demokratia, ganaTleba da multikulturalizmi
demokratia, ganaTleba da multikulturalizmi
demokratia, ganaTleba da multikulturalizmi
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<strong>demokratia</strong>, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong><br />
moqalaqeobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli dilemebi globalur<br />
samyaroSi<br />
karlos alberto toresi<br />
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.<br />
Lanham Boulder New York Oxford<br />
ამ მასალის მომზადება შესაძლებელი გახდა ამერიკელი ხალხის კეთილი ნებითა და აშშ საერთაშორისო<br />
განვითარების სააგენტოს მხარდაჭერით. მასალის შინაარსზე პასუხისმგებელია კემონიკს ინთერნეშენალი ინკ. და<br />
ლოს ანჯელესის უნივერსიტეტი კალიფორნიაში, და იგი არ წარმოადგენს აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების<br />
სააგენტოსა ან აშშ მთავრობის აზრს. ეს მასალა ითარგმნა და დაიბეჭდა აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების სააგენტოს<br />
განათლების მართვის პროექტის ფარგლებში, რომელიც ხორციელდება საქართველოს განათლების და მეცნიერების<br />
სამინისტროსა და ილია ჭავჭავაძის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტთან ერთად.<br />
2
gamoqveynebulia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.-is mier<br />
4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706<br />
12 Hid’s Copse Road<br />
Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England<br />
saavtoro ufleba © 1998 karlos alberto toresis<br />
yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong>culia. gamomcemlis winaswari nebarTvis gareSe<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSvebelia winamdebare publikaciis ama Tu im nawilis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n gamocema,<br />
informaciis saZiebo sistemaSi Senaxva an raime formiT _ eleqtronuli,<br />
meqanikuri, fotoasliT, firze CaweriT <strong>da</strong> a.S. _ gavrceleba.<br />
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available<br />
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data<br />
toresi, karlos alberto.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, <strong>da</strong> multikulturizmi: moqalaqeobasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli dilemebi globalur samyaroSi / karlos alberto<br />
toresi.<br />
p.cm.<br />
wignSi Sesulia bibliografiuli cnobebi <strong>da</strong> indeqsi.<br />
ISBN 0-8476-8534-9 (cloth: alk. paper). – ISBN 0-8476-8535-7 (paper: alk. paper)<br />
1. kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika. 2. <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo. 3.<br />
multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>. 4. moqalaqeoba. 1. saTauri<br />
LC196.T65 1998<br />
370.11’5 –dc21<br />
98-4047<br />
CIP<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoyenebuli qaRaldi Seesabameba im<br />
minimalur moTxovnebs, romelsac amerikuli saxelmwifo stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
sainformacio sistemis mimarT ayenebs – Permanence of Paper for Printed<br />
Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.<br />
3
wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:<br />
gamocemis re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi:<br />
nino CubiniZe nchubinidze@gem.ge<br />
medea kakaCia mkakachia@usaid.gov<br />
mTargmnelebi:<br />
maka TevdoraZe makatevd1@gmail.com<br />
naTia amiriZe<br />
manana dumbaZe<br />
natia1998@yahoo.com<br />
Targmanis re<strong>da</strong>torebi:<br />
nino Caduneli<br />
Sinaarsis re<strong>da</strong>qtori:<br />
nino javaxiSvili<br />
manandumbadze@gmail.com<br />
nchaduneli@yahoo.com<br />
nino@sdpdd.ge<br />
grafikuli dizaini <strong>da</strong> formatireba:<br />
giorgi aleqsiZe georgealeksidze@hotmail.com<br />
nino esebua nino.esebua.1@iliauni.edu.ge<br />
4
Sinaarsi<br />
avtorisagan ..............................................................................................................................................................................................9<br />
1. wesrigis saidumlo Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebi: Sesavali ............................................................................................12<br />
saxelmwifo, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ...........................................................................................................12<br />
moqalaqeobrioba, <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>: Teoriuli problema ......... 14<br />
Tezisi, romelic winamdebare wignSi wina planzea wamoweuli ................................................. 16<br />
wignis struqtura ...................................................................................................................................................................... 18<br />
2. saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ............................................................................................................................................... 22<br />
saxelmwifo: cnebis gansazRvrebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi ........................................ 23<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ................................................................................................................................................ 29<br />
saxelmwifos koncefcia ....................................................................................................................................................... 31<br />
kapitalisturi saxelmwifo demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, Tu demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifo kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi? ................................................................................................. 41<br />
klasikuri Teoriebi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb: liberalizmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
marqsizmamde .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44<br />
Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi saxelmwifo ...................... 53<br />
liberaluri saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ....................................................................................................... 53<br />
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>: arCevani <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
pluralizmi ............................................................................................................................................................................... 62<br />
neoliberaluri saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>: avtonomiis sakiTxi .........................................71<br />
paralelisturi Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> codna saxelmwifos Sesaxeb: nekonservatizmis <strong>da</strong><br />
neoliberalizmis kritika ........................................................................................................................................... 76<br />
socialuri regulireba, saxelmwifo sfero, <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos intervencia:<br />
ostmodernistuli Tvalsazrisi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze ........................................ 83<br />
patriarqaluri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg galaSqreba? feminizmi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
Seferiloba ................................................................................................................................................................................ 89<br />
Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 96<br />
3. globalizacia ........................................................................................................................................................................... 104<br />
5
globalizaciis fenomeni ................................................................................................................................................ 104<br />
Okapitalizmis globalizacia <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis restruqturizacia 107<br />
globalizacia <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba: suvereniteti, bazrebi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi...... 111<br />
moqalaqeebi <strong>da</strong> bazrebi ................................................................................................................................................ 112<br />
moqalaqeebi, saxelmwifo suvereniteti <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri uflebebi ...... 119<br />
globalizacia <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli moqalaqeoba: postmodernizmis Svilebi? ... 123<br />
globalizacia, moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>roba ............................................................................................ 127<br />
A aris Tu ara kosmopolituri demokratiebi gamosavali? .......................................................... 136<br />
4. moqalaqeoba .................................................................................................................................................................................. 143<br />
moqalaqe ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 143<br />
ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc moqalaqeobis safuZveli ......................................................................... 145<br />
moqalaqeoba, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>: T. h. marSalis wvlili ....................................... 147<br />
neokonservatorebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba ...................................................................................................................... 150<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, moqalaqeoba, momxmareblebi <strong>da</strong> bazari: jeof vitis kritika ...................... 153<br />
feminizmis, postkolonializmis, rasis kritikuli Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
moZraobebis gamowvevebi .................................................................................................................................................... 156<br />
feminizmi ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 156<br />
postkolonializmi ........................................................................................................................................................... 166<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoria ............................................................................................................................................ 170<br />
axali socialuri moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba .................................................................................... 174<br />
Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 183<br />
postskriptumi: siRaribe <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis dualizacia .................................................................. 184<br />
ormagi moqalaqeoba .......................................................................................................................................................... 185<br />
dualuri moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> siRaribe ................................................................................................................. 189<br />
5. <strong>demokratia</strong> ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 197<br />
demokratiis Teoriebi ........................................................................................................................................................ 197<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ........................................................................................................................................... 201<br />
6
liberaluri demokratiis triumfi ...................................................................................................................... 203<br />
liberaluri <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri kapitali ............................................................................... 208<br />
liberaluri demokratiis krizisi <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis roli .............................................................. 213<br />
demokratiuli ganaTlebis moTxovna .................................................................................................................. 217<br />
politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli politika ...... 220<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ............................................................................................................................................... 223<br />
postskriptumi: <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> socializmi ................................................................................................. 227<br />
6. <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> ......................................................................................................................................................... 232<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc socialuri moZraoba, rogorc multikulturuli<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> rogorc moqalaqeTa <strong>ganaTleba</strong>: TeTrkanianobis sakiTxi ........................ 232<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc socialuri moZraoba <strong>da</strong> rogorc Teoriuli<br />
midgoma ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 236<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>: jeims benqsis<br />
Tvalsazrisi ................................................................................................................................................................................. 241<br />
liberaluri kritika ...........................................................................................................................................................244<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc laSqroba: neokonservatiuli kritika ........................... 250<br />
klasi, rasa <strong>da</strong> ganmanaTlebloba: kritika memarcxeneTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n ......................................... 263<br />
identobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s kritikulad sa<strong>da</strong>vo sakiTxebi: <strong>da</strong>skvna ....... 279<br />
7. demokratiuli mულტიკულტუruli moqalaqeobis Teoriisken .................................................. 292<br />
los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n bostonisaken: Canaxati ........................................................................................................ 292<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis gamowvevebi .................................................... 295<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb TeoriaTa Sedegebi: ratom un<strong>da</strong> iazrovnon<br />
ganaTlebis mkvlevrebma politikurad ganaTlebis Sesaxeb? ...................................................... 296<br />
problemuri <strong>da</strong>sawyisi ................................................................................................................................................... 296<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli sakiTxebi ................................................................................................................................................. 297<br />
argumenti 1: klasikosebi ............................................................................................................................................ 298<br />
argumenti 2: metanarativi ........................................................................................................................................... 298<br />
argumenti 3: Zalaufleba ............................................................................................................................................ 300<br />
argumenti 4: axali sawyisebi .................................................................................................................................. 301<br />
7
argumenti 5: niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvneloba an depolitizacia ................ 302<br />
winaaRmdegobebi, dilemebi <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebi ..................................................................................................... 303<br />
gamowvevebi ................................................................................................................................................................................. 303<br />
winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> dilemebi ................................................................................................................................. 304<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoria ............................................................... 307<br />
politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli politika ...... 313<br />
mravalferovnebis winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebi: <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>,<br />
moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si ....................................................................................................... 315<br />
kanoni <strong>da</strong> kultura ................................................................................................................................................................ 323<br />
samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeoba ....... 331<br />
epilogi .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 336<br />
biblografia 342<br />
avtoris Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................................................................................. 365<br />
8
avtorisagan<br />
weris procesi inteleqtualuri mogzaurobaa, savse aRmoCenebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
dialogebiT. am wignze muSaobisas udidesi samsaxuri gamiwies Cemma<br />
megobrebma <strong>da</strong> kolegebma, romlebic ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
moTminebiT ekidebodnen im akviatebul interess, romelsac saxelmwifos,<br />
ganaTlebis, moqalaqeobis, demokratiis <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
urTierTobebze msjelobisas viCendi. am diskusiebs araerTxel Seewira<br />
Cveni musaifi <strong>da</strong> mSvenieri vaxSamic ki.<br />
madloba min<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vuxado maikl v. efls, robert arnovs, atilio<br />
alberto borons, sol koens, aw gansvenebul paulo reglus neves freirs,<br />
moakir gadotis, valter garsias, zel<strong>da</strong> groeners, jon havkinss, pet<br />
makdonous, ted mitCels, marsela moliss, pilar o’kadizs, raj panus,<br />
reimond paredess, devid planks, tomas s. popkeviCs, adriana puigross, xose<br />
eustaqio romaos, <strong>da</strong>niel Sugurenskis <strong>da</strong> uelford (baz) uilmss.<br />
zogierTi Cemi kolega <strong>da</strong> megobari xelnawerSi gaecno Cems naSroms<br />
an mis garkveul nawils <strong>da</strong> erTob sagulisxmo SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> siRrmiseuli<br />
rCevebi momawo<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebuli madloba min<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vuxado nik<br />
burbuliss, rei rokos, <strong>da</strong>g kelners, tod gitlins <strong>da</strong> gloria ledsonbilingss.<br />
raimond alen moroum, romelTanac bolo aTi weli mWidrod<br />
vTanamSromlobdi sociologiuri Teoriis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sakiTxebze,<br />
rogorc yovelTvis, didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba gamiwia Tavisi SorsmWvreti kritikuli<br />
SeniSvnebiT.<br />
xelnawerTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ukiduresad sasargeblo rCevebi miviRe<br />
ramdenime magistrantisganac, rac Cemi azriT, kidev erTxel a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />
rom moswavle maswavlebelia, maswavlebeli ki _ moswavle. studentebTan<br />
urTierTobis procesSi, SesaZloa ver SevZeli maTi niWis srulad<br />
gamovlena, magram min<strong>da</strong> vaRiaro, rom maT metad saintereso wina<strong>da</strong>debebi<br />
SemomTavazes. aseve, madlobas vuxdi maria beatris santanas, oqtavio<br />
peskadors, saul duartes, ali jumas, karmen laura toress, piter kips,<br />
jenifer jafnoskis, qsoCitl perezs, gabino aguires, devid viqtorins, karen<br />
makklafertis, juli tompsons <strong>da</strong> anali haros.). madloba Cems megobar din<br />
birkenkamps profesionalizmisaTvis, gaRebuli siTbosa <strong>da</strong><br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robisaTvis, aseve, sagamomcemlo saqmis mimarT gaweuli<br />
RvawlisaTvis _ igi Rowman & Littlefield –is aRmsrulebeli re<strong>da</strong>qtoria <strong>da</strong><br />
gansakuTrebiT zrunavs demokratiuli socialuri garemos<br />
CamoyalibebisTvis.<br />
9
sanam sabolood <strong>da</strong>vazustebdi wignTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul detalebs,<br />
mudmivad miwev<strong>da</strong> mogzauroba meqsikaSi, braziliaSi <strong>da</strong> argentinaSi. is<br />
Sinagani sisufTave <strong>da</strong> gulCviloba, aseve, siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobis<br />
gamoxatvis niWi, rac ase moWarbebiT axasiaTebT Cems meqsikel, braziliel<br />
<strong>da</strong> argentinel megobrebs, mu<strong>da</strong>m maxseneb<strong>da</strong> laTinur gamoTqmas “ad fontes”<br />
_ yovelTvis movuxme humanurobas, TanagrZnobas <strong>da</strong> siyvaruls –<br />
inteleqtualuri STagonebis WeSmarit wyaros.<br />
am wigns vuZRvni Cems de<strong>da</strong>s, romelic Tavisi a<strong>da</strong>mianurobiT<br />
yovelTvis mimaniSneb<strong>da</strong> imaze, rom TanagrZnobas ara aqvs sazRvari, rom<br />
siyvaruli aRemateba a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebasa <strong>da</strong> qcevas, <strong>da</strong> rom demokratiis<br />
principebiT cxovreba gmirobad ar un<strong>da</strong> iTvlebodes.<br />
am wigns, aseve, vuZRvni Cems qaliSvils laura silvinas, romelic<br />
ganuwyvetliv STamagonebs, rom cnobismoyvare, moazrovne gonebas,<br />
mosiyvarule xasiaTsa <strong>da</strong> dialogis <strong>da</strong>uokebel wyurvils samyaros Secvla<br />
ZaluZs, yovel SemTxvevaSi im a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis, vinc bedma masTan<br />
urTierTobiT <strong>da</strong>ajildova. lauras ganswavlulobam Tanamedrove<br />
sociologiuri Teoriis sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT eTnikurobisa <strong>da</strong> genderul<br />
sakiTxebSi, di<strong>da</strong>d ganapiroba am TemiT Cemi gataceba <strong>da</strong> misi ukeT gageba.<br />
Cemma vaJma, pablo sebastianma, romelic misTvis Cveuli cnobismoyvareobis<br />
gamo, nawilobriv gaecno naSromis xelnawers, mTeli Tavisi<br />
maxvilgonierebiTa <strong>da</strong> filosofiuri gonierebiT iseTi mniSvnelovani,<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>, rig SemTxvevaSi, ukiduresad kritikuli SeniSvnebi momca,<br />
rom am wignis miZRvna namdvilad <strong>da</strong>imsaxura. masTan urTierTobam <strong>da</strong> misma<br />
simarTlisaken swrafvam bevri ram maswavla. me vuZRvni am wigns Cems ufros<br />
vaJs, karlos albertos, romelsac sam sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi sam gansxvavebul<br />
enaze moux<strong>da</strong> swavla, <strong>da</strong> romelic cxovrebaSi ukeT axerxebs<br />
interkulturalizmis xorcSesxmas, vidre me es Teoriulad maqvs<br />
warmodgenili. misma uzado qcevam <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis pozitiurad Wvretam<br />
maswavla, rom migraciulma gamocdilebam SesaZloa sabolood uxilavi<br />
Rirsebis magvari unari Camoayalibos <strong>da</strong> es unari karlosis msgavs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs uSfoTvelad cxovrebaSi exmareba. wigni aseve eZRvneba Cemi<br />
ojaxis axal wevrebs nikol tomas <strong>da</strong> rosana disalvos. rogorc yovelTvis,<br />
ganskuTrebuli madlierebiT movixsenieb Cems meuRles <strong>da</strong> Tanamegzurs maria<br />
kristina ponss. Cveni Tanacxovreba ukve oc<strong>da</strong>xuT wels iTvlis. misi<br />
mgrZnobiare buneba, inteleqti <strong>da</strong> momnusxveli Rimili, profesionali<br />
literaturaTmcodnis alRo <strong>da</strong> mwerluri niWi ufro Sinaarsians xdi<strong>da</strong><br />
Cems cxovrebas, mexmarebo<strong>da</strong> gamecnobierebina <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mefasebina laTinuri<br />
amerikis literaturis umSvenieresi samyaro.<br />
10
<strong>da</strong>bolos, am wigns vuZRvni Cemi megobrisa <strong>da</strong> “maestros”, aw<br />
gansvenebuli paulo reglus neves freiris xsovnas, romelic laTinuri<br />
amerikis sindiss ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelic gar<strong>da</strong>icvala maSin, rodesac am<br />
wignze muSaobas vamTavrebdi. SeuZlebelia yvela im sikeTis CamoTvla, rac<br />
am a<strong>da</strong>mians CemTvis gaukeTebia. arasdros miecema <strong>da</strong>viwyebas misi mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
memkvidreoba _ swavlebani <strong>da</strong> naSromebi, romlebic mu<strong>da</strong>m gagvaxsenebs mis<br />
ukompromiso morals <strong>da</strong> utopiur azrovnebas, a<strong>da</strong>mianis usazRvro<br />
siyvaruls <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze mTavaria, arasdros <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydeba, ra<br />
gulmxurvaled gvaswavli<strong>da</strong> cnobismoyvareobis epistemologias.<br />
11
1<br />
wesrigis saidumlo Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebi: Sesavali<br />
saxelmwifo, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
“wesrigis srulyofa qaosi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams.”<br />
-karlos monsivaisi, qaosis tradiciebi<br />
qaotur mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes rogorc politika <strong>da</strong><br />
qveyana, ise ganaTlebis sistemac. meqsikeli JamTaaRmwerlis karlos<br />
monsivaisis figuralur nawarmoebSi qaosis tradiciebi socialuri wesrigis<br />
mignebis saxiT SeiZleba iqnes <strong>da</strong>naxuli. xorxe luis borxesi (1996) wesrigis<br />
saidumlo Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebis Sesaxeb saubrob<strong>da</strong>. Tu moviSveliebT ori<br />
cnobili laTino-amerikeli avtoris gamonaTqvamebs, borxesi <strong>da</strong> monsivaisi<br />
TavianTi nawarmoebebiT aCveneben, rom zogjer literatura cdilobs<br />
Cawvdes realobas, Tumca es mcdeloba yovelTvis warmatebiT ar mTavrdeba.<br />
sxva SemTxvevebSi, literaturuli nawarmoebi, romelSic warmosaxviTi<br />
xSirad iseT realobad iqceva, romlis mimarTac ar moqmedebs kanonikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
analitikuri moTxovnebi, realobis transformaciis dinamikis iseT gagebas<br />
gvTavazobs, romelic socialuri <strong>da</strong>rgis mecnierebisaTvis miuwvdomelia<br />
maTi erudiciis, Zalisxmevis <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>xvewili meTodebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. amis<br />
mizezi realobis transformaciis mrvalwaxnagovani ganzomilebaa. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, winamdebare Sesavlis saTaurad borxesis STamagonebeli fraza<br />
SevarCie. “wesrigis saidumlo Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebi” mxolod metafora ar aris –<br />
es aris saxelmwifos, Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli arcTu<br />
martivi urTierTobebis originaluri simbolo, romelic ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
centralur adgils ikavebs iseT dilemaSi, rogoricaa moqalaqeobrioba<br />
multikulturul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
magram, aq Cndeba kiTxva _ aris qaosis tradiciebi socialuri<br />
wesrigis saidumlo Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebis nawili? Tu es asea, maSin<br />
saganmanaTleblo realobis socialuri konstruqcia Tavisi tradiciebis,<br />
qaosis <strong>da</strong> simboluri wesrigis CaTvliT, socialuri wesrigis reproduqciis<br />
centralur aspeqts un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995). es<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia im zomiT, ra zomiTac SesaZlebelia socialuri realobis<br />
maZieblad miCneuli procesebis: socialuri, materialuri <strong>da</strong> simboluri<br />
12
wesrigis <strong>da</strong>yofis praqtikis <strong>da</strong> socialuri wesrigis rRvevis gamomwvevi<br />
moZraobis xelaxali inkorporacia qaosSi, im moZraobaSi, romelmac Tavad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas socialuri wesrigis reproduqcia.<br />
simbolur doneze, socialuri struqturebis reproduqcia im<br />
racionaluri kanonmdeblobis, rutinuli procedurebis <strong>da</strong> praqtikis<br />
saWiroebaze miuTiTebs, romelic Rrma<strong>da</strong>a Canergili socialur brZolaSi,<br />
sajaro ganaTlebis teqnikur <strong>da</strong> biurokratiul marTvaSi, aseve,<br />
saxelmwifos portretSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asrulebs socialuri<br />
reproduqciis procesSi. SesaZloa borxesis es lirikulad mdi<strong>da</strong>ri fraza<br />
swored socialuri xasiaTis process asaxavs. wesrigis saidumlo<br />
Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali Tavisi mowyobiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>umorCilebeli bunebiT, erTmaneTTan<br />
akavSirebs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s. <strong>da</strong> es swored isaa, rac ganaTlebis<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis sferoSi, ganaTlebis sakiTxebze gamarTul<br />
msjelobebsa <strong>da</strong> diskusiebSi <strong>da</strong> bolos _ yoveldRiur saklaso procesSi<br />
xdeba. xolo mizezi ki amisa aris is, rom saxelwifo mTavari rgolia,<br />
romelic sajaro <strong>da</strong> kerZo ganaTlebis sistemebisagan normebis,<br />
kanonmdeblobis, saswavlo programebis <strong>da</strong> finansuri resursebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis marTvis procesis Sefasebas iTxovs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
saxelmwifo udides rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebul<br />
funqcionirebaSi, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli kavSirebze,<br />
mcire gamonaklisebs Tu ar CavTvliT, analitikuri xasiaTis diskusiebi<br />
TiTqmis ar imarTeba, aRaraferi rom vTqvaT iseTi naSromebis arsebobaze,<br />
romlebic saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Teoriebs Soris kavSiris Ziebas<br />
mieZRvnebo<strong>da</strong>1. winamdebare wigni swored am mxriv arsebuli <strong>da</strong>naklisis<br />
Sevsebis mcdelobaa _ analizi, romelic ganaTlebis politikur<br />
sociologias <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobriobis <strong>da</strong> demokratiis formirebas erT<br />
mTlianobaSi ganixilavs.<br />
Ees wigni aris naSromi politikuri filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, masSi asaxulia a<strong>da</strong>mianebis cxovrebis<br />
simboluri sfero, maT mier racionalurisa <strong>da</strong> utopiuris kognitiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
afeqturi gacnobiereba, im gzebis Ziebis aRqma, romelsac demokratiul <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworobis principebze agebul sazogadebaSi “a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
bednierebisken mihyavs”.<br />
wigni, Tavisi arsiT, Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, Tumca aqvs imis pretenzia,<br />
rom araspecialistebisTvisac xelmisawvdomi <strong>da</strong> gasagebia. avtori cdilobs,<br />
wigni Teoriuli koncefciebiT agebul kedelSi CaSenebul kidev erT<br />
agurad ar iqces, romlis gaSifvra mxolod filosofosebs xelewifebaT.<br />
igi cdilobs, analizis gziT ufro cxadi gaxados is sakvanZo dilemebi,<br />
romelTa winaSe ganaTlebis sferos praqtikosi specialistebi,<br />
13
maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> Cveni drois mkvlevarebi dganan. Tumca, isic un<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saswavlo garemos uSualo monawileebi: mSoblebi, ufrosebi,<br />
axalgazrdebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s cnebebs Soris arsebul kavSirSi gaarkvios.<br />
Mgvesmis, rom pasuxi ara gvaqvs bevr iseT SekiTxvaze (Teoriuli Tu<br />
praqtikuli xasiaTis), romelic am wignis gacnobis Sedegad SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibados. mxolod imis imeds gamovTqvamT, rom Teoriul problemasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yvelaze relevanturi sakiTxebis <strong>da</strong>dgena SevZeliT.<br />
moqalaqeobrioba, <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>:<br />
Teoriuli problema<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis saukeTeso sazomia misi unari _<br />
gonebaSi erTdroulad atarebdes or urTierTsawinaaRmdego ideas <strong>da</strong> mainc<br />
inarCunebdes azrovnebis unars. a<strong>da</strong>mians un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos uimedo situaciis<br />
realurad Sefaseba, Tumca, mTeli arsebiT un<strong>da</strong> undodes arsebuli<br />
viTarebis Secvla.<br />
- skot ficjeraldi, “msxvreva” (The Crack-up)<br />
Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba moqalaqeobriobis <strong>da</strong> demokratiis<br />
Teoriebis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. es rTuli bunebis Teoriebi im<br />
Teoriul <strong>da</strong> praqtikul gamowvevebs asaxaven, romlebic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis. moqalaqeobriobis <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiis Teoriebi safuZvlad demokratiul sazogadoebebSi<br />
molaparakebebis warmarTvis Zalis dilemasac udevs2. moqalaqeobriobis Teoriebi asaxavs moqalaqeebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos,<br />
agreTve, TviT moqalaqeebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis yvela<br />
problemas. demokratiis Teoriebi ki mkafiod warmoaCens im kavSirebs,<br />
romlebic socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul formebs,<br />
anu farul <strong>da</strong> aSkara formebs Soris arsebobs. igi, aseve, warmoaCens<br />
Sexebis wertilebs demokratiuli ganacxadis <strong>da</strong> Tanamonawileobis<br />
sistemebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis politikur-administraciuli<br />
organizaciis sistemebs Soris. saboloo jamSi, demokratiis Teoriebma<br />
saTanado yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uTmon demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis mTliani<br />
urTierTqmedebis Seswavlas.<br />
sabolood, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebi, romlebic ukanaskneli<br />
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi metad momravl<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sferoSi, exmaureba<br />
ara mxolod pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis mowyobis wess skolebSi, an pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur subieqtebs Soris urTierTqmedebas demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi, aramed adgens kidec mravaljeradi identobis (<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi<br />
14
narativebis, xmebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis) <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturaSi. mokled, multikulturulobis Teoriebi siRrmiseula<strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sferos politikasTan 3 .<br />
A amgvarad, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebi ukavSirdeba<br />
moqalaqeobriobis Teoriebis mTavar analitikur mizans. rogorc<br />
multikulturis, ise moqalaqeobriobis TeoriebiT, identobis arsisa <strong>da</strong><br />
wyaroebis, aseve, erovnuli, regionuli, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri identobis<br />
konkurentuli formebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas cdiloben. <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
TeoriebSi saTanado yuradReba eTmoba socialuri klasis, rasis, <strong>da</strong> sqesis<br />
zegavlenas identobis formirebaze, agreTve, saxelmwifos rols am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rac faqtobrivad ver iqna miRweuli moqalaqeobriobis<br />
farTod gavrcelebul TeoriebSi4. marTalia, specializebul<br />
bibliografiaSi srulad ar ikveTeba identobasa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobriobas<br />
Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSirebi, magram am kavSirebs iseTi praqtikuli<br />
safuZveli aqvT, romelic maT kidev ufro aaxlovebs demokratiis<br />
TeoriebTan. es imiT aixsneba, rom demokratiis Teoriebi ganixilavs ara<br />
mxolod Tanamonawileobis, warmomadgenlobis, urTierTkontrolis <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>yofis koncefciebs, aramed im gzebsac, romelTa<br />
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia soli<strong>da</strong>robis stimulireba identobis<br />
konkretuli formebis an konkretuli interesebis miRma.<br />
moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiis <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebi<br />
TavianTi zegavlenis konkretuli sferoebis <strong>da</strong> praqtikis safuZvelze<br />
gamovlenili traeqtoriT cdiloben gansazRvron ara mxolod identobis<br />
mniSvneloba (iseTi cnebisaTvis, rogoricaa demokratiuli moqalaqe <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturuli politikuri subieqti), misi yvela urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
sawyisis CaTvliT, aramed ga<strong>da</strong>WriT gansazRvron sazogadoebriobis<br />
formebis is SezRudvebi <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebic, romlebic a<strong>da</strong>mians misgan<br />
gansxvavebul a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan erToblivi muSaobisTvis <strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi<br />
tolerantuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisaTvis saWiro unaris gamomuSavebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmareba. metic, aRniSnulma Teoriebma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyon<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi (an ufro konkretulad, moqalaqeebSi) sazogadoebrivi<br />
keTildReobis <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulebis stimulirebis politikur procesSi<br />
monawileobisTvis saWiro SesaZleblobebisa <strong>da</strong> survilis Camoyalibebas.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, es Teoriebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong>exmareba, mzad iyvnen TavSekavebis <strong>da</strong><br />
personaluri pasuxismgeblobis gamosavlenad sakuTari ekonomikuri<br />
moTxovnebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi arCevanis TvalsazrisiT, rac, TavisTavad,<br />
zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebis keTildReobaze <strong>da</strong> sijansaReze, aseve,<br />
garemosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis formirebis procesze (kimlika <strong>da</strong> normani, 1994:<br />
152-153). amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs agreTve habermasis (1992) maqsima, rom<br />
15
“konstituciuri Tavisuflebis institutebis faseuloba mxolod im doziT<br />
ganisazRvreba, ra doziTac maT sargebloba moaqvT mosaxleobisaTvis” (7).<br />
Tezisi, romelic winamdebare wignSi wina planzea wamoweuli<br />
“Tanabari SesaZleblobebi SesaZloa niSnavdes... a<strong>da</strong>mianuri cxovrebis<br />
Tanabar uflebas maTTvis, vinc saTanado Zalisxmevas gaiRebs… ...an maTTvis,<br />
vinc metis mosapoveblad konkurentul brZolaSi CarTvas cdilobs.”<br />
- s.b. makfersoni, demokratiis realuri samyaro<br />
demokratiul, mravalsaxovan, multikulturul sazogadoebaSi<br />
moqalaqeobis dilema, romelic zemoT gakeTebuli analizis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
SemogTavazeT, SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: moqalaqeobriobis Teoriebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis politikuri Teoriis tradiciis stilSi ganaviTares<br />
TeTrkanianma, heteroseqsualma mamakacebma, romlebmac organizebuli<br />
sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n homogenuri moqalaqeobriobis identificireba moaxdines<br />
meToduri gamoricxviT <strong>da</strong> ara sazogadoebaSi CarTvis procesis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT. anu, qalebi, is socialuri jgufebi, romlebic<br />
eqvemdebarebian identificirebas (mag. ebraelebi, boSebi), muSaTa klasis<br />
warmomadgenlebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi jgufebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi an, mokled rom vTqvaT, feradkanianebi <strong>da</strong> konkretul<br />
SesaZleblobebsa <strong>da</strong> unarebs (mag. wera-kiTxvis <strong>da</strong> maTematikis codna)<br />
moklebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, garkveul sazogadoebebSi, faqtobrivad, amoiRes<br />
moqalaqeobis ganmartebi<strong>da</strong>n. Sesabamisad, maTze aRar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> `is<br />
ideebi, romlebic erTis mxriv individualur uflebamosilebas <strong>da</strong> meore<br />
mxriv _ konkretuli sazogadebisaTvis mikuTvnebas” exeba. (kimlika <strong>da</strong><br />
normani, 1994:352).<br />
demokratiis Teoriebma, gaarTves ra Tavi demokratiuli Zalauflebis,<br />
Tanamonawileobis <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobiTobis wyaroebis amocnobas<br />
legitimuri politikuri demokratiis sistemebSi, ver SeZles moqalaqeebis<br />
erTobliobi<strong>da</strong>n garkveuli segmentebis meToduri gamoricxvis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
acileba 5 . amdenad, formaluri <strong>demokratia</strong> radikalurad gansxvavdeba<br />
realuri demokratiisgan. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ufro <strong>da</strong>mafiqrebelia is faqti, rom<br />
demokratiis Teoriebma ver SeZles ganesxvavebinaT warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
demokratiis fesvebi (iseT cnebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, rogoricaa Tanabari<br />
warmomadgenloba, samarTlianoba, Tanasworuflebianoba) kapitalisturi<br />
sazogadoebebis Zireuli principebisgan. Tavisi bunebiT kapitalizmi<br />
xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> politikaSi diferencialur warmomadgenlobas iTxovs<br />
<strong>da</strong> usamarTlobas ierarqiebis sistemebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli interesebiT<br />
asazrdoebs. araTanasworuflebianobas igi mogebaze orientirebuli<br />
sistemis funqcionirebiT uwyobs xels.<br />
16
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebi efeqturia kulturisa <strong>da</strong> identobis<br />
politikis, agreTve, identobis konkretul formebSi <strong>da</strong> am formebs Soris<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis diferencirebuli wyaroebis analizis TvalsazrisiT. es<br />
Teoriebi siRrmiseulad warmoaCenen gansxvavebuli identobebis rTul<br />
bunebas, aseve, gansxvavebuli soli<strong>da</strong>robebis winaaRmdegobriobas <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi sazRvrebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis saWiroebas avlenen. TumcaRa,<br />
aRniSnulma Teoriebma ver SeZles an Segnebulad Tavi aarides<br />
moqalaqeobriobis <strong>da</strong> demokratiis Teoriebis gamoyenebas, rasac praqtikuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT didi efeqti eqnebo<strong>da</strong>, eTikurad misaRebi, moralurad<br />
mdgradi <strong>da</strong> politikurad ganxorcielebadi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konteqstSi.<br />
Eam wigniT SeuZlebelia im xarvezebis, <strong>da</strong>udevrobiT <strong>da</strong>Svebuli<br />
Secdomebis <strong>da</strong>, zog SemTxvevaSi, dumilis, aseve, iseTi praqtikuli xasiaTis<br />
SezRudvebis srulyofili meToduri analizi <strong>da</strong> Sefaseba, romelTac<br />
amJRavnebs zemoT aRniSnuli sami Teoria (moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiis<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s) ganaTlebis sferosTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi.<br />
TumcaRa, iyenebs ra fonad demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebs,<br />
wigni detalurad aanalizebs, sad ikveTebian moqalaqeobriobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebi. am wigniT gvin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>garwmunoT, rom<br />
multikulturul sazogadoebebSi moqalaqeobriobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
sakvanZo dilemis safuZvliani Seswavla, multikulturuli moqalaqeobis<br />
Teoriis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />
Ddiax, Cven namdvilad gvWirdeba multikulturuli moqalaqeobriobis<br />
Teoria, romelic mTeli seriozulobiT moekideba demokratiis Teoriis<br />
SemuSavebis saWiroebas. is ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs iseTi<br />
problemebis mogvarebas (an Zirfesvianad aRmofxvris am problemebs),<br />
romelic gamowveulia socialuri kontrastebiT,<br />
araTanasworuflebianobiTa <strong>da</strong> usamarTlobiT, riTac gaJRenTilia<br />
kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi. gar<strong>da</strong> aRniSnulisa, demokratiis Teoria<br />
erTis mxriv, ieriSs miitans <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizms Soris arsebul<br />
Sinagan konfliqtze, xolo meore mxriv, saTanado yuradRebas miapyrobs<br />
socialur, politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur demokratiul formebs. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
namdvilad gvWirdeba multikulturuli moqalaqeobriobis Teoria, romelic<br />
keTilgonivrul pasuxs gascems neokonservatiuli tipis SeZaxilebs imis<br />
Taobaze, rom kapitalistur sazogadobebSi SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiebis marTva 6 .<br />
17
wignis struqtura<br />
zemoT aRwerili problemebis Seswavlis mizniT, me-2 TavSi<br />
ganxilulia kapitalisturi saxelmwifo demokratiul sazogadoebebSi.<br />
aRniSnuli Tavi asabuTebs imas, rom saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi, TviT<br />
saxelmwifos buneba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo politikis xasiaTi, gansakuTrebul<br />
rols asruleben ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo politikis formirebis<br />
politikuri bunebis gagebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, im kavSirebis<br />
gacnobierebis kuTxiT, romlebic arsebobs <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, moqalaqeobriobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms Soris. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi, eyrdnobian<br />
ra politikur filosofias, romelmac ganviTarebis piks me-19 saukuneSi<br />
miaRwia, centralur adgils uTmoben saxelmwifos, rogorc eris<br />
Semadgeneli nawilis cnebas. Sesabamisad, swored eris cneba xdeba analizis<br />
mTavari rgoli. aseT SemTxvevaSi ibadeba kiTxva – ra emarTeba saxelmwifos<br />
(Sesabamisad, <strong>demokratia</strong>s, moqalaqeobriobas <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
multikulturulobas), Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT ekonomikis, kulturis <strong>da</strong><br />
politikis globalizebas? sxva sityvebiT _ kargavs Tu ara saxelmwifo<br />
Zlierebas? swored am sakiTxebs eZRvneba me-3 Tavi. am TavSi globalizaciis<br />
procesi ganxilulia Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebis konteqstSi, aseve,<br />
globalizaciis Sedegebi kapitalisturi ekonomikuri reorganizaciis<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis procesis SesaZlo zegavlena<br />
moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s sakiTxebze.<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis safuZvelze, me-4,<br />
me-5 <strong>da</strong> me-6 TavebSi ganixilaven moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebs <strong>da</strong> politikur-filosofiuri<br />
gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n gvTavazoben am TeoriebTan asocirebuli gaurkvevlobis <strong>da</strong><br />
im arcTu ioli situaciebis sistemur Sefasebas, romlebic aRniSnul<br />
TeoriebSi saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT vlindeba. aRniSnul<br />
TavebSi, aseve, mocemulia TiToeuli mimarTulebis sakvanZo Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
koncefciebis meToduri gansazRvreba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, me-7 Tavi _ ”svla demokratiuli, multikulturuli<br />
moqalaqeobriobis Teoriis mimarTulebiT” _ kidev erTxel aanalizebs am<br />
wignSi warmodgenil ZiriTad Teoriul sakiTxebs, sistemurad warmoaCens am<br />
TeoriebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul winaaRdegobebsa <strong>da</strong> rTul situaciebs <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
SesaZlo urTierTSexebas, miuTiTebs <strong>da</strong>naklisebze <strong>da</strong> xarvezebze, zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Teoriul “dumilze” <strong>da</strong> gvTavazobs Temebs, romlebic<br />
namdvilad imsaxureben safuZvlian Seswavlas.<br />
kornel vestis (1993a) TqmiT, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis cxovrebaSi argumentebi<br />
mTavari ar aris, Tumca SeiZleba isini a<strong>da</strong>mianebze garkveul zemoqmedebas<br />
18
axdenden. vesti ar tyuis, roca amtkicebs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebaSi<br />
mTavaria siyvaruli, mzrunveloba, pativiscema <strong>da</strong> sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan<br />
siaxlove. am wignze muSaobisas Cemze gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis siyvarulma, mzrunvelobam, siaxlovem <strong>da</strong> imaTma<br />
urTierTpativiscemam. Cemze yovelTvis moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> vestis xatovani<br />
gamonaTqvami _ inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis dros yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong><br />
SevinarCunoT “istoriis saTuTi SegrZneba”(19).<br />
vestis naSromi (1993 a) “postmodernistuli xanis winaswarmetyveluri<br />
azrovneba” <strong>da</strong>mexmara, kidev erTxel gameazrebina, ratom vatarebT an ratom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> CavataroT kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi, ratom un<strong>da</strong> SevxedoT<br />
seriozulad im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic arsebobs <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s,<br />
moqalaqeobriobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris. rogorc vesti aRniSnavs,<br />
amerikaSi mimdinareobs kulturuli <strong>da</strong>cemis aSkara procesi <strong>da</strong> es yvelaze<br />
metad aSinebs mas: “uprecedento kulturuli <strong>da</strong>cemis qveS vgulisxmob im<br />
sistemis socialur rRevas, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> aRzardos momavali Taobebi.<br />
bavSvebisaTvis iseTi faseulobebis mniSvnelobis axsnis uunarobas,<br />
rogoricaa mizani, Rirebuleba, Rirseba <strong>da</strong> keTilSobileba” (16).<br />
MmarTalia vestis gamonaTqvamebi konkretul istoriul periods<br />
miekuTvneba, magram Cemi Rrma rwmeniT isini araerTi tipis sazogadoebas<br />
miesa<strong>da</strong>geba. bavSvebis, axlgazrdebis <strong>da</strong> mozrdilebis aRzr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> swavleba<br />
swored isaa, rac sajaro <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s ojaxTan <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva<br />
sazogadoebriv institutTan kavSirSi moeTxoveba. anu, ganaTlebis sferos<br />
Seswavlis mTavar sakiTxi un<strong>da</strong> iyos Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikas Soris<br />
arsebuli urRvevi kavSirebis gacnobiereba. es aris kidev erTi praqtikuli<br />
xasiaTis mizezi, romelic gvaiZulebs periodulad ga<strong>da</strong>vsinjoT<br />
saxelmwifos, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, moqalaqeobriobas, <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturalizms Soris arsebuli kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> romelic gvibiZgebs,<br />
avaSenoT “naklebad uSno, naklebad sastiki <strong>da</strong> naklebad arahumanuri”<br />
msoflio (paulo freiri). swored am ganwyobam gamiCina survili gavcnobodi<br />
politikur filosofias, raTa ukeT Cavwvdomodi moqalaqeobriobis,<br />
demokratiis, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis sferoebs Soris<br />
arsebuli kavSirebis arss.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. inglisur enaze, aseve, frangul literaturaSi moipoveba mravali<br />
naSromi. ixileT mag. Michael W.Apple, ed., Cultural and Economic Reproduction in<br />
Education: Essays on Class, Ideology, and the State (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982);<br />
Pierre Bourdieu, La noblesse d’etat: Grandes ecoles et esprit de corps (Paris: Minuit, 1989);<br />
Martin Carnoy and Henry M. Levin, Schooling and Work in the Democratic State (Stanford,<br />
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985); Roger Dale, “The Political Sociology of Education,”<br />
19
British Journal of Sociology of Education 4, no.2 (1983): 185-202; Ron Everman, Lennart G.<br />
Svensson, and Thomas Soderqvist, eds., Intellectuals, Universities, and the State in Western<br />
Modern Societies (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987); Henry A.<br />
Giroux and Peter McLaren, eds., Critical Pe<strong>da</strong>gogy, the State, and Cultural Struggle (Albany:<br />
State University of New York Press, 1989); Liz Gordon, “Beyond Relative Autonomy Theories<br />
in Education,” British Journal of Sociology of Education 10, no.4 (1989): 435-448; Daniel<br />
Morales-Gomez and Carlos Alberto Torres, The State, Corporatist Politics, and Educational<br />
Policy-Making in Mexico (New York: Praeger, 1990); Raymond Morrow and Carlos Alberto<br />
Torres, Social Theory and Education: A Critique of Theories of Social and Cultural<br />
Reproduction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), gansakuTrebiT is<br />
nawili, romelic exeba <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> reproduqciis<br />
logikas, 341-447; Claus Offe, “Notes on the Laws of Motion of Reformist State Policies,”<br />
n.d. mimeograph; Michael Pusey, “The Legitimation of State Education Systems,” Australian<br />
and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 16 (July 1980): 45-52; George M. Thomas and John M.<br />
Meyer, “The Expansion of the State,” Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 461-482; Carlos<br />
Alberto Torres, “ State and Education: Marxist Theories,” in International Encyclopedia of<br />
Education: Research and Studies, vol.8, ed. T. Husen and T.N. Postlethwaite (Oxford: Pergamon<br />
Press, 1985), 4793-4798; Gordon W. West, “Education, Moral Reproduction, and the State:<br />
Some Implications of Activistic Interpretations of Recent European State Theories for Canadian<br />
Educational Policy,” Interchange 12, nos. 2-3 (1981): 86-101.<br />
2. winamdebare Tavis winaswari versiis prezentacia Sedga simpoziumze -<br />
“postmodernizmis gamowveva socialur <strong>da</strong> humanitarul mecnierebebs”,<br />
Universi<strong>da</strong>d Complutense de Madrid-University of California, madridi, 22-25 aprili,<br />
1997.<br />
3. krizisuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika kritikul modernistul <strong>da</strong> postmodernistul<br />
poziciebs Soris inteleqtualuri gamdidrebis gzis gasayarzea. misi<br />
yuradReba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, gamaxvilebulia Zalauflebis centralur adgilze<br />
skolebis muSaobis stilis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul azrSi <strong>da</strong> im faqtze,<br />
rom kritikulad ganwyobilma Teoretikosebma “Seqmnes naSromi, romelic<br />
yuradRebis centrSi aqcevs saskolo ganaTlebis politikur ekonomias,<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, Temebis /sagnebis reprezentatiulobas,<br />
studentTa subieqtivizmis axsnas”. Peter McLaren, Life in Schools (White Plains,<br />
N.Y.: Longman, 1989), 159. marTlac, metad umniSvnelo Sedegi iqna miRweuli<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s mravalferovani ineterpretaciiT, rac kidev<br />
erTxel asabuTebs imas, rom krizisulma pe<strong>da</strong>gogikam saTanado yuradReba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uTmos moqalaqeobriobis, demokratiis <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
Teoriebs, maTi urTieTSexebis wertilebs <strong>da</strong> maT Soris arsebul<br />
winaaRmdegobebs.<br />
4. gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong> sawinaaRmdego xasiaTis magaliTs warmoadgens kerol<br />
peitmenis klasikuri naSromi, romlis wina planze demokratiis Teoriebis<br />
feministuri perspqetivaa wamoweuli. ixileT, Carole Pateman, The Problem of<br />
Political Obligation: A Critique of Liberal Theory (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1985).<br />
5. devid heldi asabuTebs, rom <strong>demokratia</strong>m mecxramete <strong>da</strong> meoce saukuneebSi<br />
gamokveTilad Tanamedrove forma SeiZina <strong>da</strong> gvevlineba “garkveuli<br />
wesebis, procedurebis <strong>da</strong> institutebis klasterad, romelic saSualebas<br />
20
iZleva, moqalaqeTa absoluturi umravlesoba farTod CaerTos ara<br />
uSualod politikur sakiTxebSi, aramed im warmomadgenlebis SerCevaSi,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>moukideblad SeZleben politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebas. es klasteri moicavs arCeul mTavrobas, Tavisufal <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlian arCevnebs, arCevis universalur uflebas, sindisis<br />
Tavisuflebas, informaciis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebis uflebas; srulwlovani<br />
moqalaqeebis uflebas, gamoxaton winaaRmdegoba arsebuli mTavrobis<br />
mimarT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ayenon TavianTi kandi<strong>da</strong>tura konkretuli Tanamdebobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakaveblad.” David Held, “Democracy and the New International Order,”, in<br />
Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agen<strong>da</strong> for a New World Order (Cambridge, England: Polity<br />
Press, 1995), 97-98.<br />
6. kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis Sexebis wertilebi gaanalizebulia me-5<br />
TavSi. am TemasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ixileT: Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis,<br />
Democracy and Capitalism: The Contradiction of Modern Political Life (New York: Basic<br />
Books, 1986).<br />
21
2<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
winamdebare Tavi miznad isaxavs imis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas, rom saxelmwifos<br />
Sesaxeb Teoriebs, saxelmwifos bunebas <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo politikis xasiaTs<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ganaTlebis, rogorc saxelmwifo politikis<br />
nawilis, politikuri bunebis Sesacnobad <strong>da</strong> im kavSirebis<br />
gasacnobiereblad, romlebic arsebobs moqalaqeobriobas, <strong>demokratia</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturalizms Soris. ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebuli “realuri”<br />
problemebis <strong>da</strong> yvelaze Sesaferisi (efeqtiani, eTikurad misaRebi <strong>da</strong><br />
legitimuri) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis gansazRvra di<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebze, romlebic safuZvels uyrian, asabuTeben <strong>da</strong><br />
warmarTaven saganmanaTleblo sferoSi problemebis identificirebis <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi <strong>da</strong>Zlevis gzebis SemoTavazebis process. winamdebare Tavi ganixilavs<br />
saxelmwifos mowyobis wessa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis klasikur Teoriebs, am Teoriebis liberalur,<br />
neokonservatiul <strong>da</strong> neoliberalur formulirebebs <strong>da</strong> am formulirebebis<br />
neomarqsistul, poststruqturalistur <strong>da</strong> postmodernistul kritikas.<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Teoriebis analizs amdidrebs feministuri<br />
Teoriebis wvlilis Sefaseba, aseve, im sakiTxis Seswavlis mcdeloba, Tu ra<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba arsebobs zemoCamoTvlil Teoriebsa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis,<br />
moqalaqeobriobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s sakiTxebs Soris. es analizi<br />
ufro vrclad aris warmodgenili wignis me-4, me-5 <strong>da</strong> me-6 TavebSi.<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis nebismieri<br />
saxis analizis dros gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
rTuli, mravaldoniani <strong>da</strong> dinamiuri buneba, romelic avlens im arsebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobis konfliqts <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobas, romelic istoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi Zalebis politikur <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.<br />
22
saxelmwifo: cnebis gansazRvrebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi<br />
erebs SeiZleba xangrZlivi istoriuli gzis gavla <strong>da</strong>sWirdeT <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
im adgilis misaRwevad, romelsac saxelmwifo hqvia. <strong>da</strong> mTeli am gzis<br />
manZilze maT SeiZleba garkveuli mimarTulebebiT mniSvnelovnad<br />
ganaviTaron kidec kultura, . . . magram swored saxelmwifoa is cneba,<br />
romelic pirveli rigis ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> romelic ara<br />
mxolod a<strong>da</strong>ptirebulia istoriis prozaulobasTan, aramed swored Tavisi<br />
arsebobis ganviTarebis gziT, Tavis TavSi, am istoriis Seqmnis process<br />
moicavs.<br />
-- hegeli, leqciebi istoriis filosofiis sakiTxebze<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arss pirvelad Cawv<strong>da</strong> platoni,<br />
filosofosi, romelic varaudob<strong>da</strong>, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mcdelobas yovelTvis<br />
Tan axlavs samarTlianobis ganmkargveli, Rrmad gamj<strong>da</strong>ri miTiuri<br />
azrovneba (platoni, 1941:70). saxelmwifo aris wesrigis, erTianobis <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonierebis zogadsaxelmZRvanelo principi, rasac mravali saukunis<br />
Semdeg rusom volonté générale, anu “sazogado neba” <strong>da</strong>arqva. hegelisaTvis,<br />
saxelmwifo istoriis uzenaes <strong>da</strong> yvelaze cvalebad (ganviTarebad)<br />
realobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> _ “samyaros suls”, ideis namdvil gansaxierebas,<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, istoriis Semqmnels, Semoqmedis msgavsad. amgvarad, politikuri<br />
filosofiis mdi<strong>da</strong>r tradiciaSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>iwyo platoni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTareba hegelis naSromebSi hpova, saxelmwifo aRqmuli iyo koleqtiuri<br />
survilebis xorcSesxmis garantad. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifos<br />
Teoriebze msjeloba im qedmaRluri memkvidreobis nawilia, romliTac<br />
gajerebulia moazrovneebisa <strong>da</strong> filosofosebis, politikuri moRvaweebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> rigiTi moqalaqeebis im Taobebis goneba, romlebic miznad isaxaven erisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos cnebebis sworad gansazRvras <strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli koncefciebis<br />
kavSiris <strong>da</strong>dgenas iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa demokratiuli kultura,<br />
Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobrioba.<br />
maqs veberi (1964) mkafiod gviCvenebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel umTavres niSnebs:<br />
SesaZlebelia gamovyoT Tanamedrove saxelmwifos umTavresi formaluri<br />
maxasiaTeblebi: is ganagebs administraciul <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv wesrigs,<br />
romelic eqvemdebareba cvlilebas kanonmdeblobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. am cvlilebebze<br />
orientirebulia im administraciuli Semadgenlobis organizebuli<br />
korporatiuli saqmianoba, romelsac aseve aregulirebs kanonmdebloba.<br />
wesrigis sistema gulisxmobs uflebamosilebas, romelic vrceldeba ara<br />
mxolod saxelmwifos wevrebze <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeebze, romelTa umravlesobam<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebisTanave moipova wevroba, aramed yvela im moqmedebaze, romelic<br />
23
xorcieldeba misi iurisdiqciis qveS myof teritoriaze. amdenad,<br />
saxelmwifo aris iZulebiTi gaerTianeba teritoriul sawyisze. metic,<br />
amJamad, Zalis gamoyeneba legitimurad iTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki<br />
es ukanaskneli neba<strong>da</strong>rTulia saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n an miCneulia<br />
mizanSewonilad saxelmwifos mier. Zalis gamoyenebis monopolizeba<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos aucilebeli moTxovnaa, iseve rogorc misi buneba,<br />
rac gamoixateba savaldebulo iurisdiqciaSi <strong>da</strong> organizaciis mudmivobaSi.<br />
veberis formulirebas qvemoT ganvixilav, kerZod, mis Sexedulebas<br />
saxelmwifoze, rogorc Zalis, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis <strong>da</strong> mudmivi<br />
administraciuli organizaciis monopoliaze. 1 gacilebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>dgena, Tu ramdenad relevanturia demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobriobis<br />
cnebebis gamoyeneba saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis konteqstSi.<br />
D demokratiis cnebas mosdevs demokratiuli moqalaqeobriobis<br />
koncefcia, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wevrebs akisriaT<br />
pasuxismgebloba, maT SeswevT monawileobis unari, isini irCeven TavianT<br />
warmomadgenlebs <strong>da</strong> axdenen maTi saqmianobis monitorings. liberaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
neo-marqsistuli Teoriebis gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n es aris ara mxolod<br />
politikuri, aramed pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri praqtikac, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqis Camoyalibeba pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis subieqtis formirebasac gulisxmobs.<br />
individebi Tavisi bunebiT ar arian mzad politikaSi monawileobis<br />
misaRebad. maT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT un<strong>da</strong> miiRon <strong>ganaTleba</strong> demokratiuli<br />
politikis sferoSi, stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli momzadebis kursis gavlis, eTikuri<br />
qcevis SeTvisebis, demokratiul procesze codnis SeZenis <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri<br />
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis CaTvliT. pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis sagnis formireba<br />
demokratiis dilemaa _ misi centraluri konceptualuri problema. ufro<br />
martivad rom vTqvaT: <strong>demokratia</strong> gulisxmobs Tanamonawileobis iseT<br />
process, romlis yvela monawile Tanasworuflebianad aris miCneuli.<br />
TumcaRa, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> Tavis TavSi moicavs process, romlis drosac<br />
“moumwifebeli” iZulebuli xdeba gaigivdes cxovrebis im principebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
stilTan, romelic sazogadoebis “momwifebuli” wevrebisaTvis aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. amrigad, pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis sagnis demokratiulad formireba<br />
aris kulturuli aRzrdis procesi, magram amave dros is iyenebs<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli socializaciis principebs im subieqtebze,<br />
romlebic gonebrivi <strong>da</strong> eTikuri TvalsazrisiT Tavisufali ar arian gare<br />
zegavlenisgan <strong>da</strong> arc saTanado codna gaaCniaT imisaTvis, rom praqtikaSi<br />
ganaxorcielon TavianTi demokratiuli ufleba-movaleobebi. 2 marTlac,<br />
Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifos formirebis procesSi demokratiuli<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis sagnis xasiaTi iseT safuZvels emyareba, romelic erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
imave dros erovnuli erTianobis politikisa <strong>da</strong> warsuli gamocdilebis<br />
24
winapirobacaa <strong>da</strong> Sedegic (moqalaqeobriobis, profesiuli momzadebis <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromlobis CaTvliT). mas Semdeg rac SevecadeT ufro naTlad<br />
warmogveCina demokratiis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba politikuri<br />
kulturis formirebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos rolis TvalsazrisiT, modiT<br />
ganvagrZoT diskusia saxelmwifos raobaze.<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aris<br />
sayovelTao politikuri Zalaufleba mocemul sazogadoebaSi. romaul<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi potestas miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> oficialur samarTlebriv<br />
Zalauflebaze, romelic gansxvavdeba auctoritas-sagan, “rac niSnavs<br />
zegavlenas an prestiJs <strong>da</strong> imis garantias, rom mavanis azri gaziarebuli<br />
iqneba” (vinsenti, 1987:32) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sakvanZo elementebi saxelmwifos cnebas<br />
instituciurad <strong>da</strong> funqcionalurad gansazRvraven. pirvel rigSi,<br />
saxelmwifo garkveuli instituciebis jgufia, romelsac saxelmwifos<br />
kadrebis an biurokratiuli aparati marTavs. es jgufi farTo speqtrisaa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moicavs rogorc kanonierebasa <strong>da</strong> wesrigis <strong>da</strong>cvaze (Sesabamisad<br />
Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> iZulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze) pasuxismgebel instituciebs,<br />
rogoricaa sasamarTloebi, policia, jari, ise simboluri <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mqone instituciebs, rogoricaa socialur politikasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi. saxelmwifo instituciebi<br />
ganTavsebulia geografiulad SemosazRvrul teritoriaze, aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs cneba eri-saxelmwifo (erTi erovnebis xalxisagan Semdgari<br />
saxelmwifo). saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebac imave sazRvrebSia moqceuli: “saxelmwifo Tavis<br />
teritoriaze axdens wesebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis monopolizebas, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
iwvevs sazogado politikuri kulturis Camoyalibebas, romelsac uklebliv<br />
yvela moqalaqe iziarebs” (holi <strong>da</strong> aikenberi, 1989: 1-2).<br />
kritikuli modernistuli Teoriis gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n 3 arsebobs ori<br />
mkafiod gamokveTili problema, romelic ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo<br />
Zalauflebis cnebis gansazRvras funqciuri, samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
instituciuri TvalsazrisiT. es aris istoriuli <strong>da</strong> kulturuli problema.<br />
istoriulad, yvela saxelmwifo rodi akontroleb<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebas, saxelmwifo sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> bazrebs <strong>da</strong> arc im legitimuri<br />
Zalis monopolias axden<strong>da</strong>, romelzec veberi migvaniSnebs Tavis<br />
formulirebaSi. 4 veberis gansazRvreba badebs erT SekiTxvas: ra<br />
igulisxmeba, an ra un<strong>da</strong> igulisxmebodes “legitimuri Zalauflebis”cnebis<br />
qveS? Tu budonisa <strong>da</strong> burikos mtkicebis Tanaxmad, Zalauflebis<br />
monopolias Zalis monopoliiT CavanacvlebT, maSin aSkara xdeba rom<br />
nebismier sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gar<strong>da</strong> arsebobs<br />
legitimuri, efeqturi Zalaufleba (budoni <strong>da</strong> buriko, 1989:381). magaliTad,<br />
samxreT meqsikis Stat CiapasSi, 1994 wlis pirvel ianvars momx<strong>da</strong>rma<br />
25
indielebis amboxma gamoavlina faruli SeTanxmeba, romelic arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
fermerebs, maT egreT wodebul TeTr armias (araoficialuri organizaciis<br />
wevrebi, romlebic emsaxurebodnen kerZo fermerebs samxreT meqsikaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
sanacvlod iRebdnen fiqsirebul Semosavals.), mmarTveli partiis<br />
biurokratiul <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs <strong>da</strong> meqsikis saxelmwifos Soris. 1997 wlis 22<br />
dekembers, Ciapasis patara sofel eqtualSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxlebis xocva-Jletis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>iRupa cxra mamakaci, oc<strong>da</strong>erTi qali<br />
<strong>da</strong> TxuTmeti bavSvi. isini mokles adgilobriv eklesiaSi mimdinare<br />
religiuri ceremoniis dros. es faqti kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs farul<br />
interesTa Tanxvedras <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis arsebobas, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyvnen mmarTveli partiis im warmomadgenlebTan, romlebic<br />
garkveuli ideebis mimarT uryevi poziciiT gamoirCeodnen. fermerebi<br />
marTlac inawilebdnen Zalis monopolias meqsikis mTavrobasTan erTad.<br />
kidev erT magaliTad gamodgeba imperialisturi intervenciebi sxva<br />
qveynebis saSinao politikaSi. aseTi intervenciebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizeziT iyo<br />
motivirebuli. magaliTad, multinacionaluri korporaciebis zegavleniT,<br />
rogoric iyo vTqvaT ITT CileSi, salvador aliendes prezidentobis dros,<br />
an koloniuri Zalebis, magaliTad, safrangeTis <strong>da</strong> belgiis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
moqmedebebiT afrikisa <strong>da</strong> aziis saxelmwifoebSi, an amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis mTavrobis, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong> misi specializebuli<br />
saagentoebis gauTavebeli intervenciebiT msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi. am<br />
intervenciebma Zlier Selaxes postkoloniuri saxelmwifoebis Zliereba.<br />
saxelmwifos Zalauflebas zRu<strong>da</strong>vs ara mxolod imperialisturi<br />
intervencia, aramed qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso institutebic. istoria<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs im faqts, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi kontrolis ganxorcielebas<br />
cdiloben (kanonmdeblobis, ideologiis <strong>da</strong> iZulebis gziT) yvelafer imaze,<br />
rac xdeba maT sakuTar teritoriaze, magram amave dros, sxva institutebi<br />
eWvqveS ayeneben am kontrols (mag. kaTolikuri eklesia evropisa <strong>da</strong><br />
laTinuri amerikis qristianul samyaroSi cdilobs ganaxorcielos<br />
kontroli kulturaze <strong>da</strong> rig SemTxvevaSi, politikur hegemoniasac ki<br />
avlens) (toresi, 1992). ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> finansuri TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikis,<br />
kulturis <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis globalizaciis saerTo mimarTulebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
gareSe ekonomikuri Zalebi did zegavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove qveynebis<br />
“erovnul” ekonomikur politikaze, uyeneben mas garkveul moTxovnebs <strong>da</strong><br />
zogjer Riad gansazRvraven kidec mas. globalizaciis es sakiTxi me-3 Tavis<br />
ganxilvis sagania.<br />
kulturologiis TvalsazrisiT, termini “saerTo kultura” (saerTo<br />
kulturuli memkvidreobis, sabaziso ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> im politikuri<br />
kulturis CaTvliT, romelic asazrdoebs yvela moqalaqes) garkveulwilad<br />
SeiZleba konkretuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdilebas mivusa<strong>da</strong>goT (mag.<br />
26
SvedeTis, <strong>da</strong>niis, garkveulwilad iaponiis), magram is ver asaxavs sxva<br />
saxelmwifoebis realur gamocdilebas, rac gamoxatulia amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli StatebSi <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Temaze gamarTul polemikaSi<br />
an laTinuri amerikis gamocdilebaSi hibridul kulturebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
(garsia kanklini, 1992). aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saerTo kulturis Sesaxeb<br />
arguments, Cveulebriv, konservatorebi ayalibeben. isini kulturas<br />
moqalaqeobriobaze kamaTis procesad ki ar ganixilaven, aramed harmoniisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> konsensusis miRwevis saSualebad. kulturasa <strong>da</strong> kanonebs Soris<br />
arsebul kavSirs kidev mivubrundebiT, roca kulturaTa mravalferovnebis<br />
sakiTxs ganvixilavT. ufro konkretulad im <strong>da</strong>skvnebSi, romlebsac<br />
gavakeTebT demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobriobis<br />
ganviTarebis Taobaze.<br />
istoriuli <strong>da</strong> regionuli cvalebadoba, rasobrivi Taviseburebebis<br />
bundovani xasiaTi, diferencirebuli SesaZleblobebi socialuri klasis,<br />
sqesis, rasis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, religiuri mrwamsis <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri<br />
orientaciis mixedviT, aseve oficialuri institutebis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs<br />
Soris arsebuli kavSiris rTuli buneba – yvela CamoTvili faqtori<br />
erToblivad “saerTo kulturis” cnebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebs, anu im<br />
modelis winaaRmdeg, romelic <strong>da</strong>dgenili faqtebis oficialur aRiarebas <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri kulturis 5 socialur formirebas uzrunvelyofs. am diskusias<br />
me-5-, me-6 <strong>da</strong> me-7 TavebSi mivubrundebiT.<br />
politikis Tanamedrove filosofosebi saxelmwifos aRiqvamen<br />
cocxal organizmad, romelic naxevrad mxecia <strong>da</strong> naxevrad a<strong>da</strong>miani.<br />
makiavelis sityvebiT, saxelmwifo erTdroulad imeorebs rogorc meliis,<br />
ise lomis qcevis models:<br />
amdenad, qveynis mmarTvelisaTvis aucilebelia imis gageba, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong><br />
isargeblos erTdroulad rogorc mxecis, ise a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebiT. es sakiTxi<br />
metaforulad auxsnes mmarTvelebs uZvelesi drois mwerlebma, romlebmac<br />
aRweres, rogor ga<strong>da</strong>sces aqilevsi <strong>da</strong> Zveli drois bevri sxva ufliswuli<br />
aRsazrdelad kentavr xirons man ki sakuTari wesebiT gamozar<strong>da</strong> isini. es ki<br />
imas niSnavs, rom naxevrad a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> naxevrad cxoveli maswavlebli<br />
mowafisaTvis, anu momavali mmarTvelisaTvis, aucilebeli iyo imis gageba,<br />
Tu rogor gamoeyenebina orives buneba <strong>da</strong> gaecnobierebina, rom erTi meoris<br />
gareSe, mtkice <strong>da</strong> sicocxlisunariani ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
mmarTveli, iZulebulia ra Segnebulad miiRos cxovelis buneba, un<strong>da</strong><br />
aarCios mela <strong>da</strong> lomi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n lomi Tavs ver icavs xafangisagan, xolo<br />
melia _ mglebisgan. amdenad, un<strong>da</strong> iyo melia, rom SeZlo xafangebis Tavis<br />
arideba <strong>da</strong> amave dros lomi, rom SeZlo mglebis <strong>da</strong>Sineba. (makiaveli,<br />
1993:137-138)<br />
27
Tanamedrove mmarTvelis orsaxa buneba sazrunavs uqmnis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is garkveuli zomiT xels uSlis im Sedegebis meTodur<br />
analizs, rasac saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi warmoSobs ganaTlebis<br />
sferoSi. pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi Seecadnen – <strong>da</strong> Cveni azriT, warumateblad _ mkacrad<br />
gaemijnaT politika <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo iseTi sferosagan, rogoricaa <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> skolebi. es aris amao mcdeloba imisa, rom meliis Wkvianurma (<strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad Znelad gasagebma) bunebam, lomis mrisxane (Tumca, zogjer<br />
pasiur) bunebasTan erTad ver moaxerxos ganaTlebis keTilSobiluri<br />
miznebis SebRalva. aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani is, rom miTologiuri<br />
personaJi _ kentavri xironi Tavad iyo ufliswulebis aRmzrdeli? aris Tu<br />
ara saxelmwifos orsaxovani, naxevrad mxecis <strong>da</strong> naxevrad a<strong>da</strong>mianis buneba<br />
is faqtori, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, skolebis socializacia,<br />
Teoriulad indoqtrinaciis, ideologiuri manipulirebis <strong>da</strong>/an ”saerTo<br />
gagebis” formirebis procesebis ganuyofel nawilad ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />
amas antonio gramski gvTavazobs?<br />
gramskis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, rogorc saxelmwifos<br />
Semadgeneli nawili, arsobrivad “socialuri konformizmis” formirebis<br />
procesia. saganmanaTleblo sistemebi <strong>da</strong> kerZod skolebi, hegemonuri<br />
kulturis socializaciis miRwevis privilegirebul instrumentebad<br />
gvevlinebian. gramskis xedviT, saxelmwifo rogorc “eTikuri saxelmwifo”<br />
an rogorc ganmanaTlebeli, Tavis Tavze iRebs axali civilizaciis<br />
Camoyalibebis funqcias. amgvarad, saxelmwifo srulyofis instrumentia.<br />
gramski Tavis analizSi skolebs <strong>da</strong> eklesiebs yvela qveyanaSi, yvelaze did<br />
kulturul organizaciebad ganixilavs. misi azriT, swored isini<br />
warmoqmnian sabolood hegemonias. gramskis Tanaxmad, hegemoniis cneba<br />
miuTiTebs inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> moraluri liderobis procesze, romelic<br />
”saerTo gagebis” safuZvelze miRweuli konsensusis saxiTaa <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli.<br />
Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es konsensusi dinamiuria <strong>da</strong> ara statikuri. is<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabams ucvlelad iRebs socialur Zalebs, ideologiebs, filosofiebs <strong>da</strong><br />
zogad cxovrebiseul warmodgenebs Soris arsebuli konfrontacii<strong>da</strong>n an<br />
brZoli<strong>da</strong>n. gramskis winaaRdegobrivi xasiaTis mosazrebebis 6 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
igi hegemonias socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri batonobis procesad aRiqvams,<br />
romlis drosac mmarTveli klasebi maT mokavSire klasebze kontrols<br />
moraluri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri winamZRolobiT axorcieleben. hegemonia<br />
iZens pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur bunebas. gramski imazec mianiSnebs, rom hegemoniis dros,<br />
mmarTvel <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul klasebs Soris socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
aRdgenisa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebis mizniT, Zalisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiis ormagi gamoyeneba<br />
xdeba 7 . Tu gramskis hipoTezas virwmunebT, maSin gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas SeiZens saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris urTierTobebis<br />
28
Seswavla, raTa SevZloT CavwvdeT kapitalisturi qveynebis politikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturas.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis problemebis nebismieri saxis analizi<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teorias moicavs, magram cota maTgani Tu gvixsnis imas,<br />
Tu ras warmoadgens es Teoria.<br />
martin qernoi, “<strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo”<br />
ratom aris saxelmwifos cneba esoden mniSvnelovani saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis an im kavSirebis gasagebad, romlebic<br />
moqalaqeobriobas, <strong>demokratia</strong>s <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms Soris arsebobs?<br />
am SekiTxvaze martiv pasuxs ver moZebni. imisTvis, rom problemis<br />
konturebis moxazva SevZloT, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Semdegi sammxrivi konteqsti<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gavaanalizoT: urTierTobebi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobas Soris,<br />
urTierTobebi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikas Soris, <strong>da</strong> bolos, urTierTobebi<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobriobis formirebas Soris.<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebi cxadhyofen, rom saganmanaTleblo sistemis analizis<br />
gamocalkaveba SeuZlebelia im TvalnaTeli Tu faruli analizi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romelic mTavrobis rolis, miznisa <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis Sesaswavlad<br />
keTdeba. me-20 saukuneSi <strong>ganaTleba</strong> sul ufro metad gvevlineba<br />
saxelmwifos funqciis xatad. saxelmwifo afinansebs, uflebamosils xdis,<br />
organizebas ukeTebs <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs saganmanaTleblo sistemebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqmianobas. <strong>da</strong> marTlac, “saxelmwifo <strong>ganaTleba</strong> saxelmwifos funqcia ar<br />
aris mxolod samarTlebrivi wesrigisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kuTxiT.<br />
saxelmwifos oficialuri politikis safuZvelze xdeba akademiuri xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad specifiuri moTxovnebis, maswavleblebisadmi wayenebuli<br />
sakvalifikacio moTxovnebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis <strong>da</strong> sabazo kurikulumis<br />
(saswavlo programis) SemuSaveba, rasac saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />
akontroleben” (toresi, 1985:4793).<br />
analogiurad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asrulebs ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teoria amtkicebs, rom skolebis<br />
eqspansia stimuls aZlevs ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>s (fsaxaropulos, 1988; hanuSeki,<br />
1986). amave dros, kredentalizmis <strong>da</strong> politikuri ekonomiis Teoriebi<br />
brZolas ucxadeben a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalis Teoriebis wanamZRvrebs. 8<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teoriis mimdevari mecnierebi, awydebian ra<br />
kredentalizmis mimdevarTagan kritikas, varaudoben, rom saganmanaTleblo<br />
29
eqspansiam, ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>ze arsebiTi pozitiuri efeqtis mosaxdenad,<br />
garkveuli pirobebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>akmayofilos: pirvel rigSi, SemuSavebuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli kurikulumi <strong>da</strong> skolebis siebSi registrirebuli un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos im asakobrivi jgufis bavSvTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romelic<br />
maRal safexurebs (meeqvse safexurs zeviT) Seesabameba. meore pirobis<br />
Tanaxmad, un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes mWidro kavSirebi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikas<br />
Soris. mesame piroba, romelic, amave dros, zemoxsenebuli ori<br />
kavSirurTierTobis (<strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobas Soris, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikas Soris) warmatebulobis winapirobaa, iTvaliswinebs imas, rom<br />
saxelmwifo valdebulia, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi uzrunvelyos<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxi. me-19 saukunis ukanaskneli aTwleulis safrangeTis<br />
magaliTi gamodgeba imis <strong>da</strong>sturad, rom saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n aqtiuri<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebam <strong>da</strong> iniciativis gamoCenam mniSvnelovani roli<br />
Seasrula ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis,<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli kurikulumis SemuSavebis <strong>da</strong> xarisxiani saganmanaTleblo<br />
produqtis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. mogvianebiT, safrangeTis magaliTi<br />
Sea<strong>da</strong>res <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>upirispires amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mopovebul<br />
monacemebs <strong>da</strong> miiCnies, rom hipoTezis praqtikaze Semowmebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
es monacemebi erTmaneTs Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> (heigi, heigi <strong>da</strong> fuleri, 1988:824-837).<br />
marTalia rTuli <strong>da</strong>sadgenia, zustad ra wvlili miuZRvis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi, magram aSkaraa, rom saxelmwifo, Tavisi<br />
oficialuri politikiT <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo saWiroebebze gaweuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT, mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels saganmanaTleblo sistemasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikas Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebas. amdenad, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri reJimis buneba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n aSkara Careva (an<br />
Caurevloba) ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvnelobis gavlenas axdens ganaTlebis<br />
ganviTarebaze <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>ze.<br />
ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebisagan Semdgari sazogadoeba, nebismieri<br />
politikuri gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n metad sasurvel faseulobad ganixileba<br />
(meieri, 1977). miCneulia, rom saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, ayalibeben<br />
ra demokratiuli an arademokratiuli struqturebisaken mimarTul<br />
konkretul politikur gezs, mxolod maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli uCveulo<br />
saSualebebiT axdenen individebis socializebas (anu amzadeben maT<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis misaRebad). politikuri kultura<br />
`im <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis erTobliobaa, romelic arsebobs politikuri<br />
sistemis <strong>da</strong> misi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilebis mimarT, aseve, sistemaSi pirovnebis<br />
rolis mimarT. es aris socialuri obieqtebis <strong>da</strong> procesebis<br />
gansakuTrebuli erTobliobisaken aRebuli mimarTulebebis erToblioba”<br />
(almondi <strong>da</strong> verba, 1963:13). imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, misdevs Tu ara saxelmwifo<br />
korporatistuli xasiaTis miznebs, 9 an cdilobs Tu ara igi politikuri<br />
30
kulturis ganviTarebas demokratiis Tanamedrove Sexedulebebis10 safuZvelze, miCneulia, rom saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asrulebs<br />
moqalaqeebis socializaciaSi <strong>da</strong> im Sesaferisi simboluri pirobebis<br />
SeqmnaSi, rac xels uwyobs a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi politikuri kulturis<br />
Camoyalibebas.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, politikas <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobas ver<br />
ganvixilavT mxolod gabatonebuli politikuri kulturis kuTxiT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, Tu ra mosazrebebi gaaCniaT ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgis kvlevis,<br />
saswavlo programis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis politikis Sesaxeb “teqnokratuli” <strong>da</strong><br />
“teqnikuri” Sexedulebebis qomagebs, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ar aris arc politikurad<br />
neitraluri <strong>da</strong> arc teqnikurad “obieqturi”. rogorc paulo freiri<br />
Tanmimdevrulad asabuTebs Tavis naSromSi, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s bunebrivad Tan<br />
sdevs “politikuroba”. amas mohyveba epistemologiuri, analitikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
eTikuri Sedegi. maklareni aRniSnavs: “pe<strong>da</strong>gogikisa <strong>da</strong> politikis<br />
<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli urTierTobis Sekveca marto SeuZlebeli ki ara,<br />
Teoriulad, upatiosnebacaa” (maklareni, 1994:321). xsenebuli politikuroba<br />
pirvel rigSi exeba im aSkara <strong>da</strong> aseve Znelad SesamCnev kavSirebs, romlebic<br />
arsebobs <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> Zaluflebas Soris. imavdroulad, igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sajaro ganaTlebis politikur<br />
bunebasTan, rogorc sa<strong>da</strong>o sferoebTan, romlebic saqonlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis gacvlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> politikur-ekonomikuri proeqtebis<br />
konkurenciisaTvis aris saWiro (freiri, 1996). aq ukve mizanSewonilia,<br />
detalurad ganvsazRvroT saxelmwifos koncefcia <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegebi<br />
saxelmwifos, sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli mravalmxrivi<br />
urTierTobebis Teoriebze zegavlenis kuTxiT.<br />
saxelmwifos koncefcia<br />
iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianTa nebismieri raodenoba isea gaerTianebuli erT<br />
sazogadoebaSi, rom TiToeuli maTgani uars ambobs bunebis kanoniT<br />
miniWebul aRmasrulebel Zalauflebaze <strong>da</strong> mas sazogadoebas ga<strong>da</strong>scems, iq,<br />
swored iq, <strong>da</strong> mxolod iq aris politikuri an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.<br />
----jon loki, samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb<br />
saxelmwifos koncefcia gansxvavdeba xelisuflebis, politikuri<br />
sistemis an politikuri reJimis koncefciebisgan. saxelmwifos koncefciis<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas xatovnad asabuTebs atilio boroni (1994 a):<br />
Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi saxelmwifos koncefcia im erT-erT<br />
mcireTaganad iqca, romelsac uxvi Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> meTodologiuri diskusiis<br />
sazrdooba SeuZlia. praqtikuli arsebobiT is, amave dros, xels uwyobs<br />
31
politikuri uTanxmoebebis gaRvivebas. es miTumetes gasakviria, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
garkveuli periodis win, vidre aseT STambeW<strong>da</strong>v Sedegebs miviRebdiT,<br />
saxelmwifos koncefcia samecniero sazogadoebaSi ar moixseniebo<strong>da</strong>. mis<br />
Teoriul Rirebulebas iwunebdnen, viTom misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
bundovnebis <strong>da</strong> formalistikuri midrekilebis gamo. koncefcias kicxavdnen<br />
evristiuli Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiTac. 1953 wels, anu maSin, rodesac<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasruls uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong> ideologia, rodesac xdebo<strong>da</strong> omisSemdgomi<br />
periodis kapitalizmis saswaulebrivi aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> rodesac mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
klasobrivi brZolis institucionalizacia, devid istonma mxatvrulad<br />
gadmosca socialur mecnierebs Soris gabatonebuli konsensusis arseboba –<br />
“arc saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> arc xelisufleba ar aris iseTi koncefcia, romelic<br />
politikuri kvlevis Tavmoyras waadgeba”. TumcaRa, sami aTwleulic ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>sWirvebia imas, rom istoriis dinebas am sityvebis avtori koncefciis<br />
“mkvdreTiT aRdgomis” mowme gaexa<strong>da</strong>. (1)<br />
amgvarad, saxelmwifos cnebam axali aRiareba moipova <strong>da</strong> sakvanZo<br />
koncefcia gax<strong>da</strong> politikuri kvlevis istoriaSi. saxelmwifos Teoriebis<br />
Sesaxeb (boroni, 1994 b) diskusiebma 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi axali Zala<br />
SeiZina. maSin es Teoriebi saxelmwifos marqsistuli politikuri TeoriiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> antonio gramskis naSromiT gamowveul polemikasTan asocirdebo<strong>da</strong>. 80ian<br />
wlebSi diskusiam ukve sxva elferi miiRo. politikuri mecnierebis<br />
wamyvani warmomadgenlebi axla farTod ganixilavdnen demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis sakiTxs <strong>da</strong> redemokratizaciis process<br />
avtoritarul sazogadoebebSi (stepani, 1988; o’doneli, Smiteri, <strong>da</strong> uaithedi<br />
1986). amasTan, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb<br />
bolo periodis diskusiebs <strong>da</strong>emata debatebi rasobrivi, eTnikuri,<br />
klasobrivi <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi Taviseburebebis, politikuri arCevanis <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos statusis, agreTve, demokratiuli Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
regulaciis im cnebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic fukos mier gamoyenebuli<br />
meTodebis safuZvelze warmoiSva (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995; popkeviCi, 1994 b).<br />
aq saWiro xdeba sicxadis Setana terminologiaSi, iseTi cnebebis CaTvliT,<br />
rogoricaa saxelmwifo, politikuri reJimi, politikuri sistema,<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sfero. es cnebebi dResac cxare<br />
debatebis sagania. am cnebebs kargad icnoben specialistebi, romlebsac<br />
miRebuli aqvT specialuri codna politikur mecnierebebSi an<br />
sociologiaSi, magram ara ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgis specialistebi <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikosebi, romlebic maT SesaZloa, sazogadod, arc iyeneben. aRniSnuli<br />
cnebebis garSemo mimdinare debatebis arealis, intensiurobis <strong>da</strong> sirTulis<br />
gamo, cnebaTa gansazRvrebis mxolod mTavari konturebis moxazva xdeba<br />
SesaZlebeli. es bevrad ufro gasagebs gaxdis terminologias, vidre<br />
terminebis glosariumis SemuSaveba an maTi detaluri taqsonomia<br />
(klasifikacia).<br />
32
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis cnebebi sinonimebi araa. marTlac,<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos rTuli buneba SeuZlebelia <strong>da</strong>viyvanoT mxolod<br />
“mTavrobis” cnebamde. iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia mTavrobis cneba<br />
ganvsazRvroT wmin<strong>da</strong> aRweriTi xasiaTis terminebiT, rogorc mxolod im<br />
saagentoebis, struqturebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis nakrebi, romlebic<br />
SeTanxmebisa <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebis gareSe asruleben im administraciul<br />
procedurebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebs, rac Tan axlavs sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis<br />
warmoebis an e.w. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis administrirebas. verc<br />
xelisufleba <strong>da</strong> verc saxelmwifo ver iqneba gagebuli mxolod im<br />
institutebis <strong>da</strong>/an a<strong>da</strong>mianebis erTobliobad, romelic Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebebis funqcionirebisaTvis, marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis,<br />
ekonomikis, Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis, sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebisaTvis saWirod miCneul rolsa <strong>da</strong> funqciebs asrulebs<br />
(boroni, 1990-91). amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, veberis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,<br />
saxelmwifo ufro farTo cnebad un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT, vidre mxolod<br />
mTavrobis cneba.<br />
saxelmwifos cneba – miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTTan<br />
konkurenciaSi myofi interpretaciebisa (rasac qvemoT vixilavT) – zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ufro yovlismomcvel cnebad miiCneva, vidre mTavrobis cneba. saxelmwifo<br />
moicavs xelisuflebis funqcionirebas, magram mxolod amiT ar<br />
Semoifargleba. rogorc se<strong>da</strong> skokpoli (1979) amtkicebs:<br />
saxelmwifos sworad gagebuli cneba . . . . warmoadgens administraciul,<br />
policiur <strong>da</strong> samxedro organizaciebs, romelTac saTaveSi udgas <strong>da</strong> metnakleb<br />
koordinacias uwevs aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. nebismieri<br />
saxelmwifo, upirveles yovlisa, arsobrivad sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n moipovebs<br />
resursebs <strong>da</strong> es resursebi moqmedebaSi mohyavs Zalovani <strong>da</strong><br />
administraciuli organizaciebis Sesaqmnelad <strong>da</strong> maTi funqcionirebis<br />
xelSesawyobad. . . . . . politikuri sistemebi... aseve moicaven institutebs,<br />
romlebic xels uwyoben socialuri interesebis saxelmwifo politikaSi<br />
wardgenas. kidev im institutebs, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba<br />
arasaxelmwifoebrivi moTamaSeebis mobilizeba politikis ganxorcielebaSi<br />
monawileobis misaRebad. <strong>da</strong> mainc, administraciuli <strong>da</strong> Zalovani<br />
organizaciebi saxelmwifos Zlierebis safuZvels warmoadgenen. (29)<br />
saxelmwifos cneba ara mxolod ganxvavdeba mTavrobis cnebisagan (<strong>da</strong><br />
ufro yovlsmomcvelia, vidre mTavrobis cneba), aramed urTierTqmedebs<br />
politikuri sistemis cnebasTan (<strong>da</strong> zogjer moicavs kidec mas). aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo warmoadgens instituciur struqturas, romelic<br />
moicavs:<br />
33
struqturis farglebSi moRvawe Tanamdebobis pirebs <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis erTobliobas, rac Seadgens saxelmwifo seqtors. amgvarad, is<br />
moicavs mTavrobas (rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifos meTaurs <strong>da</strong> im politikur<br />
gunds, romelic gars axvevia saxelmwifos meTaurs), saxelmwifo<br />
biurokratiis aparats, kanonmdebels, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas,<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> naxevrad saxelmwifo korporaciebs <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv<br />
sistemas. (kolieri, 1979:403)<br />
Teoriuli gagebiT, politikuri sistemis cneba gulisxmobs<br />
mmarTvelobis modelis mTlian konfiguracias konkretuli politikuri<br />
reJimis konteqstSi, im dominanturi koaliciisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo politikis<br />
CaTvliT, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia politikuri cxovrebisaTvis mocemul<br />
sazogadoebaSi. Sesabamisad, politikuri mecnierebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tradiciebi<br />
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben politikuri sistemebis gansxvavebul tipebs<br />
demokratiuli, avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong> totalitaruli politikuri reJimebis<br />
CaTvliT. es politikuri sistemebi u<strong>da</strong>vod gansxvavdeba gabatonebuli<br />
ideologiis, politikuri warmomadgenlobis <strong>da</strong> Tanamonawileobis modelis<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelmRvanelobis stilis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
mTavrobis an saxelmwifos cnebas politikur TeoriaSi, Cveulebriv,<br />
miakuTvneben politikuri sazogadoebis koncefcias, romelic samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis cnebis sapirwoned gvevlineba (an romelic awonasworebs<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebas) miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis koncefciis gamijvna saxelmwifos koncefciisgan<br />
SeuZlebelia.<br />
es ukanaskneli, sTavazobs ra sazogadoebas erTian samarTlebriv<br />
struqturas, mniSvnelovanwilad Seadgens pirvels, anu samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebas. TumcaRa, safuZvels araa moklebuli imis mtkicebac, rom<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gansxvavebul xasiaTs inarCunebs im zomiT, ra<br />
zomiTac masSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoebia warmodgenili – saSinao<br />
saqmeebi, ekonomikis <strong>da</strong>rgi, kulturuli cxovreba <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
urTierTqmedeba _ romlebic formirebulia im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
jgufebis kerZo an nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebebiT <strong>da</strong> romlebzec<br />
saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontroli ar vrceldeba. (heldi, 1989: 180-<br />
181).<br />
zogjer politikuri sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
cnebebi or urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul koncefcia<strong>da</strong>a interpretirebuli:<br />
“saxelmwifo” seqtori <strong>da</strong> “kerZo” seqtori. “saxelmwifo” miuTiTebs<br />
romaul cnebaze res publica, xelovnurad formirebul sazogadoebaze,<br />
romelic inarCunebs faqtobrivad an istoriulad Seqmnili erTobebis an<br />
34
individebis nebismieri saxis erTobliobis uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> interesebs.<br />
politikuri filosofosebisaTvis, rogoricaa hobsi <strong>da</strong> ruso (maT Soris<br />
gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki) saxelmwifos, rogorc politikuri<br />
sazogadoebis azri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriobis materializacia, gulisxmobs<br />
calkeuli individebis Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c iseTi riskis<br />
fasad, rogoricaa im individebis gacvlis regulireba, romlebic<br />
urTierTqmedeben voluntaristuli SeTanxmebebis <strong>da</strong> saSinao<br />
urTierTqmedebebis kerZo sferoSi. maSin roca “kerZo” <strong>da</strong> “sazogadoebrivi”<br />
gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul poluseba<strong>da</strong>a miCneuli <strong>da</strong> bevri Tvlis,<br />
rom kerZo interesebi bevrad mniSvnelovania (<strong>da</strong> xotbas asxmamen maT bazris<br />
saxiT) sazogadoebriv interesebze, v.l. veinSteini (1971) mier moyvanili<br />
analogia gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor ganvasxvavoT es ori cneba<br />
erTmaneTisgan: “sazogadoebrivobis” <strong>da</strong> “kerZoobis” cnebebi xaxvis<br />
furclebs waagavs. iseve rogorc nebismieri furceli, romelic gare<strong>da</strong>n<br />
akravs Si<strong>da</strong> furcels <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, sxva furclis qveSaa moqceuli, aseve,<br />
nebismieri ram, rac “sazogadoebrivia” cxovrebis erT konkretul<br />
sferosTan mimarTebiT, SeiZleba iyos “kerZo” sxva sferosTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.MmarTlac sazogadoebrivi sferos cnebis gamoyeneba swored<br />
rom relevanturia im mizniT, rom naTeli gavxadoT saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi.<br />
“sazogadoebrivi sferos” koncefcia SeimuSava iurgen habermasma (1989)<br />
Tavis naSromSi sazogadoebrivi sferos struqturuli transformacia.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tradiciebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul samecniero naSromebSi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive<br />
koncefciebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva terminologiiTaa moxseniebuli. es koncefciebi,<br />
Tavis mxriv, gasagebad un<strong>da</strong> ganmartavdnen realobis konkretul fenomenebs.<br />
Tumca, socialuri fenomenis formirebas <strong>da</strong> mis arsebobas, faqtobrivad,<br />
Cvens mier am fenomenis konceptualizacia ganapirobebs (arsobrivad<br />
inetrpretacia an gacnobiereba). epistemologiuri win<strong>da</strong>xedulebis xasiaTis<br />
am mokle <strong>da</strong> aSkarad arasakmarisi SeniSvniT, Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve un<strong>da</strong> ganvacxadoT,<br />
rom me-18 saukunis klasikuri filosofiuri naSromebis mixedviT,<br />
sazogadoebrivi sferos cneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveulad emTxveva<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadebis cnebas, magram amave dros, ganxvavdeba misgan.<br />
imisaTvis, rom Tavi avaridoT vrcel diskusias sazogadoebrivi<br />
sferos Sesaxeb, moviyvanT nensi freizeris (1997) citatas. avtori, misTvis<br />
