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C# 4.0 IN A NUTSHELL Fourth Edition Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
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Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Preface . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: 7. Collections . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: Isolated Storage 573 15. Networking
Page 13 and 14: 22. Parallel Programming . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: Preface C# 4.0 further enhances Mic
Page 17 and 18: Conventions Used in This Book The b
Page 19 and 20: To comment or ask technical questio
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introducing C# and the .NET Frame
Page 23 and 24: C# does not eliminate pointers: it
Page 25 and 26: What’s New in C# 4.0 The new feat
Page 27 and 28: In this chapter, we introduce the b
Page 29 and 30: An array (such as string[]) represe
Page 31 and 32: Here is the full list of C# keyword
Page 33 and 34: constant represents an invariant (w
Page 35 and 36: Immediately after the new operator
Page 37 and 38: • Generic type parameters • Poi
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-4. Assignment copies a ref
Page 41 and 42: Numeric Types C# has the predefined
Page 43 and 44: Numeric Conversions Integral to int
Page 45 and 46: int c = checked (a * b); // Checks
Page 47 and 48: NaNs are sometimes useful in repres
Page 49 and 50: type members, by comparing their un
Page 51 and 52: string a = "Heat"; string is a refe
Page 53 and 54: Value types versus reference types
Page 55 and 56:
The second approach is to use the v
Page 57 and 58:
Console.WriteLine (ref1); // The St
Page 59 and 60:
Passing arguments by value By defau
Page 61 and 62:
• Must be assigned before it come
Page 63 and 64:
To do the converse (pass a default
Page 65 and 66:
Operators in C# are classed as unar
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Category Operator symbol Operator n
Page 69 and 70:
string someWord = "rosebud"; int so
Page 71 and 72:
if (2 + 2 == 4) Console.WriteLine (
Page 73 and 74:
This feature of a switch statement
Page 75 and 76:
The break statement The break state
Page 77 and 78:
Namespaces are independent of assem
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Repeated namespaces All type names
Page 81 and 82:
{ Widget w = new Widget(); } } The
Page 83 and 84:
In this chapter, we will delve into
Page 85 and 86:
Overloading methods A type may over
Page 87 and 88:
public class Class1 { Class1() {} /
Page 89 and 90:
The this reference also disambiguat
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} } Notice that you declare the pro
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public static double Circumference
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class Class1 { ~Class1() { ... } }
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public class House : Asset // inher
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The as operator The as operator per
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} } Hiding Inherited Members A base
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Constructors and Inheritance A subc
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The object Type If you cast Asset t
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Static and Runtime Type Checking C#
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Structs A struct is similar to a cl
Page 111 and 112:
Friend Assemblies In advanced scena
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Extending an Interface return new C
Page 115 and 116:
public class RichTextBox : TextBox,
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In a typical scenario, Bird and Ins
Page 119 and 120:
[Flags] public enum BorderSides { L
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public class TopLevel { static int
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} } Why Generics Exist Generics exi
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Or: var myDic = new Dictionary(); G
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The class constraint and struct con
Page 129 and 130:
The most common scenario is when yo
Page 131 and 132:
Arrays For historical reasons, arra
Page 133 and 134:
To give another example, consider t
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4 Advanced C# In this chapter, we c
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foreach (int i in values) Console.W
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public delegate void ProgressReport
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... static void Main() { int[] valu
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Return type compatibility If you ca
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Third, the compiler translates += a
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public class Stock { ... public eve
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Event Accessors An event’s access
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Internally, the compiler resolves l
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static void Main() { Func natural =
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A finally block adds determinism to
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catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex)
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Throwing Exceptions Exceptions can
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System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException
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Alternatives to exceptions As with
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Iterators Whereas a foreach stateme
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Iterators and try/catch/finally blo
Page 169 and 170:
To represent null in a value type,
Page 171 and 172:
Further: • If exactly one operand
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Alternatives to Nullable Types Befo
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Overloading Equality and Comparison
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if (x.m_value == False.m_value) ret
Page 179 and 180:
Extension methods versus instance m
Page 181 and 182:
Two anonymous type instances will h
Page 183 and 184:
} } public class Duck : DynamicObje
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Reflecting on a type exposing (publ
Page 187 and 188:
In the following example, the parti
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Console.WriteLine (f.GetType().Name
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Pointer Basics For every value type
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Fixed-size buffers Memory can be al
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Table 4-1. Preprocessor directives
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• Third-party tools (such as Sand
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is on the tag (in which it verifie
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5 Framework Overview Almost all the
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concurrent collections, and low-lat
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System.Xml.Xsl // Stylesheet suppor
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also describe how to use Remoting t
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WPF’s size and complexity, howeve
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Workflow came originally with .NET
Page 213 and 214:
6 Framework Fundamentals Many of th
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Static method Characters included U
Page 217 and 218:
Manipulating strings Because String
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Comparing Strings A disadvantage of
Page 221 and 222:
For example: Console.WriteLine (str
