0=AFRICAN geosector

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique 

35= MANUSIC 

phylozone 

covers the "Manus+ New-Britain" reference area, part of the 

"Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental 

affinity; comprising 9 sets of languages (= 82 outer 

languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on 

Manus, New Ireland, New Britain and other adjacent islands 

of Papua New Guinea: 

35-A WUVULU+ SEIMAT 35-B SISI+ BALUAN 

35-C TUNGAG+ KUANUA 35-D NAKANAI+ VITU 

35-E LAMOGAI+ AMARA* 35-F SOLONG+ AVAU* 

35-G KAPORE+ MANGSENG* 35-H MAENG+ UVOL* 

35-I TUMOIP 

Linguasphere Observatory page 301 

Papua New Guinea 5 

35-A WUVULU+ SEIMAT 

set 

35-AA WUVULU+ AUA 

chain 

35-AAA WUVULU+ AUA net 

35-AAA-a Wuvulu+ Aua aua+ viwulu, viwulu+ aua Admiralty islands: Wuvulu+ Aua islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-AAA-aa wuvulu viwulu, wuu Wuvulu, Maty islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-AAA-ab aua Aua, Durour islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-AB SEIMAT+ KANIET 

chain 

35-ABA SEIMAT net NINIGO 

35-ABA-a Seimat ninigo Admiralty islands: Ninigo islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-ABA-aa sumasuma Sumasuma island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-ABA-ab mai Mai island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-ABA-ac ahu Ahu islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-ABA-ad liot Liot islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-ABB KANIET* net extinct since 1950 X 

35-ABB-a Kaniet-'Thilenius' Admiralty islands: Kaniet, Anchorite, Sae+ Suf islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 

35-ABB-aa kaniet-'thilenius' Thilenius's kaniet Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 

35-ABB-b Kaniet-'Smythe' Admiralty islands: Kaniet, Anchorite, Sae+ Suf islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 

35-ABB-ba kaniet-'smythe' Smythe's kaniet Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 

35-B SISI+ BALUAN set MANUS 

35-BA SISI+ LEIPON chain manus-NW. 

35-BAA AGOMES net "hermit" 

35-BAA-a Agomes Admiralty islands: Hermit islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 1 

35-BAA-aa maron Maron island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BAA-ab luf Luf islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BAB SISI+ LONIU net 

35-BAB-a Sisi+ Bipi Admiralty islands: Manus islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAB-aa sisi Sisi island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAB-ab bipi Bipi island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAB-b Loniu ndroku Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAB-ba loniu-A. Los Negros-SW. island: Loniu… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAB-bb ndroku* Lolak… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAC SORI+ HARENGAN 

net 

35-BAC-a Sori+ Harengan Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAC-aa harengan Harengan island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BAC-ab sori-NW. Sori island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAC-ac sori-SE. Manus-NW. island: Sori ville Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAD PONAM+ ANDRA 

net 

35-BAD-a Ponam Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAD-aa ponam Ponam island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAD-b Andra+ Hus Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAD-ba andra Andra islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAD-bb hus ahus, ha'us Hus island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAE LEIPON net 

35-BAE-a Leipon Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BAE-aa pitilu pityilu Pityilu island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BAE-ab ndrilo Ndrilo island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BAE-ac hauwei Hauwai islan Papua New Guinea (Manus)

page 302 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 

35-BB LIKUM+ NYINDROU* 

chain 

manus-W. 

35-BBA LIKUM net 

35-BBA-a Likum Admiralty islands: Manus-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BBA-aa likum Likum… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BBB NYINDROU+ LEVEI 

net 

35-BBB-a Nyindrou lindrou, lindau Admiralty islands: Manus-W. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BBB-aa salien Salien… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBB-ab nyada Nyada… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBB-b Levei+ Bohuai levei+ tulu, bohuai+ tulu Admiralty islands: Manus-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BBB-ba levei lebei, lebej Boudeuse bay (north coast)… Malai bay (north coast) Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBB-bb ndrehet drehet, khehek, chechek Drehet… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBB-bc bucho Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBB-bd tulu tjudun, tulun Tulu country: Yiri+ Lowakai… Bundralis Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BBB-be bohuai pahavai, bowai, pohuai Bohuai… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BBB-bf keli Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBB-bg pelipowai M'buke islands: Peli island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BBC MONDROPOLON net 

35-BBC-a Mondropolon Admiralty islands: Manus-CN. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BBC-aa mondropolon Brundalis coast: Aran… Leihuwa… Saha Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BC ERE+ TITAN chain manus-E. 

35-BCA ERE+ PAPITALAI 

net 

35-BCA-a Nali+ Yiru Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BCA-aa nali Bulihan… Malei Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-ab yiru Yiru… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-ac lauis lawes Lauis… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-b Ere+ Lele Admiralty islands: Manus-C.+ N.E. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BCA-ba ere Manus south coast: Drabito… Londru… Metawari… Hatwara Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-bb nane Manus south coast: Patu… Lala… Loi Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-bc e Manus south coast: Pele island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 1 

35-BCA-bd okro Manus south coast: Warembu Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-be kele gele', gele, buyang Manus-C. inland: Buyang… Tingau… Droia… 

Korunat 

35-BCA-bf kurti kuruti, kuruti+ pare Manus north coast: Liap… Kari… Badlok… 

Koru… Mundrau 

35-BCA-bg lele lele+ hai, hai, usiai, manus, moanus Manus northeast coasts: 

Warobi… Lundret… Bowat… Labakan 

Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 



35-BCA-bh elu elu+ kara Manus northeast coasts Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-bi sabon Manus-NE. island: Sabon… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-bj ndroson rossun Manus northeast island: Ndroson Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-c Koro Admiralty islands: Manus-NE. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-ca koro Manus northeast coast: Malabang… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-d Papitalai+ Naringel Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-da papitalai Papitalai; also Los Negros-C. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-db naringel Naringel; also Los Negros-C. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCA-e Mokerang Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BCA-ea mokerang mokareng, mokoreng Mokereng; also Los Negros-N. island… 

Ndrilu island 

35-BCB TITAN+ RAMBUTYO 

net 

35-BCB-a Titan+ Rambutyo "wider" titan, "wider" tito, titan-manus, titan-moanus Admiralty 

islands: M'Buke… Manus-S.… Ndrowa… Horno… Rambutyo islands 



35-BCB-aa titan titan "proper" M'Buke islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCB-ab loisa Manus coast-S.: Loisa westwards Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCB-ac m'bunai bunai Manus south coast: Bunai… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCB-ad ndrowa Ndrowa islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCB-ae horno Horno islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BCB-af rambutyo Rambutyo island 

35-BD BALUAN+ PAK 

chain 

manus-SE. 

35-BDA BALUAN+ LOU net 

35-BDA-a Baluan+ Pam Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BDA-aa baluan Baluan island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDA-ab pam Pam island Papua New Guinea (Manus)



35-BDA-b Lou+ Rei Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDA-ba lou Lou island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BDA-bb rei Lou island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BDB LENKAU net 

35-BDB-a Lenkau Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDB-aa lenkau Rambutyo-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDC PENCHAL net 

35-BDC-a Penchal Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDC-aa penchal Rambutyo-C. island… including 3 dialects Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDD NAUNA net 

35-BDD-a Nauna Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDD-aa nauna naune Nauna island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 

35-BDE PAK+ TONG net 

35-BDE-a Pak+ Tong tong+ pak Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 

35-BDE-aa pak Pak island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-BDE-ab tong Tong island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 

35-C TUNGAG+ KUANUA 

set 

35-CA EMIRA+ TENIS chain SAINT-MATTHIAS 

35-CAA EMIRA+ MUSSAU 

net 

35-CAA-a Emira+ Mussau mussau+ emira Saint Matthias islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CAA-aa mussau musau Mussau island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CAA-ab emira Emira island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CAB TENIS net 

35-CAB-a Tenis Saint Matthias islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 1 

35-CAB-aa tenis tench Tench island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 1 

35-CB TUNGAG+ KARA 

chain 

35-CBA TUNGAG+ 

LAVONGAI net 

35-CBA-a Tungag+ Lavongai lavongai, dang New Hanover island… including Tingwon island+ 

Umbukul islands 

Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 4 

35-CBA-aa tungag-A. tungak Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBA-ab lavongai* lavangai Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBA-ac dang* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB BANGATANG+ 

KAUT net 

TIGAK, omo 

35-CBB-a Bangatang+ Selapiu "island" tigak New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBB-aa 'east-island'* East-S. islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-ab bangatang* Bangatang islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-ac selapiu* Selapiu island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-ad baudisson* Baudisson island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-b Kaut+ Dyaul tigak-S. New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBB-ba kaut* Balgai bay… Kaut coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-bb dyaul* Dyaul-W. island… Mait island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-c Tigak-C. New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBB-ca tigak-C. Kavieng… Tome peninsula Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CBB-d Tigak-E. New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBB-da tigak-E. Lossuk coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBC TIANG net 

35-CBC-a Tiang New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CBC-aa tiang djaul Dyaul-E. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CBD KARA+ NALIK net 

35-CBD-a Kara lemusmus, lemakot New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBD-aa kara-W. Lavalai… Panangai southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBD-ab kara-E. Fangalawa northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBD-b Nalik New Ireland northwest island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CBD-ba nalik lugagon, fesoa, fessoa Laefu southwest coast… Laraslaba northeast 

coast 

35-CC NOTSI chain 

35-CCA NOTSI net 


35-CCA-a Notsi New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CCA-aa notsi 2 coastal enclaves Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3


35-CD MANDARA+ LIHIR 

chain 

35-CDA MANDARA net 

35-CDA-a Mandara madara, "wider" tabar New Ireland island: Tabar archipelago Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CDA-aa simberi Simberi island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CDA-ab tatau Tatau island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CDA-ac tabar Tabar island 2 

35-CDB LIHIR+ MAHUR net 

35-CDB-a Lihir+ Mahur New Ireland island: Lihir islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CDB-aa lihir lir, Lihir island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CDB-ab masahet Masahet island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CDB-ac mahur Mahur island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CE MADAK+ 

LAVATBURA chain 

35-CEA LAVATBURA+ 

LAMUSONG net 

35-CEA-a Lavatbura+ 

Lamusong 

New Ireland-C. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CEA-aa lamusong lamasong Konos northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEA-ab lavatbura Cape Panakondo northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEA-ac kontu Tembin coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEA-ad ugana Lambu southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEB MADAK net 

35-CEB-a Madak mandak New Ireland-C. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CEB-aa malom Cape Lemeris… Babila northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CEB-ab katingan Tuorong northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEB-ac lelet Lelet plateau Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEB-ad danu Danu southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CEB-ae mesi Mesi southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CF KUANUA+ 

PATPATAR chain 

35-CFA BAROK+ USEN net 

35-CFA-a Barok+ Usen komalu, kanapit, "wider" barok Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CFA-aa barok barok "proper", barok-NW. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CFA-ab usen barok-SE. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CFA-ac komalu* kanalu Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFA-ad kanapit* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFA-ae kulubi* kolube Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFB PATPATAR+ PALA 

net 

35-CFB-a Patpatar+ Pala gelik, "wider" patpatar Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CFB-aa pala Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CFB-ab sokirik Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CFB-ac patpatar patpatar "proper", patpari Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CFB-ad gelik* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFC MAKADA+ ULU net RAMOAAINA 

35-CFC-a Makada+ Ulu "duke-of-york", malu, ramuaina New Britain-NE. island: Duke of York 

island 

Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-CFC-aa makada makadam Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-ab molot Molot… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-ac utam Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-ad mandan manuan Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-ae kabotirai Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-af ulu Watnabar island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-ag mioko Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFC-ah kerawara Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFD KUANUA+ BILUR 

35-CFD-a Kuanua+ Tolai gunan-tuna, tinata tuna, tuna, blanche bay, "new-britain language" 

New Britain-N. island; plus vehicular extension> New Britain island… 

New Ireland island 

35-CFD-aa kuanua tolai community New Britain-N. island: Gazelle peninsula… Watom 

island 

Papua New Guinea (New Britain; 

New Ireland) 

Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aaa watom Watom island (New Britain) 3 

35-CFD-aab kabakada livuan, liguan Cape Liguan peninsula… Kabakada (New Britain) 3 