Cveuli gamWriaxi analiziT akritikebs habermasis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
xedvis ganzomilebebs:<br />
[saxelmwifo sfero] Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi warmodgenilia Teatris<br />
saxiT, romelSic politikaSi monawileoba laparakis saSualebiT warmoebs.<br />
35
es aris iseTi sivrce, romelSic moqalaqeebi fiqroben <strong>da</strong> TaTbiroben<br />
TavianT saerTo satkivarze. Sesabamisad, es aris institucionalizebuli<br />
arena qaoturi urTierTqmedebisaTvis. es arena konceptualurad gansxvavdeba<br />
saxelmwifosgan; es aris adgili, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> warmoSvas seriozuli<br />
msjeloba, romelic SemdgomSi gavrceldeba farTo wreebSi <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba<br />
saxelmwifos seriozul kritikas Seicavdes. sazogadoebrivi sfero<br />
habermasis gagebiT aseve konceptualurad gansxvavdeba formaluri<br />
ekonomikisagan; is warmoadgens ara sabazro urTierTobebis, aramed ufro<br />
qaoturi urTierTobebis asparezs _ diskusiebisa <strong>da</strong> msjelobisTvis <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
yidva-gayidvisTvis gankuTvnil Teatrs. sazogadoebrivi sferos aRniSnuli<br />
koncefcia saSualebas gvaZlevs gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba<br />
saxelmwifo aparatebs, ekonomikur bazrebs <strong>da</strong> demokratiul gaerTianebebs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong> rom am gansxvavebas demokratiis TeorisaTvis arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. (70)<br />
aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi sfero gamijnulia<br />
saxelmwifosagan; habermanis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad – romelsac freizeri<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofileblad miiCnevs – is kerZo individebisagan Semdgari<br />
gaerTianebaa, romelic qmnis sazogadoebas msjelobis, gaazrebis <strong>da</strong><br />
qaoturi urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT. sazogadoebrivi sferos koncefcia,<br />
rogorc amas freizeri aRwers (1997), SeuZlebelia gavuTanabroT<br />
sazogadoebis koncefcias, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es ukanaskneli SemosazRvrul <strong>da</strong><br />
erTgvarovan jgufs gvTavazobs <strong>da</strong> xSirad konsensuss gulisxmobs.<br />
“sazogadoebrivi” (public) ki misgan ganxvavebiT, xazs usvams qaotur<br />
urTierTqmedebas, romelic, faqtobrivad, SemosazRvruli ki ar aris, aramed<br />
Riaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, mravalferovani xedvis arsebobas gulisxmobs.<br />
amdenad, saxelmwifoebriv ideas, sazogadoebriv ideaze ukeT SeuZlia Si<strong>da</strong><br />
gansxvavebulobis, antagonizmis <strong>da</strong> kamaTis SeTavseba. (97)<br />
gviani kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis masStabis, kulturuli<br />
mravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong> rTuli struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT fun<strong>da</strong>menturi<br />
mniSvnelobis kiTxva ibadeba: konkretulad sad aris ganTavsebuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi sferos kera? sazogadoebas ver mivakuTvnebT saxelmwifos<br />
operirebis kategorias, aseve, ver Tavsdeba sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
azri masmediis saqmianobaSi, romelic zoga<strong>da</strong>d kerZo mflobelobaSi<br />
imyofeba <strong>da</strong> mogebazea orientirebuli. media gadmoscems informacias <strong>da</strong><br />
axdens azris formirebas, magram amave dros is avrcelebs <strong>da</strong> ayalibebs<br />
ufro konkretul <strong>da</strong> ara universalur Sexedulebebs. mosazrebebi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturisa <strong>da</strong> codnis produqtad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis Sesaxeb, agreTve,<br />
mediisa <strong>da</strong> reklamis roli ar aZlevs medias imis saSualebas, rom sakuTar<br />
TavSi sazogadoeba ganasaxieros. marTlac, media asaxavs, ayalibebs <strong>da</strong><br />
36
warmoadgens momxmareblis kulturas <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis stils (fezerstouni,<br />
1991). metic, media ar warmoaCens umciresobebis <strong>da</strong> im jgufebis<br />
Sexedulebebs, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian tradiciul kulturas, iseTi<br />
sixSiriT, rogorc es realurad xdeba sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriv<br />
garemoSi. igi arc aseTi Tavyrilobebis dros gamarTul diskusiebs<br />
warmoaCens srulad. gamoTqvamdnen ra wuxils moqalaqeobriobis formirebis<br />
sakiTxisadmi “SeerTebisa <strong>da</strong> mezoblobis” midgomis marcxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
struqturul-funqcionalisturi tradiciis mimdevari ori saxelganTqmuli<br />
mecnieri pol lazarfeldi <strong>da</strong> robert k. mertoni (citirebulia morlis<br />
naSromSi 1992), romlebic amave dros kulturis sferos gavlenian<br />
kritikosebs warmoadgendnen, ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis win mediis narkotikuli<br />
zemoqmedebis mqone disfunqciaze werdnen <strong>da</strong> miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom es anadgureb<strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobriobas:<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani kiTxulobs informacias garkveul sakiTxebze <strong>da</strong> problemebze <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZloa kamaTobs kidec SesaZlebel alternatiul moqmedebebze. magram es<br />
sakmaod inteleqtualizebuli <strong>da</strong> Soreuli kavSiri organizebul socialur<br />
moqmedebasTan ar aris aqtivirebuli. <strong>da</strong>interesebul <strong>da</strong> informirebul<br />
moqalaqes SeuZlia iamayos kidec sakuTari interesisa <strong>da</strong> informirebulobis<br />
maRali doniT <strong>da</strong> amave dros ver SeamCnios, rom ar monawileobs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi. mokled, is amyarebs meorad<br />
kontaqts politikuri realobis samyarosTan. kiTxvis, mosmenis <strong>da</strong> fiqris<br />
procesi misi sakompensacio saqmianobaa. icis ra arsebuli<br />
problemebisDSesaxeb, igi SecdomaSia Seyvanili, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c hgonia, rom<br />
SeuZlia raime moimoqmedos am problemebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. igi Sewuxebulia<br />
problemiT. igi informirebulia. mas aqvs uamravi idea imis Taobaze, Tu risi<br />
gakeTebaa saWiro. magram mas Semdeg, rac igi miirTmevs sadils, mousmens mis<br />
sayvarel radioga<strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong> waikiTxavs rigiT meore gazeTs, Zilis droc<br />
dgeba. am cota ar iyos uCveulo TvalsazrisiT, masobrivi komunikaciis<br />
saSualebebi un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoT yvelaze <strong>da</strong>safasebeli <strong>da</strong> efeqturi<br />
socialuri narkotikebis kategorias. (252)<br />
aq didi sifrTxile <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>xeduleba gvmarTebs. im sazogadoebebSic<br />
ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c masmediis saSualebebs mTlianad akontroleben<br />
multinacionaluri korporaciebi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c saukeTeso liberalur<br />
tradiciebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli wesebisa <strong>da</strong> regulaciebis meSveobiT, yovelTvis<br />
arsebobs imis albaToba, rom <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Jurnalistika saaSkaraoze<br />
gamoitans xelisuflebis, korporaciebis (kerZo seqtoris), saerTo<br />
interesebiT gaerTianebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis an elituri anklavebis ukanono,<br />
amoralur an araeTikur moqmedebebs. media saSualebebiT gakeTebuli<br />
mxileba xels uwyobs politikuri debatebis bunebis <strong>da</strong> Taviseburebebis<br />
axleburad formirebas. yovelgvari zedmeti analizis gareSe, CemSi eWvs ar<br />
37
iwvevs is faqti, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebulma<br />
uotergeitis gamoZiebam wyalgamyofis roli Seasrula prezidentis<br />
aparatis (<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod korufciisaken midrekili iseTi politikosis<br />
saxiT, rogoric iyo riCard niqsoni) patiosnebaze sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
formirebaSi <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina aparatis, rogorc<br />
kanonmorCili struqturis imijze Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis TvalSi. xolo,<br />
Tu <strong>da</strong>vesesxebiT nicSes. moqalaqisTvis es simbolurad imas niSnavs rom<br />
”eris instinqti aRar egebeba mas” (nicSe, 1991:82).<br />
amdenad, Tu mivendobiT lazarfeldsa <strong>da</strong> mertons (1948; citirebulia<br />
morlis mier 1992), arCevani un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes moqalaqeebis narkotikebiT<br />
gabruebis stimulirebasa <strong>da</strong> gamZvinvarebul cinizms Soris, romelic zians<br />
ayenebs demokratiis Tvisobriobas. TumcaRa, im sazogadoebebSi, romlebsac<br />
axasiaTebs arastabiluri samarTlebrivi konfiguracia, <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c ar aris<br />
miRweuli sruli liberaluri <strong>demokratia</strong>, patiosan, <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>da</strong><br />
gabedul presasa <strong>da</strong> masmedias marTlac Seswevs unari gaaJReros<br />
Zalauflebis, kerZod ki mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> kerZo interesebis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli<br />
kritika. aq upriania argentinuli presisa <strong>da</strong> garkveulwilad masmediis<br />
magaliTis moyvana. gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi isini mZafrad<br />
akritikebdnen mTavrobis iniciativebs. <strong>da</strong> rom ara es kritika, ar iarsebeb<strong>da</strong><br />
araviTari berketi, peroniseuli reJimis mimdevar karlos menemis<br />
mTavrobaze ramenairi zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. mTavrobaze, romelic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, mTlianad akontroleb<strong>da</strong> qveynis sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo<br />
sistemas (1997 wlamde). metic, roca gazeTis fotokorespondenti xose luis<br />
kabezasi mokles (1996 wels) <strong>da</strong> gaCn<strong>da</strong> eWvi, rom <strong>da</strong>naSauli organizebuli<br />
iyo biznesis mafiisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri liderebis faruli SeTanxmebiT, presam<br />
ar SeaCera gamoZiebis procesi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom seriozuli saSiSroeba<br />
SeeqmnaT im Jurnalistebs, romlebic cdilobdnen, rom yuradRebis centrSi<br />
qveyanaSi demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba moeqciaT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi sferos sakiTxze msjeloba am<br />
Tavis mTavari mizani araa, ramdenime SeniSvnis gakeTeba mainc uprianad<br />
migvaCnia. upirveles yovlisa, yvela ar iziarebs habermasis mtkicebas imis<br />
Taobaze, rom pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi manamde yalibdeba, vidre<br />
individebi sazogadoebriv sferoSi erTvebian. identobis Sesaxeb Cvens mier<br />
me-5 TavSi SemoTavazebuli msjelobis safuZvelze, identobis saboloo<br />
Camoyalibeba ar xdeba cxovrebis garkveul periodSi, aramed es procesi<br />
mTeli sicocxle mimdinareobs. identobebi Seadgenen im simboluri azris<br />
Camoyalibebis procesis ganuyofel nawils, romelic Cveni cvalebadi<br />
egzistencialuri mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. maTze did zegavlenas<br />
axdens politikuri ekonomikis faqtorebi, <strong>da</strong> mudmiv cvalebadi, Znelad<br />
aRsaqmeli <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa arian. me sruliad viziareb nensi<br />
38
freizeris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
xdeba nuklearuli ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n (de<strong>da</strong>, mama <strong>da</strong> maTi Svilebi _ sabaziso<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>nayofi) warmomdgari post-oidiposuri qaoturi<br />
urTierTqmedeba, romelic naTels xdis identobis cvalebadobas droSi<br />
(freizeri, 1997:97). ase, rom “sazogadoebrivi sfero mxolod mouwesrigebeli<br />
Sexedulebis formirebis arena ar aris, igi socialuri identobebis<br />
Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> xorcSesxmis asparezicaa” (freizeri 1997:83).<br />
meore SeniSvna, romelic mkafiod ikveTeba freizeris kritiki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva, feministur Sexedulebebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli Teoriuli analizi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom habermasis stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli ideali, rogorc Cans, arc<br />
analitikurad <strong>da</strong> arc istoriulad, ar moicavs genderuli sakiTxis<br />
ugulebelyofas sazogadoebrivi sferos Camoyalibebisas, rac feministuri<br />
Teoriebis <strong>da</strong>mcveli mecnierebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, miuRebelia (mihani, 1995).<br />
mesame: sazogadoebrivi sferos, rogorc racionaluri burJuaziuli<br />
traqtatis cneba, rogorc evristiuli idea, SeiZleba saintereso iyos<br />
sazogadoebrivi sferoebis istoriuli formirebis procesis gasagebad,<br />
magram igi ver Caitevs yvela racionalur msjelobas, romelic<br />
urTierTqmedebaSia erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong> kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi<br />
sazogadoebriv sferoebs ayalibebs. faqtobrivad, Zalian rTulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>veTanxmoT imas, rom racionaluri msjeloba, romelic stimuls aZlevs<br />
radikaluri demokratiis modelebis Seqmnas, SeiZleba mTlianad<br />
burJuaziuli traqtatis niRabqveS moeqces. meoTxe: sakmaod saSiSia im<br />
varaudis <strong>da</strong>Sveba (rogorc amas habermasi akeTebs), rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
sfero mxolod gansjisTvis gankuTvnili sivrcea. arsebobs iseTi<br />
intitutebi, wesebi/normebi, qmedebebi <strong>da</strong> qceva, romelic msjelobis zRvars<br />
scildeba <strong>da</strong> naambobis an azrTa gaziarebis kategorias ver mivakuTvnebT.<br />
mexuTe: aseve saxifaToa vivaraudoT, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi<br />
sferos gansazRvrebisas SemovifargloT mxolod moqalaqeobis<br />
erTgvarovani definiciiT, ise rom ar vaRiaroT gamonaklisebis didi<br />
raodenoba. isini Tavs iCenen ara mxolod genderul, aramed rasobriv,<br />
eTnikur, klasobriv, socialur, aRmsareblobiT <strong>da</strong> seqsualur orientaciaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebulia realuri politikis praqtikaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis struqturul-istoriuli dinamikis<br />
procesSi. marTalia, marqsi ambobs, Tanamedroveobis gamocdilebaSi<br />
realuria is, rom “yvelaferi rac myaria, haerSi orTqldebao”, 12 magram es<br />
ar gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom Tuki SesaZlebeli iqneba<br />
sazogadoebrivi sferoebis Seqmnis habermasiseuli formulis <strong>da</strong> idealuri<br />
mimarTvebis praqtikaSi ganxorcileba, gamonaklisebis <strong>da</strong>Sveba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi<br />
komentaris gakeTeba, maSin, farTod gavrcelebuli struqturuli ierarqia<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba, aseve, moqalaqeobriobis gamaerTgvarovnebeli definiciebi<br />
39
yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gavlen sabrZolo asparezi<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebrivi sfero ver Camoyalibdeba, Tu demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifo am kuTxiT saTanado xarks ar gaiRebs (anu, saxelmwifo Zalas<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>iSurebs imisTvis, rom demokratiis roli kapitalistur formaciaSi<br />
ufro gaafarToos <strong>da</strong> socialuri uTanasworobis struqturuli<br />
tendenciebis gasaumjobesebel saqmianobaSi CaerTos).<br />
zemoT moyvanilma SeniSvnebma ar un<strong>da</strong> moadunos mkiTxvelis yuradReba<br />
mTavari Temisgan. sa<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganTavsebuli sazogadoebrivi sfero<br />
(an ra berketsac ar un<strong>da</strong> flobdes is), skolebi tradiciuli gagebiT<br />
saxelmwifos nawilad ganixileba. sazogadod aRiarebuli azris Tanaxmad,<br />
maTi funqciaa moswavleebs moqalaqed formirebisTvis aucilebeli codna<br />
<strong>da</strong> unarebi SesZinon. TumcaRa, moqalaqeobis cnebas ver ganvixilavT ise,<br />
rogorc martiv <strong>da</strong> uproblemo koncefcias, romelsac axsna ar sWirdeba<br />
(rasac vasabuTeb me-4 TavSi). swored aq, gamogvadgeba sazogadoebrivi<br />
sferos cnebis gamoyeneba. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqeobis cneba<br />
ganixileba rogorc koncefcia, romelic kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis<br />
pluralistur <strong>da</strong> hibridul bunebas ganapirobebs, socialuri subieqtebis<br />
mravalferovnebis CaTvliT. kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika kulturuli politikis<br />
formaa, romelic asabuTebs skolebisaTvis _ demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
sferoebisaTvis 13 _ brZolis saWiroebas. metic, “kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika”<br />
ufro metia vidre Tanamedroveobis did qa<strong>da</strong>gebaTa gauwmindureba. is<br />
cdilobs ganmanTavisuflebeli <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri brZolis axali zneobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas, sa<strong>da</strong>c rogorc kontrols<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli, ise axali istoriebi SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>iweros <strong>da</strong> gaJRerdes<br />
demokratiis arenaze” (maklareni, 1991:172). rogorc demokratiuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi sferos nawili (<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod rogorc saxelmwifos<br />
samarTlebrivi qmedebis ganuyofeli nawili), skolebi xasiaTdebian ra<br />
codnis xva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoze mimarTuli mravalferovani interesebiT<br />
(empiriul-analitikuri, istoriul-hermenevtikuli/interpretaciuli <strong>da</strong><br />
kritikul-ganmaTavisuflebeli), gansjisaTvis SeiZleba seriozul asparezs<br />
qmnidnen. 14<br />
mas Semdeg, rac vimsjeleT saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris<br />
arsebul urTierTobebze, sistematurad ganvixilavdiT saxelmwifos<br />
gansazRvrebas <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul ZiriTad koncefciebs politikur<br />
mecnierebaSi, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> mivubrundeT diskusias politikur<br />
filosofiaze. <strong>demokratia</strong>s, saxelmwifos, moqalaqeobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s<br />
Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris nebismieri saxis analizi aucileblad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes aRiarebul Teoriebs, kerZod, klasikur Teoriebs<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, liberalizmisa <strong>da</strong> marqsizmis CaTvliT.<br />
40
kapitalisturi saxelmwifo demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, Tu<br />
demokratiuli saxelmwifo kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi?<br />
saxelmwifos cneba miuTiTebs fun<strong>da</strong>mentur aliansze, Zalauflebis<br />
gamovlenis Sesaxeb mTavar SeTanxmebaze, romelic arsebobs socialur<br />
klasebs an gabatonebuli klasebis <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs <strong>da</strong> im normebs Soris,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofen am klasebis gabatonebul mdgomareobas maT<strong>da</strong>mi<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli fenebis mimarT.<br />
----- fernando henrik kardoso, “laTinuri amerikis<br />
avtoritaruli reJimebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb”<br />
es aris suli (sulieri sawyisi), romelic TavisTvis arsebobs, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is<br />
Tavs inarCunebs mTlianis Semadgeneli calkeuli individebis gonebaSi<br />
asaxviT; <strong>da</strong> romelic aris mis TavSi an aris substancia, radganac sakuTar<br />
TavSi icavs maT. realuri substancia, rogorc aseTi, aris naciis suli<br />
(Volk); konkretuli cnobiereba, rogorc aseTi, aris naciis moqalaqe. am<br />
cnobierebas aqvs Tavisi ZiriTadi (Tu ganuyofeli) yofiereba martiv sulSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> TavisTavad aris gansazRvruli am sulis faqtiur realizebaSi, mTlianad<br />
naciis masStabiT. misi WeSmaritebad aq aris, <strong>da</strong> ara Sesabamisad raime<br />
ararealurSi _ sulSi, romelic arsebobs <strong>da</strong> romelic SegvagrZnobinebs<br />
sakuTar Tavs.<br />
hegeli, gonis fenomenologia<br />
saxelmwifos liberaluri koncefcia koncentrirebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis (xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> marTuli<br />
fenebis) ideis garSemo <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo aRqmulia konkretul sazRvrebSi<br />
moqceul uzenaes politikuri Zalauflebad (heldi, 1989:12). politikuri<br />
Zalauflebis es liberaluri cneba Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis<br />
Tvasawieri<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>isinjos. ueWvelia, rom arsebobs liberaluri<br />
politikuri analizis tradicia, romelic ikvlevs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis suverenobis sakiTxs, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqisa <strong>da</strong><br />
naciis politikuri kulturis formirebis sakiTxs. liberaluri<br />
demokratiis tradicia detalurad Seiswavlis politikuri<br />
warmomadgenlobis <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulebis problemebs, anu imas, Tu<br />
rogor xorcieldeba calkeuli individebis, institutebis <strong>da</strong> Tavad<br />
saxelmwifos kontroli, rogor xdeba urTierTkontroli <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba. es gansakuTrebiT relevanturia calkeuli individebis,<br />
institutebis, korporaciebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo struqturebis mier<br />
demokratiuli SeTanxmebis formirebis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli<br />
qmedebebis TvalsazrisiT, agreTve im kuTxiT, Tu ra zomiT axdenen es<br />
41
qmedebebi demokratiuli SeTanxmebis diskreditacias an mis rRvevas. mesame<br />
tradicia, marqsizmi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos Zalauflebis<br />
sakiTxze, gansakuTrebiT im aspeqtebze, romlebic socialuri klasebis<br />
struqturasa <strong>da</strong> politikuri iZulebis Zalebsa <strong>da</strong> instrumentebs Soris<br />
urTierTobas exeba. aseTi analizis nayofia varaudi, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
SeTanxmebis <strong>da</strong> samarTlian interesTa warmomadgenlobis misaRwevi<br />
aqtivobebi arc Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebis an iZulebis, <strong>da</strong> arc batonobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> eqspluataciur socialur urTierTobaTa sazRvrebs miRmaa. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
politikuri sociologiis xedva, romelSic TvalsaCino wvlili maqs<br />
veberma Seitana, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saxelmwifos funqcionirebis<br />
instituciuri meqanizmebis Seswavlas <strong>da</strong> kerZod, saxelmwifos<br />
uflebamosilebis aRsrulebasa <strong>da</strong> eri-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul<br />
urTierTobebs uTmobs. 15<br />
liberalizmis kritikuli Teoriebis TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n, es<br />
gansakuTrebiT exeba im Teoriebs, romlebsac Rrmad aqvT gadgmuli fesvebi<br />
demokratiis, neo-marqsizmis <strong>da</strong> politikuri sociologiis TeoriebSi,<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb diskusia axal ganzomilebebs iZens. winaswari xedviT,<br />
saxelmwifos cneba evristikul instrumentad, koncefciad gvevlineba,<br />
romelic radikalurad gansxvavdeba politikuri reJimis, xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis klasikuri cnebebisagan. am evristikul<br />
instrumentebTan mimarTebiT, saxelmwifos cneba moicavs sazogadoebaSi<br />
Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> Zlierebis kondensirebis ideas. saxelmwifos<br />
uflebamosilebis aRsruleba specializebuli saxelmwifo organoebis mier<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis misamarTiT ganxorcilebuli uflebamosilebis <strong>da</strong><br />
iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT xdeba. Zalauflebis kondensirebis cneba<br />
aseve miuTiTebs saxelmwifos kidev erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtze – cneba,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mier uflebamosilebis aRsrulebas. es<br />
uflebamosileba ar aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ZiriTad socialur moTamaSeebze,<br />
<strong>da</strong> rig SemTxvevebSi, misi ganxorcieleba sazogadoebaSi warmodgenili<br />
konkretuli interesebis safuZvelze xdeba. magaliTad, saxelmwifos mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli esa Tu is qmedeba konkretuli elitaruli jgufebis<br />
saxeliT. amdenad, saxelmwifos uflebamosileba SeiZleba asaxavdes<br />
konkretul politikur proeqts, klasobriv alianss, an konkretuli<br />
ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli an zneobrivi interesebis koalicias.<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gvevlineba aliansis an gabatonebul<br />
mdgomareobaze miRweuli SeTanxmebis saxiT.<br />
gabatonebuli mdgomareobis zemoxsenebul xedvebs Tan axlavs mTavari<br />
idea, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo, aseve, erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />
politikur proeqtTa konfrontaciis asparezia. saxelmwifo, rogorc<br />
konfrontaciis asparezi, asaxavs ara mxolod socialuri brZolis<br />
42
moulodnel cvalebadobebs <strong>da</strong> im <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas, romelic Tan axlavs<br />
socialur Zalebs Soris arsebul SeTanxmebebsa Tu uTanxmoebebs, aramed<br />
asaxavs im winaaRmdegobebsa <strong>da</strong> siZneleebsac, romlebic konkretuli<br />
politikuri proeqtis sazRvrebSi erTiani <strong>da</strong> Tanmimdevruli qmedebebis<br />
ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba. nebismieri saxelmwifo politika, maSinac ki<br />
rodesac is batonobis proeqtis nawilia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
Tanmdevi faqtorebis (<strong>da</strong>Zabuloba, winaaRmdegobrioba, politikuri<br />
SeTanxmebebi <strong>da</strong> uTanxmoeba) sabrZolo asparezad <strong>da</strong> rezonatorad<br />
gvelineba.<br />
Tu saxelmwifos ganvixilavT mxolod socialur klasebs Soris<br />
mimdinare brZolis moTamaSed, maSin yuradRebis miRma <strong>da</strong>gvrCeba socialur<br />
moqmedebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sxva mniSvnelovani maCveneblebi. klasobriv<br />
sxvaobasTan erTad arsebobs sxva iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa rasa,<br />
eTnikuroba, sqesi, geografiuli mdebareoba an individebs Soris eTikurmoraluri<br />
an religiuri gansxvaveba. eseni warmoqmnian socialur<br />
urTierTobebsa <strong>da</strong> socialur qmedebebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv<br />
saxelmwifosagan kanonebis miRebas, nebarTvis gacemas, marTvas <strong>da</strong><br />
sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas moiTxoven. Tu <strong>da</strong>veTanxmebiT klaus<br />
ofes, saxelmwifosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxi<br />
winaRmdegobaa. igi arsebobs kapitalisturi <strong>da</strong>grovebis saWiroebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavad kapitalisturi sistemis legitimacias Soris. ofe, sistemebis<br />
Teoriaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, analitikur midgomas gvTavazobs. es midgoma avsebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganavrcobs gramskis analizsa <strong>da</strong> pulancasis interpretacias. ofes<br />
azriT saxelmwifo kapitalizmis krizisSi mediatoris rols asrulebs <strong>da</strong><br />
specifiur funqciebs iZens, gvevlineba ra Suamavlad kapitalizmis ZiriTad<br />
winaaRmdegobebs Soris, anu, warmoebis mzard socializaciasa <strong>da</strong> kerZo<br />
seqtoris mier <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Rirebulebis miTvisebas Soris. imisaTvis rom<br />
SeZlos am fun<strong>da</strong>menturi winaaRmdegobis Sefaseba, saxelmwifom Tavisi<br />
instituciuri funqciebi un<strong>da</strong> gaafarToos (toresi, 1989)<br />
ofes gagebiT, saxelmwifo TviTregulirebadi administraciuli<br />
sistemaa <strong>da</strong> asaxavs im instituciuri wesebis, normatiuli aqtebis <strong>da</strong><br />
konvenciebis erTobliobas, romelic kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi<br />
istoriuli genezisis kval<strong>da</strong>kval ganviTar<strong>da</strong>. metic, kapitalisturi<br />
saxelmwifo yovelTvis ar pasuxobs imaT moTxovnebs, vinc droebiT<br />
aRasrulebs uflebamosilebas (konkretuli politikuri reJimis an partiis<br />
mTavroba), igi uSualod arc konkretuli socialuri seqtorebis<br />
(ekonomikuri interesebis) an gabatonebuli klasebis diqtats eqvemdebareba.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifo batonobiT miRweuli SeTanxmebis nayofad gvevlineba,<br />
romelic mediatoris rols asrulebs kapitalistur sistemaSi periodulad<br />
ganmeorebadi krizisebis mogvarebis saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> cdilobs Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos<br />
43
am krizisebis uaryofiTi zegavlena kapitalisturi sistemis muSaobis<br />
pirobebze, misi (saxelmwifos) klasobrivi TvalTaxedva konkretuli<br />
seqtoruli interesebis warmomadgenlobaze ar aris agebuli <strong>da</strong> arc im<br />
gabatonebuli klasebis an konkretuli politikuri jgufebis politikur<br />
kurss asaxavs, romlebic SesaZloa samTavrobo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs<br />
akontrolebdnen (qernoi, 1984: 131 – 140).<br />
saxelmwifo, rogorc batonobiT miRweuli SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
TviTregulirebadi administraciuli sistema, mTavar mediatorad gvevlineba<br />
kapitalisturi sistemisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel krizisTa konteqstSi. kerZod,<br />
saubaria <strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> legitimacias Soris arsebuli konfliqturobis<br />
Sesustebaze. garkveul mizezTa gamo, saxelmwifos Teoriebze msjeloba<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
problemebis <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebis gansazRvra, interpretacia <strong>da</strong><br />
analizi mniSvnelovanwila<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli saxelmwifos im Teoriebze,<br />
romlebic safuZvlad udevs <strong>da</strong> ganmartavs problemebis identificirebas <strong>da</strong><br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, saxelmwifo intervenciis axali saxeebi,<br />
romlebic xSirad neoliberaluri saxelmwifos saxiTaa gansazRvruli,<br />
asaxaven arsebiT cvlilebebs saxelmwifos qmedebis logikaSi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
CarTulobaSi. zemoTqmuli ufro ganviTarebad qveynebs exeba. saxelmwifos<br />
Tvisobriobis aseTma cvlilebam, kapitalizmis farTod gavrcelebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba, aseve, asaxos demokratiuli SeTanxmebis bunebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazRvrebis axleburi xedva <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis xasiaTisa <strong>da</strong> rolis axleburi Sefaseba. globalizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiis<br />
ganxiluli. 16<br />
sakiTxebi, ufro vrclad, wignis me-3 <strong>da</strong> me-5 TavebSia<br />
klasikuri Teoriebi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb:<br />
liberalizmi<strong>da</strong>n marqsizmamde<br />
ar aris aucilebeli velodoT rodis Seqmnian mefeebi filosofias an rodis<br />
mogvevlinebian filosofosebi mefeebad. es sasurvelic araa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Zalauflebis qona imTaviTve amaxinjebs gonebis Tavisuflad flobas.<br />
- emanuil kanti, Scriti Politici<br />
liberalur politikur filosofiaSi saxelmwifo warmoadgens<br />
umaRles politikur Zalauflebas konkretul sazRvrebSi (heldi, 1989:12).<br />
saxelmwifos liberalobis idea efuZneba saxalxo uflebamosilebis cnebas,<br />
44
ac gansxvavdeba mmarTveli <strong>da</strong> marTuli Zalebisagan. marTlac, am midgomis<br />
mixedviT saxelmwifos gaaCnia maRali xarisxis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebisagan, romelic Tavis mxriv aZlevs saxelmwifos imis unars,<br />
rom am ukanasknelma “socialur klasebs Soris arbitris an momrigeblis<br />
roli Seasrulos“ (istoni, 1981:308). liberalizmis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
saxelmwifo interesTa uTanxmoebasa <strong>da</strong> socialur konfliqtebze maRla<br />
dgas; igi warmoadgens neitralur teritorias, romelic mza<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>pyobil<br />
iqnes ama Tu im politikuri partiis (aliansis) mier saarCevno struqturis<br />
cvalebadobis mixedviT; is moqmedebs konkretuli jgufebisgan an<br />
interesebisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad; gamoscems kanonebs, icavs <strong>da</strong> aRasrulebs<br />
kanonmdeblobas yovelgvari mikerZoebis an kerZo miznebze orientirebis<br />
gareSe <strong>da</strong>, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgens sazogadoebis interesebs.<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis es klasikuri liberaluri perspeqtiva<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT politikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove tradiciebis<br />
TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n. liberaluri politikuri analizis mTavari tradicia,<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis sakiTxebzea<br />
fokusirebuli. liberaluri demokratiis meore tradiciis yuradRebis<br />
centrSi politikuri warmomadgenlobisa <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulebis<br />
problemebia; anu gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaros individebis,<br />
institutebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo organizaciebis moqmedebebi<br />
urTierTkontrolsa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebas, roca, individebis,<br />
institutebis, korporaciebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo organizaciebis qmedebaTa<br />
maregulirebeli <strong>da</strong> amsaxveli wesebis kanonierebis cnoba demokratiul<br />
SeTanxmebaSi an “socialur kontraqtSi” xdeba. saxelmwifos kanonierebis,<br />
warmomadgenlobisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia imasTan, Tu<br />
rogor aris regulirebuli individebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri saqmianoba demokratiuli SeTanxmebis CarCoebSi, rac ki ar<br />
akninebs, aramed kidev ufro ganavrcobs politikuri molaparakebebis<br />
demokratiul tradicias. winaaRmdegoba <strong>da</strong> erTgvari <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba<br />
individualur uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> koleqtiur uflebebs (an sazogado nebas)<br />
Soris, politikuri Tanamonawileobis, warmomadgenlobis <strong>da</strong> kanonierebis<br />
Sesaxeb diskusiis mTavari Teoriuli koncefciaa. mesame tradicia<br />
yuradRebas saxelmwifos uflebamosilebis sakiTxze amaxvilebs, kerZod,<br />
saxelmwifos im qmedebebze, romlebic klasobriv struqturas ukavSirdeba,<br />
politikuri iZulebis saSualebebis, modelebis <strong>da</strong> institutebis CaTvliT.<br />
marTlac, saxelmwifo aRiqmeba institucionalizebul, politikur<br />
uflebamosilebad. mTavari koncefcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom politikuri<br />
cxovreba ar aris gamijnuli socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri cxovrebis<br />
ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebisgan. Sesabamisad, batonoba,<br />
eqspluatacia, Cagvra, uTanasworoba <strong>da</strong> diskriminacia saxelmwifos<br />
45
saqmianobis Tvisebrivad ganuyofeli nawilia, rac mravaljera<strong>da</strong>d aisaxeba<br />
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mowyobasa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebaSi. maSin, rodesac<br />
politikuri reJimis maxasiaTeblebi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asruleben<br />
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi, misi buneba, kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi, arsobriva<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifos rolTan <strong>da</strong><br />
funqciebTan. konsensusis miRwevisa <strong>da</strong> reproduqciis, agreTve, interesTa<br />
warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa procesebi Tavisufali ver<br />
iqneba iZulebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalis gamoyenebisagan. analogiurad, konsensusis<br />
miRweva imTaviTve ukavSirdeba dominirebis <strong>da</strong> eqspluataciis im<br />
urTierTobebs, romlebic individebs, agreTve, individebsa <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
regulaciebs, struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> institutebs Soris yalibdeba. maqs veberma<br />
didi zegavlena iqonia saxelmwifos funqcionirebis instituciuri<br />
meqanizmebis, ganskuTrebiT ki, saxelmwifo uflebamosilebis<br />
ganxorcielebis Seswavlaze. aseve, im rolis Seswavlaze, romelsac<br />
biurokratia (meTodologiuri/instrumentuli, samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
biurokratiuli racionalobis CaTvliT) saxelmwifos mier<br />
ganxorcielebul qmedebebSi asrulebs. saxelmwifos qmedebebi gulisxmobs<br />
ara mxolod im individebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebis mimarTebiT ganxorcilebul<br />
qmedebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi atareben gansxvavebul<br />
interesebs, miswrafebebs <strong>da</strong> ideologias naciis konteqstSi, aramed<br />
msoflio sistemaSi saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTqmedebasac gulisxmobs<br />
(heldi, 1983, 1989, 1991; sontagi <strong>da</strong> valekilosi, 1977; vinsenti, 1987). veberi<br />
Tavisi analizis sakvanZo koncefciad dominirebis cnebas miiCnevs, Tumca<br />
misi analizis farglebs miRma rCeba iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa<br />
eqspluatacia <strong>da</strong> Cagvra.<br />
klasikuri liberalizmis kritikosebis TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n, kerZod im<br />
Teoriebis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic, faqtobrivad, liberalizmis gagrZelebas<br />
warmoadgenen (demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri sociologiis Teoriebis<br />
CaTvliT) an liberalizmis Teoriis kritikuli ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebiT<br />
(neomarqsizmis CaTvliT) iqnen miRebuli, saxelmwifos Sesaxeb diskusia<br />
sruliad axal moxazulobas iZens. erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifo gvevlineba<br />
evristikul instrumentad _ koncefciad, romelic radikalurad ganxvavdeba<br />
mTavrobis, politikuri reJimis, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
seqtoris klasikuri cnebebisagan. rogorc evristikuli koncefcia,<br />
saxelmwifos cneba asaxavs rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis, ise<br />
saxelmwifos Zlierebis kondensirebas sazogadoebaSi. saxelmwifos<br />
uflebamosilebis aRsruleba xdeba specializebuli saxelmwifo aparatis<br />
meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs iZulebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalismieri moqmedebebis<br />
ganxorcielebas samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, individebi SesaZloa<br />
nebayoflobiT ixdidnen ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs, magram saxelmwifo saagentoebis<br />
46
maregulirebeli <strong>da</strong> iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis uflebamosileba<br />
kidev ufro zrdis albaTobas, rom moqalaqeebi marTlac ga<strong>da</strong>ixdian<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebul ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs. Zalis kondensirebis cneba miuTiTebs saxelmwifos<br />
cnebis kidev erT centralur komponentze: saxelmwifo marto legitimuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri Zalauflebis ganmaxorcielebeli ki araa, aramed igi<br />
aRasrulebs Tavis uflebamosilebas farTo speqtris sferoebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqmianobaSi. saxelmwifos, rogorc Zalis kondensirebis cneba mianiSnebs<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTze, rac gamoixateba<br />
imaSi, rom saxelmwifo Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
mTavari socialuri subieqtebisagan. dro<strong>da</strong>dro, saxelmwifo Zalaufleba<br />
gansakuTrebul interesTa jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> klasebis saxeliT xorcieldeba an,<br />
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maT mTavar moTxovnebTan SeTanxmebiT. amdenad, Tu ar<br />
moviSveliebT konspiraciis Teoriebs (romlebic exeba subieqtebis, jgufebis<br />
an institutebis mizanmimarTul, Tvisebrivad gamorCeul <strong>da</strong> koordinirebul<br />
qmedebebs), politikuri Teoriis zogierTi mimdinareobis mixedviT<br />
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba SesaZloa konkretul politikur proeqts an<br />
klasobriv alianss asaxavdes <strong>da</strong> konkretul socialur, ekonomikur,<br />
kulturul, eTikur <strong>da</strong> zneobriv interesebs warmoadgendes. saxelmwifo<br />
iRebs batonobiT miRweuli SeTanxmebis an aliansis formas, romelSic<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis garkveulma interesTa jgufebma an elitarulma<br />
wreebma eleqtoraluri erTobis wyalobiT, <strong>da</strong> ara marto<br />
winaswargansazRvruli <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebuli qmedebebiT, SeiZleba arasasurveli<br />
zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifo politikis warmoebaze.<br />
rodesac saxelmwifos dominantis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n ganvixilavT,<br />
mTavaria gvesmodes, rom batonoba, anu, dominireba mudmivad sakamaTo <strong>da</strong><br />
Znelad <strong>da</strong>saZlevi ramaa. politikuri dominireba istoriuli procesia; am<br />
mdgomareobis srulad miRweva Zalian iSviaTa<strong>da</strong>a SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, socialuri kontrolic srulyofilad verasodes xorcieldeba.<br />
problemebis wyaro, romlebic politikur dominirebasa <strong>da</strong> hegemonias<br />
eqmneba, SeiZleba mmarTveli aliansis sazRvrebs scdebodes (mag: am<br />
problemebs SesaZloa iwvevdes protestis gamomxatveli socialuri<br />
moZraoba an klasobrivi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, rogorc me-5 TavSia axsnili). magram,<br />
gamowvevebi SeiZleba TviT gabatonebuli jgufebis an mmarTveli aliansis<br />
SigniT warmoqmnili <strong>da</strong>vebi<strong>da</strong>nac momdinareobdes.<br />
dominirebisa <strong>da</strong> hegemoniis Teoriuli koncefciebi iTvaliswineben,<br />
rom saxelmwifos, rogorc dominantis SeTanxmebis mowyoba samuSao<br />
procesia. es procesi mudmivad <strong>da</strong> Seuferxeblad mimdinareobs. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo aris teritoria, romelic <strong>da</strong>vis obieqts<br />
warmoadgens, anu, politikuri proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis arenad gvevlineba.<br />
saxelmwifo, rogorc aseTi, ara mxolod asaxavs socialuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
47
arcTu sasurvel cvalebadobas, <strong>da</strong> socialur jgufebsa <strong>da</strong> elitarul<br />
wreebs Soris SeTanxmebebsa Tu uTanxmoebebiT gamowveul <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas,<br />
aramed _ im sirTuleebsa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobriobasac, romelic mocemuli<br />
kulturuli, socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri proeqtis farglebSi erTiani <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanmimdevruli moqmedebis procesis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis mcdelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs. saxelmwifo politika, rogorc dominirebis proeqtis nawili,<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis brZolis asparezi <strong>da</strong> rezonatoria.<br />
winaswargansazRvruli saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebas<br />
yoveldRiurad Tan sdevs sazogadoebriv moZraobebs, elitarul wreebs,<br />
biurokratiul <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs, individebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobebs Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba, aseve, SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong> uTanxmoeba. am faqtoriT<br />
aixsneba nikos pulancasis formulirebuli gansazRvreba, romlis<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo Zalaufleba socialuri<br />
urTierTobebia. saxelmwifo aris socaaluri Zalauflebis kondensireba,<br />
magram amave dros mas gaaCnia uflebamosileba <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba socialuri klasebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva interesTa Tu<br />
Zalauflebis jgufebisagan.<br />
saxelmwifo socialur klasebs Soris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis arenad<br />
gvevlineba. kapitalisturi saxelmwifo pulancasis gagebiT klasobrivi<br />
brZolis asparezia. is aris klasobrivi brZolis produqti <strong>da</strong><br />
imavdroulad subieqti, romelic intervencias axdens klasobrivi<br />
urTierTobebis formirebaSi. pulancasi ar eTanxmeba alTusers (1977),<br />
romelic axdens gramskis Teoriis interpretacias. misi gagebiT, is<br />
gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs konsensusze orientirebul saxelmwifo<br />
praqtikasa <strong>da</strong> iZulebis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis praqtikas Soris, Znelad<br />
SesamCnevia <strong>da</strong> ar asaxavs saxelmwifos praqtikul saqmianobas. socialuri<br />
praqtikis doneze sakmaod rTuli xdeba ori ganzomilebis cal-calke<br />
identificireba. SeuZlebelia mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT marTva; yovelTvis<br />
arsebobs Tun<strong>da</strong>c minimaluri konsensusis saWiroeba. analogiurad,<br />
ideologiuri bazis gareSe SeuZlebelia represiuli praqtikis (<strong>da</strong><br />
institutebis) <strong>da</strong>nergva. represiuli saqmianoba gaTvlilia im ideologiur<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze, romelsac aRmouCenen mas represiaze <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis masStabiT arsebul seqtorebze pasuxismgebeli pirebi. <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebis Tanaarsebobis<br />
pirobebSi, ar arsebobs konsensusi, romelic miiRweva Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
gareSe – iqneba es fizikuri Zalis faqtobrivi gamoyeneba gansazRvruli<br />
mdgomareobis misaRwevad, Tu fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis albaToba.<br />
analogiurad, arc ideologiur <strong>da</strong> arc mecnierul ritorikas ar SeuZlia<br />
TavisTavad gaamarTlos <strong>da</strong> ganusazRvreli droiT SeinarCunos saxelmwifos<br />
qmedeba.<br />
48
pulancasi miiCnevs, rom alTuseri arasrulyofilad axdens gramskis<br />
interpretacias, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos qmedebis<br />
mxolod negatiur <strong>da</strong> SemzRu<strong>da</strong>v aspeqtebze. Tavis ukanasknel naSromSi<br />
pulancasi amtkicebs, rom gramskis Sexeduleba saxelmwifoze, rogorc<br />
gabatonebuli klasebis ideologiuri hegemoniis nawilze, romelic<br />
arsebobs iZulebis saxelmwifo aparatTan erTad (policia, jari,<br />
sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong> sasjelaRsrulebiTi sistemebi) ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvas saWiroebs.<br />
pulnacasi mkafiod asabuTebs, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifo klasobrivi<br />
brZolis nawili iyo <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> sawarmoo pirobebis<br />
reproduqciaSi. saxelmwifos, rogorc kapitalistur urTierTobas,<br />
mniSvnelovani roli akisria im TvalsazrisiT, rom zrdis <strong>da</strong>grovebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
legitimaciis SesaZleblobebs kapitalistur sistemaSi (toresi, 1985; qernoi,<br />
1984).<br />
magram, aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Tu saxelmwifos mxolod klasobrivi<br />
brZolis moTamaSed aRviqvamT, amiT <strong>da</strong>vakninebT misi socialuri qmedebis<br />
sxva mniSvnelovan saxesxvaobebs. saqme isaa, rom saxelmwifo ara mxolod<br />
klasobrivi sxvaobis SenarCunebis mTavari subieqtia, aramed igi im<br />
gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> arsebiTi socialuri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis adgilsamyofeli <strong>da</strong><br />
TavSesafaricaa, romelic rasobriv, eTnikur, genderul, geografiul,<br />
eTikur, moralur, religiur <strong>da</strong> seqsualur upiratesobebs efuZneba. es<br />
sxvaoba iwvevs socialuri urTierTobebis generirebas <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
iZulebulia, Caerios rogorc kanonmdebeli, socialuri mimocvlis<br />
maregulirebeli <strong>da</strong> kanonebis aRmasrulebeli an iZulebiTi disciplinis<br />
gamtarebeli subieqti.<br />
kritikuli Teoriis gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n, klaus ofe saxelmwifos<br />
moqmedebis centralur sakiTxad im winaaRmdegobas miiCnevs, romelic<br />
kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> legitimacias Soris arsebobs. saxelmwifo<br />
valdebulia waaxalisos kapitalis <strong>da</strong>groveba, rasac kapitalistur<br />
sistemaSi yovelTvis mosdevs uTanasworoba. amave dros, saxelmwifom<br />
stimuli un<strong>da</strong> misces mTliani politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sistemis<br />
legitimacias <strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos mdgradoba. ofe uerTdeba sistemebis Teoruli<br />
sinTezis axal Teoriebs <strong>da</strong> mxars uWers gramskisa <strong>da</strong> pulancasis xedvas<br />
saxelmwifoze, rogorc socialur urTierTobaze. saxelmwifo iZens<br />
konkretul funqciebs, cdilobs ra Seasrulos mediatoris roli<br />
kapitalizmis mTavari winaaRmdegobis _ warmoebis mzardi gansazogadoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Rirebulebis miTviseba kerZo seqtoris mier _ <strong>da</strong>Zlevis<br />
saqmeSi. imisaTvis, rom SeZlos mediatoris rolis Sesruleba am<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi xasiaTis winaaRmdegobis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad, gviani kapitalizmis<br />
xanaSi saxelmwifom Tavisi roli <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli instituciuri funqciebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaafarToos (toresi, 1989).<br />
49
ofes SexedulebiT, saxelmwifo TviTregulirebadi administraciuli<br />
sistemaa. is aris samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis, wesebisa <strong>da</strong> normatiuli<br />
aqtebis, agreTve, im formaluri Tu araformaluri institutebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kodeqsebis kondensirebuli forma, romelic istoriulad kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. ar aris savaldebulo, rom kapitalisturma<br />
saxelmwifom upasuxos im mmarTveli elitis moTxovnebs, romelic SesaZloa<br />
akontrolebdes mTavrobas mocemuli politikuri reJimis pirobebSi. aseve<br />
ar aris savaldebulo, rom kapitalisturma saxelmwifom srulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>akmayofilos – demokratiuli reJimis pirobebSi – elitis an<br />
gabatonebuli klasebis neba. marTalia saxelmwifo gvevlineba<br />
dominirebaze SeTanxmebis Sedegis rolSi <strong>da</strong> cdilobs kapitalisturi<br />
warmoebis ganmeorebadi krizisebis Sesustebas <strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas, aseve,<br />
im saSiSrobebis prevencias, romlebic eqmneba sistemis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
reproduqciis pirobebs, saxelmwifos klasobrivi perspeqtiva ar emyareba<br />
mis SesaZleblobas _ warmoadginos <strong>da</strong>jgufebebisa Tu klasebis konkretuli<br />
seqtoruli interesebi an samTavrobo institutebis kontrolis qveS myofi<br />
konkretuli jgufebis neba (qernoi, 1984). aRniSnulis sapirispirod,<br />
kapitalisturi saxelmwifos konkretuli klasobrivi komponenti<br />
momdinareobs kapitalisturi sistemisa <strong>da</strong> misi reproduciis struqturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> istoriuli imperativebisagan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia sakuTar (rogorc<br />
kapitalistur sistemaSi moqmed maregulirebel organos) grZlevadian<br />
dinamikaze.<br />
axla ganvixiloT es maregulirebeli funqciebi. jer erTi, imis gamo,<br />
rom ar SeuZlia Tavad gaakontrolos an areguliros kapitalisturi<br />
warmoeba (imis gamo, rom kapitalis <strong>da</strong>groveba xdeba kerZo sawarmoo<br />
erTeulebSi), saxelmwifo qmnis pirobebs uwyveti kerZo urTierTobebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad. meore: sazogadoebrivi pirebi, romlebic akontroleben<br />
saxelmwifo aparats, TavianTi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri miznebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli arian im resursebze, romlebic ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis meSveobiT<br />
SeiZleba iqnes amoRebuli kerZo kapitalisturi warmoebi<strong>da</strong>n. maSin rodesac<br />
krizisia kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebaSi, saxelmwifo resursebi mcirdeba. mesame:<br />
saxelmwifos aqvs rogorc uflebamosileba, ise “man<strong>da</strong>ti” Seqmnas <strong>da</strong><br />
SeinarCunos kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> socialuri reproduciisTvis,<br />
aseve, warmoebis socialuri urTierTobebisTvis saWiro pirobebi. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
is faqti, rom saxelmwifos makontrolebeli politikuri kadrebi Tavad ar<br />
floben Zalauflebas, aramed konkretuli qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
man<strong>da</strong>ts iTxoven, amarTlebs koncefcias, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifo<br />
ganzogadebul socialur interesebs warmoadgens.<br />
ofes (1973) Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos (rogorc kapitalisturi<br />
saxelmwifos) funqcionireba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu is im<br />
50
simboloebsa <strong>da</strong> resursebs eyrdnoba, romlebic mis kapitalistur bunebas<br />
malaven. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, TviT misi arseboba, socialuri<br />
konfliqtis miRma, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia sakuTari kapitalisturi bunebis<br />
sistematiur uaryofaze. kapitalisturi saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi<br />
sistemis legitimacia gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwifo institutebi <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo biurokratiuli aparati kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebis<br />
stimulirebisaTvis, zemoxsenebuli maregulirebeli funqciebis<br />
urTierTSeTanxmebas cdiloben, amave dros, sakuTari moqalaqeebis<br />
demokratiuli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad ibrZvian _ demokratiul<br />
sistemaSi Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad. amgvarad,<br />
saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos ara mxolod politikuri, ideologiuri,<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli, aramed ekonomikuri qmedebebic, raTa<br />
winaaRmdegoba gauwios gviani kapitalizmisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebel,<br />
legitimaciis deficits (toresi, 1989, 1991; levini <strong>da</strong> sxvebi., 1986).<br />
legitimaiciis deficiti zogjer gamoxatulia umarTav demokratiul<br />
sistemebSi. ofes mixedviT (1984) demokratiuli sistemebis marTvis cneba<br />
Semdegnairad JRers:<br />
igi “molodinis SeqmnaSi” mdgomareobs. amas erTmaneTis konkurenti jgufebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> aparatebi mediis saSualebiT axorcieleben; Sedegad, “ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli”<br />
saxelmwifos biurokratiuli aparati, romelzec uaryofiT zegavlenas<br />
axdens fiskaluri SezRudvebi, uZluri aRmoCndeba aseTi molodinis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad. irRveva mTavrobis uflebamosileba, rac aucilebelia<br />
imisaTvis, rom mtkice winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes swrafad mzard moTxovnebs;<br />
moqalaqeebSi izrdeba undobloba <strong>da</strong> imedgacrueba saxelmwifos mimarT;<br />
xdeba ekonomikuri stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong> zrdis potencialis ZiriTadi<br />
principebis paralizeba. (164)<br />
saxelmwifo axorcielebs Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs, maT Soris,<br />
krizisis menejmentis prevenciul strategias, ayalibebs prioritetebis<br />
sistemas socialuri saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong> potenciuri saSiSrobebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> qmnis grZlevadian profilaqtikur strategias, raTa<br />
gaaneitralos is riski, romelic politikur stabilurobas, momavalSi,<br />
konsensusis miRwevis dros Seeqmneba. sakompensacio legitimaciis cneba<br />
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos saWiroebas, <strong>da</strong>Zlios kanonierebis deficiti<br />
mTlian sistemaSi. legitimaciis krizisi saTaves sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaro<strong>da</strong>n iRebs.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa Seusabamoba im mzard moTxovnebs<br />
Soris, romelic Tavs socialuri keTildReobis politikis mimarT iCens,<br />
aseve, Seusabamoba fiskalur Semosavlebs Soris, romelTa saSualebiTac es<br />
moTxovna un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kmayofildes. imisTvis rom Tavi <strong>da</strong>aRwios legitimaciis<br />
kriziss, saxelmwifo mimarTavs mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnikis sferoSi <strong>da</strong>grovil<br />
51
codnasa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebas, cdilobs gaataros intensiuri Tanamonawileobis<br />
politika <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo politikis legalizeba moaxdinos.<br />
amasTanave, ganaTlebis sferoSi un<strong>da</strong> izrdebodes sasamarTlo sistemis<br />
roli, rogorc am sferoSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>vebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ukanaskneli<br />
saSualeba (toresi <strong>da</strong> puigrosi, 1996; veileri, 1983). aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, rogorc sakompensacio legitimacia gulisxmobs imas, rom<br />
saxelmwifom saganmanaTleblo politikiT SeiZleba politikuri uflebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzardi materialuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi Caanacvlos, <strong>da</strong> amave dros, sakuTari<br />
moqalaqeebis erTgulebis misapovebelad, <strong>da</strong>mkanonebel principTa sistema<br />
Seqmnas. sinTezurad, saxelmwifo aris batonobaze miRweuli SeTanxmebis<br />
Sedegi <strong>da</strong> TviTregulirebadi instituciuri <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis,<br />
biurokratiuli organizaciebis <strong>da</strong> formaluri <strong>da</strong> araformaluri wesebis<br />
krebuli, romelic cdilobs warmoadginos sazogadoebis saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />
kerZo sferoebi. saxelmwifos mTavari misia kapitalizmis krizisis<br />
konteqstSi mediatoris rolis Sesrulebaa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>grovebasa <strong>da</strong> legitimacias Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobebs.<br />
martin qernoi (1992) amtkicebs, rom saganmanaTleblo problemebis<br />
Sesaswavlad Catarebuli analizis udidesi nawili saxelmwifos Sesaxeb<br />
Teorias moicavs. magram, saganmanTleblo sferos kvleva <strong>da</strong> praqtika Zalian<br />
iSviaTad aRiarebs an ganmartavs am Teoriis Zireul principebs. Cveni<br />
varaudebis TviTrefleqsiuroba, rogorc Cans, seriozuli samecniero<br />
naSromis winapirobaa. TumcaRa, imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, saxelmwifos roli<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi kidev ufro rTuli <strong>da</strong> problemuri gax<strong>da</strong>, es<br />
axali misia Teoriuli analizisaTvis axal konceftualur problemebs<br />
warmoSobs. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebis SemuSaveba ki, aseve, met<br />
praqtikul problemebs qmnis. devid harvei (1989) metad samarTlianad<br />
miiCnevs, rom:<br />
saxelmwifo amJamad ufro rTul mdgomareobaSia. is mowodebulia<br />
areguliros korporatiuli kapitalis aqtivobebi saxelmwifo interesebis<br />
Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, saxelwifos interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />
iZulebulia, “biznesis xelsayreli garemo” Seqmnas, iseTi, romelic stimuls<br />
miscems transnacionaluri <strong>da</strong> msoflio finansuri kapitalis mozidvas <strong>da</strong><br />
Seaferxebs (ara gacvliTi kursis kontrolis saSualebiT) kapitalis<br />
gadinebas “Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro mwvane <strong>da</strong> momgebian saZovrebze“. (170)<br />
saxelmwifos makontrolebeli aliansis xasiaTSi <strong>da</strong> Tavad<br />
saxelmwifos bunebaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebi saxelmwifos politikis <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos qmedebis logikur sqemaSi aisaxeba. amave dros, saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo politikis xasiaTis cvlilebebma SeiZleba asaxos<br />
52
demokratiis axali xedva, aseve, axali xedva imisa, Tu ra roli un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seasrulos <strong>ganaTleba</strong>m garkveuli gagebis demokratiis, multikulturis <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis formirebaSi; un<strong>da</strong> Caerios Tu ara; an rogor un<strong>da</strong> Caerios<br />
saskolo <strong>da</strong> araformaluri <strong>ganaTleba</strong> demokratiuli politikuri<br />
kulturis formirebaSi. bolos ibadeba metad mniSvnelovani kiTxva _<br />
Seesabameba Tu ara saganmanaTleblo sistemebis <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis cvlilebebi kapitalizmis globalizebis process msoflio<br />
sistemaSi? es sakiTxi ganxilulia wignis me-3 Tavsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>skvnebSi. wignis<br />
momdevno nawilSi mocemulia saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />
arsebuli gansxvavebuli xedvebis meToduri mimoxilva.<br />
Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
liberaluri saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
me-18 saukunis ganmanaTlebel filosofosebs sur<strong>da</strong>T gamoeyenebinaT<br />
<strong>da</strong>grovili specializebuli kultura im mizniT, rom gaemdidrebinaT<br />
yoveldRiuri cxovreba, anu, moexdinaT yoveldRiuri sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis racionaluri organizeba.<br />
- iurgen habermasi, “modernizmi postmodernizmis winaaRmdeg”<br />
saxelmwifos liberalur-pluralisturi Teoriebi saxelmwifos<br />
ganixilaven politikur sistemad <strong>da</strong> avtonomiur politikur institutad,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia warmoebis sistemisa <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi<br />
struqturisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo neitraluri msajulis<br />
rolSi gvevlineba. igi ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobas uwevs <strong>da</strong> aregulirebs<br />
interesTa jgufebs Soris konfliqts. saxelmwifo maSin axorcielebs<br />
intervencias, roca gansxvavebuli interesTa jgufebi, <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa,<br />
resursebis maZiebeli konkurenti elituri wreebic, moqalaqeTa saerTo<br />
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeTan, an maSin, roca saxelmwifo Tavisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis modernizebas cdilobs.<br />
liberaluri xedvis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aris misi individualuri<br />
wevrebis koleqtiuri warmonaqmni, romelic uzrunvelyofs saerTo<br />
sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) saqonlis nakrebs Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis, ganaTlebis,<br />
samarTlebrivi sistemis (<strong>da</strong> am sistemis aRsrulebis saSualebebis), yvela<br />
moqalaqis, kanonier mcxovrebTa an maTi umravlesobis mimarT (heldi, 1983,<br />
1991; qeroni, 1992; qernoi, 1984; holi <strong>da</strong> aikenberi, 1989; zarecki, 1983; evansi,<br />
1991; morani <strong>da</strong> raiTi, 1991). swored am normatiul <strong>da</strong> ara analitikur<br />
53
pozicias gadmoscem<strong>da</strong> Tomas jefersoni 1776 wels, amerikis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis deklaraciis pirvelive sityvebSi:<br />
CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Seqmnili arian<br />
rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma mianiWa garkveuli xelSeuvali<br />
uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> bednierebisken ltolva;<br />
rom am uflebaTa gansamtkiceblad iqmnebian mTavrobebi, romlebic TavianT<br />
kanonier Zalauflebas Rebuloben imaTi TanxmobiT, visac isini ganageben.<br />
L liberalizmis TeoriaSi arsebobs avtonomiis principi, romelic<br />
kargad aris gamoxatuli heldis (1989) sinTezSi: “a<strong>da</strong>mianebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen<br />
Tavisuflebi <strong>da</strong> Tanasworuflebianebi im wesebis gansazRvriT, romlebic<br />
warmarTaven maT cxovrebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini un<strong>da</strong><br />
sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiT (<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT Tanabari<br />
movaleobebi) im sistemis parametrebis gansazRvrisas, romelic mTeli<br />
cxovreba, maTTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebis zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> SezRudvas<br />
ganapirobebs” (165).<br />
A aq yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> gavamxviloT avtonomiis principis or mTavar<br />
mniSvnelobaze: erTis mxriv, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis cnebaze (rasac<br />
saTanado doneze ganixilavs heldi) <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv _ saxelmwifos<br />
avtonomiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo biurokratiis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis cnebaze (qernoi,<br />
1984:1992). avtonomiis principi moicavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvnelobas, kerZod,<br />
gavixsenoT, rom kantma avtonomiis principi Tavisufal nebas gauTanabra.<br />
pirveli isaa, rom “moqalaqeobis Teoria universaluri socialuri<br />
valdebulebebis <strong>da</strong> uflebebis praqtikuli politikis primats efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>”<br />
(kulpiti, 1992:6) am <strong>da</strong>Svebas, saxelmwifos rolisa <strong>da</strong> funqciebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli Sedegebi mohyveba (rogorc momdevno teqstSia<br />
ganxiluli). meore mniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifom Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aicilos Tavisuflebis realizebis xelis SemSleli nebismieri<br />
faqtori <strong>da</strong> xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyos yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianis swrafvas bednierebisaken.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, liberalizmi gvevlineba tolerantobis Cempionad <strong>da</strong><br />
despotizmis mosisxle mtrad (magaliTad, totalitarizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
avtoritarizmi). <strong>da</strong>bolos, saxelmwifom garkveuli muSaoba un<strong>da</strong> Caataros<br />
im kuTxiT, rom <strong>da</strong>Zlios an Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos socialuri SeTanxmebis<br />
bunebis <strong>da</strong>mrRvevi konfrontaciebi.<br />
saxelmwifo avtonomia “saxelmwifos aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom man<br />
Tavisi survilebi (preferenciebi) avtoritetul qmedebebad aqcios zustad<br />
im doziT, ra doziTac saxelmwifo politika Tanxvdeba saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleTa resursebiT gansazRvruli survilebis paralelogramas”<br />
(nordlingeri, 1981:19). klasikuri liberalizmis gagebiT, saxelmwifo is<br />
54
arenaa, romelzec “Rvivdeba konfliqti, xdeba interesebis<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSireba <strong>da</strong> miRebuli Sedegebis avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba”<br />
(5). nordlingeri agrZelebs imis mtkicebas, rom liberalur demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoze arsebuli is Sexeduleba, romelic yuradRebis centrSi<br />
saxelmwifos ganixilavs (rogorc pluralisturi ise neo-pluralisturi<br />
gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n) 17 cxadhyofs, rom saxelmwifo moxeleebs socialurad<br />
SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi nebeloba aqvT. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo moxeleebi ara mxolod<br />
akvirdebian resursebisaTvis brZolas, socialuri saWiroebebis gansazRvras<br />
<strong>da</strong> survilebis (preferenciebis) a<strong>da</strong>ptacias, aramed avtoritarul<br />
intervencias axdenen konkretuli miznebisaken swrafvaze.<br />
im mosazrebiT, romelic centralur adgils saxelmwifos uTmobs,<br />
liberaluri demokratiuli saxelmwifo, mudmivad asrulebs ra brokerisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mediatoris funqcias <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs strategiuli kompromisebis<br />
miRebas, winaaRmdegobrivi moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>balansebaSi, akumulirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanwyobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asrulebs. sayovelTao keTildReobaze<br />
orientirebuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, demokratiuli SeTanxmebis<br />
miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, liberaluri demokratiuli saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis umaRles xarisxs warmoaCens.<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo demokratiuli liberaluri<br />
saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli formaa ganviTarebuli industriis qveynebSi.<br />
misi warmomavloba me-20 saukunis bilo periodis skandinaviis qveynebis<br />
gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba. kerZod, SvedeTis socialur <strong>demokratia</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
amerikaSi post-depresiis xanis industriul <strong>da</strong> safinanso aRmSeneblobas,<br />
romelic “socialur paqts” (axali SeTanxmeba) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebs Soris samoqmedo strategiebis koordinirebas emyarebo<strong>da</strong><br />
(morani <strong>da</strong> raiTi, 1991; ofe, 1984, 1985; Terborni, 1979a; toresi <strong>da</strong> puigrosi,<br />
1995). sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli Tviseba mis<br />
intervenciul rolSia, am funqcias igi ekonomikis mimarT axorcielebs <strong>da</strong><br />
gazrdil saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs moicavs rogorc sawarmoo, ise<br />
arasawarmoo seqtorSi. socialuri keTildReobis politikiT<br />
gansazRvrulia Semosavlis, sakvebis, janmrTelobis, sacxovreblis <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis minimaluri stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>cva xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
vilenskis (1975, 1976) mtkicebiT, aRniSnuli socialuri Semweobebi<br />
garantirebuli iyo TiToeuli moqlaqisaTvis, rogorc politikuri ufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara rogorc qvelmoqmedebis saxeoba (ixileT agreTve popkeviCi, 1991).<br />
am saukuneSi, liberaluri saxelmwifos mTavarma maxasiaTeblebma<br />
saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT, asaxva saskolo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si hpova.<br />
maSin rodesac me-19 saukunis liberalebi swavlas ganaTlebis miRebis<br />
saSualebad <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gaTanabrebis udides faqtorad aRiqvamdnen, me-20<br />
55
saukuneSi, saskolo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>m umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula<br />
saxelmwifos moRvaweobaSi sayovelTao keTildReobis mimarTulebiT.<br />
skolebis eqspansia asocirebulia im tendenciasTan, romelic moqalaqeobis<br />
uflebebis gafarToebas <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis politikis ganvrcobas<br />
gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa udides nawilze. 18 liberaluri <strong>da</strong> socialdemokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifo moRvaweebis mTavari sazrunavi imis <strong>da</strong>dgena iyo,<br />
Tu rogor gaeanalizebinaT socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri cvlilebebi, rogor<br />
moexdinaT skolebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli funqciuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis konceptualizacia, aseve, sazogadoebis specializaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> diversificirebis kvalobaze, ra mosalodneli Sedegebi mohyvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
saskolo ganaTlebis transformacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Sromis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebaSi momx<strong>da</strong>r cvlilebebs mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saskolo ganaTlebis rolis analizs, socialuri keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifos liberaluri pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, Tan Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebis (klasobrivi konfliqtebis CaTvliT) TiTqmis<br />
sruli ugulebelyofa <strong>da</strong> individualizaciis metad <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli<br />
koncefcia axl<strong>da</strong>. amas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> mTavari funqcionalisturi<br />
Teoriebis, kerZod, parsonis naSromiT popularizebuli socializaciis<br />
Teoriebi (ixileT morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995). yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo<br />
ganaTlebis mxolod aSkara, TvalsSisacem funqciebze <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
SezRuduli odenobis farul funqciebs eTmobo<strong>da</strong> yuradReba. aanalizebdnen<br />
mxolod pozitiuri funqciebs <strong>da</strong> ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> negatiuri funqciebis an<br />
disfunqciis Seswavla. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yovelgvari kritikis gareSe iRebdnen<br />
iseT <strong>da</strong>Svebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sazogadoebis sistemuri integraciis<br />
maRali done; <strong>da</strong> rom meTodologiuri principi - “mTlians” momsaxurebas<br />
uwevs “nawili” (anu <strong>ganaTleba</strong>) - marTlac mTlian sazogadoebas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara mis romelime gavlenian klass, gabatonebul eTnikur<br />
jgufs, an kastas, romelic materialuri keTildReobis, gavlenis <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT, privilegirebuli poziciiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>. 19<br />
meore msflio omis Semdgomma eiforiam xeli Seuwyo liberaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri demokratiuli arCevanis Sesabamisi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis<br />
xedvis <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo reformis gamosaxvas demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebebSi. es xedva erTmniSvnelovnad iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> arCevanis<br />
gakeTebas Tanabrad miuRebel bolSevizmsa <strong>da</strong> faSizms Soris. paralelurma<br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierTSemavsebelma ekonomikurma doqtrinebma, keinsis ekonomikuri<br />
Teoriis saxiT, gza gaukvales Sereul ekonomikas, romelsac abalanseb<strong>da</strong><br />
centraluri xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli fiskaluri <strong>da</strong> monetaruli<br />
politika (indikatoruli <strong>da</strong>gegmva), aseve, xeli Seuwyo 60-iani wlebis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teorias, romelic <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze gaweul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs<br />
amarTleb<strong>da</strong> imiT, rom es <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi ekonomikuri zrdis grZelvadiani<br />
56
strategiis nawils warmoadgendnen. amdenad, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvam<br />
ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi, centraluri roli Seasrula<br />
intervenciuli, sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos<br />
arsis gagebaSi, anu, iseTi saxelmwifos gacnobierebaSi, romelic<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvali iyo kapitalisturi zrdis TviTgamanadgurebeli tendenciebis<br />
gasakontroleblad. postkolonialisturi saxelmwifos gaCenam, msoflio<br />
masStabiT <strong>da</strong>grovilia Warbi produqtis raodenobrivma sididem,<br />
modernizebis Teoriebma (rasac ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvisaTvis, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
kapitalis Teoriebis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong>erTo), ganviTarebad samyaroSi<br />
uprecedento masStabis saganmanaTleblo eqspansias Seuwyo xeli (qernoi,<br />
1977; qernoi <strong>da</strong> samofi, 1990; feigerlindi <strong>da</strong> saha, 1983; fuleri, 1991; raseli,<br />
1989; selovski, 1980; toresi, 1990).<br />
Lliberali ganmanaTleblebis xedviT, saganmanaTleblo sistemebi sam<br />
mTavar funqcias asruleben: SemecnebiT <strong>da</strong> moralur socializacias, unar-<br />
Cvevebis wvrTnas <strong>da</strong> sertificirebas. am funqciebs Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT<br />
resursebis racionaluri ganawilebis <strong>da</strong> socialuri mobilurobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. (benksi, 1989; labeli <strong>da</strong> uardi, 1994). a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s,<br />
maTi universaluri SemecnebiTi unarebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba. magram, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
socializaciis funqcias ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli akisria calkeuli individebis,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobebis <strong>da</strong> mTeli sazogadoebis keTildReobis miRwevis<br />
saqmeSi. saganamanaTleblo sistemebi, amzadeben ra individebs Sromis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesSi sakuTari rolis Sesasruleblad, resursebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis funqcias asruleben <strong>da</strong> miT xels uwyoben konkurenciuli<br />
SerCevis gziT unarisa <strong>da</strong> niWis efeqtianad ganawilebas. ganaTlebis<br />
ekonomikuri funqcia, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis warmoqmnis<br />
funqcia<strong>da</strong>a gagebuli, kavSirs amyarebs mSromelTa calkeuli individebis<br />
mier <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> produqtiulobis TvalsazrisiT miRweul maRal<br />
doneebs Soris. <strong>da</strong>bolos, aRiarebulia, rom saskolo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, socialuri<br />
integrirebiTa <strong>da</strong> socialuri kontroliT, umniSvnelovanes samsaxurs uwevs<br />
politikur socializacias. socialuri sxvaobis cnebiT, akademiuri<br />
moswrebis meSveobiT xdeba askriptuli statusebis SeZenil statusebSi<br />
konvertacia, rac askriptiuli statusebis legitimacias uxsnis gzas.<br />
amerikis saganmanaTleblo sistemis liberaluri politikis saukeTeso<br />
magaliTebad, albaT, samTavrobo programa _ “brZola siRaribesTan” _<br />
gamogvadgeba. aseTi programebi rig <strong>da</strong>Svebebs (varaudebs efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>):<br />
pirveli _ siRaribis aRmofxvra amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> Rarib ojaxebSi <strong>da</strong>badebuli bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, raTa maT<br />
Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwiaT siduxWirisTvis (im winapirobiT, Tu es Seuqcevadi procesi<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>); meore _ bavSvebi siRaribes Tavs imitom ver aRwevdnen, rom<br />
57
amisaTvis saWiro sabaziso codnas ar iRebdnen; <strong>da</strong> bolos, siRaribis<br />
mojadoebuli wris garRvevis saukeTeso <strong>da</strong> yvelaze efeqturi meqanizmebi<br />
saganmanaTleblo reformebia, romlebic garkveuli ojaxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebebisaTvis gankuTvnil sakompensacio programebs efuZneba. Tavis<br />
mxriv, es programebi zemoxsenebul ojaxebs exmareba, TavianTi materialuri<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>saSveb minimalur zRurbls zeviT SeinarCunon (jenksi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvebi, 1972).<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n liberaluri politikis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerebi saxelmwifos<br />
dominirebis Teorias cnoben sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoSi,<br />
uTanasworobis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> legitimacia SeiZleba skolis (farul)<br />
funqciad iqces. amis permanentulobas saswavlo programa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis<br />
praqtika uzrunvelyofs. magaliTad, skolebis saqmianobaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />
Sedegebze mimdinare diskusia cxadhyofs, rom skolebis muSaoba<br />
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu romel socialur klass ganekuTvnebian<br />
moswavleebi. es aisaxeba unarebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebul bavSvebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebaSi, aseve, saswavlo programis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebul<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebebSi, rac Tavis mxriv, feradkaniani moswavleebis, gogonebis,<br />
emigrantTa <strong>da</strong> muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel mSobelTa Svilebis sazianod,<br />
amerikis skolebSi segregaciis praqtikas ganamtkicebs (ouqsi 1985; velsi <strong>da</strong><br />
ouqsi, ibeWdeba).<br />
amdenad, saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis <strong>da</strong>gegmvisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
inJineriis meSveobiT, saganmanaTleblo reformis liberalur<br />
funqcionalisturi Teoriebi wina planze pirad <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uflebebs<br />
warmoaCenen <strong>da</strong> Tanabari SesaZleblobebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad iRvwian. kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
liberaluri <strong>ganaTleba</strong> iseT problemebs waawy<strong>da</strong>, rogoricaa araTanabari<br />
statusis SeZena <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi kuTvnilebis zegavlena <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze. amave<br />
dros, stratifikaciis funqcionaluri Teoriis meSveobiT, liberalizmma<br />
waxalisebis ierarqiis gonivruli axsna SemogvTavaza, uaryo ra<br />
absoluturi Tanasworobis cneba <strong>da</strong> paradoqsulad, socialur efeqtianobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvisken mowodebul moZraobebSi, saswavlo<br />
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobas centraluri adgili mianiWa. Sesabamisad,<br />
funqcionaluri saganmanaTleblo Teoriis warumatebloba momdinareobs<br />
iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom igi srulyofilad ver xsnis uTanasworobis mizezebs <strong>da</strong><br />
araTanabari SesaZleblobebis problemebs, aRaraferi rom vTqvaT imaze, rom<br />
es Teoria, socialur uTanasworobaSi saganmanaTleblo procesis rolis<br />
Seswavlisa <strong>da</strong> am kuTxiT saWiro RonisZiebebis gatarebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>majerebel strategiasac ver gvawvdis.<br />
58
Crdilo amerikuli “liberalizmiT” gamowveulma zogadma<br />
imedgacruebam socialuri Teoretikosebis nawili ufro pesimistur<br />
neokonservatorul pozicias miubruna, nawili ki axal, marginalur <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>yofil, social-demokratebis pozicias miubrun<strong>da</strong>. sxva, ufro<br />
ganviTarebul liberalur demokratiul qveynebSi (yvelgan arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
gavleniani social-demokratiuli partia muSaTa klasSi gamdgari fesvebiT,<br />
zogan ki _ Zlieri komunisturi partiac). sakmaod gansxvavebulad<br />
warimarTa ganaTlebis funqcionaluri Teoriebis miReba <strong>da</strong> SeTviseba.<br />
evropaSi, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> politikaSi arsebuli konservatoruli<br />
tradicia iZleo<strong>da</strong> imis saSualebas, rom ganxorcielebuliyo progresuli<br />
ganaTlebis, yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualo skolebis <strong>da</strong> mesame<br />
safexuris ganaTlebis sistemis (studentTa miRebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Ria<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT) amerikuli kombinacia an funqcionaluri saganmanaTleblo<br />
Teoriis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli konkurentuli (socialuri)<br />
mobiluroba, romelic progresul reformasTan un<strong>da</strong> asocirdebodes. amas<br />
ironiulad uyureben evropuli Sromis partiebi, romlebic mxars im<br />
politikas uWeren, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro racionaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
srulyofili gax<strong>da</strong> (nawilobriv imis gamo, rom isini efeqturad ebrZvian<br />
tradiciuli elitaruli ganaTlebis qomagebis moTxovnebs) aseve,<br />
Seesatyvisa amerikul funqcionalur Teorias <strong>da</strong> empiriuli mobilurobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> statusis mopovebis kvlevas (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995; ibeWdeba).<br />
am mxriv,Ayvelaze sayuradReboa britaneTis magaliTi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ganaTlebis sociologia <strong>da</strong>sabams iRebs karl manhaimis (romelic<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> inglisSi) <strong>da</strong> T.h. marSalis naSromebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
marSalis naSroms detalurad ganvixilavT wignis me-4 TavSi. marSalma<br />
metad seriozulad gaaanaliza sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis principi, riTac Casaxa imedi, rom Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworobis SeTavseba SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
es Tema ganxiluli iyo manhaimis, socialuri <strong>da</strong>gegmvis sakiTxebisadmi<br />
miZRvnil naSromSi (marSali, 1950, 1983; manhaimi, 1953, 1960; uiTi, toresSi,<br />
1998; ceitlini, 1968). marTalia, Zlieri leiboristuli moZraoba xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis centralur problemad<br />
warmoCebas, Tumca, arc efeqturoba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebis fuWad<br />
xarjva iyo nakleb mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> sakvanZo sakiTxi. (karabeli <strong>da</strong> halsi,<br />
1977:10)<br />
socialur-demokratiuli politikis, teqnokratiuli funqcionalizmis<br />
<strong>da</strong> empiriuli kvlevis sinTezi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si arc skolebis saqmianobis<br />
Sedegebsa <strong>da</strong> socialur struqturebs Soris kavSirs iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis sferos momcvel kulturul procesebs. aRniSnuli sinTezi<br />
saTanadod arc im Sedegebs afaseb<strong>da</strong>, rac sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />
59
saxelmwifo subieqtis farglebSi, kapitalisturi ganviTarebis<br />
winaaRmdegobebis kuTxiT, radikaluri demokratiuli saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis ganxorcielebas mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>. kvleva kvlav imas a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
“sociologiur SeTanxmebebze agebulma strategiebma, faqtobrivad, ver<br />
moaxerxes uTanasworobis aRmofxvra. metic, aseTi strategiebi TiTqos<br />
regularulad uzrunvelyofdnen igive an msgavsi saganmanaTleblo Sedegis<br />
miRebas” (baroni <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, 1981:130, citirebulia morousa <strong>da</strong> toresis mier,<br />
1995:72).<br />
liberalizmi memarcxeneebisa <strong>da</strong> memarjveneebis jvaredini gavlenis<br />
qveS moeqca. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialurma Zalebma liberalizmis<br />
saganmanaTleblo programas Ziri gamouTxares. memarcxeneTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
reproduqciis Teoriebma <strong>ganaTleba</strong> kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul reproduqciasTan (kvlavwarmoebasTan) <strong>da</strong>akavSira,<br />
rac saganmanaTleblo liberalizmis ZiriTadi varaudebis erTgvari<br />
gamowvevas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. reproduqciis (kvlavwarmoebis) Teoriebi<br />
Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong> codnas, ganaTlebis sferoSi, mu<strong>da</strong>m erTmaneTze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvul movlenebad ganixilaven. amgvarad, saganmanaTleblo politika,<br />
saklaso praqtika <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programa winaaRmdegobrivi procesis is<br />
ganuyofeli nawilia, romelic mocemul socialur pirobebSi bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mozardebis socializacias gulisxmobs. Tumca, amave dros,<br />
saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebma, saganmanaTleblo politikam <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikam SeiZleba hegemonuri kulturis sawinaaRmdego meqanizmebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergon20 . memarjveneTa ukmayofileba sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifos, kerZod, misi fiskaluri saqmianobis mimarT, dRiTi dRe<br />
izrdeba. amasTan erTad, Tanabari saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis<br />
Sesaxeb liberalur ritorikas, akademiuri moswrebisa <strong>da</strong> srulyofilebis<br />
Sesaxeb amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gavrcelebuli ritorika<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>, kidev, axali neokonservatoruli ritorika, romelic piradi<br />
uflebebis aRmatebul Zalas sazogadoebriv movaleobebze <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
uflebebze maRla ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. 21<br />
liberalur SexedulebaTa sistemis warmomadgeneli liberaluri<br />
reformatorebisa <strong>da</strong> mkvlevarebis ZiriTadi nakadi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom<br />
isini ar akeTeben kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi saganmanaTleblo<br />
procesebis istoriul-struqturul analizs (mag: ganaTlebis politikuri<br />
ekonomiis ararseboba); uars acxadeben imaze, rom pirispir gaumklavdnen<br />
dominirebiTa <strong>da</strong> eqspluataciiT gamowveul Sedegebs kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis sferoSic; yovelgvari<br />
prognozis gareSe cnoben saxelmwifos rols moqalaqeobis stimulirebaSi,<br />
universaluri socialuri valdebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> uflebebis praqtikuli<br />
politikis primatis safuZvelze maSin, roca ZalaSi rCeba ekonomikur,<br />
60
asobriv, eTnikur <strong>da</strong> genderul sxvaobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli rigi gamonaklisebi.<br />
aRniSnuls kargad gadmoscems nensi freizeri:<br />
liberaluri politikuri Teoria gulisxmobs, rom politikuri cxovrebis<br />
demokratiuli formis organizeba SesaZlebelia sistemur uTanasworobaTa<br />
masazrdoebel socialur-ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur-sqesobriv struqturaTa<br />
safuZvelze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, liberalebisaTvis demokratiis problemaa,<br />
rogor gamoaridon politikuri procesebi ekonomikisaTvis, ojaxuri<br />
yofisTvis <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiuri araoficialuri urTierTobebisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli arapolitikuri <strong>da</strong> winarepolitikuri procesebisgan.<br />
amgvarad, liberalebis problema im barierebis gamagrebaa, romlebic<br />
Tanasworobis urTierTobebis warmoCenaze mowodebul politikur<br />
institutebs uTanasworobis sistemur urTierTobebze <strong>da</strong>myarebul<br />
ekonomikur, kulturul <strong>da</strong> socialur-sqesobriv institutebisagan<br />
gamohyofen. (79)<br />
saxelmwifos Teoria, romelic ar aniWebs saTanado mniSvnelobas<br />
Zalauflebis bunebas <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>nawilebas sazogadoebaSi, kargavs Tavis<br />
poziciebs. marTlac, Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebebSi (amas akritikebs britaneli marqsisti ralf milibendi)<br />
konkurenciuli, fragmentuli <strong>da</strong> difuzuria; <strong>da</strong> rom yvela a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri Tu organizebuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis formiT, SeiZleba raime doziT<br />
Zaluflebas flobdes, maSin rogor SeZlebs liberaluri saxelmwifo<br />
Zalauflebis miTvisebisa <strong>da</strong> uzufruqtis, zegavlenisa <strong>da</strong> materialuri<br />
keTildReobis efeqturad regulirebas moqalaqeebis saxeliT? Seswevs Tu<br />
ara saxelmwifo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s (romelsac gamaTanabrebeli socialuri<br />
cvlilebebis xelSewyoba akisria) imis unari, rom <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
socialuri ierarqiis, ekonomikuri struqturebis <strong>da</strong> interesTa jgufebis<br />
arsebobis pirobebSi, efeqtur instrumentad iqces?<br />
Tu <strong>da</strong>culi iqneba instituciuri <strong>demokratia</strong>, sayovelTao saarCevno<br />
uflebis, Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> regularuli arCevnebis, warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
institutebisa <strong>da</strong> efeqturi moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis CaTvliT, maSin,<br />
calkeuli individebic <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong>jgufebebic xsenebuli uflebebiT<br />
isargebleben. es kanoniT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemiT iqneba<br />
uzrunvelyofili. TumcaRa, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s liberali mkvlevarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikis mwarmoeblebisaTvis politikuri kultura erTgvarovani ar<br />
aris. igi mravalferovania <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, jgufTaSoris urTierTobaTa<br />
problemasac warmoSobs, rac saTanado yuradRebas moiTxovs.<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s mizani “skolebis <strong>da</strong> sxva saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis imgvari reformirebaa, rom gansxvavebuli rasis, eTnosis<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri fenis warmomadgenelma moswavleebma xarisxiani ganaTlebis<br />
61
miReba SeZlon” (benksi, 1993:3). neokonservatorebi, neoliberalebi,<br />
reproduqciis <strong>da</strong> paralelisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi <strong>da</strong> oficialuri<br />
codnis kritikosebi ar eTanxmebian liberalur saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mcdelobas, Secvalos individualuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi (preferenciebi) _<br />
am dilemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris jer-jerobiT upiratesi saSualebebi _ rac kulturaTa<br />
mravalferovnebas win eRobeba.<br />
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>: arCevani <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
pluralizmi<br />
fiqri a<strong>da</strong>mianis kulturaze, rogorc mxolod iluziis nayofze – rogoricaa<br />
sityvebiT TamaSi an sabavSvo TamaSi saxelebis <strong>da</strong>rqmevaze _<br />
nakleb<strong>da</strong>majerebeli hipoTezaa.<br />
----ernst kasireri, miTi saxelmwifoze<br />
tradiciuli konservatizmi safrangeTis revoluciis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
epoqis politikisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiis pasuxad Seiqmna. konservatizmi, rogorc<br />
aseTi, progresivizmis winaaRmdegia. iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa nacia, ojaxi,<br />
movaleoba, xelisufleba, stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi, tradiciebi, piradi interesi,<br />
konkurenciuli individualizmi <strong>da</strong> antistatizmi, Cveulebriv, tradiciul<br />
konservatizmTan akavSireben. Tavisi arsiT, zemoT CamoTvlili cnebebi<br />
liberalizmis Zireul Rirebulebebze aSkara reaqcias warmoadgenen (efli,<br />
1993 b; bobio, mateuCi, <strong>da</strong> paskuino, 1987-88). neokonservatoruli ideologia<br />
<strong>da</strong> neokonservatoruli saxelmwifo, Cveulebriv, asocirebulia 80-iani<br />
wlebis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos mkveTr politikur<br />
ekonomikur uaryofasTan. maT Soris iseTi mimdinareobebis uaryofasTan,<br />
rogoric iyo tetCeris samTavrobo programa (tetCerizmi), reiganis<br />
“konservatiuli revolucia” (reiganomika) <strong>da</strong> braian mulronis kanadis<br />
progresuli konservatiuli partiis programa. models safuZvlad edo<br />
mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobiT gamorCeuli, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
sakuTrebaSi myofi qonebis didi nawilis privatizebis procesi, agreTve,<br />
bazrisa <strong>da</strong> kerZo sawarmoebis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis gamartiveba;<br />
inflaciis kontroli, ramac Caanacvla sayovelTao <strong>da</strong>saqmebis xelSewyoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis rolis gazr<strong>da</strong>, kongresis an<br />
parlamentis rolis Sesustebis sanacvlod (Terborni, 1989).<br />
Tumca, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom SeiniSneba gansxvaveba britanul, amerikul<br />
<strong>da</strong> kanadur neokonservatul eqsperimentebs Soris, ramac asaxva<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi politikis SedegebSi hpova. magaliTad, naciebis mixedviT<br />
gansxvavebulia SesaZleblobebis struqtura, institutebis, politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebebis <strong>da</strong> ideologiis CaTvliT. aseve, mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba<br />
62
SeimCneva liderebis xasiaTis, maTi mmarTvelobis personaluri stilis <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi zogadi ideologiuri profilis mxriv. magaliTisaTvis, margaret<br />
tetCerma <strong>da</strong>amkvidra ukiduresad ukompromiso konservatiuli midgoma<br />
mmarTvelobis mimarT, rac gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> imas, rom sastik kritikas<br />
imsaxureb<strong>da</strong> yvela, vinc eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>ayeneb<strong>da</strong> mis programas, profkavSirebis,<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis, politikuri opoziciis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa CaTvliT.<br />
(aseTi midgoma vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> misi sakuTari partiis warmomadgenlebzec).<br />
ronald reiganis mowodebaze orientirebuli ekonomika Selamazebuli iyo<br />
zneobrivi konservatizmiT socialur sakiTxebze <strong>da</strong> did mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong> neokonservatul Zalebs, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, zneobrivi<br />
umravlesoba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom braian mulroni iwoneb<strong>da</strong> tetCeris <strong>da</strong><br />
reiganis programebs <strong>da</strong> megobrob<strong>da</strong> kidec maTTan, misi neokonservatizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>regulirebuli (moTokili) iyo misi, rogorc brokeri politikosis<br />
pragmatuli bunebiT, SesaZleblobebis kanaduri struqturiT, misTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli decentralizebuli politikuri orientaciiT,<br />
Tanasworobis uflebebis poziciebis gamyarebiT kanadis uflebaTa<br />
deklaraciaSi <strong>da</strong> mulronis koaliciis farglebSi arsebuli ideologiuri<br />
poziciebis araerTgvarovani konfiguraciiT (<strong>da</strong>savleT kanadis <strong>da</strong> kvebekis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic gansxvavebul poziciebs warmoadgendnen mTel<br />
rig sakiTxebze). analogiurad, aSkara winaaRmdegobam iCina Tavi programis<br />
ganacxadsa <strong>da</strong> mis praqtikul ganxorcielebas Soris, reiganis miwodebaze<br />
orientirebuli ekonomikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis TvalsazrisiT, rasac mohyva<br />
biujetis uzarmazari deficiti <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo valis zr<strong>da</strong> (stokmeni, 1986).<br />
aRniSnuli sxvaobis <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, privatizeba <strong>da</strong><br />
sabazro principebiT ganpirobebuli politika neokonservatuli programis<br />
sakvanZo sakiTxad iqca.<br />
privatizeba <strong>da</strong> bazarze orientirebuli reformebi sakmaod<br />
mimzidvelia neokonservatuli saxelmwifosaTvis rigi mizezebis gamo. erTis<br />
mxriv, isini garkveulad amsubuqeben fiskalur <strong>da</strong>naxarjebze zewolas <strong>da</strong><br />
meore mxriv _ saxelmwifo politikis formirebis mniSvnelovan sferoebSi,<br />
saxelmwifos maregulirebeli strategiebis depolitizaciisaTvis,<br />
xelsayrel saSualebas warmoadgenen. saxelmwifo momsaxurebis transferi<br />
saxelmwifos pir<strong>da</strong>piri administirirebis <strong>da</strong>/an kontrolis miRma, xels<br />
uwyobs <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxareebTan <strong>da</strong> momxmareblebTan (klienturasTan)<br />
konfliqtis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebas. privatizebas mTavari adgili ukavia<br />
neokonservatul modelSi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c “momsaxurebis Sesyidvis kontraqti<br />
uSualod socialur momsaxurebaSi CarTuli saxelmwifos socialur<br />
legitimaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, konkretuli problemebis mogvarebis<br />
administraciuli meqanizmicaa <strong>da</strong> amave dros _ kerZo sawarmoebis (<strong>da</strong><br />
samewarmeo ganviTarebis) marTvis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebisa <strong>da</strong> mogebis analizis, aseve,<br />
63
miznebze orientirebuli marTvis sistemebis gadmoRebis mcdeloba”<br />
(kulpiti, 1992:94).<br />
neokonservatorebi amtkiceben, rom “saxelmwifo” <strong>da</strong> “bazari” ori<br />
diametrulad gansxvavebuli socialuri sistemaa. warmoebis organizebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis formis TvalsazrisiT, maT or mkafiod gamoxatul<br />
arCevanad ganixilaven (morani <strong>da</strong> raiTi, 1991). ratomaa, rom saxelmwifosTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, bazris mimarT keTilganwyoba metia? neokonservatorebi<br />
miiCneven rom garkveuli mizezebis gamo, bazari ufro mravalmxrivi,<br />
cvalebadi <strong>da</strong> efeqturia, vidre saxelmwifos biurokratiuli struqturebi.<br />
bazrebi saxelmwifosTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gacilebiT swrafad reagireben<br />
teqnologiebsa <strong>da</strong> socialur moTxovnebSi momx<strong>da</strong>r cvlilebebze.<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, bazrebi ufro efeqturi <strong>da</strong><br />
rentabeluria momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiTac, <strong>da</strong> bolos, sabazro<br />
konkurencia biurokratiul politikasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, “socialur<br />
investiciebSi” gacilebiT met angariSvaldebulebas qmnis. saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
bazars Soris <strong>da</strong>vas aqvs ara wmin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri, aramed zneobrivi xasiaTi.<br />
milton fridmanis (citirebulia <strong>da</strong>rendorfis mier, 1975) mixedviT _<br />
“mTavrobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli intervenciis TiToeuli aqti,<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir zRu<strong>da</strong>vs individualuri Tavisuflebis sivrces (sferos) <strong>da</strong><br />
iribad (arapir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT) emuqreba Tavisuflebis stabilurobas (5). msgavs<br />
argumentebs iyenebs haiekic (1960).<br />
aris Tu ara aRniSnuli swrafva bazrisaken imis maniSnebeli, rom<br />
kapitalizmis, rogorc aseTis, mowyobasa <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebaSi garkveuli<br />
cvlilebebi mox<strong>da</strong>? 70-ian <strong>da</strong> 80-ian wlebSi kapitalizmi Sevi<strong>da</strong> iseT fazaSi,<br />
romelsac devid harvei (1989) “moqnil akumulacias” eZaxis<br />
gviani kapitalizmis am modelis moqniloba efuZneba Sromis procesebis,<br />
Sromis bazrebis, produqtebis <strong>da</strong> moxmarebis sistemebs. igi xasiaTdeba<br />
warmoebis sruliad axali <strong>da</strong>rgebis, finansuri momsaxurebis axali<br />
saSualebebis, axali bazrebis gaCeniT <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, komerciuli,<br />
teqnologiuri <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli inovaciis sagrZnoblad aweuli doniT.<br />
(147)<br />
ekonomikuri procesis ZiriTadi Sedegi kapitalisturi demokratiis<br />
qveynebSi mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Ratakebs Soris Semosavlebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis mzardi<br />
polarizaciaa (prJevorski, 1991; raiCi, 1991; Turou, 1992). harvei (1989) miiCnevs,<br />
rom es cvlilebebi moqnil <strong>da</strong>grovebaSi Taviseburi kulturis warmoqmnas<br />
ganapirobebs, romelic xasiaTiT postmodernistulia <strong>da</strong> aqcents<br />
“efemerulobaze, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarovani elementebis kombinaciaze,<br />
fragmentulobaze, filosofiuri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi azris gafantulobaze<br />
64
akeTebs. es ki moqnili <strong>da</strong>grovebis mdgomareobis imitacias akeTebs.<br />
yovelive zemoT xsenebuli 1970 wli<strong>da</strong>n divergentuli specialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
regionuli interesTa jgufebis fragmentuli politikis aRmocenebas<br />
miesa<strong>da</strong>geba” (302). harveis mier sakiTxis siRrmiseuli gagebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
moqnili <strong>da</strong>groveba, rogorc warmoebis saSualeba gansakuTrebulad<br />
warmoaCens ekonomikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis <strong>da</strong> centralizaciis<br />
process, rac mimdinareobs msoflio sistemaSi kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
warmoebis procesSi multinacionaluri kompaniebis rolis zrdis<br />
paralelurad. efemerulobis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarovani elementebis kombinaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> fragmentaciis kulturuli Taviseburebebi, rogorc Cans, ufro<br />
Sesaferisia imis aRsawerad, Tu ra cvlilebebs ganicdis socialuri<br />
klasebi, sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli kulturebi, vidre<br />
imis gadmosacemad, Tu ra emarTebaT transnacionalur korporaciebs<br />
msoflio sistemaSi.22<br />
aRniSnuli kulturuli cvlilebebi ar mimdinareobs ganviTarebuli<br />
industriuli qveynebis <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi msoflios sazogadoebrivi<br />
moZraobebis gamocdilebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad. es exeba vietnamTan omis<br />
sawinaaRmdego moZraobas, feministur <strong>da</strong> qalTa moZraobebs, mSvidobisaTvis<br />
brZolas, antibirTvul moZraobebs, an martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs. xsenebuli cvlilebebi arc konkretuli<br />
ideologiebisagan aris mTlianad Tavisufali. Sesabamisad, aq adgili aqvs<br />
neokonservatiul Zlier ukureaqcias “moWarbebul” liberalizmze <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebul intervenciaze (an piriqiT,<br />
mokrZalebuli formiT Carevaze an saerTod Caurevlobaze) kulturasa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si.<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, neokonservatorebi Tanamedrove<br />
krizisis sawyis mizezs xe<strong>da</strong>ven ara ekonomikaSi an politikaSi, aramed<br />
zneobriv <strong>da</strong> kulturul sferoebSi. maTi gagebiT, socialurma SeTanxmebam<br />
(paqtma), romelmac saukunis miwuruls erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>akavSira samuSao Zala<br />
