ukve am elementaluri „principidan“<br />

Cans, rom ganaSenianeba Sedioda adgilmdebareobis reliefTan<br />

urTierTqmedebaSi, gamosaxavda ra mis naRunebs.<br />

Zveli qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> erT-erT Tavisebur qalaqTmSeneblobis<br />

gadawyvetas warmoadgenda ubralo moqalaqeTa<br />

sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da didgvarovanTa sasaxleebis<br />

mSeneblobis tradicia Sveuli kldis Tavze da Can-<br />

Cqersa da mdinaris Tavzedac ki. am TvalsazrisiT Zalze<br />

sainteresoa qalaqis Zvel nawilSi Semonaxuli saxlebi,<br />

aivnebiT, agebuli xeobis kideze. kldeSi Camagrebuli<br />

brjenebi ikaveben dakidebul aivnebs. aqedan gadaefineba<br />

araCveulebrivi sanaxaoba. aseTi ganlageba uzrunvelyofs,<br />

gansakuTrebiT zafxulis saRamoebis dros, saxlis<br />

karg ganiavebas, gamowveuls temperaturuli sufTa haeris<br />

inversiebiT<br />

landSafturi da bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebis Taviseburebebis<br />

maqsimaluri gamoyeneba Zveli qalaqis dagegmarebasa<br />

da ganaSenianebaSi warmoadgenda xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />

saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad princips. feodaluri<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> Zveli quCebi upiratesad ganlagebuli iyo<br />

16

mdinare mtkvris gaswvriv, rac uzrunvelyofda mtkvris<br />

xeobaSi gabatonebul Crdilo-dasavleTis rumbebis qarebis<br />

mier qalaqis yvelaze dabali wertilebis ganiavebas.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> mwvane binebis transformaciis dinamika<br />

17

Zvel ganaSenianebaSi erTianad gaSenebuli viwro<br />

quCebi dafaruli iyo grZivi CrdilebiT, ikavebdnen<br />

mzis mxcunvare sxivebs, qmnidnen ra xelsayrel pirobebs<br />

qveiTad mosiaruleebisaTvis. ise, rogorc cxeli klimatis<br />

mraval qalaqebSi, Zvel TbilisSi, rogorc wesi, viwro<br />

quCebi Cveulebriv Semoirgveboda xeebiT.<br />

qalaqis sacxovrebeli kvartalebi, sadac cota iyo<br />

gamwvanebuli farTobebi, ar iyvnen moklebuli ekologiur<br />

wonasworobas, vinaidan is SenarCunebuli iyo qalaqis<br />

garSemo farTo baRebiTa da didi gawmvanebuli teritoriis<br />

arsebobiT.<br />

feodaluri epoqis Tbilisi, miuxedavad ganaSenianebis<br />

didi simWidrovisa, Sidakvartaluri sivrceebisa da<br />

intensiuri gamwvanebis uqonlobisa, ar iyo mowyvetili<br />

bunebisagan, dapirispirebuli masTan. garemo buneba misi<br />

gamoyenebis mTeli Tavisi mravalferovani arsiT aqtiurad<br />

Sedioda cxovrebaSi da Sesabamisad qalaqis aqiteqturaSi.<br />

zogierT istoriul wyaroebSi arseboben monacemebi<br />

imis Taobaze, rom Zveli qalaqi garsSemortymuli iyo<br />

baRebiTa da tyeebiT, rac xels uwyobda <strong>Tbilisis</strong> klimatis<br />

komfortulobas, rac dRevandel dRes samwuxarod<br />

ar SeimCneva.<br />

frangi mogzauri, parizis savaWro saxlis warmomadgeneli<br />

J. Sardeni werda: „<strong>Tbilisis</strong> Semogareni Semkulia<br />

gasarTobi saxlebiT da mSvenieri baRebiT… sadac „xexilis<br />

xeebi cotaa, samagierod mravladaa iseTi mcenareebi,<br />

romlebic amSveneben baRebs da avrceleben sigrilesa da<br />

Crdils“.<br />

ufro dawvrilebiT suraTs <strong>Tbilisis</strong> baRebis Sesaxeb<br />

gvixatavs vaxuSti bagrationi <strong>Tbilisis</strong> aRweris dros<br />

(1733 weli). mis mier moxseniebulia 11 baRi, rogorc<br />

qalaqis farglebSi, aseve mis gSemogarenSi. aRa-mahmadxanis<br />

Semosevisas 1795 wels qalaqTan erTad ganadgure-<br />

18

uli iqna qalaqis baRebic, mwvane nargavebi, Sadrevnebi,<br />

wyalsadenebi.<br />

Cvenamde moaRwia 1800 wlis ruqam qalaqis samxreTaRmosavleT<br />

nawili ruqis mixedviT ZiriTadad baRebiT<br />

iyo dakavebuli. mTel Zvel sololaks mefisa da dedoflis<br />

baRebi faravda, xolo teritoriaze amave moednidan<br />

samxreTsa da CrdiloeTisaken giorgi batoniSvilis baRi<br />

iyo gaSenebuli.<br />

aRniSnuli baRebis gaCexva daiwyo 1824 wels, rodesac<br />

mTeli teritoria kerZo saxlebis mSeneblobisaTvis<br />

iqna gadacemuli. rogorc 1826 wels konsuli gamba<br />

werda „iraklis mSvenieri baRi, cnobili Tavisi Crdilovani<br />

xeivnebiT da alvis xeebiT, amJamad gadacemulia<br />

axali raionis mSeneblobisaTvis“. Zveli sololakis<br />

raionSi zemoT aRniSnuli baRebisagan darCa mxolod ori<br />

fragmenti: „saqarTvelos mefeTa baRebi“, leRva-xevis<br />

raionSi, gamoyenebuli botanikuri baRis Seqmnis safuZvlad,<br />

da mefe giorgi XII baRis nawili (romlebsac Cven<br />

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda moveqceT, rom SemovinaxoT<br />

momavali TaobebisaTvis). axali socialur-ekolnomikuri<br />

formaciebi, xolo gansakuTrebiT kapitalizmi<br />

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kerZo sakuTrebis batonobiT<br />

miwaze, xels uwyobdnen baRebis ganadgurebasa da am monakveTebze<br />

qalaqis ganaSenianebas.<br />

kerZomesakuTruli interesebidan gamomdinare<br />

sacxovrebeli kvartalebi, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis centralur<br />

nawilebSi, gaSenda mravalsarTuliani Semosavliani<br />

saxlebiT, romlebmac Caxerges <strong>Tbilisis</strong> pirobebSi<br />

warmoSobili egreTwodebuli mTa-baris qarebis mTavari<br />

gzebi, dRisiT zeviT aRmavali, xolo RamiT qveviT Camomavali<br />

xeobasa da kalTebze (gansakuTrebiT mtkvris<br />

marcxena sanapiro).<br />

gamWoli ganivi quCyebis uqonloba Camomavali pirdapir<br />

mdinaresTan mis orive napirebidan, xels uSlida ha-<br />

20

eris mTa-baris civi dinebebis Tavisufal Camodinebas<br />

qalaqis yvelaze dabal wertilamde.<br />

doqtori n. toropova wers: „qalaqis saerTo ganlageba<br />

sakmaod xelsayrelia, is aSenebulia amfiTeatrad<br />

qvabulSi. am amfiTeatrs kveTs mtkvari TiTqos<br />

uzarmazari gamwmendi mili, gayvanili qalaqis miazmebisa<br />

da uwmindurobis Casadineblad. aseTi ganlageba metad<br />

xelsayreli iqneboda, Tu is mTlianad gadaserili iqneboda<br />

swori da ganieri quCebhiT ori mimarTulebiT, ise<br />

rom erTni gadiodnen golovinis gamziris paralelurad,<br />

xolo meoreni gadakveTavdnen ra mas, midiodnen pirdapir<br />

mdinaresTan, zustad araferi iqneboda meti ukeTesi<br />

sanatreli qalaqis am mTavari da yvelaze metad dasaxlebuli<br />

nawilis ventilaciisaTvis. maSin veraviTar mavne<br />

anaorTqlebs, veraviTar miazmebs ar SeeZloT darCeniliyvnen<br />

qalaqSi, imitom rom isini Seuferxeblad Caedinebodnen<br />

mtkvramde farTo da swori ganivi quCebiT da<br />

Tavmoyrili iqnebodnen grZivi quCebiT, aq, ase mudmivad<br />

mqroli Crdilo qarebiT.<br />

amJamad ki Cven vxedavT sruliad sawinaaRmdegos.<br />

qalaqi TiTqos gangebaa ise aSenebuli, rom ar gauSvas<br />

masSi dagrovebuli gabinZurebuli haeri. Tu aq kidevac<br />

aris swori quCebi, isini ebjinebian yrud maT gadamkveT<br />

nagebobebs, an gadian iseT nawilebSi, sadac viwro da<br />

mrude pirobebSi yovelgvari qari, romelsac SeeZlo gaesufTavebina<br />

quCebi, exla mxolod SeanjRrevs qalaqSi,<br />

uvargis, mtvrian haers, gaJRenTils yovelgvari airebiT<br />

da anaorTqlebiT, romlebsac ara aqvT gasasvleli“. Semdeg,<br />

ajamebs ra, avtori aRniSnavs: „amgvarad, <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

orTografiuli ganlageba saerTod metad xelsayrelia<br />

da, Tu raime afuWebs mas, es TviT mosaxleobaa, romelmac<br />

ara marto yvelaze metad Tavi moiyara iq, sadac sinamdvileSi<br />

ar iyo saWiro dasaxleba, aramed ise Caxerga<br />

gasasvleli, rogorc mtkvrisa da aragvis xeobidan mom-<br />

21

dinare, ise adgilze warmoqmnili miazmiT“.<br />

am wlebSi mTavari saqalaqo Siga bunebrivi dominanta<br />

mdinare mtkvari gadaiqca sayar daWaobebul adgilad,<br />

romelzedac umetesad gadiodnen kerZo sawarmoebi.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom warsulSi TbilisSi, saqarTvelos<br />

rigi sxva qalaqebidan gansxvavebiT, samrewvelo<br />

obieqtebi Sendeboda mTel mis teritoriaze, amave dros<br />

meteorologiuri faqtorebis gauTvaliswineblad, sanitarul-damcavi<br />

zonebis gareSe, rac sagrZnob uaryofiT<br />

gavlenas axdenda qalaqis garemo aris mdgomareobaze.<br />

mwvane nargavebi qalaqSi da misi midamoebSi cota<br />

iyo, <strong>Tbilisis</strong> garSemortymuli mTebis kalTebi sruliad<br />

moklebuli iyvnen Zvel mdidar tyeebs. aseve ar xdeboda<br />

mdinare mtkvris napirebis gamwvaneba.<br />

socialisturi <strong>Tbilisis</strong> pirveli generaluri gegma<br />

damtkicebuli iqna 1925 wels. miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis<br />

gauqmebam, sacxovrebeli fondis municipalizaciam<br />

SesaZlebeli gaxada gatarebuliyo zogierTi qalaqmSeneblobiTi<br />

RonisZiebebi. daiwyo qalaqis teritoriis gamwvanebisa<br />

da gawylovanebis didi samuSaoebi, mTawmindis<br />

kalTebze tyeparkis mowyobis, mdinare veres marcxena napirze<br />

zooparkis mSeneblobis samuSaoebi.<br />

dagegmili iyo ramodenime parkis Seqmna q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

sxvadasxva nawilebSi. am proeqtSi axali mTavrobis erTerTi<br />

ZiriTadi zrunva garemo aris gaumjobeseba iyo.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> rekonstruqciis gegmaSi (Sedgenilia<br />

