veli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
veli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
veli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
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saqarTvelos eTnografiuli memkvidreobis dacvis fondi<br />
seria: qarT<strong>veli</strong> xalxis tradiciuli kultura<br />
Tamaz gamyreliZe<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>asomTavruli</strong><br />
damwerloba<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2011
UDC(uak) 003.334.2<br />
g-198<br />
sa qarTve los eTnografiuli memkvidreobis dacvis fondi agrZelebs<br />
mecnierulpopularuli seriis gamocemas: `qarT<strong>veli</strong><br />
xalxis tradiciuli kultura~. seriis ga mo cemis mizania<br />
farTo sazo ga doebisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> erovnuli mecnierebis<br />
miRwevebis warmoCena.<br />
proeqtis avtori: Tamila cagareiSvili<br />
prof., ist. mecn. doqt.<br />
seria gamodis saxalxo mxatvar, akad. zurab wereTlis<br />
finansuri mxardaWeriT.<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: paata qorqia<br />
ISSN 1987-9725<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-3387-2 © saqarTvelos eTnografiuli<br />
memkvidreobis dacvis fondi, 2011
akademikosi Tamaz gamyreliZe saxelganTqmuli mkvlevaria.<br />
man Sors gaitana erovnuli mecnierebisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kulturis saxeli. misi Sromebi gamocemulia qarTul da<br />
ucxour enebze da farTod aris cnobili msoflios samecniero<br />
wreebSi.<br />
Tamaz gamyreliZis fundamenturi naSromi `weris anbanuri<br />
sistema da Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerloba. anbanuri<br />
weris tipologia da warmomavloba~ ak. SaniZis redaqciiTa<br />
da winasityvaobiT, gamoica orjer: 1989 w. da 1990 w. da<br />
imTaviTve miiqcia yuradReba qarTvel da ucxoel specialistTa<br />
wreebSi.<br />
am gamocemebidan sami aTwleulia gasuli da ukve bibliografiul<br />
iSviaTobad iqca. sazogadoebis interesi ki<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> mimarT kvlavac didia.<br />
`Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba~ mecnierul-popularuli<br />
naSromia da pir<strong>veli</strong> ori gamocemebisagan<br />
arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. igi aRniSnuli monografiis<br />
Semoklebuli variantia, gamdidrebuli uaxlesi literaturiT,<br />
moxsnili aqvs sqolio, bibliografia da ZiriTadad<br />
asaxavs avtoris mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegebs. gamocemas<br />
winasityvaobad erTvis akad. akaki SaniZis werili (ibeWdeba<br />
SemoklebiT), romelic dResac Tanadroulia Tavisi mecnieruli<br />
mniSvnelobis daskvnebiT.<br />
naSromSi ganxilulia <strong>damwerlobis</strong> warmomavloba,<br />
misi adgili da erovnuli Rirebuleba uZveles werilobiT<br />
sistemaTa tipologiaSi.<br />
pativad viRebT akad. Tamaz gamyreliZis yuradRebas<br />
da Tanadgomas axladdaarsebuli seriis mimarT, ramac sa-<br />
Sualeba mogvca, kidev erTxel, farTo sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
migvewodebina mecnierulad dasabuTebuli uZvelesi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnis realuri istoria _ esoden<br />
sanukvari Tema dRes qarT<strong>veli</strong> xalxisaTvis.<br />
Tamila cagareiSvili<br />
3
4<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
qarTvelebs ornairi wera gvaqvs: erTi Z<strong>veli</strong>, meore<br />
axali. isini imdenad gansxvavdebian erTurTisagan, rom<br />
kacs egoneba, es ori sxvadasxva eris wera ariso. magram<br />
utyuari faqtia, rom axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> wera Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
weris ganviTarebis Sedegad aris miRebuli.<br />
pirvelad Seiqmna is Z<strong>veli</strong> anbani, romelic asomTavru -<br />
lis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi asoebis naxevarze mets<br />
mrgvali an momrgvalo nawilebi aqvT, da amis gamo mas<br />
mrgvlovani daerqva. am asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli uZvele si<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> warwerebi: bolnisisa, mcxeTis jvrisa, urbnisisa,<br />
palestinis <strong>qarTuli</strong> monastrisa (beTlems axlos) da sxv.<br />
amave asoebiT aris dawerili uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawerebi,<br />
romlebic palimfsestebis saxiT aris moRweuli da<br />
egreTwodebul xanmet teqstebs Seicaven...<br />
raki <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbani Tavdapirvelad im saxiT Seiqmna,<br />
rogorc es uZveles warwerebsa da uZveles xelnawe reb Sia<br />
warmodgenili, romelTa asoebi mrgvlovnis anu <strong>asomTavruli</strong>s<br />
saxeliT aris cnobili, amitom cxadia, rom roca<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis warmoSobaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi<br />
unda gvqondes mxolod es Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> wera, mrgvlovani<br />
asoebiT anu <strong>asomTavruli</strong>T Sesrulebuli.<br />
swored am sakiTxisadmia miZRvnili Tamaz gamyreliZis<br />
monografia, sadac sakiTxi ganxilulia semituri werisa<br />
da berZnuli anbanis ganviTarebis fonze. Sesadareblad<br />
moxmobilia berZnulisagan damokidebuli sxva Sriftebi<br />
(kopturi, goTuri, slavuri, somxuri), dawvrilebiT<br />
aris ganxiluli <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbani da miRebulia daskvna,<br />
rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbani, romelic damoukidebeli erovnuli<br />
anbania, dalagebulia berZnuli anbanis mixedviT da
ueWvelad atarebs mis gavlenas. avtoris azriT, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
anbanis Seqmnis dro aris qristianobis gavrcelebisa da<br />
ganmtkicebis xana saqarTveloSi. <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbani Seiqmna,<br />
rom Targmniliyo axali sarwmunoebisaTvis saWiro wignebi.<br />
marTlac, metad damaxasiaTebelia is garemoeba,<br />
rom saqarTvelos uZveles dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi da mis<br />
midamoebSi aRmoCenilia berZnuli da arameuli warwerebi,<br />
romlebic qristianobis wina xanas ganekuTvnebian, magram<br />
jerjero biT ar Cans <strong>qarTuli</strong> warwerebi imave xanisa.<br />
ramdenadme esec mxars uWers im debulebas, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
mwerloba qristianobis xanaSi aris Seqmnili da misi<br />
saWiroebisaTvis...<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> wera rom berZnulis gavleniT Seiqmna,<br />
pirvelad T.gamyreliZis winamdebare gamokvlevaSia dasabu-<br />
Tebuli vrclad da sistemebr. amasTanave erTad avtori<br />
adgens Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> dawerilobis tipologiur adgils<br />
sxva anbanur dawerilobaTa Soris.<br />
T.gamyreliZis mier warmodgenili debulebani misaRebia<br />
da gasaziarebeli. dRes, rodesac sxvadasxva `Teoriebs~<br />
Txzaven <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Sesaxeb, T. gamyreliZis gamokvleva,<br />
saTanado mecnierul meTodze damyarebuli da farTo SedarebiT<br />
_ tipologiuri masaliT ganmtkicebuli, gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobasa da mecnierul Rirebulebas iZens.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb bevri dawerila da<br />
kvlavac daiwereba. zogi ramis gamokvleva momavlis saqmea.<br />
amJamad ki T. gamyreliZis kvleva-Ziebis nayofi mniSvnelovani<br />
monapovaria da igi garkveul etaps warmoadgens <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
anbanis warmoSobis kvlevis saqmeSi.<br />
ix. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerloba.<br />
anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba. akaki SaniZis redaqcii-<br />
Ta da winasityvaobiT (iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1990 [meore gamocema] ). (ibeWdeba mniSvnelovani<br />
SemoklebebiT _ T.c.).<br />
5
6<br />
Sesavali<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna<br />
udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo qarTvelTa<br />
kulturul da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. am <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
saxiT warmoiSva erovnuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> weriTi<br />
sistema, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis zusti werilobiTi fiqsireba da erovnul<br />
enaze mwerlobis Seqmna.<br />
weriTi sistema sazogadod warmoadgens grafikul<br />
ni SanTa garkveuli azriT mowesrigebul, dalagebul<br />
sim ravles da es `mowesrigeba~, `dalageba~ gamoixateba<br />
sis temaSi niSanTa garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, garkveuli<br />
ri giT warmodgenaSi. weriT sistemaSi amgvar `rigs~<br />
Sesa Zlebelia niSanTa (anu sistemis) p a r a d i g m a t i k a<br />
ewodos. werilobiTi sistemis paradigmatikis Seswavla<br />
gulisxmobs grafikul simboloTa urTierTmimarTebis<br />
ganxilvas mi mdev robaSi, werilobiT niSanTa Tanmimdevrobis<br />
Seswavlas sistemaSi; amisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
weri lobiTi sistemis s i n t a g m a t i k a gulisxmobs<br />
niSanTa SeerTebis wesebs sityvebSi, weriT simboloTa<br />
urTierTmimarTebebs si tyvis farglebSi da sazo gadod<br />
weris mimarTulebasTan dakavSirebul ka non zomierebebs.<br />
sityvis p a r a d i g m a t u l i da s i n t a -<br />
g m a t u r i planis eqsplicituri gamijvna, rac enaTmecnierebaSi<br />
f. d e s o s i u r m a Semoitana, un da<br />
gaxdes aucilebeli principi weriTi sistemis analizisa<br />
`damwerlobaTmcodneobaSic~, anu <strong>damwerlobis</strong>
zo gad TeoriaSi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi<br />
«g r a m a t o l o g i a s » uwodeben.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT tra diciuli p a l e o g r a f i a ganixileba ro gorc<br />
`damwer lobiTmcodneobis~ anu `gramatologiis~ kerZo dargi, ro melsac<br />
saqme aqvs weriTi sistemis mxolod grafikul simboloTa gamo xatulebasTan<br />
da Seiswavlis maT grafikul cvlilebebs drosa da sivrceSi.<br />
weriTi sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc struqtu<br />
ra, romelsac ori mxare, ori plani aqvs: `g a -<br />
m o x a t u l e b i s p l a n i ~ da ~S i n a a r s i s p l a n i ~.<br />
weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plania niSan-simboloTa<br />
grafikuli mxare anu moxazuloba, maTi grafikuli<br />
forma. sistemis gamoxatulebis plania agreTve grafikul<br />
simboloTa specifikuri saxelwodebebi. weriTi<br />
sistemis gamoxatulebis planis analizi, amdenad, gulisxmobs<br />
niSan-simboloTa grafikul analizs, maT<br />
urTierT Sedareba-Sepirispirebas da saTanado saxelwodebaTa<br />
struqturisa da warmomavlobis garkvevas.<br />
weriTi sistemis g a m o x a t u l e b i s p l a n s ganeku-<br />
Tv neba sistemis paradigmatuli struqtura, anu niSan-<br />
Ta Tanmimdevroba, sistemaSi niSanTa `dalagebis~<br />
prin cipi. sistemis gamoxatulebis plania agreTve<br />
weris ise Ti sintagmaturi maxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa<br />
weris mi marTuleba, razedac xSirad damokidebulia<br />
n i S a n T a e s a Tu is grafikuli forma da mTeli<br />
rigi grafikuli Taviseburebani (niSanTa grafikul<br />
cvlilebaTa tendencia da sxv.).<br />
weriTi sistemis S i n a a r s i s p l a n i a s i s t e m i s n i -<br />
S a n - s i m b o l o T a f o n e t i k u r i , erTi mxriT, da<br />
ricxvi Ti mniSvnelobebi. meore mxriT. sistemis Sinaarsis<br />
planis analizi gulisxmobs niSanTa fonetikur<br />
mniSvnelobaTa xasiaTis garkvavas, rac arsebiTad mTeli<br />
sistemis struqturasa da bunebas gansazRvravs.<br />
7
weriTi sistemis amgvari gageba safuZvels gvaZlevs CavTvaloT igi<br />
semiotikur sistemad da Sesabamisad ganvixiloT damwerlobaTmcodneoba,<br />
anu gramatologia, rogorc semiotikuri disciplina. <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
analogiuri gageba rogorc semiotikuri sistemisa mocemuli hqonda<br />
ukve f e r d i n a n d d e s o s i u r s .<br />
sistemis simboloTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da mokide<br />
bulia sistemis p a r a d i g m a t i k a z e , niSanTa<br />
rigze an Tan mimdevrobaze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia<br />
konkretuli weriTi sistemisaTvis. weriTi sistemis es<br />
arsebiTi ma xa siaTebeli iqmneba originalur sistemebSi<br />
sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT.<br />
istoriulad pirvel nimuSs Tanmimdevruli anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong>as,<br />
sadac konsonanturi da funqciurad tolfasi<br />
vokaluri niSnebi erTian avtonomiur sistemas qmnian,<br />
warmoadgens Z<strong>veli</strong> berZnuli weriTi sistema, romelic<br />