<strong>da</strong> kapitali, kerZod, axalma demokratiulma SeTanxmebam amowura Tavisi<br />
misia. neokonservatorebs paradoqsuli mosazreba aqvT imis Taobaze, rom<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos aRzevebam klasobrivi konfliqti<br />
Seasusta, SemogvTavaza ra socialuri uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zRvevis<br />
sqemebi, rasac Sedegad socialuri klasis politikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />
Sesusteba mohyva postindustriul sazogadoebebSi (klarki, lipseti, <strong>da</strong><br />
rempeli, 1993).<br />
amerikeli neokonservatorebis azriT, liberalizmis filosofiuri<br />
wanamZRvrebi gakotrebamdea miyvanili. am principis mixedviT, liberalurma<br />
tradiciam amowura Tavisi SesaZlebloba – fexi aubas mimdinare kulturul<br />
65
<strong>da</strong> zneobriv moTxovnebs. liberalebs, romelTac strategiuli poziciebi<br />
ukaviaT masmediaSi, skolebSi, xelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebis bunebaSi, <strong>da</strong><br />
“Statian radikalebs”, romlebic umaRles <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si arian mokalaTebuli,<br />
bralad kapitalisturi amerikis zneobrivi <strong>da</strong> kulturuli garyvna edebaT.<br />
maT usazRvro zneobriv neba<strong>da</strong>rTulobas <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli heteroseqsualuri<br />
ojaxis SenarCunebaze uaris Tqmas iseTi Sedegebi mohyva, rogoricaa<br />
orsulobis SemTxvevebis zr<strong>da</strong> mozardebSi, unebarTvo gacdenebi,<br />
seqsualuri aRviraxsniloba, <strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi qmedebebis zr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
homoseqsualuri <strong>da</strong> lesbosuri miswrafebebis zr<strong>da</strong>, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
alternatiuli cxovrebis wesisa <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri preferenciebis cnobas<br />
moiTxovs. neokonservatorebs miaCniaT, rom liberalebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoxatuli upativcemuloba xelisuflebis mimarT, maT mier kulturuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> istoriuli tradiciebis ugulebelyofa <strong>da</strong> maTi zomaga<strong>da</strong>suli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba socialuri keTildReobis “did” samTavrobo politikaze,<br />
kidev ufro aRrmavebs amerikaSi arsebul kriziss.<br />
saxelmwifos fiskaluri krizisi aRqmulia rogorc <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba<br />
imisa, rasac amerikis <strong>da</strong>arsebis dRi<strong>da</strong>n acxadeben noekonservatorebi:<br />
sazogadoeba ver SeinarCunebs socialuri keTildReobis garantiebis<br />
sistemas, mizanmimarTul saxelmwifo programebze gamoyofili mzardi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis pirobebSi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sistema finansurad gakotrdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
warmoSobs <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. individebi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze ufri<br />
iqnebian <strong>da</strong>mokidebulni, vidre sakuTar Zalisxmevaze. isini aRar<br />
ixelmZRvaneleben Tav<strong>da</strong>uzogavi Sromis <strong>da</strong>fasebis principiT <strong>da</strong> Tavs<br />
aarideben sakuTari movaleobebisa <strong>da</strong> valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, Tumca<br />
amave dros, ganagrZoben sakuTari uflebebis <strong>da</strong>JinebiT <strong>da</strong>cvas. yovelive<br />
aRniSnuli niSnavs imas, rom nia<strong>da</strong>gi eyreba qveynis zneobriv <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
gakotrebas.<br />
kulturuli krizisis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas moyveba individualur<br />
pasuxismgeblobaze <strong>da</strong> ara saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
legitimuri sistemis Seqmna. socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo<br />
programebze uaris Tqma, kerZo seqtoris deregulireba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
seqtoris privatizeba aris swored is gamosavali, romelic amerikas<br />
saerTaSoriso arenaze konkurentunarianobis SesanarCuneblad <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri aRmasvlis misaRwevad esaWiroeba, Tun<strong>da</strong>c iseT<br />
gamdidrebul kulturul atmosferoSi, romelic momdinareobs ara <strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
gzaze mdgari liberalebisagan, aramed axal rwmenas Semdgari<br />
qristianebisagan (boroni, 1981; qouseri <strong>da</strong> houvi, 1977; habermasi, 1990;<br />
toresi, 1986). amdenad, neokonservatiul saxelmwifoSi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s mravali<br />
gansxvavebuli roli aqvs miniWebuli. neokonservatiuli aRorZinebis<br />
centralur komponenti avtonomiis liberaluri cnebis kritika <strong>da</strong> am cnebis<br />
66
<strong>da</strong>tvirTvaa saklaso praqtikis TvalsazrisiT. avtonomia interpretirebulia<br />
rogorc angariSvaldebulebis nakleboba. aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
saxelmwifo saswavlo programa <strong>da</strong> Sefaseba, mSoblis mier arCevanis<br />
gakeTebis meti SesaZlebloba, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mkacri angariSvaldebuleba <strong>da</strong><br />
kontroli, ganaTlebis marketizacia <strong>da</strong> privatizeba – yvela es SemoTavazeba<br />
SesaZloa Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi iyos, rogorc “reformebis” garkveuli<br />
nakrebi, magram, yvela maTgani im konservatiuli paketis nawilia, romelic am<br />
moZraobis neoliberaluri <strong>da</strong> neokonservatoruli ganStoebebis mieraa<br />
Seqmnili. (efli, 1993 b:5; ixileT agreTve efli, 1993 a).<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo or mTavar<br />
ganacxads efuZneba. erTi maTgania angariSvaldebuleba <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa<br />
uflebebi, xolo meore - amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasobriv sakiTxs <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebis gansakuTrebul Sefasebas<br />
exeba. skolis arCevis Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> vauCerebi ganxilulia rogorc<br />
skolebis bazrebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis mcdeloba. skolebs winamdebare TavSi<br />
ganvixilavT, bazrebis Temas ki _ me-6 TavSi. jon Cabis <strong>da</strong> teri mos<br />
naSromSi (1990) – politika, bazrebi, <strong>da</strong> amerikis skolebi - gamoyenebuli<br />
mosazrebebi skolis reformirebis im programis nawilia, romelic amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. es reformebi fokusirebulia<br />
arsebuli sistemebis efeqtianobis reorganizebaze <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod mis<br />
transformirebaze, rac miznebis, <strong>da</strong>Svebebis, <strong>da</strong> skolebis sistemebis<br />
meTodebis transformirebas gulisxmobs (<strong>da</strong>rling-hamondi, 1993; xi).<br />
gasakviri araa, rom reformirebis es programa mimdinareobs im droSi,<br />
roca yvela qveyanaSi saxezea saxelmwifo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze gaweuli finansuri<br />
xarjebis seriozuli Sekveca. “skolebis moRvaweobis gamacamtverebeli”<br />
kritikuli literaturis didi nawili skolebis warumateblobaSi swored<br />
maswavleblebs a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebs, ris gamoc xdeba maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo organoebs Soris urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva.<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac naklebi aqcenti keTdeba <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSaulebaze, saTanado<br />
yuradReba eTmoba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa kompetenciis (inteleqtis)<br />
Semowmeba, sertificireba, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> gamocdebi. mokled rom vTqvaT _<br />
swavlebis <strong>da</strong> swavlis xarisxis amaRlebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis mcdelobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis Semcireba im saskolo olqebSi, romlebic finansurad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulebi arian <strong>da</strong> ufro racionaluri sistemebis Seqmnas cdiloben,<br />
gulisxmobs iseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rogoricaa samuSao<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Txovna<br />
<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadi pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis Canacvleba ufro<br />
ZviradRirebuli, magram maRali kvalifikaciis mqone kadrebiT. (23)<br />
Seqmnilma situaciam <strong>da</strong> skolebis finansebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli axali<br />
67
iniciativebis wamowyebam, rogoricaa magaliTad vauCerebi, maswavlebelTa<br />
organizaciebi saganmanaTleblo politikasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikaze mimdinare<br />
diskusiis yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia.<br />
Cabisa <strong>da</strong> mois analizi neokonservatorTa mtkicebulebebis modelia,<br />
romelic TiTqos<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis doqtrinis politikur filosofias<br />
efuZneba. Teoriulad, maTi argumentebi sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali bazrebis sekularizebul Teologias efuZneba:<br />
politikuri kontroli, romelsac fesvebi saxelmwifo ZalauflebaSi <strong>da</strong> im<br />
jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxareebis zewolaSi aqvs gadgmuli, romliTac<br />
es xelisuflebaa garSemortymuli, arsobrivad moqmedebs ise, rom skolebi<br />
biurokratiaSi CaZiros, waarTvas maT avtonomia <strong>da</strong> win aRudges efeqturi<br />
organizaciis warmoqmnas. sabazro institutebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>sabams im<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis decentralizebuli arCevani<strong>da</strong>n iReben, romlebic<br />
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebas iyeneben an _ piriqiT, aseTi momsaxurebis<br />
arsebobas uzrunvelyofen. isini bunebrivad arian mowodebuli imisTvis, rom<br />
win aRudgnen biurokratias, asazrdoon skolebis avtonomia <strong>da</strong> xeli<br />
efeqturi organizaciebis Seqmnas Seuwyon. (Cabi <strong>da</strong> moi, 1993:222)<br />
maT midgomas bazrebis operirebaze naklebi fokusireba axasiaTdebT<br />
(Cabisa <strong>da</strong> mois azriT, sabazro Teoriebi ukve saTanado donezea<br />
ganviTarebuli). samagierod, ganixilaven Teoriebs mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb,<br />
gansakuTrebiT im Teoriebs, romlebic mTavrobasa <strong>da</strong> skolebs Soris<br />
kavSirs amyareben. aucilebelia skolis marTvis Teoriis SemuSaveba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n, “skolebis srulyofis gzad maTi decentralizeba, maTi sididis<br />
Semcireba <strong>da</strong> Temebis propagan<strong>da</strong>” gvevlineba (Cabi <strong>da</strong> moi, 1993:222). isini<br />
miiCneven, rom individualuri warmatebis miRwevaze zegavlenas skolis<br />
organizebis xarisxi axdens, <strong>da</strong> skolebi samTavrobo saagentoebad un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilebodes. amdenad, Cndeba kiTxva - jobnis Tu ara sabazro principebze<br />
marTuli skola iseT skolas, romelzec demokratiuli kontroli<br />
xorcieldeba? (sujstorfi, uelsi, <strong>da</strong> qreini, 1993). uelsi (1993) amtkicebs,<br />
rom Tavisufal bazarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli skolis arCeviTobis qomagebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, ignorirebas ukeTeben skolis Tavisufali arCevanis procesTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sirTuleebs. mogebaze orientirebuli kerZo korporaciebis<br />
msgavsi moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> momxmareblebis moTxovnebze analogiuri reagireba,<br />
yuradRebis miRma tovebs im umniSvnelovanes problemebs, romlebic “skolis<br />
moxmarebis procesis ukiduresad rTul bunebas gansazRvraven” (47-48).<br />
Teoriulad, Tu yuradRebas saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebze<br />
gavamaxvilebT, SesaZloa is saSualebebi gamovnaxoT, romlebic<br />
sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis kritikaSi <strong>da</strong> mis srulyofaSic ki<br />
68
<strong>da</strong>gvexmareba, kerZod, maSin, roca “individebi am mimarTebiT racionaluri<br />
sargeblianobis maqsimizacias axdenen <strong>da</strong> yvela Tanxmdeba, rom piradi<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebuloba bazarze socialurad <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad sasurvel<br />
Sedegebs ganapirobebs” (pitersi, ibeWdeba). rogorc uelsi samarTlianad<br />
aRniSnavs, neokonservatiuli <strong>da</strong>pireba skolis arCeviTobis Sesaxeb, Zalian<br />
martivi sicruis msxverpli xdeba: skolebs Soris arsebuli konkurencia<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad ar ganapirobebs skolebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n skolis xarisxis kontrols miRma rCeba sxva cvladebi. rasobrivi<br />
sakiTxis mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, gaucxoeba, ususuroba (Zalauflebis<br />
nakleboba), mSoblebis CarTuloba, zusti informaciis nakleboba –<br />
yovelive es, ojaxuri cxovrebis socialuri konteqstis nawilia. uelsi<br />
(1996) amtkicebs, rom skolebis konkurencias mokrZalebuli wvlili<br />
miuZRvis (Tuki saerTod SeiZleba vilaparakoT aseT wvlilze)<br />
struqturuli <strong>da</strong> subieqturi determinantebis miRwevadobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
ufro metic, rogorc karol peitmeni (1996) aRniSnavs, “privatizeba niSnavs<br />
demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis potenciuri arxebis <strong>da</strong>xurvis process”<br />
(24).<br />
maSin, rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sul ufro energiulad<br />
mimdinareobs diskusia neokonservatizmis Sesaxeb, neokonservatiuli<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis zegavlena amerikis sazRvrebs scdeba. qernoim<br />
<strong>da</strong> toresma (1994) 80-iani wlebis kostarikaSi SeniSnes neokonsrevatiuli<br />
tendenciebi, rac aisaxa saswavlo programaSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
swavlebis meTodebSi, iseve, rogorc Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
bazris dinamikis kuTxiT. kostarikeli politikosebi Seecadnen sajarod<br />
gaekicxaT maswavleblebi “m<strong>da</strong>re xarisxis” swavlebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> am gziT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eWraT iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa moswavleTa kontigentis Semcireba,<br />
moswavleTa gacxrilvis maRali maCvenebeli <strong>da</strong> maswavlebelTa samuSaoTi<br />
kmayofilebis <strong>da</strong>bali done (qernoi <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1994). maswavleblebis<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSauleba ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> imas, rom maswavlebelTa organizaciebi ver<br />
moipovebdnen mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras maRali xelfasebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, maTi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSauleba ganaTlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis<br />
alternatiuli saSualebebis (romlebic ar aniWeben centralur adgils<br />
maswavlebels) legitimaciis saqmes waadgebo<strong>da</strong>. swored aseTi politikis<br />
qomagebad gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong> reiganisa <strong>da</strong> buSis administraciebi amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi.<br />
amgvarad, akritikeb<strong>da</strong> ra maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d skolebis<br />
TanamSromlebs, kostarikis axalma administraciam, mas Semdeg, rac 1986<br />
wels saTaveSi Caudga qveyanas, wamoiwyo saganmanaTleblo modernizaciis<br />
programa. programa ganaTlebis tradiciuli principebis aRorZinebas<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>). reforma saganmanaTleblo warmoebis “efeqtianobis”<br />
69
gazr<strong>da</strong>s emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sam konkretul proeqts moicav<strong>da</strong>: pirveli<br />
proeqti gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> klasebis aRWurvas mikrokompiuterebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
kompiuterTan muSaobis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas; meore proeqti<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> erovnuli sagamocdo sistemis Seqmnas pirveli, meore <strong>da</strong><br />
mesame safexuris moswavleebisaTvis amaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> testirebebi<br />
matematikaSi, espanurSi, sabunebsmetyvelo sagnebSi, socialur<br />
mecnierebebSi, inglisurSi, aseve, iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> saSualo skolebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamTavrebeli safexuris moswavleTa testirebas, romelic Tavis mxriv,<br />
diplomis misaRebad saWiroeb<strong>da</strong> gamsvleli qulebis <strong>da</strong>grovebas yvela<br />
saganSi, ucxo enis, werisa <strong>da</strong> marTlweris, gramatikisa <strong>da</strong> literaturis,<br />
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis, maTematikis <strong>da</strong> socialuri mecnierebaTa<br />
sagnebis CaTvliT; mesame proeqti miznad gansakuTrebuli niWiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>jildoebuli bavSvebisaTvis kostarikis samecniero kolejebis gaxsnas<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong>. es xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> qveynis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiis winsvlis xarjze.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> aRniSnulisa, maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebis mimarT <strong>da</strong>wes<strong>da</strong><br />
garkveuli kontroli, romelic iseT RonisZiebebs moicav<strong>da</strong>, rogoric iyo<br />
saswavlo masalis minimaluri odenobis gansazRvra, yvela saxis<br />
moswavleebisaTvis marTlweris savaldebulo sagnad SemoReba, moswavleTa<br />
uniformebi yvela saxis sajaro skolis moswavleebisaTvis, gakveTilis<br />
yoveldRiuri gegmis werilobiTi formiT warmodgenis valdebuleba,<br />
sasemestro gamocdebis <strong>da</strong> gamokiTxvebis raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saswavlo<br />
wlis gaxangrZliveba. saganmanaTleblo administraciis racionalizaciaze<br />
aqcentis gakeTeba; Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT efeqturi buRaltruli angariSgebis sistema,<br />
administraciuli sistema, monacemTa baza <strong>da</strong> skolis reestri, aseve,<br />
regionebis mixedviT funqciuri decentralizacia – yovelive mTliani<br />
paketis Semadgenel nawili iyo imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom kostarika didi<br />
qveynebis kategorias ar miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
braziliaSi, im moZraobebis farglebSi, romlebic<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s qomagebis mier warmoqmnil saSiSroebaze,<br />
neokonservatiuli reaqciis analogiuria, neoliberalurma mTavrobebma<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv doneze ”xarisxis kontrolis” saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikas Seuwyves xeli. es marTvis efeqturobis <strong>da</strong> angariSgebis Crdilo<br />
amerikul <strong>da</strong> iaponur modelebs efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnul moZraobebs<br />
winaaRmdegoba memarcxeneebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Sexv<strong>da</strong>. isini wina planze<br />
‘”sazogadoebaSi popularuli saskolo ganaTlebis” cnebas wamosweven <strong>da</strong><br />
materialurad gaWirvebuli fenebis specifikuri kulturuli gamocdilebis<br />
Seswavlas cdiloben. imave brazialiaSi, neokonservatorebi amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom maswavlebelTa arasakmarisi teqnikuri codna <strong>da</strong> administratorebis<br />
70
araefeqturoba skolebis warumateblobis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo (o’kadizi,<br />
uongi, <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1998).<br />
maTi SemoTavazebebis siZlieris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mowinave industriul<br />
qveynebSi, neokonservatorebisaTvis misaRebi moqalaqeobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
ufleba-movaleobebis cneba aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rac arsebiTia sayovelTao<br />
keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelisaTvis. amdenad, neokonservatorebs<br />
ar SeuZliaT martivad Tqvan uari keTildReobaze. . . . yovlismomcveli<br />
modeli gulisxmobs imas, rom ZalaSi rCeba struqturuli valdebulebebi. . .<br />
rogorc Cans, neokonservatorebis metad Zlieri argumentis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianoba nawilobriv<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba individualur<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs Soris saTanado<br />
urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebis klasikuri politikuri problema. (kulpiti, 1992:192-<br />
194)<br />
marTalia neokonservatiuli saxelmwifo sakmaod Zlieria Tavisi<br />
kulturis kritikiT, magram, amave dros, misi sakvanZo ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri wina<strong>da</strong>debebis didi nawili xelaxla warmoCndeba neoliberalur<br />
pragmatul modelebSi.<br />
neoliberaluri saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>: avtonomiis sakiTxi<br />
saxelmwifos avtonomiis ubralod arsebobac ki seriozul problemebs<br />
uqmnis liberalur-demokratiul Teorias.<br />
------atilio boroni, “Estadolatria y teorias ‘estadocentricas’”<br />
maSin, rodesac neokonservatorebi cdiloben ga<strong>da</strong>Wran individualuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebis xelSewyobis<br />
problema, neoliberaluri politikuri ekonomia Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs<br />
winaaRmdegobas individualisturad gagebul preferenciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
racionalur socialur arCevans Soris (makintairi, 1988). (MacIntyre, 1988) es<br />
winaaRmdegoba kargad warmoadgines uiliamsma <strong>da</strong> riutenma (1993)<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom bazrebi individualuri preferenciebis gaerTianebas<br />
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis yoveli konkretuli cnebis mimarT skeptikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamovlenis gziT axdenen, demokratiuli politikuri<br />
agregaciis msgavsad, isini funqcias efeqturad mxolod maSin asruleben,<br />
roca individebis preferenciebis marTvaSi (klasifikaciaSi), arsebiTi<br />
71
mniSvnelobis konvergencia iCens Tavs _ isini ar agvareben fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />
konfliqts, aramed qceviTi normebis stabilur struqturas eyrdnobian,<br />
rasac Camoyalibebuli (Semdgari) saxelmwifo uWers mxars. (82)<br />
uiliamsi <strong>da</strong> riuteni (1993:82) iyeneben erous paradoqss imisaTvis, rom<br />
gadmogvcen am problemis mniSvnelobis sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva. Tuki individebis<br />
adgili kapitalisturi ekonomikis pirobebSi gansazRvrulia mxolod<br />
rogorc preferenciebis marTvis subieqti, maSin saeWvo xdeba liberaluri<br />
idea saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, rogorc im sivrcis Sesaxeb, romelSic<br />
SeTanxmebebis miRweva <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli preferenciebis mqone individebs<br />
Soris xdeba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ratom un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaron<br />
individebi nebismier <strong>da</strong>dgenil wess, romelsac bevrad <strong>da</strong>bali pozicia<br />
ukavia saxelmwifos mier <strong>da</strong>dgenil wesebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT? metic, ratom un<strong>da</strong><br />
vaRiaroT mosazreba, rom arsebobs socialuri saWiroebebi, romlebic un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofildes?<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos pasuxi am SekiTxvebze sakmaod<br />
martivia. socialuri areulobebis xangrZlivi periodis ganvlis kvalobaze,<br />
socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli politikuri kursi erTgvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tmoba iyo muSaTa klasisTvis, fordizmis xanaSi ufro prognozirebadi<br />
ekonomikuri rezultatis miRebis sanacvlod (mag., gaficvebisa <strong>da</strong> amboxebis<br />
prevencia). “socialur mSvidobas” <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo investiciebis<br />
ganxorcielebas samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze mimarTul strategiebSi,<br />
mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis keTildReoba un<strong>da</strong> moetana. ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuli <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ganaTlebuli muSaTa klasi ufro<br />
produqtiuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>. Sedegad, aseT a<strong>da</strong>minebs, maT erTobebs <strong>da</strong><br />
mTlianad sazogadoebas, keTildReobis misaRwevad meti SesaZlebloba<br />
gauCndebo<strong>da</strong>. faqtobrivad, socialuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi klasobrivi konfliqtis<br />
winaaRmdeg garantias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. marTlac, izrdebo<strong>da</strong> ra imis saWiroeba,<br />
rom individi aRmoCeniliyo yvelaze didi sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis cnebis<br />
pirispir, liberaluri saxelmwifo icav<strong>da</strong> Tavis arCeul, keTildReobaze<br />
orientirebul politikas, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emkvidrebina<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>roba <strong>da</strong> erToba ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi sikeTis <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
uzrunvelyofiT.<br />
Aarsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri neokonservatiul <strong>da</strong> neoliberalur<br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris? maikl efli amtkicebs, rom orive maTgani erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
imave memarjvene moZraobis sxva<strong>da</strong>xxva frTas warmoadgens. ganvavrcob ra<br />
eflis mtkicebulebas <strong>da</strong> viyeneb ra msoflio sistemis midgomas<br />
uolerSteinis naSromze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, mimaCnia, rom metropoliur,<br />
naxevradperiferiul <strong>da</strong> periferiul (meorexarisxovan) qveynebs Soris<br />
gansxvaveba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saxelmwifos bunebis<br />
72
gansazRvraSi. 24 neokonservatiuli politikuri ekonomiis warmoSoba<br />
garkveuli zomis reaqcia iyo sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoebze<br />
metropoliur saxelmwifo formaciebSi. aseTi saxelmwifo formaciebis<br />
didi nawili aRwerilia rogorc mowinave industriuli sazogadoebebi an<br />
rogorc gviani kapitalizmi. marTlac, neokonservatorebis gamocdilebis<br />
udidesi nawili ukavSirdeba im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic istoriulad ar<br />
yofilan kolonizaciis msxverpli. 25 metic, es saxelmwifoebi, mciredi<br />
gamonaklisebis gar<strong>da</strong>, Tavad iyvnen kolonizatorebi. maT garkveuli<br />
sargebloba naxes kolonialuri saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n an Tavad gaxdnen aseTi<br />
saxelmwifoebi, hqon<strong>da</strong>T ra <strong>da</strong>pyrobili msoflios is regionebi, romlebic<br />
mogvianebiT mesame msofliod iqna wodebuli. 26 kulturis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n Tu<br />
vimsjelebT, konservatizmis tradicia, an ufro zoga<strong>da</strong>d is sazogadoebrivi<br />
Zalebi, romlebic evropaSi, kana<strong>da</strong>Si, amerikaSi, avstraliasa <strong>da</strong> axal<br />
zelandiaSi (anu CrdiloeTis qveynebSi) memarjveneobasTanaa asocirebuli,<br />
sakmaod gansxvavdeba memerjveneebis politikuri gamocdilebisagan mesame<br />
msoflios qveynebSi (anu samxreTis qveynebSi). samxreTis qveynebma miiRes<br />
iseTi politikuri gamocdileba, rogoricaa avtoritaruli mTavrobebi,<br />
samxedro diqtaturebi, an avtoritaruli populizmi, rac mWidrod iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli memarjvene mimdinareobasTan. Tu ar CavTvliT faSizms <strong>da</strong><br />
avtoritaruli korporatizmis mimdevarTa saqmianobas, memarjvene moZraobam<br />
metropoliur saxelmwifoebSi (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
mzardi gavlenisa neokonservatiul saxelmwifoebSi) liberalizmTan,<br />
parlamentarizmis CarCoebSi, garkveul SeTanxmebas miaRwia. samagierod, ase<br />
ar mox<strong>da</strong> mesame msoflios qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c parlamentarizmi TavisTavad,<br />
Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> Zlieri liderebis gamo, xSirad<br />
gvevlineba rogorc nominaluri <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc realurad arsebuli<br />
politikuri praqtika.<br />
saerTo jamSi, gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs istoriul tradiciebSi,<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur SesaZleblobebSi <strong>da</strong> politikur kulturaSi,<br />
gavlenas axdens demokratiis Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikaze. myari (<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
efemeruli) liberalur demokratiuli tradiciis ararseboba samxreTis<br />
bevr qveyanaSi, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos eqstensiuri<br />
gamocdilebis nakleboba <strong>da</strong> korporatizmisa <strong>da</strong> populizmis mtkice<br />
poziciebi, yovelive es ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas CrdiloeTis<br />
memarjvene partniori qveynebis konfiguraciaSi. aseTi gansxvavebebi aseve<br />
SeimCneva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi araoligarqiuli warsulis mqone<br />
memarjveneTa moZraobas <strong>da</strong> im memarjveneebs Soris, romlebic garkveulad<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli feo<strong>da</strong>lizmisa <strong>da</strong> Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurobis gamocdilebasTan<br />
evropis qveynebSi.<br />
73
neoliberalebi, romlebic efuZnebian liberalizmis tradiciebs, <strong>da</strong><br />
amave dros, eWvis TvaliT uyureben demokratiis Teorias, SeuerTdnen<br />
neokonservatorebis kritikas sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos<br />
misamarTiT. am kritikis sakvanZo komponentia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
saxelmwifos fiskaluri krizisi saxelmwifos ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulobis Sedegia,<br />
anu, “problemebiT ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli” saxelmwifo, cdilobs ra moqalaqeTa<br />
mzardi moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas, erTmaneTisgan aSorebs mzard<br />
fiskalur xarjebsa <strong>da</strong> klebad fiskalur Semosavlebs. am winaaRmdegobebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelTa ukmayofilebas, rac Tavis mxriv gamowveulia<br />
gazrdili ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis aucileblobiT garkveul uflebaTa<br />
mosapoveblad, Sedegad demokratiebis umarTvadoba mohyveba. umarTvadoba<br />
momdinareobs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoSi demokratiuli<br />
reformebis institucionalizebuli regulirebi<strong>da</strong>n, ris magaliTsac<br />
warmoadgens saxelmwifo subsidiebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis <strong>da</strong>weseba, romlebic<br />
faqtobrivad stimuls arTmeven mosamsaxureebs <strong>da</strong> amcireben mogebas<br />
korporaciebis <strong>da</strong> individebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeli begaris zrdis gamo.<br />
rCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom neoliberalizmis <strong>da</strong> neoliberaluri<br />
saxelmwifos cnebebi “eqsportirebulia” centri<strong>da</strong>n periferiaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
naxevradperiferiaSi. 27 eWvs ar iwvevs, rom centralur qveynebSi<br />
konsolidirebulia neoliberaluri ideologia <strong>da</strong> qronika. metropoliuri<br />
sazogadoebebis liberaluri warsulis Tanmdevi Sedegebis, Tavad<br />
politikur partiebSi mimdinare konkretuli diskusiebis (mag. amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi mimdinare diskusia respublikur partiaSi axali<br />
memarjveneebis rolis Sesaxeb) <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis mimarT,<br />
neokonservatiuli ekonomikis zegavlenis gamo, neoliberalizmis cneba<br />
centralur qveynebSi gvevlineba rogorc TiTqmis urTierTCanacvlebadi<br />
neokonservatizmis cnebasTan politikur ekonomiaSi. aRniSnuli ar<br />
vrceldeba kulturul, socialur an zneobriv preferenciebze.<br />
ra gansxvavebaa ganaTlebis politikuri sociologiis TvalsazrisiT<br />
neokonservatizmsa <strong>da</strong> neoliberalizms Soris? neokonservatiuli<br />
saxelmwifo, garkveuli gagebiT, mkveTri ukureaqciaa keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifos e.w. siWarbeze <strong>da</strong> mis fiskalur krizisze. neokonservatiuli<br />
saxelmwifos modeli reiganisa <strong>da</strong> buSis mmarTvelobis dros, miznad<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis hegemoni saxelmwifos<br />
poziciis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, swrafad cvalebadi saerTaSoriso sistemis<br />
konteqstSi. aRniSnuli administraciebi germaniis <strong>da</strong> iaponiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mzardi ekonomikuri konkurenciis pirobebSi aRmoCndnen. maT, aseve, hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro Zlierebis moWarbebuli SiSi. <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
asocirebuli iyo nacionalur usafrTxoebasTan <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur<br />
konkurenciasTan msoflio sistemaSi. saganmanaTleblo reformis<br />
74
neokonservatiuli xedva asaxavs imis mcdelobas, rom moxdes amerikeli<br />
bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> axalgazrdobis socializacia Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong> dominirebis<br />
moxveWis mizniT MmTels msoflioSi. es aris proeqti, romelic<br />
distancirebas axdens iseTi singularuli ideisagan, rogoricaa <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
demokratiisaTvis, rasac Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad icav<strong>da</strong> liberalizmi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri partniori – progresivizmi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, aqcenti<br />
keTdeba ganaTlebis xarisxze, srulyofilebaze <strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
skolebSi mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze. neokonservatizmis<br />
konteqstSi mTavari moTamaSeebi arian: “biznesis mrgvali magi<strong>da</strong>”, zogierTi<br />
kerZo fondi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelebi, <strong>da</strong> profesiuli asociaciebi,<br />
romlebic miznad isaxaven sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva disciplinebis swavlebis<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis SemuSavebas.<br />
neoliberalizmi gvTavazobs analogiur receptebs, Tumca am mxriv<br />
arsebobs garkveuli gansxvavebac. neoliberalizmis politika, im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xdeba misi ga<strong>da</strong>tana periferiul qveynebSi, ayalibebs<br />
garkveul rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs im mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic ukaviaT<br />
samxreTis qveynebs saerTaSoriso konteqstSi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT Sromis<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebaSi. neoliberalizmi cdilobs ga<strong>da</strong>abaros saganmanaTleblo<br />
momsaxurebis xarjebi Tavad klientebis wres, risTvisac iyenebs iseT<br />
RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>weseba momxmarebelTaTvis, kerZo<br />
seqtoris monawileobis gazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si (anu privatizeba) <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis decentralizaciis xelSewyoba, rac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, federalur, adgilobriv <strong>da</strong> municipalur mmarTvelobebs Soris<br />
Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo urTierTobebis xelaxla gansazRvris<br />
saSualebaa. yovelive es stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli politikis gansaxorcielebeli<br />
miTiTebebia <strong>da</strong> arsebiTad emTxveva neokonservatiul midgomas.<br />
arsebobs Tu ara im analizis alternativa, romelsac<br />
neokonservatorebi <strong>da</strong> neoliberalebi ganaTlebis sferos ganviTarebaSi<br />
saxelmwifos rolis gasaanalizeblad gvTavazoben? neomarqsistuli<br />
analizi gansxvavdeba neoliberalizmisa <strong>da</strong> neokonservatizmis Teoriuli<br />
Sefasebebisgan. neomarqsistuli Teoriebi akeTeben saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis urTierTqmedebis analizs istoriul konteqstSi, riTac<br />
cdiloben aCvenon winaaRmdegobrivi dinamika ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur faqtors Soris. saskolo ganaTlebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, neomarqsizmi centralur adgils uTmobs faqtebis<br />
oficialuri aRiarebis, rogorc saxelmwifo praqtikis rols <strong>da</strong> axdens<br />
rasobrivi, klasobrivi <strong>da</strong> genderuli kuTvnilebis, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli,<br />
magram interaqtiuri dinamikis paralelistur analizs. 28<br />
75
paralelisturi Teoriebi <strong>da</strong> codna saxelmwifos Sesaxeb: nekonservatizmis<br />
<strong>da</strong> neoliberalizmis kritika<br />
raime konkretuli imitom aris konkretuli, rom is warmoadgens<br />
mravalmxrivi gansazRvrebis sinTezs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs erTianoba<br />
mravalferovnebaSi.<br />
----karl marqsi, Grundrisse<br />
neo-marqsistuli Teoriebis mixedviT saxelmwifo mWidrod aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
sazogadoebaSi. rogorc am saukunis marqsistuli politikuri mecnierebis<br />
erT-erTma yvelaze cnobilma mimdevarma ralf milibendma (1969) aRniSna:<br />
saxelmwifo Teoria warmoadgens sazogadoebis Teorias <strong>da</strong>, aseve,<br />
Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis Teorias am sazogadoebaSi. magram, <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
“politikis aRsazrdelebis” umetesoba, ganixilavs ra sakiTxs sakuTari<br />
pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, midrekilia saqme <strong>da</strong>iwyos im rwmeniT, rom Zalaufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi konkurentulia, fragmentuli <strong>da</strong> difuzuri:<br />
TiToeul individs uSualod Tu organizebuli jgufebis meSveobiT,<br />
garkveuli Zalaufleba aqvs, magram, arcerT maTgans ara aqvs an ar SeuZlia<br />
hqondes mniSvnelovnad didi Zalufleba. am sazogadoebebSi, moqalaqeebi<br />
sargebloben sayovelTao saamomrCevlo uflebiT, Tavisufali <strong>da</strong><br />
regularuli arCevnebiT, maT aqvT warmomadgenlobiTi institutebi, efeqturi<br />
moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi, maT Soris Tavisufali sityvis, gaerTianebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
opoziciuri moqmedebis ufleba; individebic <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>jgufebebic<br />
sargebloben aRniSnuli uflebebiT, rac <strong>da</strong>culia kanonmdeblobiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemiT <strong>da</strong> politikuri kulturis<br />
TavisuflebiT. (2)<br />
maikl efli (1993 a) yuradRebas amaxvilebs im sirTuleebze, rasac<br />
awydeba klasikuri marqsizmi klasobrivi, rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
sakiTxebis ganmartebisas (163-182; ixileT agreTve toresi, 1998). aseT<br />
mdgomareobas makarti <strong>da</strong> efli (1988) gansazRvraven rogorc “arasinqronul<br />
paralelizms”. efli (1986 a) Tvlis rom:<br />
aq saukeTeso magaliTi is kritikaa, romelsac feministi avtorebi<br />
tradiciuli marqsistuli interpretaciebis winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. maTi<br />
bevri argumenti gamanadgureblad moqmedebs orTodoqsul mtkicebulebebze, .<br />
. . es efeqti imdenad moqmedebs, rom memarcxene poziciebze mdgari a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
miiCneven, rom Cveni sazogadoebrivi formaciis gaazrebis nebismieri iseTi<br />
mcdeloba, romelic ar axdens klasobrivi <strong>da</strong> genderuli sakiTxis analizis<br />
aramartivi gziT gaerTianebas, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi mxolod<br />
76
naxevradTeoriaa. . . .. igive iTqmis, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, rasobriv sakiTxzec.<br />
aRiarebuli, orTodoqsul marqsistuli tradiciis mTavari aspeqtebis<br />
uaryofa <strong>da</strong> sqesisa <strong>da</strong> rasis WeSmaritad rTuli bunebis mimarT<br />
sensitiurobis warmoqmna naTelhyofs kritikuli analizis tradiciis<br />
sicocxlisunarianobas <strong>da</strong> mudmiv ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> ara mis sisustes. es<br />
tradicia cdilobs Riad <strong>da</strong> patiosnad gaumklavdes cxovrebis sirTuleebs<br />
Tanamedrove droSi arsebuli dominirebisa <strong>da</strong> eqsluataciis pirobebSi. (320-<br />
321)<br />
arasinqronuli paralelisturi Teoriebis mTavari problema ar aris<br />
klasis mniSvnelobis meore planze ga<strong>da</strong>tana ganaTlebis politikur<br />
sociologiaSi, Tumca, amave dros, socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
reproducirebis TeoriebSi isini klasis esencializaciisgan Tavis aridebas<br />
cdiloben. efli (1992), ganixilavs ra beisil bernSteinis naSroms,<br />
amtkicebs, rom klasi TavisTavad xdeba sul ufro genderuli <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi.<br />
amdenad<br />
Cven ver movaxdenT rasisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis, rogorc kulturis nebismieri saxis<br />
analizis arsebiTi kategoriebis marginalizacias. Tu marTlac arsebobs<br />
sabazo kulturuli formebi <strong>da</strong> orientaciebi, romlebic specifikurad<br />
genderuli <strong>da</strong> rasobrivia, aseve, sakuTari, garkveulwilad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
istoria aqvT, maSin Cven gvesaWiroeba patriarqaluri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi formebis<br />
Teoriebis integrireba Cveni mcdelobis ZiriTad arsSi, romlis mizani imis<br />
gagebaa, Tu ra ganicdis cvlilebas <strong>da</strong> reproduqcias. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
aucilebeli iqneba iseTi Teoriis arseboba, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs aseTi<br />
dinamikis farglebSi <strong>da</strong> TviT am dinamikebs Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobebs.<br />
raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong> es aris erT-erTi im mraval sferoTagani, sa<strong>da</strong>c erTmaneTs<br />
kveTs neogramskiseuli analizi <strong>da</strong> zogierTi post-struqturalisturi<br />
pozicia, romelic Segnebulad ar iqna depolitizebuli. (143)<br />
aseT Teoriul gar<strong>da</strong>saxvaSi sadRaa, an raSi mdgomareobs saxelmwifos<br />
roli kulturuli reproduqciisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis kuTxiT? upirveles<br />
yovlisa, saxelmwifo aris adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c mudmivad xdeba klasobriv<br />
uTanxmoebebze <strong>da</strong> genderul, rasobriv <strong>da</strong> eTnikur moZraobebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
rTuli konfliqtebi. efli (1992:141; ixileT agreTve efli, 1989) miiCnevs, rom<br />
imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c saxelmwifo ideologiuri brZolis asparezia,<br />
“saxelmwifoSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, aucilebelia gaimarjvo<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi” <strong>da</strong>, rom neokonservatorebis jansaRi azris<br />
politika axali konsensusis anareklia. man es axali konsensuss<br />
“avtoritaruli populizmi” uwo<strong>da</strong>, romelic axali sazogadoebrivi<br />
Tanxmobis Senebas cdilobs (efli 1993b:21).<br />
77
efli (1992) aRniSnavs, rom berSteins Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs bazarze<br />
orientirebuli xiluli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis Cveneul aRqmaSi,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c saganmanTleblo politika skolis arCeviTobis (Tavisufali arCevanis)<br />
programebzea koncentrirebuli. igi savsebiT sworad miiCnevs, rom es aris<br />
mxolod “Txeli safarveli” skolebis, moswavleebis <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programis<br />
restratifikaciisaTvis . . .restratifikaciis problema, aseve, miuTiTebs im<br />
umniSvnelovanes rolze, romelsac saxelmwifo asrulebs, rogorc bazarze<br />
orientirebuli programebis sponsori <strong>da</strong> rogorc klasobrivi konfliqtis<br />
arena. (142)<br />
ukeTesi saxelmZRvaneloebi <strong>da</strong> Mmaswavlebelze ar <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili<br />
saswavlo programa iTvleba aucilebel pirobad imisaTvis, rom klasebSi<br />
aRdges wesrigi <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli gaxdes maRali xarisxis ganaTlebis miReba.<br />
efli (1992:36-37) miiCnevs, rom “saxelmwifos istoria, kapitalTan <strong>da</strong><br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mamakacebisagan Semdgari konsultantebis <strong>da</strong> developerebis<br />
akademiur korpusTan SeTanxmebiT, praqtikul doneze, intervencias axdens<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalebisagan Semdgari samuSao Zalis funqcionirebaSi.” eflis<br />
(1988 b:37) azriT, kurikulumis istoriis dinamikis Secnobis mizniT, “mavanma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinos saxelmwifos analizis, saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa Sromis<br />
procesSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong> patriarqaluri politikis<br />
integrireba.” amisaTvis ki, saWiro xdeba dialeqtikuri midgomis gamoyeneba.<br />
privatizeba <strong>da</strong> bazarze orientirebuli strategiebi “gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />
rodesac isini Camoyalibebulia saxelmwifos monawileobiT, im<br />
konfliqtebis, kompromisebisa <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebebis Sedegia, romelsac adgili<br />
aqvs saxelmwifos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze, <strong>da</strong> aseve, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sazogadoebriv moZraobebsa <strong>da</strong> Zalebs Soris farTo sazogadoebaSi.” (efli,<br />
1992:142; ixileT agreTve efli <strong>da</strong> uaisi, 1986).<br />
Cndeba imis saWiroeba, rom moxdes saxelmwifos ufro Rrma <strong>da</strong><br />
srulyofili analizi, “romelic sqesisa <strong>da</strong> rasis sakiTxis Seswavlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikasa <strong>da</strong> politikaSi Tanamedrove miRwevebs<br />
warmoaCens. es u<strong>da</strong>vod waadgeba amJamad mimdinare diskusias demokratiuli<br />
konfliqtebis centraluri adgilis Sesaxeb Tavad saxelmwifoSi” (efli,<br />
1988a:122; ixileT agreTve qernoi, 1984). aseTi kvleva SemogvTavazeb<strong>da</strong> im oTxi<br />
tendenciis yovlismomcvel analizs, romelic eflma (1993 b) konservatiul<br />
aRorZinebaSi aRmoaCina, <strong>da</strong> rasac, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
britaneTSi hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili. es tendenciebia: privatizeba, centralizacia,<br />
profesionalizacia <strong>da</strong> diferencireba.<br />
cvlilebebi saxelmwifos formirebaSi ganapirobebs cvlilebebs<br />
hegemoniis warmoqmnaSi <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiurobis jansaR interpretirebaSi,<br />
78
gansakuTrebiT ki im politikur aliansebSi, romlebic akontroleben<br />
saxelmwifos – liberalizmi<strong>da</strong>n neokonservatizmamde <strong>da</strong><br />
neoliberalizmamde. saganmanaTleblo politikis gansazRvris saqmeSi<br />
saxelmwifos rolis Canacvleba bazris kanonzomierebiT gakritikebuli iqna<br />
rogorc neoliberaluri saxelmwifos klasobrivi (sazogadoebriv klasebze<br />
orientirebuli) strategia (boli, 1993; deili, 1989). analogiuri mosazreba<br />
gamoiTqva laTinur amerikaSi, saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifo<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si ganxorcielebuli investirebis SewyvetasTan <strong>da</strong> im<br />
mosalodnel zegavlenasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rasac iqonieb<strong>da</strong> es faqti<br />
moqalaqeebis, rogorc pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtebis mowyobaze (puigrosi, 1990;<br />
toresi <strong>da</strong> puigrosi, 1997). Sromis procesSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebi sawarmoo<br />
saSualebebis cvlilebas ukavSirdeba, rac gansazRvrulia rogorc<br />
fordizmis tranformacia post-fordistul modelSi, rasac mohyveba<br />
Tanmxlebi Sedegebi samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dekvalifikaciis procesis, aseve, saswavlo programaSi teqnikuri<br />
kontrolis logikuri sqemis TvalsazrisiT (efli, 1982 b).<br />
industriuli ganviTarebis I msoflio omis Semdgomi modeli<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> masobriv warmoebas, romelic gandevni<strong>da</strong> mecxramete<br />
saukunis xelosnobis sistemas. fordizmis, rogorc masobrivi warmoebis<br />
modelis ZiriTadi interesi stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli stabiluri masobrivi<br />
bazrebisaTvis saqonlis warmoeba iyo. fordizmi <strong>da</strong> teilorizmi<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> warmoebis sistemebs, romlebic kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebebze<br />
orientirebul industriul warmoebas, mecnierul menejments, <strong>da</strong>nadgarebis<br />
gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong> produqtiulobis maCveneblebis zr<strong>da</strong>s emyarebo<strong>da</strong>. es<br />
miiRweo<strong>da</strong> Sromis mkacri kontroliT, qarxnebSi samuSao Zalis droSi<br />
ganawilebisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis kuTxiT Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis<br />
gamoyenebas; aseve, emyarebo<strong>da</strong> Sesasrulebeli samuSaos intensiur<br />
fragmentacias, rac, Tavis mxriv, samuSaos konceptualizaciis (warmosaxvis)<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesrulebis cal-calke gamoyofiT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>; kidev, sawarmoo<br />
operaciebis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebas <strong>da</strong> saxelganTqmul fordis saamwyobo xazs,<br />
romelmac qarxanaSi Sromis teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>nawilebis reorganizeba moaxdina<br />
(breivermeni, 1974; klarke, 1990; gramski, 1980; manakor<strong>da</strong>, 1977).<br />
post-fordizmi xasiaTdeba moqnili specializaciiT <strong>da</strong> moqnili<br />
SromiT:<br />
maSin, rodesac masobrivi warmoebis paradigmis pirobebSi muSaobis procesi<br />
Sromis intensiuri <strong>da</strong>nawilebiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>, samuSaos konceptualizaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sesrulebis erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>calkevebiT, arakvalificiuri muSaxelis<br />
kvalificiuri kadrebiT SecvliT <strong>da</strong> specialuri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mqone<br />
manqana-<strong>da</strong>nadgarebis universaluri manqanebiT CanacvlebiT, specializaciis<br />
79
Ziebis procesi warmoebis ufro moqnil/elastiur organizebas iTxovs. es<br />
dizainerebsa <strong>da</strong> axali unar-CvevebiT SeiaraRebul xelosnebs Soris<br />
TanamSromlobas efuZneba <strong>da</strong>, Tavis mxriv, miznad universaluri manqana<strong>da</strong>nadgarebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, mravalferovani saqonlis warmoebas isaxavs.<br />
(tomani, 1990:30)<br />
maSin rodesac fordizmi <strong>da</strong> teilorizmi amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi industriuli ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel atributs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, iaponiasa <strong>da</strong> germaniaSi Sromis marTvis modelebSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli moqnili<br />
specializacia iyo.<br />
samuSaos konceptualizaciis <strong>da</strong> Sesrulebis gamijvnaSi<br />
mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulad Seitanes gaugebroba iseTi cvlilebiT, rogoricaa gundur<br />
muSaobaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. aseT dros, winamZRolebi, romlebic samuSao<br />
gundis nawilad miiCnevian, menejmentisTvis <strong>da</strong>narCen muSaxels warmoadgenen.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, adgili aqvs samuSao adgilebis eqstensiur rotacias, anu<br />
muSaxelze <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli funqciebis monacvleobas, rac uzrunvelyofs imas,<br />
rom mosamsaxureebi ukeT ecnobian TavianT samuSaos <strong>da</strong> amasTanave izrdeba<br />
maTi a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis unari (piori <strong>da</strong> sabeli, 1984). 60-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />
Sua periodSi SemoiRes xarisxze orientirebuli jgufebi (Quality circles), rac<br />
miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalisa <strong>da</strong> menejmentis SeTanxmebuli muSaobis<br />
ideis stimulirebas, warmoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fazebis srulyofis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad. germaniaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarxnis saamqroebSi ufro<br />
kvalificiuri muSebi arian <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli, saxezea aSkara mcdeloba imisa,<br />
rom moxdes lurjsayeloian mSromelebsa (muSebisa) <strong>da</strong> TeTrsayeloian<br />
mSromelebs (administraciis TanamSromlebs) Soris gavlebuli zRvris<br />
gauqmeba. grZelvadiani <strong>da</strong>saqmebis institucionalizaciis mTliani modeli<br />
efuZneba ara imdenad saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebebs, romlebic miiRweva<br />
saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis pirobebSi<br />
profkavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> kompaniebis menejmentis molaparakebebis Sedegad, aramed<br />
muSebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas kompaniaze mudmivi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis, ojaxis<br />
keTildReobis <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, ise rogorc<br />
es xdeba, magaliTad, iaponiaSi. Tumca, es modeli saWiroebs samuSaos<br />
rotaciasa <strong>da</strong> gundur muSaobas, rac Tavis mxriv, amaRlebs mSromelTa<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dones <strong>da</strong> maT produqtiulobas <strong>da</strong> Zalian xSirad,<br />
warmoebis gegmis Seusruleblobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, gauTvaliswineblad,<br />
zeganakveTuri muSaobis saWiroebas warmoSobs. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> arsebobs<br />
samuSaos “gamsxvilebis” (gafarToebis) <strong>da</strong> “a<strong>da</strong>ptirebulobis” sxva<br />
mimarTulebebic, maT Soris araregulirebuli SromiTi saqmianobis<br />
institucionalizacia araformaluri Tu formaluri Sromis bazrebis<br />
meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> sxva. xarisxis kontroli <strong>da</strong> “Tavisdrouli mowodebis”<br />
80
principze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli warmoeba, aseve, iaponuri modelis29 Taviseburebaa.<br />
TvalnaTeli<br />
politikuri ekonomiis specialistebi samuSao adgilebis<br />
mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebul am cvlilebebs ara mxolod xelfasebTan<br />
erTad mwarmoeblurobis zrdis mcdelobad afaseben, aramed, rac kidev<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania, samuSao Zalis disciplinirebas mcdelobad.<br />
neokonservatorebis midgomas, romelic miznad isaxavs skolebis eqspansiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi saqmianobis Sewyobas disciplinirebul samuSao ZalasTan, im<br />
Zalisxmevis saerTo procesis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqvamen, romelic<br />
miznad samuSao adgilebze <strong>da</strong> skolebze kontrolis ganxorcielebas isaxavs<br />
(qernoi <strong>da</strong> levini, 1985). aq keTdeba ramdenime <strong>da</strong>skvna maswavlebelTa<br />
treiningisa <strong>da</strong> kurikulumis reformirebis TvalsazrisiT. aSkaraa, rom<br />
midis ieriSi maswavleblis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobaze, rac “winaswarSefuTuli”<br />
kurikulumebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis, kompiuteruli <strong>da</strong> video<br />
teqnologiebis, rogorc maswavleblis individualur ostatobasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro prognozirebadi instrumentebis stimulirebiT<br />
xorcieldeba, miTumetes, rom es ostatoba saklaso oTaxSi, anu <strong>da</strong>xurul<br />
kars miRma vlindeba. meti kontrolis ganxorcielebazea mimarTuli iseTi<br />
mmarTvelobiTi meTodebis gamoyeneba, romlebic asocirebulia samuSao<br />
Zalis elastiurobasTan, xarisxis sruli kontrolis CaTvliT – aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinareobs stan<strong>da</strong>rtul testirebaze gakeTebuli aqcenti. meore<br />
mimarTuleba klasebSi Tavisufali bazris, rogorc garigebebis adgilis<br />
uSualo Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebis efeqtis stimulirebaa pir<strong>da</strong>piri reklamirebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
korporaciebsa <strong>da</strong> skolebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis meSveobiT (mag.,<br />
iseTi jgufebis Tan<strong>da</strong>swreba, rogoricaa “biznesis mrgvali magi<strong>da</strong>”,<br />
romelic zewolas axdens saganmanaTleblo reformebis ganxorcielebaze; an<br />
sajaro skolebSi “pirveli arxis” (saskolo televiziis programa)<br />
ganxorcielebas, romelic axdens komerciuli mesijebisa <strong>da</strong> saswavlo<br />
miTiTebebis Serwymas).<br />
maikl efli (1989) ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis kurss asaxelebs, romelic axla ikrebs Zalas amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> romlebic sakmaod qmediTi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> imisTvis, rom<br />
diskusia memarjveneebis saZovrebisken ganaTlebis sferoSi reformirebis<br />
gatarebisken miemarTa. magaliTad:<br />
(1) wina<strong>da</strong>debebi savauCero gegmebis <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado SeRavaTebis<br />
SemoRebis Sesaxeb, romelTa meSveobiT skolebi ufro <strong>da</strong>emsgavseba<br />
idealizebul Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas; (2) saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo<br />
organoSi <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis saxelmwifo depatamentebSi moZraobis wamowyeba<br />
“stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis awevis”, maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebis “kompetenciebis” <strong>da</strong><br />
81
saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi miznebisa <strong>da</strong> sabazo<br />
codnis uflebamosilebis cnobis mimarTulebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs<br />
swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programis kontrolis kidev ufro met<br />
centralizebas saxelmwifo doneze; (3) ufro efeqturi Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebis<br />
ganxorcieleba skolebis saswavlo gegmebze, ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali<br />
sawarmos mimarT maTi TiTqos<strong>da</strong> winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi ganwyobis, maTi<br />
“sekularuli humanizmis”, maT mier “<strong>da</strong>savluri tradiciis” ugulebelyofis<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi arapatriotuli suliskveTebis gamo; (4) <strong>da</strong> mzardi zewola biznesisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmoebis saWiroebebis saganmanaTleblo sistemis mTavar miznebad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis mizniT. (27)<br />
mTavari mizani erTiani saswavlo programis meSveobiT maswavlebelTa<br />
treiningis a<strong>da</strong>ptirebulobisa <strong>da</strong> centralizaciis miRwevaa. programa<br />
sruliad un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes/Seesatyvisebodes xarisxis sruli marTvis<br />
modelebs. sasurveli Sualeduri produqti – <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> winapiroba –<br />
profkavSirebis Zalauflebis moTokvaa. es mniSvnelovania, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
maswavlebelTa sertificirebis procesis gamo, maswavlebelTa gaerTianebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> maswavleblis profesia kapitalistur formaciaSi im mcire raodenobis<br />
gaerTianebebs <strong>da</strong> profesiebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic garkveulwilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>culia saerTaSoriso konkurenciisagan. TumcaRa, rogorc pikioto (1991)<br />
amtkicebs, saxelmwifo win ar un<strong>da</strong> aRudges internacionalizaciis<br />
tendencias:<br />
kapitalisturi saxelmwifo, Tun<strong>da</strong>c gansazRvruli teritoriiT, aRmocen<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTar<strong>da</strong> rogorc urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> urTirTga<strong>da</strong>mfaravi<br />
iurisdiqciebis Tavisufali sistema. korporatiuli kapitalizmis<br />
regulirebis principebi, rasac safuZveli Caeyara me-19 saukunis miwuruls,<br />
efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> erTi nacionalur saxelmwifos, magram moicav<strong>da</strong> mibaZvas <strong>da</strong><br />
formebis transplantacias iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso koordinacias; am<br />
principebma SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> kapitalze saerTaSoriso sakuTrebis formis<br />
arseboba, transnacionaluri korporaciebis saxiT, rac dominirebul formad<br />
iqca me-20 saukuneSi. transnacionaluri korporaciebi upiratesobas aniWeben<br />
minimalur saerTaSoriso koordinacias, Tumc, amave dros, mtkiced uWeren<br />
mxars erovnul saxelmwifos, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c maT eZlevaT SesaZlebloba<br />
isargeblon regulaciebis gansxvavebebiT <strong>da</strong> xvrelebiT. saxelmwifos<br />
funqciebis saerTaSoriso koordinirebis procesebma, erovnul<br />
legitimaciaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, biurokratiul-administraciuli<br />
korporatistuli molaparakebebis forma araformaluri struqturebis <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro TvalSisacemi <strong>da</strong> didi organizaciebis araerTgvarovani qselis<br />
meSveobiT miiRes. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mzardi globalizacia<br />
sul ufro met zewolas axdens rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso<br />
saxelmwifo struqturebze. (43; ixileT agreTve ruqio, rezniki, <strong>da</strong> vulfi,<br />
1991).<br />
82
saxelmwifos mzardi internacionalizacia kvlav Ria Temad rCeba misi<br />
masStabisa <strong>da</strong> dinamikis TvalsazrisiT. analogiurad, sruliad<br />
arasakmarisia is empiriuli <strong>da</strong> Teoriuli kvlevebi, romlebic sadReisod<br />
internacionalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis Sedegebis saganmanTleblo<br />
politikaze, saxelmZRvaneloebze <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programaze moxdenili<br />
zegavlenis Seswavlis mizniT tardeba. Tumca, arsebobs ramodenime<br />
gamonaklisi. im kvlevaSi, romelic rva qveynis masStabiT maswavlebelTa<br />
swavlebis kuTxiT gatarebuli reformebis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis<br />
Sesaswavlad Catar<strong>da</strong>, popkeviCi <strong>da</strong> pereira (1993) amtkiceben, maswavlebelTa<br />
swavlebis maregulirebl normebSi cvlilebebis Setanis stimulirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben iseTi saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
organizacia (OECD) <strong>da</strong> evrokavSiri.<br />
saxelmwifos postmodernistuli xedva erTgvarad Slis zRvars<br />
“kerZosa” <strong>da</strong> “sazogadoebrivs/saxelmwifos” Soris <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris, riTac marTvadobis cnebas ayenebs iseTi<br />
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone kiTxvis pirispir, rogoricaa: mivmarTavT Tu<br />
ara saxelmwifos ganmartebas, imisaTvis rom avxsnaT, rogor moqmedebs<br />
Zalaufleba, an viyenebT Tu ara Zalauflebis moqmedebis axsnas imisaTvis,<br />
rom ganvmartoT Tu ra aris saxelmwifo?<br />
socialuri regulireba, saxelmwifo sfero, <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos intervencia:<br />
ostmodernistuli Tvalsazrisi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze<br />
nuTu marTla fiqrobT, rom mavans aiZulebdiT <strong>da</strong>morClebo<strong>da</strong> Zaluflebas,<br />
is rom mxolod <strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli yofiliyo <strong>da</strong> arasdros araferi ekeTebina<br />
“ara”-s Tqmis gar<strong>da</strong>? rac unarCunebs Zalauflebas Tavis faseulobas, rac<br />
xdis mas misaRebs, is realobaa, rom Zalaufleba uaris mTqmeli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mamZimebeli Zalis gar<strong>da</strong> is aris Zala, romelic yovelmxriv gansjis <strong>da</strong><br />
warmoqmnis sagnebs, axdens siamovnebis SegrZnebis stimulirebas, ayalibebs<br />
codnas <strong>da</strong> badebs diskurss. is un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT produqtiul sistemad,<br />
romlis arseboba mTels sazogadoebriv sxeulSi igrZnoba.<br />
----miSel fuko, Zalaufleba/codna<br />
liberaluri politikuri Teoriis klasikur principebs, romlebic<br />
ganixilaven saxelmwifos rogorc gansxvavebuli interesebis mTavar<br />
mediators, undoblobiT uyureben ara mxolod modernistuli politikuri<br />
Teoriebi, aramed postmodernistuli kritikac.<br />
83<br />
30 magaliTad, Tomas<br />
popkeviCi (1991) amtkicebs, rom postmodernistul samyaroSi saxelmwifo<br />
savaldebulod rodi gamoxatavs sazogadoebis interesebs <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
profesiul codnas ar aniWeben upiratesobas saR azrTan mimarTebiT.
modernistuli proeqtis warumateblobis <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
modernistuli saganmanaTleblo reformis programebis kraxis Sedegad,<br />
politikis fokusSi konkretuli sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, SezRuduli<br />
programebi <strong>da</strong> partikularistuli ganacxadebi moeqca.<br />
postmodernistuli analizi efuZneba zustad gansazRvrul<br />
Sexedulebebs im Zalauflebis Sesaxeb, romelic fragmentirebulia<br />
(<strong>da</strong>nawevrebulad aris warmodgenili) kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi. rogorc<br />
milibendi aRniSnavs, am <strong>da</strong>nawevrebulobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, saxelmwifo mtkiced<br />
rCeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis formulirebis,<br />
demokratiuli sazogadoebebis mowyobis, <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli politikuri<br />
kulturis Sesaxeb mimdinare diskusiis centrSi. mavanma SesaZloa isic<br />
aRniSnos, rom Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli urTierTobis<br />
nebismieri saxis definicia mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> iRebdes gviani kapitalizmis<br />
pirobebSi ganaTlebis rols <strong>da</strong> mis potenciur wvlils politikuri<br />
warmomadgenlobis, Tanamonawileobisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis principebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, aq neba gviboZeT, ga<strong>da</strong>vxedoT postmodernizmis<br />
zogierT wanamZRvars <strong>da</strong> imasac, Tu rogor xsnis saxelmwifos Sesaxeb<br />
Teoriebs bolodroindeli postmodernistuli analizi.<br />
postmodernizmis koncefcia amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs<br />
“axali” epoqa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, axali kulturuli paradigma. dRevandeli<br />
miznebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, postmodernistuli sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
zogierTi sakvanZo sociologiuri Sedegi SeiZleba ganzogadebul iqnas<br />
rogorc fragmentaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva procesebis Semcveli, maT Soris: (1)<br />
Zalauflebis decentrireba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yofa (fragmentacia), rac eWvqveS ayenebs<br />
dominirebisa <strong>da</strong> hegemoniis Teoriebs; (2) materialuri interesebis <strong>da</strong><br />
subieqturi eqspresiebis <strong>da</strong>Soreba koleqtiur qmedebaSi, rasac Sedegad<br />
socialuri moZraobebis moTxovnebis xasiaTis Secvla mohyveba, kerZod,<br />
ganawilebis moTxovna kulturul-eTikuri xasiaTis moTxovnebiT icvleba;<br />
(3) mravalgvarovnebis warmoqmna erTgvarovnebis sanacvlod, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia msoflio sistemisaTvis; (4) mzardi undobloba <strong>da</strong><br />
imedgacrueba demokratiis mimarT, rasac iwvevs politikuri erTobebis <strong>da</strong><br />
identobebis <strong>da</strong>nawevreba (fragmentacia).<br />
mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. postmodernistuli<br />
koncefciis mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalaufleba<br />
decentrirebuli <strong>da</strong> fragmentirebuli (<strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli) gax<strong>da</strong>. amdenad, ideis<br />
SemoTavazeba mmarTveli elitis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis saqmes akeTebs <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti zegavlena aqvs saxelmwifo politikis an ganaTlebis politikis<br />
formulirebaze, bundovans gaxdis (postmodernistebis SexedulebiT) im<br />
Zalebis mravalferovnebas, romlebic urTierTqmedeben sazogadoebaSi,<br />
84
aseve, gaurkvevlobas Seitans gatarebuli politikis SedegebSi. (boulsi <strong>da</strong><br />
gintisi, 1986). rogor gansazRvravs mavani iseT Zalauflebas, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawevrebulia <strong>da</strong> ar aris <strong>da</strong>myarebuli unifikaciis principze? uTxris<br />
Tu ara Zirs fragmentacia klasobrivi, genderuli <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi<br />
urTierTobebis arasinqronul, paralelistur koncefciebs kulturul<br />
reproducirebaSi? mokled rom vTqvaT, ayenebs Tu ara Zalauflebis<br />
fragmentacia zians iseT cnebaTa sistemas <strong>da</strong> “grand narativebs”,<br />
rogoricaa hegemonia <strong>da</strong> dominireba?<br />
“grand narativebis” e.w. aRsasruli badebs politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
epistemologiur SekiTxvebs. Ffukos azriT, WeSmariteba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
Zalauflebis strategiebze <strong>da</strong> ara epistemologiur kriteriumebze. es<br />
warmoadgens saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis Teoriis mTavar problemas.<br />
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tu <strong>da</strong>veyrdnobiT skeptikur<br />
poststruqturistul Sefasebebs, ver SevZlebT im “mTavari aRmniSvnelis”<br />
gansazRvras, romelic <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba, eTikuri Tu politikuri kuTxiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>vasabuToT esa Tu is politikuri moqmedeba? sxvagvarad, Teoriuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Cven ver SevZlebT apriori vcnoT qmediTad esa Tu is<br />
programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong> arc is SegviZlia,<br />
rom kanonis ukuqmedebis Zalaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, vaRiaroT igive principebi<br />
politikuri moqmedebisTvis. aq yvelaze cxadi qveteqstia saWiro _ gezisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri programis ararseboba. amis erTi SesaZlo Sedegi aris “cru<br />
radikalizmi, romelic axdens yvela <strong>da</strong>culi mosazrebis mudmiv, Tumca<br />
sabolood aramiznobriv transgresias” (hulme, 1986:6) es politikuri<br />
aqtivizmi warmoaCens harveis (1989) mier wamoyenebul problemas, romelic<br />
gamoixateba imaSi, rom Cven SesaZloa sabolood mivideT im filosofiur <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebriv azrovnebamde, romelic efemerulobiT, mravalgvarovani<br />
elementebis kombinaciiT, fragmentaciiT <strong>da</strong> gafantulobiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
“cru radikalizmze” <strong>da</strong>myarebuli politikuri aqtivizmi gamowvevis<br />
winaSe ar ayenebs divergentuli specialuri <strong>da</strong> regionuli interesTa<br />
jgufebis <strong>da</strong>nawevrebul politikas. es situacia <strong>da</strong> progresuli jgufebis<br />
sekularuli <strong>da</strong>mangreveli brZolebi, kapitalisturi saxelmwifos<br />
struqturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong> memarjveneebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ganxorcielebuli qmdebebi angrevs swavlasa <strong>da</strong> politikur moqmedebze<br />
orientirebul sazogadoebebs, riTac xels uSlis progresuli jgufebis<br />
unars, wamoayenos pretenzia <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si gabatonebuli elitisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dominanti klasebis diferencirebuli resursebis (gavlena, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong><br />
simdidre) mimarT. transgresiulma aqtivizmma SesaZloa winaaRmdegoba<br />
Seuqmnas ganaTlebis sferoSi neokonservatiuli <strong>da</strong> neoliberaluri<br />
proeqtebis SeniSvnebsa <strong>da</strong> komentarebs, rac mniSvnelovan miRwevas<br />
warmoadgens, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im zegavlenas, rasac axdenen<br />
85
memarjveneebis “saRi azris” komentarebi Tumca, is gvTavazobs mcire<br />
raodenobiT saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs praqtikuli politikisaTvis (anu<br />
politikuri RinisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad). problemebi kidev ufro<br />
rTuldeba, rodesac socialuri subieqtebi politikurad decentrirebulad<br />
arian miCneuli.<br />
socialuri subieqtebis decentrirebis cneba gulisxmobs im mWidro<br />
kavSiris rRvevas, romelic arsebobs obieqtur socialur interesebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
subieqtur eqspresiebs (gamoxatulebebs) Soris (mag. klasobrivi Segneba).<br />
modernistuli sazogadoebrivi Teoria mniSvnelovanwilad efuZneba aseTi<br />
kavSiris arsebobis varauds. Sedegad miRebuli individebis<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi loialuroba sul ufro metad uTxris Zirs brZolis<br />
ZiriTad saorganizacio princips. sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri qmedebis erTmaneTisagan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>calkevebas xSirad<br />
mosdevs iseTi Sedegi, rogoricaa “axali” sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis<br />
aqcentis ga<strong>da</strong>tana ganawilebis moTxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n kulturul (<strong>da</strong> eTikurpolitikur)<br />
moTxovnebze. decentrirebul individebs aRar moeTxovebaT<br />
hqondeT ”klasobrivi Segneba” klasikuri gagebiT, marTlac, gidensis (1991)<br />
socialur fsiqologiur analizSi, individebi iRwvian “TviTrealizebis”<br />
misaRwevad.<br />
Ppostmodernizmi asabuTebs, rom amJamad, rodesac msoflioSi mzardi<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis procesebi mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong> sul ufro metad<br />
izrdeba lokaluri <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis kerebis raodenoba, eri-saxelmwifoebi<br />
kargaven TavianT Zalauflebas. rogorc imanuil uolerSteini (1991)<br />
amtkicebs, (kapitalisturi) msoflio sistemis istoria kulturuli<br />
heterogenurobis, <strong>da</strong> ara kulturuli homogenurobis istoriuli tendenciaa.<br />
amgvarad, eris fragmentacia msoflio sistemaSi mimdinareobs kulturuli<br />
diferenciaciis an kulturuli integraciis tendenciis, anu<br />
globalizaciiis paralelurad. SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom globalizacia <strong>da</strong><br />
regionalizacia dualuri procesia, romelic erTdroulad warmoiqmneba.<br />
es faqti uyuradRebod ar <strong>da</strong>rCenia postmodernizmis garkveuli<br />
mimdinareobebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu<br />
ratom axlavs Tan globalizacias eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> nacionaluri xasiaTis<br />
problemebis zr<strong>da</strong>. ar aris savaldebulo, rom es fenomenebi<br />
urTierTgamomricxavi, an Seusabamo iyos.<br />
Tanamedrove rTulad organizebul, multikulturul <strong>da</strong> mravalenovan<br />
msoflio sistemaSi Sesustebulia politikuri sazogadoebis tradiciuli<br />
formebis safuZvlebi. xdeba iseTi Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis aRmoceneba,<br />
romelic Tavis TavSi demokratiisadmi undoblobas gulisxmobs.<br />
Sesabamisad, aRar muSaobs iseTi modelebi, rogoric iyo demokratiuli<br />
86
urTierTkontroli <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawileba, uflebamosilebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli angariSvaldebuleba, Tun<strong>da</strong>c formaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
ara realuri demokratiis doneze. demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli Teoriis<br />
mimarT undobloba, rogorc modernistuli diskursis nawili, ver iqneba<br />
asocirebuli yvela saxis postmodernistul mimdinareobasTan. TumcaRa, es<br />
undobloba problemebs uqmnis ganaTlebis sferoSi uflebamosilebis<br />
cvalebad modelebs <strong>da</strong> demokratiis mniSvnelobis <strong>da</strong>kninebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
sazrunavs warmoSobs. demokratiis xelaxali gansazRvreba gamoyvanili un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes socialuri regulirebis formirebadi modelebi<strong>da</strong>n, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
“SeizRu<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod interesebis warmomadgenloba; saxezea<br />
Tanamonawileoba (partnioroba) problemebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis<br />
SezRuduli wris farglebSi” (popkeviCi, 1991:215).<br />
demokratiis cnebis nebismieri redefinicia skolas miuCens adgils<br />
modernistul-saganmanaTleblo proeqtis centrSi. TumcaRa, aq sayuradReboa<br />
postmodernizmis argumenti, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c demokratiuli Teoriis<br />
eTikuri, arsobrivi <strong>da</strong> proceduruli elementebi ga<strong>da</strong>sinjuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes<br />
postmodernistuli kulturis TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n. ganmanaTlebelebisaTvis,<br />
mSoblebisaTvis, moswavleebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> politikosebisaTvis sirTules<br />
warmoadgens warsuli warumateblobis <strong>da</strong> im mravalferovani gamomricxavi<br />
praqtikis kritikuli gansja, riTac jer kidev gajerebulia swavleba –<br />
Sesabamisad iseTi problemebis wamoweva wina planze, rogoricaa<br />
Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> dominireba, klasi, rasa <strong>da</strong> sqesi. aseve, un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>isinjos,<br />
ramdenad utyuaria instrumentaluri racionalobis koncefcia, romelic<br />
warmarTavs skolis reformas, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnuli koncefcia yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs administrirebaze, procedurebze <strong>da</strong> efeqtianobaze, rogorc<br />
cvlilebebisa <strong>da</strong> progresis mTavar kriteriumebze <strong>da</strong> ramdena<strong>da</strong>c am<br />
koncefciis mixedviT arsebobs stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli midgoma, romlis safuZvlezec<br />
xdeba yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianis gamocdilebis sistematizeba (organizeba) (popkeviCi,<br />
1987; toresi, 1996 a).<br />
meore mxriv, profesionalizacia, rogorc fuko amtkicebs, aseve<br />
gansazRvravs “gasamTavroboebis”-is sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis<br />
gansxvavebul sferoebs: “fukoseuli xedvis mixedviT, is SemecnebiTi <strong>da</strong><br />
normatiuli elementebi, romlebic funqcionireben profesiul eqspertTa<br />
asociaciebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris gamyofi xazis gasavlebad, procesis<br />
TvalsazrisiT un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes molaparakebis saSualebebad, romelsac,<br />
Tavis mxriv, mmarTvelobis SesaZlo sferoebis ganmsazRvrel diskursebSi<br />
iyeneben” (jonsoni, 1993:150). msgavsi mosazreba aqvs popkeviCsac (1994a). igi<br />
amtkicebs, rom saganmanaTleblo arenaze saxelmwifo “badebs<br />
mravalferovan moTamaSes (moRvawes) im samTavrobo struqturebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
profesionaluri <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis CaTvliT, romlebic<br />
87
politikis organizebasa <strong>da</strong> administrirebas axdenen.” popkeviCis azriT,<br />
(gamouqveynebeli) saxelmwifos reorganizeba socialuri regulirebis<br />
modelebis reformirebas axdens <strong>da</strong> es naTla<strong>da</strong>a gamoxatuli im<br />
decentralizaciis procesebSi, romlebsac, erTi SexedviT, cvlilebebi<br />
SeaqvT swavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebis modelebSi. socialuri<br />
regulaciebis modelebis meore jgufi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia fukoseul<br />
”gasamTavroboebasTan”-sTan, rasac aRwers popkeviCi (1994 a):<br />
regulirebis meore forma, romelic sazogadoebriv/politikuri cxovrebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dones akavSirebs erTmaneTTan, aris im mecnieruli diskursebis<br />
konstruireba, romlis meSveobiTac individebi “sakuTar me-s” marTaven<br />
sazogadoebaSi. me vamtkiceb, rom arsebobs “gasamTavroboeba”, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
msoflio masStabiT vrceldeba garkveuli reformistuli diskursebi,<br />
romelTa mizania maswavleblebis keTilganwyobis formireba iseTi<br />
saqmianobisadmi (praqtikisadmi), romelsac konstruqtivistuli fsiqologia<br />
iwonebs. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, di<strong>da</strong>qtikis reformirebas axdens.<br />
skolis reformis Sesaxeb diskursis (msjelobis) konstruireba aris<br />
praqtika, romelic swavlebis “obieqtebis” konstruirebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
organizebisaTvis saWiro strategiebis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis normalizacias axdens. (21)<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, popkeviCis postmodernistuli xedviT, saxelmwifo<br />
mravalSreobriv istoriul <strong>da</strong> SefardebiT koncefciad un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT. am<br />
mosazrebas igi Semdegi sityvebiT ganamtkicebs:<br />
maSin rodesac saxelmwifos Sesaxeb umetesi Teoriebi mxolod moTamaSeebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> struqturebzea fokusirebuli, Cemi mtkicebulebis mcdeloba<br />
saxelmwifos, rogorc urTierTobebis istoriuli problemis ganxilvaa;<br />
socialuri regulirebis warmoqmnis ganxilva moTamaSeTa pozicii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi diskursis gamoyeneba. saxelmwifos Sesaxeb aseTi<br />
Sexeduleba iseTi epistemologiuri koncefciaa, romelsac mudmivad Tan<br />
sdevs istoriulobis elferi. (popkeviCi, 1994a:24; ixileT agreTve popkeviCi,<br />
1994b)<br />
aRniSnuli kvlevis programa gviCvenebs Zalauflebis, saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis mikroanalizis gansaxorcielebel gzas, rac politikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba erTob sasargeblo aRmoCndes. aseTi midgomis dros,<br />
fukos “pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur meTodebs” <strong>da</strong> qaotur (diskursiul) urTierTobebs<br />
SesaZloa makrostruqturuli urTierTobebisa <strong>da</strong> diskursis sakuTari<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Zala hqondeT. yovelTvis arsebobs imis riski, rom moxdeba<br />
mikroanalizis <strong>da</strong> struqturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli bunebis mqone<br />
makrodinamikis erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, im<br />
88
fenomenebis “zusti istoriuli SegrZnebis” <strong>da</strong>kargva, ris analizsac Cven<br />
vaxdenT. Tumca, eWvs ar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevdes, rom mravalSreobrivi midgoma,<br />
rogorsac gvTavazobs popkeviCi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, erTdroulad<br />
gavaanalizoT saganmanaTleblo reformis, rogorc socialuri<br />
regulirebis diskursebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis transformaciis<br />
modelebi, skolaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli wesebis (ritualis) cvlis Sesabamisad<br />
(rac Zlier zegavlenas axdens im diskurssa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul praqtikaze<br />
[mag., pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri meTodebi], romlebic aregulireben enisa <strong>da</strong> diskursis<br />
formirebas <strong>da</strong> “sakuTari me-s” socialur konstruirebas).<br />
inovaciuiri, Se<strong>da</strong>rebaze orientirebuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva<br />
naTelhyofs, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos regulirebis am<br />
dualur models <strong>da</strong> rogor cvlis is maswavlebelTa swavlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul praqtikas, rogorc eri-saxelmwifos, ise msoflios masStabiT<br />
(popkeviCi, 1991; 1993). eqspertuli codna, anu kompetencia iRebs Zalauflebis<br />
gamoyenebis saxes. popkeviCi miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos istoriuli mimoxilva<br />
_ <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
globaluri perspeqtiva – regulirebis or strategiad un<strong>da</strong> iqnas<br />
ganxiluli, an or modelad, romelTagan erTi aris ganaTlebis sferos<br />
moRvaweTa saqmianobis (ideologia, diskursi, narativi <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
qmedeba, anu koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis) produqti, xolo meore – Tavad<br />
diskursisa (im wesebis mzardi internacionalizaciis pirobebSi, romlebic<br />
aregulireben msjelobebs saganmanaTleblo reformis Sesaxeb). aseTi<br />
diskursebi iyeneben Zalauflebas <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, Cveulebriv,<br />
maswavleblebis cxovrebaze (romelTa umetesoba qalebia) zemoqmedeben.<br />
patriarqaluri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg galaSqreba? feminizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos Seferiloba<br />
is rac qalebs aerTianebs, sulac ar aris “mdedrobiToba”, ar arsebobs TviT<br />
iseTi mdgomareoba, rogoricaa iyo “mdedrobiTi”, romelic TavisTavad metad<br />
rTuli kategoriaa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenilia seqsualobisadmi miZRvnil araerT<br />
mecnierul diskursebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva socialur praqtikebSi. genderuli,<br />
rasobrivi an klasobrivi Segneba aris is miRweva, romelsac ZaliT gvaxvevs<br />
Tavs patriarqatis, kolonializmis <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
socialuri realobebis mware istoriuli gamocdileba.<br />
dona haravei, “kiborgebis manifesti” Donna Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs”<br />
feministuri Teoriebis klasificireba SesaZlebelia gansxvavebis,<br />
uTanasworobis <strong>da</strong> Cagvris Teoriebad (lengermani <strong>da</strong> nibruge-brentli, 1992).<br />
89
gansxvavebis Teoriebi moicavs qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong> situaciebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis biosocialur,<br />
instituciur <strong>da</strong> socialur fsiqologiur axsnas. uTanasworobis Teoriebi<br />
iZlevian ganmartebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom aqvT qalebs naklebi<br />
privilegiebi <strong>da</strong> resursebi mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rogorc es liberalur<br />
<strong>da</strong> marqsistul TeoriebSia gaanalizebuli. koneli ganasxvavebs feministuri<br />
analizis sam models – “klasi pirvelis” Teorias, “socialuri<br />
reproducirebis” Teorias, <strong>da</strong> “dualuri sistemebis” Teorias. aRniSnuli<br />
modelebi warmoaCenen im Teoriuli midgomebis farTo speqtrs, romlebic<br />
cdiloben axsnan qalTa uTanasworobis problema ganaTlebis sferoSi <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos roli (koneli, 1983, 1987; ixileT agreTve freizeri, 1997:151-188).<br />
Teoria K`klasi pirveli” asabuTebs, rom kapitalizmi aris yvela<br />
saxis uTanasworobis Zireuli mizezi <strong>da</strong> rom klasobrivi konfliqti, Tavisi<br />
mniSvnelobiT, umTavresia. socialuri reproducirebis modeli, romelic<br />
konstruqtiuli marqsizmis zegavlenas ganicdis, Semdeg mosazrebas<br />
gvTavazobs: “ojaxi, seqsualuroba <strong>da</strong> genderuli urTierTobebi farTo<br />
gagebiT ‘warmoebis urTierTobebis’” reproducirebis adgils warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
(koneli, 1987:43). Sesabamisad, am Teoriis mixedviT, kapitalizmis pirobebSi<br />
arsebobs sistemuri kavSiri qalebis subordinaciasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur<br />
eqspluatacias Soris. dualuri sistemebis Teoria mesame midgomaa,<br />
romelsac koneli gvTavazobs. dualuri sistemebis Teoria (ixileT<br />
eizenSteini, 1979; hartmeni <strong>da</strong> sarjenti, 1990) amtkicebs, rom ZiriTadi<br />
mosazreba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> patriarqati socialuri<br />
urTierTobebis gansxvavebul <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad rTuli sistemebia, romlebic<br />
erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCndebian <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTze urTierTqmedeben.<br />
Cagvris Teoriebi gulisxmobs mamakacebis mier qalebis (romlebic<br />
maTgan ara mxolod araTanaswori an gansxvavebulebi arian) Cagvras.<br />
fsiqoanalitikuri, socialistur-feministuri, radikaluri feministuri <strong>da</strong><br />
mesame talRis feministuri Teoriebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gzebiT cdiloben am<br />
problemebis kvlevas <strong>da</strong> maTTan gamklavebas. postmodernistuli diskursis<br />
zrdis, <strong>da</strong> im Sedegebis kvalobaze, rac mohyveba mas feminizmis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, mesame talRis feministuri Teoriebi erT-erT yvelaze<br />
Zlier Teoriul arguments gvTavazoben (huqsi <strong>da</strong> vesti, 1991). mesame talRis<br />
feminizmi ganixilavs ra ”gansxvavebis” cnebas, yuradRebis centrSi<br />
ganviTarebul industriul sazogadoebebSi mcxovreb feradkanian qalebs <strong>da</strong><br />
mesame qveynebSi mcxovreb qalebs aqcevs. es midgoma gulisxmobs imas, rom<br />
mavani ver gamoiyenebs cnebas - “qali”, rogorc stratifikaciis zogad<br />
kategorias. sanacvlod, mesame-talRis feminizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
qalebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis faqtiur <strong>da</strong> Teoriul<br />
interpretaciebze: “ganixileba is gansxvavebebi, romlebic momdinareobs<br />
90
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi warmoqmnili saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
araTanabari ganawilebi<strong>da</strong>n, globalur sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>kavebuli mdgomareobis,<br />
klasobrivi, rasobrivi, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri upiratesobebis safuZvelze,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es upiratesobebi urTierTqmedeben genderul<br />
stratifikaciasTan” (langermani <strong>da</strong> nibruge-brentli, 1992:341).<br />
ra mdgomaroebaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> feminizmi <strong>da</strong> qalTa moZraobebi<br />
neokonservatul <strong>da</strong> neoliberalur saxelmwifoebSi? feministurma <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moZraobebis programebma gansxvavebul warmatebas miaRwies<br />
bolodroindeli neokonservatiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT im miRwevebs, rac axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> aseT moZraobebs liberalur,<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifoSi. kanadis, amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis <strong>da</strong> britaneTis masStabiT Catar<strong>da</strong> qalTa moZraobiT<br />
miRweuli Sedegebis Sefaseba sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi<br />
valdebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, risTvisac Seswavlil iqna<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis kanonmdeblobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi,<br />
qalebis TanasworuflebianobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis CaTvliT; ojaxis samarTalTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli reformebi, ganqorwinebis kanonmdeblobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
im politikis CaTvliT, rac uSualod aisaxeba qalebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebze;<br />
arCevanisa <strong>da</strong> reproducirebis politika, gansakuTrebiT, qalTa ufleba<br />
usafrTxo <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, materialurad xelmisawvdom samedicino<br />
momsaxurebaze, rogoricaa abortis gakeTeba; qalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />
Zaladoba, maT Soris fizikuri Zaladoba ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> gaupatiureba;<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis uflebebi, Tanabari samuSao droisaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis,<br />
kompensaciuri diskriminaciis politikis, <strong>da</strong> bavSvze mzrunvelobis<br />
ganxorcielebis CaTvliT (baSevkini, 1994). aRniSnuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, 1971<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n 1980 wlamde periodSi, britaneTsa <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
miRweuli sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi Sedegebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 75<br />
procenti, xolo kana<strong>da</strong>Si - 56 procenti, sasikeTo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
feministebisaTvis. am tendenciis yvelaze TvalSisacemi ukusvla <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong><br />
reiganis administraciis dros, rodesac sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> feministur Sexedulebebs: ”Tuki<br />
reiganis arCevamde warmatebisa <strong>da</strong> warumateblobis Tanafardoba iyo 24:7,<br />
reiganis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg aRniSnuli maCvenebeli <strong>da</strong>eca <strong>da</strong><br />
gax<strong>da</strong> 13:15” (baSevkini, 1994:289). zogi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, romelic TiTqos<strong>da</strong><br />
xelsayreli Can<strong>da</strong> qalebis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
reiganis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iyo, “ga<strong>da</strong>ebarebina federaluri mmarTvelobis<br />
pasuxismgebloba Statebis mmarTvelobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Seemcirebina saxelmwifo<br />
xarjebi socialur uzrunvelyofaze” (baSevkini, 1994:289). britaneTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
kana<strong>da</strong>Si feministuri programebi bevrad ufro warmatebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
91
kerZod, kana<strong>da</strong>Si warmatebulobis koeficientma (warmatebuli mcdelobebis<br />
wilma) 80 procenti Seadgina, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom malronis mmarTvelobis<br />
wlebSi qalebi naklebad Tu SeZlebdnen federaluri elitis rigebSi<br />
moxvedras. Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es kvleva iTvaliswinebs mxolod<br />
samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs, romlebic miRebuli iqna<br />
sami mTavrobis funqcionirebis pirobebSi, rac mTliani politikuri<br />
konteqstis mxolod mcire nawils Seadgens. kvlevas ar Seufasebia reiganis<br />
administraciis periodis is RonisZiebebi <strong>da</strong> strategiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi,<br />
rogoric iyo sabiujeto xarjebis Sekveca sacxovrebel pirobebze, bavSvTa<br />
mzrunvelobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze; tetCeris politika, romelic Zirs uTxri<strong>da</strong><br />
profkavSirebs <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv mmarTvelobas; kanadis federaluri<br />
mTavrobis mier biujetis Semcireba, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa qalTa<br />
garkveul jgufebze. Tuki kvleva asaxav<strong>da</strong> aseT <strong>da</strong>rgobriv strategiebs,<br />
maSin analizi gamoavlen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi Sedegebisa <strong>da</strong> sabiujeto politikis<br />
negatiur zemoqmedebas feministur <strong>da</strong> qalTa moZraobebze.<br />
naTelia, <strong>da</strong> es gansakuTrebiT Cans amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
magaliTze, rom praqtikuli xasiaTis sirTuleebis <strong>da</strong> politikaSi<br />
gavrcelebuli mamakacuri Sovinizmis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, qalTa moZraoba metad<br />
warmatebulad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> 60-ian <strong>da</strong> 70-ian wlebSi, Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT<br />
neokonservatiuli administraciebis mmarTvelobis 80-iani wlebis periods.<br />
qalebis Tanmimdevruli moTxovnebis Sedegad, liberalurma saxelmwifom<br />
mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira qalebis Tanasworuflebianobas im antidiskriminaciuli<br />
politikiT, romelic <strong>da</strong>saqmebis, Sromis anazRaurebis, qalTa<br />
reproduqciuli uflebebis, bavSvTa mzrunvelobis momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobis prevenciis mimarTulebebiT gatar<strong>da</strong>. es<br />
politika metad xelsayreli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> feministuri<br />
moZraobisaTvis. zogi miRweva mogvianebiT Selaxuli iqna<br />
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifos mier, <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, qalebma, feministurma<br />
moZraobebma <strong>da</strong> sxva progresulma Zalebma miRebuli gamocdilebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar <strong>da</strong>kargon muxti <strong>da</strong> brmad ar<br />
miendon Seqmnil viTarebas, ganskuTrebiT maSin, roca wina planze<br />
patriarqaluri urTierTobebi iqna wamoweuli.<br />
patriarqaluri urTierTobebi – <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si warmodgenili es<br />
urTierTobebi – feminituri moZraobis mTavari sazrunavia (zarecki, 1983).<br />
cnobilia, rom marqsma, Tavis mTavar nawarmoebSi mxolod ramodenime<br />
gverdi miuZRvna qalebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis mdgomareobas. marqsi miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
qalebi warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong>qiravebul samuSao Zalas, an piriqiT,<br />
araproduqtiul samuSao Zalas. maTi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba kapitalisturi<br />
formaciisaTvis mdgomareob<strong>da</strong> imaSi, rom isini axdendnen <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
Rirebulebis generirebas. momuSave qalebi aRiqmebodnen rogorc<br />
92
proletariatis zogadi kategoriis Semadgeneli nawili. Sesabamisad, isini<br />
“ganixilebodnen rogorc eqspluatirebulni <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc Cagrulni, <strong>da</strong><br />
azrs iyo moklebuli ekonomikis patriarqaluri mowyoba” (quli, 1993:181).<br />
Nneli stromqvisti (1991) miiCnevs, rom patriarqaluri saxelmwifoebi,<br />
arsobrivad, qalTa Cagvris wyaros warmoadgenen. sqessa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s<br />
Soris arsebuli urTier<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis kvlevis <strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxvis<br />
ucodinarobis <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb monacemebis gaanalizebis<br />
Sedegad, stromqvisti askvnis, rom yoveli saxelmwifo, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, Tu<br />
mmarTvelobis romel models an warmoebis romel tips misdevs es<br />
ukanaskneli,<br />
erTveba iseT aqtivobebSi, romlebic an agrZeleben Si<strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemas qalebze, an ar exebian qalebis “saTanado” rolis socialur<br />
warmomadgenlobebs sazogadoebaSi. marTalia am warmomadgenlobebis<br />
SenarCuneba xdeba ideologiuri ZalebiT, magram maT aqvT sruliad<br />
garkveuli materialuri safuZveli <strong>da</strong> maT mxars uWers maRali <strong>da</strong> saSualo<br />
klasebis warmomadgeneli mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis faruli koalicia,<br />
romelic nebas rTavs ufro SeZlebul qalebs gauziaron TavianTi<br />
SeRavaTebis wili mamakacebs maSin, rodesac Tavad, <strong>da</strong>bali klasebis<br />
warmomadgeneli qalebisagan moipoveben resursebs. (111)<br />
feradkanianobis feministuri Teoria miuTiTebs im rolze, romelsac<br />
TamaSobs saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> klasi, feradkaniani qalebis <strong>da</strong> muSaTa klasis<br />
warmomadgeneli qalebis diskriminaciis, eqsluataciis <strong>da</strong> Cagvris saqmeSi.<br />
es mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, radgan, rogorc <strong>da</strong>iana quli (1993:179) amtkicebs,<br />
postmodernistuli mimdinareobis zogierTma warmomadgenelma feministma<br />
“yuradReba ga<strong>da</strong>itana kulturul aspeqtze <strong>da</strong> amasTan mokrZalebulad<br />
cdilobs sqesobrivi urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli principebis<br />
ekonomikuri aspeqtebis integrirebas.” es braldeba srulad ver<br />
gavrceldeba yvela saxis postmodernistul feminizmze, magaliTad, im<br />
gansxvavebuli eqspresiebze, romlebic doroTi smitis (1987), nensi<br />
freizeris (1989, 1997) <strong>da</strong> judit batleris (1993) naSromebSia warmodgenili.<br />
paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli hegelis<br />
universalurobis koncefciis uaryofa <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad _ patriarqaluri<br />
saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli feministuri moZraobebis<br />
universaluri maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra.<br />
hegelis mixedviT, klasis Sesaxeb marqsistuli koncefciis erT-erTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSani iyo misi universalizmi: muSaTa klass wilad xv<strong>da</strong><br />
misia, yofiliyo iseTi klasi, romelic yvela <strong>da</strong>narCen klass bolos<br />
mouReb<strong>da</strong>. arsebob<strong>da</strong> mokrZalebuli safuZveli imisTvis, rom<br />
93
ganmtkicebuliyo klasobrivi gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong> mieRo iseTi forma, romelic<br />
Tavisi <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT socializaciis <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis gansxvavebuli<br />
traeqtoriebis cnobaze meti iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. universaluri klasis cnebis<br />
gaqrobam Riad <strong>da</strong>tova sakiTxi klasobrivi gansxvavebis saboloo<br />
mniSvnelobaze. klasobrivi koncefciebis nawilobrivi uaryofa postmarqsistul<br />
TeoriebSi aris imis anarekli, rom saerTod <strong>da</strong>ikarga<br />
kavSirebis SegrZneba, rac SesaZlebels gaxdi<strong>da</strong> romelime eqsternaluri<br />
atributis, rogoricaa magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>qiravebul SromaSi monawileoba, an<br />
produqtiuli Sroma araproduqtiulis winaaRmdeg, meSveobiT gangvesazRvra<br />
humanurobis umniSvnelovanesi kategoria. Tumca, rogorc neo-marqsisti<br />
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, es aryevs cvlilebis koleqtiuri strategiebis<br />
saZirkvels <strong>da</strong> warmoqmnis Teoriul vakuums socialur reproducirebaSi<br />
saxelmwifos rolis gaanalizebis TvalsazrisiT. paradoqsia, magram<br />
genderuli, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi sakiTxebis, rogorc dominirebis<br />
reproducirebis centraluri komponentebis warmoqmnas msgavsi, Tumca<br />
sakmaod Taviseburi bedi xv<strong>da</strong> wilad. rogorc Cagruli <strong>da</strong> kolonizebuli<br />
identobebis subieqtebi, qalebi <strong>da</strong> feradkaniani a<strong>da</strong>mianebi aSkarad<br />
saWiroeben TavianTi gar<strong>da</strong>uvali gansxvavebulobis aRiarebas <strong>da</strong><br />
gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnas (yovel SemTxvevaSi isini, vinc Tavad ar arian<br />
mowamluli dominirebis koncefciiT).<br />
Tuki socialuri Teoriis (<strong>da</strong> metaTeoriis) doneze, feministuri<br />
Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs istoriuli specifiurobis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
aucileblobaze, msgavsi analitikuri logika miuTiTebs iseTi saxelmwifo<br />
formis struqturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli specifiurobis analizis<br />
aucileblobaze, romelic patriarqatis xorcSesxmad aris miCneuli.<br />
patriarqaluri saxelmwifos bunebisa <strong>da</strong> misi praqtikuli funqcionirebis<br />
gansazRvra integraciuli (yovlismomcveli) <strong>da</strong> istoriuli codniT<br />
gamdidrebuli axsnis <strong>da</strong>sawyisia. aucilebelia gaanalizebuli iqnes<br />
saxelmwifos istoriuli konfiguracia, rogorc socialuri formacia; misi<br />
dominanturi simboluri istoriebiT (Tavisi winaaRmdegobebis CaTvliT); <strong>da</strong><br />
is formebi, saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> meTodebi, rasac iyenebs patriarqaluri (<strong>da</strong><br />
klasobrivi <strong>da</strong> rasistuli) moqmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad (bloki, 1989;<br />
gordoni, 1989; jesofi, 1983; morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1994; toresi, 1990). rogorc<br />
Teoriul, ise praqtikul mizezTa gamo, Cven gvesaWiroeba iseTi sakiTxebis<br />
konkretuli Seswavla, rogoricaa, saxelmwifos patriarqaluri roli<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, misi SezRudvebi <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi,<br />
instituciuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis CaTvliT; politikis<br />
SemuSavebis procesis xasiaTi; saxelmwifo aparatis socialuri istoria;<br />
saxelmwifo intervenciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dones Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba;<br />
sxvaobaTa urTierTSexebis wertilebi <strong>da</strong> maT Soris arsebuli<br />
94
winaaRmdegobebi (mag. federalur, Statis <strong>da</strong> municipalur doneze) <strong>da</strong><br />
istoriuli Taviseburebebi, msoflio sistemaSi <strong>da</strong>kavebuli adgilis<br />
CaTvliT; masStabiT gamowveuli problema (mag., kuveitis msgavsi qalaqisaxelmwifo,<br />
mcire zomis kunZuli--saxelmwifo, rogoricaa santa luCia<br />
karibis zRvis auzSi, patara qveyana, rogoricaa, nikaragua iseTi megasaxelmwifoebis<br />
pirispir, rogoricaa magaliTad, brazilia, indoeTi, CineTi,<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi); koloniuri/postkoloniuri<br />
gamocdileba; rasobrivi, eTnikuri, genderuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
urTierTobebis buneba sazogadoebaSi.<br />
P Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT socialuri Teorizebis arsebul<br />
pirobebs, SesaZloa rTuli aRmoCndes patriarqaluri saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
genderul diskriminaciaze misi zegavlenis Teoriis srulyofa. Tumca,<br />
politikuri qmdebebis gansaxorcileblad ara marto SesaZleblia, aramed<br />
arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba im urTierTkavSiris specifiur, droul,<br />
istoriul codnaze <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaTa Taviseburebebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Seswavlas, romelic arsebobs patriarqatsa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizms<br />
Soris Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi, agreTve, imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor<br />
zemoqmedeben es urTierTobebi swavlebaze <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo politikaze.<br />
genderuli diskriminaciis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos praqtikis nebismieri, istoriul<br />
codnaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli Seswavla saTanado yuradRebas un<strong>da</strong> uTmobdes<br />
