list of Latin and synonymous common names of - University of ...
list of Latin and synonymous common names of - University of ...
list of Latin and synonymous common names of - University of ...
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Smurphbot 3.0: Vascular Flora Common <strong>and</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> Names for Northeastern Canada & USA<br />
Last Updated: September 2011<br />
Stephen D. Murphy, B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Environment <strong>and</strong> Resource Studies, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Waterloo,<br />
Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada.<br />
Vox: 519-888-4567 ext. 35616 Fax: 519-746-0292<br />
E-mail: sd2murph @ uwaterloo.ca<br />
http://www.evironment.uwaterloo.ca/ers/faculty/smurphy.htm<br />
What is this database? In 1981, I used a then-novel thing called a “computer” <strong>and</strong> started a <strong>list</strong> <strong>of</strong> plants I<br />
identified - no comments on my geekiness. The main claim to fame <strong>of</strong> my database is that it is one <strong>of</strong> the better<br />
ones that matches <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> with <strong>Latin</strong> binomials. It is also free for its use . I update it sporadically but<br />
have done a major overhaul in 2009.<br />
Copyright notice. This material is copyrighted but is not intended as a commercial product. St<strong>and</strong>ard ethical<br />
<strong>and</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional practice dictates that this database is not to be claimed by other authors. It should be cited as<br />
a personal communication (acknowledgement) if it is used for publication in any form (this includes student<br />
papers). As an academic, I find plagiarism ethically reprehensible, not to mention illegal.<br />
Using this database. This has been updated <strong>and</strong> cross checked with the Ontario Plant List <strong>and</strong> the Flora <strong>of</strong><br />
North America; the latter is incomplete, hence so is my <strong>list</strong> here. As major revisions to taxa like Aster, Solidago,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Poaceae <strong>and</strong> Cyperaceae continue, expect me to be slow catching up – though the latest version has gotten<br />
most <strong>of</strong> the families revised. This is merely a h<strong>and</strong> way to check <strong>and</strong> cross check <strong>common</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>names</strong> (few<br />
comprehensive <strong>list</strong>s exist so it can get hard to underst<strong>and</strong> older survey records). Astute users noted that a few<br />
select species were neologisms; indeed, I follow the old mapmaker’s practice <strong>of</strong> inserting some red herrings to<br />
catch people passing this <strong>of</strong>f as their own work. In other cases I confess I had the usual mass <strong>of</strong> typos <strong>and</strong><br />
transcription errors – like I said, this is a h<strong>and</strong>y <strong>list</strong> <strong>and</strong> I work on it during lull times that are few <strong>and</strong> far<br />
between. If 100% accuracy is what you crave, send me a few thous<strong>and</strong> dollars <strong>and</strong> I’ll hire a pr<strong>of</strong>essional editor<br />
<br />
If using this with word processor s<strong>of</strong>tware, use the "search" or "find <strong>and</strong> replace" option to search for a<br />
name (<strong>common</strong> or scientific) that you need to find. If using this with a web browser, use the “find” or “find<br />
in page” function to search for a name (<strong>common</strong> or scientific) that you need to find.<br />
<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>names</strong> in rounded parentheses indicate old synonyms superseded by the current name. Asterisks<br />
denote species that are exotics (*) or invasives/problem weeds (**) [these are not necessarily exotics]. Ones<br />
that are invasive exotics are denoted as “*/**”. There is a constant debate as to what makes a plant a<br />
1
“problem weed” or “invasive”; I define these based on my experience <strong>and</strong> not on legal grounds (e.g. the<br />
various Noxious Weed Acts are too <strong>of</strong>ten obsolete). I caution that some species marked as “exotics” (from<br />
my point <strong>of</strong> view) may be indigenous to nearby areas <strong>and</strong> arguably should be classified as “native” because<br />
<strong>of</strong> the gradual expansion <strong>of</strong> their range. I welcome constructive arguments.<br />
Plants are <strong>list</strong>ed according to the most recent family alliance (with synonyms, <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> <strong>and</strong> recent<br />
changes noted). Plants (by binomial) are <strong>list</strong>ed in alphabetical order under each family sub-heading. I am<br />
going to be revising the file so the families are also grouped by order (rather than just alphabetically).<br />
I have not seen (personally) some <strong>of</strong> the rarer species, hybrids, <strong>and</strong> some species that are hard to identify<br />
(except when I have consulted herbaria accessions). I included these for completeness <strong>and</strong> also to remind<br />
myself that some species are restricted in their distribution. I try <strong>and</strong> make note in those cases – clearly<br />
there are some taxa in Cratageus, Carex, the goldenrod/aster complex that require lab work including more<br />
molecular approaches <strong>and</strong> certainly need expertise <strong>of</strong> the caliber <strong>of</strong> Tony Reznicek, Mike Oldham, John<br />
Semple, Steve Darbyshire, Dan Gregory <strong>and</strong> many others. Bear in mind that I am a field ecologist/botanist<br />
<strong>and</strong> not a taxonomist/systematist. I claim above average field skills (e.g. darned good in Poaceae <strong>and</strong> a lot <strong>of</strong><br />
other monocots) but I am not at the level <strong>of</strong> the people named here. Like most people, I say “I don’t know”<br />
quite a lot <strong>and</strong> take the plants back to the lab to consult with florae.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the <strong>names</strong> <strong>of</strong> the taxa <strong>list</strong>ed have been confirmed by pr<strong>of</strong>essional systematists <strong>and</strong> taxonomists in<br />
various florae <strong>and</strong> journals (e.g. Flora <strong>of</strong> North America, Taxon). There will still be disagreements <strong>and</strong><br />
revisions that I won’t catch up to for awhile. The revisions within Poaceae were massive, for example.<br />
I <strong>list</strong> some <strong>names</strong> below the rank <strong>of</strong> specific epithet (species) where these have been firmly identified. I<br />
prefer not to split taxa otherwise (subspecies, varieties) <strong>and</strong> especially avoid some (formae, nomae) that<br />
reflect phenotypic plasticity but respect taxonomists who have confirmed these (mainly ssp <strong>and</strong> var are<br />
relevant). I agree characteristics that tend to vary consistently are ripe for phenotypic selection <strong>and</strong> have<br />
evolutionary merit, but they may not be taxonomically relevant. I make exceptions when it is clear the<br />
modern consensus is that certain varieties (for example) are clearly different – even there I do tend to skip<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the varieties <strong>of</strong> Poaceae solely because they are not easy to distinguish, short <strong>of</strong> molecular<br />
approaches.<br />
Common <strong>names</strong> are ones that have been published or are ones I’ve heard used a lot. Some are well known<br />
<strong>and</strong> some are not. If anyone has any novel <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> for plants, e-mail them to me. I will add them<br />
(<strong>and</strong> properly acknowledge your contribution). Some <strong>of</strong> the diminutions <strong>of</strong> <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> for a given<br />
species may seem like overkill but it makes searching this database easier.<br />
I know some <strong>of</strong> the <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> make little sense, are misleading, or are redundant. I just <strong>list</strong> them, I<br />
don’t create them. Some <strong>names</strong> simply became popular even though they are wrong.<br />
Common <strong>names</strong> from other languages (e.g. French) have been spelled as they appear in most florae. Some<br />
2
<strong>of</strong> these are misspelled in modern terms because they have been historically spelled as such. Common<br />
<strong>names</strong> originating from aboriginal languages <strong>of</strong>ten are spelled phonetically <strong>and</strong> therefore crudely - I’d be<br />
quite willing to correct these - if anyone would like to e-mail the corrections to me.<br />
WARNING: A few historical <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> are <strong>of</strong>fensive – <strong>and</strong> I include myself as getting <strong>of</strong>fended by<br />
some <strong>of</strong> them as a few are blatantly racist <strong>and</strong> ugly. I still kept them. Why? However <strong>of</strong>fensive, historical<br />
<strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> are kept here because they may be useful in trying to identify species that are so<br />
designated in older documents. I despise certain <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong>, I do not endorse or use these <strong>names</strong><br />
myself, <strong>and</strong> I did not create these <strong>names</strong>. I therefore accept no responsibility if anyone besides me is<br />
<strong>of</strong>fended by <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> <strong>and</strong> users <strong>of</strong> this file will have to do so at the risk <strong>of</strong> personal <strong>of</strong>fense. That it is<br />
the problem <strong>of</strong> history <strong>and</strong> legacy – I’d rather explicate the stupidity <strong>and</strong> expose it rather than pretend it<br />
never existed.<br />
3
Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)<br />
Division Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)<br />
Class Lycopodiopsida<br />
Order Lycopodales<br />
Lycopodiaceae (clubmoss family, lycopod family)<br />
Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel (Appalachian clubmoss, Appalachian fir-moss, mountain fir-<br />
moss)<br />
Huperzia x buttersii (Abbe) Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>il (Lycopodium x buttersii Abbe) (Butters‟ fir-moss) (ON & NF<br />
in e. Canada)<br />
Huperzia chinensis (Christ) Czern. (Huperzia miyoshiana (Makino) Ching, Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh.<br />
ex Schrank & Mart. ssp. chinensis (Christ) A. Löve & D. Löve, Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex<br />
Schrank & Mart. var. miyoshiana (Makino) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Lycopodium chinense<br />
Christ, Lycopodium miyoshianum Makino, Lycopodium selago L. ssp. chinense (Christ) Hultén,<br />
Lycopodium selago L. ssp. miyoshianum (Makino) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Lycopodium selago L.<br />
var. miyoshianum (Makino) Makino, Urostachys chinensis (Christ) Herter ex Nessel, Urostachys<br />
miyoshiana (Makino) Herter ex Nessel) (Chinese clubmoss) (native to USA & Canada despite the<br />
specific epithet <strong>and</strong> <strong>common</strong> name – only in ON & NF [<strong>and</strong> BC, AK, WA, OR])<br />
Huperzia x josephbeitelii A. Haines (Beitel‟s fir-moss, Joseph Beitel‟s firmoss) (only in ON QC NF NS)<br />
Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. (Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. var. tryonii (Mohlenbr.) Mohlenbr.,<br />
Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. ssp. lucidula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve,<br />
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx., Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. var. tryonii Mohlenbr., Lycopodium<br />
reflexum Sw., non Lam., Urostachys lucidulus (Michx.) Herter ex Nessel) (ascending clubmoss,<br />
shining clubmoss, shining fir-moss)<br />
Huperzia porophila (Lloyd & Underw.) Holub (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var.<br />
patens (P. Beauv.) Trevis., Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. porophila (Lloyd<br />
& Underw.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. var. porophilum (Lloyd & Underw.)<br />
Clute, Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw., Lycopodium selago L. ssp. patens (P. Beauv.)<br />
Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Lycopodium selago L. var. patens (P. Beauv.) Desv., Lycopodium selago<br />
L. var. porophilum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute, Urostachys lucidulus (Michx.) Herter ex Nessel var.<br />
porophilus (Lloyd & Underw.) Herter ex Nessel, non Lam., Urostachys porophilus (Lloyd &<br />
Underw.) Herter ex Nessel) (rock clubmoss, sieve clubmoss)<br />
Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. densa Trevis. (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex<br />
Schrank & Mart. ssp. arctica (Grossh.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium appressum (Desv.)<br />
Petrovic, non (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw., Lycopodium arcticum Grossh., Lycopodium selago L.<br />
ssp. appressum (Desv.) Hultén, Lycopodium selago L. ssp. arcticum (Grossh.) Tolm., Lycopodium<br />
selago L. var. appressum Desv.) (Arctic club-moss, bog clubmoss, fir-clubmoss,<br />
mountain-clubmoss, northern fir-moss)<br />
Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. var. selago (Lycopodium selago L., Urostachys selago<br />
(L.) Herter ex Nessel) (Arctic club-moss, bog clubmoss, fir-clubmoss, mountain-clubmoss,<br />
northern fir-moss)<br />
Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill (Lepidotis alopecuroides (L.) Rothm., Lycopodium alopecuroides<br />
4
L., Lycopodium inundatum L. var. alopecuroides (L.) Tuck.) (foxtail clubmoss) (ME & NY<br />
southward; not yet in Canada)<br />
Lycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Pic. Serm. (slender clubmoss) (NY southward; not in Canada)<br />
Lycopodiella x copel<strong>and</strong>ii (Eig.) Cranfill [alopecuroides x appressa] (Lycopodium chapmanii Underw. ex<br />
Maxon p.p., Lycopodium x copel<strong>and</strong>ii Eig., Lycopodium inundatum L. var. elongatum Chapm.,<br />
Lycopodium inundatum L. var. robustum R.J. Eaton) (Copel<strong>and</strong>‟s clubmoss) (NY southward; not in<br />
Canada)<br />
Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub (Lepidotis inundata (L.) C. Borner, Lycopodium inundatum L.)<br />
(bog-clubmoss, marsh club-moss, northern bog club-moss)<br />
Lycopodium alpinum L. (Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub, Diphasium alpinum (L.) Rothm.) (alpine<br />
clubmoss) (QC & NF in e. Canada)<br />
Lycopodium annotinum L. (Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. alpestre (Hartm.) A. Löve & D. Löve,<br />
Lycopodium annotinum L. ssp. pungens (La Pylaie) Hultén, Lycopodium annotinum L. var.<br />
acrifolium Fernald, Lycopodium annotinum L. var. alpestre Hartm., Lycopodium annotinum L. var.<br />
pungens (La Pylaie) Desv., Lycopodium dubium Zoega) (bristly clubmoss, interrupted clubmoss,<br />
stiff clubmoss)<br />
Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodium clavatum L. var. laurentianum Victorin, Lycopodium clavatum L.<br />
var. subremotum Victorin, Lycopodium clavatum L. var. tristachyum Hook.) (<strong>common</strong> clubmoss,<br />
coral-evergreen, running clubmoss, running pine, staghorn-evergreen, wolf's-claws)<br />
Lycopodium complanatum L. (Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub , Diphasium anceps (Wallr.) A.<br />
Löve & D. Löve, Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm., Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. ssp.<br />
montellii Kukkonen, Diphasium wallrothii H.P. Fuchs, Lycopodium anceps Wallr., Lycopodium<br />
complanatum L. ssp. anceps (Wallr.) Asch., Lycopodium complanatum L. var. canadense Victorin)<br />
(Christmas-green, creeping Jenny, ground cedar, northern running-pine, running evergreen,<br />
trailing evergreen)<br />
Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. (Lycopodium obscurum L. var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eaton,<br />
Lycopodium obscurum L. var. hybridum Farw.) (false ground pine, prickly tree club-moss, roundbranched<br />
ground-pine, tree groundpine)<br />
Lycopodium digitatum Dill. ex A. Braun (Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub, Diphasium<br />
complanatum (L.) Rothm. ssp. flabelliforme (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium<br />
complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fernald, Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanch.,<br />
Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanch. var. ambiguum Victorin (crowfoot club-moss, fan<br />
clubmoss, finger clubmoss, southern running-pine)<br />
Lycopodium x habereri House [digitatum x tristachyum] (Diphasiastrum x habereri (House) Holub,<br />
Lycopodium complanatum L. var. habereri (House) B. Boivin, Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh var.<br />
habereri (House) Victorin, Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh var. laurentianum Victorin) (Haberer‟s<br />
club-moss)<br />
Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel & Moran (Lycopodium obscurum L. var. isophyllum Hickey)<br />
(Hickey's tree club-moss, Pennsylvania clubmoss)<br />
Lycopodium x issleri (Rouy) Domin [alpinum × complanatum] (Diphasiastrum x issleri (Rouy) Holub,<br />
Diphasium issleri (Rouy) Holub, Lycopodium alpinum L. ssp. issleri (Rouy) Chassagne,<br />
Lycopodium alpinum L. var. decipiens Syme ex Druce, Lycopodium complanatum L. ssp. issleri<br />
5
(Rouy) Domin, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. pseudoalpinum Farw.) (Issler‟s clubmoss) (ME)<br />
Lycopodium lagopus (Laest. ex Hartm.) Zinserl. ex Kuzen (Lycopodium clavatum L. ssp. megastachyon<br />
(Fernald & Bissell) Selin, Lycopodium clavatum L. ssp. monostachyon (Hook. & Grev.) Sel<strong>and</strong>.,<br />
Lycopodium clavatum L. var. brevispicatum Peck, Lycopodium clavatum L. var. integerrimum<br />
Spring, Lycopodium clavatum L. var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell, Lycopodium clavatum L.<br />
var. monostachyon Hook. & Grev.) (one-cone club-moss)<br />
Lycopodium obscurum L. (branch-evergreen, flat-branch, ground pine, rare clubmoss, tree-clubmoss)<br />
Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. Diphasiastrum sabinifolium (Willd.) Holub, Lycopodium armatum Desv.,<br />
Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. patens Victorin, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var.<br />
sharonense S.F. Blake, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. superfertile Victorin (cedar-like clubmoss,<br />
ground-fir, heath-cypress, savin-leaf club-moss, savinleaf groundpine)<br />
Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. (Diphasiastrum sitchense (Rupr.) Holub, Diphasium sitchense (Rupr.) A.<br />
Löve & D. Löve, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. ssp. sitchense (Rupr.) Calder & Roy L.<br />
Taylor, Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. var. sitchense (Rupr.) Fernald) (Alaskan clubmoss, Arctic<br />
club-moss, Sitka clubmoss, Sitkan clubmoss)<br />
Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh (iphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub, Diphasium chamicyparissus<br />
(A. Braun) A. Löve & D. Löve, Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. ssp. chamicyparissus (A.<br />
Braun) Kukkonen, Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm., Lycopodium chamicyparissus A.<br />
Braun, Lycopodium complanatum L. ssp. chamicyparissus (A. Braun) Nyman, Lycopodium<br />
complanatum L. var. chamicyparissus (A. Braun) Döll, Lycopodium complanatum L. var.<br />
patentifolium Spring (blue ground-cedar, deeproot clubmoss, ground-cedar, ground-pine)<br />
Lycopodium x zeilleri (Rouy) Greuter & Burdet [complanatum x tristachyum] (Diphasiastrum x zeilleri<br />
(Rouy) Holub, Diphasium zeilleri (Rouy) Damboldt, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. elongatum<br />
Victorin, Lycopodium complanatum L. var. gartonis B. Boivin, Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh var.<br />
boreale Victorin) (Zeiller‟s club-moss)<br />
Order Isoetales<br />
Isoetaceae (quillwort family)<br />
Isoetes acadiensis Kott (Acadian quillwort) (NY east into the Canadian Maritimes)<br />
Isoetes x brittonii (engelmannii x riparia) (Britton‟s quillwort) (NY but not in Canada)<br />
Isoetes x dodgei Eaton (riparia x tenella) (Dodge's quillwort)<br />
Isoetes x eatonii Dodge (Isoetes eatonii R. Dodge var. gravesii (A.A. Eaton) Clute (pro syn.), Isoetes<br />
gravesii A.A. Eaton) (engelmannii x tenella) (Eaton's quillwort)<br />
Isoetes x echtuckeri D.F. Brunton & D.M. Britton [tenella x tuckermannii] (Echtucker‟s quillwort)<br />
Isoetes engelmannii Braun (Appalachian quillwort, Engelmann's quillwort)<br />
Isoetes x foveolata A. A. Eaton ex Dodge (engelmannii x tuckermannii)<br />
Isoetes x harveyi Eaton (lacustris x tuckermannii) Isoetes tuckermanii A. Braun var. harveyi (A.A. Eaton)<br />
Clute) (Harvey's quillwort)<br />
Isoetes x hickeyi Tayl. & Lub. (lacustris x tenella) (Hickey's quillwort)<br />
Isoetes x jeffreyi D. M. Britton & D. F. Brunt (lacustris x riparia) (Jeffrey‟s quillwort)<br />
Isoetes lacustris L. (Isoetes hieroglyphica Eaton) (<strong>common</strong> quillwort, lake quillwort, large-spored<br />
6
quillwort, lesser quillwort)<br />
Isoetes riparia Engelm. ex A. Braun var. riparia (Isoetes canadensis (Engelm.) A.A. Eaton) (creekquill,<br />
creekwort, estuarine quillwort, riverbank quillwort, shore quillwort)<br />
Isoetes tenella Léman (Isoetes braunii Durieu, Isoetes echinospora Durieu, Isoetes echinospora Durieu<br />
ssp. asiatica (Makino) A. Löve, Isoetes echinospora Durieu ssp. muricata (Durieu) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve, Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. asiatica Makino, Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. braunii<br />
(Durieu) Engelm., Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. hesperia (C.F. Reed) A. Löve, Isoetes<br />
echinospora Durieu var. muricata (Durieu) Engelm., Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. robusta<br />
Engelm., Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. savilei B. Boivin, Isoetes muricata Durieu, Isoetes<br />
muricata Durieu var. braunii (Durieu) C.F. Reed, Isoetes muricata Durieu var. hesperia C.F. Reed,<br />
Isoetes setacea Lam. p.p., Isoetes setacea Lam. ssp. muricata (Durieu) Holub (Braun‟s quillwort,<br />
spike-spored quillwort, spiny-spored quillwort)<br />
Isoetes tuckermanii A. Braun (Tuckerman's quillwort)<br />
Order Selaginellales<br />
Selaginellaceae (spikemoss family)<br />
Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring. (Selaginella apus Spring) (amputated spikemoss, medow spike-moss,<br />
stump spikemoss) (ME <strong>and</strong> southward; may be in NB)<br />
Selaginella densa Rydb. var. densa (Selaginella engelmannii Hieron.) (lesser spikemoss, matted<br />
spikemoss, Rocky Mountain spike-moss, prairie club-moss)<br />
Selaginella eclipes W. R. Buck (hidden spikemoss, false meadow spike-moss)<br />
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. (Lycopodium rupestre L) (festoon-pine, northern spikemoss, rock<br />
spikemoss)<br />
Selaginella selaginoides (L.) P. Beauv. ex Martius & Schrank. (club spikemoss, low selaginella, northern<br />
spike-moss, water spikemoss)<br />
Division Equisetophyta (Sphenophyta)<br />
Class Equisetopsida<br />
Order Equisetales<br />
Equisetaceae (horsetail family)<br />
Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetum calderi B. Boivin) (<strong>common</strong> horsetail, devil's-guts, field horsetail)<br />
Equisetum x ferrissii Clute (laevigatum x hyemale) (Ferriss' horsetail, Ferriss‟ scouring-rush)<br />
Equisetum fluviatile L. (Equisetum limosum L.) (pipes, swamp horesetail, water-horsetail, water-pipes)<br />
Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eaton (Equisetum affine Engelm., quisetum hyemale L.<br />
ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Equisetum hyemale L. var. californicum Milde,<br />
Equisetum hyemale L. var. pseudohyemale (Farw.) Morton, Equisetum hyemale L. var. robustum<br />
(A. Braun) A.A. Eaton, Equisetum praealtum Raf., Equisetum robustum A. Braun, Hippochaete<br />
hyemalis (L.) Bruhin, Hippochaete hyemalis (L.) Bruhin ssp. affinis (Engelm.) W.A. Weber)<br />
7
(horsetail grass, scouring rush, smooth scouring-rush, winter scouring-rush)<br />
Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun (Equisetum funstonii A.A. Eaton, Equisetum kansanum Schaffn.,<br />
Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun ssp. funstonii (A.A. Eaton) Hartm., Hippochaete laevigata (A.<br />
Braun) Farw.) (Kansas horsetail, smooth scouring-rush)<br />
Equisetum x litorale Kuhl ex Rupr. (arvense x fluviatile) (shore horsetail)<br />
Equisetum x mackaii (Newman) Brichan (hymale x variegatum) (Equisetum trachyodon (A. Braun)<br />
W.D.J. Koch, Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr var. jesupii A.A. Eaton)<br />
(Mack‟s horsetail)<br />
Equisetum x nelsonii (A.A. Eat.) Schaff. (variegatum x laevigatum) (Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex<br />
F. Weber & D. Mohr var. nelsonii A.A. Eaton) (Nelson's horsetail)<br />
Equisetum palustre L. (marsh horsetail, meadow horsetail, reed horsetail)<br />
Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (meadow horsetail, thicket horsetail)<br />
Equisetum scirpoides Michx. (dwarf scouring rush, sedge horsetail, sedge-like equisetum)<br />
Equisetum sylvaticum L. (bottle-brush, wood-horsetail, woodl<strong>and</strong> horsetail)<br />
Equisetum x trachyodon Braun (variegatum x hyemale) (striped scouring rush)<br />
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (striped horsetail, variegated horsetail)<br />
Division Pterophyta (Pteridophyta)<br />
Class Filicopsida<br />
Order Hydropteridales<br />
Azollaceae (floating fern family, mosquito-fern family) (separated from Salviniaceae)<br />
Azolla caroliniana Willd. (Carolina azolla, eastern mosquito fern, mosquito fern, water-fern)<br />
Marsileaceae (marsilea fern family, water clover family)<br />
Marsilea quadrifolia L. (European pepperwort, marsilea fern, water clover) (* in USA; native in Canada)<br />
Order Ophioglossales<br />
Ophioglossaceae (adder's-tongue family, grape-fern family, moonwort family)<br />
Botrychium acuminatum W. H. Wagner (pointed moonwort, tailed grapefern)<br />
Botrychium ascendens W. H. Wagner (heavenly grape fern, trianglelobe moonwort, upswept moonwort)<br />
Botrychium boreale Milde (boreal moonwort, northern grape fern, northern moonwort) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Botrychium campestre W. H. Wagner & Farrar (Iowa moowort, prairie moonwort)<br />
Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Clute,<br />
Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. oblongifolium (Graves) Broun, Botrychium obliquum Muhl. ex<br />
Willd., Botrychium obliquum Muhl. ex Willd. var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer) (angle-fern, cutleaved<br />
grape fern, cut-leaved moonwort, grape fern)<br />
Botrychium hesperium (Maxon & R. T. Clausen) W. H. Wagner & Lellinger (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.<br />
ssp. occidentale A. Löve & D. Löve & Kapoor, Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A.<br />
Braun ex W.D.J. Koch ssp. hesperium Maxon & R.T. Clausen, Botrychium matricariifolium (A.<br />
8
Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch var. hesperium (Maxon & R.T. Clausen) Broun)<br />
(western moonwort)<br />
Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) Angstr. var. angustisegmentum Pease & A.H. Moore (Botrychium<br />
angustisegmentum (Pease & A.H. Moore) Fernald, Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) Angstr.<br />
ssp. angustisegmentum (Pease & A.H. Moore) R.T. Clausen) (lance-leaved grape fern, narrow<br />
triangle moonwort)<br />
Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.) Angstr. var. lanceolatum (Botrychium lanceolatum (S.G. Gmel.)<br />
Angstr. ssp. typicum R.T. Clausen) (lance-leaved grape fern, narrow triangle moonwort)<br />
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz. (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. var. onondagense (Underw.) House,<br />
Botrychium onondagense Underw.) (<strong>common</strong> moonwort)<br />
Botrychium matricariifolium (A. Braun ex Dowell) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch (chamomile moonwort, daisy-<br />
leaf moonwort, matricary grape fern)<br />
Botrychium minganense Victorin (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. ssp. minganense (Victorin) Calder & Roy<br />
L. Taylor, Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. var. minganense (Victorin) Dole) (mingan moonwort)<br />
Botrychium mormo W.H. Wagner (little goblin moonwort) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. (Botrychium californicum Underw., Botrychium coulteri<br />
Underw., Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng., Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis.<br />
ssp. californicum (Underw.) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. ssp.<br />
coulteri (Underw.) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. ssp. silaifolium (C.<br />
Presl) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. californicum (Underw.)<br />
Broun, Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. coulteri (Underw.) Broun, Botrychium<br />
multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. intermedium (D.C. Eaton) Farw., Botrychium multifidum (S.G.<br />
Gmel.) Trevis. var. silaifolium (C. Presl) Broun, Botrychium silaifolium C. Presl, Botrychium<br />
silaifolium C. Presl var. coulteri (Underw.) Jeps.) (leathery grape-fern)<br />
Botrychium oneidense (Gilb.) House (Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw.,<br />
Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis. var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw., Sceptridium oneidense<br />
(Gilbert) Holub) (bluntlobe grapefern, blunt-leaved grape fern, Oneida-fern, Underwood‟s<br />
moonwort)<br />
Botrychium pallidum W. H. Wagner (pale botrychium, pale moonwort)<br />
Botrychium pedunculosum W.H. Wagner (stalked moonwort) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Botrychium pseudopinnatum W. H. Wagner (false daisyleaf moonwort, false northwestern moonwort)<br />
Botrychium rugulosum W. H. Wagner (Botrychium ternatum auct. non (Thunb.) Sw.) (rugulose grape<br />
fern, St. Lawrence grape fern, ternate grapefern)<br />
Botrychium simplex Hitchc. (Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. ssp. simplex, Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc.<br />
ssp. typicum R.T. Clausen, Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. compositum (Lasch) Milde,<br />
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. laxifolium (R.T. Clausen) Fernald, Botrychium simplex E.<br />
Hitchc. var. tenebrosum (A.A. Eaton) R.T. Clausen, Botrychium tenebrosum A.A. Eaton)<br />
(Hitchcock‟s grape fern, least moonwort, little grapefern, slender moonwort)<br />
Botrychium spathulatum W. H. Wagner (spathulate botrychium, spatulate moonwort)<br />
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. (Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. ssp. europaeum (Angstr.) Jáv.,<br />
Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. var. europaeum Angstr.) (rattlesnake fern, Virginia grape fern)<br />
Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. (Ophioglossum vulgatum auct. non L., Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var.<br />
9
alaskanum (E.G. Britton) C. Chr., Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (S.F. Blake)<br />
Farw.) (adder's-tongue fern, northern adder‟s-tongue)<br />
Order Polypodiales<br />
Aspleniaceae (spleenwort family) (separated from Polypodiaceae)<br />
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. platyneuron (L.) Oakes (Acrostichum<br />
platyneuron L.?) (ebony-spleenwort)<br />
Asplenium rhizophyllum L. (Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link.) (doradille, walking fern, walkingleaf)<br />
Asplenium ruta-muraria L. var. cryptolepis (Fernald) Wherry (Asplenium cryptolepis Fern.) (osage<br />
spleenwort, wall rue spleenwort, wall-rue)<br />
Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi (Phyllitis japonica Kom. ssp.<br />
americana (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve, Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman var. americana<br />
Fernald) (hart‟s-tongue, hart's-tongue fern, heart's-tongue spleenwort)<br />
Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey. (hairy spleenwort, maidenhair spleenwort)<br />
Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. trichomanes (hairy spleenwort, maidenhair spleenwort)<br />
Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum L. (Asplenium viride Hudson) (emerald spleenwort, green spleenwort,<br />
hairy green spleenwort)<br />
Blechnaceae (chain fern family, deer fern family) (separated from Polypodiaceae)<br />
Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore (Lorinseria areolata (L.) C. Presl) (netted chain fern, Nova Scotia chain<br />
fern)<br />
Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith (Anchistea virginica (L.) C. Presl) (Virginia chain fern, Virginian chain<br />
fern)<br />
Davalliaceae (sword-fern family)<br />
Nephrolepis exaltata L. (Boston swordfern)*<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae (bracken-fern family)<br />
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Mich.) Moore (boulder-fern, hay-scented fern)<br />
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller (bracken, bracken-fern,<br />
brake, eastern bracken-fern, hairy bracken-fern, hog-brake, pasture-brake, western brackenfern)<br />
Dryopteridaceae (shield fern family, wood fern family) (formerly Polypodiaceae or Aspleniaceae)<br />
Athyrium americanum (Butters) Maxon (Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde, Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe)<br />
Milde ssp. americanum (Butters) Lellinger, Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde var. americanum<br />
Butters, Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde var. gaspense Fernald, Athyrium distentifolium Tausch<br />
ex Opiz ssp. americanum (Butters) Hultén, Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz var.<br />
americanum (Butters) B. Boivin) (alpine ladyfern) (QC & NF in e. Canada)<br />
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. angustum (Willd.) R.T. Clausen (Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C.<br />
Presl, Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters, Athyrium angustum<br />
(Willd.) C. Presl var. subtripinnatum Butters, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. angustum (Willd.)<br />
10
G. Lawson, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw., Athyrium filix-femina<br />
(L.) Roth var. rubellum Gilbert) (lady-fern, northern lady-fern, subarctic ladyfern)<br />
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. asplenioides (Michx.) Hultén (Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A.<br />
Eaton, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw.) (asplenium ladyfern) (NY<br />
southward; not in Canada)<br />
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. cyclosorum (Rupr.) C. Chr. (Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Milde var.<br />
cyclosorum (Rupr.) T. Moore, Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl var. boreale Jennings,<br />
Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl var. elatius (Link) Butters, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var.<br />
californicum Butters, Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. cyclosorum (Rupr.) Ledeb., Athyrium filixfemina<br />
(L.) Roth var. sitchense (Rupr.) Ledeb.) (lady-fern, northern lady-fern, northwestern ladyfern,<br />
subarctic ladyfern)<br />
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw.) (bulblet bladderfern, bulbet cystopteris,<br />
bulblet-fern)<br />
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (Cystopteris dickieana Sim, Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. ssp. dickieana<br />
(Sim) Hyl., Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. angustata G. Lawson, Cystopteris fragilis (L.)<br />
Bernh. var. woodsioides Christ, Filix fragilis (L.) Underw.) (brittle bladderfern, fragile bladder-fern,<br />
fragile-fern)<br />
Cystopteris laurentiana (Weath.) Blasdell (Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. huteri (Hausman) Luerss.,<br />
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. laurentiana Weath. (Canadian bladder-fern, Laurentian fragile<br />
fern, St. Lawrence bladderfern)<br />
Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Bernh. (Filix montana (Lam.) Underw.) (mountain bladderfern, mountain<br />
cystopteris)<br />
Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell (Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. protrusa Weath.) (lowl<strong>and</strong><br />
bladderfern) (ON in e. Canada)<br />
Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv. (Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. mackayi G. Lawson) (upl<strong>and</strong> brittle<br />
bladderfern)<br />
Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato (Athyrium thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv., Diplazium<br />
acrostichoides (Sw.) Butters) (silver false spleenwort, silvery glade fern, silvery spleenwort)<br />
Diplazium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) M. Brown (Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng., Athyrium pycnocarpon<br />
(Spreng.) Tidestr.) (glade-fern, narrow-leaved spleenwort)<br />
Dryopteris x algonquinensis D. M. Britton (fragrans x marginalis) (Algonquin shield fern, Algonquin wood<br />
fern)<br />
Dryopteris x benedictii (Farw.) Wherry (carthusiana x clintoniana) (Benedict's shield fern, Benedict‟s<br />
wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x bootii (Tuckerman) L. Underw. (cristata x intermedia) (Boot's shield fern)<br />
Dryopteris x brathaica Fraser-Jenkins & Reichstein [filix-mas x carthusiana] (Quebec fern) (QC only)<br />
Drypoteris x burgessii B. Boivin (clintonia x marginalis) (Burgess' shield fern, Burgess‟ wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell., Dryopteris<br />
spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. americana (Fisch. ex Kunze) Fernald) (mountain woodfern) (QC<br />
easterward in e. Canada)<br />
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell. var.<br />
spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Fisch., Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt) (spinulose shield fern,<br />
spinulose wood fern)<br />
11
Dryopteris clintoniana (Eaton) Powell (Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray var. clintoniana (D.C. Eaton)<br />
Underw., Dryopteris x poyseri Wherry) (Clinton‟s fern, Clinton‟s wood fern, spring shield fern)<br />
Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray (crested shield fern, crested wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x dowellii (Farw.) Wherry (clintoniana x intermedia) (Dowell's shield fern, Dowell‟s wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris expansa (Presl.) F-J & Jermy (Dryopteris assimilis S. Walker, Dryopteris dilatata auct. non<br />
(H<strong>of</strong>fm.) A. Gray, Dryopteris dilatata (H<strong>of</strong>fm.) A. Gray ssp. americana (Fisch.) Hultén, Dryopteris<br />
spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. dilatata auct. non (H<strong>of</strong>fm.) Underw.) (larger shield fern, northern<br />
buckler fern, northern woodfern)<br />
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Athryium filix-mas (L.) Schott) (male-fern)<br />
Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott var. remotiuscula Kom. (fragrant cliff-fern, fragrant shield-fern, fragrant<br />
wood-fern, sweet shieldfern)<br />
Dryopteris goldiana (Hook) Gray (Goldie's fern)<br />
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell.<br />
var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Morton, Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. concordiana<br />
(Davenport) Eastman, Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.)<br />
Underw.) (American shield fern, evergreen wood fern, intermediate woodfern)<br />
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray (evergreen wood-fern, marginal shield-fern, marginal wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x mickelii J.H. Peck [goldiana x clintoniana] (Mickel‟s woodfern) (ON in e. Canada)<br />
Dryopteris x neo-wherryi W. Wagner (goldiana x marginalis) (Wherry's shield fern, wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x pittsfordensis Slosson (carthusiana x marginalis) (Pittsforden‟s shield fern, Pitts<strong>of</strong>orden‟s<br />
wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x slossonae Wherry ex Lellinger (cristata x marginalis) (Slosson's shield fern, Slosson‟s<br />
wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x triploidea Wherry (carthusiana x intermedia) (Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex<br />
Schinz & Thell. var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Morton, Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray<br />
var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Wherry, Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. fructuosa (Gilbert)<br />
Trudell) (fruitfull wood fern, sterile shield fern, sterile wood fern, triploid wood fern)<br />
Dryopteris x uliginosa (A. Braun ex Dowell) Druce (carthusiana x cristata) (Druce's shield fern, marsh<br />
wood fern)<br />
x Dryostichum singulare W.H. Wagn. (Dryopteris goldiana x Polystichum lonchitis) (dryostichum, false<br />
Goldie‟s wood fern) (Ontario only; Wagner et al 1992 discovered it around Georgian Bay)<br />
Gymnocarpium x achriosporum Sarvela [dryopteris x robertianum] (Quebec oakfern) (QC only)<br />
Gymnocarpium x brittonianum (Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler [disjunctum x dryopteris] (Britton‟s oakfern)<br />
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman (Dryopteris dryopteris (L.) Britton, Dryopteris linnaeana C. Chr.,<br />
Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fée, Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson) (false shield fern, oak fern)<br />
Gymnocarpium x intermedium Sarvela (drypoteris x jessoense) (Sarvela's oak fern)<br />
Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidzumi) Koidzumi ssp. parvulum Sarvela (Asian oakfern, Nahanni oak<br />
fern) (native to USA & Canada, despite one <strong>of</strong> the <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong>)<br />
Gymnocarpium robertianum (H<strong>of</strong>fm.) Newm. (Dryopteris robertiana (H<strong>of</strong>fm.) C. Chr., Gymnocarpium<br />
dryopteris (L.) Newman var. pumilum (DC.) B. Boivin, Phegopteris robertiana (H<strong>of</strong>fm.) A. Braun ex<br />
Asch.) (limestone oak fern, limestone polypody, scented oak fern)<br />
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro (Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raymond, Matteuccia<br />
12
struthiopteris (L.) Todaro var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Morton, Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro<br />
var. pubescens (Terry) Clute, Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) H<strong>of</strong>fm. p.p., Onoclea struthiopteris (L.)<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fm. var. pensylvanica (Willd.) B. Boivin, Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl., Pteretis<br />
pensylvanica (Willd.) Fernald) (ostrich fern)<br />
Onoclea sensibilis L. (sensitive fern)<br />
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott var. acrostichoides (Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.)<br />
Schott var. schweinitzii (Beck) Small) (canker-brake, Christmas fern, dagger-fern)<br />
Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fee (Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée ssp. purshii (Fernald) Calder &<br />
Roy L. Taylor, Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée var. purshii Fernald) (Braun's holly fern, prickly<br />
shield fern, Pursh's holly fern)<br />
Polystichum x hagenahii Cody [acrostichoides x lonchitis] (Hagenah's hollyfern)<br />
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Polystichum mohrioides (Bory) C. Presl var. lemmonii (Underw.)<br />
Fernald) (northern hollyfern)<br />
Polystichum x potteri Barrington [acrostichoides x braunii] (Potter‟s hollyfern) (QC easteward in Canada)<br />
Polystichum scopulinum (D.C. Eaton) Maxon (Polystichum mohrioides (Bory) C. Presl var. scopulinum<br />
(D.C. Eaton) Fernald) (mountain hollyfern) (QC & NF in e. Canada)<br />
Woodsia x abbeae Butters (ilvensis x oregana) (Woodsia confusa T.M.C. Taylor, Woodsia oregana D.C.<br />
Eaton var. squammosa B. Boivin) (Abbe‟s cliff fern, abbey-fern)<br />
Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray (Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray var. bellii G. Lawson, Woodsia glabella R.<br />
Br. ex Richardson var. bellii (G. Lawson) G. Lawson) (alpine cliff fern, alpine woodsia, Arctic<br />
woodsia, northern woodsia)<br />
Woodsia glabella R. Br. (smooth cliff fern, smooth woodsia)<br />
Woodsia x gracilis (G. Lawson) Butters (alpina x ilvensis) (Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. var. gracilis G.<br />
Lawson) (slender cliff fern, slender woodsia-fern)<br />
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (fragrant woodsia, rusty cliff fern, rusty woodsia, sweet woodsia)<br />
Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. ssp. obtusa (blunt-leaved woodsia, bluntlobe cliff fern, blunt lobed<br />
woodsia, cliff fern, large woodsia)<br />
Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton ssp. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Windham (Woodsia cathcartiana B.L. Rob.,<br />
Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton var. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Morton) (Cathcart's woodsia, Oregon<br />
cliff fern, Oregon woodsia)<br />
Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eaton ssp. laurentiana Windham Laurent's cliff fern (false Rocky Mountain cliff<br />
fern, Laurent‟s cliff fern, Laurentian cliff-fern)<br />
Woodsia x tryonis B. Boivin (glabella x ilvensis) (Boivin's woodsia, Tryon‟s cliff fern, Tryon‟s woodisa)<br />
Osmundaceae (flowering fern family, osmunda family, royal fern family)<br />
Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea (buckhorn, cinnamon fern, fiddle-heads)<br />
Osmunda claytoniana L. (Clayton‟s fern, interrupted fern, spring-beauty fern)<br />
Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray (flowering fern, royal fern)<br />
Polypodiaceae (polypody family, staghorn fern family)<br />
Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham (Appalachian polypody)<br />
Polypodium sibiricum Sipl. (Arctic polypody, Siberian polypody)<br />
13
Polypodium virginianum L. (Polypodium vulgare auct. non L. p.p., Polypodium vulgare L. var.<br />
virginianum (L.) Eaton) (<strong>common</strong> polypody, rock polypody fern, rock-polypody)<br />
Pteridaceae [Adiantaceae] (maidenhair fern family) (separated from Polypodiaceae)<br />
Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris (Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. aleuticum (Rupr.) Calder & Roy L.<br />
Taylor, Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. calderi Cody, Adiantum pedatum L. ssp. subpumilum (W.H.<br />
Wagner) Lellinger, Adiantum pedatum L. var. aleuticum Rupr., Adiantum pedatum L. var.<br />
subpumilum W.H. Wagner) (Aleutian maidenhair) (QC NF NY <strong>and</strong> many other locations)<br />
Adiantum pedatum L. (maidenhair fern, northern maidenhair fern)<br />
Aspidotis densa (Brackner.) Lelliner (Cheilanthes siliquosa Maxon, Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels,<br />
Onychium densum Brack., Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.) (aspidotis, cliff brake, cloak fern,<br />
Indian‟s dream, Indian dream fern, lace fern, lip fern) (western coast except disjuncts in QC)<br />
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. (Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook.) (American parsley fern,<br />
American rock-brake, mountain-parsley, rock-brake)<br />
Cryptogramma stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. (Pteris stelleri S. G. Gmel.?) (fragile rockbrake, slender<br />
cliff-brake, Steller‟s rock-brake)<br />
Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link (purple cliff-brake, purple-stemmed cliff-brake)<br />
Pellaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn ssp. glabella (Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link var. bushii Mack) (smooth<br />
cliffbrake)<br />
Schizeaceae (curly grass family, curly-grass family, curly-grass fern family)<br />
Schizaea pusilla Pursh. (curly grass, curly-grass fern) (NB NS NF NY NJ)<br />
Thelypteridaceae (beech-fern family, marsh fern family) (separated from Polypodiaceae)<br />
Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt (Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr., Lastrea phegopteris (L.)<br />
Bory, Phegopteris polypodioides Fée, Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson) (long beech fern,<br />
northern beech-fern)<br />
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee (Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr., Thelypteris<br />
hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weath.) (broad beech fern)<br />
Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. (Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray, Polypodium<br />
noveboracense L., Thelypteris thelypterioides (Michx.) Holub) (New York fern)<br />
Thelypteris palustris Schott var. pubescens (G. Lawson) Fernald (Dryopteris thelypteris auct. non (L.)<br />
Sw., Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Sw. var. haleana (Fernald) Broun & Weath., Dryopteris thelypteris<br />
(L.) Sw. var. pubescens (G. Lawson) A.R. Prince ex Weath., Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.)<br />
Morton var. pubescens (G. Lawson) Pringle, Thelypteris palustris Schott var. haleana Fernald)<br />
(eastern marsh fern, marsh shield-fern, marsh-fern, meadow-fern, snuffbox-fern)<br />
Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. (Dryopteris simulata Davenport) (Dodge‟s shield-fern,<br />
Massaschusetts fern)<br />
14
Superdivision Spermatophyta 1<br />
Division Ginkophyta*<br />
Order Ginkoales*<br />
Ginkgoaceae (ginko family, maidenhair tree family)*<br />
Ginkgo biloba L. (ginko, maidenhair tree, stink tree) (ornamental)*<br />
Division Coniferophyta<br />
Order Pinales<br />
Araucariaceae (araucaria family)<br />
Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco (Araucaria excelsa Salisb., Araucaria norfolkii L.) (Norfolk Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
pine, Norfolk pine) (ornamental)*<br />
Cupressaceae (cypress family)<br />
Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh (uniperus canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd., Juniperus<br />
communis L. ssp. depressa (Pursh) Franco, Juniperus depressa (Pursh) Raf.) (<strong>common</strong> juniper,<br />
eastern red cedar, ground juniper)<br />
Juniperus communis L. var. megistocarpa Fernald & H. St. John (<strong>common</strong> juniper, large fruit juniper)<br />
(QC, NS, NF)<br />
Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. (Juniperus alpina (Sm.) Gray, Juniperus communis L. ssp.<br />
alpina (Sm.) Celak., Juniperus communis L. ssp. nana (Willd.) Syme, Juniperus communis L. ssp.<br />
saxatilis (Pall.) E. Murray, Juniperus communis L. var. alpina Sm., Juniperus communis L. var.<br />
jackii Rehder, Juniperus communis L. var. montana Aiton, Juniperus nana Willd., Juniperus<br />
sibirica Burgsd.) (upl<strong>and</strong> <strong>common</strong> juniper( (NS in e. Canada)<br />
Juniperus horizontalis Moench. (Juniperus hudsonica Forbes, Juniperus prostrata Pers., Juniperus<br />
repens Nutt., Juniperus virginiana L. var. prostrata (Pers.) Torr., Sabina horizontalis (Moench)<br />
Rydb., Sabina prostrata (Pers.) Antoine) (creeping cedar, creeping savin)<br />
Juniperus sabina Michx. (savin, savin juniper) (ornamental)*<br />
Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana (Sabina virginiana (L.) Antoine) (eastern red cedar, eastern<br />
sabina, eastern savin, genervrier, red cedar, savin)<br />
Thuja occidentalis L. (arbor-vitae, eastern white cedar, northern white cedar)<br />
Pinaceae (pine family)<br />
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. balsamea (Pinus balsamea L.) (balsam fir, fir-balsam, sapin)<br />
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fernald (Abies x phanerolepis (Fernald) Liu) (balsam fir,<br />
fir-balsam, sapin)<br />
Larix decidua Mill. (European larch) (ornamental)*<br />
Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. (Larix alaskensis W. Wight, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch var.<br />
1 You may see species in Cycadophyta (cycads) <strong>and</strong> Gnetophyta (Mormon teas/ephedras) indoors in North America<br />
15
alaskensis (W. Wight) Raup) (American larch, black larch, false juniper, hackmatack, tamarack)<br />
Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière (Larix leptolepis L. Kampf.) (Japanese larch) (ornamental)*<br />
Picea abies (L.) Karsten (Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link) (Norway spruce) (ornamental)*<br />
Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. (Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (cat spruce,<br />
epinette, white spruce)<br />
Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. mariana (black spuce, bog spruce, swamp spruce)<br />
Picea pungens Englem. (blue spruce, Colorado spruce) (ornamental)*<br />
Picea rubens Sarg. (Picea australis Small) (he-balsam, red spruce, snake-spruce, yellow spuce)<br />
Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw.) (banksian pine, gray pine, jack pine)<br />
Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine) (ornamental)*<br />
Pinus mugo Turra (Pinus montana Mill.) (mugho pine, mugo pine) (ornamental)*<br />
Pinus nigra Arnold (Austrian pine) (ornamental)*<br />
Pinus resinosa Ait. (Norway pine, red pine)<br />
Pinus rigida Mill. (pitch pine, torch pine)<br />
Pinus strobus L. (Strobus strobus (L.) Small) (eastern white pine, weymouth pine)<br />
Pinus sylvestris L. (Scotch fir, Scotch pine, Scots pine) (ornamental)*<br />
Pinus virginiana Mill. (Jersey pine, Jersey spruce-pine, poverty-pine, scrub pine, Virginia pine)<br />
(ornamental) (* in Canada)<br />
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock, pruche)<br />
Order Taxales<br />
Taxaceae (yew family)<br />
Taxus baccata L. (English yew) (ornamental)*<br />
Taxus canadensis Marsh. (American yew, Canada yew, if, ground hemlock)<br />
Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese yew) (ornamental)*<br />
Division Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)<br />
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)<br />
Subclass Asteridae<br />
Order Asterales<br />
Asteraceae [Compositae] (aster family, composite family, daisy family)<br />
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (bristly starbur, false bear's breech, hispid acanthospermum)*<br />
Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. (Melampodium humile Sw.) (low starbur) (NY only)<br />
Achillea alpina L. (alpine yarrow, Chinese yarrow) (native, despite the name)<br />
Achillea distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. (Achillea dentifera DC.) (Alps yarrow)*<br />
Achillea filipendulina Lam. (fernleaf yarrow, lazy yarrow, yawning yarrow) (ornamental)*<br />
Achillea millefolium L. (milfoil, ojidumowaunoh, squirrel's tail, wolly yarrow, yarrow)*<br />
Achillea pannonica Scheele (flat yarrow) (QC only)<br />
16
Achillea ptarmica L. (false white tansy, sneezeweed yarrow, sneezewort yarrow, white tansy)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Achillea sibirica Ledeb. (Siberian yarrow)*<br />
Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (Centaurea picris Pall. ex Willd.,Centaurea repens L.) (false knapweed,<br />
hardheads, Russian knapweed)*<br />
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. (adenocaulon, American trailplant, slilvergreen, trailfinder, trailplant)<br />
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima (Ageratum altissimum L., non Eupatorium<br />
altissimum L., Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var. chlorolepis Fernald,<br />
Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var. tomentellum (B.L. Rob.) S.F. Blake, Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.<br />
var. villicaule (Fernald) S.F. Blake, Eupatorium urticifolium Reichard var. tomentellum B.L. Rob.)<br />
(white snakeroot)<br />
Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene (orange agoseris) (QC in Canada)<br />
Agoseris glauca (Pursh.) Raf. (blue goat-chicory, green goat-chicory, large-flowered agroseris, large-<br />
flowered false d<strong>and</strong>elion, pale agoseris)<br />
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (annual ragweed, bitter-weed, <strong>common</strong> ragweed, hog-weed, Roman<br />
wormwood)**<br />
Ambrosia bidentata Michx. (lanceleaf ragweed) (NY southward)<br />
Ambrosia x helenae Rouleau [artemisiifolia x trifida] (Helen‟s ragweed)<br />
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Ambrosia californica Rydb., Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray,<br />
Ambrosia cumanensis auct. non Kunth, Ambrosia rugelii Rydb.) (cuman ragweed, false cuman<br />
ragweed, perennial ragweed, smaller ragweed, western ragweed)<br />
Ambrosia trifida L. (buffalo-weed, giant-ragweed, great ragweed, horse-cane, tall ragweed)<br />
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. (Anaphalis occidentalis (Greene) A. Heller, Gnaphalium<br />
margaritaceum L.) (basibuguk, large-flowered everlasting, pearly everlasting, western pearly<br />
everlasting)<br />
Antennaria eucosma Fern. & Wieg. (elegant pussytoes, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman (Fries' pussytoes) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Antennaria howellii Greene (Canadian cat‟s-foot, Canadian pussytoes, field cat‟s-foot, field pussytoes,<br />
Howell‟s pussytoes, smaller cat‟s-foot, smaller pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria microphylla Rydb. (Antennaria bracteosa Rydb., Antennaria nitida Greene, Antennaria<br />
parvifolia sensu Greene, non Nutt., Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. var. bracteosa (Rydb.) A. Nelson,<br />
Antennaria rosea Greene var. nitida (Greene) Breitung, Antennaria solstitialis Lunell) (littleleaf<br />
pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria monocephala DC. (pygmy pussytoes) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Antennaria neglecta Greene. (field cat‟s-foot, field pussytoes, kaigaebughonse)<br />
Antennaria parlinii Fern. (Parlin‟s pussytoes, plaintain pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. (few-leaved pussytoes, ladies-tobacco, Rocky Mountain cudweed, smaller<br />
pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene (h<strong>and</strong>some pussytoes, shining pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria rosea E. Greene (red pussytoes, rose pussytoes, umbrella pussytoes)<br />
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. rosea (Antennaria oxyphylla Greene) (wax pussytoes, wax rose<br />
pussytoes)<br />
17
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. confinis (Greene) Bayer (Antennaria subviscosa Fern.) (somewhat-sticky<br />
pussytoes, sticky pussytoes, sticky rosy pussytoes)<br />
Anthemis arvensis L. (corn chamomile, field chamomile, stinkweed)*<br />
Anthemis cotula L. (dog-fennel, fetid chamomile, stinking chamomile, stinking mayweed)*<br />
Anthemis tinctoria L. (indigo-chamomile, oxeye chamomile, yellow chamomile)*<br />
Arctium lappa L. (great burdock)*/**<br />
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (<strong>common</strong> burdock, woodl<strong>and</strong> burdock)*/**<br />
Arctium x mixtum Nyman [minus x tomentosum] (Quebec burdock) (QC & NB only)*/**<br />
Arctium x nothum (Ruhmer) J. Weiss (lappa x minus) (Ruhmer‟s burdock, Weiss' burdock)*/**<br />
Arctium tomentosum Miller (cottony burdock, steeple burdock, tomentose burdock, woolly burdock)*/**<br />
Arnica angustifolia M. Vahl. (Artic arnica, Arctic leopard‟s-bane, smaller arnica)<br />
Arnica chamissonis Less. (Chamisson‟s arnica, leafy arnica)<br />
Arnica cordifolia Hook. (heart arnica, heart-leaf arnica)<br />
Arnica frigida C.A. Mey. ex Iljin (snow arnica) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Arnica lanceolata Nutt. (Arnica mollis L.) (narrow arnica, s<strong>of</strong>t arnica)<br />
Arnica lonchophylla E. Greene (lazy arnica, white arnica, white-plumed arnica)<br />
Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. (Cacalia paniculata Raf., Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners, Cacalia<br />
pteranthes Raf., Cacalia tuberosa Nutt., Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton) (groovestem Indian<br />
plantain)<br />
Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg & Koerte (dwarf nipplewort, lamb succory) (Atlantic Canada)<br />
Artemisia abrotanum L. (southernwood, southern wormwood, wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia absinthium L. (absinthe, absinthium, abysinth, <strong>common</strong> wormwood, wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood, sweet wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia biennis Willd. (biennial wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia campestris L. (armoise, Canada wormwood, limestone wormwood, mossewidjeebik,<br />
sagebrush, sagewort, tall wormwood, wild wormwood)<br />
Artemisia dracunculus L. (dragon wormwood, tarragon, silky wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia frigida Willd. (pasture sage, prairie sagebrush, prairie sagewort)<br />
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. (dark-leaved mugwort, western mugwort, white sage)<br />
Artemisia pontica L. (Hungarian wormwood, Roman wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia stelleriana Besser. (beach wormwood, dusty miller, old woman, Steller‟s wormwood)*<br />
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. (Tiles' wormwood)<br />
Artemisia vulgaris L. (<strong>common</strong> mugwort, mugwort)*<br />
Aster alpinus L. (alpine aster, Arctic aster, mountain aster)<br />
Aster robbynsianus Rosseau (possibly should be considered part <strong>of</strong> Symphyotrichum novi-belgii<br />
complex but no little formal treatment as yet beyond <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Guelph accessions <strong>and</strong> reports<br />
from John Riley) (Hudson Bay aster, long-leaved aster, long-leaved blue aster)<br />
Baccharis halimifolia L. (eastern baccharis) (NY southward)<br />
Balsamita major Desf. (Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baillon) (costmary, mint-geranium)*<br />
Bellis perennis L. (English daisy, garden daisy, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> daisy)*<br />
Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Braun (false coreopsis, midwestern tickseed-sunflower, tickseed-sunflower,<br />
western tickseed-sunflower)*<br />
18
Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. (Megalodonta beckii Torr.) (Beck‟s water-marigold, water marigold)<br />
Bidens bipinnata L. (cuckolds, Spanish needles)*<br />
Bidens cernua L. (nodding beggar-ticks, nodding bur-marigold, stick-tight)<br />
Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. (purplestem beggarticks)<br />
Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. (crown beggar-ticks, devil‟s beggar-ticks, southern tickseed-sunflower)<br />
Bidens discoidea (Torr. & A. Gray) (discoid beggar-ticks, small beggar-ticks)<br />
Bidens eatonii Fernald (Eaton's beggarticks) (QC & NB in Canada)<br />
Bidens frondosa L. (beggar-ticks, devil‟s beggar-ticks, sticktight)*/**<br />
Bidens heterodoxa (Fernald) Fernald & H. St. John (Bidens infirma Fernald, Bidens tripartita L. var.<br />
heterodoxa Fernald) (Connecticut beggarticks) (CT & disjunct in QC – QC is the only other place<br />
it is found <strong>and</strong> is purportedly native there)<br />
Bidens hyperborea Greene (estuary beggar-ticks, northern beggar-ticks, northern esturine beggar-ticks)<br />
Bidens pilosa L. (hairy beggar-ticks, pilose beggar-ticks)*/**<br />
Bidens polylepis S. F. Black (long-bracted tickseed-sunflower, Ozark tickseed-sunflower)*<br />
Bidens tripartita L. (Bidens connata Muhlenb. ex Willd.) (European beggar-ticks, swamp beggar-ticks,<br />
three-parted beggar-ticks, trifid beggar-ticks)<br />
Bidens vulgata E. Greene (<strong>common</strong> beggar-ticks, tall beggar-ticks)<br />
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. (white doll's daisy) (NY southward)<br />
Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinn. (Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.) (Indian-plantain, plantain-like Indian-plantain,<br />
tuberous Indian-plantain) (vulnerable)<br />
Calendula plantaginea (Raf.) Shinn. (pot marigold) (ornamental)*<br />
Canadanthus modestus (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Aster major (Hook.) Porter, Aster modestus Lindley,<br />
Weberaster modestus (Lindl.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (giant mountain aster, great northern aster,<br />
modest aster, western bog aster) (note the <strong>common</strong> name “modest aster” was applied ironically by<br />
its originator)<br />
Carduus acanthoides L. (acanthus plumeless thistle, plumeless thistle, water-willow thistle)*<br />
Carduus crispus L. (curled thistle, welted thistle)*<br />
Carduus nutans L. (musk thistle, nodding thistle, noxious thistle)*/**<br />
Carduus x orthocephalus Wallr. (acanthoides x nutans) (large musk thistle)<br />
Carlina vulgaris L. (carline thistle) (NY only)<br />
Centaurea calcitrapa (caltrops, purple star-thistle, red star-thistle, star-thistle)*<br />
Centaurea cyanus L. (bachelor's-button, bluebottle, cornflower)*<br />
Centaurea diffusa Lam. (diffuse knapweed, tumble-knapweed)*<br />
Centaurea jacea L. (brown knapweed, rayed knapweed)*/**<br />
Centaurea macrocephala Puskin ex Willd. (larger knapweed, yellow knapweed) (ornamental)*<br />
Centaurea maculosa Lam. (spotted knapweed)*/**<br />
Centaurea x moncktonii C.E. Britton (meadow knapweed)*/**<br />
Centaurea montana L. (bachelor button, blue knapweed, montane knapweed, mountain-bluet,<br />
Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> knapweed) (ornamental)*<br />
Centaurea nigra L. (black knapweed, hardheads, horse-knops, Spanish-buttons) (ornamental)*<br />
Centaurea nigrescens Willd. (Centaurea dubia Suter, Centaurea vochiensis Bernh. ex Reichb.)<br />
(blackish knapweed, brown knapweed, disguised knapweed, dubious knapweed, tyrol knapweed)<br />
19
Centaurea paniculata L. (panicled knapweed)*<br />
Centaurea x pratensis Thuill. (nigra x jacea) (shadow knapweed)* (not recognized in all florae)<br />
Centaurea x psammogena G. Gáyer [diffusa x stoebe ssp. micranthos] (s<strong>and</strong> knapweed)*/**<br />
Centaurea scabiosa L. (great knapweed, greater centaury, scabious knapweed)*<br />
Centaurea solstitialis L. (Barnaby's thistle, yellow star-thistle)*<br />
Centaurea stoebe L. (spotted knapweed)*/**<br />
Chaenactis stevioides Hook. & Arn. (Chaenactis gillespiei Stockw., Chaenactis latifolia Stockw.,<br />
Chaenactis mexicana Stockw.) (Esteve's pincushion, Steve‟s pincushion) (NY southward)<br />
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (Roman chamomile, dogfennel)* (NY southward)<br />
Chondrilla juncea L. (gum-succory, rush-like gum-succory, skeleton-weed)*<br />
Chrysanthemum arcticum L. (Arctic chrysanthemum, Arctic daisy, burdock-daisy)<br />
Chrysogonum virginianum L. (green <strong>and</strong> gold) (NY southward)<br />
Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Elliot (Maryl<strong>and</strong> goldenaster) (NY southward)<br />
Cichorium endivia L. (cultivated endive)* (ME southward)<br />
Cichorium intybus L. (blue sailors, cichory, noxious succory, succory, wild succory, zhaugonaushaubo)*<br />
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, chadron, chardon, chardron, creeping thistle, noxious<br />
thistle)*/**<br />
Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. (field thistle)<br />
Cirsium drummondii Torr. & Gray (Drummond's thistle)<br />
Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur (Flodman's thistle)<br />
Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fern. (Hill's thistle)<br />
Cirsium horridulum Michx. (yellow thistle) (NY/ME southward)<br />
Cirsium muticum Michx. (swamp thistle)<br />
Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. (marsh thistle)*/**<br />
Cirsium pitcheri (Torr. ex Eaton) Torr. & A. Gray (Pitcher-thistle, s<strong>and</strong> thistle) (threatened)<br />
Cirsium scariosum Nutt. (Carduus americanus (A. Gray) Rydb.. Carduus coloradensis Rydb.. Cirsium<br />
acaule All. var. americanum A. Gray, Cirsium acaulescens (Rydb.) K. Schum., Cirsium<br />
americanum (A. Gray) K. Schum., Cirsium butleri (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium coloradense (Rydb.)<br />
Cockerell, Cirsium coloradense (Rydb.) Cockerell ssp. acaulescens (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium<br />
coloradense (Rydb.) Cockerell ssp. longissimum (A. Heller) Petr., Cirsium congdonii J.W. Moore &<br />
Frankton, Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A. Gray ssp. lanatum Petr., Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A.<br />
Gray ssp. latisquamum Petr., Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A. Gray ssp. vexans Petr., Cirsium<br />
drummondii Torr. & A. Gray var. acaulescens (Rydb.) J.F. Macbr., Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A.<br />
Gray var. oregonense Petr., Cirsium x erosum (Rydb.) K. Schum. (pro sp.), Cirsium erosum<br />
(Rydb.) K. Schum., Cirsium kelseyi (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium lacerum (Rydb.) Petr., Cirsium<br />
magnificum (A. Nelson) Petr., Cirsium minganense Victorin, Cirsium oreophilum (Rydb.) K.<br />
Schum., Cirsium quercetorum (A. Gray) Jeps. var. citrinum Petr., Cirsium scariosum Nutt. var.<br />
scariosum, Cirsium scariosum Nutt. var. thorneae S.L. Welsh, Cirsium tioganum (Congd.) Petr.,<br />
Cirsium tioganum (Congd.) Petr. var. coloradense (Rydb.) Dorn, Cirsium tioganum (Congd.) Petr.<br />
var. tioganum, Cnicus drummondii (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. acaulescens Rydb., Cnicus<br />
tioganus Congd.) (Colorado thistle, crow thistle, glory thistle, meadow thistle, rosette thistle,<br />
stemless thistle, Tioga thistle, vexing thistle) (west <strong>of</strong> the Rockies except a native disjunct in QC<br />
20