Zvel semitur weriT sistemas emyareba da Zve li finikiuri<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong>agan momdinareobs. am Tval sazrisiT berZnuli<br />
damwerloba semiturisagan Tvi seb rivad gansxvavebul<br />
we riT sistemas warmoadgens, warmoqmnils semituri sistemis<br />
modificirebiT xmovan fo nemaTaTvis specialuri<br />
niSne bis Camoyalibebis Sedegad.<br />
berZnuli anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> saxeliT cnobili<br />
we riTi sistema, romelic safuZvlad daedo mraval<br />
ganStoebas, maT Soris laTinur damwerlobas, da<br />
amiT dasabami misca msoflioSi amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebul<br />
weriT sistemebs, ar warmoadgens berZnu li<br />
enis grafikuli fiqsaciis uZve les nimuSs. qronologiurad<br />
berZnul anbanur damwerlobas win uswrebs<br />
silaburi xasiaTis kretuli (mikenuri) damwerlo ba (e.w.<br />
B-xazovani damwerloba), romliTac Sesrulebulia Zv.<br />
welTaRricxvis meore aTaswleulis Sua saukuneebis<br />
mTeli rigi mikenuri berZnuli war werebi.<br />
8
erZnuli anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> uZvelesi nimuSebi TariR<br />
deba Zv. welTaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebiT. magram<br />
sxvadasxva paleografiuli mosazrebis safuZvelze<br />
SesaZlebelia berZnuli anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> warmo<br />
Soba pir<strong>veli</strong> aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis vivaraudoT.<br />
antikuri tradicias berZnuli damwerloba Z<strong>veli</strong> se mi -<br />
turi, ufro zustad Z<strong>veli</strong> finikiuri, werisagan warmo<br />
mdgarad miaCnia. mTeli berZnuli weriTi siste misa-<br />
Tvis ukve Z<strong>veli</strong> welTaRricxvis III saukunidan ixmare<br />
ba gamoTqma ‡lfa kaì b¤ta da tÙ …lf„bhton, an kidev<br />
×, ¡ ‚lf„bhtoc. arqauli berZnuli anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
anu `alfabetis~ warmoSoba Z<strong>veli</strong> finikiuri (resp. Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
semituri) <strong>damwerlobis</strong>agan amJamad yvelaze gavrce<br />
lebuli da dasabuTebuli Tvalsazrisia berZnu li<br />
weriTi sistemis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. Z<strong>veli</strong>s berZ nuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Z<strong>veli</strong> finikiuridan (resp. Zve li semituridan)<br />
momdinareobas mowmobs Semdegi monacemebi:<br />
1. arqauli berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> niSnebi grafikulad<br />
emTxveva Z<strong>veli</strong> semituri weris Sesabamis grafikul<br />
simboloebs;<br />
2. berZnuli sistemis paradigmatika anu niSanTmimde<br />
vroba arsebiTad igivea, rac Zvel semitur<br />
siste maSi. amas Tanaa dakavSirebuli berZnul niSanTa<br />
ricxviTi mni Svnelobebi;<br />
3. arqauli berZnuli weris mimarTuleba marjvnidan<br />
marcxniv igivea, rac semitur sistemaSi.<br />
4. berZnul asoTa saxelebi warmoadgens saTanado<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> semituri niSnebis saxelwodebaTa modifikacias.<br />
berZnuli niSansaxelebi mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba<br />
im saxelwodebebisagan, romlebic saTanado asoTa<br />
uZveles semitur saxelebadaa miCneuli.<br />
9
ogorc aRiniSna, Z<strong>veli</strong> berZnuli anbanuri damwerloba<br />
gaxda wyaro mravali sxva weriTi sistemisaTvis, romlebic<br />
aRmo savleTsa da dasavleTSi gavrcelda; berZnuli<br />
dam wer lobisagan momdinare yvela sistemis ZiriTadi<br />
struqturuli maxasiaTebelia maTi a n b a n u r o b a ,<br />
e.i. sistemaSi rogorc konstanturi, ise vokaluri<br />
niS nebis arseboba, romlebic erTian paradigmatikas<br />
qmnian. sxvadasxva sistemis anbanur damwerlobaTa SedarebiTi<br />
Seswavla aRgvidgens anbanis Seqmnis process<br />
nimuSad aRebuli sawyisi weriTi sistemis mixedviT,<br />
warmogvidgens <strong>damwerlobis</strong> w a r m o q m n i s t i p o -<br />
logias.<br />
pir<strong>veli</strong> ZiriTadi etapi am procesisa aris enis danawevreba<br />
calkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, romlebic unda<br />
gamoisaxos damwerlobaSi grafikuli simboloebiT; es<br />
aris arsebiTad enis bgeriTi, fonemuri analizi, raSic<br />
vlindeba <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Semqmnelis lingvisturi alRo<br />
da intuicia: igi winaswar anawevrebs enas umcires<br />
bge riT erTeulebad, romelTa erToblioba enis bgeriT<br />
sistemas qmnis. amdenad, yo<strong>veli</strong> weriTi sistema<br />
da gansakuTrebiT anbanuri damwerloba gulisxmobs<br />
implitciturad Catarebul sakmaod maRali donis<br />
fonemur analizs, da Sesabamisad yo<strong>veli</strong> damwerloba<br />
warmoadgens saTanado enis l i n g v i s t u r i k v l e v i s<br />
pirvel nimuSs.<br />
SesaZlebelia saerTod vamtkicoT, rom mecnierebis dasabami sazogadod<br />
(da, kerZod, enaT mecnieruli kvlevisa) ama Tu im xalxis kulturul<br />
isto riaSi modis saTanado enisaTvis <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnis periodze;<br />
10<br />
a nbanur damwerlobaTa Seqmnis tipologia
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna sazogadod mecnieruli kvlevis dasawyiss unda<br />
gulisxmobdes.<br />
romelime B enisaTvis <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnisas am enis<br />
bgeriT erTeulebs upirispireben nimuSad aRebuli A<br />
enis bgeriT sistemas, romelic warmodgenilia anbanSi<br />
gar kveuli TanmimdevrobiT gawyobili da Sesabamisi<br />
gra fi kuli simboloebiT gamoxatuli bgerebis saxiT.<br />
nimuSad aRebuli A enis a n b a n i s mixedviT ganlagdeba B<br />
enis fo netikurad msgavsi bgerebi, romlebic saTanado<br />
grafikul gamosaxulebas iZenen. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, xdeba S e s a b a m i s o b i s dadgena fonetikuri<br />
msgavsebis safuZvelze B enis bgerebsa da nimuSad<br />
aRebuli A enis bgerebs Soris, romlebic garkveuli<br />
Tan mimdevrobiT warmodgenilia anbanTrigSi. amgvarad,<br />
Sesadarebeli A enis prototipuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> paradigmatika<br />
`gadaisaxeba~ B enis axlad Seqmnili <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
paradigmatikaze: es ukanaskneli g a n i s a z -<br />
R v r e b a sanimuSod aRebuli A enis weriTi sistemis<br />
paradigmatikiT. Tu B enaSi, romlisTvisac iqmneba<br />
damwerloba, aRmoCnda ufro didi raodenoba bgeriTi<br />
erTeulebisa, vidre Sesadarebel A enaSia, B enis <strong>damwerlobis</strong>aTvis<br />
saWiro iqneba m e t i grafikuli simbolos<br />
Seqmna saTanado damatebiTi bgerebis gamosaxatavad.<br />
aseTi danarTi grafikuli niSnebi, gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> Sesadarebeli<br />
enis TvalsazrisiT `damatebiTi~ bgerebisa,<br />
e m a t e b a simboloTa Z i r i T a d nawils, romelic<br />
nimu Sad aRebuli enis anbanTrigis Sesabamisad aris<br />
gawyobili, an CarTulia ZiriTad nawilSi, riTac<br />
arse biTad irRveva nimuSad aRebuli A enis anbanis aq<br />
asaxuli paradigmatika.<br />
11
piruku viTarebis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. Tu nimuSad aRe buli<br />
A enis bgeraTa raodenoba a R e m a t e b a B enis bgeraTraodenobas,<br />
romlisTvisac iqmneba anbani, prototi pul<br />
damwerlobaSi rCeba mTeli rigi `W a r b i ~ simbolo ebi,<br />
romlebic aq B enis TvalsazrisiT `zedmet~ bgeriT<br />
erTeulebs gamoxataven. magram praqtikulad iSviaTia<br />
SemTxveva, rodesac enis bgeriTi simravle m T l i a n a d<br />
faravs meore enis bgeriT simravles, e.i. rodesac<br />
erT-erTi enis bgerebi mTlianad emTxveva meore<br />
enis bgerebs. Cveulebriv, Sesadarebel enebSi, garda<br />
fonetikurad msgavsi bgerebisa, arsebobs bgeraTa<br />
raRac jgufi, romelic `specifikuria~ TiToeuli<br />
enisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi sawyisi, nimuSad aRebuli<br />
anbanis paradigmatikaSi xdeba saTanado niSnebis<br />
bgeraTmniSvnelobaTa Senacvleba moce muli enisaTvis<br />
specifikuri mniSvnelobebiT, rogorc wesi, im adgilebis<br />
SenarCunebiT, romlebic saTanado niSnebs prototipul<br />
anbanSi hqondaT. fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa amgvari<br />
Senacvlebebi sawyisi sistemis garkveul simbo loebTan<br />
(da ara simboloTa amoReba sistemidan) nakarna xevia<br />
midrekilebiT prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis<br />
maqsimaluri SenarCunebisadmi axlad Seqmnil anbanTsistemaSi,<br />
razedac arsebiTad damokidebulia sistemis<br />
ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa adekvaturoba sawyisi sistemis<br />
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebisadmi.<br />
mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Tu xdeba sistemaSi<br />
fonetikurad araadekvaturi niSnis amogdeba da anbanis<br />
erTgvari `SemWidroeba~ sawyis sistemasTan SedarebiT,<br />
rac axali sistemis ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa erTgvar<br />
modifikacias iwvevs. nimuSad aRebuli A enis weriTi<br />
sistemis mixedviT mocemuli B enis bgeriT erTeulTa<br />
12
gawyoba gulisxmobs amave dros am bgeraTaTvis<br />
specialuri grafikuli simboloebis d a d g e n a -<br />
S e T x z v a s , romelTa saSualebiT es bgerebi unda<br />
gamoixatos. es o r i p r o c e s i _ mocemul B enaSi<br />
nimuSad aRebuli A enis mixedviT bgeriTi erTeulebis<br />
gamoyofa-dalageba da maTi gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> grafikuli<br />
simboloebis Seqmna _ erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul<br />
pro ceduras asaxavs da erTmaneTs gulisxmobs;<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> rogorc Sinaarsis, ise gamoxatulebis<br />
planis Seqmna originaluri Semoqmedebis erTian<br />
process warmoadgens.<br />
yo<strong>veli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> saTaveSi, iqneba es Z<strong>veli</strong> semituri, arqauli<br />
berZnuli, kopturi, goTuri Tu romelime sxva, dgas konkretuli<br />
pirovneba an, SesaZlebelia pirovnebaTa jgufi, am <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Semqmneli, romelic erTiani gegmis mixedviT adgens axal weriT sistemas<br />
garkveuli werilobiTi prototipis safuZvelze. nimuSad aRebuli am<br />
prototipis Tanaxmad gamoiyofa bgeriTi erTeulebi sakuTar enaSi,<br />
gamoixateba saTanado grafikuli simboloebiT da gaiwyoba garkveuli<br />
wesis mixedviT axlad Seqmnil weriT sistemaSi.<br />
amave dros, axali <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna konkretuli werilobiTi prototipis<br />
mixedviT e r T d r o u l S e m o q m e d e b i T a q t s warmoadgens;<br />
iqmneba axali <strong>damwerlobis</strong> mTliani sistema, romlis droTa viTarebaSi<br />
mxolod erTgvari modificireba da srulyofa Tu SeiZleba, rac garkveuli<br />
niSnebis mimatebasa, gamoklebasa Tu gardaqmnaSi gamoixateba.<br />
Cven ar unda warmovidginoT saqmis viTareba ise, TiTqos Tavdapirvelad<br />
iqmneba ramdenime niSani, romlebsac Semdgom kidev ramdenime emateba;<br />
amas kidev raRac raodenoba erTvis da a.S., sanam xangrZlivi evoluciis<br />
procesSi ar miiReba sakmaod sruli sistema, romlis saSualebiTac xerxdeba<br />
ama Tu im enaze teqstis Cawera. werilobiTi sistema, ramdenadac<br />
igi damwerlobas warmoadgens, imTaviTve sruli sistemis saxiT yalibdeba,<br />
romelic Seicavs ama Tu im enis adekvaturi werilobiTi gamosaxvisaTvis<br />
saWiro da aucilebeli ZiriTadi grafikuli simboloebis raodenobas,<br />
da am azriT aris swored werilobiTi sistemis Seqmna `erTdrouli<br />
aqti~, ganxorcielebuli konkretuli pirovnebis Tu pirovnebaTa<br />
jgufis erTiani Semoqmedebis Sedegad.<br />
13
am TvalsazrisiT nebismieri werilobiTi sistemis mimarT unda<br />
daisvas kiTxva ara imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara igi e r T d r o u l a d<br />
SemoqmedebiTi aqtis p r o d u q t i (<strong>damwerlobis</strong> konkretuli Semqmneli<br />
yo<strong>veli</strong>s istoriulad arsebuli werilobiTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi<br />
unda vivaraudoT); kiTxva SeiZleba daisvas imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara<br />
garkveuli weriTi sistema CvenTvis cnobili im saxiT, ra saxiTac igi<br />
gamovida misi Semqmnelis xelidan, Tu Cvenamde moRweuli damwerloba<br />
warmoadgens pirvandeli sistemis evoluciisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad<br />
grafikulad Secvlil da Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT modificirebul<br />
variants.<br />
yvelaze martivi gza <strong>damwerlobis</strong> gamoxatulebis<br />
planis gaformebisa da enis bgeriTi erTeulebisaTvis<br />
grafikuli simboloebis Seqmnisa iqneboda, bunebrivia,<br />
Sesaqmnel anbanSi sanimuSod aRebuli damwerlobidan<br />