genderul, rasobriv <strong>da</strong> klasobriv sakiTxebs. istoriulad, aSkara iyo<br />
saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli feministebis mier Teoriebis SemuSavebis<br />
nakleboba adreuli xanis emansipaciur moZraobebSi amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi. am moZraobebma ver moaxerxes eRiarebinaT <strong>da</strong>bali klasebis qalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> feradkanian qalTa moTxovnebi: `saSualo klasis” feministebis<br />
programebSi, ojaxebSi momuSaveebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis<br />
mizanmimarTuli gauTvaliswinebloba, warsulSic <strong>da</strong> dResac, sakuTari<br />
moaxleebis mimarT eqspluatatoruli mopyrobis - yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeZlebuli qalebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n – SeniRbul axsnaa xolme” (lorde, 1984,<br />
citirebulia grantisa <strong>da</strong> sliteris mier, 1986:196; ixileT agreTve granti<br />
<strong>da</strong> sliteri, 1988; huksi, 1990 huksi <strong>da</strong> vesti, 1991; jelini, 1990; langermani <strong>da</strong><br />
nibruge –brentli, 1984; Sternbaxi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi. 1992).<br />
feministurma Teoriam <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT mesame talRis feminizmma is<br />
mignebebi SemgvTavazes, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven Rrmad CavwvdeT<br />
axali socialuri moZraobebis models <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos praqtikas mesame<br />
msoflioSi <strong>da</strong> mowinave industriul qveynebSi (jelini, 1990; skoti, 1990).<br />
95
Sejameba<br />
saxelmwifos dominirebuli cnebebi, romlebsac iyeneben<br />
politikosebis <strong>da</strong> mkvlevarebis wreebSi, zegavlenas axdenen kvlevis<br />
dominantur programaze, saganmanaTleblo problemebis analizze, <strong>da</strong><br />
politikis meTodebze. saxelmwifos Teoriebi aseve uSualod zemoqmedeben<br />
saganmanaTleblo kvlevaze. konkretul doneze, saxelmwifo Teoriebi,<br />
romlebsac scnoben samTavrobo koaliciebi <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo<br />
biurokratiuli aparati, moaxdens zegavlenas ara mxolod kvlevaze, aramed<br />
saganmanaTleblo sistemebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvasa <strong>da</strong> operirebaze. saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis Teoriebis Sesaxeb gamarTuli diskusiebi moicaven farTo<br />
speqtris Sexedulebebs <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Taobaze. Sinaarsobrivad,<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebi gansazRvraven saganmanaTleblo kvlevis, politikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikis bunebas, mizansa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas. Sesabamisad, nebismieri saxis<br />
msjeloba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa – saganmanaTleblo reforma;<br />
urTierTobebi maswavleblebs, moswavleebsa <strong>da</strong> administratorebs Soris;<br />
saswavlo programis SemuSavebis politika <strong>da</strong> saswavlo programiT<br />
gansazRvruli saqmianoba; maswavlebelTa treiningi; ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>finanseba;<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>; moqalaqeoba; demokratiuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>; an zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
saganmanaTleblo politika moicavs erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobriv Sexedulebebsa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebs individebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebas (sociums) Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rac qmnis<br />
mTavar <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas <strong>da</strong>savluri azris formirebaSi (uolini, 1960).<br />
sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli cnebebi, Tavis mxriv <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
saxelmwifos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cnebasTan. isini, aseve, moicaven gansxvavebul<br />
mosazrebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos sazogadoebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
skolebis demokratiuli mmarTveloba iseTi cnebebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa<br />
Zalaufleba (uflebamosileba), Tanamonawileoba, warmomadgenloba <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuloba. TavianTi sul ufro mzardi<br />
istoriuli specifiurobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>da</strong> TavianTi normatiuli <strong>da</strong><br />
analitikuri orientaciis gamo, kritikuli <strong>da</strong> gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi<br />
fokusirebulia er-saxelmwifoze, rogorc politikisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
adgilsamyofelze. TumcaRa, globalizaciis cnebam gazar<strong>da</strong> ra<br />
emansipaciuri politikis sargebeli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si, diskusiis tranformacia<br />
moaxdina.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
96
1. Max Weber, "The Fun<strong>da</strong>mental Concepts of Sociology," in The Theory of Social and Economic<br />
Organizations, ed. Talcott Parsons (New York: Free Press, 1964), 156. veberis mosazrebebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT amomwuravi diskusia ixileT, Richard Bendix, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait<br />
(New York: Double<strong>da</strong>y, 1962).<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
madlobas vuxdi uolter feinbergs, piradi urTierTobis farglebSi<br />
avtorisaTvis miwodebuli am SemoTavazebisTvis.<br />
kritikuli modernistuli pozicia zoga<strong>da</strong>d aris gadmocemuli naSromSi -<br />
Raymond A. Morrow and Carlos Alberto Torres, Social Theory and Education: A Critique of Theories of<br />
Social and Cultural Reproduction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), esp. 339-445.<br />
ganaTlebis sociologiis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi analizis gasacnobad ixileT Carlos Alberto<br />
Torres and Ted Mitchell, eds., Sociology of Education: Emerging Perspectives (Albany: State University of<br />
New York Press, in press).<br />
4.<br />
Max Weber, Economy and Society (New York: Bedminster, 1968); Bendix, Max Weber; Max<br />
Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology,<br />
University Press, Galaxy Books, 1958).<br />
5.<br />
ed. H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (New York: Oxford<br />
Peter McLaren, "Critical Pe<strong>da</strong>gogy, Political Agency, and the Pragmatics of Justice: The Case of<br />
Lyotard," Educational Theory 44, no. 3 (Summer 1994): 325; Lin<strong>da</strong> M. McNeil, Contradictions of Control:<br />
School Structure and School Knowledge (New York: Routledge, 1988), 166-178; Cameron McCarthy and<br />
Warren Crichlow, eds., Race, Identity, and Representation in Education (New York: Routledge, 1993), xiii-<br />
xvii; Michael W. Apple, Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age (New York:<br />
Routledge, 1993), 1-63; Madeleine Arnot, "Male Hegemony, Social Class, and Women's Education," in The<br />
Education Feminism Reader, ed. Lyn<strong>da</strong> Stone (New York: Routledge, 1994), 84-104.<br />
6.<br />
Perry Anderson, Las antinomias de Antonio Gramsci (Barcelona: Fontanara, 1978). ixileT<br />
agreTve Morrow and Torres, Social Theory and Education, 249-281.<br />
7.<br />
Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. and trans. Quintin<br />
Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1980). gramskis naSromTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, agreTve, ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos sakiTxebze komentari <strong>da</strong><br />
ganmartebebi, ixileT - Carlos Alberto Torres, The Politics of Nonformal Education in Latin America<br />
(New York: Praeger, 1990), 23-28; Carlos Alberto Torres, The Church, Society, and Hegemony: A Critical<br />
Sociology of Religion in Latin America (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1992), 39-57. amomwuravi diskusia<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, saR azrsa <strong>da</strong> hegemonias Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb<br />
ixileT, Apple, Official Knowledge, 15-43.<br />
8. kredentalizmis Teoriis ori saukeTeso nimuSia Ronald Dore, The Diploma Disease:<br />
Education, Qualification, and Development (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,<br />
1976); and John Oxenham, ed., Education versus Qualifications? A Study of Relationships between<br />
Education, Selection for Employment, and the Productivity of Labour (London: George Allen & Unwin,<br />
1984). politikuri ekonomiiis zogierTi warmomadgeneli <strong>da</strong>JinebiT ayeneb<strong>da</strong> eWvqveS<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teoriis winamZRvrebs, asabuTeb<strong>da</strong> ra imas, rom ganaTlebis<br />
wvlili ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>Si bevrad umniSvneloa im SefasebebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rasac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis adreuli xanis Teoretikosebi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />
ekonomistebi iZleodnen. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
97
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba moicavs bevr sxva faqtors, romelic zegavlenas axdens<br />
Semosavlebze <strong>da</strong>, marTalia, garkveul kavSirSia swavlebasTan, Tumca, am<br />
ukanasknels ar un<strong>da</strong> mieweros. Martin Carnoy et al., Can Educational Policy Equalize Income<br />
Distribution in Latin America? (London: Saxon House, 1979); Martin Carnoy et al., "The Political Economy<br />
of Financing Education in Developing Countries," in Financing Educational Development, by International<br />
Development Research Centre (Ottawa: IDRC, 1982), 39-68. Carlos Alberto Torres, Rajinder S. Pannu, and<br />
M. Kazim Bacchus, "Capital Accumulation, Political Legitimation, and Education Expansion," in<br />
International Perspectives on Education and Society 3, ed. Abraham Yogev and Jaap Dronkers (Greenwood,<br />
Conn.: JAI Press, 1993), 3-32.<br />
9. korporatistuli portugalia konservatiuli modernizaciis procesis<br />
Seu<strong>da</strong>rebli ilustraciaa. procesisa, romelic moZraobaSi mohyavs saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis sistemas masSi konkretuli roli aqvs <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli. rogorc stoeri<br />
<strong>da</strong> deili amtkiceben: “saxelmwifo sul ufro metad erTveba saganmanaTleblo<br />
sferoSi, rac gulisxmobs ganaTlebis ideologiur kontribucias saxelmwifos<br />
ganviTarebis strategiis gansazRvraSi . . .saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>adga kurss, romelmac<br />
qveyana Zalauflebis centralizebis <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebze ganxorcielebuli<br />
kontrolis umaRles xarisxamde miiyvana, mox<strong>da</strong> swavlebis ukiduresi<br />
ideologizacia <strong>da</strong> elitizacia.” citirebulia naSromSi Stephen R. Stoer and Roger Dale,<br />
"Education, State, and Society in Portugal, 1926-1981," Comparative Education Review 31, no. 3 (1987):<br />
405.<br />
10. ofe <strong>da</strong> preusi asabuTeben, rom demokratiis cneba sul ufro metad<br />
warmoCndeba rogorc “qristianuli Teologiis anbanuri principebis<br />
sekularizebuli versia”. ixileT, Claus Offe and Ulrich K. Preuss, "Democratic Institutions and<br />
Moral Resources," in Political Theory To<strong>da</strong>y, ed. David Held (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press,<br />
1991), 146.<br />
11. Eric A. Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge: Harvard University<br />
Press, 1981); David Easton, "The Political System Besieged by the State," Political Theory 9, no. 3 (August<br />
1981): 303-325. klasobrivi analizis TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic saxelmwifos<br />
avtonomiis principebs pulancasis analizis kval<strong>da</strong>kval warmoaCens, ixileT Martin<br />
Carnoy and Henry Levin, Schooling and Work in the Democratic State (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University<br />
Press, 1985), 37-51.<br />
12. aq, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, viSvelieb marqsisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis analizs,<br />
romelsac gvTavazobs marSal bermani Tavis metad Rrma naSromSi All That Is Solid Melts<br />
into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982).<br />
13. Henry A. Giroux, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life: Critical Pe<strong>da</strong>gogy in the Modern Age<br />
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), 136-137. Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren, eds.,<br />
Between Borders: Pe<strong>da</strong>gogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1994).<br />
14. mivuTiTeb habermasis sam, codnis wammarTvel interesze, diskusia ixileT,<br />
Morrow and Torres, Social Theory and Education, 19-38.<br />
98
15. Held, Political Theory and the Modern State ('Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989), 11-<br />
55; David Held, Political Theory To<strong>da</strong>y (Stanford, Calif.: Stan-lord University Press, 1991); Heinz Rudolf<br />
Sonntag and Hector Valecillos, Elestado en el capitalismo contempordneo (Mexico City: Siglo XX Editores,<br />
1977); David Held et al., eds., States and Societies (Oxford: Martin Robinson, 1983); Andrew Vincent, The-<br />
ories of the State (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987).<br />
16.<br />
Carlos Alberto Torres, "La universi<strong>da</strong>d latinoamericana: De la reforma de 1918 al ajuste estructural<br />
de los 1990," in Curriculum universitario siglo XXI, by Carlos Alberto Torres et al. (Parana, Argentina:<br />
Facultad de Ciencias de la Education, Universi<strong>da</strong>d Nacional de Entre Rios, 1994), 13-54; Carlos Alberto<br />
Torres, 'The State and Education Revisited, or Why Educational Researchers Should Think Politically about<br />
Education," AERA, Review of Research in Education 21 (1995): 255-331; Atilio Alberto Boron and Carlos<br />
Alberto Torres, "The Impact of Neoliberal Restructuring on Education and Poverty in Latin America,"<br />
Alberta Journal of Educational Research 42, no. 2 (June 1996): 102-114.<br />
17. pirveli gansxvavdeba ukanasknelisagan garkveuli sakiTxebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
kerZod, mcireoden interesTa jgufebs SeswevT imis gansakuTrebuli unari, rom<br />
zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifoze <strong>da</strong> “sxva jgufebis araefeqturoba kidev ufro<br />
ususuri xdeba imis gamo, rom ar xdeba maTi saTanadod gamoyeneba”. Nordlinger,<br />
Autonomy of the Democratic State, 157.<br />
18. instituciuri midgoma asabuTebs, rom saxelmwifo <strong>ganaTleba</strong> mTavar rols<br />
TamaSobs politikuri sistemebis legitimiaciaSi <strong>da</strong> qveynebis integrirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
modernizebaSi. savaldebulo <strong>ganaTleba</strong> asocirebulia vesternizaciis,<br />
modernizaciis, socialuri kontrolis <strong>da</strong> status-jgufebis konkurenciis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TeoriebTan. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, institucionalisturi midgoma<br />
amtkicebs, rom saganmanaTleblo ganviTareba im saSinao (Si<strong>da</strong>) procesebis Sedegi<br />
ar aris, romlebic momdinareobs ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri diferencirebisagan,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, industrializacii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> urbanizacii<strong>da</strong>n. analogiurad, masobrivi<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> ar ganviTarebula rogorc socialuri kontrolis (<strong>da</strong>bali klasebze an<br />
imigrantebze) <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis an mosaxleobis tradiciuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis<br />
reorientaciis winaswarganzraxuli mcdeloba. aramed, institucionalistebi<br />
amtkiceben, rom masobrivi <strong>ganaTleba</strong> “mTlianobaSi warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savleTSi,<br />
kulturasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Sexedulebebis sistemis Camoyalibebis TvalSisacem<br />
Sedegs”. es <strong>da</strong>savluri sistema gulisxmobs eri-saxelmwifos naciis Camoyalibebas,<br />
moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove koncefcias, romelic savaldebulo masobrivi<br />
ganaTlebis wyarod ganixileba. Sesabamisad, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebaSi “ritualur (formaluri) wardgenad “ gvevlineba, rogorc ”droSi<br />
ganvrcobili iniciaciis rituali, romelic sombolurad axdens Camouyalibebeli<br />
bavSvebis transformacias srulyofil individebad, romlebic uflebamosilni<br />
arian CaerTon Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, politikaSi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi, <strong>da</strong> is<br />
akeTebs kidec amas Tavisi bunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare.” ixileT J. Boli and F. Ramirez,<br />
"Compulsory Schooling in the Western Cultural Context," in Emergent Issues in Education: Comparative<br />
99
Perspectives, ed. Robert Amove, Philip G. Altbach, and G. P. Kelly (Albany: State University of New York<br />
Press, 1992), 28,30.<br />
19.<br />
am midgomis paradigmatuli analizi warmodgenilia talkot parsonsis<br />
klasikur saxelmZRvaneloSi - "The School as a Social System: Some of Its Functions in American<br />
Society," in Education, Economy, and Society: A Reader in the Sociology of Education, ed. A. H. Halsey<br />
(New York: Free Press, 1961), 434-455. raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, arseboben rogorc tradiciis<br />
mimdevari, ise maTgan gansxvavebuli kritikosebi, romlebmac ganaviTares <strong>da</strong>rkheimis<br />
adreul namuSevarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli poziciebi, magram maTi xedva Zlier<br />
gansxvavdeba parsonis mier warmodgenili <strong>da</strong>rkheimiseuli interpretaciisagan.<br />
ixileT Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968).<br />
funqcionalisturi tradiciis sazRvrebs miRma, gamoirCeva beisil bernSteinis <strong>da</strong><br />
pier burdes naSromi. ixileT Basil Bernstein, Class Codes and Control, vol. 1, Theoretical Studies<br />
towards a Sociology of Language (London: Paladin, 1973); Basil Bernstein, Class Codes and Control, vol. 3,<br />
Towards a Theory of Educational Transmission, 2nd ed. (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977); Pierre<br />
Bourdieu, "Structuralism and Theory of Sociological Knowledge," Social Research 35 (1968): 681-706;<br />
Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press, 1977); Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, "Sociology and Philosophy in France since 1945:<br />
Death and Resurrection of a Philosophy without a Subject" Social Research 34 (1967): 162-212; Pierre<br />
Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture, trans. Richard Nice<br />
(London: Sage, 1977).<br />
20. samuel boulsis <strong>da</strong> herbert gintisis naSromi axdens imis ilustrirebas,<br />
rom ganaTlebis funqciebi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> radikaluri ekonomistebis mTavar<br />
sazrunavs 70-iani wlebis liberalur sazogadoebebSi. ixileT maTi Schooling in<br />
Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life (New York: Basic Books,<br />
1976); Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, "Education as a Site of Contradictions in the Reproduction of the<br />
Capital-Labor Relationship: Second Thoughts on the 'Correspondence Principle,"' Economic and Industrial<br />
Democracy 2 (1981): 223-242. kritikuli, Tumc, amave dros keTilganwyobiT gamsWvaluli<br />
komentari ixileT naSromSi Mike Cole, ed., Bowles and Gintis Revisited: Correspondence and<br />
Contradiction in Educational Theory (London: Falmer Press, 1988); Michael W. Apple, "Standing on the<br />
Shoulders of Giants: Class Formation and Capitalist Schools," History of Education Quarterly 28, no. 1<br />
(1988): 231-241. sasargebloa imis aRniSvna, rom boulsisa <strong>da</strong> gintisis midgomis<br />
kritikis mTavar safuZvels, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom maTi midgoma skolebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebebs <strong>da</strong> maT ekonomicizms Soris arsebul urTierTobebze meqanistikuri<br />
SexedulebebiT xasiaTdeba, Seadgens is, rom maT mtkicebulebebSi, romliTac isini<br />
akritikeben <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, saxelmwifos Teoriebi<br />
warmodgenili ar aris. swored am Teoriulma xarvezma aacila maT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
pasuxismgebloba <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis Sinaganad<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi tendenciebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaze (mag., Sesabamisoba <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba,<br />
rogorc organizaciuli principebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis sistemizacias axdenen). Carnoy and Levin, Schooling and Work, 22. For a systematic<br />
analysis of reproduction theories, see Morrow and Torres, Social Theory and Education.<br />
100
21. neokonservatiuli sazrunavi, Temebi <strong>da</strong> ritorika warmodgenilia rig<br />
naSromebSi. ixileT, mag. National Commission on Excellence in Education, "A Nation at Risk: An<br />
Imperative for Educational Reform," Education Week, 27 April 1983, 12-16; and Mortimer Adler, The<br />
Paideia Proposal (New York: Macmillan, 1982).<br />
22.<br />
laTinur amerikaSi, <strong>da</strong> es SesaZloa miesa<strong>da</strong>gebodes msoflios sxva<br />
regionebsac, garsia kanklini neokonservatiul modelebs gansazRvravs, rogorc<br />
SerCeviTi modernizaciis <strong>da</strong> regresuli kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
(deka<strong>da</strong>nsis) winaaRmdegobriv process. ixileT Nestor Garcia Canclini, "Una modernizaci6n<br />
que atrasa: La cultura bajo la regresi6n neoconservadora," Revista de Casa de las Americas, no. 193,<br />
October-December 1993, 3-12.<br />
23. aRniSnuli informaciis mowodebisaTvis madlobas vuxdi joel samofs.<br />
24. am kategoriebis Sesaxeb sasargeblo diskusia ixileT D. Chirot, Social Change in<br />
the Twentieth Century (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977); Immanuel Waller-stein, The Capitalist<br />
World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).<br />
25. modiT sicxade SemovitanoT. es ganacxadi sarwmunoa eri-saxelmwifos<br />
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebisa <strong>da</strong> istoriuli gamocdilebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli ram aris eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi<br />
“a<strong>da</strong>mianebis” gamocdileba. aviRoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c, samuSao Zalis eqspluatacia<br />
Savkaniani monebis magaliTze, an laTino-amerikelebisadmi <strong>da</strong> qalebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, imigrantebis, droebiT momuSave ucxoelebis, <strong>da</strong> moswavleobis<br />
kontraqtiT momuSaveTa (indentured labor) sistematiuri ganadgureba <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
26. terminebi “mesame msoflio”, “mesame msoflios qveynebi”, ”samxreTuli<br />
qveynebi” <strong>da</strong> “samxreTis qveynebi” gamoyenebulia urTierTmonacvleobiT.<br />
27. “neoliberalizmi” an “neoliberaluri saxelmwifo” is terminebia,<br />
romliTac miuTiTeben axali tipis saxelmwifoze, romelic warmoiSva laTinur<br />
amerikaSi ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. iyo ra mWidrod<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli neokonservatoruli mTavrobebis gamocdilebasTan,<br />
neoliberalizmis pirveli nabijebi laTinur amerikaSi ukavSirdeba neoliberalur<br />
ekonomikur programas, romelic ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> CileSi, salvador aliendes<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxobis Semdeg, general pinoCetis diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis mier. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
axlo warsulSi, sabazro modelebi ganaxorciela argentinaSi karlos saul<br />
menemis mTavrobam, meqsikaSi - karlos salinas de gortaris <strong>da</strong> ernesto zedilos<br />
mTavrobebma <strong>da</strong> braziliaSi - fernando henrike kardosom. es modelebi, rom<br />
araferi vTqvaT sxva qveynebSi ganxorcielebul analogiur modelebze,<br />
warmoadgendnen neoliberalur models, Tumca, maT Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> is Taviseburebebi,<br />
rac, Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo argentinisTvis, meqsikisTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
braziliisTvis.<br />
neoliberaluri mTavrobebi mxars uWeren <strong>da</strong> stimuls aZlevdnen iseT<br />
koncefciebs, rogoricaa Ria bazrebi, Tavisufali vaWroba, saxelmwifo seqtoris<br />
Sekveca, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos intervenciis SezRudva <strong>da</strong> bazrebis<br />
deregulacia. larisa lomnici <strong>da</strong> ana melniki (Chile's Middle Class: A Struggle for Survival<br />
101
in the Face of Neoliberalism [Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1991]) aRniSnaven, rom istoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, neoliberalizmi asocirebulia gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />
programebTan. gar<strong>da</strong>qmna ganisazRvreba rogorc im programebis, samoqmedo kursisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> pirobiTobebis erToblioba, romlebic rekomendebulia msoflio bankis,<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, <strong>da</strong> sxva safinanso organizaciebis mier. marTalia<br />
msoflio banki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa stabilizacia,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmna <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis politika, magram, amave dros, is aRiarebs, rom am cnebebis<br />
gamoyeneba “arazusti <strong>da</strong> araTanmimdevrulia” (citirebulia naSromSi Joel Samoff,<br />
"More, Less, None? Human Resource Development: Responses to Economic Constraint" [Palo Alto, Calif.,<br />
June 1990], 21; mimeographed). stabilizaciasa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaze orientirebuli aseTi<br />
programebis Sedegad, mTavrobebis mier gasatarebeli politikis kuTxiT gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
rigi rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi, maT Soris, saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcireba, fulis<br />
devalvacia eqsportis stimulirebisaTvis, saimporto tarifebis <strong>da</strong>weva <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>grovebisa <strong>da</strong> piradi <strong>da</strong>nazogebis gazr<strong>da</strong>. rogorc xazgasmiT<br />
aRvniSne, am modelis centralur aspeqti saxelmwifo seqtoris rolis mkveTri<br />
SezRudvaa, rac ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizebis <strong>da</strong><br />
xelfasebis <strong>da</strong> fasebis liberalizaciis saSualebiT, aseve, samrewvelo <strong>da</strong><br />
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis reorientaciiT <strong>da</strong> misi warmarTviT eqsportis<br />
zrdisken. amdenad, gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisa <strong>da</strong> stabilizaciis politika miznad isaxavs<br />
saerTaSoriso mimocvlis gaTavisuflebas, cdomilebebis Semcirebas safaso<br />
struqturaSi (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqonelze fasebis Tanafardoba), proteqcionizmis<br />
mospobas <strong>da</strong> bazris zegavlenis xelSewyobas.<br />
neoliberaluri saxelmwifos wanamZRvrebi SesaZlebelia ganvazogadoT<br />
Semdegi saxiT: neoliberaluri saxelmwifos politikur safuZvels warmoadgens im<br />
Teoriebis <strong>da</strong> interesTa jgufebis erToblioba, romlebic garkveuli<br />
valdebulebebiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mowodebis aspeqtis ekonomikasTan,<br />
monetarizmTan, neokonservatiul kulturul seqtorebTan; sayovelTao<br />
keTildReobis saxelmwifos redistribuciuli politikis mowinaaRmdege<br />
jgufebTan; <strong>da</strong> im seqtorebTan, romelTa mudmivi sazrunavi biujetis deficitia.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris Sinagan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi aliansi. aseTi<br />
saxelmwifo modelebi reagireben saxelmwifos fiskalur krizisebze <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonierebis (realur Tu aRqmul) krizisebze. am SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebis ndobis<br />
krizisebi mniSvnelovan gar<strong>da</strong>texis momentebs warmoadgenen demokratiuli<br />
warmomadgenlobisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo institutebisadmi ndobis ganmtkicebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. am kulturuli, konservatiuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
liberalur modelSi saxelmwifo, saxelmwifo intervenciis politika <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo sawarmoebi problemis <strong>da</strong> ara am problemi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavalis nawils<br />
warmoadgenen. rogorc neoliberaluri ideologiis mimdevrebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros<br />
aRniSnavdnen, saukeTeso forma patara mTavrobaa.<br />
102
mowinave kapitalistur qveynebSi ekonomikuri restruqturizebis farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli winapirobebi <strong>da</strong> struqturuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis wanamZRvrebi sruliad<br />
miesa<strong>da</strong>geba neoliberalur modelebs. es modelebi iTvaliswineben sazogadoebriv<br />
saWirobebze gaweuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis Semcirebas, im programebis Sekvecas, romlebic<br />
araekonomiurad arian miCneuli, privatizebis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifo<br />
sawarmoebis gayidviT <strong>da</strong> deregulirebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebas biznesis samyaros<br />
funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos intervenciis SesazRu<strong>da</strong>d. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, aRniSnuli<br />
modelebis mixedviT saxelmwifo naklebad un<strong>da</strong> iyos CarTuli socialuri<br />
momsaxurebis (rogoricaa, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, jan<strong>da</strong>cva, pensiebi, sazogadoebrivi<br />
transporti <strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi sacxovrebeli) gawevaSi <strong>da</strong> aseTi tipis momsaxureba<br />
kerZo seqtoris prerogativas un<strong>da</strong> ganekuTvnos.<br />
28. Aaqamde, msjelobas sruliad gacnobierebulad vagebdi liberalur,<br />
neokonservatiul <strong>da</strong> neoliberalur saxelmwifoebze empiriulad <strong>da</strong>sabuTebul <strong>da</strong><br />
informaciiT gajerebul codnaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. am msjelobas politikur<br />
folosofiur TeoriebTan vakavSirebdi. momdevno nawilSi mocemuli msjeloba<br />
paralelistur Teoriebze, postmodernizmze <strong>da</strong> feminizmze umeteswilad Teoriul<br />
safuZvlebzea agebuli. saxelmZRvanelos formatis SezRudvebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ar<br />
ganvixilav gar<strong>da</strong>mavali qveynebis (mag., kapitalizmi<strong>da</strong>n socializmze, an<br />
socializmi<strong>da</strong>n kapitalizmze ga<strong>da</strong>svla) <strong>da</strong> socialisturi qveynebis gamocdilebas.<br />
29. modeli moicavs specialuri industriuli RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas<br />
myidveli <strong>da</strong> momwodebeli kompaniebis mier (anu “specialur urTierTobebs” maT<br />
Soris), romelSic gansakuTrebul rols saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis<br />
saministro asrulebs. Nick Oliver and Barry Wilkinson, The Japani-sation of British Industry<br />
(London: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Paul Hirst and J. Zeitlin, "Flexible Specialization versus Post-Fordism,"<br />
Economy and Society 20, no. 1 (1991): 1-56; Bob Jessop, "Regulation Theory, Post-Fordism, and the State,"<br />
Capital and Class 34(1988): 147-168.<br />
30. Aam nawilSi <strong>da</strong>vesesxebi Cemi <strong>da</strong> raimond morous erTobliv naSroms<br />
socialuri Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.<br />
103
3<br />
globalizacia<br />
winamdebare Tavi agebulia koncefciaze, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
globalizaciis fenomeni zRu<strong>da</strong>vs saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnul suverenitets. es SezRudvebi gamoxatulia im <strong>da</strong>ZabulobaSi,<br />
romelic arsebobs saerTaSoriso masStabiT <strong>da</strong> lokalurad mimdinare<br />
dinamiur procesebs Soris, faqtobrivad, nebismieri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis Tu<br />
politikuri moqmedebis arealis TvalsazrisiT, socialur, kulturul <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikur sferoebSi. Sesabamisad, globalizacia ara mxolod Slis<br />
saxelmwifoTa Soris sazRvrebs, aramed cvlis erTobebs erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong> sazRvrebs miRma. SeuZlebelia globalizacia<br />
aRvweroT rogorc mxolod warmoebis organizaciis tipi, romelic fordis<br />
mmarTvelobis Semdgomi periodisaTvis iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. is globaluri<br />
ekonomikis mTavari maxasiaTebelia. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebs, regionul<br />
saxelmwifoebs <strong>da</strong> kosmopolitur <strong>demokratia</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli<br />
<strong>da</strong>ekisreba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini zegavlenas moaxdenen samoqalaqo minimumebze<br />
saxelmwifo doneze, kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalis efeqtianobaze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sferoebSi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, moqalaqeobis, demokratiis <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturis dinamikaze Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi.<br />
globalizaciis fenomeni<br />
bunebrivi mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n civilizebul mdgomareobaze ga<strong>da</strong>svla saocar<br />
cvlilebas iwvevs a<strong>da</strong>mianSi, Caanacvlebs ra mis qcevaSi instinqts<br />
samarTlianobiT <strong>da</strong> aRavsebs ra mis qmedebebs manamde ararsebuli zneobrivi<br />
TvisebebiT.<br />
---------Jan Jak ruso, socialuri kontraqti<br />
globalizacia gansazRvrulia rogorc “socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
gaZliereba mTeli msoflios masStabiT, rac teritoriulad <strong>da</strong>Sorebul<br />
regionebs ise akavSirebs erTmaneTTan, rom konkretul adgilze movlenebis<br />
warmarTvas mravali miliT <strong>da</strong>Sorebul adgilze momx<strong>da</strong>ri movlenebi<br />
ganapirobebs <strong>da</strong> piriqiT” (heldi, 1991:9). mraval sxva mosazrebasTan erTad,<br />
heldi miiCnevs, rom globalizacia globaluri ekonomikis warmoqmnis,<br />
koleqtiuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis axali formebis warmomqmnel<br />
ekonomikur erTeulebs Soris transnacionaluri kavSirebis eqspansiis,<br />
mTavrobaTaSorisi <strong>da</strong> kvazi-zesaxelmwifoebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis,<br />
104
transnacionaluri komunikaciebis intensifikaciis <strong>da</strong> axali regionuli <strong>da</strong><br />
samxedro wesrigis <strong>da</strong>myarebis produqtia.<br />
GmiiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi Slis saxelmwifoTaSoris<br />
sazRvrebs, cvlis erTobebs er-saxelmwifoebs Soris <strong>da</strong> maT sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> interesTa jgufebis identobebze.<br />
neil smelseri (1994) mSvenivrad gadmoscems am sakiTxis arss:<br />
ufro moxerxebeli iqneba, Tu msoflioSi Seqmnili situaciis aRweras erisaxelmwifos<br />
statusis ganxilviT <strong>da</strong>viwyebT. miiCnevdnen ra, sakuTari<br />
moqalaqeebis erTgulebisa <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis TvalsazrisiT, bunebriv <strong>da</strong><br />
suverenul centrad, saxelmwifos Sesaxeb amgvar ideas axlo warsulSi, misi<br />
Semadgeneli yvela elementis TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegoba Sexv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi SeRweva SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> warmoebis, vaWrobis,<br />
finansebis <strong>da</strong> kulturis mzardi globalizaciis meSveobiT, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
saxelmwifoebma kontroli <strong>da</strong>karges sakuTar sve-bedze. amas <strong>da</strong>emata isic,<br />
rom saxelmwifoTa suverenoba regionuli politikuri federaciebis <strong>da</strong><br />
aliansebis cvalebadi modelebis gamoyenebam Selaxa. subnacionalur doneze,<br />
saxelmwifo iseTi winaaRmdegobis pirispir aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rogoricaa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
– regionul, enobriv, religiur, eTnikur, genderul <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis stilis<br />
safuZvelze Seqmnili soli<strong>da</strong>ruli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> ayvaveba,<br />
aseve, <strong>da</strong>mabneveli raodenobis uCveulo sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis<br />
aRmoceneba, romlebic sakuTari soli<strong>da</strong>robis generirebas axdenen. yovelive<br />
es metoqeobas uwevs saxelmwifos, a<strong>da</strong>mianebis loialurobis, zogjer ki<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriaze iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
mokled, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoze, rogorc zevi<strong>da</strong>n, ise qvevi<strong>da</strong>n zewolas<br />
axorcieleben sa<strong>da</strong>vo saxelmwifo sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi soli<strong>da</strong>robebi. 1<br />
(5)<br />
globalizacia marTlac is socialuri konstruqciaa, romelic<br />
rogorc duglas kelneri (1997) miiCnevs, kritikuli Teoriis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
kritikul gansjas saWiroebs. kelners miaCnia, rom globalizaciis<br />
koncefcia gvxvdeba yvelgan <strong>da</strong> mas Sedegad moyveba yvelaferi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
msoflios vetsernizaciiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli kapitalizmis gabatonebiT.<br />
zogi globalizacias sazogadoebebis homogenurobis zrdis procesad<br />
aRiqvams, sxvani _ kulturaTa hibridizaciis <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebis zrdis<br />
procesad. mavanTa azriT, globalizacia multinacionaluri korporaciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebis mier Zalauflebis gamoyenebis evoluciur procesia,<br />
meoreni mas garemos <strong>da</strong>cviTi saqmianobis, demokratizaciis <strong>da</strong> humanizaciis<br />
sayrdenad miiCneven. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTi nawilis azriT globalizaciis<br />
koncefcia axali fandia, romlis mizani imperializmisa <strong>da</strong> modernizaciis<br />
efeqtebis miCqmalvaa. sxvani amtkiceben, rom modernizacia <strong>da</strong>sabams aZlevs<br />
105
axal “globalur eras”, romelic gansxvavdeba “Tanamedrove epoqisagan”.<br />
metic, zogierTi Teoretikosi asabuTebs, rom globalizacia kacobriobis<br />
istoriaSi axali epoqis ganmsazRvrel koncefciaa, vinc am mosazrebas ar<br />
eTanxmeba miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> misi e.w.<br />
“uaxlesoba” ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebula<strong>da</strong>a Sefasebuli (kelneri, 1997:2). kelneri<br />
brZnulad askvnis, rom globalizaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gamoTqmuli yvela<br />
zemoT xsenebuli mosazreba realobas Seesabameba <strong>da</strong> mraval SemTxvevaSi,<br />
globalizaciis diskursi SeiZleba Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> postmodernistuli<br />
Teoriebis meSveobiT Camoyalibdes; faqtobrivad, kelners (1997) miaCnia, rom<br />
Cven vimyofebiT `asakSi Sesuli Tanamedrove epoqi<strong>da</strong>n aRmocenebad<br />
postmodernistul epoqaze gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi” (3).<br />
kelneris analizSi metad mniSvnelovania is, rom man Zalian kargad<br />
gadmosca epoqis suli, socialuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT: globalizacia<br />
ver iqneba gaanalizebuli mxolod diskretuli polaruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebulobis kuTxiT. is ganxiluli un<strong>da</strong> iqnas rogorc gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
mdgomaroeba or istoriul epoqas Soris. is rTuli, mravalganzomilebiani<br />
fenomenia, “romelic moicavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dones, moZraobas, <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas <strong>da</strong><br />
konfliqtebs imdenad, rom transdisciplinurma socialurma Teoriam<br />
aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> asaxos misi konturebi, dinamika, traeqtoriebi,<br />
problemebi <strong>da</strong> SesaZlo momavali” (kelneri, 1997:4).<br />
kelneri skeptikurad uyurebs im mosazrebas, rom istoriuli epoqebi<br />
mkacrad gansazRvruli qronologiis <strong>da</strong>cviT iqmneba <strong>da</strong> mTavrdeba, mas<br />
miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove epoqa bevri ramiT hgavs renesansis epoqas,<br />
romelic or istoriul eras Soris gar<strong>da</strong>maval periods warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
faqtobrivad, kelneri (1997), misi codnis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
igi keTilganwyobilia postmodernizmis mimarT <strong>da</strong> afasebs mas, rogorc<br />
ufro mets, vidre ubralod istoriul axirebas, ar miiCnevs, rom<br />
globalizacia sruliad mkafio “postmodernistuli” mdgomareobis mimarT<br />
gamoxatuli sapasuxo reaqciaa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n “warmoebis kapitalisturi<br />
urTierTobebi jer kidev axdenen sazogadoebrivi formaciebis didi nawilis<br />
struqturirebas <strong>da</strong> kapitalis hegemonia kvlav rCeba sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis ganzomilebebis udidesi nawilis maorganizebel Zalad” (31).<br />
kritikuli modernizmis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n _ anu im TvalTaxedvi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c klasi, rasa <strong>da</strong> sqesi dominirebis gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli formebia, romlebsac, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am gansxvavebulobisa,<br />
mainc aqvT sistematiuri urTierTqmedeba _ romelic, Tavis mxriv,<br />
aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> iqnes Seswavlili disciplinaTaSorisi kuTxiT (morou<br />
<strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995) – axla kapitalizmis globalizaciis <strong>da</strong> msoflio<br />
106
masStabiT mimdinare ekonomikuri restruqturizebis analizze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vinacvleb.<br />
Okapitalizmis globalizacia <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis restruqturizacia<br />
rodesac qonebis <strong>da</strong>grovebas aRar eqneba esoden mniSvnelovani socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva, didi cvlilebebi ganxorcieldeba zneobriv kodeqsSi. maSin, Cven<br />
SevZlebT gavTavisufldeT im fsevdo-zneobrivi principebisgan, romlebic<br />
gvtanjav<strong>da</strong> ori aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong> romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
ganvadideT a<strong>da</strong>mianis yvelaze sazizRari Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> isini saTnoebamde<br />
aRvazeveT . . . magram frTxilad! yovelive amis dro jer ar <strong>da</strong>mdgara. sul<br />
mcire kidev asi weli Cven iZulebuli viqnebiT sakuTari Tavis <strong>da</strong> sxvebis<br />
winaSe viTvalTmaqcoT TiTqos<strong>da</strong> samarTliani aris usamarTlo, xolo<br />
upatiosno _ patiosani; vinai<strong>da</strong>n upatiosneba gamosadegi ramaa, patiosneba ki<br />
- ara. garkveuli periodis manZilze, jer kidev Tayvani un<strong>da</strong> vceT siZunwes,<br />
mevaxSeobas <strong>da</strong> sifrTxiles, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mxolod maTi meSveobiT SevZlebT<br />
ekonomikuri aucileblobis gvirabi<strong>da</strong>n dRis sinaTleze gamosvlas.<br />
-------jon meinard keinsi, “ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi Cveni<br />
SviliSvilebisaTvis”<br />
Eekonomikuri globalizacia aris msoflio masStabiT mimdinare<br />
ekonomikuri restruqturizebis Sedegi, romelic ekonomikis, mecnierebis,<br />
teqnologiis <strong>da</strong> kulturis globalizacias, aseve, Sromis saerTaSoriso<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawilebis absolutur transformacias moicavs (harvei, 1989). Sromis<br />
saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebis transformaciasTan erTad, xdeba erebs,<br />
saxelmwifoebs <strong>da</strong> erovnul <strong>da</strong> regionalur ekonomikebs Soris ekonomikuri<br />
integrirebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. didwilad, aseTi tipis globalizacia aris<br />
komunikaciebsa <strong>da</strong> kompiuterul teqnologiebSi ganxorcielebuli im<br />
cvlilebebis rezultati, romlebic xels uwyoben Sromis mwarmoeblurobis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s, anacvleben Sromas kapitaliT <strong>da</strong> ganapirobeben maRali<br />
mwarmoeblurobis axali mimarTulebebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas (mag. programuli<br />
uzrunvelyofis Seqmnis teqnologia <strong>da</strong> kompiuterebi, rac <strong>da</strong>exmara<br />
multimilioner bil geitss <strong>da</strong> kompania Microsoft-s msoflio bazris<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobaSi). es cvlilebebi xelaxla gansazRvraven erebs Soris<br />
urTierTobebs <strong>da</strong> Tavis TavSi gulisxmoben kapitalis mobilurobas,<br />
saerTaSoriso gacvlis <strong>da</strong> im moklevadiani, maRali riskis matarebeli<br />
finansuri instrumentebis meSveobiT, romelTac zogma kritikosma “kazinos<br />
ekonomika” uwo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romlebsac valutiT movaWre spekulantebi marTaven<br />
(barneti <strong>da</strong> kavanahi, 1996b). saerTaSoriso doneze xdeba kapitalisa <strong>da</strong><br />
107
warmoebis usazRvro koncentracia <strong>da</strong> centralizacia (qernoi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi.,<br />
1993).<br />
globalizaciis procesma Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi samuSao Zalaze<br />
moaxdina zegavlena. marTlac, Sromis bazrebi ar aris homogenuri <strong>da</strong><br />
segmentebad aris <strong>da</strong>yofili. Sromis bazrebis segmentacia gulisxmobs imas,<br />
rom arsebobs sul mcire, oTxi saxis bazari: pirveli, romelic Cveulebriv<br />
transnacionaluria, pasuxobs monopoliuri kapitalizmis moTxovnebs; meore,<br />
romelic pasuxobs konkurenciuli kapitalizmis moTxovnebs, warmoadgens<br />
meorad Sromis bazars <strong>da</strong> ufro saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis Si<strong>da</strong> bazarze<br />
mimocvlazea orientirebuli; mesame, saxelmwifo seqtori erT-erTia im<br />
mcirericxovani Sromis bazrebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>culia<br />
saerTaSoriso konkurenciisagan – Tumca, neoliberalizmis gabatonebis <strong>da</strong><br />
“didi mTavrobis” neokonservatiuli kritikis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, saxelmwifo<br />
seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebaze privatizebis procesma iqonia gavlena. Sedegad,<br />
aRniSnuli tipis <strong>da</strong>saqmeba sul ufro mcirdeba. <strong>da</strong>bolos, swrafad mzardi<br />
marginaluri Sromis bazari, romelic moicavs yvelafers <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
aralegaluri garigebebi<strong>da</strong>n (rogoricaa narkoga<strong>da</strong>zidvebi) <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli<br />
TviT-<strong>da</strong>saqmebiT, ojaxSi saqmianobiT, ojaxuri biznesiT, mcire zomis<br />
naturaluri warmoebiT, <strong>da</strong> uamravi sxva ekonomikuri aqtivobiT, rasac<br />
marginalur, aralegalur an araformalur Sromas uwodeben. sakmaod<br />
sainteresoa, rom es marginaluri Sromis bazari Tava<strong>da</strong>c segmentebad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofili. amasTan, zogi seqtori aSkarad mibmulia globalizaciaze<br />
(rogoricaa narkoga<strong>da</strong>zidvebi an bavSvTa pornografia, rogorc industria),<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCenebi ki mkveTrad lokaluria TavianTi fesvebis, saqmianobis <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri Sefasebebis TvalsazrisiT (rogoricaa, magaliTad quCis<br />
movaWreebi).<br />
Aam ukiduresad globalizebuli kapitalizmis mTavar maxasiaTebels,<br />
ramac didi gavlena iqonia Sromis bazrebze, warmoadgens warmoebis<br />
faqtorebis mTeli msoflios masStabiT gabneva. metic, zRvruli mogebis<br />
ganakveTebi izrdeba erT sul mosaxleze (romlis zrdis procenti zogierT<br />
mowinave kapitalistur qveyanaSi maRlasvlas ganagrZobs) mwarmoeblurobis<br />
uwyveti zrdis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis Semcirebis (iseTi gzebiT, rogoricaa<br />
samuSao<strong>da</strong>n droebiT <strong>da</strong>Txovna, warmoebis intensifikacia, ZviradRirebuli<br />
samuSao Zalis Canacvleba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iafi samuSao ZaliT, an Sromis<br />
Canacvleba kapitaliT) gamo. Sromis bazrebis mzard segmentaciasTan erTad,<br />
rodesac pirveladi bazrebi sTavazoben met Semosavals, stabilurobas <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiT SeRavaTebs, xdeba saaTobrivi anazRaurebis Canacvleba sanardo<br />
anazRaurebiT. es ki mkafiod mijnavs erTmaneTisgan nominalur <strong>da</strong> realur<br />
xelfass, agreTve xelfassa <strong>da</strong> socialur xelfass, arapir<strong>da</strong>piri sesxebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis saSualebiT. amave<br />
108
dros, aRniSnuli transformaciebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom ufasureba muSaTa<br />
klasis roli <strong>da</strong> mcirdeba organizebuli Sromis gavlena ekonomikaSi<br />
politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis SeTanxmebis <strong>da</strong> socialuri paqtis<br />
warmoqmnis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
ukanaskneli sami Tu oTxi dekadis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
grZelvadiani tendenciis kval<strong>da</strong>kval, momsaxurebis <strong>da</strong>rgebi zr<strong>da</strong>s<br />
ganagrZoben <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mniSvnelobiT win uswreben kidec pirvelxarisxovan<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmoebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul <strong>da</strong>rgebs mTlian erovnul produqtSi. iseT<br />
Sromatevad sferoSic ki, rogoricaa momsaxurebis industria, saxezea<br />
mkafio niSnebi imisa, rom teqnologia anacvlebs “Suamavlebs”. es aSkarad<br />
Cans mogzaurobis biuroTa agentebisa <strong>da</strong> uZravi qonebis agentebis<br />
magaliTze, romelTa saqmianobac kargavs aqtualobas Sesabamis ekonomikur<br />
bazrebze.<br />
aRniSnuli cvlilebebi Sromisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalis globalur<br />
SemadgenlobaSi mimdinareobs im dros, rodesac adgili aqvs samuSao Zalis<br />
siWarbes <strong>da</strong> rodesac Sromasa <strong>da</strong> kapitals Soris konfliqti Tavis<br />
simwvaves kargavs. StatgareSe muSakebis raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia saerTaSoriso konkurenciis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> muSaTa klasisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> profkavSirebis Rrma rwmenasTan imis Taobaze, rom yovelTvis ar aris<br />
SesaZlebeli kompaniebze zewolis ganxorcieleba, ufro didi raodenobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukeTesi xarisxis socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis an xelfasebis miRebis mizniT.<br />
Aamis mizezia samuSao Zalis siWarbe <strong>da</strong> imis codna, rom transnacionalur<br />
<strong>da</strong> konkurentul garemoSi, kompaniebis klebad zRvrul mogebas Sedegad<br />
mohyva mosamsaxureTa samuSao<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisufleba <strong>da</strong> kapitalis<br />
forsirebuli migracia mowinave kapitalisturi qveynebis regionuli<br />
bazrebi<strong>da</strong>n iseT qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c maRalkvalificiuri <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadi samuSao Zala xelmisawvdomia. saSiSroeba, romelic<br />
ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebebs, rogoricaa Crdiloamerikuli<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba an vaWrobis msoflio<br />
organizaciis mier SemoTavazebuli axali RonisZiebebi im SezRudvebSi<br />
aisaxa, romelelic proteqcionistuli politikis TvalsazrisiT SemoiRes.<br />
yvelasaTvis cnobili magaliTebia _ kvalificiuri inJinrebi <strong>da</strong><br />
kompiuteris specialistebi indoeTi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebsac SehyavT saxelfaso<br />
informacia Crdilo-amerikuli kompaniebis monacemTa bazaSi <strong>da</strong> amisTvis<br />
amerikeli sakancelario muSakebis Sromis sazRauris mxolod mcire nawils<br />
iReben; masobrivi warmoeba CineTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c momuSaveebs mizerul Tanxebs<br />
uxdian, <strong>da</strong> zogjer iZulebiTac ki amuSaveben; axalgazr<strong>da</strong> indonezieli<br />
gogonebi, romlebic CogburTis fexsacmelebs awarmoeben <strong>da</strong> romelTa<br />
gamomuSaveba saaTSi aT cents Seadgens.<br />
109
mogebis ganakveTebis klebasTan SeWidebis mizniT, transnacionaluri<br />
kapitalizmi cdilobs miaRwios met mwarmoeblurobas erT sul mosaxleze,<br />
an warmoebis realuri xarjebis Semcirebas, aseve, warmoebebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanas<br />
Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c: iafi <strong>da</strong> maRalkvalificiuri<br />
muSaxeli xelmisawvdomia; SezRudulia profkavSirebis roli; arsebobs<br />
iafi, advilad xelmiswvdomi <strong>da</strong> efeqturi bunebrivi resursebi; saxezea<br />
keTilsasurveli politikuri situacia; ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo resursebi; arsebobs didi bazrebi <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado SeRavaTebi<br />
(Fortune, 1992).<br />
es axali globaluri ekonomika Zalze gansxvavdeba adreuli tipis<br />
saxelmwifo ekonomikisgan. adre, saxelmwifo ekonomika efuZnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtul masobriv warmoebas, rodesac ramdenime menejeri zevi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
akontroleb<strong>da</strong> sawarmoo process, xolo uamravi muSa maT miTiTebebs<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong>. es masobrivi warmoebis ekonomika stabiluri iyo imdenad,<br />
ramdenad swrafa<strong>da</strong>c SeZleb<strong>da</strong> warmoebis xarjebis Semcirebas (Sromis<br />
fasis CaTvliT), miaxerxeb<strong>da</strong> warmoebis ga<strong>da</strong>iaraRebas <strong>da</strong> SeinarCuneb<strong>da</strong><br />
konkurentulobas saerTaSoriso doneze. komunikaciebis sferoSi <strong>da</strong><br />
satransporto teqnologiebSi miRweuli progresis <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebis ganviTarebis wyalobiT, warmoeba <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
msoflios masStabiT. axali globaluri ekonomika ufro cvalebadi <strong>da</strong><br />
elastiuria, mas obobis qselis msgavsad, Zalauflebis xazebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebis mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalganzomilebianoba axasiaTebs. amiT igi gansxvavdeba Zalauflebis<br />
statikuri, piramiduli organizebisgan, rac tradiciul kapitalistur<br />
sistemas axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> (prJevorski, 1991; ome, 1990; riCi, 1991; Turou, 1992;<br />
manderi <strong>da</strong> goldsmiTi, 1996).<br />
aRniSnuli cvlilebebi kapitalizmis globalizebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
seriozul zegavlenas axdens kulturasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze. kelneri (1997)<br />
Rrmad swvdeba sakiTxis arss, rodesac ambobs, rom “dRes kultura<br />
gansakuTrebulad rTuli <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>o miwaa, radgan globaluri kultura<br />
aRwevs adgilobriv kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> warmoiqmneba axali konfiguraciebi,<br />
romlebic ori ukiduresobis sinTezs axdenen, es Tavis mxriv warmoqmnis<br />
kolonizaciisa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobis urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul Zalebs,<br />
globalur homogenizacias <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv hibridul formebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
identobebs” (11).<br />
maSin rodesac Zvel kapitalistur wyobaSi saxelmwifo ganaTlebis<br />
sistema ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d disciplinirebuli <strong>da</strong> saimedo samuSao Zalis warmoebaze<br />
iyo orientirebuli – <strong>da</strong> marTlac, skolis garemoSi xSirad iCens Tavs<br />
winaaRmdegoba sistemuri reproducirebis mimarT <strong>da</strong> Cndeba politikuri<br />
110
adikaluri alternativebi _ axal globalur ekonomikas iseTi muSakebi<br />
esaWiroeba, romlebic advilad iTviseben siaxleebs <strong>da</strong> SeZleben gundur<br />
muSaobas droSi gamocdili meTodebis <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi midgomis<br />
gamoyenebiT (vilmsi, 1996). globalur ekonomikaSi yvelaze produqtiuli is<br />
muSakebi arian, romlebsac robert reiCi (1991) simbolur analitikosebs<br />
uwodebs. swored isini Seadgenen momavalSi samuSao Zalis yvelaze<br />
produqtiul <strong>da</strong> dinamiur segments.<br />
Sromis bazrebis segmentaciasTan erTad, globalizacias Sedegad<br />
mohyveba srul ganakveTze momuSaveTa Canacvleba arasrul ganakveTze<br />
momuSaveebiT (rasac Tan sdevs samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis Semcireba<br />
<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblis mier jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofis<br />
mimarTulebebiT gaRebuli xarjebis SezRudvis gamo), Sromis bazrebze<br />
qalTa CarTulobis zr<strong>da</strong>, realuri xelfasis ganuxreli kleba <strong>da</strong> mzardi<br />
Sualedi, romelic aSorebs Statian (fiqsirebuli xelfasis mqone) muSakebs<br />
sazogadoebis dominanturi seqtorebisgan <strong>da</strong> im sanaRdo anazRaurebaze<br />
myofi fenisgan, romelic saarsebo minimums gamoimuSavebs. analogiuri<br />
saerTaSoriso fenomeni SeiniSneba im mzardi socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
napralis TvalsazrisiT, romelic arsebobs ganviTarebad qveynebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mowinave kapitalistur saxelmwifoebs Soris.<br />
amdenad, globalizacias mosdevs seriozuli Sedegebi rogorc<br />
ekonomikuri mimocvlis doneze, aseve mTels msoflioSi socialuri<br />
wesrigis simboluri mowyobis TvalsazrisiT. momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT<br />
sad ga<strong>da</strong>ikveTebian struqturuli <strong>da</strong> simboluri cvlilebebi<br />
globalizaciis procesSi.<br />
globalizacia <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba: suvereniteti, bazrebi <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
moralistebi <strong>da</strong> Teologebi didi xania asabuTeben, rom CvenSi xdeba<br />
faseulobebis aRreva, vayenebT ra moxveWas sulier faseulobebze maRla. es<br />
mosazreba di<strong>da</strong>d ar Secvlila ukanakneli sami Tu oTxi saukunis manZilze,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n is ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> individis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo Zalauflebis Ziebis<br />
process, risTvisac mowodebulia bazarze orientirebuli sazogadoebebi.<br />
magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamarTl<strong>da</strong> Cemi varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba amieri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iqneba zneobriv<br />
upiratesobaze <strong>da</strong> zneobriv amaRlebulobaze, maSin erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>emTxveva<br />
zneobis <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis moTxovnebi. saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mopovebisken<br />
mimarTuli gza a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Tanaswori uflebebis cnobaze <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze<br />
gaivlis.<br />
- s. b. makfersoni, demokratiis realuri samyaro<br />
111
im cvlilebebma, romlebic ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> warmoebis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa politika, sainformacio teqnologiebi,<br />
momxmarebelTa preferenciebi, agreTve, kapitalis dinebebma mTels<br />
ekonomikaSi, <strong>da</strong> rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, kulturis sferos<br />
politikaSi mTeli msoflios masStabiT, moqalaqeobis cnebas Teoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikuli xasiaTis sirTuleebi Seuqmna. es, faqtobrivad, navaraudevi iyo<br />
politikuri filosofiis tradiciebiT. aq min<strong>da</strong> ganvixilo is kavSirebi,<br />
romlebic arsebobs globalizacias, msoflio bazrebTan <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal<br />
vaWrobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul aqtualur problemebs <strong>da</strong> im meqanizms Soris,<br />
riTac sabazro konkurencia neoliberalizmis konteqstSi moqalaqeobis<br />
cnebaze, <strong>da</strong> aseve _ globaluri masStabiT, <strong>demokratia</strong>ze, axdens<br />
gavlenas.<br />
analogiurad, Tumc a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri uflebebis metad<br />
gansxvavebuli politikur-ideologiuri Tvalsawieri<strong>da</strong>n, min<strong>da</strong><br />
SemogTavazoT im SezRudvebis meToduri Sefaseba, romelic moqalaqeobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, mzardi informirebulobis, diskursis globalizaciis <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri uflebebis institutebis gamo arsebobs. es ori,<br />
paradoqsalurad msgavsi argumenti, romelic erTmaneTis Seusabamo<br />
(winaaRmdegobrivic ki) politikur filosofiuri xedvi<strong>da</strong>n ikveTeba, xazs<br />
usvams im sirTuleebs, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia globalizaciasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli xasiaTis <strong>da</strong>tvirTvasTan, rac globalizacias moqalaqeobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT gaaCnia.<br />
moqalaqeebi <strong>da</strong> bazrebi<br />
eri-saxelmwifoebi arian politikuri organizmebi, <strong>da</strong> maT ekonomikur<br />
sisxlZarRvebSi mudmivad xdeba qolesterinis donis zr<strong>da</strong>. droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi, arteriebis kedlebi sqeldeba, <strong>da</strong> organizmi kargavs<br />
sicocxlisunarianobas.<br />
keniCi ome, eri-saxelmwifos aRsasruli<br />
keniCi omes (1995), yvelaze pativcemul iaponel strategs biznesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgSi, Tavis ukanasknel naSromSi, eri-saxelmwifos aRsasruli,<br />
wamoyenebuli aqvs Tezisi, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, eri-saxelmwifo<br />
ekonomikurad sklerotulia <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom rCeba moTamaSed<br />
msoflio sistemaSi, <strong>da</strong>karguli aqvs unari akontrolos sakuTari erovnuli<br />
ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT gacvliTi kursi, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas sakuTari qveynis<br />
valuta. metic, er-saxelmwifos aRar Seswevs Zala awarmoos realuri<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>karguli aqvs gavleniani monawilis funqcia<br />
globalur ekonomikaSi. samagierod, oTxi I, (anu, investicia, industria,<br />
112
sainformacio teqnologiebi, <strong>da</strong> individualuri momxmareblebi), rogorc ome<br />
miuTiTebs, warmoadgens globaluri ekonomikis eqspansiisa <strong>da</strong> operirebis<br />
mamoZravebel Zalas <strong>da</strong> swored maT xelSia moqceuli ekonomikuri<br />
Zalaufleba, romelsac erT dros eri-saxelmwifo flob<strong>da</strong>. 2 am ekonomikuri<br />
procesis Sedegi aris regionuli saxelmwifos aRmoceneba. martivad igi<br />
gansazRvrulia, rogorc teritoria, romelic xSirad sazRvrebs miRma<br />
mcxovreb sazogadoebebs (sociumebs) aerTianebs. xolo, sazogadoebebma<br />
Seqmnes regionuli ekonomikuri centri, romlis mosaxleoba ramodenime<br />
milioni<strong>da</strong>n 20 milionamde meryeobs (ome, 1995:143).<br />
amgvarad, er-saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>karguli aqvs unari, gaumklavdes sakuTar<br />
ekonomikur dinamikas <strong>da</strong> politikur <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc ome<br />
(1995) amtkicebs:<br />
iwvnia ra <strong>da</strong>rtyma industriis dinamikaSi, xelmisawvdom informaciaSi,<br />
momxmarebelTa preferenciebSi <strong>da</strong> kapitalis moZraobaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
moulodneli cvlilebebis saxiT; <strong>da</strong>awva ra tvirTad saxelmwifo<br />
interesebis saxeliT wamoyenebuli samoqalaqo minimumis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli<br />
subsidiebis moTxovnebi; aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ra xelfexSekruli im politikuri<br />
sistemebis mier, romlebic yvelaze nakleb-reagirebadi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> axali<br />
gamowvevebis mimarT, [erma-saxelmwifoebma] <strong>da</strong>karges TavianTi Zlierebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva <strong>da</strong> aRar arian aRqmuli rogorc seriozuli, diskretuli<br />
erTeulebi ekonomikuri aqtivobis ganaxlebul rukaze. (79)<br />
ome miiCnevs, rom eri-saxelmwifo gax<strong>da</strong> ufunqcio elementi<br />
ekonomikuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc industriuli istoriis<br />
adreuli fazis warmonaqmns, mas ara aqvs saTanado stimuli, saimedooba,<br />
instrumentebi, kanoniereba <strong>da</strong> politikuri nebac ki imisTvis, rom<br />
centraluri roli Seasrulos Tanamedrove, sazRvrebmoSlil ekonomikaSi,<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis realuri dinebebis TvalsazrisiT: “ramdena<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
WeSmaritad globaluri kapitalis bazrebis funqcionireba aferxebs im<br />
SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas, romelTa meSveobiT eri-saxelmwifoebi<br />
axorcieleben gacvliTi kursis kontrols <strong>da</strong> amasTanave icaven TavianT<br />
valutas, isini gar<strong>da</strong>uvlad mgrZnobiareni aRmoCnden im wesebis mimarT,<br />
romelic maT sadRac sxvagan myofi a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa <strong>da</strong> institutebis<br />
ekonomikurma arCevanma moaxvia. er-saxelmwifoebs ar ZaluZT praqtikuli<br />
kontrolis ganxorcieleba am a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong> institutebis mimarT” (ome,<br />
1995:12).<br />
es cvlilebebi, romelic globalizaciis procesma er-saxelmwifoebs<br />
Tavs moaxvia, ”axali disciplinis” Sedegia, <strong>da</strong>weren nekrologs imaze, rasac<br />
ome didi xnis win ga<strong>da</strong>Senebul azrovnebad miiCnevs – es aris liberalizmi<br />
113
<strong>da</strong>, faqtobrivad, liberaluri <strong>demokratia</strong>. omes azriT, sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi liberaluri idealis mTavari principi filosofiuri poziciaa,<br />
romelic miznad <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si eqstensiuri investirebis mdgradobas,<br />
pasuxismgebeli individebis moqmedebis xelSewyobas <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
mravalferovnebis stimulirebas isaxavs. liberalizmi xels Seuwyobs am<br />
wyvil mizans, gar<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac erT-erTi maTgani SesaZloa<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispirdes volonté générale-s an sazogadoebriv keTildReobas zustad im<br />
formiT, ra formiTacaa dRes es sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba<br />
warmodgenili (ome, 1995:75).<br />
marTlac, rogorc ome amtkicebs, imisaTvis rom liberalizmma<br />
imuSaos, aucilebelia urTierTpativiscema, raTa arCevnis, cxovrebis<br />
stilis, an momxmarebelTa preferenciebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli<br />
ganxvavebebi ar iyos interpretirebuli rogorc socialuri wesrigis an<br />
konkretuli individualuri interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gamowveva.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, liberalur SexedulebaTa sistemis SenarCunebis mizniT,<br />
aucilebelia moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTndobis arseboba, es saWiroa<br />
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos qmedeba axsnili iqnes rogorc gar<strong>da</strong>uvali,<br />
socialuri paqti <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc raime Tavsmoxveuli fandi an kaprizi.<br />
mesame piroba aris gamWvirvaleba saxelmwifos qmedebebSi <strong>da</strong> informaciis<br />
Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebis unarSi. es gulisxmobs imas, rom sazogadoebis<br />
yvela wevri <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom farTo diskusiebis Sedegad<br />
miRweuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi samarTliania, gin<strong>da</strong>c ar moswondeT es<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi, an ver xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen maTSi raime sargebels.<br />
ome miiCnevs, rom arc individebis <strong>da</strong> arc xelisuflebis moqmedebis<br />
stili, liberaluri demokratiis pirobebSi, am sam kriteriums ar pasuxobs.<br />
sadReisod, kapitalistur demokratiul sazogadoebebSi ar arsebobs<br />
samoqalaqo monawileoba, aramed arsebobs amomrCevelTa CarTulobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali maCvenebeli; saxezea ara gazrdili soli<strong>da</strong>roba, aramed<br />
gamZafrebuli konkurencia individebs Soris, romlebsac mxolod sakuTari<br />
interesebi amoZravebT; saxelisuflo informacia gax<strong>da</strong> bundovani <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
gamWvirvale, omes (1995, 75-76) ganmartebiT, es, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis<br />
procesis TvalsazrisiT, “rkinis samkuTxedis” warmoqmnas ganapirobebs,<br />
romelSic kanonmdeblebi, biurokratebi <strong>da</strong> specialuri interesebis mqone<br />
jgufebi procesis mimdinareobas akontroleben. amgvarad, omes azriT,<br />
saxelmwifo nostalgiuri gamonagonia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo<br />
Tu kerZo sawarmoebis menejerebi kvlavac gancalkevebul saxelmwifo<br />
erTeulebis nawilad ganixilebodnen. metic, SeuZlebelia saqonlis <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis warmoeba advilad mivakuTvnoT konkretuli saxelmwifos<br />
iarliys.<br />
114
amdenad, mzardi moTxovna <strong>da</strong>balfasian saqonelze ga<strong>da</strong>wonis<br />
erovnuli warmoebis produqtze tradiciul arCevans. es axali kultura<br />
Canergilia internacionaluri kulturuli gemovnebis axal formaSi,<br />
romelsac ome gansazRvravs rogorc gemovnebis `kaliforniazacias”.<br />
rogorc Cans, es gansakuTrebiT relevanturia “TineijerebTan” mimarTebiT,<br />
romlebic amJRavneben arsebiT <strong>da</strong>axloebas (konvergencias) msoflioSi<br />
gavrcelebul gemovnebasTan (mag., repis musikaluri stilis, Levi’s-is<br />
jinsebis, an Nike-is fexsacmelebis farTo gavrceleba). yovelive es aris<br />
samyaros Sesaxeb koncefciebis, mentalitetebis, TviT azrovnebis<br />
procesebis <strong>da</strong> farTo moxmarebis sagnebis maCvenebeli, rac moZraobaSi<br />
mohyavs multimedias <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>Sorebas<br />
Taobebs Soris, keZod, ”Nintendo bavSvebis” Taobasa <strong>da</strong> maT winamormedebs<br />
Soris (ome, 1995:15-16; barneti <strong>da</strong> kavanahi, 1996a:72-73).<br />
teqnologia centralur rols TamaSobs informaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
globalizebis procesSi. amas upirveles yovlisa ganapirobebs is, rom<br />
makroekonomikur doneze teqnologiurma siaxleebma SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, praqtikulad,<br />
yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe. amgvarad, kapitalis dineba, rac arnaxulad<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> mTeli msoflios masStabiT, ar saWiroebs saqonlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis Tun<strong>da</strong>c raime formis fizikur moZraobas. 3 sakiTxs Tu<br />
ganvavrcobT, un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, rom vaWrobis tradiciuli formebi<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis <strong>da</strong> sazRvrebmoSlili ekonomikis mxolod<br />
umniSvnelo nawilia. menejerebisaTvis SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> swrafi, efeqturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> interaqtiuri informaciis mopoveba TavianTi momxmareblebis, bazrebis,<br />
produqtebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli procesebis Sesaxeb, rasac xeli Seuwyo<br />
ara mxolod kapitalma, aramed kompaniebis doneze arsebulma sainformacio<br />
teqnologiebmac. es, Tavis mxriv, menejerebs saSualebas aZlevs, meti<br />
gulisxmierebiT moekidon sakuTar momxmareblebs <strong>da</strong> ufro Tavisuflad<br />
imoqmedon kompaniis momsaxurebis gafarToebisTvis msoflio masStabiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, bazris doneze, teqnologiurma progresma (<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />
masmediis xelmiswvdomobam) Secvala is formebi, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />
momxmareblebi iRebdnen informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor cxovroben<br />
sxva xalxebi, ra saxis saqoneli <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba aris maTTvis<br />
xelmisawvdomi, aseve, rogoria am produqciis SefardebiTi Rirebuleba<br />
msoflios mastabiT. axali sainformacio arxebis arsebobis pirobebSi,<br />
ekonomikuri nacionalizmis tradiciuli cnebebi mxolod umniSvnelo<br />
gavlenas Tu moaxdenen Sesyidvis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebze (ome, 1995:27-28).<br />
eri-saxelmwifoebi ara mxolod kargaven TavianT prestiJul pozicias<br />
vaWrobis sferoSi, ejaxebian ra pirispir regionuli saxelmwifoebis<br />
aRmocenebas, aramed amas emateba isic, rom, rogorc ome (1995) aRniSnavs,<br />
115
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas, samoqalaqo minimumis mzardi<br />
moTxovnebis gamo, harmoniulad Tan sdevs politikuri poziciebis<br />
Sesusteba: “am tvirTs emateba, raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, samoqalaqo minimumis<br />
ganuxrelad mzardi wili, romelsac Txoven mTavrobas<br />
mravalmimarTulebiani socialuri programebis saxiT, rogoricaa<br />
magaliTad, materialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis, umuSevrobis kompensaciis, saxelmwifo<br />
ganaTlebis, asakobrivi pensiebis, janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>zRvevis <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi<br />
programebi” (55).<br />
es moTxovna samoqalaqo minimumze im seriozuli Sizofreniis<br />
maCvenebelia, ramac liberaluri demokratiis sazogadoebebi moicva:<br />
moqlaqeebs ar surT aseTi SeRavaTebis Semcireba, magram maT aseve ar surT<br />
am SeRavaTebis sazRauris ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>. omes (1995:46) miaCnia, rom arsebobs sami<br />
gza, romelic SeuZlia gamoiyenos erma-saxelmwifom im mizniT, rom<br />
reagireba moaxdinos sazogadoebriv ukmayofilebaze. pirvel gzas<br />
mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo flobs sakmaod mtkice<br />
monopolias informaciaze, problemebi ki ar aris organizebuli xasiaTis.<br />
aseT dros, eri-saxelmwifo SesaZloa Zalis gamoyenebiT aRudges win<br />
Seqmnil saSiSroebebs, an martivad rom vTqvaT, mimarTos Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
muqaras. es ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> moklevadiani gamosavalia, romelmac saboloo<br />
jamSi SesaZloa “kanonsawinaaRmdego” reJimebis <strong>da</strong>mxoba gamoiwvios. meore<br />
gza gulisxmobs im SemTxvevas, rodesac saxezea arasruli monopolia<br />
informaciaze, magram saxelmwifos jer kidev Seswevs unari, win aRudges<br />
sazogadoebis mRelvarebas. am dros saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiCinos<br />
simtkice xalxis <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobis <strong>da</strong> mRelvarebis mimarT. Tumca, im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac monopolia informaciaze ar aris sakmarisad mtkice<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebisgan seriozuli zewola modis, er-saxelmwifos SeuZlia<br />
opoziciis “mosyidvis” xerxis gamoyeneba.<br />
ome (1995) miiCnevs, rom ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi swored<br />
mesame gzas irCeven. Tumca gamosavali problemaze uaresia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
rogorc ki cnobili xdeba, rom isini [saxelmwifoebi] mzad arian mosyidvis<br />
gziT (Tan rac SeiZleba iafad) <strong>da</strong>akmayofilon mravali mosarCele, romelic<br />
pretenzias acxadebs saxelmwifo resursebze, myisve izrdeba aseTi<br />
pretendentebis ricxvi <strong>da</strong> elian, maTi rigi rodis <strong>da</strong>dgeba. kval<strong>da</strong>kval<br />
izrdeba saxelmwifo mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris donec, romelic ganuxrelad un<strong>da</strong><br />
akmayofilebdes moTxovnas. amiT mdgomareoba mZimdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n Zlierdeba ra<br />
sazogadoebis molodini aseTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris kanonierebis mimarT,<br />
xelisufalTaTvis rTuldeba <strong>da</strong>dgenil wesze uaris Tqma, an nebismieris<br />
gamoricxva, ama Tu im politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis an diskretiuli<br />
Sexedulebis motiviT, gar<strong>da</strong> xelgamowvdil pretendentTa rigebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze<br />
marginaluri kategoriebisa. mdgomareoba kvlav mZimea, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Tu<br />
116
“mekuTvnis” mentaliteti imdenad Zlierad mkvidrdeba, rom saxelmwifo<br />
resursebze moTxovna xelmisawvdom miwodebas ga<strong>da</strong>aWarbebs. <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
amomrCevlebis reaqcia sulac ar gamoixateba ufro mokrZalebuli poziciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebaSi, an Tun<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>TanxmebaSi, rom sazogadoebis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, ufro mcirediTac <strong>da</strong>kmayofildebian. piriqiT, isini<br />
gaafTrebiT cdiloben konkurenti pretendentebis diskreditacias an raime<br />
sxva gzebiT maTi wilis mitacebas. swored am tipis Si<strong>da</strong> Sejaxebebi<br />
warmoSobs im “qimiurad aqtiur nivTierebas”, romelic bolos mouRebs erisaxelmwifos<br />
struqturas. (47)<br />
es “mekuTvnis” mentaliteti eri-saxelmwifos politikur-ekonomikuri<br />
problemebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo minimumis moWarbebuli moTxovnis Serwymas<br />
ganapirobebs. ra SesaZlo gzebi arsebobs eri-saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari<br />
problemebis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad? ome (1995) miiCnevs, rom am kiTxvaze arsebobs<br />
cxadze cxadi pasuxi: warmatebuli regionuli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva organizaciuli formebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba saerTo<br />
organizaciuli problemebis (a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mdgomareobis produqtis)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad <strong>da</strong> aRmosafxvrelad, an nawilobriv mainc <strong>da</strong>saZlevad im<br />
organizaciuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebiT, romlebic mxedvelobaSi iReben<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebas. aq ome mimarTavs populistur SeZaxils, rodesac<br />
amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri problemebi umeteswilad<br />
organizaciuli xasiaTis problemebia, rom isini ideologiis fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />
sakiTxs ar warmoadgenen. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, am problemebis mogvareba<br />
SeuZlebelia er-saxelmwifoebze ama Tu im ideologiuri pasuxis Tavze<br />
moxvevis gziT, iqneba es liberaluri <strong>demokratia</strong>, sabazro ekonomika,<br />
socializmi Tu komunizmi: “mizani, bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, aris ara ama Tu im<br />
politikuri isTebliSmentis an Zalauflebis mowyobis <strong>da</strong>kanoneba, aramed<br />
xalxis, Cveulebrivi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis – Cveni – cxovrebis donis amaRleba<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu sad cxovrobs es xalxi. upirveles yovlisa aris<br />
xalxi <strong>da</strong> mxolod amis Semdegaa _ sazRvrebi. <strong>da</strong>dga dro, rom ekonomikurma<br />
politikam mxedvelobaSi miiRos es martivi faqti” (148).<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli ekonomikis pirobebSi, rodesac ar<br />
arsebobs saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> saxezea investiciebis,<br />
industriis, sainformacio teqnologiebis <strong>da</strong> individualuri<br />
momxmareblebis sul ufro mzardi cvalebadoba, centralur mTavrobebs<br />
rCebaT erTaderTi arCevani imisaTvis, rom Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilon ekonomikis<br />
sklerozi <strong>da</strong> sakuTari qveynebis ekonomikas mdgradi <strong>da</strong> TviT-ganmtkicebadi<br />
energia <strong>da</strong>ubrunon, Tan riskis qveS ar <strong>da</strong>ayenon sakuTari moqalaqeebis<br />
grZelvadiani perspeqtivebi. es arCevani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom globalur<br />
ekonomikaSi CarTvamde globalur logikas un<strong>da</strong> movuxmoT. amisaTvis, ermasaxelmwifoebma<br />
sruli qmediTi avtonomia un<strong>da</strong> miscen regionul<br />
117
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic maT sazRvrebSi an am sazRvrebs miRma<br />
aRmocendeba: “erTaderT ime<strong>da</strong>d rCeba Tanamedrove epoqis post-feo<strong>da</strong>luri,<br />
macentralizebeli tendenciebis mkveTri Secvla <strong>da</strong> imis <strong>da</strong>Sveba – an<br />
ukeTesi iqneba stimulireba _ rom ekonomikuri qanqara qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n kvlav<br />
regionebisken ga<strong>da</strong>ixaros.” (ome, 1995:142).<br />
1995 wels gamocemul naSromSi eri-saxelmwifos aRsasruli, aseve,<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT adre gamoqveynebul popularul naSromSi msoflio sazRvrebis<br />
gareSe: Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> strategia urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul msoflio<br />
ekonomikaSi (1990) Cans, rom ome win wamowevs globaluri moqalaqeobis<br />
ideas, rogorc regionul saxelmwifoebSi momxmareblis <strong>da</strong> mwarmoeblis<br />
ideas. mokled rom SevajamoT, misi mosazreba efuZneba <strong>da</strong>Svebas, rom bazari<br />
gansazRvravs, vin miekuTvneba moqalaqeobis samefos <strong>da</strong> vin <strong>da</strong>rCa sazRvrebs<br />
miRma. faqtobrivad, omes mosazrebiT, korporaciebma, zogma saxelmwifo<br />
institutebma <strong>da</strong> garkveuli raodenobis moqalaqeebma gamoZebnes iseTi<br />
SesaniSnavi niSebi, rogoric aris mecniereba, teqnologia, kapitali <strong>da</strong><br />
Sroma, iqi<strong>da</strong>n ki moxerxebulad ewevian konkurencias saqonlis warmoebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mimocvlis msoflio sistemaSi. es regionuli niSebi, romelTa<br />
kanonierebas ganapirobebs maTi unari, warmatebiT gaswion konkurencia<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobis mier marTul msoflioSi, aseve is faqti, rom isini<br />
resursebisa <strong>da</strong> unaris (niWis) ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukeT<br />
gamoiyurebian (samagaliTo<strong>da</strong>c), faqtobrivad erTaderT produqtiul<br />
rgolebs warmoadgenen, romlebsac TavianT garSemo mTeli sazogadoebrivi<br />
wyobis ageba xelewifebaT, Tavisi filosofiuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT.<br />
zemoT moyvanili analizi<strong>da</strong>n bunebrivad gamomdinareobs, rom is<br />
koncefciebi, romlebic eri-saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb mecxramete saukuneSi<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>, dRes sruliad moZvelebulia. maT yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe<br />
misces regionul savaWro blokebs ayvavebis SesaZlebloba, ise, rom zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebic ki ar <strong>da</strong>uwesebiaT maTTvis. Sesabamisad,<br />
saxelmwifo institutebis, kapitalis, Sromisa <strong>da</strong> korporaciebis<br />
konkurentuli saqmianoba, globaluri masStabiT, organizebuli<br />
sazogadoebis, ekonomikuri moqalaqeobis erTaderT saR azrs niSnavs _<br />
romelic jabnis politikuri moqalaqeobis nebismieri formis mniSvnelobas<br />
– kulturul-nacionaluri homogenurobis nebismieri formis saRi azris<br />
CaTvliT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba popularul masobriv kulturas, romelic,<br />
rogorc norma ise <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> mTel msoflioSi, aseve, masmedias, romelic<br />
stimuls aZlevs <strong>da</strong> aregulirebs kidec moxmarebas <strong>da</strong> faseulobebs<br />
msoflios masStabiT.<br />
118
ome (1995; 1990) miiCnevs, rom namdvilad ar arsebobs imis safuZveli,<br />
rom vibrZoloT moqalaqeobis uflebebis an movaleobebis ama Tu im<br />
ideisaTvis, an <strong>da</strong>vasabuToT is saWiroebebi, romlebic moqalaqis Rirsebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT arsebobs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifos di<strong>da</strong>d ar Seswevs “movaWre<br />
saxelmwifoebs” Soris mimocvlis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis unari, aseve, imis gamo,<br />
rom liberalizmis pirobebSi samoqalaqo minimumis moTxovniT<br />
ganxorcielebulma zewolam katastrofuli Sedegebi moitana. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, moqalaqeobis idea, bazris mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris (sponsorobis) gareSe<br />
uazroa.<br />
moqalaqeebi, saxelmwifo suvereniteti <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
universaluri uflebebi<br />
yofierebis pirveli mdgomareoba aris saxelmwifos Zalaufleba, meore ki<br />
resursebi, romliTac is qonebis <strong>da</strong>grovebas SeZlebs. saxelmwifo<br />
xelisufleba, martivad rom vTqvaT, sulieri substanciaa, iseve rogorc<br />
yvelafris miRwevadoba, absoluturad srulyofili faqti, romelSic<br />
individebi maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli bunebis gamoxatulebas pouloben <strong>da</strong><br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c maTi konkretuli arseboba, ubralod <strong>da</strong> mxolod, sakuTari<br />
universalurobis gacnobierebaa.<br />
--hegeli, gonis fenomenologia<br />
zustad sapirispiro politikur-filosofiuri mosazrebis Tanaxmad,<br />
maSin rodesac moqalaqeobis sazRvrebi, rogorc ome aRwers, SeiZleba<br />
gansaxierebul iqnes mowinave industriuli qveynebis gamocdilebaSi. am<br />
sazRvrebis realuri safuZveli aris ara mxolod, an eqskluziurad,<br />
ekonomikuri garemoebebi, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis dominireba, rac<br />
ayalibebs moqalaqeobis axal <strong>da</strong> ufro universalur koncefcias. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
uflebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli moZraoba iSva omisSemdgom epoqaSi, <strong>da</strong> is,<br />
rogorc magaliTi, naTla<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
politikur kursSi, romelic evropis qveynebSi “ucxoeli muSebis” (droebiT<br />
momuSave imigrantebis) mimarT SeimuSaves. swored a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri<br />
uflebebis dominireba, <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod gabatonebuli sabazro wesebi udevs<br />
safuZvlad moqalaqeobis axal moTxovnebs, <strong>da</strong> aseve moqalaqeobis sazRvrebs<br />
eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebSi. 4<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis cnebis universaluri ganvrcobis meSveobiT, im<br />
individebisaTvis, romlebic saxelmwifo moqalaqeobis statusis gareSe<br />
aRmoCndnen, xelmisawvdomi xdeba piradi uflebebi. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebi<br />
gvevlineba rogorc axali normatiuli sistema <strong>da</strong> axali transnacionaluri<br />
diskursi <strong>da</strong> struqtura, romelic ara mxolod ganadidebs, aramed xels<br />
uwyobs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebs, rogorc saerTaSoriso donis saorganizacio<br />
119
princips. amgvarad, universaluri individualobis gabatoneba erovnul<br />
statusze Zirs uTxris moqalaqeobis nacionalur safuZvels. nuhoglu<br />
soisali (1994)) eWvqveS ayenebs popularul koncefcias, romelic Rrmad aris<br />
gamj<strong>da</strong>ri politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs imas, rom<br />
organizebul TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebisTvis, saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba<br />
imperativia. igi acxadebs, rom<br />
wevrobis uflebebis sistemaSi Sesvla aucilebeli ar aris iTxovdes<br />
nacionalur erTobaSi inkorporacias . . . [evropaSi] “ucxoeli muSebis”<br />
gamocdileba mowmobs imas, rom meoce saukuneSi, emigraciis ori fazis<br />
manZilze mox<strong>da</strong> globaluri diskursisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis modelebis Secvla.<br />
nacionaluri moqalaqeobis modeli, romelic kulturuli kuTvnilebis<br />
teritorializebul cnebebs emyareba, gabatonebuli iyo saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />
masobrivi migraciis periodSi. maSin elodnen, rom imigrantebi nacionalur<br />
moqalaqeebad Camoyalibdebodnen. “ucxoeli muSebis” axlo warsulis<br />
gamocdileba asaxavs im dros, rodesac nacionaluri moqalaqeoba kargavs<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gs <strong>da</strong> icvleba wevrobis ufro universaluri modeliT, romelic<br />
emyareba piradi uflebebis deteritorializebul cnebebs. (3)<br />
nuhoglu soisali (1994) aRwers axal models, romelSic uflebebi<br />
institucionalizebulia individualobis, rogorc postnacionaluri<br />
moqalaqeobis safuZvelze: “postnacionaluri moqalaqeoba TiToeul<br />
pirovnebas saxelmwifos sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa <strong>da</strong> saxelisuflo<br />
sruqturebSi monawileobis uflebasa <strong>da</strong> movaleobas aniWebs, ganurCevlad<br />
imisa, Tu ra istoriuli an kulturuli kavSirebi gaaCnia am pirovnebas<br />
konkretul sazogadoebasTan”(3). misi analizi efuZneba ara mxolod<br />
gulwrfel aRiarebas imisa, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi winaswargansazRvruli<br />
normatiuli sistemaa, romelic Caanacvlebs nacionalur, regionul, Tu<br />
adgilobriv kulturebs (<strong>da</strong> rogorc aseTi, identobis politikas), aramed<br />
aseve axal institucionalizmis <strong>da</strong> im organizaciuli wesebis upiratesobas,<br />
romlebic msoflios axali wesrigis (romelic iTvaliswinebs ganaTlebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols msoflio sistemaSi) konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis Sedegs warmoadgenen.<br />
institutebis formireba xdeba irgvliv gabatonebuli rutinis,<br />
wesebis, normebis <strong>da</strong> struqturebis pirobebSi. qcevis garkveuli sazRvrebis<br />
farglebSi maT socialuri moqmedebis transformaciis warmarTva SeuZliaT.<br />
cvlilebebi, romlebic axali institucionalizmis gamo xorcieldeba,<br />
ganviTarebis procesSi ekonomikas (deindustrializacia, eqsportze<br />
orientirebuli modelebi, globalizacia), politikas (saxelmwifos rolis<br />
<strong>da</strong>knineba kerZo seqtorSi, saxelmwifo investiciebis ukan gawveva,<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa Semcireba) <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s (gazrdili<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi momxmarebelTaTvis, privatizeba, decentralizacia <strong>da</strong><br />
120
ganaTlebis xarisxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi) Soris arsebul<br />
urTierTobebSi, ganaTlebis rols eWvqveS ayenebs.<br />
savaldebulo swavleba asocirebulia vesternizaciis, modernizaciis,<br />
sazogadoebrivi kontrolis <strong>da</strong> statusuri jgufebis konkurenciis<br />
procesebTan. adreuli institucionalisturi midgoma, romelic<br />
warmoCenilia j. meieris (1977) <strong>da</strong> j. bolisa <strong>da</strong> f. ramiresis (1992) naSromSi,<br />
sxva arsebul mosazrebebTan erTad amtkicebs, rom ganaTlebis ganviTareba<br />
aris ara saSinao (Si<strong>da</strong>) procesebis Sedegi, aramed ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri difercirebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, industrializaciis <strong>da</strong><br />
urbanizaciis Sedegi. amgvarad, masobrivi swavleba ar Camoyalibebula<br />
rogorc sazogadoebrivi kontrolis (<strong>da</strong>bal socialur klasebze an<br />
imigrantebze) <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis an mosaxleobis tradiciuli ganwyobebis<br />
orientaciis Secvlis winaswarganzraxuli mcdelobis Sedegi,Aaramed,<br />
rogorcBboli <strong>da</strong> ramiresi (1992) asabuTeben, masobrivi swavleba<br />
“warmoadgens mTlianobaSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis kulturuli sistemis ganviTarebis<br />
RirSesaniSnav Sedegs” (28). eWvs ar iwvevs, rom politika <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
universaluri uflebebis diskursi <strong>da</strong>savleTis am axaliUkulturuli<br />
sistemis qvakuTxe<strong>da</strong>d gvevlineba.<br />
Ees <strong>da</strong>savluri sistema imTaviTve eri-saxelmwifos cnebis <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove koncefciis Camoyalibebas moicavs. amas<br />
savaldebulo masobrivi swavlebis wyarod aRiqvamen. is aseve gulisxmobs,<br />
rogorc boli <strong>da</strong> ramiresi (1992) aRniSnaven, imas, rom swavleba asrulebs<br />
oficialuri warmdgenis rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, gvevlineba<br />
rogorc “droSi ganvrcobili kurTxevis rituali, romelic<br />
Camouyalibebel bavSvebs simboluri formiT srulyofil individebad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis, individebad, romlebic uflebamosilni arian monawileoba<br />
miiRon Tanamedrove ekonomikur, politikur <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> amas Tavisi bunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare akeTebs” (30).<br />
Aam miznebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifos, rogorc modernizators,<br />
umTavresi roli akisria. axlo warsulSi, saxelmwifo uunaro<br />
warmonaqmnad gvevlinebo<strong>da</strong>, simboloebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac ki. brus fuleris<br />
(1991:12-24) azriT, saxelmwifo aris SezRuduli instituti, romelic<br />
reagirebas axdens mrvalferovani interesebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis erTobliobaze, <strong>da</strong> avlens ra sakuTar sisustes,<br />
martiv gamosavals naxulobs <strong>da</strong> “swavlebis gamafrTxilebel Teorias”<br />
qmnis. saxelmwifo valdebulia moipovos materialuri kapitali <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnikuri nou-hau, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is ibrZvis legitimaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
organizaciuli efeqtianobisaTvis. es ki misi sicocxlisunarianobisaTvisaa<br />
aucilebeli. amgvarad, saxelmwifos simyife ganviTarebad sazogadoebebSi<br />
121
<strong>da</strong> is Seusabamobebi, romlebsac igi awydeba, aixsneba imiT, rom susti<br />
saxelmwifoebi metoqeobas uweven sxva modernizebad institutebs, magram<br />
ara im garegani <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> ZalebiT, romlebic Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Zirs uTxrian<br />
saxelmwifos avtonomias, gansakuTrebiT, msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikuri<br />
globalizaciis fonze. analogiurad, saxelmwifo kargavs marTvis unars<br />
(maT Soris demokratiuli sistemebis marTvis unars) maSin, roca<br />
sazogadoebebs erTmaneTTan Seusabamo signalebs awvdis.<br />
aRniSnul midgomasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aSkara problemebs vawydebiT,<br />
magram axla maTze detalurad ver SevCerdebiT. Tumca, svams ra sakiTxs<br />
wevrobis globaluri paradoqsebis Sesaxeb, nuhoglu soisali (1994) axali<br />
institucionalistebis analizi<strong>da</strong>n gamokveTil zogierT yvelaze Znelad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saWrel sakiTxze miuTiTebs:<br />
omisSemdgom epoqaSi, Tuki imigraciis Sesaxeb diskusiisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis erT<br />
aspeqts warmoadgens nacionaluri saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>xurva warmoadgens, meore<br />
aspeqti imave saxlmwifos eqspansiaa nacionaluri sazRvris miRma. maSin<br />
rodesac pirveli gulisxmobs sazRvris agebas TavSekavebis RonisZiebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> nacionaluri istoriebis gamoyenebiT, meore Tavis TavSi “sazRvrebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTas” moicavs. . . a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mudmiv mimosvlas, wevrobis uflebebis<br />
ganvrcobas ucxo qveynebis moqalaqeebze <strong>da</strong> ambebs mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.<br />
am aSkara paradoqsis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu mxedvelobaSi<br />
miviRebT msoflio donis instituciur sistemebs <strong>da</strong> procesebs. (6)<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTTan antagonizmSi modis ori principi,<br />
kerZod, saxelmwifos suvereniteti <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri uflebebi.<br />
nuhoglu soisali miiCnevs, rom “es ori globaluri principi erTdroulad<br />
axdens eri-saxelmwifos moqmedebis arealis rogorc SezRudvas, ise<br />
gafarToebas” (7-8). es warmoSobs Seusabamobebs uflebebis normatiul <strong>da</strong><br />
organizaciul bazebs Soris, agreTve, konstituciur miTiTebebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonmdeblobas Soris. warmoiqmneba araTanmimdevrulobac aRniSnuli<br />
kanonebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT im socialur konteqstebSi,<br />
romlebic <strong>da</strong>vis sagans Seadgens. mokled, im <strong>da</strong>vebis konteqstSi, romlebic<br />
mimdinareobs identobis <strong>da</strong> kulturis politikis sakiTxebze sazogadoebriv<br />
formaciebSi, ver iqneba ugulebelyofili rasizmi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba, genderuli diskriminacia <strong>da</strong> patriarqati, klasobrivi<br />
eqspluatacia <strong>da</strong> patrimonializmi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c TiToeuli maTgani im<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis yoveldRiur cxovrebis nawilia, romlebic miekuTvnebian<br />
rogorc elitur fenebs, ise socialurad <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul segmentebs.<br />
nuhoglu soisali (1994), romelic upirispirdeba saxelmwifoSi<br />
moqalaqeobis miRebis SesaZleblobis <strong>da</strong> wevrobis uflebebis gamoyenebis<br />
122
Sesaxeb tradiciul mosazrebebs, ga<strong>da</strong>uxvia im mTavari varaudi<strong>da</strong>n, rasac<br />
adreuli institucionalisturi Teoria efuZneba <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs Semdegs:<br />
saxelmwifo aRar aris avtonomiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli organizacia,<br />
romelic Caketilia nacionalobis niSniT gansazRvruli mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />
sanacvlod miviReT konstituciurad urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelmwifoebis<br />
sistema, mravalferovani wevrebiT. [Sesabamisad] . . . individualobis logika<br />
anacvlebs nacionaluri moqalaqeobis logikas, [<strong>da</strong>] individualurma<br />
uflebebma <strong>da</strong> movaleobebma, romlebic istoriulad ganTavsebuli iyo ersaxelmwifoSi,<br />
aqtiurad ga<strong>da</strong>inacvles universalistikur sibrtyeSi,<br />
gaarRvies ra konkretuli eri-saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebi. (164-165)<br />
TumcaRa, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saxeliT,<br />
sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobis gauaresebis kvalobaze,<br />
Cadenili <strong>da</strong> mxilebuli iqna mravali boroteba, magaliTad, gamomJRavn<strong>da</strong><br />
1991 wels somalSi myofi samSvidobo misiis mier a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevis faqtebi, kerZod, kanadel <strong>da</strong> italiel jariskacebs brali<br />
<strong>da</strong>edoT iseTi <strong>da</strong>naSaulis CadenaSi, rogoricaa somaleli mozardebis<br />
wameba <strong>da</strong> mkvleloba (foqsi, 1997).<br />
Nnuhoglu soisalis (1994) mier gakeTebuli analizi moqalaqeobis<br />
sazRvrebis Sesaxeb sam doneze axdens gavlenas: pirvelia moqalaqeobis<br />
done, sa<strong>da</strong>c identobis <strong>da</strong> uflebebis cnebebi <strong>da</strong>Sorebulia erTmaneTisagan;<br />
meore done aris identobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s politikis done,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c wevrobis warmoqmna saxelmwifoSi ”rTuli struqturis mqonea, masSi<br />
Cawnulia lokaluri, regionuli <strong>da</strong> globaluri identobebi, <strong>da</strong> moicavs,<br />
uflebebis, movaleobebis <strong>da</strong> erTgulebis urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveT sirTuleebs”.<br />
(166); <strong>da</strong>bolos, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
saerTaSoriso sistemas MmTel msoflioSi demokratiis miRwevis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, nuhoglu soisali gansakuTrebulad akeTebs aqcents imis<br />
aRmocenebaze, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT kosmopolituri demokratiebi, anu<br />
internacionaluri politikuri sistemebi, romlebic TavianTi<br />
warmomavlobiT <strong>da</strong> dinamikiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT gamoyofilia eri-saxelmwifoebis<br />
kanonmdeblobisgan.<br />
globalizacia <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli moqalaqeoba:<br />
postmodernizmis Svilebi?<br />
`is rac Sen dRes <strong>da</strong>gexmara Zala iyo <strong>da</strong> ara foTlebi.”<br />
“Seni Zala, don xuan?”<br />
123
“mgoni, SegiZlia Tqva, rom es Cemi Zala iyo, Tumca, es mTlad swori ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos. Zala aravis ekuTvnis. zogierTebma SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vagrovoT Zala <strong>da</strong><br />
mere pir<strong>da</strong>pir ga<strong>da</strong>vceT sxvas. Senaxuli Zalis gasaRebi isa, rom mis<br />
gamoyenebas mxolod maSin SeZleb, Tu sxvas <strong>da</strong>exmarebi Zalis SenaxvaSi.”<br />
---karlos kastane<strong>da</strong>, “jadoqroba: samyaros aRwera”<br />
Mmoqalaqeoba yovelTvis asocirdebo<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos<br />
mowyobasTan <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebasTan. mzardi globalizaciis pirobebSi,<br />
sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, xdeba Tu ara eri-saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uZlureba. paradoqsia, magram aseTi varaudi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
postmodernistul SexedulebasTan.<br />
postmodernizmi asabuTebs, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi kargaven TavianT<br />
mniSvnelobas im mimdinare procesSi, roca msoflio sul ufro metad<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdeba <strong>da</strong> izrdeba adgilobrivi konfliqtebis<br />
ricxvi. rogorc imanuel uolerSteini amtkicebs, (kapitalisturi) msoflio<br />
sistemis istoria istoriuli gezia aRebuli kulturuli<br />
heterogenurobisaken <strong>da</strong> ara kulturuli homogenizaciisaken. amdenad, naciis<br />
fragmentacia msoflio sistemaSi mimdinareobs kulturuli diferencirebis<br />
an kulturuli kompleqsurobis, anu globalizaciis tendenciis<br />
paralelurad. globalizacia <strong>da</strong> regionalizacia erTdroulad<br />
warmoiqmnadi dualuri procesebia. es faqti uyuradRebod ar <strong>da</strong>rCeniaT<br />
postmodernizmis garkveuli ganStoebebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic<br />
gvTavazoben gzas imis gasacnobiereblad, rom eTnikurobasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
nacionalizmTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis wamoweva <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong> aris ara erTmaneTTan gar<strong>da</strong>uval winaaRmdegobaSi myofi, aramed<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli femomenebi.<br />
Hheldi (1995) <strong>da</strong>majereblad asabuTebs, rom arsebobs axali msoflio<br />
wesrigi, romelic kapitalizmis globalizaciasTanaa asocirebuli.<br />
saerTaSoriso wesrigi, romelic moicavs warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> mimocvlis<br />
globaluri sistemis kombinacias, rac scildeba nebismieri calke aRebuli<br />
eri-saxelmwifos (Tun<strong>da</strong>c yvelaze Zlieris) kontrolis sazRvrebs;<br />
transnacionaluri urTierTqmedebis <strong>da</strong> komunikaciis eqstensiuri sistemebi,<br />
romlebic aRemateba nacionalur sazogadoebebs <strong>da</strong> romlebic arad miiCneven<br />
saxelmwifo regulirebis formebs; Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> saqmianoba im didi<br />
raodenobiT arsebuli saerTaSoriso sistemebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebisa,<br />
romlebic aknineben gin<strong>da</strong>c wamyvani saxelmwifoebis moqmedebis areals; <strong>da</strong><br />
usafrTxoebis im struqturebis internacionalizacia, romlebic<br />
saxelmwifoTa mier samxedro Zalis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZleblobebs zRu<strong>da</strong>ven. (101)<br />
124
mTlianobaSi, heldis argumentebi emTxveva omes argumentebs<br />
regionuli saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom<br />
warsulSi, savaWro gzebi <strong>da</strong> imperiebi teritoriulad <strong>da</strong>Sorebul<br />
mosaxleobas erTmaneTTan naklebad <strong>da</strong>xvewili urTierTqmedebis sistemebiT<br />
akavSirebdnen. dRes axali Tanamedrove socialuri wesrigi garigebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
koordinaciis im mravalferovani sistemebiT ganisazRvreba, romlebic<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobebs <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebs imdenad rTuli<br />
meqanizmebiT akavSireben, rom teritoriuli sazRvrebi faqtiurad kargaven<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebas ekonomikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri aqtivobebis<br />
kontrolis TvalsazrisiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom aseTi situacia<br />
axali politikuri gaugebrobebis wyaroa.<br />
mavani SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>eTanxmos keniCi omes an devid heldis mosazrebas<br />
axali socialuri wesrigis Sesaxeb, romelic Tan sdevs kapitalizmis<br />
globalizacias <strong>da</strong> teqnologiis gabatonebas, magram arsebobs sxva sakmaod<br />
<strong>da</strong>majerebeli faqtebi, romlebic verafriT <strong>da</strong>rCeba yuradRebis miRma. maT<br />
Soris aris is faqti, rom kapitali kvlavac aramkacrad aris<br />
regulirebuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi maSin, roca samuSao Zala<br />
saxelmwifos farglebSi zustad gansazRvrul regulaciebs eqvemdebareba.<br />
ase, rom kapitalistebis garkveuli <strong>da</strong>jgufebebisaTvis kvlavac aqtualuri<br />
rCeba SekiTxva _ romeli tipis mTavroba iqneba yvelaze Sesaferisi<br />
imisTvis, rom Tanadgoma aRmouCinos biznesis samyaros kanonzomierebebs?<br />
rac imas niSnavs, rom kapitalisturi samyaro yovelTvis rodi miesalmeba<br />