{it does exist in QC <strong>and</strong> is cited as native, but I have my doubts})<br />
Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. (bull thistle, chenango, spear thistle)*/**<br />
Cnicus benedictus L. (blessed thistle, Madonna thistle, Our Lady‟s thistle, St. Mary‟s thistle)*<br />
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cron. (Erigeron canadensis L.) (butterweed, Canada fleabane, hogweed,<br />
horseweed, mares' tail, vergerette)<br />
Conyza ramosissima Cronq. (Erigeron divaricatus Michx.) (dwarf fleabane, lawn-weed, purple<br />
horseweed)*<br />
Coreopsis gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Hogg ex Sweet (larger coreopsis, large-flowered tickseed)*<br />
Coreopsis lanceolata L. (lance-leaved coreopsis, lance-leaved tickseed)<br />
Coreopsis rosea Nutt. (pink tickseed) (NS in e. Canada)<br />
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (garden coreopsis, garden tickseed, plains coreopsis)*<br />
Coreopsis tripteris L. (tall coreopsis, tall tickseed)<br />
Coreopsis verticillata L. (thread-leaf tickseed, whorled coreopsis, whorled tickseed)*<br />
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. (black cosmos, cosmos, Spanish needles) (ornamental)*<br />
Cotula coronopifolia L. (<strong>common</strong> brassbuttons, waterbuttons)* (QC & eastward in Canada)<br />
Crepis biennis L. (rough hawksbeard)* (NF in Canada)<br />
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (hawksbeard, smooth hawk‟s beard)*<br />
Crepis nana Richardson (dwarf alpine hawksbeard) (LB in e. Canada)<br />
Crepis pulchra L. (h<strong>and</strong>some hawk‟s beard, shiny hawksbeard, small-flowered hawk‟s beard)*<br />
Crepis tectorum L. (downy hawksbeard, hawk‟s beard, narrow-leaved hawk‟s beard)*<br />
Cyanaria spp. (artichoke)<br />
Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. (Iva frutescens auct non L., Iva xanthifolia Nutt.) (burweed<br />
marsh-elder, false ragweed, giant sumpweed, highwater shrub, marsh-elder)*<br />
Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter (stinkwort)* (NY southward)<br />
Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees var. umbellata (Aster umbellatus Mill.) (flat-top aster, flat-topped<br />
white aster, parasol whitetop, umbrella aster)<br />
Dyossodia papposa (vent.) Hitch. (false dog-fennel. fetid marigold, stinking marigold)*<br />
Echinacea pallida (L.) Moench. (pale echinacea, pale purple coneflower)<br />
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. (black Sampson, purple coneflower)*<br />
Echinops exaltatus (Nutt.) Nutt. (larger globe-thistle, Russian globe-thistle) (ornamental)*<br />
Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (<strong>common</strong> globe-thistle, globe-thistle) (ornamental)*<br />
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Eclipta erecta L., Verbesina alba L., Verbesina<br />
prostrata L.) (false daisy, yerba-de-tago, yerba-de-tajo)<br />
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (American burnweed, fire-weed, pilewort, scented fireweed)<br />
Erigeron acris L. (bitter fleabane, blue fleabane, tall fleabane)<br />
Erigeron annuus L. (Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. var. discoideus (Victorin & Rouss.) Cronquist, Stenactis<br />
annua (L.) Nees) (annual fleabane, daisy fleabane, feather fleabane, sweet scabious, white-top)<br />
Erigeron compositus Pursh (Erigeron trifidus Hook.) (cutleaf daisy) (QC eastward in Canada)<br />
Erigeron elatus (Hook.) E. Greene (Erigeron acris L. var. elatus (Hook.) Cronquist, Erigeron alpinus L.<br />
var. elatus Hook., Erigeron elatus (Hook.) Greene var. oligocephalus (Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>)<br />
Fernald, Trimorpha elata (Hook.) G.L. Nesom) (swamp boreal-daisy, tall fleabane, upl<strong>and</strong> f<br />
leabane)<br />
21
Erigeron glabellus Nutt. (fleabane, rough erigeron, rough fleabane, streamside fleabane)<br />
Erigeron humilis (Erigeron unalaschkensis (DC.) Vierh., Erigeron uniflorus L. var. unalaschkensis (DC.)<br />
Ostenf.) (arctic alpine fleabane, low fleabane, one-flowered fleabane)<br />
Erigeron hyssopfolius Michx. (hyssop-leaved erigeron, hyssop-leaved fleabane)<br />
Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. (Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. var. laurentianus Victorin, Erigeron minor<br />
(Hook.) Rydb., Trimorpha lonchophylla (Hook.) G.L. Nesom) (lazy fleabane, spear-leaved<br />
fleabane, shortray fleabane)<br />
Erigeron philadelphicus L. (<strong>common</strong> fleabane, nookwaezigun, Philadelphia fleabane, skevish, vergertte)<br />
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. (poor-robin fleabane, robin‟s fleabane, robin-fleabane, robin-plaintain)<br />
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. (daisy fleabane, prairie fleabane, rough fleabane, rude fleabane)<br />
Erigeron uniflorus L. (oneflower fleabane)<br />
Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (Barratt) King & H. Rob. (Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt) (trumpet-weed)<br />
Eupatorium altissimum L. (tall joe-pyeweed, tall throughwort, upl<strong>and</strong> boneset)<br />
Eupatorium coelestinum L. (blue boneset, mistflower)*<br />
Eupatorium dubium Willd. (coastal Joe-pye weed, eastern Joe-pye weed)<br />
Eupatorium maculatum L. (maeskwanakukbugisowin, spotted Joe-pye weed)<br />
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. (boneset, perfoliate throughwort, thoroughwort, throughwort)<br />
Eupatorium purpureum L. (green-stemmed Joe-pye weed, purple boneset, purple joe-pye-weed, sweet<br />
Joe-pye weed)<br />
Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. (white snakeroot)<br />
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. (fall throughwort, late-flowering joe-pye-weed, late-flowering throughwort)<br />
Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster boykinii Burgess, Aster carmesinus Burgess, Aster castaneus<br />
Burgess, Aster claytonii Burgess, Aster divaricatus L., Aster flexilis Burgess, Aster excavatus<br />
Burgess, Aster stilettiformis Burgess, Aster tenebrosus Burgess) (heart-leaved aster, white wood<br />
aster)<br />
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. (Aster ianthinus E.S.Burgess, Aster macrophyllus L., Aster<br />
multiformis E.S. Burgess, Aster nobilis E.S.Burgess, Aster roscidus E.S.Burgess, Aster violaris<br />
E.S.Burgess) (bigleaf aster, bigleaf wood aster, large-leaved woodl<strong>and</strong> aster)<br />
Eurybia radula (Aiton) G.L. Nesom (Aster radula Ait., Aster strictus Pursh, non Poir.) (low rough aster,<br />
rough-leaved aster, rough-leaved bog aster)<br />
Eurybia schreberi (Nees) Nees (Aster chasei G.N. Jones, Aster curvescens Burgess, Aster glomeratus<br />
(Bernh. ex Nees) Burgess, Aster schreberi Nees, Eurybia glomerata Bernh. ex Nees) (Schreber's<br />
aster)<br />
Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton (Solidago tenuifolia Pursh.) (fragrant goldenrod,<br />
slender goldenrod) (not likely found in Canada)<br />
Euthamia graminifolia (Soldiago graminifolia (L.) Salisb., Solidago lanceolata L.) (euthamia, flat-topped<br />
bushy goldenrod, grass-leaved goldenrod, grassy goldenrod, lance-goldenrod, lance-leaved<br />
goldenrod)<br />
Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene. (Soldiago gymnopermoides Fern.) (sticky bush goldenrod, sticky<br />
goldenrod, viscid bushy goldenrod, viscid grass-leaved goldenrod)<br />
Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (blanket-flower, gaillardia, great-flowered gaillardia) (ornamental)*<br />
Gaillardia pulchella Foug. (shiny blanket-flower, showy blanket-flower, showy gaillardia) (ornamental)*<br />
22
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (potato-weed, small-flowered galinsoga, smooth galinsoga)*<br />
Galinsoga quadriradiata RL & P (Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake) (hairy galinsoga, quickweed)*<br />
Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera (Gnaphalium purpureum L. (purple cudweed, purplish cudweed,<br />
spoonleaf purple everlasting) (other varieties formerly grouped as G. purpureum exist outside<br />
Ontario – mostly in either western Canada <strong>and</strong> northeast USA)<br />
Glebionis coronarium (L.) Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Chrysanthemum spatiosum (L.H.<br />
Bailey) L.H. Bailey) (crown daisy, garl<strong>and</strong> chrysanthemum)*<br />
Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. (Chrysanthemum segetum L.) (corn-marigold, corndaisy, yellow ox-eye)*<br />
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. (catfoot, catfoot cudweed, fragrant cudweed, sweet cudweed, sweet<br />
everlasting)<br />
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. (Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz) (low cudweed, marsh cudweed)*<br />
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (broad-leaved gum-plant, curly cup gumweed, gumweed, tarweed,<br />
rosinweed, sticky-heads)*<br />
Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. (guizotia, Niger-seed)*<br />
Helenium autumnale L. (<strong>common</strong> sneezeweed, late sneezeweed, sneezeweed, swamp sunflower)<br />
Helenium flexuosum Raf. (Helenium nudiflorum Nutt.) (purple-headed sneezeweed, sneezeweed)*<br />
Helianthus annuus L. (annual sunflower, <strong>common</strong> sunflower, sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus decapetalus L. (thin-leaved sunflower, wild sunflower)<br />
Helianthus divaricatus L. (rough sunflower, rough woodl<strong>and</strong> sunflower, woodl<strong>and</strong> sunflower)<br />
Helianthus giganteus L. (giant sunflower, tall sunflower, tall wild sunflower)<br />
Helianthus grosseserratus Martens (saw-toothed sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus hirsutus Raf. (stiif-haired sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus x laetiflorus Pers. (rigidus x tuberosus) (cheerful sunflower, showy Jerusalem Artichoke,<br />
showy sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus maximilianii Schrader. (Maximillian's sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus mollis Lam. (ash sunflower, ashy sunflower, hairy sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray (Indian potato, Nuttall's sunflower)<br />
Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. (Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf.) (showy sunflower, stiff sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (plains sunflower, prairie sunflower)*<br />
Helianthus strumosus L. (pale-leaved sunflower, pale-leaved wood sunflower)<br />
Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke)*<br />
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet. (false sunflower, sweet ox-eye)<br />
Heterotheca villosa (Pursh.) Shinn. (camphorweed, hairy camphorweed, hairy false goldenaster, hairy<br />
golden aster)<br />
Hieracium aurantiacum L. (devil's paintbrush, maeskaukoonaek, orange hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. (Hieracium pratense Tausch) (field hawkweed, king devil, yellow devil‟s<br />
hawkweed, yellow hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium canadense Michx. (Canada hawkweed, <strong>common</strong> hawkweed, eperviere) (ironically, rarely<br />
actually found in Canada – more in Maine <strong>and</strong> New York)<br />
Hieracium x dutillyanum Lepage (canadense x umbellatum) (Canada scarweed)<br />
Hieracium x flagellare Willd. (pro sp.) [caespitosum × pilosella] (tail hawkweed)<br />
Hieracium x fernaldii Lepage [canadense x scabrum] (Canada scarweed)<br />
23
Hieracium x floribundum W&G (caespitosum x lactucella) (Hieracium auricula L. p.p., Hieracium x dorei<br />
Lepage) (king devil hawkweed, kingdevil hawkweed, pale hawkweed, smooth hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium gronovii L. (Gronovius‟ hawkweed, hairy hawkweed, queendevil)<br />
Hieracium kalmii L. (Kalm's hawkweed) (some argument whether it is is Canada or not)<br />
Hieracium lachenalii C.C. Gmel. C. Gmelin (Fr.) (Hieracium acuminatum Jord., Hieracium vulgatum Fr.)<br />
(<strong>common</strong> hawkweedLachenal's hawkweed, showy hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium lactucella (European hawkweed, lettuce hawkeed)* (New York <strong>and</strong> Nova Scotia)<br />
Hieracium longipilum Torrey (long-bearded hawkweed, long-haired hawkweed) (extinct in Ontario?)<br />
Hieracium marianum Willd. (Hieracium x marianum Willd. [gronovii x venosum], Hieracium<br />
pennsylvanicum Fr.) (marian hawkweed, Maryl<strong>and</strong> hawkweed)<br />
Hieracium murorum L. (golden lungwort, wall hawkweed) (ornamental)*<br />
Hieracium paniculatum L. (Allegheny hawkweed, panicled hawkweed)<br />
Hieracium pilosella L. (mouse-ear hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium pilloseloides Vill. (Hieracium florentium All.) (glaucous king devil, king devil hawkweed,<br />
smooth hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium praealtum Villars ex Gochnat (glaucos king devil, smooth hawkweed, tall king devil)*<br />
Hieracium robinsonii (Zahn) Fernald (Hieracium ungavense Lepage) (Robinson‟s hawkweed) (QC<br />
eastward)<br />
Hieracium sabaudum L. (Hieracium vagum Jord.) (New Engl<strong>and</strong> hawkweed)<br />
Hieracium scabrum Michx. (rough hawkweed)<br />
Hieracium tridentatum Fries (threetooth hawkweed, toothed hawkweed)*<br />
Hieracium umbellatum L. (Hieracium columbianum Rydb., Hieracium scabriusculum Michaux.) (narrow-<br />
leaved hawkweed, northern hawkweed, scarweed, umbellate hawkweed, umbrella-weed)*<br />
Hieracium venosum L. (poor-robin's plantain, rattlesnake-weed)<br />
Hypochaeris glabra L. (smooth cat's-ear)*<br />
Hypochaeris radicata L. (cat's-ear, long-rooted cat‟s-ear, spotted cat's-ear)*<br />
Inula britannica L. (British inula, British yellowhead, English elecampane)*<br />
Inula helenium L. (elecampane, horseheal)*<br />
Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene (Aster linariifolius L.) (flaxleaf whitetop aster, purple flax aster, stiff aster,<br />
toadflax-aster) (mostly Atlantic Canada)<br />
Iva axillaris Pursh. (death-weed, devil's-weed, povertyweed, small-flowered marsh-elder)*<br />
Iva frutescens L. ssp. oraria (Bartlett) R.C. Jacks. (Jesuit‟s bark, Nova Scotia povertyweed)<br />
Krigia biflora (Walt.) Blake (dwarf d<strong>and</strong>elion, two-flowered cynthia, Virginia goat‟s-beard)<br />
Lactuca biennis (Moench.) Fern. (biennial blue lettuce, tall blue lettuce)<br />
Lactuca canadensis L. (Lactuca sagittifolia Elliot, Lactuca steelei Britton) (Canada lettuce, tall lettuce,<br />
wild blue lettuce)<br />
Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. (false lettuce, Florida lettuce, small-flowered blue lettuce)<br />
Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. (hairy blue lettuce, hairy wood lettuce, red lettuce)<br />
Lactuca saligna L. (least lettuce, willowleaf lettuce, willow-leaved lettuce)*<br />
Lactuca sativa L. (garden-lettuce)*<br />
Lactuca serriola L. (Lactuca scariola L., Lactuca virosa auct non L.) (prickly blue lettuce, scar lettuce,<br />
wild lettuce)*<br />
24
Lactuca tatarica (L.) Meyer (beautiful blue lettuce, Russian lettuce, tartar lettuce)<br />
Lapsana communis L. (dock-cress, nipplewort)*<br />
Leontodon autumnalis L. (fall arnica, fall d<strong>and</strong>elion, fall hawkbit)*<br />
Leontodon hispidus L. (<strong>common</strong> hawkbit, hairy hawkbit, hispide hawkbit, liondent)*<br />
Leontodon taraxacoides (Villars) Merat (arnica d<strong>and</strong>elion, hairy hawkbit, rough hawkbit)*<br />
Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum serotinum L., Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers.,<br />
Leucanthemum serotinum (L.) Stankov, Tanacetum serotinum (L.) Sch. Bip.) (fall wagonwheel,<br />
giant daisy)*<br />
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.)<br />
Rydb., Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke (Marguerite,<br />
oeil de boeuf,ox-eye daisy, wagonwheel, white daisy, whiteweed, zhaespaendaugook)*<br />
Liatris aspera Michx. (harsh button-snakeroot, rough blazing-star) (involucre exposed to shade<br />
environment will respond with a lighter purple colour vs. sun exposure that yields a reddish colour)<br />
Liatris cylindracea Michx. (cylindric blazing-star, grass-leaved blazing-star)<br />
Liatris x gladewitzii (Farw.) Farw. ex Shinn (sphaeroidea x cylidracea) (Gladewitz's blazing-star,<br />
Gladewitz's button-snakeroot)<br />
Liatris spheroidea Michx. (spheroidal blazing-star, spheroidal button-snakeroot)<br />
Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. (dense blazing-star, spiked blazing-star, dense button-snakeroot) (vulnerable)<br />
Logfia arvensis (Filago arvensis L.) (cinder cudweed, cotton-rose, field cudweed, filago, waste<br />
cudweed)*<br />
Madia glomerata Hook. (cluster tarweed, mountain tarweed, showy tarweed)*<br />
Madia sativa Molina (Chile tarweed, Chilean tarweed, cultivated tarweed)*<br />
Matricaria discoidea DC. (Artemisia matricarioides auct. non Less., Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh)<br />
Rydb., Lepidanthus suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt., Lepidotheca suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt. Matricaria<br />
matricariodes auct non (Less.) Porter., Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau, non L., Santolina<br />
suaveolens Pursh, Tanacetum suaveolens (Pursh) Hook (disc mayweed, pineapple weed, wild<br />
marigold)*<br />
Matricaria recutita L. (Chamomilla chamomilla (L.) Rydb., Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Matricaria<br />
chamomilla L., Matricaria suaveolens L.) (German chamomile, sweet-false chamomile, wild<br />
chamomile) (ornamental)*<br />
Mikania sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.) Willd. (Mikania angulosa Raf., Mikania batatifolia auct. non DC., Willoughbya<br />
heterophylla Small) (climbing boneset, climbing hempweed, liane)<br />
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. (Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen.) (latitue, wall-lettuce)*<br />
Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene (Aster acuminatus Michx., [misapplied name Aster divaricatus<br />
Lam.]) (false white wood aster, mountain aster, mountain wood aster, sharp-leaved wood aster,<br />
whorled wood aster)<br />
Oclemena x blakei (Porter) G.L. Nesom [acuminata x nemoralis] (Aster x blakei (Port.) House) (Blake's<br />
aster)<br />
Oclemena nemoralis (Aiton) Greene (Aster nemoralis Ait.) (bog aster, oclemena, wood aster)<br />
Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom (Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torr. & A. Gray, Doellingeria<br />
ptarmicoides Nees, Inula alba Nutt., Solidago asteroides Semple, Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) B.<br />
Boiv., Unamia alba (Nutt.) Rydb.) (upl<strong>and</strong> white aster, upl<strong>and</strong> white goldenrod)<br />
25
Oligoneuron houghtonii (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) G.L. Nesom (Solidago houghtonii Torr. & A. Gray<br />
(Houghton's goldenrod, wetl<strong>and</strong> goldenrod)<br />
Oligoneuron ohioense (Frank ex Riddell) G.N. Jones (Solidago ohioensis Riddell.) (Ohio goldenrod)<br />
(e.g. in southwestern Ontario)<br />
Oligoneuron riddellii (Frank ex Riddell) Rydb. (Solidago riddellii Frank ex Riddell) (Riddell's goldenrod)<br />
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. rigidum (Solidago rigida L.) (hard-leaved goldenrod, rigid goldenrod,<br />
stiff-leaved goldenrod)<br />
Omalotheca sylvatica (L.) Sch. Bip. & F.W. Schultz (Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.) (golden mothwort, wood<br />
cudweed)<br />
Onopordum acanthium L. (cotton thistle, Scotch thistle)*<br />
Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey (Senecio glabellus Poir., Senecio lobatus Pers.) (butterweed, cressleaved<br />
groundsel)<br />
Packera indecora (Greene) A. Löve & D. Löve (Senecio indecorus E. Greene, Senecio pauciflorus<br />
Pursh var. fallax (Greenm.) Greenm.) (elegant groundsel, few-flowered groundsel, smaller<br />
ragwort, taller discoid groundsel, ugly ragwort, unsightly groundsel, weedy ragwort) (note the<br />
divergence in how people view the plant or perhaps its epithet “indecora/indecorus – it <strong>of</strong>ten grows<br />
in rocks or sidewalks as a weed <strong>and</strong> it can be scraggly [i.e. „pauciflora‟] but it also may be the only<br />
plant that survives so it can be considered an „elegant‟ little yellow flowered plant constrasted<br />
starkly against rocks)<br />
Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve (Senecio obovatus Muhl., Senecio rotundus<br />
(Britton) Small) (roundleaf ragwort, round-leaf groundsel, round-leaf squaw-weed)<br />
Packera paupercula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve Senecio balsamitae Muhl. ex Willd., Senecio crawfordii<br />
(Britton) G.W. Douglas & G. Ruyle-Douglas, Senecio gaspensis Greenm., Senecio gaspensis<br />
Greenm. var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Fernald, Senecio pauperculus Michx., Senecio pauperculus<br />
Michx. var. balsamitae (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fernald, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. crawfordii<br />
(Britton) T.M. Barkley, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Greenm., Senecio<br />
pauperculus Michx. var. neoscoticus Fernald, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. praelongus<br />
(Greenm.) House, Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. thompsoniensis (Greenm.) B. Boivin, Senecio<br />
tweedyi Rydb. (balsalm groundsel, balsam ragwort, Platte groundsel, Platte ragwort, prairie<br />
ragwort)<br />
Packera schweinitziana (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve (Senecio robbinsii Oakes, Senecio<br />
schweinitzianus Nutt. (Robbins' ragwort, robin-ragwort, Schweinitz’s ragwort)<br />
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. palmatus (Aiton) Cronquist (Nardosmia arctica (A.E. Porsild) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve, Petasites arcticus A.E. Porsild, Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. ssp. arcticus (A.E. Porsild) Cody,<br />
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. ssp. palmatus (Aiton) Cody, Petasites hookerianus (Nutt.) Rydb.,<br />
Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray, Petasites speciosus (Nutt.) Piper (artic sweet coltsfoot,<br />
palmate-leaf sweet-coltsfoot, sweet coltsfoot, sweet petasites)<br />
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Cherniawsky (Petasites dentatus Blank.,<br />
Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh.) Gray) (arctic sweet arrowhead coltsfoot, arrowhead<br />
coltsfoot)<br />
Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. vitifolius (Greene) Cherniawsky (Nardosmia vitifolia (Greene) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve, Petasites nivalis Greene ssp. vitifolius (Greene) Toman, Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray<br />
var. frigidus Macoun, Petasites trigonophylla Greene, Petasites x vitifolius Greene [frigidus x<br />
26
sagittatus], Petasites warrenii H. St. John) (grape coltsfoot, grape-leaved coltsfoot)<br />
Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. (Nardosmia japonica Siebold & Zucc.) (buttefly-dock,<br />
Japanese coltsfoot, Japanese sweet coltsfoot)*<br />
Picris echioides L. (bitterweed, bristly ox-tongue, helminthe)*<br />
Picris hieracioides L. ssp. hieracioides (Picris hieracioides L. var. alpina Koidzumi) (bitter hawkweed,<br />
hawkweed oxtongue, hawkweed picris) (ornamental)*<br />
Pityopsis falcata (L.) Cass. (Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Elliot, Heterotheca falcata (Pursh) V.L. Harms)<br />
(false sneezeweed, golden aster, sickleleaf silkgrass) (ornamental)*<br />
Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. succulenta (Fernald) Cronquist (Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. var.<br />
succulenta Fernald ) (camphor weed, marsh fleabane, sweetscent, sweet salt-marsh fleabane)*<br />
Polymnia canadensis L. (Polymnia radiata (A. Gray) Small) (Canada leaf-cup, small-flowered leaf-cup)<br />
Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.) (rattlesnake-root, white lettuce, white rattlesnake-root)<br />
Prenanthes altissima L. (Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook.) (tall rattlesnake-root, tall white lettuce, tall white<br />
rattlesnake-root)<br />
Prenanthes racemosa Michx. (glaucous white lettuce, glaucous white rattlesnake-root, smooth white<br />
lettuce)<br />
Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. (Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass.) gall-<strong>of</strong>-the-earth)<br />
Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz (Gnaphalium decurrens Ives, non L., Gnaphalium<br />
macounii Green, Gnaphalium viscosum HBK, Pseudognaphalium viscosum auct. non (Kunth)<br />
W.A. Weber) (clammy cudweeed, low cudweed, low everlasting, Macoun's cudweed, northern<br />
cudweed, sticky cudweed, viscid cudweed)<br />
Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & St<strong>and</strong>ley Lepachys columnaris (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray, Lepachys<br />
columnifera (Nutt.) J.F. Macbr., Ratibida columnaris (Pursh) D. Don, Ratibida columnaris (Pursh)<br />
D. Don var. pulcherrima (DC.) D. Don, Rudbeckia columnaris Pursh, non Sims, Rudbeckia<br />
columnifera Nutt. (long-headed coneflower, prairie coneflower, rounded coneflower, upright prairie<br />
coneflower) (ornamental in eastern North America)*<br />
Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. (epachys pinnata (Vent.) Torr. & A. Gray, Rudbeckia pinnata Vent.)<br />
(fine-leaved prairie coneflower, gray-headed coneflower, pinnate prairie coneflower)<br />
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. (orange coneflower, shining coneflower) (ornamental)*<br />
Rudbeckia gr<strong>and</strong>iflora (Sweet) DC. (larger conflower) (ornamental)*<br />
Rudbeckia hirta L. var. hirta (Rudbeckia amplectens T.V. Moore, Rudbeckia brittonii Small, Rudbeckia<br />
hirta L. var. brittonii (Small) Fernald, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. monticola (Small) Fernald, Rudbeckia<br />
monticola Small) (hairy black-eyed Susan) (personally, I have never been able to distinguish the<br />
varieties with any confidence – there is a lot <strong>of</strong> phenotypic plasticity in the already hairy stems <strong>of</strong><br />
both varieties)<br />
Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. (Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt., Rudbeckia hirta L. var. corymbifera<br />
Fernald, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. lanceolata (Bisch.) Core, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. sericea (T.V.<br />
Moore) Fernald, Rudbeckia hirta L. var. serotina (Nutt.) Core, Rudbeckia longipes T.V. Moore,<br />
Rudbeckia sericea T.V. Moore, Rudbeckia serotina Nutt., Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. var.<br />
corymbifera (Fernald) Fernald & B.G. Schub., Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. var. lanceolata (Bisch.)<br />
Fernald & B.G. Schub., Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. var. sericea (T.V. Moore) Fernald & B.G. Schub.<br />
(black-eyed Susan, nigger-heads, split-daisy, sticky daisy, yellow daisy)<br />
27
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata (Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis L.H. Baile) (cut-leaved<br />
coneflower, green-headed coneflower, tall coneflower) (Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. bipinnata<br />
Perdue is found in the USA border states in the northeast)<br />
Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba L. (brown-eyed coneflower, brown-eyed Susan, thin-leaved coneflower)*<br />
Packera aurea (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Senecio aureus L., Senecio gracilis Pursh) (golden groundsel,<br />
golden ragwort, senecon, squaw-weed)<br />
Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC. (Cineraria congesta R. Br., Senecio palustris (L.) Hook.) (Arctic<br />
groundsel, marsh-fleabane, northern swamp groundsel)<br />
Senecio eremophilus Richardson var. eremophilus (Senecio glaucifolius Rydb.) (desert ragwort)<br />
Senecio jacobaea L. L. (maritime ragwort, stinking Willie, tansy groundsel, tansy ragwort)*<br />
Senecio sylvaticus L. (heath ragwort, wood ragwort, woodl<strong>and</strong> ragwort)<br />
Senecio viscosus L. (fetid groundsel, sticky groundsel, stinking groundsel)*<br />
Senecio vulgaris L. (<strong>common</strong> groundsel, old-man-in-the-spring, rayless ragwort)*<br />
Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. integrifolium Michx. (Silphium laevigatum Pursh) (entire-leaved rosin-<br />
weed, prairie rosin-weed, wholeleaf rosinweed)*<br />
Silphium laciniatum L. var. laciniatum (compass-plant, pilot-weed, rosinweed)<br />
Silphium perfoliatum L. var. perfoliatum (cup-plant, Indian-cup)<br />
Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. var. terebinthinaceum (prairie-dock, prairie rosin-weed)<br />
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Carduus marianus L., Mariana mariana (L.) Hill) (blessed milkthistle,<br />
milk thistle, St. Mary‟s thistle, sea musk-thistle)*<br />
Solidago altissima L. (Solidago hirsutissima Mill., Solidago lunellii Rydb.) (double goldenrod, gall-<br />
goldenrod, tall goldenrod)<br />
Solidago arguta Ait. (cut-leaved goldenrod, sharp-leaved goldenrod)<br />
Solidago x beaudryi B. Boiv. [rugosa x uliginosa] (Beaudry's goldenrod)<br />
Solidago bicolor L. (silverrod, white goldenrod)<br />
Solidago caesia L. (Solidago axillaris Pursh) (blue-stemmed glodenrod, wreath goldenrod)<br />
Solidago canadensis L. (Canada goldenrod, geezisomuskiki, rock goldenrod, verge d'or)<br />
Solidago canadensis L. var. lepida (DC.) Cronquist (Solidago lepida DC.; treated by some as Solidago<br />
lepida DC. var. salebrosa (Piper) Semple – in some cases, this does not seem to apply correctly<br />
to western accessions) (elegant goldenrod, ho<strong>of</strong>-goldenrod, meadow goldenrod, western<br />
goldenrod)<br />
Solidago cutleri Fernald (some equate with Solidago leiocarpa de C<strong>and</strong>olle) (Cutler‟s alpine goldenrod)<br />
(you will find horticultural cultivars that are much taller than the native genotype)<br />
Solidago ×erskinei B. Boivin [canadensis × sempervirens] (in Canada – New Brunswick)<br />
Solidago flexicaulis L. (Solidago latifolia L.) (broad-leaved golderod, zigzag goldenrod)<br />
Solidago gigantea Ait. (Aster latissimifolius (Mill.) Kuntze var. serotinus Kuntze, Solidago pitcheri Nutt.,<br />
Solidago serotinoides A. Löve & D. Löve) (giant goldenrod, late goldenrod)<br />
Solidago hispida Muhl. (hairy goldenrod, smooth hairy goldenrod, upl<strong>and</strong> goldenrod)<br />
Solidago juncea Ait. (early goldenrod, sharp-toothed goldenrod)<br />
Solidago x krotkovii B. Boiv. (ohioensis x ptarmicoides) (Krotkov's goldenrod) (if recognized during<br />
revisions, the name will have to be changed to Oligoneuron x krotkovii because the two parental<br />
species changed to this genus name)<br />
28
Solidago latissimifolia Mill. (Solidago elliottii Torr. & A. Gray) (Elliot's goldenrod)<br />
Solidago leiocarpa DC (may be the same as Solidago cutleri Fernald – there is quite a lot <strong>of</strong><br />
disagreement <strong>and</strong> confusion on proper taxonomic nomenclature & to add to the confusion, there is<br />
a variety <strong>of</strong> cultivated Solidago virgaurea in Japan that is called „leiocarpa‟) (alpine goldenrod,<br />
Cultler‟s alpine goldenrod?)<br />
Solidago x lutescens (Lindl. ex DC.) B. Boiv. [ptarmicoides x riddellii] (pale goldenrod, yellowish<br />
goldenrod) (if recognized during revisions, the name will have to be changed to Oligoneuron x<br />
lutescens because the two parental species changed to this genus name)<br />
Solidago macrophylla Pursh. (Solidago mensalis Fernald) (large-leaved goldenrod, verge d‟or à gr<strong>and</strong>es<br />
feuilles)<br />
Solidago missouriensis Nutt. (Missouri goldenrod, prairie goldenrod)<br />
Solidago multiradiata Aiton (either confused on misnamed many times as Aster multiradiatus (Aiton)<br />
Kuntze; Solidago algida Piper; Solidago cusickii Piper; Solidago dilatata A. Nelson; Solidago<br />
heterophylla Nuttall; Solidago rubra Rydberg; Solidago virgaurea L var. arctica DC; Solidago<br />
virgaurea L var. multiradiata (Aiton) Torrey & A. Gray) (northern goldenrod, Rocky Mountain<br />
goldenrod)<br />
Solidago multiradiata Aiton var. scopulorum A. Gray (Solidago ciliosa Greene, Solidago scopulorum (A.<br />
Gray) A. Nelson) (manyraygoldenrod)<br />
Solidago nemoralis Ait. (gray goldenrod, gray-stemmed goldenrod)<br />
Solidago patula Muhl. (rough-leaved goldenrod, spreading goldenrod)<br />
Solidago puberula Nutt. (downy goldenrod, short-pubescent goldenrod)<br />
Solidago rugosa Mill. (rough goldenrod, rough-stemmed goldenrod, tall hairy goldenrod)<br />
Solidago sempervirens L. (evergreen goldenrod, seaside goldenrod)<br />
Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Ringius var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Ringius (Solidago gillmanii<br />
(A. Gray) Steele, Solidago glutinosa Nutt. var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Cronquist, Solidago racemosa<br />
Greene var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Fernald, Solidago spathulata DC. var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Gleason)<br />
(Gillman‟s goldenrod, Great Lakes goldenrod, R<strong>and</strong>‟s goldenrod)<br />
Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Ringius var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius (Solidago<br />
racemosa Greene, Solidago simplex Kunth, Solidago spathulata DC. var. racemosa (Greene)<br />
Gleason (Gillmann‟s goldenrod, R<strong>and</strong>‟s goldenrod)<br />
Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Ringius var. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi (Solidago<br />
glutinosa Nutt. ssp. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Cronquist, Solidago r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Britton, Solidago spathulata<br />
DC. ssp. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Gleason (R<strong>and</strong>‟s goldenrod, true R<strong>and</strong>‟s goldenrod) (not found in Canada;<br />
all samples were var. racemosa found in Quebec)<br />
Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. r<strong>and</strong>ii (Porter) Ringius var. ontarioensis (Ringius) Ringius (Solidago<br />
glutinosa Nutt sensu lato, Solidago glutinosa Nutt. var. ontarioensis Ringius) (Ontario goldenrod,<br />
racemed goldenrod, sticky goldenrod; this is mostly what we find in Ontario, obviously)<br />
Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. simplex var. simplex (Solidago glutinosa Nutt., Solidago neomexicana (A.<br />
Gray) Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.; conflated sometimes with Solidago racemosa E. Greene) (Mt Albert<br />
goldenrod, racemed goldenrod, sticky goldenrod)<br />
Solidago speciosa Nutt. (noble goldenrod, showy goldenrod)<br />
Solidago squarrosa Muhl. (rugged goldenrod, stout rugged goldenrod, stout woodl<strong>and</strong> goldenrod)<br />
29
Solidago uliginosa Nutt. (marsh goldenrod, swamp goldenrod) & Solidago uliginosa Nutt. var. linoides<br />
(Torr. & A. Gray) Fernald (Solidago purshii Porter) (bog goldenrod, Pursh's goldenrod, swamp<br />
goldenrod)<br />
Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. (elm-leaved goldenrod)<br />
Sonchus arvensis L. (field sow-thistle, noxious sow-thistle, perennial sow-thistle, smooth sow-thistle)*/**<br />
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (spiny annual sow-thistle, spiny-leaved sow-thistle)*/**<br />
Sonchus oleraceus L. (<strong>common</strong> annual sow-thistle, <strong>common</strong> milk-thistle)*/**<br />
Sonchus palustris L. (marsh sow-thistle, seaside sow-thistle)*<br />
Symphyotrichum × amethystinum (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom [ericoides × novae-angliae] (Aster amethystinus<br />
Nutt., Aster x amethystinus (Porter) House, Lasallea ×amethystina (Nutt.) Semple & L. Brouillet,<br />
Virgulus ×amethystinus (Nutt.) Reveal & Keener (amethyst aster, great New Engl<strong>and</strong> aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve (Aster borealis (Torr. & A. Gray) Prov.,<br />
Aster franklinianus Rydb., Aster junceus auct. non Aiton, Aster junciformis Rydb., Aster laxifolius<br />
Nees var. borealis Torr. & A. Gray) (northern aster, northern bog aster, rush aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) G.L. Nesom (Aster brachyactis Blake, Aster laurentianus Fern.,<br />
Brachyactis angusta (Lindl.) Britton, Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb., Tripolium angustum<br />
Lindl.) (Laurentian aster, rayless alkali aster, rayless annual aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum ciliolatum (Lindl.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Aster ciliolatus Lindley, Aster lindleyanus Torr. &<br />
A. Gray, Aster maccallae Rydb., Aster saundersii Burgess, Aster subgeminatus (Fernald) B.<br />
Boivin, Aster wilsonii Rydb., Symphyotrichum subgeminatum (Fernald) G.L. Nesom) (ciliolate<br />
aster, fine-haired aster, hairy aster, Lindley‟s aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster cordifolius L., Aster finkii Rydb. var. moratus<br />
Shinners, Aster lowrieanus Porter var. lanceolatus Porter, Aster plumarius Burgess, Aster<br />
sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex Willd., Symphyotrichum sagittifolium (Wedemeyer ex Willd.) G.L.<br />
Nesom) (<strong>of</strong>ten misidentified as Symphyotrichum lowrieanus/Aster lowrieanus in Ontario) (blue<br />
aster, <strong>common</strong> blue wood aster, heart-leaved aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom var. dumosum (Aster coridifolius Michx., Aster dumosus L.)<br />
(bushy aster, rice-button aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom var. ericoides (Aster ericoides L., Aster exiguus (Fernald)<br />
Rydb., Aster multiflorus Aiton, Aster polycephalus Rydb., Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & L.<br />
Brouillet, Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal & Keener) (frostweed, frost-weed aster, many-flowered<br />
aster, white heath aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum falcatum (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom var. falcatum (Aster elegantulus A.E. Porsild, Aster<br />
falcatus Lindley, Aster ramulosus Lindl., Lasallea falcata (Lindl.) Semple & L. Brouillet, Virgulus<br />
falcatus (Lindl.) Reveal & Keener) (virgulus aster, western heath aster, white prairie aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. laeve (Aster falcidens Burgess, Aster laevis L., Aster<br />
steeleorum Shinners) (smooth aster, smooth blue aster, glaucous aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom ssp. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum (Aster bellidiflorus<br />
Willd., Aster lamarckianus Nees, Aster lanceolatus Willd., Aster laxus Willd., Aster paniculatus<br />
Lam. p.p., non Mill. Aster simplex Willd., Symphyotrichum simplex (Willd.) A. Löve & D. Löve)<br />
(lance-leaved aster, panicled aster, tall white aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. lateriflorum (Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC.,<br />
30
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt., Aster vimineus Lam., Solidago lateriflora L.) (calico aster, one-sided<br />
aster, starved aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) G.L. Nesom (Aster lowrieanus Porter.) (Lowrie's aster)<br />
(occasionally appears in Canadian roadsides via seed transport cross-border – does not seem to<br />
persist in Canada though, as noted. some mistake other species for S. lowrieanum)<br />
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster novae-angliae L., Lasallea novae-angliae (L.)<br />
Semple & L. Brouillet, Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener) (New Engl<strong>and</strong> aster,<br />
waunissikaehnsiwung)<br />
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom var. novi-belgii (Aster eminens Willd., Aster junceus Aiton,<br />
Aster longifolius Lam., Aster novi-belgii L., Symphyotrichum longifolium (Lam.) G.L. Nesom)<br />
(long-leaf aster, New York aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom var. villicaule (A. Gray) J. Labrecque & L. Brouillet (Aster<br />
gaspensis Victorin, Aster johannensis Fern., Aster rol<strong>and</strong>ii Shinners, Aster tardiflorus L. var.<br />
vestitus Fernald) (Gaspe aster, hairy New York aster, Lake St. John aster, Quebec aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum ontarionis (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) G.L. Nesom (Aster missouriensis Britton, non Kuntze, Aster<br />
ontarionis Wieg., Aster pantotrichus S.F. Blake, Aster tradescantii L. var. thyrsoides (A. Gray) B.<br />
Boivin, Symphyotrichum ontarione (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) G.L. Nesom, orth. var.) (bottoml<strong>and</strong> aster, Ontario<br />
aster, smooth Ontario aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) G.L. Nesom var. oolentangiense (Aster oolentangiensis<br />
Riddell, Aster azureus Lindl.) (azure aster, sky blue aster, sky aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom var. pilosum (Aster juniperinus Burgess, Aster pilosus<br />
Willd., Aster ramosissimus auct. non Mill., Aster villosus Michx.) (hairy aster, hairy white oldfield<br />
aster, heath aster, Pringle‟s aster, white heath aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) G.L. Nesom var. praealtum (Aster caerulescens DC., orth. var.,<br />
Aster coerulescens DC., Aster praealtus Poir., Aster salicifolius Aiton, non Lam.) (willow aster,<br />
willowleaf aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L. Nesom (Aster prenanthoides Muhlenb.)<br />
(crooked-stem aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. puniceum (Aster calderi B. Boivin, Aster<br />
conduplicatus Burgess, Aster firmus Nees, Aster forwoodii S. Watson, Aster lucidulus (A. Gray)<br />
Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Aster puniceus L., Symphyotrichum firmum (Nees) G.L. Nesom) (purple-stem aster,<br />
shining aster, swamp purple-stemmed aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G.L. Nesom (Aster argenteus Michx., Aster sericeus Vent., Lasallea<br />
sericea (Vent.) Greene, Virgulus sericeus (Vent.) Reveal & Keener) (western silver star, western<br />
silvery aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum shortii (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Aster camptosorus Small, Aster shortii Lindl.) (Short's<br />
aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom (Aster subulatus Michx. (annual salt-marsh aster,<br />
eastern annual salt-marh aster, small salt-marsh aster) (may be * west <strong>of</strong> New Brunswick)<br />
Symphyotrichum tradescantii (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster saxatilis (Fernald) Blanch., nom. illeg., Aster<br />
tradescantii L., Aster vimineus Lam. var. saxatilis Fernald) (shore aster, tr<strong>and</strong>escant's aster) (east<br />
coast)<br />
Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L. Nesom (Aster asperifolius Burgess, Aster claviger Burgess, Aster<br />
31
corrigiatus Burgess, Aster diversifolius Michx., Aster gracilescens Burgess, Aster linguiformis<br />
Burgess, Aster loriformis (Burgess) Burgess, Aster mohrii Burgess, Aster proteus Burgess, Aster<br />
sylvestris Burgess, Aster triangularis (Burgess) Burgess, Aster truellius Burgess, Aster undulatus<br />
L.) (Burgess‟ folly, wavy aster, wavyleaf aster, wavy-leaved aster)<br />
Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom (Aster hirtellus Lindl., Aster sagittifolius auct. non<br />
Wedemeyer ex Willd., Aster urophyllus Lindley (Wedenmeyer ex Willd.) (arrow-leaved aster,<br />
plantain aster)<br />
Tagetes minuta L. (minute marigold, small marigold, stinking roger, wild marigold)*<br />
Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Schultz-Bip. (Tanacetum huronense Nutt.) (bipinnate tansy, dune tansy,<br />
Lake Huron tansy)<br />
Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson (Chrysanthemum coccineum Willd., Chrysanthemum roseum<br />
Adams ) (garden daisy, painted daisy, pyrethum, pyethum daisy) (ornamental)*<br />
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. (<strong>common</strong> feverfew, false guayule, feather-few, parthenium<br />
tansy)*<br />
Tanacetum vulgare L. (camomille, <strong>common</strong> tansy, tansy)*<br />
Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) Schinz ex Thell. (Taraxacum ambigens<br />
Fernald, Taraxacum amphiphron Böcher, Taraxacum arctogenum Dahlst., Taraxacum<br />
brachyceras Dahlst, Taraxacum carthamopsis, Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC.,<br />
Taraxacum dumetorum Greene, Taraxacum eurylepium Dahlst., Taraxacum hyperboreum Dahlst.,<br />
Taraxacum integratum G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum lacerum Greene, Taraxacum lapponicum Kihlm.<br />
ex H<strong>and</strong>.-Maz., Taraxacum latispinulosum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum laurentianum Fernald,<br />
Taraxacum longii Fernald, Taraxacum malteanum Dahlst., Taraxacum maurolepium G.E.<br />
Haglund, Taraxacum mitratum G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum multesimum G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum<br />
naevosum Dahlst., Taraxacum ovinum Rydb., Taraxacum paucisquamosum M. Peck, Taraxacum<br />
pellianum A.E. Porsild, Taraxacum pseudonorvegicum Dahlst., Taraxacum purpuridens Dahlst.,<br />
Taraxacum torngatense Fernald, Taraxacum trigonolobum Dahlst., Taraxacum umbrinum Dahlst.)<br />
(<strong>common</strong> d<strong>and</strong>elion, horned d<strong>and</strong>elion, horn-bearing d<strong>and</strong>elion, northern d<strong>and</strong>elion, fall d<strong>and</strong>elion)<br />
Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. <strong>of</strong>ficinale (Leontodon latiloba (DC.) Britton, nom. inq., Leontodon<br />
taraxacum L., nom. inq., p.p., Taraxacum atroglaucum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum campylodes G.E.<br />
Haglund, Taraxacum croceum auct. non Dahlst., Taraxacum curvidens M.P. Christ., Taraxacum<br />
cyclocentrum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum dahlstedtii Lindb. f., Taraxacum davidssonii M.P. Christ.,<br />
Taraxacum devians Dahlst., Taraxacum dilutisquameum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum firmum Dahlst.,<br />
Taraxacum isl<strong>and</strong>iciforme Dahlst., Taraxacum kok-saghyz auct. non Rodin, Taraxacum latilobum<br />
DC., nom. inq., Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller, nom. inq.,<br />
Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale F.H. Wigg. var. palustre (Lyons) Blytt p.p., Taraxacum palustre (Lyons)<br />
Symons var. vulgare (Lam.) Fernald, nom. inq., Taraxacum pleniflorum M.P. Christ., Taraxacum<br />
retr<strong>of</strong>lexum Lindb. f., Taraxacum rhodolepis Dahlst., Taraxacum undulatum Lindb. f. & Marklund,<br />
Taraxacum vagans G.E. Haglund, Taraxacum vulgare Lam., nom. inq., Taraxacum xanthostigma<br />
Lindb. f. (blow-ball, blowballs, <strong>common</strong> d<strong>and</strong>elion, crocus d<strong>and</strong>elion, marsh d<strong>and</strong>elion,<br />
mindemoyae, pissenlit, piss-weed, spring d<strong>and</strong>elion)*/**<br />
Taraxacum erthyrospermum Andr. ex Bisser (lesser d<strong>and</strong>elion, red-seeded d<strong>and</strong>elion)*<br />
Taraxacum lacerum E. Greene (Arctic d<strong>and</strong>elion, Greenl<strong>and</strong> d<strong>and</strong>elion, lacerated d<strong>and</strong>elion, lacy<br />
32
d<strong>and</strong>elion)<br />
Tetraneuris herbacea Greene (Actinea herbacea (Greene) B.L. Rob., Hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh.) Park.,<br />
Hymenoxys herbeacea (Greene) Cusick) (eastern fournerved daisy, hymenoxys, lakeside daisy,<br />
stemless rubberweed)<br />
Tragopogon x crantzii Dichtil (dubius x pratensis) (Crantz's goat's-beard)*<br />
Tragopogon dubius Scop. (doubtful goat‟s-beard, goat‟s-beard, lesser goat's-beard)*<br />
Tragopogon x mirabilis Rouy (porrifolius x pratensis) (goat's-bladder)*<br />
Tragopogon x mirus F. Ownbey (dubius x pratensis) (Ownbey's goat's-beard)*<br />
Tragopogon porrifloius L. (<strong>common</strong> salsify, oyster-plant, salsify, vegetable-oyster)*<br />
Tragopogon pratensis L. (akiwenzee, barbe de bouc, Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, meadow goat‟s-beard,<br />
noxious goat‟s-beard, yellow goat's-beard)*<br />
Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch ssp. maritimum (Chamomilla maritima (L.) Rydb.,<br />
Matricaria maritima L.) (ambiguous chamomile, false mayweed, maritime chamomile, scentless<br />
chamomile, seaside chamomile, sea mayweed) (ornamental)*<br />
Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz (Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib., Matricaria inodora L.,<br />
Matricaria perforata Merat., Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.) (corn mayweed, perforated<br />
chamomile, scentless chamomile, scentless false mayweed) (ornamental)*<br />
Tussilago farfara L. (coltsfoot, coughwort, pas d'ane, tussilage)*<br />
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. (Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC.) (alternate-leaved crown-beard, ridan,<br />
wingstem)<br />
Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel. ex Bran. & Cov. (giant ironweed, ironweed, tall ironweed) (southwestern<br />
Ontario)<br />
Veronia missurica Raf. (ironweed, Missouri ironweed)<br />
Xanthium spinosum L. (spiny burweed, spiny cocklebur)*<br />
Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray (Xanthium acerosum Greene, Xanthium<br />
californicum Greene, Xanthium campestre Greene, Xanthium canadense Mill., Xanthium<br />
cavanillesii Schouw, Xanthium cenchroides Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium commune Britton, Xanthium<br />
echinatum Murray, Xanthium gl<strong>and</strong>uliferum Greene, Xanthium italicum Moretti, Xanthium macounii<br />
Britton, Xanthium oligacanthum Piper, Xanthium oviforme Wallr., Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.,<br />
Xanthium saccharatum Wallr., Xanthium speciosum Kearney, Xanthium varians Greene) (beach<br />
clotbur, Canada cocklebur, cocklebur, glouteron, lampourde, ogimauwushk, sea-burdock, tumor<br />
cocklebur, tumor-curing cocklebur)<br />
Xanthium strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronquist (Xanthium americanum Walter, Xanthium<br />
calvum Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium chasei Fernald, Xanthium chinense Mill., Xanthium curvescens<br />
Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium cylindraceum Millsp. & Sherff, Xanthium echinellum Greene, Xanthium<br />
globosum Shull, Xanthium inflexum Mack. & Bush, Xanthium macrocarpum DC. var. glabratum<br />
DC., Xanthium occidentale Bertol., Xanthium orientale L., Xanthium wootonii Cockerell (Asian<br />
cocklebur, Chinese cocklebur, rough cocklebur)<br />
Xanthium strumarium L. var. strumarium (rough cocklebur)<br />
33
Order Callitrichales<br />
Callitrichaceae (water-starwort family)<br />
Callitriche hermaphroditica L. (hermaphrodite water-starwort, late water-starwort, narrow-leaf water-<br />
starwort)<br />
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. (fanleaf, larger water-starwort, water-chickweed, water-starwort)<br />
Callitriche palustris L. (early water-starwort, marsh water-starwort, water fennel)<br />
Callitriche stagnalis Scop. (floating water-starwort, quiet water-starwort)<br />
Hippuridaceae (mare's-tail family)<br />
Hippuris tetraphylla L. f. (four-leaved mare's-tail)<br />
Hippuris vulgaris L. (<strong>common</strong> mare's-tail)<br />
Order Campanulales<br />
Campanulaceae (bluebell family, harebell family, lobelia family) (includes Lobeliaceae)<br />
Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small (Campanula americana L.) (American bellflower, tall bellflower)<br />
Campanula aparinoides Pursh. (Campanula uliginosa Rydb.) (bedstraw bellflower, bedstraw marsh<br />
bellflower, blue marsh bellflower, marsh bellflower)<br />
Campanula cochlearifolia Lam. (earleaf bellflower, showy bellflower) (ornamental)*<br />
Campanula glomerata L. (clustered bellflower, Dane‟s blood) (ornamental)*<br />
Campanula medium L. (Canterbury-bells) (ornamental)*<br />
Campanula persicifolia L. (everlasting bellflower, peach-leaved bellflower) (ornamental)*<br />
Campanula rapunculoides L. (creeping bellflower, creeping bluebells, European bellflower, rampion<br />
bellflower) (ornamental)*<br />
Campanula rotundifolia L. (Campanula alaskana (A. Gray) W. Wight ex J.P. Anderson, Campanula<br />
dubia A. DC., Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult., Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult.<br />
ssp. groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Berlin) Böcher, Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult. var. arctica (Lange)<br />
Böcher, Campanula groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Berlin, Campanula heterodoxa Bong., Campanula intercedens<br />
Witasek, Campanula petiolata A. DC., Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Berlin) A.<br />
Löve & D. Löve, Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. intercedens (Witasek) A. Löve & D. Löve,<br />
Campanula rotundifolia L. var. alaskana A. Gray, Campanula rotundifolia L. var. alpina Tuck.,<br />
Campanula rotundifolia L. var. arctica Lange, Campanula rotundifolia L. var. intercedens<br />
(Witasek) Farw., Campanula rotundifolia L. var. lancifolia Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Campanula<br />
rotundifolia L. var. petiolata (A. DC.) J.K. Henry, Campanula rotundifolia L. var. velutina A. DC.,<br />
Campanula sacajaweana M. Peck (bluebell bellflower, blue bells <strong>of</strong> Scotl<strong>and</strong>, bluebell, harebell,<br />
Scottish bells, Scot‟s-bells, sczeegineesh)<br />
Campanula trachelium L. (bats in the belfry, nettle-leaved bellflower, throatwort) (ornamental)*<br />
Lobelia cardinalis L. (Lobelia fulgens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Lobelia splendens Humb. & Bonpl. ex<br />
Willd.) (cardinal flower, fire flower, red betty, shkotaebugonee)<br />
Lobelia dortmanna L. (Dortman‟s cardinalflower, dortman lobelia, water-gladiole, water-lobelia)<br />
Lobelia inflata L. (poisonous Indian-tobacco, wild tobacco)<br />
Lobelia kalmii L. (Lobelia strictiflora (Rydb.) Lunell) (brook lobelia, Kalm's lobelia, Ontario lobelia)<br />
34
Lobelia siphilitica L. var. siphilitica (blue cardinal-flower, great blue lobelia, great lobelia)<br />
Lobelia x speciosa Sweet var. schneckii Bowden (pro nm.) (cardinalis x silphilitica) (great<br />
cardinal-flower)<br />
Lobelia spicata Lam. var. campanulata McVaugh (highbelia, pale-spiked lobelia)<br />
Lobelia spicata Lam. var. hirtella A. Gray (Lobelia hirtella (A. Gray) Greene) (palespike lobelia)<br />
Lobelia spicata Lam. var. spicata (Lobelia bracteata Small, Lobelia spicata Lam. var. originalis<br />
McVaugh, Lobelia spicata Lam. var. parviflora A. Gray) (palespike lobelia)<br />
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (Segousia perfoliata (L.) Britton, Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.,<br />
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. var. perfoliata) (clasping bellwort, clasping Venus' looking-glass,<br />
Venus' looking-glass)<br />
Order Dipsacles<br />
Adoxaceae (adoxa family, moschatel family) (separated from Caprifoliaceae)<br />
Adoxa moschatellina L. (adoxa, moschatel, musk-root)<br />
Sambucus canadensis L. (American elder, Canada elderberry, <strong>common</strong> elder, <strong>common</strong> elderberry)<br />
Sambucus ebulus L. (danewort, dwarf-elder, Quebec elder)<br />
Sambucus nigra L. (black elder, black elderberry, European elder, European elderberry) (ornamental)*<br />
Sambucus racemosa L. (Sambucus pubens Michx.) (red elder, red-berried elder, red-berried elderberry,<br />
red elderberry, stinking elder, stinking elderberry)<br />
Sinadoxa corydalifolia C.Y.Wu, Z.L.Wu & R.F.Huang (sinadoxa) (endemic to Hengduan Mountains China<br />
<strong>and</strong> never wild elsewhere but several indoor plants appear to have come from [illegal?] cuttings)<br />
Viburnum acerifolium L. (dockmackie, maple-leaf viburnum, maple-leaved viburnum)<br />
Viburnum cassinoides L. (northern wild-raisin, witherod, with-rod)<br />
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. (false lowbush cranberry, lowbush cranberry, mooseberry, pimbina,<br />
squashberry)<br />
Viburnum lantana L. (bending wayfaring-tree, twistwood, wayfaring-tree) (ornamental)*<br />
Viburnum lantanoides Michx. (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.) (alder-leaved viburnum, American<br />
wayfaring-tree, hobblebush, moosewood, tangle-legs, witch-hobble)<br />
Viburnum lentago L. (nannyberry, sheepberry, sweet viburnum, wild-raisin)<br />
Viburnum opulus L. (Viburnum trilobum Marsh.) (false highbush cranberry, guelder-rose, highbush<br />
cranberry, snowball) (ornamental)*<br />
Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes (downy arrowood, shortstalk arrowood)<br />
Viburnum recognitum Fern. (northern arrowwood, southern arrow-wood)<br />
Viburnum trilobum Marsh. (cranberry viburnum, false high bush cranberry, highbush-cranberry, pimbina)<br />
Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family)<br />
Diervilla lonicera Mill. (Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacMill., Diervilla lonicera Mill. var. hypomalaca Fernald)<br />
(northern bush-honeysuckle)<br />
Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. (beautybush, kolkwitzia)*<br />
Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén ex R.T. Clausen (Linnaea americana Forbes,<br />
Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehder) (neezhodaeyun, northern twinflower,<br />
35
twinflower, twins)<br />
Lonicera x bella Zabel (tatarica x morowii) (bell honeysuckle, Bell‟s honeysuckle, showy bush<br />
honeysuckle, showy fly honeysuckle, whitebell honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera canadensis Marsh. (Xylosteon ciliatum Pursh) (American fly honeysuckle, Canadian fly<br />
honeysuckle, fly honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera caprifolium L. (goat-leaf honeysuckle, Italian honeysuckle, Italian woodbine) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. (Lonicera gibbiflora Maxim. ex Rehder) (daisy honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera dioica L. (Lonicera glaucescens (Rydb.) Rydb.) (Douglas honeysuckle, glaucous honeysuckle,<br />
limber honeysuckle,smooth-leaved honeysuckle, wild honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera emphyllocalyx (blue-fly honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera hirsuta Eat. (hairy honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. involucrata (Distegia involucrata (Richardson)<br />
Cockerell, Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. flavescens (Dippel) Rehder,<br />
Xylosteum involucratum Richardson) (bracted honeysuckle, four-lined honeysuckle, involucered<br />
honeysuckle, twinberry honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet) (Chinese honeysuckle, Japanese<br />
honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. (amur honeysuckle, late honeysuckle, Maack's honeysuckle)<br />
(ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera morrowii A. Gray (Lonicera insularis Nakai) (Morrow's honeysuckle) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. (swamp fly-honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera periclymenum L. (European woodbine, New Brunswic woodbine, Nova Scotia woodbine,<br />
woodbine honeysuckle) (ornamental)*<br />
Lonicera sempervirens L. (Phenianthus sempervirens (L.) Raf.) (coral honeysuckle, trumpet<br />
honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera tatarica L. (Lonicera sibirica Georgi, nom. nud.) (tatarian honeysuckle)*/**<br />
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. calvescens (Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Fernald (mountain fly<br />
honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. solonis (Eaton) Fernald (mountain fly honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. tonsa Fernald (mountain fly honeysuckle)<br />
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. var. villosa (Lonicera caerulea L. var. villosa (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray)<br />
(mountain fly honeysuckle, mountain honeysuckle, Northern fly-honeysuckle, velvet honeysuckle.<br />
waterbush)<br />
Lonicera x xylosteoides Tausch [tatarica x xylosteum] (fly honeysuckle) (NB in Canada)*/**<br />
Lonicera xylosteum L. (dwarf honeysuckle, European fly honeysuckle, hollow honeysuckle)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. albus (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. pauciflorus<br />
(W.J. Rob. ex A. Gray) S.F. Blake, Symphoricarpos pauciflorus W.J. Rob. ex A. Gray,<br />
Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. (<strong>common</strong> snowberry, thin-leaved snowberry)<br />
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.F. Blake (Symphoricarpos albus (L.)<br />
S.F. Blake ssp. laevigatus (Fernald) Hultén, Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksd.) (<strong>common</strong><br />
snowberry, Atlantic snowberry)<br />
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. (buckbrush, western sowberry, wolfberry)*<br />
36
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. (Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacMill.) (coralberry,<br />
Indian-currant, round snowberry )*<br />
Triosteum angustifolium L. (narrow-leaved feverwort, narrow-leaved horse-gentian, yellow<br />
horse-gentian, yellowfruit horse-gentian)<br />
Triosteum aurantiacum E.P. Bicknell var. aurantiacum (orange-fruited horse gentian, scarlet-fruited<br />
horse-gentian, wild c<strong>of</strong>fee)<br />
Triosteum perfoliatum L. (feverwort, late horse gentian, perfoliate horse-gentian, tinker's-weed, wild<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee)<br />
Dipsacaceae (teasel family)<br />
Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov (Scabiosa gigantea Ledeb.) (larger scabious, Tatarian cephalaria,<br />
yellow cephalaria) (ornamental)*<br />
Dipsacus fullonum L. (Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.) (card thistle, Draper‟s teasel, Fuller's teasel, wild<br />
teasel, wood teasel)*/**<br />
Dipsacus laciniatus L. (cut-leaved teasel, lachinate teasel)**<br />
Knautia arvensis (L.) Duby. (Scabiosa arvensis L.) (field scabiosa, field scabious)*<br />
Succisa pratensis Moench (Succisa pratensis Moench.) (devil's-bit, marsh devil‟s-bit)*<br />
Succisella inflexa (Kluk.) G. Beck (Scabiosa australis Wulfen, Succisa australis (Wulfen) Rchb.)<br />
(southern devil's-bit, southern scabious, southern succisella)<br />
Valerianaceae (valerian family)<br />
Valeriana dioica L. (dioecious valerian, marsh valerian, northern valerian)<br />
Valeriana dioica L. var. sylvatica S. Watson (Valeriana dioica L. ssp. sylvatica (S. Watson) F.G. Mey.,<br />
Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb., Valeriana sylvatica Sol. ex Richardson, non F.W. Schmidt)<br />
(woods valerian, woodl<strong>and</strong> valerian)<br />
Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. ciliata (Torr. & A. Gray) Cronquist (Valeriana ciliata Torr. &<br />
A. Gray) (<strong>common</strong> valerian, edible valerian, taprooted valerian, tobacco root)<br />
Valeriana <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (<strong>common</strong> valerian, garden heliotrope, garden valerian) (ornamental)*<br />
Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb. (Valeriana sitchensis Bong. ssp. uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray)<br />
F.G. Mey., Valeriana sitchensis Bong. var. uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) B. Boivin) (bog valerian,<br />
false sitka valerian, mountain valerian, mountain swamp valerian)<br />
Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. (corn-salad, goosefoot cornsalad, lamb's lettuce)<br />
Valerianella locusta (L.) Betcke (Valerianella olitoria (L.) Pollich) (commion corn-salad, European corn-<br />
salad, lamb's-lettuce, Lewiston cornsalad, locust-lettuce)*/**<br />
Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph. Wood (Valerianella intermedia Dyal, Valerianella patellaria (Sull. ex<br />
A. Gray) Alph. Wood, Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. var. intermedia (Dyal) Gleason)<br />
(navel-lettuce, navel corn-salad, navel-shaped corn-salad, northern cornsalad, umbrella cornsalad,<br />
Wood‟s corn-salad)<br />
37
Order Gentianales<br />
Apocyanaceae (dogbane family)<br />
Apocynum <strong>and</strong>rosaemifolium L. (baebaumukwodjeebikissing, herbe a la puce, spreading dogbane)<br />
Apocynum cannabinum L. (clasping-leaved Indian hemp, hemp dogbane, Indian hemp)<br />
Apocynum x floribundum E. Greene (showy dogbane)<br />
Nerium ole<strong>and</strong>er L. (poison ole<strong>and</strong>er) (ornamental)*<br />
Vinca minor L. (<strong>common</strong> periwinkle, grave myrtle)*/**<br />
Asclepidaceae (milkweed family)<br />
Asclepia exaltata L. (poke milkweed, tall milkweed)<br />
Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson (hairy milkweed, prairie milkweed, stiff-haired milkweed)<br />
Asclepias incarnata L. (swamp milkweed)<br />
Asclepias ovalifolia Decne. (oval-leaved milkweed)<br />
Asclepias purpurascens L. (purple milkweed)<br />
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. (four-leaved milkweed)<br />
Asclepias sullivantii Englem. ex A. Gray (Sullivant's milkweed)<br />
Asclepias syriaca L. (<strong>common</strong> milkweed, <strong>common</strong> silkweed, cottonweed, ininwish, misnamed milkweed,<br />
wild cotton)<br />
Asclepias tuberosa L. (butterfly-weed, chigger-weed, orange milkweed, pleurisy-root)<br />
Asclepias variegata L. (variegated milkweed, white milkweed)<br />
Asclepias verticillata L. (eastern whorled milkweed)<br />
Asclepias viridiflora Raf. (green milkweed, pukeweed)<br />
Cynanchum laeve (Michaux.) Pers. (Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt., Ampelamus laevis (Michx.) Krings,<br />
Gonolobus laevis Michx.) (honeyvine, s<strong>and</strong> vine, smooth dog-strangling vine, smooth<br />
strangle-dog, smooth swallow-wort)*/**<br />
Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi (Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers., non Cav., Vincetoxicum nigrum<br />
(L.) Moench) (black dog-strangling vine, black strangle-dog, black swallow-wort, Louise‟s<br />
swallow-wort)*/**<br />
Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopov) Borh. (Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich, Cynanchum<br />
medium auct. non R. Br., Vincetoxicum medium auct. non (R. Br.) Decne. (dog-strangling vine,<br />
European swallow-wort, pale swallow-wort, swallowwort, strangle-dog)*/**<br />
Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik., Vincetoxicum <strong>of</strong>ficinale Moench)<br />
(poison-rope, white swallow-wort)*/**<br />
Gentianaceae (gentian family) (MOST SPECIES ARE THREATENED AND SENSITIVE; DO NOT PICK)<br />
Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. ssp. iod<strong>and</strong>ra (B.L. Rob.) J.M. Gillett (Bartonia iod<strong>and</strong>ra B.L. Rob.,<br />
Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. var. intermedia Fernald, Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. var.<br />
iod<strong>and</strong>ra (B.L. Rob.) Fernald, Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. var. sabulonensis (Fernald)<br />
Fernald, Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. sabulonensis (Fernald) B. Boivin)<br />
(branched bartonia, screw-stem, twining screwstem) (rare)<br />
Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. ssp. paniculata (Bartonia lanceolata Small, Bartonia virginica (L.)<br />
Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. paniculata (Michx.) B. Boivin, Centaurella paniculata Michx.)<br />
38
(twining screwstem, yellow bartonia)<br />
Centaurium erythraea Rafn (Centaurium minus auct. non Moench, Centaurium umbellatum auct. non<br />
Gilib., Erythraea centaurium auct.) (<strong>common</strong> centaury, erythrea-like centaury, European centaury)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce (lesser centuary, showy centaury) (ornamental)*<br />
Frasera caroliniensis Walter (Frasera <strong>of</strong>ficinalis W. Bartram, Frasera verticillata Raf., Frasera walteri<br />
Michx., Swertia caroliniensis (Walter) Kuntze) (American columbo, Carolina columbo) (rare)<br />
Gentiana alba Muhl. ex Nutt. (Gentiana flavida A. Gray) (pale gentian, plains gentian, white prairie<br />
gentian,yellowish gentian) (endangered)<br />
Gentiana <strong>and</strong>rewsii Griseb. var. <strong>and</strong>rewsii (Dasystephana <strong>and</strong>rewsii (Griseb.) Small, Pneumonanthe<br />
<strong>and</strong>rewsii (Griseb.) W.A. Weber) (bottle gentian, fringed-tip closed gentian)<br />
Gentiana x billingtonii Farw. (<strong>and</strong>ewsii x puberulenta) (Billington‟s gentian, hybrid gentian)<br />
Gentiana linearis Froel. (Dasystephana linearis (Froel.) Britton, Gentiana saponaria L. var. linearis<br />
(Froel.) Griseb.) (closed gentian, narrow-leaved gentian)<br />
Gentiana x pallidocyanea J. Pring. (alba x <strong>and</strong>rewsii) (hybrid gentian, pale blue gentian, pale green<br />
gentian)<br />
Gentiana puberulenta J. Pring. (Gentiana puberula auct. non Michx.) (downy gentian, slighty downy<br />
gentian)<br />
Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. (Dasystephana grayi (Kusnez.) Britton, Gentiana linearis Froel. ssp.<br />
rubricaulis (Schwein.) J.M. Gillett, Gentiana linearis Froel. var. lanceolata A. Gray, Gentiana<br />
linearis Froel. var. latifolia A. Gray) (closed gentian, purple-stemmed gentian, red-tipped gentian)<br />
Gentianella amarella (L.) Böerner ssp. acuta (Michx.) J.M. Gillett (Amarella acuta (Michx.) Raf.,Amarella<br />
plebeja (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene, Amarella plebeja (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene var. holmii<br />
(Wettst.) Rydb., Amarella strictiflora (Rydb.) Greene, Gentiana acuta Michx., Gentiana amarella<br />
auct. non L. p.p., Gentiana amarella L. ssp. acuta (Michx.) Hultén, Gentiana amarella L. var. acuta<br />
(Michx.) Herder, Gentiana amarella L. var. plebeja (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Hultén, Gentiana amarella<br />
L. var. stricta (Griseb.) S. Watson, Gentiana plebeja Ledeb. ex Spreng., Gentiana plebeja Ledeb.<br />
ex Spreng. var. holmii Wettst., Gentiana strictiflora (Rydb.) A. Nelson, Gentianella acuta (Michx.)<br />
Hiitonen, Gentianella amarella (L.) Böerner var. acuta (Michx.) Herder, Gentianella strictiflora<br />
(Rydb.) W.A. Weber (autumn dwarf gentian, felwort, felwort gentian, sharp-leaved gentian)<br />
Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett ssp. propinqua (Gentiana arctophila Griseb., Gentiana<br />
propinqua Richardson, Gentiana propinqua Richardson ssp. arctophila (Griseb.) Hultén,<br />
Gentianella propinqua (Richardson) J.M. Gillett ssp. arctophila (Griseb.) Tzvelev) (fourpart<br />
gentian, four-parted gentian, low felwort)<br />
Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small ssp. occidentalis (A. Gray) J.M. Gillett (Gentiana quinquefolia L. var.<br />
occidentalis A. Gray, Gentianella occidentalis (A. Gray) Small) (agueweed, gall-<strong>of</strong>-the-earth, stiff<br />