4



35-CFD-aac nodup nodum Urara island (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aad masawa Ataliklikun-W. bay (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aae rakunei Ataliklikun-E. bay: Keravat… (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aaf vunadidir Vunadir… (New Britain) 4 

35-CFD-aag raluana Blanche bay: Raluana… (New Britain) 3 

35-CFD-aah matupit rabaul, kuanua-C. Rabaul eastwards… (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aai rebar reimber Toma… (New Britain) 3 

35-CFD-aaj kokopo Kokopo coast (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aak kininanggunan Kokopo southwards… (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aal kabanga kulon, birar Cape Gazelle coast (New Britain) 3 

35-CFD-aam rapitok* (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aan vanumami* (New Britain) 

35-CFD-aao "york" Duke of York island (New Britain) 3 

35-CFD-ab tolai-V. tolai "vehicular" New Britain island… New Ireland island Papua New Guinea (New Britain; 

New Ireland) 

35-CFD-b Bilur* New Britain-NE. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 

35-CFD-ba bilur birar, birara Gazelle peninsula: Gazelle cape southwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-CFE KANDAS+ LABEL 

net 

35-CFE-a Kandas New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CFE-aa kandas king Watpi… King… Kait Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CFE-b Label* New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2* 

35-CFE-ba label Nasko… Tampakar southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFF SIAR net 

35-CFF-a Siar "wider" lambon, lamssa New Ireland-S. island…: Lambon… Saint 

George cape… Morukon 


35-CFF-aa lambon Lambon southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFF-ab bakum* Bakum southeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CFG GURAMALUM* net extinct X 

35-CFG-a Guramalum Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 0 

35-CFG-aa guramalum New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 0 

35-CG KONOMALA+ 

LAKET chain 

35-CGA KONOMALA+ 

LAKET net 

35-CGA-a Konomala+ Laket New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CGA-aa laket Kamdaru river-mouth northwards to west coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CGA-ab konomala-A. Nimias river-mouth northwards to east coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CH SURSURUNGA 

chain 

35-CHA SURSURUNGA net 

35-CHA-a Sursurunga New Ireland-S. island… Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CHA-aa samo* Elizabeth bay… Samo… Cape Sena northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CHA-ab suralil* Suralil west coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CI TANGGA+ ANIR 

chain 

35-CIA TANGGA+ ANIR 

35-CIA-a Tangga tanga New Ireland island: Tanga islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CIA-aa boang* Boang island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CIA-ab malendok* Malendok island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CIA-b Maket* New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CIA-ba maket New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 

35-CIA-c Anir feni New Ireland island… Feni islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 

35-CIA-ca ambitle* Ambitle island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-CIA-cb babase* Babase island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 

35-D NAKANAI+ VITU set kimbe 

35-DA NAKANAI+ 

MELAMELA chain 

nakanai 

35-DAA NAKANAI+ 

MELAMELA net 

35-DAA-a Melamela+ Lolobau meramera, nakanai-E. Open Bay coast… Lolobau island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DAA-aa melamela-E. "open-bay" Open bay… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-DAA-ab ubili kimbe Kimbe-E. bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-DAA-ac lolobau Lolobau island… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

4


35-DAA-b Nakanai nakonai Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 4 

35-DAA-ba maututu Balima river-mouth… Toiru river-mouth Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DAA-bb vere vele, tarobi Toiru river-mouth… Gavuvu lower valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-DAA-bc losa loso, auka Gavuvu upper valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DAA-bd ubae babata Bilomei lower valley: Ubai… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-DAA-be bileki lakalai, muku, mamuga Maika… Hoskins coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 4 

35-DB BOLA+ BULU chain WILLAUMEZ 

35-DBA BOLA+ HARUA net 

35-DBA-a Bola+ Harua New Britain-N. island: Willaumez peninsula… Stetton bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DBA-aa bola bakovi, bola+ bakovi Willaumez peninsula: Wangore bay… Kulu 

river-mouth 


35-DBA-ab harua karua, xarua, garua, mai Stetton bay: Kimbe… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DBB BULU net 

35-DBB-a Bulu Willaumez-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-DBB-aa bulu Dakataua lake: Bulu-Murli… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-DC VITU+ BALI* chain 

35-DCA VITU+ BALI net 

35-DCA-a Vitu+ Mundua New Britain island: Witu islands Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DCA-aa vitu witu Garove island: Widu… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-DCA-ab mundua* Mundua island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-DCA-b Bali New Britain island: Witu islands Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 

35-DCA-ba bali Unea* island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-E LAMOGAI+ AMARA* 

set 

35-EA LAMOGAI+ AMARA 

chain 

35-EAA AMARA+ MOUK* net 

35-EAA-a Amara New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-EAA-aa longa #longa= in [34=] Bariai: «interior» Itne valley eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-EAA-ab idne* Itne valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-EAA-ac bibling* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-EAA-b Mouk+ Aria New Britain-W. island 

35-EAA-ba mouk mok Eil valley… Aria river-mouth eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-EAA-bb aria Aria valley eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-EAA-bc tourai* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-EAB LAMOGAI+ RAUTO 

net 

35-EAB-a Lamogai New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-EAB-aa lamogai Magap+ Anu headwaters… Lamogai… Via middle valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-EAB-b Rauto+ Pulie New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-EAB-ba rauto roto Magap valley… Anu valley… Wasum south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-EAB-bb pulie Pulie lower valley… Waku south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-EAB-c Ibanga* New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 

35-EAB-ca ibanga ivanga Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-F SOLONG+ AVAU* 

set 

35-FA SOLONG+ AVAU 

chain 

35-FAA SOLONG+ AVAU net 

35-FAA-a Solong net-rove; a-rawe community New Britain-SW. coast: Bushing 

cape… Arawe islands… Merkus cape 


35-FAA-aa pililo Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-ab sauren Sauren… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-ac kambun Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-ad a-kolet kollet, morohunga, "inland" solong Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-FAA-ae a-rawe a-rove Arawe islands… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-b Lesing+ Atui New Britain-SW. coast… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 

35-FAA-ba lesing Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-bb a-tui Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-c Gimi+ Palik MoevehafenNew Britain-SW. coast+ hinterland Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-FAA-ca gimi Anu valley… Johanna valley… Alimbit lower valley (Audi) Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-cb loko Alimbit river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-cc ai-klep e-klep, net-gerlep, moewehafen Aviklo islands… neighbouring coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-cd a-palik palik, net-mbul Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-ce a-yuwet a-yut Ayut, Ajut island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)



35-FAA-d Gasmata New Britain-SW. coast… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-FAA-da gasmata Ablingi island… Awio Bay coast… Gasmata island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-FAA-e Avau New Britain-SW. interior Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-FAA-ea a-vau a-wau Awio Bay hinterland 3 

35-G KAPORE+ 

MANGSENG* set 

WHITEMAN-RANGE 

35-GA KAPORE+ 

MANGSENG chain 

35-GAA KAPORE+ 

PASISMANUA net 

35-GAA-a Pasismanua kaulong, kowlong New Britain-CW. south coast+ hinterland… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-GAA-aa miu Alimbit upper valley: Miu… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ab kaulong-W. Palin valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ac a-sengseng sengseng Oum valley… Andru valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ad karore Andru valley… Johanna valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ae psokhok psohoh, sokhok, psokok Johanna valley… Wakis Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-af ai-gon Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ag bao Iglik+ Metelin middle valleys Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ah kaulong-E. "inland" kaulong-E. Amgen valley… Metelin upper valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-ai getmata Getmata coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-b Kapore+ Bebeli Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 

35-GAA-ba bebeli beli Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-bb benaule banaule Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAA-bc kapore Kapore coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAB MANGSENG net 

35-GAB-a Mangseng mangsing, masegi, maseki New Britain-C. south coast.… north coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-GAB-aa aiwit* Aiwit valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAB-ab roko rugo, rogo Ania middle valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAB-ac sampantabil Kapiura middle valley southwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAB-ad mirapu Bilomel upper valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-GAB-ae kukula kumila Ania middle valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-H MAENG+ UVOL* set 

35-HA MAENG+ UVOL 

chain 

35-HAA UVOL net 

35-HAA-a Uvol New Britain-CE. south coast: Wanopo… Montagu Harbour estuary… 

Dampier cape 


35-HAA-aa lote Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAA-ab uvol-A. Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAB MAMUSI+ MELKOI 

net 

35-HAB-a Mamusi New Britain-SE. south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-HAB-aa mamusi Torlu valley… Iowa upper valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAB-b Melkoi+ Kakuna New Britain-SE. coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-HAB-ba melkoi Melkoi valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAB-bb kakuna Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC MAENG+ MIO net MENGEN 

35-HAC-a Maeng+ Poeng "south coast" mengen New Britain-SE. coast: Lau coast… Jacquinot 

bay… Waterfall bay… Pulpul coast 


35-HAC-aa maeng maenge Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC-ab poeng Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC-ac malmal Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC-b Mio+ Pau "north coast" mengen New Britain-NE. coast… Balima+ Pandi 

headwaters… north coast 


35-HAC-ba mio* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC-bb pau Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC-bc longeinga Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

35-HAC-c Korapun+ Sampun mengen-E. New Britain-SE. coast: Cape Orford coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-HAC-ca korapun+ sampun cape-orford Korapun… Sampun… Iwai influence < [27=] Sulka Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 

35-I TUMOIP set 

35-IA TUMOIP chain 

35-IAA TUMOIP net 

35-IAA-a Tumoip New Britain-E. island: Wide Bay southwestwards to massif… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 

35-IAA-aa tumoip tumuip, tumie, tomoyp, tomoive ; convergence and resulting transition 

< wards so-called Papuan languages in 23=Owalamic phylozone 

 

Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2


36= SOLOMONIC 

phylozone 

covers the "Solomonic" grouping, part of the "Oceanic" 

affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; 

comprising 6 sets of languages (= 45 outer languages) 

spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands of the 

Solomon archipelago: 

36-A NEHAN+ PIRIPEL 36-B HALIA+ MONO 

36-C VAGHUA+ BABATANA 36-D ROVIANA+ MAROVO 

36-E KOKOTA+ ZABANA 36-F AMBA+ VANO 

Papua-New Guinea (North Solomons 

province); Solomon Islands 

36-A NEHAN+ PIRIPEL 

set 

36-AA NEHAN+ PIRIPEL 

chain 

36-AAA NEHAN+ PIRIPEL 

net 

36-AAA-a Nehan+ Piripel Green islands Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-AAA-aa nehan Nehan island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-AAA-ab piripel* pinipin Piripel island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-B HALIA+ MONO set "bougainville+ shortlands" 

36-BA HALIA+ SOLOS 

chain 

BUKA 

36-BAA HALIA+ SELAU net "wider" halia 

36-BAA-a Halia buka-E., halia "proper" Buka-E. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 4* 

36-BAA-aa hanahan gan Hanahan… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAA-ab haku Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAA-ac tulon tulun Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAA-ad tasi Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAA-ae lontes* Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAA-b Selau* Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3* 

36-BAA-ba selau Sohano… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAA-c Kilinailau* Kilinailau, Carteret islands Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3* 

36-BAA-ca kilinailau Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAB SOLOS net 

36-BAB-a Solos Buka-W. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BAB-aa solos Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BAC PETATS+ HITAU net 

36-BAC-a Petats+ Hitau petats Buka-W. coastal islands; vehicular expansion > Buka island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BAC-aa petats Petats island… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAC-ab sumoun Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAC-ac matsungan Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BAC-ad hitau+ pororan Hitau+ Pororan islands… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BB SAPOSA chain 

36-BBA SAPOSA net 

36-BBA-a SAPOSA Bougainville-NW. coastal islands … Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BBA-aa fa-saposa Saposa island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 

36-BBA-ab taiof Taiof island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 

36-BC HAHON+ TEOP 

chain 

36-BCA HAHON+ RATSUA 

net 

36-BCA-a Hahon+ Ratsua Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BCA-aa hahon hanon Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCA-ab kurur Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCA-ac ratsua Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCA-ad aravia Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCB VASUII+ DIOS net "wider" timputz 

36-BCB-a Vasuii+ Dios Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BCB-aa vasuii timputz "proper", tinputz, timputs, wasoi Timputz… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCB-ab pokpapa Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCB-ac orig Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCB-ad dios tsibatabai Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCB-ae chundawan Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCB-af vaadoo Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

4



36-BCC TEOP+ PETSPETS 

net 

36-BCC-a Teop+ Petspets Bougainville-N. island: Timputz district Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BCC-aa teop Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCC-ab wainanana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCC-ac losiara Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCC-ad taunita Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCC-ae melilup Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BCC-af petspets Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BD PAPAPANA chain 

36-BDA PAPAPANA net 

36-BDA-a Papapana Bougainville-C. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 

36-BDA-aa papapana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 

36-BE PIVA+ BANONI chain 

36-BEA PIVA+ BANONI net 

36-BEA-a Piva Bougainville-C. island west coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 

36-BEA-aa amun Amun… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BEA-ab nagarige piva Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BEA-b Banoni+ Tsunari Bougainville-S. island west coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 

36-BEA-ba banoni Empress Augusta bay Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BEA-bb tsunari Empress Augusta bay Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BEA-c Minigir* New Britain-NE. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2* 

36-BEA-ca minigir lungalunga Ataliklikun bay: Lungalunga… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 

36-BF TORAU chain 

36-BFA TORAU net 

36-BFA-a Torau Bougainville-S. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 

36-BFA-aa torau-A. Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BFA-ab rorovana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 

36-BG URUAVA chain X 

36-BGA URUAVA net X 

36-BGA-a Uruava Bougainville-S. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 0 

36-BGA-aa uruava arawa extinct Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 0 

36-BH MONO+ ALU chain 

36-BHA MONO+ ALU net 

36-BHA-a Mono+ Alu Shortland islands Solomon Islands 3 

36-BHA-aa mono Mono island Solomon Islands 

36-BHA-ab alu alo Alu island Solomon Islands 

36-BHA-ac fauro Fauro island… Piru island… Ovau island… Oema island Solomon Islands 

36-C VAGHUA+ 

BABATANA set 

36-CA VAGHUA+ RIRIO 

chain 

CHOISEUL 

choiseul-NW. 