yvela tipis mTavrobas, Tu saxelisuflo alianss, iseve rogorc, yvela<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebas gansxvavebuli tipis <strong>da</strong> masStabis regulaciebi<br />
gaaCnia. magaliTad, eWvgareSea, rom is normebi, romlebic aregulireben<br />
kapitalistur transaqciebs, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT iaponiaSi, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im<br />
normebisagan, romlebic moqmedeben amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, is rac kanonieria <strong>da</strong> Seesabameba Cveul praqtikas iaponiaSi,<br />
SesaZloa arakanoniera<strong>da</strong>c iyos miCneuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, masze antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis normebi gavrceldes. 5<br />
teqnologias aqvs nacionaluri `saTburebi”, rogoricaa magaliTad<br />
kaliforniis `silikon veli”, rodesac rigi qveynebi floben sainformacio<br />
teqnologiebis, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis, kapitalis <strong>da</strong><br />
bunebrivi resursebis ufro did kritikul masas sxva qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, maSin rodesac arsebobs saga<strong>da</strong>saxado samoTxeebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
multinacionalur korporaciebs TavianTi biznesis ganTavseba <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Sesabamisad, mogebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>xdisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rweva SeuZliaT,<br />
(mag., andora, kanaris kunZulebi, kaimanis kunZulebi) sxva msxvili <strong>da</strong> mcire<br />
adgilobrivi an multinacionaluri biznes korporaciebi kvlav rCebian<br />
125
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli TavianT saTao ofisebze <strong>da</strong> operirebis sferoebze <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobriv/saxelmwifo doneze ibegrebian.<br />
aseT istoriul konteqstSi ra zegavlenas axdens globalizacia<br />
moqalaqeobaze, <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze? demokratiis cnebis<br />
nebismieri axali definiciis SemoReba saxelmwifo swavlebas modernistuli<br />
saganmanaTleblo proeqtis centrSi ayenebs. Tumca, aq postmodernizmi<br />
moiSvelieb<strong>da</strong> im arguments, rom demokratiuli Teoriis eTikuri, arsebiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> proceduruli elementebi xelaxla un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>sinjuli<br />
postmodernistuli kulturis kuTxiT. problema, romelic dgas ganaTlebis<br />
sferos specialistebis, mSoblebis, moswavleebisa <strong>da</strong> politikosebis winaSe<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saWiroa warsuli warumateblobebis <strong>da</strong> im uamravi<br />
gamomricxavi praqtikis kritikuli gaazreba, romliTac jer kidev<br />
gajerebulia swavlebis procesi _ Sesabamisad saWiroa iseTi problemebis<br />
wina planze wamoweva, rogoricaa Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> dominireba, klasi, rasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sqesi. magaliTad, rogorc adre aRvniSne, aseve un<strong>da</strong> iqnes Seswavlili<br />
instrumentuli racionalurobis koncefciis motivirebuloba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n, es<br />
ukanaskneli, warmarTavs ra skolis reformirebis process, yuradRebis<br />
centrSi aqcevs administrirebas, procedurebs <strong>da</strong> efeqtianobas, rogorc<br />
cvlilebisa <strong>da</strong> progresis mTavar kriteriumebs, <strong>da</strong> kidev imis gamo, rom am<br />
koncefciis mixedviT arsebobs saerTo sistema, romelic yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
codnis organizebas (struqturirebas) axdens. 6 es ki, u<strong>da</strong>vod, saeWvos xdis<br />
postmodernizmis zogierT sakvanZo midgomas.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebi faqtiurad Seadgenen im bazas, romlis<br />
meSveobiTac identobis politika ganisazRvreba, xolo tolerantobis cneba<br />
mravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis mTavar safuZvelad gvevlineba. orive,<br />
Tavis mxriv, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis saxiT aris <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli. tod gitlini<br />
(1995) ganmartavs:<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mier pativiscemis gamoxatva gansxvavebulobis mimarT,<br />
gacnobiereba, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi aspeqti gansxvavebul<br />
garemoSi cxovrebaa, aRiareba, rom nebismieri a<strong>da</strong>mianis codnas aqvs sazRvari<br />
– kvlav a<strong>da</strong>mianis saerTo uflebebis safuZvlia. ganvavrcobT ra logikurad<br />
ganmanaTleblobis universaluri uflebebis ukv<strong>da</strong>v ideals, is<br />
uzrunvelyofs gansxvavebulobis uflebas _ Tumca, iqve gvaxsenebs, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs sakmarisi safuZveli aqvT imisaTvis, rom maTi Sexedulebebi erT<br />
elementarul uflebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT savsebiT identuri iyos: es uflebaa<br />
iyo is, risi survilic gaqvs rom iyo. (215)<br />
gitlinis (1995) mier saganmanaTleblo moZraobis gamalebuli <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
postmodernistuli SexedulebebisaTvis mTavar problemas warmoqmnis:<br />
126
axdens ra kritikuli modernizmis umniSvnelovanesi wvlilis ignorirebas,<br />
mravali postmodernituli midgoma a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis uflebamosilebebis<br />
miniWebis <strong>da</strong> misi gaTavisuflebis procesis depolitizaciis maxeSi ebmeba.<br />
henri Jiro (1988) pir<strong>da</strong>pir ayenebs problemas: “fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi<br />
Teoriebi<strong>da</strong>n gaqceva xSirad imavdroulad politiki<strong>da</strong>n gaqcevas niSnavs”<br />
(61). igi ganagrZobs:<br />
postmodernizmis, poststruqturalizmis <strong>da</strong> neo-pragmatizmis nairsaxeobebma<br />
omi gamoucxades yvela kategoriis aRmatebulobas, utyuarobas <strong>da</strong><br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizms. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli principebi axla gvesaxeba rogorc mxolod<br />
istoriis nakvalevi. erTiani sagani, romelic didi xani liberaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
radikaluri samomavlo imedebis burji iyo, amJamad decentrirebis<br />
procesebis Sefasebis SuagulSia momofantuli. metic, fun<strong>da</strong>mentalizmze<br />
ganxorcielebul ieriSs Sedegad mohyva calmxrivi meTodologiuri<br />
gataceba, rac gamoixata ara mxolod konkretuli WeSmaritebebis<br />
dekonstruirebaSi, aramed TviT WeSmaritebis cnebis, rogorc<br />
epistemologiuri kategoriis winaaRmdegobebis gamovlenaSi. (61)<br />
msgavsi kritikuli suliskveTebiT, habermasis eTikuri racionalizmi<br />
safuZvels iZleva, ganxorcieldes Zlieri kontrSeteva postmodernistuli<br />
filosofiis mier eTikisa <strong>da</strong> politikis uaryofis winaaRmdeg. es eTikuri<br />
racionalizmi <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT mTavari misaTiTebeli obieqtia ganaTlebis<br />
sociologiaSi aRmocenebadi perspeqtivebisaTvis, ganaTlebis dinamiurobis<br />
gamo moqalaqeobis formirebisaTvis Seqmnili pirobebis sistematiuri<br />
Sefasebis CaTvliT. (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, ibeWdeba a) aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven<br />
gvesaWiroeba globalizaciis processa <strong>da</strong> moqalqeobas Soris arsebuli<br />
kavSirurTierTobis, rogorc soli<strong>da</strong>robis Senebis procesis detaluri<br />
Seswavla.<br />
globalizacia, moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>roba<br />
sazogadoeba an polis-i ar aris iseTi ram, rac SeiZleba Seiqmnas an risi<br />
konstruqciis agebac SesaZlebelia. aq ufro wris magvar ramesTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme . . . . iseTi tipis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Seqmna, romelic<br />
ganamtkicebs soli<strong>da</strong>robas, sazogadoebis Tavisuflebas, saubris <strong>da</strong> mosmenis<br />
survils, ormxriv diskusias <strong>da</strong> racionalur <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulobas varaudobs<br />
aseTi koleqtiuri cxovrebis sawyisi formebis arsebobas. magram ra un<strong>da</strong><br />
movimoqmedoT maSin, roca aseTi erTobebi sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro irRveva,<br />
xolo rRvevis procesi Tavad sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebis<br />
Sedegia? ufro mwvaved rom vTqvaT, ra un<strong>da</strong> movimoqmedoT iseT situaciaSi,<br />
rodesac vacnobierebT, Tu kacobriobis ramxela nawils aZeveben<br />
sistematiurad aseTi dialoguri erTobebi<strong>da</strong>n, an ganzrax ganarideben mas<br />
erTobebSi monawileobis miRebisagan?<br />
127
. j. bernSteini, obieqtivizmis <strong>da</strong> relativizmis miRma: mecniereba,<br />
interpretacia <strong>da</strong> praqtika<br />
Tu globalizacia safuZvlianad asustebs eri-saxelmwifoebis<br />
pozicias msoflio sistemaSi, is amave dros axal saxes sZens samuSao Zalis<br />
moZraobas saxelmwifoTa Soris <strong>da</strong> ayalibebs axal socialur garemos.<br />
Sedegad, globalizacias Tan sdevs mravalferovnebis zr<strong>da</strong> TviT erisaxelmwifoebis<br />
farglebSi. Tu <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> kulturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis globalizaciis procesis erT-erT Sedegia eri-saxelmwifos<br />
doneze, globalizaciasa <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms Soris arsebuli<br />
kavSirebi uSualo zegavlenas axdenen im Teoriul debatebze <strong>da</strong> praqtikul<br />
politikaze, romelic bikulturuli <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli identobebis<br />
konstitucias exeba, aseve, mravalenobriobis sakiTxs skolebSi <strong>da</strong> axal,<br />
kulturuli xasiaTis moTxovnebs saswavlo programasTan, swavlebasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
swavlasTan, SefasebasTan <strong>da</strong> jgufTaSoris urTierTobebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
amis gamo, sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebulma saxelmwifom<br />
masobrivi swavlebis politika istoriulad SeimuSava, raTa bevr sxva<br />
sikeTesTan erTad, nacionaluri soli<strong>da</strong>robisTvisac Seewyo xeli (amas<br />
winamdebare wignis me-2 TavSi vasabuTeb). <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />
politika, Tanamedrove saxelmwifom ganaviTara <strong>da</strong> mas uflebamosileba<br />
mianiWa. saxelmwifo, aseve, axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> kontrols <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze <strong>da</strong><br />
axden<strong>da</strong> mis regulirebas. <strong>ganaTleba</strong>m, rogorc saxelmwifo politikam,<br />
mTavari roli Seasrula sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebuli<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebis saqmeSi.<br />
emil durkhaimi (citirebulia bardisis mier, 1985) amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
saxelmwifom ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli Seasrula kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis<br />
meqanikuri gaerTianebi<strong>da</strong>n organuli xasiaTis erTobad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis saqmeSic.<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac sazogadoeba TiTqmis mTlianad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebaze, is ar iqceva im momijnave atomebis mouwesrigebel<br />
erTobliobad, romelTa Soris mas SeuZlia mxolod ze<strong>da</strong>piruli, xanmokle<br />
kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myareba. piriqiT, sazogadoebis wevrebs aerTianebs kavSirebi,<br />
romlebic mniSvnelovnad scdeba im xanmokle drois intervals, romlis<br />
gnmavlobaSic xdeba gacvla. upirveles yovlisa, arsebobs struqtura,<br />
romelzec Cven ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli vxdebiT; es struqtura aris<br />
saxelmwifo. sul ufro mravldeba Sexebis wertilebi, romelTa meSveobiT<br />
Cven vurTierTobT masTan, iseve rogorc is SemTxvevebi, rodesac igi<br />
(saxelmwifo) movalea Segvaxsenos koleqtiuri soli<strong>da</strong>robis grZnobis<br />
arseboba. (271-272)<br />
128
durkhaimis msgavsad, politikuri mecnierebis sxva warmomadgenlebic,<br />
magaliTad, piter flora <strong>da</strong> jens alberi (1991), asabuTeben, rom erisaxelmwifo<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis mTavari wyaroa kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.<br />
eri-saxelmwifo, rogorc soli<strong>da</strong>robis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri, mecxramete saukunis<br />
evropaSi iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams, Tumca mas winamorbedi hyav<strong>da</strong> _ romis kaTolikuri<br />
eklesia, romelic <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwev<strong>da</strong> gaWirvebul fenebs. 7 eri-saxelmwifos<br />
mier soli<strong>da</strong>robis transformaciam asaxva moqalaqeobis sakiTxze hpova. jer<br />
kidev 1950 wels gunar mir<strong>da</strong>li (1960, 1973) gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> mosazrebas, rom<br />
iseTi masStaburi sistemebi, rogoric eri-saxelmwifoa moqalaqeobasTan,<br />
eTnikurobasTan <strong>da</strong> kulturul identobasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. amgvarad,<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifoSi soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
mTavari (magram ara erTaderTi) wyaro moqalaqeobis uflebebis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong><br />
homogenuri sazogadoebis Senebis ritorikas ukavSirdeba.<br />
am gadmosaxedi<strong>da</strong>n, eri-saxelmwifo institucionalizebuli<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis uflebebis safuZvlad gvevlineba. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi mavans gauCndeba SekiTxva _ ratom un<strong>da</strong> gamoucxados mdi<strong>da</strong>rma<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianma soli<strong>da</strong>roba Raribs? ratom un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes raime saxis<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>roba Taobebs Soris? an sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva raionebs/<strong>da</strong>saxlebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
regionebs Soris eri-saxelmwifos farglebSi? an sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesisa <strong>da</strong><br />
profesiis warmomadgenel individebs Soris? an martivad rom vTqvaT, ratom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes raime soli<strong>da</strong>roba TviT moqalaqeebs Soris?<br />
aRniSnul problemas politikuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiT<br />
uzarmazari <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs. am faqts Zalian kargad acnobierebs karl<br />
marqsi (takeri, 1978) Tavis naSromSi germanuli ideologia (The German<br />
Ideology) igi wers:<br />
mxolod imitom, rom individebi arian mxolod sakuTari konkretuli<br />
interesebis ZiebaSi, romlebic maTi gagebiT ar emTxveva maT koleqtiur<br />
interesebs (faqtobrivad, sazogado/saerTo aris koleqtiuri cxovrebis<br />
iluzoruli forma), am ukanasknels Tavs moaxveven maT, rogorc maTTvis<br />
“ucxo” <strong>da</strong> maTgan “<strong>da</strong>moukidebel” interesebs, rogorc Tavis mxriv<br />
konkretul, specifiur “saerTo” interess: an maT Tavad un<strong>da</strong> ganagrZon<br />
arseboba aseT uTanxmoebaSi, rogorc <strong>demokratia</strong>Si. meore mxriv, am<br />
konkretuli interesebis (romlebic mudmiv winaaRmdegobaSi imyofebian<br />
koleqtiur <strong>da</strong> iluzorul koleqtiur interesebTan) praqtikuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispireba iwvevs praqtikuli intervenciis <strong>da</strong> kontrolis<br />
ganxorcielebis aucileblobas iluzoruli “saerTo” interesebis<br />
meSveobiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos saxiTaa warmodgenili. (161)<br />
TumcaRa, es analizi maSinaTve warmoSobs diskusias radikaluri<br />
demokratiis cnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac gvTavazobs Jenevis moqalaqe Jan Jak<br />
129
uso (1976). rusos Tanaxmad, Tu saxelmwifo mowyobis forma aiZulebs<br />
individebs moergon socialur <strong>da</strong> demokratiul paqts (SeTanxmebas), maSin<br />
raSi sWirdebaT maT soli<strong>da</strong>ruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba sakuTari<br />
interesebis sazRvrebs miRma? ra interesis gulisTvis un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnan<br />
pirobebi tolerantobis <strong>da</strong> socialuri artikulaciis minimaluri donis<br />
misaRwevad organuli <strong>da</strong> ara meqanikuri integrirebis gziT? metic, vis<br />
aRmoaCndeba imis unari, rom cxovrebaSi kanonierad ganaxorcielos es<br />
SezRuduli soli<strong>da</strong>roba? swored es mniSvnelovani SekiTxvebi wamoiWreba<br />
xolme, roca rusos Sexedulebebs vaanalizebT. (Cepmeni, 1956).<br />
rusos miaCnia, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi un<strong>da</strong> aiZulon gaxdnen demokratiulebi.<br />
individualuri protestis CaxSoba iwvevs individis Tavisuflebisaken<br />
swrafvis stimulirebas. Tavis naSromSi socialuri kontraqti (Social<br />
Contract) ruso ase asabuTebs sakuTar mosazrebas:<br />
ibadeba kiTxva: rogor SeiZleba a<strong>da</strong>miani iyos Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad<br />
iZulebuli iyos <strong>da</strong>emorCilos ara sakuTar, aramed sxvis survilebs. rogor<br />
xdeba, rom oponentebi, Tavisufalnic arian <strong>da</strong> amave dros eqvemdebarebian<br />
kanonebs, romlebsac ar eTanxmebian? amaze me vpasuxob, rom SekiTxva<br />
araswora<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>smuli . . . saxelmwifos yvela wevris ucvleli neba aris<br />
saerTo/sazogado neba; swored es sazogado neba ganapirobebs am wevrTa<br />
moqalaqeobas <strong>da</strong> maT Tavisuflebas . . . . Cemi sakuTari Sexeduleba rom<br />
dominirebdes, imas ar gavakeTebdi, risi survilic maqvs, raime sxvas<br />
movimoqmedebdi <strong>da</strong> aseT SemTxvevaSi ar viqnebodi Tavisufali. (113)<br />
aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, swored<br />
eri-saxelmwifo ayalibebs im principebs, romlebic socialuri gacvlis <strong>da</strong><br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis regulirebas axdenen. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
Senebis procesze zegavlenas garkveuli cvlilebebic axdenen. <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
samyaroSi saxezea mZafri konkurencia <strong>da</strong>savlur Zalauflebebs Soris. civi<br />
omis Semdgom periodSi Ziri gamoeTxara amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
hegemonias saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. Sedegad, iaponias, germanias <strong>da</strong><br />
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris gaCaRebuli konkurencia aris ara<br />
mxolod imis maniSnebeli, rom gansxvavebuli kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi<br />
metoqeobas uweven erTmaneTs bazrebis (<strong>da</strong> im multinacionaluri<br />
korporaciebis, romlebic Cveulebriv ukavSirdeba maT nacionalur<br />
warmomavlobas) mosapoveblad, aramed saxezea metoqeoba kapitalizmis<br />
gansxvavebul tipebs <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli tipis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs<br />
Soris.<br />
aRmosavleT evropaSi, soli<strong>da</strong>robis organizebuli sistemis moSlam<br />
1989 wlis Semdgom periodSi, dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>ayena soli<strong>da</strong>robis axali<br />
sistemis Seqmnis aucilebloba. Tumca, amjerad ganacxadi keTdeba iseTi<br />
130
sistemis Seqmnaze, romlis marTvac bazris meSveobiT iqneba SesaZlebeli.<br />
sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> moeRos bolo socialuri<br />
uzrunvelyofis sistemas, romelsac marTalia ar Seswevs unari <strong>da</strong>icvas<br />
arCevanis Tavisufleba, magram romelic imavdroulad uzrunvelyofs<br />
sacxovrebeli pirobebis, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> jan<strong>da</strong>cvis minimalur<br />
dones saxelmwifos xarjze. cxadia, rom uamravi sirTule axlavs Tan im<br />
process, romelic saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis sistemi<strong>da</strong>n sabazro<br />
gacvlebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul sistemaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. im<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli konfiguraciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia rigi xelovnurad Seqmnili aRmosavleT evropuli<br />
sazogadoebebisTvis, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problema soli<strong>da</strong>robis iseTi<br />
bazisis Seqmnaa, romelic eTnikurobis <strong>da</strong> erovnuli identobis sazRvrebs<br />
gascdeba. bosniis konfliqti tragikuli xasiaTisaa, magram imavdroulad is<br />
warmoaCens, Tu ramdenad mkacrad aris <strong>da</strong>yofili sazogadoeba erovnuli<br />
niSnis mixedviT aRmosavleTi evropis rig qveynebSi. <strong>da</strong>bolos, Tavi rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaneboT sabWoTa kavSiris yofil gavlenis sferoebs, evrokavSiris Seqmna<br />
gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli tipis soli<strong>da</strong>robis warmoqmnas, SesaZloa<br />
metanacionalur doneze, rac Tavis mxriv, msoflio sistemaSi wonasworobis<br />
Secvlas gamoiwvevs.<br />
globalizacia <strong>da</strong> Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawileba gulisxmobs, rom<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>roba jer kidev eri-saxelmwifos doneze aris organizebuli, Tumca,<br />
gulisxmobs imasac, rom is winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> determinantebi, romelTa<br />
generireba globalizaciis procesis farglebSi xdeba, soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
mowyobaze axdenen zemoqmedebas eri-saxelmwifos doneze, kerZod, roca<br />
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ar arsebobs iseTi instituti, romelic<br />
socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcias ikisrebs (amas erT dros saxelmwifo<br />
institutebi akeTebdnen). aRniSnuli problemebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
globalizaciis procesi, romelic Cveulebriv kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalis<br />
moZraobasTan asocirdeba, SeiZleba arcTu iseTi axali movlena<br />
aRmoCndes, rogora<strong>da</strong>c gvevlineba.<br />
Hharold vilenski (1994) miuTiTebs, rom globalizaciis procesi xazs<br />
usvams Sromis politikis im kurss, romelic jer kidev 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moqmedebs. Tu bazarze orientirebuli demokratiebi mravali formiT<br />
arseboben <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis procesic im procesis nawilia, romelic<br />
teqnologiebis, komunikaciebis <strong>da</strong> vaWrobis sferoebSi ganxorcielebulma<br />
cvlilebebma gamoiwvia, maSin ra cvlilebebi un<strong>da</strong> mieweros Tavad<br />
globalizacias? (gureviCi, 1986). arsebobs eri-saxelmwifoebis<br />
institucionaluri saxesxvaobebi. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan ara<br />
mxolod saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed im kuTxiTac, Tu ra saxiT<br />
floben Zalauflebas eri-saxelmwifoebis gareSe Zalebi msoflio sistemis<br />
131
konteqstSi, anu, multinacionaluri korporaciebis <strong>da</strong> ormxrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso saagentoebis garemoSi. korporativizmis<br />
principebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli SeTanxmeba menejments, samuSao Zalasa <strong>da</strong><br />
keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifos Soris aseve radikalurad iqna<br />
Secvlili. qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba/performansi iZleva vaWrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sferoebSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis axsnas, magram amave<br />
dros, Cven ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vakninoT Zalauflebis, ideologiis <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
partiebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove demokratiebis pirobebSi.<br />
globalizaciis processa <strong>da</strong> identobis transnacionalizacias Soris<br />
arsebuli kavSiri kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. marTalia, sakamaToa<br />
aris Tu ara globalizacia planetaruli movlena, magram socialuri<br />
marginalurobis axali koncefciebi namdvilad axdens zemoqmedebas<br />
CrdiloeTsa <strong>da</strong> samxreTs Soris arsebul orWoful urTierTobebze.<br />
amdenad, soli<strong>da</strong>robis politikis sakvanZo problemebi, mmarTvelobis,<br />
angariSvaldebulebis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis CaTvliT, konfliqtSi modian<br />
centralizaciis istoriul procesTan, romelic Rrmad aris Canergili<br />
nacionalur teritoriebSi. globalizacia aRqmulia rogorc teritoriebis<br />
denacionalizacia, rasac gansazRvravs transnacionaluri korporaciebis<br />
gaZliereba, ucxo saxelmwifoTa Carevis politika <strong>da</strong> farTod gavrcelebadi<br />
transnacionaluri kultura, romelsac asazrdoebs masmedia. yovelive es,<br />
rogorc Cans, jabnis meorexarisxovan er-saxelmwifoebs, adgilobriv<br />
kapitals <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv, regionul <strong>da</strong> nacionalur kulturas. aRniSnuli<br />
denacionalizaciis procesiT gamowveuli reaqciis TvalsaCino magaliTia<br />
Ciapasis konfliqti, romelic 1998 wels arsebobis meoTxe wels <strong>da</strong>iTvlis,<br />
aseve, sapatistebis ganmaTavisuflebeli frontis brZola, romelic miznad<br />
isaxavs indielTa identobis (<strong>da</strong> uflebebis) <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas, rac scdeba <strong>da</strong>,<br />
raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ewinaaRmdegeba im samarTlebriv valdebulebebs, romlebic<br />
aRebuli aqvs meqsikis saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> romelic asaxulia meqsikis, amerikis<br />
SeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>s Soris <strong>da</strong>debul Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />
Crdilo-amerikul SeTanxmebaSi. (markosi, 1994).<br />
aRniSnuli konfliqtebi xdeba globalizaciis mravaljeradi sqemebis<br />
garemoSi. maT Soris, kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebis TvalsazrisiT, moqmedebs “Si<strong>da</strong>”<br />
<strong>da</strong> “garegani” sqemebi. Si<strong>da</strong> sqema exeba saerTaSoriso migracias,<br />
transnacionalur identobebs <strong>da</strong> qalTa <strong>da</strong> feradkaniani mosaxleobis<br />
moZraobebs. globalizaciis garegani sqema exeba axal teqnologiebs,<br />
romlebic cvlian sainformacio process <strong>da</strong> institutebs <strong>da</strong> kapitalis<br />
mobilurobas. amgvarad, globalizaciis Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> garegan sqemebSi moqmedebs<br />
socialuri kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> regulirebis gansxvavebuli formebi. kargi<br />
magaliTia savaluto bazrebi, romlebic kontrols ar eqvemdebarebian,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, teqnologiebis ganviTarebis xarjze miRweuli transaqciebis<br />
132
siCqare saxelmwifo regulirebis <strong>da</strong> kontrolis arsebuli formebis<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. es Zalze sainteresoa, radgan<br />
Tavad teqnologia Seqmnilia ara mxolod rogorc gacvlis, aramed rogorc<br />
kontrolis forma. Tumca, kontrolis am formebiT manipulireba ar aris<br />
advili xelisufalTaTvis. teqnologiebma SesaZloa problemebic ki<br />
Seuqmnan maT. amis sailustraciod qvemoT gTavazobT erT epizods,<br />
romelic braziliis yofil finansTa ministrs, rikuperos ukavSirdeba.<br />
1994 wels, am wignze muSaobisas, kvleviTi samuSaoebis Catareba<br />
braziliaSi momiwia. iq Seveswari politikur skan<strong>da</strong>ls, romelmac Sinaganad<br />
SeZra qveynis mosaxleoba. universitetis yofilma profesorma <strong>da</strong><br />
gamocdilma diplomatma rubens rikuperom, romelic im dros finansTa<br />
ministris posts ikaveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amave dros, laTinuri amerikis qveynebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, saprezidento arCevnebSi iReb<strong>da</strong> monawileobas im axali<br />
saerTaSoriso organizacii<strong>da</strong>n, romelsac cxovrebaSi GATT-iT (generaluri<br />
SeTanxmeba vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> tarifebis Sesaxeb) gaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gatarebina, mis<strong>da</strong> uneblied farTo sazogadoebas Tavisi piradi<br />
mosazrebebi gaumxila braziliis ekonomikasa <strong>da</strong> politikaze. misi interviu<br />
sazogadoebriv arxze un<strong>da</strong> gasuliyo. vidre ministri studiis teqnikur<br />
gamarTvas elodebo<strong>da</strong>, CarTulma mikrofonma misi <strong>da</strong> Jurnalistis piradi<br />
saubari Cawera. es saubari, (rogorc Cans) SemTxveviT gavi<strong>da</strong> eTerSi <strong>da</strong><br />
paraboluri antenebiT meSveobiT mTel braziliaSi moismines. is, rasac<br />
braziliurma mediam “paraboluri antenebis krizisi” uwo<strong>da</strong>, cxadyofs, rom<br />
teqnologia ara mxolod socialuri regulirebis instrumentia, is<br />
SeiZleba ZalauflebiT aRWurvis saSualeba<strong>da</strong>c iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />
rikuperom, sxvaTa Soris isic axsena, rom is ar ganicdi<strong>da</strong> sindisis<br />
qenjnas imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom malav<strong>da</strong> an naklebad problemurad<br />
warmoaCen<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur informacias, rasac SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina<br />
mTavrobis kandi<strong>da</strong>tis, sociolog fernando henrik kardosos saarCevno<br />
kampaniisaTvis. rogorc 1994 wlis 7 seqtembers gamocemulma Jurnalma -<br />
ISTOE<strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong>, man faqtobrivad Tqva: “Eu não tenho escrúpulos. O que é bom a gente<br />
fatura; o que é ruim, esconde.” mas Segnebulad Sehyav<strong>da</strong> xalxi SecdomaSi<br />
ekonomikur indeqsebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac <strong>da</strong> trabaxob<strong>da</strong>, rom es did<br />
sargeblobas moutan<strong>da</strong> qselur telemauwyeblobas Rede Globo-s, romelic<br />
braziliuri burJuaziis yvelaze konservatiul seqtors warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rikuperos TqmiT, imis nacvlad, rom Ria sazogadoebrivi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
gamoexata kardososaTvis, telemauwyebloba rikuperos (rogorc moqmedi<br />
finansTa ministris) argumentebs gadmoscem<strong>da</strong> im ekonomikuri stabilizaciis<br />
proeqtis sasargeblod, romelic kardosos (yofili finansTa ministris)<br />
mier iyo inicirebuli. aravin isurveb<strong>da</strong> rikuperosTan SekamaTebas, radgan<br />
igi umwikvlo reputaciis saxelmwifo moxeled iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
133
a Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aRniSnulma kerZo saubarma SeZra sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> ori<br />
dRis Semdeg rikupero iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>mdgariyo. am<br />
SemTxveviT gamowveulma Sedegma erTxans SiSnarevi atmosfero <strong>da</strong>asadgura<br />
braziliis politikur wreebSi. rikupero uaRresad patiosani politikosis<br />
reputaciiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>, mas gamorCeuli saxelmwifo moxelis imiji<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>, braziliur elitaSi mas rogorc bers <strong>da</strong> askets ise uyurebdnen,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebsa <strong>da</strong> kerZo interesebze maRla<br />
dgebo<strong>da</strong>. vidre es samarcxvino SemTxveva moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoeba<br />
rikuperos umwikvlo zneobisa <strong>da</strong> reputaciis mqone saxelmwifo<br />
funqcionerad racx<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur wreebis warmomadgenelma<br />
araerTma brazilielma motyuebulad igrZno Tavi. politikuri diskursi<br />
gaufasur<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>dga ra eWvqveS momavali mTavrobis kanoniereba. pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />
CemTvis, rogorc ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgis mkvlevarisaTvis, aRniSnuli epizodi<br />
imis maniSnebeli iyo, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebul kavSirurTierTobebze msjelobas, rodesac saqme<br />
gvaqvs rTul zneobriv arCevanTan saxelmwifo politikaSi. bolos <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, sajarod micemuli interviu saxelmwifo moxelis mier Ceulebriv<br />
ganixileba rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris gadmocemis <strong>da</strong> Semecnebis aqti.<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmunebis xelovneba aris pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri xelovneba. lakani SemTxveviT<br />
rodi miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom kargi maswavlebeli igivea, rac didi macdunebeli.<br />
aRniSnulma intervium kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>marwmuna imaSi, rom aucilebelia<br />
saxelmwifo saqmeebis mudmivi kritikuli Seswavla. es ki, saxelmwifo<br />
ritorikisadmi jansaRi skepticizmis safuZvelze un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes.<br />
kritikuli Teoriis kuTxiT, igive exeba saxelmwifo sferoSi <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebaSi socialuri gacvlis <strong>da</strong> narativis yvela dones. <strong>da</strong>bolos, am<br />
SemTxvevam sabolood <strong>da</strong>marwmuna imaSi, rom WeSmariti zneobrivi<br />
aRSfoTeba aris yvelaze Sesaferisi politikuri iaraRi kulturuli<br />
kriticizmis <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli politikis miznebis misaRwevad. Tumca,<br />
moraluri aRSfoTeba ver iqneba ganmartebuli rogorc “gansxvavebuli”<br />
narativi. is namdvilad WeSmaritia, rodesac mas asazrdoebs risxva <strong>da</strong><br />
sasoeba, ori grZnoba, romelic yvelaze mniSvnelovania am kritikul droSi<br />
saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis asaRorZineblad.<br />
Tu im kavSirebs <strong>da</strong>vubrundebiT, romlebic teqnologiur donesa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobas Soris arsebobs, mavanma SeiZleba ikiTxos, ramdenad uwyoben<br />
xels axali teqnologiebi eri-saxelmwifoebis mimarT tradiciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis istoriulad <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli formebis<br />
moSlas? Gglobalizacia Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> kanonierebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneze<br />
axdens zegavlenas <strong>da</strong>, rac yvelaze bunebrivia, liberaluri ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis emansipaciis garSemo mimdinare debatebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is<br />
134
gavlenas axdens imaze, rasac kornel vesti (1993 a) maxvilgonierad<br />
“pirovnebis gar<strong>da</strong>uqmnelobas uwodebs, Tanamonawileobis principze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobebis (sociumis) farglebSi”(32). amerikuli<br />
gagebiT es demokratiuli pragmatizmis mTavari winapirobaa.<br />
ekonomikuri globalizacia adgils unacvlebs Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
uflebamosilebebis garkveul komponentebs. am procesSi Tavs iCens<br />
arsaxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis, legitimaciis <strong>da</strong> uflebamosilebis axali<br />
formebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saerTaSoso savaluto fondi, msoflio<br />
banki, msoflio vaWrobis organizacia <strong>da</strong> sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,<br />
romlebmac ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi axali funqciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
legitimuroba moipoves. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom nacionaluri elituri<br />
wreebis <strong>da</strong> samecniero sazogadoebebis avtonomia, kapitalizmis<br />
institutebTan (rogorsac warmoadgens msoflio banki) <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
saganmanaTleblo wina<strong>da</strong>debebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod<br />
SezRudulia, ver vityviT, rom aseTi institutebis legitimacia erTxma<strong>da</strong>a<br />
aRiarebuli. <strong>da</strong> mainc, aseTma saerTaSoriso institutebma gansakuTrebiT<br />
gaiTqves saxeli mesame msoflios qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinare etapze saxezea<br />
ekonomikuri SezRudvebi <strong>da</strong> fiskaluri krizisi. (korajio <strong>da</strong> r.m. toresi,<br />
1997; de tomasi, uarde, <strong>da</strong> ha<strong>da</strong>di, 1996; tussi, 1997).<br />
imis magaliTad, Tu rogor SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso ekonomikur<br />
moTamaSeebs Zalauflebis arasaxelmwifoebrivi formebis Seqmnaze “imuSaon”,<br />
gamodgeba reaqcia, romelic fasiani qaRaldebis bazarma warmoebis<br />
stimulirebis paketze moaxdina. am paketis SemoReba klintonis<br />
administraciam xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg sca<strong>da</strong>. imis gacnobierebam,<br />
rom swrafad mzardi ekonomikuri aqtivoba inflaciis donis amaRlebas<br />
gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>, es ki, Tavis mxriv, saprocento ganakveTebs gazrdi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
arasasiamovno molodini Seqmna fasiani qaRaldebis mflobel, konservator<br />
investorebis wreebSi. ekonomikam, romelic avlen<strong>da</strong> arakontrolirebadi<br />
inflaciis tendencias, aseve, inflaciurma zewolam saprocento<br />
ganakveTebis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fasiani qaRaldebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n moSorebis tendencia<br />
ganapiroba, ris gamoc mTavrobas mZlavri fiskaluri wnexi <strong>da</strong>awva. fasiani<br />
qaRaldebis bazrebma <strong>da</strong> maTma ekonomikurma kanonzomierebam mkacri<br />
sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong>uwesa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali administraciis<br />
axal ekonomikur politikas. klintonis administracias misi winamorbedi<br />
reiganis <strong>da</strong> buSis administraciebisagan memkvidreobiT uzarmazari<br />
fiskaluri deficiti <strong>da</strong> saSinao vali ergo. gaacnobiera ra opoziciis<br />
Zala, klintonma, romelic manamde mZlavrad lobireb<strong>da</strong> kongresis<br />
demokratiul frTas, im mizniT, rom miRebuli yofiliyo warmoebis<br />
stimulirebaze orientirebuli RonisZiebebis paketi, swrafad gamoiTxova<br />
Tavisi wina<strong>da</strong>deba, riTac sakuTari partiis warmomadgeneli kanonmdeblebis<br />
135
arakeTilganwyoba gamoiwvia, radgan prezidentis inciativis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
gamo, maT riskis qveS <strong>da</strong>ayenes sakuTari mdgomareoba TavianT olqebSi.<br />
arsebobs kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaviTvaliswinoT. rogorc winamdebare wignis me-2 TavSi vasabuTeb,<br />
globalizacias kavSiri aqvs im axal rolTanac, romelic profesiul<br />
asociaciebs saxelmwifo stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>wesebis TvalsazrisiT akisriaT<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (magaliTad, maTematikis maswavlebelTa<br />
gaerTianeba, romelic miznad isaxavs maTematikis swavlebaSi axali<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas) <strong>da</strong> sxva mowinave industriul qveynebSi. (popkeviCi,<br />
1993). mimdinareobs Tu ara socialuri regulirebis es procesi<br />
ideologiebisagan (mag., neokonservatizmisagan an neoliberalizmisagan)<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad? aris Tu ara socialuri regulirebis es procesi,<br />
hegemoniis mopovebis konkretuli gza, romelic profesiuli asociaciebis<br />
meSveobiT axdens profesiuli <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo momavlis gansazRvras,<br />
rasac, rogorc Cans, postmodernizmi gulisxmobs? aris Tu ara<br />
arasaxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosilebis am axali formebis loialuroba (<strong>da</strong><br />
saerTo strategiuli formulireba) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli konkretul nacionalur<br />
strategiebTan an msoflio sistemis integraciis transnacionalur,<br />
abstraqtul formulasTan? kvlav gavimeoreb, rom es is SekiTxvebia,<br />
romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba moqalaqeobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,<br />
globalizaciis <strong>da</strong> SezRuduli ekonomikuri resursebis konteqstSi.<br />
aris Tu ara kosmopolituri demokratiebi gamosavali?<br />
“<strong>demokratia</strong> aris sityva, romlis garSemoc dRevandel dRes bevrs kamaToben.<br />
es sityva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis matarebelia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebisTvis,<br />
Tumc yvela acxadebs, rom miesalmeba mas.<br />
--nensi freizeri, Justice Interruptus<br />
politikuri Teoretikosebi uyuradRebod ar toveben im paradoqsebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebs, rasac gvTavazobs axali institucionalizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
globalizacia. am sul ufro rTulad organizebul multilkulturul <strong>da</strong><br />
multienobriv msoflio sistemaSi Ziri gamoeTxara politikuri erTobis<br />
tradiciul formebs; amas emateba demokratiisadmi undoblobis Teoriisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikis aRmoceneba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, demokratiuli<br />
urTierTkontrolisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis adrindeli modelebi,<br />
iseve rogorc demokratiuli angariSgebis koncefcia, veRar moqmedeben<br />
imdenad efeqturad araTu realuri, aramed formaluri demokratiis<br />
donezec. Tumca, demokratiisadmi <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli Teoriis mimarT<br />
undobloba, rogorc modernistuli diskursis nawili, ver iqneba uSualod<br />
136
asocirebuli yvela postmodernistul ganStoebasTan. demokratiis mimarT<br />
sul ufro mzardi undobloba problemebs uqmnis ganaTlebis reformirebis<br />
process <strong>da</strong> mis SesaZlo kavSirebs moqalaqeobis Senebis procesTan. is aseve<br />
warmoqmnis problemebs imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi demokratiis cnebis <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis <strong>da</strong>knineba xdeba.<br />
demokratiis xelaxali definicia gamoyvanili un<strong>da</strong> iqnes socialuri<br />
regulirebis formirebadi modelebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. italieli filosofosi norberto bobio (1995)<br />
miiCnevs, rom es sakiTxi, demokratiuli sistemis sicocxlisunarianobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa centralur sakiTxs warmoadgendes: SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara, rom saxelmwifo srulyofilad demokratiuli iyos iseT<br />
msoflioSi, romelic Tavad ar aris (jer kidev) demokratiuli? wamoayenebs<br />
ra kantiseul dilemas saSinao <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sistemebs Soris<br />
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas, bobio (1995) saubrobs mojadoebuli wris<br />
Sesaxeb: “saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen demokratiulebi mxolod<br />
srulad demokratizebul saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi, magram, amave dros,<br />
srulad demokratizebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba gulisxmobs, rom<br />
masSi Semavali TiToeuli saxelmwifo demokratiulia. erTi procesis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebas meore procesis <strong>da</strong>umTavrebloba aferxebs” (39).<br />
Ddevid heldi (1995) miiCnevs, rom am dilemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra SesaZlebelia<br />
iseTi cnebis meSeveobiT, rogoricaa kosmopolituri <strong>demokratia</strong>. heldi<br />
sakmaod gasagebi eniT asabuTebs iseTi kosmopolituri demokratiuli<br />
modelis SemuSavebis saWiroebas, romelSic “<strong>demokratia</strong> uzrunvelyofili<br />
iqneba Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> uflebasilebis mTel rig centrebSi, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iqnebian erTmaneTTan [vinai<strong>da</strong>n] . . . demokratiis<br />
SesaZlebloba, romelic dRes arsebobs, aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> iqnes<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis<br />
ganviTarebad sistemasTan” (106). heldi <strong>da</strong>debiTad afasebs im movlenebs,<br />
romlebic biZgs aZleven demokratiis gavrcelebas mTel msoflioSi. maT<br />
Sorisaa:<br />
(1) masobrivi sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis Camoyalibeba iseTi mkafio<br />
regionuli Tu globaluri xasiaTis moTxovnebiT, rogoricaa bunebrivi<br />
resursebisa <strong>da</strong> garemos <strong>da</strong>cva, janmrTelobasTan <strong>da</strong> siRatakesTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebis Semsubuqeba; (2) axali kanonieri uflebamovaleobebis<br />
SemuSaveba, romlebic gavrceldeba saxelmwifoebze <strong>da</strong><br />
individebze `kacobriobis sayovelTao memkvidreobasTan”, globaluri<br />
bunebrivi resursebis” <strong>da</strong>cvasTan, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan <strong>da</strong> ZalTa<br />
ganlagebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT; <strong>da</strong> (3) iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis<br />
aRmoceneba <strong>da</strong> gamravleba meoce saukuneSi, romlebic koordinacias<br />
137
gauweven transnacionalur Zalebs <strong>da</strong> problemebs, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis organizacii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> misi saagentoebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli regionuli<br />
politikuri sqemebiT <strong>da</strong> organizaciebiT. (114)<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, kosmopolituri demokratiis zemoT aRniSnuli modeli<br />
axal saerTaSoriso politikur kulturas <strong>da</strong> im ganmasxvavebeli<br />
nacionaluri, eTnikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri identobebis safuZvlian<br />
Seswavlas moiTxovs, romlebic kosmopolituri demokratiis <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT ara mxolod sazRvrebs, aramed<br />
SesaZleblobebsac gvTavazoben. heldi (1995) optimisturad aris ganwyobili<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxis mimarT. misi azriT, imisTvis, rom mravalricxovanma<br />
identobebma, romlebic Seadgenen sazogadoebebs, mdgradi arseboba SeZlon,<br />
“yovelma maTganma meoris legitimuri arseboba <strong>da</strong> masTan garkveuli<br />
SeTanxmebis miRwevis aucilebloba un<strong>da</strong> cnos; <strong>da</strong> yoveli maTgani mzad un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos imisaTvis, rom uari Tqvas eqskluziur mtkicebebze imis Sesaxeb Tu ra<br />
aris swori, kargi, universaluri <strong>da</strong> kosmiuri”. (116). raRa Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
yovelive amis formulireba ufro advilia, vidre praqtikaSi<br />
ganxorcieleba, miTumetes, rom rogorc Tavad heldi aRiarebs,<br />
komunikaciebis <strong>da</strong> informaciis globalizaciam ver SeZlo a<strong>da</strong>mianTa saerTo<br />
miznis Camoyalibeba, aramed xeli Seuwyo identobisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulobis<br />
politikis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, “meti stimuli misca politikis<br />
“nacionalizacias” (115).<br />
swored am doneze iZens multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb<br />
diskusia axal ganzomilebebs iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove kulturis<br />
kritikosebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n ismis axali mowodebebi ganmanaTleblobis <strong>da</strong> saRi<br />
azris koncefciebis, rogorc moqalaqeobis garSemo mimdinare <strong>da</strong>vis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wris saSualebis (rogorc adgilobriv, ise globalur doneze) Sesaxeb.<br />
gitlini (1995) aRniSnavs:<br />
paradoqsi isaa, rom rac ufro metad globalizebulia investiciebi,<br />
komunikacia, organizeba, migracia <strong>da</strong> vaWroba, miT ufro jiutad lokaluri<br />
xdeba is realoba, romelsac SeigrZnoben a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romelic amSvidebs maT<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tanamonawileobis SegrZnebiT aRavsebs, – miTumetes, rom erTobis Sesaxeb<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdego gancxadebebi uimedod abstraqtuli <strong>da</strong> bundovania.<br />
(226)<br />
Sesabamisad, mosazreba a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobis interesebsa <strong>da</strong> TviT<br />
individTa interesebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />
winaswar Wvret<strong>da</strong> marqsi <strong>da</strong>, aseve, ganaTlebis filosofiuri mimdinareobis<br />
warmomadgeneli Teoretikosebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava axalma<br />
winaaRmdegobebma. es winaaRmdegobebi warmoiSva erTis mxriv eri-<br />
138
saxelmwifos interesebs (romelic Tavis mxriv axdens <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
ideis, rogorc uzenaesis postulirebas) <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv im wesebs, normebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> axali globaluri institucionalizmis struqturebs Soris, romlebic<br />
amtkiceben, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTa universaluri uflebebis principebi <strong>da</strong><br />
individualobiT (<strong>da</strong> ara erovnuli warmomavlobiT an naturalizaciiT)<br />
miniWebuli uflebebi dialeqtikur winaaRmdegobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.<br />
(nuhoglu soisali, 1994:158-159).<br />
karl marqsi (takeri, 1978), Tavis adreul SromebSi, sakmaod<br />
araorazrovnad gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> Tavis Sexedulebebs. kerZod, germanul<br />
ideologia-Si, igi wer<strong>da</strong>:<br />
swored am winaaRmdegobis gamo, romelic arsebobs individis interesebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobis interesebs Soris, es ukanaskneli iRebs <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
formas saxelmwifos saxiT, romelic gamocalkevebulia individebis <strong>da</strong><br />
erTobebis realuri interesebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>, imavdroulad, iluzoruli<br />
koleqtiuri cxovrebis saxiT, TumcaRa, yovelTvis efuZneba im realur<br />
kavSirebs, romlebic arsebobs yvela ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> naTesaur konglomeraciaSi<br />
(sisxli <strong>da</strong> xorci, ena, Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawileba ufro masStaburi gagebiT <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
interesebi) <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT . . . klasebs, romelic ukve gansazRvrulia<br />
Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebiT. (160)<br />
riskebi sakmaod maRalia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n rogorc marqsi amtkicebs, `mxolod<br />
imitom rom individebi mxolod sakuTari konkretuli interesebis ZiebiT<br />
arian <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> es interesebi, maTi gagebiT, ar emTxveva maT<br />
koleqtiur interesebs (faqtobrivad, sazogado/saerTo aris koleqtiuri<br />
cxovrebis iluzoruli forma).” am ukanasknels individebs Tavs moaxveven<br />
maTTvis `ucxo” <strong>da</strong><br />
maTgan `<strong>da</strong>moukidebel” interesebis saxiT, rogorc, Tavis mxriv, konkretul,<br />
specifiur `saerTo” interess: an maT Tavad un<strong>da</strong> ganagrZon arseboba aseT<br />
uTanxmoebaSi, rogorc <strong>demokratia</strong>Si. meore mxriv, am konkretuli interesebis<br />
praqtikuli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuloba, romlebic mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian<br />
koleqtiur <strong>da</strong> iluzorul koleqtiur interesebs aucilebels xdis<br />
praqtikuli intervenciisa <strong>da</strong> kontrolis ganxorcielebas iluzoruli<br />
`saerTo” interesebis meSveobiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos saxiTaa<br />
warmodgenili. (161)<br />
sakmaod sainteresoa, rom heldis (1995) kosmopolituri demokratiis<br />
suverenobis idea <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis, rogorc individualobis<br />
universaluri uflebebis idea erTobliobaSi ara mxolod a<strong>da</strong>stureben<br />
marqsis mosazrebas a<strong>da</strong>mianTa erTobasa <strong>da</strong> individualizms Soris arsebuli<br />
139
winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb im klasikur winaaRmdegobas, romelic safuZvlad<br />
udevs Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis argumentebis udides wils <strong>da</strong><br />
romelsac wlebis win uolinma (1960) esoden morgebulad yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli gamocana uwo<strong>da</strong>, aramed, amJamad es<br />
winaaRmdegoba globalur masStabebs iZens, gamoixateba ra Sinagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebulobaSi, romelic arsebobs saxelmwifo suverenobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs Soris <strong>da</strong> er-saxelmwifoebsa <strong>da</strong> regionul<br />
saxelmwifoebs Soris. es axali winaaRmdegoba kidev ufro arTulebs<br />
moqalqeobis cnebis demokratiul Canafiqrs. rogorc Cans, am cnebam <strong>da</strong>karga<br />
Tavisi mkafio formulireba teritoriuli sayrdenisa <strong>da</strong> ziari kulturuli<br />
tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> istoriis ormagi principebis pirobebSi. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
homogenuri moqalaqeobis gulubryvilo koncefciebi eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>ayenes<br />
multikulturizmis ideam <strong>da</strong> identobis politikam, romlebmac wamyvani<br />
poziciebi <strong>da</strong>ikaves msoflio sistemebis kulturisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
politikaSi. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi garkveul statuss aniWebs individebs, Tavisi humanurobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong> ara im valdebulebebis gamo, romelic konkretul<br />
saxelmwifosTan akavSirebs. metic, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi gzas uxsnian<br />
demokratizaciis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis process, romelic Tavis mxriv,<br />
saxelmwifos centralur adgils ar aniWebs (peitmeni, 1996:24).<br />
mas Semdeg, rac wignis meore <strong>da</strong> mesame TavebSi ganvixileT<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis Teoriuli koncefciebi <strong>da</strong> is Sinagani<br />
konfliqti, romelic mudmivad arsebobs maT Soris, axla im Teoriuli<br />
dinamikis <strong>da</strong> kavSirurTierTobis sami komponentis detalur analizs<br />
Sevudgebi, romelTac vcdilob meti naTeli movfino. Eesenia: moqalaqeobis<br />
Teoria, <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> multikulturizmi.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1. es dokumenturad aris <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli sociologiur literaturaSi.<br />
sociologiis mecamete msoflio kongresi, romelic gaimarTa germaniis<br />
qalaq bielefeldSi, 1994 wlis 18-24 ivliss, mieZRvna Temas “sa<strong>da</strong>o sazRvrebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> cvalebadi erTobebi“. ixileT, Neil Smelser, “Contested Boun<strong>da</strong>ries and Shifting<br />
Soli<strong>da</strong>rities,” International Socilogical Association (ISA) Bulletin 60 (Spring 1993): 5.<br />
2. saxelmwifos Teoriuli koncefcia moicavs federalur <strong>da</strong> Statis<br />
mmarTvelobas. Tumca, “provinciuli” an calke aRebuli Statebi<br />
ganviTarebuli ekonomikiT kidev ufro arTuleben sakiTxs. magaliTad,<br />
kana<strong>da</strong>Si samuSao Zala mkacrad aris <strong>da</strong>nawilebuli federalur <strong>da</strong><br />
provinciul Statebs Soris. federaluri Stati pasuxismgebelia im sakvanZo<br />
simbolur procesebze, romlebic zrdian politikuri sistemis legitimacias,<br />
maT Sorisaa, magaliTad, imigracia <strong>da</strong> institucionalizmi. provinciul<br />
Stats umeteswilad is konkretuli funqciebi ekisreba, romlebic xels<br />
140
uwyoben kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebas, Sesabamisad, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
provinciuli Statis pasuxismgeblobis sferos ganekuTvneba. kidev erTi<br />
magaliTia is gansxvavebuli Zala, romelic gaerTianebaSi myof calkeul<br />
Statebs gaaCniaT, rogoricaa magaliTad, kaliforniis Stati amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi. Jurnalisturi wyaroebi periodulad Segvaxseneben,<br />
rom warmoebis moculobis TvalsazrisiT, kalifornias meSvide adgili<br />
ukavia (win uswrebs kana<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mcired CamorCeba did britaneTs) msoflioSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi warmoebis wliuri moculoba 1,037 miliard amerikul dolars<br />
Seadgens. es imiT aixsneba, rom kalifornia ganTavsebulia msxvili savaWro<br />
gzebis gzajvaredinze, romlebic erTmaneTTan aziasa <strong>da</strong> laTinur amerikas<br />
akavSirebs <strong>da</strong> gamoirCeva hiperaqtiurobiTa <strong>da</strong> grandiozulobiT sasoflo<br />
sameurneo produqciis, garTobis, kompiuterebis, eleqtronuli produqciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoebis moculobis maCvenebliT pirvel<br />
Svid adgils ikaveben didi Svidianis (G-7) qveynebi – amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi (6,773 miliardi amer. dolari), iaponia (4,321 miliardi amer.<br />
dolari), germania (2,075 miliardi amer. dolari), safrangeTi (1,355 miliardi<br />
amer. dolari), italia (1,101 miliardi amer. dolari), didi britaneTi (1,069<br />
miliardi amer. dolari), <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong> (900 miliardi amer. dolari). Dave Lesher,<br />
“California is Golden and Global,“ Los Angeles Times, 8 January 1998, A1, A20.<br />
3. goldsmiTi (1996:502) amtkicebs, rom meore msoflio omi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli,<br />
mTliani erovnuli produqti msoflio masStabiT xuTjer gaizar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
msoflio vaWrobis brunvis maCvenebeli ki, Tormetjer. barnetisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kavanahis (1996 b: 368) TqmiT, Tavad fuli globalur produqtad iqca.<br />
magaliTad, evrovalutis saerTaSoriso jamurma brunvam 1973 wels 315<br />
miliardi amerikuli dolari Seadgina, xolo 1987 wlisTvis jamuri brunva<br />
TiTqmis 4 trilion amerikul dolars aRwev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
4. saintereso analizi moqalaqeobis sazRvrebze, rasac a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
upiratesi pozicia ganapirobebs, ixileT naSromSi _ Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal,<br />
Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of<br />
Chicago Press, 1994).<br />
5. biznesis SeerTebuli mflobelobis <strong>da</strong> strategiis SemuSavebis analizi<br />
ixileT lester Turous farTod aRiarebul naSromSi Head to Head: The Coming<br />
Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America (New York: William Morrow, 1992), 64 ff.<br />
6. instrumentuli racionalurobis koncefcias centraluri adgili uWiravs<br />
kritikul TeoriaSi. is aq gansazRvrulia racionalurobis veberiseuli<br />
gagebis, anu miznobriv-instrumentuli qmedebis <strong>da</strong> instrumentuli qmedebis<br />
habermasiseuli ideis kombinirebiT. maqs veberi miiCnevs, rom miznobrivinstrumentul<br />
qmedebas “gansazRvravs molodini, romelic arsebobs garegani<br />
obieqtebis qcevis <strong>da</strong> sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mimarT <strong>da</strong> am molodinebis rogorc<br />
“pirobebis” an rogorc “saSualebebis” gamoyeneba agentis sakuTari<br />
racionaluri interesebis misaRwevad racionaluri, warmatebaze<br />
orientirebuli gziT” (McCarthy, 1978:28) (for the rational success-oriented pursuit of the<br />
agent’s own rationally considered ends). habermasis gagebiT, instrumentuli qceva<br />
“imarTeba empiriul codnaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli teqnikuri wesebiT. Yyvela<br />
141
SemTxvevaSi, es wesebi empiriul prognozebs gulisxmobs xiluli fizikuri<br />
Tu socialuri movlenebis Sesaxeb” (McCarthy, 1979:391). markusis teqnikuri<br />
safuZvlis kritikas Cemi mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>vamatebdi, rom instrumentuli<br />
racionalurobis TiToeuli forma, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is konkretuli miznis<br />
miRwevis adekvaturi saSualebaa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri movlenebis<br />
prognozirebasa <strong>da</strong> kontrolisaTvis mas empiriul codnaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
teqnikuri wesebi marTavs, imTaviTve dominirebazea orientirebuli, rac<br />
meToduri, mecnieruli, gamoTvliTi <strong>da</strong> gaTvlili kontrolis meSveobiT<br />
xorcieldeba.<br />
7. ixileT, “socialuri episkoposis” vilhelm emanuil fon keteleris<br />
swavleba The Social Teachings of Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler: Bishop of Mains (1811-1877),<br />
Targmnili rupert j. edereris (Rupert J.Ederer) mier. (Washington, D.C. University<br />
Press of America).<br />
142
4<br />
moqalaqeoba<br />
winamdebare Tavi gvTavazobs moqalaqeobis Teoriebis sistematur<br />
Sefasebas, moqalaqeobas, saxelmwifos Teoriebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris<br />
kavSirebis analizis CaTvliT. am TvalsazrisiT, es Tavi mokled ajamebs<br />
britaneli sociologis T. h. marSalis wvlilsa <strong>da</strong> warmogvidgens misi<br />
mosazrebebis kritikas neokonservatoruli moZraobis SexedulebebiT. roca<br />
Camoyalibebulia moqalaqeobis Teoriis safuZvlebi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebulia misi<br />
kritika, liberalur tradiciaSi ganixileba moqalaqeobis cnebisadmi<br />
yvelaze seriozuli gamowvevebi. igi moicavs feministuri Teoriebis – <strong>da</strong><br />
gansakuTrebiT T. h. marSalis naSromis kritikas – postkolonializmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli sivrceebis Teoriebis, rasis kritikuli Teorebis <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri moZraobebis Teoriebis wvlils. erT-erTi argumentis mixedviT,<br />
ganmanaTleblobis Sexedulebebis gareSe SeuZlebelia moqalaqeobis<br />
Teoriis srulyofa. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, T. h. marSalis SexedulebebiT, SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTdes, rom resursebis misaRebi ganawilebis gareSe siRaribis mzardi<br />
doneebi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet zemoqmedebas moaxdens demokratiuli moqalaqeobis<br />
formirebaze, Sedegad gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis dualizacias <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
moqalaqeobis dualizacias.<br />
moqalaqe<br />
dialogis, rogorc mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebis Riad SeTanxmebuli<br />
procesis ganxilvas, axlo kavSiri aqvs metaTeoremasTan imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
rogor SeiZleba ganzogadebadi moraluri Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTeba.<br />
– nikolas burbulisi, dialogi swavlebaSi<br />
tradiciulad, moqalaqeobis cneba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo qalaqSi<br />
mcxovreb a<strong>da</strong>mianTan, burJuasTan, civis Romanus-Tan (laT.: romis<br />
moqalaqesTan), citoyen-Tan (frang.: moqalaqesTan), rogorc maqs veberi (1966:233)<br />
gveubneba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ufro martivi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, gangvesazRvra<br />
moqalaqeoba rogorc moqalaqeTa jgufi, romelic sargeblobs SezRuduli<br />
uflebebiT mocemuli qalaqis konteqstSi. arsebobs ramdenime Zalian<br />
saintereso ambavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ganviTar<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba<br />
istoriulad, moqalaqeobis formirebaSi variantebis erTobliobis analizis<br />
143
CaTvliT, rac iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> imas, moqalaqeobis formireba mmarTveli<br />
klasis strategiebis Sedegi iyo, Tu mravali socialuri brZolisa (anu,<br />
moqalaqeoba `zemo<strong>da</strong>n” moqalaqeoba `qvemo<strong>da</strong>n”-isagan gansxvavebiT); rogor<br />
gansxvavdeba moqalaqeoba gansxvavebuli iuridiuli tradiciebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, romauli kontinenturi sistemebi britanul<br />
precendentur samarTalTan SepirispirebiT); an gansxvavebebi politikuri<br />
sistemebis tipebSi, romelSic formulirebulia moqalaqeobis cneba (mag.,<br />
liberaluri, reformistuli, avtoritaruli, monarqistuli, faSisturi <strong>da</strong><br />
avtoritarul-socialisturi) (T.Hh. marSali, 1950, 1963, 1981; mani, 1989; veberi,<br />
1966; somersi, 1993; terneri, 1986).<br />
moqalaqeobis Teoriebze <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisaTvis maT mniSvnelovnebaze<br />
diskusiis wamosawyebad aucilebelia gavcdeT istoriul <strong>da</strong> iuridiul<br />
mosazrebebs. amis msgavsad, mniSvnelovania gavcdeT moqalaqeobis cnebas,<br />
rogorc garkveuli tipis personalur statuss, uflebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
movaleobebis kombinacias, romelsac erovnuli saxelmwifos yvela<br />
legaluri wevri flobs. moqalaqeobis Teoriebis ganxilva moiTxovs<br />
principis Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve Camoyalibebas: Teoria, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris kargi<br />
moqalaqe, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos im sakiTxis iuridiuli<br />
problemis formaluri winapirobebisgan, Tu ras niSnavs iyo moqalaqe. es<br />
asea moqalaqeobis ormagi Teoriuli mniSvnelobis gamo: moqalaqeoba,<br />
rogorc identoba <strong>da</strong> rogorc mTeli rigi moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebebi. Tumca,<br />
rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba argumentirebuli, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
moqalaqeoba rogorc identoba Warbob<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis Teoriebis<br />
formulirebebSi, me winamdebare teqstSi xazs vusvam imas, rom<br />
mniSvnelovania, gavcdeT am mijnas <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>videT moqalaqeobis, rogorc<br />
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebebis cnebaze. Tumca, politikuri ekonomikis aspeqtisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis istoriuli, struqturuli analizis saWiroebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, nebismieri azri imis Sesaxeb, rom moqalaqeoba<br />
umTavresad moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebebis funqciaa, SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes,<br />
rogorc idealisturi Sexeduleba. moqalaqeobriv Rirsebebs sWirdeba<br />
samoqalaqo minimumi, romelic SesaZlebelia moiZebnos mxolod istoriulstruqturul<br />
konteqstSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c es samoqalaqo minimumebi nawilobriv<br />
emTxveva ZiriTad materialur pirobebs – rogorc ganmartebulia<br />
winamdebare Tavis komentarSi – <strong>da</strong> romlebic warmoadgens ZiriTad<br />
winapirobebs sruli moqalaqeobis formirebaSi.<br />
ufro metic, moqalaqeobis Teoriebi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia konteqstze. Zvel<br />
saberZneTSi, moqalaqis wodeba mWidrod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli patriciebis<br />
klasTan. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, moqalaqeoba did rols TamaSob<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
saqmeebis (raison d'état) marTvis unaris mqone individTa diferencirebaSi<br />
plebeebisagan, individTagan, romlebsac ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T aranairi arCevani,<br />
144
gar<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos avtoritetuli azrebis Sesrulebisa <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
moqalaqeTa diferencirebaSi monebisagan, romlebsac ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, demokratiulma moqalaqeobam aTenis qalaqsaxelmwifoSi<br />
moqalaqeobis primitiuli formebi<strong>da</strong>n grZeli gza gamoiara.<br />
amJamad moqalaqeoba dgas Tanamedrove kapitalisturi erebis sirTulis<br />
winaSe, romlebic alyaSi arian moqceuli teqnologiis, kapitalisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sromis – anu ekonomikis, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> politikis globalizaciiT – aseve,<br />
Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis mniSvnelovani gamowvevebiT. <strong>da</strong> mainc,<br />
araswori iqneba imis fiqri, rom moqalaqeobas aqvs unitaruli xasiaTi, an<br />
rigi maxasiaTeblebi, romelic istoriulad statikuri rCeba (terneri, 1990).<br />
am gamafrTxilebeli sityvebiT <strong>da</strong>viwyeb moqalaqeobis Teoriebis analizs.<br />
ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc moqalaqeobis safuZveli<br />
is postmodernistebi, romlebic gvTavazoben ganmanaTleblobis, rogorc<br />
mamrobiTi, imperialisturi, rasisturi, <strong>da</strong>savluri ideologiis xorcmetis<br />
uaryofas, ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven sakuTar situacias. maT mier im mosazrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Jinebuli mtkicebisas, rom ideebi miekuTvneba konkretul istoriul<br />
momentebs, isini TavisTavad nagulisxmev faqtad miiCneven im istoriul<br />
safuZvels, romelzec dganan. isini ver acnobiereben an uaryofen, rom maTi<br />
gataceba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>T, identobebiT, perspeqtivebiT,<br />
araTanazomieri msoflmxedvelobebiTa <strong>da</strong> a.S. warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
ara ganmanaTleblobis iseTi principebis farTo aRiareba, rogorebicaa:<br />
pirovnebis mniSvneloba, Rirsebis miniWebis ufleba <strong>da</strong> is socialuri<br />
wesrigi, rac amas Seesabameba.<br />
– tod gitlini, saerTo ocnebebis bindi<br />
ganmanaTleblobis moZraoba varaudobs, rom arsebobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
identobis istoriuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri ganmarteba <strong>da</strong> amdenad, racionaluri<br />
principebiT mniSvnelovnad miiCneva socializacia, sa<strong>da</strong>c saganmanaTleblo<br />
institutebi - ganmanaTleblobis ZiriTadi institutebi – asruleben<br />
centralur rols. gitlinis (1995) gancxadebiT, `is, rom ideebi aRbeWdilia<br />
gamocdilebiT, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aqvT ufleba iyvnen individebi – warmoadgens<br />
im mniSvnelobis ganStoebas, romelic ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebma<br />
mianiWes kritikul cxovrebas” (215).<br />
ganmanaTleblobisaTvis arsebobs moqalaqeobis Teoriis sami<br />
elementaruli aspeqti: pirveli, kantis azri, romelic amyarebs hipoTezas,<br />
rom socializaciis procesebs, gansakuTrebiT rac Seexeba kognitur<br />
azrovnebas, adgili aqvs struqturebSi, romelic win uZRvis individTa<br />
srulwlovanebis, an kompetenturobis miRwevas; meore, hegelis debuleba,<br />
romlis mixedviT, socializebis unari un<strong>da</strong> aRiarebul iqnes, rogorc<br />
145
macivilizebeli teqnika, anu rogorc nawili procesisa, romelic<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia im garemoebebze, romelic aferxebs an<br />
xels uwyobs progresul socialur cvlilebas (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi,<br />
ibeWdeba); mesame, marqsistuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, resursebis<br />
warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> ganawilebaze xelmisawvdomobis gareSe, anu ekonomikis<br />
materialur sargebelze xelmisawvdomobis gareSe, SeuZlebelia<br />
moqalaqeobis SenarCuneba politikuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
karl marqsi (takeri, 1978), ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
gavleniani moazrovne, romelic Tavis adreul naSromebSi analizs hegelze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT akeTeb<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> amave dros akritikeb<strong>da</strong> germaneli filosofosis<br />
idealizms, Tavis naSromSi hegelis samarTlis filosofiis kritikisadmi<br />
wvlili, wer<strong>da</strong> rom: `yvela sxva saxelmwifoebrivi forma aris saxelmwifos<br />
gansazRvruli, gansxvavebuli, gansakuTrebuli forma. <strong>demokratia</strong>Si<br />
formaluri principi, amave dros, aris materialuri principi. amdenad,<br />
mxolod <strong>demokratia</strong> warmoadgens zogadisa <strong>da</strong> kerZos WeSmarit mTlianobas”<br />
(20-21).<br />
kantis hegeliseuli rekonstruqciiT iwyeba cnobierebis filosofia,<br />
romelsac mogvianebiT marqsSi <strong>da</strong> mTel istoriul-materialistur<br />
tradiciaSi aqvs arapozitivisturi gageba. es filosofia moicavs<br />
cnobierebis cnebas, romelic aRemateba universaluri abstraqtuli<br />
subieqtis kantiseul saxes, realobis wvdomas, romlis unaric izomebo<strong>da</strong><br />
apriori kognituri kategoriebiT, rac mecnierebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare empiriuli<br />
faqtebis kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> konstrirebis saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. hegelisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
ganmanaTleblobis mTeli tradiciisaTvis (romelmac mniSvneloba mianiWa<br />
arapozitivistur saganmanaTleblo humanizms, romelic Warbob<strong>da</strong> meoce<br />
saukunis ganaTlebis sistemebis ganviTarebaSi) cnobierebis safuZvlebi<br />
momdinareobs TviTSegnebisa <strong>da</strong> `sxvis”, rogorc gares erToblivi aRiarebis<br />
procesi<strong>da</strong>n (markusi, 1967, 1970; smiti, 1989; toresi, 1976a, 1976b). TviTSegneba,<br />
hegelis (1976:111) mixedviT, arsebobs TavisTavad <strong>da</strong> TavisTvis, <strong>da</strong> amitom,<br />
arsebobs sxvisTvis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi arsebobs mxolod<br />
imisaTvis, rom aRiarebul iqnes rogorc aseTi.<br />
aucilebelia gavacnobieroT is, rom cnobierebis filosofiaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli moqalaqeobis Teoria yvela moqalaqis _ rogorc erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
imave uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis mqone subieqtebad miCnevis risks moicavs.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, moqalaqeobis es Teoria realobas xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rogorc<br />
erTgvarovan (magram mravalferovani interesebis mqone) individTa<br />
mTlianobisgan Semdgars. Tumca, cxadia, rom socialuri realobis rTuli<br />
konfiguracia gansxvavdeba homogenizirebis nebismieri perspeqtivisgan. saqme<br />
exeba ara mxolod mravalferovan (<strong>da</strong>, amave dros, antagonistur) interesebs,<br />
146
aramed arsebiTad mravalferovan identobebs. klasis, sqesis, rasis,<br />
eTnikurobis, sqesobrivi upiratesobis mikuTvnebis, religiis, regionaluri<br />
fraqciulobis mravalferovani identobebi <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali gansxvaveba<br />
socialuri aqtoris aRqmaSi, preferenciebsa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebebSi advilad<br />
ver Seva interesTa mravalferovnebis perspeqtivaSi, amgvarad moqalaqeobis<br />
arsebiT cnebebs gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs <strong>da</strong> gviwvevs, gavaanalizoT<br />
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebi <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebebi, rogorc kornel<br />
vesti (1993a) aRniSnavs, `niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvnelobiT”.<br />
cnobierebis filosofia <strong>da</strong> anTropologia miuTiTebs intersubieqturi<br />
aRiarebis SesaZleblobasa <strong>da</strong> individTa uflebebis filosofiis<br />
Camoyalibebis saWiroebaze. mxolod am politikur-filosofiuri<br />
interpretaciis farglebSi, rac wamoyenebul iqna sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva moazrovneTa<br />
mier (platoni<strong>da</strong>n, aristotele<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> makiaveli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli meCvidmete <strong>da</strong><br />
meTvramete saukunis avtorebamde, rogoricaa loki, hobsi <strong>da</strong> ruso <strong>da</strong> meoce<br />
saukunSi diuis, freiris <strong>da</strong> habermasis naSromebamde), SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom SemuSavebuliyo moqalaqeobis Teoria ganmanaTleblobaSi – Teoria,<br />
romelic, rasakvirvelia, ar <strong>da</strong>rCenila kritikis gareSe. 1<br />
rogorc ganmanaTleblobis qmnilebam, liberalurma saxelmwifom<br />
sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnisas, romelsac un<strong>da</strong> moecva mosaxleobis<br />
yvela seqtori <strong>da</strong> moeqcia erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave instituciur qselSi, ganaTlebis<br />
sistemas ga<strong>da</strong>sca `mmarTvelTaTvis ganaTlebis micemis” pasuxismgebloba,<br />
wamyvani laTinoamerikeli skolis reformatoris domingo Ffaustino<br />
sarmientos iRbliani, magram aSkarad winaaRmdegobrivi fraziT rom<br />
gadmovceT.<br />
rogorc meore TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas<br />
Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis sistematur Seswavlas saxelmwifos<br />
Teoriebisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis Teoriebis kvlevamde mivyavarT. amitomac,<br />
rogorc k. b. makfersonma oci wlis win aRniSna cnobil statiaSi, romelic<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebze msjelobis gamococxlebaSi mniSvnelovan<br />
orientirad iTvleba, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT saxelmwifos Teoria<br />
imisaTvis, rom gvesmodes politika. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmwifos<br />
Teoriis saWiroebaze moqalaqeobis Teoriis SesamuSaveblad. 2 kanadeli<br />
politologis k. b. makfersonis msgavsad, britaneli sociologma Tomas<br />
hamfri marSalma Seqmna brwyinvale naSromi, romelic warmoadgens<br />
mniSvnelovan etaps moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis ganxilvaSi.<br />
moqalaqeoba, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>: T. h. marSalis wvlili<br />
147
vinc a<strong>da</strong>mianebis wyalobiT xdeba mTavari, man un<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunos maTTan<br />
megobruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. es ki advili misaRwevia misTvis, radgan isini<br />
erTaderTs iTxoven – ar iyvnen mis mier Cagrulni.<br />
– nikolo makiaveli, mTavari<br />
saarsebo minimumisaTvis garigeba sazogadoebaSi, romelic iRebs saarsebo<br />
minimums rogorc socialur uflebas, iseTive absurdia, rogorc kamaTi<br />
arCevnebSi monawileobis Taobaze sazogadoebaSi, romelic arCevnebSi<br />
monawileobas iRebs politikur uflebad.<br />
– T. h. marSali, sociologia gzajvaredinze<br />
am saukuneSi moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani winsvla<br />
socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
momsaxurebaTa sistemas uTuod ukavSirebs demokratiuli moqalaqeobis<br />
srul gamoxatulebas. T. h. marSalis cnobili <strong>da</strong> xSirad citirebuli<br />
statia `moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> socialuri klasi”, <strong>da</strong>werili 1949 wels, sxva<br />
ramdenime naSromis msgavsad, ayalibebs axal omisSemdgom konsensuss<br />
liberalur socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos cnebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rogorc kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi moqalaqeobis<br />
ganxorcielebis winapirobas (1950, 1963, 1983).<br />
marSalis mosazrebiT, moqalaqeoba viTardebo<strong>da</strong> 250 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi inglisSi; moqalaqeoba klasificirdeba sam elementad:<br />
samoqalaqo, politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur uflebebad. <strong>da</strong>savlurma samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebam samoqalaqo uflebebi moipova meTvramete saukuneSi,<br />
politikuri uflebebi – mecxramete saukuneSi, xolo socialuri uflebebi<br />
– meoce saukuneSi. samoqalaqo uflebebi moicavs yvela uflebas, rac<br />
saWiroa indvidualuri TavisuflebisaTvis (anu, qonebis flobis uflebas,<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis uflebas). politikuri uflebebi<br />
moicavs yvela uflebas, romelic ukavSirdeba saarCevno process (xmis<br />
micemis uflebas, uflebas – airCios <strong>da</strong> iyos arCeuli <strong>da</strong> a. S.). <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
socialuri uflebebi, uflebebs Soris yvelaze sakamaTo, moicavs ara<br />
mxolod ekonomikuri keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis minimums, aramed<br />
aseve yvelafers, rac sWirdeba pirovnebas srulyofili cxovrebisaTvis:<br />
`socialuri memkvidreobis srulad gaziareba <strong>da</strong> civilizebuli arsebis<br />
sicocxliT cxovreba sazogadoebaSi miRebuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesabamisad.<br />
keTildReobasTan yvelaze mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli institutebia<br />
ganaTlebis sistema <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema” (marSali,<br />
1963:74).<br />
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb marSalis msjeloba Sedis sazogadoebis<br />
mimdinare demokratizaciaze msjelobaSi, romelic asaxavs<br />
148
ganmanaTleblobis centralur princips. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorc peitmani<br />
(1996:6) aRniSnavs, moqalaqeoba ar aris demokratiis sinonimi.<br />
devid heldis (1989) mosazrebiT, marSals sur<strong>da</strong> eCvenebina, rom:<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad samoqalaqo uflebebi ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Camoyalib<strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamedrove maneris msgavsad pirveli didi saparlamento reformis win 1832<br />
wels. politikuri uflebebi Semdgom ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTi gavrcoba<br />
mecxramete saukunis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, Tumca 1928<br />
wlamde ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra universaluri politikuri moqalaqeobis principis<br />
srulad aRiareba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri uflebebi TiTqmis gaqra<br />
meTvramete saukuneSi <strong>da</strong> mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, magram aRorZin<strong>da</strong><br />
mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls. maTi aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> gavrceleba <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
sajaro <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi ganaTlebis ganviTarebiT, magram meoce saukunemde ar<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>ra socialuri uflebebis srulad <strong>da</strong>nergva maTi Tanamedrove formiT.<br />
marSalis mTavari mtkicebuleba Tanamedrove socialur keTildReobaze<br />
orientirebuli saxelmwifos istoriaa. omisSemdgomi socialur<br />
keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos Zlierma distribuciulma<br />
zomebma, maT Soris zomebma, romliTac xdeba jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRvevis, progresuli saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistemisa <strong>da</strong> a.S. SemoReba, Seqmna<br />
ukeTesi pirobebi <strong>da</strong> Tanasworoba maTi umravlesobisaTvis, vinc warmatebas<br />
ver miaRwia Tavisufal bazarze. maT aseve uzrunvelyves usafrTxoebis<br />
zomebi yvelasTvis, vinc <strong>da</strong>ucvelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc xvdeba `siRaribis wris” maxeSi. marSalis<br />
SexedulebiT, socialuri uflebebi qmnis arsebiT elements sazogadoebaSi,<br />
romelic jer kidev ierarqiulia, magram romelmac Seamcira uTanasworoba –<br />
<strong>da</strong> Searbila <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba – romelic momdinareobs klasobrivi sistemi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
(191)<br />
marSalis gavleniani naSromi ramdenime mizezis gamo gaakritikes.<br />
kerZod, gaakritikes imis safuZvelze, rom misi midgoma efuZneba konteqstze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebul procesebs <strong>da</strong> amdenad ver gamoiyeneba inglisuri<br />
gamocdilebis farglebs miRma. 3 Tumca, marSali gulmodgined cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />
eCvenebina, rom es procesi gamoiyeneba britanuli sazRvrebis miRma <strong>da</strong> rac<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania, igi samoqalaqo, politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
uflebebis mopovebis am process Seuqceva<strong>da</strong>d ar aRiqvam<strong>da</strong>. ufro metic, mas<br />
aintereseb<strong>da</strong> gaego, Tu ramdenad sakmarisad axden<strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove<br />
moqalaqeoba socialuri klasis modificirebas imisaTvis, rom socialuri<br />
konfliqtis mTlian dinamikaSi Seeqmna droebiTi zavi. Tu es ase iyo,<br />
marSalis (1950) moqalaqeoba iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kooptaciis sulisCamdgmeli <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
saboloo Sedegi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> uTanasworobis gaxangrZliveba: `marTalia, rom<br />
ZiriTadi Tanasworoba, romelsac moicavs moqalaqeobis formaluri<br />
uflebebi, Seesabameba socialuri klasis uTanasworobas? mimaCnia, rom dRes<br />
149
Cveni sazogadoeba uSvebs imas, rom es ori kvlav SeTavsebadia imdenad, rom<br />
Tavad moqalaqeoba gax<strong>da</strong>, garkveulwilad, legitimuri socialuri<br />
uTanasworobis sulisCamdgmeli” (70).<br />
amis gar<strong>da</strong>, igi fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom socialuri paqtis (anu sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur Zalebs Soris kompromisis) cneba xazs usvam<strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas misi sruli gamoxatulebiT<br />
socialur keTildReobaze orientirebul saxelmwifoSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
konsensusis politikis am cnebam xeli ar SeuSala marSals (1973), xazi<br />
gaesva im garemoebisaTvis, rom moqalaqeobis miRweva yovelTvis iyo<br />
sakamaTo procesi, brZolis procesi <strong>da</strong> igi gvafrTxileb<strong>da</strong> imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom `SesaZloa, Cveni sistemis SigniT arsebuli konfliqtebi metismetad<br />
mwvavdeba saimisod, rom kompromisma Tavis mizans didi xniT miaRwios” (122).<br />
neokonservatorebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba<br />
me vici, vinc aris liberali. amixvieT Tvalebi, <strong>da</strong>matrialeT bzrialasaviT<br />
<strong>da</strong> zigzagis gareSe movZebni Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTaderT liberals oTaxSi <strong>da</strong><br />
movZebni mas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c yvavilebis qoTnis ukan imalebodes.<br />
– uiliam f. baqli, `ginaxavT odesme mosiarule ocneba?”<br />
marSalis win<strong>da</strong>xeduli sityvebi SesaZloa gamafrTxilebeli iyo.<br />
neokonservatorebis gamoCena bolo or aTwleulSi gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> seriozul<br />
gamowvevas moqalaqeobis cnebis mimarT, rasac mxars uWerdnen socialur<br />
keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos liberalebi. arsebobs kritika<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo<br />
gaWirvebulTa Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis kulturis SeqmniT xels uwyobs<br />
pasiurobas. arsebobs agreTve kritika imis Taobaze, rom amowuruli<br />
fiskaluri xazinebi<strong>da</strong>n resursebis miRebiT, keTildReobis momxre<br />
liberalebma saxelmwifos Semweobaze myofTaTvis cxovrebis realuri<br />
Sansebis gaumjobesebis gareSe Seqmnes pirobebi mniSvnelovani siZlieris<br />
fiskaluri krizisisaTvis. <strong>da</strong>bolos, neokonservatorebi xe<strong>da</strong>ven socialur<br />
keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos srul neba<strong>da</strong>rTulobas,<br />
kerZod, kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebSi, rogorc<br />
pasuxismgebels moraluri krizisisaTvis (ojaxis krizisis CaTvliT)<br />
amerikul <strong>da</strong> evropul kulturebSi.<br />
ra aris neokonservatorebis pasuxi kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi<br />
Rirebulebebis krizisTan <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis krizisTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT?<br />
neokonservatorebis pasuxi sakmaod gansxvavdeba liberalur wreebSi<br />
gabatonebuli uflebebis logikisagan. neokonservatorebi mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar<br />
iReben moqalaqeobis cnebas, rogorc politikur Tu legalur statuss.<br />
150
aramed, neokonservatorebi erTmaneTs upirispireben or logikas,<br />
saxelmwifos logikasa <strong>da</strong> bazris logikas; am ukanasknels ki aniWeben<br />
SemZle momxmareblebis Seqmnis unars, romelTac SeuZliaT, bazris<br />
dinamizmiT Seqmnan ufro sicocxlisunariani <strong>da</strong> qmediTi socialuri<br />
SeTanxmeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis sakiTxi ar aris uaryofili,<br />
neokonservatorebi uars acxadeben apriori moqalaqeobis miniWebaze<br />
individTaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT myari finansuri mdgomareoba (ixileT<br />
keniCi omes pozicia, romelic gadmocemulia mesame TavSi).<br />
amgvarad, neokonservatorebisTvis, moqalaqeobis amocana niSnavs<br />
uflebebis misa<strong>da</strong>gebas movaleobebTan, imis uzrunvelyofiT, rom uflebebis<br />
formulireba moicavdes pasuxismgeblobebis formulirebas <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. <strong>da</strong><br />
mainc, feministi mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom mamakacebi, tendenciisamebr,<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis<br />
formulirebas, xolo qalebi, tendenciisamebr, ufro komfortulad<br />
grZnoben Tavs pasuxismgeblobebisa <strong>da</strong> zrunvis formulirebiT. es<br />
gansxvaveba iqamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>svas kantiseuli kiTxva,<br />
vdgavarT Tu ara ori gansxvavebuli moralis <strong>da</strong>, epistemologiis <strong>da</strong> eTikis<br />
winaSe (nodingsi, 1995). aseve, rogorc derek beli amtkicebs, aSS-s<br />
konstituciaSi mniSvnelovani uxerxuloba arsebobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sakuTrebis uflebebs Soris (beli, 1987:239).<br />
belis Semdeg, ledson-bilingsi <strong>da</strong> teiti (1995) asabuTeben, rom<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoria `savsea sakuTrebis Taobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>ZabulobebiTa <strong>da</strong> brZolebiT, romelic gamoxatuli iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
formiT. <strong>da</strong>wyebuli indielTa (<strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT iaponuri warmoSobis<br />
amerikelTa) miwi<strong>da</strong>n mocilebiT, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli meqsikelTa <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT,<br />
afrikelebisgan sakuTrebis SeqmniT; sakuTrebis gansazRvris, flobis unari<br />
Zalauflebis centraluri Tviseba iyo amerikaSi. ... amgvarad, Cven vsaubrobT<br />
individze, individualur uflebebze <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uflebebze, maSin roca<br />
socialuri Semweoba uxvad ugrovdeba sakuTrebis mflobelebs” (53).<br />
amgvarad, neokonservatoruli argumentacia moqalaqeobis Taobaze or<br />
ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas awydeba. pirveli is aris, rom uflebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlianoba ar Seadgens moralur arCevanTa mTel speqtrs; <strong>da</strong> meore _<br />
saWiroa, rom zrunva <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebloba Sevides saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikis nebismier moralur dizainSi. es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, seriozulad<br />
zRu<strong>da</strong>vs individualisturad aRqmul neokonservatorul logikas. ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom sakuTrebis uflebebis kontrastuli<br />
logika (rogorc es neokonservatorebisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
TvalsazrisiT aRiqmeba) Tavisi egalitarianizmiT miiCneva mTavar<br />
uxerxulobad aSS konstituciaSi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sakiTxi<br />
151
adgens moqalaqeobis sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> Semdgom zRu<strong>da</strong>vs neokonservatorul<br />
filosofiur mtkicebas.<br />
sociologiur doneze, axal memarjveneebiseul kritikas socialuri<br />
moqalaqeobis cnebisa <strong>da</strong> socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb winaaRmdegoba gauwia neokonservatoruli<br />
wanamZRvrebis kritikul <strong>da</strong>kvirvebaTa rigma. pirveli, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
cneba, rogorc socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos<br />
Sedegi, sa<strong>da</strong>vo gax<strong>da</strong> imis safuZvelze, rom swored umuSevroba (globaluri<br />
ekonomikuri restruqturizaciis konteqstSi <strong>da</strong> ara keTildReobis<br />
arseboba) aris pasuxismgebeli gaWirvebulTa mdgomareobaze ganviTarebul<br />
industrialur sazogadoebebSi. Amis sapirispirod, yvelaze mZlavr<br />
socialur keTildReobaze orientirebuli saxelmwifos (kerZod,<br />
skandinaviis saxelmwifoebis) gamocdilebis arseboba SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
imitom, rom am saxelmwifoebSi umuSevrobis done saocrad <strong>da</strong>bali iyo am<br />
saukuneSi. neokonservatorebis es kritika asabuTebs im garemoebas, rom<br />
memarjvene politikuri ekonomikis Sedegad, klasobrivi uTanasworobebi<br />
gaRrmav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momuSave Ratakebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usaqmebeli mosaxleoba aRmoCndnen<br />
sistemaSi minimaluri ekonomikuri monawileobis zRvars qvemoT <strong>da</strong><br />
faqtiurad, gaxdnen politikurad ufleba<strong>da</strong>kargulni. swored amas uwo<strong>da</strong><br />
aTwleulis win klaus ofem Sromis komodifikacia, romelic warmoSobs<br />
legitimaciis krizisis winaSe mdgari kapitalisturi sazogadobebis<br />
socialur arastabilurobasa <strong>da</strong> umarTaobas.<br />
rogorc axsnili iyo meore TavSi, neokonservatoruli <strong>da</strong><br />
neoliberaluri programebi Tavisi socialuri politikiT di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. moqalaqeobis (rogorc politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri statusis) miRebis nacvlad, isini cdilobdnen <strong>da</strong>e<strong>da</strong>sturebinaT<br />
bazris roli <strong>da</strong> uaryofdnen im azrs, rom moqalaqeoba aniWebs statuss,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia ekonomikuri mdgomareobisagan. Tumca,<br />
neokonservatoruli <strong>da</strong> neoliberaluri xedvis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, cxadi xdeba, rom<br />
siRatake seriozul gamowvevas warmoadgens moqalaqeobis miRwevisaTvis,<br />
gamowvevas, romelic miRebulia laTinuri amerikis gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
ganxilulia winamdebare Tavis komentarebSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, ra aris bazarze am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Sedegebi ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobisaTvis? momdevno nawili, romelic Sedgenilia jef vitis<br />
masalebisgan, <strong>da</strong>gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom moqalaqe momxmarebelma Secvala.<br />
152
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, moqalaqeoba, momxmareblebi <strong>da</strong> bazari: jeof vitis<br />
kritika<br />
saxelmwifo iRebs <strong>da</strong> xSirad arTmevs bavSvs de<strong>da</strong>s imisaTvis, rom ga<strong>da</strong>sces<br />
igi oficialur agentebs; saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze iRebs TiToeuli<br />
Taobis wvrTnasa <strong>da</strong> gonebisaTvis codnis micemas. erTgvarovneba Warbobs<br />
sajaro ganaTlebis procesSi, ise rogorc yvelaferSi; mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufleba dRiTi dRe qreba.<br />
– aleqsis de tokvili, <strong>demokratia</strong> amerikaSi<br />
rogorc meore TavSi iyo axsnili, liberalur saxelmwifoSi<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> yovelTvis iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc moqalaqeobis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
centraluri mniSvnelobis rolis mqone. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
sajaro iyo, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si sabazro Zalebis mzardi aqcentis gamo, moqalaqe<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> momxmarebeli, ramac gavlena moaxdina soli<strong>da</strong>robis socialur<br />
wesebze <strong>da</strong> politikuri cnobierebisa <strong>da</strong> reprezentaciis formebze. jeof<br />
viti (ibeWdeba) kargad ayalibebs Tavis mosazrebas: `vvaraudob, rom<br />
instituciuri avtonomiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba <strong>da</strong> mraval<br />
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi mSoblebis arCevani (rac amJamad moduria),<br />
savaraudod, ar <strong>da</strong>exmareba moqalaqeTa umravlesobis SesaZleblobaTa<br />
gafarToebas araegalitarul sazogadoebebSi. ufro zustad,<br />
mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong> arCevani individTa Soris, romelTac araTanabrad<br />
miuwvdebaT xeli rogorc kulturul, aseve materialur resursebze,<br />
savaraudod, Seaferxebs, <strong>da</strong> ar gazrdis maTi emansipaciis Sansebs” (1).<br />
viti (ibeWdeba) asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si amJamindeli<br />
neokonservatoruli reformebi mimarTulia bazrisaken, asustebs<br />
saxelmwifos Carevas <strong>da</strong> iRwvis mravali miznisaTvis. pirveli <strong>da</strong> umTavresi,<br />
es reformebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, rogorc warmoebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n sxva<br />
sferoebSi, rogoricaa <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofa,<br />
regulirebis cvalebadi reJimebis asaxva. 4 ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebadi cvlileba bazrebis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas Soris socialuri servisis<br />
uzrunvelyofaSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>svla ekonomikaSi fordizmi<strong>da</strong>n akumulaciis neofordistuli<br />
reJimisken, rogorc gaanalizebulia mesame TavSi. meore, ufro<br />
meti specializaciis mqone skolebis warmoSoba aseve aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
ekonomikaSi moqnili specializaciis gaZlierebis ekvivalenti, rac<br />
ganpirobebulia diferencirebuli moxmarebis imperativebiT, rac Zvel<br />
saamwyobo konveieris samyaros cvlis masobrivi warmoebiT. (viti, ibeWdeba:<br />
7-8). mesame, warmoebis wesSi cvlilebebisa <strong>da</strong> ufro fragmentirebul<br />
kulturul sferoebSi ganaTlebis sistemebis simbolizmis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
es reformebi aseve aRiqmeba, rogorc `axal droSi” reprezentaciis,<br />
arCevanisa <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebis postmodernistuli formebis Sefaseba –<br />
153
anu, Tanamedrove biurokratizebuli saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sistemebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>cileba.<br />
Tumca, empiriuli faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom gaWirvebulTaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevis nacvlad, arCevanze <strong>da</strong> skolis avtonomiaze (vauCerebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sawesdebo skolebis CaTvliT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) aqcenti<br />
kidev ufro met zarals ayenebs maT, visac ar SeuZlia bazarze<br />
konkurenciis gaweva (smiti <strong>da</strong> noubli, 1995; planti, 1990; efli, 1997). am<br />
politikis detaluri analizis Semdeg viti (ibeWdeba) <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom:<br />
mzardi tendecia imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro meti<br />
aspeqti iqnes <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili momxmarebelTa uflebebze <strong>da</strong> ara samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebze, moicavs imaze gacilebiT mets, vidre mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>svlas<br />
saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sajaro sistemebi<strong>da</strong>n individualur skolebze,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven bazarze. Tumca, erTi SexedviT,<br />
reagirebs ra zogadi xasiaTis zebiurokratiuli socialur keTildReobaze<br />
orientirebuli saxelmwifos debulebebis kritikaze, mas ganaTlebis mTavari<br />
aspeqtebi aseve ga<strong>da</strong>hyavs sajaro<strong>da</strong>n kerZo sferoSi socialuri<br />
samarTlianobisaTvis potenciurad mniSvnelovani SedegebiT... vinai<strong>da</strong>n axali<br />
ganaTlebis politika asazrdovebs im ideas, rom keTildReobaze<br />
pasuxismgebloba (sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebeli minimumis<br />
farglebs gareT) un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod, rogorc sakiTxi<br />
individebisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxebisaTvis, maSin ara mxolod bazris farglebi<br />
viwrovdeba, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gansazRvruli<br />
iqneba mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod sabazro terminebiT. (15)<br />
viti (ibeWdeba: 26) gvirCevs asociaciis axali formebis Seqmnas sajaro<br />
sferoSi, romelSic moqalaqis uflebebi sajaro politikis formirebis<br />
procesSi SeiZleba aRdges sajaro <strong>da</strong> marketizirebuli samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis SezRuduli versiis tendenciebTan mimarTebaSi. ganaTlebis<br />
politikis Seqmna demokratiuli cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili <strong>da</strong><br />
legitimuri sazogadoebrivi sfero un<strong>da</strong> iyos (26).<br />
vitis <strong>da</strong>intereseba skolebSi socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
marketizaciiT <strong>da</strong> momxmarebelTa sazogadoebisken miswrafebiT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom ganviTarebulia socialur demokratiuli pozicii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
memarcxeneebSi, mainc SeTavsebadia sajaro skolebze tradiciul<br />
liberalur SexedulebasTan, rac xels uwyobs pasuxismgeblobis mqone<br />
moqalaqeTa swavlebas, imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, sajaro skolebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
rasisa <strong>da</strong> religiis bavSvebisagan moiTxoven erTad muSaobasa <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTis<br />
pativiscemis swavlas.<br />
154
liberaluri pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, emi gutmani (1987) <strong>da</strong>majereblad amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong> moqalaqeobisaTvis fokusirebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos uflebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
ara pasuxismgeblobebis <strong>da</strong>mowmebaze <strong>da</strong> amave dros, skolebi xels un<strong>da</strong><br />
uwyobdes zogadi saTnoebebis (gabeduleba, kanonmorCileba, loialuroba),<br />
socialuri saTnoebebis (avtonomia, farTo horizontis qona), ekonomikuri<br />
saTnoebebis (samuSao eTika, TviT<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis Seyovnebis unari) <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri saTnoebebis (analizis unari, kritikis unari) ganviTarebas. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, skolebma un<strong>da</strong> aswavlon bavSvebs iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />
azrovneba <strong>da</strong> moraluri perspeqtiva, rac gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv<br />
gonivrulobas (kimlika <strong>da</strong> normani, 1994:368). es moqalaqeobrivi Tvisebebi<br />
axdenen ara mxolod moqalaqis formirebas, aramed zrdian aseve<br />
demokratiis ganxorcielebis Sansebs Tanamedrove kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi, radgan rogorc terneri (1986) miiCnevs, `moqalaqeobam un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seasrulos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli normatiuli roli nebismier sarwmuno<br />
politikur TeoriaSi <strong>da</strong> ... pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse moqalaqeoba un<strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgendes saxelmwifoebrivi politikis aqtualur mizans” (194). Tumca,<br />
rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi cxovroben keTildReobis garkveul doneebze <strong>da</strong>bla,<br />
samoqalaqo saTnoebebis ganviTareba SeiZleba arasakmarisi iyos<br />
moqalaqeobis xelSesawyobad – an T. h. marSalis terminologiiT rom<br />
CamovayaliboT, SeiZleba arasakmarisi iyos socialuri uflebebi – rac maT<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiyenon uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Seasrulon sakuTari, rogorc<br />
moqalaqeTa movaleobebi.<br />
moqalaqeobis ganxorcielebis mTavari <strong>da</strong>brkoleba aris mravali<br />
moqalaqis mzardi siRaribe <strong>da</strong> kerZod, maTi dekomodifikacia, maT<br />
uunarobasTan erTad (gayidon sakuTari Sroma formalur bazrebze) –<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, araformaluri Sromis bazrebis mniSvnelobis zr<strong>da</strong> saarsebo<br />
saSualebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis komentari, romelic eyrdoba siRaribisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis gamocdilebas laTinur amerikaSi (rac araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar aris unikaluri globalizaciis konteqtSi) gviCvenebs<br />
moqalaqeobis miRebis problemis sirTules maSin, rodesac ZiriTadi<br />
ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis minimumic ki ar aris <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuli.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> siRaribisa, arsebobs sxva seriozuli gamowvevebi moqalaqeobis<br />
cnebisaTvis, rogorc gadmocemulia liberaluri tradiciiT. yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovania is gamowvevebi, romelic warmodgenilia feminizmis TeoriiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikiT, postkolonializmiT, rasis kritikuli Teoriisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri moZraobebiT. momdevno nawili warmoadgens am mosazrebebs,<br />
xolo bolo nawili fokusirebulia bazrebs, moqalaqeobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s<br />
Soris interaqciebze.<br />
155
feminizmis, postkolonializmis, rasis kritikuli Teoriisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri moZraobebis gamowvevebi<br />
feminizmi<br />
zRvarze vimyofebi. aSkara gansxvavebas vxe<strong>da</strong>v marginalurobas, romelic<br />
iZulebiT Tavsmoxveulia despotur struqturebis (mbrZaneblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
deprivaciis adgilebis) mier <strong>da</strong> marginalobas Soris, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
irCevs winaaRmdegobis gawevisaTvis – rogorc radikaluri gulaxdilobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SesaZloblobis adgils.<br />
– bel huqsi, swrafva<br />
T. h. marSalma – <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad bevrma mkvlevarma – TavisTavad<br />
cxa<strong>da</strong>d miiCnia is garemoeba, rom meTvramete saukuneSi yvela a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
inglisSi legalurad Tavisufali iyo <strong>da</strong> amdenad, sargeblob<strong>da</strong> civiluri<br />
moqalaqeobiT. Tumca, am varaudis mimarT yvelaze seriozuli gamowvevaa is<br />
azri, rom zr<strong>da</strong>sruli ingliseli mamakaci sargeblob<strong>da</strong> iuridiuli<br />
TavisuflebiT <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobiT, qalTa Sromis komodifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi<br />
qalTa iuridiuli Zalauflebis naklebobis gamo, rac kontroldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
patriarqaluri <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli qcevebis meSveobiT. rogorc peitmani (1996)<br />
wers:<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kritikis mzardi simZlavrisa <strong>da</strong> diapazonisa, misi komentatorebi<br />
tipiurad ver afaseben moqalaqeobis mimarT marSalis interesis Tavisebur<br />