gentian)<br />
Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small ssp. quinquefolia (Gentiana quinquefolia L.) (agueweed,<br />
gall-<strong>of</strong>-the-earth, stiff gentian)<br />
Gentianella tenella (Rottb.) Böerner ssp. tenella (Comastoma tenellum (Rottb.) Toyokuni, Gentiana<br />
tenella Rottb.) (Dane‟s dwarf gentian)<br />
Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma. (Anthopogon crinitum (Froel.) Raf., Gentiana crinita Froel., Gentiana<br />
39
ventricosa Griseb., Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don, Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don ssp.<br />
nevadensis (Gilg) Weaver & Rudenberg) (greater fringed gentian)<br />
Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Ma ssp. detonsa (Gentiana barbata Froel., Gentiana detonsa Rottb.,<br />
Gentiana detonsa Rottb. var. groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Victorin, Gentiana richardsonii A.E. Porsild,<br />
Gentianella detonsa (Rottb.) G. Don) (windmill fringed gentian)<br />
Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Ma ssp. nesophila (T. Holm) J.S. Pringle (Gentiana detonsa Rottb. var.<br />
nesophila (T. Holm) B. Boivin, Gentiana nesophila T. Holm, Gentianella detonsa (Rottb.) G. Don<br />
ssp. nesophila (T. Holm) J.M. Gillett, Gentianopsis nesophila (T. Holm) Iltis) (isl<strong>and</strong> gentian,<br />
windmill fringed gentian)<br />
Gentianopsis macounii (Holm.) Iltis. (Anthopogon tonsum (Lunell) Rydb., Gentiana crinita Froel. var.<br />
tonsa (Lunell) B. Boivin, Gentiana gaspensis Victorin, Gentiana macounii T. Holm, Gentiana tonsa<br />
(Lunell) Victorin, Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don ssp. macounii (T. Holm) J.M. Gillett,<br />
Gentianopsis procera (T. Holm) Ma ssp. macounii (T. Holm) Iltis) (Macoun's gentian, Macoun‟s<br />
fringed gentian, shaved gentian)<br />
Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub ssp. victorinii (Fernald) Lammers (Gentiana crinita Froel. ssp. victorinii<br />
(Fernald) J.M. Gillett, Gentiana victorinii Fernald, Gentianopsis procera (T. Holm) Ma var. victorinii<br />
(Fernald) Iltis) (Victorin‟s gentian)<br />
Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub. (Gentiana crinita Froel. var. browniana (Hook.) B. Boivin, Gentiana<br />
procera T. Holm, Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don ssp. procera (T. Holm) J.M. Gillett,<br />
Gentianopsis procera (T. Holm) Ma) (lesser fringed gentian, small fringed gentian)<br />
Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. ssp. deflexa (American spurred gentian)<br />
Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries. (Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fr. ex Fernald ssp. tenuifolium (Griseb.)<br />
A.E. Porsild, Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Griseb.) (marsh gentian, marsh-felwort, twisted gentian)<br />
Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh. (angled rose-pink, bitter-bloom, rose-pink, square-stemmed sabatia)<br />
Sabatia kennedyana Fern. (Sabatia dodec<strong>and</strong>ra (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. kennedyana<br />
(Fernald) H.E. Ahles) (Kennedy‟s gentian, large sabatia, northern large marsh-pink, Plymouth<br />
gentian, Plymouth rose gentian) (note the perhaps subtle allusion to “Rose Kennedy”) (easier to<br />
find in Canada if you visit the NS coastal plain)<br />
Order Lamiales<br />
Boraginaceae (borage family, forget me-not family)<br />
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. (Lycopsis arvensis L.) (small alkanet, small bugloss)*<br />
Anchusa <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (Anchusa procera Besser ex Link) (alkanet, <strong>common</strong> bugloss)*<br />
Asperugo procumbens L. (catchweed, German madwort, madweed, madwort)*<br />
Borago <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (borage, talewort)*<br />
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) Johns. (Lithospermum arvense L.) (bastard alkanet, bugloss, corn-gromwell)*<br />
Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. boreale (Fernald) Cooperr. (Cynoglossum boreale Fern.) (northern<br />
hound's-tongue, northern wild comfrey)<br />
Cynoglossum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L. (<strong>common</strong> hound's-tongue, gypsyflower)*<br />
Echium plantagineum L. (Echium lycopsis L. p.p.) (Paterson‟s curse, plantain-leaved blueweed, purple<br />
viper‟s bugloss, salvation Jane)*<br />
40
Echium vulgare (L.) Pers. (blue devil, blueweed, viper's bugloss, zhauwushko ziaunushk) *<br />
Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz (American stickseed, spurred false gentian, spurred gentian, spurred<br />
stickseed)<br />
Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz var. americana (A. Gray) Fernald & I.M. Johnst. (Hackelia americana<br />
(A. Gray) Fernald, Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz ssp. americana (A. Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve,<br />
Lappula americana (A. Gray) Rydb., Lappula deflexa (Wahlenb.) Garcke p.p., Lappula deflexa<br />
(Wahlenb.) Garcke ssp. americana (A. Gray) Hultén, Lappula deflexa (Wahlenb.) Garcke var.<br />
americana (A. Gray) Greene (American stickseed)<br />
Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I.M. Johnson (Hackelia leptophylla (Rydb.) I.M. Johnst., Lappula floribunda<br />
(Lehm.) Greene) (large-flowered stickseed, manyflowered stickseed, showy stickseed, western<br />
stickseed)<br />
Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. (L.) Johnst. (Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene, Myosotis virginiana L.)<br />
(beggar's lice, stickseed)<br />
Lappula squarrosa (Retz) Dumort (Lappula echinata Gilib., Lappula erecta A. Nelson, Lappula fremontii<br />
(Torr.) Greene, Lappula lappula (L.) Karst., Lappula myosotis Moench, Lappula squarrosa (Retz.)<br />
Dumort. var. erecta (A. Nelson) Dorn (beggar's lice, European sticktight, stickseed, two-row<br />
stickseed)<br />
Lithospermum canscens (Michx.) Lehm. (Batschia canescens Michx.) (hoary puccoon, Indian-paint,<br />
Indian-paint gromwell)<br />
Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill. var. croceum (Fernald) Cronquist<br />
(Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) MacMill. ssp. croceum (Fernald) Cusick,<br />
Lithospermum croceum Fernald (Carolina gromwell. Plains puccoon)<br />
Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Lehm. (Batschia linearifolia (Goldie) Small, Lithospermum angustifolium<br />
Michx., Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie, Lithospermum m<strong>and</strong>anense Spreng. (incised puccoon,<br />
narrowleaf stoneseed, toothed gromwell)<br />
Lithospermum latifolium Michx. (American gromwell, broad-leaved gromwell, American stoneseed)<br />
Lithospermum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L. (<strong>common</strong> gromwell, European stoneseed, pearl gromwell)*<br />
Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray var. maritima (Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill) (oysterleaf, sea bugloss,<br />
sea-lungwort, sea mertensia)<br />
Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) G. Don var. paniculata (Mertensia palmeri A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr,<br />
Mertensia pilosa (Cham.) DC. (northern bluebells, panicled mertensia, tall bluebells, tall lungwort)<br />
Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link (bluebells, mertensia, Roanoake-bells, tree lungwort, Virgina<br />
bluebells, Virginia cowslip, Viginian cowslip)<br />
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (Myosotis scorpioides L. var. arvensis L.) (<strong>common</strong> forget-me-not)*<br />
Myosotis discolor Pers. (Myostis versicolor (Pers.) Sm.) (changing forget-me-not, slender forget-me-not,<br />
two-coloured forget-me-not, yellow <strong>and</strong> blue scorpion-grass)<br />
Myosotis laxa Lehm. (bay forget-me-not, smaller forget-me-not, tufted forget-me-not)<br />
Myosotis macrosperma Engelm. (Myosotis verna Nutt. var. macrosperma (Engelm.) Chapm., Myosotis<br />
virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. macrosperma (Engelm.) Fernald) (larger<br />
forget-me-not, large-seeded forget-me-not)<br />
Myosotis scorpioides L. (Myosotis palustris (L.) Hill) (mouse-ear scorpion-grass, true forget-me-not,<br />
water forget-me-not)*<br />
41
Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. (Myosotis micrantha auct. non Pall. ex Lehm.) (blue scorpion-<br />
grass, strict forget-me-not, upright forget-me-not)*<br />
Myosotis sylvatica H<strong>of</strong>fm. (woodl<strong>and</strong> forget-me-not)*<br />
Myosotis verna Nutt. (Myosotis virginica auct. non (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (spring<br />
forget-me-not)<br />
Omphalodes linifolia (L.) Moench. (Cynoglossum linifolium L.) (false hound's-tongue, thread-leaved<br />
navelwort, whiteflower navelwort)*<br />
Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. hispidissimum (Mack.) B.L. Turner (Lithospermum<br />
carolinianum auct. non Lam., Onosmodium hispidissimum Mack., Onosmodium hispidissimum<br />
Mack. var. macrospermum Mack. & Bush, Onosmodium molle Michx. ssp. hispidissimum (Mack.)<br />
B. Boivin, Onosmodium molle Michx. var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronquist (false gromwell,<br />
marble-seed, s<strong>of</strong>t hairy false gromwell, s<strong>of</strong>thair marbleseed)<br />
Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn (Allocarya cognata<br />
Greene, Allocarya hispidula Greene, Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Plagiobothrys cognatus<br />
(Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys hispidulus (Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys nelsonii<br />
(Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys scopulorum (Greene) I.M. Johnst., Plagiobothrys scouleri<br />
(Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. ssp. penicillatus (Greene) A. Löve, Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. &<br />
Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. penicillatus (Greene) Cronquist) (meadow plagiobothrys, sleeping<br />
popcornflower, wet popcorn-flower)*<br />
Pulmonaria <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (lungwort) (ornamental)*<br />
Symphytum asperum Lepeschin (Symphytum asperrimum Donn ex Sims) (prickly comfrey, rough<br />
comfrey)*<br />
Symphytum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L. (Symphytum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L. ssp. uliginosum auct. non (Kern.) Nyman.,<br />
Symphytum uliginosum auct. non Kern.) (<strong>common</strong> comfrey, healing-herb)*<br />
Symphytum x upl<strong>and</strong>icum Nyman (Symphytum peregrinum auct. non Ledeb.) (hybrid comfrey, Russian<br />
comfrey, upl<strong>and</strong> comfrey)*<br />
Lamiaceae [Labiatae] (mint family, square-stem family)<br />
Acinos arvensis (Lam.) D<strong>and</strong>y (Acinos thymoides (L.) Moench, Calamintha acinos (L.) Clairville ex<br />
Gaudich., Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze, Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele) (basil thyme,<br />
mother-<strong>of</strong>-thyme)*<br />
Agastache foeniculum (Pursh.) Kuntze (Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton) (blue giant hyssop,<br />
lavender giant-hyssop)<br />
Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze (catnip giant-hyssop, yellow giant hyssop)<br />
Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze (figwort giant-hyssop, purple giant hyssop)<br />
Ajuga genevensis L. (blue bugle, erect bugle, Geneva bugleweed)*<br />
Ajuga reptans L. (<strong>common</strong> bugle, creeping bugle, creeping bugleweed)*<br />
Ballota nigra L. var. nigra (black horehound, fetid horehound, stinking horehound)*<br />
Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. (Monarda ciliata L.) (downy belphilla, downy pagoda-plant, downy wood-mint,<br />
false bergamot)<br />
Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. var. hirsuta (Pursh.) Benth. (hairy pagoda-plant, hairy wood-mint)<br />
Clinopodium arkansanum (Nutt.) House (Calamintha arkansana (Nutt.) Shinners, Calamintha glabella<br />
42
(Michx.) Benth. var. angustifolia (Torr.) DeWolf, Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze, Hedeoma<br />
arkansana Nutt., Hedeoma glabra Nutt., Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq., Satureja glabella<br />
(Michx.) Briq. var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svens., Satureja glabra (Nutt.) Fernald) (Arkansas calamint,<br />
basil-thyme, false pennyroyal, limestone calamint, savory, wild calamint)<br />
Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze (Calamintha glabella (Michx.) Benth., Cunila glabella Michx.,<br />
Satureja glabella (Michx.) Briq.) (Ozark calamint, savory, slender calamint)*<br />
Clinopodium vulgare L. (Calamintha vulgaris (L.) Halácsy, non Clairv., Clinopodium vulgare L. var.<br />
neogaea (Fernald) C.F. Reed, Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch, Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch var.<br />
diminuta (Simon) Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch var. neogaea Fernald)<br />
(dogmint, field basil, wild basil)<br />
Collinsonia canadensis L. (horse-balm, richweed, stoneroot)<br />
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britton) (American dragonhead,<br />
dragon's-head, small-flowered dragonhead)<br />
Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. (Moldavica thymiflora (L.) Rydb.) (thyme-flowered dragonhead,<br />
thyme-leaved dragon's-head)*<br />
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. (Elsholtzia cristata Willd.) (ciliate elsholtzia, crested late-summer mint,<br />
hairy elsholtzia)*<br />
Galeopsis bifida Boenn. (Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court.) (splitlip hempnettle)<br />
(NB, NS, NF in eastern Canada; scattered elsewhere in much <strong>of</strong> northern North America, except<br />
ON <strong>and</strong> QC)<br />
Galeopsis speciosa Miller (Galeopsis versicolor W. Curtis) (Edmonton hempnettle, hemp-nettle, largeflowered<br />
hemp-nettle)*<br />
Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. tetrahit (brittlestem hempnettle, <strong>common</strong> hemp-nettle, ironwort)*<br />
Glechoma hederacea L. (Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevis.) (creeping Charley, gill-over-the-ground, ground<br />
ivy, run-away-robin)*/**<br />
Hedeoma hispida Pursh (hairy pennyroyal, mock pennyroyal, rough false pennyroyal, rough pennyroyal)<br />
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. (Cunila pulegioides L., Melissa pulegioides (L.) L., Ziziphora pulegioides<br />
(L.) Desf.) (American false pennyroyal, American pennyroyal, pudding-grass)<br />
Hyssopus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (<strong>common</strong> hyssop, <strong>of</strong>ficial hyssop)*<br />
Lamium album L. (snowflake, white dead-nettle)*<br />
Lamium amplexicaule L. (henbit, henbit dead-nettle)*<br />
Lamium maculatum L. (spotted henbit, variegated dead-nettle)*<br />
Lamium purpureum L. var. incisum (Willd.) Pers. (Lamium dissectum With., Lamium hybridum auct. non<br />
Vill.) (dissected purple hempnettle)* (in Canada, found in QC <strong>and</strong> eastward)<br />
Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum (purple dead-nettle, red dead-nettle)* (ON <strong>and</strong> eastward)<br />
Leonurus cardiaca L. ssp. cardiaca (<strong>common</strong> motherwort)*<br />
Leonurus sibiricus L. (Leonurus artemisia auct. non Lour. ) (honeyweed, Siberian motherwort)*<br />
Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bartram (Lycopus sinuatus Elliot) (American water-horehound,<br />
cut-leaved water-horehound)<br />
Lycopus asper E. Greene (Lycopus lucidus auct. non Turcz. ex Benth. p.p.) (harsh bugleweed, rough<br />
bugleweed, western water-horehound)<br />
Lycopus europaeus L. (European bugleweed, European water-horehound, gypsywort, waterhorehound)*<br />
43
Lycopus laurentianus Roll<strong>and</strong>-Germain (Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bartram var. laurentianus<br />
(Roll<strong>and</strong>-Germain) B. Boivin) (St. Lawrence waterhorehound) (QC & NB)<br />
Lycopus rubellus Moench. (Lycopus angustifolius Elliot, Lycopus velutinus Rydb.) (red bugleweed,<br />
stalked water-horehound, taperleaf water horehound, velvet water-horehound)<br />
Lycopus x sherardi Steele (uniflorus x virginicus) (Sherard's bugleweed)<br />
Lycopus uniflorus Michx. var. uniflorus (Lycopus virginicus L. var. pauciflorus Benth.) (northern water-<br />
horehound, one-flowered bugleweed, tuberous water-horehound)<br />
Lycopus virginicus L. (buglewort, Virginia bugleweed, Virginia water-horehound)<br />
Marrubium vulgare L. (<strong>common</strong> horehound, white horehound)*<br />
Melissa <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (<strong>common</strong> balm, lemon-balm)*<br />
Mentha aquatica L. (Mentha citrata Ehrh. Mentha x piperi L. var. citrata (Ehrh.) B. Boivin (pro nm.),<br />
Mentha piperita L. ssp. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq.) (water mint) (escaped cultivar)*<br />
Mentha arvensis L. (Mentha canadensis L., Mentha gentilis L., Mentha x gentilis L. [arvensis x spicata<br />
pro sp], Mentha glabrior (Hook.) Rydb., Mentha penardii (Briq.) Rydb.) (American wild mint,<br />
brother's spearmint, Canada mint, field mint, red mint, wild mint)<br />
Mentha x muelleriana F.W. Schultz [arvensis ssp. arvensis x suaveolens] (Mueller's spearmint)<br />
Mentha x piperita L. (aquatica x spicata) (Mentha aquatica L. var. crispa (L.) Benth., Mentha crispa L.,<br />
Mentha dumetorum Schult., Metha x dumetorum Schult. (aquatica x spicata pro sp) (peppermint,<br />
peppermint)*<br />
Mentha x smithiana Graham [aquatica x arvensis] (Smith‟s mint) (NS)<br />
Mentha spicata L. (Mentha cordifolia auct., Mentha longifolia auct. non (L.) Huds., Mentha longifolia (L.)<br />
Huds. var. mollissima (Borkh.) Rouy, Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var. undulata (Willd.) Fiori,<br />
Mentha spicata L. var. longifolia L., Mentha spicata L. var. spicata, Mentha sylvestris L., Mentha<br />
viridis L.) (<strong>common</strong> mint, hairy horse-mint, spearmint, spear mint)*<br />
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (Mentha rotundifolia auct. non (L.) Huds.) (applemint, roundleaf spearmint,<br />
round-leaved mint)* (may not be in Canada)<br />
Mentha x villosa Hudson (spicata x suaveolens) (Mentha alopecuroides Hull, Mentha nemorosa Willd.,<br />
Mentha x villosa Huds. var. alopecuroides (Hull) Briq. (pro nm.)) (foxtail-spearmint, wooly mint)*<br />
Moluccella laevis L. (bells <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, shellflower) (ornamental)*<br />
Monarda didyma L. (American bee balm, amogawauhnshk, bee-balm, Oswego tea, scarlet beebalm)<br />
Monarda fistulosa L. (wild bergamot, wild horsemint)<br />
Monarda media Willd. (Monarda x media Willd. - didyma x fistulosa) (horse-mint, purple bergamot,<br />
purple horsemint)<br />
Monarda punctata L. ssp. punctata var. villicaulis (Pennell) Palmer & Steyerm. (dotted monarda, spotted<br />
beebalm, spotted horsemint)<br />
Nepeta cataria L. (catmint, catnip)*<br />
Nepeta gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Bieb. (Caucasus catmint, great catnip, large-flowered catnip, Quebec catnip)* (QC *<br />
NY)<br />
Origanum vulgare L. (oregano, wild marjoram, winter sweet)*<br />
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens (beefsteak, beef-steak plant, shrubby perilla)* (ON in<br />
Canada)<br />
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. ssp. virginiana (Dracocephalum denticulatum Aiton, Dracocephalum<br />
44
formosius (Lunell) Rydb., Dracocephalum virginianum L., Physostegia denticulata (Aiton) Britton,<br />
Physostegia formosior Lunell, Physostegia speciosa (Sweet) Sweet) (false dragonhead, obedient<br />
plant, Virginia false dragonhead)<br />
Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. lanceolata (W. Bartram) Hultén (lance selfheal)<br />
Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. vulgari (Prunella caroliniana Mill.) (carpenter-weed, <strong>common</strong> self-heal, heal-all,<br />
numaewushkohnse, self-heal, sturgeon-grass)*<br />
Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. var. incanum (Clinopodium incanum L., Koellia dubia (A. Gray)<br />
Small, Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze) (gray moutain-mint, hoary mountain-mint)<br />
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. (Koellia flexuosa auct. non (Walter) MacMill., Pycnanthemum<br />
flexuosum auct. non (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (narrow-leaved mountain-mint, slenderleaved<br />
moutain-mint)<br />
Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperr. (Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton,<br />
Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt.) (s<strong>of</strong>t whorled mountain-mint)<br />
Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. verticillatum (Koellia leptodon (A. Gray) Small, Koellia<br />
verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze, Pycnanthemum leptodon A. Gray, Pycnanthemum torrei Benth. var.<br />
leptodon (A. Gray) Boomhour, Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob.<br />
& Fernald var. verticillatum (Michx.) B. Boivin) (hairy mountain-mint, Torrey's mountain-mint,<br />
whorled mountain-mint)<br />
Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald (Koellia virginiana (L.)<br />
MacMill.) (Virginia mountain-mint)<br />
Salvia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (<strong>common</strong> sage, kitchen sage)*<br />
Salvia pratensis L. (introduced sage, meadow sage)*<br />
Salvia reflexa Hornem. (Salvia lancifolia Poir.) (lanceleaf sage, lance-leaved sage, reflex sage, reflex-<br />
leaved sage)*<br />
Salvia sclarea L. (clear-eye, European sage, garden sage, see-bright sage)*<br />
Salvia x sylvestris L. (pro sp.) [nemorosa x pratensis] (Salvia nemorosa L.) (woodl<strong>and</strong> sage,<br />
wood-sage)*<br />
Salvia verticillata L. (lilac sage, whorled sage)*<br />
Satureja hortensis L. (savory, summer thyme, summer-savory)*<br />
Scutellaria galericulata L. (Scutellaria epilobiifolia A. Ham.) (<strong>common</strong> marsh skullcap, hooded skullcap,<br />
toque bleue, zheebaunkudohnse)<br />
Scutellaria lateriflora L. var. lateriflora (blue skullcap, mad-dog skullcap)<br />
Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. (veined skullcap, veiny skullcap)<br />
Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. missouriensis (Torr.) Goodman & C.A. Lawson (Scutellaria ambigua<br />
Nutt., Scutellaria leonardii Epling, Scutellaria nervosa Pursh var. ambigua (Nutt.) Fernald,<br />
Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. leonardii (Epling) Fernald) (Leonard‟s skullcap, small skullcap,<br />
smaller skullcap)<br />
Stachys byzantina K. Koch. (Stachys olympica Poir.) (hedge-nettle, lamb's-ears, woolly hedge-nettle)*<br />
Stachys germanica L. (downy hedge-nettle, downy wound-wort, German hedge-nettle)*<br />
Stachys palustris L. (marsh hedge-nettle, woundwort)*<br />
Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. arenicola (Britton) G. Mulligan & D. Munro (Stachys arenicola Britton, Stachys<br />
palustris L. ssp. arenicola (Britton) Gill) (hairy hedge-nettle, s<strong>and</strong> hedge-nettle)<br />
45
Stachys pilosa Nutt. var. pilosa (Stachys asperrima Rydb., Stachys borealis Rydb., Stachys homotricha<br />
(Fernald) Rydb., Stachys palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling, Stachys palustris L. var.<br />
homotricha Fernald, Stachys palustris L. var. nipigonensis Jennings, Stachys palustris L. var.<br />
phaneropoda Weath., Stachys palustris L. var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fernald, Stachys palustris L. var.<br />
puberula Jennings, Stachys scopulorum Greene, Stachys teucriifolia Rydb., Stachys teucriiformis<br />
Rydb.) (germ<strong>and</strong>er hedgenettle, hairy hedgenettle)<br />
Stachys sylvatica L. (foul hedge-nettle, whitespot, woodl<strong>and</strong> hedge-nettle)*<br />
Stachys tenuifolia Willd. (Stachys glabra Riddell, Stachys hispida Pursh, Stachys palustris L. var.<br />
hispida (Pursh) B. Boivin, Stachys palustris L. var. macrocalyx Jennings) (rough hedge-nettle,<br />
rough wound-wort, smooth hedge-nettle) (yes, I know the <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong> contradict – there<br />
probably are two varieties that have not yet been recognized)<br />
Teucrium botrys L. (cut-leaf germ<strong>and</strong>er, cut-leaved annual germ<strong>and</strong>er)*<br />
Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense (Teucrium littorale E.P. Bicknell) (American germ<strong>and</strong>er,<br />
Canadian germ<strong>and</strong>er, hairy germ<strong>and</strong>er, shallow germ<strong>and</strong>er, wood germ<strong>and</strong>er, wood sage)<br />
Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale (A. Gray) E.M. McClint. & Epling (Teucrium boreale E.P.<br />
Bicknell, Teucrium canadense L. ssp. occidentale (A. Gray) W.A. Weber, Teucrium canadense L.<br />
ssp. viscidum (Piper) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde p.p., Teucrium canadense L. var. boreale (E.P.<br />
Bicknell) Shinners, Teucrium occidentale A. Gray, Teucrium occidentale A. Gray var. boreale<br />
(E.P. Bicknell) Fernald (western germ<strong>and</strong>er)<br />
Teucrium scorodonia L. (germ<strong>and</strong>er-sage, woodl<strong>and</strong> germ<strong>and</strong>er, wood-sage)<br />
Thymus praecox Opiz (mother-<strong>of</strong>-thyme, wild thyme)*/**<br />
Thymus praecox Opiz ssp. arcticus (Dur<strong>and</strong>) Jalas (Thymus arcticus (Dur<strong>and</strong>) Ronniger, Thymus<br />
drucei Ronniger, Thymus serpyllum auct. non L.) (Arctic thyme, creeping thyme)*/**<br />
Thymus pulegioides L. (Thymus serpyllum L. ssp. chamaedrys (Fr.) Voll., Thymus serpyllum L. var.<br />
albus hort.) (lemon thyme, pudding-thyme)*/**<br />
Trichostema brachiatum L. (Isanthus brachiatus (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Isanthus brachiatus (L.)<br />
Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. linearis Fassett, Tetraclea viscida Lundell) (blue-curls, false<br />
pennyroyal, fluxweed)<br />
Trichostema dichotomum L. (Trichostema dichotomum L. var. puberulum Fernald & Grisc., Trichostema<br />
pilosum Roth) (bastard pennyroyal, bluecurls, forked blue-curls)<br />
Phrymaceae (lopseed family) (separated from Verbenaceae)<br />
Phryma leptostachya L. (American lopseed, false vervain, lopseed, slender-spiked lopseed)<br />
Verbenaceae (vervain family)<br />
Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene (fogfruit, lance-leaved fogfruit)<br />
Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. (Verbena bracteosa Michx., Verbena imbricata Woot. &<br />
St<strong>and</strong>l.) (bigbract verbena, bracted vervain, large-bracted vervain)<br />
Verbena x deamii Mold. (bracteata x stricta) (Verbena x dodgei B. Boivin) (Charlie‟s vervain, Deam's<br />
vervain, Dodge‟s verbena)<br />
Verbena x engelmannii Mold. (hastata x urticifolia) (Engelmann's vervain)<br />
Verbena hastata L. var. hastata (blue vervain, false vervain, simpler's-joy, swamp vervain,<br />
46
zhawaeshkoohnse)<br />
Verbena hastata L. var. scabra Moldenke (rough swamp vervain) (QC in e Canada)<br />
Verbena x perriana Mold. (bracteata x urticifolia) (hybrid vervain)<br />
Verbena x rydbergii Moldenke (hastata x stricta) (Verbena x paniculatistricta Engelm.) (Rydberg's<br />
vervain)<br />
Verbena simplex Lehm. (Verbena angustifolia Michx.) (narrow-leaved vervain)<br />
Verbena stricta Vent. (hoary verbena, hoary vervain, mullein-leaved vervain)<br />
Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia (nettle-leaved vervain, white vervain)<br />
Order Plantaginales<br />
Plantaginaceae (plantain family)<br />
Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. (Littorella americana Fernald, Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. var. americana)<br />
(Fernald) Gleason (American plantain, American shoreweed, plantain shore-weed)<br />
Plantago psyllium L. (Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit., Plantago indica L., Plantago scabra Moench)<br />
(Indian plantain, s<strong>and</strong> plantain, whorled plantain)*<br />
Plantago aristata Michx. (Plantago aristata Michx. var. nuttallii (Rapin) Morris, Plantago patagonica<br />
Jacq. var. aristata (Michx.) A. Gray) (bracted plantain, buckhorn, large-bracted plantain)*<br />
Plantago cordata Lam. (heart plantain, heart-leaved plantain, water plantain) (endangered)<br />
Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantago altissima auct. non L.) (buckhorn, English plaintain, narrow-leaved<br />
plantain, ribgrass, ripplegrass)*<br />
Plantago major L. (Plantago asiatica auct. non L., Plantago halophila E.P. Bicknell) (broad-leaved<br />
plantain, <strong>common</strong> plantain, salt plantain, whiteman's-root, zhaushaubiwaukissing)*<br />
Plantago maritima L. var. juncoides (Lam.) A. Gray (Plantago juncoides Lam., Plantago juncoides Lam.<br />
var. decipiens (Barneoud) Fernald, Plantago juncoides Lam. var. glauca (Hornem.) Fernald,<br />
Plantago juncoides Lam. var. laurentiana Fernald, Plantago maritima L. ssp. borealis (Lange) Blytt<br />
& O.C. Dahl, Plantago maritima L. ssp. juncoides (Lam.) Hultén, Plantago oliganthos Roem. &<br />
Schult., Plantago oliganthos Roem. & Schult. var. fallax Fernald) (goose tongue, rush plantain,<br />
sea plantain, seaside plantain)<br />
Plantago media L. (healing herb, hoary plantain, smaller plantain)*<br />
Plantago rugelii Decne. var. rugelii (blackseed plantain, pale plantain, Rugel‟s plantain)<br />
Plantago virginica (dwarf plantain, hoary plantain, pale-seed plantain, white dwarf plantain) (* in<br />
Canada)<br />
Order Rubiales<br />
Rubiaceae (bedstraw family, madder family)<br />
Asperula arvensis L. (asperula, blue woodruff, field woodruff, madder)*/** (ON in Canada)<br />
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (eastern button bush, honey-balls)<br />
Galium aparine L. (Galium agreste Wallr. var. echinospermum Wallr., Galium spurium L., Galium<br />
vaillantii DC.) (cleavers, false cleavers, goose-grass, Marin County bedstraw, spring-cleavers,<br />
spurred bedstraw, stickywilly)<br />
47
(possibly * in Canada)<br />
Galium asprellum Michx. (rough bedstraw)<br />
Galium boreale L. (Galium hyssopifolium H<strong>of</strong>fm., Galium septentrionale Roem. & Schult., Galium<br />
strictum Torr.) (northern bedstraw)<br />
Galium brevipes Fern. & Wieg. (Galium trifidum L. ssp. brevipes (Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve) (limestone swamp bedstraw, short-stalked bedstraw, short-stalked cleavers)<br />
Galium circaezans Michx. var. circaezans (Galium bermudense L. p.p., Galium boreale sensu Walter,<br />
non L., Galium brachiatum sensu Muhl., non Pursh, Galium circaeoides Roem. & Schult., Galium<br />
circaezans Michx. var. glabellum Britton, Galium circaezans Michx. var. glabrum Britton, Galium<br />
circaezans Michx. var. typicum Fernald, Galium rotundifolium L. var. circaezans (Michx.) Kuntze)<br />
(cross-cleavers, licorice bedstraw, wild licorice)<br />
Galium circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum Fernald (cross-cleavers, licorice bedstraw, wild licorice)<br />
Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray (shining bedstraw)<br />
Galium glaucum L. (Asperula galioides M. Bieb., Asperula glauca (L.) Besser) (funneled bedstraw,<br />
glaucous bedstraw, smooth bedstraw, waxy bedstraw)*<br />
Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex Schult. & Schult. f. (northern wild licorice, Russian bedstraw)<br />
Galium labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. (Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. labradoricum Wieg<strong>and</strong> (Labrador<br />
marsh bedstraw, northern bog bedstraw)<br />
Galium lanceolatum Torr. (Galium circaezans Michx. var. lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray, Galium<br />
rotundifolium L. var. lanceolatum (Torr.) Kuntze, Galium torreyi Bigelow) (leanceleaf wild licorice,<br />
spear wild licorice, Torrey‟s wild licorice, yellow wild licorice)<br />
Galium mollugo L. (Galium erectum Huds.) (carpet bedstraw, false baby‟s breath, smooth bedstraw,<br />
white bedstraw, wild madder) (ornamental)*<br />
Galium obtusum Bigelow ssp. obtusum (Galium obtusum Bigelow var. ramosum Gleason, Galium<br />
trifidum L. var. latifolium Torr.) (blunt-leaved bedstraw, obtuse bedstraw, rounded madder)<br />
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. (Asperula odorata L.) (sweet bedstraw, sweet white woodruff, sweet<br />
woodruff, sweetscented bedstraw)*<br />
Galium palustre L. (<strong>common</strong> marsh bedstraw)<br />
Galium pilosum Aiton var. pilosum (Galium bermudense L. p.p., Galium puncticulosum Michx. var.<br />
pilosum (Aiton) DC.) (hairy bedstraw)<br />
Galium saxatile L. (heath-bedstraw, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> bedstraw)*<br />
Galium sylvaticum L. (baby's-breath, Scotch-mist, wood bedstraw)*<br />
Galium tinctorium L. (Asperula tinctoria L., Galium claytonii Michx., Galium obtusum Bigelow var.<br />
floridanum (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Fernald, Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. ssp. floridanum (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Puff,<br />
Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. diversifolium W. Wight, Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var.<br />
floridanum Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Galium trifidum L. ssp. tinctorium (L.) H. Hara, Galium trifidum L. var.<br />
tinctorium (L.) Torr. & A. Gray) (Clayton's bedstraw, dyer's-bedstraw, stiff marsh bedstraw, wild<br />
madder)<br />
Galium tricornutum D<strong>and</strong>y (Galium tricorne Stokes p.p.) (rough-fruited corn bedstraw, three-pronged<br />
bedstraw)*<br />
Galium trifidum L. ssp. halophilum (Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Puff (estuarine bedstraw, salt marsh three-petal<br />
bedstraw, threepetal bedstraw)<br />
48
Galium trifidum L. ssp. subbiflorum (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Piper (Galium br<strong>and</strong>egeei A. Gray p.p., Galium claytonii<br />
Michx. var. subbiflorum (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Galium subbiflorum (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Rydb., Galium<br />
tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. subbiflorum (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Fernald, Galium trifidum L. var. pusillum A. Gray,<br />
Galium trifidum L. var. subbiflorum Wieg<strong>and</strong>) (threepetal bedstraw)<br />
Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum (branching marsh bedstraw, small bedstraw, threepetal bedstraw)<br />
Galium triflorum Michx. (Galium brachiatum Pursh, Galium pennsylvanicum W. Bartram) (fragrant<br />
bedstraw,sweet-scented bedstraw)<br />
Galium verum L. var. verum (Lady‟s bedstraw, Madonna bedstraw, Mary‟s bedstraw, Our Lady's<br />
bedstraw, St. Mary‟s bedstraw, yellow bedstraw, yellow spring bedstraw)*<br />
Galium verum L. var. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) Oborny (Galium verum L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz)<br />
Oborny, Galium wirtgenii F.W. Schultz) (Wirtgen's bedstraw)* (QC & NB in e. Canada)<br />
Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook (Houstonia caerulea L. var. faxonorum Pease & A.H. Moore) (azure bluet,<br />
bluets, hedyotis, houstonia, innocence, Quaker ladies)<br />
Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. (Hedyotis canadensis (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.)<br />
Fosberg, Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. var. ciliolata (Torr.) Mohlenbr., Hedyotis purpurea (L.)<br />
Torr. & A. Gray var. ciliolata (Torr.) Fosberg, Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A. Gray var.<br />
setiscaphia (L.G. Carr) Fosberg, Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. var. setiscaphia<br />
(L.G. Carr) C.F. Reed, Houstonia ciliolata Torr., Houstonia setiscaphia L.G. Carr (Canadian<br />
summer bluet) (ironically, this is NOT found in Canada)<br />
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. (Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook., Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. var.<br />
tenuifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, Hedyotis nuttalliana Fosberg, Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A.<br />
Gray var. longifolia (Gaertn.) Fosberg, Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A. Gray var. tenuifolia<br />
(Nutt.) Fosberg, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. var. compacta Terrell, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn.<br />
var. glabra Terrell, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Alph. Wood, Houstonia<br />
purpurea L. var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) A. Gray, Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt., Oldenl<strong>and</strong>ia purpurea (L.) A.<br />
Gray var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) A. Gray ex Chapm.) (longleaf summer bluet, long-leaved bluets, longleaved<br />
houstonia, Venus‟-pride)<br />
Mitchella repens L. (creeping partridge-berry, partridgeberry, runningbox, twinberry, two-eyed berry)<br />
Sherardia arvensis L. (blue field madder, field-madder)*<br />
Order Scrophulariales<br />
Acanthaceae (acanthus family, bear's-breach family)<br />
Justicia americana (L.) M. Vahl. (Dianthera americana L., Justicia mortuifluminis Fernald, Justicia<br />
umbratilis Fernald) (American water-willow)<br />
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. Almeida (Dolichos lobatus Willd.,<br />
Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C.K. Schneid., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria thunbergiana<br />
(Siebold & Zucc.) Benth.) (kudzu)*/** (it is in New York state but not yet confirmed in Canada)<br />
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson (bush clockvine)*/** (cultivated in the north but currently the<br />
nearest imperiled ecosystem is in Florida)<br />
Bignoniaceae (bignonia family, catalpa family, trumpet-creeper family)<br />
49
Campsis radicans (L.) Seeman. ex Bureau (cow-itch, trumpet creeper) (ornamental)*<br />
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (<strong>common</strong> catalpa, southern catalpa, Indian bean) (ornamental)*<br />
Catalpa x hybrida Spath (bignonoides x ovata) (hybrid catalpa)<br />
Catalpa ovata G. Don (Chinese catalpa, Japanese catalpa)* (ornamental)*<br />
Catalpa speciosa Warder ex Englem. (Indian bean, northern catalpa) (ornamental)*<br />
Lentibulariaceae (bladderwort family)<br />
Pinguicula villosa L. (hairy butterwort)<br />
Pinguicula vulgaris L. (Arctic butterwort, bog violet, butterwort, false violet)<br />
Utricularia cornuta Michx. (Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf.) (horned bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. (hidden-fruited bladderwort, paired bladderwort, paired-scale bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia gibba L. (Utricularia biflora Lam., Utricularia fibrosa Walter, Utricularia obtusa Sw., Utricularia<br />
pumila Walter) (creeping bladderwort, humped bladderwort, swollen-spurred bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia inflata Walt. (swollen bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia intermedia Hayne. (flat-leaved bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia macrorhiza Leconte (Utricularia vulgaris L.) (<strong>common</strong> bladderwort, greater bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia minor L. (lesser bladderwort, smaller bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia ochroleuca R.W. Hartm. (also claimed as Utricularia x ochroleuca Hart. - intermedia x minor,<br />
Utricularia occidentalis A. Gray (cream bladderwort, yellowish-white bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia purpurea Walt. (Vesiculina purpurea (Walter) Raf.) (eastern purple bladderwort)<br />
Utricularia radiata Small (Utricularia inflata Walter var. minor Chapm.) (little floating bladderwort) (NB &<br />
NS in Canada)<br />
Utricularia resupinata BD Greene ex Bigelow (Lecticula resupinata (B.D. Greene ex Bigelow) Barnhart)<br />
(inverted bladderwort, lavender bladderwort, resupinate bladderwort, topsy-turvy)<br />
Utricularia subulata L. (Setiscapella cleistogama (A. Gray) Barnhart, Setiscapella subulata (L.) Barnhart,<br />
Utricularia cleistogama (A. Gray) Britton) (awl-bladderwort, Nova Scotia bladderwort, zigzag<br />
bladderwort) (NS in Canada)<br />
Oleaceae (ash family, olive family, privet family)<br />
Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (green forsythia, greenstem forsythia, golden-bells) (ornamental)*<br />
Fraxinus americana L. (Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle) (American ash, Biltmore ash, cane ash, white ash)<br />
Fraxinus excelsior L. (European ash) (ornamental)*<br />
Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (black ash, hoop ash, swamp ash)<br />
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (Fraxinus campestris Britton, Fraxinus darlingtonii Britton, Fraxinus<br />
lanceolata Borkh., Fraxinus smallii Britton) (green ash, Pennsylvania ash, red ash)<br />
Fraxinus pr<strong>of</strong>unda Bush (Fraxinus michauxii Britton FRTO Fraxinus tomentosa Michx. f.) (pumpkin<br />
ash)<br />
Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. (blue ash, four-angled ash, Point Pelee ash)<br />
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. (California privet, oval-leaved privet) (ornamental)*<br />
Ligustrum vulgare L. (<strong>common</strong> privet, prim)*<br />
Syringa vulgaris L. (<strong>common</strong> lilac)*/**<br />
50
Orobanchaceae (broomrape family, broom-rape family) (separated from Ericaceae)<br />
Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. (Orobanche americana L.) (<strong>common</strong> cancer-root, squawroot)<br />
Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. (Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf.) (akiwenzeemawi, beechdrops, Virginia<br />
beech-drops)<br />
Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. (Anoplanthus fasciculatus (Nutt.) Walp., Aphyllon fasciculatum (Nutt.) Torr.<br />
& A. Gray, Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var. franciscana Achey, Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var.<br />
lutea (Parry) Achey, Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var. subulata Goodman, Orobanche fasciculata<br />
Nutt. var. typica Achey, Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton, Thalesia lutea (Parry) Rydb.) (bunched<br />
broomrape, clustered broomrape, clusered cancer-root, yellow cancer-root)<br />
Orobanche minor Sm. (hellroot)*/** (may be in Ontario via New York)<br />
Orobanche uniflora L. (Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torr. & A. Gray, Orobanche porphyrantha G. Beck,<br />
Orobanche purpurea Jacq., Orobanche sedii (Suksd.) Fech., Orobanche terrae-novae Fernald,<br />
Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton) (naked broomrape, one-flowered cancer-root, purple broomrape,<br />
waubunodjeebik)<br />
Pedaliaceae (pedalium family, sesame family) [Martyniaceae (martynia family, unicorn-plant family)]<br />
Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. ssp. louisianica (Martynia louisianica Mill., Proboscidea jussieui<br />
auct.) (proboscis-flower, ram's-horn, ram‟s-horn unicorn-plant, unicorn-plant) (ornamental)*<br />
Sesamum orientale L. (Sesamum indicum L.) (bene, sesame) (rarely persists in Canada)*<br />
Scrophulariaceae (figwort family, snapdragon family)<br />
Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. (Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. var. peninsularis<br />
Pennell, Agalinis georgiana (C.L. Boynt.) Pennell, Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. racemulosa<br />
(Pennell) B. Boivin, Agalinis virgata Raf., Gerardia fasciculata Elliot, Gerardia fasciculata Elliot<br />
ssp. peninsularis (Pennell) Pennell, Gerardia georgiana C.L. Boynt., Gerardia purpurea L. var.<br />
racemulosa (Pennell) Gleason, Gerardia racemulosa Pennell) (beach false foxglove) (USA only<br />
but once in a while you will find someone has cultivated it near a beach in ON, NB, or NS)<br />
Agalinis gattingeri (Small) Small ex B & B (Gerardia gattingeri Small) (Gattinger‟s agalinis, Gattinger's<br />
gerardia, Gattinger‟s purple false foxglove, roundstem false foxglove) (endemic)<br />
Agalinis maritima (Raf.) Raf. var. maritima (Gerardia maritima Raf.) (saltmarsh false foxglove, seaside<br />
gerardia)<br />
Agalinis neoscotica (Greene) Fernald (Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. neoscotica (Greene)<br />
Pennell & H. St. John, Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. neoscotica (Greene) B. Boivin, Gerardia<br />
neoscotica Greene, Gerardia purpurea L. var. neoscotica (Greene) Gleason) (Middleton false<br />
foxglove, Nova Scotia false foxglove) (NS & ME)<br />
Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. borealis Pennell (Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. parviflora<br />
(Benth.) B. Boivin, Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton ssp. borealis (Pennell) Pennell, Gerardia<br />
paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. borealis (Pennell) Deam, Gerardia purpurea L. var. parviflora<br />
Benth. (smallflower false foxglove, small-flowered agalinis, small-flowered gerardia, small-flowered<br />
purple false foxglove)<br />
Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. paupercula (Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton, Gerardia<br />
paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. typica Pennell, Gerardia purpurea L. var. paupercula A. Gray)<br />
51
(smallflower false foxglove, small-flowered agalinis, small-flowered gerardia, small-flowered purple<br />
false foxglove)<br />
Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell (Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell var. carteri Pennell, Gerardia purpurea L.<br />
(large-flowered agalinis, large-flowered gerardia, large-flowered purple false foxglove, large purple<br />
agalinis, purple gerardia)<br />
Agalinis skinneriana (Alph. Wood) Britt. (Gerardia skinneriana Alph. Wood) (Skinner‟s agalinis, Skinner's<br />
false foxglove, Skinner's gerardia, Skinner‟s purple false foxglove)<br />
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. macrophylla (Benth.) S.F. Blake (Agalinis besseyana (Britton) Britton,<br />
Gerardia besseyana Britton, Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. macrophylla (Benth.) Pennell, Gerardia<br />
tenuifolia Vahl var. macrophylla Benth.) (larger slenderleaf purple false foxglove)<br />
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell (Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. parviflora<br />
(Nutt.) Pennell, Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. parviflora Nutt.) (fewflowered slenderleaf purple false<br />
foxglove)<br />
Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. tenuifolia (Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl) (slenderleaf false foxglove<br />
slender-leaved agalinis, slender-leaved, gerardia, slender-leaved purple false foxglove, slender<br />
gerardia)<br />
Antirrhinum majus L. (<strong>common</strong> snapdragon, garden snapdragon, great snapdragon, linearleaf<br />
snapdragon, Mediterranean snapdragon) (ornamental)*<br />
Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. flava (Agalinis flava (L.) B. Boivin, Aureolaria calycosa (Mack. & Bush)<br />
Pennell, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. ssp. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. ssp.<br />
typica Pennell, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell, Aureolaria reticulata Raf.,<br />
Dasistoma calycosa Mack. & Bush, Dasistoma flava (L.) Alph. Wood, Gerardia calycosa (Mack. &<br />
Bush) Fernald, Gerardia flava L., Gerardia flava L. var. calycosa (Mack. & Bush) Steyerm.,<br />
Gerardia flava L. var. reticulata (Raf.) Cory) (smooth false foxglove, smooth yellow false foxglove,<br />
yellow false foxglove)<br />
Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. macrantha Pennell (Agalinis flava (L.) B. Boivin var. macrantha (Pennell)<br />
B. Boivin, Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. ssp. macrantha Pennell, Gerardia flava L. var. macrantha<br />
(Pennell) Fernald) (larger smooth yellow false foxglove)<br />
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. intercedens Pennell (Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp.<br />
intercedens (Pennell) Pennell, Gerardia pedicularia L. var. intercedens (Pennell) Fernald) (fernleaf<br />
yellow false foxglove, fern-leaf false foxglove, fern-leaved false foxglove, pedicelled false<br />
foxglove)<br />
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. pedicularia (Agalinis pedicularia (L.) S.F. Blake, Agalinis pedicularia<br />
(L.) S.F. Blake var. caesariensis (Pennell) S.F. Blake, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp.<br />
caesariensis Pennell, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp. carolinensis Pennell, Aureolaria<br />
pedicularia (L.) Raf. ssp. typica Pennell, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. caesariensis<br />
(Pennell) Pennell, Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. carolinensis (Pennell) Pennell, Dasistoma<br />
pectinata (Nutt.) Benth., nom. nud., Dasistoma pedicularia (L.) Benth., Gerardia pedicularia L.)<br />
(fernleaf yellow false foxglove, fern-leaf false foxglove, fern-leaved false foxglove, pedicelled false<br />
foxglove)<br />
Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell. (Agalinis virginica (L.) S.F. Blake, Aureolaria dispersa (Small) Pennell,<br />
Aureolaria microcarpa Pennell, Dasistoma dispersa Small, Dasistoma virginica (L.) Britton,<br />
Gerardia dispersa (Small) K. Schum., Gerardia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) (downy<br />
52
false foxglove, downy yellow false foxglove, smooth yellow false foxglove)<br />
Bartsia alpina L. (alpine bartsia, velvetbells, velvet-bells)<br />
Buchnera americana L. (Buchnera breviflora Pennell, Buchnera floridana G<strong>and</strong>og.) (American<br />
bluehearts)<br />
Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. (Castilleja ludoviciana Pennell) (gr<strong>and</strong>mother's tresses, Indian<br />
paintbrush, nanabush, nanabush okomissum meensissun, painted-cup, scarlet Indian paintbrush,<br />
scarlet painted-cup)<br />
Castilleja miniata Douglas ex Hook. ssp. miniata (Castilleja confusa Greene, Castilleja gracillima Rydb.,<br />
Castilleja inconstans St<strong>and</strong>l., Castilleja oblongifolia A. Gray, Castilleja uliginosa Eastw.) (giant red<br />
Indian paintbrush, minute painted-cup, smaller painted-cup) (I have no idea why this got the<br />
<strong>common</strong> name “giant”)<br />
Castilleja raupii Pennell. (Raup's Indian paintbrush, Raup's painted-cup)<br />
Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl. (Castilleja acuminata auct. non (Pursh) Spreng., Castilleja pallida (L.)<br />
Spreng. ssp. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Scoggan, Castilleja pallida (L.) Spreng. var. septentrionalis<br />
(Lindl.) A. Gray) (Labrador Indian paintbrush, lance-leaved painted-cup, northern painted-cup,<br />
pale painted cup)<br />
Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange (dwarf snapdragon, lesser toadflax)*<br />
Chelone glabra L. (Chelone chlorantha Pennell & Wherry, Chelone montana (Raf.) Pennell & Wherry)<br />
(balmony, smooth balmony, snakehead, turtlehead)<br />
Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (Antirrhinum tenellum Pursh, Collinsia gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Lindl. var. pusilla A. Gray,<br />
Collinsia tenella (Pursh) Piper) (few-flowered collinsia, maiden blue-eyed Mary, small-flowered<br />
collinsia)<br />
Collinsia verna Nutt. (blue-eyed Mary, broad-leaved collinsia, spring blue-eyed Mary, spring collinsia)<br />
Cymbalaria muralis G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill.) (coliseum-ivy,<br />
Kenilworth ivy)*<br />
Digitalis gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Mill. (Digitalis ambigua Murray, Digitalis orientalis Mill.) (garden foxglove, larger<br />
foxglove, yellow foxglove) (ornamental)*<br />
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. (Grecian foxglove, Greek foxglove, wooly foxglove) (ornamental)*<br />
Digitalis purpurea L. ssp. purpurea (<strong>common</strong> foxglove, purple foxglove) (ornamental)*<br />
Euphrasia hudsoniana Fern. & Wieg. (gl<strong>and</strong>ular eyebright, Hudson Bay eyebright, nothern eyebright)<br />
Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Walt. (Euphrasia americana auct. p.p., Euphrasia arctica Lange ex Rostr.<br />
ssp. borealis (Townsend) Yeo, Euphrasia borealis (Townsend) Wettst., Euphrasia canadensis<br />
auct. non Townsend, Euphrasia curta (Fr.) Wettst., Euphrasia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis auct. non L., Euphrasia<br />
pectinata auct. non Ten., Euphrasia tatarica auct. non Fisch. ex Spreng.) (Canadian eyebright,<br />
<strong>common</strong> eyebright, hairy eyebright)<br />
Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm. (Euphrasia brevipila Burn. & Gremli ex Gremli, Euphrasia<br />
condensata Jord., Euphrasia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis auct. non L., Euphrasia rigidula Jord.) (drug eyebright,<br />
European eyebright, stiff eyebright)*<br />
Euphrasia vinacea Sell. & Yeo (glacier eyebright, interrupted eyebright)<br />
Gratiola aurea L. (Gratiola lutea Raf.) (golden pert, golden hedge-hyssop)<br />
Gratiola neglecta Torr. (clammy hedge hyssop, neglected hedge-hyssop, overlooked hedge-hyssop)<br />
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. (Antirrhinum elatine L., Linaria elatine (L.) Mill.) (canker-root, sharpleaf<br />
cancerwort, sharpoint fluvellin)*<br />
53
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. (Antirrhinum spurium L.) (female-fluellin, roundleaf cancerwort, round-leaved<br />
toad-flax)*<br />
Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth._ (clefted conobea, conobea,<br />
leucospora, much-cleft conobea, narrowleaf paleseed)<br />
Limosella subulata L. (Limosella aquatica L. var. tenuifolia H<strong>of</strong>fm., Limosella subulata Ives) (awl-shaped<br />
mudwort, mudwort, Welsh mudwort)<br />
Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire &<br />
Petitm., Linaria jattae Palanza) (clasping toadflax, coarse toadflax, dalmatia,<br />
Dalmatian toadflax)*<br />
Linaria repens (L.) Mill. (Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> toadflax, striped toadflax)<br />
Linaria vulgaris Hill. (Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.) (butter-<strong>and</strong>-eggs, gueule-de-lion, toadflax,<br />
wauwauskonaeg)*<br />
Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr. (Ilysanthes anagallidea (Michx.) B.L.<br />
Rob., Ilysanthes inequalis (Walter) Pennell, Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell) (yellowseed<br />
false pimpernel) (yellowseed false pimpernel)<br />
Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia (Gratiola dubia L., Ilysanthes attenuata (Spreng.) Small,<br />
Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. inundata (Pennell) Pennell,<br />
Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. major (Pursh) Pennell, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. riparia<br />
(Raf.) Fernald, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. typica Pennell, Lindernia procumbens auct. non<br />
(Knock.) Borb., Lindernia pyxidaria sensu Pennell, non L.) (doubtful false pimpernel, doubtful<br />
pimpernel, false pimpernel, long-stalked false pimpernel, low-stalked false pimpernel, yellowseed<br />
false pimpernel)<br />
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium Bart. (Melampyrum latifolium (W. Barton) Muhl. ex Britton & A.<br />
Br.) (cow-wheat, narrowleaf cowwheat, narrow-leaved cow-wheat)<br />
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. lineare (Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. americanum (Michx.) Beauverd)<br />
(cow-wheat, narrowleaf cowwheat, narrow-leaved cow-wheat)<br />
Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fernald (cow-wheat, narrowleaf cowwheat,<br />
narrow-leaved cow-wheat) (NY state <strong>and</strong> southward; not in Canada)<br />
Mimulus alatus Ait. (sharp-winged blue monkey flower, sharp-winged monkey-flower)<br />
Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. jamesii (Mimulus geyeri Torr., Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. fremontii<br />
(Benth.) A.L. Grant, Mimulus inamoenus Greene, Mimulus jamesii Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth.,<br />
Mimulus jamesii Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth. var. fremontii Benth., Mimulus reniformis Engelm. ex<br />
Benth. (Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth.) A. Gray) (glabrous monkey-flower, Geyer‟s yellow monkeyflower,<br />
James' monkeyflower, shining monkey-flower)<br />
Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. michiganensis (Pennell) Fassett (Michigan monkeyflower) (MI only)<br />
Mimulus guttatus DC. (Mimulus arvensis Greene, Mimulus bakeri G<strong>and</strong>og., Mimulus brachystylis Edwin,<br />
Mimulus clementinus Greene, Mimulus cordatus Greene, Mimulus cuspidata Greene, Mimulus<br />
decorus (A.L. Grant) Suksd., Mimulus equinnus Greene, Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. ascendens<br />
A. Gray, Mimulus glareosus Greene, Mimulus gr<strong>and</strong>iflorus J.T. Howell, Mimulus gr<strong>and</strong>is (Greene)<br />
A. Heller, imulus hallii Greene, Mimulus hirsutus J.T. Howell, Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex<br />
Greene, Mimulus laxus Pennell ex M. Peck, Mimulus longulus Greene, Mimulus luteus L. var.<br />
depauperatus A. Gray, Mimulus luteus L. var. gracilis A. Gray, Mimulus lyratus Benth., Mimulus<br />
maguirei Pennell, Mimulus marmoratus Greene, Mimulus micranthus A. Heller, Mimulus<br />
54
microphyllus Benth., Mimulus nasutus Greene, Mimulus nasutus Greene var. micranthus (A.<br />
Heller) A.L. Grant, Mimulus paniculatus Greene, Mimulus pardalis Pennell, Mimulus parishii<br />
G<strong>and</strong>og., non Greene, Mimulus petiolaris Greene, Mimulus prionophyllus Greene, Mimulus<br />
procerus Greene, Mimulus puberulus Greene ex Rydb., Mimulus puncticalyx G<strong>and</strong>og., Mimulus<br />
rivularis Nutt., Mimulus scouleri Hook., Mimulus subreniformis Greene, Mimulus tenellus Nutt. ex<br />
A. Gray, Mimulus thermalis A. Nelson, Mimulus unimaculatus Pennell) (seep monkeyflower, seep<br />
yellow monkeyflower) (NB in Canada)<br />
Mimulus moschatus Douglas ex Lindl. var. moschatus (musk monkey-flower, musky monkey-flower,<br />
muskflower)<br />
Mimulus ringens L. var. colpophilus Fernald (Allegheny monkeyflower) (QC & ME)<br />
Mimulus ringens L. var. ringens (Mimulus minthodes Greene, Mimulus pallidus Salisb., Mimulus ringens<br />
L. var. congesta Farw., Mimulus ringens L. var. minthodes (Greene) A.L. Grant) (Allegheny<br />
monkeyflower, gaping blue monkeyflower, square-stemmed blue monkey flower, square-stemmed<br />
monkey-flower)<br />
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. (Antirrhinum orontium L.) (garden snapdragon, lesser snapdragon)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton (Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum.) (blue toadflax, Canada<br />
toadflax, old-field toadflax, wild toad-flax)<br />
Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. ssp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb. (Odontites serotinus Dumort.,<br />
Odontites vulgaris Moench) (early eyebright, eyebright, red bartsia)*<br />
Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. (owl clover, yellow orthocarpus, yellow owl's-clover)*<br />
Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis (Pedicularis canadensis L. var. dobbsii Fernald, Pedicularis<br />
gladiata Michx.) (Canadian lousewort, Canada wood-betony, <strong>common</strong> lousewort, head betony,<br />
wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis flammea L. (Pedicularis albertae Hultén, Pedicularis oederi Vahl ex Hornem. var. albertae<br />
(Hultén) B. Boivin) (flame-lousewort, redrattle, red-tipped pedicularis, red-tipped wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis furbishiae S. Watson (Allagash lousewort, Furbish's lousewort, New Brunswick lousewort)<br />
(ME & NB)<br />
Pedicularis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Retz. (Elephantella groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Retz.) Rydb., Pedicularis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Retz.<br />
ssp. surrecta (Benth.) Piper, Pedicularis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Retz. var. surrecta (Benth.) A. Gray)<br />
(elephanthead lousewort, elephant‟s-head wood-betony, Greenl<strong>and</strong> lousewort, long-beaked<br />
pedicularis)<br />
Pedicularis labradorica Wirsing var. labradorica (Pedicularis euphrasioides Stephan ex Willd.) (Labrador<br />
lousewort, Labrador wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. (Pedicularis auriculata Sm., Pedicularis pallida Nutt., Pedicularis virginica<br />
Poir.) (swamp lousewort, swamp wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis lapponica L. (Lapl<strong>and</strong> lousewort, Lapl<strong>and</strong> pedicularis, Lapl<strong>and</strong> wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis macrodonta Richardson (Pedicularis parviflora Sm. ex Rees var. macrodonta (Richardson)<br />
S.L. Welsh) (muskeg lousewort, small-flowered lousewort, sparse-flowered wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. interioides Hultén (sudetic lousewort, wood lousewort, wood-betony)<br />
Pedicularis sylvatica L. (Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> lousewort, small woodl<strong>and</strong> lousewort, small wood-betony) (NS &<br />
NF)<br />
Penstemon albidus Nutt. (white beardtongue, white-flowered beard-tongue, white penstemon)<br />
55
Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims (Penstemon laevigatus Aiton ssp. digitalis (Nutt. ex Sims) Benn.,<br />
Penstemon laevigatus Aiton var. angulatus Benn. (digitalis penstemon, false smooth beardtongue,<br />
foxglove beardtongue, talus slope penstemon, white beardtongue)*<br />
Penstemon gracilis Nutt. var. gracilis Penstemon glaucus Graham) (lilac penstemon, slender<br />
beardtongue, slender penstemon)<br />
Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (hairy beardtongue)<br />
Penstemon pallidus Small (Penstemon arkansanus Pennell var. pubescens Pennell, Penstemon<br />
brevisepalus Pennell) (pale beardtongue) (ornamental)*<br />
Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. var. achoreus Fernald (funnel beard-tongue, funnel-form beard-tongue,<br />
tubed beardtongue, tubular-flowered beard-tongue, white w<strong>and</strong> beardtongue) (ME & southward<br />
but has been seen across NB border)*<br />
Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. var. tubiflorus (funnel beard-tongue, funnel-form beard-tongue, tubed<br />
beardtongue, tubular-flowered beard-tongue, white w<strong>and</strong> beardtongue) (ME & southward but has<br />
been seen across NB border)*<br />
Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz (Veronica longifolia L.) (long-leaved speedwell)*<br />
Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. groenl<strong>and</strong>icus (Ostenf.) L. Neum. (Rhinanthus arcticus (Sterneck) Pennell,<br />
Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce, Rhinanthus groenl<strong>and</strong>icus (Ostenf.) Chabert, Rhinanthus<br />
minor L. ssp. borealis (Sterneck) A. Löve) (arctic rattlebox, penny rattle, smaller yellow rattle,<br />
yellow-rattle)<br />
Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. minor (Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce ssp. kyrolliae (Chabert) Pennell,<br />
Rhinanthus crista-galli L. p.p., Rhinanthus crista-galli L. var. fallax (Wimm. & Grab.) Druce,<br />
Rhinanthus kyrolliae Chabert, Rhinanthus rigidus Chabert, Rhinanthus stenophyllus (Schur)<br />
Schinz & Thell.) (little yellow rattle, penny rattle, smaller yellow rattle, toothed yellow rattle, yellowrattle)<br />
Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. (Scrophularia leporella E.P. Bicknell, Scrophularia occidentalis (Rydb.)<br />
E.P. Bicknell, Scrophularia pectinata Raf.) (hare figwort, lanceleaf figwort)<br />
Scrophularia maril<strong>and</strong>ica L. (carpenter's square, carpenter‟s-square figwort, Maryl<strong>and</strong> figwort)<br />
Verbascum blattaria L. (moth-mullein, spurious mullein)*<br />
Verbascum lychnitis L. (white mullein)*<br />
Verbascum nigrum L. (black mullein, dark mullein)*<br />
Verbascum phlomoides L. (clasping mullein, clasping-leaved mullein, orange mullein, tall mullein)*<br />
Verbascum thapsus L. (Aaron's rod, Adam's flannel, c<strong>and</strong>leplant, <strong>common</strong> mullein, cow's lungwort,<br />
fennel-plant, high taper, matchimanito saemauh, molene, mullein dock, stallion-plant, torches,<br />
velvet mullein)*<br />
Verbascum virgatum Stokes (purple-stem mullein, w<strong>and</strong> mullein, w<strong>and</strong>-like mullein) (ornamental)*<br />
Veronica agrestis L. (Pocilla agrestis (L.) Fourr.) (field speedwell, garden speedwell, green field<br />
speedwell, white-lipped speedwell)*<br />
Veronica americana (Raf.) Schw. (American brooklime, American speedwell)<br />
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (water pimpernel, water speedwell)*<br />
Veronica arvensis L. (corn speedwell, lawn speedwell, wall speedwell)*<br />
Veronica austriaca L. ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A. Webb (Veronica crinita Kit., Veronica latifolia L., Veronica<br />
teucrium L.) (broadleaf speedwell)<br />
56
Veronica austriaca L. ssp. vahlii (Gaudin) D.A. Webb (Vahl's speedwell, lance-leaved speedwell)*<br />
Veronica beccabunga L. (Bachbungen‟s speedwell, European brooklime, European speedwell)*<br />
Veronica chamaedrys L. (bird's-eye, bird's-eye speedwell, germ<strong>and</strong>er speedwell)*<br />
Veronica filiformis Sm. (creeping speedwell, filmy speedwell, hair-like speedwell, threadstalk speedwell)*<br />
Veronica hederifolia L. (ivy-leaved speedwell)*<br />
Veronica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. var. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (<strong>common</strong> speedwell, gipsy-weed, gypsyweed)*<br />
Veronica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. var. tournefortii (Vill.) Rchb. (<strong>common</strong> gypsyweed, Tournefort‟s speedwell) (NS &<br />
NF in Canada)<br />
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina (neckweed)<br />
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell (Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth)<br />
Pennell, Veronica sherwoodii M. Peck, Veronica xalapensis Kunth) (purslane speedwell, western<br />
purslane speedwell)<br />
Veronica persica Poir. (Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr., Veronica buxbaumii Ten., non F.W. Schmidt)<br />
(bird's-eye, bird‟s-eye speedwell, Persian speedwell)*<br />
Veronica polita Fries (Pocilla polita (Fr.) Fourr., Veronica didyma Ten. p.p.) (gray field speedwell,<br />
smooth speedwell, wayside speedwell)*<br />
Veronica scutellata L. (marsh speedwell, skullcap speedwell)<br />
Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. humifusa (Dicks.) Syme (Veronica humifusa Dicks., Veronica serpyllifolia L.<br />
var. borealis Laest., Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dicks.) Vahl, Veronica tenella All.,<br />
Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr. ssp. humifusum (Dicks.) W.A. Weber) (brightblue<br />
speedwell, thyme-leaved speedwell)*<br />
Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia (Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. nummularioides Lecoq & Lamotte,<br />
Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr.) (thyme-leaved speedwell)*<br />
Veronica spicata L. ssp. incana (L.) Walters (Veronica incana L.) (spiked speedwell)*<br />
Veronica spicata L. ssp. spicata (Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz) (spiked speedwell)*<br />
Veronica verna L. (spring speedwell, vernal speedwell)*<br />
Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. (Lept<strong>and</strong>ra virginica (L.) Nutt., Veronica virginica L.) (Beaumont‟s<br />
culver‟s-root, culver's-physic, culver's-root, Virginia culver‟s-root)<br />
Order Solanales<br />
Convolvulaceae (convolvulus family, morning-glory family)<br />
Calystegia hederacea Wall. (Calystegia pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don, Calystegia pubescens Lindl.,<br />
Convolvulus japonicus auct. non Thunb., Convolvulus pellitus Ledeb.) (hairy false bindweed, hairy<br />
bindweed, Japanese bindweed, Japanese false bindweed, pubescent bindweed)*/**<br />
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. americana (Sims) Brummitt (Calystegia inflata Sweet, Calystegia<br />
sepium (L.) R. Br. var. americana (Sims) Matsuda, Convolvulus americanus (Sims) Greene,<br />
Convolvulus sepium L. var. americanus Sims) (American hedge bindweed, American hedge false<br />
bindweed, hedge bindweed, wild morning-glory)<br />
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. angulata Brummitt (Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. var. angulata<br />
(Brummitt) N.H. Holmgren, Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. var. repens (L.) A. Gray, Convolvulus<br />
repens L., Convolvulus sepium L. var. repens (L.) A. Gray) (angular hedge false bindweed)<br />
57
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. erratica Brummitt (hedge false bindweed)<br />
Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh. (low bindweed, low false bindweed, upright bindweed) (<strong>of</strong>ten rare or<br />
at least hard to find in Canada)<br />
Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulus ambigens House, Convolvulus incanus auct. non Vahl,<br />
Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small) (field bindweed, gunkisaehnbugoohnse, liseron, small<br />
bindweed)*/**<br />
Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (Ipomoea barbigera Sweet, Ipomoea desertorum House, Ipomoea<br />
hederacea Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray, Ipomoea hirsutula auct. non Jacq. f., Ipomoea nil<br />
auct. non (L.) Roth, Pharbitis barbigera (Sweet) G. Don, Pharbitis hederacea (Jacq.) Choisy)<br />
(ivyleaf morning-glory, ivy-leaved morning-glory)*/**<br />
Ipomoea lacunosa L. (small white-flowered morning-glory, small white morning-glory, white morning-<br />
Glory, whitestar)*/**<br />
Ipomoea p<strong>and</strong>urata (L.) GFW Meyer (bigroot morning-glory, man-<strong>of</strong>-the-earth, wild potato-vine)<br />
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth (Convolvulus purpureus L., Ipomoea hirsutula Jacq. f., Ipomoea purpurea<br />
(L.) Roth var. diversifolia (Lindl.) O'Donell, Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt (<strong>common</strong> morning-glory,<br />
purple morning glory, tall morning-glory)*/**<br />
Ipomoea quamoclit L. (Quamoclit quamoclit (L.) Britton, Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy) (cypressvine,<br />
cypress-vine, cypress-vine morning-glory, starglory morning-glory)*<br />