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Setting a StringBuilder’s Length
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UTF-8 is the default text encoding
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For example: Console.WriteLine (new
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Internally, DateTimeOffset uses a s
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• The LocalDateTime property retu
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Null DateTime and DateTimeOffset va
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Console.WriteLine (zone.GetUtcOffse
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3. Otherwise, if IsFixedDateRule is
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Despite loc1 and loc2 reporting as
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NumberFormatInfo f = new NumberForm
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string.Format accepts an optional f
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Console.WriteLine (string.Format (f
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Specifier Meaning Sample input Resu
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NumberFormatInfo ni = new NumberFor
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DateTimeStyles ParseExact is usuall
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want to round rather than truncate.
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TypeConverter for the Color type (i
Page 257 and 258:
Working with Numbers Conversions We
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The advantage of storing such a num
Page 261 and 262:
static void Display (Enum value) {
Page 263 and 264:
An optional third argument lets you
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You can also pass in a custom equal
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Uri uri1 = new Uri ("http://www.lin
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{ if (!object.Equals (newValue, _va
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Equality and Custom Types Recall de
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In contrast, the default GetHashCod
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Here’s another way to implement t
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and > When implementing the ICompar
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via Read, ReadKey, and ReadLine, an
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You can do the same to invoke the c
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pair of interfaces (IEnumerable, IE
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It’s a standard practice for coll
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practice, we’ve implemented the n
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public bool MoveNext() { return ++c
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There is no consistent rationale in
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pseudotype appropriate to the array
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elements) via several methods that
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This uses an Action delegate, with
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Exists returns true if any array me
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The Copy and CopyTo methods are ove
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public ReadOnlyCollection AsReadOnl
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public void AddAfter (LinkedListNod
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Console.WriteLine (q.Dequeue()); //
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The commonality of these types is c
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Dictionaries A dictionary is a coll
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• Retrieving a nonexistent key vi
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ListDictionary and HybridDictionary
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Customizable Collections and Proxie
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protected override void InsertItem
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public int Popularity; public Zoo Z
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t.Names.Add ("test"); // Compiler e
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public class LastFirstEqComparer :
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The object.Equals check ensures tha
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IStructuralEquatable and IStructura
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Queries that operate over local seq
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Fluent Syntax Fluent syntax is the
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Console.WriteLine(); foreach (strin
Page 338 and 339:
For example, consider the signature
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Query Expressions C# provides a syn
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method names yourself. This offers
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int matches = names.Where (n => n.C
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This can be a real trap when buildi
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This method is an iterator by virtu
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Figure 8-6. Execution of a local qu
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Figure 8-7. Subquery composition In
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Progressive Query Building At the s
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var query = from n1 in names select
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Anonymous Types Anonymous types all
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These LINQ-to-db technologies are v
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Because Queryable.Where also return
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For instance, suppose we write a cu
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The problem is that SQL Server does
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A class decorated with the [Table]
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The EDM is complex: a thorough disc
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it’s context.Customers and not co
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Associations In a multitier applica
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• With L2S/EF, the subquery is ex
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DataLoadOptions options = new DataL
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When you remove a row from an Entit
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Func predicate1 = p => !p.Disconti
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From Framework 4.0, this namespace
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The easiest way to figure out which
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[Table] public class Purchase { [Co
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Joining IEnumerable, IEnumerable→
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The “SQL equivalents” column in
Page 394 and 395:
WHERE x IN (..., ..., ...) in LINQ
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Query syntax select projection-expr
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var query = from c in dataContext.C
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Figure 9-2. Projecting an object hi
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Note that the additional generator
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RESULT: { "Tom vs Tom", "Tom vs Jay
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}; select new { p.Description, p.Pr