siviwroves, rac mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT miedineba... igi ar kiTxulobs,<br />
aqvs Tu ara uflebebs Tanabari mniSvneloba yvela moqalaqisaTvis, an<br />
sxvagvarad rom CamovayaliboT azri, yvela individisaTvis erTsa <strong>da</strong> imaves<br />
niSnavs Tu ara moqalaqeoba. igi arkvevs socialur integracias <strong>da</strong> –<br />
mamrobiTi – muSa klasis materialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul pirobebs. man ar<br />
gaiTvaliswina, iyvnen Tu ara sxva moqalaqeebi, romlebic SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> meore<br />
klasisTvis miekuTvnebinaT. (7-8).<br />
peitmanis es komentari miuTiTebs T. h. marSalis sam yvelaze<br />
saintereso kritikaze: (a) rom misi analizi, Zlieri aqcentiT (mamrobiTi)<br />
muSa klasis ideologiaze, metad veRar ganmartavs cvlilebebs<br />
moqalaqeobaSi restruqturirebuli globalizebuli kapitalizmis gamo; (b)<br />
rom man ver SeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina eTnikurobis sakiTxi (rac ganmartavs<br />
sakmaod did wils imisa, rasac peitmani uwodebs `meore klasis<br />
moqalaqeebs”); <strong>da</strong> (g) rom man aSkarad ver SeZlo moqalaqeobis sakuTar<br />
analizSi ganemarta qalebis subordinacia. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, moqalaqeobis<br />
feministuri gamowvevis mniSvneloba, romlis ganxilvasac axla<br />
mivubrundebi.<br />
156
feminizmi, msgavsad nebismieri Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriisa,<br />
warmoadgens dinebaTa nazavs monawileTa raodenobiT, romlebic asruleben<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rolebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva principebis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> romlebsac,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia, mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave<br />
Teoriuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebisa, Tu politikuri orientaciebisaken ar mivyavarT.<br />
Tumca, klasikuri feministuri teqtebis nebismieri kritikuli wakiTxva<br />
gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo feminizmi moqalaqeobis<br />
tradiciuli koncefciebis gabatonebuli ganuyofeli `mamrobiTobis”<br />
dekonstruqciaSi <strong>da</strong> amdenad, rogor SeuZlia feminizms, SemogvTavazos<br />
ukiduresad gamWriaxi ideebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SevqmnaT<br />
radikalurad demokratiuli proeqti, romelic <strong>da</strong>efuZneba WeSmarit<br />
Tanasworobas <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebas. 5<br />
identobis sakiTxi centraluria tradiciuli liberaluri<br />
moqalaqeobis gamowvevebis diskusiisaTvis. Santal mufma (1993), romelic<br />
uars acxadeb<strong>da</strong> esencialisturi poziciis <strong>da</strong>kavebaze, magram romelic aseve<br />
iyeneb<strong>da</strong> poststruqturalistur wvlils, epistemologiurad gadmogvca, Tu<br />
ra dgas riskis qveS, roca ganvixilavT moqalaqeobas feministuri<br />
perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n: `mxolod maSin, rodesac uarvyofT subieqtze Sexedulebas<br />
rogorc agentze, romelic aris rogorc racionaluri, ise transparentuli<br />
sakuTari Tavis mimarT, <strong>da</strong> uarvyofT aseve misi poziciebis ansamblis<br />
savaraudo erTianobas <strong>da</strong> erTgvarovnebas, viqnebiT im poziciaSi, rom<br />
Teoriulad vimsjeloT subordinaciis urTierTobaTa simravleze”.<br />
mufi amtkicebs, rom subordinaciis urTierTobebi mravalSriania <strong>da</strong><br />
rom a<strong>da</strong>miani SeiZleba dominantur rols asrulebdes erT urTierTobaSi,<br />
xolo <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul rols – sxva urTierTobaSi. aRniSnuli, nawilobriv,<br />
ukavSirdeba subieqtTa materialur <strong>da</strong> simbolur poziciurobas <strong>da</strong> im<br />
mosazrebas, rom identoba aris ara ucvleli arsi, aramed poziciaTa (anu<br />
statusebis/rolebis), narativebisa <strong>da</strong> diskursebis ansambli, rac Seqmnilia<br />
subieqtis mier misi urTierTobebisgan (<strong>da</strong>, amdenad, gamocdilebebisgan) <strong>da</strong><br />
misi sakuTari poziciurobisgan.<br />
es aris mizanscena, romelic <strong>da</strong>zianebulia socialur agentTa<br />
cxovrebaSi SeusabamobebiTa <strong>da</strong> gaurkvevlobebiT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, mufis (1993)<br />
Sexeduleba eWvqveS ayenebs identobis imave cnebas, rogoric aris arsi,<br />
romelic reagirebas axdens garkveul kodebze, wesebsa Tu bunebaze: `aseTi<br />
mravalgvari <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi subieqtis `identoba~ yovelTvis<br />
pirobiTia <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviTi, droebiTad <strong>da</strong>magrebulia subieqtis am poziciaTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia identifikaciis specifiur formebze. amitom<br />
SeuZlebelia visaubroT socialur agentze ise, TiTqos vexebodeT erTian<br />
erTgvarovan arss” (77). mufis analizis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
157
om subieqtis identobis cnebas ar un<strong>da</strong> mivudgeT martivad, rogorc<br />
ubralod poziciaTa simravlis Tanaarsebobas.<br />
mufis mtkiceba aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowveva moqalaqeobis<br />
cnebisaTvis. vinai<strong>da</strong>n socialuri agenti ar SeiZleba gamoiyos, rogorc<br />
calkeuli identobisgan Sedgenili, <strong>da</strong> vinai<strong>da</strong>n simravlis cneba<br />
SeuZlebels xdis imis advil definicias, rac aris moqalaqe, es analizi<br />
seriozulad sa<strong>da</strong>vod xdis moqalaqeobis nebismier gamartivebul<br />
definicias, romelic efuZneba legalur, an teritoriul cnebebs.<br />
ufro metic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arsebobs identobebis simravle, is<br />
ar SeiZleba martivad gavigoT, rogorc faqtorebis erToblioba, an<br />
rogorc TvisebaTa naerTi. mufisaTvis (1993), identoba un<strong>da</strong> aRviqvaT,<br />
rogorc interaqciis produqti sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva diskursebs Soris, romelic qmnis<br />
subieqtis gamocdilebas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciebs, rac gansazRvravs am<br />
gamocdilebas. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es poziciebi warmoadgens `sxvebis mier<br />
erTis mudmivi <strong>da</strong>Slis (<strong>da</strong>mxobis) <strong>da</strong> zedeterminaciis” produqts (77),<br />
identobaTa politizireba viTardeba brZolis axal formebSi, rac<br />
centraluria laklosa <strong>da</strong> mufis (1985) TvalsazrisiT, radikaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
pluraluri demokratiis proeqtisaTvis.<br />
radikaluri <strong>da</strong> pluraluri demokratiis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, laklo <strong>da</strong><br />
mufi ayeneben demokratiul ekvivalenturobaTa cnebas. amis azri<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom radikaluri demokratiuli politikis SeqmnisaTvis<br />
saWiroa mravalferovani demokratiuli brZolebisa <strong>da</strong> identobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSireba <strong>da</strong> demokratiul ekvivalenturobaTa <strong>da</strong>fuZneba:<br />
radikaluri demokratiis amocana aris, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, demokratiuli<br />
revoluciis gaRrmaveba <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani demokratiuli brZolebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSireba... magaliTad, antirasizmis, antiseqsizmisa <strong>da</strong> antikapitalizmis.<br />
es brZolebi spontanurad ar emTxveva <strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom Camoyalibdes<br />
demokratiuli ekvivalenturobebi, saWiroa axali `saRi azri”, romelic ise<br />
moaxden<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis identobis transformirebas, rom<br />
SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> TiToeuli jgufis moTxovnebis Camoyalibeba sxvebis<br />
moTxovnebTan erTad demokratiuli ekvivalenturobis principebis mixedviT...<br />
imisaTvis, rom muSaTa interesebis <strong>da</strong>cva ar moxdes qalebis, emigrantebisa<br />
Tu momxmareblebis uflebebis xarjze, aucilebelia <strong>da</strong>dgindes<br />
ekvivalentoba am sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva brZolebs Soris. mxolod am garemoebebSi xdeba<br />
Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg brZola WeSmaritad demokratiuli. (19)<br />
mufi (1993) aRiarebs radikalur antiesencializms. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom igi iRebs ZiriTadi aRmniSvnelebis arsebobas koleqtiur subieqtTa<br />
aRsaniSnad, `qalis” cnebas ar eqneba erTiani arsi, <strong>da</strong> amdenad: `Cven aRar<br />
158
gvaqvs erTgvarovani erTeuli `qali”, romelic dgas sxva erTgvarovani<br />
erTeulis `kacis” winaSe, aramed gvaqvs socialur urTierTobaTa simravle,<br />
romelSic sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi yovelTvis igeba Zalian mravalferovani<br />
saSualebebiT <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c subordinaciis winaaRmdeg brZola un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
vizualizebuli specifiuri <strong>da</strong> diferencialuri formebiT” (78). vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ZiriTadi identobebis cneba eWvqveS dgeba imiT, rasac frazeri (1997)<br />
uwodebs dekonstruqciul esencializms, Tanasworobis gansxvavebasTan<br />
Sepirispirebis dilema mufisaTvis xdeba uazro, an frazerisaTvis –<br />
ubralod mc<strong>da</strong>ri antiTeza (1997:3).<br />
rogor SeiZleba, rom am antiesencialisturma, an dekonstruirebulma<br />
esencializmis poziciam gamoiyenos feminizmis mier Setanili wvlili<br />
moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi? mufi (1993) akritikebs radikalur feminizms, rac<br />
warmodgenilia qerol peitmanis (1986a, 1986b, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1996) kacis/qalis<br />
antagonizmis analiziT. mufi amtkicebs, rom feminizmis centraluri mizania<br />
is specifiuri moTxovnebi, ramac SeiZleba asaxos qalis interesi<br />
demokratiuli politikis sityvebiT gadmocemisas. 6 peitmanis (1992)<br />
pozicias, rogorc esencialistur pozicias akritikebs mufi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
peitmanis gakritikebamde mufi akritikebs maternalur feminizms misi<br />
uunarobisaTvis – xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeobis adekvatur models. mufi<br />
amtkicebs, rom radgan dedisa <strong>da</strong> Svilis urTierToba araTanaswori,<br />
intimuri, eqskluziuri <strong>da</strong> konkretuli aqtivobaa, igi Zlier gansxvavdeba<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisagan, romelic moiTxovs koleqtiur, inkluziur<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganzogadebul aqtivobebs.<br />
mufis mixedviT, peitmanis analizi gansazRvravs moqalaqeobas,<br />
rogorc patriarqalur kategorias, romelic konstruirebulia maskulinur<br />
saxeSi, xolo alternativa aris is, rom Seiqmnas moqalaqeobis seqsualurad<br />
diferencirebuli koncefcia, aRiarebs unars, romelic aqvT qalebs <strong>da</strong><br />
aklia kacebs: dedobas. magaliTad, domestikuri feminizmis kritikisas,<br />
peitmani (1986a, citirebulia mufis mier, 1993:80) amtkicebs, rom es<br />
Sexeduleba `saTanado wonas aniWebs sqesobriv gansxvavebas sazogadoebrivi<br />
Tanasworobis konteqstSi, moiTxovs individis unitaruli (anu,<br />
maskulinuri) koncefciis uaryofas, rac abstrahirebulia Cveni<br />
realizebuli arsebobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> piradsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivs Soris<br />
patriarqaluri <strong>da</strong>yofi<strong>da</strong>n” (24).<br />
es <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba, romelic Camoayaliba mufma 1986 wels peitmanis<br />
gamouqveynebuli statii<strong>da</strong>n, aseve warmodgenilia peitmanis re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiT<br />
gamocemul feministur politikur mecnierebaTa naSromebis ZiriTad<br />
krebulSi (1986b), romelic gamovi<strong>da</strong> imave wels. pirveli, aq aris<br />
piradis/sazogadoebrivis gansxvavebis kritika: `feminizmisaTvis warsulis<br />
159
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> rTuli memkvidreobaa TiTqos<strong>da</strong><br />
universaluri `individis” Seqmna piradsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivs Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong>yofisas”. individis sqesobrivad konkretuli xasiaTi Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sqesobrivi gansxvavebis problemis centrSi dgas” (7). meore aris imis<br />
kritika, liberaluri sociologiis perspeqtivisaTvis, rac feminizmma un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaakeTos socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur TeoriaSi Teoriuli xarvezebis,<br />
gamotovebebisa <strong>da</strong> araswori warmodgenebis Sesacvlelad:<br />
sirTule ... is aris, rom feminizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc qalebis unitarul,<br />
aradiferencirebul sistemaze morgebis sakiTxi, rac varaudobs, rom<br />
arsebobs mxolod erTi – universaluri – sqesi. an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />
advilia vivaraudoT, rom imis mtkicebis xangrZlivi istoriis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
rom qalebis SesaZleblobebi moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n Cvens<br />
gamoricxvas, erTaderTi Sesabamisi pasuxia is, rom vamtkicoT, rom<br />
sqesobrivi gansxvaveba ararelevanturia. Tumca, msjelobis es xazi<br />
xeluxleblad tovebs sazogadoebrivi samyaros, individisa <strong>da</strong> misi unarebis<br />
sqesobrivad konkretul <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas. (7)<br />
mesame, peitmani Semdeg gviCvenebs liberaluri argumentis nakls, rom<br />
radgan qalebs igive unarebi aqvT, rac kacebs, Sesabamisi ganaTlebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, isini srulad un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen integrirebulni samoqalaqo<br />
cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv sferoSi. igi amtkicebs, rom argumenti,<br />
garkveulwilad, Cinebulia. rasac igi faravs is aris, rom arsebobs qalis<br />
unari, romelsac ar floben mamakacebi <strong>da</strong>, amgvarad, es srulad uaryofs,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>badebas, qalebis sxeulebs <strong>da</strong> qalur vnebebs, ganuyoflad maTi<br />
sxeulebisgan <strong>da</strong> sxeulebrivi procesebisgan, raime politikuri<br />
relevanturoba hqondes” (7).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, dedobis politikis Sesaxeb ufro garkveulad<br />
msjelobisas, peitmani (1992) ambobs, rom: `is faqti, rom mxolod qalebs<br />
aqvT unari, <strong>da</strong>fexmZimdnen, gaaCinon bavSvi <strong>da</strong> ZuZu awovon TavianT Cvilebs,<br />
upiratesad warmoadgens `gansxvavebis” niSans. bavSvis gaCenam <strong>da</strong> dedobam<br />
moaxdines bunebrivi unaris sinTezireba, ramac qalebi ganacalkeva<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobisgan; dedoba <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba, am perspeqtivaSi,<br />
msgavsad gansxvavebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobisa, urTierTgamomricxavia” (18).<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, peitmani (1986b) gvTavazobs sinoptikur <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas imisa,<br />
Tu ra SeiZleba iyos feminizmis wvlili politikur TeoriaSi: `Tumca<br />
cxadia, rom feministuri Teoria TvalnaTliv iwyeba imis aRiarebiT, rom<br />
individebi arian mdedrobiTi <strong>da</strong> mamrobiTi, rom individualoba ar<br />
warmoadgens unitarul abstraqcias, aramed aris kacobriobis erTianobis<br />
gansaxierebuli <strong>da</strong> sqesobrovad diferencirebuli gamoxatuleba. Teoriis<br />
Seqmna, romelSic qalebs <strong>da</strong> qalurobas aqvs avtonomiuri adgili, niSnavs,<br />
160
om piradisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivis, socialurisa <strong>da</strong> politikuris xelaxali<br />
konceptualizacia aseve srulad un<strong>da</strong> moxdes; mokled, es niSnavs im<br />
sqesobrivad kerZo Teoriis didi xnis istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruls, romelic<br />
axdens univesalizmis imitacias” (10).<br />
mufi (1993) gvTavazobs yvelaze saintereso kontrarguments peitmanis<br />
analizTan mimarTebaSi. igi eTanxmeba peitmans, rom `individis” liberaluri<br />
kategoria agebulia rogorc universaluri, erTgvarovnad sazogado, <strong>da</strong><br />
amdenad individualurobisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebis cnebebi <strong>da</strong>hyavs kerZo sferomde.<br />
ufro metic, mufi aseve eTanxmeba peitmans, rom es politikur-filosofiuri<br />
konceptualizacia saziano iyo qalebisaTvis. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mufi (1993)<br />
acxadebs: `ar mjera, rom amis gamosworebis saSualebaa misi Secvla<br />
individis sqesobrivad diferencirebuli, `orsqesobrivi” koncefciiT<br />
(cnebiT) <strong>da</strong> qalebis egreT wodebuli specifiuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis SemotaniT<br />
moqalaqeobis imave gansazRvrebaSi” (81).<br />
mufi askvnis, rom peitmanis instinqtebi sworia dedobis politikuri<br />
Rirebulebis gamoyenebis mcdelobisas moqalaqeobis patriarqaluri<br />
safuZvlebis <strong>da</strong>saSlelad. analogiurad, qeTrin makkinoni <strong>da</strong> sxv. amtkicebs,<br />
rom `imisaTvis, rom genderis sakiTxebma gamoiwvios egreT wodebuli<br />
gansxvaveba, saboloo jamSi, un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT mamrobiTi perspeqtiva” (1985:21-22).<br />
magram mufi amtkicebs, rom peitmani Tavis sakuTar dilemaSi gamomwyvdeuli<br />
rCeba <strong>da</strong> Sedegad, ar SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>Salos kacebis/qalebis opozicia. amis<br />
nacvlad, mas surs `<strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove koncefciis<br />
nakli gamosworebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ara imiT, rom sqesobrivi gansxvaveba<br />
politikurad relevanturi gavxadoT mis definiciasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed<br />
moqalaqeobis axali koncefciis SeqmniT, sa<strong>da</strong>c sqesobrivi gansxvaveba xdeba<br />
efeqtianad ararelevanturi” (82).<br />
mufi droulad aRniSnavs, rom misi argumentireba sqesobrivi<br />
gansxvavebis, rogorc validuri gansxvavebis cnebis gaqrobis sasargeblod<br />
aris mimarTuli, igi arc socialuri urTierTobebis sqesis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
gareSe aRqmis postulirebas axdens. amis nacvlad, misi mosazrebiT,<br />
`radikaluri <strong>da</strong> pluraluri demokratiis proeqts sWirdeba moqalaqeobis<br />
ara sqesobrivad diferencirebuli modeli, romelSic rogorc kacebis, ise<br />
qalebis specifiuri amocanebi Tanabrad iqneba Sefasebuli, aramed marTlac<br />
gansxvavebuli gageba imisa, Tu ras niSnavs iyo moqalaqe <strong>da</strong> imoqmedo,<br />
rogorc demokratiuli politikuri sazogadoebis wevrma” (82).<br />
peitmani, Tavis sqesobriv kontraqtSi (1988) akritikebs qalebis<br />
gavlenas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas rogorc sruli moqalaqeobis naklebobis<br />
ganmsazRvrels sakontraqto sazogadoebebSi, <strong>da</strong> igi orive process<br />
ukavSirebs mepatrone/subieqtis models. frazeri (1997) amtkicebs, rom<br />
161
`peitmanis SexedulebiT, orelementiani mepatrone/subieqtis modeli qmnis<br />
mamakacurobis, qalurobis, seqsualurobis <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi gansxvavebis<br />
Cveneul gagebas” (226). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi afasebs peitmanis<br />
gambe<strong>da</strong>obas sqesobriv kontraqtSi, frazeri mas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizeziT<br />
akritikebs. pirveli, frazeri amtkicebs, rom moralisa <strong>da</strong> qalurobis arss<br />
`garkveuli asociacia akavSirebs batonobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebasTan, magram es<br />
asociaciebi arc erTaderTia <strong>da</strong> arc srulad avtoritetuli” (233). meore,<br />
frazeri amtkicebs, rom peitmanis modeli ver iTvaliswinebs farTo<br />
struqturul <strong>da</strong> politikur-ekonomikur faqtorebs, <strong>da</strong>morCilebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mbrZaneblobis gar<strong>da</strong>, rac iTvaliswinebs eqspluatacias kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi. mesame, igi amtkicebs, rom <strong>da</strong>morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> mbrZaneblobis<br />
is orelementiani formebi transformirdeba mniSvnelovani struqturuli<br />
meqanizmebiT, romelic gamoivlian aramdgrad kulturul formebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, frazeri amtkicebs, rom mepatrone/subieqtis modeli uaRresad<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>voa <strong>da</strong> ar iZleva models mTeli rigi gamocdilebebisaTvis, arc<br />
eqspluataciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebis <strong>da</strong> arc politikuri rezistentulobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli konfrontaciis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Tumca, peitmani (1992) pasuxobs, rom misi mizania gascdes<br />
Tanasworobas <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebas <strong>da</strong> rom sakiTxis arsi aris ara sqesobrivi<br />
gansxvaveba, aramed qalTa <strong>da</strong>morCileba: `sasicocxlo sakiTxia gamorCenili,<br />
Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>iSalos <strong>da</strong> Seicvalos is moqmedebis wesi, romelSic qalebi<br />
ukve CarTulni arian <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, Tanasworobasa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebas Soris<br />
urTierTobebma transformacia ganicados” (27).<br />
es diskusia xazs usvams sam rTulad mogvarebad Temas moqalaqeobis<br />
tradiciuli liberaluri gagebisaTvis. pirveli, es aris identobis cneba,<br />
rogorc narativTa <strong>da</strong> poziciaTa Znelad gasagebi, sa<strong>da</strong>vo, mu<strong>da</strong>m cvalebadi<br />
nakrebi, romelic Zalian arTulebs saubars moqalaqeobaze, rogorc calke<br />
aRebul identobaze <strong>da</strong> romelic TanafardobaSia teritoriasTan,<br />
kulturasTan an gamocdilebasTan. masaSa<strong>da</strong>me, mufis kritika<br />
esencializirebul poziciebis Sesaxeb efuZneba winapirobebs?<br />
`konceptualizirebadi identobebisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebisa, rogorc<br />
diskursiulad agebulis, obieqturad mocemulis nacvlad” (frazeri,<br />
1997:183). meore aris liberaluri demokratiebis patriarqaluri safuZvlebis<br />
cneba <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli kritika <strong>da</strong> cvlilebebi im safuZvlebSi, romelic<br />
saWiroa imisaTvis, Tu yvela mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali miCneul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes srul<br />
moqalaqeebad. rogorc peitmani migviTiTebs, `WeSmaritad demokratiul<br />
moqalaqeSi, me vgulisxmob, rom orive sqesi aris sruli moqalaqe” (28). es,<br />
Tavis mxriv iwvevs sajarosa <strong>da</strong> kerZos cnebebis politikuri gamoyenebis<br />
kritikas. `sazogadoebrivis” rogorc mamrobiTi, patriaqaluri cnebis<br />
feministuri kritika <strong>da</strong> demokratiis, rogorc meTodis <strong>da</strong> aseve arsis<br />
162
gagebis moTxovnileba, romelic moicavs rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv<br />
sferos – gansxvaveba, romelic un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes zrunvis Rirebulebas, rac<br />
Seexeba (Tumca, mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc gansakuTrebulad ar ukavSirdeba) dedobas –<br />
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan gamowvevas moqalaqeobis tradiciuli<br />
cnebisaTvis, rac izomeba saarCevno struqturebiTa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad<br />
aqtiuri mosaxleobis wiliT. <strong>da</strong>bolos, mufi miiCnevs, rom mravalferovani<br />
brZolebis gaerTianebaSi demokratiuli ekvivalentobis monaxvis saWiroeba<br />
ganuyofelia demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi Tavad<br />
alternatiuli identobebis postulirebis cnebisagan. mufis (1993) pozicia<br />
saWiroebs moqalaqeobis ganxilvas, ara rogorc erTi calke aRebuli<br />
identobisa, romelic sxvebTan erTad Tavgzaabneulia, an rogorc<br />
identobebis jamisa, aramed rogorc mkafiod formulirebuli principis,<br />
`romelic gavlenas axdens socialuri agentis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva subieqtur<br />
poziciebze, <strong>da</strong> amave dros specifiuri loialurobis simravlisa <strong>da</strong> iZleva<br />
individualuri Tavisuflebis pativiscemis saSualebas” (84).<br />
mufis mTliani midgoma Tavi<strong>da</strong>n icilebs specifiuri <strong>da</strong> mkacrad<br />
feministuri politikuri proeqtis Seqmnas moqalaqeobis tradiciuli<br />
cnebebis dekonstruqciaSi feminizmis wvlilis <strong>da</strong>kargvis gareSe. meore<br />
mxriv, peitmani cdilobs gaakritikos is, rasac igi aRiqvams, rogorc<br />
mamakacTa uflebebze <strong>da</strong>myarebul sazogadoebriv mowyobas. <strong>da</strong> mainc,Mmufis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, subieqtis Sedgenis wvdoma (rogorc is Sedgenilia<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva diskursebiTa <strong>da</strong> poziciebiT) ufro Sesabamisia, vidre identobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>yvana erT atributze, rogoricaa klasi, rasa, an sqesi an erTi modeli,<br />
rogoricaa mepatrone/subieqtis konstruqti, <strong>da</strong> aris winapiroba imis<br />
gasagebad, Tu rogor aris agebuli urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> gamoricxvis romeli<br />
formebi Warbobs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad liberaluri moqalaqeobis mtkicebisa.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mufsa <strong>da</strong> feiTmans, or gamoCenil feminist<br />
mkvlevars, rogorc Cans, gamorCaT feministuri Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
problema, romelic aris kavSirebis ganxilva rasas <strong>da</strong> sqess Soris ise, rom<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes acilebuli sqesis privilegireba rasasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
Savkaniani feministi mkvlevari akritikebs TeTrkaniani feministebis<br />
naSromebs Semdegnairad: `sityva `Savi~ qalebTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens<br />
intensifikators: Tu problemebi yvelasaTvis (igulisxmeba TeTrkaniani<br />
qalebi) rTulia, isini kidev ufro rTulia Savkaniani qalebisaTvis. usityvo<br />
<strong>da</strong> tanjulni, moyvanili varT gverdebze (umetesad sqolioebSi) rogorc<br />
imis ukiduresi magaliTi, Tu ramdenad cudi mdgomareoba SeiZleba iyos”<br />
(harisi, 1997:260). rgorc cnobili Cikana mwerali ambobs, rodesac<br />
ganvixilavT sqesis, klasis, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> eTnikurobis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTas, sakuTar<br />
Tavs aRmovaCenT `aracivilizebul zonaSi”, `radgan Cikanoebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
feradkaniani mamakacebi Tava<strong>da</strong>c warmoadgenen politikurad <strong>da</strong><br />
163
ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul klasebs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rTuli Cagvris<br />
aRiareba ... moiTxovs qalebisaTvis sqesis im <strong>da</strong>matebiTi tvirTis aRiarebas,<br />
rogorc es interpretirebulia yvela politikuri ierarqiis SigniT yvela<br />
patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi”. (Cavez kandelaria, 1997:248).<br />
multikulturuli `aracivilizebuli zonis” idea, rogorc Cavez<br />
kandelariam (1997) SemoiRo, warmoadgens saintereso socialur konstruqts,<br />
radgan igi saubrobs mravalricxovan kulturul gamocdilebebze, magram<br />
xels uwyobs genderis, rogorc diskretuli atributis kvlevas. ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, multikulturuli `aracivilizebuli zonis” cneba efuZneba imis<br />
aRiarebas, rom gamocdileba viTardeba diferencirebulad `iseTi<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi kategoriebis mixedviT, rogoricaa sqesi, rasa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuroba,<br />
<strong>da</strong> agreTve klasis politikur-ekonomikuri kategoriebis <strong>da</strong> simdidris<br />
ganawilebis mixedviT” (250). frazeri (1997:179), rogorc Cans, eTanxmeba amas.<br />
es aris ZiriTadi wvdoma, gansakuTrebiT radikaluri demokratiis<br />
cnebebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli interaqciebisaTvis saxlisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis<br />
doneze, iseve rogorc sazogadoebis doneze. rasa, klasi <strong>da</strong> sqesi<br />
urTierTqmedeben sakmaod gabedulad mamrobiTi gavlenis erT-erT yvelaze<br />
patriarqalur formaSi, `maCizmSi” (machismo), romelic didi xnis manZilze<br />
miiCneo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brkolebad radikalur demokratiuli <strong>da</strong> socialisturi qcevis<br />
SeqmnaSi. es cneba, romelic Cveulebriv miewerebo<strong>da</strong> laTino <strong>da</strong> Cikano<br />
mamakacebis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas zoga<strong>da</strong>d qalebis mimarT, sakmaod<br />
popularizebuli iyo masmediaSi <strong>da</strong> presaSi, rogorc TiTqmis<br />
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli maxasiaTebeli, <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, dResdReobiT igi<br />
adgens zoga<strong>da</strong>d laTino amerikelebis folkloruli mikerZoebuli<br />
Sexedulebebis nawils, im nagulisxmebi varaudis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
laTinoamerikeli <strong>da</strong> Cikana qalebi, nebayoflobiT Tu iZulebiT, xdebian<br />
mamakacebis seqsisturi qcevis Tanamonawileebi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, kapitalizmSi arsebobs azris sakmarisi <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> komodifikacia, rom <strong>da</strong>gvaviwyos espanuri terminis, `maCizmis”<br />
warmomavloba <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> is, Tu rogor SeiZleba igi Teoriulad<br />
iyos formulirebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi feradkaniani<br />
mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis gamocdilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. feministi Cikana<br />
mwerali Gloria anzaldua (1997) Segvaxsenebs am terminis warmomavlobas <strong>da</strong><br />
resignifikaciis Sedegebs, rasac adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> kapitalistur,<br />
patriarqalur sazogadoebebSi. misi analizi namdvilad imsaxurebs<br />
citirebas:<br />
sityva “machismo”-s Tanamedrove mniSvneloba, <strong>da</strong> aseve misi arsi,<br />
sinamdvileSi angloamerikuli gamogonebaa. mamaCemis msgavsi kacebisaTvis<br />
164
`maCooba” niSnav<strong>da</strong> sakmarisi siZlieris qonas, rac saWiro iyo Cveni <strong>da</strong><br />
de<strong>da</strong>Cemis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> rCenisaTvis <strong>da</strong> amave dros, siyvarulis gamoxatvis<br />
unaris qonas. dRevandel maCos awuxebs eWvebi sakuTari ojaxis gamokvebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis unaris Taobaze. misi “machismo” warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>ptacias<br />
CagvrasTan, siRatakesTan <strong>da</strong> sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi nakleb<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebulobasTan. es aris ierarqiuli mamrobiTi gavlenis Sedegi.<br />
angloamerikeli, romelic araadekvaturad, <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebulad <strong>da</strong> uZlurad<br />
grZnobs Tavs, icvlis an ga<strong>da</strong>scems am grZnobebs Cikanos, misi abuCad<br />
agdebiT. gringos samyaroSi Cikano itanjeba zomaga<strong>da</strong>suli Tavm<strong>da</strong>blobisgan,<br />
sakuTari Tavis gamo sircxvilisa <strong>da</strong> Tavis <strong>da</strong>mcirebisgan.<br />
laTinoamerikelebis gverdiT igi ganicdis enobrivi araadekvaturobis<br />
SegrZnebas <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli diskomforts; amerikel indielTa<br />
gverdiT igi itanjeba rasobrivi amneziiT (romelic Cvens saerTo sisxlis<br />
ignorirebas axdens) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>naSaulis SegrZnebiT, radgan misma espanurma<br />
nawilma <strong>da</strong>ipyro maTi miwa <strong>da</strong> Seaviwrova isini. mas aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli<br />
kompensatoruli siamaye, rodesad igi imyofeba sxva mxaris meqsikelebis<br />
gverdiT. es tvirTad awveba rasobrivi bralis Rrma SegrZnebas. Rirsebis<br />
grZnobisa <strong>da</strong> pativiscemis <strong>da</strong>kargva maCoSi iwvevs yalb “machismo”-s, rasac<br />
igi mihyavs qalebis <strong>da</strong>mcirebamde <strong>da</strong> sastik mopyrobamde. mis seqsistur<br />
qcevasTan erTad arsebobs misi siyvaruli dedisadmi, rac aRemateba yvela<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCenisadmi siyvaruls. Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli vaJi, binZuri maCo. Tavisi qmedebebis,<br />
sakuTari pirovnebis bralis Camosarecxad <strong>da</strong> sastiki mxecis samarTavad igi<br />
eCveva boTls, xvrinvas, narkotiks <strong>da</strong> muSts. (769)<br />
`maCizmi” warmoadgens umecrebis produqts, SesaZloa ojaxis<br />
socializaciis Rrma fsiqologiur struqturebsac ki, magram aseve, rogorc<br />
anzaldua amtkicebs, kapitalizmis, patriarqalurobis <strong>da</strong> feradkaniani<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis cxovrebaSi gringos batonobis fsiqologiur struqturebs.<br />
`maCizmi”, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aris seriozuli Semferxebeli moqalaqeobisa,<br />
rogorc samoqalaqo RirebulebebiT tkbobis <strong>da</strong> SesrulebisaTvis ara<br />
mxolod qali subieqtebisaTvis seqsistur qcevasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed<br />
Tavad sastiki maCosTvis, romlis humanurobac ziandeba sisastikis<br />
TiToeuli aqtis Semdeg <strong>da</strong> romelic, `maCizmis”, rogorc<br />
TviTidentifikaciis saSualebisaTvis mimarTviT, anadgurebs demokratiul<br />
moqalaqeobas, rogorc moqalaqeobriv Rirsebebs. cxadia, rom `maCizmis”<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetebi SeuZlebelia martivad warmoiSvas fsiqologiur<br />
teqniki<strong>da</strong>n, an saganmanaTleblo praqtiki<strong>da</strong>n; isini ukavSirdeba rasis,<br />
klasisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli urTierTobebis ufro farTo, sistemur problemas<br />
mzar<strong>da</strong>d globalizebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, feministebis axali wvlilis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT Cikana<br />
feministebisa, romlebic akritikeben kulturul imperializms, rogorc<br />
TeTrkaniani evrocentruli feministebis uunarobas, warmoidginon<br />
165
feradkanian qalTa Soris myofi TavianTi kolegebis saWiroebebi, survilebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> uflebebi: `feminizmi gavlenas axdens Cikana mwerlebsa <strong>da</strong> kritikosebze,<br />
magram feminizmi, romelic praqtikulad xorcieldeba hegemonuri kulturis<br />
qalebis mier Trgunavs <strong>da</strong> eqspluatacias uwevs Cikanos rogorc<br />
umniSvnelod, ise Riad” (salvador-hali, 1994:204).<br />
rasis, genderis <strong>da</strong> klasis dinamikis sirTule, gansakuTrebiT rogorc<br />
es gamoxatulia feministebis naSromebSi, saWiroebs globalizebuli<br />
postkoloniuri sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi adgilis miCenas. amgvarad,<br />
mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT moqalaqeobisadmi postkoloniuri analizis<br />
wvlili, gansakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gloria anzalduas cnobili<br />
poemis saTaurs `sasazRvro zolSi cxovreba niSnavs Sens pirovnebas”.<br />
postkolonializmi<br />
metismetad macdunebelia, wamovegoT ankesze <strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rom radgan<br />
esencializmi Teoriulad dekonstruirebul iqna, amitom politikura<strong>da</strong>c<br />
iqna Senacvlebuli.<br />
– stiuart holi, `rodis iyo post-koloniuri? azrovneba zRvarze”<br />
rodesac vfiqrobT T. h. marSalis wvlilze, saWiroa gavacnobieroT,<br />
rom mas umTavresad mxedvelobaSi hyav<strong>da</strong> `mowifuli ingliseli mamakaci”.<br />
magram rogorc peitmani (1996:9) aRniSnavs, marSalma detalebSi ar asaxa<br />
`britaneli subieqtis” cneba, arc <strong>da</strong>akvir<strong>da</strong> SesaZlo Sedegebs sametapiani<br />
moqalaqeobisa, rac Seqmnili iyo inglisSi <strong>da</strong> srulad mxar<strong>da</strong>Werili<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T msoflioSi britanuli imperializmis eqspansiiT. magaliTad,<br />
peitmani (1996:10-11) aRniSnavs, rom 1948 wlis aqti gamijnav<strong>da</strong> maT, vinc<br />
britaneTis moqalaqeobas iReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebis an gaerTianebul samefoSi<br />
naturalizaciis wyalobiT, maTgan, vinc britaneTis moqalaqeobas iReb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc Tanamegobrobis qveynebis statusis nawils. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
mniSvnelovania postkolonializmis, rogorc moqalaqeobis mimarT<br />
gamowvevis ganxilva.<br />
kolonializmi ukavSirdeba umetesad evropuli metropoliis<br />
sazogadoebebis imperialistur eqspansias mesame msoflios sazogadoebebze,<br />
istoriul process, romelic leninma gansazRvra rogorc imperializmi,<br />
kapitalizmis umaRlesi faza. 7 kolonializmi aseve iyo modernizaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zalebis mcdeloba teritoriuli, politikuri <strong>da</strong> teqnologiuri SeWris<br />
meSveobiT, industriuli TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n teqnologiurad naklebad ganviTarebul sazogadoebebze. iZulebiTi<br />
166
modernizaciis es procesi ar yofila avtoritaruli filantropiis,<br />
`tradiciuli” xalxisaTvis Tanamedroveobis motanis produqti, aramed es<br />
iyo Tavad koloniuri Zalauflebebis zogieri bundovani socialuri<br />
problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis <strong>da</strong> im qveynebis jer kidev xelSeuxebeli bunebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebis eqspluataciis mcdeloba, romlis kolonizaciac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. 8<br />
magaliTad, `axali teritoriebis” (afrikis <strong>da</strong> aziis) eqspansiam SeZlo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita evropi<strong>da</strong>n mosaxleobis gamosaxlebis saWiroeba, mosaxleobis<br />
siWarbisa <strong>da</strong> evropuli krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT mecxramete saukunis<br />
bolo meoTxedi<strong>da</strong>n pirvel msoflio omamde. eqspansiam aseve ga<strong>da</strong>Wra<br />
muSaxelis siWarbis <strong>da</strong> kapitalis mogebis normis vardnis problemebi, rac<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong> axal bazrebs investiciebisa <strong>da</strong> nedleulisaTvis. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
kolonializmi eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> erovnul saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong> elitaTa<br />
geopolitikur mosazrebebs, romlebic cdilobdnen gaefarToebinaT<br />
TavianTi planetaruli swrafva, evropuli eris Seqmnis azrTa<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobebis (samxedro Tu diplomatiuri gziT) <strong>da</strong>regulirebis<br />
mcdelobisas.<br />
postkolonializmi (Teoriuli perspeqtiva, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
gaTavisuflebis moZraobebTan, romlebic ibrZo<strong>da</strong> kolonializmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
rasizmis winaaRmdeg) warmoiSva, rogorc mcdeloba, gaekritikebinaT<br />
kolonializmis racionaluri safuZvlebi <strong>da</strong> moexdinaT `gonebis”<br />
dekolonizacia, rogorc ityo<strong>da</strong> franc fanoni. postkoloniuri azrovneba<br />
maRla dgas ganmanaTleblobis mTel kritikaze <strong>da</strong> Tanamedroveobis miseul<br />
memkvidreobaze. rogorc feminizmi, postkolonializmic akritikebs<br />
arakvalificirebul azrovnebis cnebas, universalurobas, istoriis<br />
progresul ganviTarebas, erovnul suverenitets <strong>da</strong> mTlianobas<br />
TviTidentobis mqone subieqtisa, romelsac aqvs specifiuri,<br />
TviTrefleqsiuri interesebi. feminizmis msgavsad, postkoloniur diskurss<br />
mniSvnelovani gavlena hqon<strong>da</strong> kulturis kvlevaze, umciresobis<br />
reprezentaciis diskursze <strong>da</strong> humanitarul mecnierebebSi dramatul,<br />
literaturul, kinos, mxatvrul <strong>da</strong> musikalur teqstebze diskusiaTa<br />
umetesobaze (eSkrofti, grifitsi <strong>da</strong> tifini, 1995).<br />
P politologi rei roko, los anJelesSi `axali” <strong>da</strong> `Zveli”<br />
migrantebis Sesaxeb Tavis gamWriax <strong>da</strong> sazrian analizSi, iyenebs mraval<br />
ZiriTad kulturul kategorias, romelic wamoyenebuli iyo<br />
postkolonialuri analiziT – kerZod, hibridulobas, sazRvrebs, zRvrebs,<br />
`mesame sivrces” <strong>da</strong> `Sualedurs” – <strong>da</strong> moixseniebs yvela maTgans Zalian<br />
saintereso socialur konstruqtiT: `subalterni sivrceebi”.<br />
167
kritikuli modernizmis saukeTeso tradiciiT, roko (1997) los<br />
anJelesze sakuTar kvlevaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirebs postkolonializmis<br />
Teoriebs, specializaciis Teoriebs (rogoricaa Teoriebi, romelic<br />
wamoyenebulia postmodernistuli geografiebis mier) <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
kvlevebs. misi sawyisi pozicia is aris, rom gansxvavebis evropuli<br />
konceptualizaciis kritikam un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinos kolonizebadekolonizebis<br />
RerZi; <strong>da</strong> igi gvTavazobs adrindel koloniur subieqtebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> adrindel koloniur metropolias Soris artikulaciis kritikas <strong>da</strong><br />
ganmeorebiT kvlevas. igi ambobs, `imis analizze koncentrirebiT, rac<br />
ganasxvavebs evropasa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s, erTi mxriv, <strong>da</strong> mesame msoflios kulturul<br />
formaciebs <strong>da</strong> konfiguraciebs, meore mxriv, postkolonialistebi axdenen<br />
gansxvavebis cnebebis problematizebas <strong>da</strong> SeimuSaveben Teoriul<br />
konstruqtebs artikulaciis pirobebis sirTulis gamosaxatavad” (4).<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n kultura brZolis velia, xolo postkolonializmis mTavari<br />
mizani iyo gonebis dekolonizebis saWiroebis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> Cagruli<br />
xalxis interesebis wamoweva, mTavar mizans warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
sistemis upiratesobis <strong>da</strong> TeTrebis Zalauflebis upiratesobis eWvqveS<br />
<strong>da</strong>yeneba imis asaxsnelad, Tu iqna formulirebuli kolonializmisadmi<br />
winaaRmdegoba, rogor Seiqmna identobebi brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> mbrZaneblobis<br />
urTierTobebi rogor qmnis radikalur kulturul diziunqciebs. rogorc<br />
roko (1997) ganmartavs: `hibriduloba, sazRvrebi, mesame sivrce <strong>da</strong> zRvrebi,<br />
yvela warmoadgens am urTierTobaTa sirTulis Teoriulad Camoyalibebis<br />
mcdelobas im terminebSi, romelic uaryofs <strong>da</strong>savleTis privilegirebas <strong>da</strong><br />
romelic mesame msoflios xalxis instituciuri lokaciis xasiaTis<br />
SemosazRvras axdens” (5).<br />
hibridis, diasporis an sazRvris cneba, rogorc Cans, yuradRebas<br />
aqcevs am mcdelobas, Seicnos mesame msoflios xalxis lokacia <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri simboluri praqtika, rogorc globusis kulturul rukaze<br />
maTi geopolitikuri <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis TvalsazrisiT, ise metropolis koloniuri<br />
sazogadoebebis centrSi maTi fizikuri diasporuli <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom roko frTxilobs, Tavs ar mogvaxvios<br />
postkolonializmis msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqti, ramac SeiZleba ver<br />
gamoxatos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi rasobrivi formirebis<br />
amJamindeli politikuri situaciis sirTule, (1997) igi grZnobs, rom<br />
postkolonializms SeuZlia SemogvTavazos garkveuli Rirebuleba, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvexmareba, gavigoT `kavSiri kolonizeba-dekolonizebis konteqstebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
istoriebs Soris (romelic warmoadgens am koncefciebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli<br />
msjelobis didi nawilis safuZvels), kavSirebi adre kolonizebuli<br />
168
qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n didi xnis manZilze arsebul populaciasa <strong>da</strong> yvelaze axal<br />
emigrantebs Soris, rogorc imave qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n, ise Soreuli regionebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli kulturuli konteqstebiT” (7).<br />
subaltern sivrceebze Teoriuli msjeloba rokos saSualebas aZlevs,<br />
los anJelesSi laTinoamerikeli migrantebis miseul kvlevaSi, gaigos<br />
dinamika axali emigrantebisa <strong>da</strong> im laTinoamerikelebisa, romlebic ukve<br />
iyvnen am qalaqSi <strong>da</strong> romelTac aSS-s kulturasTan <strong>da</strong> subordinaciis<br />
sistemasTan <strong>da</strong> ZalauflebasTan kavSiris ufro didi xnis istoria hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
es dinamika ganmartebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes, ara mxolod instituciuri sivrceebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikebis (ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli) gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rac qmnis uflebamosilebis momcem pirobebs, aramed socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri qmedebisaTvis SezRudvebis, pirobebis, strategiebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
rokos (1997) mosazrebiT, “fragmentaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli diziunqciis<br />
maxasiaTeblebi <strong>da</strong> subalterni sivrceebis warmoSoba (rac sa<strong>da</strong>vos xdis<br />
aSS-evrocentrul reprezentaciebs <strong>da</strong> batonobas), ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, gvxvdeba<br />
urbanul centrebSi, rogoricaa los anJelesi... ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> aziis,<br />
laTinuri amerikis <strong>da</strong> afrikis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n xalxis swrafi <strong>da</strong> masiuri<br />
migraciebi evropisa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s megaqalaqebSi, maTi gavlena kulturul,<br />
ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur instituciur urTierTobebze <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
konstruireba <strong>da</strong> interpretireba, rogorc gaazrebuli safrTxisa erovnuli<br />
identobis kulturuli safuZvlis SenarCunebis mimarT, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
`gansxvavebis~ Teorizirebaze zrunva” (10).<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> cnebebis gaerTianeba<br />
moiTxovs transnacionalizaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ganzomilebebis analizs,<br />
risganac Sedgeba eri <strong>da</strong> ra rolsac asrulebs teritoriuli sivrceebi<br />
erovnuli suverenitetis cnebis formulirebaSi. es aseve gulisxmobs<br />
politikuri wreebisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri identobis erTgvarovani cnebebisadmi<br />
seriozul gamowvevas, ufro metad samuSao Zalis globalizaciis procesis<br />
konteqtSi, rogorc ganxilulia mesame TavSi. roko amtkicebs, rom swored<br />
im cvlilebis tipebze, romelic ers, identobas, Tems, teritoriasa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos Soris man gaaanaliza, un<strong>da</strong> moxdes moqalaqeobis diskursis<br />
formulireba.<br />
Tavis kvlevaSi los anJelesis laTinoamerikul Temebze, roko (1997)<br />
adgens, rom axali <strong>da</strong> Zveli laTinoamerikelebi im saqmeebSi arian CarTuli,<br />
rac eqceva moqalaqeobis Senebis cnebis farglebSi: `isini erTvebian<br />
saqmianobaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis relaciur garemoebSi, romelic<br />
specifiur pirobebSi SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc, faqtiurad, pretenzia<br />
TemSi wevrobaze, instituciur garemoebze, resursebze <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebze<br />
169
xelmisawvdomobis qonis Sesaxeb... kulturul safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>arsebul<br />
asociaciaTa qselebis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> SenarCunebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,<br />
rac gamocdis inkluzia/eqskluziis kriteriumebs <strong>da</strong> kulturul identobaTa<br />
sivrceebis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebebs. [rokos kvlevam] ...…gamoavlina ramdenime iseTi<br />
praqtika, romelic, Tumca arc aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc aqtorTa mier iyo<br />
`politikurad” gamiznuli, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, faqtiurad, sa<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
gaxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenili sazRvrebi, wesebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis struqturebi” (10).<br />
specifiur pirobebSi: es aris moqalaqeobaze msjelobis sakiTxis arsi<br />
hibridulobis, sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong> subalterni sivrceebis postkolonialisturi<br />
perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n. romeli specifiuri pirobebi gaxdi<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebels imas, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenil sazRvrebze, wesebsa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis struqturebze kamaTi<br />
gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo nawili diskusiisa imis Sesaxeb, Tu subaltern identobebs<br />
rogor SeuZlia Seadginos moqalaqeobis amomwuravi, dinamiuri <strong>da</strong> rTuli<br />
cneba? es aris is gamowveva, romelsac postkolonializmi uyenebs<br />
moqalaqeobas, rogorc es ase kargad aris warmodgenili rokos Teoriul<br />
<strong>da</strong> empiriul kvlevaSi.<br />
Tumca, es sakiTxi ar ganxilula T. h. marSalis klasikur kvlevaSi,<br />
SezRuduli interesis gamo, romelsac igi amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> demokratizaciis<br />
Sesaxeb msjelobisas <strong>da</strong> imis gamo, rom ar esmo<strong>da</strong> britanuli moqalaqeobis<br />
struqtura britanuli saxelmwifos, rogorc imperiuli Zalauflebis<br />
struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram, eTnikurobis rolis ver gageba ar<br />
aris Semofargluli britaneTiT, aramed mniSvnelovani roli aqvs<br />
Sesrulebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobis sakiTxSi.<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoria<br />
is, rom sakuTreba mu<strong>da</strong>m araTanabari iqneba, ueWvelia.<br />
– tomas peini, saRi azri <strong>da</strong> sxva politikuri Txzulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli mamebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze liberalurnic ki, ver SeZlebdnen<br />
warmoedginaT iseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic TeTrkanianebi <strong>da</strong> Savkanianebi<br />
icxovrebdnen erTad, rogorc Tanamoqalaqeebi. Rirseba <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri<br />
erTianoba stimuls aZlev<strong>da</strong> maT, mxari <strong>da</strong>eWiraT monebiT vaWrobis<br />
gauqmebisaTvis, hqono<strong>da</strong>T piradi antipaTiis SiSi.<br />
– stauton lindi, `monoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli mamebi”<br />
moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi T. h. marSalis mier Setanili wvlilis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, man ver SeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina eTnikuroba <strong>da</strong> rasa Tavis<br />
analizSi, rac aSkara Secdoma iyo. dRes es ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre<br />
odesme. rasa <strong>da</strong> rasizmi kvlavac warmoadgens centralur cnebebs amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi rasis formirebis gagebisaTvis. rasisa <strong>da</strong><br />
170
tolerantobis liberaluri diskursis Sesaxeb uamravi sityvieri kamaTis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rasa <strong>da</strong> rasizmi rasis kritikuli Teoretikosebis mier aRiqmeba,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>xSobili <strong>da</strong> sruliad marginalizebuli sajaro politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis analizSi (ledson-bilingsi <strong>da</strong> teiti, 1995).<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoria warmoiSva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
iuridiuli kvlevebis konteqstSi, romelic cdilob<strong>da</strong> Sexebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ferandkaniani a<strong>da</strong>mianebisadmi diferencirebul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas cixisa <strong>da</strong><br />
iuridiuli sistemebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. bevrisTvis, rasis kritikuli Teoria<br />
warmoadgens feradkaniani progresuli iuridiuli mkvlevrebis Sromis<br />
nayofs, romlebic amerikul kanons rasizmiT gamsWvalulad aRiqvamdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
romlebmac umTavres miznad <strong>da</strong>saxes amerikul iurisprudenciaSi rasizmis<br />
aRmofxvra yvela formis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis aRmofxvrisaTvis.<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoria, rogorc is Camoyalibebulia misi erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi momxris, derik belis (1995) mier, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebis miRwevebs am saukuneSi mzardi skepticizmiT uyurebs:<br />
`Cvens epoqaSi, pirveli precedenti – brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg<br />
moaswaveb<strong>da</strong> meoce saukunis emansipaciis sajarod gamocxadebas”. Tumca,<br />
orive politika ufro metad emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> eris sagareo politikis miznis<br />
ganviTarebas, vidre realur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas sTavazob<strong>da</strong> Savkanianebs” (2). beli<br />
amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi iuridiul uflebaTa sistema<br />
Sewirul iqna TeTrkanobis sasargeblod: `is TeTrkanianebic ki, visac ar<br />
gaaCniaT simdidre <strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba, Tavisi rasobrivi upiratesobis SegnebaSi<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras grZnoben politikis im ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romlebsac<br />
ewireba SavkanianTa uflebebi. SavkanianTa <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba, rogorc Cans,<br />
arwmunebs TeTrkanianebs gamouTqmel, magram aranakleb u<strong>da</strong>vo TavianTi<br />
`siTeTris~ sakuTrebis uflebaSi” (7).<br />
`siTeTre” Cans, rogorc privilegiis organizebuli principi:<br />
TeTrkanianad yofnis privilegia <strong>da</strong> amis gamo rasis arqonis privilegia.<br />
TeTrkanianobis iuridiuli struqtura 1952 wlamde <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo<br />
moqalaqeobis iuridiul struqturasTan: `kongresma 1790 wels<br />
naturalizacia Semofargla `TeTrkaniani” pirebiT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
naturalizaciis moTxovnebi mas Semdeg xSirad icvlebo<strong>da</strong>, moqalaqeobis es<br />
rasobrivi moTxovna arsebob<strong>da</strong> saukunenaxevarze meti xnis manZilze <strong>da</strong><br />
ZalaSi rCebo<strong>da</strong> 1952 wlamde. am qveynis arsebobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi wlebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moyolebuli arc Tu ise Soreul warsulamde, `TeTrkanianoba” iyo<br />
moqalaqeobis miRebis piroba (heni lopesi, 1997:542).<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoria, rogorc solorzano <strong>da</strong> vilapando<br />
(ibeWdeba) ganmartaven, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia xuT ZiriTad momentTan: (1) ZiriTadi<br />
fokusi rasaze <strong>da</strong> rasizmze; (2) dominanturi ideologiisadmi gamowveva; (3)<br />
171
socialuri samarTlianobisadmi erTguleba; (4) empiriuli codnis<br />
mniSvnelovneba; <strong>da</strong> (5) interdisciplinaruli perspeqtivis gamoyeneba.<br />
riCard Ddelgados (1997), rasis kritikuli Teoriis erT-erT wamyvan<br />
warmomadgenels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, Semoaqvs rasis kritikuli<br />
Teoriis ZiriTadi gageba eseebis krebulSi (romlis re<strong>da</strong>qtoric Tavad igi<br />
gaxlavT) <strong>da</strong> am moZraobis yvelaze mowinave arss Semdegnairad asaxavs:<br />
pirveli, rasis kritikuli Teoria warmoadgens TxzulebaTa axal Taobas,<br />
romelic Seexeba samoqalaqo uflebebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. meore,<br />
igi aris `axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mwerlebis dinamiuri, amaRelvebeli <strong>da</strong> mzardi<br />
moZraoba (kanonis Sesabamisad), romelTagan bevri (Tumca ara yvela maTgani)<br />
feradkaniania, romlebic rasobriv orTodoqsulobas eWvqveS ayeneben,<br />
arRveven legalur akademias, eWvqveS ayeneben komfortul legalur<br />
winapirobebs <strong>da</strong> awarmoeben kvlevas Cveni eris yvelaze Znel <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>uWrel<br />
problemaze – rasaze azrovnebis axali gzebis mosaZieblad~ (xiii). mesame,<br />
ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, rom rasizmi warmoadgens normalur, ara normisgan<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xris maxasiaTebels amerikuli sazogadoebisa, sekularul<br />
maxasiaTebels, romelic aRniSnulia `TeTrkanianobis” socialuri<br />
struqturiT. meoTxe, rasis socialuri struqtura – misi legaluri<br />
struqturis msgavsad – Sedgenilia diskursiuli analizis meSveobiT.<br />
iwyeben ra im SesavliT, rom `kultura qmnis socialur realobas ise, rom<br />
xels uwyobs sakuTar (an elituri jgufebis) interess” (delgado, 1997:xiv),<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoriis specialistebi iwyeben sxva realobis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong><br />
amitomac umniSvnelovanesia narativis, <strong>da</strong> kerZod, avtobiografiis<br />
gamoyeneba. jerom makkristal qalf umcrosis (1997) <strong>da</strong>sabuTebiT,<br />
avtobiografiebi mniSvnelovania: `Savkanianobas, am axlo momavalSi mainc,<br />
ver Sevcvli; ver Sevcvli ise, rom igi aRar iyos anomalia bevri<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis. SemiZlia mxolod imedi mqondes imisa, rom forma Sevucvalo<br />
azrovnebas, romliTac es anomalia aRiqmeba... avtobiografia aseve gavlenas<br />
axdens Cems TeTrkanian kolegebze. mjera, rom vaSfoTeb Cems kolegebs,<br />
roca vayeneb sakiTxebs Cveni studentebisa <strong>da</strong> profesor-maswavleblebis<br />
Semadgenlobaze, an imaze, rasac Cven vaswavliT, radgan es wamowevs maT<br />
sakuTar avtobiografiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sakiTxebs. Cemi TeTrkaniani<br />
kolegebi fiqroben, rom maT me vekiTxebi: `rogor moxvediT aqamde?~ maT<br />
surT, SevuerTde siCumis SeTqmulebaSi, rac moiTxovs zogad <strong>da</strong> martiv<br />
avtobiografias. amas ar vizam” (415). mexuTe, rogorc delgado (1995)<br />
amtkicebs, rasis kritikuli Teoriis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani arsia<br />
interesTa konvergencia: `TeTrkanianTa elita <strong>da</strong>uSvebs, an xels Seuwyobs<br />
SavkanianTa rasobriv ganviTarebas mxolod maSin, roca isini aseve xels<br />
Seuwyoben TeTrkanianTa pirad interess” (xiv). amitom, tradiciuli<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebis kanoni TeTrkanianebisaTvis ufro faseulad aRiqmeba,<br />
172
vidre SavkanianTaTvis. meeqvse, feminizmis SigniT poziciuri midgomis<br />
Teoriis msgavsad, rasis kritikuli Teoria irCevs perspeqtivizmis formas,<br />
rogorc acxadebs misi erT-erTi kritikosi, ren<strong>da</strong>l kenedi (1997): `im<br />
tanjvis gareSe, romelic gamowveulia feradkanianad yofnisgan<br />
TeTrkanianebis mier dominirebul sazogadoebaSi, TeTrkaniani mkvlevrebi<br />
ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven samyaros msxverplis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> amdenad, xeli SeeSlebaT<br />
Seqmnan iseTi codna, romelic rasobrivi viqtimizaciis winaaRmdeg efeqtian<br />
brZolis imperativebTan Sesabamisi iqneba~ (437). feminizmis moZraobis<br />
msgavsad, romelmac wamowia mosazreba, rom `piradi aris politikuri~,<br />
rasis kritikulma Teoriam wamowia mosazreba, rom `piradi aseve<br />
legaluria~ (qalfi, 1997:411).<br />
socialuri uTanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> skolis usamarTlobis sferoSi<br />
arsebul sakiTxebze diskusias ledson-bilingsi <strong>da</strong> teiti (1995) iwyeben im<br />
mosazrebiT, rom rasa kvlavac warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi uTanasworobis gansazRvraSi; <strong>da</strong> im faqtis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aSS-s sazogadoeba efuZneba sakuTrebis uflebebis<br />
upiratesobas, ara pirad uflebebs, sakuTrebisa <strong>da</strong> rasis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTa qmnis<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> skolis usamarTlobis wvdomis analitikur instruments.<br />
Semdgom, rasis kritikuli Teoria gamosadegi iqneba imisaTvis, raTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>vamtkicoT, rom rasizmi endemuri <strong>da</strong> Rrmad gamj<strong>da</strong>ria amerikul<br />
cxovrebaSi. es kulturulad sanqcirebuli rwmenebi (ara aqvs mniSvneloba,<br />
Tu ramdenad simbolurad aris SeniRbuli) moicavs adre <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
socialuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri upiratesobebis <strong>da</strong>cvas. amdenad,<br />
rasizmisadmi gamowveva Sedegad iZleva rasobriv umciresobebze<br />
TeTrkanianebis upiratesi statusisadmi seriozul gamowvevas. ledsonbilingsi<br />
<strong>da</strong> teiti amtkiceben, rom samoqalaqo uflebebze kanonebi<br />
araefeqtiani iyo am rasobrivi uTanasworobis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad, radgan,<br />
sabolood, sakuTrebis subordinaciis safuZvlisadmi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
gareSe, TeTrkanianebma, paradoqsulad, sargebeli naxes skolis<br />
desegregaciisgan. ufro metic, rodesac <strong>da</strong>iwyo desegregacia, amuSav<strong>da</strong><br />
resegregaciis axali modelebi unarianobis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>jgufebis gamo, rac<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong> pirobebs TeTrkanianTa <strong>da</strong> feradkanianTa Soris swavlis<br />
wonasworobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis (ouqsi, 1995; velsi <strong>da</strong> ouqsi, ibeWdeba).<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoriis sxva mniSvnelovani mosazreba, romelic<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania moqalaqeobis ganxilvisas, aris is, rom<br />
neitralurobis, obieqturobis, meritokratiis moTxovnebi <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi<br />
crurwmenebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis mizani sa<strong>da</strong>vo un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes<br />
(ledson-bilingsi <strong>da</strong> teiti, 1995:55-59; farberi <strong>da</strong> Seli, 1995; olivas, 1995).<br />
amgvarad, `rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebisTvis, socialuri<br />
173
ealoba iqmneba individualuri situaciebis Sesaxeb ambebis<br />
formulirebiTa <strong>da</strong> gacvliT. es ambebi asrulebs interpretaciuli<br />
struqturebis magivrobas, romliTac Cven vawesrigebT gamocdilebas, xolo<br />
gamocdileba gvawesrigebs Cven~ (ledson-bilingsi <strong>da</strong> teiti, 1995:57).<br />
rasis Teoretikosebis mtkicebiT, rasizmi imdenad Rrmad<br />
fesvgadgmulia amerikaSi, rom moqalaqeobis nebismieri xelaxali gaazreba<br />
saWiroa moicavdes legalur sistemaSi, <strong>da</strong> ufro metic, skolis sistemaSi<br />
arsebul rasizmis praqtikisadmi sistematur gamowvevebs. SesaZloa,<br />
simarTle iyos, rom `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebis wevrebs aqvT gansxvavebuli<br />
meTodebi sakuTari gamocdilebis wvdomisaTvis <strong>da</strong> aseve, sakuTari gagebis<br />
sxvebisaTvis gandobisaTvis~ (farberi <strong>da</strong> Seli, 1995:284).<br />
moqalaqeobis am xelaxalma gaazrebam sa<strong>da</strong>vo un<strong>da</strong> gaxados ara<br />
mxolod rasizmi, aramed aseve sakuTrebis uflebebis logikis pirad<br />
uflebebis logikaze upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa safuZveli,<br />
rogorc Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis safuZveli. amocanis<br />
mniSvnelovnebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ar arsebobs gulubryvilo varaudebi, rom<br />
antirasistuli poziciebi SeiZleba advilad iqnes organizebuli<br />
koaliciaSi, raTa eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>dges gavrcelebuli rasistuli struqturebi,<br />
grZnobebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi.<br />
rasis sakiTxis pirvel adgilze <strong>da</strong>yenebiT, rasis kritikuli Teoria<br />
amtkicebs, rom aRar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes moqalaqeobis sakiTxi,<br />
rogorc erTgvarovani identoba uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis<br />
ganxorcielebis ZiebaSi. imave argumentaciasTan erTad, romelsac iyeneben<br />
rasis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi, Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali socialuri moZraobebis<br />
Teoriebi gvTavazoben sxva mniSvnelovan mtkicebas moqalaqeobis<br />
mdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> Sedgenilobaze, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilav.<br />
axali socialuri moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba<br />
radgan verasodes SeZleben ZalauflebaSi yofnas, maT SeuZliaT SeinarCunon<br />
TavianTi gamaerTianebeli, Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi ideologia <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
isini ga<strong>da</strong>rCebian, <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCebian sakmaod kargad, rogorc moZraobebi. es<br />
kapitalizmis politikuri javSnis <strong>da</strong>susteba iyo, romelmac antisistematuri<br />
moZraobebisTvis saxelmwifo ZalauflebaSi mosvlis saSualebis micemiT<br />
Rrma Si<strong>da</strong> ganxeTqileba Seitana am moZraobebSi, ganxeTqileba maT Soris,<br />
vinc iswrafo<strong>da</strong> aRmavali mobilobisken <strong>da</strong> iswrafo<strong>da</strong> Tanasworobisken.<br />
– imanuel valerstaini, socialuri mecnierebis ga<strong>da</strong>azreba<br />
174
socialuri moZraobebis sakiTxis seriozulad miReba moiTxovs ufro<br />
didi yuradRebis mipyrobas koleqtiuri qcevis <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri qmedebisadmi,<br />
terminebis, romelic Seesabameba met-naklebad spontanuri aqtivobebis tips<br />
(<strong>da</strong>wyebuli brbos aRSfoTebi<strong>da</strong>n revoluciur moZraobebamde), romelsac<br />
eWvi Seaqvs arsebuli institutebis struqturebsa <strong>da</strong> kulturul normebSi<br />
(tilli, 1978). 9<br />
frangi sociologis alen turenis socialurma Teoriam (1981)<br />
socialur moZraobebs mianiWa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba sazogadoebis<br />
TeoriasTan, socialur cvlilebasTan <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
socialuri moZraobebi gansxvavdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebisagan<br />
(NGOs). isini, Cveulebriv, Tavisufalni arian samTavrobo kontrolisgan<br />
TavianTi avtonomiiT; am terminiT aRniSnaven `arasamTavrobo, arakomerciul<br />
organizacias, romelsac aqvs sakuTari ZiriTadi kapitali, romelsac<br />
marTavs misi meurveebi, an direqtorebi, <strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>arsebulia, rom<br />
SeinarCunos an xeli Seuwyos ... aqtivobebs, romelic emsaxureba<br />
keTildReobas~ (emersoni, 1956, citirebulia: arnovi, 1980). arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi SeiZleba iyos, an ar iyos pirveladi organizaciebi, romelic<br />
Tavis mxriv, xSirad gansazRvrulia (magaliTad laTinur amerikaSi),<br />
rogorc kerZo, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
organizaciebi, romelic muSaobs, rom uzrunvelyos demokratiuli<br />
mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong> gaumjobesebuli ekonomikuri saSualebebi RaribTaTvis<br />
samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT, ganaTlebiT, jan<strong>da</strong>cviT <strong>da</strong> produqtiuli<br />
mikrosawarmoebiT (Inter-American Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, 1990). turenis mosazrebiT,<br />
socialuri moZraobebi axorcieleben koleqtiur mcdelobebs ZalauflebaSi<br />
garkveuli tipis cvlilebis xelSesawyobad. turenisaTvis (1981) arsebobs<br />
konfliqturi qmedebis tipi, romelic yvelaze kargad <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebulia,<br />
rogorc Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi koleqtiuri qceva. magaliTad, pirveladi<br />
organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
mcdelobebi – gaaumjobeson umuSevrobis Sedegebi, sacxovrebliT<br />
uzrunvelyofis deficiti <strong>da</strong> SezRuduli jan<strong>da</strong>cva, an saganmanaTleblo<br />
infrastruqturebi, SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc koleqtiuri<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi qceva. tureni aseve ganixilavs konfliqtis meore tips,<br />
romelSic konfliqtebi axdens ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis modificirebas <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva socialur brZolebad. Tuki jgufebi eswrafian, Secvalon<br />
Zalauflebis socialuri urTierTobebi kulturul aqtivobebSi, eTikur<br />
RirebulebebSi, mecnierebaSi an warmoebaSi, isini SeiZleba klasificirdes<br />
socialur moZraobebad. amgvarad, feministuri, ekologiuri, samSvidobo <strong>da</strong><br />
birTvuli energiis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />
moZraobebi warmoadgens socialur moZraobaTa magaliTebs. magaliTad,<br />
laTinur amerikaSi, socialuri moZraobebi moicavs qristianul Temebs,<br />
175
aionul asociaciebs, feministur moZraobas, miwis sakuTrebis armqone<br />
glexebis moZraobas <strong>da</strong> ekologiur asociaciebs (meinvaring <strong>da</strong> viola, 1984;<br />
sleiteri, 1985; jelimi, 1987; rodriges bran<strong>da</strong>o, 1982).<br />
Tu politikas ganvixilavT, rogorc brZolas ZalauflebisaTvis, es<br />
socialuri moZraobebi ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ganmartebuli ukiduresad politikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini aseve warmoadgenen kulturul <strong>da</strong> moralur<br />
praqtikebs, romelic orientirebulia koleqtiuri identobebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sivrceebis Seqmnaze. isini warmoiSoba garkveuli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong><br />
specifiuri socialuri urTierTobebis irgvliv, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT xdeba<br />
avtonomiuri <strong>da</strong> Tavisufldeba interesTa politikuri reprezentaciis<br />
tradiciuli institutebisagan. es asea, amtkicebs ernesto laklo (1985) –<br />
uerTdeba ra socialuri moZraobis Teoriis sxva momxreebs – radgan<br />
individebi metad aRar gansazRvraven TavianT identobas mxolod <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod warmoebis saSualebebTan <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi, aramed<br />
rogorc momxmareblebi, garkveuli raionis macxovreblebi, eklesiisa Tu<br />
genderuli jgufis wevrebi <strong>da</strong> politikur sistemaSi monawileebi<br />
(kalderoni, gutieresi <strong>da</strong> dos santosi, 1987; leCneri, 1987).<br />
faqtiurad, socialuri moZraobebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas pirveladi <strong>da</strong><br />
saTemo organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, politikuri<br />
partiebis, profkavSirebis, saeklesio organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
pirovnebebis (rogoricaa inteleqtualebis, xelovanebisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa)<br />
aliansebis saxiT. vinai<strong>da</strong>n axali socialuri moZraobebi eWvqveS ayeneben<br />
mzard biurokratizacias, komodifikacias <strong>da</strong> socialuri cxovrebis<br />
kulturul masifikacias, isini warmoadgenen `demokratiis ufro Ria <strong>da</strong><br />
pluralisturi formis gamoxatulebas~, romelic iswrafis `koleqtiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
monawileobiTi Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikebis gavrcelebis gaZlierebisaken<br />
socialur brZolaTa adgilebis ganuwyvetlad mzardi diapazonis<br />
meSveobiT~ (sleiteri, 1985:6).<br />
socialuri moZraobebis ufro zusti mniSvneloba, rogorc gamowvevisa<br />
arsebuli institutebis mimarT, mkveTrad diferencirebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos ara<br />
mxolod rezistentulobis ufro bundovani cnebisgan, aramed aseve<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si `reformebis moZraobebis~ sakmaod gansxvavebuli cnebisgan,<br />
romelsac, umeteswilad, mcire ram akavSirebs normaluri politikuri<br />
arxebis farglebs gareT arsebul politikurad saSiS masobriv<br />
mobilizaciasTan.<br />
meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mravalma socialurma <strong>da</strong> studenturma<br />
moZraobam moaxdina socialuri moZraobebis Teoriis rekonstruireba <strong>da</strong><br />
Sewy<strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri qmedebisadmi, rogorc araracionalurisadmi midgoma.<br />
ufro metic, mravali midgomiT radikalurad iqna koreqtirebuli<br />
176
socialuri moZraobis mobilizaciaSi piradi <strong>da</strong>interesebulobis analizi –<br />
anu, mobilizaciis utilitaruli koncefciis Sedegebi, romelic efuZneba<br />
ekonomikuri argumentis Zireul koreqtirebas, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo<br />
marqsis socialuri interesebis koncefcia. racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis<br />
mixedviT, koleqtiuri qmedebis logika paradoqsulia, radgan Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
motivacia arsebiTad individualur pirad interess efuZneba, koleqtivis<br />
wevrebs ar aqvT racionaluri interesi, Tavi gaswiron koleqtiuri<br />
mogebisaTvis, roca SeuZliaT miaRwion pirad sargebels monawileobis<br />
gareSe. `fri raideris~ efeqti Sedegad iZleva imas, rom mobilizacia<br />
ukiduresac rTulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT moZraobis wevrTa didi<br />
umravlesobis aqtivizmis motivirebisaTvis idealebis sisustes.<br />
neoliberalizmTan erTad gaisma samoqalaqo sazogadoebis (romelic<br />
aRiqmeba kerZo seqtorad) ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> gaZlierebis mowodeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, rogoric aris msoflio banki,<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi <strong>da</strong> iunesko, xazi gausves arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis mniSvnelobas gaWirvebulTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi <strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi qmedebis ararsebobisas, aravin axsenebs socialuri<br />
moZraobebis sa<strong>da</strong>vo xasiaTs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, socialuri moZraobebi<br />
warmoadgens dinamiur aqtors samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos<br />
winaSe gamowvevebis <strong>da</strong>yenebis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> maT xSirad xels uwyobs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani aqtorebi<br />
gaxdnen ganaTlebisa Tu sxva konteqstebSi.<br />
axali socialuri moZraobebis Teoria gansxvavdeba klasikuri<br />
marqsistuli Teoriisgan sakuTar mcdelobaSi, Cawvdes Sesabamis ga<strong>da</strong>svlas<br />
ganawilebis politiki<strong>da</strong>n socialur moZraobebze, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebulia identobis politikiT <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis xarisxiT. diskusia<br />
mimdinareobs `axali socialuri moZraobebis~ sicxadis sa<strong>da</strong>vo Tezisis,<br />
evropuli warmoSobis koncefciis irgvliv, romelic mkveTr aqcents akeTebs<br />
kognitur <strong>da</strong> ideologiur faqtorebze, aseve samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
(gansxvavebiT saxelmwifosgan), rogorc cvlilebis arenis mniSvnelovnebaze<br />
(kini 1988; koeni <strong>da</strong> arato, 1992; fovereiqeri, 1995; ederi, 1993). es midgoma<br />
warmoiSva mcdelobisagan, (gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli)<br />
Cawvdomodnen saprotesto moZraobebs, romelic, rogorc Cans,<br />
fokusirebuli iyo gansakuTrebul sakiTxebze <strong>da</strong> iyeneb<strong>da</strong> axali tipis<br />
monawileebs: studenturi moZraobebi, samSvidobo <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri<br />
moZraobebi, qalTa moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. am perspeqtivis mixedviT, axali<br />
socialuri moZraobebi ZiriTad meTodebSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba<br />
ideologiiT (cxovrebis xarisxi, zrdisa <strong>da</strong> redistribuciisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT); <strong>da</strong>xmarebis safuZvliT (mravalferovani interesebi <strong>da</strong> mzardi<br />
qselebi, gansxvavebiT socialuri klasebisa, romelic ukavSirdeba<br />
177
industriul Sromas, soflis meurneobas an rasas); monawileobis<br />
motivaciiT (ufro idealisturi, obieqturi socialuri interesebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT); organizaciuli struqturiT (decentralizebuli,<br />
biurokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT); <strong>da</strong> politikuri stiliT<br />
(arasaparlamento, molaparakebis neokorporatiul procesebSi<br />
integrirebulisgan gansxvavebiT) (<strong>da</strong>ltoni, kueCleri <strong>da</strong> burklini, 1990).<br />
socialuri moZraobebi aseve wamyvania sazogadoebrivi sferos agebis<br />
wvdomisaTvis, saganmanaTleblo politikasTan mimarTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
skolebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, asrulebs agreTve mniSvnelovan rols socialuri<br />
ganxilvisaTvis demokratiuli auditoriis SeqmnaSi. kulturuli<br />
reformistuli moZraobebi xSirad SesabamisobaSi modis farTo socialuri<br />
moZraobebTan, rogorc es aris moyvanili paulo freiris san pauluSi<br />
(brazilia) politikis SemmuSaveblis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel gamocdilebaSi, meoce<br />
saukunis 90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi demokratiuli socialisturi<br />
politikuri partiis mmarTvelobis qveS (o’kadizi, vongi <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1998).<br />
specifiuri kombinaciebis socialistur partiebTan erTad, romlebic<br />
demokratiuli liberaluri arCevnebis meSveobiT iZendnen saxelmwifos<br />
segmentebis kontrols <strong>da</strong> cdilobdnen <strong>da</strong>ekavSirebinaT socialuri<br />
moZraobebi saxelmwifo politikasTan, aseve mniSvnelovan aqtorebad iqca<br />
studenturi moZraobebi. es ar gaxlavT axali moqalaqeobis Teoriis<br />
ganxilvisas, Tu gavixsenebT berkliSi Tavisufali sityvis moZraobas <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
Sedegebs moqalaqeobisaTvis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.<br />
studenturi moZraobebis problematika mWidrod asocirebulia im<br />
konteqstebTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tavad universiteti (<strong>da</strong> zogjer saSualo<br />
saganmanaTleblo institutebi) iqceva socialuri moZraobebis aqtivobaTa<br />
adgilad. aseT studentur moZraobebs perioduli gavlena hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebul industriul sazogadoebebze (mag., revoluciuri amboxeba<br />
evropaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebis<br />
konfrontacia faSistebs, socialistebsa <strong>da</strong> komunistebs Soris; <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflio masStabis studenturi amboxebebi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis<br />
bolos) (vileneri, 1970; volerSteini, 1991). bevr sustad ganviTarebul<br />
konteqstSi, studenturi moZraobebi <strong>da</strong>rCa aRSfoTebis virtualurad uwyvet<br />
wyarod met-naklebad avtoritaruli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, romelic<br />
qmnis Semosavlisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis uzarmazar uTanasworobas. am<br />
garemoebSi, brZolebi universitetis `avtonomiisaTvis~ nawilobriv<br />
gamowveuli iyo studenturi moZraobebis mier Seqmnili politikuri<br />
safrTxiT (molisi, 1996).<br />
identobis politika aseve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis Sedgenasa <strong>da</strong> socialuri moZraobebSi.<br />
178
saganmanaTleblo politika SeiZleba iyos aSkara nawili zogadi<br />
socialuri moZraobisa, rogorc `Zveli~ socialuri moZraobebis Teoriis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>interesebulia muSaTa klasis mobilizaciiT. aq<br />
klasikuri magaliTi aris ganaTlebis roli, rogorc nawili evropuli<br />
muSaTa moZraobebis moTxovnebisa mecxramete <strong>da</strong> meoce saukuneebSi (saimoni,<br />
1987, 1965; vrigli, 1982). sajaro ganaTlebis aRmavloba <strong>da</strong>savleTSi SeiZleba<br />
aRiweros, rogorc klasebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli socialuri moZraobebis<br />
brZolebis Sedegi, inkluziis, rogorc universaluri moqalaqeobis nawilis<br />
saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n xelSewyobis mosapoveblad (boli <strong>da</strong> ramiresi, 1992).<br />
zogierTi maTgani asocirebuli iyo ZiriTad socialur transformaciebTan.<br />
magaliTad, meqsikuri revoluciis Semdeg saganmanaTleblo reforma<br />
oficialurad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo mcdelobebTan, gaefarTovebinaT soflis<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> moexdinaT fermeri glexebisa <strong>da</strong> mkvidri mosaxleobis<br />
asimilireba. meqsikaSi 1921 wels erovnuli universitetis yofili<br />
prezidentis xose vaskonselosis (romelic wlebis manZilze gamoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc ZiriTadi erovnuli moazrovne) xelmZRvanelobiT sajaro<br />
ganaTlebis samdivnos Seqmna warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> mcdelobas, ara mxolod<br />
gaeerTianebinaT eri kulturulad, aramed <strong>da</strong>ekavSirebinaT axlad Seqmnili<br />
revoluciuri saxelmwifo klasikur <strong>da</strong>savlur azrovnebasTan, rogorc<br />
axali moqalaqeobis safuZvelTan. sakmaod uCveuloa, rom im qveyanaSi,<br />
romelic ganadgurebuli iyo samoqalaqo omiT (omma milionze meti<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxle Seiwira <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi mosaxleoba im drosaTvis<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T ToTxmeti milioni) mdivani vaskonselosis erT-erTi pirveli<br />
iniciativa iyo berZnuli klasikisa <strong>da</strong> sokrateze adre moRvawe<br />
filosofosebis nawarmoebebis gamocema, rac masiurad un<strong>da</strong><br />
gavrcelebuliyo meqsikel mosaxleobaSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, axali socialuri moZraobis Teoria iyo umniSvnelovanesi<br />
winsvlis safuZveli socialuri moZraobebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris<br />
urTierTobebis wvdomaSi. axali socialuri moZraobebis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Tviseba aris maTi kognituri <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri fokusi manamde arsebuli<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli paradigmebis, rogorc identobis politikis<br />
nawilis xelaxal gaazrebaze. Sedegad, maTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi strategia<br />
aris aSkarad saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis (Zalauflebis mopovebaze<br />
fokusirebisgan gansxvavebiT), xolo Sedegebi moqalaqeobisaTvis uamravia.<br />
mxolod ramdenime rom <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT, warmoidgineT is warmateba, rasac<br />
ekologiurma moZraobebma miaRwia skolebSi demokratiuli moqalaqeobis<br />
xelSewyobaSi, romelic <strong>da</strong>interesebulia, koleqtiur <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
planetarul doneze, ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis gzaze mdgomi saxeobebis <strong>da</strong>cviT, haersa <strong>da</strong><br />
wyalSi <strong>da</strong>binZurebis doneebiT <strong>da</strong> sakvebSi saSiSi nivTierebebis arsebobiT.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT CiapasSi sapatisturi moZraobis roli im uTanasworobis<br />
179
gamosworebaSi, romelic arsebob<strong>da</strong> meqsikel adgilobriv mosaxleobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
postrevoluciur meqsikur saxelmwifos Soris <strong>da</strong> Tamami politikuri<br />
programa, romelic aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> am eTnikur <strong>da</strong> politikur moTxovnebs<br />
meqsikaSi WeSmaritad radikaluri demokratiis SeqmnasTan <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobis gamonaklisis gareSe SeqmnasTan. gaiTvaliswineT skolebSi<br />
Tambaqos sawinaaRmdego moZraobis gavlena, romelic eWvqveS ayeneb<strong>da</strong> im<br />
ideas, rom moweva momxibvlelia, xolo reklamebs ukavSireb<strong>da</strong> Tambaqos<br />
mZlavr lobis <strong>da</strong> Tambaqos multinacionalur korporaciebs. Tambaqos<br />
moxmarebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kritikas eqvemdebareba politikur sistemas,<br />
warmoebis wessa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeTa cxovrebis xarisxis risks Soris arsebuli<br />
yvela tipis kavSirebi. ganvixiloT rasobrivi safuZvlis mqone samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebis moZraobis SemTxveva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi:<br />
segregirebuli skolebis likvi<strong>da</strong>cia (misi aSkara SezRudvebisa <strong>da</strong> rasis<br />
kritikuli Teoriis kritikis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad) SeiZleba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> yvelaze<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentur <strong>da</strong> Sors mimaval moTxovnas, romelic akavSireb<strong>da</strong> rasas <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s <strong>da</strong> sabolood rCebo<strong>da</strong> amerikuli moqalaqeobis ZiriTad<br />
principad (eiermani <strong>da</strong> jamisoni, 1991; karlsoni, 1997). warsuli<br />
uTanasworobis gamosworebaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis monapovarma<br />
xeli Seuwyo Zmobisa <strong>da</strong> dobis ideas moqalaqeTa Soris, rac aumjobesebs<br />
monobis saziano (rac jer kidev Zlier igrZnoba) simbolur <strong>da</strong> materialur<br />
Sedegebs. ganvsajoT feministuri moZraobis mzardi mniSvneloba mamakacTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalTa Soris politikuri, socialuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
Tanasworobis araorazrovnad mtkicebis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
urTierTobebis speqtris radikalurad Secvlis TvalsazrisiT skolebSi,<br />
feministuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis principebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis xelSewyobiT <strong>da</strong><br />
moswavleebs, maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebs Soris socialuri gacvlis<br />
axali donis SeqmniT feministuri miznebis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi.<br />
multikulturul kurikulumSi seqsizmis mimarT am gamowvevis<br />
Sedegze wuxils gamoTqvamdnen neokonservatorebi. magaliTad, aSS-s<br />
skolebSi moqalaqeobis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kvlevis aRwerisas amtkiceben,<br />
rom `saxelmZRvaneloebma mkveTrad Secvales Tavisi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
qalebisadmi. maSin roca Zveli wignebi qalTa sakiTxebs ganixilavdnen<br />
amerikuli istoriis saintereso, magram, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, periferiul nawilad,<br />
ufro Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebma gaafarToes <strong>da</strong> ganadides qalebis<br />
roli kacebis xarjze~ (kerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rosmani, 1995:5).<br />
es mxolod ramdenime sagulisxmo magaliTia socialuri moZraobebis<br />
mier ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo politikis meSveobiT moqalaqeobis <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri cvlilebisadmi gaweul saqmeSi Setanili didi <strong>da</strong> seriozuli<br />
wvlili<strong>da</strong>n. axali socialuri moZraobis moTxovnebis pasuxad, politikaSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli mkveTri cvlilebebis warumatebeli mcdelobebis<br />
180
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, es axali socialuri moZraobebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT warmatebuli iyvnen<br />
am saganmanaTleblo mcdelobebSi, procesSi, romelic aisaxa<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelovan cvlilebebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sakiTxebze,<br />
rogoricaa genderi, rasa, garemo, mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri orientacia.<br />
TiToeuli axali socialuri moZraoba aseve xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> kurikulumis<br />
cvlilebis propagandiT <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, hyav<strong>da</strong> cota TanamgrZnobi msmeneli<br />
maswavlebelTa <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo politikis SemmuSavebelTa<br />
Soris.<br />
ufro metic, sajaro ganaTlebis sistemebis pluralisturi man<strong>da</strong>ti<br />
umetes liberalur demokratiebSi moiTxovs `legitimuri~ sakiTxebis dRis<br />
wesrigSi uwyvet ganaxlebebs, rac wardgenili un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rogorc<br />
sayovelTao ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli moqalaqeobis nawili. aseTi<br />
efeqtebi mniSvnelovnad matulobs ufro maRal doneebze, <strong>da</strong>, amgvarad,<br />
axdens `politkoreqtulobaze~ universitetis kampusebSi bolodroindeli<br />
debatebis forsirebas, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (berube,<br />
1994). mniSvnelovanwilad, mTeli es debati SeiZleba ganvixiloT axali<br />
socialuri moZraobebis mniSvnelovani warmatebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
humanitarul mecnierebebSi <strong>da</strong> mcire masStabiT socialur mecnierebebSi<br />
(rac didi xnis manZilze ufro SesabamisobaSi iyo socialuri moZraobebis<br />
wvlilTan) umaRlesi ganaTlebis arsis reformirebaSi – Tu fun<strong>da</strong>mentur<br />
transformirebaSi ara. umeteswilad, es cvlilebebi grZeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
erTsakiTxian moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi, rac xSirad tipiuria identobis<br />
politikisaTvis. erTi Sedegi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si rasas, klassa <strong>da</strong> sqess<br />
Soris urTierTobis xelaxali gaazrebis saWiroeba (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1994,<br />
1995; toresi <strong>da</strong> mitCeli, ibeWdeba).<br />
meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli axali socialuri<br />
moZraobebis saganmanaTleblo reformebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis mcdelobebi<br />
mWidrod ukavSirdeba kulturul moZraobas, rac yvelaze zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
identificirdeba terminiT `kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika~. Tumca, politikis<br />
SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> kurikulumSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gamowvevis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis warumateblobam gamoiwvia kritikis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebi. yvelaze fun<strong>da</strong>menturad, amtkicebdnen, rom amgvari<br />
mcdelobebi zogadi kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis gasaviTareblad <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
gamosayeneblad skolebSi kontrhegemonuri rezistentulobis<br />
gamowvevisaTvis ar Seesabameba gramSis hegemoniis Teorias, romelic exeba<br />
`socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur moZraobebs, kerZod, 1968 wels safrangeTSi <strong>da</strong><br />
meqsikaSi, an 1970 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi” (qernoi <strong>da</strong> levini,<br />
1985:160). ufro uaryofiTad, amtkicebdnen, rom kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis<br />
Teoriis warumateblobebi (rogorc, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, `transformatiuli<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikisa~) momdinareobs zustad socialur moZraobebTan istoriulad<br />
181
specifiuri kavSiris naklebobisgan: `kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis mizani aris<br />
kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>acilos axali sociologebi warsuli, Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> axlad<br />
warmoqmnili socialuri moZraobebisgan; Secvalos universalurobiT,<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis specifiuri moTxovnebiT; <strong>da</strong> sabolood,<br />
Seamciros is socialuri gageba, rac krZalavs istorii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> politiki<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gaqcevas~ (veqsleri, 1987:87-88). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, postmodernistuli <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturuli debatebis impulsiT, kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika<br />
Tanmimdevrulad Seeca<strong>da</strong> gaeerTianebina axali socialuri moZraobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
xmaTa simravle, rogorc brZolis nawili `identobis politikis<br />
separatistuli formebis <strong>da</strong>mabneveli proliferaciis~ winaaRmdeg<br />
(maklareni, 1995:187; agreTve ixileT volSi, 1996).<br />
ufro metic, kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis kritikam saqmeSi CarTo Tavisi<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. peter maklareni (1997a),<br />
statiaSi, romelic mTlianad mieZRvna ernesto `Ce~ gevaras pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebis ganmartebas misi mkvlelobi<strong>da</strong>n oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis Semdeg, wuxiliT<br />
aRniSnavs, rom<br />
kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika gax<strong>da</strong> imdenad srulad fsiqologizirebuli, imdenad<br />
liberalurad humanizirebuli, imdenad teqnologizirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
konceptualurad postmodernizirebuli, rom misi amJamindeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganmaTavisuflebel brZolebTan, rogorc Cans, metismetad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sustebulia, Tu fatalurad likvidirebuli ara. konceptualuri qseli,<br />
romelic cnobilia, rogorc kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika, ga<strong>da</strong>srolilia ise<br />
aSkarad <strong>da</strong> zogjer ise mourideblad, rom is asocirebuli gax<strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo praqtikis rTuli <strong>da</strong> savse wylebi<strong>da</strong>n amoTreul nebismier<br />
ramesTan, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saklaso aveji<strong>da</strong>n, romelic organizebulia<br />
`dialogisaTvis mosaxerxebel~ wred, `kmayofilebis gamomwvev~<br />
kurikulumebamde, romelic Sedgenilia moswavleTa TviTSefasebis<br />
asamaRleblad. misi multikulturuli saganmanaTleblo ekvivalenti<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyos mravalferovnebis politikasTan, romelic<br />
moicavs `gansxvavebis pativiscemas~ iseTi `eTnikuri~ dResaswaulebis <strong>da</strong><br />
Temebis aRniSvniT, rogoricaa `Savi istoriis Tve~ <strong>da</strong> `xuTi maisi (Cinco de<br />
Mayo)”. Tu termini `kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika~ mimdinare saganmanaTleblo<br />
debatebis etapSia gar<strong>da</strong>texili, Cven un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT igi ukve<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulad. (3)<br />
kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis amerikuli ganmartebis am kritikis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
socialuri moZraobebis praqtika iZleva potenciurad nayofier nia<strong>da</strong>gs<br />
kritikuli `TviTSegnebis~ freiriseuli midgomisaTvis. socialuri<br />
moZraobebi, Cveulebriv, eyrdnoba codnis safuZvels <strong>da</strong> xalxis brZolebs,<br />
maTi organizaciuli SesaZleblobebisa <strong>da</strong> gasaWiris gaTvaliswinebiT. es<br />
182
saSualebas iZleva, Seiqmnas programebi TemebTan <strong>da</strong> Temebisgan <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
TemebisaTvis, rogorc freirma aCvena uamrav naSromSi. misi Sexedulebebi<br />
SeiZleba Sefasdes misi gamocdilebis konteqstSi, rogorc moRvawe<br />
politikis SemmuSaveblisa san pauluSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Camoyalibebuli iyo<br />
partnioroba socialur moZraobebsa <strong>da</strong> municipalur saxelmwifos Soris,<br />
rac moZraobebi<strong>da</strong>n a<strong>da</strong>mianur resursebs akavSireb<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos finansur<br />
<strong>da</strong> teqnikur resursebTan; aRniSnuli ki Sedegad iZleo<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod<br />
kurikulumis reformisaTvis ganaxlebul mcdelobebs, aramed aseve qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
braziliaSi moqalaqeobis axali gagebis Camoyalibebis safuZvels (o’kadizi,<br />
vongi <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1998).<br />
Sejameba<br />
“Tqven metad skan<strong>da</strong>lur ambebze saubari giyvarT, hari! saamisod ki<br />
araviTari safuZveli ar gagaCniaT.”<br />
“yvela Woris safuZveli uzneo rwmenaSia,” warmoTqva lord henrim <strong>da</strong><br />
sigarets mouki<strong>da</strong>.<br />
”oh, hari, SegiZliaT msxverplad SeswiroT vinc ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos Tqvens<br />
satyvamoswrebulobasa <strong>da</strong> epigramebs.”<br />
“a<strong>da</strong>mianebi TviT sakuTari surviliT iswrafvian samsxverplod,” iyo pasuxi.<br />
– oskar uaildi, dorian greis portreti<br />
braian terneri (1990), romelic ganavcrobs T. h. marSalis ideebs,<br />
amtkicebs, rom `moqalaqeoba, TiTqos, Cqardeba socialuri konfliqtebis <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri brZolebis ganviTarebiT politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli arenis<br />
SigniT, resursebze xelmisawvdomobisaTvis socialuri jgufebis<br />
erTmaneTTan Sejibrisas. moqalaqeobis aseTi Teoria agreTve moiTxovs<br />
saxelmwifos gagebas iseT institutad, romelic moqceulia sakuTrebis<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> politikur TavisuflebaTa Soris winaaRmdegobebSi. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
moqalaqeobis SesaZleblobebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi aris, an iyo<br />
gazrdili saomari drois problemebiT, romelSic <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul jgufebs<br />
SeuZlia efeqtiani pretenziebis wayeneba saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi~ (194).<br />
terneris analizs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vumatoT is, rom kritikuli modernizmis axali<br />
Teoriebi, feminizmis, rasis kritikuli Teoriis <strong>da</strong> subordinaciuli<br />
socialuri sivrceebis Teoriis CaTvliT, <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iyo<br />
postkolonializmis Teoriuli qselis SigniT, xolo axali socialuri<br />
moZraobebis praqtikam, aseve, gaafarTova moqalaqeobis SesaZleblobebi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT multikulturul demokratiul sazogadoebebSi.<br />
183
postskriptumi: siRaribe <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis dualizacia<br />
neba miboZeT, <strong>da</strong>vubrunde T. h. marSalis Semacbunebel komentarebs<br />
saarsebo minimumisa <strong>da</strong> saarCevno uflebis Sesaxeb: `saarsebo minimumisaTvis<br />
garigebis aucilebloba iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic saarsebo minimums<br />
iRebs socialur uflebad, iseve absurdulia, rogorc arCevnebis<br />
uflebisaTvis vaWroba sazogadoebaSi, romelic saarCevno uflebas<br />
politikur uflebad iRebs” (marSali, 1963:16). rogorc peitmani (1996)<br />
aRniSnavs sworad, aTaswleulis <strong>da</strong>sasruls, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
arCevnebis ufleba axla TiTqmis universalurad miRebuli uflebaa,<br />
saarsebo minimumebi ar aris miRebuli demokratiuli statusis garantiad.<br />
es aris paraleluri diskusia im sakiTxze, rom urTierToba moqalaqeobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> siRaribes Soris mniSvnelovania ramdenime mizezis gamo. amjerad,<br />
neoliberalur programas (romelic aqamde Warbobs globalizaciis<br />
konteqstSi) <strong>da</strong> marSalis modelis neokonservatorul reinterpretacias<br />
mivyavarT mtkicebamde, rom socialuri uflebebi qmediTia mxolod sxva<br />
uflebebis misaRwevad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia saxelmwifos fiskalur<br />
simdidreze. amitomac am perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, socialuri uflebebi konkretulia,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara universaluri (rogorc arCevnebis uflebebi); socialuri uflebebi<br />
aris mxolod naklebmniSvnelovani uflebebi, an saerTod ar aris uflebebi.<br />
Cven ar SegviZlia gavaTanabroT globalizaciis procesi <strong>da</strong><br />
neoliberaluri programebi; maT aqvT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva logikuri safuZveli <strong>da</strong><br />
dinamika <strong>da</strong> erT-erTis – anu, globalizaciis, rogorc istoriuli procesis<br />
arseboba ar amarTlebs meoris _ neoliberalizmis, rogorc hegemonuri<br />
procesis zr<strong>da</strong>s. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, globalizaciis procesSi cvlilebebis<br />
(rogorc ganxilulia mesame TavSi) <strong>da</strong> neoliberalizmis ideologiuri<br />
safuZvlis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmwifos eniWeba naklebad cnobili roli<br />
mosaxleobis didi segmentebisaTvis moqalaqeobis struqturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri servisebis miwodebaSi. arsobrivad, es iwvevs soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvas, rac socialuri uzrunvelyofis politikaSi savsebiT Camj<strong>da</strong>ria,<br />
radgan kerZo filantropias ar SeuZlia gaaumjobesos CarTuli servisebis<br />
masStabi, mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong> finansuri sidide. Tuki soli<strong>da</strong>roba ikargeba<br />
TemSi, rac miewereba saxelmwifos cvalebad rols, es warmoSobs<br />
mniSvnelovan problemebs demokratiuli TeoriisaTvis. amis msgavsad,<br />
mosaxleobis segmentebis gaRatakeba saSiS situacias qmnis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi politikisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobisTvis an, ubralod rom<br />
vTqvaT, qmnis ormag moqalaqeobas an meore klasis moqalaqeebs,<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Raribebs Soris arsebuli<br />
ganxeTqilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
184
ormagi moqalaqeoba<br />
postmodernizmis ramdenime versiis (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995) mixedviT,<br />
politikuri perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, Zalaufleba fragmentirebuli <strong>da</strong> gafantulia.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis moralur krizisze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, analizSi<br />
mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens is mosazreba, rom différance–gansxvavebebs<br />
(rom gavakeToT burdies parafrazireba) a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mihyavs gansxvavebulobis<br />
kategoriebis konstruirebamde. 10 gacnobierebuliEekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
Tu moraluri krizisisaTvis bralisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis `sxvaze~,<br />
rogorc gantevebis vacze ga<strong>da</strong>taniT, gabneulia an ignorirebuli eTikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri dilemebi, romelic warmoiSoba mSromelTa <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
Temebis struqturebSi. amgvarad, bralis ga<strong>da</strong>deba `sxvebze~ (aralegal<br />
emigrantebze, zarmac muSebze, `umciresobebze~, <strong>da</strong> a.S.) xels uwyobs<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur diskurss, romelsac saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>n bazarze ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs yvela<br />
moqalaqisaTvis maRali xarisxis ganaTlebis miwodebis pasuxismgebloba.<br />
bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, bazari, rogorc moulodneli ga<strong>da</strong>rCena (deus ex machina),<br />
diskriminacias gauwevs naklebad Zlier individebs, xolo yvelaze Zlier<br />
invividebs ki, waaxalisebs. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, resursebis ganawileba (anu bazris<br />
mowodebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnis dinamikebi) gansazRvravs saSualebebsa <strong>da</strong> miznebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelaze motivirebuli, saukeTeso ganaTlebis mqone <strong>da</strong> yvelaze<br />
`produqtiuli~ individebisaTvis warmatebis miRwevas SesaZlebels xdis.<br />
bazris logikiT, argumenti gveubneba, rom warmatebuli individebi<br />
Tavisufali iqnebian saxelmwifo Carevisagan <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
klientelizmisa <strong>da</strong> patrimonializmis praqtikebisgan. isini SeZleben<br />
TavianTi Tavisufali nebis mixedviT swrafvas gare Carevebis gareSe<br />
saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> servisebis ufro Tavisufali gacvlis konteqstSi, rac<br />
regulirdeba bazris meqanizmebiT. es pozicia SeiZleba miCneul iqnes<br />
libertarianizmis filosofiad individualizmis miseuli gamwvavebiT,<br />
romelic di<strong>da</strong>d ar iRwvis soli<strong>da</strong>robis formebis gasaviTareblad<br />
naTesauri kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> mcire jgufebis farglebs gareT.<br />
arakvlificirebuli bazris mTliani orientacia individebsa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal<br />
individTa cnebis socialur reprezentacias mimarTavs Temis socialurad<br />
konstruirebuli cnebebis <strong>da</strong> socialur cvlilebisken mimarTul<br />
koleqtiur mcdelobaTa winaaRmdeg. Temis Seqmna Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong><br />
fragmentirebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, kapitalisturi<br />
ganviTarebis gamomricxveli bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, moiTxovs socialuri<br />
stimulebis Seqmnas – individualuri eTikis farglebs gareT –<br />
didsulovnebisa <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis xelSesawyobad. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, igi moiTxovs<br />
socialuri kontraqtebis (an socialuri faqtebis) principebs, romelic<br />
SeiZleba miRweul iqnes imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom individualuri avtonomiisa<br />
185
<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis funqcionirebadi cnebebi SeiZleba, rusoseuli dilemis<br />
mixedviT, kvalificirebuli iyos, an zogjer SezRudul iqnes; amgvarad<br />
SesaZloa mTel Tems xeli miuwvdebodes Tavisuflebis ufro maRal <strong>da</strong><br />
komunikabelur doneebze.<br />
analogiurad, postmodernistuli Sexedulebis mixedviT (romlis<br />
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aris umetesad socialuri regulireba, socialuri<br />
regulirebis nebismieri krizisi niSnavs ara mxolod Rrma bzarebs<br />
sazogadoebaSi (magaliTad, rasac habermasi uwodeb<strong>da</strong> legitimurobis<br />
deficits gvian kapitalizmSi), aramed aseve saxelmwifos tipiur problemebs<br />
gvian kapitalizmSi (koneli, 1987; efli, 1993a, 1982g, 1988b). paradoqsia is,<br />
rom socialuri regulirebis krizisebma <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos rolSi arsebiTad<br />
radikalurma cvlilebebma SesaZloa axsnas soli<strong>da</strong>robis <strong>da</strong>knineba.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis ganaxlebuli Teoria<br />
gveubneba, rom gansxvavebulobis cnebas aqvs mravali gamoxatuleba, rac<br />
mouwodebs skolebSi kulturuli mravalferovnebis principisaken. modiT,<br />