Cuscutaceae (dodder family) (separated from Convolvulaceae)<br />
Cuscuta cephalanthi Englem. (Grammica cephalanthi (Engelm.) Hadac & Chrtek) (button dodder,<br />
buttonbush-dodder)<br />
Cuscuta coryli Engelm. (Grammica coryli (Engelm.) Hadac & Chrtek) (corylus dodder, hazel-dodder)<br />
Cuscuta epilinum Wiehe. (flax-dodder)*<br />
Cuscuta epithymum Murr. (bean-dodder, clover-dodder, pea-dodder, thyme dodder)*<br />
Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. var. gronovii (Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. var. latiflora Engelm.,<br />
Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. var. saururi (Engelm.) MacMill., Cuscuta umbrosa auct. non<br />
Bey. ex Hook., Grammica gronovii (Willd. ex Schult.) Hadac & Chrtek, Grammica umbrosa auct.<br />
non (Bey. ex Hook.) W.A. Weber) (<strong>common</strong> dodder, Gronovius‟ dodder, love vine, scaldweed,<br />
swamp dodder)<br />
Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. pentagona (Cuscuta arvensis Bey. ex Engelm., Cuscuta campestris<br />
Yunck., Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. calycina Engelm., Grammica campestris (Yunck.)<br />
Hadac & Chrtek, Grammica pentagona (Engelm.) W.A. Weber) (false bush clover, fiveangled<br />
dodder, lespedeza dodder, prairie lespedeza, prairie dodder, prairie strangle-weed)<br />
Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. (knotweed-dodder, smartweed-dodder)<br />
Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf family)<br />
Ellisia nyctelea L. (nocturnal ellisia, waterpod) (mostly extreme southwestern Ontario)*<br />
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. (appendaged waterleaf)<br />
Hydrophyllum canadense L. (animoshodaebughnse, broad-leaved waterleaf, Canada water-leaf,<br />
dog's-heart)<br />
Hydrophyllum virginianum L. (John's-cabbage, Virginia water-leaf)<br />
58
Phacelia franklinii (R. Br.) Gray (Franklin‟s phacelia, Franklin's scorpion-weed, Franklin‟s water-leaf)<br />
Phacelia purshii Buckley (Miami-mist, Pursh‟s phacelia, scorpionweed)<br />
Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. (fiddleneck, tansy-leaved milkvetch) (ornamental)*<br />
Menyanthaceae (buckbean family)<br />
Menyanthes trifoliata L. (bogbean, <strong>common</strong> buckbean, three-leaved buckbean)<br />
Nymphoides cordata (Ell.) Fern. (Nymphoides lacunosa (Vent.) Kuntze, Villarsia lacunosa Vent.) (eight-<br />
angled floating-heart, floating-heart, little floating-heart, small northern floating-heart)<br />
Polemoniaceae (phlox family)<br />
Collomia linearis Nutt. (collomia, mucus-flower, narrow-leaved collomia, spit-flower, tiny trumpet)<br />
Ipomopsis rubra (Gilia rubra (L.) A. Heller) (red gilia, red trumpets, st<strong>and</strong>ing-cypress)*<br />
Phlox divaricata L. ssp. divaricata (wild blue phlox)<br />
Phlox drummondii Hook. ssp. drummondii (Phlox goldsmithii Whitehouse) (annual phlox, Drummond's<br />
phlox) (ornamental)*<br />
Phlox maculata L. ssp. maculata (meadow phlox, wild sweet-William) (*ornamental in Canada)<br />
Phlox paniculata L. (fall phlox, garden phlox, perennial phlox) (ornamental)*<br />
Phlox pilosa L. ssp. pilosa (Phlox argillacea Clute & Ferris, Phlox pilosa L. var. virens (Michx.) Wherry,<br />
Phlox villosissima (A. Gray) Small p.p.) (downy phlox, prairie phlox)<br />
Phlox subulata L. ssp. brittonii (Phlox brittonii Small, Phlox subulata L. var. brittonii (Small) Wherry<br />
(Small) Wherry) (Britton‟s phlox, moss phlox)*<br />
Phlox subulata L. ssp. subulata (Arctic phlox, moss-phlox, moss-pink, mountain-phlox)<br />
Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans (creeping Jacob‟s-ladder, Greek valerian, Jacob's-ladder, skypilot)<br />
Solanaceae (nightshade family, potato family, tomato family)<br />
Datura stramonium L. (Datura tatula L.) (<strong>common</strong> thorn-apple, false thorn-apple, jimsonweed,<br />
psychoweed, stramonium)<br />
Datura wrightii Miller (Datura inoxia Mill. ssp. quinquecuspida (Torr.) Barcl., Datura metel L. var.<br />
quinquecuspida Torr., Datura meteloides auct. non Dunal. p.p.) (entire-leaved thorn-apple,<br />
harmless jimsonweed, innocent Jimsonweed, sacred thorn-apple, Wright‟s jimsonweed) (native to<br />
USA; not usually found in Canada)<br />
Hyoscyamus niger L. (black henbane, hog‟s-bean)*<br />
Leucophysalis gr<strong>and</strong>iflora (Hook.) Rydb. (Physalis gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Hook., Chamaesracha gr<strong>and</strong>iflora (Hook.)<br />
Fern.) (large false groundcherry, large white ground-cherry, white-flowered ground-cherry)<br />
Lycium barbarum L. (Lycium halimifolium Mill., Lycium vulgare Dunal (box-thorn, <strong>common</strong><br />
matrimony-vine)*<br />
Lycium chinense Mill. (Chinese matrimony-vine, Chinese desert-thorn, gow gee)*<br />
Nic<strong>and</strong>ra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. (Atropa physalodes L., Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton)<br />
(apple-<strong>of</strong>-Peru, physalis-like apple-<strong>of</strong>-Peru)*<br />
Nicotiana longiflora Cav. (long-flowered tobacco)*/**<br />
Nicotiana rustica L. (Aztec tobacco, wild-tobbaco)*<br />
Nicotiana tabacum L. (<strong>common</strong> tobbaco, Virginia tobacco)*<br />
59
Petunia x atkinsiana D. Don ex Louden [axillaris x integrifolia] (Petunia x hybrida Hort.) (cultivated<br />
petunia, hyrbid petunia)*<br />
Physalis alkekengi L. (Chinese lantern-plant, strawberry groundcherry, winter-cherry, winter ground-<br />
cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla (Physalis ambigua (A. Gray) Britton, Physalis heterophylla<br />
Nees var. ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb., Physalis heterophylla Nees var. clavipes Fernald, Physalis<br />
heterophylla Nees var. nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydb., Physalis heterophylla Nees var. villosa Waterf.,<br />
Physalis nyctaginea Dunal, Physalis sinuata Rydb.) (clammy ground cherry)<br />
Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist (Physalis macrophysa Rydb.,<br />
Physalis subglabrata Mack. & Bush, Physalis virginiana Mill. var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush)<br />
Waterf.) (longleaf groundcherry, smooth ground cherry)<br />
Physalis peruviana L. (Physalis edulis Sims) (cape-gooseberry, cherry tomato, Peruvian ground-cherry)*<br />
Physalis philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterf. (Physalis ixocarpa auct. non Brot. ex Hornem.)<br />
(Mexican ground-cherry, tomatillo, tomatillo ground-cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
Physalis pubescens L. var. pubescens (Physalis barbadensis Jacq., Physalis floridana Rydb.) (downy<br />
ground-cherry, hairy ground cherry, husk tomato, low hairy ground-cherry) (native in USA; * in<br />
Canada)<br />
Physalis virginiana Mill. var. virginiana (Physalis intermedia Rydb., Physalis lanceolata auct. non Michx.<br />
p.p., Physalis monticola C. Mohr) (smooth ground-cherry, Virginia ground cherry)<br />
Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense (ball-nettle, Carolina horsenettle, horse-nettle, s<strong>and</strong>-brier)<br />
(native in USA, * in Canada)<br />
Solanum dulcamara L. var. dulcamara (bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, climbing nightshade, matche<br />
mushkimeen, morelle douce-amere, nightshade)*<br />
Solanum dulcamara L. var. villosissimum Desv. (bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, climbing<br />
nightshade, matche mushkimeen, morelle douce-amere, nightshade)* (QC & eastward in Canada)<br />
Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Lycopersicon lycopersicum<br />
(L.) Karst. ex Farw., Lycopersicon pyriforme Dunal) (cherry tomato, garden tomato, wolfpeach)*<br />
Solanum nigrum L. (Solanum rubrum auct. non L.) (black nightshade)*<br />
Solanum ptycanthum Dumal ex DC. (Solanum americanum auct. non Mill., Solanum nigrum auct. non<br />
L., Solanum ptychanthum Dunal) (eastern black nightshade, West Indian nightshade)*<br />
Solanum rostratum Dunal. (Androcera rostrata (Dunal) Rydb., Solanum cornutum auct. non Lam.)<br />
(buffalobur nightshade, buffalo bur, Kansas-thistle, prickly nightshade)*/**<br />
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (sticky nightshade, viscid nightshade)*<br />
Solanum triflorum Nutt. (cut-leaved nightshade, three-flowered nightshade) (native in USA; * in Canada)<br />
Solanum tuberosum L. (<strong>common</strong> potato, Irish potato)*<br />
60
Subclass Caryophyllidae<br />
Order Caryophyllales<br />
Aizoaceae (carpetweed family, fig-marigold family, ice-plant family) (separated from Molluginaceae)<br />
Faucaria felina (L.) (Mesembryanthemum tigrinum Haw.) Schwantes (tiger jaws) (ornamental –<br />
occasionally adventive)*<br />
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Cryophytum crystallinum (L.) N. E. Br., Glinus crystallinum auct non<br />
L.) (<strong>common</strong> ice-plant) (ornamental – occasionally adventive <strong>and</strong> has been known to colonize<br />
rocky coastal areas in Atlantic Canada but does not yet appear to persist long)*<br />
Lithops optica L (eye rocks, living rocks) (ornamental - occasionally adventive <strong>and</strong> has been known to<br />
colonize rocky coastal areas in Atlantic Canada but does not yet appear to persist long )*<br />
Tetragonia expansa Murr. (New Zeal<strong>and</strong> spinach) (ornamental - occasionally adventive <strong>and</strong> has been<br />
known to colonize rocky coastal areas in Atlantic Canada but does not yet appear to persist long)*<br />
Amaranthaceae (amaranth family, pigweed family) (separated from Chenopodiacea)<br />
Alternanthera pungens Kunth (Achyranthes leiantha (Seub.) St<strong>and</strong>l., Achyranthes repens L.)<br />
(alligator-weed) (ornamental; it is highly invasive <strong>and</strong> in New York state – I have seen small<br />
amounts in creeks along the Quebec border but it has never overwintered as <strong>of</strong> 2009 but be<br />
wary)*/**<br />
Amaranthus albus L. (Amaranthus graecizans L., Amaranthus pubescens (Uline & Bray) Rydb.)<br />
(groundsel tumbleweed, prostrate pigweed, tumble pigweed, white tumbleweed)*<br />
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson (prostrate amaranth, prostrate pigweed, Watson's amaranth)*<br />
Amaranthus cruentus L. (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) (bloody amaranth, purple amaranth, red<br />
amaranth)* (usually an ornamental but can escape)<br />
Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd., Amaranthus incurvatus Tim. ex Gren. &<br />
Godr., Amaranthus patulus Bertol.) (green amaranth, prince's feather, slim amaranth, smooth<br />
pigweed, spleen amaranth, wild beet)*/** (comment: it appears this species itself is not a hybrid,<br />
despite the name, but may be the original species that is the ancestor to other Amaranthus where<br />
those species are really hybrids as yet unspecified)<br />
Amaranthus blitum L. var. emarginatus (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) ?, ined. (Amaranthus lividus auct non L.)<br />
(purplish amaranth, scarlet amaranth)<br />
Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. (carelessweed, palm amaranth, Palmer's amaranth)<br />
Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. (green amaranth, green pigweed, Powell's amaranth)*/**<br />
Amaranthus retr<strong>of</strong>lexus L. (fool's beet, green amaranth, red amaranth, red pigweed, redroot pigweed,<br />
wild beet)*/**<br />
Amaranthus spinosus L. (spiny amaranth, thorny amaranth)<br />
Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer (Acnida altissima (Riddell) Moq. ex St<strong>and</strong>l., Acnida concatenata<br />
(Moq.) Small, Acnida subnuda (S. Watson) St<strong>and</strong>l., Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Alph. Wood var.<br />
prostrata Uline & Bray, Acnida tuberculata Moq., Amaranthus altissimus Riddell, Amaranthus<br />
ambigens St<strong>and</strong>l., Amaranthus rudis Sauer, Amaranthus tamariscinus auct. non Nutt. (Canadian<br />
amaranth, larger amaranth, roughfruit amaranth, tuberous amaranth, water-hemp)<br />
Celosia argentea L. (silver cock's-comb) (ornamental – occasionally adventive from Vermont into<br />
Quebec)*<br />
61
Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. (false oplotheca, slender cottonweed, slender froelichia, slender<br />
snakecotton)*<br />
Iresine rhizomatosa St<strong>and</strong>l. (blood leaf, Juda‟s bush) (ornamental – occasionally managed to escape for<br />
a season from gardens in Canada; naturalized very locally in Pensylvania)*<br />
Cactaceae (cactus family)<br />
Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw (Cactus fragilis Nutt., Opuntia brachyarthra Engelm. & Bigelow) (brittle<br />
cactus, brittle opuntia, fragile prickly-pear) (found in Ontario near Kaladar)<br />
Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (Opuntia calcicola Wherry, Opuntia compressa auct. non J.F. Macbr.,<br />
Opuntia cumulicola Small, Opuntia rafinesquei Engelm.) (compressed cactus, Indian pig,<br />
prickly-pear cactus, spreading pickly pear) (found in Ontario at Pt. Peele)<br />
Caryophyllaceae (carnation family, pink family)<br />
Agrostemma githago L. (corn-cockle, purple-cockle)*<br />
Arenaria humifusa Wahlenb. (Arenaria ciliata L. var. humifusa (Wahlenb.) Hartm., Arenaria cylindricarpa<br />
Fernald) (<strong>common</strong> s<strong>and</strong>wort, low s<strong>and</strong>wort, speading s<strong>and</strong>wort)*<br />
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss.) (thyme-leaved s<strong>and</strong>wort)*<br />
Cerastium alpinum L. ssp. alpinum (alpine chickweed, upl<strong>and</strong> chickweed)<br />
Cerastium alpinum L. ssp. lanatum (Lam.) Ces. (Cerastium alpinum L. ssp. squalidum (Raymond)<br />
Hultén, Cerastium alpinum L. var. lanatum (Lam.) Hegetschu, Cerastium lanatum Lam., Cerastium<br />
squalidum Raymond) (squalid alpine chickweed)<br />
Cerastium arcticum Lange (Cerastium alpinum L. var. uniflorum Dur<strong>and</strong> , Cerastium arcticum Lange ssp.<br />
hyperboreum (Tolm.) Böcher, Cerastium arcticum Lange ssp. procerum (Lange) Böcher,<br />
Cerastium arcticum Lange var. procerum (Lange) Hultén, Cerastium arcticum Lange var. vestitum<br />
Hultén, Cerastium hyperboreum Tolm., Cerastium nigrescens (H.C. Watson) Edmondston ex H.C.<br />
Watson ssp. arcticum (Lange) P.S. Lusby) (Arctic chickweed)<br />
Cerastium arvense L. ssp. arvense (field chickweed)<br />
Cerastium arvense L. ssp. strictum (L.) Ugborogho (Cerastium alsophilum Greene, Cerastium<br />
angustatum Greene, Cerastium arvense L. var. angustifolium Fenzl, Cerastium arvense L. var.<br />
latifolium Fenzl, Cerastium arvense L. var. purpurascens B. Boivin, Cerastium arvense L. var.<br />
viscidulum Gremli, Cerastium campestre Greene, Cerastium confertum Greene, Cerastium<br />
effusum Greene, Cerastium elongatum Pursh, Cerastium graminifolium Rydb., Cerastium<br />
latifolium L., Cerastium nitidum Greene, Cerastium occidentale Greene, Cerastium oreophilum<br />
Greene, Cerastium patulum Greene, Cerastium scopulorum Greene, Cerastium sonnei Greene,<br />
Cerastium strictum L., Cerastium subulatum Greene, Cerastium tenuifolium Pursh, Cerastium<br />
vestitum Greene) (field chickweed, strict chickweed)<br />
Cerastium arvense L. ssp. velutinum (Raf.) Ugborogho var. velutinum (Raf.) Britton (Cerastium arvense<br />
L. var. bracteatum (Raf.) MacMill., Cerastium arvense L. var. oblongifolium (Torr.) Hollick &<br />
Britton, Cerastium arvense L. var. webbii Jennings, Cerastium bracteatum Raf., Cerastium<br />
oblongifolium Torr., Cerastium velutinum Raf. (barren chickweed, field chickweed, velvety<br />
chickweed)<br />
Cerastium biebersteinii DC. (Bieberstein's chickweed, Boreal chickweed) (ornamental outside Alaska)*<br />
62
Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) B.L. Rob. (Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray)<br />
B.L. Rob. var. compactum B.L. Rob., Cerastium nutans Raf. var. brachypodum Engelm. ex A.<br />
Gray) (shortstalk chickweed)<br />
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet Cerastium adsurgens Greene,<br />
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. holosteoides auct. non (Fr.) Salman, van Ommering & de<br />
Voogd, Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. triviale (Link) Jalas, Cerastium holosteoides auct. non<br />
Fr., Cerastium holosteoides Fr. var. vulgare (Hartm.) Hyl., Cerastium triviale Link, Cerastium<br />
vulgatum L. 1762, non 1755, Cerastium vulgatum L. var. hirsutum Fr., Cerastium vulgatum L. var.<br />
holosteoides auct. non (Fr.) Wahlenb.) (big chickweed, <strong>common</strong> mouse-ear chickweed, larger<br />
mouse-eared chickweed)*/**<br />
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. (Cerastium acutatum Suksd., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. var. apetalum<br />
(Dumort.) Fenzl, Cerastium viscosum auct. non L.) (mouse-ear chickweed, sticky chickweed)*<br />
Cerastium nutans Raf. var. nutans (Cerastium longepedunculatum Muhl. ex Britton, Cerastium nutans<br />
Raf. var. occidentale B. Boivin) (long-stalked chickweed, nodding chickweed)<br />
Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis (Curtis‟ mouse-ear chickweed, dwarf chickweed, European chickweed,<br />
smaller chickweed) *<br />
Cerastium semidec<strong>and</strong>rum L. (five-eunuch chickweed, five-stamened mouse-ear chickweed, small<br />
chickweed)*<br />
Cerastium terrae-novae Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong> (Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> chickweed)<br />
Cerastium tomentosum L. (snow-in-summer) (ornamental)*<br />
Dianthus armeria L. (deptford pink, grass pink)*<br />
Dianthus barbatus L. (beared pink, false sweet-William, sweet-William) (ornamental)*<br />
Dianthus chinensis L. (carnation, China pink, rainbow pink) (ornamental)*<br />
Dianthus deltoides L. (meadow pink, maiden-pink) (ornamental)*<br />
Dianthus plumarius L. (cottage pink, feather-carnation, garden-pink, grass-pink) (ornamental)*<br />
Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb. (annual baby‟s-breath, gypsum flower) (ornamental)*<br />
Gypsophila muralis L. (Psammophiliella muralis (L.) Ikonn.) (cushion baby‟s-breath, low baby‟s-breath,<br />
wall gypsum-flower) (ornamental)*<br />
Gypsophila paniculata L. (baby's-breath, brouillard, maiden's breath, oeillet, tall baby‟s-breath, tall<br />
gyposphyll) *<br />
Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. (garden baby‟s-breath, scarred gypsophyll, scorzon-leaved baby‟s-<br />
breath)<br />
Herniaria glabra L. (glabrous rupturewort, hernia-weed, smooth rupturewort)*<br />
Holosteum umbellatum L. (jagged chickweed, umbelled jagged chickweed)*<br />
Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. ssp. diffusa (Hornem.) Hultén (Arenaria diffusa (Hornem.) Wormsk.,<br />
Arenaria peploides L. p.p., Arenaria peploides L. var. diffusa Hornem., Honckenya diffusa<br />
(Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (peplis-like sea-chickweed, sea-chickweed,seabeach-s<strong>and</strong>wort,<br />
sea-purslane, seaside s<strong>and</strong>plant)<br />
Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. ssp. robusta (Fernald) Hultén (renaria peploides L. var. robusta<br />
Fernald, Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. var. robusta (Fernald) House) (peplis-like seachickweed,<br />
sea-chickweed,seabeach-s<strong>and</strong>wort, sea-purslane, seaside s<strong>and</strong>plant)<br />
Lychnis chalcedonica L. (fire-balls, London-pride, Maltese-cross, scarlet cockle, scarlet lynchnis)<br />
63
(ornamental)*<br />
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. (L.) Desr. (Agrostemma coronaria L., Coronaria coriacea (Moench)<br />
Schischkin & Gorschk., Silene coronaria (L.) Clairville) (crown campion, mullein-pink,<br />
rose-campion) (ornamental)*<br />
Lychnis flos-cuculi L. (Coronaria flos-cuculi (L.) A. Braun, Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Greuter & Burdet)<br />
(cucko<strong>of</strong>lower, ragged-robin) (ornamental)*<br />
Minuartia dawsonensis (Britt.) House (Alsinanthe stricta (Sw.) Rchb. ssp. dawsonensis (Britton) A. Löve<br />
& D. Löve, Arenaria dawsonensis Britton, Arenaria litorea Fernald, Arenaria stricta Michx. ssp.<br />
dawsonensis (Britton) Maguire, Arenaria stricta Michx. var. dawsonensis (Britton) Scoggan,<br />
Arenaria stricta Michx. var. litorea (Fernald) Britton) (beach s<strong>and</strong>wort, Dawson‟s cockle, rock<br />
stichwort)<br />
Minuartia groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Retz.) Ostenf. (Arenaria groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Retz.) Spreng., Porsildia groenl<strong>and</strong>ica<br />
(Retz.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Sabulina groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Retz.) Small, Stellaria labradorica Schrenk)<br />
(Greenl<strong>and</strong> s<strong>and</strong>wort, Greenl<strong>and</strong> stitchwort, mountain cockle, mountain-daisy,<br />
mountain-s<strong>and</strong>wort)<br />
Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw. var. michauxii (Arenaria macra A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., Arenaria<br />
michauxii (Fenzl) Hook. f., Arenaria stricta Michx., Arenaria stricta Michx. ssp. macra (A. Nelson &<br />
J.F. Macbr.) Maguire, Arenaria stricta Michx. var. puberulenta (M. Peck) C.L. Hitchc., Arenaria<br />
stricta Michx. var. uliginosa (Schleich. ex Lam. & DC.) B. Boivin, Arenaria uliginosa Schleich. ex<br />
Lam. & DC., Minuopsis michauxii (Fenzl) W.A. Weber, Sabulina stricta (Michx.) Small) (Michaux‟s<br />
s<strong>and</strong>wort, Michaux‟s stitchwort, rock s<strong>and</strong>wort)<br />
Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern. (Arenaria propinqua Richardson, Arenaria rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern.,<br />
Arenaria verna L. var. propinqua (Richardson) Fernald, Arenaria verna L. var. rubella (Wahlenb.)<br />
S. Watson, Minuartia rossii (R. Br. ex Richardson) Graebn. var. orthotrichoides auct. non<br />
(Schischkin) Hultén, Tryphane rubella (Wahlenb.) Rchb.) (beautiful s<strong>and</strong>wort, red s<strong>and</strong>wort,<br />
vernal s<strong>and</strong>wort)<br />
Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern (Alsinanthe stricta (Sw.) Rchb.) (bog stitchwort, creeping s<strong>and</strong>wort, rock<br />
s<strong>and</strong>wort)<br />
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. (Arenaria lateriflora L., Arenaria lateriflora L. var. angustifolia (Regel) H.<br />
St. John, Arenaria lateriflora L. var. tayloriae H. St. John) (bluntleaf s<strong>and</strong>wort, blunt-leaved<br />
s<strong>and</strong>wort, grove s<strong>and</strong>wort)<br />
Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Fenzl. (Arenaria macrophylla Hook.) (large-leaved moehringia, larger<br />
s<strong>and</strong>wort)<br />
Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench. (Alsine aquatica (L.) Britton, Cerastium aquaticum L., Malachium<br />
aquaticum (L.) Fr., Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop.) (giant chickweed, water-chickweed)*<br />
Paronychia canadensis (L.) Alph. Wood (Anychia canadensis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Anychia<br />
dichotoma Michx., Paronychia dichotoma (Michx.) A. Nelson) (Canada forked whitlow-wort, forked<br />
chickweed, smooth forked nailwort, whitlow-wort)<br />
Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fernald var. fastigiata (Anychia polygonoides Raf., Paronychia fastigiata<br />
(Raf.) Fernald var. typica Fernald) (branching forked whitlow-wort, forked chickweed, hairy forked<br />
nailwort, paronychia)<br />
Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Ser. ex Link (Tunica saxifraga (L.) Scop.) (saxifrage-gypsum, saxifrage pink,<br />
tunica)*<br />
64
Sagina decumbens (Elliot) Torr. & A. Gray ssp. decumbens (decumbent pearlwort, false<br />
s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey, trailing pearlwort)<br />
Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi. (Japanese pearlwort)*<br />
Sagina maxima Gray (large pearlwort, stickystem pearlwort) (occasionally found in Nova Scotia)*<br />
Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. borealis Crow (knotted pearlwort, knotted spurrey)<br />
Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. nodosa (Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa (Besser) Asch., Sagina<br />
nodosa (L.) Fenzl var. pubescens (Besser) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Spergella nodosa (L.) Rchb.)<br />
(eastern knotted pearlwort, nodding pearlwort)<br />
Sagina procumbens L. (birdeye pearlwort, birdseye, bird‟s-eye, procumbent pearlwort)*<br />
Saponaria ocymoides L. (rock soapwort) (ornamental)*<br />
Saponaria <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (Lychnis saponaria Jessen) (bouncing bet, bruise-wort, gazheebeegauwuhnsh,<br />
herbe a savon, itching plant, slippery-leaf, soapwort)*<br />
Scleranthus annuus L. (annual knawel, German knotgrass)*<br />
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. var. exscapa (All.) DC. (moss-campion, Nova Scotia catchfly)<br />
Silene antirrhina L. (sleepy catchfly, sleepy silene)<br />
Silene armeria L. (garden sweet-William, garden catchfly, Lobel‟s catchfly, none-so-pretty, sweet<br />
William silene) (ornamental)*<br />
Silene cserei Baumg. (Balkan catchfly, biennial campion, Csere's catchyfly, Csere‟s pink) (ornamental)*<br />
Silene dichotoma Ehrh. (forked catchfly, forking catchfly)*<br />
Silene gallica L. (Silene anglica L.) (<strong>common</strong> catchfly, English catchfly, French catchfly, small-flowered<br />
catchfly)*<br />
Silene involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet ssp. involucrate (Gastrolychnis affinis (J. Vahl ex Fr.)<br />
Tolm. & Kozh., Gastrolychnis involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Lychnis affinis J.<br />
Vahl ex Fr., Lychnis furcata (Raf.) Fernald, Lychnis gillettii B. Boivin, Mel<strong>and</strong>rium affine (J. Vahl ex<br />
Fr.) J. Vahl, Mel<strong>and</strong>rium furcatum (Raf.) Hadac, Silene furcata Raf.) (Actic campion, bracted<br />
catchyfly)<br />
Silene latifolia Poir. (bladder catchfly, campagnon blanc, evening lynchis, false red campion, white<br />
campion, white cockle, wide-leaved bladder catchfly)*<br />
Silene latifolia Poir. ssp. alba (Mill.) Greuter & Burdet (Lychnis alba Mill., Lychnis x loveae B.<br />
Boivin, Lychnis vespertina Sibth., Mel<strong>and</strong>rium album (Mill.) Garcke, Silene alba (Mill.) Krause,<br />
Silene pratensis (Raf.) Gren. & Godr.) (bladder campion, white lychnis) (USA only; not in Canada)<br />
Silene noctiflora L. (Mel<strong>and</strong>rium noctiflorum (L.) Fr.) (night-flowering catchfly, sticky cockle)*<br />
Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. (starry campion, Thermon snake-root, widowsfrill)*<br />
Silene tayloriae (B.L. Rob.) Hultén (Gastrolychnis angustifolia Rupr. ssp. tenella (Tolm.) Tolm. & Kozh.,<br />
Gastrolychnis involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) A. Löve & D. Löve ssp. tenella (Tolm.) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve, Lychnis tayloriae B.L. Rob., Mel<strong>and</strong>rium angustiflorum (Rupr.) Walp. ssp. tenellum (Tolm.)<br />
Kozh., Mel<strong>and</strong>rium tayloriae (B.L. Rob.) Tolm., Mel<strong>and</strong>rium tenellum (Tolm.) Tolm., Silene<br />
involucrata (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bocquet ssp. tenella (Tolm.) Bocquet, Wahlbergella tayloriae (B.L.<br />
Rob.) Rydb.) (Peel River catchfly)<br />
Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ssp. ogilviensis (A.E. Porsild) Brunton (Gastrolychnis soczaviana<br />
(Schischkin) Tolm. & Kozh. ssp. ogilviensis (A.E. Porsild) A. Löve & D. Löve, Mel<strong>and</strong>rium<br />
apetalum (L.) Fenzl ssp. ogilviense A.E. Porsild) (apetalous catchfly, bald catchfly, nodding<br />
65
catchfly, Ogilvy‟s catchfly)<br />
Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet ssp. uralensis (Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozh., Gastrolychnis<br />
apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozh. ssp. arctica (Fr.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. &<br />
Kozh. ssp. uralensis (Rupr.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Gastrolychnis uralensis Rupr., Lychnis apetala L.,<br />
non Silene apetala Willd., Lychnis apetala L. var. arctica (Fr.) Cody, Lychnis apetala L. var. glabra<br />
Regel, Mel<strong>and</strong>rium apetalum (L.) Fenzl, Mel<strong>and</strong>rium apetalum (L.) Fenzl ssp. arcticum (Fr.)<br />
Hultén, Mel<strong>and</strong>rium apetalum (L.) Fenzl var. glabrum (Regel) Hultén, Silene uralensis (Rupr.)<br />
Bocquet ssp. apetala (L.) Bocquet, Silene wahlbergella Chowdhuri, Silene wahlbergella<br />
Chowdhuri ssp. arctica (Fr.) Hultén) (apetalous catchfly, bald catchfly, Ural catchfly)<br />
Silene virginica L. var. virginica (fire-pink, Virginia catchfly)<br />
Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke (Oberna commutata (Guss.) Ikonn., Silene cucubalus Wibel, Silene<br />
inflata Sm., Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle, non Poir.) (bladder campion, <strong>common</strong> catchfly,<br />
maiden's-tears, petards)*<br />
Spergula arvensis L. (Spergula sativa Boenn.) (annual spurrey, corn spurrey, cornspurry, pine-cheat)*<br />
Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) G. Don var. canadensis (Tissa canadensis (Pers.) Britton) (annual tissa,<br />
Canada s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey, northern s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey)<br />
Spergularia maritima (All.) Chiov. (Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kittel, Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl ex<br />
Griseb.) (intermediate s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey, media s<strong>and</strong>spurry, salt-marsh s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey)*<br />
Spergularia salina J. Presl & C. Presl (Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.) (Spergularia alata Wieg<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Spergularia leiosperma (Kindb.) F. Schmidt, Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Spergularia marina<br />
(L.) Griseb. var. leiosperma (Kindb.) Guerke, Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. var. simonii O. Deg.<br />
& I. Deg., Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. var. tenuis (Greene) R.P. Rossb., Spergularia salina J.<br />
Presl & C. Presl var. tenuis (Greene) Jeps., Spergularia sparsiflora (Greene) A. Nelson,<br />
Spergularia tenuis (Greene) B.L. Rob. var. involucrata B.L. Rob., Tissa marina (L.) Britton, Tissa<br />
tenuis Greene) (coastal s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey, marine s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey, salt-marsh s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey)<br />
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. (Tissa rubra (L.) Britton) (purple s<strong>and</strong>wort, red s<strong>and</strong>-spurrey, red<br />
s<strong>and</strong>spurry)*<br />
Stellaria borealis Bigelow ssp. borealis (Alsine borealis (Bigelow) Britton, Spergulastrum lanceolatum<br />
Michx., Stellaria borealis Bigelow var. floribunda Fernald, Stellaria borealis Bigelow var. isophylla<br />
Fernald, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. ssp. interior Hultén, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.)<br />
Bong. var. floribunda (Fernald) Fernald, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. isophylla<br />
(Fernald) Fernald, Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. latifolia B. Boivin, Stellaria calycantha<br />
(Ledeb.) Bong. var. laurentiana Fernald) (boreal starwort, northern chickweed, northern stitchwort)<br />
Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. var. crassifolia (Alsine crassifolia (Ehrh.) Britton) (fleshy chickweed, fleshy-<br />
leaved chickweed, fleshy starwort, fleshy stichwort)<br />
Stellaria graminea L. (Alsine graminea (L.) Britton) (<strong>common</strong> chickweed, grass-leaved stitchwort, grass-<br />
like starwort, lesser stitchwort)*<br />
Stellaria humifusa Rottb. (Alsine humifusa (Rottb.) Britton) (low chickweed, prostrate chickweed,<br />
saltmarsh starwort, spreading chickweed)<br />
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. atrata J.W. Moore (longleaf starwort, long-leaved chickweed,<br />
long-leaved stitchwort)<br />
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. longifolia (longleaf starwort, long-leaved chickweed, long-leaved<br />
66
stitchwort)<br />
Stellaria longipes Goldie ssp. longipes (Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville, Alsine palmeri Rydb., Alsine<br />
stricta (Richardson) Rydb., Alsine validus Goodding, Stellaria dulcis Gervais, Stellaria edwardsii<br />
R. Br., Stellaria edwardsii R. Br. var. arctica (Schischkin) Hultén, Stellaria hultenii B. Boivin,<br />
Stellaria laeta Richardson, Stellaria laeta Richardson var. altocaulis (Hultén) B. Boivin, Stellaria<br />
laxmannii Fisch., Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. laeta (Richardson) S. Watson, Stellaria<br />
longipes Goldie ssp. monantha (Hultén) W.A. Weber, Stellaria longipes Goldie ssp. stricta<br />
(Richardson) W.A. Weber, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. altocaulis (Hultén) C.L. Hitchc., Stellaria<br />
longipes Goldie var. edwardsii (R. Br.) A. Gray, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. laeta (Richardson)<br />
S. Watson, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. longipes, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. monantha<br />
(Hultén) S.L. Welsh, Stellaria longipes Goldie var. subvestita (Greene) Polunin, Stellaria<br />
monantha Hultén, Stellaria monantha Hultén ssp. atlantica Hultén, Stellaria monantha Hultén var.<br />
altocaulis Hultén, Stellaria monantha Hultén var. atlantica (Hultén) B. Boivin, Stellaria palmeri<br />
(Rydb.) Tidestr., Stellaria stricta Richardson, Stellaria subvestita Greene, Stellaria valida<br />
(Goodding) J.M. Coult. & A. Nelson (lonely chickweed, long-stalked chickweed, long-<br />
stalked stitchwort, one-flowered chickweed)<br />
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ssp. media (<strong>common</strong> chickweed, satin-flower)*<br />
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ssp. pallida (Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn. (Alsine pallida Dumort., Stellaria apetala<br />
auct. non Ucria ex Roem., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. var. glaberrima G. Beck, sensu Fernald,<br />
Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép.) (<strong>common</strong> chickweed, lesser chickweed, pale chickweed, pale<br />
starwort)*<br />
Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rausch (Saponaria vaccaria L., Vaccaria pyramidata Medik., Vaccaria<br />
segetalis Garcke ex Asch., Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britton, Vaccaria vulgaris Host) (cow-cockle,<br />
cow-herb, cow soapwort, Spanish cowherb)*<br />
Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family) (separated from Amaranthaceae)<br />
Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. (Atriplex heterosperma Bunge) (Russian atriplex, twoscale saltbush)*<br />
Atriplex hortensis L. (Atriplex acuminata Waldst. & Kit., Atriplex hortensis L. ssp. nitens (Schkuhr) E.<br />
Pons, Atriplex hortensis L. var. atrosanguinea hort., Atriplex hortensis L. var. rubra L., Atriplex<br />
nitens Schkuhr, nom. illeg.) (garden orach, garden orache, mountain-spinach) (ornamental)*<br />
Atriplex laciniata L. (Atriplex sabulosa Rouy) (frosted orache, s<strong>and</strong> orach)<br />
Atriplex patula L. (annual orach, saltbush, spearscale, spear orache, spear saltbush, spreading atriplex,<br />
spreading orache)<br />
Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. (Atriplex hastata sensu Aellen, non L., Atriplex latifolia Wahlenb.,<br />
Atriplex patula L. ssp. hastata sensu H.M. Hall & Clem. 1923, non (L.) H.M. Hall & Clem., Atriplex<br />
patula L. var. hastata auct. non (L.) A. Gray, Atriplex patula L. var. triangularis (Willd.) Thorne &<br />
S.L. Welsh, Atriplex prostrata Bouchér ex DC. var. triangularis (Willd.) Rauschert, Atriplex<br />
triangularis Willd.) (prostrate orach, spear-leaved orache, triangle orache)<br />
Atriplex rosea L. (occasionally misidentified as Atriplex argentea Nutt.) (red orache, saltbush,<br />
silverscale, silvery orache, tumbling orache, tumbleweed, tumbling saltweed)*/**<br />
Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. (Atriplex patula L. ssp. hastata sensu H.M. Hall & Clem. p.p., Atriplex<br />
patula L. ssp. subspicata (Nutt.) Fosberg, Atriplex patula L. var. subspicata (Nutt.) S. Watson)<br />
67
(round-leaved orache, saline saltbush) (you have to love redundancy: “saline saltbush” )<br />
Axyris amaranthoides L. (Russian pigweed, upright axyris)*<br />
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott (Bassia sieversiana (Pall.) W.A. Weber, Kochia alata Bates, Kochia<br />
scoparia (L.) Schrad., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. culta Farw., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.<br />
var. pubescens Fenzl, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. subvillosa Moq., Kochia scoparia (L.)<br />
Schrad. var. trichophila (Stapf) L.H. Bailey, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. trichophylla (Stapf)<br />
L.H. Bailey, Kochia sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey., Kochia trichophila Stapf, Kochia trichophylla<br />
Stapf) (burning bush, kochia-weed, Mexican-fireweed, mirabel, mock cypress,<br />
summer-cypress)*/**<br />
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Beta cicla (L.) L., Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L.) (chard)*<br />
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. (Beta macrocarpa Guss.) (<strong>common</strong> beet, sugar beet,<br />
table beet)*<br />
Chenopodium album L. var. album (Chenopodium album L. var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. &<br />
Germ., Chenopodium album L. var. polymorphum Aellen, Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste &<br />
Reyn., Chenopodium giganteum D. Don, Chenopodium lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd.,<br />
Chenopodium suecicum Murr) (chou, fat-hen, lamb's quarters, pigweed, Steven‟s goosefoot, white<br />
goosefoot)*/**<br />
Chenopodium album L. var. striatum (Krasan) ?, ined. (Chenopodium strictum Roth, Chenopodium<br />
strictum Roth ssp. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Aellen & Just., Chenopodium strictum Roth var.<br />
glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl, Chenopodium strictum Roth var. striatum (Krasan) Murr) (hard<br />
goosefoot, lateflowering goosefoot, striated lamb‟s-quarters)<br />
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. ambrosioides (Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach, Chenopodium<br />
ambrosioides L. ssp. euambrosioides Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum<br />
(L.) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (L.) A. Gray, Chenopodium<br />
ambrosioides L. var. chilense (Schrad.) Speg., Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. typicum<br />
(Speg.) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. vagans (St<strong>and</strong>l.) J.T. Howell, Chenopodium<br />
obovatum Moq., Chenopodium retusum Juss. ex Moq., Teloxys ambrosioides (L.) W.A. Weber,<br />
Teloxys vagans (St<strong>and</strong>l.) W.A. Weber) (Mexican tea, wormseed)<br />
Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri Moq. var. bushianum (Aellen) Cronquist (Chenopodium bushianum Aellen,<br />
Chenopodium bushianum Aellen var. acutidentatum Aellen, Chenopodium paganum auct. non<br />
Rchb.) (Berl<strong>and</strong>ier‟s goosefoot, Bush‟s goosefoot, net-seeded lamb‟s quarters)*<br />
Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri Moq. var. macrocalycium (Aellen) Cronquist (Chenopodium macrocalycium<br />
Aellen) (Atlantic goosefoot, pitseed goosefoot)<br />
Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri Moq. var. zschackii (Murr) Murr ex Asch. (Chenopodium acerifolium Andrz.,<br />
Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri Moq. ssp. platyphyllum (Issler) Ludwig, Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri Moq. ssp.<br />
zschackii (Murr) A. Zobel, Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri Moq. var. farinosum (Ludwig) Aellen)<br />
(Zschack's goosefoot)<br />
Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. (good King Henry, perennial goosefoot, wild spinach)*<br />
Chenopodium botrys L. (Botrydium botrys (L.) Small, Teloxys botrys (L.) W.A. Weber)<br />
(feather-geranium, Jerusalem-oak, Jerusalem-oak goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers. (Blitum capitatum L.) (blite goosefoot, Indian-paint, spinach,<br />
strawberry-blite, wild spinach)<br />
68
Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nelson (Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Watson var.<br />
oblongifolium S. Watson , Chenopodium oblongifolium (S. Watson) Rydb., Chenopodium<br />
pratericola Rydb. ssp. desiccatum (A. Nelson) Aellen, Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. var.<br />
oblongifolium (S. Watson) Wahl) (aridl<strong>and</strong> goosefoot, bluntleaf desert goosefoot, New Brunswick<br />
goosefoot) (in eastern Canada, it is only in NB)<br />
Chenopodium foggii Wahl (Fogg‟s goosefoot)<br />
Chenopodium glaucum L. (oak-leaved goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium humile Hook (Chenopodium rubrum L. var. humile (Hook.) S. Watson) (low pigweed,<br />
marshl<strong>and</strong> goosefoot)(more <strong>common</strong> in Atlantic Canada)<br />
Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Watson (Chenopodium album L. var. leptophyllum Moq.)<br />
(narrow-leaved goosefoot, slender goosefoot, slim-leaved goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium murale L. (nettle-leaf goosefoot, sow-bane, wall-flower goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D.J. Koch & Ziz (Chenopodium album L. var. viride (L.) Moq.,<br />
Chenopodium suecicum auct. non Murr, Chenopodium viride L.) (gray goosefoot, round-leaved<br />
goosefoot, seaport goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium polyspermum L. var. acutifolium (Sm.) Gaudich. (manyseed goosefoot, many-seeded<br />
goosefoot, pointed manyseed goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium polyspermum L. var. polyspermum (Ontario goosefoot, Ontario manyseed goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. (Chenopodium albescens, Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nelson var.<br />
leptophylloides (Murr) Wahl, Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. ssp. eupratericola Aellen,<br />
Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. var. leptophylloides (Murr) Aellen) (Canadian narrow-leaved<br />
goosefoot, desert goosefoot)<br />
Chenopodium rubrum L. (coast blite, coast-blite-red goosefoot, red goosefoot)<br />
Chenopodium serotinum L. (Chenopodium serotinum auct. non Torner) (figleaf goosefoot, fig-leaved<br />
goosefoot) (rarely found in Ontario; more <strong>common</strong> in Quebec farms)*<br />
Chenopodium simplex (Torr) Raf. (Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen, Chenopodium hybridum auct.<br />
non L., Chenopodium hybridum L. ssp. gigantospermum (Aellen) Hultén, Chenopodium hybridum<br />
L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau, Chenopodium hybridum L. var. simplex Torr.) (bigseed<br />
goosefoot, maple-leaved goosefoot, sowbane)<br />
Chenopodium st<strong>and</strong>leyanum Aellen (Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen var. st<strong>and</strong>leyanum (Aellen)<br />
Aellen, Chenopodium hybridum L. var. st<strong>and</strong>leyanum (Aellen) Fernald) (bigseeded goosefoot,<br />
Bosc‟s Goosefoot, St<strong>and</strong>ley‟s goosefoot)<br />
Chenopodium urbicum L. (city goosefoot, upright goosefoot, weedy goosefoot)*<br />
Chenopodium vulvaria L. (stinking goosefoot)*<br />
Corispermum americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. var. americanum (Corispermum marginale Rydb. p.p.,<br />
Corispermum orientale auct. non Lam., Corispermum simplicissimum Lunell) (American bugseed)<br />
Corispermum americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. var. rydbergii Mosyakin (Corispermum hyssopifolium L. p.p.,<br />
Corispermum nitidum auct. non Kit. ex Schult.) (hyssop bugseed, Rydberg‟s bugseed, shiny<br />
bugseed (although <strong>of</strong>ten claimed to exist in the northeast, hence it is still <strong>list</strong>ed here, reports north<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nebraska are probably false – likely confused with other Corispermum species)<br />
Corispermum pallasii Steven (Corispermum leptopterum (Asch.) Iljin, Corispermum sibiricum Iljin p.p.)<br />
(Pallas‟ bugseed, Siberian bugseed)<br />
69
Corispermum villosum Rydb. (Corispermum emarginatum Rydb., Corispermum hyssopifolium L. var.<br />
emarginatum (Rydb.) B. Boivin, Corispermum orientale Lam. var. emarginatum (Rydb.) J.F.<br />
Macbr. (hyssop-leaved bugseed, villose bugseed)<br />
Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J.M. Coult. (Kochia atriplicifolia Spreng.) (winged pigweed, windroller,<br />
wind-roller)<br />
Polycnemum majus A. Braun (Polycnemum arvense L. var. simplex Wallr.) (giant needleleaf,<br />
polycnemum goosefoot)*<br />
Salicornia majus A. Braun (larger sea blite)<br />
Salicornia maritima S.L. Wolff & Jeff. Salicornia europaea auct. non L., Salicornia europaea L. var.<br />
prostrata auct. non (Pall.) Fernald, Salicornia herbacea auct. non (L.) L., Salicornia prostrata auct.<br />
non Pall., Salicornia ramosissima auct. non J. Woods) (chickenclaws, jointed glasswort, low sea<br />
blite, maritime glasswort, pickleweed, pigeonfoot, samphire, slender grasswort)<br />
Salsola collina Pall. (katune, samphire thistle, slender Russian thistle, thistle, tumbleweed)*<br />
Salsola kali L. ssp. kali (Salsola caroliniana Walter, Salsola kali L. var. caroliniana (Walter) Nutt.)<br />
(barilla-plant, <strong>common</strong> saltwort, Russian thistle, tumbleweed)*/**<br />
Salsola tragus L. (Salsola australis R. Br., Salsola iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botsch. ex Czerep,. Salsola<br />
kali L. ssp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó, Salsola kali L. ssp. tenuifolia Moq., Salsola kali L. ssp. tragus (L.)<br />
Celak., Salsola pestifer A. Nelson, Salsola ruthenica Iljin) (prickly Russian thistle, Russian thistle,<br />
tumbleweed)*<br />
Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach)*<br />
Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook) Moq. (Dondia depressa auct. non (Pursh) Britton, Schoberia occidentalis<br />
S. Watson, Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fernald, Suaeda depressa auct. non (Pursh) S.<br />
Watson, Suaeda depressa (Pursh) S. Watson var. erecta S. Watson, Suaeda maritima (L.)<br />
Dumort. var. americana (Pers.) B. Boivin, Suaeda minutiflora S. Watson, Suaeda occidentalis (S.<br />
Watson) S. Watson) (plains seablite, Pursh seepweed, slender glasswort, samphire, true<br />
samphire, western seablite)<br />
Molluginaceae (carpetweed family) (sometimes combined with Aizoaceae)<br />
Mollugo verticillata L. (Mollugo berteriana Ser.) (carpetweed, Indian chickweed, whorled carpetweed)*/**<br />
Nyctaginaceae (four-o'clock family)<br />
Mirabilis jalapa L. (Mirabilis jalapa L. ssp. lindheimeri St<strong>and</strong>l., Mirabilis lindheimeri (St<strong>and</strong>l.) Shinners<br />
(marvel-<strong>of</strong>-Peru, Peruvian four-o'clock)<br />
Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh.) MacMill. (Allionia hirsuta Pursh, Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet) (hairy<br />
four-o'clock, hairy umbrella-wort)<br />
Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill (Allionia nyctaginea Michx., Mirabilis collina Shinners, Oxybaphus<br />
nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet) (heartleaf four o'clockm heart-leaved umbrella-wort, wild four o‟clock)<br />
Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed family)<br />
Phytolacca americana L. var. americana (Phytolacca dec<strong>and</strong>ra L.) (American pokeweed, garget,<br />
pigeonberry, poke, pokeberry, pokeweed, scoke)<br />
70
Portulacacaeae (portulaca family, purslane family)<br />
Claytonia caroliniana Michx. var. caroliniana (Carolina spring beauty, wide-leaved spring beauty)<br />
Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica (Claytonia media (DC.) Link, Claytonia robusta (Somes) Rydb)<br />
(meeautikaeugpineeg, narrow-leaved spring beauty, Virginia spring beauty)<br />
Montia fontana L. (Claytonia fontana (L.) R.J. Davis, Montia dipetala Suksd. Montia hallii (A. Gray)<br />
Greene, Montia lamprosperma Cham., Montia minor C.C. Gmel., Montia rivularis Gmel.<br />
[excluded], Montia verna Neck. (annual water minerslettuce, blinking chickweed, blinks,<br />
Newfoundl<strong>and</strong>-blinks, Nova Scotia-blinks, water-blinks)<br />
Portulaca gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Hook. (garden purslane, garden portulaca, larger purslane, rose moss)*/**<br />
Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulaca neglecta Mack. & Bush, Portulaca retusa Engelm.) (<strong>common</strong> purslane,<br />
little hogweed, pusley, yellow purslane)*/**<br />
Order Plumbaginales<br />
Plumbaginaceae (leadwort family, plumbago family, sea-lavender family)<br />
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. (foxflower, thrift, thrift seapink)<br />
Limonium nashii Small. (Limonium angustatum (A. Gray) Small, Limonium nashii Small, Limonium<br />
obtusilobum S.F. Blake, Limonium trichogonum S.F. Blake) (lavender thrift, marsh rosemary,<br />
sea-lavender) (native <strong>and</strong> also cultivated as an ornamental [*] inl<strong>and</strong>)<br />
Order Polygonales (sometimes combined with Order Caryophyllales)<br />
Polygonaceae (buckwheat family, knotweed family, smartweed family)<br />
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. (Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst., Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib.,<br />
Fagopyrum vulgare Hill, Polygonum fagopyrum L.) (buckwheat, <strong>common</strong> buckwheat)*<br />
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. (Polygonum tataricum L.) (Tarary buckwheat)*<br />
Koenigia isl<strong>and</strong>ica L. (Macounastrum isl<strong>and</strong>icum (L.) Small (false purslane, Icel<strong>and</strong> purslane, isl<strong>and</strong><br />
knotweed, isl<strong>and</strong> purslane, koenigia, macounastrum)<br />
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (Rumex digyna L.) (alpine mountainsorrel mountain-sorrel) (NF, NB, QC in<br />
eastern Canada)<br />
Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissner (Delopyrum articulatum (L.) Small, Polygonum articulatum L.) (coast<br />
jointweed) (despite the name, this is not found in NF or NS)<br />
Polygonum achoreum Blake (Polygonum erectum L. ssp. achoreum (S.F. Blake) A. Löve & D. Löve)<br />
(leathery knotweed, striate knotweed)<br />
Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. (Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray p.p., Persicaria amphibia<br />
(L.) Gray var. emersa (Michx.) J.C. Hickman, Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene,<br />
Persicaria muehlenbergii (S. Watson) Small, Polygonum amphibium L. var. coccineum (Muhl. ex<br />
Willd.) Farw., Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd., Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var.<br />
pratincola (Greene) Stanford, Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. terrestre Willd.,<br />
Polygonum muehlenbergii S. Watson, Polygonum muehlenbergii S. Watson var. terrestre (Willd.)<br />
Trel. (amphibious bistort, longroot smartweed, water smartweed)<br />
Polygonum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman (Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray var. stipulacea (N.<br />
71
Coleman) H. Hara, Persicaria mesochora Greene, Persicaria nebraskensis Greene, Polygonum<br />
amphibium L. ssp. laevimarginatum Hultén, Polygonum amphibium L. var. hartwrightii (A. Gray)<br />
Bissell, Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. rigidulum (Sheldon) Stanford, Polygonum<br />
fluitans Eaton, Polygonum hartwrightii A. Gray, Polygonum inundatum Raf., Polygonum natans<br />
Eaton) (amphibious bistort, rigid water knotweed, water smartweed)<br />
Polygonum arenastrum Jordan ex Boreau (Polygonum aequale Lindm., Polygonum aviculare L. var.<br />
arenastrum (Jord. ex Boreau) Rouy, Polygonum montereyense Brenckle) (oval-leaf knotweed,<br />
weedy knotgrass)*<br />
Polygonum arifolium L. (Persicaria arifolia (L.) Harolds., Polygonum arifolium L. var. lentiforme Fernald &<br />
Grisc., Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fernald, Tracaulon arifolium (L.) Raf.)<br />
(halberd-leaved tearthumb, scratchgrass)<br />
Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonum aviculare L. var. vegetum Ledeb., Polygonum heterophyllum Lindl.,<br />
Polygonum monspeliense Pers.) (<strong>common</strong> knotgrass, doorweed, pink-weed, prostrate<br />
knotweed)*/**<br />
Polygonum bellardii All. (Polygonum aviculare L. var. angustissimum Meisn., Polygonum neglectum<br />
Besser, Polygonum provinciale K. Koch, Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau) (doorweed,<br />
narrow-leaved knotweed) (* in the USA)<br />
Polygonum bistorta L. var. bistorta (Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp.) (double-twist, meadow bistort, Scotia-<br />
twist)*/** (NS & NF in Canada)<br />
Polygonum buxiforme Small (Polygonum aviculare L. var. littorale auct. non (Link) Mert,.Polygonum<br />
littorale auct. non Link) (box-knotgrass, salt-marsh knotweed, shore-knotweed)<br />
Polygonum cespitosum Blume var. longisetum (Bruijn) A.N. Steward (Persicaria caespitosa (Blume)<br />
Nakai var. longiseta (Bruijn) C.F. Reed, orth. var., Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag., Polygonum<br />
caespitosum Blume var. longisetum (Bruijn) A.N. Steward, orth. var., Polygonum longisetum<br />
Bruijn) (bristly smartweed, long-bristled knotweed, Oriental lady's thumb, tufted smartweed)*<br />
Polygonum careyi Ilney (Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene) (Carey's knotweed, Carey‟s persicaria)<br />
Polygonum cilinode Michx. (Bilderdykia cilinodis (Michx.) Greene, Bilderdykia cilinodis (Michx.) Greene<br />
var. laevigata (Fernald) C.F. Reed, Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub, Polygonum cilinode Michx.<br />
var. laevigatum Fernald, Reynoutria cilinodis (Michx.) Shinners, Tiniaria cilinodis (Michx.) Small)<br />
(climbing black knotweed, fringed black bindweed, fringed black knotweed)<br />
Polygonum convolvulus L. var. convolvulus (Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort., Fallopia convolvulus<br />
(L.) A. Löve, Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) Shinners, Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moq.) (black<br />
bindweed, false bindweed, wild buckwheat)*/**<br />
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., Pleuropterus cuspidatus<br />
(Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke, Pleuropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small, Polygonum cuspidatum<br />
Siebold & Zucc. var. compactum (Hook. f.) L.H. Bailey, Polygonum zuccarinii Small, Reynoutria<br />
japonica Houtt.) (Japanese knotweed, Mexican bamboo)*/**<br />
Polygonum douglasii Greene ssp. douglasii (Polygonum buxiforme Small var. montanum (Small) R.J.<br />
Davis, Polygonum douglasii Greene var. latifolium (Engelm.) Greene, Polygonum emaciatum A.<br />
Nelson, Polygonum montanum Small (Douglas' knotweed)<br />
Polygonum erectum L. (Polygonum aviculare L. var. erectum (L.) Roth ex Meisn.) (erect knotweed, tall<br />
knotweed)<br />
72
Polygonum fowleri B.L. Rob. ssp. fowleri (Polygonum buxifolium Nutt. ex Bong.) (Fowler's knotgrass,<br />
Fowler‟s knotweed)<br />
Polygonum fowleri B.L. Rob. ssp. hudsonianum (S.J. Wolf & McNeill) Costea & Tardif (Polygonum<br />
caurianum B.L. Rob. ssp. hudsonianum S.J. Wolf & McNeill, Polygonum hudsonianum (S.J. Wolf<br />
& McNeill) H. Hinds) Fowler's knotgrass, Fowler‟s knotweed)<br />
Polygonum hydropiper L. (Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz, Polygonum hydropiper L. var. projectum<br />
Stanford) (<strong>common</strong> smartweed, hydropiper, marsh-pepper smartweed, water-pepper)*<br />
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (Persicaria opelousana (Riddell ex Small) Small, Persicaria<br />
paludicola Small, Persicaria persicarioides (Kunth) Small) (mild smartweed, mild water pepper,<br />
swamp smartweed)<br />
Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Persicaria incarnata (Elliot) Small, Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray,<br />
Persicaria tomentosa (Schrank) E.P. Bicknell, Polygonum incanum F.W. Schmidt, Polygonum<br />
incarnatum Elliot, Polygonum nodosum Pers., Polygonum oneillii Brenckle, Polygonum<br />
pensylvanicum L. ssp. oneillii (Brenckle) Hultén, Polygonum scabrum Moench, Polygonum<br />
tomentosum Schrank) (curlytop knotweed, dock-leaved smartweed, green smartweed, harsh<br />
knotweed, harsh smartweed, nodding smartweed, pale smartweed) (* in Canada)<br />
Polygonum orientale L. (ersicaria orientalis (L.) Assenov, Polygonum spaethii Dammer) (kiss me over<br />
the garden gate, Prince's-feather, princess-feather, Prince‟s-plume knotweed) (ornamental)*<br />
Polygonum oxyspermum Mey. & Bunge. (Polygonum graminifolium Wierzb. ex Heuffel) (Ray‟s<br />
knotgrass, sharp-fruited smartweed)* (only in NS)<br />
Polygonum pensylvanicum L. (Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl., Persicaria longistyla (Small) Small,<br />
Persicaria mississippiensis (Stanford) Small, Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small, Persicaria<br />
pensylvanica (L.) Small var. dura (Stanford) C.F. Reed, Polygonum bicorne Raf., Polygonum<br />
longistylum Small, Polygonum longistylum Small var. omissum (Greene) Stanford, Polygonum<br />
mexicanum auct. non Small, Polygonum mississippiense Stanford) (Pennsylvania smartweed,<br />
pink knotweed, pinkweed)<br />
Polygonum persicaria L. (Persicaria maculata (Raf.) Gray, Persicaria maculosa Gray, Persicaria<br />
persicaria (L.) Small, Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F. Reed, Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F.<br />
Reed var. vulgaris (Webb & Moq.) C.F. Reed, Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq., Polygonum<br />
dubium Stein, Polygonum fusiforme Greene, Polygonum minus auct. non Huds., Polygonum<br />
minus Huds. var. subcontinuum (Meisn.) Fernald, Polygonum persicaria L. var. angustifolium<br />
Beckh., Polygonum persicaria L. var. ruderale (Salisb.) Meisn., Polygonum puritanorum Fernald<br />
(heart's-ease, lady's-thumb, redleg, redshank, spotted ladysthumb)*/**<br />
Polygonum punctatum Elliot var. punctatum (Persicaria punctata (Elliot) Small, Persicaria punctata<br />
(Elliot) Small var. eciliata Small, Polygonum acre Kunth, Polygonum punctatum Elliot var. aquatile<br />
(Mart.) Fernald, Polygonum punctatum Elliot var. ellipticum Fassett, Polygonum punctatum Elliot<br />
var. parviflorum Fassett) (dotted smartweed, water-smartweed)<br />
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. prolificum Small (Polygonum prolificum (Small) B.L. Rob.) (bushy<br />
knotweed, tall knotweed)<br />
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. ramosissimum (Polygonum allocarpum S.F. Blake, Polygonum<br />
atlanticum (B.L. Rob.) E.P. Bicknell p.p., Polygonum autumnale Brenckle, Polygonum exsertum<br />
auct. non Small. p.p., Polygonum interius Brenckle, Polygonum triangulum E.P. Bicknell) (bushy<br />
73
knotweed, tall knotweed)<br />
Polygonum raii Bab. (Polygonum oxyspermum C.A. Mey. & Bunge ex Ledeb. ssp. raii (Bab.) Webb &<br />
Chater) (Atlantic smartweed, Ray's beach smartweed, Ray‟s knotweed)<br />
Polygonum sachalinense F Schidt ex Maxim. (Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Ronse<br />
Decr., Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex Maxim.) Nakai) (giant knotweed, sachaline,<br />
Sakahalin knotweed)*<br />
Polygonum sagittatum L. (Persicaria sagittata (L.) Gross., Polygonum sagittatum L. var. gracilentum<br />
Fernald, Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small, Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small var. gracilentum<br />
(Fernald) C.F. Reed, Truellum sagittatum (L.) Soják) (arrow-leaved smartweed, arrow-leaved<br />
tearthumb, arrow-vine, teargrass)<br />
Polygonum sc<strong>and</strong>ens L. var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason (Bilderdykia dumetorum (L.) Dumort., Polygonum<br />
dumetorum L., Reynoutria sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.) Shinners var. dumetorum (L.) Shinners, Tiniaria<br />
dumetorum (L.) Opiz) (climbing false buckwheat, hedge smartweed)<br />
Polygonum sc<strong>and</strong>ens L. var. sc<strong>and</strong>ens (Bilderdykia sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.) Greene, Fallopia sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.)<br />
Holub, Polygonum dumetorum L. var. sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.) A. Gray, Reynoutria sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.) Shinners,<br />
Tiniaria sc<strong>and</strong>ens (L.) Small) (climbing false buckwheat)<br />
Polygonum tenue (pleatleaf knotweed, slender knotweed)<br />
Polygonum virginianum L. (Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier, Persicaria virginiana (L.)<br />
Gaertn., Polygonum virginianum L. var. glaberrimum (Fernald) Steyerm., Tovara virginiana (L.)<br />
Raf., Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. var. glaberrima Fernald) (jumpseed, tovara, Virginia knotweed)<br />
Polygonum viviparum L. (Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray, Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr., Polygonum<br />
fugax Small, Polygonum macounii Small ex Macoun, Polygonum viviparum L. var. alpinum<br />
Wahlenb., Polygonum viviparum L. var. macounii (Small ex Macoun) Hultén) (alpine bistort, alpine<br />
smartweed)<br />
Rheum rhabarbarum L. (Rheum rhaponticum auct. non L.) (garden rhubarb)*<br />
Rumex acetosa L. ssp. acetosa (garden-sorrel, sour dock)*<br />
Rumex acetosa L. ssp. thyrsiflorus (Fingerh.) Hayek (Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh) (garden-sorrel, sour<br />
dock)*<br />
Rumex acetosella L. (Acetosella acetosella (L.) Small, Acetosella tenuifolia (Wallr.) A. Löve, Acetosella<br />
vulgaris Fourr., Rumex acetosella L. ssp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb., Rumex acetosella L. var.<br />
pyrenaeus (Pourr.) Timbal-Lagrave, Rumex acetosella L. var. tenuifolius Wallr., Rumex<br />
angiocarpus Murb., Rumex tenuifolius (Wallr.) A. Löve) (<strong>common</strong> sorrel, dioecious sorrel, field<br />
sorrel, little sorrel, sheep sorrel)*<br />
Rumex alpinus L. (alpine dock, Munk's rhubarb, Nova Scotia dock)* (NS ME VT)<br />
Rumex altissimus Wood. (Rumex britannica Meisn., non L., Rumex brittanicus Meisn., orth. var., Rumex<br />
ellipticus Greene) (pale dock, peach-leaved dock)<br />
Rumex aquaticus L. var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn (Rumex aquaticus L. ssp. fenestratus (Greene)<br />
Hultén, Rumex aquaticus L. ssp. occidentalis (S. Watson) Hultén, Rumex fenestratus Greene,<br />
Rumex subalpinus M.E. Jones) (Cordillera dock, subalpine dock, water dock, western dock,<br />
window dock)<br />
Rumex conglomeratus Murray (cluster-dock, clustered dock, smaller green dock)*<br />
Rumex x crispo-obtusifolius Meissner (crispus x obtusifolius) (bitter yellow dock)* (some controversy<br />
74
over the provenance <strong>and</strong> existence <strong>of</strong> this hybrid; it has been dropped by recent florae)<br />
Rumex crispus L. ssp. crispus (curled dock, curly dock, curly-leaf dock, sour dock, yellow dock)*/**<br />
Rumex dentatus L. (dentate dock, false fiddle-dock, fiddle dock, toothed dock)*<br />
Rumex longifolius DC. (Rumex domesticus Hartm.) (dooryard dock, longleaf-dock, long-leaved dock,<br />
yard dock)*<br />
Rumex maritimus L. (Rumex fueginus Phil., Rumex persicarioides L.) (golden dock, sea dock,<br />
smartweed-dock) (despite the specific epithet, this species is <strong>common</strong> in all <strong>of</strong> northern North<br />
America)<br />
Rumex obtusifolius L. (Acetosa oblongifolia (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (bitter dock, broad dock,<br />
broad-leaved dock)*<br />
Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray (great water dock) (probably not in Canada)<br />
Rumex pallidus Rigel. (large-tubercled dock, pale dock, seabeach dock, seaside dock, white dock)<br />
Rumex patientia L. (garden patience, patience-dock)*<br />
Rumex pseudonatronatus Borba (Rumex fennicus (Murb.) Murb.) (field dock)*<br />
Rumex sanguineus L. (bloody dock, red-veined dock)*/**<br />
Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc. (Rumex mexicanus Meisn., Rumex<br />
mexicanus Meisn. var. angustifolius (Meisn.) B. Boivin, Rumex mexicanus Meisn. var. subarcticus<br />
(Lepage) B. Boivin, Rumex quadrangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f., Rumex salicifolius Weinm. ssp.<br />
triangulivalvis Danser, Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) C.L. Hitchc., Rumex<br />
subarcticus LePage, Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f., Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser)<br />
Rech. f. var. oreolapathum Rech. f.) (Mexican dock, willow-leaved dock)<br />
Rumex verticillatus L. (Rumex fascicularis Small, Rumex floridanus Meisn.) (bundle-dock, swamp-dock,<br />
water-dock)<br />
Subclass Dilleniidae<br />
Order Capparales<br />
Brassicaceae [Cruciferae] (crucifer family, mustard family) (need )<br />
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb) Cav. & Gran. (Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britton, Alliaria <strong>of</strong>ficinalis Andrz. ex M. Bieb.,<br />
Erysimum alliaria L., Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop.) (garlic mustard)*/**<br />
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. (Alyssum calycinum L., Clypeola alyssoides L.) (alyssum mustard, pale<br />
madwort, small alyssum, yellow alyssum)*<br />
Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit. (rock alyssum, wall-alyssum, yellowtuft)*<br />
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyn. (Arabis thaliana L., Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & Monn.)<br />
(mouse-ear cress, wall-cress) (in Ontario, it is found on Lake Erie shores)*<br />
Arabis alpina L. (Arabis albida Stev., Arabis alpina L. var. albida (Stev.) Paoletti, Arabis alpina L. var.<br />
glabrata Blytt, Arabis caucasica Willd. (alpine rock-cress, snow-drift, upl<strong>and</strong> rock cress)<br />
Arabis canadensis L. (sicklepod)<br />
Arabis x divaricarpa A. Nelson (pro sp.) [drummondii x holboellii] (Arabis acutina Greene, Arabis confinis<br />
S. Watson var. interposita (Greene) S.L. Welsh & Reveal, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var.<br />
dechamplainii B. Boivin, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. interposita (Greene) Rollins, Arabis<br />
75
divaricarpa A. Nelson var. stenocarpa M. Hopkins, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. typica<br />
Rollins, Arabis interposita Greene, Boechera divaricarpa (A. Nelson) A. Löve & D. Löve (divaricate<br />
rock-cress, plit-seed mustard, spreadingpod rockcress)<br />
Arabis drummondii Gray (Arabis brachycarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Britton, Arabis confinis S. Watson,<br />
Arabis connexa Greene, Arabis drummondii A. Gray var. connexa (Greene) Fernald, Arabis<br />
drummondii A. Gray var. oxyphylla (Greene) M. Hopkins, Arabis oxyphylla Greene, Boechera<br />
angustifolia (Nutt.) Dorn, Boechera brachycarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Dorn, Boechera drummondii (A.<br />
Gray) A. Löve & D. Löve, Erysimum drummondii (A. Gray) Kuntze, Turritis drummondii (A. Gray)<br />
Lunell (Drummond‟s arabis, Drummond's mustard, Drummond‟s rock-cress)<br />
Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. (Turritis glabra L.) (tower cress, tower mustard, tower rockcress)<br />
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins (Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. ssp.<br />
pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Hultén, Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. adpressipilis (M. Hopkins) Rollins,<br />
Arabis ovata sensu Small, non Michx., Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins, Arabis pycnocarpa M.<br />
Hopkins var. adpressipilis M. Hopkins (creamflower rockcress, hairy arabis, hairy rock cress)<br />
Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. collinsii (Fernald) Rollins (Arabis bourgovii Rydb., Arabis collinsii Fernald,<br />
Arabis dacotica Greene, Arabis divaricarpa A. Nelson var. dacotica (Greene) B. Boivin, Arabis<br />
retr<strong>of</strong>racta Graham var. collinsii (Fernald) B. Boivin, Boechera collinsii (Fernald) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve, Boechera holboellii (Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. collinsii (Fernald) Dorn (Collins‟<br />
rockcress)<br />
Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. retr<strong>of</strong>racta (Graham) Rydb. (Arabis arcuata (Nutt.) A. Gray var. secunda<br />
(Howell) B.L. Rob., Arabis caduca A. Nelson, Arabis consanguinea Greene, Arabis exilis A.<br />
Nelson, Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. consanguinea (Greene) G. Mulligan, Arabis holboellii<br />
Hornem. var. secunda (Howell) Jeps., Arabis holboellii Hornem. var. tenuis Böcher, Arabis kochii<br />
Blank., Arabis lignipes A. Nelson, Arabis mcdougalii Rydb., Arabis polyantha Greene, Arabis<br />
retr<strong>of</strong>racta Graham, Arabis retr<strong>of</strong>racta Graham var. multicaulis B. Boivin, Arabis rhodanthus<br />
Greene, Arabis secunda Howell, Arabis tenuis Greene, Boechera exilis (A. Nelson) Dorn,<br />
Boechera holboellii (Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. retr<strong>of</strong>racta (Graham) Dorn, Boechera<br />
holboellii (Hornem.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. secunda (Howell) Dorn, Boechera retr<strong>of</strong>racta<br />
(Graham) A. Löve & D. Löve, Boechera tenuis (Böcher) A. Löve & D. Löve (Holboell's rock cress,<br />
second rockcress)<br />
Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. var. laevigata (Arabis heterophylla Nutt., Arabis lyrifolia DC.,<br />
Turritis laevigata Muhl. ex Willd.) (smooth arabis, smooth rock cress)<br />
Arabis lyrata L. (Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, Arabis lyrata L. var. glabra (DC.) M.<br />
Hopkins) (lyre-leaved rock cress)<br />
Arabis media N. Busch (Arabis arenicola (Richardson ex Hook.) Gelert var. pubescens auct. non (S.<br />
Watson) Gelert) (Arctic rock cress, s<strong>and</strong> rockcress) (I‟ve only seen it in Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> outside <strong>of</strong><br />
its most <strong>common</strong> habitats in Alaska)<br />
Arabis shortii (Fern.) Gleason (Arabis dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray, Arabis dentata (Torr.) Torr. & A.<br />
Gray var. phalacrocarpa M. Hopkins, Arabis perstellata E.L. Braun var. phalacrocarpa (M.<br />
Hopkins) Fernald, Arabis perstellata E.L. Braun var. shortii Fernald, Arabis shortii (Fernald)<br />