1932-1934 w.w., avtorebi i. malozemovi, z. qurdiani, g.<br />

gogava, s. Salaxovski) ganviTareba pova qalaqis istoriulad<br />

Camoyalibebulma struqturam, romelic viwro<br />

zolad iyo gaWimuli mTis qedebs Soris mdinare mtkvris<br />

napirebze. qalaqis saerTo sigrZe daiyvaneboda 25 km-mde.<br />

mniSvnelovan moments proeqtSi warmoadgendnen mtkvris<br />

napirebze sanapiroebis mSenebloba da mwvane masivebis<br />

organizacia, mTavari isaa, rom am proeqtSi dayenebuli<br />

23

iyo qalaqidan aRmosavleTiT maxaTis maRlobze mdebare<br />

sami tbis SesarTavTan samgoris wyalsacavis mSeneblobis<br />

sakiTxi. momavali wyalsacavi unda gadaqceuliyo<br />

samgoris didi gvalviani raionis morwyvis wyarod, ris<br />

Sedegadac gaumjobesda <strong>Tbilisis</strong> bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong><br />

pirobebi da Seiqmneboda saukeTeso sanitarul-higienuri<br />

pirobebi mosaxleobis cxovrebisaTvis am raionSi.<br />

proeqti iTvaliswinebda, arsebuli qalaqis Zireul<br />

rekonstruqciasTan erTad, axali teritoriebis aTvisebas<br />

avWalis (500 ha), navTluRis (2000 ha), saburTalos<br />

(1000 ha) raionebSi da diRmis velze (2000 ha).<br />

diRmis veli dakavebuli iyo baRebiTa da venaxebiT,<br />

romlebic warmoadgendnen qalaqisaTvis saWiro haeris<br />

rezervuars.<br />

proeqti iTvaliswinebda mwvane nargavebis normis dayvanas<br />

66,5 m2 adamianze da mwvane nargavebis qveS gamoyofda<br />

4800 ha-s anu qalaqis teritoriis TiTqmis naxevars.<br />

magram gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas am wleb-<br />

Si warmoadgenda mdinare mtkvris daWaobebuli totis<br />

daSroba madaTovis kunZulTan. yofil kunZulze moewyo<br />

parki.<br />

dagegmili iyo kulturisa da dasvenebis parkis mowyoba<br />

mTawmindis blatoze.<br />

omisSemdgomi periodis (1951-1960 w.w.) axali generaluri<br />

gegma iTvaliswinebda qalaqis ganviTarebas grZivi<br />

mimarTulebiT, mtkvris dinebiT.<br />

navaraudevi iyo quCebis arsebuli qselis rekonstruqcia.<br />

ganivi quCebis daxSva XIX da XX saukunis dasawyisis<br />

nagebobebiT da organizirebuli ganivi gasasvlelebis<br />

uqonloba aZnelebs mosaxleobis gasvlas sanapirosaken<br />

da mniSvnelovanwilad auaresebs raionebis mikroklimats“.<br />

saWiroa aRniSnos, rom TbilisSi xorcieldeba ganivi<br />

24

kavSirebis dagegmarebis calkeuli mxareebis gadawyveta<br />

(Celuskinelebis quCa-Celuskinelebis xidi-gmirTa moedani-axali<br />

varazis-xevis quCa).<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> pirobebSi aseTi grZivi da ganivi quCebis<br />

qselis Seqmna, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaumjobesebuliyo qalaqis ganiaveba, warmoadgenda erTerT<br />

yvelaze mizanSewonil da xelsayrel gadawyvetas.<br />

am wlebSi grZeldeba saparko masivebis Seqmnis udidesi<br />

samuSaoebi. Sendeba didi parki vakeSi didi kaskadiT,<br />

rac am teritoriaze saukeTeso sanitarul-higienur pirobebs<br />

qmnis.<br />

„<strong>Tbilisis</strong> zRvis“ irgvliv iqmneba dasvenebis zona,<br />

mowyobilia parki 850 ha-mde farobiT. navaraudevia mwvane<br />

sartylis Seqmna q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> irgvliv (tyeparkis sartyeli),<br />

rac SeiZleba miCneul iqnes gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan<br />

RonisZiebad.<br />

axali generaluri gegmis Sesabamisad, TbilisSi, Tavisufal<br />

teritoriebze axali sabinao mSeneblobis qveS<br />

gamoyofili farTobi Seadgens daaxlovebiT saerTo sabinao<br />

fondis 70%-s.<br />

axali saqalaqo teritoriebis aeraciis sakiTxebi<br />

rTuli da Taviseburia, isini ar iyo sakmarisad Seswavlili.<br />

ris Sedegadac am teritoriebis ganaSenianebis<br />

proeqtebi aRmoCndnen arasrulfasovani.<br />

rogorc i. ciciSvili aRniSnavs: „mosaxleobis namatis<br />

gansaTavisufleblad gamoyofili iqna avWala-gldanis,<br />

lilos, varkeTilis, diRmis da sxva miwebi. am prolcess<br />

mohyva tyis gaCexva da mwvane nargavebis ganadgureba, ramac<br />

ekologiur katasrofamde migviyvana.<br />

amJamad dawyebulia ori monakveTis diRmisa da varkeTilis<br />

aTviseba. es monakveTebi aramarto dakavebulia<br />

baRebiTa da venaxebiT, aramed warmoadgenen qalaqisaTvis<br />

saWiro haeris rezervuarebs, mis saWiro garemos. diRomi<br />

ganlagebulia qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi, saidanac Tbi-<br />

26

lisSi moedinebian haeris gabatonebuli nakadebi.<br />

winaRobis mowyoba qalaqSi, romelic isedac ganlagebulia<br />

qvabulSi da ganiavebis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba<br />

gaaCnia dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken Cven gveCveneba,<br />

rom mniSvnelovnad mizanSewonilia Catardes qalaqis<br />

Zveli raionebis rekonstruqcia da gamoyenebuli iqnes<br />

centraluri teritoriebi nacvlad qalaqis gafarToebisa<br />

ganusazRvrelad da usafuZvlod.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> Tavdapirveli ganaSenianebis dagegmarebaSi<br />

asaxuli iyo landSafturi da bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong><br />

pirobebis Taviseburebebi. mTebisa da xeobebis ferdobebis<br />

safexurovani ganaSenianeba iZleoda dadebiT Sedegebs<br />

aeraciis TvalsazrisiT. qalaqis Tavdapirveli ganaSenianebis<br />

mTavar quCebs qondaT mtkvris gaswvrivi<br />

mimarTuleba, rac uzrunvelyofda qalaqis yvelaze<br />

dabali wertilebis mtkvris xeobaSi gabatonebuli Crdilo-dasavleT<br />

rumbebis qarebiT ganiavebas. feodaluri<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> kvartalebi ganaSenianebulia perimetriulad,<br />

Sekrulia ezoebTan, romlebic erTmaneTSgi iyvnen Serwymuli.<br />

Zveli qalaqis gegmarebaSi asaxuli iyo rogorc<br />

landSaftis da klimatis xasiaTi, aseve qarTvelTa yofacxovrebis<br />

erovnuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

qalaqis sacxovrebel kvartalebSi, sadac mcire iyo<br />

gamwvanebuli farTobebi, ekologiuri wonasworoba<br />

myardeboda didi baRebisa da qalaqis irgvliv vrceli<br />

gamwvanebuli teritoriebis arsebobiT.<br />

axali socialur-ekonomikuri formaciebi xels uwyobda<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> baRebis ganadgurebasa da am monakveTebze<br />

qalaqis ganaSenianebis ganTavsebas.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> axali quCebi gaSenda mravalsarTuliani<br />

saxlebiT, romlebmac Caxerges egreTwodebuli mTaxeobaTa<br />

qarebis mTavari gzebi. mogvianebiT ki gamWoli<br />

ganedi quCebi. Camavalni mdinarisaken mis orive napirebiT<br />

gadaketili iqnen SenobebiT, rac gaxda haeris mTa-<br />

28

xeobaTa. civi qarebis winaRobad qalaqis yvelaze dabal<br />

wertilebamde.<br />

am wlebSi q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> garemo aris mdgomareobaze<br />

sagrZnobi uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina qalaqis<br />

TiTqmis yvela nawilSi sawarmoo sawarmoebis ganviTarebam<br />

am zonebis meteorologiuri da fizikur-geografiuli<br />

faqtorebis gauTvaliswineblad.<br />

mTavari saqalaqo Siga bunebrivi dominanta mdinare<br />

mtkvari mraval adgilebSi gadaqceuli iqna samrewvelo<br />

da sxva narCenebis sanagved.<br />

XXsaukunis damdegs da gansakuTrebiT aswleulis meore<br />

naxevridan daiwyo q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> axali teritoriebis<br />

intensiuri aTviseba. axali saqalaqo teritoriebis aeraciis<br />

sakiTxebi rTuli da Taviseburia, isini ar iyvnen<br />

sakmarisad Seswavlili, ris Sedegadac am teritoriebis<br />

ganaSenianebis proeqtebi arasrulfasovanni aRmoCndnen.<br />

axali teritoriebis aTvisebam industrializaciisa<br />

da urbanizaciis zegavlenis gauTvaliswineblad araxelsayrelad<br />

imoqmeda q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> garemo aris formirebaze,<br />

ramac migyivana ekologiuri wonasworobis darRvevamde<br />

da Sesabamisad qalaqelebis cxovrebis pirobebis mkve-<br />

Trad gauaresebasTan.<br />

Tavi III<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> Tanamedrove<br />

ekologiuri problemebi<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> sahaero auzis mdgomareoba<br />

q. Tbiliss ukavia daaxloebiT 47 kvadratuli kilometris<br />

toli farTobi mkveTrad daRaruli reliefiT.<br />

qalaqis sahaero auzSi Setivtivebul mdgomareobaSi im-<br />

29

yofeba samrewvelo sawarmoebis, agreTve saqalaqo transportis<br />

mier atmosferoSi gamonabolqvi mavne qimiuri<br />

elementebis dauSvebeli raodenoba.<br />

avtosatransporto wili qalaqSi gamabinZurebeli<br />

nivTierebebis jamur gamonabolqvSi Seadgens 85% mets.<br />

gamonabolqv airebSi azotis Jangi 0,05%-ia, naxSirwyalbadis<br />

Jangi 0,06%, gogirdis Jangi 0,004% da a.S.mavne<br />

nivTierebebis gamonabolqvi avtotransportisagan gansakuTrebiT<br />

saSiSia, vinaidan isini dauyovnebliv uerTdebian<br />

biosferos aqtiur zonas, sadac ZiriTadad xdeba<br />

araorganuli nivTierebebis organul nivTierebebad<br />

gardaqmna.<br />

amasTan, mavne nivTierebebis gamonabolqvi avtotransportisagan<br />

Seicavs, naxSirJangTan erTad, rTul, arasakmarisad<br />

Seswavlil tyviasTan narevs, romelic toqsikurobiT<br />

gamoirCeva.<br />

saqarTvelos hidrometeorologiuri sammarTvelos<br />

monacemebiT qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> atmosferuli haeris gamabinZurebel<br />