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Overview Join and GroupJoin mesh tw
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In query syntax, variables from ear
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from c in customers join p in purch
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GroupJoin is equivalent to reading
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LINQ also provides OrderByDescendin
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foreach (IGrouping grouping in quer
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Grouping by multiple keys You can g
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Conversion Methods LINQ deals prima
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Cast has query syntax support: simp
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In LINQ to SQL and EF, Single is of
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Sum and Average are aggregation ope
Page 430 and 431:
We can fix this in a number of ways
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Generation Methods void→IEnumerab
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What Is a DOM? Consider the followi
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Hello world Within the parent e
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Instantiating an X-DOM Rather than
Page 440 and 441:
Before calling ToString on an arbit
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This is the output: HammerRasp. Saw
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IEnumerable query = from c in bench
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Simple Value Updates Members Works
Page 448 and 449:
The following removes all customers
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Casting to a nullable type won’t
Page 452 and 453:
The next example produces a simple
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Whatever you specify for the XML ve
Page 456 and 457:
Joe To give firstname the OReilly.
Page 458 and 459:
The X-DOM and Default Namespaces Th
Page 460 and 461:
XNamespace xsi = "http://www.w3.org
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We then turn this into a projection
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var customers = new XStreamingEleme
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static IEnumerable ExpandPaths (IEn
Page 468 and 469:
XmlReader XmlReader is a high-perfo
Page 470 and 471:
Two string properties on XmlReader
Page 472 and 473:
We could read it in as follows: Xml
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The ReadElementContentAsXXX methods
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id=123 status=archived Namespaces a
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Writing Attributes You can write at
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FirstName = r.ReadElementContentAsS
Page 482 and 483:
If there were 1 million logentry el
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To save a document, call Save with
Page 486 and 487:
customer.AppendChild (lastname); cu
Page 488 and 489:
The extension methods for use with
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OUTPUT: Jim Thomas Querying with Na
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Performing Schema Validation You ca
Page 494 and 495:
To validate an XmlDocument already
Page 496 and 497:
The compiler converts this to: File
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• When an object’s Dispose meth
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You could describe this as an owner
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an indeterminate delay between an o
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Here are some guidelines for implem
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collection for other objects. We wa
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memory fragmentation, and it allows
Page 510 and 511:
Concurrent and background collectio
Page 512 and 513:
class Client { Host _host; public C
Page 514 and 515:
the timer. This can create a differ
Page 516 and 517:
_weakCache = new WeakReference (...
Page 518 and 519:
The following illustrates how to co
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static void Main() { #if TESTMODE C
Page 522 and 523:
Another benefit of [Conditional] is
Page 524 and 525:
TraceListener The Debug and Trace c
Page 526 and 527:
It’s a good policy to set AutoFlu
Page 528 and 529:
The disadvantage of using code cont
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See “Dealing with Contract Failur
Page 532 and 533:
To illustrate the member accessibil
Page 534 and 535:
The code that precedes EndContractB
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Contract.Result and Contract.ValueA
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Support for multiple object invaria
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There are a couple of nuances to be
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Preconditions (Level 2) Enables all
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The ContractVerification Attribute
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Examining Running Processes The Pro
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To obtain the stack trace for anoth
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Monitoring the Event Log You can be
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let instances = cat.GetInstanceName
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string eatenPerMin = "Macadamias ea
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14 Streams and I/O This chapter des
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An adapter wraps a stream, just lik
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With Read, you can be certain you
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Thread Safety As a rule, streams ar
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AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirecto
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static MemoryStream ToMemoryStream
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s.WriteByte (200); // Send the valu
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Here’s the corresponding client c
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Text Adapters TextReader and TextWr
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writer.WriteLine ("Line2"); } using
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will always use exactly two bytes p
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Never close a stream before closing
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Now we can delete the file, for ins
Page 583 and 584:
sec.AddAccessRule (newRule); File.S
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we can demonstrate Path’s methods
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The simplest place to write configu
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Memory-Mapped Files Memory-mapped f
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You can also directly access the un
Page 593 and 594:
The additional flag sent to Deflate
Page 595 and 596:
Type Computer? Application? Assembl
Page 597 and 598:
Scope Location Local user \Users\\A
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15 Networking The Framework offers
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Table 15-1. Network TLA (three-lett
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• An absolute path to a file on y
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4. Call a DownloadXXX or UploadXXX
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You can also register your own pref
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The authentication is ultimately ha
Page 611 and 612:
You can cancel an active WebClient
Page 613 and 614:
WebClient wc = new WebClient(); wc.