Gleason var. phalacrocarpa (M. Hopkins) Steyerm., Iodanthus dentatus (Torr.) Greene,<br />
Sisymbrium dentatum Torr.) (Short's mustard, Short‟s rock-cress)<br />
76
Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Armoracia armoracia (L.) Britton, Armoracia<br />
lapathifolia Gilib., Cochlearia armoracia L., Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fr., Radicula armoracia (L.)<br />
B.L. Rob., Rorippa armoracia (L.) Hitchc.) (horseradish, red cole) *<br />
Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. (Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br., Alyssum saxatile L., Alyssum saxatile L. var.<br />
compactum hort.) (basket-<strong>of</strong>-gold, golden-tuft, rock madwort) (ornamental)*<br />
Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. (Barbarea americana Rydb., Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. var. dolichocarpa<br />
Fernald) (American yellorocket, cress, golden rockets, northern winter-cress, straight-horned<br />
winter-cress)<br />
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Rchb., Barbarea stricta auct.<br />
non Andrz., Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Fr., Barbarea<br />
vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud, Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton var.<br />
longisiliquosa Carion, Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton var. sylvestris Fr., Campe barbarea (L.) W.<br />
Wight ex Piper, Campe stricta auct. non (Andrz.) W. Wight ex Piper) (<strong>common</strong> winter cress,<br />
garden yellowrocket, yellow rocket)*<br />
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. (Alyssum incanum L.) (false alyssum, hoary alyssum)*<br />
Brassica alboglabra L.H. Bailey (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (L.H. Bailey) Musil) (Chinese<br />
kale)*<br />
Brassica chinensis L. (Brassica oleracea L. var. chinensis (L.) Prain) (pak choi)*<br />
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) O.E.Schulz, non Rupr., Brassica integrifolia<br />
Rupr., Brassica japonica Thunb., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. crispifolia L.H. Bailey, Brassica<br />
juncea (L.) Czern. var. japonica (Thunb.) L.H. Bailey, Brassica willdenowii Boiss., Sinapis juncea<br />
L.) (brown mustard, Chinese mustard, curled mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard)*<br />
Brassica napus L. var. napus (Brassica napobrassica (L.) Mill., Brassica napus L. var. annua W.D.J.<br />
Koch, Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Delile (rape,<br />
rutabega)*<br />
Brassica napus L. (colza, rape, turnip)*<br />
Brassica nigra (L.) W.J.D. Koch. (Sinapis nigra L.) (black mustard)*<br />
Brassica oleracea L. (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)<br />
(cabbage)*<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. (broccoli)*<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC. (Brassica oleracea L. var. tronchuda L.H. Bailey) (tronchuda<br />
cabbage)*<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC. (brussel sprouts)*<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. (Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa DC.) (kohlrabi)*<br />
Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck (sprouting broccoli)*<br />
Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (Brassica campestris L., Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera (Metzger)<br />
Sinsk., Brassica campestris L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm., Brassica rapa L. ssp. campestris (L.)<br />
Clapham, Brassica rapa L. ssp. olifera DC., Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa, Brassica rapa L. ssp.<br />
rapifera Metzger, Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris Janchen, Brassica rapa L. var. campestris (L.)<br />
W.D.J. Koch, Caulanthus sulfureus Payson) (birdrape, bird‟s-rape, rape, rapeseed, field mustard,<br />
turnip mustard, wild turnip)*<br />
Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs (Brassica campestris L. var. oleifera DC,. Brassica rapa L.<br />
77
var. oleifera DC.) (colza)*<br />
Brassica rapa L. var. trilocularis (Roxb.) Kitam. (Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain, Brassica rapa<br />
L. ssp. sarson (Prain) Denford, Brassica trilocularis (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thomson) (brown sarson,<br />
sarson)*<br />
Brassica septiceps (L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey (Brassica rapa L. var. septiceps L.H. Bailey) (seventop<br />
turnip)*<br />
Braya glabella Richardson ssp. glabella (Braya alpina Sternb. & Hoppe var. americana (Hook.) S.<br />
Watson, Braya alpina Sternb. & Hoppe var. glabella (Richardson) S. Watson, Braya americana<br />
(Hook.) Fernald, Braya arctica Hook., Braya bartlettiana Jordal, Braya henryae Raup, Braya<br />
humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. americana (Hook.) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L.<br />
Rob. var. glabella (Richardson) B. Boivin) (smooth northern rockcress)<br />
Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. edentula var. edentula (Bunias edentula Bigelow, Cakile<br />
americana Nutt., Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. californica (A. Heller) Hultén, Cakile<br />
edentula (Bigelow) Hook. var. californica (A. Heller) Fernald) (American sea rocket)<br />
Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. edentula var. lacustris Fernald (Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook.<br />
ssp. lacustris (Fernald) Hultén, Cakile lacustris (Fernald) Pobed.) (American searocket, Great<br />
Lakes rocket, lakerocket, Ontario searocket)<br />
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. microcarpa (Andrz. ex DC.) E.<br />
Schmid) (littlepod false flax, small-fruited false flax, small-seeded false flax)*<br />
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. sativa (Camelina parodii Ibarra & La Porte, Myagrum sativum L.)<br />
(gold-<strong>of</strong>-pleasure, sown false flax)*<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton, Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton<br />
var. bifida Crép., Bursa gracilis Gren., Capsella rubella Reut., Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.) (fire root,<br />
medic, medik, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> shepherd's purse, pick-pocket, red shovelweed, shepherd's purse,<br />
shkodaedjeebik)*<br />
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl.,<br />
Arabis rhomboidea Pers., Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC.) (bulbous bittercress, bulbous<br />
cress, spring cress)<br />
Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. (Cardamine laciniata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph. Wood, Dentaria<br />
concatenata Michx., Dentaria concatenata Michx. var. coalescens Fernald, Dentaria laciniata<br />
Muhl. ex Willd., Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. var. integra (O.E. Schulz) Fernald)<br />
(aemaushtaunishaessiwung, cut-leaved toothwort, five-parted toothwort)<br />
Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood (Dentaria diphylla Michx., Dentaria incisa Small) (broad-leaved<br />
toothwort, crinkleroot, pepperwort, two-leaved toothwort)<br />
Cardamine douglassii Britton (limestone bittercress, purple cress)<br />
Cardamine flexuosa With. (Cardamine hirsuta L. ssp. flexuosa (With.) Forbes & Hemsl., Cardamine<br />
konaensis H. St. John) (woodl<strong>and</strong> bittercress)*<br />
Cardamine hirsuta L. (hairy bitter-cress, hairy cress)*<br />
Cardamine impatiens L. (cardamine, jewel-cress, narrowleaf bittercress)*<br />
Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Alph. Wood (Nutt) Wd (Dentaria maxima Nutt.; some claim it is a hybrid <strong>of</strong><br />
concentata x diphylla) (lamb's wort, large toothwort)<br />
Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britton) O.E. Schulz (Cardamine arenicola Britton) (s<strong>and</strong><br />
78
ittercress, s<strong>and</strong> cress, small-flowered bitter-cress, small-flowered cress)<br />
Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. (Pennsylvania bitter-cress)<br />
Cardamine pratensis L. var. angustifolia Hook. (Cardamine nymanii G<strong>and</strong>og., Cardamine pratensis L.<br />
ssp. angustifolia (Hook.) O.E. Schulz) (<strong>common</strong> meadow bitter-cress, cuckoo-flower, lady's<br />
smock)<br />
Cardamine pratensis L. var. pratensis (Cardamine palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Peterm., Cardamine<br />
pratensis L. var. palustris Wimm. & Grab.) (cuckoo-flower, showy cuckoo-flower)<br />
Cardaria chalepensis (L.) H<strong>and</strong>.-Maz. (Cardaria chalapensis (L.) H<strong>and</strong>.-Maz., orth. var., Cardaria draba<br />
(L.) Desv. ssp. chalapensis (L.) O.E. Schulz, orth. var., Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. ssp.<br />
chalepensis (L.) O.E. Schulz, Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. var. repens (Schrenk) O.E. Schulz,<br />
Cardaria repens (Schrenk) Jarmolenko, Lepidium draba L. ssp. chalepense (L.) Thell., Lepidium<br />
repens (Schrenk) Boiss. (lens-podded hoary cress, lenspod whitetop)<br />
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Lepidium draba L., Lepidium draba L. ssp. draba) (cranson, draba-like hoary-<br />
cress, false lens-podded whitetop, false peppergrass, heart-podded hoary cress, , whitlow<br />
pepperwort)*<br />
Cochlearia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (Cochlearia cyclocarpa Blake) [excluded] (Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> round-fruited<br />
scurvygrass, round-fruited scurvygrass)* (reports are likely false; probably confused with<br />
Cochlearia groenl<strong>and</strong>ica)<br />
Cochlearia groenl<strong>and</strong>ica L. (Cochlearia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. ssp. arctica (Schltdl.) Hultén, Cochlearia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
L. ssp. groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (L.) A.E. Porsild, Cochlearia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. ssp. oblongifolia (DC.) Hultén,<br />
Cochlearia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. var. arctica (Schltdl.) Gelert, Cochleariopsis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (L.) A. Löve &<br />
D. Löve, Cochleariopsis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve ssp. arctica (Schltdl.) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve, Cochleariopsis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve ssp. oblongifolia (DC.) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve) (Danish scurvygrass, Greenl<strong>and</strong> scurvy-grass, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> scurvygrass, scurvygrass)<br />
Cochlearia tridactylites Banks ex DC. (Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> three-fingered scurvygrass, three-fingered<br />
scurvygrass)<br />
Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort (Brassica orientalis L.) (Eastern hare's-ear mustard, hare‟s-ear mustard,<br />
treacle mustard)*<br />
Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith (Carara didyma (L.) Britton, Lepidium didymum L.) (lesser swinecress,<br />
lesser wart-cress, skunk-cress, swine-cress, wart-cress)*<br />
Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. (Carara coronopus (L.) Medik., Coronopus procumbens Gilib.,<br />
Lepidium squamatum Forssk.) (greater swinecress, ground swine-cress, small-scaled swinecress)*<br />
Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Dorn ssp. incana (Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex<br />
Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Dorn var. major (Hook.) Dorn, Descurainia richardsonii O.E. Schulz,<br />
Descurainia torulosa Rollins, nom. inq., Sisymbrium incanum Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.,<br />
Sophia richardsonii (O.E. Schulz) Rydb.) (gray tansy-mustard, mountain tansymustard,<br />
Richardson's tansy-mustard, wind river tansymustard)<br />
Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling (Descurainia brachycarpa<br />
(Richardson) O.E. Schulz , Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton var. brachycarpa (Richardson)<br />
Fernald, Sisymbrium brachycarpum Richardson, Sophia brachycarpa (Richardson) Rydb.) (green<br />
tansy-mustard, pinnate tansy-mustard, tansy mustard, western tansymustard)<br />
79
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. (Sisymbrium sophia L., Sophia sophia (L.) Britton ) (asperge, flixweed,<br />
herb-sophia, sagesse, tansy mustard)*<br />
Descurainia sophioides (Fisch. ex Hook.) O.E. Schulz (Sisymbrium sophioides Fisch. ex Hook.)<br />
(northern tansymustard)<br />
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. (Sisymbrium murale L.) (annual wallrocket, s<strong>and</strong>-rocket, wall-rocket)*<br />
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (Sisymbrium tenuifolium L.) (perennial wallrocket, slender-leaved wall-<br />
rocket, wall-rocket)*<br />
Draba alpina L. (Draba alpina L. var. nana Hook., Draba eschscholtzii Pohle ex N. Busch, Draba<br />
micropetala Hook., Draba pilosa M.F. Adams ex DC.) (alpine draba, alpine whitlow-grass)<br />
Draba arabisans Michx. (Draba arabisans Michx. var. superiorensis Butters & Abbe) (rock-cress<br />
whitlow-grass, rock draba)<br />
Draba aurea M. Vahl ex Hornem. (Draba aurea Vahl ex Hornem. var. leiocarpa (Payson & H. St. John)<br />
C.L. Hitchc., Draba aurea Vahl ex Hornem. var. neomexicana (Greene) Tidestr., Draba<br />
minganensis (Victorin) Fernald, Draba neomexicana Greene) (Arctic ear-whitlow, golden draba,<br />
golden whitlow-grass)<br />
Draba breweri S. Watson var. cana (Rydb.) Rollins (Draba cana Rydb., Draba lanceolata auct. non<br />
Royle, Draba stylaris J. Gay ex W.D.J. Koch) (cushion draba, dog-whitlow)<br />
Draba cinerea Adams (Draba arctica J. Vahl ssp. ostenfeldii (Ekman) Böcher ex Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi,<br />
Draba arctica J. Vahl var. ostenfeldii (Ekman) Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi, Draba arctica J. Vahl var.<br />
ovibovina Ekman, Draba ostenfeldii Ekman) (ash-coloured whitlow-grass, Canada whitlow-grass,<br />
grayleaf draba)<br />
Draba glabella Pursh var. glabella (Draba arabisans Michx. var. canadensis (Burnet) Fernald & Knowlt.,<br />
Draba daurica DC., Draba glabella Pursh var. megasperma (Fernald & Knowlt.) Fernald, Draba<br />
glabella Pursh var. orthocarpa (Fernald & Knowlt.) Fernald, Draba hirta auct. non L., Draba<br />
megasperma Fernald & Knowlt. (glaucous drabam scree whitlow-grass, smooth draba, smooth<br />
whitlow-grass)<br />
Draba incana L. (Draba confusa Ehrh., Draba incana L. var. confusa (Ehrh.) Lilj.) (biennial whitlow-<br />
grass, hoary whitlow-grass, twisted draba, twisted whitlow-grass)<br />
Draba lactea Adams (Draba allenii Fernald, Draba fladnizensis Wulfen var. heterotricha (Lindbl.) J. Ball)<br />
(milky draba, milk-whitlow)<br />
Draba nemorosa L. (Draba lutea Gilib., Draba nemorosa L. var. leiocarpa Lindbl.) (annual draba, gray<br />
whitlow-grass, wood whitlow-grass)<br />
Draba nivalis Lilj. var. nivalis (snow whitlow-grass, yellow Arctic draba, yellow Arctic whitlow-grass)<br />
Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. clivicola (Fernald) B. Boivin (Norwegian whitlow-grass, Quebec draba,<br />
rock whitlowgrass)<br />
Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. norvegica (Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. hebecarpa (Lindbl.) O.E.<br />
Schulz, Draba norvegica Gunnerus var. pleiophylla Fernald, Draba rupestris W.T. Aiton, Draba<br />
rupestris W.T. Aiton var. leiocarpa O.E. Schulz) (Cape Breton whitlow-grass, Norwegian draba)<br />
Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. (Draba caroliniana Walter, Draba micrantha Nutt., Draba reptans (Lam.)<br />
Fernald ssp. stellifera (O.E. Schulz) Abrams, Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald var. micrantha (Nutt.)<br />
Fernald, Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald var. stellifera (O.E. Schulz) C.L. Hitchc., Draba reptans<br />
(Lam.) Fernald var. typica C.L. Hitchc.) (Carolina whitlow-grass, annual whitlow-grass)<br />
80
Draba verna L. (Draba praecox Stev., Draba verna L. var. aestivalis Lej., Draba verna L. var. boerhaavii<br />
H.C. Hall, Draba verna L. var. major Stur, Erophila spathulata A.F. Lang, Erophila verna (L.)<br />
Besser, Erophila verna (L.) Besser ssp. praecox (Stev.) S.M. Walters, Erophila verna (L.) Besser<br />
ssp. spathulata (A.F. Lang) S.M. Walters) (annual shad-flower, shad-flower, spring<br />
whitlow-grass)*<br />
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. (Brassica eruca L., Eruca eruca (L.) Asch. & Graebn.,<br />
Eruca sativa Mill., Raphanus eruca (L.) Crantz) (annual eruca, garden-rocket, purple-vein rocket,<br />
rocketsalad)*<br />
Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schultz (Brassica erucastrum L.) (<strong>common</strong> dog mustard, French<br />
rocket, gall-mustard)*<br />
Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. (Cheirinia aspera (Nutt.) Britton) (false yellow phlox, prairie rocket,<br />
western wallflower, wormseed mustard, yellow phlox)*<br />
Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link, Erysimum cheiranthoides L. ssp. altum<br />
Ahti) (treacle mustard, wormseed mustard, wormseed wallflower)*/**<br />
Erysimum coarctatum Fernald (Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill. var. coarctatum (Fernald)<br />
G.B. Rossbach) (small-flower prairie wallflower) (oddly, not in Ontario; only in Quebec, NB, NFLD,<br />
Yukon, Nunavut – the name „prairie‟ is misleading)<br />
Erysimum hieraciifolium L. (European wallflower, hawkweed mustard, hawkweed-leaved mustard, tall<br />
wormseed mustard)**<br />
Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill. var. inconspicuum) (Cheirinia inconspicua (S. Watson)<br />
Britton, Erysimum parviflorum Nutt. (low wormseed mustard, shy wallflower, small-flowered<br />
prairie-rocket)<br />
Erysimum marschallianum Andrz. ex M. Bieb. (Erysimum durum J. Presl & C. Presl, Erysimum<br />
hieraciifolium L. ssp. durum (J. Presl & C. Presl) Hegi & E. Schmid) (hard wallflower, Marschall<br />
wormseed mustard)*<br />
Erysimum rep<strong>and</strong>um L. (Cheirinia rep<strong>and</strong>a (L.) Link) (bushy wallflower, lazy wormseed mustard,<br />
spreading wallflower)*<br />
Hesperis matronalis L. (dame's-rocket, dame's-violet, rocket)*/**<br />
Hornungia procumbens (L.) Hayek (Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv., Hymenolobus procumbens (L.)<br />
Nutt. ex Schinz & Thell) (annual hutchinsia, Hutchins' mustard, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong>-mustard, prostrate<br />
hutchinsia)<br />
Iberis umbellata L. (c<strong>and</strong>ytuft, globe-c<strong>and</strong>ytuft, Spanish-mustard)*<br />
Isatis tinctoria L. (asp-<strong>of</strong>-Jerusalem, dyer's woad)*<br />
Lepidium aucheri Boiss. (Aucher's peppergrass)*<br />
Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. (Neolepia campestris (L.) W.A. Weber, Thlaspi campestre L.)<br />
(cow-cress, cow-grass, field peppergrass, field pepperweed)*<br />
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. densiflorum (Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. typicum Thell.,<br />
Lepidium neglectum Thell., Lepidium texanum Buckley) (<strong>common</strong> pepper grass, <strong>common</strong><br />
pepperweed, wild tongue)*<br />
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. macrocarpum G. Mulligan (bigseed pepperweed)<br />
Lepidium perfoliatum L. (clasping pepper-grass, clasping pepperweed, perfoliate pepper-grass, spotted<br />
pepper grass)*<br />
Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson var. ramosissimum (branched pepper grass, manybrached<br />
81
pepperweed)*<br />
Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson var. bourgeauanum (Thell.) Rollins (Lepidium bourgeauanum Thell.,<br />
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. bourgeauanum (Thell.) C.L. Hitchc.) (Bourgeau‟s peppergrass,<br />
Bourgeau‟s pepperweed)*<br />
Lepidium ruderale L. (narrow-leaved pepper-grass, roadside peppergrass, roadside pepperweed,<br />
tonguegrass)*<br />
Lepidium sativum L. (garden-cress, gardencress pepperweed, pepper-grass)*<br />
Lepidium virginicum L. var. virginicum (Lepidium virginicum L. var. typicum C.L. Hitchc. (peppergrass,<br />
poor-man's-pepper, Virginia pepper-grass, Virginia pepperweed)<br />
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam., Clypeola maritima L., Koniga maritima (L.)<br />
R. Br.) (seaside koniga, sea-mustard, sweet alyssum)*<br />
Lunaria annua L. (annual honesty, moneywort, moonwort, satin-flower)*<br />
Malcolmia maritima (L.) W.T. Aiton (Malcolm's mustard, Virginia stock) (a weed in commercial seed<br />
mixes but also grown as an ornamental)*<br />
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. (Matthiola bicornis (Sm.) DC., Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. ssp.<br />
bicornis (Sm.) P.W. Ball) (evening-stock, matthiola-mustard, night-scented stock) (ornamental)*<br />
Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. (Thlaspi perfoliatum L.) (claspleaf pennycress, perfoliate penny-<br />
cress, perforated stinkweed, throughwort penny-cress)*<br />
Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Rchb. (Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale W.T. Aiton var. microphyllum (Boenn.<br />
ex Rchb.) Thell., Rorippa microphylla (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Hyl. ex A. Löve & D. Löve, Rorippa<br />
nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek var. longisiliqua (Irmisch) B. Boivin) (lesser watercress, onerow<br />
yellowcress, small-leaved water-cress)*<br />
Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale W.T. Aiton (Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Karsten, Nasturtium <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />
W.T. Aiton var. siifolium (Rchb.) W.D.J. Koch, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek,<br />
Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. (true watercress, water-cress)* (also <strong>list</strong>ed as Nasturtium<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinale R. Br.; seems to be confusion over authority - Robert Brown did name the genus around<br />
the same time he described “Brownian motion”, for which is best known for)<br />
Nasturtium x sterile (Airy-Shaw) Oefel. [microphyllum x <strong>of</strong>ficinale] (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.)<br />
Hayek var. sterilis (Airy-Shaw) B. Boivin, Rorippa x sterilis Airy-Shaw) (garden watercress, hybrid<br />
water-cress)*<br />
Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene (Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Armoracia lacustris (A.<br />
Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V.M. Bates, Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray, Rorippa americana (A. Gray)<br />
Britton, Rorippa aquatica (Eaton) Palmer & Steyerm. (lakecress, lake-cress, lake water-cress)<br />
Neotorularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) Hedge & J. Léonard (Arabidopsis novae-angliae (Rydb.) Britton,<br />
Arabidopsis richardsonii (Rydb.) Rydb., Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob., Braya humilis (C.A.<br />
Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. abbei Böcher , Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. arctica (Böcher)<br />
Rollins, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. ellesmerensis J.G. Harris, Braya humilis (C.A.<br />
Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. maccallae J.G. Harris, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. porsildii J.G.<br />
Harris, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. richardsonii (Rydb.) Hultén, Braya humilis (C.A.<br />
Mey.) B.L. Rob. ssp. ventosa Rollins, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. abbei (Böcher) B.<br />
Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. arctica (Böcher) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A.<br />
Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. interior (Böcher) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var.<br />
82
laurentiana (Böcher) B. Boivin, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. leiocarpa (Trautv.)<br />
Fernald, Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. novae-angliae (Rydb.) Fernald, Braya humilis<br />
(C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. var. ventosa (Rollins) B. Boivin, Braya intermedia T.J. Sørensen, Braya<br />
novae-angliae (Rydb.) T.J. Sørensen, Braya novae-angliae (Rydb.) T.J. Sørensen var. interior<br />
Böcher, Braya novae-angliae (Rydb.) T.J. Sørensen var. laurentiana Böcher, Braya richardsonii<br />
(Rydb.) Fernald, Pilosella novae-angliae Rydb., Pilosella richardsonii Rydb., Sisymbrium humile<br />
C.A. Mey., Torularia arctica (Böcher) A. Löve & D. Löve, Torularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) O.E.<br />
Schulz, Torularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) O.E. Schulz ssp. arctica Böcher) (limestone mustard, low<br />
northern-rockcress , northern braya, northern rock-cress)<br />
Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. (Myagrum paniculatum L.) (ball-mustard, paniculate ball-mustard, yellow<br />
ball-mustard)*<br />
Raphanus raphanistrum L. (jointed charlock, wild radish) (ornamental)*<br />
Raphanus sativus L. (Raphanus raphanistrum L. var. sativus (L.) G. Beck) (<strong>common</strong> radish, field radish,<br />
garden radish)*<br />
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (Myagrum rugosum L., Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp. linnaeanum Rouy &<br />
Foucaud, Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp. orientale (L.) Arcang., Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp.<br />
rugosum) (annual bastardcabbage, bastard cabbage, Oriental bastardcabbage,<br />
rapistrum-mustard, red mustard, rough mustard, turnip-weed)*<br />
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell (Rorippa hispida (Desv.) Britton<br />
var. glabrata Lunell, Rorippa isl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Hultén,<br />
Rorippa isl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder) Borbás var. fernaldiana Butters & Abbe, Rorippa isl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder)<br />
Borbás var. glabra (O.E. Schulz) S.L. Welsh & Reveal, Rorippa isl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder) Borbás var.<br />
glabrata (Lunell) Butters & Abbe, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. glabra (O.E. Schulz) R.<br />
Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. cernua (Nutt.) R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.)<br />
Besser var. dictyota (Greene) R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. glabra (O.E. Schulz)<br />
R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. glabrata (Lunell) R. Stuckey) (Fernald's yellowcress,<br />
marsh yellowcress)<br />
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell (Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britton, Rorippa<br />
hispida (Desv.) Britton, Rorippa isl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder) Borbás var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe,<br />
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. elongata R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. hispida<br />
(Desv.) Rydb. (hispid yellow-cress)<br />
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. palustris (Radicula palustris (L.) Moench, Rorippa isl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder)<br />
Borbás var. microcarpa (Regel) Fernald, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. reptabunda (Fernald)<br />
R. Stuckey, Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. williamsii (Britton) Hultén (bog yellowcress)<br />
Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. (Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt., Radicula sinuata (Nutt.) Greene ) (spreading<br />
yellow-cress, waxy yellow cress)*<br />
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser (Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce) (creeping yellow cress, creeping yellow<br />
water-cress)*<br />
Sinapis alba L. (Brassica alba Rabenh., non L., Brassica hirta Moench) (charlock, white mustard)<br />
Sinapis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis (Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh., nom. illeg., non Brassica arvensis L.,<br />
Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler, Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes)<br />
L.C. Wheeler, Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) L.C. Wheeler, Sinapis<br />
83
arvensis L. var. orientalis (L.) W.D.J. Koch & Ziz, Sinapis arvensis L. var. schkuhriana (Rchb.)<br />
Hagenb.) (charlock, jotte, wild mustard)*<br />
Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Norta altissima (L.) Britton) (Jim Hill mustard, tall mustard, tall tumble-<br />
mustard, tumble mustard, tumbling mustard)*<br />
Sisymbrium loeselii L. (Loesel's hedge mustard, Loesel‟s water-cress, small tumbleweed mustard, tall<br />
hedge mustard)*<br />
Sisymbrium <strong>of</strong>ficinale (L.) Scop. (Erysimum <strong>of</strong>ficinale L., Sisymbrium <strong>of</strong>ficinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum<br />
DC.) (hedge mustard, hedge water-cress)*<br />
Subularia aquatica L. var. americana (G. Mulligan & Calder) B. Boivin (Subularia aquatica L. ssp.<br />
americana G. Mulligan & Calder, Subularia aquatica L. ssp. mexicana G.A. Mulligan & Calder,<br />
ined.?) (awlwort, water awlwort)<br />
Thlaspi arvense L. (bastard cress, false wild garlic, fanweed, field pennycress, fool‟s garlic, Frenchweed,<br />
mithridate-mustard, shitweed, stinkweed, tabouret, tabernac, wild garlic)*<br />
Capparidaceae (caper family)<br />
Cleome hassleriana Chodata (Cleome spinosa Jacq.) (cleome, spider-flower) (ornamental)*<br />
Cleome serrulata Pursh. (pink beeplant, stinking-clover)*<br />
Polanisia dodec<strong>and</strong>ra DC. (Polansia graveolens Raf.) (clammyweed, roughseed clammyweed)<br />
Resedaceae (mignonette family)<br />
Reseda alba L. (white cut-leaved mignonette, white mignonette, white upright mignonette)*<br />
Reseda lutea L. (yellow cut-leaved mignonette, yellow mignonette)*<br />
Reseda luteola L. (dyer's-rocket, weld)*<br />
Order Diapensiales<br />
Diapensiaceae (diapensia family)<br />
Diapensia lapponica L. (diapensia, false-sanicle)<br />
Order Dilleniales<br />
Paeoniaceae (paeonia family, peony family)<br />
Paeonia lactiflora Pallas (Chinese peony, Japanese peony) (ornamental)*<br />
Paeonia <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (<strong>common</strong> peony) (ornamental)*<br />
Order Ericales<br />
Clethraceae (clethra family)<br />
Clethra alnifolia L. (coastal sweetpepperbush) (NS in Canada)<br />
Empetraceae (crowberry family)<br />
Corema conradii (Torr.) Torr. (Atlantic rock crowberry, broom-crowberry, poverty-grass)<br />
84
Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong> ssp. eamesii (purple crowberry, reddish crowberry) (rarely purple<br />
– more red in colour despite one <strong>of</strong> the [likely misapplied] <strong>common</strong> <strong>names</strong>)<br />
Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong> ssp. atropurpureum (Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) D. Löve (Empetrum<br />
atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg.) (purple crowberry, reddish crowberry)<br />
Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) Böcher (hermaphrodite crowberry) (this<br />
is sometimes cited as being under Empetrum eamesii; this seems to appear in disjunct places in<br />
Ontario like Algonquin Park, though the main habitat is Atlantic coastal rocks <strong>and</strong> shores)<br />
Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum (black crowberry, curlewberry, heathberry, rockberry)<br />
Ericaceae (cranberry family, heath family)<br />
Andromeda polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link) DC. (Andromeda glaucophylla Link, Andromeda<br />
glaucophylla Link var. iod<strong>and</strong>ra Fernald, Andromeda polifolia L. ssp. glaucophylla (Link) Hultén<br />
(<strong>and</strong>romeda, bog-rosemary, dwarf bog-rosemary)<br />
Andromeda polifolia L. var. polifolia (<strong>and</strong>romeda, bog-rosemary, dwarf bog-rosemary)<br />
Andromeda x jamesiana Lepage [glaucophylla x polifolia] (James‟ bog-rosemary, James‟ rosemary)<br />
Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. var. alpina (Arbutus alpina L., Arctous alpina (L.) Nied., Mairania<br />
alpina (L.) Desv.) (alpine bearberry, black bearberry)<br />
Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehder & Wilson) Fernald (Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. ssp. rubra (Rehder<br />
& Wilson) Hultén, Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. var. rubra (Rehder & Wilson) Bean, Arctous<br />
erythrocarpa Small, Arctous rubra (Rehder & Wilson) Nakai) (Arctic bearberry, red bearberry, red<br />
fruit bearberry)<br />
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Arctostaphylos adenotricha (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) A. Löve & D.<br />
Löve & Kapoor, Uva-Ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britton) (bousserole, <strong>common</strong> bearberry, hog-cranberry,<br />
kinnikinnick, mealberry, s<strong>and</strong>berry)<br />
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. (heather, ling, Scotch heather)*<br />
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench (Cass<strong>and</strong>ra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. angustifolia (Aiton)<br />
Seymour, Cass<strong>and</strong>ra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. latifolia (Aiton) Seymour, Chamaedaphne<br />
calyculata (L.) Moench var. angustifolia (Aiton) Rehder, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench<br />
var. latifolia (Aiton) Fernald, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. nana (Lodd.) E. Busch)<br />
(calyxed leatherleaf, cass<strong>and</strong>ra, leather-leaf)<br />
Epigaea repens L. (creeping mayflower, ground-laurel, mayflower, trailing arbutus)<br />
Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. (Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & A. Gray) (capillaire, creeping snowberry,<br />
maidenhair-berry, moxieplum)<br />
Gaultheria procumbens L. (checkerberry, eastern teaberry, ivory-leaves, teaberry, the des bois,<br />
weenzeebughonse, wintergreen)<br />
Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. (Decachaena baccata (Wangenh.) Small) (black huckleberry)<br />
Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. & A. Gray (Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torr. & A. Gray var.<br />
bigeloviana Fernald, Gaylussacia orocola Small, Lasiococcus dumosus (Andrews) Small,<br />
Lasiococcus dumosus (Andrews) Small var. bigelovianus (Fernald) Fernald, Lasiococcus orocola<br />
(Small) Small) (dwarf huckleberry, New Brunswick huckleberry, Nova Scotia huckleberry)<br />
Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Cov. (Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don) (moss-cassiopea) (Atlantic Canada)<br />
Kalmia angustifolia L. (dwarf-laurel, kalmia, lambkill, pig-laurel, sheep-laurel, wicky)<br />
85
Kalmia latifolia L. (calico-bush, ivy, ivy-bush, mountain-laurel, St. Stephen's laurelspoonwood)<br />
Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller (Kalmia occidentalis Small, Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. ssp.<br />
microphylla (Hook.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. ssp. occidentalis (Small)<br />
Abrams, Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. var. microphylla (Hook.) Rehder) (alpine laurel, Arctic laurel,<br />
smaller laurel)<br />
Kalmia polifolia Wang. (Chamaedaphne glauca (Aiton) Kuntze) (bog laurel, pale laurel, swamp laurel)<br />
Ledum groenl<strong>and</strong>icum Oeder. (Ledum palustre L. ssp. groenl<strong>and</strong>icum (Oeder) Hultén, Ledum palustre<br />
L. var. latifolium (Jacq.) Michx., Rhododendron groenl<strong>and</strong>icum (Oeder) K.A. Kron & W.S. Judd)<br />
(bog Labrador-tea, green Labrador-tea, Labrador-tea)<br />
Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Aiton) Hultén (Ledum decumbens (Aiton) Lodd. ex Steud., Ledum<br />
palustre L. var. decumbens Aiton, Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja ssp. subarcticum<br />
(Harmaja) G. Wallace) (dwarf Labrador-tea, marsh Labrador-tea, narrow-leaved Labrador-tea)<br />
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. (Azalea procumbens L., Chamaecistus procumbens (L.) Kuntze,<br />
Kalmia procumbens (L.) Gift, Kron & P.F. Stevens ex Galasso, Banfi & F. Conti) (alpine azalea)<br />
Phyllodoce caerulea (L.) Bab. (blue mountainheath, mountain heath, mountain sea-nymph, purple<br />
mountain-heather)<br />
Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. (Azalea canadensis (L.) Kuntze, Rhodora canadensis L.) (Canada<br />
rhododendron, rhodora, rhodoran azalea)<br />
Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. var. lapponicum (Lapl<strong>and</strong> rosebay, rhodendron rosebay)<br />
(rosebay rhododendron) (extremely rare)<br />
Rhododendron maximum L. (great laurel, Nova Soctia laurel)<br />
Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners (Azalea nudiflora L., Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.)<br />
Torr., Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. var. gl<strong>and</strong>iferum (Porter) Rehder, Rhododendron<br />
periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners var. egl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Seymour) (early azalea, election-pink,<br />
honeysuckle azalea, honeysuckle rhodendron,Quebec rhododendron) (most florae don‟t <strong>list</strong> it but<br />
it does exist in Quebec near the Maine border)<br />
Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. (Vaccinium brittonii Porter ex E.P. Bicknell, Vaccinium lamarckii Camp,<br />
Vaccinium nigrum (Alph. Wood) Britton) (early low blueberry, late sweet blueberry, low sweet<br />
blueberry, lowbush blueberry, sweet hurts)<br />
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. (Vaccinium arbuscula (A. Gray) Merriam, Vaccinium nivictum Camp)<br />
(dwarf bilberry, dwarf huckleberry)<br />
Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Cyanococcus corymbosus (L.) Rydb., Cyanococcus cuthbertii Small,<br />
Vaccinium constablaei A. Gray) (<strong>common</strong> blueberry, black highbush blueberry, tall blueberry)<br />
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh) (American cranberry, large<br />
cranberry)<br />
Vaccinium membranaceum Doug. ex Torr. (Vaccinium coccineum Piper, Vaccinium globulare Rydb.)<br />
(mountain huckleberry, square-twig bilberry, thin-leaved bilberry)<br />
Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. (Cyanococcus canadensis (Kalm ex A. Rich.) Rydb., Vaccinium<br />
angustifolium Aiton var. myrtilloides (Michx.) House, Vaccinium canadense Kalm ex A. Rich.)<br />
(sour-top blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry)<br />
Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith (mathers, oval-leaf bilberry, tall huckleberry)<br />
Vaccinium oxycoccos L. (Oxycoccus hagerupii A. Löve & D. Löve, Oxycoccus intermedius (A. Gray)<br />
Rydb., Oxycoccus microcarpos Turcz. ex Rupr., Oxycoccus ovalifolius (Michx.) A.E. Porsild,<br />
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Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) MacMill., Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) Adolphi, Oxycoccus palustris<br />
Pers., Oxycoccus palustris Pers. ssp. microphyllus (Lange) A. Löve & D. Löve, Oxycoccus<br />
palustris Pers. var. intermedius (A. Gray) Howell, Oxycoccus palustris Pers. var. ovalifolius<br />
(Michx.) Seymour, Oxycoccus quadripetalus Gilib., Oxycoccus quadripetalus Gilib. var.<br />
microphyllus (Lange) A.E. Porsild, Vaccinium microcarpos (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh.) (European<br />
cranberry, small cranberry, sourberry) (native, despite the „European‟ tag)<br />
Vaccinium pallidum Ait. (Cyanococcus liparis Small, Cyanococcus pallidus (Aiton) Small, Cyanococcus<br />
subcordatus Small, Cyanococcus tallapusae Coville ex Small, Cyanococcus vacillans (Kalm ex<br />
Torr.) Rydb., Vaccinium altomontanum Ashe, Vaccinium corymbosum L. var. pallidum (Aiton) A.<br />
Gray, Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr., Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr. var. crinitum Fernald,<br />
Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr. var. missouriense Ashe, Vaccinium viride Ashe) (Blue Ridge<br />
blueberry, dryl<strong>and</strong> blueberry, early sweet blueberry, low blueberry, pale blueberry,<br />
sugar-huckleberry)<br />
Vaccinium stamineum L. (Polycodium ashei Harbison, Polycodium c<strong>and</strong>icans Small, Polycodium<br />
depressum Small, Polycodium floridanum (Nutt.) Greene, Polycodium leptosepalum Small,<br />
Polycodium macilentum Small, Polycodium melanocarpum (C. Mohr) Small, Polycodium<br />
neglectum Small, Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene, Vaccinium caesium Greene, Vaccinium<br />
melanocarpum (C. Mohr) C. Mohr ex Kearney, Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fernald) (deerberry,<br />
squaw-huckleberry, tall deerberry)<br />
Vaccinium uliginosum L. (Vaccinium occidentale A. Gray) (alpine bilberry, bog bilberry, bog blueberry)<br />
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hultén (cowberry, foxberry, lingberry, lingen, lingnonberry,<br />
mountain cranberry, northern mountain cranberry, rock-cranberry)<br />
Monotropaceae (Indian-pipe family) (separated from Ericaceae)<br />
Monotropa hypopithys L. (Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small, Hypopitys fimbriata (A. Gray) Howell,<br />
Hypopitys insignata E.P. Bicknell, Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt., Hypopitys latisquama<br />
Rydb., Hypopitys monotropa Crantz, Monotropa hypopithys L. ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.) H. Hara,<br />
Monotropa hypopithys L. var. americana (DC.) Domin, Monotropa hypopithys L. var. latisquama<br />
(Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles, Monotropa hypopithys L. var. rubra (Torr.) Farw., Monotropa<br />
lanuginosa Michx., Monotropa latisquama (Rydb.) Hultén (false beech-drops, hairy pinesap,<br />
pinesap)<br />
Monotropa uniflora L. (convulsion-root, corpse plant, fits-root, one-flowered Indian pipe, pinesap)<br />
Pterospora <strong>and</strong>romedea Nutt. (<strong>and</strong>romeda-like pine-drops, fernsap, giant bird's-drops, giant bird‟s-nest,<br />
pine-drops, rosemary pine-drops, woodl<strong>and</strong> pine-drops)<br />
Pyrolaceae (pyrola family, wintergreen family) (separated from Ericaceae)<br />
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. (mottled pipsissewa, spotted wintergreen, striped prince's pine, striped<br />
wintergreen)<br />
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. (<strong>common</strong> pipsissewa, prince's pine, waxflower) (USA only)<br />
Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray ) )Pyrola uniflora L.) (one-flowered pyrola, one-flowered wintergreen,<br />
single delight)<br />
Orthilia secunda (L.) House (Pyrola secunda L., Ramischia elatior Rydb., Ramischia secunda (L.)<br />
87
Garcke) (one-sided pyrola, one-sided shinleaf, one-sided wintergreen, sidebells wintergreen)<br />
Pyrola americana Sw. (Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. americana (Sweet) Krísa, Pyrola obovata Bertol.,<br />
Pyrola rotundifolia auct. non L. p.p.) (American pyrola, round-leaved pyrola)<br />
Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. asarifolia (yrola californica Krísa, Pyrola elata Nutt., Pyrola rotundifolia L.<br />
ssp. asarifolia (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Pyrola uliginosa Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr.) (bog<br />
wintergreen, ginger wintergreen, liver-leaf wintergreen, pink pyrola, pink wintergreen,<br />
round-leaved pyrola, wild lily-<strong>of</strong>-the-valley)<br />
Pyrola chlorantha Sw. (Pyrola convoluta W. Bartram, Pyrola oxypetala Austin ex A. Gray, Pyrola virens<br />
Schreb. (green-flowered pyrola, green flowered wintergreen, greenish-flowered wintergreen)<br />
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. (Pyrola compacta Jennings) (shinleaf, shinleaf pyrola, waxflower shineleaf, wild<br />
lily-<strong>of</strong>-the-valley)<br />
Pyrola gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Radius (Pyrola borealis Rydb., Pyrola canadensis Andres, Pyrola gormanii Rydb.,<br />
Pyrola occidentalis R. Br. ex D. Don) (Arctic wintergreen, large flowered wintergreen, larger<br />
pyrola, larger wintergreen)<br />
Pyrola minor L. (Braxilia minor (L.) House, Erxlebenia minor (L.) Rydb.) (lesser pyrola, snowline<br />
wintergreen)<br />
Order Malvales<br />
Malvaceae (mallow family)<br />
Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby, Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.) (butter-print,<br />
Indian mallow, pie-marker, velvet-leaf, velvetleaf)*/**<br />
Alcea pallida (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Waldst. & Kit. (pale hollyhock) (ornamental)*<br />
Alcea rosea L. (Alcea ficifolia L., Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.) (Antwerp hollyhock, red hollyhock, rose<br />
mallow) (ornamental)*<br />
Althaea hirsuta L. (hairy marshmallow, hirsute marsh mallow, rough marsh mallow) (ornamental)*<br />
Althaea <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (marshmallow, wymote) (ornamental)*<br />
Anoda cristata (L.) Schldl. (Anoda acerifolia auct. non (Zucc. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC., Anoda cristata<br />
(L.) Schltdl. var. brachyantha (Rchb.) Hochr., Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. var. digitata (A. Gray)<br />
Hochr., Anoda lavaterioides Medik., Sida cristata L.) (crested mallow) (ornamental in Canada)*<br />
Callirhoe digitata Nutt. (poppy-mallow, winecup) (ornamental)*<br />
Callirhoe pedata (Nutt. ex Hook.) A. Gray (Callirhoe digitata Nutt. var. stipulata Waterf.) (palmleaf<br />
poppymallow) (ornamental)*<br />
Hibiscus laevis All. (Hibiscus militaris Cav.) (halberd-leaved rose-mallow, smooth rose-mallow)<br />
Hibiscus moscheutos L. (Hibiscus incanus Wendl. f., Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. incanus (Wendl. f.)<br />
H.E. Ahles, Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. moscheutos, Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. palustris (L.)<br />
R.T. Clausen, Hibiscus moscheutos L. var. purpurascens Sweet, Hibiscus oculiroseus Britton,<br />
Hibiscus opulifolius Greene, Hibiscus palustris L., Hibiscus pinetorum Greene) (crimsoneyed<br />
rosemallow, mallow rose, marsh mallow, shining mallow, swamp rose-mallow)<br />
Hibiscus trionum L. (Trionum trionum (L.) Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) (flower-<strong>of</strong>-an-hour, Venice mallow)*<br />
Lavatera thuringiaca L. (tree lavatera, tree-mallow) (ornamental)*<br />
Malva alcea L. (European mallow, hollyhock mallow, vervain mallow) (ornamental)*<br />
88
Malva moschata L. (musk mallow, musk-plant)*/**<br />
Malva neglecta Wallr. (Malva rotundifolia auct. non L.) (cheeses, cheeseweed, <strong>common</strong> mallow)*/**<br />
Malva pusilla Sm. (Malva rotundifolia L.) (dwarf mallow, low mallow, round-leaved mallow)*/**<br />
Malva sylvestris L. (Malva mauritiana L.) (high mallow, wood mallow) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Malva verticillata L. (Malva crispa (L.) L.) (annual mallow, cluster mallow, curled mallow, curly mallow,<br />
whorled mallow)*<br />
Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Napaea hermaphrodita L.) (alkali sida, Virginia fanpetals, Virginia<br />
mallow)<br />
Sida spinosa L. (Sida alba L., Sida angustifolia auct. non Lam. p.p., Sida spinosa L. var. angustifolia<br />
auct. non (Lam.) Griseb. p.p.) (Indian mallow, prickly fanpetals, prickly mallow)*<br />
Tiliaceae (basswood family, linden family)<br />
Tilia americana L. var. americana (Tilia americana L. var. neglecta (Spach) Fosberg, Tilia glabra Vent.,<br />
Tilia neglecta Spach, Tilia palmeri F.C. Gates, Tilia truncata Spach, Tilia venulosa Sarg.)<br />
(American basswood, lime, linden, whitewood)<br />
Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.) Louden (Tilia eburnea Ashe, Tilia heterophylla Vent.,<br />
Tilia heterophylla Vent. var. michauxii (Nutt.) Sarg., Tilia lasioclada Sarg., Tilia michauxii Nutt.,<br />
Tilia monticola Sarg.) (bee-tree, white basswood) (native to USA; * in Canada)<br />
Tilia cordata Mill. (heartleaf basswood, littleleaf linden, small-leaved lime, small leaf linden)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Tilia x europaea L. (pro sp.) [cordata x platyphyllos] (Tilia europaea L., Tilia x vulgaris Hayne (pro sp.))<br />
(<strong>common</strong> basswood, <strong>common</strong> lime) (ornamental)*<br />
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. (largeleaf linden, large-leaved basswood, large-leaved lime)<br />
Tilia tomentosa Moench (Tilia argentea DC.) (silver linden, white lime)<br />
Order Nepenthales<br />
Droseraceae (sundew family)<br />
Drosera anglica Huds. (Drosera longifolia L.) (English sundew, limestone sundew, oblong-leaved<br />
sundew)<br />
Drosera x belezeana E.G. Camus [intermedia x rotundifolia] (Beleze‟s sundew, Camus‟ sundew)<br />
Drosera filiformis Raf. (dew-thread, Nova Scotia sundew, thread-leaved sundew)<br />
Drosera intermedia Hayne. (dialy-dew, floating sundew, spatulate-leaved sundew, spoonleaf sundew)<br />
Drosera linearis Goldie. (linear-leaved sundew, pitted sundew, rossolis, slender-leaved sundew)<br />
Drosera x linglica Kusakabe ex R. Gauthier & Gervais [anglica x linearis] (Quebec sundew)<br />
Drosera x obovata Mert. & W. Koch (pro sp.) [anglica x rotundifolia] (obovate sundew)<br />
Drosera rotundifolia L. var. comosa Fernald (dew-plant, wawiaeneegaeguhnush)<br />
Drosera rotundifolia L. var. rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew, wawiaeneegaeguhnush)<br />
Drosera x woodii R. Gauthier & Gervais [linearis x rotundifolia] (Wood‟s sundew [Quebec])<br />
Sarraceniaceae (pitcher-plant family)<br />
Sarracenia purpurea L. ssp. purpurea (frog's legs, frog's leggings, huntsman's-cup, Indian-cup,<br />
89
Indian-jug, mukukee odaussun,petits cochons, pitcher-plant, purple pitcher-plant,<br />
sidesaddle-flower)<br />
Order Primulales<br />
Primulaceae (primrose family)<br />
Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis (<strong>common</strong> pimpernel, scarlet pimpernel, shepard‟s weather-glass)*<br />
Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell. (Anagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (Schreb.)<br />
Gren. & Godr., Anagallis caerulea Schreb., Anagallis foemina Mill.) (poorman's weatherglass)<br />
Androsace occidentalis Pursh. (Androsace arizonica (A. Gray) Derganc ,Androsace occidentalis Pursh<br />
var. arizonica (A. Gray) H. St. John, Androsace occidentalis Pursh var. simplex (Rydb.) H. St.<br />
John) (western <strong>and</strong>rosace, western rockjasmine)<br />
Androsace septentrionalis L. ssp. puberulenta (Rydb.) G.T. Robbins (Androsace puberulenta Rydb)<br />
(northern <strong>and</strong>rosace, pygmy-flower, pygmyflower rockjasmine) (QC in e. Canada)<br />
Androsace septentrionalis L. ssp. septentrionalis (pygmyflower rockjasmine)<br />
Anagallis minima (L.) Krause (Centunculus minimus L.) (chaffweed, Nova Scotia chaffweed)<br />
Glaux maritima L. (black saltwort, New Brunswick sea-milkwort, sea-milkwort)<br />
Lysimachia ciliata L. (Steironema ciliatum (L.) Baudo, Steironema pumilum Greene (ciliated loosestrife,<br />
fringed loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia x commixta Fern. (terrestris x thrysiflora) (Fernald's loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia hybrida Michx. (Lysimachia ciliata L. var. validula (Greene ex Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) Kearney &<br />
Peebles, Lysimachia lanceolata Walter ssp. hybrida (Michx.) J.D. Ray, Lysimachia lanceolata<br />
Walter var. hybrida (Michx.) A. Gray, Steironema hybridum (Michx.) Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.,<br />
Steironema laevigatum Howell, Steironema lanceolatum (Walter) A. Gray var. hybridum (Michx.)<br />
A. Gray) (false hybrid loosestrife, hybrid loosestrife, lance-leaved loosestrife, lowl<strong>and</strong> yellow<br />
loosestrife, stalked lance-leaved loosetrife)<br />
Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. (Steironema heterophyllum (Michx.) Baudo, Steironema lanceolatum<br />
(Walter) A. Gray) (lance-leaved loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia nummularia L. (creeping Jenny, creeping loosestrife, moneywort)*/**<br />
Lysimachia x producta (Gray) Fern. (quadrifolia x terrestris) (elongated loostrife)<br />
Lysimachia punctata L. (garden loosestrife, large yellow loosestrife, perforated loosestrife, spotted<br />
loosestrife)*<br />
Lysimachia quadriflora Sims (Lysimachia longifolia Pursh, Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc)<br />
(four-flowered yellow looststrife, linear-leaved loosestrife, whorled loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. (cross-wort, whorled yellow loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (bulb-bearing loosestrife, earth loosestrife, swamp<br />
c<strong>and</strong>les, swamp loosestrife, yellow loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. (Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby) (tufted lossestrife, yellow loosestrife)<br />
Lysimachia vulgaris L. (garden yellow loosestrife, golden loosestrife)*<br />
Primula egaliksensis Wormsk. ex Hornem. (Primula groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Warming) W.W. Sm. & G. Forrest)<br />
(Greenl<strong>and</strong> primrose)<br />
90
Primula incana M. E. Jones (hoary primrose, silvery primrose)<br />
Primula laurentiana Fern. (Primula farinosa auct. non L., Primula farinosa L. var. macropoda Fernald,<br />
Primula mistassinica Michx. var. macropoda (Fernald) B. Boivin) (bird's-eye primrose, larger<br />
primrose, Laurentide primrose)<br />
Primula mistassinica Michx. (Primula intercedens Fernald) (bird's-eye primrose, dwarf Canadian<br />
primrose, Mistassini primrose)<br />
Primula stricta Hornem. (Primula hornemanniana Lehm.) (strict primrose, true primrose)<br />
Primula veris L. (cowslip, cowslip primrose, English cowslip, European cowslip, European primrose)*/**<br />
Samolus valer<strong>and</strong>i L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén (Samolus floribundus Kunth, Samolus parviflorus<br />
Raf.) (brookweed, false Valer<strong>and</strong>‟s water-pimpernel, seaside brookweed)<br />
Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis (Trientalis americana Pursh) (chicken-wintergreen, chickweed-<br />
wintergreen, star-flower)<br />
Order Salicales<br />
Salicaceae (willow family)<br />
Populus alba L. (silver-leaved poplar, silver poplar, white poplar) (ornamental)*<br />
Populus balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera (Populus balsamifera L. var. c<strong>and</strong>icans (Aiton) A. Gray,<br />
Populus balsamifera L. var. fernaldiana Rouleau, Populus balsamifera L. var. lanceolata Marsh.,<br />
Populus balsamifera L. var. michauxii (Dode) A. Henry, Populus balsamifera L. var. subcordata<br />
Hyl. Populus c<strong>and</strong>icans Aiton, Populus michauxii Dode, Populus tacamahaca Mill., Populus<br />
tacamahaca Mill. var. c<strong>and</strong>icans (Aiton) Stout., Populus tacamahaca Mill. var. lanceolata (Marsh.)<br />
Farw., Populus tacamahaca Mill. var. michauxii (Dode) Farw.) (balsam poplar, hackmatack,<br />
tacamahac, taccamhac)<br />
Populus x berolinensis (Regel) Dippel (laurifolia x nigra var. italica) (Populus x roll<strong>and</strong>ii Rouleau) (Berol's<br />
poplar, hybrid poplar, Roll<strong>and</strong>‟s polar)*<br />
Populus x canadensis Moench. (deltoides x nigra) (Populus canadensis Moench var. eugenei (Simon-<br />
Louis) Schelle, Populus canadensis Moench var. serotina (T. Hartig) Rehder, Populus x eugenei<br />
Simon-Louis, Populus euramericana Guinier, Populus x robusta C.K. Schneid.) (Canada poplar,<br />
Carolina poplar)*<br />
Populus x canescens (Ait.) Smith (alba x tremula) (Populus alba L. var. canescens Aiton, Populus<br />
hybrida M. Bieb.) (gray poplar)*<br />
Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. ssp. deltoides (Populus angulata Aiton, Populus angulata Aiton<br />
var. missouriensis A. Henry, Populus balsamifera L. var. missouriensis (A. Henry)<br />
Rehder, Populus balsamifera L. var. pilosa Sarg., Populus balsamifera L. var. virginiana (Foug.)<br />
Sarg., Populus canadensis Moench var. virginiana (Foug.) Fiori, Populus deltoides Bartram ex<br />
Marsh. var. angulata (Aiton) Sarg., Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. var. missouriensis (A.<br />
Henry) A. Henry, Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. var. pilosa (Sarg.) Sudw., Populus<br />
deltoides Bartram ex Marsh. var. virginiana (Foug.) Sudw., Populus nigra L. var. virginiana (Foug.)<br />
Castigl., Populus palmeri Sarg., Populus virginiana Foug., Populus virginiana Foug. var. pilosa<br />
(Sarg.) F.C. Gates) (deltoid cottonwood, eastern cottonwood, liard, necklace-poplar)<br />
Populus gr<strong>and</strong>identata Michx. (bigtooth aspen, largetooth aspen)<br />
91
Populus x heimburgeri Boiv. (alba x tremuloides) (Heimburger's aspen)*<br />
Populus x jackii Sarg. (balsamifera x deltoides) (Populus x <strong>and</strong>rewsii Sarg., Populus x bernardii B.<br />
Boivin, Populus x dutillyi Lepage, Populus x generosa Henry, Populus x gileadensis Rouleau,<br />
Populus manitobensis Dode) (balm-<strong>of</strong>-gilead, Jack‟s aspen) (native in USA; * in Canada)<br />
Populus nigra L. (Populus dilatata Aiton, Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench, Populus nigra L. var. italica<br />
Du Roi (black poplar, Italian poplar, Lombardy poplar) (ornamental)*<br />
Populus x rouleauiana Boiv. (alba x gr<strong>and</strong>identata) (Rouleau's aspen)*<br />
Pouplus x smithii Boiv. (gr<strong>and</strong>identata x tremuloides) (Populus x barnesii W.H. Wagner) (Smith's aspen)<br />
Populus tremuloides Michx. (Populus aurea Tidestr., Populus cercidiphylla Britton, Populus x<br />
polygonifolia Bernard, Populus tremula L. ssp. tremuloides (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Populus<br />
tremuloides Michx. var. aurea (Tidestr.) Daniels, Populus tremuloides Michx. var. cercidiphylla<br />
(Britton) Sudw., Populus tremuloides Michx. var. intermedia Victorin, Populus tremuloides Michx.<br />
var. magnifica Victorin, Populus tremuloides Michx. var. rhomboidea Victorin, Populus tremuloides<br />
Michx. var. vancouveriana (Trel.) Sarg., Populus vancouveriana Trel.) (quaking aspen,<br />
quiver-leaf, trembling aspen)<br />
Salix alba L. (Salix vitellina L.) (European willow, white willow) (ornamental)*<br />
Salix x amoena Fernald [glauca ssp. callicarpaea x myricoides] (Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> willow)<br />
Salix amygdaloides Anderss. (Salix nigra Marsh. var. amygdaloides (Andersson) Andersson, Salix nigra<br />
Marsh. var. wrightii (Andersson) Andersson, Salix wrightii Andersson) (peachleaf willow)<br />
Salix arbusculoides Anderss. (Salix acutifolia auct. non Hook., Salix humillima Andersson, Salix<br />
humillima Andersson var. puberula (Andersson) Andersson, Salix saskatchevana Seemen)<br />
(arbuscus willow, fungus willow, littletree willow)<br />
Salix arctica Pallas (Salix anglorum auct. non Cham., Salix anglorum Cham. var. antiplasta C.K.<br />
Schneid., Salix anglorum Cham. var. araioclada C.K. Schneid., Salix anglorum Cham. var.<br />
kophophylla C.K. Schneid., Salix arctica R. Br. ex Richardson, non Pall., Salix arctica Pall. ssp.<br />
crassijulis (Trautv.) Skvort., Salix arctica Pall. ssp. tortulosa (Trautv.) Hultén, Salix arctica Pall.<br />
var. antiplasta (C.K. Schneid.) Fernald, Salix arctica Pall. var. araioclada (C.K. Schneid.) Raup,<br />
Salix arctica Pall. var. brownei Andersson, Salix arctica Pall. var. kophophylla (C.K. Schneid.)<br />
Polunin, Salix arctica Pall. var. pallasii (Andersson) Kurtz, Salix arctica Pall. var. tortulosa<br />
(Trautv.) Raup, Salix brownei (Andersson) Bebb, Salix crassijulis Trautv., Salix hudsonensis C.K.<br />
Schneid., Salix pallasii Andersson, Salix pallasii Andersson var. crassijulis (Trautv.) Andersson,<br />
Salix tortulosa Trautv.) (Arctic willow, Arctic dwarf willow, dwarf willow, ground willow)<br />
Salix arctophila Cockerell ex A. Heller (Salix arctica Liebm., non Pall., Salix arctophila Cockerell ex A.<br />
Heller var. lejocarpa (Andersson) C.K. Schneid., Salix groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Lundstr., non Heer, Salix<br />
groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Lundstr. var. lejocarpa (Andersson) Lange) (Arctic-loving willow, Laborador willow,<br />
northern willow, tundra dwarf willow)<br />
Salix argyrocarpa Andersson (Salix argyrocarpa Andersson var. denudata Andersson, Salix labradorica<br />
Rydb. var. pumila Nutt.( (Labrador willow, silverleaf willow)<br />
Salix atrocinerea Brot. (Salix cinerea L. ssp. atrocinerea (Brot.) Guinier, Salix cinerea L. ssp. oleifolia<br />
(Sm.) Macreight, Salix oleifolia Sm., non Vill.) (large gray willow, olive willow)*<br />
Salix ballii Dorn (Salix myrtillifolia Andersson var. brachypoda Fernald) (Ball‟s willow)<br />
Salix bebbiana Sarg. (Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. capreifolia (Fernald) Fernald, Salix bebbiana Sarg. var.<br />
92
depilis Raup, Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. luxurians (Fernald) Fernald, Salix bebbiana Sarg. var.<br />
perrostrata (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix bebbiana Sarg. var. projecta (Fernald) C.K. Schneid.,<br />
Salix depressa L. ssp. rostrata (Richardson) Hiitonen, Salix livida Wahlenb. var. occidentalis<br />
(Andersson) A. Gray, Salix livida Wahlenb. var. rostrata (Richardson) Dippel, Salix perrostrata<br />
Rydb., Salix rostrata Richardson, non Thuill., Salix rostrata Richardson var. capreifolia Fernald,<br />
Salix rostrata Richardson var. luxurians Fernald, Salix rostrata Richardson var. perrostrata (Rydb.)<br />
Fernald, Salix rostrata Richardson var. projecta Fernald, Salix starkeana Willd. ssp. bebbiana<br />
(Sarg.) Youngberg, Salix vagans Hook. f. ex Andersson var. occidentalis Andersson, Salix vagans<br />
Hook. f. ex Andersson var. rostrata (Richardson) Andersson) (beaked willow, Bebb‟s willow, longbeaked<br />
willow)<br />
Salix x beschelii Boiv. (bebbiana x discolor) (Beschel's willow)<br />
Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. brachycarpa (Salix brachycarpa Nutt. ssp. brachycarpa, Salix brachycarpa<br />
Nutt. var. alticola E.H. Kelso, Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. antimima (C.K. Schneid.) Raup, Salix<br />
brachycarpa Nutt. var. glabellicarpa C.K. Schneid., Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. sansonii C.R.<br />
Ball, Salix chlorolepis Fernald var. antimima C.K. Schneid., Salix desertorum Richardson var.<br />
fruticulosa Andersson, Salix desertorum Richardson var. stricta Andersson, Salix stricta<br />
(Andersson) Rydb.) (Canada willow, short-carpelled willow, short-fruited willow)<br />
Salix calcicola Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong> (Salix calcicola Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong> var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosior B. Boivin, Salix<br />
calcicola Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong> var. nicholsiana Polunin, Salix lanata L. ssp. calcicola (Fernald &<br />
Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Hultén, Salix richardsonii Hook. var. macouniana Bebb (limestone willow, wooly willow)<br />
Salix c<strong>and</strong>ida Fluegge ex Willd. (Salix c<strong>and</strong>idula Nieuwl.) (hoary willow, sage-leaved willow, sage willow)<br />
Salix caprea L. (goat willow) (ornamental)*<br />
Salix chlorolepis Fern. (greenscale willow, Mount-Albert willow) (QC)<br />
Salix cinerea L. (European gray willow, gray willow, large gray willow) (ornamental)*<br />
Salix coactilis Fern. (Salix coactilis Fernald, Salix grisea Willd., Salix pensylvanica Forbes, Salix<br />
petiolaris Sm. var. grisea (Willd.) Torr., Salix petiolaris Sm. var. sericea (Marsh.) Andersson)<br />
(felted willow, silky willow) (QC eastward in Canada)<br />
Salix x conifera Wangenh. (pro sp.) [discolor x humilis] (Salix discolor Muhl. var. latifolia Andersson)<br />
(pine willow) (USA only)<br />
Salix cordata Michx. (Salix adenophylla Hook., Salix syrticola Fernald) (diamond willow, heart willow,<br />
heart-leaf willow, s<strong>and</strong>-dune willow)<br />
Salix x cryptodonta Fernald (pro sp.) [bebbiana x c<strong>and</strong>ida] (wooly willow) (QC & NF)<br />
Salix daphnoides Villars (Daphne‟s willow, aurel willow) (ornamental)* (ON)<br />
Salix discolor Muhl. (Salix ancorifera Fernald, Salix conformis Forbes, Salix crassa Barratt, Salix discolor<br />
Muhl. var. overi C.R. Ball, Salix discolor Muhl. var. prinoides (Pursh) Andersson, Salix discolor<br />
Muhl. var. rigidior (Andersson) C.K. Schneid., Salix fuscata Pursh, Salix prinoides Pursh, Salix<br />
sensitiva Barratt, Salix squamata Rydb.) (glaucous willow, pussy willow)<br />
Salix x dutillyi Lepage [argyrocarpa x pedicellaris] (Dutilly's willow) (QC)<br />
Salix x ehrhartiana Sm. (pro sp.) [alba x pent<strong>and</strong>ra] (Salix x jesupii Fernald – was thought to be alba x<br />
lucida) (Ehrhart‟s willow, Jesup‟s willow)<br />
Salix eriocephala Michx. (Salix acutidens Rydb., Salix angustata Pursh, Salix cordata Muhl., nom. illeg.,<br />
non Salix cordata Michx., Salix cordata Muhl. ssp. rigida (Muhl.) Andersson, Salix cordata Michx.<br />
93
var. abrasa Fernald, Salix cordata Muhl. var. angustata (Pursh) Andersson, Salix cordata Muhl.<br />
var. missouriensis (Bebb) Mack. & Bush, Salix cordata Michx. var. rigida (Muhl.) B. Boivin, Salix<br />
cordata Muhl. var. rigida (Muhl.) Andersson, Salix cordata Muhl. var. rigida (Muhl.) Carey, Salix<br />
cordata Muhl. var. vestita (Andersson) Bebb (pro syn.), Salix discolor Muhl. var. eriocephala<br />
(Michx.) Andersson, Salix missouriensis Bebb, Salix myricoides Muhl. var. angustata (Pursh)<br />
Dippel, Salix myricoides Muhl. var. cordata (Muhl.) Dippel, Salix myricoides Muhl. var. rigida<br />
(Muhl.) Dippel, Salix rigida Muhl., Salix rigida Muhl. var. angustata (Pursh) Fernald, Salix rigida<br />
Muhl. var. vestita (Andersson) C.R. Ball, Salix torreyana Barratt) (diamond willow, Missouri heart<br />
willow, Missouri River willow, rigid willow, show-me willow)<br />
Salix exigua Nutt. (Salix argophylla Nutt., Salix exigua Nutt. var. angustissima (Andersson) Reveal &<br />
Broome, Salix exigua Nutt. var. columbiana Dorn, Salix exigua Nutt. var. hindsiana (Benth.) Dorn,<br />
Salix exigua Nutt. var. luteosericea (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix exigua Nutt. var. nevadensis (S.<br />
Watson) C.K. Schneid., Salix exigua Nutt. var. parishiana (Rowlee) Jeps., Salix exigua Nutt. var.<br />
stenophylla (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix exigua Nutt. var. virens Rowlee, Salix fluviatilis Nutt. var.<br />
argophylla (Nutt.) Sarg., Salix hindsiana Benth., Salix hindsiana Benth. var. leucodendroides<br />
(Rowlee) C.R. Ball, Salix hindsiana Benth. var. parishiana (Rowlee) C.R. Ball, Salix hindsiana<br />
Benth. var. tenuifolia (Andersson) Andersson, Salix interior Rowlee var. angustissima (Andersson)<br />
Dayton, Salix interior Rowlee var. luteosericea (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid., Salix linearifolia Rydb.,<br />
Salix longifolia Muhl. var. argophylla (Nutt.) Andersson, Salix longifolia Muhl. var. exigua (Nutt.)<br />
Bebb, Salix longifolia Muhl. var. opaca Andersson, Salix luteosericea Rydb., Salix macrostachya<br />
Nutt. var. leucodendroides Rowlee, Salix malacophylla Nutt. ex C.R. Ball, Salix nevadensis S.<br />
Watson, Salix parishiana Rowlee, Salix sessilifolia Nutt. ssp. hindsiana (Benth.) Andersson, Salix<br />
sessilifolia Nutt. var. hindsiana (Benth.) Andersson, Salix sessilifolia Nutt. var. leucodendroides<br />
(Rowlee) C.K. Schneid., Salix stenophylla Rydb., Salix thurberi Rowlee) (coyote willow, interior<br />
willow, narrowleaf willow, s<strong>and</strong>bar willow, slender willow) (mostly in western North America but it<br />
has been [at least] planted <strong>and</strong> survived in northwestern Ontario)<br />
Salix fragilis L. (brittle willow, crack willow, trembling willow)*<br />
Salix x gaspensis C.K. Schneid. [brachycarpa ssp. brachycarpa x chlorolepis] (Gaspé willow) (QC)<br />
Salix glauca L. (Arctic willow, callicarpa willow, grayleaf willow, northern willow, ungava willow)<br />
Salix x grayi C.K. Schneid. [argyrocarpa x planifolia] (Gray‟s willow) (NH)<br />
Salix humilis Marsh. var. humilis (Salix conifera Muhl., non Wangenh., Salix humilis Marsh. var.<br />
angustifolia (Barratt) Andersson, Salix humilis Marsh. var. gr<strong>and</strong>ifolia (Barratt) Andersson, Salix<br />
humilis Marsh. var. hyporhysa Fernald, Salix humilis Marsh. var. keweenawensis Farw., Salix<br />
humilis Marsh. var. rigidiuscula (Andersson) B.L. Rob. & Fernald, Salix muehlenbergiana Willd.<br />
var. angustifolia Barratt, Salix muehlenbergiana Willd. var. gr<strong>and</strong>ifolia Barratt, Salix tristis Aiton<br />
var. glabrata (Andersson) Andersson) (dwarf prarie willow, gray willow, prairie willow, upl<strong>and</strong><br />
willow)<br />
Salix humilis Marsh. var. tristis (Aiton) Griggs (Salix alpina Walter, Salix humilis Marsh. var. microphylla<br />
(Andersson) Fernald, Salix longirostris Michx., Salix muehlenbergiana Willd., Salix occidentalis<br />
Walter, Salix recurvata Pursh, Salix tristis Aiton) (prairie willow) (USA only)<br />
Salix x jamesensis Lepage (pedicellaris x pellita) (James' willow)<br />
Salix x laurentiana Fernald (pro sp.) [discolor x myricoides] (Salix paraleuca Fernald, Salix x paraleuca<br />
94
Fernald, Salix stenocarpa Fernald) (Laurentian willow, northern gray willow, Quebec gray willow)<br />
Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lucida (Salix arguta Andersson var. hirtisquama (Andersson) Andersson, Salix<br />
lucida Muhl. var. angustifolia (Andersson) Andersson, Salix lucida Muhl. var. intonsa Fernald,<br />
Salix lucida Muhl. var. latifolia (Andersson) Andersson, Salix lucida Muhl. var. ovatifolia<br />
Andersson, Salix pent<strong>and</strong>ra L. var. lucida (Muhl.) Kuntze) (glossy willow, shining willow)<br />
Salix maccalliana Rowlee (Arctic willow, McCalla's willow)<br />
Salix myricoides Muhl. var. albovestita (C.R. Ball) Dorn (Salix glaucophylla Bebb var. albovestita C.R.<br />
Ball, Salix glaucophylloides Fernald var. albovestita (C.R. Ball) Fernald) (bayberry willow, blueleaved<br />
willow, broadleaf willow, myrica-like willow, myrica willow, Quebec willow)<br />
Salix myricoides Muhl. var. myricoides (Salix cordata Muhl. var. glaucophylla Bebb, Salix cordata Muhl.<br />
var. myricoides (Muhl.) Carey, Salix glaucophylla Bebb, non Besser nec Andersson, Salix<br />
glaucophylla Bebb var. angustifolia C.F. Wheeler & E.F. Sm., Salix glaucophylla Bebb var.<br />
brevifolia C.F. Wheeler & E.F. Sm., Salix glaucophylla Bebb var. latifolia C.F. Wheeler & E.F.<br />
Sm., Salix glaucophylloides Fernald, Salix glaucophylloides Fernald var. brevifolia (C.F. Wheeler<br />