36-CAA VAGHUA+ VARISI 

net 

36-CAA-a Vaghua Choiseul-NW. island Solomon Islands 3 

36-CAA-aa vaghua vagua, tavola, tavula Malvangga… Chirovanga Solomon Islands 3 

36-CAA-b Varisi+ Ghone Choiseul-NW. island Solomon Islands 3 

36-CAA-ba ghone Nukiki… Solomon Islands 3 

36-CAA-bb varisi varese Solomon Islands 3 

36-CAB RIRIO net 

36-CAB-a Ririo Choiseul-NE. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-CAB-aa ririo Susuka… Solomon Islands 2 

36-CB BABATANA+ 

KIRUNGGELA chain 

choiseul-CE. 

36-CBA BABATANA+ 

KIRUNGGELA net 

36-CBA-a Babatana+ Avasö "wider" m-bambatana Choiseul island… Vaghena island Solomon Islands 3 

36-CBA-aa babatana-A. babatana "proper" Choiseul-C. island: Sasamungga coast-SW. Solomon Islands 

36-CBA-ab babatana-V. babatana "vehicular" Choiseul island… Vaghena island Solomon Islands 

36-CBA-ac katazi Choiseul coast-NE. Solomon Islands 

36-CBA-ad sengan sengga, sisingga, senga Choiseul-C. island: Manggo… 

36-CBA-ae kuboro kumboro Solomon Islands 

36-CBA-af lömaumbi Choiseul coast-NE. Solomon Islands 

36-CBA-ag avasö Choiseul coast-SW.… Vaghena island Solomon Islands


36-CBA-b Kirunggela* Choiseul island Solomon Islands 3 

36-CBA-ba kirunggela* Solomon Islands 3 

36-D ROVIANA+ 

MAROVO set 

NEW-GEORGIA 

36-DA ROVIANA+ NDUKE 

chain 

36-DAA LUNGGA+ 

GHANONGGA net 

36-DAA-a Ghanongga Ranongga island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAA-aa ghanongga-A. ganongga Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAA-ab kubokota* kumbokota Solomon Islands 

36-DAA-b Lungga Ranongga island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAA-ba lungga Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAA-c Simbo Simbo island… Gizo island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAA-ca simbo-A. sibo Simbo island… Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAA-cb madegugusu* mandeghughusu, madeggusu Gizo-S. island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAB NDUKE net 

36-DAB-a Nduke Kolombangara, Nduke island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAB-aa n-duke n-dughore, kolombangara Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAC KUSAGHE net 

36-DAC-a Kusaghe New Georgia-N. island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAC-aa kusaghe kusage Solomon Islands 3 

36-DAD HOAVA net 

36-DAD-a Hoava New Georgia-NE. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-DAD-aa hoava Solomon Islands 2 

36-DAE ROVIANA net 

36-DAE-a Roviana robiana, ruviana, rubiana New Georgia-NW. island Solomon Islands; Papua New 

Guinea (North Solomons) 

36-DAE-aa roviana-A. roviana "proper" New Georgia-NW. island… Kohinggo island… Vona 

Vona island 

36-DAE-ab roviana-V. roviana "vehicular" Salomon-W. islands; vehicular extension> 

Bougainville island… Buka island 

36-DAF UGHELE net 

Solomon Islands 3 

Solomon Islands; extension to: 

Papua New Guinea (North 

Solomons) 

36-DAF-a Ughele Rendova-N. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-DAF-aa ughele ugele Solomon Islands 2 

36-DB MAROVO+ 

VANGUNU chain 

36-DBA MAROVO net 

36-DBA-a Marovo New Georgia-SE. island… Vangunu island… Nggatokae island Solomon Islands 3 

36-DBA-aa marovo-W. New Georgia-SE. island… Vangunu-N. island Solomon Islands 

36-DBA-ab marovo-E. Vangunu-SE. island… Nggatokae island Solomon Islands 

36-DBB VANGUNU net 

36-DBB-a Vangunu Vangunu islands Solomon Islands 3 

36-DBB-aa vangunu-A. Vangunu-CW. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-DBB-ab m-bareke Vangunu-NE. island+ off-shore islands Solomon Islands 2 

36-E KOKOTA+ ZABANA 

set 

SANTA-ISABEL 

36-EA ZABANA+ LAGHU 

chain 

'santa isabel'-W. 

36-EAA ZABANA net 

36-EAA-a Zabana Santa Isabel-NW. island+ off-shore islands Solomon Islands 3 

36-EAA-aa zabana jabana, kia Samasodu… Kia… Baolo Solomon Islands 3 

36-EAB LAGHU net 

36-EAB-a Laghu Santa Isabel-CS. island Solomon Islands 1 

36-EAB-aa laghu lagu, katova Baolo+ Samasodu south-central coast Solomon Islands 1 

36-EB KOKOTA+ CHEKE- 

HOLO chain 

"santa isabel"-E. 

36-EBA KOKOTA+ ZAZAO 

net 

36-EBA-a Kokota Santa Isabel-C. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBA-aa kokota Sisiga+ Ghoveo north-central coast… Hurepelo south-central coast Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBA-b Zazao Santa Isabel-C.island Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBA-ba zazao jajao, kilokaka Kilokaka south-central coast Solomon Islands 2 

4 

4


36-EBA-c Blablanga Santa Isabel-CE. island: Popoheo+ Hovukoilo northeast coast… 

Ghove+ Biluro south coast 



36-EBA-ca blablanga-A. Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBA-cb gema* Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBA-cc goi* Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBB CHEKE-HOLO+ 

GAO net 

36-EBB-a Cheke-Holo Santa Isabel-E. island Solomon Islands 3 

36-EBB-aa maringe maringhe Santa Isabel-NE. coast; plus vehicular extension > San 

Jorge island 


36-EBB-ab hograno hogirano Santa Isabel-SE. coast Solomon Islands 3 

36-EBB-ac a'ara Solomon Islands 

36-EBB-ad kubonitu Solomon Islands 

36-EBB-b Gao Santa Isabel-E. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-EBB-ba gao nggao Tausese+ Poro… Floakora cape Solomon Islands 2 

36-F AMBA+ VANO set SANTA-CRUZ 

36-FA AMBA+ 

NYISUNGGU chain 

utupua 

36-FAA AMBA net 

36-FAA-a Amba Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-NW. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-FAA-aa amba nembao, utupua "proper" Aveta+ Matembo+ Nembao Solomon Islands 2 

36-FAB ASUMBOA net 

36-FAB-a Asumboa Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-SW. island Solomon Islands 1 

36-FAB-aa asumboa asumbuo, asumbua, asumuo Asumbuo Solomon Islands 1 

36-FAC NYISUNGGU net 

36-FAC-a Nyisunggu Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-E. island Solomon Islands 1 

36-FAC-aa nyisunggu tanimbili Tanimbili Solomon Islands 1 

36-FB VANO+ TEANU 

chain 

vanikoro 

36-FBA VANO net 

36-FBA-a Vano Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-N. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-FBA-aa vano vanikoro, vanikolo Solomon Islands 2 

36-FBB TANEMA net 

36-FBB-a Tanema Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-S. island Solomon Islands 0 

36-FBB-aa tanema tanima, tetau Emua Solomon Islands 0 

36-FBC TEANU net 

36-FBC-a Teanu Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-W. island Solomon Islands 2 

36-FBC-aa teanu buma, puma Puma off-shore island Solomon Islands 2


37= KANAKIC 

phylozone 

37-A URA+ ANEITYUM 

set 

covers the "Kanaky" (or "Neo-Caledonian" grouping), part of 

the "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" 

intercontinental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 39 

outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on 

the islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia / Kanaky 

(including Loyauté islands): 

37-A URA+ ANEITYUM 37-B BELEP+ JAWE 

37-C AJIE+ DUBEA 37-D DEHU+ IAAI 

vanuatu-S. 

Vanuatu; New Caledonia / Kanaky 4 

37-AA URA+ ERROMANGA 

chain 

37-AAA URA net 

37-AAA-a Ura Erromanga-N. island 10 speakers or less in the 1970's Vanuatu 1 

37-AAA-aa ura Vanuatu 1 

37-AAB ERROMANGA net 

37-AAB-a Erromanga eromanga, erramanga, sie Erromanga-N. island Vanuatu 3 

37-AAB-aa yoku enyau Vanuatu 

37-AAB-ab ifo utaha Vanuatu 

37-AAB-ac potnariven Vanuatu 

37-AAB-ad sie sorung Vanuatu 

37-AB TANNA+ 

KWAMERA* chain 

37-ABA TANNA+ 

NAPUANMEN net 

37-ABA-a Tanna+ Imafin Tanna-N. island Vanuatu 3 

37-ABA-aa tanna-E. Vanuatu 

37-ABA-ab tanna-W. Vanuatu 

37-ABA-ac imafin Vanuatu 

37-ABA-b Napuanmen "whitesands", "whitsands" Tanna-NE. island Vanuatu 3 

37-ABA-ba waesisi wassisi, "whitesands"-N. Vanuatu 

37-ABA-bb lometimeti "whitesands"-S. Vanuatu 

37-ABB LENAKEL+ ITONGA 

net 

37-ABB-a Lenakel+ Itonga Tanna-W. island Vanuatu 3 

37-ABB-aa lenakel Lenakel Vanuatu 

37-ABB-ab loanatit Vanuatu 

37-ABB-ac nerauya Vanuatu 

37-ABB-ad itonga Vanuatu 

37-ABB-ae ikyoo Vanuatu 

37-ABC NOWAI+ NVHAL net tanna-SW. 

37-ABC-a Nowai+ Nvhal Tanna-SW. island further idioms to be identified Vanuatu 3 

37-ABC-aa nvhal Vanuatu 

37-ABC-ab nowai Vanuatu 

37-ABD KWAMERA net 

37-ABD-a Kwamera Tanna-SW. island Vanuatu 3 

37-ABD-aa kwamera-N. Port Resolution Vanuatu 3 

37-ABD-ab kwamera-S. Imaki Vanuatu 3 

37-AC ANEITYUM chain 

37-ACA ANEITYUM net 

37-ACA-a Aneityum aneiteum, aneiteumese, anejom Aneityum island Vanuatu 2 

37-ACA-aa aneityum-N. Vanuatu 2 

37-ACA-ab aneityum-S. Vanuatu 2 

37-B BELEP+ JAWE set kanak-N., "new caledonian"-N. 