Page 615 and 616:
var cc = new CookieContainer(); var
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static bool CertChecker (object sen
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} HttpListenerContext request = _li
Page 621 and 622:
In the case of getting a directory
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Sending Mail with SmtpClient The Sm
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TcpListener requires the local IP a
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Client Mail server Notes Client con
Page 629 and 630:
16 Serialization This chapter intro
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When Windows Communication Foundati
Page 633 and 634:
In contrast, implicit serialization
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using (Stream s = File.Create ("per
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using (XmlDictionaryReader r = XmlD
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The DeepClone method we wrote in th
Page 641 and 642:
Rather than skipping over unrecogni
Page 643 and 644:
[DataContract] public class Person
Page 645 and 646:
[DataContract] public class Person
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Methods decorated with these four a
Page 649 and 650:
simpler; implementing ISerializable
Page 651 and 652:
[Serializable] public sealed class
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[Serializable] public sealed class
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[Serializable] public class Team :
Page 657 and 658:
If we started out by writing Person
Page 659 and 660:
Attributes, names, and namespaces B
Page 661 and 662:
To demonstrate: Person p = new Pers
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... ... ... The [XmlArray] attri
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IXmlSerializable Although attribute
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17 Assemblies An assembly is the ba
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Specifying assembly attributes You
Page 671 and 672:
Figure 17-2. Multifile assembly The
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the assembly a different identity.
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The final step is to fully sign the
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To get an assembly version: string
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How to Sign with Authenticode Obtai
Page 681 and 682:
Prior to Framework 4.0, the CLR wou
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GAC and Versioning Changing an asse
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csc /resource:, To directly embed a
Page 687 and 688:
The resource designer adds images a
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A ResourceManager also lets you enu
Page 691 and 692:
Framework follows the RFC1766 stand
Page 693 and 694:
Within the AssemblyResolve event ha
Page 695 and 696:
The second difference between LoadF
Page 697 and 698:
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.AssemblyRes
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This allows us to do this: Type t =
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Reflecting and Activating Types In
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Nested type names With nested types
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int i = (int) Activator.CreateInsta
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At runtime, all generic types are e
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A MethodHandle is unique to each (g
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In a C# program, the backing method
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Type type = typeof (string); Type[]
Page 716 and 717:
delegate string StringToString (str
Page 718 and 719:
For instance, suppose we want to wr
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Group with key=x: x Group with key=
Page 722 and 723:
minimal space in the metadata (usua
Page 724 and 725:
3. Write one or more public constru
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} { mi.Invoke (new Foo(), null); //
Page 728 and 729:
have replaced the call to EmitWrite
Page 730 and 731:
When you exit, the evaluation stack
Page 732 and 733:
Instantiating Objects and Calling I
Page 734 and 735:
Just as in C#, you can include mult
Page 736 and 737:
AssemblyBuilder assemBuilder = doma
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Emitting Methods You can specify a
Page 740 and 741:
FieldBuilder field = tb.DefineField
Page 742 and 743:
ILGenerator gen = c.GetILGenerator(
Page 744 and 745:
The DefineGenericParameters method
Page 746 and 747:
Although it doesn’t appear so, th
Page 748 and 749:
TypeBuilder[] uncreatedTypes = { aB
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static Dictionary _opcodes = new Di