im niSnebis grafikuli formis gadmoReba, romlebic<br />
sawyis enaSi fonetikurad msgavs bgerebs gamoxataven,<br />
da Seqmnil sistemaSi maTi saTanado, sawyisi sistemisadmi<br />
Sesabamisi, ganlageba. damatebiTi niSnebi,<br />
gamo mxat<strong>veli</strong> mocemuli enisaTvis specifikuri bgerebisa,<br />
SesaZlebelia warmoiqmnas sawyisi sistemidan<br />
gadmoRebuli niSnebis g r a f i k u l i m o d i f i k a c i i T<br />
an sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidan s e s x e b i s gziT,<br />
sadac SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes mocemuli enisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel damatebiT bgeraTa fonetikurad<br />
analogiuri bgerebis gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> niSnebi.<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnis aRwerili procesis amsax<strong>veli</strong>a<br />
swored a r q a u l i b e r Z n u l i anbani, romelic arsebiTad<br />
imeorebs Z<strong>veli</strong> Crdilo-semituri <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
niSanTa moxazulobas, xolo danarTi niSnebi iqmneba<br />
ZiriTad niSanTa grafikuli modifikaciiT an romelime<br />
sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidan sesxebis gziT.<br />
14
Z<strong>veli</strong> berZnuli damwerloba<br />
15
analogiuri xasiaTisaa sistemis gamoxatulebis planis<br />
TvalsazrisiT k o p t u r i da g o T u r i anbanebi da<br />
slavuri `k i r i l i c a ~, romlebic berZnuli weriT<br />
sistemas emyarebian ara marto Sinagani struqturis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, aramed Sesabamis werilobiT niSanTa<br />
grafikuli moxazulobiTac, rac berZnuli uncialuri<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> mrgvlovan duqtuss asaxavs. damatebiT<br />
niSnebi am sistemebSi iqmneba arsebul ZiriTad niSanTa<br />
grafikuli modifikaciiT an calkeul niSanTa sxva<br />
wyaroebidan sesxebiT (zog SemTxvevaSi amave enebze<br />
arsebul ufro adrindeli weriTi sistemidan, Sdr.<br />
d e m o t u r i niSnebi k o p t u r damwerlobaSi, r u n u l i<br />
niSnebi g o T u r S i , g l a g o l i c u r i niSnebi slavur<br />
`k i r i l i c a S i ~ (ix. qvemoT saTanado tabulebi).<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> `gamoxatulebis planis~ Seqmnis aRwerilisagan<br />
arsebiTad gansxvavebul gzas warmoadgens<br />
SemTxve va, rodesac sawyisi, nimuSad aRebuli damwer<br />
lobis niSnebi, romlebic msesxebeli enis saTanado<br />
fonetikurad msgavs bgerebs gamoxataven,<br />
gad mo dian axal damwerlobaSi ara grafikulad<br />
ucvleli saxiT, aramed garkveuli grafikuli, Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia S e g n e b u l a d ganxorcielebuli, modifikaciebiT,<br />
rac mniSvnelovnad cvlis saTanado niSnebis<br />
grafikul formas prototipuli sistemis<br />
simboloebTan SedarebiT, ise rom iCrdileba saTanado<br />
simboloTa erTma neTTan formaluri kavSiri (Sdr.<br />
slavuri `glagolica~ sapirispirod berZnuli<br />
m i n u s k u l u r i <strong>damwerlobis</strong>a).<br />
sawyisi sistemebis amgvari grafikuli modifikaciebi<br />
SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo mocemuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong>aTvis<br />
nimuSad aRebul weriT sistemebTan k a v S i r i s<br />
16
d a f a r v i s mizniT, rasac SesaZlebelia garkveuli<br />
politikur-ideologiuri safuZvlebi hqonoda.<br />
am tendenciis ukidures gamovlenas warmogvidgens<br />
Z v e l i s o m x u r i damwerloba, romelic aseve berZnul<br />
werilobiT sistemas emyareba, magram ro melsac<br />
arsebiTad gardaqmnili aqvs sistemis `gamoxatulebis<br />
plani~. berZnul bgeriT sistemasTan Sefar<br />
debiT dadgenili da ganlagebuli somxuri bgeriTi<br />
erTeulebi gamoixata ara Sesabamis berZnul<br />
simboloebze damyarebuli niSnebiT, aramed mTlianad<br />
berZnuli grafikisagan damoukideblad SeiTxza, Sesa-<br />
Zlebelia, originalur niadagze an sxvadasxva grafikuli<br />
nimuSebis gamoyenebiT. am TvalsazrisiT Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
somxuri damwerloba berZnul weriT sistemaze<br />
damyarebul damwerlobaTa Soris metad Tavisebur<br />
sistemas warmoadgens, romelic upirispirdeba am mxriv<br />
berZnuli sistemis gamoxatulebis planis amsaxvel<br />
damwerlobebs: k o p t u r s , g o T u r s , slavur `k i -<br />
r i l i c a s ~ da sxv. es weriTi sistemebi berZnuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong>agan warmomdgar anbanur damwerlobaTa<br />
tipologiaSi ukidures polusebs qmnian. amaT Soris<br />
moTavsdeba tipologiurad slavuri `g l a g o l i c a ~,<br />
romelic ar wyvets mTlianad grafikul kavSirs prototipuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> gamoxatulebasTan, mag ram<br />
warmogvidgens berZnuli sistemis grafikul simbloebs<br />
uaRresad modificirebuli da grafikulad<br />
stilizebuli werilobiTi niSnebis saxiT.<br />
amave jgufSi unda moTavsdes tipologiurad kidev<br />
erTi weriTi sistema, romelic berZnul damwerlobas<br />
emyareba. es aris Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> `a s o m T a v r u l i<br />
d a m w e r l o b a ~.<br />
17
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis berZnuli prototipis mixedviT Seqmna,<br />
berZnuli weriTi nimuSisagan momdinareoba vlindeba<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> mTeli rigi Sinagani<br />
struqturuli monacemebis safuZvelze, <strong>qarTuli</strong> weriTi<br />
sistemis S i n a g a n i w y o b i s a da p a r a d i g m a t i k i s<br />
mixedviT:<br />
18<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba
Z<br />
<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis<br />
SesaZlebeli weriTi prototipebi<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, yo<strong>veli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> da gansa kuTrebiT<br />
a n b a n u r i weriTi sistemis Seqmnis p i r v e l<br />
da a u c i l e b e l etaps warmoadgens enis bgeriTi<br />
sistemis w i n a s w a r i s e g m e n t i r e b a calkeul<br />
bge riT erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoisaxos<br />
gra fikuli simboloebis saSuale biT; ama Tu im enisaTvis<br />
anbanuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna gu lisxmobs<br />
imavdroulad am enis bgeriT erTeulTa sakmaod sruli<br />
da amomwuravi sistemis winaswar mocemulobas; enis<br />
bgeriTi sistemis am winaswar analizzea arsebiTad<br />
damokidebuli mis Sesabamisad Seqmnili <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
xasia Ti da funqciuri srulyofilebis xarisxi:<br />
rac ufro Tanmimdevruli, sruli da enis bgeriTi<br />
Sedgenilobisadmi adekvaturia anbanis Semdgenlis<br />
mier Catarebuli amgvari w i n a s w a r i f o n e m u r -<br />
f o n e t i k u r i a n a l i z i , miT ufro srulyofilia<br />
enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis amsax<strong>veli</strong> damwerloba,<br />
miT ufro Seesabameba igi enis grafikuli fiqsirebis<br />
miznebs.<br />
irkveva, rom q a r T u l i a n b a n i s Semqmnels zedmiwev<br />
niT sisruliT aqvs warmodgenili Tanadrouli<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bgeriTi sistema: igi srulad da<br />
amomwuravad iTva liswinebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bgeraTa<br />
(`fonemaTa~) inventars, romelTa grafikuli gamoxatva<br />
aucilebelia <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis adekvaturi werilobiTi<br />
gadmocemebisaTvis. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bgeriTi inventari<br />
imdenad srulad da Tanmimdevrulad aris asaxuli<br />
Zvel qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi, rom<br />
19
mas am TvalsazrisiT (e.i. niSanTa Semadgenlobisa<br />
da maT fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa mxriv) Semdgom<br />
arsebiTi cvlilebebi arc ki ganucdia. Tanamedrove<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerloba Tavisi Sinagani struqturuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT asaxavs ZiriTadad Zvel<br />
qarTul weriT sistemas (ramdenime niSnis amoRebiT: À,<br />
Á da Ã, romelnic gamoxatavdnen Zvel sistemaSi axali<br />
saliteraturo <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis arasaWiro bgerebs).<br />
magram romeli weriTi sistema aqvs aRebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
anbanis Semqmnels nimuSad, werilobiT `prototipad~,<br />
romel damwerlobas ufardebs igi qarTul bgeraTa<br />
inventars, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis bgeraTa simravles, raTa<br />
moaxdinos sistemaSi mocemul bgeraTa garkveuli wesiT<br />
dalageba da gamoxatos isini Sesabamisi grafikuli<br />
simboloebiT? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, nimuSad<br />
aRebuli r o m e l i d a m w e r l o b i s m i x e d v i T unda<br />
yofiliyo gawyobili axlad Seqmnili <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbani,<br />
romeli weriTi sistema u d e v s mas s a f u Z v l a d ?<br />
es aris arsebiTad p r o b l e m a Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> dam werlobis<br />
warmoSobisa, dayvanili sruliad konkretul<br />
amocanaze, saxeldobr imis garkvevaze, Tu romel w e -<br />
r i l o b i T s i s t e m a s e m y a r e b a <strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerloba<br />
rogorc nimuSs, rogorc `prototipul models~,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs mis wyobasa da paradigmatikas.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis SesaZlebel<br />
prototipebad warmo gvidgeba pirvel rigSi Z v e l i<br />
s e m i t u r i d a m w e r l o b a (an misgan warmomdgari<br />
romelime sxva, magaliTad, b e r Z n u l i w e r i T i<br />
s i s t e m a ).<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi (e.i. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> semituri<br />
Tu berZnuli weriTi sistemisagan warmomavlobis<br />
20
daSvebiT) erTi ram winaswar cxadia: rogorc semitur,<br />
ise berZnul sistemasTan SedarebiT <strong>qarTuli</strong> bgeriTi<br />
siste ma xasiaTdeba bgeraTa (kerZod, Tanxmovan fonemaTa)<br />
ufro di di raodenobiT. maSasadame, orive am<br />
sistemasTan Sefardebisas qarTulSi darCeba erTi<br />
jgufi Tanxmovnebisa, romlebic ver poveben fonetikur<br />
ekvivalentebs Sesadarebel sistemebSi. es <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
Tanxmovnebi am TvalsazrisiT `d a n a r T ~, `d a m a -<br />
t e b i T ~ bgerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sesadarebel siste<br />
mebTan SefardebiT; es `damatebiTi~ Tanxmovnebi qar-<br />
TulisaTvis `specifikuri~ Tanxmovnebia Sesadarebel<br />
sistemaTa TvalsazrisiT.<br />
amgvarad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnis procesSi<br />
nimu Sad aRebul sistemebTan qarTul bgeraTa Se fardebis<br />
damya rebisas, mTeli simravle <strong>qarTuli</strong> bgeriTi<br />
erTeulebisa or jgufad unda gayofiliyo,<br />
romelTagan p i r v e l i da Z i r i T a d i jgufi ga nisa<br />
zRvreboda Sesadarebeli sis temis bgeriTi erTeulebiT<br />
da am ukanasknelis anbanT rigis mixedviT gaiwyoboda,<br />
xolo m e o r e j g u f i bgere bisa iqneboda<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis Sesadarebeli sistemis Tval saz risiT<br />
`s p e c i f i k u r i ~ da am azriT igi damatebiT bgeraTa<br />
simravles Seqmnida, romelic anbanSi `d a n a r T b g e -<br />
r a T a ~ saxiT daemateboda garkveuli wesis mixedviT<br />
gawyobil ZiriTad bgerebs.<br />
amdenad, Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> warmoSobis<br />
prob lema o r i ZiriTadi aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba: es aris,<br />
uwinares yovlisa, garkveva im w e r i l o b i T i p r o -<br />
t o t i p i s a , rom lis mixedviTac unda gawyobiliyo<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis `Z i r i T a d i n a w i l i ~ da meore:<br />
21
gamo vlena im weriTi wyaroebisa (Tu ki aseTi arsebobs)<br />
da principebisa, romelTa mixedviT anbanis `d a n a r T i<br />
n a w i l i ~ unda Seqmniliyo da dahmateboda ZiriTad<br />
na wils e r T i a n i q a r T u l i a n b a n T s i s t e m i s sawar<br />
moeblad.<br />
maSasadame, Cveni amocana _ `Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong>~<br />
warmomavlobis garkveva _ kidev ufro konkretul<br />
saxes iZens da daiyvaneba imis garkvevaze, Tu romeli<br />
werilobiTi nimuSis mixedviT iqna gawyobili <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
anbanis ZiriTadi nawili, an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT,<br />
romeli weriTi prototipi _ semituri Tu berZnuli _<br />
gansazRvravs <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis ZiriTadi da damatebiTi<br />
nawilebis Sinagan struqturasa da Sedgenilobas.<br />