prioritetul nivTierebebad miCneulia mtveri,<br />

gogirdovani airi, naxSirJangi da azotis orJangi,<br />

agreTve rigi liTonuri elementebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCevian<br />

tyvia, qromi, manganumi da vanadiumi da sxvebi.<br />

atmosferos gamabinZurebeli nivTierebebi qalaqis<br />

gansakuTrebuli geografiuli mdgomareobis gamo aqtiurad<br />

aRweven hidrosferoSi, biosferosa da litosferoSi,<br />

ris Sedegadac icvleba klimati, niadagis,<br />

mcenareuli safaris, zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis<br />

mdgomareoba.<br />

niadagis safaris meSveobiT xorcieldeba nivTierebebis<br />

da energiis cvlis procesebi biosferoSi mTlianoba-<br />

Si, niadagi nTqavs atmosferodan aerozolebs.<br />

minaerTebis ganawileba qalaqebis teritoriaze da<br />

maTi gadatana did manZilebze mWidro urTierTkavSirSia<br />

rig meteorologiur parametrebTan, romlebic atmos-<br />

30

feros qvefenili da sasazRvro fenebis mdgomareobis<br />

damaxasiaTebelia. atmosferos gabinZurebis kvlevisa da<br />

Sefasebis dros am paramentebs ukavSireben atmosferos<br />

gabinZurebis potencialis cnebas. (agc).<br />

qalaqSi xSirad aRiniSneba atmosferodan minarevebis<br />

gamomrecxi naleqebis monacemebi. nislis arseboba da<br />

rigi sxva meteorologiuri movlenebis Warboba xels uwyobs<br />

atmosferos gabinZurebis maRal dones. garda amisa,<br />

SeiZleba darwmuneba, rom atmosferos maRali gabinZureba<br />

zamTarSi da SedarebiT dabali zafxulSi ganpirobebulia<br />

araxelsayreli meteorologiuri pirobebis maRali<br />

da dabali mniSvnelobebiT wlis am sezonebSi.<br />

wlis civ periodSi yvelaze gavrcelebul sinoptikur<br />

situacias, romlis dros q. TbilisSi aRiniSneba atmosferos<br />

jamuri gabinZurebis maRali done, warmoadgens<br />

maRali wnevis Txemi, aRmosavleTidan orientirebuli<br />

(31%). is Cveulebriv dakavSirebulia yazaxeTis, dasavleT-cimbiris<br />

stacionarul anticiklonTan. aRmosavle-<br />

Tis rumbebi, susti qari, nisli.<br />

atmosferos gabinZurebaze gavlenis mniSvnelobis<br />

mixedviT Semdeg sinoptikur situacias warmoadgens amierkavkasiaze<br />

okluziis frontis arseboba (25%). xSirad<br />

ciklonis gavlis Semdeg Cveulebrivi frontis arseboba<br />

ganapirobebs Rrublian aminds, sust qarebs, upiratesad<br />

dasavleTis rumbebis, nisls.<br />

wlis pirvel periodSi sxvagvari damokidebuleba<br />

aRiniSneba atmosferos maRali jamuri gabinZurebis<br />

sinoptikuri situaciisagan.<br />

yvela sinoptikuri situaciebis dros wlis Tbil sezonSi<br />

xdeba miwispira velis gaTboba. q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> teritoriaze<br />

am movlenas araTanabari xasiaTi aqvs da adgiladgil<br />

SeiZleba warmoiqmnas minarevebiT gabinZurebuli<br />

haeris vertikaluri aRmasvlis mcire lokaluri kerebi.<br />

yvela CamoTvlili sinoptikuri situaciebis dros<br />

31

wlis Tbil periodSi aRiniSneba mcireRrubliani amindi,<br />

susti qarebi, xSirad aqvs adgili buruss.<br />

32<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong><br />

mikroraionebi<br />

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom q. TbilisSi, SedarebiT<br />

mSrali da cxeli amindebis dadgomisas, garSemortymul<br />

ferdobebze didi radiaciuli datvirTvebisa da xSiri<br />

qarebis zemoqmedebis gamo isini iwyeben gafxvierebas da<br />

vertikaluri nakadebi abinZureben haers, ajereben ra mas<br />

mtvriT.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> mikroraionebi

qalaqis „mtvris xufis“ Sesaxeb Semdegi monacemebi<br />

(inglisi) mTel teritoriaze ileqeba dReSi 200 t-mde<br />

mtveri. „mtvris xufi“ aRwevs ra 1500-2500 metr simaRles,<br />

gadafaraven qalaqebs, STanTqaven ra mzis sxivebis<br />

mniSvnelovan raodenobas (parizSi ultraiisferi radiacia<br />

mcirdeba 10 jer qalaqis midamoebTan SedarebiT).<br />

qarebis saerTo nakadebTan erTad, iseve rogorc yvela<br />

did qalaqebSi, q. TbilisSi gabatonebulia adgilobrivi<br />

qarebi (qalaqis qarebi), romlebic warmoiqmnebian<br />

qalaqsa da mis ganapirebs Soris temperaturebis sxvaobis<br />

Sedegad.<br />

es qarebi qrian ganapiridan qalaqis centrisaken.<br />

ZiriTadad qalaqis qarebs SeuZliaT warmoqmnan temperaturebis<br />

sxvaobisas 5 da wnevis sxvaobisas ara nakleb<br />

0,07 mm, maTi siCqare 3,3 m/wm aRwevs. es pirobebi SeimCneva<br />

upiratesad cxeli zafxulis saRamoebisa da RamiT. unda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom umravles SemTxvevebSi nislis airebTan<br />

mTeli narevi, warmoqmnili q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> gareubnebsa da<br />

samrewvelo raionebSi, gadaitaneba Ramis dros qalaqis<br />

centrisaken. im dros, rodesac gareubnebi iReben sufTa<br />

haers sofel adgilebidan, qalaqis centrSi Zvel raionamde<br />

is Cveulebriv ver aRwevs.<br />

rogorc Cans, yvela qarebi gabinZurebuli haeriT<br />

grovdebian qalaqis centralur dadablebul raionSi.<br />

ukanasknel aTwleulSi mkvlevarTa didi yuradReba<br />

miqceulia atmosferuli naleqebis qimiuri Semadgenlobis<br />

Seswavlaze, romlebic xels uwyoben nivTierebebis<br />

mimoqcevas bunebaSi da warmoadgenen atmosferos TviTgawmendis<br />

mZlavr meqanizms.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> raionSi bunebrivi aris gabinZurebis<br />

kompleqsuri kvlevisa da mdgomareobis Sefasebis warmodgenili<br />

Sedegebi SesaZleblobas iZleva gamovyoT<br />

atmosferuli haeri rogorc garemo, romelic ganicdis<br />

yvelaze metad intensiur antropogenur zemoqmedebas.<br />

33

34<br />

Tburi reJimi<br />

bunebrivi da antropogenuri faqtorebis erToblivi<br />

zemoqmedebis Sedegad qalaqSi formirdeba Tavisi gansakuTrebulir<br />

mikroklimati.<br />

qalaqis teritoriis mikroklimatis yvelaze metad<br />

damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas warmoadgens „siTbos kun-<br />

Zulebis“ arseboba, romlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia haeris<br />

temperaturis amaRleba gareubnebTan SedarebiT.<br />

rogorc aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi milioniani qalaqi xasiaTdeba<br />

sakmaod mWidro da mdgradi „siTbos kunZulebiT“,<br />

romlebsac 10 km-mde diametri, xolo farTobi ara nakleb<br />

10 aTasi ha aqvT.<br />

q. TbilisSi „siTbos kunZulebs“ rTuli struqtura<br />

aqvT, amasTan qalaqis ganaSenianebis TiToeuli kvartali<br />

warmoadgens siTbos wyaros garSemortymul gauSenebeli<br />

monakveTebisaTvis.<br />

q. TbilisSi haeris saSualo temperatura wlis yvela<br />

sezonSi mis SemogarenSi temperaturaze maRlaa.<br />

qalaqis amaRlebuli siTburi efeqti weliwadSi 0,1dan<br />

2-mde meryeobs. magram zafxulSi Ramis susti qaris<br />

dros temperaturebis sxvaobam SeiZleba 2,0 miaRwios,<br />

Zlieri qarebis dros is Cveulebriv klebulobs. qaris<br />

siCqaris gazrda zafxulis Ramis periodlSi saWiroa<br />

ganxiluli iqnes rogorc xelsayreli faqtori, rac aadvilebs<br />

Termoregulaciis saqmianobas.<br />

„siTbos kunZulis“ amaRlebas qalaq TbilisSi xels<br />

uwyobs agreTve zedapirebis mier mzis siTbos gazrdili<br />

akumalacia albedos daqveiTebiT asfalts, qvis safars,<br />

kedlebs, Senobebs Tunuqis saxuravebs zafxulobiT<br />

ufro maRali temperatura gaaCniaT, romelic (40 0 ) (60 0 )<br />

aRwevs. q. TbilisSi zafxulSi asfalti xurdeba mzeze<br />

44 0 -mde, betoni 41 0 -mde, balaxi 32 0 -mde.<br />

„siTbos kunZulis“ gadideba cudad moqmedebs adami-

anis organizmze. temperaturis amaRlebisadmi yvelaze<br />

mgrZnobiare bavSvebi arian rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven,<br />

miwispira fenaSi 50 sm-mde simaRleze yalibdeba<br />

„sabavSvo klimati“. haeris sazafxulo temperaturisas<br />

25-30 temsperatura asfaltis zemoT izrdeba 40-50-mde.<br />

patara bavSvebi itanjebian organizmis gadaxurebisagan.<br />

„siTbos kunZulis“ intensiuroba damokidebulia agreTve<br />

mcxovreblebis raodenobaze qalaqSi.<br />

„siTbos kunZulis“ arseboba qalaqSi SeiZleba ganxiluli<br />

iqnes rogorc siTburi gabinZureba, dakavSirebuli<br />

siTbos gamoyofasTan cxovelebis, mikrooganizmebis<br />

mier antropogenuri siTbos gamoyofiT, ganpirobebuls<br />

haeris airuli da aerozoluri gabinZurebiT, agreTve energetikuli<br />

wyaroebis Termuli zemoqmedebiT TbilisSi.<br />

gareubanSi wiaRiseuli swavavis, navTis, airebis da Termuli<br />

wylebis (gogirdi) gamoyenebas mivyevarT siTbos<br />

damatebiTi wyaroebis warmoSobamde.<br />

aeroziuli nawilakebis maRali koncentracia qalaqis<br />

atmosferoSi xels uwyobs nislis ganmeoradobis gadidebas<br />

maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mdgradi nislis tipi<br />

smogi, romelTa wveTebi Seicaven atmosferos gamabinZurebeli<br />

minarevebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas. geomorfologiuri<br />

pirobebi xels uwyoben imas, rom smogs<br />

SeuZlia iarsebobs qalaqis Tavze ramodenime dRis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

rac did zians ayenebs mosaxleobis janmrTelobas.<br />

higienistebi weren: „gogirdovani airis da misi<br />

warmoebulebis zemoqmedeba adamiansa da cxovelebze<br />

gamovlindeba upirveles yovlisa zeda sasunTqi gzebis<br />

dazianebaSi. 1952 wels 3 4 dRis ganmavlobaSi smogisagan<br />

londonSi daiRupa 4 aTas kacze meti. TviT nisli ar aris<br />

saSiSi adamianis organizmisaTvis, is xdeba mavne mxolod<br />

maSin, rodesac metismetad gabinZurebulia toqsikuri<br />

minarevebiT.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> gareubanSi wyneTis mTidan TiTqmis yov-<br />