Page 752 and 753:
string FormatOperand (OpCode c, int
Page 755 and 756:
19 Dynamic Programming In Chapter 4
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The actual dynamic call then happen
Page 759 and 760:
Suppose we want to write a method t
Page 761 and 762:
} protected override XElement Visit
Page 763 and 764:
overload when calling GetFooValue w
Page 765 and 766:
Method Programming construct TryInv
Page 767 and 768:
DynamicObject also exposes some vir
Page 769:
You can also get variables back by
Page 772 and 773:
Although both follow a similar mode
Page 774 and 775:
A code access security Demand check
Page 776 and 777:
Table 20-1. Core permissions Type E
Page 778 and 779:
Type Enforces PublisherIdentityPerm
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summarize it by saying that securit
Page 782 and 783:
How the Transparency Model Works In
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• Security-critical • Security-
Page 786 and 787:
} } *p++ &= 0xFF; Conversely, you m
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• Ask the author of X to consider
Page 790 and 791:
} } You can also pass a list of ass
Page 792 and 793:
static void Main() { string pluginF
Page 794 and 795:
The .NET code access permission cla
Page 796 and 797:
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.SetPrincipa
Page 798 and 799:
Most types in System.Security.Crypt
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with each password before hashing.
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{ using (Aes algorithm = Aes.Create
Page 804 and 805:
encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write )
Page 806 and 807:
The RSA Class The .NET Framework pr
Page 808 and 809:
SignHash still needs to know what h
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Speculative execution On multicore
Page 812 and 813:
Figure 21-1. Starting a new thread
Page 814 and 815:
static void Main() { Thread t = new
Page 816 and 817:
class Introducer { public string Me
Page 818 and 819:
eal-time work, you must also elevat
Page 820 and 821:
There are, however, some cases wher
Page 822 and 823:
The generic Task class is a subclas
Page 824 and 825:
In the following example, we use an
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Locking constructs These limit the
Page 828 and 829:
Blocking Versus Spinning Sometimes
Page 830 and 831:
Monitor.Enter and Monitor.Exit C#
Page 832 and 833:
class ThreadUnsafe { static int _x;
Page 834 and 835:
lock (locker2); // Deadlock } }).St
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} } static void RunProgram() { Cons
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Thread safety is hence usually impl
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Static methods Locking around acces
Page 842 and 843:
would prevent this, but would creat
Page 844 and 845:
and we wanted to read/write them at
Page 846 and 847:
If methods A and B ran concurrently
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Do We Really Need Locks and Barrier
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The MSDN documentation states that
Page 852 and 853:
static void Main() { // _sum // Sim
Page 854 and 855:
Figure 21-2. Signaling with an Even
Page 856 and 857:
Figure 21-3 shows this process visu
Page 858 and 859:
You can reincrement a CountdownEven
Page 860 and 861:
WaitAll and SignalAndWait have a we
Page 862 and 863:
Monitor.Pulse (_locker); // or: Mon
Page 864 and 865:
Pulse executes first, the pulse is
Page 866 and 867:
Here’s a Main method that starts
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This forces the blocking condition
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} static void Speak() { for (int i
Page 872 and 873:
A class following the EAP may offer
Page 874 and 875:
class Program { static BackgroundWo
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Interrupting a thread does not caus
Page 878 and 879:
We can use this as follows: Operati
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Most of these classes’ use of can
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} } You can also pass in another ar
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using Random (limiting concurrency)
Page 886 and 887:
The following program demonstrates
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3. Call EnterWriteLock (this conver
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The multithreaded timers are more p
Page 892 and 893:
Both are like System.Timers.Timer i
Page 894 and 895:
You’ll need to be comfortable wit
Page 896 and 897:
Partitions work Collates results PL
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Figure 22-2. PLINQ execution model
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PLINQ and Ordering You can tweak PL
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var query = wordsToTest .AsParallel