37-BA BELEP+ YUAGA 

chain 

37-BAA BELEP+ KUMAK net 

37-BAA-a Belep+ Nyaalayu New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-BAA-aa belep Belep islands New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BAA-ab n-yaalayu nyâlayu, yâlayu Grande Terre-N. island: Arama… Balade New Caledonia / Kanaky



37-BAA-b Kumak+ Nenema Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BAA-ba nenema nelema Poum New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BAA-bb fwa-kumak koumac, fwa-goumak. goumak Koumac New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BAA-c Yuaga+ Juanga nua, nyua Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BAA-ca juanga Bondé reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BAA-cb yuaga Ouénia… Ouéholle New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BAA-cc thuanga Gomén reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BAA-d Caac moenebeng Grande Terre-NE. island; deported c.1850> Grande- 

Terre-S. island: Saint-Louis 

New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BAA-da pwebo caac-N., pouébo Pouébo mission New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BAA-db caawac caac-S., "saint-louis", la conception deported c.1850 > Saint-Louis: 

La Conception mission 


37-BB JAWE+ HMWAVEKE 

chain 

37-BBA JAWE+ NEMI net 

37-BBA-a Jawe jawé, njawe, diahoue, oubatch, ubach Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-BBA-aa jawe-N. Tchamboenne… Tao coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-ab jawe-C. Haute-Ouaième: Pangou reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-ac jawe-S. Ouayaguette+ Ouahat high valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-b Nemi+ Kavatch Grande Terre-CN. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBA-ba nemi-N. Panié coast-NE. New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-bb coulna Coulna reserve: Ouaième middle valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-bc ouango Ouango reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-bd kavatch Kavatch reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-be nemi-S. Voh coast-CW. New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-c Fwai Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-BBA-ca fwai fwâi, poai, yengen, yehen Hienghène coast+ valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBA-d Pije Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBA-da pije pinje, pindje Tipindjé+ Tiendanite+ Poindimié New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBB PWAPWA net 

37-BBB-a Pwapwa Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBB-aa pwapwa pwapwâ, poapoa Boyen reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBC PWAAMEI net 

37-BBC-a Pwaamei poamei Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBC-aa pwaamei-SW. in [51=] French: pwaamei de bord-de-mer (=«seaside» pwaamei) New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBC-ab pwaamei-naaka Témala-Ouélis reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBC-ac pwaamei-yaak Faténaoué valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BBD HMWAVEKE+ 

BWATOO net 

37-BBD-a Hmwaveke+ Haveke 'moake' Grande Terre-CN. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-BBD-aa vamale vamalé, pamale, hmwaeke-E. Téganpaïk northeast coast.… 

Tiouandé 


37-BBD-ab hmwaveke 'moaveke' Tiéta>H. mountains New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBD-ac voh-kone hmwaeke-W. Voh central-west coast.… Tiéta New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBD-ad haveke aveke, 'aveke Oundjo central-west coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBD-ae haeke aeke, 'aeke Baco reserve: Koné plain New Caledonia / Kanaky 2* 

37-BBD-b Waamwang Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 0 

37-BBD-ba waamwang wamoang Voh central-west coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 0 

37-BBD-c Bwatoo Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BBD-ca bwatoo Oundjo>SE. coastal enclaves New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-BC CEMUHI+ PAICI 

chain 

37-BCA CEMUHI net 

kanak-C., "new caleconian"-C. 

37-BCA-a Cemuhi cemuhî, camuhi, tyamuhi, camuki Grande Terre-CE. island; deported 

c.1850 > Grande-Terre-S. island: Saint-Louis 


37-BCA-aa u* Congouma New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCA-ab tié Touho coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCA-ac béko cemuhi-C. New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCA-ad wagap cemuhi-SW. Wagap New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCA-ae tiparama Tiparama coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCA-af cemuhi-S. deported c.1850 > Saint-Louis: La Conception mission New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCB PAICI net 

37-BCB-a Paici* paicî, pati, paaci, ci Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-BCB-aa ponerihouen paici-E. Poindimié… Ponérihouen east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-BCB-ab paici-W. Nimbayé upper valley New Caledonia / Kanaky


37-C AJIE+ DUBEA set kanak-S., "new caledonian"-S. 

37-CA AJIE+ XARACUU 

chain 

kanak-CS. 

37-CAA AJIE+ NEKU net WAILIC 

37-CAA-a Arhö Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 1 

37-CAA-aa arhö aro Poya+ Cradji+ Nékliaï New Caledonia / Kanaky 1 

37-CAA-b Arha Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-CAA-ba arha arhâ, ara Montfaoué+ Ouendji+ Poya upper valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-CAA-c Ajië ajié, anjie, wailu, wai Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-CAA-ca monéo Monéo coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAA-cb wailu-N. wai Houaïlou coast + vehicular extension New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAA-cc wailu-S. Houaïlou valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAA-cd kouaoua Kouaoua lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAA-ce ajië-W. Poya>SE. coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAA-d Orowe Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-CAA-da orowe orowé, boewe, abwewe Ni+ Pothé+ Bouirou+ Bourail upper valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAA-e Neku Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-CAA-ea neku Bourail lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAB ZIRE+ TIRI net 

37-CAB-a Zire Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 1 

37-CAB-aa zire zira, zirë, sirhe, siche, sichë, nere, nerë Bourail river-mouth+ centralwest 

coast 

37-CAB-b Tiri Grande Terre-C. island; deported after 1878 revolt > Iles des Pins 

island 

New Caledonia / Kanaky 


37-CAB-ba ha-tiri tîrî, ciri La Foa lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAB-bb ha-mea ha-meha, meha, méa Méchin New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAB-bc tiri+ mea "levelled" tiri+ mea fusion of ha-tiri & ha-mea after regrouping in 19th 

century 


37-CAB-bd tiri-S. deported after 1878 > Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC XARACUU+ 

XARAGURE net 

37-CAC-a Xaracuu+ Kanala* xârâcùù, xaracii, anesu, haraneu Grande Terre-CS. island; deported 

in 19th century > Iles des Pins island 


37-CAC-aa kanala canala Canala coast+ hinterland New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-ab nakety Nakety coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-ac ouroué Ouroué coast+ hinterland New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-ad xaracuu-C Kouaré New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-ae xaracuu-SW. Bouloupari southwest coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-af xaracuu-SE. deported in 19th century > Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-b Xaragure aragure, 'aragure, haragure Grande Terre-S. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-CAC-ba thio Thio east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-bb borindi Borindi east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CAC-bc xaragure-SW. Ouinane southwest coast 

37-CB DUBEA+ NUMEE 

chain 

37-CBA DUBEA+ NUMEE net 

37-CBA-a Dubea naa-dubea, n-dumbea, dumbea, drubea Grande Terre-S. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-CBA-aa naa-dubea-W. Naniouni southwest coast+ Bangou + Ndé + Païta+ Dumbéa… 

Pirogue pass 


37-CBA-ab naa-dubea-E. Ounia+ Yaté southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CBA-b Numee naa-numee, kapone, touaouru, ouen, kwenyii, kunie, tuauru, duauru, 

uen, wen, naa-wee Grande Terre-S. island 


37-CBA-ba naa-numee-W. numèè, kapone Nouméa>SE. coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CBA-bb tuauru duauru, touaouru, Touaourou southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CBA-bc goro Goro southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CBA-c Wee "insular" numee Ouen island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-CBA-ca naa-wee wêê, wen, uen, ouen New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-CBA-d Kwenyii "insular" numee 2 Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 

37-CBA-da naa-kwenyii kwênyii, kunie New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-D DEHU+ IAAI set LOYAUTÉ 

37-DA DEHU+ IAAI chain 

37-DAA IAAI net 

37-DAA-a Iaai Loyauté islands: Ouvéa island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-DAA-aa iaai iai, yai New Caledonia / Kanaky


37-DAB DEHU net 


37-DAB-a Dehu de'u, drehu, lifu, lifou Loyauté islands: Lifou island New Caledonia / Kanaky 4 

37-DAB-aa wet wete, dehu-N. New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-DAB-ab lössi losi, dehu-S. New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-DAB-ac miny min, "honorific" dehu, "court" dehu language of traditional respect New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-DAC NENGONE net 

37-DAC-a Nengone Loyauté islands: Maré island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

37-DAC-aa maré "general" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-DAC-ab pene-iwatenu iwateno, "honorific" nengone, "court" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky 

37-DAC-ac pene-egesho "scornful" nengone, "trivial" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky


38= WEST-PACIFIC 

phylozone 

covers the "Caroline+ Vanuatu" grouping, part of the 

"Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental 

affinity; comprising 8 sets of languages (= 119 outer 

languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands 

of the Pacific from the Caroline (and formerly also Mapia) 

islands to Vanuatu: 

38-A TRUK+ PONAPE 38-B KUSAIE 

38-C EBON 38-D KIRIBATI 

38-E NAURU 38-F GELA+ GHARI 

38-G KWARA'AE+ KAHUA 38-H HIW+ NASARIAN 

Micronesia; Solomon Islands; 

Kiribati; Tuvalu; Nauru; Vanuatu; 

formerly also Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 

38-A TRUK+ PONAPE set "ponapeic"+ "trukic"; part of "micronesian" grouping 

38-AA TRUK+ PONAPE 

chain 

MACRO-TRUKIC 

38-AAA MAPIA net "mapian" X 

38-AAA-a Mapia Mapia islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 0 

38-AAA-aa mapia extinct submerged < [33=] Biak Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 0 

38-AAB TRUK+ ULITHI net "trukic" island idioms to be distinguished 

38-AAB-a Sonsorol Caroline islands Micronesia 2 

38-AAB-aa sonsorol Helen+ Tobi+ Merir+ Pulo-Anna+ Sonsorol islands Micronesia 

38-AAB-b Ulithi "ulithian" Caroline islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-ba ulithi Ngulu+ Ulithi+ Fais+ Sorol islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-c Woleai "woleaian", "wolean" Caroline islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-ca woleai Eauripik+ Woleai+ Ifaluk+ Elato+ Lamotrek+ Olimarao*+ Faraulep+ 

Gaferut* islands 

Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-d Satawal+ Saipan "carolinian" Caroline… Mariana islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-da satawal "satawalese" Caroline islands: Satawal island Micronesia 2 

38-AAB-db saipan "saipan-carolinian" Mariana-S. islands: Saipan island Micronesia 

38-AAB-dc tanapag "carolinian-N." Mariana-N. islands Micronesia 

38-AAB-dca pagan Pagan island Micronesia 

38-AAB-dcb agrihan Agrihan island Micronesia 

38-AAB-e Puluwat puluwatese Caroline islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-ea puluwat Pulusuk+ Puluwat+ Pulap islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-f Namonuito Caroline islands: Namonuito islands Micronesia 2 

38-AAB-fa namonuito Magur+ Ulul islands Micronesia 2 

38-AAB-g Paafang Caroline islands: Hall islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-ga paafang pááfang Nomwin+ Fananu+ Murilo+ Ruo islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-h Truk "trukese" Caroline islands: Truk islands+ Kuop islands plus 

vehicular extension> Caroline-C. islands plus migration> Ponape 

island 

Micronesia 4 

38-AAB-ha truk-C. ruk Pis+ Falo+ Moen+ Mwoch+ Dublon+ Eten+ Fefan+ Uman+ Tsis+ 

Tarik+ Param+ Eiol islands 

Micronesia 

38-AAB-hb truk-V. "vehicular trukese" Micronesia 

38-AAB-hc truk-E "east-lagoon" Micronesia 

38-AAB-hd fayichuk Eot+ Romonum+ Udot+ Tol+ Fela-Beguets islands Micronesia 

38-AAB-i Mortlock "mortlockese" Caroline islands: Mortlock islands Micronesia 3 

38-AAB-ia lukeisel mortlock-N. Nama+ Losap+ Pis islands Micronesia 

38-AAB-ib mortlock-S. "lower" mortlock Namoluk+ Etal+ Lukunor+ Oneiop+ Nomoi islands Micronesia 

38-AAC PONAPE+ 

PINGELAP net 

"ponapeic" 

38-AAC-a Ponape "ponapean", "pohnpeian" Caroline islands: Senyavin islands Micronesia 4 

38-AAC-aa ponape-N. Ponape-N. island Micronesia 

38-AAC-ab kiti Ponape-S.+ Ant islands Micronesia 

38-AAC-ac ngatik "ngatikese" Ngatik island Micronesia 

38-AAC-b Mokil "mokilese" Caroline islands: Senyavin islands… migration> Hawaii Micronesia 3 