35

el diliT SeiZleba davinaxoT qalaqze dakiduli kvamlis<br />

saburveli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, es kvamli grovdeba<br />

dabal niSnulze temperaturuli inversiis gamo,<br />

gamowveuls Ramis radiaciiT.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> haeris Txeli qveda fena, romelic Seicavs<br />

aerozoluri nawilakebis yvelaze met raodenobas,<br />

amcirebs mzis radiacias. rogorc cnobilia,mzis pirdapiri<br />

radiaciis Tviuri da wliuri jami marTobul zedapirze<br />

ganpirobebulia mxolod atmosferos saerTo gam-<br />

WvirvalobiT. rac Seexeba arekvliTi unaris (albedo)<br />

cvlilebas, is icvleba 17%-dan zafxulSi 20-21%-mde<br />

noemberSi, dekembersa da ianvarSi.<br />

garda amisa aerozolis koncentraciis gazrda qalaqis<br />

Tavze amcirebs ultraiisferi gamosxivebas saSualod<br />

30%-iT (zamTris TveebSi is SeiZleba mTlianad gaqres).<br />

ultraiisferi sxivebi udides fiziologiur zegavlenas<br />

axdenen adamianze. rodesac qalaq TbilisSi smogi Crdilavs<br />

ultraiisfer sxivebs, maSin qalaqelebis pirsaxe<br />

avadmyofuri da fermkrTali xdeba. am SemTxvevebSi, ker-<br />

Zod, bavSvebi, avaddebian raxitiT.<br />

aerozolis koncentraciis gazrdisas mkveTrad<br />

mcirdeba agreTve mzis cialis xangrZlivoba 5-15%-iT.<br />

garda amisa, ZiriTad nivTierebebs unda miekuTvnos<br />

prioritetuli nivTierebebic. kvlevebma aCvenes, rom<br />

prioritetul nivTierebebs, romlebic qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

atmosferul haers abinZureben, miekuTvnebian rigi li-<br />

Tonuri elementebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva tyvia,<br />

qromi, manganumi da vanadiumi. am elementebis haerSi koncentracia<br />

da atmosferodan maTi gamoyofis raodenoba<br />

qvefenil zedapirze intensiuri antropogenuri zemoqmedebis<br />

raionebSi 2-6-jer aRemateba maT mniSvnelobas<br />

mTian raionebSi.<br />

qalaqis garemos gabinZureba mavned moqmedebs adamianis<br />

janmrTelobaze. higienuri kvlevebis monacemebiT<br />

36

dadgenilia q. TbilisSi haeris gabinZurebis donisagan<br />

daavadebebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis, maT Soris filtvebis<br />

kibos, zrdis damokidebuleba. araxelsayrel sahaero<br />

garemoian raionebSi cxovrebasTan izrdeba qronikuli<br />

araspecifiuri filtvebis daavadebebis ricxvi bavSveb-<br />

Si, mwvave respiratoruli daavadebebis, qronikuli pnevmoniebisa<br />

da bronqialuri astmis SemTxvevebi.<br />

q. Tbiliss erT-erTi pirveli adgili ukavia bronqialuri<br />

alergiiT daavadebebiT.<br />

rogorc higienistebi aRniSnaven, infeqciuri daavadebebis<br />

done qalaqis macxovreblebs Soris (anginisa<br />

da gripis gareSe) 2-jer da metad aRemateba amgvars soflis<br />

macxovreblebSi.<br />

atmosferuli gabinZurebis zemoqmedebis qveS xdeba<br />

Senobebisa da nagebobebis, istoriis, arqiteqturis da<br />

kulturis Zeglebis rRvevac.<br />

haeris gabinZureba mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs liTonis<br />

nakeTobaTa korozias.<br />

atmosferuli haeris gabinZurebisagan itanjebian cxovelebi.<br />

magaliTad, spilenZsadnobi qarxnebis narCenebi<br />

(qlori, dariSxani, stibiumi) iwveven Sinauri da gareuli<br />

cxovelebis, romlebic am nivTierebebiT gabinZurebuli<br />

balaxiT ikvebebian, daRupvas.<br />

mwvane safaris mdgomareoba<br />

antropogenuri zemoqmedeba garemo areze damRupvelad<br />

moqmedebs mcenareulobaze. mwvane nargavebi qalaq<br />

TbilisSi, gansakuTrebiT maTi patara masivebi da rigiTi<br />

nargavebi (centralur raionebSi), Zlier dabeCavebuli<br />

arian uaryofiTi kompleqsebis: sahaero auzisa da niadagis<br />

gabinZurebiT, fizikuri datvirTvebiT da eleqtromagnituri<br />

gamosxivebiT, sakvebi nivTierebebis gaRaribe-<br />

37

iT, tyviiTa da sxva Sxamiani nivTierebebiT gabinZurebis<br />

gavleniT. Tu tyeSi cacxvi aRwevs 300-400 wlis asaks,<br />

qalaqis parkebSi mxolod 125-150 wels, xeivnebsa da<br />

quCebSi 50-80 wels.<br />

mcenareebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damRupvelia maTze<br />

gogirdovani airis zegavlena, yvelaze masobrivi gamabinZureblis,<br />

romelic SeaRwevs ra foTlebSi, bageebidan,<br />

roeaqciaSi Sedis qlorofilSi Semaval rkinasTan, xolo<br />

Semdgom iwvevs qlorofilis daSlas da ujredis daRupvas.<br />

gogirdovani airis xangrZlivi zemoqmedebisas dazianeba<br />

yvelaze adre vlindeba muxasa da fiWvSi. yvelaze<br />

ukeTesad <strong>Tbilisis</strong> raionebSi am airs eguebian eldaris<br />

da Savi fiWvi, amerikuli nekerCxali, ifani.<br />

mcenareulobis da, kerZod, tyeebisa da baRebis<br />

sasikeTo gavlenaze qalaqis mikroklimatze, miTiTebuli<br />

iyo jer kidev Zvel drosa da Sua saukuneebSi. mrewvelobis<br />

ganviTarebas, qalaqisa da qalaqis ganaSenianebis Tavmoyris<br />

zrdis kvalobaze sul ufro mimzidveli xdeba<br />

qalaqis mwvane masivebis Seqmnis idea.<br />

mwvane nargavebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, qalaqis mikroklimatis gajansaRebaSi.<br />

sidide, xasiaTi, mwvane safaris ganTavseba gavlenas axdens<br />

atmosferos mdgomareobaze, temperaturul-radiaciul,<br />

tenianobis, qaris, xmauris regulirebis doneze, vibraciaze<br />

da a.S. mwvane safari gvexmareba vebrZoloT haeris<br />

mtvriT, WvartliT gaWuWyianebas, erTi mxriv amcirebs da<br />

damtverianebis zedapirebs, xolo meore mxriv, akavebs ra<br />

gabinZurebuli haeris nakadebis moZraobas. mwvane teritoriebis<br />

haeri naklebad damtverianebulia, vidre mwvane<br />

safaris gareSe adgilebSi (bunebrivia mcenareebis sxvadasxva<br />

saxeobebs sxvadasxva mtverdamcavi unari aqvT).<br />

rogorc cnobilia, simwvane xels uwyobs haerSi molivlive<br />

baqteriebis raodenobis Semcirebas, adidebs<br />

atmosferos gamWvirvalobas, da amiT TviT mzis, ul-<br />

38

traiisferi sxivebis radiaciis intensiurobas. mwvane safarebi<br />

gavlenas axdenen haeris tenianobazec. tenis didi<br />

aorTqlebisa da gamwvanebul raionebSi qaris siZlieris<br />

Semcirebis gamo fardobiTi tenianoba ufro maRalia.<br />

q. TbilisSi haeris temperaturis amaRlebasTan<br />

swrafad izrdeba tenianobis deficiti. misi gansakuTrebiT<br />

SesamCnevi zrda aRiniSneba maisSi, ivnissa da<br />

ivlisSi.<br />

mwvane safari amcirebs lamis radiaciasac (miwis mier<br />

dRis ganmavlobaSi dagrovebuli siTbos gacemas), amas-<br />

Tan niadagTan axlomyof atmosferuli fenebis temperaturuli<br />

meryeobebi ufro zomieri xdeba. mwvane masivebis<br />

siaxloves haeris temperatura qalaqSi zamTarSi ufro<br />

maRalia, xolo zafxulSi dabali, vidre ganaSenianebul<br />

teritoriebze Senobebis irgvliv. amitomac <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

dagegmarebisas saWiroa swori landSaftur-arqiteqturuli<br />

midgoma.<br />

mwvane nargavebi aumjobeseben haeris qimiur Semadgenlobas:<br />

haeris moZraoba xels uwyobs mavne airebis mo-<br />

Sorebas: ufro grili haeris gavleniT, momdinareT mwvane<br />

nargavebidan, airebiT gabinZurebuli Tbili haeris<br />

nakadebi izrdebian atmosferos zeda fenebSi.<br />

mcenareuloba asufTavebs dasaxlebis haers wvis sxvadasxva<br />

produqtebiTa da sxva mavne airebiT gabinZurebisagan.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, mwvane nargavebi xels uwyoben<br />

atmosferos qimiur da biologiur gawmendas.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> saqalaqo sazRvrebis farglebSi mwvane<br />

nargavebis ganawilebis araTanabroba, agreTve parkebs,<br />

baRebs, skverebs, xeivnebs, xeebs da danarCen mwvane nargavebs<br />

Soris kavSirebis funqcionaluri kompoziciebis<br />

zemoaRniSnuli aryofna gavlenas axdens aramarto<br />

qalaqis landSaftze, aramed ekologiur mdgomareobaze<br />

mTlianobaSi, vinaidan vrceli mwvane nargavebis uqonloba<br />

iwvevs Semdeg araxelsayrel movlenebs: gvalvian kli-<br />

39

mats, did qarianobas axal kvartalebSi, niadagis gamtverianebas,<br />

qalaqis haeris gabinZurebis maRal dones.<br />

yvelaze cud mdgomareobaSi gamwvanebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