gasagebia, rom sxvadasxva damwerlobaTa sawyis nimu<br />
Sad, `prototipad~ an `weriT modelad~ aReba<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvravs axlad Seqmnili<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> `Z i r i T a d ~ da `d a n a r T ~ nawi lebs;<br />
sxvadasxva weriTi prototipis mixedviT sxvadasxva<br />
gvarad ganawildeba bgeriTi erTeulebi da<br />
maTi gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> simboloebi anbanis `ZiriTad~ da<br />
`damatebiT~ nawilSi.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT semituri da berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Sefardeba Zvel qarTul anbanur damwerlobasTan<br />
gamoricxavs am ukanasknelis momdinareobas semituri<br />
weriTi sistemisagan da avlens mis genetikur kavSirs<br />
b e r Z n u l damwerlobasTan.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis warmomavloba semiturisagan naklebad<br />
savaraudoa ukve imis gamo, rom Z<strong>veli</strong> semituri<br />
weriTi sistema (da misgan warmomdgari sxva semituri<br />
damwerlobani) narevi `konsonantur-silaburi~ tipis<br />
22
damwerlobaa, ma Sin rodesac qarTul damwerlobaSi<br />
mkacrad da Tan mimdevruladaa gatarebuli weris<br />
`anbanuri principi~, rac pirvelad damwerlobaTa<br />
istoriaSi swored berZnul weriT sistemaSi gan xorcielda,<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> semituri sistemis saTanado struqturuli<br />
gardaqmnebis Sedegad.<br />
amave dros, <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Seqmnisas weriT nimuSad<br />
semituri sistemis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTul anbans<br />
sul sxva wyoba da struqtura eqneboda, anbanis<br />
`ZiriTadi~ da `damatebiTi~ nawilebi sul sxvagvari<br />
Sedgenilobisa iqneboda, vidre es Zvel qarTul<br />
damwerlobaSia dadasturebuli. <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis<br />
Seqmnisas swored berZnuli (da ara semituri) weriTi<br />
sistema unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli rogorc<br />
weriTi nimuSi, rogorc p r o t o t i p i , romlis mixed<br />
viTac gamoiyo bgeriTi erTeulebi qarTulSi,<br />
gaiwyo anbani da ganisazRvra misi `ZiriTadi~ da<br />
`danarTi~ nawilebis Sedgeniloba da struqtura.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis SeqmnisaTvis sayrden nimuSad<br />
berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> miCneva savsebiT gasagebs xdis<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sistemis struqturisa da paradigmatikas,<br />
misi `ZiriTadi~ da `damatebiTi~ nawilebis xasiaTsa<br />
da bgeriT Sedgenilobas. amasTanave sagulisxmoa, rom<br />
yvela is Tavisebureba berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong>a, riTac<br />
es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba Z<strong>veli</strong> semiturisagan,<br />
yvela is specifikuri, sakuTriv berZnulisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli struqturuli niSani, warmoqmnili<br />
berZnul anbanSi misi Seqmnisas semi turisagan da<br />
agreTve misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi, asaxulia<br />
srulad qarTul anbanSi, rac naTlad mowmobs Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> b e r Z n u l i (da ara uSualod<br />
23
24<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis paradigmatika semiturTan<br />
da berZnulTan SepirispirebiT
s e m i t u r i ) sistemisagan warmomavlobas. Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
qar Tu li <strong>damwerlobis</strong> mTeli rigi struqturuli<br />
Taviseburebani aixsneba berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
saSualebiT; isini berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> struqturul<br />
maxasiaTeblebs imeoreben.<br />
amgvarad, Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Sepirispireba Zvel<br />
semitur sistemasa da berZnul damwerlobasTan avlens<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> sistemis semiturisagan gansxvavebul wyobas<br />
da <strong>qarTuli</strong> bgerebis anbanTrigSi ganawilebas swored<br />
fonetikurad msgavsi berZnuli bgerebis anbanuri<br />
wyobis mixedviT.<br />
25
26<br />
a somTavruli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikul<br />
simboloTa warmomavloba<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> aso-niSanTa<br />
SedarebiTi grafemuli analizi semituri da berZnuli<br />
wris damwerlobebTan avlens <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
o r i g i n a l o b a s , mis erTgvar d a m o u k i d e b l o b a s<br />
isto riulad cnobil damwerlobaTa grafikisagan.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> qarTu li <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafika ver<br />
daiyvaneba mTlianad romelime konkretul istoriulad<br />
cnobil grafikul sistemaze.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafemebis Seda<br />
rebiTma Seswavlam cxadyo is metad mniSvnelovani<br />
garemoeba Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> warmoSobisa da<br />
istoriis TvalsazrisiT, rom es niSnebi ver CaiTvleba<br />
erTi romelime weriTi sistemis (b e r Z n u l i s an<br />
s e m i t u r i s ) bunebriv grafikul ganviTarebad (ra<br />
azriTac, magaliTad, arqauli berZnuli grafika Z v e l i<br />
s e m i t u r i grafikis amsax<strong>veli</strong>a, an mcire aziis Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
damwerlobani da etrus kuli _ b e r Z n u l i s a , aseve<br />
kopturi da goTuri uncialuri _ b e r Z n u l i s a da<br />
sxv.). da Tumca calkeul qarTul asomTavrul niSnebs<br />
SeiZleba daeZebnos sxvadasxva xasiaTis grafikuli<br />
analogebi sxvadasxva weriT sistemebSi (rogoricaa,<br />
magaliTad, f i n i k i u r - b e r Z n u l i , a r a m e u l i ,<br />
f a l a u r i , p a l m i r u l i da sxv. grafikuli sis temebi),<br />
es arafers metyvelebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
grafikuli prototipis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli konkretuli<br />
weriTi sistemis grafikul niSanTa mixedviT unda Seqmniliyo<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> mrgvlovani <strong>damwerlobis</strong> asoniSanTa<br />
moxazuloba, miT umetes ver avlens imas, Tu<br />
romeli sistemis g r a f i k u l g a g r Z e l e b a s , e v o -
l u c i a s Se i Z leba warmoadgendes uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
aso mTavruli niS nebi (Tu isini saerTod romelime<br />
calkeuli sistemis amgvari grafikuli evoluciis<br />
produqtad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli).<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> niSanTa<br />
grafika ufro x e l o v n u r a d S e q m n i l i grafemebis<br />
STa beWdi le bas tovebs, romlebic iwarmova sxvadasxva<br />
tipis swori xazebisa da wrexazis grafikuli kombinaciiT.<br />
am gziT iqmneba grafikuli TvalsazrisiT metad<br />
ekonomikuri sis tema grafemebisa, romlebic<br />
formalurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan (resp. upirispirdebian<br />
grafikul sistemaSi erTmaneTs) minimaluri<br />
raodenobis damatebiTi xazebis saSualebiT.<br />
SedarebiT iSviaTia grafikul sistemaSi Se mTxveviTi<br />
niSnebi amgvari damatebiTi xazebis ufunqcio gamoyenebisa.<br />
bunebrivia amasTanave vivaraudoT, rom Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikul niSanTa Sedgena-<br />
SeTxzvisas romelime sxva grafikuli sistema yofiliyo<br />
safuZvlad aRebuli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> niSanTa grafi<br />
kuli modelireba momxdariyo romelime sxva weriTi<br />
sistemis (an sistemebis) grafikuli nimuSebis mixedviT<br />
rogorc es, magaliTad, Z<strong>veli</strong> somxuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnisas aris<br />
savaraudebeli, sadac berZnuli sistemis mixedviT Sedgenili anbanis<br />
niSanTa garkveuli nawilis grafikuli gaformebisas, rogorc Cans,<br />
e T i o p i u r i grafikuli niSnebi da principebi iqna gamoyenebuli.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi sistemis warmomavloba<br />
berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong>agan, an, ufro zustad, Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
qarTul i anbanis Seqmnisas werilobiT nimuSad da<br />
modelad berZnuli anbanis gamoyeneba gvavaraudebinebs<br />
qarTul gra fikul niSanTa Sedgena-SeTxzvisas pirvel<br />
rigSi b e r Z n u l i g r a f i k u l i s i s t e m i s aRebas,<br />
qarTul aso-niSanTa grafikul safuZvlad Sesabamis<br />
b e r Z n u l niSanTa moxazulobis gamoyenebas.<br />
27
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Sinagani struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad,<br />
semitur weriT sistemas rom ukavSirdebodes (rogori kavSiric berZnul<br />
sistemasTan vlindeba), maSin bunebrivi iqneboda qarTul grafikul<br />
niSanTa Sesadareblad semituri niSnebi mogvexmo, romelime semitur<br />
sistemasTan dagvenaxa qarTul aso-niSanTa grafikuli msgavseba.<br />
arsebiTad, g r a f i k u l i m s g a v s e b a erTi sistemisa Sesa Zlebelia<br />
mraval sxva sistemasTan aRmoCndes. bunebrivia aseT viTarebaSi<br />
S e s a d a r e b l a d swored is grafikuli sistema dav saxoT, romelTanac<br />
mocemuli weriTi sistema mWidro Si nagan struqturul kavSirs avlens.<br />
aseT sistemad Z<strong>veli</strong> qarTu li <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis SemTxvevaSi Z v e l i<br />
b e r Z n u l i damwerloba gvevlineba, da swored b e r Z n u l i g r a f i k a<br />
unda vivaraudoT pirvel rigSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> grafikis sayrdenad).<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi sistema imeorebs berZnul<br />
sistemas, upirveles yovlisa, gamoxatulebis planis<br />
erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebelSi _ weris mimarTulebaSi<br />
m a r c x n i d a n m a r j v n i v (sapirispirod semitur<br />
siste maTa m a r c x n i v mimarTuli werisa). am saerTo<br />
monumenturi stilisa da niSanTa geometriuli xasiaTis<br />
garda, nimuSad aRebuli berZnuli werilobiTi sistemis<br />
gavlena qarTul aso mTav rul grafikaze Tavs iCens<br />
agreT ve mTeli rigi aso mTavruli niSnebis konkretul<br />
moxazulobaSi, romelTa grafikuli forma msgavsia<br />
saTanado berZnuli grafemebis formisa. aseTi grafikuli<br />
msgavseba berZnulTan vlindeba gansakuTrebiT <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> `Zi riTad~, berZnulisadmi<br />
Sesabamis nawilSi. am nawilis ni SanTa umravlesobis moxazuloba<br />
SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes rogorc saTanado<br />
berZnul niSanTa grafikaze dam yarebuli formebi;<br />
am niSanTa grafikuli formebi unda asa xavdes<br />
saTanado berZnuli asoebis moxazulobas, ga rTulebuls<br />
qarTul sistemaSi damatebiTi xazebiT an gra fikulad<br />
gamartivebuls garkveuli xazebis mocilebiT. Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> `ZiriTadi~,<br />
berZnulisadmi Sesabamisi nawilis es grafemebi<br />
SesaZlebelia berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Sesabamis erTeulTa<br />
grafikuli modifikaciis Sedegad yofiliyo miRebuli.<br />
28
q arTuli <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba SedarebiT<br />
kopturTan, goTurTan, somxurTan da<br />
slavurTan<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis gansazRvra<br />
rogorc berZnuli weriTi sistemis safuZvelze<br />
Seqmnili qristianuli xanis <strong>damwerlobis</strong>a bunebrivad<br />
ayenebs tipologiurad am ukanasknels berZnulze<br />
damyarebul sxva qristianul damwerlobaTa rigSi:<br />
k o p t u r , g o T u r , s o m x u r da Z v e l s l a v u r<br />
damwerlobebTan.<br />
k o p t u r T a n da g o T u r T a n qarTul asomTavrul<br />
damwer lobas aerTianebs prototipuli berZnuli anbani<br />
sadmi paradigmatuli damokidebulebis principi; am<br />
Tval sazrisiT Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerloba eTanxmeba<br />
k o p t u r s a da g o T u r s da upirispirdeba s o m -<br />
xurs.<br />
Zvel qarTul damwerlobaSi, iseve rogorc koptursa<br />
da goTurSi, asaxulia uklebliv da srulad mTeli<br />
prototipuli berZnuli paradigmatika; yvela 9 ×<br />
3 = 27 niSani berZnuli anbanisa, romlebic rogorc<br />
fonetikuri, ise ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT _ ˜ stëgma,<br />
ð kØppa da ô s„mpi niSanTa SemTxvevaSi _ gadatanilia<br />
am anbanebSi imave TanmimdevrobiT da saTanado<br />
fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT.<br />
berZnuli e p i s e m o n e b i (mxolod ricxviTi mniSvnelo<br />
bis mqone grafikuli simboloebi) gadmodis aq<br />
amave funqciiT (e.i. mxolod saTanado ricxviT mni-<br />
SvnelobaTa gamomxatvel simboloebad, Sdr. kopturi<br />
ricxv-niSnebi `6~ da `900~, goTuri ricxv-niSnebi `90~<br />