38-AAC-ba mokil Mokil island Micronesia 

38-AAC-c Pingelap "pingilapese" Caroline islands: Senyavin islands Micronesia; migration> USA 

(Hawaii) 

38-AAC-ca pingelap pingilap Pingelap islands Micronesia 

38-B KUSAIE set "kusaiean"; part of "micronesian" grouping 

38-BA KUSAIE chain 

38-BAA KUSAIE net 

38-BAA-a Kusaie kosrae, "kosraean" Caroline islands: Kusaie, Kosrae islands Micronesia 3 

38-BAA-aa malen+ utwe Kusaie island: Malen+ Utwe Micronesia 

38-BAA-ab lelu+ tafunsak Lelu island+ Kusaie island (Tafunsak) Micronesia 

5 

3


38-C EBON set MARSHALLESE; part of "micronesian" grouping 

38-CA EBON chain 

38-CAA EBON net 


38-CAA-a Ebon "marshallese" Marshall islands bilingual < [52=] English A Marshall Islands; migration> 

Nauru 

38-CAA-aa bikini+ eniwetok "marshallese"-W. Bikini+ Eniwetok islands; deported in 

1946>Ujelang island+ Rälik Chain archipelago bilingual < [52=] 

English 

38-CAA-aaa ujelang Ujelang island since enforced resettlement in 1946 Marshall Islands 

38-CAA-aab rälik Rälik Chain archipelago (including Kili+ Ebon islands) since 

enforced resettlement in 1946 

Marshall Islands 4 

Marshall Islands 

38-CAA-ab ratak "marshallese"-E. Marshall Islands 4 

38-D KIRIBATI set GILBERTESE, part of "micronesian" grouping 

38-DA KIRIBATI chain 

38-DAA KIRIBATI net 

38-DAA-a Kiribati "gilbertese" Kiribati, Gilbert islands bilingual < [52=] English A Kiribati; Tuvalu; migration> Fiji; 

Nauru 

38-DAA-aa i-kiribati "gilbertese"-C. Abaiang+ Marakei islands… Tamana+ Arorae islands Kiribati 4 

38-DAA-ab butaritari kiribati-N., "gilbertese"-N. Butaritari, Makin island Kiribati 

38-DAA-ac banaban kiribati-W., "gilbertese"-W. Banaba, Ocean island Kiribati 

38-DAA-ad nui kiribati-S., "gilbertese"-S. Nui island Tuvalu 3* 

38-E NAURU set 

38-EA NAURU chain 

38-EAA NAURU net 

38-EAA-a Nauru "nauruan" Nauru island A Nauru 3 

38-EAA-aa nauru bilingual < [52=] English limited acquisition of language by children Nauru 

38-F GELA+ GHARI set 

38-FA GELA+ GHARI chain 

38-FAA BUGHOTU+ 

VULAVA net 

38-FAA-a Bughotu+ Vulava* mahaga Santa Isabel-SE. island (Suma… Horara)+ San Jorge-SE. 

island+ Vatilau island+ Furona island 

38-FAA-aa m-bughotu bugoto, bugota, bugotu Solomon Islands 

38-FAA-ab hageulu Solomon Islands 

38-FAA-ac vulava Solomon Islands 


38-FAB GELA+ LENGO net 

38-FAB-a Gela Florida islands plus migration> Savo+ Guadalcanal islands Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAB-aa n-gela nggela Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAB-b Lengo+ Aola Guadalcanal-CN. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAB-ba lengo Solomon Islands 

38-FAB-bb ruavatu Solomon Islands 

38-FAB-bc tasemboko Solomon Islands 

38-FAB-bd aola Aola Solomon Islands 

38-FAB-be aripao Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAB-bf ghaimuta ghua Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAC GHARI+ TALISE net GUADALCANAL 

38-FAC-a Ghari guadalcanal-W. Guadalcanal-W. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-aa ghari-A. gari, sughu, guadalcanal-W. "vehicular" Sughu coast+ vehicular 

extension 


38-FAC-ab tan-garare tandai+ n-garia, tana-ghai, tandai+ nggaria Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAC-ac n-gae nggae Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAC-ad n-geri nggeri Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAC-ae n-di vaturanga Maravovo>SE. Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-af n-ginia Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-b Talise+ Tolo "wider" talise, "wider" tolo Guadalcanal-S. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-ba poleo Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-bb ina-kono koo, ina-kona Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-bc malagheti malageti Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAC-bd talise Solomon Islands 2 

38-FAC-be tolo Haimara Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-bf moli Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-c Malango Guadalcanal-C. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-ca malango Popomanaseu mountain valleys Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-d Birao Guadalcanal-CE. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-FAC-da m-birao Kaichui mountain valleys… southeast coast Solomon Islands 3 

4 

4


38-G KWARA'AE+ 

KAHUA set 

38-GA KWARA'AE+ 

ARE'ARE chain 

malaita+ "san-cristobel" 

MALAITA 

38-GAA LONGGU net 

38-GAA-a Longgu Malaita island; deported>Guadalcanal-E. island Solomon Islands 2 

38-GAA-aa longgu logu Solomon Islands 2 

38-GAB KWARA'AE+ 

TO'ABAITA net 

38-GAB-a Kwara'ae+ To'abaita "malaitan"-N. Malaita-N.+ coastal islands Solomon Islands 4 

38-GAB-aa to'abaita toabaita, to'ambaita Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAB-ab malu'u malu, maluu Maluu Solomon Islands 

38-GAB-ac m-baelelea Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAB-ad m-baegu baeggu, baeguu, baenggu, m-baenggu Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAB-ae fataleka Solomon Islands 

38-GAB-af lau Malaita coast-NE. Solomon Islands 4 

38-GAB-ag suafa* part of lau "insular" Manaoba island Solomon Islands 

38-GAB-ah dai ndai, part of lau "insular" Dai island Solomon Islands 

38-GAB-ai gula'alaa kwai+ ngongosila Kwai+ Ngongosila islands Solomon Islands 

38-GAB-aj kwara'ae Malaita west coast (Dala+ Auki)… east coast used also as a 

vehicular language 

38-GAB-ak fiu* Solomon Islands 


38-GAC LANGALANGA net 

38-GAC-a Langalanga Malaita-W. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAC-aa langalanga Auki… Mbuma Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAD KWAIO net 

38-GAD-a Kwaio Malaita-C. island Solomon Islands 4 

38-GAD-aa kwaio koio Mbuma west coast.… east coast Solomon Islands 4 

38-GAE ARE'ARE+ DORI'O 

net 

38-GAE-a Dori'o+ 

Kwarekwareo 

Malaita-C. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAE-aa dori'o Solomon Islands 

38-GAE-ab kwarekwareo* Solomon Islands 

38-GAE-b Are'are+ Marau Malaita-S.+ Maramasike-N. islands Solomon Islands 4 

38-GAE-ba are'are areare, 'are'are Solomon Islands 

38-GAE-bb marau Marau Sound straits Solomon Islands 

38-GAF OROHA net 

38-GAF-a Oroha Maramasike-S. island Solomon Islands 2 

38-GAF-aa oroha oraha, maramasike, mara-ma-siki Solomon Islands 2 

38-GAG SA'A+ UGI net 

38-GAG-a Sa'a+ Ugi malaita-S. Solomon Islands 3 

38-GAG-aa sa'a saa Maramasike island Solomon Islands 

38-GAG-ab apae'aa* Solomon Islands 

38-GAG-ac ulawa Ulawa island Solomon Islands 

38-GAG-ad ugi uki-ni-masi Uki Ni Masi… Three Sisters islands Solomon Islands 1 

38-GB KAHUA+ AROSI 

chain 

MAKIRA, "san-cristobel" 

38-GBA AROSI+ FAGANI net 

38-GBA-a Arosi Makira, San Cristobel-NW. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-GBA-aa arosi-A. Solomon Islands 

38-GBA-ab wango Solomon Islands 

38-GBA-b Fagani Makira, San Cristobel-CW. island Solomon Islands 2 

38-GBA-ba fagani-A. Solomon Islands 

38-GBA-bb rihu'a Solomon Islands 

38-GBA-bc agufi Solomon Islands 

38-GBB BAURO+ 

MARMAREGHO net 

38-GBB-a Bauro+ Marmaregho Makira, San Cristobel-C. island Solomon Islands 3 

38-GBB-aa bauro Kirakira Solomon Islands 3 

38-GBB-ab haununu hauhunu Solomon Islands 2 

38-GBB-ac rawo ravo Solomon Islands 2 

38-GBB-ad marmaregho* mamaregho Solomon Islands


38-GBC KAHUA+ 

TAWARAFA net 

38-GBC-a Kahua+ Tawarafa Makira, San Christobel-E.+ Santa Ana+ Santa Catalina islands… 

vehicular extension westwards (Makira island) 



38-GBC-aa kahua anganiwai, anganiwei, wanoni, narihua, makira "vehicular" Solomon Islands 3 

38-GBC-ab tawarafa "star-harbour" Gheta Solomon Islands 3 

38-GBC-ac owa-raha Santa Ana island Solomon Islands 

38-GBC-ad owa-riki Santa Catalina island Solomon Islands 

38-H HIW+ NASARIAN set TRANSVANUATU, vanuatu-N.+ C. 

38-HA HIW+ ETON chain vanuatu-NE. 

38-HAA HIW+ LOH net torres Torres islands 

38-HAA-a Hiw Torres-N. islands Vanuatu 2 

38-HAA-aa hiw Vanuatu 2 

38-HAA-b Loh+ Toga Torres-S. islands Vanuatu 2 

38-HAA-ba tegua* Tegua-S. island Vanuatu 

38-HAA-bb loh lo Low island Vanuatu 

38-HAA-bc toga Toga island Vanuatu 

38-HAB LEHALI+ 

LEHALURUP net 

38-HAB-a Lehali+ Teqel Banks island: Ureparapara-N. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAB-aa lehali Vanuatu 

38-HAB-ab teqel tekel, alo-teqel Vanuatu 

38-HAB-b Lehalurup Banks islands: Ureparapara-S. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAB-ba lehalurup Vanuatu 2 

38-HAC MOTLAV+ MOTA net 

38-HAC-a Motlav motalava Banks islands… Mota Lava, Saddle island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAC-aa volow valuva, valuwa, valuga Vanuatu 

38-HAC-ab beklag Vanuatu 

38-HAC-ac totoglag Vanuatu 

38-HAC-ad bun Vanuatu 

38-HAC-b Mota Banks islands… Mota, Sugarloaf island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAC-ba mota-W. Vanuatu 

38-HAC-bb mota-E. Vanuatu 

38-HAD VATRATA+ MOSINA 

net 

38-HAD-a Vatrata+ Sasar vanua-lavaBanks islands: Vanua Lava-N. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAD-aa vatrata Vanuatu 2 

38-HAD-ab leon Vanuatu 0 

38-HAD-ac pak bek Vanuatu 0 

38-HAD-ad sasar lem Vanuatu 0 

38-HAD-b Mosina+ Vuras Banks islands: Vanua Lava-S. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAD-ba vetumboso mosina-N. Vanuatu 

38-HAD-bb vuras vureas, avreas Vanuatu 

38-HAD-bc mosina mosin, mosina-S. Vanuatu 

38-HAE NUME+ WETAMUT 

net 

gaua 

38-HAE-a Nume Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-NE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAE-aa nume-A. gaua-E. Vanuatu 

38-HAE-ab tarasag* Vanuatu 

38-HAE-b Lakona Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-NW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAE-ba lakona-A. lakon, gaua-W. Vanuatu 

38-HAE-bb gog* Vanuatu 

38-HAE-c Koro Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-SW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAE-ca koro Koro+ Mekeon Vanuatu 2 

38-HAE-d Wetamut Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-SE. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HAE-da wetamut Dorig+ Kweteon Vanuatu 1 

38-HAF MERLAV+ MWERIG 

net 

38-HAF-a Merlav+ Mwerig Banks-SE. islands Vanuatu 3 

38-HAF-aa mwerig merig Mwerig island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAF-ab merlav merelava Mwerelava, Mere Lava island Vanuatu 