Page 904 and 905:
For best performance, any methods c
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Cancellation Canceling a PLINQ quer
Page 908 and 909:
e processed on the same thread). If
Page 910 and 911:
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3 }; int su
Page 912 and 913:
The Parallel Class PFX provides a b
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Outer versus inner loops The latter
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do this: Parallel.ForEach ("Hello,
Page 918 and 919:
We must still lock, but only around
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Specifying a state object You can t
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single AggregateException that accu
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To detect a canceled task, catch an
Page 926 and 927:
A safe pattern is to rethrow antece
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• The antecedent was canceled via
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public partial class MyWindow : Win
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var source = new TaskCompletionSour
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childFactory.StartNew (() => 5 / nu
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performed atomically, eliminating t
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can force the sequence to end by ca
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} } catch (Exception ex) { workItem
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Given SpinLock’s ungainly value-t
Page 944 and 945:
The correct way to do this without
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23 Asynchronous Methods In Chapter
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IAsyncResult BeginXXX (in/ref-args,
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using System; using System.Threadin
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if (r.CompletedSynchronously) retur
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... void MyCallback (IAsyncResult r
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public class Server { public void S
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_stream = _client.GetStream(); Task
Page 961:
The boolean argument at the end ins
Page 964 and 965:
Figure 24-1. Application domain arc
Page 966 and 967:
This is acceptable providing the ev
Page 968 and 969:
The LoaderOptimization Attribute By
Page 970 and 971:
You can access these properties fro
Page 972 and 973:
Output: guess what... A slot is cre
Page 974 and 975:
Because in this example the client
Page 976 and 977:
public class Discoverer : MarshalBy
Page 978 and 979:
parameters are converted into null-
Page 980 and 981:
} public ushort Milliseconds; The S
Page 982 and 983:
Simulating a C Union Each field in
Page 984 and 985:
[DllImport ("Kernel32.dll", SetLast
Page 986 and 987:
data->Letter = 'X'; data->Numbers[1
Page 988 and 989:
Don’t be put off by the pointers:
Page 990 and 991:
In a way, the .NET programming mode
Page 992 and 993:
{ static void Main() { var excel =
Page 994 and 995:
a COM instance, and then use dynami
Page 996 and 997:
PIAs, however, were a poor solution
Page 998 and 999:
item is either a single character o
Page 1000 and 1001:
Enum value Regular expressions code
Page 1002 and 1003:
Quantifiers Quantifiers match an it
Page 1004 and 1005:
The opposite is the negative lookah
Page 1006 and 1007:
\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4} Suppose we wish t
Page 1008 and 1009:
@"""/>"; // "/> Console.Write (Rege
Page 1010 and 1011:
Matching Roman numerals string r =
Page 1012 and 1013:
new[] { '+' }, StringSplitOptions.R
Page 1014 and 1015:
Table 26-7. Zero-width assertions E
Page 1017 and 1018:
A C# Keywords abstract A class modi
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enum A type declaration keyword tha
Page 1021 and 1022:
new An operator that calls a constr
Page 1023 and 1024:
A keyword that allows one construct
Page 1025 and 1026:
Symbols #define directive, 175 #els
Page 1027 and 1028:
Assembly class, 651 assembly manife
Page 1029 and 1030:
object type, 85-88 partial classes,
Page 1031 and 1032:
parsing numbers in base 2, 8, and 1
Page 1033 and 1034:
dynamic calls without dynamic recei
Page 1035 and 1036:
common patterns, 141 common types,
Page 1037 and 1038:
GetUnicodeCategory method, 195 GetU
Page 1039 and 1040:
J jagged arrays, 34 Join method, 19
Page 1041 and 1042:
metadata token, 701 methods, 8-9, 6
Page 1043 and 1044:
increment and decrement operators,
Page 1045 and 1046:
Range query operator, 412 range var
Page 1047 and 1048:
Silverlight, 188 Single query opera
Page 1049 and 1050:
yte arrays, encoding to, 205 UTF-16
Page 1051 and 1052:
ushort integral type, 25 using dire
Page 1053:
XPathNavigator, 469 XSD (XML Schema
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