qalaqis samrewvelo raionebi imyofebian. es raionebi<br />

ufro metad, vidre qalaqis romelime sxva raionebi<br />

saWiroeben sazogadoebrivi gamwvanebis, mwvane nargavebis<br />

sanitarul-dacviTi zolebis kargad ganviTarebul<br />

sistemas. qalaq TbilisSi ar arsebobs gamwvaneba qalaqis<br />

sahaero auzis aqtiuri gabinZurebis kerebis garSemoc ki.<br />

mrewvelobis teritorialurma ganviTarebam, romelic ar<br />

iTvaliswinebda qalaqis interesebs kompleqsSi, migviyvana<br />

iqamde, rom SedarebiT alxadaSenebuli mravalsarTuliani<br />

sacxovrebeli saxlebi aRmoCndnen sxvadasxva<br />

sawarmoebis mavne gamonabolqvebis zonaSi.<br />

mwvane nargavebis arsebuli masivebi kavSirSi ar arian<br />

gareubnis zonasa da mis mwvane sivrceebTan. sagareubno<br />

mwvane sartyeli <strong>Tbilisis</strong> garSemo ar arsebobs, miuxedavad<br />

misi mniSvnelovani sanitarul-higienuri da rekreaciuli<br />

rolisa qalaqis teritoriis specifikur fizikurgeografiul<br />

da bunebriv-klimatur pirobebSi. kargad<br />

ganviTarebuli tyeparkuli sartyeli qalaqis irgvliv<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> klimats.<br />

tyis mcenareuloba, rogorc garemo aris komponenti,<br />

mWidrod urTierTomoqmedebs mis sxva komponentebTan<br />

(wyali, haeri, niadagi da sxva), monawileobs<br />

mTeli sistemis wonasworobis SekavebaSi, asrulebs ra<br />

aqtiur rols nivTierebebis bunebaSi mimoqcevaSi. saSualod<br />

tiyianobis Semcirebis TiToeul 1% mocemul wyalsakreb<br />

raionSi mivyevarT wylis Cadinebis Semcirebisken<br />

2-2,5% farglebSi. tye icavs niadags eroziisagan, amitom<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> rTuli reliefis pirobebSi saWiroa mwvane<br />

masivebis Seqmna ferdobebis eroziis asacileblad, wyaldacvisaTvis<br />

da ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebisaTvis.<br />

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi sacx-<br />

40

ovrebeli dasaxlebebi proeqtirdeba tyis masivebze, rac<br />

dauSvebelia am fizikur-geografiul pirobebSi.<br />

tyis SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa haeridan radioaqtiuri<br />

niv Tierebebis amorTmeva. gabinZurebuli haeris vrceli<br />

tyis farTobebze gavlisas simRvrivis faqtori qveiTdeba<br />

10-30%-iT, aerozoluri SemRvreva 20-30%-iT, xiluli<br />

ultraiisferi radiaciis intensiuroba izrdeba 15-25%iT.<br />

ekologiuri wonasworobisaTvis urboekologiis<br />

farglebSi q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> farglebs gareT aucileblad<br />

unda iyos gamoyofili raionebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben<br />

TviTregulaciis (bunebidan) uzrunvelyofas,<br />

antropogenuri zemoqmedebis gareSe. am teritoriebis<br />

qveS unda gavigoT bunebrivi garemos iseTi mdgomareoba,<br />

romelic Seinaxavs da kvlavwarmoebs ZiriTad bunebriv<br />

komponentrebs: atmosferul haers, wylis resursebs,<br />

niadag-mcenareul safars, cxovelTa samyaros. bunebrivi<br />

garemos ZiriTadi komponentebis kvlavwarmoeba mocemul<br />

teritoriebze uzrunvelyofs maT balanss qalaqis<br />

pirobebSi. es teritoriebi q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong>aTvis iqnebian<br />

buferuli kompensatoruli zonebi. buferul zonebSi<br />

saWiroa uzrunvelyofil iqnes, pirvel rigSi, tyis fondis<br />

gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoeba, aikrZalos tyis er-<br />

Tiani da pirobiT erTiani gaCexva, aRdgenili iqnes cxovelebisa<br />

da frinvelebis populaciebi, aikrZalos<br />

yovelgvari antropogenuri zemoqmedeba bunebriv land-<br />

Saftze.<br />

1. qalaq TbilisSi mkafiod gamoxatulia sahaero auzis<br />

dauSvebeli mdgomareoba.<br />

saqarTvelos hidrometeorologiis sammarTvelos<br />

monacemebiT haeris gabinZurebis done gacilebiT<br />

maRalia, vidre qveyanaSi.<br />

TbilisSi ZiriTadi gamabinZurebeli wyaroebi gan-<br />

41

lagebuli arian qalaqis Crdilo-dasavleT da<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilebSi, sadac CrdilodasavleTi<br />

da samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebis<br />

qarebia gabatonebuli. am qarebs qalaqSi SemoaqvT<br />

samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier gabinZurebuli haeri,<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleT qarebis mier modenili haeri,<br />

garda samrewvelo gamonabolqvebiT gabinZurebisa,<br />

Seicavs agreTve mtvris did raodenobas. (am qarebis<br />

nakadebi gajerebulia niadagis wvrili nawilakebiT).<br />

2. sahaero auzis gabinZurebis done q. TbilisSi damokidebulia<br />

meteorologiur da fizikur-geografiul<br />

pirobebze.<br />

bunebrivi da antropogenuri faqtorebis erToblivi<br />

zegavlenis Sedegad qalaqSi yalibdeba Tavisi gansakuTrebuli<br />

mikroklimati „siTbos kunZuli“.<br />

„siTbos kunZulis“ intensiuroba damokidebulia<br />

qalaqis zomebze da izrdeba mis gadidebasTan er-<br />

Tad.<br />

3. aerozoluri nawilakebis maRali koncentracia qalaqis<br />

atmosferoSi xels uwyobs smogis tipis nislebis<br />

ganmeoradeobis zrdas.<br />

geomorfologiuri pirobebi xels uwyoben imas, rom<br />

smogi qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> Tavze ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSia,<br />

rasac didi ziani moaqvs mosaxleobis janmrTelobisaTvis.<br />

4. ekologiuri wonasworobisaTvis <strong>Tbilisis</strong> sazRvrebs<br />

gareT urboekologiis farglebSi aucileblad unda<br />

iyos gamoyofili antropogenuri zemoqmedebis gareSe<br />

TviTregulaciis uzrunvelyofis xelSemwyobi<br />

raionebi. es teritoriebi qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong>aTvis<br />

buferul kompensatorul zonebs warmoadgenen.<br />

buferuli zonebi SesZleben ganaxorcielon sakmarisi<br />

raodenobis atmosferuli Jangbadis kvlavwarmoeba.<br />

42

Tavi IV<br />

meToduri midgomis damuSaveba<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> rekonstruqciis<br />

qalaqTmSeneblobis gadasawyvetad<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> ekologiuri ConCxedis Seqmnisas mTavari<br />

yuradReba unda mieqces Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawils,<br />

pirvel bunebriv-klimatur zonas. rogorc qalaqis bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong><br />

sqemidan Cans, qaris ZiriTadi mimarTuleba<br />

ganisazRvreba md. mtkvris xeobis mimarTulebiT.<br />

mTeli wlis manZilze qalaqsa da mis SemogarenSi Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

mimarTulebis qarebia gabatonebuli,<br />

romelTa ganmeoradeoba saSualod wlisaTvis Seadgens<br />

33-40% qalaqis centrSi, xolo mis aRmosavleT SemogarenSi-aeroportis<br />

raionSi aRwevs 66%, xolo zamTris<br />

TveebSi 74-80%.<br />

Crdilo-dasavleT qarebs aqvT faqtiurad qalaqis<br />

gawmendis funqcia, es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom am upiratesi<br />

mimarTulebis qarebi yvelaze Zlierebs warmoadgenen.<br />

amis Sesaxeb toropovski wers Semdegs: „mtkvari<br />

TiTqos uzarmazari gamwmendi milia“. qarebis (CrdilodasavleTisa<br />

da CrdiloeTis) saSualo wliuri siCqare<br />

Seadgens 3,9-4,8 m/wm da 3,1-1,8 m/wm.<br />

qarebi Crdilo SemadgenliT suramis qedze gadasvlis<br />

Semdeg, romlis orive ferdobi mcenareulobiTaa<br />

dafaruli, miqrian diRmis gamwvanebuli veliT da Sedian<br />

qalaqSi mtvris SedarebiT mcire SemcvelobiT. mtveri ki,<br />

atacebuli zemoqarTlis vakidan, mniSvnelovanwilad ifiltreba<br />

mcxeTis alayafis karebiT, romlis raioni aseve<br />

dafarulia buCqnariTa da tyis mcenareulobiT“.<br />

saWiroa, rom suramis qedis es buferuli zonebi<br />

gulmodgined iqnen izolirebuli antropogenuri zemo-<br />

43

qmedebisagan, rac qalaqSi Semomaval Crdilo-dasavleT<br />

qarebs uzrunvelyofs izolaciiT.<br />

axali raionis didi-diRomis ganaSenianebebma ar unda<br />

gadauRobon gzebi am nakadebs. q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> gegmaze Cans,<br />

rom Senobebi, gansakuTrebiT erTad dajgufebuli patara<br />

moedanze mniSvnelovnad aneleben (zogjer TiTqmis<br />

aCereben) qalaqis nakadebs. didi-diRomis axali raionis<br />

ganaSenianebasTan dakavSirebiT q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> sahaero auzis<br />

gabinZurebis tendencia mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.<br />

axali raionebis ganaSenianebam xeli ar unda SeuSalos<br />

qalaqis gasufTavebas mTlianobaSi, vinaidan dididiRmis<br />

mikroraionSi saWiroa kargad gamwvanebuli teritoriebi.<br />

mwvane nargavebi xeebisa da maRali buCqnarebis nargavebis<br />

saxiT miekuTvnebian haerSeRwevad zRudes. adre<br />

ganxiluli aragamtar zRudeebs, Senobebis saxiT, da<br />

haerSeRwevad zRudeebs, gamwvanebuli nargavebis saxiT,<br />

Soris arsebobs principialuri gansxvaveba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi<br />

zRudis Tavze yalibdeba turbulenturi Wavlebi,<br />

romlebic zRudezea mimarTuli, sadac mizezs zRudeebi<br />

warmoadgenen, xdeba am ori turbulenturi Wavlis gadanacvleba:<br />

erTi moZraobs zRudis maRla, xolo meore<br />

SeaRwevs zRudis SigniT. swored sahaero nakadis SeRweva<br />

zRudis SigniT ganappirobebs mwvane nargavebis garsSemodenili<br />

nakadis transformaciis Taviseburebas.<br />

naTqvamidan gamomdinareobs, rom mwvane nargavebis<br />

mniSvnelovan aerodinamikur Tvisebas warmoadgens maTi<br />

SeRwevadoba xeebisa da buCqnaris totebis rTuli struqturiT.<br />

didi diRomis teritoriaze unda Seqmniliyo mwvane<br />

zona, romelsac unda Seesrulebina, ase vTqvaT, q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

filtvebis roli.<br />

Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi „suramis qedis“ buferebidan<br />

sqemiT qalaqSi unda Semovidnen mwvane nargav-<br />

44

ebis mxridan. Tu nargavebis ubnebi gaWimulia qarebis<br />

mimarTulebis gaswvriv CrdiloeT qarebis nakads mimar-<br />

Taven ganaSenianebuli teritoriebis siRrmeSi da amiT<br />

aaqtiureben q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> teritoriis ganiavebas.<br />