38-HAF-ac matliwag Matliwag island Vanuatu 

38-HAG MARINO+ LOTORA MAEWO, maevo 

38-HAG-a Marino Maewo-N. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAG-aa marino maewo-N., naone Vanuatu 2


38-HAG-b Lotora+ Bangoro maewo-C. Maewo-C. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAG-ba lotora Vanuatu 

38-HAG-bb tanoriki Vanuatu 

38-HAG-bc peterara Peterara Vanuatu 

38-HAG-bd arata Vanuatu 1 

38-HAG-be bangoro Vanuatu 1 

38-HAG-c Baetora maewo-S. Maewo-S. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAG-ca baetora-A. Baetora Vanuatu 

38-HAG-cb nasawa Vanuatu 

38-HAG-cc talise-vanuatu talise 2 Vanuatu 

38-HAG-cd narovorovo Vanuatu 

38-HAH NDUINDUI+ 

LONGANA net 

AMBAE, aoban 

38-HAH-a Nduindui+ Opa aoban-W., ambae-W. Aoba-W., Ambae-W. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAH-aa nduindui duindui Nduindui Vanuatu 

38-HAH-ab opa Vanuatu 

38-HAH-ac walaha Vanuatu 

38-HAH-b Longana+ Omba aoban-E., ambae-E. Aoba-E., Ambae-E. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAH-ba omba oba, aoba Vanuatu 

38-HAH-bb walurigi Vanuatu 

38-HAH-bc tavalavola lombaha; lobaha Vanuatu 

38-HAH-bd lambahi Vanuatu 

38-HAH-be longana Longana Vanuatu 

38-HAH-bf lolopwepwe Vanuatu 

38-HAH-bg lolokaro lolokara Vanuatu 

38-HAH-bh lolsiwoi Vanuatu 

38-HAI HANO+ SA net RAGA 

38-HAI-a Hano+ Vunmarama raga-N. RagaPentecost-N. island; vehicular extension > Raga+ 

Maewo-S. island 

Vanuatu 3 

38-HAI-aa hano including "vehicular" raga Vanuatu 3 

38-HAI-ab lamalanga Vanuatu 

38-HAI-ac vunmarama Vanuatu 

38-HAI-ad qatvenua bwatvenua Vanuatu 

38-HAI-b Apma+ Melsisi Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAI-ba suro-bo apma-N. Vanuatu 

38-HAI-bb suro-marani apma-S. Vanuatu 

38-HAI-bc bwatnapi Vanuatu 

38-HAI-bd loltong Vanuatu 

38-HAI-be melsisi Melsissi Vanuatu 

38-HAI-c Sowa Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HAI-ca sowa Vanuatu 

38-HAI-d Seke Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HAI-da seke Vanuatu 

38-HAI-e Sa+ Ponorwal* Raga, Pentecost-S. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAI-ea ponorwal raga-S. Vanuatu 

38-HAI-eb lolatavola Vanuatu 

38-HAI-ec ninebulo Vanuatu 

38-HAI-ed sa-NE. "baie-barrier" Vanuatu 

38-HAI-ee sa-SE. "sainte-thérèse" Vanuatu 

38-HAI-ef sa-SW. walwi+ ranputor Vanuatu 

38-HAI-eg sa-S. pancros, "point-cross" Vanuatu 

38-HAJ AMBRYM net 

38-HAJ-a Ambrym-N. Ambrym-N. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAJ-aa olal ambrym-NE. Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-ab magam ambrym-NW. Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-b Lonwolwol Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAJ-ba fali Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-bb fanting Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-c Dakaka+ Sesivi ambrym-S. Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAJ-ca dakaka Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-cb baiap Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-cc sesivi Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-d Port-Vato Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAJ-da port-vato Vanuatu



38-HAJ-e Taviak taveak Ambrym-SE. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAJ-ea endu taviak-N. Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-eb toak taviak-W. Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-ec penapo taviak-S. Vanuatu 

38-HAJ-ed taviak-A. taviak-SE. Taviak Vanuatu 

38-HAK PAAMA+ LOPEVI 

net 

38-HAK-a Paama+ Lopevi* Paama+ Lopevi islands Vanuatu 3 

38-HAK-aa paama-N. pauma-N. Paama-N. island Vanuatu 

38-HAK-ab paama-S. pauma-S. Paama-S. island Vanuatu 

38-HAK-ac lopevi Lopevi island Vanuatu 

38-HAL VALPEI+ MALO* net 'santo'-W. 

38-HAL-a Valpei+ Hukua Santo-NW. island: Cape Cumberland cape>S. Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-aa valpei valpay Vanuatu 

38-HAL-ab hukua Vanuatu 

38-HAL-b Nokuku Santo-NW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ba nokuku nogugu: Nokuku coast Vanuatu 

38-HAL-c Vunapu+ Piamatsina Santo-NW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ca vunapu Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-cb piamatsina Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-d Tasmate Santo-W. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-da tasmate-N.* Vanuatu 

38-HAL-db tasmate-S. Tasmate coast Vanuatu 

38-HAL-e Tolomako+ Jereviu "big-bay" Santo-CN. island: Big Bay bay Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ea tolomako Vanuatu 

38-HAL-eb jereviu Vanuatu 

38-HAL-ec marina* Vanuatu 

38-HAL-f Wusi+ Kerepua Santo-W. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-fa wusi Wusi coast Vanuatu 

38-HAL-fb kerepua Vanuatu 

38-HAL-g Malmariv+ Navut Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ga malmariv Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-gb navut Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-h Lametin Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ha lametin Vanuatu 

38-HAL-i Morouas+ Akei* Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAL-ia morouas moruas Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ib roria Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ic fortsenal Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-id akei Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ie tasiriki* Vanuatu 

38-HAL-if wailapa Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ig penantsiro Vanuatu 

38-HAL-ih amblong Vanuatu 

38-HAL-ii narango Narango coast Vanuatu 

38-HAL-j Tangoa Santo-CS. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ja tangoa Tangoa island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-k Araki Santo-CS. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-ka araki Araki island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-l Tambotalo Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HAL-la tambotalo Luganville coast: Tambotalo Vanuatu 1 

38-HAL-m Mafea+ Ais Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HAL-ma mafea Mafea island Vanuatu 

38-HAL-mb ais Ais island Vanuatu 

38-HAL-n Malo+ Tutuba Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAL-na tutuba Tutuba island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAL-nb aore Mafea island Vanuatu 0 

38-HAL-nc avunatari malo-N. Malo-N. island Vanuatu 

38-HAL-nd ataripoe malo-S. Malo-S. island Vanuatu 

38-HAM VOVO+ URIPIV* net 

38-HAM-a 'Malua-Bay' Malekula-NW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-aa 'malua-bay' "espiègle-bay", "middle-nambas" Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-b Vovo Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-ba vovo wowo Vanuatu 2


38-HAM-c Mpotovoro Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-ca mpotovoro Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-d Mae Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-da mae including "small-nambas"-N. Vanuatu 2 

38-HAM-e Vao Malekula-N. island: Vao island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAM-ea vao Vanuatu 3 

38-HAM-f Uripiv+ Atchin uripiv+ wala Malekula-NE. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAM-fa atchin nale Atchin island Vanuatu 

38-HAM-fb wala Wala island Vanuatu 

38-HAM-fc rano Rano island Vanuatu 

38-HAM-fd uripiv Uripiv island Vanuatu 

38-HAM-fe tautu Vanuatu 

38-HAM-ff uri* Vanuatu 

38-HAN UNUA+ KULIVIU* net 

38-HAN-a Unua Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-aa unua-A. onua Unua coast Vanuatu 

38-HAN-ab 'bush'-unua Vanuatu 

38-HAN-b Rerep+ Tisman Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-ba rerep pangkumu Pangkumu bay Vanuatu 

38-HAN-bb tisman Vanuatu 

38-HAN-c Aulua+ Onesso Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-ca aulua Aulua bay Vanuatu 

38-HAN-cb onesso Vanuatu 

38-HAN-cc boinelang Vanuatu 

38-HAN-d Burmbar+ Vartavo Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-da burmbar "banan bay" Banan Bay Vanuatu 

38-HAN-db vartavo* Vanuatu 

38-HAN-e Lamap Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-ea lamap including port-sandwich… Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-f Kuliviu Malekula-SE. island: Maskelyne islands Vanuatu 3 

38-HAN-fa kuliviu "maskelynes" with more island dialects to be identified Vanuatu 3 

38-HAN-faa peskarus Peskarüs town & island 

38-HAN-fab asue Assoué 

38-HAN-g Axamb Malekula-S. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAN-ga axamb ahamb Vanuatu 2 

38-HAO MALFAXAL+ 

SENIANG* net 

38-HAO-a Malfaxal+ Seniang Malekula-SW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAO-aa malfaxal malvaxal Malfaxal coast Vanuatu 

38-HAO-ab orierh Vanuatu 

38-HAO-ac nakahai na'ahai, naahai Toman island Vanuatu 

38-HAO-ad taman tomman Toman island Vanuatu 

38-HAO-ae sinesip part of "southwest bay" Vanuatu 

38-HAO-af seniang part of "southwest bay" Vanuatu 

38-HAP LEWO+ BIEREBO* 

net 

EPI 

38-HAP-a Lewo Epi-NE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-aa mate Maté Vanuatu 

38-HAP-ab nul niul, noul Noul Vanuatu 

38-HAP-ac filakara Filakara Vanuatu 

38-HAP-ad varsu* Vanuatu 

38-HAP-ae tasiko Vanuatu 

38-HAP-b Bierebo Epi-NW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-ba bonkovia bonkowia Bonkowia Vanuatu 

38-HAP-bb yevali Vanuatu 

38-HAP-bc tavio Tavio Vanuatu 

38-HAP-c Baki Epi-W. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-ca baki burumba Burumba Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-d Maii Epi-CW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-da maii mafilau, mae-morae Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-e Bieria Epi-SW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HAP-ea bieria bieri Vanuatu 2



38-HAQ ETON+ NGUNA* net 

38-HAQ-a Namakura+ Buninga "namakuran" Tongoa-E. island+ Emwae-S. island + adjacent islands Vanuatu 3 

38-HAQ-aa tongoa Tongoa-E. island: Mangarisiou Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-ab tongariki Tongariki island Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-ac buninga Buninga island Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-ad na-makura Emwae-S.+ Makura islands Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-ae mataso Mataso island Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-b Nguna+ Paunangis Efate-N. island + adjacent islands Vanuatu 3 

38-HAQ-ba n-guna "ngunese", tongoa Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-baa nikapa Nguna island: Nikapa… Outanlang Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-bab lambukuti Tongoa-W. island: Lamboukouti Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-bb lelepa "havannah-harbour" Lelepa island: Natapao Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-bc sesake Saké island Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-bd emau emao Emao island: Marao… Wana… Ngouroua Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-be paunangis paonanguis Efate-N. island: Paonanguis… Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-bf livara Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-c Erakor+ Fate efate-S. Efate-S. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAQ-ca fate Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-cb erakor Erakor peninsula Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-d Eton+ Epwau efate-E. Efate-E. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HAQ-da eton Eton… Vanuatu 

38-HAQ-db epwau Ebau… Vanuatu 

38-HB SAKAO+ LITARO 

chain 

'santo'-E. 

38-HBA SAKAO+ LIARA net 'santo'-NE. 

38-HBA-a Sakao+ Liara santo Espiritu Santo-NE. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HBA-aa sakao sakau Sakao island Vanuatu 

38-HBA-ab 'hog-harbour' Hog Harbour Vanuatu 

38-HBA-ac liara livara 2 Vanuatu 0 

38-HBB LITARO+ 

POLONOMBAUK net 

38-HBB-a Litaro+ 

Lorediakarkar 

'santo'-SE. 

Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HBB-aa lorediakarkar Vanuatu 1 

38-HBB-ab 'shark-bay' Shark Bay coast Vanuatu 2 

38-HBB-ac litaro Litaro island Vanuatu 2 

38-HBB-b Butmas-Tur Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HBB-ba butmas-tur ati Vanuatu 2 

38-HBB-c Polonombauk Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HBB-ca polonombauk Vanuatu 2 

38-HC LAREVAT+ LABO 

chain 

INNER-MALEKULA 

38-HCA LAREVAT+ KATBOL 

net 

38-HCA-a Leviamp Malekula-NW. island Vanuatu 3 

38-HCA-aa leviamp "big-nambas", nambas-N. Leviamp Vanuatu 3 

38-HCA-b Maragus Malekula-NE. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HCA-ba maragus maragaus Vanuatu 1 

38-HCA-c Larevat Malekula-W. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-ca larevat laravat Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-d Litzlitz+ Visele Malekula-E. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-da litzlitz Lakatoro coast Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-db visele* Vanuatu 2* 

38-HCA-e Lingarak Malekula-CE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-ea lingarak Bushman's Bay bay Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-f Vinmavis+ Winiv Malekula-CW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-fa vinmavis lambumbu Vanuatu 

38-HCA-fb winiv Vanuatu 

38-HCA-g Tisvel katbol-W. Malekula-CW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-ga tisvel Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-h Tembimbe+ Katbol katbol-E. Malekula-CE. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCA-ha tembimbe timbembe Vanuatu 

38-HCA-hb katbol Vanuatu 

38-HCA-hc taremp Vanuatu


38-HCB NASARIAN+ 

LETEMBOI net 

nambas-S. 

38-HCB-a Nasarian Malekula-CS. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HCB-aa nasarian 1 

38-HCB-b Repanbitip Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HCB-ba repanbitip 1 

38-HCB-c Letemboi Malekula-S. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCB-ca letemboi "small-nambas"-S. Vanuatu 2 

38-HCB-d 'Dixon-Reef' Malekula-W. island Vanuatu 1 

38-HCB-da 'dixon-reef' 1 

38-HCC LABO net 

38-HCC-a Labo Malekula-SW. island Vanuatu 2 

38-HCC-aa labo mewun, meaun, nide Vanuatu 2


39= TRANSPACIFIC 

phylozone 

39-A ROTUMA set 

39-AA ROTUMA chain 

39-AAA ROTUMA net 

covers the "Transpacific" grouping, part of the "Oceanic" 

affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; 

comprising 3 sets of languages (= 57 outer languages) 

spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands across the 

Pacific Ocean from the Caroline Islands to Hawaii and Easter 

Island: 

39-A ROTUMA 39-B BAU+NADROGA 

39-C NUKUORO+RAPANUI 

The island languages and communities of the Nukuoro+ 

Rapanui set (& chain) extend well over a quarter of the way 

around the planet, from the Caroline islands to Easter island 

(from 154ºE to 109ºW) 


Chile (Easter Island), Fiji, 

Micronesia, New Caledonia / 

Kanaky, Samoa, New Zealand / 

Aotearoa, Papua New Guinea, 

Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, 

Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna, and 

USA (Hawaii) 

39-AAA-a Rotuma Rotuma island; plus migration> Viti Levu+ Vanua Levu islands Fiji (Rotuma; Viti Levu; Vanua 

Levu) 

39-AAA-aa rotuma rotuna, rutuman Fiji (Rotuma; Viti Levu; Vanua 

Levu) 

39-B BAU+ NADROGA set "WIDER"-FIJIAN the extreme linguistic complexity of traditional 

communities in Fiji has probably been understated, and further 

investigation is required 

39-BA NADROGA+ 

NAMOSI chain 

"fijian"-W. influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji 

39-BAA NADROGA+ WAYA 

net 

"nuclear fijian"-W. 

39-BAA-a Waya+ Magodro Yasawa islands; plus migration> Viti-Levu island Fiji (Yasawa; migration> Viti-Levu) 4 

39-BAA-aa waya Waya island… adjacent islands Fiji (Yasawa…) 

39-BAA-ab nakoroboya Fiji (Yasawa…) 

39-BAA-ac noikoro Fiji (Yasawa…) 

39-BAA-ad magodro Fiji (Yasawa…) 

39-BAA-b Nadroga+ Tubaniwai Viti-Levu-SW. island Fiji (Viti-Levu) 4 

39-BAA-ba nadroga nadrogaa Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BAA-bb tubaniwai Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BAB NAMOSI+ SERUA 

net 

"peripheral fijian"-W. 

39-BAB-a Namosi+ Serua Viti Levu-CS. island + Vatuele islands Fiji (Viti-Levu; Vatuele) 4 

39-BAB-aa namosi Namosi Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BAB-ab naitasiri naitaasiri Fiji 

39-BAB-ac serua seerua Fiji 

39-BAB-ad batiwai Fiji 

39-BAB-ae tubai Fiji 

39-BAB-af nalea Fiji 

39-BB BAU+ LAU* chain "fijian"-E. 

39-BBA BAU+ LAU net 

39-BBA-a Bau-Fiji including bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" centered on 

the traditional idioms of Vitu-Levu-SE. island, and particularly on the 

offshore island of Bau, the idiom of which formed the basis for 

development of the national Fijian language from 19 th century 

Viti-Levu-SE. + Bau islands; with extension throughout Fiji islands 

39-BBA-aa fiji-F. "standard fijian", "standard" bau Viti-Levu+ Bau islands, with 

extension throughout Fiji islands Bau model; Latin script influence 

< [39=] Lau, [39=]Tonga and [52=]English; 

39-BBA-ab fiji-G. "generalised fijian", "urban fijian", "prestige fijian" throughout Fiji 

islands 

39-BBA-ac fiji-V. 'pijin fijian', "fijian contact vehicular" throughout Fiji islands Fiji 

39-BBA-ad bau m-bau, bau-fijian, bauan; part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. 

"traditional" traditional idiom of Bau island, now submerged < the 

resulting generalised Fijian Bau island; plus migration> Viti-Levu 

mainland island 

39-BBA-ae naimasimasi part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Naimasimasi 

coast 

Fiji; migration> New Zealand / 

Aotearoa 

A Fiji 5 

Fiji 

Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BBA-af nadrau part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BBA-ag waidina part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BBA-ah lutu part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Lutu interior Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

5 

4 

4 

5


39-BBA-b Namena+ Lovoni* Viti-Levu-NE. island influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Viti-Levu) 4 

39-BBA-ba tokaimalo Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BBA-bb namena Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BBA-bc lovoni #distinction from Lovoni town on Ovalau island to be confirmed Fiji (Viti-Levu) 

39-BBA-c Lomaiviti Ovalau+ Gau+ Koro archipelago influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 4 

39-BBA-ca koro Koro island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-cb makogai Makogai island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-cc levuka Levuka island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-cd ovalau Ovalau island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-ce batiki Batiki island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-cf nairai Nairai island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-cg gau Gau island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 

39-BBA-d Kadavu Kadavu+ Ono islands influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 4 

39-BBA-da tavuki Kadavu island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 4 

39-BBA-db nabukelevu Kadavu island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 3 

39-BBA-dc ono Ono island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 

39-BBA-e Lau lauan Lau archipelago influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Lau) 4 

39-BBA-ea matuku* Matuku island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-eb totoya* Totoya island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ec naitaba* Naitaba island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ed moala* Moala island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ee yacata* Yacata island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ef vanua-balavu Vanua-Balavu island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-eg mago* Mago island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-eh tuvuca* Tuvuca island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ei cicia* Cicia island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ej nayau Nayau island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ek lakeba Lakeba island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-el vanua-vatu Vanua-Vatu island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-em oneata Oneata island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-en moce Mothe, Moce island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-eo namuka Namuka-i-Lau island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ep kabara Kambara, Kabara island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-eq fulanga Fulanga, Fulaga, Vulaga island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-er ongea Ongea, Ogea-Levu Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-es vatoa Vatoa island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-et ono-i-lau* Ono-i-Lau island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-eu tuvana-i-ra* Tuvana-i-Ra island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-ev tuvana-i-colo* Tuvana-i-Colo island Fiji (Lau) 

39-BBA-f Vanua-Levu-W. Vanua-Levu-W.+ Yadua islands influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 

39-BBA-fa navatu-W. Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-fb solevu Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-fc bua Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-fd navakasiga Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-g Vanua-Levu-C. Vanua-Levu-CS. island influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 

39-BBA-ga baravi baaravi Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-gb seaqaqa seaqaaqaa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-gc savusavu Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-gd nabalebale Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-h Vanua-Levu-SE. Vanua-Levu-SE. island influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 

39-BBA-ha navatu-C.* Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-hb tunuloa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-hc naweni Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-hd baumaa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-i Vanua-Levu-NE. Vanua-Levu-NE. island influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 

39-BBA-ia labasa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-ib dogotuki Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-ic saqan Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-id koroalau Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-j Gone+ Dau Vanua-Levu-NW. island: Gone + Dau islands influence < [39=] 

Bau-Fiji 

Fiji (Vanua Levu) 3 

39-BBA-ja gone Gone island Fiji (Vanua Levu) 

39-BBA-jb dau Dau island Fiji (Vanua Levu)



39-BBA-k Taveuni* Taveuni islands influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Taveuni) 3 

39-BBA-ka taveuni Fiji (Taveuni) 3 

39-BBA-l Okobia* Okobia island influence < [39=] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Okobia) 2 

39-BBA-la okobia Fiji (Okobia) 2 

39-C NUKUORO+ 

RAPANUI set 

39-CA NUKUORO+ 

RAPANUI chain 

39-CAA NUKUORO net 

POLYNESIAN 

; with complex internal relationships, resulting from interinsular 

migrations Latin script 

39-CAA-a Nukuoro Nukuoro island; also migration> Ponape island Micronesia 1 

39-CAA-aa nukuoro nukoro, nuguor Micronesia 1 

39-CAB KAPINGAMARANGI 

net 

39-CAB-a Kapingamarangi Kapingamarangi island also migration> Ponape island: Porakiet Micronesia 3 

39-CAB-aa kapingamarangi Micronesia 3 

39-CAC NUGURIA+ SIKIANA 

net 

39-CAC-a Nuguria Nuguria, Nukuria, Feed islands Papua New Guinea 2 

39-CAC-aa nuguria nukuria, nahoa, fead, feed Papua New Guinea 2 

39-CAC-b Takuu Tauu island: Mortlock village Papua New Guinea 2 

39-CAC-ba takuu tauu, taku, tau, mortlock Papua New Guinea 2 

39-CAC-c Nukumanu Nukumanu, Tasman island Papua New Guinea 2 

39-CAC-ca nukumanu "tasman" Papua New Guinea 2 

39-CAC-d Ontong-Java Ontong Java, Luangiua, Lord Howe islands Solomon Islands 3 

39-CAC-da luangiua leuangiua, "lord-howe" Solomon Islands 

39-CAC-db pelau Solomon Islands 

39-CAC-e Sikiana Solomon Islands 2 

39-CAC-ea sikaiana sikayana Solomon Islands 2 

39-CAD MUNGGAVA+ 

MUNGIKI net 

39-CAD-a Munggava+ Mungiki "rennellese"+ "bellonese" Rennell+ Bellona islands Solomon Islands 3 

39-CAD-aa munggava "rennellese", Rennell islands Solomon Islands 

39-CAD-ab mungiki mugiki, bellona, "bellonese" Bellona island Solomon Islands 

39-CAE NUPANI+ MATEMA 

net 

"pilenic" 

39-CAE-a Nupani+ Aua "pilenic"-W. Reef islands Solomon Islands 2 

39-CAE-aa nupani Nupani island Solomon Islands 

39-CAE-ab nukapu Nukapu island Solomon Islands 

39-CAE-ac pileni pilheni Pileni island Solomon Islands 

39-CAE-ad aua Nifioli* island Solomon Islands 

39-CAE-b Matema+ Taumako "pilenic"-E. Duff+ Reef islands Solomon Islands 2 

39-CAE-ba matema Matema island Solomon Islands 

39-CAE-bb taumako "duff" Taumako island Solomon Islands 

39-CAF TIKOPIA+ ANUTA 

net 

39-CAF-a Tikopia Solomon Islands 3 

39-CAF-aa tikopia Tikopia island Solomon Islands 3 

39-CAF-b Anuta+ Fataka Anuta+ Fataka islands Solomon Islands 2 

39-CAF-ba anuta Anuta island Solomon Islands 

39-CAF-bb fataka* Fataka island Solomon Islands 

39-CAG EMAE net 

39-CAG-a Emae Emae, Emwae island Vanuatu 2 

39-CAG-aa emae emwae, mae, mwae, emai, mai Three Hills+ Sesake islands Vanuatu 2 

39-CAH MELE+ FILA net fila+ mele 

39-CAH-a Mele Efate island Vanuatu 3 

39-CAH-aa mele Mele Vanuatu 3 

39-CAH-b Fila Efate island Vanuatu 2 

39-CAH-ba fila efira, fira, ifira Vila Harbor, Fila Harbor bay: Fila island Vanuatu 2 

39-CAI FOTUNA+ ANIWA 

net 

"futunan", "erronan" 

39-CAI-a Fotuna West Futuna island (distinct from East Futuna island in Wallis- 

Futuna): Isavaï… Ikaokao 

Vanuatu 2 

39-CAI-aa fotuna futuna-W. distinct from [39=] Futuna (Futuna-E.) in Wallis-Futuna Vanuatu 2 

39-CAI-b Aniwa Aniwa island: Ipao… Matin'gi Vanuatu 2 

39-CAI-ba aniwa anewa Vanuatu 2


39-CAJ FAGA-UVEA net 

39-CAJ-a Faga-Uvea Loyauté, Loyalty islands: Ouvéa-Ouest, West Uvea island (distinct 

from East Uvea island in Wallis-Futuna) bilingual < [51=] Français 


39-CAJ-aa faga-uvea "uvean"-W., in [51=] Français: faga-uvéan, ouvéan distinct from 

[39=] Uvea (Uvea-E.) 