29
da `900~), an isini iZenen axal sistemebSi saTanado<br />
enaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel `specifikur~ fonetikur<br />
mniSvnelobebs (Sdr. fāj niSa ni kopturSi _ fonetikuri<br />
mniSvneloba [f], ricxviTi mniSvne loba `90~; niSani<br />
goTurSi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba [q w ], ricxviTi<br />
mniSvneloba `6~; v `vin~, `Jan~, da ¸ `Sin~ niSnebi<br />
qarTulSi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba Sesabamisad [v],<br />
[ž] da [š], ricxviTi mniSvneloba `6~, `90~ da `900~).<br />
berZnuli niSnebi, berZnulisaTvis `specifikuri~ fone<br />
tikuri mniSvnelobebiT: [ks], [ps], [ō] da sxv., romlebic<br />
ar aris damaxasiaTebeli saTanado enebisaTvis, gadmo<br />
dis aq axali, am enaTaTvis `specifikuri~ fonetikuri<br />
mniSvnelobiT (Sdr. goTuri niSnebi<br />
_ fonetikuri mniSvneloba Sesabamisad [t], [j], [h w ],<br />
ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ `9~, `60~, `700~, <strong>qarTuli</strong> y<br />
`Áe~, ¬ `Ran~, `yar~ niSnebi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba<br />
Sesabamisad [j], [γ], [q’], ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ `60~,<br />
`700~, `800~).<br />
axlad Seqmnil anbanebSi angvari fonetikuri Senacvlebebis<br />
ganxorcielebiT da berZnuli anbanis<br />
e p i s e m o n e b i s (ricxv-simboloTa) saTanado adgileb<br />
ze SenarCu nebiT (Sesa Zlebelia, `specifikuri~ fonetikuri<br />
mniSvnelobis miweriT) arsebiTad Semoinaxeba<br />
prototipuli anbanis p a r a d i g m a t i k a da saTanado<br />
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi; am principiT gawyobili<br />
anbanebis paradigmatika mTlianad prototipuli<br />
anbanis paradigmatikaze `gadaisaxeba~.<br />
es pirvel rigSi Seexeba g o T u r s , sadac amgvari<br />
fo ne ti kuri Senacvlebebis Sedegad amoiwura yvela<br />
is berZnul Tan SedarebiTi `specifikuri~ bgera,<br />
30
omlebic unda gamoxatuliyo anbanSi specialuri<br />
grafikuli simboloebis saSualebiT. amitom goTuri<br />
anbani grafikul simboloTa imave 9 × 3 =27 raodenobas<br />
Seicavs, rasac prototipuli berZnuli; amaTgan pir<strong>veli</strong><br />
cxra simbolo anbanTrigSi gamo xatavs `erTeulebs~,<br />
momdevno cxra simbolo _ `aTeulebs~, xolo anbanis<br />
damasrulebeli cxra simbolo _ `aseulebs~.<br />
k o p t u r s a da q a r T u l anbanebSi berZnulis Se sabamis<br />
nawilSi Catarebuli amgvari fonetikuri `Senacvlebebis~<br />
Semdegac rCeba mTeli rigi berZnulTan<br />
SedarebiT `spe cifikuri~ bgerebi, romlebic unda<br />
gamoixatos anban Si; aseTi bgerebi, saTanado grafikuli<br />
simboloebiT warmodgenili, daerTvis koptur da<br />
qarTul anbanebSi `ZiriTad~, berZnulisadmi Sesabamis<br />
nawils da awarmoebs anbanis specifikur damasrulebel<br />
jgufs. amgvari `dama tebiTi~ simboloebis saSualebiT<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa damatebiTi<br />
jgufis _ `aTaseulebis~ _ gamoxatva.<br />
arsebiTad g a n s x v a v e b u l i paradigmatuli principia<br />
gamoyenebuli Z<strong>veli</strong> somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas,<br />
rac am ukanasknels tipologiurad k o p t u r , g o T u r<br />
da q a r T u l anbanebs upirispirebs.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas prototipuli ber-<br />
Znuli anbanidan amogdebulia yvela e p i s e m o n i<br />
(anu mxo lod ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamomxat<strong>veli</strong><br />
niSnebi _ e.i. ˜ stëgma, ð kØppa da ô s„mpi), agreTve<br />
yve la is aso-niSani, romlebic specifikur berZnul,<br />
somxurisaTvis aradamaxasiaTebel bgerebs gamoxataven:<br />
X xí (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [ks]), Y psí (fonetikuri<br />
mni Svneloba [ps]) da W ¾ mÐgaα (fonetikuri mniSvneloba<br />
[ō]).<br />
31
32<br />
kopturi damwerloba goTuri damwerloba
amdenad, Zvel somxur anbanSi momxdaria ara<br />
`specifikur~ berZnul mniSvnelobaTa f o n e t i k u r i<br />
S e n a c v l e b a , rogorc es k o p t u r , g o T u r da<br />
q a r T u l anbanebSi gvaqvs, aramed prototipuli<br />
berZnuli anbani w i n a s w a r d a y v a n i l i a im nawilze,<br />
romelic Seicavs somxurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
bgeriT erTeulTa gamomxatvel simboloebs. amgvarad,<br />
berZnuli prototipuli anbanis es nawili, mTel rig<br />
`specifikur~ berZnul simboloTa amogdebiT miRebuli,<br />
warmoadgens im C o n C x s , razedac aigo Z<strong>veli</strong> somxuri<br />
weriTi sistema.<br />
`specifikuri~ somxuri, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
bge rebis gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> aso-niSnebi moTavsebulia ara<br />
berZnuli nawilis m o m d e v n o d , rogorc es koptur<br />
da qarTul anbanebSi gvaqvs, aramed g a f a n t u l i a<br />
berZnulis Sesabamisi nawilis simboloebs Soris, rac<br />
arsebiTad a r R v e v s somxuri anbanis berZnulisadmi<br />
Sesabamis paradigmatikas da mTlianad cvlis berZnulis<br />
Sesa bamisi simboloebis ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa sistemas.<br />
prototipuli berZnuli anbanis ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa<br />
SenarCunebis principi, rac ase mkafiod aris gatarebuli<br />
k o p t u r , g o T u r da q a r T u l anbanebSi, mTlianad<br />
u k u g d e b u l i a somxuri anbanis Semqmnelis mier,<br />
romelic iyenebs berZnul damwerlobas rogorc<br />
sayrden sistemas mxolod saTanado somxuri bgeriT<br />
erTeulTa gamosayofad. amiT unda aixsnebodes is,<br />
rom somxuri anbanis Semqmneli berZnul anbanSi ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs im simboloebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT<br />
fonetikuri mniSvneloba da arc im simboloebs,<br />
romlebic `zedmetia~ somxurisaTvis maTTvis dama-<br />
33
xa siaTebel `specifikur~ berZnul fonetikur mni-<br />
SvnelobaTa gamo. amitomaa swored, rom berZnuli anbanis<br />
C o n C x i , romelic safuZvlad udevs somxurs,<br />
iwyeba A ‡lfa da mTavrdeba X qí aso-niSniT, romlebic<br />
saTanadod aisaxa somxurSi Sesabamisad A ayb da ² khē<br />
niSnebiT; amaT Soris moTavsda sxvadasxva adgilas,<br />
yovelgvari SesamCnevi kanonzomierebis gareSe, mTeli<br />
rigi danarTi simboloebi, romelTac `spe cifikuri~<br />
somxuri, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli fone tikuri<br />
mniSvnelobebi mieweraT.<br />
¸ š niSani somxurSi (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `500~) berZnuli<br />
X xí niSnis adgilas ki ar zis, mis `substituts~ ki ar warmoadgens,<br />
aramed `danarTi~ nawilis simboloa, romelic moTavsda somxur anbanSi<br />
berZnuli N næ da O Û mikrØn simboloebis Sesabamisi N n da O o niSnebs<br />
Soris. egeve Seexeba somxur Z j niSans (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `900~),<br />
romelic anbanSi berZnuli ð kØppa niSnis adgils ki ar ikavebs, aramed<br />
SemTxveviT xvdeba anbanTrigSi berZnuli P pí da R r» niSnebis Sesabamis<br />
somxur P p da · r . simboloebs Soris.<br />
amis Sedegad mTlianad irRveva Sesabamisoba prototipul<br />
berZnulsa da somxur anbanebs Soris asoniSanTa<br />
ricxv-mniSvnelobebis Tval sazrisiT. amiT<br />
som xuri anbani mkveTrad upirispirdeba k o p t u r ,<br />
g o T u r da q a r T u l weriT sistemebs, romlebic am<br />
TvalsazrisiT saerTo tipologiur jgufs qmnian.<br />
garda prototipuli berZnuli anbanisadmi paradigmatuli<br />
damokidebulebis erTiani principisa aRniSnul<br />
tipologiur jgufSi Semaval weriT sistemebs rigi sxva<br />
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebic aerTianebs. sagulisxmoa<br />
am TvalsazrisiT is msgavsebani, rac Zvel g o T u r da<br />
q a r T u l weriT sistemebSi iCens Tavs; Zvel qarTul<br />
damwerlobas aerTianebs g o T u r T a n ara mxolod<br />
zogadi principi specifikur berZnul bgeraTa<br />
34
saTanado fonetikuri mniSvnelobebiT Senacvlebisa,<br />
aramed erT SemTxvevaSi sistemaSi Senacvlebuli<br />
fonetikuri mniSvnelobis damTxvevac.<br />
goTur anbanSi, ise rogorc Zvel qarTulSi,<br />
berZnu li X xí niSani (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [ks],<br />
ricxviTi mniSvneloba `60~) Senacvlebulia erTi da<br />
imave j-fonetikuri mniSvne lo bis mqone saTanado<br />
simboloebiT (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `60~), romlebic<br />
amave dros grafikul msgavsebasac amJRavneben: Sdr.<br />
goTuri j ~ Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> Ó Á.<br />
rogor moxda, rom or erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel<br />
sistemaSi, erTi da imave berZnuli mniSvnelobis<br />
Sena cvleba ganxorcielda identuri fonetikuri<br />
mniSvnelobiT [j], rasac araferi aqvs saerTo<br />
fonetikurad Tavdapirvel berZnul mniSvnelobasTan?<br />
metad mcirea albaToba imisa, rom amgvari damTxveva,<br />
rac gamoixata j-fonetikuri SenacvlebiT erTi da<br />
imave berZnuli niSnisa orive am sistemaSi, wminda<br />
SemTxveviToba iyos; ufro SesaZlebelia am sistemebs<br />
Soris garkveuli istoriuli urTierToba vivaraudoT:<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Semqmneli icnobs mis Tanadroul<br />
sxvadasxva weriT sistemebs, maT Soris g o T u r<br />
anbansac, romlis monacemebs igi axali <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Seqmnisas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
cnobilia, rom g o T e b i me-3 saukunis Sua xanisaTvis mosaxleobdnen<br />
Savi zRvis CrdiloeT da dasavleT napirebze. aqedan isini gadadian<br />
istoriuli yirimis teritoriaze, t a v r i s naxevarkunZulze. aq goTebi<br />
ipyroben bosforis samefos da euflebian mis xomaldebs, romelTa<br />
saSualebiTac mTel rig gabedul reidebs awarmoeben Savi zRvis<br />
aRmosavleT sanapiroze (biWvinTa) da egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvis<br />
kunZulebsac aRweven. t a v r i s naxevarkunZulze yirimeli g o T e b i<br />
iReben me-3 saukunis bolos aRmosavlur, berZnul qristianobas da<br />
35
sakuTar enaze awarmoeben RvTismsaxurebas; maT hyavT sakuTari episkoposi<br />
_ u n i l a (gard. 404w.). moRweulia cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom am periodSi<br />
konstantinopolSi, wminda pavles eklesiaSi goTurad iqna wakiTxuli<br />
erTi Tavi saxarebidan. yo<strong>veli</strong>ve es mowmobs yirimis goTebSi v u l f i l a s<br />
mier Targmnili goTuri saxarebis arsebobas, romelic Sesrulebuli<br />
iyo mis mierve Seqmnili originaluri goTuri damwerlobiT. ar aris<br />
gamoricxuli, rom qarTvelebi goTur damwerlobas swored yirimeli<br />
goTebisagan icnobdnen).<br />
am TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia arc is iyos SemTxvevi Ti,<br />
rom ramdenime <strong>qarTuli</strong> aso-niSnis saxelwodeba Sesa bamis<br />
goTur niSanTa saxelebs emTxveva: <strong>qarTuli</strong> l niSnis<br />
`las~ saxeli, romelic fonetikurad gancalkavebiT<br />
dgas danarCen saxelwodebebTan SedarebiT, metad<br />
emsgavseba goTuri [l] niSnis `laaz~ saxels; Sdr. agreTve<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> V v `vin~ da goTuri `uuinne~ ([w]), qarT. m m<br />
`man~ da goT. `manna~ ([m]). berZnul weriT sistemaze<br />
damyarebul qristianuli xanis damwerlobaTa istoriuli<br />
urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa agreT<br />
ve amave tipologiur jgufSi Semavali Z v e l i<br />
s l a v u r i <strong>damwerlobis</strong> monacemebi.<br />
slavur `glagolicaSi~ arsebiTad igive principia<br />
ganxorcielebuli prototipuli berZnuli sistemisadmi<br />
paradigmatuli damokidebulebisa, rac k o p t u r ,<br />
g o T u r da q a r T u l anbanebSi.<br />
`glagolicas~ ZiriTadad, berZnulis Sesabamisi nawi li<br />
gawyobilia berZnuli anbanis mixedviT masSi ganxorci<br />
elebuli saTanado `fonetikuri SenacvlebebiT~.<br />
`spe cifikuri~, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli slavuri<br />
bgerebi, warmodgenili aq `danarTi~ nawilis saxiT,<br />
romelic agrZe lebs ZiriTad, berZnulisadmi Sesabamis<br />
nawils da asrulebs mTel sistemas `aTaseulTa~<br />
gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT.<br />
36
Z<strong>veli</strong> slavuri damwerloba<br />
37
`glagolicas~ danarTi (`aTaseulebis~ gamomxat<strong>veli</strong>)<br />
jgu fis niSanTa anbanTrigSi ganawilebisas Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
slavuri anbanis Semdgeneli iTvaliswinebs, rogorc<br />
Cans, sxva monacemebsac, maT Soris Z<strong>veli</strong> q a r T u l i<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> anbanTrigs.<br />
sla vuri `glagolicas~ Semqmneli konstantine-ki ri les mier<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> codna dasturdeba misi cxovrebis<br />
aRwerilobiTac: Vita Cyrilli. konstantine-kiriles biografosi<br />