I da II bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionSi ar unda iyos<br />

samrewvelo zRude qalaqis sacxovrebel raionsa da<br />

saukeTeso sagareubno landSaftebTan.<br />

mTeli qalaqis efeqturi ganiavebisaTvis qalaqis Crdilo-dasavleT<br />

nawili unda ganTavisufldes sanitarulad<br />

mavne samrewvelo sawarmoebebisagan, maTi qalaqis<br />

samxreT-aRmosavloeT nawilSi gadatanis gziT.<br />

agreTve II bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> mikroraionis sanapiro<br />

nawilSi da qalaqis VI, VII bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionebSi,<br />

qalaqis teritoriis dadablebul nawilSi<br />

ar unda iyos sanitarulad mavne sawarmoebi.<br />

VI da VII mikroraionebSi SeiniSneba Stilebi da qarebi<br />

mcire siCqareebiT. uqarobis saSualo uwyveti xangr-<br />

Zlivoba wlis civ da Tbil periodebSi erTi rigisa (1,5 -1,6<br />

saaTi). qarebi mcire siCqareebiT warmoadgenen yvelaze<br />

metad am raionis gamabinZureblebs.<br />

„rig SemTxvevebSi haeris miwispira fenaSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

reliefurqvabulebSi da xeobebSi xdeba mavTne<br />

minarevebis dauSvebeli dagroveba. amitom samrewvelo<br />

sawarmoebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani raodenobis mavne<br />

gamonabolqvebs gamoyofen, da sacxovrebeli raionebi ar<br />

unda ganTavsdnen erTi qvabulis an xeobis farglebSi.<br />

yvelaze rTuli ekologiuri situacia qalaq TbilisSi<br />

IX bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionSia. aq, I mikroraionisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, gabatonebuli qarebi qrian or<br />

uiTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebidan.<br />

yvelaze didi antropogenuri datvirTva qalaqis<br />

teritoriaze modis imave IX samrewvelo mikroraionze.<br />

saWiroa moxdes „mavne“ da „uvnebel“ sawarmoebis diferencireba<br />

da daCqardes mcirenarCeniani da unarCeno teq-<br />

45

nologiebis damuSaveba.<br />

is mdgomareobs gamonabolqvebis minimaluri raodenobisa<br />

da narCenebis ganmeorebiT gamoyenebis miRwevaSi<br />

mocemul an sxva teqnologiur procesSi. arsebobs mravali<br />

xerxebi atmosferoSi mavne gamonabolqvebis SemcirebisaTvis,<br />

magram isini ar iZlevian maTi sruli gamoricxvis<br />

SesaZleblobas.<br />

am raionis sahaero auzis gajansaRebisaTvis gamoyofili<br />

sawarmoo gamonabolqvebis gamoricxvis an maqsimalurad<br />

Semcirebis inJinerul-teqnikuri RonisZiebebTan<br />

erTad, saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes dagegmarebiTi<br />

RonisZiebebi.<br />

qalaqis yvelaze did samrewvelo samxreT raionSi<br />

unda Seiqmnas sazogadoebrivi gamwvanebis, mwvane nargavebis<br />

sanitarul-damcveli zolebis kargad ganvi-<br />

Tarebuli sistema. sahaero auzis aqtiuri gabinZurebis<br />

teritoriebidan yvela sacxovrebeli obieqtebis, sabavSvo<br />

dawesebulebebis, skolebis, mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo<br />

momsaxureobis obieqtebisa da sxva organizaciebis<br />

gatana Crdilo-dasavleT raionSi gaanTavisuflebs<br />

mniSvnelovan monakveTebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamwvanebuli<br />

iqnes, rac mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs qalaqis<br />

sanitarul-hinieruli pirobebis gaumjobesebasa da misi<br />

samxreT landSaftis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />

samrewvelo raionSi saWiroa Seiqmnas ganieri mwvane<br />

manZilebi. ganivi mwvane manZilebi samrewvelo teritoriis<br />

zolis mTel sigrZeze Seqmnis kavSirs qalaqsa da mis<br />

qalaqgareT sivrceebTan.<br />

kompaqturi formis samrewvelo raionebi dasaxlebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT landSafts ufro nakleb zians ayeneben,<br />

vidre farTobiT toldidi raionebi wagrZelebuli<br />

da rTuli konfiguraciiT.<br />

qalaqis sacxovrebel da samrewvelo raionebs (IX<br />

bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionSi) Soris unda Seqmnili<br />

46

iqnes kargad ganviTarebuli mwvane sivrceebi, q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

buferebSi Semavali. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar iarsebebs<br />

egreTwodebuli samrewvelo zRude da samxreT-aRmosavleTis<br />

qarebi am sirvceebidan qalaqis centrSi Semovlen<br />

sufTa haeris axal nakadad.<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces qalaqebs<br />

Tbilissa da rusTavs Soris mdebare teritoriis gamwvanebasa<br />

da rekultivizacias. aq, 1970 wels daiwyo krwanisis<br />

tyeparkis Seqmna (farTobiT 3000 ha), romelic unda<br />

gaxdes q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> mTavari buferi. mocemuli teritoriis<br />

gatyvianeba ormagi buferis rols Seasrulebs. erTi<br />

mxridan, masze gavliT Tbilisidan gavlen Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

qarebi, mimarTulni q. rusTavisaken, meore mxriv<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTis qarebi Semovlen <strong>Tbilisis</strong> centrSi.<br />

tyeparkis arqiteqturul-mxatvruli gamoxatulebis<br />

miRwevis gziT aq Semonaxulia lamazi bunebrivi land-<br />

Saftebi, iSviaTi mcenareebis unikaluri mcire ubnebi,<br />

Zvirfasi genofondis cxovelebi, vinaidan kacobrioba<br />

valdebulia STamomavlobis winaSe Semoinaxos yovelive<br />

cocxalis mravalferovneba dedamiwaze. tyeparki Sesa-<br />

Zlebels gaxdis mecnierul safuZvelze gadawydes adamianis<br />

bunebasTan urTierTobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. aq<br />

organulad Serwymulia adamianis saqmianobis elementebi<br />

biosferos TviTregulirebad kompleqsebTan.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> yvelaze metad gabinZurebul centralur<br />

raionebSi mwvaved igrZnoba mwvane nargavebis ukmarisoba.<br />

kargi iqneboda Semonaxuli ganaSenianebebis Rirebulebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili iqnes gamwvanebis ganviTarebuli<br />

sistema dasvenebis sxvadasxvagvari formebiT, axali<br />

sacxovrebeli raionebis analogiurad, praqtikulad<br />

SeuZlebelia. yoveldRiuri dasvenebis funqciebi Tavis<br />

Tavze unda aiRon ezospira gamwvanebulma monakveTebma<br />

(ezoebi), romlebic SeiZleba praqtikaSi dainergos<br />

47

ogorc mosaxleobis naklebad mobiluri jgufebis dasvenebis<br />

adgilebi, miCneuli iqneba ra, rom didebi da axalgazrdoba<br />

Tavis dasvenebas gaatareben axlomdebare<br />

baRebsa da parkebSi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi naklebRirebuli<br />

ganaSenianebis aRebis gziT arsebuli qalaqTmSeneblobis<br />

situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba miRebul<br />

iqnes axali gamwvanebuli monakveTebi.<br />

48

imis gamo, rom qalaqis es teritoriebi xasiaTdebian<br />

uqaro da mcireqariani amindiT, mwvane nargavebis did<br />

masivebs SeuZliaT gamoiwvion haeris Segubebebi. am raionis<br />

haeris Zvradobis SenarCunebisaTvis mizanSewonilia<br />

mwvane nargavebis sistemis soliseburi gaSeneba.<br />

qalaqis ganaSenianebaSi Rrmad SeRweuli mwvane derefnebis<br />

Seqmna (egreTwodebuli mwvane solebi), dakavSirebuli<br />

qalaqis gareubnebis landSaftebTan, mogvcems q.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> efeqtur landSaftur-ekologiur ConCxeds.<br />

qalaqis centraluri raionebis mwvane nargavebis<br />

sistemaSi SeiZleba CairTos TviT Senobebis gamwvanebac,<br />

saxlebis, kedlebis, aivnebis vertikaluri gamwvaneba da<br />

a.S.<br />

qalaqis centralur raionebSi izrdeba Senobebis brtyeli<br />

saxuravebiT univermaRebis, calkeuli samrewvelo<br />

obieqtebis raodenoba, romlebic yvelaze metadaa vargisi<br />

„saxuravebis landSaftebis“ mosawyobad.<br />

baRebi saxuravebze SeiZleba gaxdes dasvenebis gansakuTrebuli<br />

elementi qalaqis gamwvanebis sistemaSi. baRebis<br />

mowyoba saxuravebsa da terasebze mogvcems sargeblobas<br />

damatebiTi gamwvanebuli farTobis saxiT. es<br />

Tema ganaxorcieles iseTma gamoCenilma arqiteqtorebma,<br />

rogorc le korbiuzi, frank loid raiti, valter gropiusi<br />

da sxvebi.<br />

III bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionSi garemo maRlobebidan<br />

momdinare sufTa haeris inversiuli dinebebis ukeT<br />

gamoyenebisaTvis rekomendirebulia qalaqis ferdobebis<br />

ganaSenianeba terasisebri sacxovrebeli saxlebiT.<br />

baRebi terasebze da am raionebis kargi aeracia mogvcemen<br />

im ekologiur efeqts, romelic saWiroa qalaqis centraluri<br />

raionisaTvis.<br />

qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> axali sacxovrebeli raionebi codaven<br />

mcire gamwvanebiT. gansakuTrebiT es igrZnoba<br />

mikroraionSi nucubiZis platoze, romelic mTlianad<br />

49

ganaSenianebulia tipiuri maRlivi saxlebiT, maSin rodesac<br />

aq, rTuli reliefis pirobebSi, individualuri saxlebis<br />

winaswari swored SerCeuli arqiteqtura am raionis<br />

geografiuli struqturis xasiaTsa da masStabebTan<br />

Tanazomieri, organulad Seerwymeboda bunebriv garemos.<br />

TbilisSi, gamomdinare axal arqiteqturaSi bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong>,<br />

specifiuri pirobebidan, unda gaTvaliswinebul<br />

iqnes sazafxulo saTavsoebi binebSi. Zvel<br />

TbilisSi binis Ria saTavsos yvelaze metad misaReb saxes<br />

xis aivani warmoadgenda. aivnis arseboba kargad Cans<br />

sacxovrebeli saxlebis tipebis daTvalierebisas). aivani<br />

mowyobilia wina mxares mTeli saxlis gaswvriv, zogjer<br />

saxlis or da sami mxridanac ki. Zveli saxlebis gegmebsa<br />

da naxazebidan Cans, rom xSirad aivnis farTi danarCeni<br />

sacxovrebeli saTavsoebis toli iyo. v. beriZe<br />

wers, rom Zveli <strong>Tbilisis</strong> saxlis mTavari elementi xis<br />

aivani warmoadgenda saxlis sacxovrebeli nawilis uSualo<br />

gagrZelebas, damatebiT saTavsos, romliTac ojaxi<br />

sargeblobda gazafxulidan zamTris dadgomamde. droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi xis aivani, bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebis<br />

damakmayofilebeli, Secvlili iqna patara dakiduli<br />

aivnpiT.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> axal arqiteqturaSi pirveli adgili<br />

unda ekuTvnodes klimatis specifiur pirobebs, masSi<br />

unda dainergos baRebi terasebsa da saxuravebze, rac<br />

mTavaria, sazafxulo saTavsoebi binebTan. saxlebis vertikaluri<br />

gamwvaneba ufro sasikeTos gaxdis qalaqis garemos.<br />

qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> ekologiuri qalaqmSeneblobis Con-<br />