39-CAK TUVALU+ TOKELAU 

net 

"samoic outlier"-W. bilingual < [52=] English 

39-CAK-a Tuvalu-N. "tuvaluan"-N., "ellician"-N., "ellice"-N. Ellice islands Tuvalu 4 

39-CAK-aa nanumanga Nanumanga island Tuvalu 

39-CAK-ab nanumea Nanumea island Tuvalu 

39-CAK-ac niutao Niutao island Tuvalu 

39-CAK-b Tuvalu-S. "tuvaluan"-S., "ellician"-S., "ellice"-S. Ellice islands Tuvalu 4 

39-CAK-ba funafuti "standard" tuvalu Funafuti island A Tuvalu 4 

39-CAK-bb vaitupu Vaitupu islands Tuvalu 

39-CAK-bc nukulaila Nukulaila islands Tuvalu 

39-CAK-bd nukufetau Tuvalu 

39-CAK-c Tokelau "tokelauan" Tokelau islands… Olosega island Tokelau; Samoa; migration> New 

Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAK-ca atafu Atafu island Tokelau 

39-CAK-cb nukunono Nukunono island Tokelau 

39-CAK-cc fakaofo Fakaofo islands Tokelau 

39-CAK-cd olosega* Olosega, Swains island Samoa 

39-CAL UVEA net "uvean" 

39-CAL-a Uvea uvean-E., wallisian, in [51=] Français: wallisien Wallis islands… 

Vanuatu islands… Grande Terre island influence < [39=] Tonga; 

distinct from [39=] Faga-Uvea (Uvea-W.) bilingual < [51=] Français 

39-CAL-aa uvea-wallis Ouvéa-Est, East Uvea island (distinct from West Uvea island in New 

Caledonia) 

Wallis & Futuna; migration> 

Vanuatu; New Caledonia / Kanaky 

Wallis & Futuna 3 

39-CAL-ab uvea-vanuatu Vanuatu 2 

39-CAL-ac uvea-kanaky Grande Terre island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

39-CAM FUTUNA+ 

NIUAFO'OU net 

"futunian" 

39-CAM-a Futuna+ Alofi Futuna islands; migration> Grande Terre island bilingual < [51=] 

Français 

39-CAM-aa futuna futuna-E. Futuna-E. island (distinct from West Futuna island in 

Vanuatu): 

Wallis & Futuna; migration> New 

Caledonia / Kanaky 

Wallis & Futuna 3 

39-CAM-ab futuna-kanaky Grande Terre island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 

39-CAM-ac alofi* Alofi island Wallis & Futuna 2 

39-CAM-b Niuafo'ou Niuafo'ou island Tonga 2 

39-CAM-ba niuafo'ou Tonga 2 

39-CAN PUKAPUKA net 

39-CAN-a Pukapuka Cook islands: Pukapuka island Cook Islands; migration> New 


39-CAN-aa pukapuka "bukabukan" Cook Islands; also New Zealand / 

Aotearoa 

39-CAO SAMOA net "samoan" 

39-CAO-a Samoa Samoa islands bilingual < [52=] English Western Samoa; American Samoa; 

migration from Samoa> New 

Zealand / Aotearoa; migration from 

American Samoa> USA (Hawaii; 

California) 

39-CAO-aa samoa-W. "samoan"-W. Savai'I… Upolu islands Western Samoa 5 

39-CAO-aaa samoa-F. "formal" samoan 

39-CAO-aab samoa-G. "casual" samoan, "generalised" samoan 

39-CAO-ab samoa-E. "samoan"-E. Tutula… Manu'a islands American Samoa 

39-CAP TONGA+ NIUE net "tongic" 

39-CAP-a Niue Niue island Niue; migration> New Zealand / 

Aotearoa 

39-CAP-aa niue "niuean", 'niuefekai' Niue; also New Zealand / Aotearoa 3 

39-CAP-b Tonga "tongan" Tonga islands Tonga; migration> New Zealand / 

Aotearoa; migration> USA (Hawaii; 

California; Utah) 

39-CAP-ba tonga-niuatoputapu* ; having submerged Niuatoputapu (extinct in 18th century) Tonga 3 

39-CAP-bb vava'u Vava'u islands Tonga 

39-CAP-bc ha'apai Ha'apai islands Tonga 

39-CAP-bd tongatapu Tongatapu islands Tonga 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

5 

3 

5


39-CAQ MAORI+ TAHITI net "tahitic"+ "marquesic" bilingual < [52=] English or [51=] Français 

39-CAQ-a Maori new-zealand maori North + South islands formerly also Chatham 

island (now extinct) bilingual < [52=] English 


New Zealand / Aotearoa 5 

39-CAQ-aa maori-F. "formal" maori, "classical" maori New Zealand / Aotearoa 5 

39-CAQ-ab maori-W. North Island-W. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 4 

39-CAQ-aba te-aupouri+ ngapuhi "auckland"-N. Auckland-N. peninsula New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-abb waikato+ maniapoto Auckland southwards: Waikato valley New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-abc wanganui+ taranaki Wanganui valley… Taranaki Bight coast New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-ac maori-C. maori "transitional" North Island-C. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 4 

39-CAQ-aca ngati-maru Coromandel peninsula: Harauki plains New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-acb te-arawa Rotorua New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-acc ngati-tuwharetoa Taupo lake New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-ad maori-E. North Island-E. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 4 

39-CAQ-ada ngati-awa ngai-te-rangi+ ngati-awa+ te-whakatohea+ tuhoe Bay of Plenty 

coast+ hinterland 

New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-adb ngati-porou te-whanau-a-apanui+ ngati-porou East Coast peninsula New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-adc rongowhakaata rongowhakata Poverty Bay bay New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-add ngati-kahungunu Hawke's Bay bay+ Wairarapa New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-ae maori-S. "south-island" maoriextinct, now replaced by speakers from North 

Island South Island island 

New Zealand / Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-af moriori Chatham island New Zealand / Aotearoa 0 

39-CAQ-b Rarotonga+ 

Mangaia 

kuki-airani, "rarotongan"+ "mangaian", "cook-islands" maori Cook 

islands; with migration & settlement (over 50% of speakers)> New 

Zealand / Aotearoa bilingual < [52=] English; some interintelligibility 

with [39=] Maori 

Cook Islands; large-scale 

migration> New Zealand / 

Aotearoa 

39-CAQ-ba rarotonga "rarotongan"Rarotonga island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-bb mangaia "mangaian" Mangaia island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-bc mauke Mauke island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-bd aitutaki Aitutaki island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-be atiu Atiu island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-bf mitiaro Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-c Rakahanga+ 

Manihiki 

"cook-islands" maori 2bilingual < [52=] English Cook islands Cook Islands; migration> New 


39-CAQ-ca rakahanga Rakahanga island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-cb manihiki Manihiki island Cook Islands 

39-CAQ-d Tongareva Cook islands bilingual < [52=] English Cook Islands 2 

39-CAQ-da tongareva penrhyn, mangarongaro;Tongareva, Penrhyn island Cook Islands 2 

39-CAQ-e Hawai'i "marquesic"-N., "hawaiian"bilingual < [52=] English Hawaiian 

islands 

USA (Hawaii) 3 

39-CAQ-ea ni'hau Ni'hau island USA (Hawaii) 

39-CAQ-eb hawai'i-A. Hawai'i island USA (Hawaii) 

39-CAQ-f Hatutu+ Nuku-Hiva "marquesan"-N. Marquesas-N. islands translingual < [39=] Tahiti & 

bilingual < [51=] Français influence < [39=] Tahiti 

39-CAQ-fa hatutu Hatutu island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-fb nuku-hiva Nuku-Hiva island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-fc ua-huka Ua-Huka island French Polynesia 

French Polynesia 3 

39-CAQ-fd ua-pou Ua-Pou island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-g Hiva-Oa+ Fatu-Hiva "marquesan"-S. Marquesas-S. islands translingual < [39=] Tahiti & 



39-CAQ-ga hiva-oa Hiva-Oa island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-gb tahuta tahuata Tahuata island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-gc fatu-hiva Fatu-Hiva island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-h Tahiti "tahitian", in [51=] French: tahitienbilingual < [51=] Français Société 

islands 

French Polynesia; migration>New 


39-CAQ-ha tahiti-A. Tahiti island French Polynesia 5 

39-CAQ-hb tahiti-V. "polynesian vehicular" vehicular extension throughout French 

Polynesia 

French Polynesia; also New 


39-CAQ-hba maupiti* Maupiti island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbb tupai* Tupai island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbc borobora* Borobora island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbd taha'a* Taha'a island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbe ra'iatea* Ra'iatea island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbf huahine* Huahine island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbg tapuaemanu* Tapuaemanu island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbh mo'orea* Mo'orea island French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-hbi mehetia* Mehetia island French Polynesia 

4 

3 

5


39-CAQ-i Pa'umotu "tuamotuan" influence < [39=] Tahiti translingual < [39=] Tahiti & 

bilingual < [51=] Français Tuamotu archipelago 

39-CAQ-ia mihiroa taravaia Matahiva+ Tikahau+ Rangiroa+ Arutua+ Apataki+ Kaukura+ 

Makatea+ Nieu islands 


French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-ib vahitu Ahe+ Manihi+ Takaroa+ Takapoto islands French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-ic napuka Tepoto+ Napuka islands French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-id fangatau tupitimoake Fangatau+ Fakahina+ Pukapuka islands French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-ie reao Reao+ Pukaroa islands French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-if marangai Tatakoto+ Akiaki+ Vahitahi+ Nukutavake+ Pinaki+ Vairaatea+ 

Ahunui+ Vanavana+ Tureia+ Marutea islands 

39-CAQ-ig tapuhoe Aratika+ Toau+ Kauehi+ Raraka+ Fakaraya+ Katiu+ Makemo+ 

Taenga+ Raroia+ Nihiru+ Haraiki+ Hikueru+ Amanu+ Marokau+ 

Ravahere+ Hao+ Nengonengo+ Perace islands 



39-CAQ-ih parata putahi Anaa+ Hereheretue islands French Polynesia 

39-CAQ-ii moruroa* Duke of Gloucester+ Tematangi+ Moruroa+ Fangataufa+ Actaeon+ 

Maria+ Morane islands 


39-CAQ-j Tubuai+ Rurutu "austral islands" Tubuai, Austral islands French Polynesia 3 

39-CAQ-ja tubuai+ rurutu tupua'i+ rurutu Rurutu+ Tupua'i+ Rimatara+ Ra'ivavae islands French Polynesia 3 

39-CAQ-k Mangareva "mangarevan" Tuamotu-SE. archipelagotranslingual < [39=] Tahiti & 



39-CAQ-ka mangareva Mangareva+ Temoe islands French Polynesia 3 

39-CAQ-l Rapa bilingual < [39=] Tahiti & [51=] Français influence < [39=] Tahiti French Polynesia 2 

39-CAQ-la rapa "rapan" Rapa island French Polynesia 2 

39-CAR RAPANUI net bilingual < [51=] Español 

39-CAR-a Rapanui Easter island Chile 3 

39-CAR-aa rapanui "easter island", pascuense Chile 3

0=AFRICAN geosector

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