aRgviwers mis gamosvlas maRali wodebis sasuliero pirTa Sekrebilobaze,<br />
sadac igi `saRmrTo werilis~ moS<strong>veli</strong>ebiT TavgamodebiT icavs debulebas<br />
RvTismsaxurebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva enebze, maT Soris<br />
slavurad: yovel ers unda mieces ufleba RmerTi Tavis mSobliur<br />
enaze adidos. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi imowmebs, Tu ramden ers, garda<br />
ebraelebisa, berZnebisa da laTinebisa, moepoveba sakuTari anbani; am<br />
xalxTa Soris konstantine-kirile `qarTvelebsac~ ixseniebs).<br />
es vlindeba rogorc `aTaseulTa~ jgufis č niSniT<br />
da wyebaSi (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `1.000~), Sdr.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> aso mTavruli ¨, romelic `aTaseulTa~<br />
jgufs iwyebs (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [č], ricxviTi<br />
mniSvneloba `1.000~), aseve am jgufis meeqvse x 1<br />
niSnis `6.000~ ricxviTi mni SvnelobiT gamoyenebaSi<br />
(Sdr. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> X niS nis _ mxedruli x<br />
_ fonetikuri mniSvneloba [x], ricxviTi mni Svneloba<br />
`6.000~). amgvari gavlena Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong>a<br />
slavur `glagolicaze~ SesaZleblad aris miCneuli.<br />
sagulisxmoa agreTve `glagolicaSi~ с `900~ ~ č `1.000~<br />
~ š `2.000~ niSanTa mimdevroba (Sdr. <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis ¸ š<br />
`900~ ~ ¨ č `1.000~ ~ Ã с `2.000~ mimdevroba), rac asaxulia<br />
`kirilicaSic~ Ц с ~ Ч č ~ Ш š mimdevrobis saxiT.<br />
paradigmatuli struqturis msgavsebis garda Zvel<br />
qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobasa da slavur<br />
`glagolicas~ aerTianebs agreTve zogadi grafikuli<br />
principi axlad Seqmnili <strong>damwerlobis</strong> prototipuli<br />
38
sistemis grafikisagan daSorebisa, raTa am gziT<br />
warmoSobiliyo `originaluri~ erovnuli damwerloba,<br />
garegnulad damoukidebeli yo<strong>veli</strong>ve ucxouri weriTi<br />
sistemisagan.<br />
am principis ukidures gamovlinebas warmoadgens m e s -<br />
r o p - m a S T o c i s Z<strong>veli</strong> somxuri anbani berZnulisagan<br />
sru liad gansxvavebuli grafikiT. m e s r o p - m a S T o c i ,<br />
romelic somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas sayrdenad berZnul<br />
weriT sistemas iRebs, mTlianad cvlis berZnul niSanTa<br />
moxazulobas da saTanado somxuri aso-niSnebisaTvis<br />
qmnis originalur da Tavisebur grafikul sistemas,<br />
raTa am gziT gawyvetiliyo kavSiri prototipul<br />
berZnul damwerlobasTan da ganmtkicebuliyo axlad<br />
Seqmnili anbanis damoukideblobis STabeWdileba.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis Semqmneli amave mizniT<br />
axdens prototipuli berZnuli grafikuli sistemis<br />
S e g n e b u l m o d i f i c i r e b a s ; igi ar wyvets axlad<br />
Seqmnil anbanSi kavSirs berZnul grafikasTan.<br />
igi mxolod gardaqmnis mas sistemis modifikaciisa da<br />
saTanado niSanTa grafikuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
amaSi vlindeba qarTul <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis Semqmnelis uaRresad farTo<br />
filologiuri erudicia, romelic moicavda imdroindeli berZnuli<br />
lin gvisturi Teoriisa da berZnuli grafikuli sistemebis codnas.<br />
sagu lisxmoa am TvalsazrisiT agreTve <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis `specifikuri~<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> nawilis TanxmovanTa dalageba berZnuli fonetikuri Teoriis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
amiT Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis Semqmneli<br />
aRwevs arsebiTad imave Sedegs originaluri erovnuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Sedgenis TvalsazrisiT, rasac m e s r o m -<br />
m a S T o c i Z<strong>veli</strong> somxuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> berZnulisagan<br />
39
sruliad gansxvavebul grafikul niadagze agebiT<br />
iRebs.<br />
amgvari tendenciebi aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaro<br />
Si, rac imdroindeli politikur-erovnuli da<br />
religiuri motivebiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli,<br />
dasabams aZlevs berZnulze damyarebuli ramdenime<br />
grafikulad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli weriTi<br />
sistemis Seqmnas, romlebic amave dros grafikul<br />
damoukideblobas avlenen prototipul berZnul<br />
sistemasTan SedarebiT.<br />
40<br />
somxuri anbani berZnulTan SepirispirebiT
q arTuli <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbani rogorc berZnuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikuli stilizaciis Sedegad<br />
Seqmnili axali erovnuli damwerloba<br />
rogor unda aixsnas Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong><br />
damwer lobis aso-niSanTa SedarebiTi analiziT<br />
gamovlenili grafikuli sxvaoba saTanado berZnul<br />
niSanTa moxazulo basTan? aris Tu ara es grafikuli<br />
sxvaoba Sedegi berZnu li weriTi sistemisagan warmomdgari<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> aso mTavruli <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
bunebrivi ganviTarebisa da grafikuli evoluciis,<br />
romlis procesSi igi unda daSo reboda prototipuli<br />
berZnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> niSanTa moxazulobas?<br />
am varaudis daSvebiT Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong><br />
damwer lobis Seqmna berZnuli anbanis mixedviT unda<br />
gadagvetana im epoqaSi, rodesac arqauli berZnuli<br />
weriTi sistema iyo gavrcelebuli marcxniv mimarTuli<br />
weriT da Sesabamisad marcxniv miqceuli aso-niSnebiT;<br />
fonetikuri mniSvnelobis mqone [υ] bgeris gamomxat<strong>veli</strong><br />
F digamma niSniT da mTeli rigi sxva arqauli grafikuli<br />
da fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT, romlebic berZnul<br />
weriT sistemas Z<strong>veli</strong> welTaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebSi<br />
axasiaTebda.<br />
amasTanave, Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba<br />
avlens berZnuli weriTi sistemisagan momdinare iseT<br />
grafikul da fonetikur Taviseburebebs, romlebic<br />
berZnul sistemaSi SedarebiT ufro gvian periodSi<br />
warmoiqmna, rodesac ukve marjvniv mimarTuli wera<br />
iyo gavrcelebuli, ϒ 8 yilØn niSniT palataluri [ü]<br />
xmovani gamoixata, xolo Tavdapirvelad [ow] difTongis<br />
41
gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> Οϒ niSanTa kombinaciis sa SualebiT [ū]<br />
xmovani aRiniSna; semituri ���� niSnisagan momdinare<br />
simbolo anbanidan amovarda da berZnulisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli bgerebis gamomxat<strong>veli</strong> damatebiTi<br />
niSnebi gaCnda.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Z<strong>veli</strong> welTaRricxvis<br />
VII-VI saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli arqauli<br />
berZnuli weriTi sistemisagan warmomavlobis miRebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi (rac TavisTavad ukve <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong>aTvis metad adreuli qronologiiT<br />
Sepirobebul kulturl-istoriuli xasiaTis sirTuleebs<br />
badebs) unda dagveSva, rom qarTul damwerlobaSi<br />
aisaxa yvela is ZiriTadi cvlileba da gardaqmna,<br />
romlebic berZnulma weriTma sistemam Semdgom<br />
ganicada, rac, rasakvir<strong>veli</strong>a, Zneli safiqrebelia.<br />
maSasadame, unda davuSvaT, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Seqmnisas<br />
weriT nimuSad aRebuli iyo Z<strong>veli</strong> berZnuli anbani im<br />
g r a f i k u l i da f o n e t i k u r i c v l i l e b e b i s<br />
gaTva liswi nebiT, romlebic berZnul werilobiT<br />
sistemaSi mo mdevno periodSi warmoiqmna.<br />
yo<strong>veli</strong>ve es gvavaraudebinebs Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong><br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> xelovnurad Seqmnas nimuSad<br />
aRebuli berZnuli grafikuli sistemis g a r d a q m n i s a<br />
da s t i l i z a c i i s Sedegad.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis Semqmneli weriT<br />
nimuSad, grafikul prototipad da modelad iRebs mis<br />
Tanadroul monumentur b e r Z n u l weriT sistemas da<br />
axdens mis stilizebul `arqaizacias~, rac gamoixata<br />
ZiriTadad saTanado berZnul grafikul simboloTa<br />
pirmarcxniv SebrunebaSi.<br />
42
amasTanave, igi S e g n e b u l a d c v l i s Sesabamis<br />
berZnul grafikul simboloTa moxazulobas sxvadasxva<br />
grafikuli xerxis gamoyenebiT: asos ZiriTadi<br />
xazisaTvis damatebiTi xazebis mimatebiT an gamoklebiT,<br />
riTac garkveuli grafikuli prototipis<br />
safuZvelze Seqmnili niSani am ukanasknels scildeba<br />
da originalur grafikul iers iZens.<br />
magram amisda miuxedavad, prototipul berZnul damwerlo<br />
basTan grafikuli kavSiri <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong><br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> m o n u m e n t u r o b a s a da mis<br />
m r g v l o v a n duqtusSi gamoixata, rac Tanadrouli<br />
berZnuli uncialuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> ZiriTadi grafikuli<br />
maxasiaTeblis amsa xve lia.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratom<br />
ar iqna aRebuli Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis<br />
Semqmnelis mier nimuSad berZnuli werilobiTi sistema<br />
im grafikuli saxiT, ra saxiTac igi <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis<br />
Seqmnisas arsebobda; ratom ar iqna gamoyenebuli axlad<br />
Seqmnil anbanSi saTanado berZnul niSanTa moxazuloba,<br />
rogorc es, magaliTad, k o p t u r i an g o T u r i<br />
anbanebis Seqmnisas moxda, rogorc es b e r Z n u l i s a<br />
an s e m i t u r i s a g a n warmomdgar sxva damwerlobaTa<br />
SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs?<br />
am movlenis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna iqneboda<br />
daSveba imisa, rom <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Semqmneli<br />
cdilobs am gziT d a f a r o s axlad Seqmnili <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
anbanis damokidebuleba da kavSiri misi drois berZnul<br />
weriT sistemasTan. igi am mizniT axdens berZnul<br />
grafikul simboloTa iseT m o d i f i k a c i a s qarTulSi,<br />
rom saTanado berZnul da qarTul aso-niSnebs Soris<br />
43
ikargeba yovelgvari formalur-grafikuli kavSiri,<br />
romlis gamovlena mxolod specialuri grafikuli<br />
analizis saSualebiT Tu xerxdeba. Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> niSnebi saTanado berZnuli<br />
weriTi simboloebis S e g n e b u l g r a f i k u l stilizacias<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis Semdgeneli<br />
qmnis e r o v n u l damwerlobas erovnul enaze teqstebis<br />
Ca sawerad, xolo erovnuli damwerloba d a m o -<br />
u k i d e b e l i unda iyos, amgvari warmodgenebis mixedviT,<br />
yo<strong>veli</strong> sxva <strong>damwerlobis</strong>agan, ar unda imeorebdes<br />
romelime sxva <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikul formas.<br />
egeve mosazrebebi edo safuZvlad m e s r o p - m a S -<br />
T o c i s e u l i somxuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> berZnuli<br />
prototipisagan sru liad gansxvavebuli moxazulobis<br />
Seqmnas; amave mi ze ziT xdeba s l a v u r `glagolicaSi~<br />
berZnul mi nusku larul asoniSanTa moxazulobis<br />
stilizacia da mo difikacia, rac maT sruliad<br />
gansxvavebul duqtuss ani Webs. am gziT xerxdeba axlad<br />
Seqmnili <strong>damwerlobis</strong> erov nuli T v i T m y o f a d o b i s<br />
ganmtkiceba da misi sxva damwerlobaTagan d a m o -<br />
u k i d e b l o b i s demonstrireba.<br />
am tendenciam somxuri anbanis Semqmneli miiyvana<br />
berZnul niSanTa moxazulobis srul ukugdebamde<br />
da saTanado grafikuli simboloebis originalur<br />
niadagze SeTxzvamde sxvadasxva grafikuli xerxisa da<br />
nimuSebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Semqmneli analogiuri tendenciis<br />
gansa xorcieleblad sxva gzas irCevs: igi ar wyvets<br />
yovelgvar kavSirs nimuSad aRebuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
44
gamoxatulebis planTan, prototipuli anbanis niSan-<br />
Ta moxazulobasTan; igi mxolod axdens prototipul<br />
niSanTa g r a f i k u l s t i l i z a c i a s sxvadasxva grafikuli<br />
meTodebis gamoye nebiT. mizani orive am anbanis<br />
SemdgenelT erTi da igive aqvT, am miznis grafikuli<br />
ganxorcielebis gza _ arsebiTad gansxvavebuli.<br />
ramdenadac Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba warmoadgens<br />
originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofs, Cveni varaudebi konkretul niSanTa<br />
warmomavlobis, maTi SeTxzvis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva grafikuli xerxis<br />
gamoyenebiT uaRresad pirobiTi da hipoTeturia.<br />
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom SeuZlebelia zustad d a d g e n a imisa,<br />
Tu ra grafikuli asociaciebi SeiZleba gasCenoda anbanis Semqmnels ama<br />
Tu im niSnis SeTxzvisas; xSirad aseTi daskvnebi mkvlevris subieqtur<br />
STabeWdilebebs ufro warmogvidgens, vidre im procesebis obieqtur<br />
asaxvas, rasac adgili unda hqonoda ama Tu im anbanis Semqmnelis `SemoqmedebiT<br />
laboratoriaSi~.<br />
Cven SegviZlia mxolod ama Tu im damwerlobiTi niSnebis s i n q r o n u l<br />
grafikul urTierTmimarTebaTa erTgvari modelireba, magram es<br />
srule biTac ar niSnavs im grafikuli proceduris a R d g e n a s ,<br />
romelic ganaxorciela am <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Semoqmedma aso-niSnebis<br />
SeTxzvi sa da grafikuli gaformebis dros; miT ufro gaumarTlebelia<br />
meTodologiurad calkeuli weriT simboloTa amgvari g r a f i k u l i<br />
analizis safuZvelze Sorsmimavali istoriuli daskvnebis gakeTeba<br />
mTlian werilobiT sistemaTa warmomavlobisa da Seqmnis Sesaxeb).<br />
amgvari n a c i o n a l u r i t e n d e n c i e b i damaxasiaTebeli<br />
unda yofiliyo aRmosavluri qristianobisaTvis,<br />
rome lic acxadebs RvTismsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
enaTa T a n a s w o r u f l e b i a n o b i s p r i n c i p s da<br />
miiswrafvis axali qristianuli kulturis Seqmnisaken<br />
erovnuli enisa da erovnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
safuZvelze.<br />
aRmosavluri, berZnuli qristianoba am TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad emijneba<br />
romis eklesias, romelic avrcelebda qristianul sarwmu noebas dasavlur<br />
45
samyaroSi laTinuri enisa da <strong>damwerlobis</strong> safuZvelze, erovnuli enisa<br />
da erovnuli kulturis gauTvaliswineblad.<br />
qveyanaSi qristianobis gavrceleba gulisxmobda amave<br />
dros farTo muSaobis gaSlas e r o v n u l e n a z e<br />
saRmrTo wignebis saTargmnelad specialurad am<br />
miznebisaTvis axlad Seqmnili e r o v n u l i d a m w e r -<br />
l o b i s saSualebiT.<br />
ase moxda es koptur, somxur da slavur damwerlobaTa<br />
Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi. egeve unda yofiliyo ZiriTadi<br />
safuZ<strong>veli</strong> Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> `<strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong>~<br />
Seqmnisa, da mwer lobisa, romelic Tavdapirvelad<br />
gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo qristianuli saeklesio<br />
wignebis qarTulad gadmo RebisaTvis da agreTve<br />
erovnul enaze originaluri qristianuli werilobiTi<br />
Zeglebis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
RvTis winaSe enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis ideas aRmosavlur-qristianuli<br />
eklesiis doqtrinaSi, ramac<br />
warmoSva Tavdapirvelad aRmosavlur-qristianul<br />
samyaroSi mTeli rigi axali damwerlobani da<br />
dasabami misca werilobiT fiqsirebuli qristianuli<br />
literaturis Seqmnas erov nul enebze, mohyva am enaTa<br />
socialuri funqciisa da mni Svnelobis zrda, erovnuli<br />
enisa da <strong>damwerlobis</strong> gadaqceva xalxTa erovnuli<br />
identifikaciisa da kulturuli TviTdamkvid rebis<br />
erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad.<br />
berZnul enasTan da eklesiis sxva oficialur eneb-<br />
Tan axladgaqristianebuli erebis enaTa T a n a s w o r -<br />
u f l e b i a n o b i s principi TandaTan erovnul enaTa<br />
p r i m a t i s a da Tvisebrivi a R m a t e b u l o b i s<br />
ideiT icvleba, rac, magaliTad, X saukunis qarTvel<br />
mwignobars i o a n e - z o s i m e s <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis `qebasa da<br />
46
didebas~ aTqmevinebs da acxadebinebs, rom `meored<br />
mosvlis~ Jams `yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT<br />
eniTa~, anda XIII saukunis somex moRvawes v a r d a n<br />
a r e v e l c i s somxur enas warmoadgeninebs rogorc<br />
`gvirgvins yovelTa enaTa qveyanasa zeda~.<br />
yo<strong>veli</strong>ve es erTi da imave tendenciis gamovlinebaa<br />
aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi _ mSobliuri enis<br />
gandidebisa da aRzevebis, am epoqaSi gabatonebuli<br />
berZnu li enis sapirispirod; am warmodgenebis<br />
Tanaxmad, mSobliuri ena berZnulis Tanaswori da<br />
toli enaa, `ese arian orni dani~; amgvari tendenciebi<br />
albaT mniSvnelovnad ufro adre daiwyo<br />
aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi, riTac unda<br />
aixsnebodes swored aseTi swrafva adreqristianul<br />
epoqaSi, rom axlad Seqmnil damwerlobaSi berZnuli<br />
weriTi niSnebis nacvlad sruliad originaluri da<br />
xelovnurad SeTxzuli weriTi simboloebis gamoyenebis<br />
saSualebiT dafaruliyo erovnuli anbanis berZnulze<br />
damokidebuleba da berZnulisagan warmomavloba.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> `<strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong>~ qristianul<br />
damwerlobad miCneva da misi warmomavlobis<br />
drois gansazRvra qarTul saxelmwifoSi qristianobis<br />
gavrcelebis xaniT agreTve gasagebs xdis Zvel qarTul<br />
anbanSi `jvris~ moxazulobis j `jan~ asos moTavsebas<br />
anbanis boloSi fonetikuri mniSvnelobis mqone<br />
ukanasknel niSnad, rasac am TvalsazrisiT gasagebi<br />
simboluri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda.<br />
amiTve unda aixsnebodes rigi msgavsi struqturuli<br />
niSnebi, rasac Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba<br />
amave epoqaSi Seqmnil berZnul anbanze damyarebul sxva<br />
qristianul damwerlobebTan avlens.<br />
47
48<br />
Z <strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Semqmnelis vinaoba<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis qristianuli<br />
epoqis damwerlobad miCneva, romelic unda Seqmniliyo<br />
berZnuli weriTi sistemis safuZvelze garkveuli<br />
piris originaluri Semoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivad<br />
svams kiTxvas <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis Semqmnelis vinaobis<br />
Sesaxeb: vin iyo is pirovneba, romelmac Tanadrouli<br />
b e r Z n u l i uncialuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong> safuZvelze<br />
sruliad originaluri monumenturi stilis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
mrgvlovani damwerloba Seqmna prototipuli berZnuli<br />
grafikis Segnebuli modifikaciis Sedegad?<br />
istoriam Semogvinaxa qristianuli g o T u r i da<br />
s o m x u r i anbanebisa da s l a v u r i ` glagolicas~<br />
SemqmnelTa saxelebi: esenia vulfila, mesropmaSToci<br />
da konstantinekirile; magram Cven<br />
dRemde ar viciT danamdvilebiT saxeli Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Semoqmedisa, rogorc ar<br />
vicnobT qristianuli kopturi anbanis Semqmnelis<br />
vinaobas.<br />
somxuri istoriuli wyaroebi Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> anbanis<br />
Seqmnas (somxurTan da kavkasiis albanur damwerlobasTan<br />
erTad) imave m e s r o p - m a S T o c s miawers; magram amave<br />
cnobebis mixedviT irkveva, rom m e s r o p - m a S T o c i<br />
TviT ar iyo dauflebuli qarTuls, rac sruliad<br />
g a m o r i c x a v s SesaZleblobas mis mier <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
anbanis Seqmnisas: axali <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna axali<br />
grafikuli simboloebis g a m o g o n e b a - S e T x z v a s ki
ar niSnavs mxolod; igi gu lisxmobs uwinares yovlisa<br />
enis Rrma l i n g v i s t u r i a n a l i z i s C a t a r e b a s ,<br />
sametyvelo teqstis d a n a w e v r e b a s calkeul bgeriT<br />
erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoixaton saTanado<br />
grafikuli niSnebiT; es aris swored axali <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Seqmnis procesSi logikurad p i r v e l i da Z i r i T a d i<br />
etapi, rasac arsebiTad emyareba mTeli Semdgomi<br />
procedura bgeraTa grafikuli gamoxatvisa da maTi<br />
anbanTrigSi gawyobis. yo<strong>veli</strong>ve es S e u Z l e b e l s<br />
x d i s konkretuli enisaTvis <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnas<br />
iseTi piris mier, romelic am enas Rrmad ar aris<br />
dauflebuli, romelsac winaswar am enis Taviseburi<br />
lingvisturi analizi ar Cautarebia.<br />
49
50<br />
Z <strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Seqmnis TariRi<br />
`...qarTlad friadi qveyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsaca<br />
Sina <strong>qarTuli</strong>Ta eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ<br />
yo<strong>veli</strong> aResrulebis~<br />
giorgi merCule, «grigol xanZTelis cxovreba»<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> `sruli<br />
Ca mo nakveTiloba~ da savsebiT Camoyalibebuli<br />
grafi kuli xasiaTi, rac ukve uZveles istoriulad<br />
dadasturebul qarTul warwerebSi SeiniSneba,<br />
mowmobs swored mis xelovnur xasiaTs, am <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Seqmnas erTdrouli SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Sedegad;<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna gulisxmobs mTliani werilobiTi<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelsac garkveuli azriT<br />
dasrulebuli xasiaTi aqvs, da ara sxvadasxva epoqaSi<br />
Seqmnili nawilebis saerTo sistemaSi gaerTianebas;<br />
rac ufro srulyofilia axlad Seqmnili damwerloba,<br />
rac ufro adekvaturad asaxavs igi enis bgeriT mxares,<br />
miT ufro naklebi damatebebi da Sesworebebi SeaqvT<br />
masSi, miT ufro stabiluria igi Tavisi xasiaTiT.<br />
swored amgvari srulyofileba axasiaTebs Zvel<br />
qarTul `asomTavrul damwerlobas~ da misi savsebiT<br />
Camoyalibebuli da `CamonakvTili~ xasiaTi ukve V<br />
saukunis warwerebSi ar gulisxmobs aucileblobiT<br />
am konkretuli weriTi sistemis xangrZliv winare<br />
istorias.<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmna<br />
qristianobis xanaSi, rodesac unda dawyebuliyo
erovnuli anbaniT `saRmrTo werilis~ qarTul<br />
enaze gadmoReba, advilad gasagebs xdis im werilobiTi<br />
da literaturuli tradiciebis arsebobasac, rac<br />
Cven <strong>qarTuli</strong> enisaTvis ukve V saukunis bolos unda<br />
vivaraudoT, rodesac iqmneba iseTi rangis originaluri<br />
Txzuleba, rogoricaa `SuSanikis martviloba~.<br />
qristianoba imTaviTve iyo m w i g n o b r u l i r e l i g i a<br />
da amitom xalxi, romelic am sarwmunoebas eziareboda,<br />
sakuTar mwignobrobas qmnida da iviTarebda; amas-<br />
Ta nave, gansxvavebiT dasavluri qristianobisagan,<br />
a R m o s a v l u r i q r i s t i a n o b a xels uwyobda mwignobrobisa<br />
da mwerlobis ganviTarebas sakuTar, erovnul<br />
enaze, erovnuli enisaTvis axali <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Seqmnas da am enaze naTargmni Tu originaluri Zeglebis<br />
SeTxzvas.<br />
amdenad, q r i s t i a n o b a s mniSvnelovnad unda Seewyo<br />
xeli erovnuli literaturuli tradiciebis<br />
swrafi ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTveloSi; swored am<br />
sarwmunoebis safuZvelze iqmneba a x a l i q a r T u l i<br />
k u l t u r a da m w i g n o b r o b a , yalibdeba q a r T -<br />
v e l T a e r o v n u l i e r T i a n o b i s Segneba...<br />
amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Z<strong>veli</strong><br />
qarTu li a s o m T a v r u l i damwerloba SesaZlebelia<br />
arc warmo adgendes <strong>qarTuli</strong> enisaTvis <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Seqmnis pirvel cdas, da qristianobamdel saqarTveloSi<br />
savaraudoa arsebuliyo kidev ufro Z<strong>veli</strong> werilobiTi<br />
tradiciebi.<br />
ar aris gamoricxuli, a s o m T a v r u l i damwerloba<br />
qristia nobis xanis a x a l i q a r T u l i e r o v n u l i<br />
51
d a m w e r l o b a iyos, romelmac Secvala (an gamoaZeva)<br />
manmade arsebuli, warmarTuli epoqis werilobiTi<br />
sistema; da Tumca (Tu ar CavTvliT l e o n t i<br />
m r o v e l i s cnobas f a r n a v a z m e f i s mier `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
mwignobrobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb) Cven amis pirdapiri<br />
miTiTebebi ar mogvepoveba, magram sxvadasxva zogadi<br />
mosazrebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia garkveuli<br />
albaTobiT vivaraudoT arqaul qarTul saxelmwifoSi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi tradiciebis arseboba jer kidev<br />
qristianobis xanamde.<br />
52