& E.F. Sm.) C.R. Ball ex E.G. Voss, Salix glaucophylloides Fernald var. glaucophylla (Bebb) C.K.<br />
Schneid.) (bayberry willow, blue-leaved willow, broadleaf willow, myrica-like willow, myrica willow,<br />
Quebec willow)<br />
Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. (black willow, coal willow, dark willow, myrica-leaved willow, wax-willow)* (ON)<br />
Salix myrtillifolia Anderss. (Salix lingulata Andersson, Salix myrsinites L. var. curtiflora Andersson, nom.<br />
inq., Salix myrtillifolia Andersson var. curtiflora (Andersson) Bebb ex Rose, Salix myrtillifolia<br />
Andersson var. lingulata (Andersson) C.R. Ball, Salix novae-angliae Andersson var. myrtillifolia<br />
(Andersson) Andersson, Salix novae-angliae Andersson var. pseudocordata Andersson, Salix<br />
pseudocordata (Andersson) Rydb.) (blueberry willow myrtle-leaf willow)<br />
Salix nigra Marsh. (Salix ambigua Pursh, non Ehrh., Salix denudata Raf., Salix dubia Trautv., Salix<br />
falcata Pursh, Salix flavovirens Hornem., Salix ligustrina Michx. f., Salix ludoviciana Raf., Salix<br />
nigra Marsh. var. altissima Sarg., Salix nigra Marsh. var. brevifolia Andersson, Salix nigra Marsh.<br />
var. brevijulis Andersson, Salix nigra Marsh. var. falcata (Pursh) Torr., Salix nigra Marsh. var.<br />
lindheimeri C.K. Schneid., Salix nigra Marsh. var. longifolia Andersson, Salix nigra Marsh. var.<br />
marginata (Wimm. ex Andersson) Andersson, Salix purshiana Spreng. (black willow, swamp<br />
willow)<br />
Salix x obtusata Fernald (pro sp.) [myricoides x pyrifolia] (bluntleaf willow, obtuse willow, Quebec willow)<br />
Salix x peasei Fernald (pro sp.) [herbacea x uva-ursi] (Pease‟s willow) (QC)<br />
Salix pedicellaris Pursh (Salix fuscescens Andersson var. hebecarpa Fernald, Salix hebecarpa (Fernald)<br />
Fernald, Salix myrtilloides L. var. hypoglauca (Fernald) C.R. Ball, Salix myrtilloides L. var.<br />
pedicellaris (Pursh) Andersson, Salix pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fernald, Salix pedicellaris<br />
Pursh var. tenuescens Fernald) (bog willow, Mount Albert willow, Quebec willow, spreading<br />
willow)<br />
Salix x pedunculata Fernald (pro sp.) [discolor x pellita] (Salix x pellicolor Lepage) (blackbract willow)<br />
(MB, QC, NF)<br />
Salix pellita Anderss. (Salix chlorophylla Andersson var. pellita (Andersson) Andersson, Salix obovata<br />
Pursh, Salix seriocarpa Buser, Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. var. pellita (Andersson) Jeps.)<br />
(Ontario willow, satiny willow, thick-leaved willow)<br />
95
Salix x pendulina Wender. [fragilis x ?sepulcralis] (Salix babylonica auct. non L. p.p., Salix x bl<strong>and</strong>a<br />
Andersson (pro sp.), Salix bl<strong>and</strong>a Andersson, Salix elegantissima K. Koch, Salix pendulina<br />
Wender. var. bl<strong>and</strong>a (Andersson) Meikle ex anon., ined., Salix pendulina Wender. var.<br />
elegantissima (K. Koch) Meikle) (hanging willow, Wisconsin weeping willow, weeping willow)*<br />
Salix pent<strong>and</strong>ra L. (bayleaf willow, bay-leaved willow) (ornamental)*<br />
Salix petiolaris Sm. meadow willow (Salix gracilis Andersson, Salix gracilis Andersson var.<br />
rosmarinoides Andersson, Salix gracilis Andersson var. textoris Fernald, Salix ne<strong>of</strong>orbesii<br />
Toepffer, Salix petiolaris Sm. var. angustifolia Andersson, Salix petiolaris Sm. var. gracilis<br />
(Andersson) Andersson, Salix petiolaris Sm. var. rosmarinoides (Andersson) C.K. Schneid., Salix<br />
petiolaris Sm. var. subsericea Andersson, Salix sericea Marsh. var. subsericea (Andersson)<br />
Rydb., Salix x subsericea (Andersson) C.K. Schneid.) (meadow willow, slender willow)<br />
Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. planifolia (Salix chlorophylla Andersson, Salix chlorophylla Andersson var.<br />
monica (Bebb) Flod., Salix chlorophylla Andersson var. nelsonii (C.R. Ball) Flod., Salix<br />
chlorophylla Andersson var. pychnocarpa (Andersson) Andersson, Salix monica Bebb, Salix<br />
nelsonii C.R. Ball, Salix pennata C.R. Ball, Salix phylicifolia L. ssp. planifolia (Pursh) Hiitonen,<br />
Salix phylicifolia L. var. monica (Bebb) Jeps., Salix phylicifolia L. var. pennata (C.R. Ball)<br />
Cronquist, Salix planifolia Pursh var. monica (Bebb) C.K. Schneid., Salix planifolia Pursh var.<br />
nelsonii (C.R. Ball) C.R. Ball ex E.C. Sm., Salix planifolia Pursh var. pennata (C.R. Ball) C.R. Ball<br />
ex Dutilly, Lepage & Daman, Salix pychnocarpa Andersson) (diamondleaf willow, flatleaf willow,<br />
flatleaved willow)<br />
Salix pseudomonticola Ball (Salix barclayi Andersson var. pseudomonticola (C.R. Ball) L. Kelso) (false<br />
monticola willow, false mountain willow)<br />
Salix pseudomyrsinites Andersson (Salix myrtillifolia Andersson var. cordata (Andersson) Dorn, Salix<br />
myrtillifolia Andersson var. pseudomyrsinites (Andersson) C.R. Ball ex Hultén, Salix novae-angliae<br />
auct. non Andersson, Salix novae-angliae Andersson var. pseudomyrsinites (Andersson)<br />
Andersson, Salix pseudocordata (Andersson) Rydb. var. cordata (Andersson) C.R. Ball) (firmleaf<br />
willow)<br />
Salix purpurea L. (Salix purpurea L. var. nana Dieck, Salix purpurea L. f. gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K.<br />
Schneid.) (basket willow, purple osier, purple willow, purpleosier willow)*<br />
Salix pyrifolia Anderss. (Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Andersson, Salix balsamifera (Hook.)<br />
Barratt ex Andersson var. alpestris Bebb, Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Andersson var.<br />
lanceolata Bebb, Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Andersson var. vegeta Bebb, Salix cordata<br />
Muhl. var. balsamifera Hook., Salix pyrifolia Andersson var. lanceolata (Bebb) Fernald) (balsam<br />
willow, pear-leaved willow)<br />
Salix reticulata L. ssp. reticulata (Salix orbicularis Andersson, Salix reticulata L. ssp. orbicularis<br />
(Andersson) Flod., Salix reticulata L. var. gigantifolia C.R. Ball, Salix reticulata L. var. glabra<br />
Trautv., Salix reticulata L. var. orbicularis (Andersson) Kom., Salix reticulata L. var. semicalva<br />
Fernald) (netted willow, netleaf willow, net-veined dwarf willow)<br />
Salix x rubella Bebb [c<strong>and</strong>ida x eriocephala] (reddish willow) (NF, MA, WI)<br />
Salix x rubens Schrank (alba x fragilis) (hybrid crack willow, red willow, reddish willow)*<br />
Salix x schneiderii B. Boivin [lucida x nigra] (Schneider‟s willow) (NB)<br />
Salix x sepulcralis Simonkai (alba x ?pendulina) (Salix babylonica auct. non L. p.p., Salix x chrysocoma<br />
96
Dode, Salix salomonii hort., Salix x sepulcralis Simonkai var. chrysocoma (Dode) Meikle) (hybrid<br />
willow, white weeping willow)*<br />
Salix x sericans Tausch ex A. Kern. [caprea x viminalis] (Atlantic willow)* (NB, NS, NF)<br />
Salix sericea Marsh. (Salix coactilis Fernald, Salix grisea Willd., Salix pensylvanica Forbes, Salix<br />
petiolaris Sm. var. grisea (Willd.) Torr., Salix petiolaris Sm. var. sericea (Marsh.) Andersson)<br />
(Nova Scotia-willow, silky willow)<br />
Salix serissima (L.H. Bailey) Fernald (Salix arguta Andersson var. alpigena Andersson, Salix arguta<br />
Andersson var. pallescens Andersson, Salix lucida Muhl. var. serissima L.H. Bailey) (autumn<br />
willow)<br />
Salix x simulans Fernald (pro sp.) [pedicellaris x ?] (Unknown willow) (QC)<br />
Salix x smithiana Willd. (pro sp.) [cinerea x viminalis] (disjunct willow, silky-leaf osier, Smith‟s willow)<br />
(NS, ME, MA, MN)<br />
Salix uva-ursi Pursh (Salix arbuscula L. var. labradorica (Andersson) Andersson, Salix cutleri Tuck.,<br />
Salix cutleri Tuck. var. labradorica (Andersson) Andersson, Salix ivigtutiana Lundstr., Salix<br />
myrsinites L. var. parvifolia Lange (bearberry willow)<br />
Salix vestita Pursh (Salix fernaldii Blank., Salix leiolepis Fernald, Salix reticulata L. var. vestita (Pursh)<br />
Andersson, Salix vestita Pursh ssp. leiolepis (Fernald) Argus, Salix vestita Pursh var. erecta<br />
Andersson, Salix vestita Pursh var. humilior Andersson, Salix vestita Pursh var. psilophylla<br />
Fernald & H. St. John) (hairy willow, rock willow, roundleaf willow)<br />
Salix viminalis L. (basket willow, osier, osier willow)*<br />
Salix x waghornei Rydb. (pro sp.) [arctica x glauca] (disjunct willow, Waghorn‟s willow) (BC, NF/LB, AK)<br />
Salix x wieg<strong>and</strong>ii Fernald [calcicola x c<strong>and</strong>ida] Wieg<strong>and</strong>'s willow (NF endemic)<br />
Order Theales<br />
Clusiaceae [Guttiferae/Hypericaceae] (garcinia family, mangosteen family, St. John’s-wort family)<br />
Hypericum ascyron L. (Hypericum pyramidatum Ait.) (great St. John‟s-wort, giant St. John‟s-wort)<br />
Hypericum boreale (Britton) E.P. Bicknell (Hypericum mutilum L. ssp. boreale (Britton) J.M. Gillett)<br />
(northern St. Johnswort<br />
Hypericum canadense L. (Canadian St. Johnswort, lesser Canadian St. Johnswort, nominignaeguhnsh,<br />
pertuisane)<br />
Hypericum dissimulatum E.P. Bicknell (according to some florae, it is Hypericum x dissimulatum Bickn.<br />
[canadense x mutilum] (disguised St. Johnswort)<br />
Hypericum ellipticum Hook. (elliptic-leaved St. John‟s-wort, pale St. Johnswort)<br />
Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP. (Sarothra gentianoides L.) (false St. John‟s-wort, gentian St.<br />
Johnswort, orange grass, orangegrass, pineweed)<br />
Hypericum kalmianum L. (Great Lakes St. Johnswort, Kalm‟s St. Johnswort, shrubby St. Johnswort)<br />
Hypericum majus (Gray) Britt. (Hypericum canadense L. var. majus A. Gray) (larger Canadian St.<br />
John‟s-wort, large St. Johnswort)<br />
Hypericum mutilum L. (dwarf St. Johnswort, northern St. John‟s-wort)<br />
Hypericum perforatum L. (<strong>common</strong> St. Johnswort, perforate St. John‟s-wort)*/**<br />
Hypericum prolificum L. (Hypericum spathulatum (Spach.) Steud.) (shrubby St. Johnswort)<br />
97
Hypericum punctatum Lam. (Hypericum subpetiolatum E.P. Bicknell ex Small) (corymbed St. John‟s-<br />
wort, spotted St. Johnswort)<br />
Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. (Hypericum turgidum Small) (round-fruited St. Johnswort, round-<br />
podded St. John‟s-wort, spherical-fruited St. John‟s-wort)<br />
Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gl. (Elodea fraseri Spach, Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach)<br />
Fernald, Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. ssp. fraseri (Spach) J.M. Gillett, Triadenum virginicum (L.)<br />
Raf. var. fraseri (Spach) Cooperr.) (false elodea, Fraser's marsh St. John‟s-wort)<br />
Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. (Hypericum virginicum L., Eldodea virginica Nutt.) (marsh St. Johnswort,<br />
swamp St. John‟s-wort)<br />
Elatinaceae (waterwort family)<br />
Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. (aquarium waterwort, matted waterwort, small waterwort, smaller<br />
waterwort)<br />
Elatine tri<strong>and</strong>ra Schk. (aquarium mud waterwort, floating waterwort, long-stemmed waterwort, mud-<br />
purslane, mud waterwort) (as the <strong>names</strong> suggest, these small mostly submersed plants are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
found in people‟s indoor aquaria – likely a lot <strong>of</strong> hybrids have been dumped back into the wild)<br />
Order Violales<br />
Cistaceae (rockrose family)<br />
Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald Fern. (Crocanthemum bicknellii (Fernald) Barnhart, Crocanthemum<br />
majus sensu Britton) (Bicknell‟s frostweed, hairy pinweed, large pinweed)<br />
Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. (Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britton, Helianthemum<br />
canadense (L.) Michx. var. sabulonum Fernald) (Canadian pinweed, frostweed, frost-wort,<br />
longbranch frostweed, long-branched frostweed)<br />
Hudsonia ericoides L. (false heather, golden heather, pine barren goldenheather, wolly beach-heath)<br />
Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. var. intermedia Peck (Hudsonia ericoides L. ssp. intermedia (Peck) Nickerson<br />
& Skog, Hudsonia intermedia (Peck) Erskine (pro hybr.)) (beach heath, false heather,<br />
poverty-grass, s<strong>and</strong> goldenheather)<br />
Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. var. tomentosa (Hudsonia ericoides L. ssp. tomentosa (Nutt.) Nickerson &<br />
Skog) (woolly beachheather)<br />
Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britton var. intermedia. (<strong>common</strong> pinweed, large-podded pinweed, prairie<br />
pinweed)<br />
Lechea maritima Leggett ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. maritima (Lechea minor L. var. maritima<br />
(Leggett ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) A. Gray) (beach pinweed, sea pinweed)<br />
Lechea minor L. (small pinweed, thymeleaf pinweed. thyme-leaved pinweed)<br />
Lechea mucronata Raf. (Lechea minor L. var. villosa (Elliot) B. Boivin, Lechea villosa Elliot, Lechea<br />
villosa Elliot var. macrotheca Hodgdon, Lechea villosa Elliot var. schaffneri Hodgdon (hairy<br />
pinweed, large pinweed)<br />
Lechea pulchella Raf. var. moniliformis (E.P. Bicknell) Seymour (Lechea leggettii Britton & Hollick var.<br />
moniliformis (E.P. Bicknell) Hodgdon, Lechea moniliformis E.P. Bicknell) (Leggett‟s pinweed)<br />
98
Lechea san-sabeana (Buckley) Hodgdon (San Saba pinweed) (native to TX only; you will occasionally<br />
find it elsewhere as a one-season survivor in railroad „ballast‟) (* anywhere outside TX)<br />
Lechea stricta Legg ex Britton (prairie pinweed, strict pinweed)<br />
Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family, gourd family)<br />
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus (Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst., Citrullus<br />
colocynthis (L.) Schrad. var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.,<br />
Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze, Cucubertia citrullus L., Momordica lanata Thunb.) (colocynth,<br />
watermelon)*<br />
Cucumis melo L. (cantaloupe. hybird melon, muskmelon)*<br />
Cucumis sativus L. (garden cucumber)*<br />
Cucurbita pepo L. var. pepo (Pepo pepo (L.) Britton ex Small) (field pumpkin)*<br />
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray (Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene, Sicyos lobata Michx.)<br />
(matchigiminuk, prickly cucumber, wild balsam apple, wild cucumber)<br />
Sicyos angulatus L. (one-seeded bur cucumber)<br />
Thladiantha dubia Bunge (climbing eunuch-gourd, goldencreeper, Manchu tuber-gourd)*<br />
Violaceae (violet family) {there are several new hybrids in NY; some probably will be found in Canada}<br />
Hybanthus concolor (T.F. Forst.) Spreng. (Cubelium concolor (T.F. Forst.) Raf., Viola concolor T.F.<br />
Forst.) (eastern greenviolet, green violet)<br />
Viola adunca Sm. var. adunca (Viola aduncoides A. Löve & D. Löve, Viola bellidifolia Greene, Viola<br />
cascadensis M.S. Baker, Viola montanensis Rydb., Viola subvestita Greene (heath dog violet,<br />
hooked violet, hooked-spur violet, s<strong>and</strong> violet)<br />
Viola affinis Leconte (Viola chalcosperma Brainerd , Viola rosacea Brainerd, Viola sororia Willd. ssp.<br />
affinis (Leconte) R.J. Little, Viola sororia Willd. var. affinis (Leconte) McKinney) (broad-leaved<br />
wood violet, <strong>common</strong> blue violet, LeConte's violet, pale early violet, s<strong>and</strong> violet)<br />
Viola arvensis Murr. (Viola tricolor L. var. arvensis (Murray) Boiss.) (European field pansy, wild pansy,<br />
wild violet)*/**<br />
Viola bl<strong>and</strong>a Willd. var. bl<strong>and</strong>a (sweet white violet)<br />
Viola bl<strong>and</strong>a Willd. var. palustriformis A. Gray (Viola incognita Brainerd) (large-leaved white violet, sweet<br />
white violet)<br />
Viola bicolor Pursh (Viola kitaibeliana auct. non Schult., Viola kitaibeliana Schult. var. rafinesquei<br />
(Greene), Viola rafinesquei Greene) (field pansy, tall field pansy)*/**<br />
Viola x brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider (rostrata x striata) (Braun‟s violet, hybrid violet)<br />
Viola canadensis L. var. canadensis (Canada violet, tall white violet)<br />
Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. (Viola rugulosa Greene, Viola rydbergii Greene<br />
creepingroot violet)<br />
Viola cucullata Ait. (Viola obliqua Hill) (<strong>common</strong> blue violet, hooded violet, marsh blue violet, marsh<br />
violet)<br />
Viola x eclipes Ballard (conspera x striata) (pale dog violet)<br />
Viola epipsila Ledeb. ssp. repens (Turcz. ex Trautv. & C.A. Mey.) Becker (Viola epipsiloides A. Löve &<br />
99
D. Löve, Viola repens Turcz. ex Trautv. & C.A. Mey.) (creeping violet, dwarf marsh violet)<br />
Viola labradorica Schrank (Viola adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fernald, Viola conspersa Rchb.<br />
(American dog violet, alpine violet, Labrador violet)<br />
Viola lanceolata L. ssp. lanceolata (bog white violet, lance-leaved violet, water violet)<br />
Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex Ging) M.S. Baker (Macloskey's violet, northern white<br />
violet, smooth white violet)<br />
Viola x malteana House (conspera x rostrata) (Malta violet)<br />
Viola nephrophylla Greene (Viola maccabeana M.S. Baker, Viola pratincola Greene, Viola retusa<br />
Greene (kidneyleaf violet, northern bog violet, northern white violet)<br />
Viola novae-angliae House (Viola septentrionalis Greene var. grisea Fernald, Viola sororia Willd. var.<br />
novae-angliae (House) McKinney) (New Engl<strong>and</strong> blue violet, New Engl<strong>and</strong> violet)<br />
Viola odorata L. (English violet, fragrant violet, March violet, sweet violet) (ornamental)*<br />
Viola x palmata L. (pro sp.) [brittoniana or pedatifida x affinis or sororia] (Viola falcata Greene, Viola<br />
palmata L., Viola stoneana House) (early blue violet, palmate violet, wood violet)<br />
Viola palustris L. var. palustris (alpine marsh violet, marsh violet, swamp violet)<br />
Viola pedata L. (birdfoot violet, bird‟s-foot violet, crowfoot violet)<br />
Viola pedatifida G. Don (Viola palmata L. var. pedatifida (G. Don) Cronquist) (larkspur violet, prairie<br />
violet)<br />
Viola x populifolia Greene (sororia x palmata) (Viola x peckiana House, Viola variabilis Greene) (poplar-<br />
leaved violet, poplar-violet)<br />
Viola x porteriana Pollard (cucullata x sagittata) (Viola x festata Hous) (Porter's violet)<br />
Viola pubescens Aiton var. pubescens (Viola eriocarpon (Nutt.) Schwein., Viola pensylvanica Michx.,<br />
Viola pubescens Aiton var. eriocarpon Nutt.) (downy violet, downy yellow violet, hairy violet,<br />
smooth yellow violet)<br />
Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray (Viola eriocarpon (Nutt.) Schwein.<br />
var. leiocarpon Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Viola pensylvanica Michx. var. leiocarpon (Fernald &<br />
Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Fernald, Viola pubescens Aiton var. leiocarpon (Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Seymour) (downy<br />
yellow violet)<br />
Viola renifolia Gray (kidney-leaved violet, primrose-leaved violet, runnerless white violet)<br />
Viola rostrata Pursh. (longspur violet, long-spurred blue violet)<br />
Viola rotundifolia Michx. (early violet, stemless violet, round-leaved yellow violet, yellow violet)<br />
Viola sagittata Aiton var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (Viola x abundans House, Viola x erratica House,<br />
Viola fimbriatula Sm.) (arrowleaf violet, arrow-leaved violet, ovate-leaved violet)<br />
Viola sagittata Aiton var. sagittata (Viola x cestrica House, Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte, Viola<br />
emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte var. acutiloba Brainerd, Viola sagittata Aiton var. subsagittata<br />
(Greene) Pollard) (arrowleaf violet)<br />
Viola selkirkii Pursh.ex Goldie (great spurred violet, Selkirk‟s violet)<br />
Viola septentrionalis Greene (northern blue violet, northern violet, northern woodl<strong>and</strong> violet)<br />
Viola sororia Willd. (Viola floridana Brainerd, Viola latiuscula Greene, Viola palmata L. var. sororia<br />
(Willd.) Pollard, Viola papilionacea Pursh p.p., Viola papilionacea Pursh var. priceana (Pollard)<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>er, Viola priceana Pollard) (<strong>common</strong> blue violet, woolly blue violet)<br />
Viola striata Ait. (cream violet, pale violet, striped cream violet, striped violet)<br />
100
Viola x sublanceolata House (pro hybr.) (lanceolata x macloskeyi) (lance-violet, near-<br />
lanceolate violet, primrose-leaved violet)<br />
Viola tricolor L. (heart's-ease, Johnny-jump-ups, ladies' delight, lady‟s-delight violet, pansy)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Subclass Hamamelididae<br />
Order Fagales<br />
Betulaceae [Corylaceae] (alder family, birch family, hazel family)<br />
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (European black alder)*<br />
Alnus incana (L.) Moench. (Alnus rugosa (Duroi) Spreng.) (grey alder, hoary alder, speckled alder, tag<br />
alder, white alder)<br />
Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. (Alnus crispa (Dry<strong>and</strong>er ex Aiton) Pursh) (green alder, mountain alder)<br />
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (gray birch, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> witch-hazel, piss birch, southern yellow birch,<br />
yellow birch)<br />
Betula x caerulea Blanch. var. gr<strong>and</strong>is Blanch. (pro nm.) [papyrifera × populifolia] (Betula<br />
caerulea-gr<strong>and</strong>is Blanchard) (Atlantic birch, blue birch, big blue birch)<br />
Betula gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa Michx. (bog birch, dwarf birch, resin birch, tundra dwarf birch)<br />
Betula lenta L. (black birch, cherry birch, mountain-mahogany, sweet birch)<br />
Betula neoalaskana Sarg. (Betula alaskana Sarg., Betula papyrifera Marsh. ssp. humilis (Regel) Hultén,<br />
Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. humilis (Regel) Fernald & Raup, Betula papyrifera Marsh. var.<br />
neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup, Betula resinifera Britton) (Alaska paper birch, Alaska white birch, resin<br />
birch)<br />
Betula x neoborealis Lepage (occidentalis x pumila var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulifera) (hybrid birch, Lepage‟s birch)<br />
Betula occidentalis Hook. (Betula minor (Tuckerm.) Fern.) (dwarf white birch, river birch, water birch)<br />
Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald (Betula alba L. var. cordifolia (Regel) Regel,<br />
Betula cordifolia Regel) (mountain paper birch, mountain white birch)<br />
Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. papyrifera (Betula alba L. var. commutata Regel, Betula papyrifera Marsh.<br />
var. commutata (Regel) Fernald, Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. elobata (Fernald) Sarg., Betula<br />
papyrifera Marsh. var. macrostachya Fernald, Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. pensilis Fernald<br />
(canoe birch, paper birch, western birch, white birch)<br />
Betula pendula Roth (Betula pendula Roth f. dalecarlica (L. f.) C.K. Schneid., Betula verrucosa Ehrh.)<br />
(European weeping birch, silver birch) (ornamental)*<br />
Betula populifolia Marsh. (fire birch, gray birch, oldfield birch, wire birch, white birch)<br />
Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Ehrh. (Betula alba L., Betula pubescens Ehrh. var. pubescens)<br />
(downy birch, European white birch)*<br />
Betula pumila L. var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulifera Regel. (Betula gl<strong>and</strong>ulifera (Regel) Butler, Betula gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa Michx.<br />
var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulifera (Regel) Gleason, Betula gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa Michx. var. hallii (Howell) C.L. Hitchc., Betula<br />
nana L. var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulifera (Regel) B. Boivin) (bog birch, dwarf birch, low birch, swamp birch)<br />
Betula pumila L. var. pumila (bog birch)<br />
Betula x purpusii C. Schnider (alleghensis x pumila) (Purpus' birch)<br />
101
Betula x raymundii Lepage [populifolia x pumila] (Raymund‟s birch)<br />
Betula x s<strong>and</strong>bergii Britton (papyrifera x pumila) (S<strong>and</strong>berg's birch)<br />
Betula x sargentii Dugle (gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa x pumila) (Sargent's birch)<br />
Carpinus betulus L. (birch hornbeam, Eurpoean hornbeam)*<br />
Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow (Carpinus betulus L. var. virginiana Marsh.,<br />
Carpinus caroliniana Walter var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fernald) (American hornbeam, blue-beech,<br />
ironwood, water-beech)<br />
Corylus americana Walter (American hazel, Ameican hazelnut, filbert)<br />
Corylus cornuta Marsh. var. cornuta (Corylus rostrata Aiton) (beaked hazel, beaked hazel-nut)<br />
Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. (American hop-hornbeam, eastern hop-hornbeam,<br />
ironwood, leverwood)<br />
Fagaceae (beech family, oak family)<br />
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (Castanea americana (Michx.) Raf.) (American chestnut, toothed<br />
chestnut) (rare)<br />
Fagus gr<strong>and</strong>ifolia Ehrh. (Fagus americana Sweet, Fagus ferruginea Aiton) (American beech, <strong>common</strong><br />
beech)<br />
Fagus sylvatica L. (European parkl<strong>and</strong> beech) (ornamental)*<br />
Quercus alba L. (stave oak, white oak)<br />
Quercus x bebbiana Schneid. (alba x macrocarpa) (Bebb's oak)<br />
Quercus bicolor Willd. (swamp white oak) (Lake Erie <strong>and</strong> southwestern Quebec)<br />
Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak) (reports in Canada may be erroneous)<br />
Quercus x deamii Trel. (macrocarpa x muhlengergii) (Quercus x fallax Palmer) (Deam's oak)<br />
Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill (Hill‟s oak, jack-oak, northern pin oak, Quetico oak)<br />
Quercus x hawkinsiae Sudw. (rubra x velutina) (Quercus x porteri Trel.) (Hawkins' oak, Porter‟s oak)<br />
Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. (bear oak, scrub oak)<br />
Quercus x jackiana Schneid. (alba x bicolor) (jack-oak, Jack‟s oak)<br />
Quercus macrocarpa Michx. var. macrocarpa (bur oak, limestone oak, mossy-cup oak)<br />
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. (Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houba, Quercus alex<strong>and</strong>eri Britton,<br />
Quercus prinoides J.M. Coult., non Willd., Quercus prinoides Willd. var. acuminata (Michx.)<br />
Gleason) (chestnut oak, chinkapin oak, chinquapin oak, yellow oak, yellow-chestnut oak)<br />
Quercus x palaeolithicola Trel. (ellipsoidalis x velutina) (Palaeozoic rock oak)<br />
Quercus palustris Muenchh. (marsh oak, pin oak, Spanish oak, swamp oak) (Niagra region)<br />
Quercus prinoides Willd. (dwarf chestnut oak, dwarf chinkapin oak, dwarf chinquapin oak)<br />
Quercus prinus L. (Quercus montana Willd.) (chestnut oak, rock-chestnut oak) (probably false reports<br />
for Canada – likely Quercus muehlenbergii)<br />
Quercus robur L. (English oak, pedunculate oak) (ornamental)*<br />
Quercus rubra L. var. ambigua (A. Gray) Fernald (Quercus borealis Michx. f., Quercus rubra L. var.<br />
borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.) (gray oak, northern red oak, red oak)<br />
Quercus rubra L. var. rubra (Quercus borealis Michx. f. var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe, Quercus maxima<br />
(Marsh.) Ashe (northern red oak)<br />
102
Quercus shumardii Buckley var. schneckii (Britton) Sarg. (Schneck‟s oak)<br />
Quercus shumardii Buckley var. shumardii (Schumard‟s oak, Schumard's red oak, swamp red oak)<br />
Quercus x schuettei Tre. (bicolor x macrocarpa) (Quercus x hillii Trel.) (Hill‟s oak, Schuette's oak)<br />
Quercus velutina Lam. (black oak, quercitron, yellow-barked oak)<br />
Order Hamamelidales<br />
Hamamelidaceae (gum tree family, witch-hazel family)<br />
Hamamelis virginiana L. (<strong>common</strong> witch-hazel)<br />
Liquidambar styraciflua L. (cultivated bilsted, red gum, sweet gum)*<br />
Platanaceae (plane-tree family, sycamore family)<br />
Platanus hybrida Brot. (Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., Platanus x acerifolia (Ait) Willd. - occidentalis<br />
L. x orientalis L.) (buttonwood, garden sycamore, London plane-tree, maple-leaved plane tree)*<br />
Platanus occidentalis L. (American sycamore, buttonball, plane-tree)<br />
Order Jugl<strong>and</strong>ales<br />
Jugl<strong>and</strong>aceae (walnut family)<br />
Carya alba (L.) Nutt. (Poir) Nutt. (Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt., Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. var.<br />
subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyerm., Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf., Juglans alba L. p.p.) (big<br />
bud hickory, mockernut hickory, white heart hickory) (likely an error in terms <strong>of</strong> recordings in<br />
Ontario - all the supposed examples I‟ve seen appear to be Carya ovata; see also Morton <strong>and</strong><br />
Venn 1990 who make a similar comment)<br />
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch. (Hicoria cordiformis (Wangenh.) Britton) (bitternut hickory,<br />
swamp hickory, pignut)<br />
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet (Carya leiodermis Sarg., Carya magnifloridana Murrill, Carya microcarpa<br />
(Nutt.) Britton, Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. var. hirsuta (Ashe) Sarg., Carya x ovalis<br />
(Wangenh.) Sarg. var. hirsuta (Ashe) B. Boivin, nom. illeg., Hicoria austrina Small, Hicoria glabra<br />
(Mill.) Britton, Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton var. hirsuta Ashe) (false shagbark, pignut hickory, red<br />
hickory, sweet pignut) (Niagara region)<br />
Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (Carya oliviformis (Michx. f.) Nutt., Carya pecan (Marsh.) Engl. &<br />
Graebn., Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton) (Illinois hickory, pecan) (records for Canada are dubious)<br />
Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. (Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg.) (big shellbark hickory, bottom<br />
shellbark hickory, kingnut)<br />
Carya x laneyi Sarg. (cordiformis x ovata) (hybrid hickory, Laney's hickory)<br />
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (Hicoria alba Britton p.p., Hicoria borealis Ashe, Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton)<br />
(shagbark hickory, little shellbark hickory, shellbark hickory)<br />
Castanea sativa Mill. (Castanea vesca Gaertn., Castanea vulgaris Lam.) (European chestnut, Spanish<br />
chestnut, sweet chestnut) (ornamental)*<br />
Juglans cinerea L. (Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef.) (butternut, white walnut)<br />
Juglans nigra L. (Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.) (American walnut, black walnut)<br />
103
Juglans regia L. (English walnut, Persian walnut) (ornamental)*<br />
Order Myricales<br />
Myricaceae (bayberry family, wax myrtle family)<br />
Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. (Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M. Coult. var. aspleniifolia (L.) Fernald,<br />
Myrica aspleniifolia L., Myrica aspleniifolia L. var. tomentosa (A. Chev) Gleason, Myrica peregrina<br />
(L.) Kuntze) (fern-gale, sweetfern)<br />
Myrica gale L. (Gale palustris A. Chev.) (meadow-fern, sweet gale)<br />
Myrica pensylvanica Loisel. (Myrica pensylvanica Mirb.) (Brunswick bayberry, c<strong>and</strong>leberry, northern<br />
bayberry)<br />
Order Urticales<br />
Cannabaceae [Cannabinaceae] (hemp family) (separated from Moraceae)<br />
Cannabis sativa L. (baby smack, dope, grass, horse, marijuana, Mary-Jane, pot, weed)*<br />
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese hemp, Japanese hop) (ornamental)*<br />
Humulus lupulus L. (<strong>common</strong> hemp, <strong>common</strong> hop) (ornamental)*<br />
Moraceae (mulberry family)<br />
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. (Ioxylon pomiferum Raf., orth. var., Toxylon pomiferum Raf.)<br />
(osage-orange) (ornamental)*<br />
Morus alba L. (Morus tatarica L.) (white mulberry)*/**<br />
Morus rubra L. var. rubra (red mulberry) (becoming rare in Ontario)<br />
Ulmaceae (elm family)<br />
Celtis occidentalis L. (Celtis canina Raf., Celtis pumila Pursh) (American hackberry, <strong>common</strong> hackberry,<br />
sugar-berry)<br />
Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. (Celtis georgiana Small, Celtis laevigata Willd. var. smallii (Beadle) Sarg., Celtis<br />
mississippiensis Bosc, Celtis occidentalis L. var. georgiana (Small) H.E. Ahles, Celtis pumila<br />
Pursh var. georgiana (Small) Sarg., Celtis smallii Beadle) (dwarf hackberry, nettle-tree,<br />
sugarberry, upl<strong>and</strong> hackberry)<br />
Ulmus americana L. (American elm, orme, white elm)<br />
Ulmus glabra Huds. (Ulmus campestris L. p.p.) (Scotch elm, smooth elm, witch elm, Wych elm)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Ulmus chinensis Pers.) (Chinese elm, lacebark elm) (ornamental)*<br />
Ulmus procera Salisb. (Ulmus campestris L. p.p., Ulmus carpinifolia auct. non Ruppius ex G. Suckow,<br />
Ulmus minor auct. non Mill.) (beech elm, English elm, ironwood elm)*<br />
Ulmus pumila L. (dwarf elm, Siberian elm) (ornamental)*<br />
Ulmus rubra Muhl. (Ulmus fulva Michx.) (red elm, slippery elm)<br />
Ulmus thomasii Sarg. (Ulmus racemosa D. Thomas) (cork elm, rock elm, Thomas‟ elm)<br />
104
Urticaceae (nettle family)<br />
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. (Boehmeria austrina Small, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var.<br />
drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. scabra Porter, Boehmeria<br />
decurrens Small, Boehmeria drummondiana Weddell, Boehmeria scabra (Porter) Small, Urtica<br />
cylindrica L.) (bog hemp, false nettle, smallspike false-nettle)<br />
Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. (Urtica canadensis L., Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze) (Canada<br />
nettle, Canadian wood-nettle, wood-nettle)<br />
Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. (Parietaria obtusa Rydb. ex Small, Parietaria occidentalis Rydb.,<br />
Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. var. obtusa (Rydb. ex Small) Shinners) (Pennsylvania<br />
pellitory)<br />
Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. (adicea, coolwort, lesser clearweed, richweed, spring clearweed)<br />
Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray var. pumila (Adicea pumila (L.) Raf., Urtica pumila L.) (Canadian clearweed,<br />
dwarf clearweed, coolweed, false creeping Charley)<br />
Urtica dioica L. ssp. dioica (Urtica gracilis Aiton var. latifolia Farw.) (European stinging nettle, ortie,<br />
stinging nettle)*/**<br />
Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Sel<strong>and</strong>. (Urtica californica Greene, Urtica cardiophylla Rydb., Urtica<br />
dioica L. var. angustifolia Schltdl., Urtica dioica L. var. californica (Greene) C.L. Hitchc., Urtica<br />
dioica L. var. gracilis (Aiton) C.L. Hitchc., Urtica dioica L. var. lyallii (S. Watson) C.L. Hitchc.,<br />
Urtica dioica L. var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Weddell, Urtica gracilis Aiton, Urtica lyallii S.<br />
Watson, Urtica lyallii S. Watson var. californica (Greene) Jeps., Urtica major H.P. Fuchs, Urtica<br />
procera Muhl. ex Willd., Urtica serra auct. non Blume, Urtica strigosissima Rydb., Urtica viridis<br />
Rydb. (California nettle, grass-leaved nettle)<br />
Urtica urens L. (burning nettle, dog-nettle, dwarf nettle, small nettle)*/**<br />
Subclass Magnoliidae<br />
Order Aristolochiales<br />
Aristolochiaceae (birthwort family)<br />
Aristolochia clematitis L. (birthwort)*<br />
Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. (Dutchman‟s-pipe, larger birthwort)*<br />
Asarum canadense L. (Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) E.P. Bicknell, Asarum reflexum E.P. Bicknell,<br />
Asarum rubrocinctum Peattie) (asarabacca, Indian ginger, numaepin, wild ginger)<br />
Order Laurales<br />
Lauraceae (laurel family)<br />
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (allspice, Benjamin-bush, feverbush, spicebush, wild allspice)<br />
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Ness (white sassafras) (rare - southwestern Ontario)<br />
105
Order Magnoliales<br />
Annonaceae (custard-apple family)<br />
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. (custard-apple, false banana, North American pawpaw)<br />
Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip-poplar, tulip-tree, yellow poplar)<br />
Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. (Magnolia cordata Michx., Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.) Small, Tulipastrum<br />
cordatum (Michx.) Small) (cucumber-tree, magnolia) (southwestern Ontario)<br />
Magnolia x soulangiana Soul.-Bod. [denudata x liliifolia] (Chinese magnolia, saucer magnolia)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Order Nymphaeales<br />
Cabombaceae (cabomba family, water-shield family)<br />
Brasenia schreberi J. Gmel. (Brasenia peltata Pursh) (purple wen-dock, water-shield, water-target)<br />
Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray (cabomba, Carolina water-shield, fanwort)<br />
Ceratophyllaceae (hornwort family)<br />
Ceratophyllum demersum L. (<strong>common</strong> coontail, floating coontaill, hornwort, submerged hornwort)<br />
Ceratophyllum echinatum A. Gray (prickly coontail, prickly hornwort, submerged prickly hornwort)<br />
Nelumboaceae (separated from Nymphaeaceae)<br />
Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. (Nelumbium luteum Willd., orth. var., Nelumbo pentapetala sensu Fernald,<br />
non Nymphaea pentaphylla Walter) (American lotus, American nelumbo, pond-nuts, sacred bean,<br />
water chinquapin, wonkapin, yellow nelumbo)<br />
Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family) (separated from Nelumboaceae)<br />
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. advena (Aiton) Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi (Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, Nuphar<br />
advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton ssp. ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) D. Padgett, Nuphar advena (Aiton)<br />
W.T. Aiton var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray, Nuphar fluviatilis (Harper) St<strong>and</strong>l., Nuphar x<br />
interfluitans Fernald, Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. macrophylla (Small) E.O. Beal, Nuphar lutea (L.)<br />
Sm. ssp. ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) E.O. Beal, Nuphar microcarpa (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.)<br />
St<strong>and</strong>l., Nuphar ovata (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) St<strong>and</strong>l., Nuphar ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.)<br />
St<strong>and</strong>l., Nuphar puteora Fernald, Nymphaea advena Aiton, Nymphaea chartacea G.S. Mill. &<br />
St<strong>and</strong>l., Nymphaea fluviatilis Harper, Nymphaea macrophylla Small, Nymphozanthus advena<br />
(Aiton) Fernald, Nymphozanthus ozarkanus (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) Palmer & Steyerm (large<br />
spatterdock, large yellow pond-lily, marsh-collard, spatterdock, water-collard)<br />
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. pumila (Timm) E.O. Beal (Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fernald, Nuphar pumila<br />
(Timm) DC.) (red-eye bullhead, small yellow pond lily)<br />
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. rubrodisca (Morong) Hellquist & Wiersema (Nuphar rubrodisca Morong,<br />
Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene, Nuphar x rubrodisca Fern. [formerly claimed as Nuphar<br />
microphylla x Nuphar variegata], Nuphar x rubrodiscum (Morong.) Fern., Nymphozanthus<br />
106
ubrodiscus (Morong) Fernald) (red-disked yellow pond-lily, red-eyed water-collard)<br />
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. variegata (Dur<strong>and</strong>) E.O. Beal (Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton var.<br />
fraterna (G.S. Mill. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) St<strong>and</strong>l., Nuphar variegata Dur<strong>and</strong>, Nymphaea fraterna G.S. Mill. &<br />
St<strong>and</strong>l.) (bullhead, bullhead lily, cow lily, gauwaukmeesh, pied-de-chaval, spatterdock, varigated<br />
yellow pond-lily, yellow pond lily)<br />
Nymphaea leibergii Morong (Nymphaea tetragona Georgi ssp. leibergii (Morong) A.E. Porsild,<br />
Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. leibergii (Morong) B. Boivin) (afternoon water-lily, Leibergi‟s<br />
water-lily, pygmy water-lily, small white water-lily, water-nymph)<br />
Nymphaea odorata Aiton ssp. odorata (Castalia lekophylla Small, Castalia minor (Sims) Nyar, Castalia<br />
odorata (Aiton) Alph. Wood, Castalia reniformis DC., Nymphaea minor (Sims) DC., Nymphaea<br />
odorata Aiton var. gigantea Tricker, Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. godfreyi Ward, Nymphaea<br />
odorata Aiton var. minor Sims, Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rosea Pursh, Nymphaea odorata<br />
Aiton var. stenopetala Fernald, Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. villosa Caspary (American white<br />
water-lily, anung pikobeesae, fragrant water-lily, pink water-lily, pond-lily)<br />
Nymphaea odorata Aiton ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersma & Hellquist (Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene,<br />
Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. maxima (Conrad) B. Boivin, Nymphaea tuberosa Paine) (American<br />
white water-lily, tuberous white water-lily, white water-lily<br />
Order Papaverales<br />
Fumariaceae (bleeding-heart family, fumitory family) (separated from Papaveraceae)<br />
Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (allegheny-vine, climbing fumitory,<br />
mountain-fringe)<br />
Corydalis aurea Willd. (Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze, Corydalis washingtoniana Fedde (golden<br />
corydalis, golden smoke, scrambled eggs, yellow corydalis)<br />
Corydalis flavula (Raf. ex Desv.) DC. (Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze, Fumaria flavula Raf.) (yellow<br />
corydalis, yellow fumewort, yellow harlequin)<br />
Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh) (harlequin-flower, pale corydalis,<br />
pink corydalis, rock-harlequin)<br />
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. (Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC.) (spring corydalis, spring fumewort)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie.) Walp. (Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.) (bleeding-heart,<br />
squirrel-corn)<br />
Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. (breeches-flower, capuchon, Dutchman's breeches, Dutch fumitory,<br />
ojidimo miskishm<strong>and</strong>aumin, soldier‟s-cap)<br />
Fumaria <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. ssp. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (<strong>common</strong> fumitory, drug fumitory, earth-smoke, fumitory, hedge<br />
fumitory)*<br />
Papaveraceae (poppy family)<br />
Argemone mexicana L. (Argemone leiocarpa Greene) (devil's-fig, Mexican argemone, Mexican prickly<br />
poppy) (ornamental)*<br />
Chelidonium majus L. var. majus (cel<strong>and</strong>ine, greater cel<strong>and</strong>ine, swallow-wort)*/**<br />
107
Eschscholzia californica Cham. ssp. californica (Eschscholzia procera Greene) (California poppy)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Glaucium flavum Crantz (yeloow hornpoppy, yellow horned poppy) (ornamental)*<br />
Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. (Bocconia cordata Willd., Bocconia japonica André) (plume-poppy,<br />
tree-cel<strong>and</strong>ine) (ornamental)*<br />
Papaver dubium L. (blindeyes, doubtful poppy, garden poppy, long-headed poppy) (ornamental)*<br />
Papaver orientale L. (Papaver pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw., Papaver pseudoorientale (Fedde)<br />
Medv., orth. var.) (Oriental poppy) (ornamental)*<br />
Papaver rhoeas L. (corn-poppy, red poppy) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Papaver somniferum L. (<strong>common</strong> poppy, opium poppy)*<br />
Sanguinaria canadensis L. (bloodroot, miskwidjeebik, puccoon-root, red puccoon)<br />
Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. (Chelidonium diphyllum Michx.) (cel<strong>and</strong>ine-poppy, wood-poppy)<br />
Order Piperales<br />
Saururaceae (lizard's-tail family)<br />
Saururus cernuus L. (lizard's-tail, swamp-lily, water-dragon)<br />
Order Ranunculales<br />
Berberdiaceae (barberry family, may-apple family) (includes Podophyllaceae)<br />
Berberis x ottawensis C. K. Schneider (thunbergii x vulgaris) (hybrid barberry)*/**<br />
Berberis thunbergii DC. (Japanese barberry, Nova Scotia barberry) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Berberis vulgaris L. (<strong>common</strong> barberry, European barberry)*/**<br />
Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Leconte & Blackwell (giant blue cohosh)<br />
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. (blue cohosh, papoose-root, zheegimaewibug)<br />
Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. (rheumatism root, twin-leaf)<br />
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt. (Berberis aquifolia Pursh.) (mountain grape, Oregon-grape,<br />
water-barberry)*/**<br />
Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don (Berberis repens Lindl.) (creeping Oregon-grape, lesser barberry,<br />
trailing mahonia)*/**<br />
Podophyllum peltatum L. (ininwidjeebik, m<strong>and</strong>rake, may-apple, wild jalap)<br />
Menispermaceae (moonseed family)<br />
Menispermum canadense L. (Canada moonseed, yellow parilla)<br />
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family, crowfoot family, spearwort family)<br />
Aconitum x bicolor Schultes (napellus x variegatum) (hybrid wolfsbane, two-colored wolfsbane)*<br />
Aconitum napellus L. (aconite, garden-monkshod, garden-wolfsbane, Venus‟ chariot)*<br />
Aconitum variegatum L. (Manchurian monkshod, striped monkshod)*<br />
Actaea x ludovici Boiv. (pachypoda x rubra) (hybrid baneberry, Ludovic‟s baneberry,<br />
necklaceweed)<br />
Actaea pachypoda Ell. (Actaea alba auct. non (L.) Mill.) (doll's eyes, weekizigun, white baneberry, white<br />
108
cohosh)<br />
Actaea racemosa L. var. racemosa (Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.) (black bugbane, black cohosh,<br />
black snakeroot, bugbane, rattletop)<br />
Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. ssp. rubra (Actaea spicata L. ssp. rubra (Aiton) Hulté) (red baneberry,<br />
snakeberry)<br />
Anemone canadensis L. (Anemonidium canadense (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (Canada anemone, echo<br />
root, midewidjeebik, round-leaved anemone)<br />
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray (c<strong>and</strong>le aneome, long-fruited anemone, long-headed anemone, false<br />
thimbleweed)<br />
Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida (Anemone globosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex Pritz., Anemone<br />
hudsoniana (DC.) Richardson, Anemone multifida Poir. ssp. globosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. & A.<br />
Gray, nom. nud., Anemone multifida Poir. var. globosa Torr. & A. Gray, Anemone multifida Poir.<br />
var. hudsoniana DC., Anemone multifida Poir. var. nowosadii B. Boivin, Anemone multifida Poir.<br />
var. sansonii B. Boivin) (cleft anemone, clefted anemone, Hudson's anemone, Pacific anemone,<br />
Sanson's anemone)<br />
Anemone parviflora Michx. var. parviflora (small-flowered anemone)<br />
Anemone quinquefolia L. var. quinquefolia (Anemone nemorosa L. var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh)<br />
(nightcaps, windflower, wood anemone)<br />
Anemone richardsonii Hook. (Jurtsevia richardsonii (Hook.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (Richardson‟s anemone,<br />
yellow anemone, yellow thimbleweed)<br />
Anemone virginiana L. var. alba (Oakes) Alph. Wood (Anemone cylindrica A. Gray var. alba Oakes,<br />
Anemone riparia Fernald, Anemone virginiana L. var. riparia (Fernald) B. Boivin) (large<br />
white-flowered anemone, river anemone, tall anemone, tall thimbleweed)<br />
Anemone virginiana L. var. cylindroidea B. Boivin (tall thimbleweed)<br />
Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana (tall thimbleweed, Virginia thimbleweed)<br />
Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (small-flowered columbine, smaller columbine)<br />
Aquilegia canadensis L. (Aquilegia australis Small, quilegia coccinea Small, Aquilegia latiuscula Greene,<br />
Aquilegia phoenicantha Cory) (fool's honeysuckle, gants-de-Notre-Dame, meetinghouses,<br />
misudidjeebik, red columbine, rock-bells, stomach root, wild columbine)<br />
Aquilegia vulgaris L. (blue columbine, culverwort, European columbine, garden columbine)*<br />
Caltha natans Pall. ex Georgi (Thacla natans (Pall. ex Georgi) Deyl & Soják) (floating marsh marigold)<br />
Caltha palustris L. var. palustris (Caltha asarifolia DC., Caltha natans Pall. ex Georgi var. asarifolia (DC.)<br />
Huth) (cowslip, king-cup, marsh marigold, may-blob, ogitaebug, populage de marais, yellow marsh<br />
marigold)<br />
Clematis campaniflora Brot. (bellflower clematis, bluebell clematis, bluebell virgin's bower) (ornamental)*<br />
Clematis integrifolia L. (clematis)*<br />
Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. var. occidentalis (Atragene americana Sims, Atragene occidentalis<br />
Hornem., Clematis verticillaris DC.) (purple clematis, purple virgin's bower, rock clematis, western<br />
blue virginsbower)<br />
Clematis orientalis L. (Clematis aurea A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., Viticella orientalis (L.) W.A. Weber)<br />
(Japanese clematis, Japanese virgin's bower, Oriental clematis, western clematis) (ornamental)*<br />
Clematis recta L. (erect clematis, ground virginsbower, upright clematis) (ornamental)*<br />
Clematis terniflora DC. (false yam-clematis, sweet autumn clematis sweet autumn virginsbower, yam-<br />
109
leaved clematis) (ornamental)*<br />
Clematis viorna L. (Clematis beadlei (Small) Erickson, Clematis gattingeri Small, Clematis viorna L. var.<br />
flaccida (Small) Erickson, Coriflora beadlei (Small) W.A. Weber, Coriflora gattingeri (Small) W.A.<br />
Weber, Coriflora viorna (L.) W.A. Weber, Viorna beadlei Small, Viorna flaccida (Small) Small,<br />
Viorna gattingeri (Small) Small, Viorna ridgwayi St<strong>and</strong>l., Viorna viorna (L.) Small) (leather-flower,<br />
leather-flower vine, vase-vine) (ornamental - * in Canada but native in USA)<br />
Clematis virginiana L. (devil's-darning-needles, leather-flower, virgin's-bower)<br />
Clematis vitalba L. (evergreen clematis, old man‟s beard, traveller‟s joy) (ornamental)*<br />
Clematis viticella L. (Viticella viticella (L.) Small) (clematis vine, Italian clematis, Italian leather-flower)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur (Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood, Delphinium ajacis L.,<br />
Delphinium ambiguum L.) (doubtful knight‟s spur, false garden larkspur, false larkspur, rocket<br />
larkspur) (ornamental)*<br />
Consolida regalis S. Gray (Delphinium consolida L.) (branching larkspur, forking larkspur, royal false<br />
larkspur, royal knight‟s spur, royal larkspur) (ornamental)*<br />
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. (Coptis groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Oeder) Fernald) (canker, canker-root, goldenthread,<br />
goldthread, threeleaf goldthread) (ornamental)*<br />
Enemion biternatum Raf. (Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray) (eastern false rue anemone,<br />
isopyrum)<br />
Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. (Helleborus hyemalis L.) (winter-aconite, winter hellebore) (ornamental)*<br />
Helleborus viridis L. (green hellebore, winter-aconite) (ornamental)*<br />
Hepatica nobilis Schreb. var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm. (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson, Hepatica<br />
acuta (Pursh) Britton, Hepatica acutiloba DC., Hepatica triloba Chaix var. acuta Pursh) (animozid,<br />
blue anemone, dog's foot, noble liverwort, sharp-lobed hepatica, sharp-lobed liverleaf)<br />
Hepatica nobilis Schreb. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. (Anemone americana (DC.) H. Hara, Anemone<br />
hepatica L., Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl., Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst., Hepatica triloba<br />
Chaix var. americana DC.) (American liverleaf, blue cups, liverleaf, round-lobed hepatica)<br />
Hydrastis canadensis L. (golden seal, orangeroot, tumeric, yellow puccoon)<br />
Myosurus minimus L. (Myosurus clavicaulis M. Peck p.p.) (tiny mouse-tail) (more <strong>common</strong> in e ON)<br />
Nigella damascena L. (Damascus hellebore, devil in the bush, fennel-flower, love-in-a-mist)<br />
(ornamental)*/**<br />
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels (Anemone ludoviciana Nutt., nom. illeg.,<br />
Anemone multifida (Pritz.) Zamels, non Poir., Anemone nuttalliana DC., Anemone patens L. var.<br />
multifida Pritz., Anemone patens L. var. nuttalliana (DC.) A. Gray, Anemone patens L. var.<br />
wolfgangiana (Besser) Koch, Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton, Pulsatilla ludoviciana A.<br />
Heller, nom. illeg., Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. ssp. hirsutissima<br />
(Pursh) Zamels) (cutleaf anemone, cut-leaved anemone, hartshorn-plant, Nuttall‟s anemone,<br />
pasqueflower, pasque-flower, prairie crocus prairie-smoke)<br />
Ranunculus abortivus L. (kidneyleaf buttercup, littleleaf buttercup, small-flowered crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus acris L. var. acris (Ranunculus boreanus Jord.) (bouton d'or, <strong>common</strong> buttercup, meadow<br />
buttercup, showy buttercup, tall buttercup, waeqauwaubugooneek)*<br />
Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. (Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf.) (water-plantain spearwort) (probable<br />
samples photographed near Verona ON near a water garden, hence these were likely imported<br />
110
illegally; not found in Canada otherwise)<br />
Ranunculus bulbosus L. (bulbous buttercup, bulbous crowfoot, St. Anthony‟s tulip, yellow weed)*<br />
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh. (Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria (Pursh) Britton ssp. alpina (Hook.) A. Löve &<br />
D. Löve, Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene (alkali buttercup, Great Lakes crowfoot, seaside<br />
buttercup, seaside crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow (early buttercup, early crowfoot, tufted buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus ficaria L. (fig buttercup, lesser cel<strong>and</strong>ine, marsh pilewort)*<br />
Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. (Ranunculus delphiniifolius Torr. ex Eaton) (yellow water-buttercup, yellow<br />
water-crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus flammula L. var. filiformis (Michx.) Hook. (Ranunculus filiformis Michx., Ranunculus<br />
flammula L. var. reptans (L.) E. Mey., Ranunculus reptans L., Ranunculus reptans L. var. filiformis<br />
(Michx.) DC., Ranunculus reptans L. var. intermedius (Hook.) Torr. & A. Gray) (creeping<br />
spearwort, greater creeping spearwort, mud-buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus flammula L. var. flammula (Ranunculus filiformis Michx. var. ovalis Bigelow, Ranunculus<br />
flammula L. var. angustifolius Wallr., Ranunculus flammula L. var. genuinus Buchenau,<br />
Ranunculus flammula L. var. ovalis (Bigelow) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus flammula L. var.<br />
samolifolius (Greene) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus reptans L. var. ovalis (Bigelow) Torr. & A. Gray)<br />
(greater creeping spearwort) (NS & NF in e. Canada)<br />
Ranunculus gmelinii DC. (Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. var. tuquetilianus Polunin p.p., Ranunculus<br />
limosus Nutt., Ranunculus purshii Richardson) (Gmelin‟s buttercup, small yellow water-buttercup,<br />
small yellow water-crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus hederaceus L. (Batrachium hederaceum (L.) Gray) (ivy-leaved buttercup, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong><br />
buttercup) (probably * in Canada)<br />
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. caricetorum (Greene) T. Duncan (Ranunculus caricetorum Greene,<br />
Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. var. caricetorum (Greene) Fernald, Ranunculus siciformis Mack.<br />
& Bush ex Rydb. (bristly buttercup, hispid buttercup, swamp buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. hispidus (bristly buttercup, hispid buttercup, swamp buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Chapm.) T. Duncan (Ranunculus carolinianus DC.,<br />
Ranunculus carolinianus DC. var. villicaulis Shinners, Ranunculus nitidus Muhl. ex Elliot, non<br />
Walter, Ranunculus palmatus Elliot, Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir., Ranunculus septentrionalis<br />
Poir. var. nitidus (Chapm.) Chapm., Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. var. pterocarpus L.D.<br />
Benson)<br />
Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. (Ranunculus intertextus Greene, Ranunculus natans C.A. Mey. var.<br />
intertextus (Greene) L.D. Benson) (Arctic buttercup, high northern buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus lapponicus L. (Coptidium lapponicum (L.) G<strong>and</strong>og.) (Lapl<strong>and</strong> buttercup, moss-buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus longirostris Godr. (Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) Rchb., Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.)<br />
Rchb. ssp. subrigidum (W. Drew) A. Löve & D. Löve, Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F.W.<br />
Schultz, Ranunculus amphibius James, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. p.p.,<br />
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. longirostris (Godr.) G. Lawson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var.<br />
subrigidus (W. Drew) Breitung, Ranunculus circinatus auct. non Sibth., Ranunculus circinatus<br />
Sibth. var. subrigidus (W. Drew) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus subrigidus W. Drew, Ranunculus<br />
usneoides Greene) (longbeak buttercup, stiff white water-buttercup, white water-buttercup, white<br />
111
water-crowfoot) (not likely in Canada)<br />
Ranunculus macounii Britt (Macoun's crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus pallasii Schldl. (Pallas' buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus pedatifidus Sm. var. affinis (R. Br.) L.D. Benson (Ranunculus affinis R. Br.) (bird's-foot,<br />
bird's-foot buttercup, bird's-foot crowfoot, northern buttercup, surefoot buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. (bristly buttercup, bristly crowfoot, Pennsylvania buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb. var. pygmaeus (dwarf buttercup, Gaspe buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. recurvatus (bent buttercup, bent crowfoot, b<strong>list</strong>erwort, hooked<br />
buttercup, hooked crowfoot, rough Crowfoot, rough buttercup)<br />
Ranunculus repens L. (creeping buttercup, creeping crowfoot, gold-balls)*<br />
Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie (Ranunculus ovalis Raf) (Labrador buttercup, prairie buttercup, prairie<br />
crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus sardous Crantz (Ranunculus parvulus L.) (hairy buttercup, Sardous‟ buttercup)*<br />
Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. multifidus Nutt. (celery-leaved buttercup, cursed buttercup, cursed<br />
crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus (Hecatonia scelerata (L.) Fourr.) (celery-leaved buttercup,<br />
cursed buttercup, cursed crowfoot)*<br />
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. eradicatus (Laest.) W. Drew (Batrachium confervoides Fr.,<br />
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. codyanus (B. Boivin) B. Boivin, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var.<br />
confervoides (Fr.) G. Lawson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. p.p., Ranunculus<br />
aquatilis L. var. eradicatus Laest., Ranunculus codyanus B. Boivin, Ranunculus confervoides (Fr.)<br />
Fr., Ranunculus flaccidus Pers. var. confervoides (Fr.) Hegi, Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ssp.<br />
eradicatus (Laest.) C.D.K. Cook, Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ssp. lutulentus (Perrier &<br />
Songeon) Vierh., Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. confervoides (Fr.) Rikli) (sessile-leaved<br />
white water-buttercup, threadleaf crowfoot)<br />
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllus (Batrachium flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr., Batrachium<br />
porteri (Britton) Britton, Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) F.W. Schultz, Ranunculus aquatilis L.<br />
var. calvescens (W. Drew) L.D. Benson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.,<br />
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. p.p., Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. harrisii L.D. Benson,<br />
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. lalondei L.D. Benson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. porteri (Britton)<br />
L.D. Benson, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus (Chaix) A. Gray, Ranunculus flaccidus<br />
Pers., Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. calvescens W. Drew, Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix<br />
var. typicus W. Drew) (threadleaf crowfoot)<br />
Thalictrum alpinum L. (alpine meadow-rue, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> meadow-rue, pigamon) (QC & NF in e.<br />
Canada)<br />
Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. (columbine meadow-rue, columbine-leaved meadow-rue)*<br />
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avi-Lall. (Thalictrum hypoglaucum Rydb.) (dioecious meadowrue,<br />
purple meadow-rue, tall meadow-rue)<br />
Thalictrum dioicum L. (dioecious meadowrue, early meadow-rue, quicksilver-weed)<br />
Thalictrum pubescens Pursh. (Thalictrum perelegans Greene, Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng.,<br />
Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng. var. hebecarpum Fernald, Thalictrum polygamum Muhl.<br />
ex Spreng. var. intermedium B. Boivin, Thalictrum pubescens Pursh var. hebecarpum (Fernald) B.<br />
112
Boivin, Thalictrum pubescens Pursh var. hepaticum (Greene) Keener) (king-<strong>of</strong>-the-meadow, late<br />
meadow-rue, muskrat-weed, tall meadow-rue)<br />
Thalictrum revolutum DC. (purple meadow rue, skunk meadow rue, wax-leaved meadow rue, waxy<br />
meadow rue)<br />
Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. ex Fisch & Mey. (few-flowered meadow-rue, mountain meadow-rue,<br />
sparse-flowered meadow-rue)<br />
Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin (Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach, Syndesmon<br />
thalictroides (L.) H<strong>of</strong>fmanns. ex Britton) (beemaukroot, crooked root, rue-anemone, windflower)<br />
Thalictrum venulosum Trel. (Thalictrum confine Fernald, Thalictrum confine Fernald var. columbianum<br />
(Rydb.) B. Boivin, Thalictrum confine Fernald var. greeneanum B. Boivin, Thalictrum occidentale<br />
A. Gray var. columbianum (Rydb.) M. Peck, Thalictrum turneri B. Boivin, Thalictrum venulosum<br />
Trel. var. confine (Fernald) B. Boivin, Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. fissum (Greene) B. Boivin,<br />
Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. lunellii (Greene) B. Boivin, Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. turneri<br />
(B. Boivin) B. Boivin) (border meadow-rue, northern meadow-rue, veined meadow-rue, veiny<br />
meadow-rue)<br />
Subclass Rosidae<br />
Order Apiales<br />
Apiaceae [Umbelliferae] (carrot family, parsley family)<br />
Aegopodium podagraria L. (goutweed, herb-gerard) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Aethusa cynapium L. (cicely, fool‟s-parsley)*<br />
Anethum graveolens L. (dill)*<br />
Angelica atropurpurea L. (alex<strong>and</strong>ers, angelica, dark-purple alex<strong>and</strong>ers, great angelica, purple-stemmed<br />
angelica) (ornamental)*<br />
Angelica lucida L. (Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fern) (seabeach angelica, shining angelica, shiny<br />
angelica)<br />
Angelica sylvestris L. (woodl<strong>and</strong> angelica)*<br />
Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern. (hairy angelica, stout angelica)<br />
Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) H<strong>of</strong>fm. (beaked parsley, wax-leaf chervil)*<br />
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) H<strong>of</strong>fm. (wild chervil, woodl<strong>and</strong> chervil)*<br />
Apium graveolens L. (celery)*<br />
Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov. (Berula pusilla Huds.) (cut-leaved water-parsnip, toothed water-parsnip,<br />
upright water-parsnip)<br />
Bupleurum rotundifolium L. (hare‟s-ear, throughwax, through-wax) (ornamental)*<br />
Carum carvi L. (carvies, <strong>common</strong> caraway)*<br />
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz (creeping chervil, rejoicing parsley, spreading chervil)<br />
Cicuta bulbifera L. (bulbous water-hemlock, bulb-bearing water-hemlock, swollen water-hemlock)<br />
Cicuta maculata L. (beaver-poison, musquash-root, spotted cowbane, spotted water-hemlock)<br />
Cicuta virosa L. (Mackenzie‟s water-hemlock)<br />
Conioselinum chinense (L.) BSP. (Chinese hemlock-parsley)*<br />
113
Conium maculatum L. (poison hemlock, snakeweed)*<br />
Cori<strong>and</strong>rum sativum L. (cilantro, <strong>common</strong> cori<strong>and</strong>er, cory<strong>and</strong>er)*<br />
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. (honewort, umbelweed, wild chervil)<br />
Daucus carota L. (bird's nest, devil's-plague, kaudauk, Queen Anne's lace, wild carrot)*<br />
Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. (harbinger-<strong>of</strong>-spring, pepper-<strong>and</strong>-salt)<br />
Eryngium aquaticum L. (marsh button snakeroot, marsh eryngo)*<br />
Eryngium maritimum L. (maritime eryngo, sea holly)*<br />
Eryngium planum L. (eryngo, flat rattlesnake-master)*<br />
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (<strong>common</strong> fennel)*<br />
Heracleum lanatum Michx. (Heracleum maximum Bart.) (cow-parsnip, lanate cow-parsnip)<br />
Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev. (b<strong>list</strong>ering hogweed, burning cow-parnsip, fire parsnip, giant<br />
cow-parsnip, giant hogweed, lesser cow-parsnip) (ornamental)* This species carries an<br />
extreme risk <strong>of</strong> phytophotodermatitis – severe b<strong>list</strong>ering from phloem ‘sap’ containing<br />
furanocoumarins requires use <strong>of</strong> thick gloves <strong>and</strong> eye shields<br />
Heracleum sphondylium L. (eltrot, heltrot, hogweed cow-parsnip, hog-weed) (ornamental – possibly<br />
a native in Cape Breton)*<br />
Hydrocotyle americana L. (American marsh-pennywort, water-pennywort)<br />
Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (umbrella navelwort, western Nova Scotia pennywort)<br />
Imperatoria ostruthium L. (Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch) (masterwort, Nova Scotia<br />
masterwort)<br />
Levisticum <strong>of</strong>ficinale Koch. (lovage, shop lovage) (ornamental)*<br />
Ligusticum scothicum L. (Scotch lovage, sea parsely)<br />
Lilaeopsis chinensis (L.) Ktze. (lily-parsley)*<br />
Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. (scented myrrh, Spanish cervil, sweet cicely) (ornamental)*<br />
Osmorhiza berteroi DC. (Osmorhiza brevipes (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Suksd., Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. &<br />
Arn., Osmorhiza divaricata (Britton) Suksd., Osmorhiza nuda Torr., Washingtonia divaricata<br />
Britton) (sweet-cicely, tapering sweet-cicely)<br />
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) Clarke (sweet cicely, sweet jarvil, wooly sweet-cicely)<br />
Osmorhiza depauperata Phill. (blunt-fruited sweet-cicely, wild cicely)<br />
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (ainse-root, smoother sweet-cicely)<br />
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. (cowbane, stiffer hog-fennel)<br />
Pastinaca sativa L. (b<strong>list</strong>ering parsnip, b<strong>list</strong>erweed, madnep, poison parsnip, wild parsnip)*/** This<br />
species carries an extreme risk <strong>of</strong> phytophotodermatitis – severe b<strong>list</strong>ering from phloem<br />
‘sap’ containing furanocoumarins requires use <strong>of</strong> thick gloves <strong>and</strong> eye shields<br />
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex Hill (<strong>common</strong> parsely, garden parsely)*<br />
Pimpinella anisum L. (anise)*<br />
Pimpinella saxifraga L. (burnet-saxifrage, pimpernel)*<br />
Sanicula canadensis L. (Canada snakeroot, long-styled Canada snakeroot, short-styled Canada<br />
snakeroot)<br />
Sanicula maril<strong>and</strong>ica L. (black sanicle, black snakeroot)<br />
Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pry. & Phill. (Sanicula gregaria E.P. Bickn.) (clustered snakeroot, scented<br />
snakeroot, scented sanicle, sweet snakeroot)<br />
114
Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. (large-fruited snakeroot, long-fruited black snakeroot, long-fruited black sanicle)<br />
Sc<strong>and</strong>ix pecten-veneris L. (false chervil, shepherd‟s-needle, Venus‟-comb)*<br />
Sium suave Walt. (fragrant water-parsnip, hemlock water-parsnip, water parsnip)<br />
Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. (yellow pimpernel)<br />
Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. (bearded meadow-parsnip, hairy-jointed meadow-parsnip)<br />
Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray (purple meadow-parsnip, smooth meadow-parsnip, three-leaved<br />
meadow-parsnip)<br />
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (Japan hedge-parsley, Japanese torillis, knotted hedge-parsley)*<br />
Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. (false meadow-parsnip, heart-leaf alex<strong>and</strong>ers, heart-leaved alex<strong>and</strong>ers,<br />
wingless alex<strong>and</strong>ers)<br />
Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. (golden alex<strong>and</strong>ers, golden meadow-parsnip)<br />
Araliaceae (ginseng family)<br />
Aralia elata (Miq.) Seemann (Hercules-club, Japanese angelica-tree, sasparilla)*<br />
Aralia hispida Vent. (angelica-tree, bristly sasparilla, dwarf-elder, wild elder)<br />
Aralia nudicaulis L. (baebaumaubeek, Virginia sasparilla, wild sasparilla)<br />
Aralia racemosa L. (Indian-root, life-<strong>of</strong>-man, petty morel, spikenard)<br />
Eleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai (Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino, Aralia<br />
pentaphylla Siebold & Zucc.) (Siebold‟s ginseng, willow ginseng)*<br />
Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Torr. & A. Gray (Arctic ginseng, devil's-club, false ginseng)<br />
Panax quinquefolium L. (<strong>common</strong> ginseng, five-leaved ginseng, ginseng, sang)<br />
Panax trifolium L. (dwarf ginseng, groundnut, ground-nut)<br />
Order Celastrales<br />
Celastraceae (bittersweet family, spindle tree family, staff-tree family)<br />
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Asiatic bittersweet, Oriental bittersweet, staff-tree) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Celastrus sc<strong>and</strong>ens L. (American bittersweet, climbing bittersweet, shrubby bittersweet, waxwork, wet<br />
bittersweet) (native - but many ornamental breeds exist <strong>and</strong> can „swamp‟ the native genotypes)<br />
Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb. (winged burning bush, winged spindle tree)<br />
Euonymus americanus L. (bursting-heart) (NY southward; not in Canada, despite claims from florae that<br />
have confused it with E. obovatus)<br />
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. var. atropurpureus (burningbush, eastern wahoo)<br />
Euonymus europaea L. (Euonymus vulgaris Mill.) (European spindletree) (ornamental)*<br />
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) H<strong>and</strong>.-Maz. var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder (Euonymus radicans<br />
Siebold ex Miq.) (climbing euonymus, winter creeper) (ornamental)*<br />
Euonymus nanus M. Bieb. (New Brunswick euonymous) (NB only)<br />
Euonymus obovatus Nutt. (possible confusion with Euonymus americanus Nutt.; a definite misnomer is<br />
Euonymus obovata Nutt., orth. var. – note the incorrect use <strong>of</strong> „ata‟ instead <strong>of</strong> „atus‟ – a lot <strong>of</strong><br />
florae get this wrong) (American strawberry-bush, running strawberry-bush, bursting-heart)<br />
115
Aquifoliaceae (holly family)<br />
Ilex aquifolium L. (English holly, water holly, waterleaf holly) (ornamental)*<br />
Ilex glabra (L.) Gray (bitter gallberry, inkberry, low gallberry holly)<br />
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray (Ilex bronxensis Britton, Ilex fastigiata E.P. Bicknell) (black alder, <strong>common</strong><br />
winterberry holly, yaupon, yerba mate)<br />
Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Trel. (catberry, <strong>common</strong> mountain-holly)<br />
Order Cornales<br />
Cornaceae (dogwood family)<br />
Cornus x acadiensis Fernald [alternifolia x sericea] (Acadian dogwood – northshore <strong>and</strong> North Mountain<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nova Scotia)<br />
Cornus alternifolia L. f. (Swida alternifolia (L. f.) Small) (alternate-leaf dogwood, green-osier dogwood,<br />
pagoda dogwood)<br />
Cornus amomum Mill. (Swida amomum (Mill.) Small) (red willow, silky cornel, silky dogwood)<br />
Cornus canadensis L. (Chamaepericlymenum canadense (L.) Asch. & Graebn., Cornella canadensis (L.)<br />
Rydb., Cornus canadensis L. var. dutillyi (Lepage) B. Boivin) (bunchberry, bunchberry dogwood,<br />
Canada bunchberry, cornouiller, crackerberry, dwarf cornel, puddingberry, quatre-temps,<br />
zhaushaugominaehnse)<br />
Cornus drummondii C. A. Meyer (Cornus priceae Small, Swida priceae (Small) Small) (Drummond‟s<br />
dogwood, roughleaf dogwood)<br />
Cornus florida L. (Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.) (eastern flowering dogwood)<br />
Cornus foemina Mill. (Cornus stricta Lam., Swida foemina (Mill.) Rydb., Swida stricta (Lam.) Small) (gray<br />
dogwood, northern swamp-dogwood, panicled dogwood, red-panicle dogwood, stiff dogwood)<br />
Cornus x intermedia (Farr) Calder & Roy L. Taylor [canadensis x suecica] (Cornus canadensis L. var.<br />
intermedia Farr p.p., Cornus intermedia (Farr) Calder & Roy L. Taylor (Atlantic dogwood,<br />
intermediate dogwood, Nova Scotia dogwood, Quebec dogwood)<br />
Cornus obliqua Raf. (Cornus amomum Mill. ssp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. Wilson, Cornus amomum Mill. var.<br />
schuetzeana (C.A. Mey.) Rickett, Cornus purpusii Koehne) (pale dogwood, silky dogwood)<br />
Cornus rugosa Lam. (roundleaf dogwood, round-leaved dogwood, rough-leaved dogwood)<br />
Cornus x slavinii Rehder (rugosa x sericea) (Slavin's dogwood)<br />
Cornus sericea L. ssp. sericea (Cornus alba L. p.p., Cornus alba L. ssp. stolonifera (Michx.) Wangerin,<br />
Cornus alba L. var. baileyi (J.M. Coult. & Evans) B. Boivin, Cornus alba L. var. interior (Rydb.) B.<br />
Boivin, Cornus alba L. var. sibirica Lodd. ex Loudon, Cornus baileyi J.M. Coult. & Evans, Cornus<br />
instolonea A. Nelson, Cornus interior (Rydb.) N. Petersen, Cornus sericea L. ssp. stolonifera<br />
(Michx.) Fosberg, Cornus sericea L. var. interior (Rydb.) H. St. John, Cornus stolonifera Michx.,<br />
Cornus stolonifera Michx. var. baileyi (J.M. Coult. & Evans) Drescher, Cornus stolonifera Michx.<br />
var. coloradensis (Koehne) C.K. Schneid., Cornus stolonifera Michx. var. interior (Rydb.) H. St.<br />
John, Cornus stolonifera Michx. var. stolonifera, Swida instolonea (A. Nelson) Rydb., Swida<br />
sericea (L.) Holub, Swida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb.) (false Siberian dogwood, false Tatarian<br />
dogwood, red-osier cornel, red-osier dogwood, running dogwood, white dogwood)<br />
Cornus suecica L. (Chamaepericlymenum suecicum (L.) Asch. & Graebn., Cornella suecica (L.) Rydb.,<br />
116
Swida suecica (L.) Holub) (Lapl<strong>and</strong> cornel, Lapl<strong>and</strong> dogwood) (mostly northern North America –<br />
some in Cape Breton highl<strong>and</strong>s, Quebec Laurentians, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Labrador, New<br />
Brunswick highl<strong>and</strong>s)<br />
Nyssaceae (nyssa family, water tupelo family)<br />
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (black gum, pepperidge, sour gum, tupelo) (mostly in Niagara)<br />
Order Euphorbiales<br />
Buxaceae (box family)<br />
Pachys<strong>and</strong>ra terminalis Sieb. & Zucc. (<strong>common</strong> box, Japanese spurge, pachys<strong>and</strong>ra) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Euphorbiaceae (mercury family, spurge family)<br />
Acalypha virginica L. (Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.) (copperleaf, three-seeded mercury, Virginia<br />
Copperleaf, Virginia three-seeded mercury)<br />
Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Englem.) Sm. (Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.) (engraver's spurge, mat<br />
spurge, ribbed s<strong>and</strong>mat, ridge-seeded spurge)*<br />
Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small (Euphorbia humistrata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small)<br />
(carpet-spurge, hairy spreading spurge, prostrate spurge, spreading s<strong>and</strong>mat)*<br />
Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Chamaesyce mathewsii Small, Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) H. Hara,<br />
Chamaesyce tracyi Small, Euphorbia maculata L., Euphorbia supina Raf. (blotched spurge,<br />
eyebane, milk purslane, spotted s<strong>and</strong>mat, spotted spurge)*<br />
Chamaesyce nutans (Lagasca) Small (Chamaesyce maculata auct. non (L.) Small, Chamaesyce preslii<br />
(Guss.) Arthur, Euphorbia maculata auct. non L., Euphorbia nutans Lag., Euphorbia preslii Guss.)<br />
(Canada eyebane, nodding spurge, small eyebane)<br />
Chamaesyce polygonifolia (L.) Small (Euphorbia polygonifolia L.) (knotweed spurge, seaside s<strong>and</strong>mat,<br />
seaside spurge)<br />
Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small (Euphorbia serpens Kunth) (matted s<strong>and</strong>mat, round-leaved<br />
spreading spurge, round-leaved spurge)*<br />
Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small ssp. serpyllifolia (Chamaesyce albicaulis (Rydb.) Rydb.,<br />
Chamaesyce neomexicana (Greene) St<strong>and</strong>l., Euphorbia neomexicana Greene, Euphorbia<br />
serpyllifolia Pers.) (thymeleaf s<strong>and</strong>mat, thyme-leaf spurge)*<br />
Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House (Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Arthur, Euphorbia<br />
vermiculata Raf.) (hairy spurge, worm-spurge, wormseed s<strong>and</strong>mat)<br />
Croton capitatus Michx. var. capitatus (hogwort, northern skunkweed, wooly croton)*<br />
Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Galarhoeus commutatus (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small, Galarhoeus<br />
commutatus (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Small var. erectus (J.B.S. Norton) Small, Tithymalus<br />
commutatus (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke (tinted spurge, tinted woodl<strong>and</strong> spurge,<br />
wood-spurge)<br />
Euphorbia corollata L. Euphorbia maril<strong>and</strong>ica Greene, Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch,<br />
Tithymalopsis maril<strong>and</strong>ica (Greene) Small, Tithymalopsis olivacea Small) (blooming spurge,<br />
flowering spurge, tramp's spurge, wild hippo)<br />
117
Euphorbia cyathophora Murray (Euphorbia barbellata Engelm., Euphorbia graminifolia Michx.,<br />
Euphorbia havanensis Willd. ex Boiss., Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. barbellata (Engelm.) Holz.,<br />
Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. cyathophora (Murray) Griseb., Euphorbia heterophylla L. var.<br />
graminifolia (Michx.) Engelm., Poinsettia barbellata (Engelm.) Small, Poinsettia cyathophora<br />
(Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke, Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke var. graminifolia<br />
(Michx.) Mohlenbr., Poinsettia graminifolia (Michx.) Millsp., Poinsettia havanensis (Willd. ex<br />
Boiss.) Small) (fire-on-the-mountain, various-leaved spurge, wild pointsetta)* (occasionally<br />
survives during the growing season in southwestern Ontario; more visible in NE USA)<br />
Euphorbia cyparissias L. (Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb., Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill)<br />
(cemetary spurge, cypress spurge, dead-man‟s spurge, grave spurge)*/**<br />
Euphorbia davidii Subils (Euphorbia dentata auct. non Michx.) (David‟s spurge, dentate spurge toothed<br />
spurge)*<br />
Euphorbia epithymoides L. (bean euphorbia, cushion spurge)*/**<br />
Euphorbia esula L. var. esula (Euphorbia intercedens Podp., Euphorbia podperae Croizat, Euphorbia<br />
pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó, Galarhoeus esula (L.) Rydb., Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill) (Hungarian<br />
spurge, leafy spurge, wolf's-milk)*/**<br />
Euphorbia exigua L. (dwarf spurge, smaller spurge)*/**<br />
Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw., Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill)<br />
(madwoman‟s milk, sun spurge, wart spurge, wartweed) (western Ontario)*/**<br />
Euphorbia lathyris L. (Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw., Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill) (caper-spurge,<br />
moleplant, mole-plant, myrtle spurge) (ornamental)*<br />
Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. (Galarhoeus lucidus (Waldst. & Kit.) Rydb., Tithymalus lucidus (Waldst.<br />
& Kit.) Klotzsch & Garcke) (shining spurge, shiny spurge)*/**<br />
Euphorbia marginata Pursh. (Agaloma marginata (Pursh) A. Löve & D. Löve, Dichrophyllum marginatum<br />
(Pursh) Klotzsch & Garcke, Lepadena marginata (Pursh) Nieuwl.) (ghostweed,<br />
snow-on-the-mountain) (ornamental)*<br />
Euphorbia myrsinites L. (Tithymalus myrsinites (L.) Hill) (donkey tail spurge, myrica spurge, myrtle<br />
spurge) (ornamental)*<br />
Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. (Euphorbia alta J.B.S. Norton, Euphorbia arkansana Engelm. & A. Gray,<br />
Euphorbia dictyosperma Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Euphorbia obtusata Pursh, Galarhoeus arkansanus<br />
(Engelm. & A. Gray) Small ex Rydb., Galarhoeus obtusatus (Pursh) Small, Tithymalus arkansanus<br />
(Engelm. & A. Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke, Tithymalus missouriensis (J.B.S. Norton) Small,<br />
Tithymalus obtusatus (Pursh) Klotzsch & Garcke, Tithymalus spathulatus (Lam.) W.A. Weber)<br />
(blunt spurge, blunt-leaved spurge, blunt-leaved wolf's-milk, warty spurge)<br />
Euphorbia peplus L. (Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Rydb., Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill) (petty spurge)*/**<br />
Euphorbia platyphyllos L. (Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Small, Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill)<br />
(broad-leaved spurge, broad-leaved wolf's-milk)*/**<br />
Euphorbia x pseudo-esula Schur (cyparissias x esula) (false leafy spurge, Gayer‟s spurge, hybird<br />
spurge, Schur's spurge)*/** (debatable whether the identification is correct)<br />
Mercurialis annua L. (boys-<strong>and</strong>-girls, <strong>common</strong> mercury, herb mercury)*<br />
Ricinus communis L. (castor-bean, castor-oil-plant, palma christi) (rarely persists, but very poisonous)*<br />
118
Order Fabales<br />
Fabaceae [Leguminosae] [includes Caesalpinaceae] (bean family, pea family, pulse family)<br />
Amorpha canescens Pursh (Amorpha brachycarpa Palmer) (downy indigobush, leadplant, wild tea)<br />
Amorpha fruticosa L. (Amorpha angustifolia (Pursh) Boynt., Amorpha bushii Rydb., Amorpha<br />
croceolanata P.W. Watson, Amorpha curtissii Rydb., Amorpha dewinkeleri Small Amorpha<br />
occidentalis Abrams, Amorpha occidentalis Abrams var. arizonica (Rydb.) Palmer, Amorpha<br />
occidentalis Abrams var. emarginata (Pursh) Palmer, Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlw. ex Kunze,<br />
Amorpha virgata Small) (bastard indigo, desert false indigo, false indigo, indigobush, river-locust,<br />
shrubby false-indigo)<br />
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. bracteata (Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Elliott) (American hog<br />
peanut, hog peanut)<br />
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. comosa (L.) Fernald (Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) G. Don,<br />
Amphicarpaea pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray, Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze, Falcata pitcheri (Torr. & A.<br />
Gray) Kuntze, Glycine comosa L.) (American hog peanut, Pitcher‟s hog peanut)<br />
Anthyllis vulneraria L. (kidney vetch, lady's-fingers)*<br />
Apios americana Medic. (Glycine apios L.) (groundnut, potato-bean, wild bean)<br />
Astragalus agrestis Dooug. ex D. Don (Astragalus danicus Retz. var. dasyglottis (Fisch. ex DC.) B.<br />
Boivin, Astragalus dasyglottis Fisch. ex DC., Astragalus goniatus Nutt., Astragalus hypoglottis<br />
Hook. (meadow milk-vetch, purple milkvetch, wild milkvetch)<br />
Astragalus alpinus L. var. alpinus (Astragalus astragalinus (Hook.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Atelophragma<br />
alpinum (L.) Rydb. (alpine milkvetch, upl<strong>and</strong> milk vetch)<br />
Astragalus alpinus L. var. brunetianus Fernald (Atlantic upl<strong>and</strong> milkvetch, Labrador milk-vetch)<br />
Astragalus americanus (Hook.) ME Jones (Astragalus frigidus (L.) A. Gray p.p., Astragalus frigidus (L.)<br />
A. Gray var. americanus (Hook.) S. Watson, Astragalus frigidus (L.) A. Gray var. gaspensis<br />
(Rouss.) Fernald, Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. ex Small (American milk-vetch)<br />
Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. (Astragalus aboriginorum Richardson, Astragalus forwoodii S. Watson,<br />
Astragalus glabriusculus (Hook.) A. Gray var. major A. Gray, Astragalus linearis (Rydb.) A.E.<br />
Porsild, Astragalus richardsonii Sheldon, Astragalus scrupulicola Fernald & Weath., Atelophragma<br />
aboriginorum (Richardson) Rydb. (Indian milkvetch, southern milk-vetch)<br />
Astragalus canadensis L. var. canadensis (Astragalus carolinianus L., Astragalus halei Rydb. (Canada<br />
milk-vetch, Canadian milkvetch, Carolina milkvetch)<br />
Astragalus cicer L. (chickpea milk-vetch, cicervetch, cicer milk vetch)<br />
Astragalus eucosmus Robins. (Astragalus parviflorus (Pursh) MacMill., Astragalus sealei Lepage,<br />
Atelophragma elegans (Hook.) Rydb., Microphacos parviflorus (Pursh) Rydb.) (elegant milk-vetch,<br />
pretty milkvetch)<br />
Astragalus glycyphyllos L. (fitsroot, licorice milkvetch, sweet-leaved milkvetch, sweet milk-vetch, wild<br />
licorice)*<br />
Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S.L. Welsh (Astragalus adsurgens Pallas,<br />
Astragalus striatus Nutt., Astragalus sulphurescens Rydb.) (ascending milk-vetch, prairie<br />
milk-vetch)<br />
Astragalus neglectus (Torr. & A. Gray) Sheld. (Astragalus cooperi A. Gray, Phaca neglecta Torr. & A.<br />
119
Gray) (Cooper's milk-vetch, neglected milkvetch)<br />
Astragalus tenellus Pursh. (Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton) (looseflower milkvetch, loose-flowered<br />
milk-vetch)<br />
Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. var. minor (Lehm.) Fernald (Baptisia minor Lehm., Baptisia texana Buckley,<br />
Baptisia vespertina Small ex Rydb.) (blue false indigo, blue wild indigo)<br />
Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. (Baptisia gibbesii Small) (horseflyweed, horsefly-weed, rattleweed, wild<br />
indigo, yellow indigo)<br />
Caragana arborescens Lam. (Caragana fruticosa (Pall.) Besser) (caranga tree, Siberian pea tree,<br />
Siberian peashrub) (ornamental)*/** (** moreso in the USA)<br />
Caragana frutex (L.) K. Koch (Russian peashrub) (ornamental)*<br />
Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. fasciculata (Cassia brachiata (Pollard) J.F. Macbr.,<br />
Cassia chamaecrista L., Cassia fasciculata Michx. Cassia mississippiensis Pollard, Cassia<br />
robusta (Pollard) Pollard, Cassia rostrata (Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) Tidestr. ex Tidestr. & Kittell,<br />
Chamaecrista brachiata Pollard, Chamaecrista depressa (Pollard) Greene, Chamaecrista<br />
fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. brachiata (Pollard) Isely, Chamaecrista littoralis Pollard,<br />
Chamaecrista mississippiensis (Pollard) Pollard ex A. Heller, Chamaecrista robusta (Pollard)<br />
Pollard ex A. Heller, Chamaecrista rostrata Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l., Chamaecrista tracyi Pollard (golden<br />
cassia, partridge-pea, prairie-senna) (Canadian records may be confused with Senna hebecarpa)<br />
Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis (Canadian redbud, eastern redbud, Judas-tree, redbud)<br />
(southwestern Ontario)<br />
Cicer arietinum L. (chick pea)*<br />
Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd (Kentucky yellowwood, virgilla, yellow-wood) (ornamental)*<br />
Colutea arborescens L. (bladder-senna) (ornamental)*<br />
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link var. scoparius (coastal broom, Scotch broom)*/** (a serious problem in BC;<br />
present but less pernicious in Nova Scotia – not usually found elsewhere in Canada)<br />
Dalea c<strong>and</strong>ida Michx. ex Willd. var. c<strong>and</strong>ida (Petalostemon c<strong>and</strong>idus Michx.) (<strong>common</strong> dalea, white<br />
parosela, white prairie-clover, white prairie clover)<br />
Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea (Petalostemon mollis Rydb., Petalostemon purpureus (Vent.) Rydb.)<br />
(purple dalea, purple parosela, purple praire-clover, purple prairie clover)<br />
Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. (Meibomia canadensis (L.) Kuntze) (Canada tick-trefoil, showy<br />
sticktight, showy tick-trefoil, showy ticktrefoil)<br />
Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. (Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze) (hoary tick-clover, hoary tick-trefoil,<br />
hoary ticktrefoil)<br />
Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. var. ciliare (Meibomia ciliaris (Muhl. ex Willd.) S.F. Blake) (hairy<br />
small-leaved tick-trefoil, small-leaved tick-trefoil)<br />
Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex D. Don var. cuspidatum (Desmodium bracteosum<br />
(Michx.) DC., Desmodium gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum DC., Hedysarum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum Walter, nom. illeg., non<br />
Hedysarum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum Pall., Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze, Meibomia gr<strong>and</strong>iflora (DC.)<br />
Kuntze) (large-bracted tick-trefoil, toothed tick-trefoil)<br />
Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood (Desmodium acuminatum (Michx.) DC., Meibomia<br />
acuminata (Michx.) S.F. Blake, Meibomia gr<strong>and</strong>iflora auct. non (Walter) Kuntze) (pointed-leaved<br />
tick-trefoil)<br />
Desmodium illinoense A. Gray (Meibomia illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze) (Illinois tick-trefoil) (may have<br />
120
een extirpated in Ontario)<br />
Desmodium maril<strong>and</strong>icum (L.) DC. (Meibomia maril<strong>and</strong>ica (L.) Kuntze) (smooth small-leaved tick-trefoil)<br />
Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. (Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze) (naked tick-trefoil, naked-flowered<br />
tick-trefoil)<br />
Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. var. paniculatum (Desmodium dichromum Shinners, Meibomia<br />
chapmanii (Britton) Small, Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze, Meibomia pubens (Torr. & A. Gray)<br />
Rydb.) (flat tick-trefoil, panicled tick-trefoil, panicledleaf ticktrefoil)<br />
Desmodium rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. (Desmodium michauxii (Vail) Daniels, Meibomia michauxii Vail,<br />
Meibomia rotundifolia (DC.) Kuntze) (prostrate tick-trefoil, round-leaved tick-trefoil)<br />
Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray (Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze) (sessile tick-<br />
clover, sessile-leaved tick-trefoil)<br />
Galega <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (<strong>common</strong> goat‟s-rue, goat‟s-rue, pr<strong>of</strong>essor-weed)* (my personal favourite )<br />
Genista tinctoria L. (Genista multibracteata Tausch, Genista patula M. Bieb.) (dyeweed, Dyer's<br />
greenweed, whin, woad-waxen)* (may have originated from initial invasion in Toronto in Canada)<br />
Gleditsia triacanthos L. (honey-locust, honey-shuck, three-thorned acacia)<br />
Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Dolichos soja L., Glycine gracilis Skvortzov, Glycine hispida (Moench) Maxim.,<br />
Glycine soja (L.) Merr., nom. illeg., non Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc., Glycine ussuriensis Regel &<br />
Maack, Phaseolus max L., Soja hispida Moench, Soja max (L.) Piper) (reseeding soybean, soy,<br />
soyabean, soybean)*<br />
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt. ex Pursh. (Glycyrrhiza glutinosa Nutt.) (American licorice, wild licorice)<br />
Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch. (Kentucky c<strong>of</strong>fee-tree)<br />
Hedysarum alpinum L. (Hedysarum americanum (Michx.) Britton, Hedysarum caucasicum M.<br />
Bieb., Hedysarum hedysaroides auct. non (L.) Schinz & Thell., Hedysarum philoscia A. Nelson,<br />
Hedysarum sibiricum Poir., Hedysarum truncatum Eastw.) (alpine French-honeysuckle, American<br />
hedysarum, alpine hedysarum, alpine sweetvetch, northern hedysarum, sulla alpina zulla silvestre)<br />
Hedysarum boreale Nutt. ssp. mackenziei (Richardson) S.L. Welsh (Hedysarum mackenziei Rich)<br />
(northern hedysarum, northern sweetvetch, sainfoin)<br />
Lablab niger Medikus (Dolichos lablab L., Lablab leucocarpos Savi, Lablab niger Medik., Lablab vulgaris<br />
Savi) (blackbean, hyacinth-bean, lablab-bean)*<br />
Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. japonicus (beach pea, seaside pea) (native despite the specific epithet)<br />
Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & G<strong>and</strong>hi (Lathyrus maritimus Bigelow, Lathyrus<br />
maritimus Bigelow var. glaber (Ser.) Eames, Pisum maritimum L., Pisum maritimum L. var.<br />
glabrum Ser.) (beach pea) (native despite the specific epithet)<br />
Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. parviflorus Fassett (smallflower beachpea) (found in ON & MB)<br />
(native despite the specific epithet)<br />
Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. pellitus Fernald (Lathyrus maritimus Bigelow var. pellitus (Fernald)<br />
Gleason) (beach pea) (native despite the specific epithet)<br />
Lathyrus latifolius L. (everlasting pea, everlasting peavine, perennial pea)*<br />
Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. (cream pea, cream-coloured vetchling, pale vetchling)<br />
Lathyrus odoratus L. (gesse, sweet-pea)*<br />
Lathyrus palustris L. (Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. ex Willd., Orobus myrtifolius Alef.) (marsh pea, marsh<br />
peavine, marsh vetchling)<br />
121
Lathyrus pratensis L. (meadow pea, meadow peavine, yellow vetchling)*<br />
Lathyrus sativus L. (cultivated vetchling, grass peavine, white pea)*<br />
Lathyrus sylvestris L. (everlasting pea, flat pea, perennial pea, wood pea) (ornamental)*<br />
Lathyrus tuberosus L. (tuberous pea, tuberous vetchling)*<br />
Lathyrus venosus Muhl. (Lathyrus oreophilus Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) (purple vetchling, veiny pea)<br />
Lens culinaris Medik. (Cicer lens (L.) Willd., Ervum lens L., Lens esculenta Moench) (lentil, lentil-bean)*<br />
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (bicoloured bush clover, bicoloured lepedeza, two-coloured bush-clover)*<br />
Lespedeza capitata Michx. (Lespedeza bicknellii House) (round-headed bush clover, roundhead<br />
lespedeza)<br />
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don. (Lespedeza juncea (L. f.) Pers. var. sericea Maxim.,<br />
Lespedeza sericea Miq., nom. illeg.) (Chinese bush-clover, sericea lespedeza)*<br />
Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Hornem. (Lespedeza intermedia (S. Watson) Britton, nom. inq., Lespedeza<br />
violacea auct. non (L.) Pers.) (intermediate bush-clover, shrubby lespedeza, w<strong>and</strong>like<br />
bush-clover)<br />
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. ssp. hirta (Lespedeza capitata Michx. var. calycina (Schindl.) Fernald,<br />
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. sparsiflora Torr. & A. Gray, Lespedeza polystachya Michx.)<br />
(hairy bush clover, hairy lespedeza)<br />
Lespedeza x longifolia DC. (capitata x hirta) (Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. dissimulans Fernald,<br />
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. longifolia (DC.) Fernald) (long-leaved bush clover)<br />
Lespedeza x nuttallii Darl. (hirta x intermedia) (Nuttall‟s bush-clover, Nuttall‟s lespedeza)<br />
Lespedeza procumbens Michx. (trailing bush clover)<br />
Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. (Hedysarum repens L.) (creeping bush clover, creeping lespedeza)<br />
Lespedeza thunbergii (DC.) Nakai (bush-clover, Siebold‟s lespedeza, Thunberg‟s lespedeza)*<br />
Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. (Hedysarum violaceum L., Lespedeza intermedia sensu Clewell, 1966,<br />
Lespedeza prairea (Mack. & Bush) Britton) (violet bush clover, violet lespedeza)<br />
Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. (slender bush-clover, slender lespedeza) (endangered in Ontario)<br />
Lotus corniculatus L. (Lotus caucasicus Kuprian., Lotus corniculatus L. var. arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex<br />
DC., Lotus filicaulis Durieu) (bastard indigo, birdfoot trefoil, bird's foot trefoil, horned trefoil)*<br />
Lotus glaber Mill. (Lotus corniculatus L. var. tenuifolius L., Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) (narrow-<br />
leaf bird's-foot trefoil, slender tefoil)*<br />
Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (Lotus decumbens Poir., Lotus pedunculatus Cav. var. villosus (Lamotte) O.<br />
Bolos & Vigo, Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr) (big trefoil, bird‟s-foot trefoil, greater bird‟s-foot trefoil, loto<br />
de los pantanos)*<br />
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. nootkatensis (Lupinus albertensis C.P. Sm., Lupinus kiskensis<br />
C.P. Sm., Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. ethel-lo<strong>of</strong>fii C.P. Sm., Lupinus nootkatensis<br />
Donn ex Sims var. henry-lo<strong>of</strong>fii C.P. Sm.,Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. perlanatus C.P.<br />
Sm., Lupinus perennis L. ssp. nootkatensis (Donn ex Sims) L. Phillips, Lupinus trifurcatus C.P.<br />
Sm. (Nootka lupine) (bi-coastal - NS NF BC YK WA)<br />
Lupinus perennis L. ssp. perennis var. perennis (perennial lupine, sundial lupine, wild lupine)<br />
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. ssp. polyphyllus var. polyphyllus (Lupinus matanuskensis C.P. Sm., Lupinus<br />
polyphyllus Lindl. var. albiflorus Lindl., Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus C.P. Sm., Lupinus stationis<br />
C.P. Sm.) (bigleaf lupine, garden lupine, large-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine)*<br />
122
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. (Medicago maculata Sibth.) (Arabian medick, New Brunswick medick,<br />
spotted medick)*<br />
Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. (Medicago aschersoniana Urb., Trigonella laciniata auct. non L.) (cutleaf<br />
fenugreek, cut-leaved medick)*<br />
Medicago lupulina L. (black medick, hop medick, nonesuch)*<br />
Medicago polymorpha L. (Medicago apiculata auct. non Willd., Medicago denticulata Willd., Medicago<br />
hispida Gaertn., Medicago polycarpa Willd.) (bur-clover, multi-formed medick, smooth bur-clover)<br />
Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang. (Medicago falcata L.) (yellow alfalfa)<br />
Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa (Medicago media Pers., Medicago sativa L. ssp. varia (Martyn)<br />
Arcang., Medicago x varia Martyn) (alfalfa, lucerne, luzerne, sickle medick)*<br />
Melilotus altissima Thuill. (tall melilot, tall sweet clover, tall yellow sweetclover)*<br />
Melilotus indica (L.) All. (annual yellow sweetclover, Indian sweet clover, Nova Scotia sweet clover)<br />
Melilotus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (L.) Lam. (Melilotus alba Medikus, orth. var., Melilotus albus Medik., Melilotus albus<br />
Medik. var. annuus Coe, Melilotus arvensis Wallr., Melilotus leucanthus W.D.J. Koch ex DC.,<br />
Melilotus lutea Gueldenst.) (Bokhara-clover, honey-clover, melilot, meliloto blanco, piss-clover,<br />
white melilot, white sweet clover, yellow melilot, yellow sweet clover)*<br />
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (Hedysarum onobrychis L., Onobrychis sativa Lam., Onobrychis viciaefolia<br />
Scop., orth. var.) (sainfoin, vetch holyclover, vicia-leaved holyclover)*<br />
Oxytropis borealis DC. var. viscida (Nutt.) S.L. Welsh (Aragallus viscidulus Rydb., Aragallus viscidulus<br />
Rydb. var. depressus Rydb., Oxytropis gaspensis Fernald & Kelsey, Oxytropis ixodes Butters &<br />
Abbe, Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. depressus (Rydb.) B. Boivin, Oxytropis leucantha<br />
(Pall.) Pers. var. gaspensis (Fernald & Kelsey) B. Boivin, Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var.<br />
ixodes (Butters & Abbe) B. Boivin, Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. magnifica B. Boivin,<br />
Oxytropis leucantha (Pall.) Pers. var. viscida (Nutt.) B. Boivin, Oxytropis viscida Nutt.) (stemless<br />
locoweed, sticky loco-weed, viscid locoweed)<br />
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. johannensis Fernald (field oxytrope, Johann's locoweed, pink<br />
locoweed, rocky loco-weed, purple oxytrope)<br />
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. minor (Hook.) S.L. Welsh (Oxytropis terrae-novae Fernald)<br />
(Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> locoweed)<br />
Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv. (Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. ssp. melanocephala Hook.,<br />
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. glabrata Hook., Oxytropis glabrata (Hook.) A. Nelson,<br />
Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv. ssp. melanocephala (Hook.) A.E. Porsild) (Maydell's oxytrope)<br />
(found in QC)<br />
Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. foliolosa (Hook.) Barneby (Oxytropis foliolosa Hook.) (false milk-vetch,<br />
nodding locoweed, oxytrope)<br />
Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. sericea Torr. & A. Gray (blue nodding locoweed false milk-vetch,<br />
oxytrope) (ON <strong>and</strong> west/south USA <strong>and</strong> Canada)<br />
Oxytropis splendens (Aragallus splendens (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene, Astragalus splendens (Douglas<br />
ex Hook.) Tidestr., Oxytropis richardsonii (Hook.) K. Schum.) (showy locoweed, showy oxytrope,<br />
splendid loco-weed)<br />
Phaseolus coccineus L. (Phaseolus multiflorus) (kidney-bean, lobe-fruited bean, scarlet-runner, scarlet<br />
runner bean)*<br />
123
Pisum sativum L. (Pisum arvense L., Pisum humile Boiss. & Noe) (field-pea, garden pea, garden-pea)*<br />
Robinia hispida L. var. hispida (Robinia gr<strong>and</strong>iflora auct. non Ashe nec L. nec C.K. Schneid., Robinia<br />
pallida Ashe, Robinia speciosa Ashe) (bristly locust, mossy locust, rose acacia) (ornamental)*<br />
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (also spelled Robinia pseudo-acacia) (black locust, false acacia) (ornamental)*<br />
Robinia viscosa Vent. var. viscosa (clammy locust, rose acacia) (ornamental)*<br />
Securigera varia (L.) Lassen (Coronilla varia L.) (axseed, crown vetch, purple crownvetch, variable<br />
crown vetch)*/**<br />
Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) Irwin & Barneby (Cassia hebecarpa Fern.) (American sennam wild senna)<br />
Sesbania herbacea (Mill.) McVaugh (Darwinia exaltata Raf., Sesban exaltatus (Raf.) Rydb., Sesbania<br />
exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill, Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. ex Raf.) (bigpond sesbania, longpodded<br />
sesban, sesbania, tall pea-tree)*<br />
Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. (Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliot, orth. var.) (amberique-bean, beach pea,<br />
trailing fuzzybean, trailing wild bean)<br />
Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (Cracca latidens Small, Cracca virginiana L., Tephrosia latidens (Small)<br />
St<strong>and</strong>l.) (catgut, goat's-rue, hoary-pea, rabbit's-pea, Virginia goat‟s-rue, Virginia tephrosia)<br />
(threatened in Ontario)<br />
Thermopsis gracilis Howell var. ovata (B.L. Rob. ex Piper) M. Mendenhall (Thermopsis montana Nutt.<br />
var. ovata (B.L. Rob. ex Piper) H. St. John, Thermopsis ovata B.L. Rob. ex Piper, Thermopsis<br />
rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richardson var. ovata (B.L. Rob. ex Piper) Isely) (slender<br />
goldenbanner) (* in Canada where it has colonized in NF)<br />
Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richardson (golden bean, prairie thermopsis)<br />
Trifolium arvense L. (hare‟s-foot clover, old-field clover, rabbit-foot clover, rabbit's-foot clover,<br />
stone-clover)*<br />
Trifolium aureum Pollich. (Trifolium agrarium L. p.p.) (golden clover, hop clover, yellow clover)*<br />
Trifolium campestre Schreb. (Trifolium procumbens L. 1755, non 1753) (field clover, large hop clover,<br />
low hop-clover, prostrate hop-clover, smaller hop-clover)*<br />
Trifolium dubium Sibth. (least hop-clover, lesser hopclover, small hop clover, sucking clover, suckling<br />
clover)*<br />
Trifolium hybridum L. (Trifolium elegans Savi) (alsike clover, elegant clover, Swedish clover)*<br />
Trifolium incarnatum L. (carnation clover, crimson clover, Italian clover)*<br />
Trifolium medium L. (mammoth clover, zigzag clover)*<br />
Trifolium pratense L. (chevron clover, meadow clover, nisswaebuguk, red clover, trefle)*<br />
Trifolium reflexum L. (Buffalo clover)*<br />
Trifolium repens L. (cyanide clover, Dutch clover, white clover)*<br />
Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. ssp. Americana (Vicia californica Greene , Vicia californica Greene var.<br />
madrensis Jeps., Vicia oregana Nutt., Vicia sparsifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. truncata<br />
(Nutt.) S. Watson (American vetch, California vetch, few-flowered vetch, Oregon vetch, purple<br />
vetch)<br />
Vicia caroliniana Walt. (Vicia hugeri Small) (Carolina vetch, Huger‟s vetch, pale vetch, vesce, wood<br />
vetch)<br />
Vicia cracca L. ssp. cracca (Vicia cracca L. ssp. grossheimii (Ekutim.) Hashimov, nom. inval.,Vicia<br />
semicincta Greene) (bird vetch) (less <strong>common</strong> in Ontario)*/**<br />
124
Vicia cracca L. ssp. tenuifolia (Roth) Gaudin (Vicia cracca L. var. angustissima Neilr., Vicia cracca L.<br />
var. tenuifolia (Roth) G. Beck, Vicia tenuifolia Roth) (Canada-pea, cow vetch, fine-leaved vetch,<br />
slender vetch, tufted vetch)* (tends to predominate in Ontario)*/**<br />
Vicia hirsuta (L.) A. Gray (hairy tare, hoary vetch, tiny vetch)*<br />
Vicia sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (Vicia angustifolia L., Vicia angustifolia L. var. segetalis (Thuill.)<br />
W.D.J. Koch, Vicia angustifolia L. var. uncinata (Desv.) Rouy, Vicia pilosa M. Bieb., Vicia sativa L.<br />
ssp. segetalis (Thuill.) Celak., Vicia sativa L. var. angustifolia (L.) Ser., Vicia sativa L. var. nigra L.,<br />
Vicia sativa L. var. segetalis (Thuill.) Ser.) (black vetch, <strong>common</strong> vetch, garden vetch, spring<br />
vetch, tare)*<br />
Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa (Vicia globosa Retz., Vicia sativa L. var. leucosperma (Moench) Ser., Vicia<br />
sativa L. var. linearis Lange) (eastern garden vetch, narrow-leaved vetch)*<br />
Vicia sepium L. var. sepium (bush vetch, hedge vetch)*<br />
Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. (four-seeded vetch, lentil vetch, slender vetch)*<br />
Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb. (Vicia dasycarpa Ten., Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens<br />
W.D.J. Koch) (Atlantic winter vetch, hairy vetch, winter vetch)*<br />
Vicia villosa Roth ssp. villosa (hairy vetch, winter vetch)*<br />
Order Geraniales<br />
Balsaminaceae (touch-me-not family)<br />
Impatiens capensis Meerb. (Impatiens biflora Walter) (cel<strong>and</strong>ine, Lady's-earrings, solentine, spotted<br />
jewelweed, spotted snapweed, spotted touch-me-not, twinflowered touch-me-not)<br />
Impatiens gl<strong>and</strong>ulifera Royle (Himalyan balsam, purple jewelweed, red jewelweed, red touch-me-not)*/**<br />
Impatiens pallida Nutt. (chou sauvage, mukikeenug, pale jewelweed, pale snapweed, pale<br />
touch-me-not, policeman‟s helmet, snapweed, yellow jewelweed, yellow touch-me-not)<br />
Impatiens parviflora DC. (lesser jewelweed, Prince Edward Isl<strong>and</strong> jewelweed)<br />
Geraniaceae (geranium family)<br />
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton ssp. cicutarium (alfilaria, pin-clover, redstem filaree, redstem<br />
stork‟s bill, storksbill)*<br />
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton var. moschatum (false cranesbill, musk-storksbill, musk stork‟s-<br />
bill, musky stork‟s bill, whitestem filaree)*<br />
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton var. praecox Lange (false cranesbill, musk-storksbill, musk<br />
stork‟s-bill, musky stork‟s bill, whitestem filaree)* (Quebec <strong>and</strong> Maine)<br />
Geranium bicknelli Britt. (Geranium bicknellii Britton var. longipes (S. Watson) Fernald, Geranium<br />
carolinianum L. var. longipes S. Watson, Geranium nemorale Suksd., Geranium nemorale Suksd.<br />
var. bicknellii (Britton) Fernald) (Bicknell's cranesbill, Bicknell‟s geranium)<br />
Geranium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum (Carolina cranesbill, Carolina crane‟s-bill, Carolina<br />
geranium)<br />
Geranium carolinianum L. var. sphaerospermum (Fernald) Breitung (Carolina cranesbill, Carolina<br />
crane‟s-bill, Carolina geranium)<br />
Geranium columbinum L. (long-stalk geranium, long-stalked cranesbill, pie de palmera)*<br />
125
Geranium dissectum L. (Geranium laxum Hanks) (cut-leaved crane‟s-bill, cut-leaved geranium,<br />
dissected cranesbill)<br />
Geranium maculatum L. (geranium des pres, maeshkwaudjeebik, spotted cranesbill, spotted geranium,<br />
wild cranesbill, wild geranium)<br />
Geranium molle L. (dovefoot geranium, dove's-foot cranesbill, dove‟s-foot geranium)*<br />
Geranium pratense L. (meadow cranesbill, meadow geranium)*<br />
Geranium pusillum L. (small geranium, small-flowered cranesbill, small-flowered geranium)*<br />
Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. (hedgerow crane‟s-bill, hedgerow geranium, pyrenee cranesbill,<br />
Pyranee‟s crane‟s-bill)*<br />
Geranium robertianum L. ssp. robertianum (herb-robert, Robert geranium, Robert‟s geranium) (despite<br />
controversy, this is a native species; the other subspecies is in California)<br />
Geranium sanguineum L. (bloody cranesbill, bloody geranium, crane‟s-bill. red cranesbill)*<br />
Limnathaceae (false mermaid family, meadow-foam family)<br />
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (Floerkea occidentalis Rydb.) (false mermaid, false mermainweed,<br />
proserpinica-like mermaid)<br />
Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel family)<br />
Oxalis corniculata L. (Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze, Oxalis langloisii (Small) Fedde, Oxalis pusilla<br />
Salisb., Oxalis repens Thunb., Oxalis villosa M. Bieb., Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small,<br />
Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small var. atropurpurea (Planch.) Moldenke, Xanthoxalis langloisii<br />
Small, Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke) (creeping lady's-sorrel, creeping wood sorrel,<br />
yellow procumbent wood-sorrel)*/** (invasive in Canada; native in most <strong>of</strong> USA)<br />
Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (Oxalis brittoniae Small, Oxalis corniculata L. var. dillenii (Jacq.) Trel., Oxalis dillenii<br />
Jacq. ssp. filipes (Small) Eiten, Oxalis dillenii Jacq. var. radicans Shinners, Oxalis filipes Small,<br />
Oxalis florida Salisb., Oxalis florida Salisb. ssp. prostrata (Haw.) Lourteig, Oxalis florida Salisb.<br />
var. filipes (Small) H.E. Ahles, Oxalis prostrata Haw., Oxalis rupestris Raf., Oxalis stricta auct. non<br />
L., Xanthoxalis brittoniae (Small) Small, Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub, Xanthoxalis filipes<br />
(Small) Small, Xanthoxalis florida (Salisb.) Moldenke) (<strong>common</strong> yellow wood-sorrel, Dillen‟s woodsorrel,<br />
slender yellow woodsorrel, yellow sorrel)*/** (invasive in Canada; native in most <strong>of</strong> USA)<br />
Oxalis montana Raf. (Oxalis acetosella auct. non L.) (<strong>common</strong> wood sorrel, mountain wood-sorrel, pain<br />
de lievre, pink wood sorrel, sour leaf, true wood-sorrel, wood-shamrock, zeewunubugushk)<br />
Oxalis stricta L. (Ceratoxalis coloradensis (Rydb.) Lunell, Ceratoxalis cymosa (Small) Lunell, Oxalis<br />
bushii (Small) Small, Oxalis coloradensis Rydb., Oxalis cymosa Small, Oxalis europaea Jord.,<br />
Oxalis europaea Jord. var. bushii (Small) Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Oxalis europaea Jord. var. rufa (Small)<br />
Young, Oxalis fontana Bunge, Oxalis fontana Bunge var. bushii (Small) H. Hara, Oxalis interior<br />
(Small) Fedde, Oxalis rufa Small, Xanthoxalis bushii Small, Xanthoxalis coloradensis (Rydb.)<br />
Rydb., Xanthoxalis cymosa (Small) Small, Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub var. piletocarpa<br />
(Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Holub, Xanthoxalis interior Small, Xanthoxalis rufa (Small) Small, Xanthoxalis stricta<br />
(L.) Small) (<strong>common</strong> yellow oxalis, <strong>common</strong> yellow woodsorrel, European wood-sorrel, upright<br />
yellow wood sorrel)*/** (invasive in Canada; native in most <strong>of</strong> USA)<br />
126
127
Order Haloragales<br />
Haloragaceae (water-milfoil family)<br />
Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. (alternate-flowered water-milfoil)<br />
Myriophyllum farwellii Morong (Farwell's water-milfoil)<br />
Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. (two-leaf water-milfoil, water-leaf milfoil)<br />
Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. (Burshia humilis Raf.) (Atlantic water-milfoil, low water-milfoil, lowly<br />
water-milfoil)<br />
Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom. (Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald, Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald<br />
var. magdalenense (Fernald) A. Löve, Myriophyllum magdalenense Fernald, Myriophyllum<br />
spicatum L. ssp. exalbescens (Fernald) Hultén, Myriophyllum spicatum L. ssp. squamosum Laest.<br />
ex Hartm., Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. capillaceum Lange, Myriophyllum spicatum L. var.<br />
exalbescens (Fernald) Jeps., Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. squamosum (Laest. ex Hartm.)<br />
Hartm. (false Eurasian water-milfoil, pale water-milfoil, shortspike water-milfoil)<br />
Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian water-milfoil)*/**<br />
Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. (fragile water-milfoil, slender water-milfoil)<br />
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. (whorled water-milfoil, whorl-leaf water-milfoil) (<strong>of</strong>ten confused with<br />
Myriophyllum humile)<br />
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. amblyogona Fernald (Proserpinaca amblyogona (Fernald) Small) (marsh<br />
mermaidweed, marshweed, mermaid weed)<br />
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fernald & Grisc. (marsh mermaidweed, marshweed, mermaid<br />
weed)<br />
Proserpinaca palustris L. var. palustris (Proserpinaca palustris L. var. latifolia Schindl. PRPL<br />
Proserpinaca platycarpa Small (marsh mermaidweed, marshweed, mermaid weed)<br />
Order Linales<br />
Linaceae (flax family)<br />
Linum austriacum L. (Linum perenne L. var. austriacum (L.) Schiede) (Asian flax, Austrian [sic] flax,<br />
yellow flax) (ornamental)*<br />
Linum catharticum L. (Cathartolinum catharticum (L.) Small) (cathartic flax, dwarf flax, fairy-flax)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Linum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum L. (Adenolinum gr<strong>and</strong>iflorum (Desf.) W.A. Weber) (flowering flax)*<br />
Linum lewisii Pursh. (Lewis' flax, wild blue flax)<br />
Linum medium (Planch.) Britton var. medium (Cathartolinum medium (Planch.) Small, Linum striatum<br />
Walter var. medium (Planch.) B. Boivin, Linum virginianum L. var. medium Planch.) (stiff yellow<br />
flax, still yellow flax)<br />
Linum perenne L. (Linum lewisii auct. non Pursh) (blue flax, perennial yellow flax) (ornamental)*<br />
Linum striatum Walt. (Cathartolinum striatum (Walter) Small, Linum striatum Walter var. multijugum<br />
Fernald, Nezera striata (Walter) Nieuwl.) (furrowed flax, ridged yellow flax)<br />
Linum sulcatum Riddell var. sulcatum (Cathartolinum sulcatum (Riddell) Small, Mesynium sulcatum<br />
(Riddell) A. Löve & D. Löve) (furrowed flax, grooved yellow flax)<br />
Linum usitatissimum L. (Linum humile Mill.) (<strong>common</strong> flax, <strong>common</strong> yellow flax, linseed) (ornamental)*<br />
Linum virginianum L. (Cathartolinum virginianum (L.) Rchb., Nezera virginiana (L.) Nieuwl.) (slender<br />
128
yellow flax, Virginia flax, wild yellow flax, woodl<strong>and</strong> flax)<br />
Radiola linoides Roth (Millegrana radiola (L.) Druce.) (allseed, all-seed, Nova Scotia flax)<br />
Order Myrtales<br />
Lythraceae (loosestrife family)<br />
Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel (Ammannia coccinea Rottb. ssp. robusta (Heer & Regel) Koehne,<br />
Ludwigia scabriuscula Kellogg) (gr<strong>and</strong> redstem, scarlet loosestrife, scarlet toothcup)<br />
Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. (Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne, Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby (blue<br />
waxweed, clammy cuphea) (*in Canada)<br />
Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell (swamp loosetrife, water-ole<strong>and</strong>er, water-willow)<br />
Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum (Lythrum dacotanum Nieuwl.) (Canadian loosestrife, winged<br />
loosestrife)<br />
Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife, spiked loosestrife, willow loosestrife)*/**<br />
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehe (Rotala catholica (Cham. & Schltdl.) van Leeuwen, Rotala dentifera (A.<br />
Gray) Koehne (lowl<strong>and</strong> rotala, tooth-cup)<br />
Melastomaceae (meadow-beauty family, melastoma family)<br />
Rhexia virginica L. (<strong>common</strong> meadow-beauty, deergrass, deer-grass, Virginia meadow-beauty)<br />
Onagraceae (evening primrose family, willow-herb family)<br />
Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. Raven (Calylophus australis Towner & P.H. Raven, Meriolix<br />
intermedia Rydb. ex Small, Meriolix oblanceolata Rydb., Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.,<br />
Oenothera serrulata Nutt., Oenothera serrulata Nutt. var. typica Munz) (evening-primrose,<br />
serrated sundrops, toothed-leaved primrose)<br />
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. angustifolium (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.,<br />
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub var. angustifolium, Chamerion spicatum (Lam.) Gray,<br />
Epilobium angustifolium L., Epilobium angustifolium L. var. intermedium (Lange) Fernald,<br />
Epilobium spicatum Lam.) (fireweed, French-willow, willowherb, great willowherb, rosebay<br />
willowherb, zhoshkidjeebik)<br />
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Hoch (Chamaenerion angustifolium<br />
(L.) Scop. ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Moldenke, Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub var.<br />
canescens (Alph. Wood) N.H. Holmgren & P.K. Holmgren, Chamerion danielsii D. Löve,<br />
Chamerion platyphyllum (Daniels) A. Löve & D. Löve, Epilobium angustifolium L. ssp.<br />
circumvagum Mosquin, Epilobium angustifolium L. ssp. macrophyllum (Hausskn.) Hultén,<br />
Epilobium angustifolium L. var. abbreviatum (Lunell) Munz, Epilobium angustifolium L. var.<br />
canescens Alph. Wood, Epilobium angustifolium L. var. macrophyllum (Hausskn.) Fernald,<br />
Epilobium angustifolium L. var. platyphyllum (Daniels) Fernald) (fireweed, great willow herb,<br />
greater river-beauty, slippery-root, spiked willow-herb, wickup, zhoshkidjeebik)<br />
Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub (Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet, Chamerion subdentatum (Rydb.)<br />
A. Löve & D. Löve, Epilobium latifolium L.) (dwarf fireweed, river beauty willow-herb, river-beauty,<br />
sweet broad-leaved willow-herb)<br />
129
Circaea alpina L. ssp. alpina (dwarf enchanter's nightshade, smaller enchanter‟s nighshade)<br />
Circaea x intermedia Ehrh. (alpina x luteiana) (Circaea canadensis sensu Fernald) (Fernald‟s circaea,<br />
intermediate enchanter‟s nightshade)<br />
Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus (Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill var. virginiana<br />
Fernald, Circaea latifolia Hill, Circaea lutetiana L. var. canadensis L,.Circaea quadrisulcata<br />
(Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny ssp. canadensis (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve, Circaea quadrisulcata<br />
(Maxim.) Franch. & Savigny var. canadensis (L.) H. Hara) (broadleaf enchanter‟s nightshade,<br />
Canada enchanter's nightshade, yellowish enchanter‟s nightshade)<br />
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. (Epilobium alpinum L. p.p.) (pimpernel willow-herb, pimpernel-leaved<br />
willow-herb)<br />
Epilobium arcticum Sam. (Epilobium davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem. var. arcticum (Sam.) Polunin) (Arctic<br />
willow-herb) (QC)<br />
Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl (Epilobium paniculatum Nutt ex Torr. & A. Gray) (panicled willow-herb,<br />
tall annual willowherb)<br />
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum (Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn., Epilobium adenocaulon<br />
Hausskn. var. ecomosum (Fassett) Munz , Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. holosericeum<br />
(Trel.) Munz, Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. parishii (Trel.) Munz, Epilobium adenocaulon<br />
Hausskn. var. perplexans Trel., Epilobium americanum Hausskn., Epilobium brevistylum Barbey,<br />
Epilobium brevistylum Barbey var. ursinum (Parish ex Trel.) Jeps., Epilobium californicum<br />
Hausskn., Epilobium californicum Hausskn. var. holosericeum (Trel.) Munz, Epilobium ciliatum<br />
Raf. var. ecomosum (Fassett) B. Boivin, Epilobium delicatum Trel., Epilobium ecomosum<br />
(Fassett) Fernald, Epilobium gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Hausskn.) Fernald, Epilobium<br />
gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm. var. ecomosum Fassett, Epilobium gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.)<br />
C.L. Hitchc., Epilobium leptocarpum Hausskn. var. macounii Trel., Epilobium ursinum Parish ex<br />
Trel., Epilobium watsonii Barbey var. parishii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc.) (Canadian willow-herb, ciliate<br />
willow-herb, northern willow herb)<br />
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H. Raven (Epilobium adenocaulon<br />
Hausskn. var. cinerascens (Piper) M. Peck, Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. occidentale<br />
Trel., Epilobium boreale Hausskn., Epilobium ciliatum Raf. var. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (Lehm.) Dorn,<br />
Epilobium gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm., Epilobium gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm. var. cardiophyllum Fernald,<br />
Epilobium gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm. var. occidentale (Trel.) Fernald, Epilobium watsonii Barbey var.<br />
occidentale (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc.) (Canadian willow-herb, ciliate willow-herb, northern willow herb)<br />
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. watsonii (Barbey) Hoch & P.H. Raven (Epilobium franciscanum Barbey,<br />
Epilobium watsonii Barbey, Epilobium watsonii Barbey var. franciscanum (Barbey) Jeps.)<br />
(Canadian willow-herb, ciliate willow-herb, northern willow herb, Watson‟s willow-herb)<br />
Epilobium coloratum Biehl. (purple-leaved willow herb, purple-veined willow-herb)<br />
Epilobium davuricum Fischer ex Hornem. (Epilobium palustre L. var. davuricum (Fisch. ex Hornem.) S.L.<br />
Welsh) (Dahurian willow-herb)<br />
Epilobium hirsutum L. (codlins <strong>and</strong> cream, great hairy willow-herb, hairy willow herb)*/**<br />
Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. (Epilobium nesophilum (Fernald) Fernald, Epilobium nesophilum (Fernald)<br />
Fernald var. sabulonense Fernald, Epilobium palustre L. var. gracile (Farw.) Dorn, Epilobium<br />
palustre L. var. sabulonense (Fernald) B. Boivin, Epilobium rosmarinifolium Pursh, Epilobium<br />
130
treleaseanum Levl. p.p.) (bog willowherb, narrow-leaved willow-herb)<br />
Epilobium palustre L. (Epilobium lineare Muhl., Epilobium oliganthum Michx., Epilobium palustre L. var.<br />
grammadophyllum Hausskn., Epilobium palustre L. var. labradoricum Hausskn., Epilobium<br />
palustre L. var. lapponicum Wahlenb., Epilobium palustre L. var. longirameum Fernald &<br />
Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Epilobium palustre L. var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fernald, Epilobium pylaieanum Fernald,<br />
Epilobium wyomingense A. Nelson) (<strong>common</strong> willow-herb, marsh willow-herb, swamp willow-herb,<br />
Wyoming willowherb)<br />
Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (downy willow-herb, small-flowered willow-herb, sparse-flowered willow-<br />
herb)*<br />
Epilobium saximontanum Hausskn. (Epilobium drummondii Hausskn., Epilobium gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Lehm.<br />
var. brionense Fernald, Epilobium scalare Fernald, Epilobium steckerianum Fernald) (John Kanes'<br />
ladder, Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> willow-herb, Rocky Mountain willowherb) (disjunct in North America; QC<br />
<strong>and</strong> NF in eastern Canada)<br />
Epilobium strictum Muhl. (Epilobium densum Raf.) (downy willow-herb, s<strong>of</strong>t willow-herb)<br />
Gaura biennis L. (biennial beeblosom, biennial gaura)<br />
Gaura coccinea Nutt. ex Pursh. (Gaura glabra Lehm., Gaura odorata Sessé ex Lag.) (scarlet<br />
beeblossom)<br />
Gaura longiflora Sprach (Gaura biennis L. var. pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray, Gaura filiformis Small,<br />
Gaura pitcheri (Torr. & A. Gray) Small) (longflower beeblossom, long-leaved gaura, scarlet gaura)<br />
Ludwigia alternifolia L. (rattle-box, seedbox, seed-box)<br />
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. (Isnardia palustris L., non Jussiaea palustris G. Mey.) (false isnardia, marsh<br />
purslane, marsh seedbox, water false loosestrife, water-purslane)<br />
Ludwigia polycarpa Sort & Peter (many-fruited false loosestrife, many-fruited ludwigia, manyfruit<br />
primrose-willow)<br />
Oenothera biennis L. (Oenothera muricata L., Oenothera pycnocarpa Atk. & Bartlett) (<strong>common</strong> evening<br />
primrose, yellow evening-primrose)<br />
Oenothera clel<strong>and</strong>ii W. Dietr., P.H. Raven & W.L. Wagner (Oenothera rhombipetala auct. non Nutt. ex<br />
Torr. & A. Gray) (Clel<strong>and</strong>'s evening primrose)<br />
Oenothera fruticosa L. ssp. glauca (Michx.) Straley (Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach, Kneiffia hybrida<br />
(Michx.) Small, Kneiffia latifolia Rydb., Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) Pennell, Oenothera riparia Nutt.,<br />
Oenothera tetragona Roth, Oenothera tetragona Roth ssp. glauca (Michx.) Munz, Oenothera<br />
tetragona Roth var. fraseri (Pursh) Munz, Oenothera tetragona Roth var. hybrida (Michx.) Fernald,<br />
Oenothera tetragona Roth var. latifolia (Rydb.) Fernald) (<strong>common</strong> sundrops, narrowleaf evening<br />
primrose, shrubby evening-primrose)<br />
Oenothera glazioviana Micheli (Oenothera erythrosepala Borbás, Oenothera lamarckiana auct.) (garden<br />
evening-primrose, red sepaled evening-primrose) (ornamental)*<br />
Oenothera laciniata Hill (Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose) (cut-leaved evening primrose) (* in Canada)<br />
Oenothera nuttallii Sweet (Anogra nuttalliana Spach) (Nuttall‟s evening-primrose, white evening<br />
primrose)<br />
Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Watson & J.M. Coult. (Oenothera angustissima<br />
R.R. Gates, Oenothera biennis L. var. oakesiana A. Gray, Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don<br />
var. stenopetala (E.P. Bicknell) Fernald, Oenothera parviflora L. ssp. angustissima (R.R. Gates)<br />
131
Munz, Oenothera parviflora L. var. angustissima (R.R. Gates) Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Oenothera parviflora L.<br />
var. oakesiana (A. Gray) Fernald (cross-shaped evening primrose, mustard evening-primrose,<br />
Oakes‟ evening-primrose)<br />
Oenothera parviflora (Camissonia strigulosa auct. non (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) P.H. Raven, Oenothera<br />
cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don, Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don var. sabulonensis Fernald,<br />
Oenothera cymatilis Bartlett, Oenothera rubricapitata R.R. Gates) (least evening-primrose,<br />
northern evening primrose, small-flowered evening primrose) (misnomer in my opinion as the<br />
flowers are not really that small so „parviflora‟ is not a very good specific epithet here)<br />
Oenothera perennis L. (Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell, Kneiffia pumila(L.) Spach) (little evening<br />
primrose, perennial evening-primrose, small sundrops)<br />
Oenothera pilosella Raf. ssp. pilosella (Kneiffia pratensis Small, Kneiffia sumstinei Jennings) (finely-<br />
pilose evening-primrose, larger sundrops, meadow evening primrose)<br />
Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & P.H. Raven (Oenothera biennis L. var.<br />
strigosa (Rydb.) Piper, Oenothera cheradophila Bartlett, Oenothera depressa Greene ssp.<br />
strigosa (Rydb.) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Oenothera procera Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l., Oenothera<br />
rydbergii House, Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush, Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. &<br />
Bush ssp. cheradophila (Bartlett) Munz, Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. cheradophila (Bartlett) W.<br />
Dietr. & P.H. Raven, Oenothera villosa Thunb. var. strigosa (Rydb.) Dorn) (hairy evening<br />
primrose, stiff hairy evening primrose)<br />
Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa (Oenothera albinervis R.R. Gates, Oenothera biennis L. var.<br />
canescens Torr. & A. Gray, Oenothera canovirens Steele, Oenothera depressa Greene,<br />
Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush ssp. canovirens (Steele) Munz, Oenothera villosa<br />
Thunb. ssp. canovirens (Steele) W. Dietr. & P.H. Raven (hairy evening primrose)<br />
Thymelaeaceae (mezereum family)<br />
Daphne mezereum L. (daphne, Merzer‟s daphne, mezereum, paradise plant, spurge laurel)*<br />
Dirca palustris L. (eastern leatherwood, leatherwood, marsh mezereum, moosewood, rope-bark,<br />
wicopy)<br />
Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Passerina annua Wikstr.) (sparrow-weed) (* in USA but<br />
native in Canada)<br />
Order Podostemales<br />
Podostemaceae (river-weed family)<br />
Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Podostemum abrotanoides Nutt.) (hornleaf riverweed, river-weed,<br />
threadfoot)<br />
Order Polygalales<br />
Polygalaceae (milkwort family)<br />
Polygala ambigua Nutt. (Polygala verticillata L. var. ambigua (Nutt.) Alph. Wood, Polygala verticillata L.<br />
var. dolichoptera Fernald) (American milkwort, whorled milkwort) (NY-ME southward; not in<br />
132
Canada)<br />
Polygala cruciata L. var. aquilonia Fernald & B.G. Schub. (cross-leaved milkwort, drumheads, marsh<br />
milkwort)<br />
Polygala incarnata L. (Galypola incarnata (L.) Nieuwl.) (pink milkwort, procession flower)<br />
Polygala lutea L. (orange milkwort) (Pylostachya lutea (L.) Small) (NY southward; not in Canada)<br />
Polygala paucifolia Willd. (Triclisperma paucifolia (Willd.) Nieuwl.) (bird-on-the-wing, flowering<br />
wintergreen, fringed polygala, gaywings, tikizidgeebikohnse)<br />
Polygala polygama Watt. (Polygala aboriginum Small, Polygala polygama Walter var. obtusata Chod.,<br />
Polygala polygama Walter var. ramulosa Farw.) (racemed milkwort)<br />
Polygala sanguinea L. (Polygala viridescens L.) (bloody milkwort, purple milkwort)<br />
Polygala senega L. (Polygala senega L. var. latifolia Torr. & A. Gray) (Seneca snakeroot)<br />
Polygala verticillata L. var. isocycla Fernald (Polygala verticillata L. var. sphenostachya Pennell)<br />
(whorled milkwort)<br />
Polygala verticillata L. var. verticillata (Polygala pretzii Pennell) (whorled milkwort)<br />
Order Rhamnales<br />
Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family)<br />
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (oleaster, Russian olive)*/**<br />
Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. (Elaeagnus argentea Pursh, non Moench) (silverberry)<br />
Shepherdia argentea Nutt. (Elaeagnus utilis A. Nelson, Lepargyrea argentea (Pursh) Greene) (silver<br />
buffaloberry)<br />
Shepherdia canadensis L. (Elaeagnus canadensis (L.) A. Nelson, Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene)<br />
(Canadian buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soapberry)<br />
Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family)<br />
Ceanothus americanus L. (Ceanothus intermedius Pursh) (New Jersey tea, redroot, red-root)<br />
Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. (Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. var. pubescens (Torr. & A. Gray ex S. Watson)<br />
Shinners, Ceanothus ovatus auct. non Desf., Ceanothus ovatus Desf. var. pubescens Torr. & A.<br />
Gray ex S. Watson, Ceanothus pubescens (Torr. & A. Gray ex S. Watson) Rydb. ex Small)<br />
(Jersey tea, narrow-leaved New Jersey tea, herbaceeous red-root, roundleaved redroot)<br />
Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her (alderleaf buckthorn, dwarf alder, false dwarf alder, native buckthorn)<br />
Rhamnus cathartica L. (<strong>common</strong> buckthorn, European buckthorn)*/**<br />
Frangula alnus Mill. (Rhamnus frangula L.) (alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Vitaceae (grape family)<br />
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Ampelopsis hederacea (Ehrh.) DC. var. murorum Focke,<br />
Ampelopsis latifolia Tausch, Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx., Hedera quinquefolia L.,<br />
Parthenocissus hirsuta (Pursh) Graebn., Parthenocissus inserta (Kern.) Fritsch, Parthenocissus<br />
quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. hirsuta (Pursh) Planch., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.<br />
var. murorum (Focke) Rehder, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var. saintpaulii (Koehne<br />
ex Graebn.) Rehder, Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene var.<br />
133
murorum (Focke) Rehder , Vitis inserta Kern., Vitis quinquefolia (L.) Lam.) (Virginia creeper,<br />
woodbine)<br />
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planchon (Ampelopsis tricuspidata Siebold & Zucc.) (Boston<br />
ivy, three-toothed Virginia-creeper) (* in USA; some debate over whether it is native to Canada)<br />
Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor Deam (Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. argentifolia Fernald, Vitis argentifolia<br />
Munson ex L. H. Bailey, Vitis bicolor J. Le Conte, nom. illeg., non Vitis bicolor Raf., Vitis lecontiana<br />
House) (pigeon-grape, small grape, summer grape)<br />
Vitis labrusca L. (fox grape, northern plum-grape) (native to USA; * in Canada)<br />
Vitis riparia Michx. (Vitis vulpina L. ssp. riparia (Michx.) R.T. Clausen, Vitis vulpina L. var. praecox<br />
(Engelm. ex L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey, Vitis vulpina L. var. syrticola Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) (forest<br />
grape, frost grape, riverbank grape, wild grape)<br />
Vitis vulpina L. (Vitis cordifolia Michx., Vitis cordifolia Michx. var. foetida Engelm., Vitis cordifolia Michx.<br />
var. sempervirens Munson, Vitis illex L.H. Bailey) (chicken grape, frost grape, heart grape, sweet<br />
scented grape, winter grape)<br />
Order Rosales<br />
Crassulaceae (orpine family, sedum family)2<br />
Crassula aquatica (L.) Schoenl. (Bulliarda aquatica (L.) DC., Hydrophila aquatica (L.) House, Tillaea<br />
angustifolia Nutt., Tillaea aquatica L., Tillaea ascendens Eaton, Tillaeastrum aquaticum (L.)<br />
Britton) (aquatic pygmy-weed, tidal weed, water pygmyweed)<br />
Hylotelephium telephioides (Michx.) H. Ohba (nacampseros telephioides (Michx.) Haw., Sedum<br />
telephioides Michx.) (Allegheny stonecrop, American orpine, wild live-forever, wild live-forever<br />
stonecrop)*<br />
Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba ssp. telephium (Sedum purpureum (L.) Schult., Sedum telephium<br />
L., Sedum telephium L. ssp. purpureum (L.) Schinz & Keller, Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) Gray)<br />
(frogplant, garden-orpine, live-forever, purple stonecrop, witches‟ moneybags)*<br />
Rhodiola rosea L. (Rhodiola roanensis Britton, Sedum rosea (L.) Scop., Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. var.<br />
roanense (Britton) A. Berger, Sedum roseum (L.) Scop., orth. var., Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. var.<br />
roanense (Britton) A. Berger, orth. var.) (roseroot, roseroot stonecrop)<br />
Sedum acre L. (goldmoss stonecrop, love-entangle, mossy stonecrop, wallpepper)<br />
Sedum aizoon L. (aizoon stonecrop, fei cai) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Sedum album L. (Oreosedum album (L.) Grulich) (white stonecrop) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Sedum hispanicum L. (Spanish stonecrop) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Sedum hybridum L. (hybrid stonecrop) (ornamental)*<br />
Sedum reflexum L. (Petrosedum reflexum (L.) Grulich, Sedum rupestre L. (crooked yellow stonecrop,<br />
Jenny‟s stonecrop, reflexed stonecrop) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (graveyard moss, running stonecrop, runner-producing stonecrop, star<br />
stonecrop, stringy stonecrop) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Sedum sexangulare L. (six-sided stonecrop, tasteless stonecrop) (ornamental)*/**<br />
2<br />
These have been bred to extremes – its hard to recognize some species because <strong>of</strong> the horticultural varieties that exist<br />
134
Sedum spurium M. Bieb. (Spathulata spuria (M. Bieb.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (false stonecrop, two row<br />
stonecrop) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Sedum ternatum Michx. (Clausenellia ternata (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve) (wild stonecrop, woodl<strong>and</strong><br />
stonecrop)*<br />
Sempervivum tectorum L. (<strong>common</strong> houseleek, hens-<strong>and</strong>-chickens, houseleek)*<br />
Grossulariaceae (currant family, gooseberry family) (separated from Saxifragaceae)<br />
Ribes americanum Mill. (American black currant, wild black currant)<br />
Ribes aureum Pursh var. aureum (Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb.) (garden currant, golden currant)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Ribes aureum Pursh var. villosum DC. (Ribes odoratum H. Wendl. (buffalo currant, golden currant,<br />
Missouri currant, sweet garden currant, sweet golden currant<br />
Ribes cynosbati L. (Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mill., Ribes cynosbati L. var. atrox Fernald, Ribes<br />
cynosbati L. var. glabratum Fernald, Ribes cynosbati L. var. inerme (Rehder) L.H. Bailey, Ribes<br />
huronense Rydb. (dogberry, eastern prickly currant, pasture gooseberry, prickly gooseberry)<br />
Ribes gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum Grauer. (Ribes prostratum L'Hér., Ribes resinosum Pursh) (fetid currant, skunk<br />
currant)<br />
Ribes hirtellum Michx. (Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach, Ribes hirtellum Michx. var. calcicola<br />
(Fernald) Fernald, Ribes hirtellum Michx. var. saxosum (Hook.) Fernald , Ribes oxyacanthoides L.<br />
var. calcicola Fernald, Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. hirtellum (Michx.) Scoggan, Ribes<br />
oxyacanthoides L. var. saxosum (Hook.) Coville) (hairystem gooseberry, low wild gooseberry,<br />
roundleaf gooseberry, smooth gooseberry)<br />
Ribes hudsonianum Richardson var. hudsonianum (Canada black currant, Hudson Bay currant,<br />
northern wild black currant)<br />
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (Limnobotrya lacustris (Pers.) Rydb., Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. var.<br />