erTi wuTiT ganvixiloT situacia laTinur amerikaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c skolis<br />
sistemebSi seriozuli <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis mravali maCvenebeli arsebobs.<br />
magaliTad, maswavleblebi SesaZloa miiCnevdnen, rom moswavleebi<br />
gulgrilebi arian kognituri unarebis Seswavlisadmi, an maT ar gaaCniaT<br />
aranairi interesi sajaro diskusiebisadmi. moswavleebi SesaZloa<br />
maswavleblebs (<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d mozrdilTa sazogadoebas) miiCnevdnen TavianTi<br />
(moswavleebis) interesebisa <strong>da</strong> codnis socialuri formirebisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sorebulad (codnis safuZvlisagan <strong>da</strong>Sorebulad, romelic Sedegia<br />
globaluri masobrivi kulturis miTvisebisa).<br />
sxva magaliTi, romelic axlos aris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
gamocdilebasTan, ukavSirdeba identobis politikis Sesaxeb debatebs,<br />
rogorc ganxilulia winamdebare wignSi. Tavisi yvelaze ukiduresi versiiT,<br />
identobis politika <strong>da</strong> umciresobis jgufTa reprezentacia skolebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
universitetebSi SeiZleba eTanxmebodes nulovanjamovani sazogadoebis<br />
Teorias. nulovanjamovani midgomiT, araTanabrad warmodgenili individebis<br />
erTi jgufis uflebebis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba <strong>da</strong> istoriuli gasaWiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad resursebis ganawileba, an diskriminaciis<br />
identificirebadi procesis modificireba arsobrivad niSnavs, rom<br />
resursebi erT jgufs CamoerTmeva arasakmarisad warmodgenil individTa<br />
meore jgufis xarjze. amgvarad, Sedegad viRebT uwyvet konfliqts<br />
mravalferovan <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxareTa Soris, romlebic warmoadgenen<br />
umciresobas, qalebs, klasze, SesaZleblobze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebul <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
arasakmarisad warmodgenil jgufebs, im brma (<strong>da</strong> farTod gavrcelebuli)<br />
rwmenis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom resursebi fiqsirebulia, an araelastiuri.<br />
186
a aris am sididis <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis Sedegebi identobis politikis<br />
relokaciisTvis <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebisTvis laTinur amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> sadme sxvagan?<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom moiZebnos soli<strong>da</strong>robis modeli an sistema, romelic<br />
mTlianad ar aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli<br />
saxelmwifos muSaobaze, an saxelmwifos intervenciis nebismier<br />
rekonstruirebul cnebaze, rac neoliberaluri saxelmwifosgan mkveTrad<br />
gansxvavebuli SeiZleba gaxdes? es sakiTxi moiTxovs analizis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
doneebs. <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis, socialuri regulirebis cneba, romelic wamoayena<br />
fukom, Zalze xelsayrelia struqturebis muSaobisa (funqcionirebisa) <strong>da</strong><br />
individualur aqtorTa mier codnis miRebis, a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis, rezistentulobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelaxali SemuSavebis <strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad. SesaZlebelia, rom socialuri<br />
regulacia konkurentuli ideologiebisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad muSaobdes? Tu<br />
SesaZlebelia, maSin TaobaTa Soris konfliqti, an saxelmwifo intervenciis<br />
Semcireba soli<strong>da</strong>robis xelSewyobaSi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos problema. regulirebis<br />
wesebi <strong>da</strong> instrumentebi sxva xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>va <strong>da</strong> ufro mniSvnelovan adgils<br />
<strong>da</strong>uTmobs sabazro gacvlebs. codna iqneba ara mxolod fragmentirebuli,<br />
aramed aseve segmentirebuli socialuri ierarqiebiT. isini, vinc SeZleben<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro mzardi samomxmareblo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, kvlavac<br />
ganagrZoben sakuTari SvilebisaTvis ganaTlebis micemas <strong>da</strong> maT Svilebs<br />
SesaZlebloba eqnebaT xeli miuwvdebodeT codnis im maragze, romlis<br />
SeTavazebac sazogadoebas maTTvis SeuZlia. isini ki, vinc ver SeZleben<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis mzardi gasasaxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s, martivad iqcevian<br />
marginalur nawilad ZiriTad codnasTan (<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv struqturebTan)<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> axalgazrdebis socializaciasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romlebic ecnobian axal teqnologiebs, kompiuterebs, an<br />
komunikaciis sxva novatorul xelsawyoebs. teqnologiaSi<br />
gaTviTcnobierebuloba gaxdeba ZiriTadi komponenti regionSi socialuri<br />
diferenciaciis konteqstSi. materialurad saukeTesod uzrunvelyofili<br />
kerZo <strong>da</strong> sajaro skolebi isargebleben am axali teqnologiebiT rogorc<br />
swavlebis, ise swavlis TvalsazrisiT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gazrdis saSualo<br />
<strong>da</strong> maRali klasis moswavleebis Sexebas yvelaze SemoqmedebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
produqtiul (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT yvelaze Semosavlian) teqnologiebTan.<br />
is sajaro skolebi ki, romlebsac ar miuwvdebaT xeli sakuTari<br />
teqnologiuri struqturis modernizebisaTvis saWiro <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
finansirebaze, specializirebuli maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnikosebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebaze <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso moswavleebis mizidvaze TavianTi gavlenis<br />
areebSi, sakmaod Sors <strong>da</strong>rCebian avangarduli treningisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socializaciisagan.<br />
187
diferenciaciis am mzardi procesebiT, saganmanaTleblo sistema<br />
iqneba gamoricxvis <strong>da</strong> ara inkluziis kidev erTi forma, rac asaxavs<br />
sazogadoebis dualizacias. dualuri sazogadoebebi aSkarad gviCvenebs Tu<br />
rogor gansxvavdebian individebi imiT, Tu rogor miuwvdebaT maT xeli<br />
simdidreze, Zalauflebaze, gavlenasa <strong>da</strong> politikur reprezentaciaze. ar<br />
arsebobs mizezi, saxelmwifos mier Tavisi sajaro man<strong>da</strong>tis gauqmebisasTan<br />
erTad, Tu ratom un<strong>da</strong> SesTavazos sazogadoebam ufaso <strong>da</strong> savaldebulo<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> sakuTar moqalaqeebs. saskolo <strong>ganaTleba</strong> gaxdeba ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
dualizirebuli.<br />
laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebi, msoflios masStabiT bevri sxva<br />
sazogadoebis msgavsad, ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro dualuri xdeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong><br />
Raribi seqtorebi Zalze Sordeba erTmaneTs. klasobrivi struqturebis es<br />
dualizacia mxolod laTinur amerikas ar exeba, aramed igi warmoadgens<br />
msoflio masStabis proporciis fenomens. amitom, socialur moqalaqeobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur moqalaqeobas Soris seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobebi <strong>da</strong> disbalansi arsebobs. socialuri moqalaqeoba gamoixateba<br />
efeqtiani xelmisawvdomobiT garkveuli xarisxis saqonelsa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxureobebze, rogorc materialur, ise simbolurze, rac aSkarad<br />
gansazRvravs individebis cxovrebis xarisxs. politikuri moqalaqeoba<br />
gamoixateba Tanaswori <strong>da</strong> universaluri xmis micemis uflebis<br />
saSualebebiT <strong>da</strong> uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis ganxorcielebiT.<br />
am ori tipis moqalaqeobas Soris arsebuli ganxeTqileba, rogorc<br />
sazrianad amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> T. h. marSali, xels Seuwyobs <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis,<br />
Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebis proliferacias, romelic antagonisturia<br />
im demokratiuli stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong> legitimaciis formulebisa, romelsac<br />
efuZneba demokratiuli reJimebi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, roca maswavleblebi<br />
miiCneven, rom un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>scen eris koleqtiuri Rirebulebebi bavSvebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
axalgazrdebs, ar aris gasakviri, rom maswavlebelTa liderebi <strong>da</strong> rigiTi<br />
wevrebi SesamCnevad Sewuxebuli arian sajaro <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si investirebis<br />
SemcirebiT, rac aRiqmeba kidev erT tendenciad dualizaciis am procesSi.<br />
am konteqstSi legitimuria vikiTxoT, am or moqalaqeobas Soris<br />
wonasworobis <strong>da</strong>rRveva ganmartavs Tu ara <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> savaldebulo<br />
saskolo swavlebaSi saxelmwifo investirebis Sewyvetas. es Sewyveta, rac<br />
SesaZloa gamowveulia struqturuli regulirebis ganpirobebiT, aisaxeba<br />
saganmanaTleblo biujetebze <strong>da</strong> sabolood, Caricxvebis raodenobis<br />
Semcirebaze, kerZod, sajaro saSualo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si.<br />
saskolo ganaTlebis dualizacia Sedegad mogvcems (<strong>da</strong> magaliTi<br />
iqneba), sul mcire, moqalaqeTa or did tips: erTi, romelsac me vuwodeb<br />
`sammag–A moqalaqeebs~ (triple-A citizens), rom gamoviyeno laTinur amerikaSi<br />
188
moduri termini, rac waagavs nomenklaturas <strong>da</strong> romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
institutebis obligaciebisa <strong>da</strong> sakredito reitingebis xarisxis<br />
klasificirebisaTvis, <strong>da</strong> meore, romelsac vuwodeb `araarsebiT~<br />
moqalaqeebs, B klasis an meore klasis moqalaqeebs. `sammagi–A moqalaqeebi~<br />
arian isini, visac SeuZlia politikuri reprezentaciisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis<br />
modelis gamoyeneba, romelic maT surT, ara mxolod TavianTi xmis micemiT,<br />
aramed aseve politikuri qmedebiT, radgan isini <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arian<br />
Zalauflebis qselebTan. maT SeuZliaT swrafad moagrovon informacia<br />
axali kibernetikuri teqnologiebis meSveobiT – <strong>da</strong> mzardi `sainformacio<br />
supermagistralis navigaciiT – <strong>da</strong> SeuZliaT inteleqtualTa kulturuli<br />
kapitalis simboloebiT manipulireba.<br />
`araarsebiTi~ moqalaqeebi arian isini, visi marginaluroba<br />
konstruirebulia masmediis reprezentaciis procesis, <strong>da</strong> amasTan erTad,<br />
politikuri izolaciisa <strong>da</strong> fragmentaciis meSveobiT. isini aseve ganicdian<br />
seriozul ekonomikur zewolebs; bevri maTgani ukve miekuTvneba siRaribis<br />
sartyels, romelic gars ekvris laTinuri amerikis did qalaqebs, an<br />
ganlagebulia qalaqebis degradirebad seqtorebSi, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebis<br />
centralur nawilebSi. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis maTeuli<br />
strategiebi gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre nebismieri sxva<br />
aqtivobebi, politikis CaTvliT. orive tipis moqalaqeebi erTdroulad<br />
moqceulni arian internacionalizebuli masmediis zemoqmedebis qveS,<br />
romelic iswrafis mesakuTruli individualizmis Seqmnisaken, Tu<br />
gamoviyenebT makfersonis mier popularizebul termins demokratiis<br />
liberaluri Teoriebis miseul sazrian kritikaSi (makfersoni, 1962).<br />
laTinur amerikaSi es aris is, rasac kulturis kritikosma uwo<strong>da</strong><br />
simboluri bazrebis calmxrivi Crdilo amerikanizacia (garsia kanklini,<br />
1992).<br />
dualuri moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> siRaribe<br />
dualuri moqalaqeobis sakiTxi svams maradiul kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu vin aris gaTvaliswinebuli <strong>da</strong> vin aris gamoricxuli savaldebulo<br />
saskolo ganaTlebi<strong>da</strong>n. socialuri jgufebis gaTvaliswineba <strong>da</strong> gamoricxva<br />
saskolo ganaTlebi<strong>da</strong>n ganxilul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes mzardi samomxmareblo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis, decentralizaciis, privatizaciis <strong>da</strong> municipalizaciis<br />
politikebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es politikebi ar exeba mxolod laTinur<br />
amerikas, <strong>da</strong> amdenad, am diskusias aqvs inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
mimzidveloba, rac sakmaod scildeba individualur, Tu regionalur<br />
mosazrebebs. detalurad Sesaswavli rCeba is masStabi, romliTac<br />
struqturuli regulirebis gampirobebulobebma gazar<strong>da</strong> klasis<br />
struqturebisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis dualizacia, an dualizaciis am process<br />
189
aqvs Tu ara <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli dinamika, romlis Senelebac ver SeZlo<br />
struqturulma regulirebam an, piriqiT, ubralod <strong>da</strong>aCqara. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, siRaribis sakiTxi jer kidev bundovnad Cans demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebebSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas.<br />
naTelia, rom moqalaqeobis Teoria, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
Teoriis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi <strong>da</strong>mateba, SeuZlebelia ganviTardes, Tuki ar<br />
Sesruldeba sam principTagan erT-erTi, romelic exeba uflebebis SeZenas<br />
(wamoyenebuli marSalis mier). rogorc sxvaganac iqna miTiTebuli (boroni<br />
<strong>da</strong> toresi, 1996), xelis SemSleli faqtori moqalaqeobis CamoyalibebisaTvis<br />
laTinur amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo praqtikasa <strong>da</strong> politikaSi aris<br />
laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebis farTo seqtorebis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli<br />
gaRatakeba (boroni <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1996). am sitaucias mohyveba seriozuli<br />
Sedegebi demokratiisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri modernizaciis, an socialuri<br />
reformis proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
bolodroindeli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom laTinur amerikaSi 210<br />
milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. ufro metic, situacia<br />
ukavSirdeba aseve <strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong> xelfasis donis sakiTxs regionSi.<br />
laTinuri amerikis qveynebisaTvis ekonomikurma komisiam (ECLA) aRniSna, rom<br />
1995 wlis xelfasebi 1980 wlis xelfasebze <strong>da</strong>balia <strong>da</strong> rom 1995 wels<br />
minimaluri xelfasi laTinuri amerikis 17 Seswavlili qveyni<strong>da</strong>n 13 qveyanaSi<br />
1980 wlis minimalur xelfasze <strong>da</strong>balia. magaliTad, CileSi, 1996 wels<br />
Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT, ze<strong>da</strong> 20-ma procentma miiRo erovnuli<br />
Semosavlis 57.1 procenti, maSin, roca 1992 wels maT hqon<strong>da</strong>T mxolod 52.4<br />
procenti. mosaxleobis uRaribesma 20-ma procentma 1996 wels miiRo<br />
erovnuli Semosavlis mxolod 3.9 procenti, maSin, roca manamde 1992 wels<br />
miRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> 5 procenti. Ciles 14 milioni moqalaqi<strong>da</strong>n 3.3 milioni<br />
cxovrobs siRaribis zRvars miRma. argentina Zalian ar gansxvavdeba:<br />
umdidresma 20-ma procentma 1997 wlis maisSi miiRo erovnuli Semosavlis<br />
52.9 procenti, maSin roca uRaribesma 20-ma procentma miiRo mxolod 4.3<br />
procenti. 12 wliT adre, umdidresma 20-ma procentma miiRo Semosavlis 49.4<br />
procenti, xolo uRaribesma 20-ma procentma miiRo 5.9 procenti. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
ara mxolod mdidrebsa <strong>da</strong> Raribebs Soris Semosavlis ganawilebaSi didi<br />
sxvaoba gaizar<strong>da</strong>, aramed aseve Raribebis xelfasebi Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebac<br />
ufro metad SemTxveviTi gax<strong>da</strong> (gazeTi Clarin, 1997:27).<br />
laTinur amerikaSi siRaribis problema Znelad ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti Cans,<br />
dominanturi klasis neoliberalur ekonomikur azrovnebaSi aSkarad mZime<br />
hegemoniis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kvlevebma miuTiTa saSiS<br />
winaaRmdegobebze, romelic warmoiSoba maSin, roca gamomricxveli <strong>da</strong><br />
marginalizebadi ekonomikuri modeli, romelic socialuri aparteiris<br />
190
manamde ucnob formebs uSvebs, upirispirdeba demokratiul reJims, romlis<br />
legitimuroba eyrdnoba politikuri integraciis, an `realuri~<br />
moqalaqeobis masebis molodinebs (boroni, 1994a; 1994b). es aris situacia,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c moqalaqeobis kulturuli atributebi (anu moqalaqeoba, rogorc<br />
sajaro Rirseba) nawilobriv un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emTxvas moqalaqeobis struqturul<br />
dinamikebs, rac iZleva garantias individTa umravlesobis socialuri<br />
uflebebisa, saarsebo minimumis CaTvliT, <strong>da</strong> politikuri ekonomiisa, rac<br />
maT saSualebas aZlevs ganaxorcielon moqalaqeoba, rogorc sajaro<br />
Rirseba.<br />
neoliberalizmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris arsebuli es winaaRmdegoba<br />
gacilebiT ufro seriozuli problemaa, vidre ubralod Teoriuli, an<br />
ritorikuli problema. igi asaxavs uzarmazar sirTuleebs, rac laTinuri<br />
amerikis demokratiebs eliT am tipis politikuri reJimis sami<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi imperativis SeTavsebis TavianT mcdelobaSi: samarTlianoba,<br />
xelmisawvdomoba <strong>da</strong> reprezentacia. erTdroulad, laTinur amerikaSi<br />
demokratiuli reJimebi dgeba sxva sastiki realobis winaSe, rac<br />
warmoiSoba struqturuli regulirebis 11 moulodneli, Tumca sasurveli,<br />
Sedegebisgan, konteqstSi, romelSic, sajaro seqtori funqcionirebis unars<br />
moklebulia (TiTqmis gamonaklisis gareSe) administraciuli qmediTobis<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c minimalur doneze.<br />
boroni <strong>da</strong> toresi (1996) amtkiceben, rom arsebobs sami ZiriTadi<br />
problema siRaribesa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris urTierTobaSi <strong>da</strong> rom am<br />
problemebs pir<strong>da</strong>piri gavlena aqvs im rolze, romelsac <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
asrulebs siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. pirveli eTikuri xasiaTisaa:<br />
seriozuli Seteva samarTlianobaze, romelic warmoSobilia<br />
neoliberaluri politikebisgan <strong>da</strong> romelic tvirTad <strong>da</strong>awva <strong>da</strong>bal socioekonomikur<br />
klasebs stabilizaciis xarjebiT <strong>da</strong> struqturuli<br />
regulirebiT. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva stilis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, am politikebis ZiriTadi<br />
principebi msgavsi iyo laTinuri amerikis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi: socialur<br />
xarjebSi zogadi Semcireba; saga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebis arapir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis zrdiT, rac kidev ufro amwvavebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis struqturebis<br />
regresiul xasiaTs; muSa-mosamsaxureTa xelfasebis gayinva, gansakuTrebiT<br />
sajaro seqtorSi; <strong>da</strong> Sromis bazrebis `fleqsibilizacia~, evfemizmi<br />
masobrivi <strong>da</strong>Txovnebis, <strong>da</strong>usaqmeblobisa <strong>da</strong> arasruli <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebisaTvis. fleqsibilizacia gamoiyeneba imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
arsebobs iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa nikaragua, romelSic SesaZlebelia<br />
iTqvas, rom <strong>da</strong>usaqmebel a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ricxvi ufro maRalia, vidre formalur<br />
Sromis bazrebze <strong>da</strong>saqmebul pirTa saerTo raodenoba. Raribebis raodenoba<br />
izrdeba, xolo siRaribe warmoudgenel doneebs aRwevs.<br />
191
meore problema ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa: ra donemde SeTavsebadia<br />
siRaribe laTinuri amerikis kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> im ekonomikuri reformebis<br />
makroekonomikuri `racionalurobis~ gaumjobesebis saWiroebasTan, romelic<br />
mimarTulia garkveuli miznebis miRwevisaken, rac azianebs xalxis<br />
seqtorebs maTi Semosavlis <strong>da</strong> moxmarebis modelebis <strong>da</strong>zianebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
individTa molodinebis <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri progresis SemcirebiT? ar aris<br />
aucilebeli, rom mivyveT msoflios katastroful xedvas, raTa gavigoT,<br />
rom gaRatakebul sazogadoebas gauWirdeba, gazardos Tavisi moxmareba an<br />
imis SeZleba, rom miaRwios gazrdil konkurentulobas, rac saSualebas<br />
miscem<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso bazrebis boboqar wylebSi yofiliyo<br />
konkurentunariani – bazrebis, romelSic `erebis konkurentuli<br />
upiratesobebi~ efuZneba maTi samuSao Zalebis ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovrebis xarisxis maRal doneebs.<br />
mesame sakiTxi ukavSireba axali demokratiebis ideologiur<br />
safuZvlebze orTodoqsuli (struqturuli) regulirebis Sedegebs.<br />
laTinuri amerikis sazogadoebebSi, demokratiuli legitimurobis<br />
principebs akl<strong>da</strong> is simZlavre, rac sxva regionebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>. es sisuste<br />
demokratiis ideologiur principebSi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan<br />
winaaRmdegobas demokratiis konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom demokratiis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis,<br />
aucilebelia gvqondes imedi administraciul efeqtianobaSi sandoobis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRali donisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroa gagvaCndes pozitiuri Sexeduleba mis<br />
unarianobaze sazogadoebis `zogadi interesebis” warmodgenis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, am mrisxane tendenciebs demokratiis kolafsisken ar<br />
mivyavarT. `ekonomikuri reduqcionizmi~, romelic socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
garkveul sferoebSi dominanturi iyo meoce saukunis 70-ian wlebSi,<br />
rogorc memarjvene, ise memarcxene wreebSi, polemikas iwvev<strong>da</strong> laTinuri<br />
amerikis demokratiuli reJimebis gaxangrZlivebis gamo gasuli saukunis 80iani<br />
wlebis mSfoTvare aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. bolodroindelma<br />
empriulma kvlevam <strong>da</strong>majereblad aCvena, rom axlovadian perspeqtivaSi<br />
mainc, ekonomikuri krizisebi mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar <strong>da</strong>aCqarebs demokratiuli<br />
reJimebis dezartikulacias. ufro metic, laTinuri amerikis demokratiebma<br />
aCvena, rom flobs gasaocar Zalas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, es <strong>da</strong>skvnebi SeiZleba<br />
gamogvadges naadrevi aRelvebis Sesarbileblad. marTalia is mosazreba,<br />
rom demokratiuli mTavrobebi, romlebic ugrZnobelni arian Raribebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli saWiroebebis mimarT <strong>da</strong> indiferentulni rCebian mzardi<br />
siRaribisadmi, namdvilad iTxrian sakuTar samares.<br />
192
<strong>da</strong>savluri politikuri azrovnebis tradicia erTxmad ambobs:<br />
gavrcelebuli siRaribe SeuTavsebelia demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis<br />
sulTan <strong>da</strong> praqtikebTan. platoni (1941) akritikeb<strong>da</strong> polisis oligarqiul<br />
mTavrobebs, radgan maT gamoiwvies ori qalaqis Zalismieri Tanaarseboba:<br />
Raribebis qalaqisa <strong>da</strong> mdidrebis, romlebic `erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mudmiv<br />
konspiraciaSi iyvnen, rac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> areulobis saTaves <strong>da</strong> romelsac<br />
SeeZlo bolo moeRo TavisuflebisaTvis~ (551.d, 552.d). TiTqmis ori aTasi<br />
wlis Semdeg, ruso (1967) Teoriulad msjelob<strong>da</strong> im pirobebze, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> demokratiis <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis arseboba/Tanaarsebobas. am<br />
miznis miRwevisaTvis, igi gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias, rom `SesaZleblobis<br />
farglebSi SeemcirebinaT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva klasebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi~<br />
ise, rom aRar yofiliyvnen arc maTxovrebi <strong>da</strong> arc Zalian mdidrebi. es<br />
jgufebi (erTi monetis ori mxare) demokratiis momavlisaTvis saxifaTo<br />
movlenad miiCneo<strong>da</strong>, radgan `swored maT Soris dgindeba samoqalaqo<br />
Tavisuflebis garigeba: zogi yidulobs mas, xolo zogi – yidis” (292-293).<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1 marTlac, moqalaqeobis cneba ganmanaTleblobaSi gaukritikebeli ar <strong>da</strong>rCenila.<br />
magaliTad, rom giCvenoT ganmanaTleblobis safuZvlebis garkveuli kritika,<br />
ganmanaTleblobis kritikosebis ZiriTadi principi aris is Sexeduleba, rom<br />
yovlismomcveli mTavari narativi aris metismetad abstraqtuli <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs istorias <strong>da</strong> ar SeuZlia gaigos narativi xalxisa, romelic Tavisi<br />
gamocdilebis droiT aspeqtsa <strong>da</strong> lokaciaSia moqceuli. amgvarad, amas ewo<strong>da</strong><br />
gaTviTcnobierebuli (ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, agresiulad gaTviTcnobierebuli)<br />
antiistoriuli, antinaratiuli, antirelaciuri, naturalisturi konceptualuri<br />
sistema. Margaret Somers, “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English<br />
Working-Class Formation,” Social Science History 16, no. 4 (Winter 1992): 593.<br />
2 C. B. Macpherson, “Do We Need a Theory of the State?” Archives Européennes de Sociologie 18, no. 2<br />
(1977). es miTiTeba makfersonis mniSvnelobaze demokratiuli moqalaqeobis srulad<br />
ganviTarebul TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi Seesabameba braian terneris ZiriTad<br />
kritikas T. h. marSalis moqalaqeobis Teoriaze, roca terneri Tamamad ambobs:<br />
`moqalaqeobis nebismierma Teoriam aseve un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas saxelmwifos Teoria,<br />
marSalis moRvaweobis es aspeqti yvelaze sustad gaxl<strong>da</strong>T ganviTarebuli~. Bryan S.<br />
Turner, “Outline of a Theory of Citizenship,” Sociology 24, no. 2:193.<br />
3 entoni gidensi aris gamoCenili kritikosi, romelic marSalis ganviTarebis sam<br />
stadias, rogorc teleologiur <strong>da</strong> evoluciur logikas, eWvqveS ayenebs. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
amisa, gidenss eWvi Seaqvs imaSi, rasac igi miiCnevs marSaliseul politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos metismetad gamartivebad, vinai<strong>da</strong>n marSalma sakmarisi yuradReba ar<br />
miaqcia socialuri brZolebis rols, ramac ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas, Seqmna pirobebi<br />
saxelmwifo koncesiisaTvis, <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. gidenis kritikis Sejamebisa <strong>da</strong> marSalis<br />
poziciis <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis ixileT: David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State (Stanford, Calif,:<br />
Stanford University Press, 1989), 193-195; gacilebiT win<strong>da</strong>xeduli <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis ixileT:<br />
Turner, “Outline of a Theory”.<br />
193
4 un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom, rogorc istorikosi devid taiaki Segvaxsenebs, `amerikul<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si regulirebis mizani xSirad iyo seriozuli uTanasworobebis<br />
koreqtireba, rogoricaa SavkanianTa segregacia, an unarSezRudul, an emigrant<br />
bavSvTa ugulvebelyofa” (186). Tumca, <strong>da</strong>regulirebam, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi<br />
skolebSi zrdis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas adgilobriv Tu saolqo<br />
doneebze, SeiZleba warmoqmnas sawinaaRmdego socialuri Sedegebi<br />
samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT. ixileT: David Tyack, “Restructuring in<br />
Historical Perspective: Tinkering toward Utopia,” Teachers College Record 92, no. 2:170-191.<br />
5 ixileT Tavi 2 feminizmis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobebis mokle SesavlisaTvis. aseve ixileT:<br />
Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Donna Haraway,<br />
“A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s,” in Coming to Terms:<br />
Feminism, Theory, Politics, ed. Elizabeth Weed (New York: Routledge, 1984), 130-143; Donna Haraway,<br />
“Ecce Homo, Ain’t (Ar’n’t) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: The Human in a Post-Humanist<br />
Landscape,” in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott (New York: Routledge,<br />
1992), 86-100; Rosemary Hennessey, Materialist Feminism and the Politics of Discourse (New York:<br />
Routledge, 1992); Carmen Luke and Jennifer Gore, eds., Feminisms and Critical Pe<strong>da</strong>gogy (New York:<br />
Routledge, 1992); <strong>da</strong> Raymond Morrow and Carlos Alberto Torres, Social Theory and Education (Albany:<br />
State University of New York Press, 1995).<br />
6 Tumca, am pozicias mravali forma aqvs miRebuli, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli maternaluri<br />
feminizmisa <strong>da</strong> zrunvis eTikis <strong>da</strong>cvi<strong>da</strong>n, samarTlianobis mamrobiTi eTikisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, rac Warbob<strong>da</strong> liberalizmSi, politikaSi qaluri Rirebulebebis<br />
SemoRebis mcdelobamde, sazogadoebrivi sferos rogorc `politikuris~<br />
artikulaciis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ideamde <strong>da</strong> romelSic gabatonebuli iyo mamrobiTi<br />
Rirebulebebi, kerZo sferos, rogorc ojaxis Rirebulebebis artikulaciis –<br />
kerZos feministuri politikis aRniSvnamde.<br />
7 ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es aRwera amerikis SeerTeuli Statebis SemTxvevaSi, un<strong>da</strong><br />
moicavdes mis koloniur gamocdilebas filipinebze, kubasa <strong>da</strong> puerto rikoSi;<br />
xolo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, mis koloniur batonobas aRmosavleT<br />
evropasa <strong>da</strong> avRaneTSi. mravali konservatori analitikosisaTvis samwuxarod <strong>da</strong><br />
misi socialisturi istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, kuba kvlavac warmoadgens<br />
kolonialisturi doqtrinis gamonakliss.<br />
8 sakmaod sainteresoa, rom sociologia, rogorc empiriuli mecniereba <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnografia, rogorc Tanamedrove anTropologia sakmaod iyo ganviTarebuli<br />
kolonizaciis procesis SualedebSi im mecnierTa mier, romlebic muSaobdnen<br />
kolonialur mmarTvelobebSi. magaliTad, SesaniSnavi kvleviTi programis<br />
reduqcionistuli wakiTxvis mcdelobis gareSe, emil durkhaimis naSromi<br />
(safrangeTSi – magaliTad, misi suicidi – ) iyo mcdeloba, Sexebo<strong>da</strong> zogierT<br />
ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas industrializebad sazogadoebebSi meqanikuri<strong>da</strong>n organul<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlisas. amgvaradve, gasuli saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisa <strong>da</strong> am<br />
saukunis pirveli meoTxedis eTnografiuli naSromebis umravlesoba (umetesad<br />
aRsaniSnavia franguli eTnografia) uaRresad mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> gavleniani iyo im<br />
xalxis kulturis, wes-CveulebaTa <strong>da</strong> qcevis gagebisaTvis, romlis kolonizaciac<br />
xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
9 es nawili warmoadgens im teqstis <strong>da</strong>zustebas, romelic <strong>da</strong>iwera raimond<br />
morousTan erTad sxva mizniT <strong>da</strong> sxva gamocemisaTvis. ixileT: Raymond Morrow and<br />
Carlos Alberto Torres, “The State, Social Movements, and Educational Reform,” in Comparative Education:<br />
The Dialectics of the Global and the Local, ed. Robert F. Arnove and Carlos Alberto Torres (Lanham, Md.:<br />
Rowman & Littlefield, ibeWdeba).<br />
10 me am kategorias viyeneb ufro struqturalisturi midrekilebiT, vidre deri<strong>da</strong>s<br />
cnebaa – “différance”. rogorc me<strong>da</strong>n serapi xsnis, `deri<strong>da</strong>m SeimuSava es cneba<br />
imisaTvis, rom aReniSna ori urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, magram sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva koncepti:<br />
194
pirveli, `gansxvavebulobis~ (to differ) cneba – `ara msgavsi an gansxvavebuli<br />
xasiaTis, xarisxisa <strong>da</strong> formis qona~ – <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>yovneba~ (to defer) – `Seferxeba,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vadeba (frangul zmnas différer aqvs es orive mniSvneloba) ... deri<strong>da</strong>seulma<br />
huserlis analizma igi miiyvana enis, rogorc aRmniSvnelTa usasrulo TamaSad<br />
aRweramde. mas Semdeg, rac mitovebulia <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli aRmniSvneli aRmniSvnelebi<br />
mimarTavdnen sxva aRmniSvnelebs, romelic kidev mimarTavdnen aRmniSvnelebs.<br />
amgvarad, ena aris TamaSi gansxvavebebisa, romelic warmoqmnilia aRmniSvnelebis<br />
mier, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, am gansxvavebebis produqts warmoadgenen. deri<strong>da</strong><br />
différance-is mniSvnelobaSi debs <strong>da</strong>yovnebis (deferring) mniSvnelobas. Ma<strong>da</strong>n Sarup, An<br />
Introductory Guide to Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989),<br />
48-49. aq gamoyenebuli différance–is cneba aRniSnavs faqtors, romelic mWidrod aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli burdies kulturul kapitalTan imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
kulturuli praqtikebi aRiarebulia <strong>da</strong> iswavleba saganmanaTleblo sistemis mier.<br />
burdies analizSi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia oTxi elementi: (1) Sexeduleba, rom TiToeuli<br />
socialuri klasi kulturul kapitals erTi Taobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>scems momdevno Taobas;<br />
(2) idea, rom skolis sistema maRali klasebis kulturuli kapitalis sistematur<br />
legitimacias axdens <strong>da</strong> afasebs mas, <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli klasebis kulturuli<br />
kapitalis arsebiTad devalvaciiT; (3) faqti, rom kulturuli kapitali aseve<br />
xsnis, Tu diferencirebuli akademiuri moswreba rogor warmodgeba<br />
diferencirebul simdidreSi; <strong>da</strong> (4) idea, rom skolis sistema axerxebs (an<br />
socialuri, kulturuli an ekonomikuri) ierarqiebis warmoqmnas, <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ierarqiebi ga<strong>da</strong>hyavs akademiur ierarqiebSi. burdies analizisaTvis ixileT: Morrow<br />
and Torres, Social Theory and Education.<br />
11 `neoliberalizmi~ <strong>da</strong> `neoliberaluri saxelmwifo~ aris terminebi, romelic<br />
gamoiyeneba axali tipis saxelmwifos aRsaniSnavad, romelic warmoiSva laTinur<br />
amerikaSi gasuli ori aTwleulis manZilze. rogorc ganmartebulia meore TavSi<br />
(romelic ukavSirdeba neokonservatoruli mTavrobebis gamocdilebebs, rogoricaa<br />
inglisSi margaret tetCerisa <strong>da</strong> jon meijoris, ronald reiganis – amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> braian malrunis – kana<strong>da</strong>Si), laTinur amerikaSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli neoliberalizmis pirveli gamocdileba aris neoliberaluri<br />
ekonomikuri programa, romelic ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> CileSi salvador aliendes<br />
Camogdebis Semdeg 1973 wels, general pinoCetis diqtatorobis dros. ufro<br />
mogviano periodSi, argentinaSi karlos saul menemis, meqsikaSi karlos salinas<br />
de gortarisa <strong>da</strong> ernesto sedilios <strong>da</strong> braziliaSi fernando enrike kardosos<br />
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli sabazro modelebi warmoadgens neoliberalur<br />
models, romlebic xasiaTdeba argentinuli, meqsikuri <strong>da</strong> braziliuri garemoebebis<br />
TaviseburebebiT. neoliberaluri mTavrobebi xels uwyobs Ria bazrebis,<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobis, saxelmwifo seqtoris Semcirebis, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos<br />
Carevis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> bazrebis deregulaciis cnebebs. istoriulad <strong>da</strong><br />
filosofiurad, neoliberalizmi asocirebulia struqturuli regulirebis<br />
programebTan. struqturuli regulireba gansazRvrulia rogorc programebis,<br />
politikebisa <strong>da</strong> ganpirobebulobebis wyeba, romelic rekomendebulia msoflio<br />
bankis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa <strong>da</strong> sxva finansuri organizaciebis mier.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom msoflio banki erTmaneTisgan gamijnavs stabilizacias,<br />
struqturul regulirebas <strong>da</strong> regulirebis politikebs, igi aseve acnobierebs, rom<br />
am terminebis gamoyeneba arazusti <strong>da</strong> araTanmimdevrulia. stabilizaciis <strong>da</strong><br />
regulirebis am programebma saTave <strong>da</strong>udo politikis ramdenime rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias, maT<br />
195
Soris saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebas, valutebis devalvacias eqsportis<br />
xelSesawyobad, importze tarifebis Semcirebas <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> kerZo<br />
<strong>da</strong>nazogebis zr<strong>da</strong>s. rogorc ukve xazi gavusvi, am modelis ZiriTadi aspeqti aris<br />
mkveTri Semcireba saxelmwifo seqtorSi, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo warmoebebis<br />
privatizaciis, xelfasebisa <strong>da</strong> fasebis liberalizaciis <strong>da</strong> industriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sasoflo sameurneo produqciis eqsportisken reorientaciis meSveobiT. amgvarad,<br />
struqturuli regulirebisa <strong>da</strong> stabilizaciis politikebi eswrafvis Tavisufal<br />
saerTaSoriso gacvlas, amcirebs fasis struqturebSi <strong>da</strong>maxinjebas, amarcxebs<br />
proteqcionizms <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs bazris gavlenis zr<strong>da</strong>s laTinuri amerikis<br />
ekonomikebSi. ixileT: Larissa Lomnitz and Ana Melnick, Chile’s Middle Class: A Struggle for Survival in<br />
the Face of Neoliberalism (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1991), 9-47; Joel Samoff, “More, Less, None?<br />
Human Resource Development: Responses to Economic Constraint” (Palo Alto, Calif., June 1990),<br />
mimeograph; Sergio Bitar, “Neo-Conservatism versus Neo-Structuralism in Latin America,” CEPAL Review 34<br />
(1988): 45.<br />
196
5<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong><br />
winamdebare Tavi ganixilavs demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Teoriebis<br />
tradiciaTa Soris arsebul kavSirebs <strong>da</strong> yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRniSnul<br />
sferoSi k. b. makfersonis mier Setanil wvlilze. warmodgenili Tavi<br />
gviCvenebs, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gavrcelebuli formaa<br />
liberaluri <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> amasTanave, ikvlevs kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi demokratiis krizisis zogierT mizezs <strong>da</strong> mis gavlenas<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze. mravali kritikosis yuradRebis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens<br />
socialuri dekapitalizacia, rac amZimebs kriziss <strong>da</strong> agreTve, gavlenas<br />
axdens moqalaqeobis Camoyalibebaze. saxelmwifos Teoriebs,<br />
globalizaciis Teoriebs, moqalaqeobis Teoriebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebs Soris tranziciis ganxorcielebiT,<br />
winamdebare Tavi, paulo freiris Sromis Sesabamisad, iwyebs demokratiuli<br />
ganaTlebis pirobebisa <strong>da</strong> misi politikuri gamowvevebis sistematur<br />
kvlevas. aRniSnuli Tavi sruldeba demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> postsocializmis<br />
Sesaxeb gakeTebuli komentariT.<br />
demokratiis Teoriebi<br />
meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebis paradoqsi is gaxlavT, rom <strong>demokratia</strong><br />
ufro popularulia, vidre odesme, magram seriozuli safrTxis winaSe<br />
dgas is pirobebi, romlis mixedviTac, yvela moqalaqes SeuZlia<br />
isargeblos saxelmwifos sruluflebiani wevrebis statusiT.<br />
– qerol peitmani, `demokratizacia <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba meoce saukunis 90-ian<br />
wlebSi~<br />
demokratiis TeoriaSi politikuri azrovnebis sami istoriuli<br />
tradicia Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. pirveli aris mmarTvelobis sami tipis<br />
aristoteleseuli klasikuri Teoria, romelic moicavs <strong>demokratia</strong>s, yvela<br />
moqalaqis mmarTvelobas, romlebic moqalaqeobis privilegiebiT<br />
sargebloben, rac gansxvavdeba monarqiis mmarTvelobisagan, erTaderTi<br />
mmarTvelis mmarTvelobisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv, gansxvavdeba aristokratiis<br />
mmarTvelobisgan, ramdenime mmarTvelis mmarTvelobisgan. meore aris<br />
Suasaukuneebis Teoria, romelic moicavs romaul samarTals <strong>da</strong> saxalxo<br />
197
suverenitets, rac qmnis Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis safuZvels <strong>da</strong><br />
umaRles Zalauflebas xalxis xelSi tovebs. gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT,<br />
es Zalaufleba ga<strong>da</strong>ecema (magram mxolod droebiT) mocemul mmarTvels –<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, amboxis ufleba, roca mmarTveli ver axerxebs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofas. mesame istoriuli tradicia aris<br />
demokratiis Tanamedrove doqtrina, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d nikolo makiavelis<br />
naSroms efuZneba <strong>da</strong> romelic Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi scnobs istoriulad Sedgenili mTavrobis mxolod or ZiriTad<br />
formas: monarqiuls <strong>da</strong> respublikurs. imave tradiciiT, Jan-Jak rusosaTvis,<br />
respublika, romelic warmoadgens mmarTvelobis WeSmaritad yvelaze<br />
popularul formas, zustad emTxveva demokratiuli reJimebis<br />
maxasiaTeblebs (boblio, mateuCi, <strong>da</strong> paskvino, 1987-1988).<br />
Tavad demokratiul reJimebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba, gamomdinare<br />
maTi organizebi<strong>da</strong>n. isini SeiZleba gamoirCeodnen TavianTi iuridiulinstituciuri<br />
implementaciiT (mag., saprezidento Sepirispirebuli<br />
saparlamentosTan); politikuri partiebis artikulaciiT demokratiuli<br />
reJimis implementaciaSi (mag., orpartiuloba mravalpartiul sistemebTan<br />
SepirispirebiT); politikuri kulturis fragmentaciiT (mag., centri<strong>da</strong>nuli,<br />
centriskenuli politikuri kulturebis SepirispirebiT); an, rogorc es<br />
mocemulia robert <strong>da</strong>lis (1956) mier gansazRvrul tipologiaSi, mis<br />
naSromSi: demokratiuli Teoriis Sesavali, medisoniseuli, populisturi <strong>da</strong><br />
poliarqiuli modelebi.<br />
vamjobineb, winamdebare wignSi detalurad gamovikvlio formalur <strong>da</strong><br />
warmomadgenlobiT <strong>demokratia</strong>s (Substantive democracy) Soris arsebuli<br />
gansxvaveba. sanam amas ganvaxorcielebde, msurs <strong>da</strong>viwyo demokratiis im<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva modelebiT, romelic k. b. makfersonis (1962, 1973) memkvidreobaSi<br />
warmodgenili tradiciis mier aris <strong>da</strong>dgenili. konoli (1993), makfersonis<br />
ideebis mixedviT, gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad models. pirveli aris<br />
proteqciuli demokratiis cneba, romelic formulirebuli iyo jeremi<br />
benTamis <strong>da</strong> jeims milis mier <strong>da</strong> varaudob<strong>da</strong> sabazro ekonomikis hegemonias.<br />
igi eswrafo<strong>da</strong> arCevnebs sabazro interesebis gansaviTareblad <strong>da</strong> am<br />
garemoSi tiraniisagan saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>sacavad“ (105).<br />
meore aris ganviTarebadi demokratiis (developmental democracy) cneba,<br />
romelic konolis (1993) SexedulebiT, `warmoadgens mniSvnelovan winsvlas<br />
demokratiul idealizmSi. misi saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi iyvnen jon<br />
stiuart mili <strong>da</strong> T. h. grini. mTavari problema iyo muSaTa klasis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis moazrovne arsebad qceva... milis koncefciaSi, `a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
modeli~, rogorc mesakuTre individualistis – anu a<strong>da</strong>mianis, rogorc<br />
`konfliqturi, egoisturi momxmareblisa <strong>da</strong> mesakuTris modeli~,<br />
198
Secvlilia a<strong>da</strong>mianis, rogorc `sakuTari Zalis an SesaZleblobebis<br />
ganviTarebis unaris mqone arsebis~ koncefciiT. demokratiuli monawileoba<br />
aseve gax<strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi gza TviTganviTarebisaken (196).<br />
mesame cneba _ wonasworobis <strong>demokratia</strong>, romelic cnobilia agreTve,<br />
rogorc pluralisturi <strong>demokratia</strong>, wamoayena jozef Sumpeterma 1942 wels.<br />
es modeli `saTanadod ver afasebs monawileobis mniSvnelobas, Tumca<br />
afasebs apaTiis funqcionalur mniSvnelobas. moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi<br />
amJamad apaTia demokratiisaTvis funqcionaluri xdeba, radgan intensiuri<br />
monawileoba ar aris sakmarisi racionaluri individebisaTvis. monawileoba<br />
aaqtiurebs avtoritarizms, rac ise<strong>da</strong>c latenturia masebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTavs sistemas moTxovnebiT, romlis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebac mas ar ZaluZs<br />
(196-197). klaus ofes (1984, 1985) analizi im pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, romelic<br />
saxelmwifos fiskaluri krizisis TeoriasTan ufro axlos aris, vidre<br />
elitisturi demokratiis TeoriasTan, gviCvenebs am Teoriis variants gvian<br />
kapitalizmSi legitimurobis krizisis miseul analizSi <strong>da</strong> gviCvenebs aseve,<br />
umarTaobis sakiTxs. rogorc konolis (1993) mier aris aRwerili<br />
(gamokveTili), `wonasworobis modeli warmoadgens tiraniisgan <strong>da</strong>cvas,<br />
magram igi cu<strong>da</strong>d muSaobs maSin, roca Sefaseba ganviTarebadi demokratiis<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT xorcieldeba” (197).<br />
sabolood, Cven varkvevT, rom k. b. makfersonis monawileobiTi<br />
demokratiis Teoria rusos paradoqsis garSemo aris agebuli: `Cven ar<br />
SegviZlia mivaRwioT ufro met demokratiul monawileobas socialur<br />
uTanasworobasa <strong>da</strong> cnobierebaSi winaswari cvlilebis gareSe, magram<br />
amasTanave, ar SegviZlia mivaRwioT cvlilebebs socialur uTanasworobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> cnobierebaSi demokratiul monawileobis winaswari zrdis gareSe” (100).<br />
makfersonisTvis (T. h. marSalis msgavsad <strong>da</strong> igive mosazrebiT, rac rusos<br />
aqvs) miaxloebiTi Tanasworoba warmoadgens winapirobas efeqtiani<br />
demokratiuli modelebisaTvis, maSin roca efeqtiani <strong>demokratia</strong><br />
warmogvidgeba miaxloebiTi Tanasworobis miRwevis winapirobad.<br />
makfersonisaTvis, monawileobiT <strong>demokratia</strong>s moaqvs Temis, asociaciis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>megobrebis <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebis, mTlianis nawilad SegrZneba ufro<br />
tolerantul, magram amave dros politikurad efeqtiani sistemis<br />
struqturaSi. es asea, radgan rogorc makfersoni (1973) amtkicebs,<br />
monawileobiT <strong>demokratia</strong>s `moaqvs Temis SegrZneba, ... rogor un<strong>da</strong> moxdes<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis unarebiT sargebloba <strong>da</strong> maTi ganviTareba, Cveulebriv, sxvebTan<br />
kavSirSi, TemTan garkveul mimarTebaSi~ (33).<br />
rogorc jein mensbriji (1993) Segvaxsenebs, es aris qerol peitmanis<br />
sazriani analizis safuZveli, roca peitmanis monawileoba <strong>da</strong> demokratiul<br />
TeoriaSi (1970, citirebulia mensbrijTan) amtkicebs, rom `monawileobis<br />
199
mTavari funqcia monawileobiTi demokratiis TeoriaSi aris...<br />
saganmanaTleblo funqcia, saganmanaTleblo yvelaze farTo gagebiT” (42).<br />
ufro metic, peitmani (1970) aseve amtkicebs, rom monawileobis gamocdileba<br />
`ganaviTarebs <strong>da</strong> xels Seuwyobs demokratiul pirovnebas~ (64). peitmanis<br />
analizi Zalian axlos dgas makfersonis demokratiis TeoriasTan, romelic,<br />
Tavis mxriv, Zlier <strong>da</strong>valebulia ganviTarebadi demokratiisagan, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
igi varaudobs (rusos msgavsad <strong>da</strong> hegelis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod –<br />
cnobierebis apropriacis Sesaxeb cnobierebis mier), rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis unarebs<br />
aqvs Zala ganviTardes sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis sakuTari unarebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi xelis SeSlis gareSe. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, makfersonis (1962)<br />
analizi aris iseTi sazogadoebis Zieba, romlis regulirebac ar xdeba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris eqspluataciuri gacvlebis batonobiT. Tumca, makfersonis<br />
mesakuTre individualizmis Teoria, romelic misTvis aRniSnavs<br />
liberalizmis, rogorc politikur TeoriaSi tradiciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
variantebis erTianobas, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ideaze, rom mflobeloba moicavs<br />
individualobas, Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobas <strong>da</strong> rom, rogorc karensi<br />
(1993) gvaxsenebs, `<strong>demokratia</strong> konceptualizdeba mxolod, rogorc sakuTari<br />
mmarTvelebis arCevis saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulia, rogorc principis<br />
gavrcoba, rom individualuri mflobelebi Tavisufali un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen<br />
arCevanis gakeTebisas imaSi, Tu rogor ganaxorcielon sakuTari interesebi<br />
saukeTesod, Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom Tavad sakuTrebis flobis bazisuri sistema<br />
ar aris ganxilvis sagani~ (2-3).<br />
Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> Tavisufleba aris Rirebulebebi, romelic<br />
konteqstualizdeba zogierTi sazogadoebebis istoriul gamocdilebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos universalur imperativebad, radgan maTi sakuTari<br />
definiciebi sa<strong>da</strong>voa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, isini, faqtiurad, miiCneva eTikur<br />
imperativebad a<strong>da</strong>mianis universalur uflebaTa TeoriebSi. ufro metic,<br />
isini ar aris advilad SeTavsebadi, <strong>da</strong> Cveulebriv, saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikis swrafva, romelic STagonebulia TiToeuli principisaken<br />
swrafviT, gviCvenebs maT Soris arsebul Zalian seriozul uxerxulobas <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobebs.<br />
amitom, liberalizmis Zlier tradiciaSi, <strong>demokratia</strong> warmoadgens<br />
yvelaze Sesabamis politikur garemos respublikur sazogadoebebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
asaxavs a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevisa <strong>da</strong> arCevanis winapirobebs: individebi erTmaneTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli arian sabazo gacvlebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> rogorc tali (1993)<br />
aRiniSnavs, es aris `maTi egoisturi swrafva usasrulo survilebisaken<br />
[rac] yvelaze did sikeTes moutan<strong>da</strong> yvelaze did raodenobas~ (37). am<br />
utilitarulma perspeqtivam, romelsac makfersoni ase marTebulad aRwers<br />
<strong>da</strong> akritikebs Tavis mesakuTre individualizmis TeoriaSi, SeaRwia<br />
liberalur azrovnebaSi; arCevanis Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> racionaluri, Tumca<br />
200
egoisturi arCevanisadmi swrafva aqcia fonad warmoebis kapitalisturi<br />
socialuri urTierToebebis ganviTarebisaTvis social-liberaldemokratiuli<br />
kontraqtis konteqstSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, umTavres sakiTxs<br />
kvlav warmoadgens <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani warmoadgens erTaderT cxovels, romelic Zarcvavs Tavis umweo<br />
Tanamemamules – eufleba mis mamuls <strong>da</strong> aZevebs iqi<strong>da</strong>n, an anadgurebs mas.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani ase iqceva yvela epoqaSi. de<strong>da</strong>miwaze miwis erTi akric ki ar<br />
arsebobs iseTi, romelic mis kanonier mflobels miekuTvnebodes, an rom<br />
ar ga<strong>da</strong>scemodes erTi mflobeli<strong>da</strong>n meores, am ciklurobis <strong>da</strong>cviT,<br />
ZaladobiT <strong>da</strong> sisxlisRvriT.<br />
– mark tveni, werilebi de<strong>da</strong>miwi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
winamdebare wignSi, saxelmwifo gansazRvrulia, rogorc erovnuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sociopolitikuri proeqtebis brZolis adgili; aseve gansazRvrulia,<br />
rogorc batonobis faqti, rogorc korporatiuli aqtori, romelic sakuTar<br />
Tavze iRebs saxalxo suverenitetis reprezentacias <strong>da</strong> rogorc politikuri<br />
Zalaufleba, romelic axorcielebs demokratiul mmarTvelobas. <strong>demokratia</strong><br />
aseve gansazRvrulia, rogorc politikuri reprezentaciisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
monawileobis sistema, sa<strong>da</strong>c, saboloo jamSi, subieqturobebi <strong>da</strong> wesebi ar<br />
aris (<strong>da</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnes) Semofargluli Zalauflebis, sqesis,<br />
rasis/eTnikurobisa <strong>da</strong> simdidris mniSvnelobebiT. amgvarad, saxelmwifo<br />
asrulebs mTavar rols demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, multikulturul sazogadoebebSi.<br />
demokratiuli saxelmwifos rolis <strong>da</strong>sazusteblad, me erTmaneTisgan<br />
gavmijnav <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc meTods <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc arss.<br />
rogorc meTodi, <strong>demokratia</strong> aris upirvelesad politikuri reprezentacia,<br />
romelic moicavs xmis micemis regularul procedurebs, Tavisufal<br />
arCevnebs, saparlamento <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlo sistemebs (romelic aRmasrulebeli<br />
kontrolisgan Tavisufalia), sistemaSi Zalauflebis urTierTkontrolisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganawilebis cnebas, individualuri uflebebis upiratesobas koleqtiur<br />
uflebebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> sityvis Tavisuflebas. <strong>demokratia</strong>, rogorc arsi,<br />
asocirdeba sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis politikur<br />
monawileobasTan. es <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia xalxis ZalauflebasTan (rac nebismier<br />
sxva regulatorul institutze upiratesia, rogoricaa mefoba, Tu<br />
samTavrobo biurokratia), yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanabari uflebebis<br />
ideasTan <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s konstituciaSi egalitarianizmis<br />
politikur filosofiasTan. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>demokratia</strong>, rogorc arsi<br />
201
gulisxmobs Zalauflebis cvlilebebs individTa Soris interaqciebSi,<br />
rogorc mikro (mag., ojaxebSi araeqspluatatoruli genderuli<br />
urTierTobebis miRweva), ise makro doneze (mag., genderuli Tanasworobisken<br />
swrafva socialur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur gacvlebSi).<br />
demokratiis Teoriebis ganxilvisas saxelmwifos cneba axal<br />
normatiul <strong>da</strong> politikur masStabebs iZens. liberalur demokratiul<br />
tradiciaSi, saxelmwifo icavs universalistur, racionalur <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis<br />
kanonebs, ramac un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos yvelasaTvis Tanabari situacia<br />
warmatebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. swored aq, meoTxe TavSi mocemuli<br />
rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebis mier gamoTqmuli kritika<br />
gansakuTrebuli ZaliT exmianeba demokratiuli ideis xelaxal gaazrebas.<br />
amave dros, demokratiuli saxelmwifo iyenebs saxelmwifoebriv politikas<br />
Tanamedrove moqalaqeobis Sesaqmnelad, erTiani nebisgan individTa kerZo<br />
interesebis gamoyofiT. demokratiuli praqtikis orasze meti wlis Semdeg<br />
gasagebia, Tu ramdenad rTulia am miznis miRweva <strong>da</strong> ramdenad<br />
SrosmWvretelurad JRers amJamad aleqsandr hamiltonis gafrTxileba:<br />
`bedniereba iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Cveni arCevani marTuli rom iyos Cveni WeSmariti<br />
interesebis keTilgonivruli SefasebiT, gaurTulebeli <strong>da</strong> miukerZoebeli<br />
im mosazrebebisgan, romelic ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sazogadoebriv<br />
sikeTesTan. magram es ufro iseTi ram aris, rac Zalian un<strong>da</strong> gvsurdes <strong>da</strong><br />
ar gvqondes misi seriozuli molodini~ (hamiltoni, medisoni <strong>da</strong> jei,<br />
1961:33).<br />
demokratiuli saxelmwifos Teoriebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kritikuli<br />
Sexedulebebi asabuTebs, rom konfliqti ganuyofelia saxelmwifos<br />
struqturisgan. martin qernoi <strong>da</strong> henri levini (1985) asabuTeben, rom<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi politika aris ZiriTadi socialuri konfliqtis<br />
produqti, konfliqtis, romelic saxelmwifo arenaze TamaSdeba. maT<br />
kvlevaSi saganmanaTleblo politikis warmoebaze, rac miRebulia<br />
klasobrivi konfliqtisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri moZraobebis Sedegad,<br />
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi Canan, rogorc socialuri<br />
brZolis adgili. kanroi <strong>da</strong> levini amtkiceben, rom ganaTlebis<br />
transformaciis aRsaqmelad, saWiroa, erTdroulad gvesmodes Sromis<br />
procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> is, Tu rogor ganpirobeben es procesebi<br />
erTmaneTs. am midgomiT, saganmanaTleblo cvlileba aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
nawili farTo socialuri konfliqtisa, romelic momdinareobs Semosavlis<br />
uTanasworobebisgan <strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi warmoebis socialuri<br />
Zalauflebisagan.<br />
amgvarad, politikuri batonobis administraciul sistemad aRqmuli<br />
saxelmwifo SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc sazogadoebaSi politikuri<br />
202
Zalauflebis mTlianoba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad donisa (erovnuli, provinciuli Tu<br />
lokaluri), romelzec igi operirebs. demokratiuli saxelmwifo, romlis<br />
politikac mimarTulia kapitalizmis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> reproduqciisaken, icavs<br />
sasaqonlo warmoebis sistemas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safrTxeebisgan <strong>da</strong> warmarTavs mis<br />
transformacias. amasTan erTad, igi Zlevs seqtorul, Tu fraqciul<br />
moklevadian moTxovnilebebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vebs individualur kapitalistebsa, Tu<br />
korporaciul jgufTa Soris.<br />
Tumca saxelmwifo agreTve asaxavs demokratiis dinamikas. a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
ZiriTadi uflebebi <strong>da</strong>culia kanonebiT, romelic <strong>da</strong>dgenilia <strong>da</strong><br />
aRsrulebulia demokratiuli saxelmwifos mier, rogorc es ganxilulia<br />
mesame TavSi. bevr <strong>demokratia</strong>Si saxelmwifo seqtori samoqalaqo uflebebis<br />
ganviTarebis mcdelobiT, gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis ZiriTadi wyaro<br />
umciresobebisTvis <strong>da</strong> qalebisTvis. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis politikebi warmoadgens gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare<br />
sferoebs moqalaqeTa demokratiuli ltolvis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis<br />
mcdelobisaTvis. amgvarad, demokratiulma saxelmwifoebma win wamowies<br />
demokratiis saqme socialuri uzrunvelyofis politikis, progresuli<br />
kanonebis SemoRebis <strong>da</strong> umciresobebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis meSveobiT.<br />
magaliTad, Cven vaCveneT, rom braziliis konteqstSi, demokratiuli<br />
miznebisken swrafvaSi ZiriTad figurebs warmoadgenen pirveladi<br />
organizaciebi, socialuri moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> politikuri partiebi, rogoricaa<br />
Partido dos Trabaljadores, romelsac Zlieri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera aqvs pirveladi<br />
organizaciebisgan (o’kadizi, vongi <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1998).<br />
Semdgomi ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens is sakiTxi, aris Tu ara<br />
socialur moZraobaTa mier xelSewyobili es axali socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo politikebi politikurad Sesrulebadi <strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorcielebadi, teqnikurad kompetenturi <strong>da</strong> eTikurad jansaRi. <strong>da</strong> mainc,<br />
cxadia, rom cvlilebebs saxelmwifos formaSi <strong>da</strong> politikur sistemaSi,<br />
aseve cvlilebebs demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv<br />
safuZvlebSi, SesaZloa mohyves seriozuli Sedegebi demokratiuli<br />
programis ganviTarebaSi, demokratiuli ganaTlebis SeqmnaSi, moqalaqeobis<br />
SeqmnaSi, rac efuZneba samarTlebriv safuZvlebs <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobriv<br />
Rirsebebs, <strong>da</strong> zogjer rasis, klasis, genderisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis rTulad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvet sakiTxTa ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi, kerZod, multikulturul sazogadoebebSi,<br />
romelic imarTeba liberaluri demokratiebiT.<br />
liberaluri demokratiis triumfi<br />
vercerTi Secdoma mxilebas ver wauva.<br />
– publiusi<br />
203
demokratiis cneba, rac hegemonuri gax<strong>da</strong> meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls,<br />
aris liberalur-warmomadgenlobiTi <strong>demokratia</strong> Tavisi principiT aqtiuri<br />
moqalaqis Sesaxeb. rogorc heldi gansazRvravs (1995), igi Seadgens `wesebis,<br />
procedurebisa <strong>da</strong> instituciebis erTobliobas, rac saSualebas iZleva<br />
moqalaqeTa umravlesobis maqsimalurad aqtiurad CarTvisaTvis, ara<br />
politikur sakiTxebSi rogorc aseTi, aramed warmomadgenelTa SerCevaSi,<br />
romelTac <strong>da</strong>moukideblad SeuZliaT politikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba~<br />
(97).<br />
rogorc zemoT vmsjelobdi, mosaxerxebelia, rogorc amas italieli<br />
politologi umberto Ceroni (1976) akeTebs, <strong>demokratia</strong>, rogorc arsi<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve gavmijnoT demokratiisgan – rogorc meTodisgan. <strong>demokratia</strong><br />
warmoadgens upirvelesad demokratiuli reprezentaciis meTods.<br />
demokratiis, rogorc arsis cneba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia demokratiis, rogorc<br />
sazogadoebriv sakiTxebSi xalxis politikuri monawileobis sistemasTan.<br />
Tumca, demokratiis radikaluri cneba aRemateba eqskluziis formebis<br />
prevenciis mcdelobas, rac xels uSlis politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
monawileobas. radikaluri <strong>demokratia</strong> gvTavazobs radikalur<br />
Tanasworobas rasobriv/eTnikur, klasobriv <strong>da</strong> genderul interaqciebSi,<br />
rogorc sazogadoebrivi sferos doneze, ise ojaxur siaxloveSi. amgvarad,<br />
pirveli mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba gvxvdeba demokratiul reJimebs Soris,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofen formaluri wesebis Sesrulebas, magram aSkarad<br />
ver axerxeben demokratiis <strong>da</strong>cvas klasobriv, rasobriv/eTnikur <strong>da</strong><br />
genderuli interaqciebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
meore mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens imis axsna, Tu rogor<br />
mWidrod <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> demokratiis cneba im ideas, rom kapitalizmi<br />
warmoebis yvelaze xelisSemwyobi wesia demokratiuli sistemebis<br />
gansaviTareblad. samuel boulsi <strong>da</strong> herbert gintisi (1986) gvTavazoben<br />
Zalze <strong>da</strong>majerebel arguments. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiis dinamika<br />
efuZneba kapitalisturi sistemis, piradi uflebebis <strong>da</strong> sakuTrebis<br />
uflebebis eqspansiis or logikas, romelic xSirad upirispirdeba<br />
erTmaneTs. konfliqtis dinamika am or logikas Soris, romelic, SesaZloa,<br />
warmodgenilia SejaxebaSi biznesis ideologiasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebul<br />
industriul kapitalizmsa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebul kapitalizmSi<br />
socialur moZraobebs Soris, Seexeba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi<br />
resursebis gamoyenebas <strong>da</strong> misakuTrebas, aramed aseve socialuri qcevis<br />
eTikuri stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, kapitalizmi, rogorc saqonlis akumulaciis,<br />
warmoebis, reproduqciisa <strong>da</strong> ganawilebis ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
204
sistema, niSandoblivad konfliqturia <strong>da</strong> axasiaTebs Sinagani<br />
winaaRmdegobebi. klaus ofe (1984:244) miuTiTebs ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis<br />
ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur substruqturebs Soris axlad warmoqmnil<br />
funqcionalur uTanxmoebaze. ofe kapitalisturi saxelmwifos struqturul<br />
problemas Semdegnairad aRwers: `kapitalisturi saxelmwifo itanjeba<br />
saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebis siWarbisagan, romlis arc <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba<br />
SeuZlia ekonomikis kapitalisturi xasiaTis ganadgurebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
ignorireba, sakuTari demokratiuli instituciuri struqturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
klasobrivi konfliqtis regulirebis <strong>da</strong>zianebis gareSe” (246).<br />
gvian kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi socialuri Zalaufleba,<br />
Cveulebriv, araerTgvarovani <strong>da</strong> gafantulia; demokratiis imave dinamikam<br />
bolo ori saukunis manZilze Seqmna bevri socialuri moZraoba, romlebic<br />
iswrafis demokratiuli sistemis mimarTulebisa Tu xasiaTis Secvlisaken.<br />
es moZraobebi ganixilavdnen klasisa <strong>da</strong> Sromis, rasis, genderis, garemos,<br />
birTvuli ganiaraRebisa <strong>da</strong> globaluri mSvidobis sakiTxebs. faqtiurad,<br />
yvelaze bolodroindeli socialuri moZraobebi amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi <strong>da</strong> laTinur amerikaSi (rogorc memarjvene,<br />
ise memarcxene wreebi<strong>da</strong>n), rogorc ganvmarte meoTxe TavSi, ar aris<br />
distribuciuri Tavisi xasiaTiT, magram isini gamoxataven moralur <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul swrafvas <strong>da</strong> risxvas.<br />
Tu kapitalizmi konfliqturi sistemaa, xolo <strong>demokratia</strong>s aqvs<br />
ganviTarebis ori gansxvavebuli logika, maSin sakiTxi ase dgas: ratom<br />
xdeba demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis erTmaneTSi Sereva <strong>da</strong> ratom ar iSleba<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis es samuSao urTierTobebi. Boulsi <strong>da</strong> gintisi<br />
(1986) amtkiceben, rom <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizms Soris kavSiri sistemis<br />
oTxi istoriuli akomo<strong>da</strong>ciis meSveobiT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>: (a) evropaSi, lokis<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>deba, romelic sistemis uzrunvelyofas axdens finansurad<br />
SeZlebulTa politikuri monawileobis SezRudvis meSveobiT; (b) amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi jefersonis wina<strong>da</strong>deba imis Taobaze, rom sakuTrebis<br />
ganawileba (anglo-saqsuri warmoSobis) moqalaqeTa Soris sistemis<br />
xelaxal uzrunvelyofas axdens, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mzardi politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobebisa; (g) medisonis politikuri wina<strong>da</strong>deba imis Taobaze, rom<br />
xeli SeewyoT moqalaqeTa Soris interesis sakmao araerTgvarovnebisaTvis,<br />
raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebinaT RaribTa saerTo politikuri programis<br />
warmoSoba; <strong>da</strong> (d) keinsis modeli, romelSic ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs uqonelTa <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa Soris interesTa<br />
erTobas.<br />
arsebobs sistemis axali uzrunvelyofa, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad demokratiis<br />
amJamindeli krizisisa? rogoria demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis situacia<br />
205
aTaswleulis <strong>da</strong>sasruls? igi kidev erTxel ofes (1984) mixedviT SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebul iqnes, rogorc demokratiis umarTaobis problema<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi – an Tuki boulsis <strong>da</strong> gintisis mixedviT<br />
CamovayalibebT, sistemis axali istoriuli uzrunvelyofis ararseboba<br />
sarisko Cixs iwvevs.<br />
ofe umarTaobas Semdegnairad aRwers:<br />
misi konotaciebia interesTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> partiebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n `mzardi molodinebi~, rac vrceldeba mediis mier; Sedegad<br />
miRebuli metismeti ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTva saxelmwifo biurokratiebisa, romlebic<br />
imyofebian fiskaluri SezRudvebis gavlenis qveS <strong>da</strong> ar ZaluZT amgvari<br />
molodinebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba; saxelmwifo Zalauflebis moSla, rac<br />
saWiro iqneba mzardi moTxovnebis mimarT mtkice winaaRmdegobisaTvis;<br />
moqalaqeTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n saxelmwifos mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, undoblobis, eWvisa <strong>da</strong> frustraciis mzardi done <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikuri stabilurobis safuZvlebisa <strong>da</strong> zrdis potencialis neli,<br />
magram gar<strong>da</strong>uvali paralizi. (164)<br />
umarTaobis cneba aSkarad ukavSirdeba neokonservatorebis<br />
Sexedulebas, romlebic akritikeben imas, rasac aRiqvamen liberaluri<br />
politikis koroziad <strong>da</strong> maT mier socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli<br />
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg uaryofiTi reaqciis xelSewyobad, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
mzardi <strong>da</strong> progresiuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>begvris sakiTxis garSemo.<br />
amgvarad, ofes (1984) mixedviT umarTaoba gulisxmobs, rom demokratiuli<br />
politikis instituciebis konfliqtis gamowvevis potenciali bevrad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wonis konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis maTeul unars~ (164). am konteqstis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc memarcxeneebi amtkiceben, arsebobs demokratiuli<br />
politikis avtoritaruli transformacia, romelic xasiaTdeba demokratiis<br />
dinamikasTan mimarTebaSi didi kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> korporaciebis vetos<br />
Zalauflebis zrdiT, rasac progresuli Sexedulebis mqone zogi<br />
analitikosi mihyavs skeptikur saubramde korporaciaTa mier msoflios<br />
marTvisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis Sesyidvis Sesaxeb (korteni, 1996).<br />
ofe (1984) acnobierebs, rom garkveuli simarTle marTlac arsebobs<br />
memarcxeneTa am mtkicebaSi, magram igi aseve eTanxmeba memarjveneTa<br />
diagnozis ZiriTad elementebs, romelic gmobs demokratiul umarTaobas,<br />
<strong>da</strong> askvnis, rom `rogorc konfliqtis artikulaciis instituciuri<br />
funqciebi, ise konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta Semcirebulia; <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo xdeba<br />
represiuli <strong>da</strong> umarTavi erTdroulad. im ori funqcii<strong>da</strong>n (romelic,<br />
liberalur-demokratiuli Teoriis mixedviT un<strong>da</strong> Sesruldes saxelmwifosa<br />
206
<strong>da</strong> individis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli instituciuri xidis mier) arcerTis<br />
Sesruleba ar aris SesaZlebeli~ (166).<br />
umarTaoba asaxavs liberalur <strong>demokratia</strong>Si SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
Tavisuflebisken swrafvasa <strong>da</strong> SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad radikaluri Tanasworobisken<br />
swrafvas Soris arsebul ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas. aleqsis de tokvili, Tavis<br />
cnobil kvlevaSi, Tamamad acxadebs konservatiul Sexedulebas, rom adre<br />
Tu gvian demokratiuli sistemebi Tavisuflebis xarjze Tanasworobis<br />
mopovebas Seecdebian. liberalebi, tokvilis msgavsi Zlieri<br />
konservatiuli midrekilebiT, u<strong>da</strong>vod yvelaferze metad Tavisuflebas<br />
afaseben. amitom, tokvili Zalze SeSfoTebuli iyo im demokratiiT, rac man<br />
amerikaSi naxa: `tokvilisaTvis eris demokratiuli safuZvlebi aixsnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
aristokratiis, sazRvris ararsebobiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli eklesiis<br />
eqskluziiT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom arsebob<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis radikaluri<br />
tradicia, rac gamoxatuli iyo <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli miliciis ideiT, amerikuli<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> mainc ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> arsebobas, ganxeTqilebis gamomwvevi<br />
rasistuli <strong>da</strong> eqspluatatoruli samxreTis gverdigverd” (terneri, 1990: 208).<br />
tokvilis terneriseuli kritika sakmaod mwvavea. saukunis win,<br />
tokvili kamaTob<strong>da</strong> amerikuli demokratuli sistemis saocrebebze <strong>da</strong> xazs<br />
usvam<strong>da</strong>, rom monebis, adgilobrivebisa <strong>da</strong> Raribebis (romelTac<br />
municipaluri sistemebi uzrunvelyofs) gar<strong>da</strong>, aravin iyo amerikaSi iseTi,<br />
visac ar SeeZlo, yofiliyo amomrCeveli <strong>da</strong>, amdenad, monawileoba miiRo<br />
(Tumca arapir<strong>da</strong>pir) kanonis formulirebaSi. sakmaod sainteresoa, rom<br />
tokvili qalebis, monebis, adgilobrivebisa <strong>da</strong> socialur uzrunvelyofaze<br />
myofi Raribebis (sxva sityvebiT, aSS-s imdroindeli mosaxleobis naxevarze<br />
metis) gamoricxvas ar miiCnev<strong>da</strong> individTa demokratiuli uflebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevad. swored rom piriqiT. tokvilisaTvis<br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba iyo imis gageba, rom kanonis mier amomrCevlad<br />
gamocxadebul yvela individs SeeZlo, <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, neba hqon<strong>da</strong>, xma<br />
mieca. es faqti, TavisTavad, warmoadgens procedurebis tipiur <strong>demokratia</strong>s,<br />
an <strong>demokratia</strong>s rogorc meTods, <strong>da</strong> rogorc aseTi, mowmobs <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />
demokratiuli sistemis arsebobas. 1<br />
tokvilis moqmedebis SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi Tavisufleba sa<strong>da</strong>vo un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes,<br />
riTac ganisazRvreba demokratiuli Taviseburebebi, romelic imperatiulia,<br />
raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes acilebuli moqalaqeobis sociologiuri modeli,<br />
romelic gamocxadebulia monoliTur <strong>da</strong> erTian koncefciad. am kamaTSi T.<br />
h. marSalis mier Setanili uzarmazari wvlilis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, moqalaqeobis<br />
misi erTiani koncefcia saWiroebs kritikas. un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT ara<br />
mxolod identobis bundovaneba, aramed agreTve sazRvrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoricxvebis arseboba. aseve mniSvnelovania, kvlav gavusvaT xazi<br />
207
<strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc meTods <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc arss Soris arsebul<br />
gansxvavebas. es gansxvaveba gvexmareba, gavigoT moqalaqeTa ganaTlebis<br />
meSveobiT formirebis cneba – ganmanaTleblobis umTavresi mizani – ara<br />
rogorc monoliTuri, an <strong>da</strong>dgenili identoba, aramed rogorc `moraluri<br />
aqtivobis sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> kerZo definiciebi politikuri aqtivobis<br />
sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT; <strong>da</strong> gavigoT moqalaqeobis<br />
aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> pasiuri formebi, im TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqe<br />
konceptualizebulia, rogorc absoluturi Zalauflebis mxolod subieqti,<br />
Tu aqtiuri politikuri agenti” (terneri, 1990: 209). es gansxvavebebi<br />
mniSvnelovania moqalaqed Semdgari demokratiuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis<br />
cnebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> aseve, liberaluri demokratiis krizisis cnebisaTvis. magram<br />
sanam ganvixilavde demokratiis krizissa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebul<br />
kavSirebs, Sevexebi socialuri dekapitalizaciis, rogorc am krizisisaTvis<br />
erT-erTi umTavresi laitmotivis, cnebas. es pozicia wamoyenebulia<br />
tokvilis mimdevari zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoretikosis mier, vinc<br />
samoqalaqo asociaciebSi wevrTa raodenobis Semcirebas demokratiis<br />
seriozul problemad aRiqvams.<br />
liberaluri <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialuri kapitali<br />
Rirebulebebi Rirebulebebia, sagnebi, romelTac uSualod garkveuli<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili Tvisebebi aqvT... Sexeduleba, rom sagnebi, rogorc<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri Rirebulebebi Seesabameba azrsa <strong>da</strong> diskurss, efuZneba<br />
kauzaluri kategoriebis uSualo TvisebebiT aRrevas.<br />
– jon diui, gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> buneba<br />
demokratiebis marTvadobis krizisma wina planze wamowia is roli,<br />
romelsac <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoeba asrulebs socialuri<br />
kapitalis SeqmnaSi, reproducirebasa <strong>da</strong> moxmarebaSi. aleqsis de tokvili<br />
(1969) Tavis wignSi <strong>demokratia</strong> amerikaSi gansakuTrebulad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo asociaciebisadmi amerikelTa midrekilebas. igi acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, `Cemi<br />
SexedulebiT, araferi imsaxurebs imaze met yuradRebas, rasac imsaxureben<br />
inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> moraluri asociaciebi amerikaSi” (513).<br />
tokvilis magaliTis msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
sociologebi amtkicebdnen, rom socialuri institutebis muSaobaze Zlieri<br />
gavlena aqvs (rogorc patnemi (1995) amtkicebs) `samoqalaqo CarTulobis<br />
normebsa<strong>da</strong> qselebs ... [<strong>da</strong>] rom warmatebuli Sedegebi ufro mosalodnelia<br />
moqalaqeobrivad CarTul TemebSi~ (66).<br />
208
erTi sociologi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo socialuri kapitalis<br />
cnebis gavrcelebas, aris gansvenebuli jeims koulmani (1988, 1990). koulmani<br />
adgens socialuri kapitalis sam aspeqts, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
socialur qselebTan: (1) valdebulebebi <strong>da</strong> molodinebi, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia socialur garemos sandoobaze; (2) socialuri struqturis<br />
informaciuli nakadis potenciali; <strong>da</strong> (3) normebi, romelic aregulirebs<br />
socialur qselebs; amas ki Cveulebriv, Tan axlavs sanqciebi maTTvis, vinc<br />
arRvevs normebs. magaliTi, romelsac koulmani iyenebs sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebis ilustrirebisas, aris samrevlo kaTolikuri skolebis<br />
ukeTesi muSaoba sajaro skolebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. misi mtkicebiT, samrevlo<br />
skolebi ufro efeqtiani aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi unarebis swavlebaSi, sandoobis<br />
gaziarebuli grZnobis im urTierTobebSi ga<strong>da</strong>tanis gamo, romelic Warbobs<br />
mrevlSi <strong>da</strong> im faqtis gamo, rom, am qselebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mSoblebs,<br />
maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebs Soris urTierTobebi xels uwyobs<br />
informaciis ufro Tavisuflad <strong>da</strong> swrafad ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas, vidre, ufro<br />
anonimur <strong>da</strong> fragmentirebul sajaro skolebSi. <strong>da</strong>bolos, am socialuri<br />
qselebis (anu socialuri kapitalis) arseboba, rasac wvlili Seaqvs ufro<br />
warmatebuli saganmanaTleblo Sedegis miRwevaSi, warmoqmnis a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
kapitalis ufro maRal xarisxs, rac Tavis mxriv, usasrulo cirkularul<br />
procesSi warmoqmnis ufro maRali xarisxis socialur kapitals, roca<br />
qselebi gaumjobesdeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ixveweba <strong>da</strong> a.S. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqves<br />
stenton-salazarim <strong>da</strong> dornbuSma (1995:116-135), romlebmac meqsikuri<br />
warmoSobis amerikuli skolis moswavleTa SerCeuli nimuSis sainformacio<br />
qselebis Sesaxeb monacemebi gamoikvlies. akademiuri warmateba ukavSirdeba<br />
moswavleebs, maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> aRmzrdelebs Soris umniSvnelovanesi<br />
kavSirebis formirebas.<br />
es socialuri qselebi umniSvnelovanesia warmatebuli ekonomikuri<br />
Sedegis miRwevisaTvis, xolo samoqalaqo CarTulobis es normebi <strong>da</strong><br />
qselebi miiCneva ZiriTad elementebad, romlebic warmomadgenlobiT<br />
mmarTvelobis muSaobaze axdens gavlenas. robert patnemi (1995) Tavisi<br />
empiriuli analizi<strong>da</strong>n italiaSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Sesaxeb ayenebs<br />
or ZiriTad hipoTezas: pirveli, rom `marTvis xarisxi gansazRvruli iyo<br />
samoqalaqo CarTulobis (an misi ararsebobis) mravalwliani tradiciiT~<br />
(66); <strong>da</strong> meore, rom organizebuli Tanaziarobisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis es qselebi aris ara modernizaciis Sedegi, aramed<br />
warmoadgens ufro mis winapirobas.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n, socialuri kapitalis cneba, romelic samoqalaqo<br />
CarTulobisaTvis normebisa <strong>da</strong> qselebis kombinaciis sinTezirebas axdens:<br />
`analogiiT fizikuri kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalis cnebebTan –<br />
saSualebebiT <strong>da</strong> momzadebiT, rac aumjobesebs individualur<br />
209
produqtiulobas – `socialuri kapitali~ miuTiTebs socialuri<br />
organizaciis maxasiaTeblebze, rogoricaa qselebi, normebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ndoba, rac xels uwyobs koordinaciasa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobas ormxrivi<br />
sargeblobisaTvis” (66). amgvarad, Temebi, romelTac aqvT socialuri<br />
kapitalis maRali aqciebi, ukeTesad imuSaveben, vidre isini – visac es ar<br />
aqvs. ratom? imitom, rom socialuri kapitali gavlenas axdens<br />
ganzogadebul Tanaziarobis normebze (Tanaziarobisa <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli erTeulebis farglebs gareT, mag. rogoricaa ojaxi) <strong>da</strong> amave<br />
dros, xels uwyobs socialuri ndobis warmoSobas:<br />
aseTi qselebi xels uwyobs koordinaciasa <strong>da</strong> komunikacias, amaRlebs<br />
reputacias <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, koleqtiuri qmedebis dilemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. roca ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri molaparakebebi<br />
Caflulia socialur interaqciis mWidro qselebSi, Semcirebulia<br />
oportunizmis stimulebi. amave dros, samoqalaqo CarTulobis qselebi<br />
warsuli warmatebis realizebas axdenen TanamSromlobiT, rac SeiZleba<br />
gamodges momavali TanamSromlobis kulturul modelad. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
interaqciis mWidro qselebi, savaraudod, gaafarToebs monawileTa mier<br />
sakuTari mes SegrZnebas, `me~-s gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis `Cven~-ad, an (racionaluri<br />
arCevanis Teoriis warmomadgenlebis eniT rom vTqvaT) aumjobesebs<br />
monawileTa `gemovnebas~ koleqtiuri sargebelis TvalsazrisiT. (66)<br />
amgvarad, socialuri qselebi <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo CarTuloba gavlenas<br />
axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, zrdis monawileobis xarisxs <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
amdidrebs pirad cxovrebas. Tumca, ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ganaTlebis saSualo xangrZlivoba (romelic, patnemis<br />
mosazrebiT, miiCneva politikuri monawileobis individualuri donis<br />
prognozirebis saukeTeso saSualebad) mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong> bolo Taobis<br />
periodSi, faqtiuri politikuri monawileoba (romelic izomeba xmis<br />
micemiT) mudmivad mcirdeba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. patnemi (1995)<br />
CamoTvlis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezebs, romelic xsnis, Tu ras SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>eCqarebina<br />
socialuri ndobis <strong>da</strong>cema, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ganaTlebis maCveneblis matebisa.<br />
pirveli gaxlavT amerikuli mTavrobisadmi mzardi undobloba. meore aris<br />
is faqti, rom religiuri sentimentebi ufro naklebad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xdeba<br />
institutebTan <strong>da</strong> ufro metad TviTgansazRvrulia. mesame gaxlavT is<br />
faqti, rom tradiciuli asociaciebi, romelmac biZgi misca politikur<br />
monawileobas, rogoricaa kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa asociaciebi,<br />
aseve ganicdian wevrebis raodenobis klebas. meoTxe, aseve mcirdeba<br />
samoqalaqo asociaciebi, romelic efuZneba moxaliseobas, rogoricaa<br />
mTavari samoqalaqo asociaciebi (mag., wiTeli jvari <strong>da</strong> amerikis<br />
boiskautebi), saZmoebi (mag., lomebi, losebi), an Tun<strong>da</strong>c amerikelTa<br />
210
monawileoba socialuri garTobis organizebul formebSi, rogoricaa<br />
boulingis ligebi. meoreuli asociaciebis Semcireba SemaSfoTebeli<br />
tendenciaa, romlis kompensirebac SeuZlebelia. patnemis analizis mixedviT,<br />
mTliani suraTi ver Seicvleba mesameuli asociaciebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi zrdiT,<br />
(rogoricaa erovnuli ekologiuri asociaciebi, klubi siera, feministuri<br />
asociaciebi qalTa erovnuli organizaciis msgavsi, an pensionerTa<br />
amerikuli asociacia <strong>da</strong> a.S.) radgan isini ar warmoadgenen socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulobis imave dones, rogorc samoqalaqo CarTulobis pirveladi,<br />
an meoreuli asociaciebi.<br />
Semdeg, socialuri dekapitalizacia miewereba socialuri kavSirebis<br />
Sesustebas rogorc gafarToebul, ise nuklearul ojaxSi. Tavis mxriv,<br />
maSin roca asociaciebis wevroba zrdis socialur ndobas, arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebSi wevrTa raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT arakomerciuli<br />
momsaxurebis saagentoebSi, romlebic aRmavlobis gzazea (<strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
oqsfami<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli iseTi organizaciebiT, romlebic afinanseben<br />
filarmoniul orkestrs) bevrs verafers hmateben saWiro socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulobas. xolo socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis jgufebi (mag., anonimuri<br />
alkoholikebi <strong>da</strong> anonimuri moTamaSeebi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom warmoadgenen<br />
socialuri kapitalis mniSvnelovan formas, rac Seexeba individualuri<br />
mcdelobis emociur <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, xSirad ver TamaSoben<br />
imave rols, rasac tradiciuli samoqalaqo organizaciebi. isini SeiZleba<br />
ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen piradi cxovrebis gamdidrebaSi,<br />
vidre sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis stimulirebaSi.<br />
socialuri kapitalis Semcirebis mizezebs Soris, qalebis masiuri<br />
Sesvla samuSao ZalaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, miiCneva im tendenciad,<br />
romelmac radikalurad Seamcira `is dro <strong>da</strong> energia, rac arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri kapitalis Sesaqmnelad~ (patnemi, 1995:74). meore mizezi gaxlavT<br />
amerikuli mosaxleobis didi mobiluroba, romelic metismetad xSirad<br />
sacxovrebel adgils atovebinebs individebs maT TemebSi <strong>da</strong> qmnis<br />
`xelaxali CarTvis~ problemis hipoTezas. aseve mTavar rols asrulebs<br />
teqnologia, romelsac garToba sazogadoebrivi<strong>da</strong>n kerZo sferoSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>hyavs. <strong>da</strong>bolos, cvlilebebi klasobriv struqturaSi, romelic<br />
gavlenas axdens saSualo klasebze (romlebic ukve iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
monawileobisadmi midrekilad <strong>da</strong>bal klasebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT), miiCneva<br />
pasuxismgeblad socialur dekapitalizaciaSi. amgvarad, socialuri<br />
kapitalis aRdgena warmoadgens samoqalaqo CarTulobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
ndobis aRdgenis winapirobas.<br />
socialuri kapitalis cnebis Teoriuli gamosadegoba kvlav<br />
sakamaToa. cxadia, rom igi warmoadgens socialuri <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
211
organizebuli soli<strong>da</strong>robis Teoriul alternativas ganviTarebul<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi, romlebic dganan socialur faseulobebze<br />
orientirebuli saxelmwifos Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> misi momsaxurebaTa qselis<br />
demotaJis winaSe. socialuri kapitalis cnebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi mTavari<br />
sakiTxi (rogorc ganxilulia portesis <strong>da</strong> lendoltis (1996) naSromSi) aris<br />
misi analitikuri gamosadegoba. msgavsi problema aris korporaciuli<br />
cnobiereba, romelmac SeiZleba mkveTrad gazardos instituciis (mag.,<br />
policiis) socialuri kapitali, magram ramac, Tavis mxriv, mTlianobaSi<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis Semcirebuli socialuri soli<strong>da</strong>roba <strong>da</strong><br />
keTildReoba. faqtiurad, patnemi iRebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kritikosebis<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debas, `romlebic xazs usvamen imas, rom mWidrod Sekruli<br />
socialuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri organizaciebi midrekili arian<br />
araefeqtiani kartelizaciisken <strong>da</strong> imisken, rasac politikuri ekonomistebi<br />
aRniSnaven terminiT `rentis Zieba~, xolo Cveulebrivi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi uwodeben<br />
korufcias” (76).<br />
meore probleba, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aris rasis ganxilvis warumatebloba<br />
socialuri kapitalis cnebis SemuSavebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom klassa <strong>da</strong><br />
sqess mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia patnemis analizSi <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
naklebad mniSvnelovani koulmanis analizSi, rasa, rogorc centraluri<br />
identoba, faqtiurad, marginalizebulia. sakmaod mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
identobis Teoriul cnebas (ara mxolod rasobriv <strong>da</strong> eTnikur identobas)<br />
swrafad aqvs gverdi avlili analizSi <strong>da</strong> mis adgils ikavebs<br />
universalurobis cneba (mag., sazogadoebrivi ndobis cneba), rac garkveul<br />
momentSi, socialur agentTa umetesobas (Tu yvelas ara), savaraudod,<br />
moswon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rac am bolo dros <strong>da</strong>Zvel<strong>da</strong>. patnemis analizSi pozitiuri<br />
tendenciebi, romelsac igi aRiqvams socialuri kapitalis eroziasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulad, (gansakuTrebiT aratolerantobisa <strong>da</strong> aSkara<br />
diskriminaciis mniSvnelovani kleba) u<strong>da</strong>vod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ganaTlebis<br />
(<strong>da</strong> kerZod, multikulturuli ganaTlebis) <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis<br />
mebrZoli socialuri moZraobebis wvlilTan.<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom socialuri kapitali originaluri<br />
cnebaa sazogadoebis Tanamedrove diskomfortis zogierTi problemis (<strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetebis) gansamartavad, samoqalaqo asociaciebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTulobis mniSvnelovnebis xazgasmiT, saqme<br />
paradoqsSia, romelzec xdeba cnebis gamosadegobis <strong>da</strong>Seneba. anu,<br />
paradoqsi, rom socialuri kapitali knindeba ganviTarebul kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi, maSin `roca liberalurma <strong>demokratia</strong>m gawmin<strong>da</strong> brZolis<br />
veli, rogorc ideologiurad, ise geopolitikurad” (patnemi, 1995: 78),<br />
efuZneba demokratiis, rogorc meTodis ideas <strong>da</strong> ara demokratiis, rogorc<br />
substanciur arss. patnemisaTvis meore paradoqsi is aris, rom socialuri<br />
212
ndoba TanafardobaSia <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan. Tumca, socialuri kapitalis<br />
Teoretikosebi SeSfoTebulni arian imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom<br />
`saganmanaTleblo doneTa mkveTri zrdis gamo socialuri ndobis mTliani<br />
kleba kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa” (patnemi, 1995:78). es analizi efuZneba<br />
metismetad gamartivebul msjelobas imis Sesaxeb, rom saganmanaTleblo<br />
gamocdileba erTgvarovania yvela individisaTvis, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia<br />
saganmanaTleblo institutebi <strong>da</strong>, rom Sedegad, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> yovelTvis<br />
gamoiwvevs (an un<strong>da</strong> gamoiwvios) socialuri ndobis zr<strong>da</strong>s. vamtkiceb, rom<br />
amaSi ar aris ironia; radgan saganmanaTleblo sistema fragmentirebulia,<br />
gamocdileba <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si ar aris erTgvarovani: igi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia klasze,<br />
rasaze, sqesze, geografiul <strong>da</strong> uTvalav sxva ganmasxvavebel niSanze. ufro<br />
metic, rogorc socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli reproduqciis procesi, rasis,<br />
klasis, sqesis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Sesaxeb safuZvliani codnis mier wamoweuli<br />
mniSvnelovani analitikuri <strong>da</strong>skvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kulturuli<br />
politika ga<strong>da</strong>kveTs identobis politikas <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
SeiZleba sa<strong>da</strong>vo gaxdes ganaTlebis savaraudod mwyobri, unitaruli,<br />
xazovani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sedegi.<br />
magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli monitoringiT <strong>da</strong> unarebis mixedviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>jgufebiT (rogorc klasebis resegregaciis miRwevis saSualebiT),<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis bazris dinamikasa <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo reproduqciis dinamikas<br />
Soris SeusabamobamiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli, saganmanaTleblo gamocdilebebi<br />
TiTqmis ar aris erTi <strong>da</strong> igive mocemuli mosaxleobis yvela wevrisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
ar iZleva ndobis SemuSavebis erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave Sedegs. socialuri kapitalis<br />
analizSi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema is aris, rom kulturuli<br />
kapitali ar aris mxedvelobaSi miRebuli, aseve ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
burdiesa <strong>da</strong> paseronis (1977) mier popularizebuli idea skolebSi<br />
simboluri Zaladobis Sesaxeb. es gvaZlevs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair Sedegs<br />
multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania SevexoT demokratiis krizissa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s<br />
Soris arsebul kavSirebs.<br />
liberaluri demokratiis krizisi <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis roli<br />
Tanamedrove ganaTlebis didi nawili warumatebelia, radgan igi<br />
ugulvebelyofs skolis, rogorc Temis cxovrebis formis am<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentur princips.<br />
– jon diui, `Cemi pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri kredo~<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris<br />
urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>dgenis safuZveli iyo demokratiis, rogorc politikuri<br />
reprezentaciis cneba <strong>da</strong> ganmanaTleblobis principebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
213
moqalaqeobis politikuri kulturis ganviTarebis mcdeloba. italiel<br />
politolog roberto bobios ganmartebiT, Tanamedrove demokratiis<br />
paradoqsebi <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris kavSirebs kidev ufro<br />
arTulebs.<br />
bobio amtkicebs, rom, pirveli, `a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mudmivad iTxoven ufro met<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>s gacilebiT naklebad xelsayrel obieqtur pirobebSi<br />
(citirebulia naSromSi: qernoi, 1984:160)~. anu, Tanamedrove kapitalizmis<br />
obieqturi pirobebi ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro naklebad demokratiulia, xolo didi<br />
organizaciebi (<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, kapitalisturi korporaciebi, saxelmwifo<br />
organizaciebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli multikulturuli korporaciebisa <strong>da</strong> did<br />
kvleviT universitetebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli) demokratiuli TamaSis wesebis<br />
pativiscemas rTul amocanad miiCneven. meore, TamaSis wesebis formaluri<br />
racionalizaciis uzrunvelyofasa <strong>da</strong> kontrolirebaze pasuxismgebeli<br />
instituti, saxelmwifo, zomiT gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> ufro ierarqiuli <strong>da</strong><br />
aSkarad, naklebad demokratiuli moqalaqeobis aqtiuri monawileobis<br />
xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT. mesame, <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebisaTvis yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani, kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi gax<strong>da</strong> imdenad rTuli, rom<br />
problemebi saWiroebs ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro met teqnikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetebs, rac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, SesaZlebelia mogvardes mxolod maRalkvalificiuri<br />
teqnokratiisaTvis mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi. es warmoSobs winaaRmdegobebs<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> teqnokratias Soris, rac winaaRmdegobas qmnis abraam<br />
linkolnis cnobili sityvebis Sinagan arssa <strong>da</strong> suls Soris, romelic man<br />
warmoTqva getisbergis erovnul sasaflaoze 1863 wlis 19 noembers,<br />
`mTavroba xalxisa, xalxis mier <strong>da</strong> xalxisaTvis ar un<strong>da</strong> gaqres<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwi<strong>da</strong>n.” linkolnis gafrTxilebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mTavroba ufro <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdeba teqnokratiaze, specializebul nou-hauze <strong>da</strong><br />
ezoTerul codnaze, romelic pir<strong>da</strong>pir gamodis saxalxo kontrolis<br />
sfero<strong>da</strong>n. bobiom SesaniSnavad aRniSna: `industriuli sazogadoebis<br />
momxrea mecnieri, specialisti, eqsperti; demokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />
momxre ki – Cveulebrivi moqalaqe, rigiTi a<strong>da</strong>miani, quisque e populo”<br />
(citirebulia naSromSi: qernoi, 1984:160).<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> eqspertul codnas Soris kavSirebis kritikisas,<br />
bobio, veberis saxiT, momxre kompanions aRmoaCens. veberi ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
treningis racionalizaciaze <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, specialuri gamocdebis<br />
(magaliTad, advokatTa kolegiaSi misaRebi gamocdebis) rolis Sesaxeb<br />
msjelobisas, amtkicebs, rom<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> aseve ikavebs ambivalentur pozicias specializebul<br />
gamocdebTan mimarTebaSi, iseve rogorc amas akeTebs biurokratiis yvela<br />
214
fenomenis SemTxvevaSi – Tumca Tavad <strong>demokratia</strong> uwyobs xels am<br />
movlenebs. specialuri gamocdebi, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, an rogorc Cans,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> niSnavdes yvela socialuri feni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod maRali wris<br />
warmomadgenelTa mmarTvelobi<strong>da</strong>n imaT `SerCevas”, visac aqvs saTanado<br />
kvalifikacia. meore mxriv, <strong>demokratia</strong> SiSobs, rom <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaTa sistema<br />
<strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo sertifikatebi Sedegad mogvcems privilegirebul<br />
`kastas.~ (veberi, 1958:240)<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, bobio, imeorebs ra paulo freiris Zvel ideas, miiCnevs, rom<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> (<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>) gvTavazobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis unarebis<br />
srul <strong>da</strong> Tavisufal ganviTarebas, rasac xels uSlis masifikaciis Sedegi,<br />
romelic Trgunavs individualuri pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas – rac<br />
warmoadgens demokratiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
ganaTlebis qvakuTxeds.<br />
ara mxolod politikuri kultura (romelic xazs usvams<br />
demokratiuli ganaTlebis gamofitvas), aramed aseve misi yvelaze<br />
`instrumentuli~ miznebi ganicdis uaryofiT gavlenas maSin, roca<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi sustdeba saqonlis gacvla. ofes (1984)<br />
mosazrebiT:<br />
saskolo <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> wvrTna miznad ar isaxavs axalgazrdebis codniTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> unarebiT uzrunvelyofas; maT aqvT mizani, rom individebi iseT<br />
poziciaSi Caayenon, rom maT sakuTari samuSao Zala gamoiyenon ise,<br />
rogorc saqoneli Sromis bazarze, <strong>da</strong> am mizniT, codna <strong>da</strong> unarebi<br />
iTvleba umniSvnelovanes sidideebad. is, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad <strong>da</strong><br />
racionalurad muSaobs saganmanaTleblo politika, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>dgindes<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu <strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT racionalurobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
efeqtianobaSi zr<strong>da</strong>s, rac kerZo seqtorSi gvxvdeba; anu gvxvdeba sabazro<br />
interaqciaSi samuSao Zalis mflobelTa <strong>da</strong> fuladi kapitalis<br />
mflobelTa Soris, romlebsac surT am samuSao Zalis gamoyenebisaTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon xelfasebi. ar arsebobs `kargi~ politikis `Si<strong>da</strong>~ kriteriumi,<br />
saqonlis interaqciis gar<strong>da</strong>. (137)<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ar aris aucilebeli srulad <strong>da</strong>veTanxmoT ofes<br />
instrumentalizms saskolo ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> wvrTnis miznebis <strong>da</strong>dgenaSi,<br />
ueWvelia, rom kapitalizmi SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod misi unaris gamo –<br />
miawodos rentabeluri saqoneli, masobrivi moxmareba xelmisawvdomi<br />
gaxados moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis. amis Sesruleba kapitalizmisaTvis<br />
niSnavs, rom <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli muSebi un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdnen sakmarisi raodenobiT,<br />
Sesabamisi fasiT <strong>da</strong> minimaluri kvalifikaciiT. <strong>da</strong>usaqmebloba,<br />
araformaluri Sromis bazrebi, mzardi siRaribe <strong>da</strong> masiuri ekonomikuri<br />
Semcirebebi zians ayenebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebul<br />
215
kavSirebs <strong>da</strong> aucileblad mZime Sedegis momtani iqneba demokratiuli<br />
ganaTlebis mamoZravebel ZalisaTvis.<br />
demokratiul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze gavlena SeiZleba iqonios saganmanaTleblo<br />
reformis mzardma procesma, romelic warmoadgens saskolo reformis<br />
programis nawils, rac wamowyebul iqna amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva qveynebSi, <strong>da</strong> rac orientirebulia `restruqturizaciaze~ <strong>da</strong> arsebuli<br />
sistemebis efeqtianobis mxolod transformirebaze. restruqturizacia<br />
cdilobs skolis sistemebis miznebis, varaudebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis<br />
transformirebas (<strong>da</strong>rling-hamondi, 1993:xi). ar aris gasakviri, rom<br />
reformebis es programa xorcieldeba seriozuli finansuri Semcirebis<br />
periodSi yvelgan sajaro <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si, <strong>da</strong> didi yuradReba eqceva<br />
kompetenciis testirebas, sertifikacias, erovnul gamocdebs; anu mokled<br />
rom CamovayaliboT, yuradReba eqceva swavlebasa <strong>da</strong> swavlaSi ostatobis<br />
gaumjobesebis mravalferovan mcdelobebs.<br />
ara mxolod teqnokratiuli wina<strong>da</strong>debebi (rac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba<br />
sajaro ganxilvisa <strong>da</strong> reformis procesSi mosaxleobis mzardi<br />
monawileobisgan), aramed aseve zogierTi didi <strong>da</strong> Zlieri asociacia, Tu<br />
korporacia axorcielebs reformis programas, romelic iswrafis<br />
ganaTlebis miznebis homogenizebisaken, rac warmoSobs kvlevis politikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikis Zalze specifiur saganmanaTleblo models <strong>da</strong> rac ZiriTadi<br />
demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis farglebs scildeba. saSinao doneze<br />
magaliTi gaxlavT biznesis mrgvali magi<strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,<br />
udidesi transnacionaluri korporaciebis aRmasrulebel direqtorTa<br />
nacionaluri asociacia, romelic axorcielebs programas saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikisaTvis.<br />
maSin roca, ufro meti biznes organizaciebi, rogoricaa erovnuli<br />