m wignobroba <strong>qarTuli</strong>» da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
«aloglotografia»<br />
`ese farnavaz iyo pir<strong>veli</strong> mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa<br />
naTesavTagani; aman ganavrco ena <strong>qarTuli</strong> da arRara<br />
izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier <strong>qarTuli</strong>sa da<br />
aman Seqmna mwignobroba <strong>qarTuli</strong>~.<br />
leonti mro<strong>veli</strong><br />
f a r n a v a z i s droindeli an ufro gviandeli warmar-<br />
Tuli saqarTvelosaTvis `mwignobroba <strong>qarTuli</strong>~<br />
SeiZleba niSnavdes am dros <strong>qarTuli</strong>s werilobiTi xmarebis<br />
SemoRebas `heterografiis~ saxiT, e.i. romelime<br />
gavrcelebul ucxour enaze, magaliTad a r a m e u l a d ,<br />
Sedgenili teqstis wakiTxviT adgilobrivi enis<br />
safuZvelze. `arameuli heterografia~ weris gavrcelebuli<br />
xerxi xdeba iranulenovan samyaroSi saSualo<br />
sparsulze teqstebis Casawerad.<br />
ufro adre iranul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli<br />
iyo weris, anu `mwignobrobis~, wesi, romelsac<br />
`aloglotografias~, anu `sxvaenazeweras~ uwodeben.<br />
weris, `mwignobrobis~ amgvari wesis dros teqsti,<br />
romelsac garkveul enaze karnaxoben, magaliTad,<br />
Zvelsparsulad, iTargmneba sin qro nulad specialist-<br />
Camweris mier da Caiwereba <strong>damwerlobis</strong> mqone sxva<br />
romelime enaze, am SemTxvevaSi e l a m u r a d , da<br />
waikiTxeba an amoikiTxeba adresatis mier specialist-<br />
Tarjimnis daxmarebiT ara e l a m u r a d , aramed T a v -<br />
d a p i r v e l e n a z e , romelzedac nakarnaxevi iyo<br />
es teqsti an Setyobineba, e.i. Z v e l s p a r s u l a d ;<br />
elamuri ena da damwerloba gamodis am SemTxvevaSi<br />
53
`Suamavali enis~ rolSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba<br />
zepirad Zvelsparsulad Sedgenili Tavdapir<strong>veli</strong><br />
teqstis kodireba (sakuTriv Zvelsparsuli solisebri<br />
damwerloba mxolod ufro mogvianebiT<br />
iqna SemoRebuli uSualod Zvelsparsuli teqstis<br />
werilobiTi fiqsaciisaTvis).<br />
saSualo sparsuli epoqisaTvis amgvar `Suamaval<br />
enad~ ukve ara e l a m u r i , aramed im xanad far-<br />
Tod gavrcelebuli a r a m e u l i ena gvevlineba<br />
`konstantursilaburi~ da mwer lobiT. `elamografia~,<br />
rac Zvelsparsuli `mwignobro bisaTvis~ iyo<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, saSualo sparsul epoqaSi `arameografiiT~<br />
icvleba, rasac SemdgomSi saSualo sparsuli<br />
werisaTvis damaxasiaTebel i d e o g r a f i a m d e an<br />
h e t e r o g r a f i a m d e mivyavarT.<br />
amasTanave, adgilobriv enebze <strong>damwerlobis</strong> arqona da<br />
`weris~ a l o g l o t o g r a f i u l i wesi, e.i. wera-kiTxvis<br />
faqtiuri codna mxolod specialist-TarjimanTa viwro<br />
wris mier, ar niSnavda sxvaTa `gaunaTleblobas~ an<br />
qveyanaSi l i t e r a t u r u l i tradiciebis uqonlobas;<br />
ase Ti daSveba iqneboda Cveni dRevandeli warmodgenebis<br />
gadatana Zvel epoqebze, rodesac `aloglotografia~<br />
da wera-kiTxva sazogadod viwro, SesaZlebelia, arc<br />
Tu ise p r e s t i J u l specialobas warmoadgenda (rogorc,<br />
magaliTad, stenografia Cvens epoqaSi) da ar<br />
gansazRvravda adamianis ganaTlebis dones; sazogadoebis<br />
`ganaTlebuloba~ ganisazRvreboda sazo ga dod codnis im<br />
maragiT, romelic z e p i r a d , z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s<br />
gziT Taobidan Taobaze gadaicemoda.<br />
qristianobamdel samxreT kavkasiaSi weris erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi meTodi, rogorc Cans, `aloglotografia~<br />
54
unda yofiliyo, riTac aixsneba aq a r a m e u l<br />
warweraTa gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba. warmarTul<br />
i b e r i a s a da s o m x e T S i `saSinao moxmarebisaTvis~<br />
teqstebi sakuTar, adgilobriv enebze, albaT, swored<br />
arameuli a l o g l o t o g r a f i i s wesiT iwereboda,<br />
rac gasagebs xdis cnobas qarTlSi mefe f a r n a v a z i s<br />
dros `<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwignobrobis~ SemoRebis Sesaxeb:<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwignobroba~ SeiZleba, gavigoT rogorc<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> aloglotografia~ arameulis safuZvelze,<br />
romelzedac weram am epoqaSi specifikuri, `armazul<br />
arameulad~ wodebuli saxeoba miiRo. maSasadame,<br />
teqsts karnaxobdnen q a r T u l a d , igi sinqronulad<br />
iTargmneboda da Caiwereboda specialist-Camweris<br />
mier a r a m e u l a d da amoikiTxeboda q a r T u l a d v e ;<br />
es unda yofiliyo <strong>qarTuli</strong> zepiri teqstis Caweris<br />
wesi arameuli enisa da <strong>damwerlobis</strong> SuamavlobiT.<br />
qristianobamdel qarTul saxelmwifoSi `mwignobrobis~<br />
ar seboba Tundac mxolod `aloglotografiis~ saxiT<br />
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels mSobliur enaze<br />
l i t e r a t u r u l i tradiciebis swraf ganviTarebas<br />
erovnuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong> SemoRebis Semdgom; `mwignobroba~<br />
mSobliur enaze erTgvari gagrZeleba iqneboda<br />
manamde arsebuli a l o g l o t o g r a f i u l i mwignobruli<br />
tradiciebisa.<br />
amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve SesaZlebloba<br />
qristianobamdel qarTul samyaroSi `literaturuli~<br />
tradiciebis arsebobisa z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s saxi-<br />
Tac. cnobilia, rom literaturuli enis Camoyalibeba<br />
ama Tu im kulturaSi ar iwyeba aucileblad enis<br />
w e r i l o b i T fiqsaciasTan er Tad, am enaze d a m w e r -<br />
l o b i s gaCenasTan erTad; `literaturuli~ tradi-<br />
55
ciebi da `literaturuli ena~ SesaZlebelia ar sebob<br />
des xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi z e p i r -<br />
s i t y v i e r e b i s saxiT am enaze specifikuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
arsebobis gareSec.<br />
weris SemoReba mxolod grafikul fiqsacias axdens<br />
amgvari tradiciebisa da xels uwyobs literaturuli<br />
enis Semdgom ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas. ase,<br />
magaliTad, Z v e l i i n d u r i literaturuli Zeglebi _<br />
veduri himnebi _ xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod<br />
z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s Zeglebs warmoadgenda; isini<br />
zepirad gadaicemoda da vrceldeboda; h o m e r o s i s<br />
poemebi Seiqmna mniSvnelovnad ufro adre, vidre misi<br />
w e r i l o b i T i f i q s a c i a da C a w e r a ganxorcielda;<br />
egeve Seexeba sxvadasxva e v r o p u l literaturul<br />
tradiciebs...<br />
z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s amgvar tradiciebs aZlierebs<br />
agreTve axlad gaqristianebul aRmosavlur sam yaro<br />
Si (maT Soris, albaT, saqarTveloSic) s a R m r -<br />
T o w i g n e b i s Targmnis iseTi wesi, rasac `a l o -<br />
g l o t o e p i a ~, anu `sxva-enaze-Tqma~, SeiZleba ewodos,<br />
rodesac xalxSi mSobliur enaze qadageba da religiuri<br />
teqstebis (Z<strong>veli</strong> da gansakuTrebiT axali aRTqmis)<br />
wakiTxva xdeboda maTi uSualod z e p i r a d gadmoReba-<br />
Targmanebis saSualebiT; aseT viTarebaSi ixveweboda<br />
da mdidrdeboda leqsikurad da terminologiurad<br />
TviT is enac, romelzec qadagebdnen da zepirad<br />
gadmoscemdnen k a n o n i k u r r e l i g i u r t e q s t e b s ,<br />
ama sac unda Seeqmna winapiroba imisa, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena<br />
ganviTarebul da daxvewil l i t e r a t u r u l e n a d<br />
Camoyalibebuliyo sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnisa da enis werilobiTi fiqsaciis<br />
droisaTvis.<br />
56
a somTavruli», «nusxa-xucuri», «mxedruli»<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> `<strong>asomTavruli</strong>~ saxeobis<br />
garda, rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs `nusxa-xucuri~<br />
da `mxedruli~ saxeobani. Tavis droze n i k o<br />
marma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> `mxedruli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong>~ arqaulobis Sesaxeb; am Tvalsazrisis<br />
Tanaxmad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> es saxeoba asomTavrul<br />
damwerlobaze uwinaresia qronologiurad da<br />
warmarTuli epoqidan unda momdinareobdes... jer<br />
kidev m.brosem da Semdgom iv.javaxiSvilma<br />
sruliad eWvmiutanlad cxadyves, rom `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong>~ e.w. `nusxaxucuri~ da `mxedruli~<br />
saxeobani Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgenen, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>asomTavruli</strong>sagan warmomdgar qronologiurad<br />
momdevno grafikul etapebs asaxaven.<br />
ramdenadac IX saukuneSi n u s x a - x u c u r i ukve savsebiT<br />
Camoyalibebuli damwerlobaa, misi Casaxva gacilebiT<br />
ufro adreul xanas unda miekuTvnos. <strong>qarTuli</strong> weris<br />
am saxeobis Camoyalibebis procesi qveda qronologiur<br />
zRvrad VII-VIII ss. unda miviCnioT, rodesac asomTavrul<br />
damwerlobaSi Tavgaxsnili b `ban~, w `Uie~ da `yar~<br />
aso-niSnebi yalibdeba, rac saTanadod aisaxeba nusxaxucuri<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> Tavgaxsnil ¸, w da ç niSnebSi.<br />
nusxa-xucuri damwerloba <strong>asomTavruli</strong> gakruli da<br />
gadabmuli <strong>damwerlobis</strong>agan unda iyos TandaTanobiT<br />
warmomdgari.<br />
57
`nusxaxucuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong>~ mrgvlovani saxesxvaoba<br />
dasabams aZlevs <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> axal saxeobas<br />
_ e.w. `mxedrul damwerlobas~, romelic arsebiTad<br />
X-XI ss. mdivan-mwignobruli nusxa-xucuri <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
gagrZelebas warmoadgens. nusxuridan mxedrulze<br />
TandaTanobiT gada svlis weriT nimuSad atenis sionis<br />
warwerebi iTvleba, romlebic X saukuniT TariRdeba;<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> weris es ukanaskneli saxeoba, umniSvnelo<br />
grafikuli cvlilebebiT, Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
beWdviTsa da werilobiT sistemas qmnis.<br />
58<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikuli ganviTareba
Sinaarsi<br />
winasityvaoba 4<br />
Sesavali 6<br />
anbanur damwerlobaTa Seqmnis tipologia 10<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbanis SesaZlebeli<br />
weriTi prototipebi 19<br />
<strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikul simboloTa<br />
warmomavloba 26<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> damwerloba SedarebiT<br />
kopturTan, goTurTan, somxurTan da<br />
slavurTan 29<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> anbani rogorc berZnuli<br />
<strong>damwerlobis</strong> grafikuli stilizaciis Sedegad<br />
Seqmnili axali erovnuli damwerloba 41<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong><br />
Semqmnelis vinaoba 48<br />
Z<strong>veli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>asomTavruli</strong> <strong>damwerlobis</strong> Seqmnis<br />
TariRi 50<br />
«wignobroba <strong>qarTuli</strong>» da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
«aloglotografia» 53<br />
«<strong>asomTavruli</strong>», «nusxa-xucuri», «mxedruli» 57<br />
garekanze: bolnisis sionis warwera (V s.).<br />
naSromi gaformebulia mRvimevis eklesiis ornamen tu li motivebiT<br />
(XIII s.).<br />
59
saqarTvelos eTnografiuli memkvidreobis<br />
dacvis fondi<br />
qarT<strong>veli</strong> xalxis ier-saxes, kulturas yofiTi<br />
tradiciebi da eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi ganapirobebs.<br />
Tanamedrove periodSi Seirya tradiciuli cxovrebis<br />
wesi, saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
eTnikurobis maxasiaTebeli TviTmyofadoba, zneoba, eTika.<br />
gaivlis xani da `qarTveluri yofidan~ araferi darCeba.<br />
es ki eris sasicocxlo Zalebis, misi TviTSegnebisa da<br />
Sinagani buneba-Tvisebebis ganadgurebis tolfasia.<br />
saqarTvelos eTnografiuli memkvidreobis dacvis<br />
fondis mizania Tavi mouyaros, daicvas, popularizacia<br />
gaukeTos saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis eTnografiul<br />
monapovars, mdidar qarTul kulturas, qarT<strong>veli</strong> kacis<br />
niWiTa da xelovnebiT Seqmnil materialur da sulieri<br />
kulturis Zeglebs, romlebic warmoaCens qarT<strong>veli</strong> eTnosis<br />
nacionalur simdidres, miRwevebsa da adgils msoflio<br />
kulturis saganZurSi.<br />
q. Tbilisi, i. gogebaSvilis q. #33<br />
tel.: (+995 32) 25-10-36
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