parvulum A. Gray, Ribes oxycanthoides L. var. lacustre Pers.) (bristly black currant, swamp black<br />
currant, swamp gooseberry)<br />
Ribes missouriense Nutt. (Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Coville & Britton, Ribes missouriense Nutt.<br />
var. ozarkanum Fassett) (Missouri gooseberry)*<br />
Ribes nigrum L. (European black currant, garden black currant)*<br />
Ribes rubrum L. (Ribes sativum Syme, Ribes sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, Ribes vulgare<br />
Lam.) (cultivated currant, garden red currant) (ornamental)*<br />
Ribes oxyacanthoides L. ssp. oxyacanthoides (Grossularia oxyacanthoides (L.) Mill.) (bristly wild<br />
gooseberry, Canada black gooseberry, hawthorn-gooseberry, northern gooseberry)<br />
Ribes oxyacanthoides L. ssp. setosum (Lindl.) Sinnott (Grossularia setosa (Lindl.) Coville & Britton,<br />
Ribes camporum Blank., Ribes oxyacanthoides L. var. setosum (Lindl.) Dorn, Ribes<br />
saximontanum E.E. Nelson, Ribes setosum Lindl.) (bristly gooseberry, inl<strong>and</strong> gooseberry, rock<br />
gooseberry)<br />
Ribes triste Pall. (Ribes rubrum L. var. alaskanum (A. Berger) B. Boivin, Ribes rubrum L. var.<br />
propinquum (Turcz.) Trautv. & C.A. Mey., Ribes triste Pall. var. albinervium (Michx.) Fernald) (red<br />
currant, swamp red currant, wild red currant)<br />
Ribes uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill., Ribes grossularia L., Ribes uva-<br />
135
crispa L. ssp. reclinatum (L.) Rchb.) (European gooseberry)*<br />
Hydrangeaceae (hydrangea family)<br />
Hydrangea arborescens L. (wild hydrangea) (* in Canada – NB & NS)<br />
Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. (Asiatic hydrangea, paniculate hydrangea)*<br />
Philadelphus coronarius L. (garden mock-orange, garden syringa) (ornamental)*<br />
Philadelphus inodorus L. (<strong>common</strong> mock-orange, scentless mock-orange, scentless syringa)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Philadelphus paniculata Sieb. (ornamental mock-orange) (ornamental)*<br />
Philadelphus pubescens Loisel (gray mock-orange, hairy mock-orange) (ornamental)*<br />
Rosaceae (rose family)<br />
Agrimonia eupatoria L. (churchsteeples, medicinal agrimony)*<br />
Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. (cocklebur, <strong>common</strong> agrimony, tall agrimony, tall hairy agrimony,<br />
zaugautigauhnse)<br />
Agrimonia parviflora Ait. (harvestlice, harvest-lice, many–flowered agrimony)<br />
Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. (Agrimonia bicknellii (Kearney) Rydb., Agrimonia mollis (Torr. & A. Gray)<br />
Britton) (downy agrimony, hairy agrimony, s<strong>of</strong>t agrimony)<br />
Agrimonia striata Michx. (Britton‟s agrimony, grooved agrimony, roadside agrimony, woodl<strong>and</strong> agrimony)<br />
Alchemilla filicaulis Buser ssp. filicaulis (thin-stem lady's mantle, threaded lady's mantle, threadstemmed<br />
lady‟s mantle)*<br />
Alchemilla filicaulis Buser ssp. vestita (Buser) M.E. Bradshaw (Alchemilla minor Huds., Alchemilla<br />
vestita (Buser) Raunk., Alchemilla vulgaris L. var. vestita (Buser) Buser ex H.J. Coste) (thinstem<br />
lady's mantle) (QC NF NS in e. Canada)<br />
Alchemilla monticola Buser (Alchemilla pratensis auct. non F.W. Schmidt, Alchemilla vulgaris auct. non<br />
L., Alchemilla vulgaris L. var. pastoralis (Buser) B. Boivin, Alchemilla xanthochlora auct. non<br />
Rothm.) (alpine lady's mantle, hairy lady's mantle, mountain lady‟s-mantle, yellow-green lady‟s<br />
mantle)* (absent from NB)<br />
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. alnifolia (alderleaf Juneberry, northwestern<br />
serviceberry, Saskatoon berry)<br />
Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald var. arborea (Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) M.<br />
Roem.) (<strong>common</strong> serviceberry, downy serviceberry, downy Juneberry, low serviceberry, low<br />
Juneberry)<br />
Amelanchier bartramiana (Taucher) M. Roemer (Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.) M. Roem.) (Bartram‟s<br />
Juneberry, mountain Juneberry, oblongfruit serviceberry)<br />
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. (Amelanchier lucida Fernald) (Nova Scotia Juneberry, Nova Scotia<br />
serviceberry, Nova Scotia shadbush purple serviceberry, swamp Juneberry)<br />
Amelanchier fernaldii Wieg. (Fernald's Chuckley Pear, Fernald's Juneberry, limestone Juneberry)<br />
(seems to be absent from many florae; provenance in dispute)<br />
Amelanchier interior Nielson (Amelanchier wieg<strong>and</strong>ii E.L. Nielsen) (inl<strong>and</strong> Juneberry, inl<strong>and</strong><br />
serviceberry, Pacific serviceberry)<br />
Amelanchier x intermedia Spach (pro sp.) [arborea x canadensis] (swamp Juneberry, swamp<br />
serviceberry)<br />
136
Amelanchier laevis Wieg. (Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald ssp. laevis (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) S. McKay ex<br />
L<strong>and</strong>ry, Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald var. cordifolia (Ashe) B. Boivin, Amelanchier<br />
arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald var. laevis (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) H.E. Ahles, Amelanchier ×gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Rehder,<br />
Amelanchier laevis Wieg<strong>and</strong> var. nitida (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Fernald (Allegheny serviceberry, smooth<br />
Juneberry, smooth serviceberry, snowy mespilus)<br />
Amelanchier x neglecta Eggl. (bartramiana x laevis) (hybrid Juneberry, smaller serviceberry)<br />
Amelanchier x quinti-martii Lal. (arborea x bartramiana) (hybrid Juneberry, sugarplum)<br />
Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. gaspensis Wieg<strong>and</strong> (Amelanchier gaspensis) (Wieg<strong>and</strong>)<br />
Fernald & Weath. (Gaspe serviceberry) (QC <strong>and</strong> eastward with disjuncts in Michigan)<br />
Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. sanguinea (Amelanchier amabilis Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Amelanchier<br />
gr<strong>and</strong>iflora (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Wieg<strong>and</strong>, nom. illeg., non Amelanchier x gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Rehder, Amelanchier<br />
huronensis Wieg<strong>and</strong>, Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. gr<strong>and</strong>iflora (Wieg<strong>and</strong>) Rehder)<br />
(bloody serviceberry, Huron serviceberry, large-flowered Juneberry, roundleaf Juneberry, roundleaved<br />
serviceberry, roundleaf serviceberry)<br />
Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. (Amelanchier spicata auct. non (Lam.) K. Koch. p.p.) (hawthorn<br />
Juneberry, hawthorn serviceberry, hawthorn shadbush, Minnesota Juneberry, running Juneberry,<br />
running servceberry)<br />
Amelanchier x wieg<strong>and</strong>ii Nielsen (arborea x sanguinea) (Wieg<strong>and</strong>'s Juneberry, Wieg<strong>and</strong>‟s serviceberry)<br />
(said to be * in Ontario, but evidence unclear)<br />
Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. (Argentina argentea (L.) Rydb., Potentilla anserina L., Potentilla anserina<br />
L. ssp. anserine, Potentilla anserina L. var. concolor Ser., Potentilla anserina L. var. sericea<br />
Hayne, Potentilla anserina L. var. yukonensis (Hultén) B. Boivin, Potentilla egedii Wormsk. ssp.<br />
yukonensis (Hultén) Hultén, Potentilla yukonensis Hultén) (silverweed, silvery cinquefoil)<br />
Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. ssp. egedii (Potentilla anserina L. ssp. egedii (Wormsk.) Hiitonen,<br />
Potentilla anserina L. ssp. pacifica (Howell) Rousi, Potentilla anserina L. var. gr<strong>and</strong>is Torr. & A.<br />
Gray, Potentilla anserina L. var. lanata B. Boivin, Potentilla anserina L. var. rol<strong>and</strong>ii (B. Boivin) B.<br />
Boivin, Potentilla egedii Wormsk., Potentilla egedii Wormsk. ssp. gr<strong>and</strong>is (Torr. & A. Gray) Hultén,<br />
Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. gr<strong>and</strong>is (Torr. & A. Gray) J.T. Howell, Potentilla pacifica Howell,<br />
Potentilla rol<strong>and</strong>ii B. Boivin) (Eged‟s silverweed, Pacific silverweed)<br />
Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. ssp. groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Tratt.) A. Löve (Potentilla anserina L. var.<br />
groenl<strong>and</strong>ica Tratt., Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. groenl<strong>and</strong>ica (Tratt.) Polunin) (Greenl<strong>and</strong><br />
silverweed, Pacific silverweed)<br />
Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. dioicus (Aruncus allegheniensis Rydb.) (bride‟s feathers,<br />
dioecious goat‟s-beard, goatsbeard, rose-goatsbeard)*<br />
Chamaerhodos erecta (L.) Bunge ssp. nuttallii (Pickering ex Rydb.) Hultén (Chamaerhodos erecta (L.)<br />
Bunge var. parviflora (Nutt.) C.L. Hitchc., Chamaerhodos nuttallii Pickering ex Rydb.,<br />
Chamaerhodos nuttallii Pickering ex Rydb. var. keweenawensis Fernald) (little ground rose,<br />
Nuttall‟s ground rose, Nuttall's little rose)<br />
Comarum palustre L. (Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.) (marsh cinqufoil, purple cinquefoil, purple<br />
marshlocks)<br />
Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz. (Peking cotoneaster, Peking firethorn, sharp firethorn) (ornamental)*<br />
Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. (low firethorn, ornamental thorn, rockspray cotoneaster) (ornamental)*<br />
137
Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg. (Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg. var. cyanophylla (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus merita Sarg., Crataegus vittata Ashe) (Fort Sheridan hawthorn,<br />
pear-hawthorn, pear-shaped hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus ater Ashe (ater hawthorn, Nashville hawthorn) (ON <strong>and</strong> a bit south & west but not in TN)<br />
Crataegus beata Sarg. (Crataegus strigosa Sarg.) (Dunbar‟s hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. (Brainerd's hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. (Crataegus acanthacolonensis Laughlin, Crataegus<br />
calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. gigantea Kruschke, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var.<br />
globosa (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. hispida (Sarg.) Palmer,<br />
Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. hispidula (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron<br />
(Ehrh.) Medik. var. microcarpa (Chapm.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var.<br />
mollicula (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. var. obesa (Ashe) Palmer,<br />
Crataegus chapmanii (Beadle) Ashe, Crataegus fontanesiana (Spach) Steud., Crataegus globosa<br />
Sarg.) (pear hawthorn, pear-thorn, urn-fruited hawthorn, urn-tree)<br />
Crataegus canadensis Sarg. (Canadian hawthorn) (ironically, only in QC)<br />
Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. chrysocarpa (Crataegus aboriginum Sarg., Crataegus brunetiana<br />
Sarg., Crataegus brunetiana Sarg. var. fernaldii (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus caliciglabrata<br />
Schuette, Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. aboriginum (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus chrysocarpa<br />
Ashe var. longiacuminata Kruschke, Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. phoenicea Palmer,<br />
Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. rotundifolia (Moench) Sarg., Crataegus coccinata Sarg.,<br />
Crataegus coccinea L. p.p., Crataegus columbiana Howell var. chrysocarpa (Ashe) Dorn,<br />
Crataegus doddsii Ramaley, Crataegus faxonii Sarg., Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var. durifrucata<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var. praecoqua (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var.<br />
praetermissa (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus illuminata Sarg., Crataegus jackii Sarg., Crataegus<br />
laurentiana Sarg. var. brunetiana (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. var. dissimilifolia<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus mercerensis Sarg., Crataegus putnamiana Sarg., Crataegus rotundifolia<br />
Moench p.p., non Lamb., Crataegus sicca Sarg., Crataegus sicca Sarg. var. glabrifolia (Sarg.)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus subrotundifolia Sarg. (red haw, red-fruited hawthorn, scarlet hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus compacta (clustered hawthorn, compact hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus compta Sarg. (Crataegus levis Sarg., Crataegus milleri Sarg.) (adorned hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus corusca Sarg. (Crataegus blothra Laughlin, Crataegus corusca Sarg. var. gigantea Kruschke,<br />
Crataegus corusca Sarg. var. hillii (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus hillii Sarg.) (gleaming hawthorn,<br />
shiningbranch hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus crus-galli L. (Crataegus acutifolia Sarg., Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. var. insignis (Sarg.)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus algens Beadle, Crataegus barrettiana Sarg., Crataegus bushii Sarg.,<br />
Crataegus canbyi Sarg., Crataegus cherokeensis Sarg., Crataegus cocksii Sarg., Crataegus crusgalli<br />
L. var. barrettiana (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. bellica (Sarg.)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. capillata Sarg., Crataegus crus-galli L. var. exigua (Sarg.)<br />
Eggl., Crataegus crus-galli L. var. leptophylla (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. macra<br />
(Beadle) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. oblongata Sarg., Crataegus crus-galli L. var.<br />
pachyphylla (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus crus-galli L. var. pyracanthifolia Aiton, Crataegus danielsii<br />
Palmer , Crataegus denaria Beadle, Crataegus fecunda Sarg., Crataegus fontanesiana auct. non<br />
138
(Spach) Steud., Crataegus hannibalensis Palmer, Crataegus mohrii Beadle, Crataegus operta<br />
Ashe, Crataegus palliata Sarg., Crataegus palmeri Sarg., Crataegus permixta Palmer, Crataegus<br />
pyracanthoides Beadle, Crataegus regalis Beadle, Crataegus regalis Beadle var. paradoxa (Sarg.)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus sabineana Ashe, Crataegus schizophylla Eggl., Crataegus signata Beadle,<br />
Crataegus subpilosa Sarg., Crataegus tantula Sarg., Crataegus tenax Ashe, Crataegus<br />
triumphalis Sarg., Crataegus uniqua Sarg., Crataegus vallicola Sarg.) (cocklespur hawthorn,<br />
cockspur-thorn, noxious hawthorn, strangling hawthorn, tenacious hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus dilatata Sarg. (Crataegus coccinioides Ashe var. locuples (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus<br />
conspecta Sarg., Crataegus locuples Sarg. (Eggert‟s hawthorn, opulent hawthorn, wide hawthorn,<br />
widened hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus disperma Ashe (Crataegus x collicola Ashe, Crataegus collina Chapm. var. collicola (Ashe)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggl., Crataegus disperma Ashe var. peoriensis (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus x pausiaca Ashe, Crataegus peoriensis Sarg., Crataegus punctata Jacq.<br />
var. pausiaca (Ashe) Palmer) (spreading hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus dissona Sarg. (Crataegus disjuncta Sarg., Crataegus dissona Sarg. var. bellula (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus franklinensis Sarg., Crataegus incisa Sarg., Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.)<br />
K. Koch var. brachypoda (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var.<br />
delawarensis (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. dissona (Sarg.) Eggl.,<br />
Crataegus relicta Sarg.) (northern hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus dodgei Ashe (Crataegus crassifolia Sarg., Crataegus delosii Sarg., Crataegus dodgei Ashe<br />
var. flavida (Sarg.) P.G. Sm. & Phipps, Crataegus dodgei Ashe var. rotundata (Sarg.) Kruschke,<br />
Crataegus flavida Sarg., Crataegus minutiflora Sarg., Crataegus rotundata Sarg.) (Dodge's<br />
hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus douglasii Lindl. (Crataegus columbiana Howell, Crataegus douglasii Lindl. var. douglasii)<br />
(black hawthorn, Douglas' hawthorn, western hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch (Crataegus densiflora Sarg., Crataegus flabellata (Bosc<br />
ex Spach) K. Koch var. densiflora (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K.<br />
Koch var. grayana (Eggl.) Palmer, Crataegus grayana Eggl.) (Bosc‟s thorn, fanleaf hawthorn, fanleaved<br />
thorn)<br />
Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. (Crataegus confragosa Sarg., Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. var. chippewaensis<br />
(Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus fulleriana Sarg. var. gigantea Kruschke, Crataegus fulleriana Sarg.<br />
var. mir<strong>and</strong>a (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. chippewaensis (Sarg.) Palmer,<br />
Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. magniflora (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus illecebrosa Sarg.)<br />
(Chippewa-hawthorn, Fuller‟s hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus gr<strong>and</strong>is Ashe (larger hawthorn, Marshall‟s thorn, two-seeded hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus x haemacarpa Ashe (pro sp.) [flabellata x pruinosa] (Crataegus media Sarg., nom. illeg., non<br />
Crataegus x media Bechst) (hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus holmesiana Ashe (Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. amicta (Ashe) Palmer, Crataegus<br />
holmesiana Ashe var. villipes Ashe, Crataegus villipes (Ashe) Ashe) (Holmes' hawthorn, thinleaved<br />
hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus intricata Lange (Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle, Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle var. stonei<br />
(Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus boyntonii Beadle, Crataegus coccinea auct. non L., Crataegus<br />
139
foetida Ashe, Crataegus fortunata Sarg., Crataegus horseyi Palmer, Crataegus intricata Lange<br />
var. boyntonii (Beadle) Kruschke, Crataegus intricata Lange var. neobushii (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus intricata Lange var. rubella (Beadle) Kruschke, Crataegus intricata Lange<br />
var. straminea (Beadle) Palmer, Crataegus neobushii Sarg., Crataegus ouachitensis Palmer,<br />
Crataegus ouachitensis Palmer var. minor Palmer, Crataegus padifolia Sarg., Crataegus padifolia<br />
Sarg. var. incarnata Sarg., Crataegus pagensis Sarg., Crataegus pallens Beadle CRRU7<br />
Crataegus rubella Beadle, Crataegus stonei Sarg., Crataegus straminea Beadle) (Bitlmore haw,<br />
Boyton‟s thorn, Copenhagen hawthorn, entangled hawthorn ill-scented hawthorn, Lange‟s thorn<br />
stinking hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus iracunda Beadle (Crataegus beckwithiae Sarg., Crataegus brumalis Ashe, Crataegus<br />
iracunda Beadle var. brumalis (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. diffusa (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. populnea (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus iracunda<br />
Beadle var. silvicola (Beadle) Palmer, Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. stolonifera (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus populnea Ashe,<br />
Crataegus stolonifera Sarg.) (stolonbearing hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus irrasa Sarg. (Crataegus irrasa Sarg. var. blanchardii (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus mansfieldensis<br />
Sarg., Crataegus oakesiana Eggl.) (Blanchard‟s thorn, Mansfield‟s hawthorn, unshorned<br />
hawthorn, unshorned thorn)<br />
Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. (Crataegus harryi Sarg., Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. var. brownietta (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. var. harryi (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus laurentiana Sarg.)<br />
(Miss Jones' hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus kingstonensis Sarg. (Kingston‟s hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus knieskerniana Sarg. (Knieskern's hawthorn) (QC & NY)<br />
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (smooth hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus lemingtonensis Sarg. (Lemington hawthorn) (QC)<br />
Crataegus lumaria Ashe (Crataegus caesariata Sarg., Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. caesariata<br />
(Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus dodgei Ashe var. lumaria (Ashe) Sarg.) (round-leaved hawthorn,<br />
round-leaved thorn)<br />
Crataegus macrosperma Ashe (Crataegus chadsfordiana Sarg., Crataegus fluviatilis Sarg., Crataegus<br />
fretalis Sarg., Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. acutiloba (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus<br />
macrosperma Ashe var. eganii (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. matura<br />
(Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. pastora (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus macrosperma<br />
Ashe var. pent<strong>and</strong>ra (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus macrosperma Ashe var. roanensis (Ashe) Palmer,<br />
Crataegus r<strong>and</strong>iana Sarg., Crataegus roanensis Ashe, Crataegus roanensis Ashe var. fluviatilis<br />
(Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus roanensis Ashe var. heidelbergensis (Sarg.) Kruschke) (bigfruit<br />
hawthorn, large-seeded hawthorn, variable thorn)<br />
Crataegus margarettiae Ashe (Crataegus evansiana Sarg., Crataegus margarettiae Ashe var.<br />
angustifolia Palmer, Crataegus margarettiae Ashe var. brownii (Britton) Sarg., Crataegus<br />
margarettiae Ashe var. meiophylla (Sarg.) Palmer) (Brown‟s thorn, Margaret's hawthorn,<br />
Margarett's hawthorn, Mrs. Ashe‟s thorn, Wilcox's hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus mollis Scheele (Crataegus albicans Ashe, Crataegus arkansana Sarg., Crataegus<br />
brachyphylla Sarg., Crataegus cibaria Beadle, Crataegus gravida Beadle, Crataegus induta Sarg.,<br />
140
Crataegus invisa Sarg., Crataegus lacera Sarg., Crataegus limaria Sarg., Crataegus mollis<br />
Scheele var. dumetosa (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus mollis Scheele var. gigantea Kruschke,<br />
Crataegus mollis Scheele var. incisifolia Kruschke, Crataegus mollis Scheele var. sera (Sarg.)<br />
Eggl., Crataegus noelensis Sarg., Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. albicans (Ashe)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus placens Sarg., nom. inq.) (downy hawthorn, downy thorn, red-fruited thorn)<br />
Crataegus x media Bechst. (Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. rosea (Willd.) K. Koch) (intermediate<br />
Hawthorn, oneseeded rose hawthorn) (ON)<br />
Crataegus monogyna (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele (Crataegus curvisepala auct. non Lindm., Crataegus<br />
oxyacantha auct. non L., Crataegus oxyacantha L. var. paulii (Rehder) Rehder) (English<br />
hawthorn, oneseed hawthorn, white thorn) (ornamental)*<br />
Crataegus nitidula Sarg. (Crataegus nitidula Sarg. var. limatula (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus nitidula<br />
Sarg. var. macrocarpa Kruschke, Crataegus nitidula Sarg. var. recedens (Sarg.) Kruschke,<br />
Crataegus recedens Sarg.) (caughuawaga thorn, Ontario hawthorn, shiny hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus opulens Sarg. (Crataegus beata Sarg. var. opulens (Sarg.) Palmer) (Rochester hawthorn)<br />
(NY & MI)<br />
Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. (Crataegus aulica Sarg., Crataegus caesa Ashe, Crataegus coccinea L.<br />
p.p., Crataegus ellwangeriana Sarg., Crataegus habereri Sarg., Crataegus letchworthiana Sarg.,<br />
Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. assurgens (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var.<br />
caesa (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. ellwangeriana (Sarg.) Eggl,.Crataegus<br />
pedicellata Sarg. var. robesoniana (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. var. sertata<br />
(Sarg.) Kruschke) (pedicelled hawthorn, red haw, red-fruited hawthorn, scarlet hawthorn, thicket<br />
hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus perjucunda Sarg. (pearthorn, thorns)<br />
Crataegus persimilis Sarg. (Crataegus laetifica Sarg., Crataegus prunifolia Pers.) (Bush‟s thorn,<br />
cocklespur twin, plumleaf hawthorn, similar hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus pringlei Sarg. (Pringle's hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus prona Ashe (Crataegus gravis Ashe) heavily-laden hawthorn, Illinois hawthorn, leaded<br />
hawthorn, weeping hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch (Crataegus aspera Sarg., Crataegus cognata Sarg., Crataegus<br />
congesta Sarg., Crataegus crawfordiana Sarg., Crataegus deltoides Ashe, Crataegus formosa<br />
Sarg., Crataegus gattingeri Ashe, Crataegus gattingeri Ashe var. rigida Palmer, Crataegus<br />
gaudens Sarg., Crataegus georgiana Sarg., Crataegus lecta Sarg., Crataegus leiophylla Sarg.,<br />
Crataegus littoralis Sarg., Crataegus mackenziei Sarg., Crataegus mackenziei Sarg. var. aspera<br />
(Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus mackenziei Sarg. var. bracteata (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus parvula<br />
Sarg., Crataegus platycarpa Sarg., Crataegus porteri Britton, Crataegus porteri Britton var.<br />
caerulescens (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. cognata (Sarg.) Phipps,<br />
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. congesta (Sarg.) Phipps, Crataegus pruinosa<br />
(Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. conjuncta (Sarg.) Eggl., Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var.<br />
gr<strong>and</strong>iflora Kruschke, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. latisepala (Sarg.) Eggl.,<br />
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. leiophylla (Sarg.) Phipps, Crataegus pruinosa<br />
(Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. pachypoda (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var.<br />
parvula (Sarg.) Phipps, Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. porteri (Britton) Eggl.,<br />
141
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. rugosa (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus pruinosa<br />
(Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. virella (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus rugosa Ashe, Crataegus vicinalis<br />
Beadle, Crataegus virella Ashe) (beautiful hawthorn, frosted hawthorn, wax thorn, waxy-fruited<br />
thorn)<br />
Crataegus punctata Jacq. (Crataegus collina Chapm., Crataegus collina Chapm. var. secta (Sarg.)<br />
Palmer, Crataegus collina Chapm. var. sordida (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus collina Chapm. var.<br />
succincta (Sarg.) Palmer, Crataegus fastosa Sarg., Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. aurea Aiton,<br />
Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. canescens Britton, Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. microphylla<br />
Sarg., Crataegus verruculosa Sarg.) (dotted haw, dotted hawthorn, large-fruited thorn)<br />
Crataegus schuettei Ashe (Crataegus alnorum Sarg., Crataegus basilica Beadle, Crataegus ferrissii<br />
Ashe, Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. basilica (Beadle) Phipps, Crataegus schuettei Ashe var.<br />
cuneata Kruschke, Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. ferrissii (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus schuettei<br />
Ashe var. gigantea Kruschke, Crataegus tortilis Ashe) (scabrid hawthorn, Schuette's hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus submollis Sarg. (Crataegus champlainensis Sarg.) (Champlain hawthorn, Emerson‟s thorn,<br />
Quebec hawthorn, s<strong>of</strong>t hawthorn) (QC)<br />
Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. (Crataegus durobrivensis Sarg., Crataegus kellermanii Sarg., Crataegus<br />
neobaxteri Sarg., Crataegus saundersiana Sarg., Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. var.<br />
saundersiana (Sarg.) Kruschke) (aubepine, Caughuawaga hawthorn, roundleaf hawthorn)<br />
Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link (Crataegus ambrosia Sarg., Crataegus ardula Sarg., Crataegus<br />
bicknellii Eggl., Crataegus celsa Sarg., Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. bicknellii (Eggl.) Palmer,<br />
Crataegus columbiana Howell var. occidentalis (Britton) Dorn, Crataegus divida Sarg., Crataegus<br />
ferta Sarg., Crataegus florifera Sarg.,C Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. celsa (Sarg.) Kruschke,<br />
Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. mortonis (Laughlin) Kruschke, Crataegus florifera Sarg. var.<br />
shirleyensis (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus florifera Sarg. var. virilis (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus<br />
gemmosa Sarg., Crataegus incerta Sarg., Crataegus integriloba Sarg., Crataegus laxiflora Sarg.,<br />
Crataegus leucantha Laughlin, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden, Crataegus macracantha<br />
Lodd. ex Louden var. colorado (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var.<br />
divida (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. integriloba (Sarg.)<br />
Kruschke, Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. occidentalis (Britton) Eggl., Crataegus<br />
macracantha Lodd. ex Louden var. pertomentosa (Ashe) Kruschke, Crataegus mortonis Laughlin,<br />
Crataegus ne<strong>of</strong>luvialis Ashe, Crataegus pertomentosa Ashe, Crataegus pisifera Sarg., Crataegus<br />
saeva Sarg., Crataegus shirleyensis Sarg., Crataegus silvestris Sarg., Crataegus succulenta<br />
Schrad. ex Link var. gemmosa (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var.<br />
laxiflora (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. macracantha (Lodd. ex<br />
Louden) Eggl., Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. michiganensis (Ashe) Palmer,<br />
Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. ne<strong>of</strong>luvialis (Ashe) Palmer, Crataegus succulenta<br />
Schrad. ex Link var. occidentalis Britton, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. pertomentosa<br />
(Ashe) Palmer, Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. pisifera (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus<br />
succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. rutila (Sarg.) Kruschke, Crataegus sylvestris Sarg., Crataegus<br />
venulosa Sarg., Crataegus virilis Sarg.) (fleshy hawthorn, large-thorned hawthorn, long-spined<br />
thorn, spiked hawthorn, western hawthorn, wood hawthorn, woodl<strong>and</strong> hawthorn)<br />
Cydonia oblonga Miller (Cydonia vulgaris Pers., Pyrus cydonia L.) (quince) (ornamental)*<br />
142
Dalibarda repens L. (Rubus repens (L.) Kuntze) (dalibarda, dewdrop, robin-run-away)<br />
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz (Dasiphora floribunda (Pursh) Raf.,<br />
Dasiphora fruticosa auct. non (L.) Rydb., Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Löve, nom. illeg.,<br />
Pentaphylloides fruticosa auct. non (L.) O. Schwarz, Potentilla floribunda Pursh, Potentilla<br />
fruticosa auct. non L., Potentilla fruticosa L. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington, Potentilla fruticosa<br />
L. var. farreri Besant, Potentilla fruticosa L. var. tenuifolia Lehm.) (golden-hardhack, shrubby<br />
cinquefoil, widdy)<br />
Dryas drummondii Richardson ex Hook. var. drummondii (Arctic mountain avens, Drummond‟s mountain<br />
avens, Drummond's toothleaf, toothleaf dryas, toothleaf mountain avens)<br />
Dryas integrifolia Vahl ssp. integrifolia (Arctic smooth-leaved dryas, entire-leaved mountain avens,<br />
smoothleaf dryas, smoothleaf mountain avens)<br />
Duchesnea indica (Andrz.) Focke (Fragaria indica Andrews) (Indian strawberry, mock strawberry)*<br />
Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robins. (queen-<strong>of</strong>-the-prarie, red queen-<strong>of</strong>-the-meadow) (ornamental - * in<br />
Canada)<br />
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. ssp. ulmaria (Spiraea ulmaria L.) (meadow-sweet,<br />
queen-<strong>of</strong>-the-meadow, reine-des-pres) (ornamental)*<br />
Filipendula vulgaris Moench. (Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. ex Maxim.) (<strong>common</strong> queen-<strong>of</strong>-the-meadow,<br />
dropwort) (ornamental)*<br />
Fragaria vesca L. ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt (Fragaria americana (Porter) Britton) (hedge<br />
strawberry, sow-teat strawberry, wood strawberry, woodl<strong>and</strong> strawberry)<br />
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. glauca (S. Watson) Staudt (Fragaria glauca (S. Watson) Rydb.,<br />
Fragaria multicipita Fernald, Fragaria ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb., Fragaria pauciflora Rydb., Fragaria<br />
virginiana Duchesne var. glauca S. Watson, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. ovalis (Lehm.) R.J.<br />
Davis, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. terrae-novae (Rydb.) Fernald & Wieg<strong>and</strong>) (fewerflowered<br />
strawberry, fraisier, heart berry, odaemin, ovalleaf strawberry, scarlet strawberry,<br />
shiningleaf strawberry, Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry) (see comment under next entry)<br />
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. virginiana (Fragaria australis (Rydb.) Rydb., Fragaria canadensis<br />
Michx., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. australis Rydb., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var.<br />
canadensis (Michx.) Farw. (Canada strawberry, fraisier, heart berry, odaemin, scarlet strawberry,<br />
Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry) (commnent: in many opinions, the ability to distinguish<br />
between subspecies <strong>of</strong> Fragaria virginiana in the field or even the lab is questionable; I usually just<br />
identify down to the species rank)<br />
Geum aleppicum Jacq. (Geum strictum Aiton) (<strong>common</strong> avens, yellow avens)<br />
Geum x aurantiacum Fries (aleppicum x rivale) (Fries' avens, orange avens)<br />
Geum canadense Jacq. var. canadense (benoite, Canada avens, white avens)<br />
Geum x catlingii J. Bern. & Gauth. (urbanum x canadense) (Catling's avens) (* in part)<br />
Geum laciniatum Murray var. laciniatum (rough avens, slashed avens, slashing avens)<br />
Geum laciniatum Murray var. trichocarpum Fernald (rough avens, slashed avens, slashing avens, triple<br />
fruit rough avens)<br />
Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. macrophyllum (largeleaf avens, large-leaved avens, largeleaf yellow<br />
avens)<br />
Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup (Geum oregonense (Scheutz) Rydb., Geum<br />
perincisum Rydb. (hooked largeleaf avens)<br />
143
Geum x pulchrum Fern. (macrophyllum x rivale) (Geum x pervale B. Boivin) (Boivin‟s avens, Fernald's<br />
avens, h<strong>and</strong>some avens)<br />
Geum rivale L. (purple avens, ruisseaux, water avens)<br />
Geum triflorum Pursh var. triflorum (Erythrocoma triflora (Pursh) Greene, Geum ciliatum Pursh var.<br />
griseum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles, Sieversia triflora (Pursh) R. Br. (benoite a trois fleurs,<br />
long-plumed purple avens, naenbunaeyaunguaeyauk, old man‟s whiskers, prairie-smoke, threeflowered<br />
avens)<br />
Geum urbanum L. (cloveroot, European avens, herb bennet, wood avens) (ornamental)*<br />
Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray (Stylypus vernus Raf.) (early water avens, spring avens)<br />
Geum virginianum L. (Geum flavum (Porter) E.P. Bicknell, Geum hirsutum Muhl. ex Link) (American<br />
avens, cream avens, herb-bennet, rough avens, Virginia avens)<br />
Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench (Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Br) (bowman's-root, false ipecac, gillenia,<br />
Indian physic, mountain Indian-physic)<br />
Kerria japonica (L.) DC. (Japanese rose, Japanese yellow rose)*<br />
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. (Pyrus baccata L.) (crabapple, Siberian crab, Siberian crabapple)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Malus coronaria (L.) Miller (Malus bracteata (L.H. Bailey) Rehder, Malus glabrata Rehder, Malus<br />
glaucescens Rehder, Malus lancifolia Rehder, Pyrus bracteata L.H. Bailey, Pyrus coronaria L.,<br />
Pyrus glaucescens (Rehder) L.H. Bailey, Pyrus lancifolia (Rehder) L.H. Bailey) (Biltmore crab<br />
apple, Dunbar crab apple, narrow-leaved crabapple, sweet crabapple, wild crab, wild crabapple)<br />
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. (Pyrus prunifolia Willd.) (crab-apple, Chinese apple, New Brunswick<br />
crab-apple, Nova Scotia crab-apple, plumleaf crab apple)* (NB & NS in e. Canada)<br />
Malus pumila Mill. (Malus communis Poir., Malus domestica auct. non Borkh., Malus praecox (Pall.)<br />
Borkh., Malus pumila Mill. var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) C.K. Schneid., Malus sylvestris Amer.<br />
auth., non (L.) Mill., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. praecox (Pall.) Ponomar., Pyrus pumila (Mill.) K.<br />
Koch) (<strong>common</strong> crabapple, European crab apple, orchard apple)*<br />
Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. atropurpurea<br />
(Britton) Seymour, Aronia atropurpurea Britton, Aronia floribunda (Lindl.) Spach, Aronia prunifolia<br />
(Marsh.) Rehder, Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f. var. atropurpurea (Britton) B.L. Rob., Pyrus floribunda<br />
Lindl., Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynh. var. atropurpurea (Britton) C.K. Schneid.) (barrenberry,<br />
chokepear, gueules, purple chokeberry)<br />
Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. nigra (Willd.)<br />
Seymour, Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot, Aronia nigra (Willd.) Koehne, Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.<br />
f. var. nigra Willd., Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd., Sorbus melanocarpa (Michx.) Heynh.)<br />
(barrenberry, black chokeberry, black-seeded chokeberry, chokepear, gueules)<br />
Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers., Aronia arbutifolia (L.)<br />
Pers. var. brilliantissima hort., Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. glabra Elliot, Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.<br />
f., Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f. var. glabra Cronquist, Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynh.) (barrenberry,<br />
chokepear, gueules, red chokeberry)<br />
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. intermedius (Rydb.) B.L. Rob. (Opulaster intermedius Rydb.,<br />
Physocarpus intermedius (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid.) (Atlantic ninebark)<br />
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. opulifolius (Opulaster alabamensis Rydb., Opulaster australis<br />
144
Rydb., Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze, Opulaster stellatus Rydb., Physocarpus opulifolius (L.)<br />
Maxim. f. nanus (G. Kirchn.) Zabel, Spiraea opulifolia L.) (<strong>common</strong> ninebark, (ninebark,<br />
physocarpus, viburnum-leaved ninebark)<br />
Potentilla argentea L. var. argentea (hoary cinquefoil, neeshkinzhigaezeediwuhshk, silver cinquefoil,<br />
silvery cinquefoil)*<br />
Potentilla arguta Pursh ssp. arguta (Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb., Drymocallis arguta<br />
(Pursh) Rydb., Geum agrimonioides Pursh) (prairie cinquefoil, tall cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla bimundorum Soják (Potentilla multifida auct. non L.) (Arctic cinquefoil, cut-leaved cinquefoil,<br />
five-fingers, staghorn cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla canadensis L. var. canadensis (Canada cinquefoil, <strong>common</strong> cinquefoil, dwarf cinquefoil, five-<br />
finger, five-fingers)<br />
Potentilla canadensis L. var. villosissima Fernald (<strong>common</strong> cinquefoil, dwarf cinquefoil, five-finger,<br />
five-fingers, plush dwarf cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. fastigiata (Nutt.) S. Watson (Potentilla angustata Rydb.,<br />
Potentilla blasckeana Turcz. ex Lehm., Potentilla blasckeana Turcz. ex Lehm. var. permollis<br />
(Rydb.) Wolf, Potentilla etomentosa Rydb., Potentilla etomentosa Rydb. var. hallii (Rydb.) Abrams,<br />
Potentilla fastigiata Nutt., Potentilla glomerata A. Nelson, Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. ssp.<br />
nuttallii (Lehm.) D.D. Keck, Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. blasckeana (Turcz. ex Lehm.)<br />
Jeps., Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. glabrata (Lehm.) C.L. Hitchc., Potentilla gracilis<br />
Douglas ex Hook. var. nuttallii (Lehm.) Sheldon, Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. permollis<br />
(Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc., Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. rigida S. Watson, Potentilla indiges<br />
M. Peck, Potentilla jucunda A. Nelson, Potentilla nuttallii Lehm., Potentilla permollis Rydb.,<br />
Potentilla rectiformis Rydb., Potentilla viridescens Rydb.) (shining green slender cinquefoil,<br />
slender cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. gracilis (Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb., Potentilla<br />
macropetala Rydb.) (graceful cinquefoil, graceful slender cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla hippiana Lehm. var. hippiana (Potentilla hippiana Lehm. var. diffusa A. Gray ex Lehm.,<br />
Potentilla leneophylla Torr. & James ex Eaton, Potentilla leucophylla Torr., non Pall., Potentilla<br />
propinqua (Rydb.) Rydb.) (Hipp‟s cinquefoil, showy cinquefoil, woolly cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla hookeriana Lehm. ssp. chamissonis (Hultén) Hultén (Potentilla chamissonis Hultén, Potentilla<br />
kuznetzovii (Govor.) Juz., Potentilla nivea L. ssp. chamissonis (Hultén) Hiitonen) (Hooker‟s<br />
cinquefoil) (mid to northern QC in e. Canada)<br />
Potentilla inclinata Vill. (Potentilla canescens Besser, Potentilla intermedia L. var. canescens (Besser)<br />
Rupr.; also claimed to be Potentilla x inclinata Villars - argentea x recta) (ashy cinquefoil, gray<br />
cinquefoil, reclining cinquefoil)*<br />
Potentilla nivea L. var. nivea (Potentilla arenosa (Turcz.) Juz., Potentilla nivea L. ssp. fallax A.E. Porsild,<br />
Potentilla nivea L. var. tomentosa Nilss.-Ehle, Potentilla prostrata Rottb., Potentilla prostrata<br />
Rottb. ssp. floccosa Soják, nom. inq.) (snow cinquefoil, snowy cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla norvegica L. ssp. monspeliensis (L.) Asch. & Graebn. (Potentilla monspeliensis L., Potentilla<br />
norvegica L. ssp. hirsuta (Michx.) Hyl., Potentilla norvegica L. var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm.,<br />
Potentilla norvegica L. var. labradorica (Lehm.) Fernald) (barren stawberry, false barren<br />
strawberry, Norway cinquefoil, Norwegian cinquefoil, rough cinquefoil)<br />
145
Potentilla norvegica L. ssp. norvegica (Norway cinquefoil, Norwegian cinquefoil) (this subspecies is * in<br />
North America)<br />
Potentilla neumanniana Rchb. (Potentilla crantzii auct. non (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch, Potentilla<br />
crantzii (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch var. hirta Lange, Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. ex Torr. & A.<br />
Gray var. hirta (Lange) B. Boivin, Potentilla maculata Pourr., Potentilla tabernaemontani Asch.,<br />
nom. Illeg,. Potentilla verna auct. non L. p.p. (Neumann‟s cinquefoil, rock cinquefoil, spring<br />
cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. (Potentilla nicolletii (S. Watson) Sheldon, Potentilla supina L. ssp. paradoxa<br />
(Nutt.) Soják) (bushy cinquefoil, paradox cinquefoil, shore cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. litoralis (Rydb.) B. Boivin (Potentilla litoralis Rydb., Potentilla pectinata<br />
Raf., Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. pectinata (Raf.) Lepage) (Pennsylvania cinquefoil, prairie<br />
cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. pensylvanica (Potentilla atrovirens Rydb., Potentilla bipinnatifida Douglas<br />
ex Hook. var. glabrata (Lehm. ex Hook.) Kohli & Packer, Potentilla glabella Rydb., Potentilla<br />
pensylvanica L. var. atrovirens (Rydb.) T. Wolf, Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. glabrata (Lehm. ex<br />
Hook.) S. Watson, Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. ovium Jeps., Potentilla pensylvanica L. var.<br />
strigosa Pall. ex Pursh, Potentilla platyloba Rydb., Potentilla pseudosericea auct. non Rydb.,<br />
Potentilla strigosa (Pall. ex Pursh) Pall. ex Tratt) (Pennsylvania cinquefoil, prairie cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla pulchella R. Br. var. pulchella (Potentilla nivea L. var. pulchella (R. Br.) Dur<strong>and</strong>, Potentilla<br />
pulchella R. Br. var. elatior Lange, Potentilla usticapensis Fernald) (branching cinquefoil, pretty<br />
cinquefoil, shining cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla recta L. (rough-fruited cinquefoil, sulphur cinquefoil, upright cinquefoil)*<br />
Potentilla reptans L. (creeping cinquefoil, wool<strong>and</strong> cinquefoil) (ornamental)*<br />
Potentilla rivalis Nutt. (Potentilla leucocarpa Rydb., Potentilla millegrana Engelm. ex Lehm., Potentilla<br />
pent<strong>and</strong>ra Engelm.) (brook cinquefoil, river cinquefoil)<br />
Potentilla simplex (<strong>common</strong> cinquefoil, decumbent five-finger, old-field cinquefoil, running cinquefoil)<br />
Prunus americana Marsh. (American plum, prunier, wild plum, wild yellow plum)<br />
Prunus avium (L.) L. (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench) (bird cherry, mazzard, sweet cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. (cherry-plum, s<strong>and</strong> plum) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus cerasus L. (egriot, pie-cherry, sour cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus domestica L. var. domestica (bullace, bullace plum, damson, Damson plum, European plum)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Prunus domestica L. var. insititia (L.) Fiori & Paoletti (Prunus domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) C.K.<br />
Schneid., Prunus x domestica L. var. insititia (L.) B. Boivin (pro nm.), nom. illeg., Prunus insititia L.<br />
(European plum) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa Thunb. (flowering almond) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus mahaleb L. (Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill.) Mahaleb cherry, perfumed cherry, rock cherry tree,<br />
St.-Lucie cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus maritima Marsh. var. maritima (beach plum) (NB in Canada)<br />
Prunus nigra Ait. (Prunus americana Marsh. var. nigra (Aiton) Waugh) (Canada plum, black plum, false<br />
pomegranite, horse plum)<br />
Prunus padus L. (European bird cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
146
Prunus pensylvanica L. f. var. pensylvanica (Cerasus pensylvanica (L. f.) Loisel.) (bird cherry, fire<br />
cherry, pin cherry)<br />
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. (nectarine) (ornamental)* (does not<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten survive well or fruit in Canada)<br />
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Amygdalus persica L., Persica vulgaris Mill.) (<strong>common</strong> peach)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Prunus pumila L. var. besseyi (L.H. Bailey) Gleason (Cerasus pumila (L.) Michx. ssp. besseyi (L.H.<br />
Bailey) W.A. Weber, Prunus besseyi L.H. Bailey, Prunus pumila L. ssp. besseyi (L.H. Bailey)<br />
Nizhnikev) (western s<strong>and</strong>cherry)<br />
Prunus pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason (Prunus depressa Pursh) (eastern s<strong>and</strong>cherry)<br />
Prunus pumila L. var. pumila (cerisier, dwarf cherry, Great Lakes s<strong>and</strong>cherry, northern dwarf cherry,<br />
s<strong>and</strong> cherry)<br />
Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina (black cherry, rum-cherry, wild black cherry)<br />
Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn, sole <strong>of</strong> Europe, sole plum) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall.) (Manchu cherry, Nanking cherry,<br />
steeple-cherry) (ornamental)*<br />
Prunus virginiana L. var. virginiana (Padus nana (Du Roi) M. Roem., Padus virginiana (L.) M. Roem.)<br />
(choke-cherry, red choke cherry, Virginia cherry)<br />
Pyrus communis L. (<strong>common</strong> pear, choke pear, domestic pear, poirer) (ornamental)*<br />
Rosa acicularis Lindl. ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H. Lewis (Rosa bourgeauiana Crép., Rosa collaris Rydb.,<br />
Rosa engelmannii S. Watson, Rosa sayi Schwein.) (bristly rose, Englemann‟s rose, prickly rose,<br />
purple rose, Say‟s rose)<br />
Rosa arkansana Porter var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell (Rosa alcea Greene, Rosa conjuncta Rydb.,<br />
Rosa pratincola Greene, Rosa suffulta Greene) (Arkansas rose, prairie rose)<br />
Rosa bl<strong>and</strong>a Aiton var. bl<strong>and</strong>a (Rosa rousseauiorum B. Boivin, Rosa subbl<strong>and</strong>a Rydb., Rosa williamsii<br />
Fernald) (meadow rose, smooth rose)<br />
Rosa bl<strong>and</strong>a Aiton var. glabra Crép. (meadow rose, smooth rose)<br />
Rosa canina L. (Rosa corymbifera Borkh.) (canker rose, corymb rose, dog-rose, dog-tooth rose)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Rosa carolina L. var. carolina (Rosa lyonii Pursh, Rosa palmeri Rydb., Rosa serrulata Raf., Rosa<br />
subserrulata Rydb., Rosa texarkana Rydb.) (Carolina rose, Deam‟s rose, Palmer‟s rose, pasture<br />
rose, swamp rose, Texarkana rose) (mainly southwestern Ontario)<br />
Rosa centifolia L. (cabbage rose, hundred-flower, hundred-leaved rose) (ornamental)*<br />
Rosa x damascena Mill. (pro sp.) [gallica x moschata] (damask rose)* (NB in e. Canada)<br />
Rosa x dumetorum Thuill. [canina x obtusifolia] (Rosa canina L. var. dumetorum (Thuill.) Poir., Rosa<br />
dumetorum Thuill.) (corymb rose)*<br />
Rosa eglanteria L. (Rosa rubiginosa L.) (eglantine, sweetbrier, sweetbrier rose)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Rosa hugonis Hemsley (Hugo‟s rose, hugonis-rose, yellow rose) (ornamental)*<br />
Rosa majalis Herrm. (Rosa cinnamomea sensu L. 1759, non 1753) (cinnamon-rose, double cinnamon<br />
rose) (ornamental)*<br />
Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. In Soweby (false eglantine, false sweetbrier, small-flowered rose,<br />
smallflower sweetbrier, sweetbrier) (ornamental)*<br />
147
Rosa multiflora Thunb ex Murray (Rosa cathayensis (Rehder & Wilson) L.H. Bailey) (multiflora rose)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Rosa nitida Willd. (northeastern rose, New Engl<strong>and</strong> rose, shining rose)<br />
Rosa palustris Marsh. (Rosa floridana Rydb., Rosa lancifolia Small) (marsh rose, swamp rose)<br />
Rosa rugosa Thunb. (rugosa rose, wrinkled rose) (ornamental)*<br />
Rosa setigera Michx. var. setigera (climbing rose, dioecious rose, prairie rose)<br />
Rosa setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray (climbing rose, dioecious rose, prairie rose, steeple<br />
rose)<br />
Rosa spinosissima L. (Rosa pimpinellifolia L., Rosa sibirica Tratt.) (pimpernel-rose, Scotch rose)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Rosa virginiana Mill. var. virginiana (<strong>common</strong> wild rose, low rose, pasture rose, Virginia rose)<br />
Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. woodsii (Rosa adenosepala Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l., Rosa fendleri Crép., Rosa<br />
hypoleuca Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l., Rosa macounii Greene, Rosa neomexicana Cockerell, Rosa st<strong>and</strong>leyi<br />
Rydb., Rosa terrens Lunell, Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. adenosepala (Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) W.C. Martin<br />
& C.R. Hutchins, Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. fendleri (Crép.) Rydb., Rosa woodsii Lindl. var.<br />
hypoleuca (Woot. & St<strong>and</strong>l.) W.C. Martin & C.R. Hutchins, Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. macounii<br />
(Greene) W.C. Martin & C.R. Hutchins ) (Fendler rose, Macoun‟s rose, new Mexico rose,<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ely‟s rose, Woods' rose)<br />
Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. allegheniensis (Rubus attractus L.H. Bailey, Rubus auroralis L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus fissidens L.H. Bailey, Rubus longissimus L.H. Bailey, Rubus nigrobaccus L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus nuperus L.H. Bailey, Rubus pennus L.H. Bailey, Rubus rappii L.H. Bailey, Rubus<br />
separ L.H. Bailey) (Allegheny blackberry, bramble, <strong>common</strong> blackberry, high-bush blackberry,<br />
ronce)<br />
Rubus allegheniensis Porter var. gravesii Fernald (Rubus maril<strong>and</strong>icus L.H. Bailey, Rubus tumularis<br />
L.H. Bailey, Rubus uber L.H. Bailey, Rubus virginianus L.H. Bailey) (Graves' blackberry) (NS in<br />
Canada)<br />
Rubus arcticus L. ssp. acaulis (Michx.) Focke (Cylactis arctica (L.) Raf. ex B.D. Jacks. ssp. acaulis<br />
(Michx.) W.A. Weber, Rubus acaulis Michx., Rubus arcticus L. var. acaulis (Michx.) B. Boivin)<br />
(dwarf raspberry, stemless plumboy, stemless raspberry)<br />
Rubus armeniacus Focke (Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees, Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Müll. ex<br />
Genev) (Himalayan blackberry, Himalaya-berry) (ornamental)*/**<br />
Rubus flagellaris Willd. (Rubus alacer L.H. Bailey, Rubus arundelanus Blanch., Rubus arundelanus<br />
Blanch. var. jeckylanus (Blanch.) L.H. Bailey, Rubus ascendens Blanch., Rubus ashei L.H. Bailey,<br />
Rubus bonus L.H. Bailey, Rubus camurus L.H. Bailey, Rubus clausenii L.H. Bailey, Rubus<br />
connixus L.H. Bailey, Rubus cordialis L.H. Bailey, Rubus dissitiflorus Fernald, Rubus enslenii<br />
Tratt., Rubus exemptus L.H. Bailey, Rubus frustratus L.H. Bailey, Rubus geophilus Blanch.,<br />
Rubus jaysmithii L.H. Bailey var. angustior L.H. Bailey, Rubus longipes Fernald, Rubus maltei L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus neonefrens L.H. Bailey, Rubus occultus L.H. Bailey, Rubus procumbens Muhl.,<br />
Rubus sailori L.H. Bailey, Rubus serenus L.H. Bailey, Rubus subuniflorus Rydb., Rubus tetricus<br />
L.H. Bailey, Rubus tracyi L.H. Bailey, Rubus urbanianus L.H. Bailey, Rubus villosus Aiton (arundel<br />
raspberry, Bailey‟s folly, Enslen's dewberry, Enlen‟s raspberry, Maine raspberry, northern<br />
dewberry, prickly dewberry, prickly raspberry, southern dewberry)<br />
148
Rubus caesius L. (European dewberry) (ornamental)*<br />
Rubus canadensis L. (Rubus argutus Link var. r<strong>and</strong>ii (L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey, Rubus besseyi L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus canadensis L. var. imus L.H. Bailey, Rubus forestalis L.H. Bailey, Rubus illustris<br />
L.H. Bailey, Rubus irregularis L.H. Bailey, Rubus laetabilis L.H. Bailey, Rubus millspaughii L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus r<strong>and</strong>ii (L.H. Bailey) Rydb.) (Canadian dewberry, Millspaugh‟s blackberry, smooth<br />
blackberry)<br />
Rubus chamaemorus L. (Arctic cloudberry, bake-apple, bake-apple berry, baked-apple berry, chicoute,<br />
cloudberry)<br />
Rubus frondosus Bigel. (Rubus brainerdii Fernald, Rubus cardianus L.H. Bailey, Rubus difformis L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus eriensis L.H. Bailey, Rubus heterogeneous L.H. Bailey, Rubus nescius L.H. Bailey,<br />
Rubus pauxillus L.H. Bailey, Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. var. frondosus (Bigelow) B. Boivin, Rubus<br />
pratensis L.H. Bailey, Rubus sativus Brainerd, Rubus uniquus L.H. Bailey, Rubus wahlii L.H.<br />
Bailey) (fern dewberry, leafy raspberry, yankee blackberry)<br />
Rubus hispidus L. (Rubus sempervirens Bigelow) (bristly dewberry, swamp dewberry, trailing<br />
blackberry)<br />
Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus (Rubus greeneanus L.H. Bailey) (American [sic] red raspberry, Eurasian<br />
raspberry, red raspberry, wild red raspberry) (ornamental)*<br />
Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke (Rubus carolinianus Rydb., Rubus melanolasius Dieck,<br />
Rubus neglectus Peck, Rubus strigosus Michx.) (grayleaf red raspberry)<br />
Rubus illecebrosus Focke (Nova Scotia raspberry, strawberry-raspberry) (NS in e. Canada)<br />
Rubus x neglectus Peck. (idaeus x occidentalis) (purple wild raspberry, ronce) (provenance in dispute,<br />
not <strong>list</strong>ed in most florae)<br />
Rubus occidentalis L. (black raspberry, thimble-berry)<br />
Rubus odoratus L. (Rubacer odoratus (L.) Rydb.) (flowering raspberry, purple-flowering raspberry, sweet<br />
raspberry, thimbleberry, tutugaugomin)<br />
Rubus x paracaulis Bailey (acaulis x pubescens) (Rubus pubescens Raf. var. paracaulis (L.H. Bailey) B.<br />
Boivin) (Bailey-berry, Bailey‟s raspberry)<br />
Rubus parviflorus Nutt. var. parviflorus (few-flowered raspberry, sparse-flowered thimbleberry,<br />
thimbleberry, white-flowering raspberry)<br />
Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. (Rubus abactus L.H. Bailey) (hooked dewberry, Pennsylvania blackberry,<br />
Pennsylvania raspberry)<br />
Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pilosifolius A.F. Hill (dwarf raspberry, dwarf red raspberry, hairy dewberry)<br />
(QC <strong>and</strong> eastward)<br />
Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pubescens (Cylactis pubescens (Raf.) W.A. Weber, Rubus triflorus<br />
Richardson) (dwarf raspberry, dwarf red raspberry, hairy dewberry)<br />
Rubus setosus Bigel. (Rubus beatus L.H. Bailey, Rubus condignus L.H. Bailey, Rubus discretus L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus groutianus Blanch., Rubus hispidus L. var. suberectus Peck, Rubus junior L.H.<br />
Bailey, Rubus nigricans Rydb., Rubus ribes L.H. Bailey, Rubus significans L.H. Bailey, Rubus<br />
tectus L.H. Bailey, Rubus udus L.H. Bailey) (bristly blackberry, bristly raspberry, setose<br />
blackberry)<br />
Sanguisorba annua (Nutt. ex Hook) Torr. & A. Gray (Poteridium annuum (Nutt. ex Hook.) Spach,<br />
Sanguisorba occidentalis Nutt.) (annual burnet, plains poteridium, poterium, prairie burnet,<br />
western burnet)<br />
149
Sanguisorba canadensis L. (Sanguisorba canadensis L. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor,<br />
Sanguisorba canadensis L. var. latifolia Hook., Sanguisorba sitchensis C.A. Mey., Sanguisorba<br />
stipulata Raf.) (American burnet, Canadian burnet)<br />
Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. balearica (Bourg. ex Nyman) M. Garm. & C. Navarro (Poterium<br />
polygamum Waldst. & Kit., Poterium sanguisorba auct. non L., Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp.<br />
muricata (Spach ex Bonnier & Layens) Nordborg) (salad burnet, small burnet, smaller burnet)*<br />
Sibbaldia procumbens L. (Potentilla sibbaldii Haller f.) (creeping sibbaldia, sibbaldia)*<br />
Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Aiton) Rydb. (Potentilla tridentata Aiton) (Arctic three-toothed cinquefoil,<br />
shrubby fivefingers, three-toothed cinquefoil)<br />
Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) Braun (Schizonotus sorbifolius (L.) Lindl., Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun var.<br />
stellipila Maxim., Spiraea sorbifolia L.) (false meadowsweet, false spiraea, sorbaria, sorb-leaved<br />
shizonotus) (ornamental)*<br />
Sorbus americana Marsh. (Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC., Pyrus microcarpa (Pursh) Spreng.)<br />
(American mountain-ash, dogberry, missey-moosey, roundwood)<br />
Sorbus aucuparia L. (Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn.) (European mountain-ash, rowan, rowan-tree)<br />
(ornamental)*<br />
Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. (Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. var. decora Sarg., Pyrus decora (Sarg.)<br />
Hyl.) (dogberry, northern mountain ash, roundwood, showy mountain-ash)<br />
Spiraea alba Du Roi var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel (Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.) (broadleaf meadowsweet,<br />
broadleaf spiraea, plum-leaved spiraea, white meadowsweet, white spiraea)<br />
Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. var. chamaedryfolia (avens meadowsweet, Germ<strong>and</strong>er meadowsweet,<br />
meadow-sweet) (ornamenal)*<br />
Spiraea betulifolia Pall. var. corymbosa (Raf.) Maxim. (Spiraea betulifolia Pall. ssp. corymbosa (Raf.)<br />
Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Spiraea corymbosa Raf.) (corymed spiraea, corymbose meadowsweet,<br />
dwarf spiraea, shinyleaf meadowsweet) (ornamental)*<br />
Spiraea japonica L. f. (Japanese meadow-sweet, Japanese spiraea) (ornamental)*<br />
Spiraea salicifolia L. (bridewort, willow-leaved meadow-sweet, willow-spiraea) (ornamental)*<br />
Spiraea septentrionalis (Fernald) A. Löve & D. Löve (Spiraea alba Du Roi var. septentrionalis (Fernald)<br />
Seymour, Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh. var. septentrionalis Fernald) (narrowleaf meadowsweet,<br />
narrowleaf spiraea, narrow-leaved meadow-sweet, white meadowsweet, white spiraea)<br />
(technically * in Canada though it seems to have crossed the border many times – looks like<br />
Spiraea alba var. latifolia in that there is a lot <strong>of</strong> phenotypic plasticity in both species‟ leaves)<br />
Spiraea thunbergii Sieb. ex Zucc. (Thunberg‟s meadow-sweet, Thunberg's spiraea) (ornamental)*<br />
Spiraea tomentosa L. (hardhack, steeplebush, steeplebush spiraea, tomentose meadow-sweet)<br />
Spiraea x vanhouttei (Briot) Zabel (cantoniensis x trilobata) (Vanhoutt‟s meadow-sweet) (ornamental)*<br />
Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. ssp. fragarioides (Appalachian barren strawberry, barren<br />
strawberry, dry strawberry)<br />
Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family)<br />
Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook. (American golden saxifrage, American water-mat,<br />
golden saxifrage, water carpet, water-mat)<br />
Chrysosplenium tetr<strong>and</strong>rum (Lund ex Malmgr.) Th. Fr. (Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. ssp. tetr<strong>and</strong>rum<br />
150
(Lund ex Malmgr.) Hultén, Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. var. tetr<strong>and</strong>rum Lund ex Malmgr.)<br />
(alternate-leaved water-mat, golden saxifrage, northern golden saxifrage, water carpet)<br />
Heuchera americana L. var. americana (Heuchera calycosa Small, Heuchera curtisii Torr. & A. Gray ex<br />
A. Gray, Heuchera curtisii Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray var. crenata Rydb., Heuchera lancipetala<br />
Rydb.) (American alum-root, rock-geranium)<br />
Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. (Heuchera hispida auct. non Pursh) (Richardson's alumroot, rough<br />
heuchera)<br />
Mitella diphylla L. (Mitella oppositifolia Rydb.) (bishop's-cap, coolwort, miterwort, mitrewort, two-leaved<br />
bishop‟s-cap, twoleaf miterwort)<br />
Mitella nuda L. (naked bishop‟s-cap, naked mitrwort, smooth mitrewort)<br />
Parnassia glauca Raf. (Parnassia americana Muhl.) (Ameircan grass-<strong>of</strong>-parnassus, bluegreen grass-<strong>of</strong>-<br />
parnassus, <strong>common</strong> grass-<strong>of</strong>-parnassus, fen grass-<strong>of</strong>-parnassus)<br />
Parnassia kotzebuei Cham. ex Spreng. (Kotzebue's grass <strong>of</strong> Parnassus)<br />
Parnassia palustris L. var. parviflora (DC.) B. Boivin (Parnassia parviflora DC) (northern grass-<strong>of</strong>-<br />
parnassus, smaller grass-<strong>of</strong>-parnassus, smallflower grass <strong>of</strong> Parnassus)<br />
Parnassia palustris L. var. tenuis Wahlenb. (Parnassia multiseta (Ledeb.) Fernald) (bog-stars, marsh<br />
grass-<strong>of</strong>-parnassus)<br />
Penthorum sedoides L. (ditch stonecrop, Virginia stonecrop)<br />
Saxifraga aizoides L. (Leptasea aizoides (L.) Haw.) (yellow mountain-saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga cernua L. (drooping bulbous saxifrage, nodding saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga caespitosa L. (Saxifraga cespitosa L., orth. var.) (dense-tufted saxifrage, larger saxifrage,<br />
tufted saxifrage, tufted alpine saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga hirculus L. ssp. hirculus (Leptasea hirculus (L.) Small) (yellow marsh saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga hirculus L. ssp. propinqua (R. Br.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Hirculus prorepens (Fisch. ex Sternb.)<br />
A. Löve & D. Löve, Saxifraga hirculus L. var. propinqua (R. Br.) Simmons, Saxifraga prorepens<br />
Fisch. ex Sternb.) (yellow marsh saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga oppositifolia L. ssp. oppositifolia (Antiphylla oppositifolia (L.) Fourr.) (mountain saxifrage,<br />
purple mountain-saxifrage, purple saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga paniculata Mill. ssp. neogaea (Butters) D. Löve (Chondrosea paniculata Mill. ssp. neogaea<br />
(Butters) A. Löve, Saxifraga aizoon Jacq. ssp. neogaea (Butters) A. Löve & D. Löve, Saxifraga<br />
aizoon Jacq. var. neogaea Butters) (alpine saxifrage, livelong saxifrage, panicled saxifrage, White<br />
Mountain saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga pensylvanica L. (Micranthes pensylvanica (L.) Haw., Saxifraga forbesii Vasey) (Pennsylvania<br />
saxifrage, swamp saxifrage, wild-beet)<br />
Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb. (Leptasea tricuspidata (Rottb.) Haw.) (three-cusped saxifrage, three-<br />
toothed saxifrage, toothed saxifrage)<br />
Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. var. virginiensis (Micranthes virginiensis (Michx.) Small) (early saxifrage)<br />
Tiarella cordifolia L. var. cordifolia (foam-flower, heartleaf foamflower, heart-leaved false mitrewort)<br />
Order Santales<br />
Santalaceae (s<strong>and</strong>alwood family) [incl Viscaceae (dwarf mistletoe family), separated from Loranthaceae)]<br />
151
Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.ex Engelm. (American dwarf mistletoe, pine mistletoe)<br />
Arceuthobium pusillum Peck. (Razoum<strong>of</strong>skya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze) (dwarf mistletoe, eastern dwarf<br />
mistletoe, small mistletoe)<br />
Com<strong>and</strong>ra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata (bastard toadflax, star toadflax)<br />
Geocaulon lividum (Rich.) Fern (Com<strong>and</strong>ra lividum Rich.). (northern com<strong>and</strong>ra, northern comm<strong>and</strong>ra)<br />
Order Sapindales<br />
Anacardiaceae (cashew family, sumac family)<br />
Cotinus coggygria Scop. (smoke tree) (ornamental – in my opinion, the ugliest ornamental ever)*<br />
Mangifera indica (mango) (ornamental)*<br />
Pistacia vera L. (pistachio nut)*<br />
Rhus aromatica Ait. (fragrant sumac, lemon sumac, lemonade berry, polecat-bush, squaw-bush)<br />
Rhus copallinum L. (Rhus copallina L., orth. var.) (dwarf sumac, shining sumac, upl<strong>and</strong> sumac, wingrib<br />
sumac) (mostly in the Carolinian zone in Ontario but some near Cardinal, Ontario [planted?])<br />
Rhus glabra L. (Rhus borealis Greene, Rhus calophylla Greene) (scarlet sumac, smooth sumac)<br />
(eastern Lake Ontario)<br />
Rhus pulvinata Greene (Rhus x pulvinata E. Greene - glabra x typha) (Greene's sumac, hybrid sumac,<br />
northern smooth sumac)<br />
Rhus typhina L. (Datisca hirta L., Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.) (staghorn-sumac, velvet sumac)<br />
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas tree) (ornamental – I‟ve yet to see it<br />
escape in Canada or anywhere north <strong>of</strong> the California-Texas-Florida-Hawaii regions)*<br />
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze ssp. radicans (Rhus radicans L.) (climbing poison-ivy, cow-itch,<br />
eastern poison-ivy, markry, mercury, poison ivy)<br />
Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene (Rhus rydbergii Small ex Rydb., Toxicodendron<br />
desertorum Lunell) (Rydberg‟s poison-ivy, western poison-ivy)<br />
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze (Rhus vernix L.) (poison dogwood, poison elder, poison sumac,<br />
swamp sumac)<br />
Rutaceae (citrus family, rue family)<br />
Ptelea trifoliata L. ssp. trifoliata var. trifoliata (Ptelea baldwinii Torr. & A. Gray, Ptelea microcarpa Small,<br />
Ptelea serrata Small, Ptelea trifoliata L. var. deamiana Nieuwl. (<strong>common</strong> hop-tree, hoptree,<br />
shrubby-trefoil, stinking-ash, three-leaved hop-tree, wafer ash)<br />
Ruta graveolens L. (<strong>common</strong> rue, garden rue herb-<strong>of</strong>-grace)*<br />
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. (American prickly-ash, ash-leaved rue, northern prickly ash, pain-in-the-<br />
ass bush, rip bush, toothache bush, toothache tree)<br />
Sapindaceae (soapberry family) [includes Aceraceae {maple family}, Hippocatanaceae {buckeye family}]<br />
Acer campestre L. (field maple, hedge maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer capillipes Maxim. (red snake-bark maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer cappadocicum Gled. (cappadocian maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer cissifolium (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch. (Japanese vine-leaved maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer crataegifolium Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese hawthorn-leaved maple, Japanese maple) (ornamental)*<br />
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Acer davidii Franch. (Chinese pere David's maple, Father David maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer x freemanii E. Murr. (rubrum x saccharinum) (Freeman‟s maple, hybrid s<strong>of</strong>t maple)<br />
Acer ginnala Maxim. (amur maple, Chinese amur maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer glabrum Torr. (ornamental dwarf maple, rock maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax. (Chinese paper-bark maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer grosseri Pax. (Chinese hers' maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer japonicum Thunb. (full moon maple, Japanese maple, moon maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer leucoderme Small (chalk maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer macrophyllum Pursh. (large-leaved maple, Oregon maple) (ornamental)*<br />
Acer negundo L. (ash-leaf maple, boxelder, Manitoba maple) (*/** in Ontario eastward; there are also<br />
many ornamental varieties <strong>and</strong> this can make field identification difficult)<br />
Acer nigrum Mich