Cxedis Sesaqmnelad didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT mTa-xeobaTa<br />

qarebs, mkafiod gamoxatulT wlis Tbil dros (IV-X<br />

Tveebi, romlebsac moaqvT sufTa da grili haeri.<br />

Tbil amindSi qarebSi xSirad vlindeba tenden-<br />

50

cia qroden dRis ganmavlobaSi zeviT ferdobebze… es<br />

gamowveulia imiT, rom Ramis saaTebSi mTis ferdobebi<br />

ufro Tbilia, vidre Tavisufali atmosfero. vinaidan<br />

civi haeri miiswrafvis daeSvas, xolo Tbili haeri aiwios,<br />

viTardeba adgilobrivi mTis qarebis sistema, ris<br />

Sedegadac warmoiSoba haeris asvla maRla ferdobebiT<br />

dRis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

amgvarad aRniSnuli qarebi xasiaTdebian saukeTeso<br />

TvisebebiT, dRisiT aRmavali arian zeviT, xolo RamiT<br />

eSvebian qveviT xeobis ferdobebiT. bunebriv-klimatur<br />

sqemaze mTa-baris qarebi gabatonebuli arian IV da V bunebriv-klimatur<br />

mikroraionebSi, agreTve Sedian qalaqis<br />

centralur raionebSi (mis dadablebul nawilebSi).<br />

rogorc aRiniSneboda qalaqis arsebul struqturaSi<br />

gamoxatuli mimarTuleba unda CaiTvalos marTebulad<br />

da Zveli qalaqis rekonstruqciis dros saWiroa<br />

yovelmxriv ganvaviTaroT msgavsi wyoba.<br />

magram gasul epoqebSi qalaqis am marTebul struq-<br />

51

turaSi kerZomesakuTruli interesebidan gamomdinare<br />

rig adgilebSi Setanil iqna damaxinjebebi mTa-xeoba<br />

qarebis gzis gadamRobavi ganaSenianebis saxiT.<br />

grZivi da ganivi quCebisa da mwvane derefnebis qselis<br />

Seqmna SesaZlebels gaxdis rogorc am raionebis, aseve<br />

qalaqis centraluri raionebis ganiavebas.<br />

es sistema unda vrceldebodes md. mtkvris orive napirze<br />

qalaqis VIII da X bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionebSi.<br />

X mikroraioni xasiaTdeba gaZlierebuli ventilaciiT.<br />

am raionis klimatis formirebaSi wamyvani roli<br />

miekuTvneba vrceli wylis zedapiris arsebobas. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

zRvis garSemo unda Seiqmnas kargad ganviTarebuli<br />

mwvane buferi. am mxriv IV da V bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> mikroraionebs<br />

gaaCniaT xelsayreli <strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebi,<br />

rac ganpirobebulia maTi kontaqtiT maT mimdebare<br />

mTawmindis, uZos, Taboris da TeleTis mwvane nargavebiT<br />

dafarul ferdobebTan, romlebic q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> yvelaze<br />

mdidrad gamwvanebul bufers warmoadgenen.<br />

saWiroa, rom gareubnebis landSaftebidan gamomavali<br />

derefnebi, romlebic Tavisuflad atareben mTa-barebis<br />

nakadebis sufTa haers, midiodnen qalaqis yvelaze dabal<br />

wertilebamde. mwvane nargavebi, generaluri gegmisa<br />

da sagareubno zonis sazRvrebSi, unda erTiandebodnen<br />

gamwvanebis saerTo sistemaSi fizikur-geografiuli da<br />

bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> pirobebisagan damokidebulebiT.<br />

1. ekologiurad jansaRi qalaqis Seqmnis mizniT qalaqis<br />

dagegmarebis dros saWiroa swored gadawydes ori<br />

problema: qalaqis efeqturi ganiaveba da gamwvaneba.<br />

2. Crdilo-dasavleT qarebs faqtiurad aqvT q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

gasufTavebis funqcia. amgvarad, Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

qarebi „suramis qedis“ buferebidan qalaqSi<br />

unda Semovidnen mwvane nargavebis mxridan. es teritoriebi<br />

warmoadgenen gareubnebis sufTa gamW-<br />

52

virvale haeris qalaqis teritoriaze Semodinebis<br />

arxebs. isini Crdilo qaris nakadebs mimarTaven ganaSenianebuli<br />

teritoriidan siRrmeSi da amiT gaaaqtiurebs<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> ganiavebas mTlianobaSi, didi<br />

diRomis axali raionis ganaSenianebam ar unda gadaRobos<br />

am nakadebis gzebi.<br />

3. mTeli qalaqis efeqturi ganiavebisaTvis CrdilodasavleTi<br />

nawili unda ganTavisufldes sanitarulad<br />

mavne samrewvelo sawarmoebisagan, agreTve<br />

qalaqis teritoriis dadablebul nawilSi, ar unda<br />

iyos sanitarulad mavne sawarmoebi, vinaidandadablebul<br />

adgilebSi, reliefis qvabulebsa da xeobebSi<br />

warmoebs mavne minarevebis dauSvebeli dagroveba.<br />

4. samrewvelo IX bunebriv-klimatur mikroraionSi<br />

saWiroa ganieri mwvane manZilebis Seqmna. qalaqis<br />

sacxovrebel da samrewvelo mikroraionebs Soris<br />

unda Seiqmnas kargad ganviTarebuli mwvane sivrceebi<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> buferebSi gamavali.aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTis qarebi Sevlen qalaqis centrSi<br />

sufTa haeris grili nakadiT.<br />

5. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces qalaqebs<br />

Tbilissa da rusTavs Soris ganlagebuli teritoriis<br />

gamwvanebasa da rekultivizacias. mocemuli<br />

teritoriis gatyeveba Seasrulebs ormagi filtris<br />

rols. erTi mxridan, masze gavliT Tbilisidan SeaRweven<br />

Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, xolo meore mxridan,<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTis qarebi SeaRweven qalaqis<br />

centrSi.<br />

6. q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> ekologiuri qalaqTmSeneblobis ConCxedis<br />

Sesaqmnelad did mniSvnelobas Rebulobs mTa-xeobis<br />

qarebi (am qarebs gaaCniaT saukeTeso Tvisebebi,<br />

dRisiT zeadian, xolo RamiT eSvebian qveviT xeobis<br />

ferdobebiT).<br />

grZivi da ganivi quCebisa da mwvane derefnebis qse-<br />

53

lis Seqmna, gavrcelebuli md. mtkvris orive napirze,<br />

SesaZlebels gaxdis mTeli qalaqis ganiavebas.<br />

mwvane derefnebi, gamomavalni gareubnebis land-<br />

Saftebidan, da, romlebic mTa-xeobaTa nakadebis suf-<br />

Ta haers Tavisuflad atareben qalaqis yvelaze dabal<br />

wertilebamde, mogvcems q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> efeqtur landSaftur-ekologiur<br />

ConCxeds.<br />

54<br />

reziume<br />

qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> ganaSenianebis Tavdapirvel dagegmarebaSi<br />

asaxuli iyo landSafturi da bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong><br />

pirobebis Taviseburebebi. mTebis ferdobebisa da<br />

xeobebis safexurebisebri ganaSenianeba iZleoda dadebiT<br />

Sedegebs aeraciis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

qalaqis Tavdapirveli ganaSenianebis mTavar quCebs<br />

qondaT mimarTuleba mdinare mtkvris gaswvriv da uzrunvelyofda<br />

mtkvris xeobaSi gabatonebuli CrdilodasavleTis<br />

rumbebis qarebiT qalaqis yvelaze dabali<br />

wertilebis ganiavebas.<br />

feodaluri <strong>Tbilisis</strong> kvartalebi ganaSenianebulia<br />

perimetriulad, Sekruli ezoebTan, romlebic erTmaneT-<br />

Tan iyvnen Serwymuli.<br />

qalaqis sacxovrebeli kvartalebi, sadac arsebobdnen<br />

mcire gamwvanebuli farTobebi, ekologiur wonasworobas<br />

uzrunvelyofda qalaqis garSemo arsebuli<br />

didi baRebi da uzarmazari gamwvanebuli teritoriebi.<br />

axali socialur-ekonomikuri formaciebi xels uwyobdnen<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> baRebis ganadgurebas da am monakveTebze<br />

qalaqis ganaSenianebis ganTavsebas.<br />

am wlebSi <strong>Tbilisis</strong> axali quCebi ganaSendeboda<br />

mravalsarTuliani saxlebiT, romlebic xergavdnen<br />

egreTwodebuli mTa-xeobaTa qarebis mTavar gzebs. mogvi-

anebiT, orive mxridan pirdapir mdinarisaken daSvebuli<br />

gamWoli ganivi quCebi gadaketili iqnen nagebobebiT, rac<br />

gaxda dabrkolebad haeris mTa-xeobas civi dinebebisaTvis<br />

qalaqis yvelaze dabal wertilebamde.<br />

am wlebSi sagrZnobi uaryofiTi zegavlena q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong><br />

garemo aris mdgomareobaze moaxdina qalaqis TiTqmis<br />

yvela nawilebSi sawarmoo sawarmoebis ganTavsebam am<br />

zonebis meteorologiuri da fizikur-geografiuli<br />

faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.<br />

XX saukunis dadgomisas da gansakuTrebiT saukunis<br />

meore naxevridan daiwyo q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> axali teritoriebis<br />

intensiuri aTviseba. qalaqis axali teritoriebis<br />

aeraciis sakiTxebi rTuli da Taviseburia. isini ar iyo<br />

sakmarisad Seswavlili.<br />

ris Sedegadac am teritoriebis ganaSenianebis proeqti<br />

aRmoCnda arasrulfasovani.<br />

axali teritoriebis aTvisebam industrializaciisa<br />

da urbanizaciis biologiur garemoze mzardi zegavlenis<br />

gauTvaliswineblad usaTuod arasasikeTod imoqmeda q.<br />

<strong>Tbilisis</strong> garemo aris Camoyalibebaze, ramac migviyvana<br />

ekologiuri wonasworobis darRvevamde da Sesabamisad<br />

qalaqebis cxovrebis pirobebis mkveTr gauaresebamde.<br />

q. TbilisSi naTlad gamoxatulia sahaero auzis dauSvebeli<br />

mdgomareoba.<br />

qalaqis yvelaze metad gabinZurebul teritoriebs<br />

warmoadgenen VI da VII bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> mikroraionebi.<br />

TbilisSi ZiriTadi gamabinZurebeli wyaroebi ganlagebuli<br />

arian qalaqis Crdilo-dasavleT da samxreTaRmosavleT<br />

nawilSi, sadac gabatonebuli arian CrdilodasavleTisa<br />

da samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebis<br />

qarebi. am qarebs qalaqSi SemoaqvT samrewvelo sawarmoebis<br />

mier gabinZurebuli haeri, riTac ganpirobebulia<br />

qalaqis VI da VII bunebriv-<strong>klimaturi</strong> mikroraionebis<br />

55

maRali maCveneblebi.<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> sahaero auzis gabinZurebis done meteorologiur<br />

da fizikur-geografiul pirobebzea damokidebuli.<br />

bunebrivi da antropogenuri faqtorebis erToblivobis<br />

Sedegad qalaqSi yalibdeba Tavisi gansakuTrebuli<br />

mikroklimati „siTbos kunZuls“.<br />

„siTbos kunZulebi“-s intensiuroba damokidebulia<br />

qalaqis sidideze da izrdeba misi gadidebis kvalobaze.<br />

aerozoluri nawilakebis maRali koncentracia<br />

qalaqis atmosferoSi xels uwyobs smogis tipis nislebis<br />

ganmeoradeobis gazrdas.<br />

geomorfologiuri pirobebi xels uwyoben im garemoebas,<br />

rom smogi qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> Tavze dgas ramodenime<br />

dRis ganmavlobaSi, rac did zians ayenebs qalaqis mosaxleobas.<br />

ekologiuri wonasworobisaTvis urboekologiis farglebSi<br />

q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> sazRvrebs miRma aucileblad unda<br />

iqnes gamoyofili raionebi, romlebsac SeeZlebaT xeli<br />

Seuwyon TviTregulacias antropogenuri zemoqmedebis<br />

gareSe. es teritoriebi qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong>aTvis warmoadgenen<br />

buferul kompensatorul zonebs.<br />

buferuli zonebi SeZleben ganaxorcielon atmosferuli<br />

Jangbadis sakmarisi raodenobis kvlavwarmoeba.<br />

Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebs gaaCniaT q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> gasuf-<br />

Tavebis funqciebi. amgvarad, Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi<br />

„suramis qedis“ buferebidan unda Semovidnen qalaqSi mwvane<br />

nargavebis mxridan. didi diRomis axali raionis gana-<br />

Senianebam ar unda gadaRobos am nakadebis gza.<br />

mTeli qalaqis efeqturi ganiavebisaTvis CrdilodasavleTi<br />

nawili unda ganTavisufldes sanitarulad<br />

mavne samrewvelo sawarmoebisagan, agreTve qalaqis dadablebul<br />

nawilSi ar unda arsebobdnen saninaturad mavne<br />

sawarmoebi, vinaidan reliefis dadablebul adgilebSi<br />

56

qvabulebsa da xeobebSi xdeba mavne minarevebis dauSvebeli<br />

Tavmoyra.<br />

qalaqis sacxovrebel da samrewvelo mikroraionebs<br />

Soris unda Seiqmnas q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> buferebSi gamavali kargad<br />

ganviTarebuli mwvane sivrceebi.<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos qalaqebs<br />

Tbilissa da rusTavs Soris ganlagebul teritoriis<br />

gamwvanebasa da rekultivizacias. mocemuli teritoriis<br />

gatyeveba Seasrulebs ormagi filtris rols erTi mxridan,<br />

masze gavliT Tbilisidan SeaRweven Crdilo-dasavleTis<br />

qarebi, xolo meore mxridan, samxreT-aRmosavle-<br />

Tis qarebi SeaRweven qalaqis centrSi.<br />

qalaq <strong>Tbilisis</strong> ekologiuri qalaqTmSeneblobis Con-<br />

Cxedis Sesaqmnelad didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT mTa-baris<br />

qarebs.<br />

mwvane derefnebi, gamomavali gareubnebis landSaftebidan,<br />

da romlebic mTa-xeobis nakadebis sufTa haers<br />

Tavisuflad atareben qalaqis yvelaze dabal wertilebamde,<br />

mogvcems q. <strong>Tbilisis</strong> efeqtur landSafto-ekologiur<br />

ConCxeds.<br />

gaswvrivi da ganivi quCebisa da mwvane qselis Seqmna,<br />

gavrcelebuli md. mtkvris orive napirebze, SesaZlebels<br />

gaxdis mTeli qalaqis ganiavebas.<br />

ekologiurad jansaRi qalaqis Seqmnis mizniT qalaqis<br />

dagegmarebis dros saWiroa swored gadawydes ori<br />

problema: qalaqis efeqturi ganiaveba da gamwvaneba.<br />

58

60<br />

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ<br />

ПРОБЛЕМЫ Г. ТБИЛИСИ<br />

В период научно-технической революции и расширения масштабов<br />

преобразования природного окружения, все большую<br />

актуалность приобретает охрана окружающей среды.<br />

Необходимость охраны природы и рациональное природопользование<br />

в XXI столетия превратилась в сложнейшую, много<br />

спектровую социально-экономическую, биологическую и техническую<br />

проблемы.<br />

В естествознании и общественных науках вопросы о взаимосвязи<br />

природы и деятельности человека получают все более<br />

глубокое освещение.<br />

Необходимость сохранения природы очевидна наряду с бурным<br />

темпом научно-технического прогресса. Главным источником<br />

обострения экологической проблемы служат возрастающие<br />

индустриализация и урбанизация на биологическую среду.<br />

В планировке первоначальной застройки города Тбилиси<br />

были отражены своеобразия ландшафтных и природноклиматических<br />

условий. Ступенчатая застройка склонов гор и<br />

ущелий давала положительные результаты с точки зрения аэрации.<br />

Главные улица первоначальнйо застройки города имели направление<br />

вдоль реки Куры, что и обеспечивало проветривание<br />

господствующим в ущелье Куры ветрами северо-западных румбов,<br />

самых низких точек города.<br />

Кварталы феодальной Тбилиси, застроены периметрально,<br />

замкнуто с дворами, которые были влиты в друг друга.<br />

Жилые кварталы города, где имелось мало озеленных пло-

щадей экологическое равновесие, поддерживалось наличием<br />

больших садов и огромных озеленных територий вокруг города.<br />

Новые социально-экономические формации способствовали<br />

уничтожению садов г. Тбилиси и размещению на этих участках<br />

городской застройки.<br />

В эти годы новые улицы Тбилиси застраивались многоэтажными<br />

домами, которые загромождали главные пути так называемых<br />

горно-долинных ветров. Позднее же сквозные поперечные<br />

улицы, спускающихся прямо к реке с обоих сторон были перекрыты<br />

строениями, что и стало препятствием горно-долинных<br />

холодных токов воздуха до самых низких очек города.<br />

В эти годы ощутимое отрицательное воздействие на состояние<br />

окружающей среды г. Тбилиси, оказало размещение почти<br />

во всех частях города производственные предприятия не учитывая<br />

метеорологических и физико-географических факторов этих<br />

зон.<br />

С наступлением XX столетия и особенно со свторой половины<br />

столетия, началось интенсивное освоение новых территорий<br />

г. Тбилиси. Вопросы аэрации новых городских территорий<br />

сложны и своеобразны, они не были достаточно изучены.<br />

В результате чего проект застройки этих территорий оказались<br />

не полноценными.<br />

Освоение новых территорий без учета возрастающего воздействия<br />

индустриализации и урбанизации на биологическую<br />

среду, безусловно неблагоприятно повлияла на формирование<br />

окружающей среды города Тбилиси, что привело к нарушению<br />

экологического равновесия и соответственно к резкому ухудшению<br />

условий жизни горожан.<br />

В городе Тбилиси ярко выражено недопустимое состояние<br />

воздушного бассейна.<br />

Наиболее загрязненными территориями города являются VI<br />

61

и IIV природно-климатические микрорайоны.<br />

В Тбилиси основные загрязняющие источники расположены<br />

в северо-западной и юго-восточной части города, где господствуют<br />

ветры северо-западного и юго-восточного направлений.<br />

Эти ветры вносят в город загрязненный промышленными предприятиями<br />

воздух, чем обусловлены высокие показатели VI и<br />

VII природно-климатических микрорайонов города.<br />

Степень загрязненности воздушного бассейна г. Тбилиси зависит<br />

от метеорологических и физико-географических условий.<br />

Вследствие совокупного воздействия природных и антропогенных<br />

факторов в городе формируется свой особый микроклимат<br />

«остров тепла».<br />

Интенсивность «острова тепла» зависит от размеров города<br />

и возрастает с их увеличением.<br />

Высокая концентрация аэрозольных частиц в городской атмосфере<br />

способствует росту повторяемости туманов, типа смог.<br />

Геоморфологические условий способствуют тому, что смог<br />

держится над городом Тбилиси в течение нескольких что наносит<br />

большой ущерб здоровью населения.<br />

Для экологического равновесия в рамках урбоэкологии за<br />

пределами г. Тбилиси обязательно должны быть выделены районы,<br />

способствующие обеспечению саморегуляции без антропогенных<br />

воздействий. Эти территории для города Тбилиси являются<br />

буферными компенсаторными зонами.<br />

Буферные зоны смогут осуществлять воспроизводство достаточного<br />

количества атмосферного кислорода.<br />

С целью создания экологически здорового города при планировке<br />

города необходимо правильно решить две проблемы:<br />

эффективное проветривание и озеленение города7<br />

Северо-западные ветры имеют фактические функцию очищения<br />

г. Тбилиси. Таким образом, северо-западные ветры с бу-<br />

62

феров «Сурамского хребта» должны войти в город со стороны<br />

зеленых насаждений. Застройки нового района Дигоми не должны<br />

преграждать пути этим потокам.<br />

Для эффективного проветривания всего города, северозападная<br />

часть должна освободиться от санитарно-вредных промышленных<br />

предприятий, а также пониженной части городской<br />

территории не должно быть санитарно-вредных предприятий,<br />

так как в пониженнхы местах рельефа-котловинах и долинах<br />

происходит недопустимое накопление вредных примесей.<br />

Между городскими жилищами и промышеленными микрорайонами<br />

должны быть образованы хорошо развитые зеленые<br />

пространства, выходящие в буфера г. Тбилиси.<br />

Особое внимание нужно уделить озеленению и рекультивизации<br />

территории, расположенной между городами Тбилиси<br />

и Рустави. Олесение данной территории будет выполнять роль<br />

двойного фильтра: с одной стороны, через нее будут проникать<br />

из Тбилиси северо-западные ветры, а с другой стороны, юговосточные<br />

ветры будут проникать в центр города.<br />

Для создания экологического градостроительного каркаса<br />

города Тбилиси большео значение приобретают горно-долинные<br />

ветры.<br />

Зеленые коридоры, выходящие из загородных ландшафтов и<br />

свободно пропускающие чистый воздух горно-долинных потоков<br />

до самых низких точек города, даст эффективный ландшафтноэкологический<br />

каркас г. Тбилиси.<br />

Создание сети продольных и поперечных улиц и зеленых<br />

коридоров, распространяемая на оба берега р.Куры даст возможность<br />

проветривания всего города.<br />

63

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hbnxwbofcb!<br />

Ucjmjtjt<br />

vscbovm!!hbsfnpTj<br />

67

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