savaWro palata <strong>da</strong> mwarmoebelTa erovnuli asociaciebi moicavs rogorc<br />
did, ise mcire firmebs, romlebic warmoadgenen bevr sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva interessa<br />
<strong>da</strong> perspeqtivas, mrgvali magidebis wevrTagan yvela aris didi<br />
transnacionaluri korporacia, romelic orientirebulia ekonomikuri<br />
globalizaciis programaze. ... mrgval magi<strong>da</strong>s, namdvilad amerikis<br />
yvelaze eqskluziur <strong>da</strong> yvelaze nakleb mravalferovan sawevro<br />
organizacias, aqvs uCveulod viwro warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
Seadgens erovnul sakiTxebze azrovnebis profils. mcire gamonaklisebiT<br />
(Tuki saerTod arsebobs rame gamonaklisi), misi wevroba SezRudulia <strong>da</strong><br />
masSi Sedian TeTrkaniani mamakacebi, romelTa asaki aRemateba 50 wels,<br />
xolo maTi wliuri anazRaureba saSualod 170-jer aRemateba aSS-s erT<br />
sul mosaxleze mTlian nacionalur produqts. misi wevrebi<br />
xelmZRvaneloben korporaciebs, romlebic ar cnoben erovnuli<br />
interesebis mimarT valdebulebaze pasuxismgeblobas <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan<br />
216
mogebas iReben ekonomikuri globalizaciisgan. poziciebis gansazRvris<br />
Semdeg, mrgvali magi<strong>da</strong> politikuri misaRebobis misaRwevad awarmoebs<br />
agresiul kampaniebs, misi wevri aRmasrulebeli direqtorebis mier<br />
`TavianT individualur~ senatorebTan <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlebTan<br />
ganxorcielebuli vizitebis CaTvliT. (korteni, 1996: 145-146)<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze varkvevT, rom msoflio banks mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlena gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad msoflioSi. amgvarad, arsebobs<br />
konfliqti teqnokratiasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si; aseve<br />
arsebobs konfliqti erovnul suverenitetsa <strong>da</strong> avtonomias Soris dRis<br />
wesrigTa <strong>da</strong> politikis prioritetTa <strong>da</strong>saxvisas, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba<br />
multilateralur <strong>da</strong> bilateralur saerTaSoriso saagentoebs, romelic<br />
demokratiuli kontrolisa <strong>da</strong> angariSvaldebulebis sferos farglebs<br />
gareT xvdeba.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizms Soris am <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenime mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom<br />
aucilebelia demokratiuli ganaTlebis moTxovna. am sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia paulo freiris wvlili.<br />
demokratiuli ganaTlebis moTxovna<br />
Cven SeiZleba vsargeblobT Cveni amJamindeli demokratiuli<br />
TavisuflebiT imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c amaze gatacebiT vocnebobT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Tavisuflebisadmi es siyvaruli <strong>da</strong> gataceba<br />
avtoritarul tradiciebTan <strong>da</strong> praqtikebTan Tanaarsebobs, rac<br />
warmoSobs Cvens gaurkvevlobaTagan erT-erTs.<br />
– paulo freiri, qalaqis pe<strong>da</strong>gogika<br />
paulo freiri aviTarebs ganaTlebis politikur anTropologias,<br />
romelic gvTavazobs saganmanaTleblo praqtikebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebis<br />
demokratizaciis Sesaxeb azrovnebis Zlier perspeqtivebs laTinur<br />
amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebSi (toresi, 1980). freiris politikur<br />
anTropologias, romelic efuZneba faqtebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs Soris<br />
pozitivisturi gansxvavebis waSlas <strong>da</strong> im Sexedulebis <strong>da</strong>cvas, rom<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> ar aris neitraluri, wvlili Seaqvs demokratiul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si<br />
or doneze. pirveli, igi exeba demokratiis seriozul dilemas,<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqis Camoyalibebas. meore, meoce saukunis 60-in wlebSi<br />
man wamoayena (sakmaod adre, Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT 80-iani wlebis<br />
postmodernistul <strong>da</strong>interesebas) <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si sazRvrebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis<br />
sakiTxi. Ffreiri (1998) inglisurad Targmnil mis erT-erT bolo wignSi<br />
SesaniSnavad ambobs:<br />
217
saganmanaTleblo praqtikis sazRvrebis mixvedra aucileblad saWiroebs<br />
politikur gaTviTcnobierebas pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n, TavianT proeqtTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. es moiTxovs, rom pe<strong>da</strong>gogma Tavisi praqtikis politikuri<br />
arsi sakuTar Tavze un<strong>da</strong> aiRos. ar aris sakmarisi imis Tqma, rom<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> politikuri aqtia, iseve rogorc ar aris sakmarisi, vTqvaT,<br />
rom politikuri aqtebi aseve saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobisaa. saWiroa,<br />
sakuTar Tavze aviRoT ganaTlebis politikuri buneba. sakuTar Tavs ver<br />
moviazreb progresul a<strong>da</strong>mianad, Tu skolis sivrces aRviqvam mxolod,<br />
rogorc raRac neitralurs, romelsac SezRuduli kavSiri aqvs, an<br />
saerTod ar aqvs kavSiri klasobriv brZolasTan; romelSic (skolaSi)<br />
moswavleebi aRiqmebian mxolod rogorc Semswavlelebi, romlebic<br />
floben mxolod SezRudul sferos codnisa, rasac me ganvmsWvalav<br />
jadosnuri ZaliT. me ver gavacnobiereb politikur-saganmanaTleblo<br />
praqtikis sazRvrebs, romelSic CarTuli var, Tu naTlad ver verkvevi,<br />
vis sasargeblod vmuSaob. im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu vis sasargeblod<br />
vmuSaob, me mayenebs garkveul poziciaSi (rac klass ukavSirdeba),<br />
romelSic me movifiqreb, Tu vis winaaRmdeg vmuSaob <strong>da</strong>, uTuod, ra<br />
mizezebis gamo vmuSaob – anu im ocnebis, im tipis sazogadoebis, romelTa<br />
sasargeblod visurvebdi saqmeSi Cabmas, moqmedebas <strong>da</strong> monawileobas. (46)<br />
modiT, ganvixiloT orive sakiTxi; <strong>da</strong>viwyoT demokratiuli ganaTlebis<br />
cnebiT. demokratiis cneba moiTxovs demokratiuli moqalaqeobis cnebas,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c agentebi pasuxismgebeli <strong>da</strong> monawileobis unaris mqone arian, irCeven<br />
TavianT warmomadgenlebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTar muSaobas akontroleben. es aris ara<br />
mxolod politikuri, aramed aseve pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri praqtikebi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqis Camoyalibeba varaudobs pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis<br />
Camoyalibebas. individebi Tavis<strong>da</strong> uneburad mzad arian politikaSi<br />
monawileobis misaRebad. maT un<strong>da</strong> miiRon <strong>ganaTleba</strong> demokratiul<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si ramdenime saSualebiT, maT Soris, normatiuli safuZvlebis<br />
swavlebiT, eTikuri qceviT, demokratiuli procesebis codniT <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri<br />
SesrulebiT. pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens ZiriTad<br />
konceptualur problemas, demokratiis dilemas. martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> gulisxmobs monawileobis process, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela monawile<br />
Tanasworad aris miCneuli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> moicavs process,<br />
romlis meSveobiTac `umwifarni~ iZulebuli arian sazogadoebis<br />
`mowifuli~ wevrebis cxovrebis principebisa <strong>da</strong> formebis soli<strong>da</strong>ruli<br />
iyvnen. amgvarad, demokratiuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis Camoyalibebis<br />
procesi aris ara mxolod kulturuli aRzr<strong>da</strong>-ganaTlebis procesi, aramed<br />
igi aseve moicavs pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli socializaciis<br />
manipulirebis principebs im subieqtebSi, romlebic arc sufTa <strong>da</strong>fas<br />
warmoadgenen kognituri <strong>da</strong> eTikuri TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> arc srulad<br />
aRWurvilni arian sakuTari demokratikuli uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad. 2 Tumca, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa CamoyalibebaSi,<br />
218
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri demokratiuli subieqtis Camoyalibeba eyrdnoba im safuZvlebs,<br />
romelic, paradoqsulad, aris winapiroba <strong>da</strong> amave dros, erovnuli<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis (moqalaqeobis, kompetenciis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis<br />
CaTvliT) wina gamocdilebebisa <strong>da</strong> politikis Sedegi.<br />
freiris meore mniSvnelovani mosazrebis mixedviT (romelic pirvelad<br />
gvxvdeba CagrulTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi <strong>da</strong> Semdeg, sxva uamrav naSromebSi<br />
meordeba), saganmanaTleblo procesis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtebi arian ara<br />
erTgvarovnebi, aramed kulturulad mravalferovani individebi.<br />
kulturuli mravalferovnebis sakuTari Sexedulebi<strong>da</strong>n, igi gamoyofs<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si sazRvrebis cnebas <strong>da</strong> acxadebs, rom arsebobs sazRvrebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis eTikuri imperativi, Tu vcdilobT mivceT <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
uflebamosilebiT aRWurvisaTvis, <strong>da</strong> ara CagvrisaTvis. Cems naSromSi,<br />
romelic <strong>da</strong>werilia adriana puigrosTan (1997) erTad, Cven vamtkicebT, rom<br />
Zalian adre paulo freirma CagrulTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi Semoitana sazRvrebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTis, gansxvavebulobis, hibridi kulturebisa <strong>da</strong> laTinur amerikaSi<br />
asinqronuli ganviTarebis Tu cnebebi ara, u<strong>da</strong>vod, mniSvnelobebi mainc.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze Teoriuli msjelobis freiriseuli saSualebebi xazs<br />
usvams pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri samuSaos politikur Sedegebs. freiri amtkicebs, rom<br />
Cagvrisa <strong>da</strong> batonobis cnebebi integraluria tradiciul klasebSi<br />
maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> moswavleebs Soris pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri urTierTobebisaTvis.<br />
amgvarad, `eqstencionizmis~ cneba, romelic ase popularuli iyo gasuli<br />
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> `mwvane revoluciis~ (anu,<br />
glexebisaTvis dominanturi saganmanaTleblo diskursiT uzrunvelyofa<br />
agraruli reformebis konteqstSi) winsvlas, wamoyenebuli iyo ara mxolod<br />
rogorc pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri diskursisaTvis integraluri, aramed aseve (<strong>da</strong>, ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ufro relevanturi), rogorc ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> agrarul<br />
modernizaciaze politikuri diskursisaTvis integraluri. freiris<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi Sexeduleba aris is, rom ganaTlebis socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtebi warmoadgenen ara ucvlel, xelSeuval, mouqnel<br />
`raobebs~, aramed erToblivad cvalebad urTierTobaTa wyebebs, TavianTi<br />
relaciuri arsis gaTvaliswinebiT – anu, maswavlebeli warmoadgens<br />
moswavles, xolo moswavle – maswavlebels. kulturuli <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
Sedegebi is aris, rom maswavleblis adgili <strong>da</strong> roli ar aris yovelTvis,<br />
an aucileblad TeTrkaniani mamrobiTi mozrdili a<strong>da</strong>mianis rolis<br />
ganvrcoba, an piruku, mdedrobiTi sqesis maswavleblis mier Sesrulebuli<br />
roli miekuTvneba hegemonuri maskulinurobis diskurss (koneli, 1987; 1983).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, aRiarebs ra Sesaswavli sagnis mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> imis<br />
saWiroebas, rom maswavlebeli ukiduresad kompetenturi un<strong>da</strong> iyos codnis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, paulo freiri saskolo codnas ar aRiqvams mxolod<br />
evropuli logocentruli azrovnebis produqtad; igi aRniSnavs `pueblos~<br />
219
<strong>da</strong> socialurad <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli seqtorebis gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> sibrZnis<br />
gamoyenebis mniSvnelovnebas. ufro metic, skolis codna ara mxolod<br />
aisaxeba skolebSi, aramed aris aseve <strong>da</strong>visa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobis sagani.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom freiri akritikebs <strong>da</strong>savlur skolas laTinur<br />
amerikaSi, rogorc sabanko <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s <strong>da</strong> rogorc avtoritetul meqanizms<br />
(anu, rogorc meqanizms, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>scems oficialur codnas <strong>da</strong> amave<br />
dros, ugulvebelyofs moswavleebs, rogorc sakuTari ganaTlebis<br />
subieqtebs), misi gaTavisuflebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogika aris dialogisken mowodeba<br />
TavisuflebisaTvis mravali politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri brZolis<br />
konteqstSi. dialogi warmoadgens ara mxolod pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur instruments,<br />
aramed aseve dekonstruqciis meTods imisa, Tu rogor aris Sedgenili<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri diskursebi. 3<br />
freiris ZiriTadi wignebis gamoqveynebi<strong>da</strong>n oc<strong>da</strong>aT welze meti xnis<br />
Semdeg (gadoti <strong>da</strong> sxvebi,. 1986; toresi, 1995), dialoguri ganaTlebis cneba,<br />
romelic eWvqveS ayenebs pozitivistur gansxvavebas SefasebiT msjelobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> empiriul msjelobas Soris, SeiZleba gamoCndes, rogorc demokratiuli<br />
saSualeba rTuli kulturuli konfliqtebis mogvarebisaTvis laTinuri<br />
amerikis ganaTlebis uTanasworo <strong>da</strong> kombinirebuli ganviTarebis<br />
konteqstSi; misi gamoyenebadoba ganviTarebul industrialur<br />
sazogadoebebSi kargad aris dokumentirebuli; xolo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si<br />
politikuri demokratiuli utopiis misi (freiris) gzavnili/Setyobineba<br />
aris saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa politikuri gamowveva.<br />
politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli politika<br />
saganmanaTleblo praqtika aris nebismieri sazogadoebis<br />
superstruqturis nawili. am konkretuli mizezis gamo, saganmanaTleblo<br />
praqtika, sazogadoebebis transformaciis socialur-istoriul<br />
procesebSi Tavisi fantastiuri mniSvnelovnebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, TavisTavad<br />
ar warmoadgens transformaciisaTvis mniSvnelovan saSualebas,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi fun<strong>da</strong>menturia... rasakvirvelia, Zalauflebis<br />
elitas ar moewoneba im pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri formisa Tu gamoxatulebis<br />
ganxorcieleba, rac zrdis socialur winaaRmdegobebs <strong>da</strong> romlebic<br />
amJRavnebs elitis Zalauflebas. gulubryviloba iqneba, vifiqroT, rom<br />
Zalauflebis elita sakuTar Tavs gamoamJRavnebs imis meSveobiT, rasac<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri procesi warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> rac, saboloo jamSi, maTsave<br />
winaaRmdeg imuSavebs.<br />
– paulo freiri, karlos a. toresis naSromSi,<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, Zalaufleba, <strong>da</strong> personaluri biografia<br />
220
paulo freiri amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> politikas Soris<br />
kavSirebi SeuZlebelia Teoriulad Camoyalibebul iqnes mxolod<br />
Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTebis TvalsazrisiT, an mxolod<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong> codnas Soris urTierTobaTa TvalsazrisiT –<br />
es aris Teoriuli msjeloba, romelmac WeSmaritad ganmsWvala freiris<br />
naSromebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom freiri <strong>da</strong>uRalavad ganmartav<strong>da</strong><br />
`ganaTlebis politikurobas~, igi amave dros mogviwodeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gagvecnobierebina urTierTobebi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobisTvis<br />
momzadebas Soris; igi gansakuTrebiT xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
ganaTlebis istoriul, normatiul <strong>da</strong> ontologiur safuZvlebs <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis uflebebsa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobebs.<br />
freirisaTvis, ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis Sesaxeb debatebi,<br />
umTavresad, un<strong>da</strong> Seexos utopiis cnebas. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, freieris wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />
– <strong>ganaTleba</strong> gaTavisuflebisaTvis kvlav gamoirCeva Tavisi siTamamiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
utopiuri xasiaTiT. freiri (1972) hegeliseuli qaragmebiT wers:<br />
WeSmaritad, mxolod CargulT SeuZliaT warmoidginon maTi awmyosagan<br />
srulebiT gansxvavebuli momavali, imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, isini aRweven<br />
dominirebuli klasis cnobierebas. mCagvrelebs, rogorc dominirebad<br />
klass, ar SeuZliaT warmoidginon momavali, Tu es ar aris maTi, rogorc<br />
mCagvrelTa, awmyos <strong>da</strong>cva. amgvarad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom CagrulTa<br />
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis revoluciur transformaciaSi,<br />
romlis gareSec maTi gaTavisufleba ver <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturdeba, mCagvrelis<br />
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis martiv modernizaciaSi, rac misi<br />
klasis upiratesobis gangrZobis saSualebas iZleba. (32)<br />
es utopiuri faqtori gamoxatavs ormag <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas: gancxadebas <strong>da</strong><br />
denonsacias. imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c maswavlebeli axorcielebs sakuTar<br />
utopiur rols, igi ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva sistemisaTvis saSiS winaswarmetyvelad.<br />
funqcioneris rolis Sesrulebis nacvlad (vinc warmoebis wesis<br />
ideologiuri cnobierebis elementebis reproducirebas axdens), pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />
xdeba kulturuli kritikosi, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ki xdeba sazogadoebrivi sfero,<br />
sajaro ganxilvis arena, romelic arc saxelmwifosgan <strong>da</strong> arc bazrisgan ar<br />
kontroldeba. veforti (1967), ganaTlebis freiriseuli politikuri<br />
filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> meTodis sawyisebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ambobs:<br />
magram Tu Tavisuflebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogika asaxavs amboxebis Canasaxs, am<br />
mizezisaTvis swori ar iqneba imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba, rom amboxeba gvxvdeba<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogis miznebs Soris. Tu es xdeba, mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod imitom, rom<br />
kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ ganasxvavebs realur situacias, romelSic<br />
yvelaze xSiri faqtebia brZola <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba. Secnoba araviTar<br />
221
SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs ideologizirebas, an wesrigis sityvaTa<br />
wamoyenebas. Tu kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ gzas uxsnis socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukmayofileblobaTa gamoxatvas, es imitom xdeba, rom arsebobs Cagvris<br />
situaciis realuri komponentebi: bevria muSa, romelTac es-es aris werakiTxva<br />
aiTvises, SeuerTdnen muSaTa moZraobebsa Tu kavSirebs, <strong>da</strong> es<br />
imitom, rom maTTvis, es sakuTari <strong>da</strong> TanamSromelebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
legitimur gzad Cans. <strong>da</strong>bolos, Tu saxalxo klasebis kritikuli<br />
`TviTSegneba~ niSnavs radikalizacias, es mxolod imitom aris ase, rom<br />
saxalxo klasebi radikaluria. (13)<br />
paulo freiris adreul naSromebSi <strong>ganaTleba</strong> aRqmulia, rogorc<br />
instrumentuli faqtori mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad, rom isini<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqrdnen sagnis sakuTar ontologiur mowodebaze, aagon sakuTari<br />
realobis kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ (rogorc misi gansazRvrebebis<br />
umetesobebis, ise misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
ganaTlebis politikuri Sedegebi cxadi, Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. neba<br />
mogveciT, ganvmartoT. freirma, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Zalian kargad icis<br />
ganmaTavisuflebeli ganaTlebis politikuri Sedegebi, igi aseve kargad<br />
erkveva am ganaTlebis winaaRmdegobebSi. erTi mxriv, yovelTvis arsebobs<br />
cnobierebis manipulaciisa <strong>da</strong> ideologizirebis SesaZlebloba, anu<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodologiebis mimarTva batonobis proeqtis samsaxurSi;<br />
meore mxriv, freirs sjera, rom SeiZleba garkveuli kavSiri <strong>da</strong>myardes<br />
saganmanaTleblo praqtikasa <strong>da</strong> politikur praqtikas Soris, viwro gagebiT.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogs ekisrebo<strong>da</strong> Zireulad SeemuSavebina wignierebis swavlebis <strong>da</strong><br />
kritikuli `TviTSegnebis~ proeqti, maSin roca `profesionali~<br />
politikosis pasuxismgebloba iyo Cagrul seqtorTa organizebis amocanis<br />
ganxorcieleba politikuri struqturebis TvalsazrisiT. veforti (1967)<br />
Cveni argumentis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas axdens, roca acxadebs:<br />
am pe<strong>da</strong>gogma [freirma] icis, rom misi amocana moicavs politikur<br />
Sedegebs <strong>da</strong> icis ufro metic, rom es Sedegebi ubralo a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
interesebSia <strong>da</strong> ara elitis interesebSi. magram man aseve icis, rom misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgia pe<strong>da</strong>gogika <strong>da</strong> ara politika <strong>da</strong> rom mas ar SeuZlia, rogorc<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogs, Secvalos revolucioneri politikosi, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebulia codniTa <strong>da</strong> struqturuli tranformaciiT. igi uaryofs<br />
ganaTlebis, rogorc `progresis berketis~ tradiciul cnebas; eqneba<br />
azri, amas rom <strong>da</strong>vupirispiroT misi Tanabrad gulwrfeli Tezisi<br />
`<strong>ganaTleba</strong> rogorc revoluciis berketi~? Tavisuflebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas<br />
SeuZlia saxalxo politikisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gaweva, vinai<strong>da</strong>n kritikuli<br />
`TviTSegneba~ niSnavs socialuri struqturebis, rogorc batonobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Zaladobis saSualebebis gagebis xelSewyobas. magram gacnobierebis am<br />
zrdis orientirebis amocana specifiurad politikuri mimarTulebiT<br />
ekuTvnis politikoss, <strong>da</strong> ara pe<strong>da</strong>gogs. (16)<br />
222
uamravi Carevisas freiri postulatad ayalibebs, rom ar arsebobs<br />
saganmanaTleblo revolucia politikuri revoluciis gareSe. arcerT<br />
saganmanaTleblo qmedebas ar SeuZlia Zalauflebis revoluciis gamowveva.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> ar aris mxolod miznis misaRwevi saSualeba; igi ufro aris<br />
veli im ideologiuri brZolebisa, romelic un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos, xolo<br />
moqalaqeobis politizacia aris SesaZlo Sedegi. freiri (1978a) amtkicebs,<br />
rom:<br />
rodesac gaunaTlebelma a<strong>da</strong>mianma angikosi<strong>da</strong>n, prezident gulartis<br />
winaSe ... gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom igi aRar iyo `masa~ (“Masa”), aramed iyo xalxi<br />
(“gente”), es mxolod wina<strong>da</strong>deba ar gaxl<strong>da</strong>T: man gacnobierebulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura arCevanis ufleba. man airCia ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti monawileoba,<br />
romelic mxolod xalxs aqvs <strong>da</strong> uaryo masebis emociuri gaqaneba. igi<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T politizirebuli. (145)<br />
es politizireba SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>exmaros a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, <strong>da</strong>iwyon sityvebis –<br />
`sityva~ <strong>da</strong> `samyaro~ sworad warmoTqma; samyarosi, romelic ufro <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> multikulturulia <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ayenebs imis<br />
saWiroebas, rom ga<strong>da</strong>ixedos <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris<br />
interaqciebi.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
Cveni civilizacia SesaniSnavia warmtacad <strong>da</strong> moCvenebiTad, SesaniSnavi,<br />
mecnierul saocrebebSi <strong>da</strong> moCvenebiT saswaulebSi; SesaniSnavi, Tavis<br />
materialur inflaciaSi, romelsac igi uwodebs winsvlas, progressa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva saalerso saxelebs; SesaniSnavi – bunebis saidumloebaTa kvleviT <strong>da</strong><br />
misi jiuti kanonebis <strong>da</strong>morCilebiT; SesaniSnavi, araCveulebrivi<br />
finansuri <strong>da</strong> komerciuli miRwevebiT; SesaniSnavi, Tavisi fulis<br />
SimSiliT <strong>da</strong> misi mopovebis meTodisadmi indiferentulobiT. ... es<br />
gaxlavT civilizacia, romelmac gaanadgura cxovrebis simartive <strong>da</strong><br />
simSvide; misi bedniereba, misi poezia, misi msubuqi romantikuli ocnebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> xedva fulis cieb-cxelebiT, binZuri idealebiT, vulgaruli<br />
ambiciebiT <strong>da</strong> ZiliT Secvala, romlis ganaxlebac SeuZlebelia.<br />
– mark tveni, werilebi de<strong>da</strong>miwi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
istoria gviCvenebs aSkara kavSirebs sajaro <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifos funqcias, <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis Camoyalibebas Soris.<br />
magaliTad, ted mitCeli (1997), naSromSi “respublika, romlis simbolosac<br />
igi warmoadgens” 4 gvTavazobs <strong>da</strong>majerebel istoriul ganmartebas imis<br />
Taobaze, Tu ratom iyo revoluciur amerikaSi sajaro skolebi ise<br />
223
mowyobili, rom Camoeyalibebina moqalaqeebi: `periodi revoluciasa <strong>da</strong> 1812<br />
wlis oms Soris gaxl<strong>da</strong>T ganaTlebis potencialis Sesaxeb intensiuri<br />
aRtacebis periodi, risi micemac presas ar SeeZlo <strong>da</strong> rasac verc<br />
regularuli armia miscem<strong>da</strong>: `balansis regularul kalibracias<br />
Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris TiToeuli bavSvis mkerdSi, <strong>da</strong> qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis – im drois Taobis CamoyalibebiT” (5).<br />
amiT, revolucionerebma sajaro <strong>ganaTleba</strong> pirvelad aRbeWdes axali<br />
eris politikur filosofiaSi <strong>da</strong> Seqmnes didi raodenobiT kurikulumis<br />
masalebi, romelSic Setanili iyo axali respublikis politikuri<br />
Rirebulebebi. magram, amerikuli erovnuli saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>mfuZneblebma<br />
bavSvebis <strong>ganaTleba</strong> miiRes ucvlel ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetad kanonis, wesrigisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisuflebis prognozirebadi problemebisaTvis. Tumca, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom es ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta istoriulad realizebadi iyo, igi ucvleli ar gaxlavT:<br />
moqalaqeobis definicias Secvlis tendencia axasiaTebs, xolo<br />
moqalaqeobis ideaSi cvlilebebs mivyavarT skolebSi cvlilebebamde<br />
(mitCeli, 1997:9).<br />
Tumca, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si es cvlilebebi mxolod sustad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli erovnuli saxelmwifos saWiroebebTan, amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi ganaTlebis adgilobrivi kontrolis xasiaTisa <strong>da</strong> im faqtis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom skolebi (<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT maswavleblebi)<br />
inarCuneben profesionaluri avtonomiis mniSvnelovan xarisxs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
`Tumca skolebi moqceuli iyvnen saxelmwifos orbitaSi, isini ar<br />
warmoadgendnen saxelmwifos qmnilebebs~ (mitCeli, 1997:10).<br />
mitCeli (1997) gvTavazobs politikur msjelobas ganaTlebis<br />
funqcionalurobis Sesaxeb axladwarmoqmnil revoluciur saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
mis instituciur SedegebTan mimarTebaSi. nacvlad imisa, rom moexdina<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze, rogorc samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis xelSemwyob<br />
instrumentze, an rogorc moralisa <strong>da</strong> eTikis principze fokusireba,<br />
mitCelis politikuri <strong>da</strong> istoriuli analizi `cdilobs pirvelad<br />
ganixilos politika <strong>da</strong> seriozulad miudges <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s<br />
Soris identobis ritorikas, [<strong>da</strong>] bolomde Seicnos <strong>da</strong> aCvenos, rom<br />
efeqtianoba (sajaro ganaTlebis miReba) <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mis unarsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mzadyofnaze – moaxdinos Tavisuflebis struqturireba _ <strong>da</strong> cdilobs<br />
Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris balansi wesrigis mxares ga<strong>da</strong>xaros” (13).<br />
am argumentis <strong>da</strong>skvna, mitCelis (1997) mixedviT, aris is, rom rodesac<br />
skolebi warmatebas aRweven a<strong>da</strong>mianebis uflebamosilebis xelSewyobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
amiT, `balanss ga<strong>da</strong>xrian Tavisuflebis mxareze, maT<strong>da</strong>mi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
elitaSi sustdeba <strong>da</strong> diskusiebi kidev erTxel ubrundeba misawvdomobaze<br />
224
msjelobas~ (14). mitCeli am fenomenis tipiur magaliTad axasiaTebs am<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls kaliforniis <strong>da</strong> amerikis sxva StatebSi mcxovrebi<br />
emigrantebis winaaRmdeg gamovlenil uaryofiT reaqcias, neokonservatorTa<br />
ganmeorebiTi moTxovna ganaTlebis departamentis gauqmebis Taobaze <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod inglisurad moZraobis politikaze.<br />
revoluciuri saxelmwifosaTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganaTlebis<br />
xelSewyobis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel impulss warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> ori ZiriTadi mizani:<br />
pirveli, kvlav monarqiaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba – maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
saWiroeba, SeeqmnaT axali socialuri konsensusi <strong>da</strong> axali hegemonia axlad<br />
Seqmnili respublikisaTvis; <strong>da</strong> meore, gazrdili demokratiuli monawileoba<br />
rom ga<strong>da</strong>erCinaT Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris balansis sabolood<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wonisagan <strong>da</strong> qveynis anarqiaSi Cagdebisagan. jeims medisoni (hamiltoni,<br />
medisoni <strong>da</strong> jei, 1961) gansakuTrebiT gamijnav<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s, an<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>demokratia</strong>s (romelic ramdenime SezRudul sivrciT sferoSi<br />
SeZleb<strong>da</strong> sabolood arsebobas) <strong>da</strong> respublikas Soris. ufro metic, masSi<br />
ukidures eWvs iwvev<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>demokratia</strong> imis gamo, rasac igi aRiqvam<strong>da</strong><br />
Warbi monawileobisa <strong>da</strong> fraqciulobis mavne tendenciebad, romelic wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>s warmoaCens rogorc, araefeqturs: `wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s ... ar<br />
SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>uSvas fraqciebis urCobis sawinaaRmdego zomebi ... radgan maT<br />
iseTive xanmokle cxovreba aqvT, rogoric ZalmomreobiTi sikvdili~ (81).<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> respublikis Senebisa, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> aseve gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> amerikelTa<br />
erovnuli xasiaTis Seqmnis xelSewyobas; maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, mcdelobas, SeeqmnaT<br />
kurikulumi <strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvaneloebi, romelic, revoluciur amerikas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, inglisisagan ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>bolos, ganaTlebis<br />
xelis Sewyobis idea demokratiuli moqalaqeobisaTvis revoluciur<br />
amerikaSi aseve <strong>da</strong>aCqara axali revoluciuri elitis saWiroebebma.<br />
revoluciur elitas sur<strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebina evropul (britanul)<br />
skolebsa <strong>da</strong> kolejebSi sakuTari STamomavlebisaTvis ganaTlebis micema, an<br />
(rac revoluciuri elitis legitimaciisaTvis seriozuli <strong>da</strong>rtyma iqnebo<strong>da</strong>)<br />
TavianTi SvilebisaTvis maswavleblebis evropi<strong>da</strong>n Camoyvanis tradiciuli<br />
praqtikis gagrZeleba.<br />
sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis Seneba, Semdgom, mravalmxriv funqciebs<br />
Seasruleb<strong>da</strong>: `ganaTlebis samoqalaqo, <strong>da</strong> ara kerZo sferos nawilad<br />
qceviT, revoluciurma Taobam skolebi <strong>da</strong>ukavSira axali politikuri<br />
kulturis dinamikas, rogorc am kulturis Semqmnelma <strong>da</strong> misma produqtma~<br />
(mitCeli, 1997:35).<br />
revolucionerTa mier ganxorcielebul ZiriTad meTodologias –<br />
<strong>da</strong>energa moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba saskolo praqtikebis meSveobiT – un<strong>da</strong><br />
225
miemarTa gmirTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogikisaTvis, romelsac hyav<strong>da</strong> jorj vaSingtoni <strong>da</strong><br />
benjamin franklini ZiriTad misabaZ modelebad. es iyo ikonografia,<br />
romelic aseve cnobili gax<strong>da</strong> istoriis swavlebisas bevr <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
qveyanaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ambis monawile personaJebi ubralod Secvlili iyvnen.<br />
gmirTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogikisa <strong>da</strong> gmirobis funqcionaluroba naTeli iyo: miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom uaryofdnen piradi interesis cnebas, rogorc socialuri<br />
moqmedebis ZiriTad (egoistur) motivs, Rirsebebis momateba zogierTi<br />
moqalaqisaTvis (vinc iqca niSnad (an xatad) konkretuli Rirsebebisa) kvlav<br />
aqcev<strong>da</strong> – miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad garegnulad winaaRmdegobrivi orientaciebisa –<br />
mesakuTre individis cnebas <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi sikeTisken swrafvas<br />
ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis mqoned axali respublikuri politikis SeqmnisaTvis.<br />
mitCelis (1997) <strong>da</strong>skvna imsaxurebs srul citirebas:<br />
sajaro skola iqca moqalaqeobis arsis <strong>da</strong> amerikuli erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifos arsis Sesaxeb paeqrobis mTavar adgilad. igi aseve gax<strong>da</strong><br />
kritikuli ganxilvis iseTi sagani, rogoric ar yofila respulikis<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsebis Semdeg. praqtikisa <strong>da</strong> misawvdomobis Sesaxeb debatebi gviCvenebs<br />
konsensusis naklebobas skolebis rolis Taobaze [situacia, romelic<br />
faravs mis mier SerCeuli xuTi kritikuli periodis analizs] ... istoriis<br />
kurikulumis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi avlens srul, SeSfoTebas<br />
Sinaarsis sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. wignis msjelobis konteqstSi, es<br />
debatebi amJRavnebs im riskebs, romelsac Seicavs eris istoriis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba, rac im mizniT xdeba, rom istoriam ufro metad moicvas<br />
aqamde <strong>da</strong>beCavebuli jgufebis moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, gafarTovdes<br />
efeqtiani politikuri moqmedebis sazRvrebi. wina<strong>da</strong>debebi emigrantTaTvis<br />
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvis Taobaze, rogorc Cans,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs (pirvelad orasze meti wlis manZilze), rom skolebi ar<br />
warmoadgens efeqtian meqanizmebs politikuri socializaciisaTvis.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, sajaro skolebis (vauCerebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva saSualebis meSveobiT)<br />
gauqmebisaTvis mebrZoli moZraobebi, aseve, <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli mowodebebi<br />
ganaTlebis federaluri departamentis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, gviCvenebs, rom<br />
saxelmwifos roli swavlebis uzrunvelyofaSi <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
ganaTlebis formirebaSi yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia. kvlav am wignis<br />
msjelobis konteqstSi, es gaxlavT imis Sedegi, rom skolebma ver<br />
Seasrules efeqtiani saSualebis roli socialuri kontrolisa,<br />
`Rirebulebisa~, ramac Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad sajaro skolebisaTvis sayrdeni<br />
Seqmna. (22)<br />
amerikuli saxelmwifos istoriuli gamocdileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi<br />
ar aris unikaluri, swored rom piriqiT, magram, is Zalze gavleniani iyo<br />
skolis sistemebis Seqmnisas postkoloniur saxelmwifoebSi, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobi<strong>da</strong>n. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes<br />
226
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi demokratiis, moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
CamoyalibebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebis Sesaxeb, sanam momdevno<br />
TavSi demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis problemebis multikulturul<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas SevexebodeT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom winamdebare wignis<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxs ar warmoadgens, ar SemiZlia <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze saubari <strong>da</strong>vasrulo <strong>da</strong> ar vaxseno demokratiuli socializmis,<br />
rogorc alternativis arsebobis SesaZlebloba.<br />
postskriptumi: <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>da</strong> socializmi<br />
roca guSindeli progresivistebi <strong>da</strong> dRevandeli pragmatikosebi amboben,<br />
rom axla isini demokratiisTvis ibrZvian, ganagrZoben socializmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas, riTac imeoreben Zvel Secdomas: kerZod,<br />
mc<strong>da</strong>rad varaudoben, rom <strong>demokratia</strong> burJuaziis eqskluziuri<br />
sakuTrebaa. isini amJRavneben demokratiis ukiduresad meqanistur gagebas,<br />
imdenad meqanisturs, rom ar svamen kiTxvebs Rirebulebebis,<br />
Sexedulebebis Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> yofna-aryofnis Sesaxeb.<br />
– paulo freiri, werilebi kristinasadmi<br />
ueWvelia, `realuri~, Tu `realisturi~ socializmis samyaro aRar<br />
arsebobs. seriozul mizezTa gamo veWvob, rom igi Cvens Sesawuxeblad kidev<br />
<strong>da</strong>brundes. `realisturi~ socializmi aris, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, istoriuli<br />
kategoria. cota a<strong>da</strong>miani Tu moiZebneba iseTi, vinc jer kidev wuxs mis<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebaze, wuxs imaze metad, vidre sakuTari cxovrebis galevas<br />
biurokratiuli koSmaris xelSewyobisa, Tu misken swrafvaSi, an nanobs<br />
sakuTari biurokratiuli privilegiebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas. cota a<strong>da</strong>miani SeiZleba<br />
glovobdes `realistur socializms~, radgan, rogorc freiri (1996)<br />
Segvaxsenebs, `Cemi azriT, `realisturi socializmis~ warumateblobis erTerTi<br />
mizezi iyo Tavisuflebisaken miswrafebis nakleboba, misi<br />
avtoritarizmi, misi inteleqtualuri biurokratizacia, ramac cxovreba<br />
uZraobamde miiyvana. es iyo istoriis meqanisturi wvdoma, romelmac<br />
istorias SesaZleblobebi mouspo, nulamde <strong>da</strong>iyvana Tavisufleba, arCevani,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba <strong>da</strong> rwmena <strong>da</strong> Tavad <strong>da</strong>asrula sicocxle” (165).<br />
Tumca, socialisturi impulsi, romelmac sicocxle STabera<br />
alternatiuli warmoebis wesis, ganawilebas <strong>da</strong> politikas,<br />
kapitalizmisaTvis ramdenime mizezis gamo kvlavac inarCunebs<br />
mniSvnelovnebas. efli (1982c) Segvaxsenebs, rom demokratizacia gulisxmobs<br />
`praqtikas, romelic efuZneba mSromelTa umravlesobis Sesaxeb<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa kontrols... praqtikas, romelic SemoizRudeba ara<br />
politikuri sferoTi, aramed, vTqvaT, ekonomikiT <strong>da</strong> umTavresad, genderuli<br />
urTierTobebiT” (172).<br />
227
Ceroni erTmaneTisagan mijnav<strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc meTods <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc arss. es gamijvna sakmaod mniSvnelovania, radgan igi<br />
xazs usvams radikaluri, socialistur-demokratiuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
radikaluri Tanasworobis postulirebis saWiroebas rasobriv, eTnikur,<br />
klasobriv <strong>da</strong> genderul urTierTobebSi, rogorc sazogadoebriv sferoSi,<br />
ise ojaxis doneze. maSin saWiro aRar aris winaaRmdegoba <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
socializms Soris, rogorc freiri (1996) moTminebiT ganmartavs Tavisi<br />
enTuziazmiT aRsavse sityvebiT: `miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom var radikaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
arsebiTi demokrati, socialistic var. SeuZlebelia erTi meores<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispiro. amis gakeTeba egreT wodebuli realisturi socializmis<br />
erT-erT tragikuli Secdomaa” (114).<br />
es ara mxolod mgznebare sityvebia, aramed ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
movlenaa, radganac asaxavs freiris gamocdilebas, roca igi gax<strong>da</strong><br />
politikis SemmuSavebeli san pauluSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. igi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T<br />
municipalitetis ganaTlebis ministri san pauluSi, kapitalisturi<br />
braziliis megaqalaqSi <strong>da</strong> finansur centrSi. es iyo politikis<br />
eqsperimenti, romelSic freiri xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> kulturis sferos<br />
muSakebs, politikur aqtivistebs, maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebs ganaTlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kurikulumis reformis SesaniSnavi modelis SeqmnaSi, wignierebis<br />
swavlebaSi <strong>da</strong> demokratiul-radikaluri <strong>da</strong> socialisturi principebis<br />
mixedviT skolis marTvaSi (o’kadizi, vongi <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1998).<br />
postsocialistur mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovan<br />
Sexedulebas gvTavazobs nensi freizeri (1997). igi gansazRvravs<br />
postsocializms, rogorc `arcerTi sarwmuno yovlismomcveli kritikuli<br />
proeqtis ararseboba brZolis frontTa gamravlebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad; aRiarebis<br />
kulturuli politikis zogadi gaTiSva ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis socialuri<br />
politikisagan; <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis moTxovnaTa decentrireba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
agresiuli marketizaciisa <strong>da</strong> mkveTrad zr<strong>da</strong>di materialuri<br />
uTanasworobisa~ (3).<br />
freizeri gvTavazobs sam mniSvnelovan rCevas. pirveli aris<br />
`gavrcelebuli ‘postsocialisturi’ undoblobis skeptikuri distanciis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmna naratiul, ‘Semajamebel’ azrovnebad~ (4). ueWvelia, rom<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si demokratiis, moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebis nebismieri interesi politikis TvalsazrisiT, moiTxovs<br />
midgomas, romelic normatiulia, eTikuri safuZvlis mqonea <strong>da</strong><br />
politikurad pragmatulia. freizeris meore gonivruli rCeva aris<br />
demistifikacia `postsocialisturi~ ideologiebisa, rac ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aRiarebaze ga<strong>da</strong>yvanas axorcielebs” (4). es aris ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti <strong>da</strong>kvirveba.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdi, Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi arsebuli<br />
228
socialuri brZolebi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes nulovanjamovan TamaSad.<br />
bevri ram aris saWiro politikuri aliansebis zrdisaTvis<br />
multikulturul asociaciebSi, imis warmoudgenlad, rom rasac koaliciis<br />
erTi segmenti miiTvisebs, an moiTxovs, mas meore segmenti kargavs.<br />
sabolood, freizeri miiCnevs, rom ufskruli gaRatakebul masebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>kninebis gzaze mdgar saSualo klasebs Soris moiTxovs ganawilebiT<br />
politikas, raTa moqalaqeobis moTxovnebi efeqtiani gaxdes (5).<br />
laTinuri amerikis gamocdilebam, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba naTeli<br />
mohfinos socializmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris arsebul kavSirebs. am<br />
regionSi adgili hqon<strong>da</strong> socialisturi Seferilobebis mqone demokratiebis<br />
radikalur gamocdilebebs. magaliTad, cnebebi, rogoricaa saxalxo<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>, romelic efuZneba saxalxo suverenitetis (saxalxo,<br />
socialurad <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli socialuri klasebis Rirsebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
interesis) <strong>da</strong>cvas, erovnuli suverenitetis <strong>da</strong>cvas (regionSi metropoliuri<br />
erovnuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gabatonebas<br />
cdiloben, TavianTi imperialisturi Zalauflebis pirobebSi, <strong>da</strong><br />
multinacionaluri korporaciebis arsebobis winaaRmdeg, romlebic<br />
cdiloben gabatonebas sakuTari mZlavri ekonomikuri Zalauflebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT), <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, rogorc sazogado<br />
keTildReobis ideis <strong>da</strong>cvas, <strong>da</strong> koleqtivis uflebis upiratesobas<br />
individTa uflebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT – yvela es principi gviCvenebs Zlier<br />
kavSirs socializmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris, an <strong>demokratia</strong>s rogorc arss,<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara ubralod politikuri reprezentaciis meTods Soris. erovnuli<br />
gamocdilebebi moicavs meqsikur revolucias (1911-1921), 1952 wlis boliviur<br />
revolucias, kuburi revoluciis adreul gamocdilebebs, CileSi salvador<br />
aliendes mmarTvelobisas (1970-1973) egreT wodebul mSvidobian tranzicias<br />
socializmisken, <strong>da</strong> nikaraguis gamocdilebas, gansakuTrebiT 1979 <strong>da</strong> 1984<br />
wlebs Soris, roca qveyana srulad CaTreuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo omSi,<br />
romelic stimulirebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>finansebuli iyo reiganis administraciis<br />
mier. adgilobrivi gamocdilebebi bevria, CapasSi 1994 wels frente<br />
sapatistas amboxebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli adgilobrivi Temis kontrolis<br />
(gvatemalis armiis mier ganxorcielebuli) mwvave represiis mtkivneuli<br />
gamocdilebebiT (menCu, 1983) <strong>da</strong> Temis TviTmmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong> saTemo<br />
ganaTlebis sxva mravali mikrogamocdilebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli (toresi, 1980).<br />
winamdebare Tavis postskriptumSi sakmaod Segnebulad ga<strong>da</strong>vwyvite<br />
<strong>da</strong>mewera demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> socializmis Sesaxeb. ratom? ara imitom, rom<br />
socializmi istoriuli kategoriaa, rogorc amas neoliberalebi amayad<br />
icaven ideologiaTa <strong>da</strong>sasrulisa <strong>da</strong> istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis TeoriiT,<br />
aramed imitom, rom liberalur sazogadoebebSi socializmis gageba<br />
liberalebis, konservatorebis, neoliberalebisa <strong>da</strong> neokonservatorebis<br />
229
mier yovelTvis gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> arsebiT, TiTqmis ontologiur<br />
diferenciacias socializmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris. aRniSnuli ki qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
popularul ganxeTqilebas, ramac socialisti inteleqtualebisaTvis<br />
gaarTula am or ideas Soris arsebuli napralis likvidireba, imis<br />
mtkicebiT, rom arsebobs arsebiTi demokratiuli impulsi socialistur<br />
proeqtSi. Tumca, me vamtkiceb, rom saxalxo demokratiisa Tu socialisturi<br />
demokratiis cneba CarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos diskusiaSi. faqtiurad, k. b.<br />
makfersonis <strong>da</strong> qerol peitmanis monawileobiTi demokratiis cnebebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia socialistur-demokratiul tradiciasTan, iseve rogorc<br />
(Tumca ufro periferiulad <strong>da</strong> kritikulad) ernesto laklosa <strong>da</strong> Santal<br />
mufis (1985) radikaluri demokratiis cneba. paulo freiri (1996) kvlav<br />
gvaCvenebs gzas: `Tuki burJuaziis warmoSobili ocneba iyos kapitalizmi,<br />
rogorc burJuaziuli demokratiis niSani, aseve xalxis umravlesobis<br />
ocneba dRes aris socializmi, rogorc saxalxo demokratiis niSani.<br />
ZiriTadi idea aris ara demokratiis <strong>da</strong>sruleba, aramed misi <strong>da</strong>xvewa, <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
kapitalizmis, aramed mis sanacvlod socializmis arseboba” (137).<br />
imisaTvis, rom ga<strong>da</strong>varCino mniSvnelovani kavSirebi <strong>demokratia</strong>sa<br />
(rogorc mmarTvelobis universalur sistemas, rac ganmanaTleblobis<br />
ganStoebaa <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs kanonebSi mocul moraluri qcevis wesebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs, institutebs <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebs, romlebic pativs scemen<br />
sicocxles, Tavisuflebas, bednierebisaken swrafvas, Tanasworobas, Zmobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> dobisaTvis) <strong>da</strong> socializms (rogorc warmoebis sistemas, ganawilebas,<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur monawileobas) Soris – kavSirebi, romelic SeuZlebelia ar<br />
iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobis<br />
cnebis ganxilvisas – msurs gaviTaviso erik hobsbaumis (1997) sityvebi<br />
marqsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, sityvebi, romlebic advilad SeiZleba iqnes<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanili demokratiuli socializmis idealebze: `kvlav ganvagrZob<br />
Rrmad, Tumca ara kritikis gareSe, imis pativiscemas, rasac iaponelebi<br />
uwodeben senseis, inteleqtual maswavlebels, romlis valic marTebs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> romlis <strong>da</strong>brunebac SeuZlebelia~ (ix).<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1<br />
ixileT tokvilisa <strong>da</strong> kelsenis poziciaTa Soris paralelebis gonivruli<br />
analizi umberto Ceronis naSromSi, La libertad de los modernos (Barcelona: Martinez Roca,<br />
1972) (pirveli italiuri gamocema, 1968).<br />
2<br />
madlobeli var valter fainbergisa piradi urTierTobisas mocemuli am<br />
rCevisaTvis.<br />
3<br />
ixileT: Carlos Alberto Torres and Adriana Puiggrós, eds., Latin America Education: Comparative<br />
Perspectives (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1996). pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis cneba ukavSirdeba<br />
ernesto laklaus mier mis zog naSromSi SemuSavebuli socialuri subieqtis<br />
cnebas. magaliTad, ixileT: Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemonía y estrategía socialista<br />
230
(Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1987); <strong>da</strong> Ernesto Laclau, New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Times (London:<br />
Verso, 1991).<br />
4 Ted Mitchell, “The Republic for Which It Stands: Public Schools, the State, and the Idea of Citizenship in<br />
America” (Los Angeles, 1997). mitCeli ikvlevs <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas Soris<br />
kavSirSi arsebul xuT umniSvnelovanes moments: revoluciuri epoqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli 1812 wlis omamde; samoqalaqo omis ganmavlobaSi, konfederaciis<br />
kontrsaxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi; rekonstruqciis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ikvlevs gaTavisuflebulTa biuros (Freedmen’s Bureau) rols yofil monaTagan<br />
moqalaqeebis CamoyalibebaSi; amerikuli imperiis eqspansiis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls; <strong>da</strong> pirveli msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi. igi<br />
amtkicebs, rom am mexuTe mniSvnelovani momentis, pirveli msoflio omis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasrulisTvis saxelmwifos, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas Soris<br />
Tanamedrove urTierTobis safuZvlebi ukve institucionalizebuli iyo.<br />
231
6<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong><br />
winamdebare Tavi ganixilavs <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
Teoriebs. <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s zogierTi ZiriTadi Temis kvlevis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiT, me gTavazobT multikulturalisturi moZraobis kritikul<br />
wakiTxvas, rogorc es asaxulia multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si kritikis<br />
Sesabamisi magaliTiT liberaluri wreebi<strong>da</strong>n, neokonservatoruli<br />
moZraobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> memarcxeneebi<strong>da</strong>n. kulturuli gansxvavebis sakiTxze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, giCvenebT zogierT winaaRmdegobas, rac<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s TeoriebTan asocirdeba. me aqcents<br />
vakeTeb rogorc multikulturalizmze (rogorc socialur moZraobaze), ise<br />
multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze. winamdebare wignis Teoriuli orientaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> programuli miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, samoqalaqo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze<br />
diskusiisaTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos am wignSi mocemuli ZiriTadi<br />
argumentebi, magram igi saWiroebs specifiur analizs <strong>da</strong> kurikulumis<br />
kritikas winamdebare wignis miznebis <strong>da</strong> arsebuli moculobis farglebs<br />
gareT. 1<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc socialuri moZraoba, rogorc<br />
multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> rogorc moqalaqeTa <strong>ganaTleba</strong>:<br />
TeTrkanianobis sakiTxi<br />
gansxvavebulobis axali kulturuli politika arc martivad<br />
opoziciuria rom Seejibros wamyvan mimarTulebas (an mamrobiT<br />
mimarTulebas), <strong>da</strong> arc transgresiuli, tradiciul burJuaziul<br />
auditoriaTa avangardistuli azriT aRSfoTebis gamowvevaSi. aramed igi<br />
warmoadgens kulturaSi niWier (<strong>da</strong>, Cveulebriv, privilegirebul)<br />
wvlilis SemtanTa mkafio artikulaciebs, romelTac surT <strong>da</strong>exmaron<br />
demoralizebul, demobilizebul, depolitizebul <strong>da</strong> dezorganizebul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, raTa gaaZlieron <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli gaxadon socialuri qmedeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Tu SesaZlebelia, koleqtiuri amboxeba gamoiyenon Tavisuflebis,<br />
demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> individualurobis gasavrceleblad.<br />
– kornel vesti, `gansxvavebulobis axali kulturuli politika~<br />
kornel vestis es epigrama warmarTavs am diskusias.<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> nebismieri saxiT, formiT Tu feriT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
gansxvavebulobis politikasTan <strong>da</strong> rasisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis mixedviT<br />
232
diferencirebul <strong>da</strong> klasizmis mimdevari sazogadoebebis gamo warmoqmnil<br />
socialur brZolebTan. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s ganxilva<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos odnavi, Tumca mniSvnelovani<br />
diferenciaciiT multikulturalizms, rogorc socialur moZraobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Teoriul midgomas, multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, rogorc reformebis<br />
moZraobasa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, rogorc kurikulumze orientirebul<br />
specialobas Soris, ramac (gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s rasobrivi struqturis<br />
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT), mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> miiRos rasobrivi<br />
identobis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis SenebisaTvis, rogorc antirasistuli<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis, kulturuli mravalferovnebis sakiTxebi.<br />
rogorc socialuri moZraoba, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris<br />
filosofiuri, Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri orientacia, rac scdeba saskolo<br />
reformas <strong>da</strong> cdilobs mTlianobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>Wras sazogadoebaSi rasis,<br />
genderul <strong>da</strong> klasobriv urTierTobaTa sakiTxebi. 2 modiT, aviRoT,<br />
magaliTad, formulireba, romelic maklarenma (1997) Camoayaliba kritikuli<br />
multikulturuli moZraobis arsebul gamowvevebze:<br />
Cvenma saklaso kvlevebma <strong>da</strong> los anJelesSi qalaqis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan<br />
gamarTulma diskusiebma aseve gvaiZula, xelaxla gagveazrebina<br />
multikulturuli ganaTlebis sakiTxi. vwuxdiT rasobrivi segregaciis<br />
gamo, rasac vxe<strong>da</strong>vdiT mTlianobaSi mTeli qalaqis masStabiT, skolebis<br />
sportul moednebze <strong>da</strong> sasadiloebSi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n zog rames Cven vakavSirebT<br />
iZulebiTi asimilaciis politikasTan, rac asaxulia kanonis norma 187-Si;<br />
aRorZinebul mxolod inglisurad moZraobasTan; respublikur<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi <strong>da</strong> respublikelTa warmomadgenlebis mier bilingvur<br />
ganaTlebisadmi ieriSTan; akademiuri monitoringis <strong>da</strong>JinebulobasTan;<br />
laTinofobiur, antiemigraciul sentimentebTan, rac grovdebo<strong>da</strong> meoce<br />
saukunis 80-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n; deindustrializaciasTan; <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi moZraobebis warmoSobasTan, romlebic saWiroebs<br />
aRiarebas. Cveni mosazrebiT, aseve saWiroa <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
ganxilva ufro farTo suraTis TvalsazrisiT, anu farTomasStabiani <strong>da</strong><br />
uwyveti emigraciuli nakadebis axali msoflio sistemis, subalterni <strong>da</strong><br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali kulturebis, arasaxelmwifoebrivi korporaciebis <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis, rasobrivi umciresobebisa <strong>da</strong> manamde periferiuli erebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
emigrantTa postindustriuli samuSao Zalis aTvlis wertili<strong>da</strong>n. (210)<br />
rogorc programuli reformatoruli moZraoba, liberaluri<br />
multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong> orientirebulia skolebSi Tanasworobis<br />
uzrunvelyofaze. am konteqstSi, am moZraobis yvelaze liberaluri<br />
segmentebi miiCneven, rom multikulturuli tolerantobis cnebis<br />
ganviTareba maTi miznebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorc<br />
233
freizeri (1997: 174) aanalizebs, Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebisaTvis brZolas<br />
Tan un<strong>da</strong> axldes ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisa <strong>da</strong> TanasworobisaTvis brZola <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mxolod samarTlianobisaTvis brZola. es Sexeduleba saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
ufro radikalurad SevicnoT problema, rom multikulturalizmTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT diskusia un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos TeTrkanianobis sakiTxiT.<br />
`TeTrkanianobis~ Sesaxeb diskusia un<strong>da</strong> ganTavsdes antirasistuli<br />
filosofiebis konteqstSi, romlebic akritikeben TeTrkanianobis cnebas <strong>da</strong><br />
TeTr terors, rasis struqturas; TeTrkanianobas ki xe<strong>da</strong>ven, rogorc<br />
rasobriv praqtikas. sakiTxi ase dgas: SeiZleba Tu ara TeTrkanianobis<br />
Sesaxeb diskusia gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc antirasistuli politikisken<br />
swrafvis iaraRi. am TvalsazrisiT Jiro gvTavazobs bel huqsis (1990)<br />
poziciis <strong>da</strong>xvewil kritikas. misi mtkicebiT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
TeTrkanianebi sakuTar Tavs xe<strong>da</strong>ven, rogorc gamWvirvales <strong>da</strong> uxilavs –<br />
anu isini sakuTar Tavs rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT ver aRiqvamen – isini<br />
aRiqmebian, rogorc TeTri terori imgvarad, rom SavkanianTa <strong>da</strong><br />
TeTrkanianTa Soris interaqciebi sagrZnobia SavkanianTaTvis. 3 Tumca, henri<br />
Jiro gveubneba, rom TeTrkanianobis cneba ar SeiZleba gagebuli iyos<br />
eqskluziurad TeTrTa batonobisa <strong>da</strong> rasizmis saerTo gamocdilebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. TeTrkanianoba, JirosaTvis, reartikulirebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
antiesencialisturi TvalsazrisiT. antirasistulma pe<strong>da</strong>gogikam, romelic<br />
seriozulad udgeba TeTrkanianTa gamocdilebis niuansebs, saSualeba un<strong>da</strong><br />
misces studentebs gascdnen <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa <strong>da</strong> aRSfoTebis poziciebs.<br />
faqtiurad, Jiro (1997) amtkicebs (<strong>da</strong> es aris antirasistuli samoqalaqo<br />
ganaTlebisaTvis mniSvnelovani diskusia), rom `saWiroa TeTrkanianoba<br />
gul<strong>da</strong>smiT iqnes Teoriulad Camoyalibebuli misi potencialis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT – uzrunvelyos studentebi rasobrivi identobiT, ramac<br />
SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli Seasrulos antirasistuli politikis xelaxal<br />
formirebaSi, rac ganapirobebs farTo, radikalur demokratiul proeqts~<br />
(16). TeTrkanianoba maklarenisaTvis (1997b:237-293) aris eTnikurobis<br />
atributi, xolo TeTri terori Seadgens kritikuli <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s,<br />
rogorc farglebs gareT swavlebis socialuri moZraobis leitmotivs.<br />
maklareni (1997) multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s ukavSirebs kritikul<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas, eWvqveS ayenebs `TeTrkanianobis, rogorc artikulaciuri<br />
praqtikis tipis politikas, rac SeiZleba ganTavsebul iqnes<br />
kolonializmis, kapitalizmisa <strong>da</strong> subieqtis formirebis konvergenciaSi~<br />
(268). sakmaod sainteresoa maklarenis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
TeTrkanianoba aris rogorc miTopoeturi (imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi adgens<br />
koleqtiuri socialur warmosaxvas, rac emyareba evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli<br />
socialuri subieqtis ontologiur upiratesobas), ise metastruqturuli<br />
(vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi am koleqtiur warmosaxvas ukavSirebs kapitalis kulturul,<br />
234
socialur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur hegemonias globalur doneze, socialur<br />
gansxvavebaTa mravalricxovani fenebis CaTvliT).<br />
analogiurad, riCard <strong>da</strong>ieri (1997) amtkicebs, rom `TeTrkanianobis<br />
diskurss araTeTri subieqti ulmoblad <strong>da</strong>hyavs TeTri subieqtis<br />
funqciamde, ar aZlevs mas sivrcisa Tu avtonomiis saSualebas, ar aZlevs<br />
arc msgavsebaTa aRiarebisa <strong>da</strong> arc gansxvavebaTa miRebis nebas, gar<strong>da</strong> im<br />
SemTxvevisa, roca es saWiroa TeTri me-s (self) SecnobisaTvis~ (13).<br />
TeTrkanianoba, roca gatolebulia a<strong>da</strong>mianobasTan, `uzrunvelyofs<br />
Zalauflebis pozicias~ (9), <strong>da</strong> amdenad, TeTrkanianebi sakuTar Tavs xe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
`ara rogorc calke aRebul rasas, isini ubralod warmoadgenen a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
modgmas~ (9).<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, TeTrkanianobis diskursi <strong>da</strong> reprezentacia, rogorc<br />
neitraluri, emsaxureba socialuri jgufis, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
Cveulebrivi ramis asaxvis mizans <strong>da</strong> faravs Zalauflebis urTierTobebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> privilegias, rom TeTrkanianad yofnis faqti axdens mobilizebas (ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, imgvarad, rom TeTrkanianobis garSemo koaliciebi ufro mZlavri<br />
mobilizaciis momxdeni Cans, vidre, vTqvaT, klasi); <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
TeTrkanianoba Cndeba, rogorc esTetikuri upiratesobis simbolo, rogorc<br />
aSkara ideali: `miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom TeTrkanianobis simZlavris<br />
mniSvneloba yvelaferze maRla imyofeba yvela Tavisi arastabilurobiT <strong>da</strong><br />
aSkara araneitralurobiT, feri atarebs moralis <strong>da</strong> aseve esTetikuri<br />
upiratesobis ufro met mkafio simbolur mniSvnelobas” (70).<br />
TeTrkanianobis am kritikis umTavres `ontologiur~ winapirobad<br />
miRebiT, radikalurma multikulturalizmma <strong>da</strong> kritikulma pe<strong>da</strong>gogikam<br />
koncentracia un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinon politikur ekonomiasa <strong>da</strong> kritikul<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaze, <strong>da</strong> rogorc maklareni (1997) amtkicebs, `pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisaTvis<br />
brZolis am werilSi arsebiTia is, rom <strong>da</strong>Salon Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
privilegiis diskursebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri praqtikebi, romlebic<br />
epistemologiurad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna qsonofobiuri nacionalizmis axal <strong>da</strong> saSiS<br />
formad, romelSic arsebobs istoriis erTaderTi universaluri subieqti –<br />
TeTri, anglo, burJuaziuli privilegiebis heteroseqsuali mamrobiTi<br />
sqesis a<strong>da</strong>miani~ (214).<br />
ueWvelia, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb yvelaze<br />
bolodroindel diskusiebSi multikulturuli miznebis arsebobas, sul<br />
mcire, eWvi Seaqvs <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki, saerTod cvlis samoqalaqo<br />
ganaTlebis kurikulumis sferos. zogierTi mkvlevari <strong>da</strong> maT Soris jeims<br />
benqsi (1997) yvelaze gasagebad amtkicebs, rom multikulturul<br />
235
sazogadoebaSi moqalaqeebisaTvis ganaTlebis micema moiTxovs<br />
multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s.<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc socialuri moZraoba <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
Teoriuli midgoma<br />
vin adgens avTentur identobas? vis aqvs uflebamosileba, gasces<br />
wevrobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli bileTebi? sazRvrebi ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba drosa <strong>da</strong><br />
sivrceSi. msgavseba ukavSirdeba kulturas <strong>da</strong> klasifikaciis mizans.<br />
gamvlelisaTvis, an mTvlelisaTvis (mosaxleobis aRwerisas) me<br />
TeTrkaniani var. antisemitisaTvis – ubralod, ebraeli. germaneli<br />
ebraelisaTvis, SeiZleba erT-erTi aRmosavleli ebraeli viyo;<br />
SefardebisaTvis – aSkenazi ebraeli; israeleli ebraelisaTvis –<br />
amerikeli; religiuri ebraelisaTvis – saero piri; memarjvene<br />
sionistisaTvis – renegati var, an saerTod ar var ebraeli.<br />
– tod gitlini, saerTo ocnebebis bindi<br />
ganaTlebis problemebis gagebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia identobis<br />
sakiTxi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos diskusii<strong>da</strong>n identobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis Camocileba. saxelmwifos pirveli movaleoba – rogorc<br />
ted mitCeli (1997) amtkicebs Tavis istoriul naSromSi, rodesac devid<br />
klintonis (1822 wels niu iorkis Statis gubernatoris) sityvebis citirebas<br />
axdens – `aris samsaxuris gaweva misi moqalaqeebisTvis, raTa isini iyvnen<br />
zneobrivni; samsaxuris gaweva inteleqtualuri swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> moraluri<br />
disciplinis meSveobiT, maTSi ganaTlebis SetaniT, maTi gulebis ganwmendiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTTvis maTi uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis swavlebiT~ (1).<br />
Tumca, rogorc mitCeli cxa<strong>da</strong>d ganmartavs Tavis istoriul analizSi,<br />
moqalaqeobis cnebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvneloba aqvs miRebuli droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebisaTvis.<br />
mitCelis (1997) analizi gviCvenebs, rom oras welze meti xnis winaT,<br />
revoluciuri saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili axali saganmanaTleblo sistema<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eWra <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris. mitCelis<br />
(1997) sityvebiT: `aq mokled Camoyalibebuli problema iyo ormagi <strong>da</strong><br />
mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, pirveli, Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong><br />
xangrZlivi wonasworobis moZebnaSi <strong>da</strong> meore, instituciuri saSualebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvirdebaSi, romliTac es balansi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culi” (3).<br />
mitCelis istoriulma analizma, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si axali<br />
institucionalizmis tradiciebis Sesabamisad, aCvena, rom revoluciuri<br />
amerikuli saxelmwifos mizani iyo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, romlis aSkara orientiri<br />
236
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> moraluri wvrTna, rac <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> individTa <strong>da</strong> axal<br />
saxelmwifos Soris kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myarebas. 4 mitCelis analizis gavrcobiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>vasabuTeb, rom calkeuli moqalaqeebi, romlebsac gulisxmobdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblebi (ar aris gasakviri, vinai<strong>da</strong>n manamde ase mox<strong>da</strong> inglisSi)<br />
iyvnen Tavisufali TeTrkaniani mamrobiTi sqesis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi. amerikeli<br />
indielebis, afroamerikelebis (maTgan umetesoba cxovrob<strong>da</strong> monobis<br />
pirobebSi) <strong>da</strong> qalebis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, umetesad, ugulebelyofili iyo<br />
revoluciur periodSi.<br />
moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli ganaTlebis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba, <strong>da</strong><br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos gamoyofili im sakiTxisgan, Tu vin arian is moqalaqeebi,<br />
romelTa swavleba un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes, rogor icvlebian es moqalaqeebi<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi TavianTi demografiuli, politikuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c simboluri konfiguraciis TvalsazrisiT, <strong>da</strong>, Tanmimdevrulad, im<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor aRiqvamen am cvlilebebs moqalaqeebi – rasac<br />
devid taiaki (1993) uwodebs gansxvavebis konstruirebisas saxalxo<br />
kulturas. ufro metic, umniSvnelovanesia, gavigoT, Tu rogor icvleba<br />
Tavad moqalaqis pirovneba saxelmwifoSi <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis procesSi<br />
cvlilebebis konteqstSi. <strong>da</strong>bolos, umniSvnelovanesia aRmovaCinoT, Tu<br />
rogor icvleba instituciuri garemoebi (romelSic moqalaqis Rirsebebi<br />
mJRavndeba), rasac Tan axlavs seriozuli gamowvevebi im rolisadmi,<br />
romelsac saganmanaTleblo sistema <strong>da</strong> politikuri kultura un<strong>da</strong><br />
asrulebdes moqalaqeobis Camoyalibebisas. mokled rom vTqvaT, amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi mainc – <strong>da</strong>, vityodi, rom msoflios masStabiTac –<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>s, moqalaqeobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris urTierTobebi ar<br />
SeiZleba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s sakiTxisagan izolirebulad iqnes<br />
ganxiluli.<br />
am istoriuli gamafrTxilebeli sityvis gaTvaliswinebiT, usafrTxoa<br />
vimsjeloT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom multikulturalizms, rogorc<br />
Teoriul midgomas ufro energiuli forma hqon<strong>da</strong> miRebuli meoce saukunis<br />
70-ian <strong>da</strong> 90-ian wlebSi, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s sakiTxi amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc qveynis mcdeloba, <strong>da</strong>efuZnebina masobrivi,<br />
savaldebulfo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>. samwuxarod, multikulturalizmze diskusia<br />
formulirebuli iyo gavrcelebuli dominanturi-<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli jgufis<br />
urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
dominanturi jgufi skolebs iyeneb<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
bavSvebis integrirebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis<br />
mosamzadeblad; exmarebo<strong>da</strong> pansionebs, <strong>da</strong>eZliaT indiel amerikelTa<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> tomobrivi kavSirebi; gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> rac SeiZleba met<br />
afroamerikels, romlebic cdilobdnen saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi<br />
237
moxvedras, im imediT, rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong> maT xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> kargi samuSaos<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri mobilobis miRwevaSi; <strong>da</strong> mTlianad uaryof<strong>da</strong><br />
laTinoamerikelTa samsaukunovan arsebobas <strong>da</strong> gavlenas amerikaSi. (la<br />
beli <strong>da</strong> uardi, 1994:9)<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa ufro adrec, swavleba gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong><br />
enis, gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> mravalferovan jgufTa Rirebulebebis<br />
homogenizebisTvis, rac uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> imas, rom amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi Camosuli emigrantebis didi jgufebis qcevis, Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
wes-Cveulebebis asimilireba moxdebo<strong>da</strong> `sadnobi qvabis sazogadoebaSi~,<br />
rogorc Cafiqrebuli iyo axali msoflio saxelmwifos oficialuri<br />
codniTa <strong>da</strong> kulturis oficialuri politikiT. rogorc taiaki (1993)<br />
aRniSnavs, j.f. makklaimeris citirebisas, 1916 wlisTvis `kulturuli<br />
mravalferovneba ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc erovnuli krizisi” (15).<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi uSualod omisSemdgomma gamocdilebam<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzardma kulturulma brZolebma gamoiwvia debatebis seria<br />
jgufTaSoris urTierTobebze, mravalferovnebaze <strong>da</strong> imaze, rasac<br />
ganaTlebis organoebi miiCnevdnen uTanxmoebis gamomwvev brZolebad<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva interesTa jgufebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebul eTnikur mxareTa Soris,<br />
romlebic ibrZodnen saganmanaTleblo politikisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis<br />
formirebisaTvis. taiaki aRwers konfrontaciis dinamikas <strong>da</strong> xazs usvams,<br />
rom pluralizmis konkurentuli struqtura<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong> saxalxo kulturis axal definicias (rac ubralod ki ar<br />
ganadidebs kulturul gansxvavebebs <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ganagrZobs saSualo<br />
klasis amerikul individualizmze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli zogadi Rirebulebebis<br />
arsis Sefasebas). pluralizmis axali versia aSkarad politikuri iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
eWvi Sehqon<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod tradiciul akademiur wesebSi, aramed aseve<br />
ganamtkiceb<strong>da</strong> interesebs, romelic aZliereb<strong>da</strong> rasizms. ar aris<br />
gasakviri, rom am konkretulma Sexedulebam warmoSva gacilebiT meti<br />
kamaTi, vidre interkulturuli ganaTlebis adreulma formebma. (19)<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi socialuri brZolebis bedis<br />
cvalebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> ar gaxl<strong>da</strong>T<br />
erTgvarovani socialuri moZraoba. igi arc aris warmodgenili erTaderTi<br />
Teoriuli paradigmiT, saganmanaTleblo midgomiTa Tu pe<strong>da</strong>gogikiT. amdenad,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad im faqtisa, rom isini xSirad mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s cneba, rogorc aseTi, ar SeiZleba ajamebdes<br />
kulturuli identobis politikis vrceli samyaros reprezentacias (arturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sapiro, 1995). zogierTi a<strong>da</strong>miani aRiqvams multikulturalizms, rogorc<br />
antirasistul filosofias, zogi – rogorc meTodologias<br />
238
saganmanaTleblo reformisaTvis, sxvebi ki – saswavlo programebis SigniT<br />
specifiuri Sinaarsis nawilTa wyebas. <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTaTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rames niSnavs.<br />
tod gitlini (1995) miuTiTebs swored termin `<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s”<br />
universalobaze <strong>da</strong> ambivalentobaze mis gamoyenebaSi, mizansa <strong>da</strong><br />
leitmotivSi:<br />
es sityva mravalfardovania, faqtisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebis nazavi,<br />
gavrcelebuli, radgan sakmaod bundovania imisaTvis, rom pasuxobdes<br />
amden interess. momxreebma SeiZleba gamoiyenon es termini imisaTvis, raTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>icvan gansxvavebis aRiareba, an <strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebis mier<br />
Tavsmoxveul politikasa <strong>da</strong> ideebs, an <strong>da</strong>icvan kosmopolitizmi –<br />
<strong>da</strong>intereseba <strong>da</strong> siamovneba, romelic TiToeulma SeiZleba miiRos<br />
usazRvro a<strong>da</strong>mianurobiT. identobis politikis puristebi mas iyeneben,<br />
raTa <strong>da</strong>icvan <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli <strong>da</strong>Sla, monokulturebis didi raodenoba.<br />
meore mxriv, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi demonuri tyupi,<br />
`politkoreqtuloba~ konservatorebisTvis warmoadgens saxelebs,<br />
maTTvis saZulvel saganTa nazavis gamosaxatad – umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebis gamaRizianebeli <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli moTxovnis CaTvliT. (228)<br />
mzardi multikulturuli literaturis sistematuri analizi<br />
gviCvenebs, rom multikulturuli ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebi icvleba.<br />
pirveli, isini icvleba eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli wignierebis Seqmni<strong>da</strong>n (mag.,<br />
im eTnikuri jgufebis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> wvlilis Sesaxeb informaciis xarisxis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>, romlebic tradiciulad kurikulumi<strong>da</strong>n gamoricxuli iyvnen)<br />
pirovnul ganviTarebamde (mag., sakuTar identobaSi siamayis ganviTareba).<br />
meore, isini icvleba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis cvlisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebis<br />
garkvevi<strong>da</strong>n (mag. winaswarSeqmnili cru warmodgenebis, stereotipebis,<br />
eTnocentrizmis <strong>da</strong> rasizmis eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>yeneba) multikulturuli<br />
kompetenciis xelis Sewyobamde (mag., swavla imisa, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>vamyaroT urTierToba a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan, vinc Cvengan gansxvavebulia, an rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT kulturuli gansxvavebebi). mesame, isini icvleba ZiriTad<br />
unarebSi ostatobis ganviTarebi<strong>da</strong>n (mag., kiTxvis, werisa <strong>da</strong> maTematikuri<br />
unarebis gaumjobeseba a<strong>da</strong>mianTaTvis, romelTa eTnikuri, rasobrivi, <strong>da</strong>/an<br />
klasobrivi gamocdileba gansxvavebulia ZiriTadi kulturuli<br />
kapitalisgan, romelic gabatonebulia formalur skolebSi) <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si<br />
Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> srulyofilebis erTdroulad miRwevisaken swrafvamde<br />
(mag., swavlebis arCevanTa SemuSaveba, romelsac sasurveli Sedegi moaqvs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebSi <strong>da</strong> swavlebis stilSi). meoTxe, isini icvleba<br />
individualuri gaZlierebisaken swrafvi<strong>da</strong>n socialuri reformis<br />
miRwevamde (mag., moswavleebSi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis, Rirebulebebis, unarebis,<br />
Cvevebisa <strong>da</strong> disciplinis xelSewyoba, raTa isini gaxdnen socialuri<br />
239
agentebi, romlebic Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli arian skolis reformebis <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebisTvis, <strong>da</strong> aqvs mizani, aRmofxvran socialuri uTanasworoba,<br />
rasizmi <strong>da</strong> genderuli <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi Cagvra, <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, gaaumjobeson<br />
saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong> profesiuli SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba<br />
yvelasaTvis).<br />
benqsi <strong>da</strong> benqsi (1993), magaliTad, multikulturuli ganaTlebisadmi<br />
oTx midgomas gamoyofen: (1) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturuli jgufebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
individebis wvlilis Sesaxeb swavlebas, midgomas, romelsac SeiZleba<br />
ewodos saerTo konservatiuli <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>; (2) aditiur midgomas,<br />
romelic Seicavs multikulturul gakveTilebs, rogorc saswavlo<br />
erTeulebs, romelic avsebs, an xdeba <strong>da</strong>narTi arsebuli kurikulumisa, anu<br />
tipiur liberalur multikulturul midgomas; (3) transformaciul<br />
midgomas, romelic cdilobs ZiriTadi kurikulumisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis Secvlas,<br />
raTa asaxos mravalferovani kulturuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri jgufebis perspeqtivebi <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebebi – socialur<br />
demokratiul multikulturalistur midgomas; (4) politikis SemuSavebis<br />
midgomas, romelic efuZneba qveyanaSi socialur brZolaTa istorias (mag.,<br />
qalTa moZraobas, samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobas, vietnamis omis<br />
moZraobas, sityvis Tavisuflebis moZraobas), romelic moswavleebs<br />
aswavlis, rom jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebi yovelTvis warmoadgens<br />
sazogadoebaSi socialur <strong>da</strong> istoriul konfliqtTa integralur nawils<br />
<strong>da</strong> rom maT un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenon – burdies sityvebiT – TavianTi kulturuli<br />
kapitali, habitusi <strong>da</strong> garemo, raTa CaerTon politikur moqmedebaSi<br />
yvelasaTvis ufro meti Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlianobisaTvis, amave dros <strong>da</strong>scildnen kapitalizmis socialuri<br />
organizaciis principebs – socialistur multikulturul midgomas.<br />
es CamonaTvali (benqsis CamonaTvalis odnav modificirebuli versia)<br />
gansazRvravs <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s, rogorc multikulturuli ganaTlebis<br />
organizebis, oTx princips. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
warmoadgens <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s sxva<strong>da</strong>xva tipebis ganmsazRvrel<br />
klasifikacias.<br />
kristin sliteris <strong>da</strong> karl grantis (1987) mniSvnelovani naSromi aseve<br />
gamoyofs xuT gavrcelebul kategorias, romlebic gamodgeba uamravi<br />
multikulturuli midgomisa <strong>da</strong> kurikulumis, swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> swavlis<br />
gamocdilebaTa sinTezirebisaTvis, romlis ganxorcielebac xdeba amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi. isini moicavs (a) kulturulad gansxvavebuli<br />
moswavleebis swavlebas, raTa isini miesa<strong>da</strong>gon sazogadoebis ZiriTad<br />
nakads; (b) a<strong>da</strong>mianuri urTierTobebis midgomas, rac xazs usvams<br />
mravalferovan a<strong>da</strong>mianTa harmoniul Tanacxovrebas; (g) erTi jgufis<br />
240
Seswavlis midgomas, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebuli specifiuri jgufebis informirebulobis pativiscemisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRiarebis ganviTarebaze; (d) cru Sexedulebebis Semcirebaze <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
samarTlianobis yvelasTvis uzrunvelyofaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba; <strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasruls, (e) socialuri rekonstrucionistuli midgoma, romelic xels<br />
uwyobs analitikur <strong>da</strong> kritikul azrovnebas, romelic koncentrirebas<br />
axdens Zalauflebis, simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis sxva resursebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebaze mravalferovan jgufTa Soris.<br />
sanam ga<strong>da</strong>vidodeT <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli<br />
ganaTlebis kritikaze, mniSvnelovania vaCvenoT maTi kavSirebi <strong>demokratia</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan. am TvalsazrisiT, jeims beqnsis wvlili<br />
WeSmaritad fuZemdebluria.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>:<br />
jeims benqsis Tvalsazrisi<br />
erTi mravalTagani (e pluribus unum)<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms Soris kavSirebis Sesaxeb<br />
Zalian cota analizi arsebobs. jeims benqsis (1997) bolodroindeli<br />
naSromi warmoadgens erT-erT gamonakliss <strong>da</strong> imsaxurebs, rom ganxilul<br />
iqnes rogorc fuZemdebluri naSromi, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba<br />
liberalur tradicias.<br />
benqsis (1997) amosavali wertilia demokratiuli xarvezebi, anu<br />
gansxvavebebi amerikul idealebsa <strong>da</strong> amerikul realobebs Soris:<br />
`demokratiul kurikulumSi, saWiroa moswavleebs vaswavloT amerikuli<br />
demokratiuli Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> saWiroa maT hqondeT aRniSnulis aTvisebis<br />
saSualeba, maSin roca amave dros isini swavloben amerikuli realobis<br />
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa rasis, sqesisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri klasis safuZvelze<br />
diskriminacia, rac eWvqveS ayenebs im idealebs~ (9).<br />
benqsi (1997) amtkicebs, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris mzardi<br />
ganviTareba erSi <strong>da</strong> rom igi integrirebuli gaxdeba socialur<br />
mecnierebebis kurikulumSi. igi, rogorc TavisuflebisaTvis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>,<br />
mniSvnelovania demokratiul idealebsa <strong>da</strong> demokratiul praqtikebs Soris<br />
arsebuli xarvezebis Sesavsebad sami mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT: (a)<br />
moswavleebs misces TavianTi genderuli, rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
identobebis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebis saSualeba; (b) uzrunvelyos moswavleebi<br />
TavisuflebiT, rom TavianTi movaleobebi Seasrulon eTnikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
241
kulturuli farglebis gareT; <strong>da</strong> (g) saSualeba misces moswavleebs,<br />
aiTvison saWiro unarebi, raTa icxovron Tanamedrove demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi (26).<br />
benqsis analizis ZiriTadi varaudia is, rom vinai<strong>da</strong>n socialuri<br />
mecnierebis kurikulumi asaxavs ZiriTad socialur, politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikur movlenebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, isini kvlav<br />
`ganagrZobs amerikuli cxovrebis ZiriTad sakiTxTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ZabulobaTa, aseve<br />
eris idealebis, miznebis, miswrafebebisa <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebis asaxvas~ (31).<br />
konstruqtivistuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, 5 codnam SeiZleba wvlili Seitanos<br />
moazrovne moqalaqis SeqmnaSi, rac aris socialuri mecnierebis<br />
kurikulumisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis umTavresi mizani (benqsi, 1997: Tavi 4,5).<br />
benqsisaTvis (1997), <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> iZleva sistematur pasuxs<br />
samoqalaqo ganaTlebis sakiTxze. igi gvTavazobs arsis sistematur<br />
integracias <strong>da</strong> codnis konstruirebis procesisadmi sistematur midgomas,<br />
iseTi ZiriTadi kategoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa klasi, rasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sqesi; miznad isaxavs individualuri <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri crurwmenebis<br />
Semcirebas; funqcionirebs im pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis meSveobiT, romelic aqcents<br />
akeTebs srulyofilebasa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobaze, <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, feradkaniani<br />
moswavleebi aRmoaCenen miukerZoeblobis pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas TavianT<br />
maswavleblebSi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs miaRwion ukeTes akademiur<br />
moswrebas; <strong>da</strong>bolos, wvlili Seaqvs gamaZlierebeli skolis kulturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri struqturis SeqmnaSi. multikulturuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika efuZneba<br />
codnis mravalganzomilebian cnebas, romelsac benqsi (1997:85) yofs sam<br />
ZiriTad ared: pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur codnad, Sesaswavli sagnis codnad <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturul codnad.<br />
benqsisaTvis demokratiuli moqalaqeobis Seqmna gulisxmobs ara<br />
mxolod imas, rom maswavlebeli un<strong>da</strong> flobdes zemoaRniSnul sam areSi<br />
safuZvlian codnas, aramed aseve imas, rom arsebobs pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri Carevebis<br />
wyeba specifiurad moswavleTa rasobrivi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis<br />
modificirebisaTvis. es Carevebi moicavs gamaZlierebel kvlevebs, anu<br />
mcdelobebs, rom gavlena moaxdinon cvlilebaze bavSvebis fsiqologiur<br />
profilze pozitiuri gaZlierebis xazgasmiT, rasobrivi crurwmenebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saZlevad; percefciuli diferenciaciis kvlevebi, rac moicavs Carevebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipebs, gansakuTrebiT nawilebs <strong>da</strong> gakveTilebs, romelic<br />
moswavleTa <strong>da</strong> maswavlebelTa rasobriv <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebSi gamocdilebaTa<br />
stimulirebas axdens; <strong>da</strong>bolos, TanamSromlobiTi swavlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
interrasobrivi kontaqtebis xelSewyobas skolebSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
acxadebs skolis totaluri reformis saWiroebas, benqsi multikulturuli<br />
ganaTlebisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqoned aRiarebs maswavleblis<br />
242
ols rasobrivi tolerantobisa <strong>da</strong> gagebis xelSewyobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturuli klasebis SeqmnaSi (96-97).<br />
demokratiuli skolebis SeqmnisaTvis, maswavleblebma <strong>da</strong><br />
administratorebma mravalferovani rasobrivi, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> Seiswavlon sakuTari kulturuli varaudebi,<br />
mikerZoebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi, qcevebi, codna <strong>da</strong> paradigmebi, romelzec<br />
maTi pe<strong>da</strong>gogika <strong>da</strong> im sagnis codnaa <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli, romelsac isini<br />
aswavlian. isini aseve un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmaron moswavleebs imis <strong>da</strong>dgenaSi, Tu<br />
rogor aris Sedgenili codna, romelic Sesulia kurikulumSi.<br />
benqsis (1997) samoqalaqo ganaTlebis modelis sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebuli winapiroba, romelic efuZneba Zlier liberalur safuZvels,<br />
aris amerikuli saxelmwifos arseboba, romlis ndobac nebismier bavSvs<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondes, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi eTnikuri, sqesobrivi Tu socialuri<br />
jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobisa. amgvarad, rekomendebulia samsafexuriani<br />
procesi: pirveli, eTnikuri identifikacia; meore, erovnuli identifikacia;<br />
<strong>da</strong> am orze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, mesame rekomendebuli safexuri, globaluri<br />
demokratiuli identifikacia. `iseve rogorc skolisaTvis kulturuli<br />
demokratiis asaxva <strong>da</strong> moswavleTa kulturebis wvdomaa mniSvnelovani, aseve<br />
mTeli amerikeli axalgazrdobisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania<br />
gonivruli <strong>da</strong> naTeli erovnuli identifikaciisa <strong>da</strong> amerikuli politikuri<br />
idealebisadmi Zlieri erTgulebis SemuSaveba~ (129). am sam safexurSi<br />
arsebobs miznis erTianoba, rac scdeba eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> amerikuli identobis<br />
farglebs <strong>da</strong> cdilobs miaRwios globalur identifikacias: `mjera, rom<br />
kulturuli, erovnuli <strong>da</strong> globaluri identifikacia bunebiT<br />
ganviTarebadia <strong>da</strong> rom individs SeuZlia miaRwios jansaR <strong>da</strong> gonivrul<br />
erovnul identifikacias mxolod maSin, roca mas mopovebuli aqvs jansaRi<br />
<strong>da</strong> gonivruli kulturuli identifikacia; individebs SeuZliaT ganiviTaron<br />
gonivruli <strong>da</strong> pozitiuri globaluri identifikacia mxolod mas mere, rac<br />
eqnebaT realisturi, gonivruli <strong>da</strong> pozitiuri erovnuli identifikacia~<br />
(139).<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, benqsisaTvis arsebobs winapirobebi, romelsac un<strong>da</strong><br />
mivyveT, raTa mivaRwioT jansaR demokratiul pluralistur politikur<br />
kulturasa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas. skolebma SesaZlebeli un<strong>da</strong> gaxadon am sam<br />
(anu, eTnikur, erovnul <strong>da</strong> globalur) identifikaciaTa, Tu identobaTa<br />
Soris kavSirebis arseboba; kurikulumi un<strong>da</strong> aswavlides, rogorc<br />
mikerZoebuli Sexedulebebis dominirebis <strong>da</strong> demokratiul xarvezebis,<br />
eqspuataciisa <strong>da</strong> dominirebis CaTvliT, ise sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikuri, socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli jgufebis miRwevebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> aseve imaze, Tu rogor<br />
SeiZleba yvelam Seitanos wvlili erTis mTlianobaSi (e pluribus unim).<br />
243
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom benqsi ikvlevs demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis<br />
zogierT dilemas, igi cdilobs bednieri, optimisturi saxe misces<br />
situacias <strong>da</strong> iyenebs sociofsiqologiur <strong>da</strong> kurikulumis saSualeebs, raTa<br />
moaxdinos Careva rasizmis <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi crurwmenis radikaluri<br />
Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s gavrcobis mcdelobisas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, misi Sexeduleba, romelic Seqmnilia, rogorc tipologiaTa<br />
kombinacia, kvlevis Sesaxeb ukiduresad mokle istoriuli analizis<br />
CaTvliT, ver axerxebs im distanciis sirTuleebis mxedvelobaSi miRebas,<br />
romelic me <strong>da</strong>vadgine <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc meTodsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s,<br />
rogorc arss Soris (rac gacilebiT metia vidre mxolod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba<br />
demokratiul idealebsa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv realobebs Soris). amis msgavsad,<br />
benqsi ver axerxebs, amoicnos is sirTuleebi, romelic asocirdeba<br />
identobis cnebasTan TavisTavad <strong>da</strong> Tu raoden Znelia identobis<br />
(identobaTa) <strong>da</strong>kavSireba demokratiis TeoriasTan. amis gamo, amerikuli<br />
sazogadoebis kapitalisturi bunebis miseuli kritika ufro mkiTxvelis<br />
grZnobebisadmi <strong>da</strong> ara gonebisadmia mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,<br />
zerelea. <strong>da</strong>bolos, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad benqsis codnisa <strong>da</strong> keTili miznebisa,<br />
moqalaqeobis sirTuleebisa <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizmTan kavSirebis miseuli<br />
analizi ver axerxebs multikulturul sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebisa <strong>da</strong> dilemebis gaSuqebas.<br />
cxadia, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s zemoT Camoyalibebuli gansxvavebuli<br />
miznebi, Teoriul, epistemologiur <strong>da</strong> politikur sxva perspeqtivaTa<br />
mravalferovnebasTan erTad (romlebic aSuqeben multikulturalizms,<br />
rogorc socialur moZraobasa <strong>da</strong> multikulturul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s), qmnian<br />
memarcxeneTa <strong>da</strong> memarjveneTagan reagirebaTa simravles, tradiciuli<br />
liberalizmis <strong>da</strong> kritikaTa mimarT, romelsac momdevno qveTavebSi Sevexebi.<br />
liberaluri kritika<br />
`mgznebare indiferentuloba” moiTxovs ufro mets, vidre aRiarebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTkritikuli tendenciurobaa. iZulebuli varT, veZeboT perspeqtiva im<br />
Tvalsazrisebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic SeuZlebelia winaswar cnobili iyos <strong>da</strong><br />
romelic gvpirdeba raRac sakmaod eqstraordinaruls, anu codnas,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia Seqmnas dominirebis RerZebiT naklebad organizebuli<br />
samyaroebi.<br />
– dona harauei, a<strong>da</strong>mianis msgavsi maimunebi, kiborgebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi<br />
liberalizmi <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s moZraobis suli <strong>da</strong> gulia <strong>da</strong><br />
zogjer aRwerilia, rogorc multikulturuli ganaTlebis sayrdeni<br />
ideologia. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, liberalma mkvlevrebma gamoTqves seriozuli<br />
244
kritika, maTi azriT, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s yvelaze radikaluri<br />
liberaluri mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadi problema aRweril iqna<br />
artur Slezingeris (1991) evropis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi imis winaaRmdeg, rasac igi<br />
aRiqvams <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> `eTnikuri~ ideologiebis Seuracxyofad:<br />
rac ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos evropis <strong>da</strong>naSauli, es kontinenti aris aseve wyaro –<br />
unikaluri wyaro – im ganmaTavisuflebeli ideebisa individualuri<br />
Tavisuflebis, politikuri demokratiis, kanonis mmarTvelobis, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seadgens<br />
Cvens yvelaze Zvirfas memkvidreobas <strong>da</strong> romliskenac dResdReobiT<br />
iswrafvis msoflios udidesi nawili. es gaxlavT evropuli ideebi, ara<br />
aziuri, arc afrikuli, arc axlo aRmosavluri ideebi (Tumca SeiZleba<br />
gaTavisebuli iyos maT mier). (76)<br />
Slezingeri (1991) SiSobs, rom multikulturalizmma SeiZleba<br />
amerikuli kultura araTanamimdevrulobasa <strong>da</strong> qaosSi CaZiros. Slezingeri<br />
SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tu debatis emociuri<br />
mimarTuleba, <strong>da</strong> ufro mniSvnelovnelovani, kulturis sakiTxebze kamaTi<br />
rogor asustebs zogadi (<strong>da</strong>savluri) kulturis (<strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me zogadi<br />
kanonis) avtoritets; zians ayenebs kulturuli kavSirebis simyares, rac<br />
ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>Zabulia TiToeuli kulturis Cveuli konfliqtebiT; qmnis<br />
fragmentirebul kulturas, romelic savsea getoebiT, tomebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
anklavebiT, rac Tavs gvaxvevs garkveul kulturuli <strong>da</strong> lingvisturi<br />
`aparteidis~ cnebas; <strong>da</strong> Sedegad, Zlier azianebs amerikuli kulturis<br />
erTgvarobas <strong>da</strong> originalobas: `kavSirebi Cvens sazogadoebaSi sakmaod<br />
aramyaria, an me meCveneba, rom azri ara aqvs maT <strong>da</strong>Zabvas kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
lingvisturi aparteidis xelSewyobiT <strong>da</strong> qeba-didebis SesxmiT~ (137-138).<br />
amiT, Slezingeri (1990) amtkicebs, rom eTnikuri kvlevebi aris amerikuli<br />
interesebis sawinaaRmdego, radgan bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, isini xels uwyobs<br />
mosaxleobis kulturul balkanizacias (A14).<br />
amerikul akademiaSi liberaluri azrovnebis mTavari moTamaSe,<br />
jerald grafi (1992) ar eTanxmeba Slezingers. piriqiT, grafi iWers<br />
multikulturalist <strong>da</strong> feminist kritikosTa umetesobis mxares, romlebic<br />
amtkiceben, rom es <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebi, winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> kamaTi arsebobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>vod arsebob<strong>da</strong> manamde, sanam romelime moZraoba<br />
miaqcev<strong>da</strong> maT yuradRebas. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom `am jgufTa kamaTi<br />
eTanxmeba ara saerTo kulturuli gamocdilebis ideas, aramed am ideis,<br />
rogorc uTanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> usamarTlobis sababad gamoyenebas~ (46).<br />
rogorc grafis wignis qvesaTauri asaxavs, `kulturuli omebis~ farglebs<br />
gareT gasvla gviCvenebs imas, Tu `rogor SeiZleba gamoacocxlos<br />
amerikuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong> konfliqtebis swavlebam.~<br />
245
aRsaniSnavia, rom grafi Zalian SeSfoTebulia ganaTlebis<br />
politizirebiT. igi miiCnevs, rom tradiciuli analitikur filosofiuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, rac mouwodebs profesorebs sakuTari politikuri<br />
Sexedulebebis klasis gareT <strong>da</strong>tovebas, usargebloa, <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa<br />
metismetad gamartivebulic, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, igi SeSfoTebas<br />
gamoTqvams iseT lozungebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rogoricaa `yvelanairi<br />
swavleba politikuria~, arapir<strong>da</strong>piri, Tu cxadi ara, miniSneba kulturis<br />
muSakTa analizze, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia kritikul pe<strong>da</strong>gogikasTan.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
igive exeba naSromTa mzard moculobas, romelic moiTxovs opoziciur<br />
kurikulums, transformaciul saganmanaTleblo praqtikas, `CagrulTa<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas.~ es radikaluri saganmanaTleblo naSromi ganuwyvetlad<br />
svams kiTxvas, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> moviqceT im maswavleblebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
moswavleebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romlebsac ar surs radikalizeba. (grafi,<br />
1992:169).<br />
msgavs wuxils vxvdebiT, roca igi ikvlevs kulturuli kvlevebis<br />
programebis” mzard popularobas, rac faqtiurad ara mxolod martivi<br />
konceptia, romelic iZleva disciplinebis <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis <strong>da</strong> integrirebis<br />
saSualebas, aramed <strong>da</strong>rgi, romelic<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> memarcxeneTa kvlevebis evfemizmi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kulturis<br />
kvlevebi, Cemi azriT, warmoadgens gamaerTianebel cnebas disciplinebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> integrirebisaTvis, mas TiTqmis ar SeuZlia am miznis<br />
Sesruleba – <strong>da</strong> igi, u<strong>da</strong>vod, ver asrulebs Tavis demokratiul<br />
pretenziebs – Tu igi gamoricxavs Tavisi orbiti<strong>da</strong>n yvelas, vinc jer ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>Tanxmebula memarcxeneul postulatebs kulturis politikuri bunebis<br />
Taobaze. (169)<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, grafisaTvis <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s arsi sworia:<br />
iseTi kurikulumis Sedgenis unaris gaumjobeseba, romelic ar warmoadgens<br />
ucvleli kanonis gamoxatulebas. grafi ironiulad Segvaxsenebs, rom<br />
rodesac mahaTma gandis hkiTxes, Tu ras fiqrob<strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
kulturaze, man upasuxa, rom es kargi idea iyo. afroamerikeli mwerali <strong>da</strong><br />
literaturis kritikosi henri luis geitsi (1992) Segvaxsenebs, rom<br />
arazusti kanonebi paradoqsulia, radgan, rogorc grafi (1992) geitsis<br />
mixedviT amtkicebs:<br />
Tumca, jgufis gamoxatulebis kriteriumi, romelmac legitimuroba<br />
mianiWa amerikul kanons, miCneuli iyo mc<strong>da</strong>rad <strong>da</strong> Seuracxmyofelad,<br />
rodesac igi gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> umciresobis kulturebis gamoxatulebis<br />
246
<strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad. <strong>da</strong> dRes, roca Savkanianebi, mesame msoflios xalxebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvani jgufis gamocdilebas mouxmoben imisaTvis, rom ganacxadon<br />
sakuTari literaturebis didi mniSvneloba, maT ucxadeben sayvedurs<br />
literaturuli Rirebulebis nacvlad politikuri <strong>da</strong> demografiuli<br />
zewolis ganxorcielebis gamo. es gaxlavT klasikuri SemTxveva Cvens<br />
ukan kibis zeviT awevisa, mas mere rac igi Tavad gavakeTeT. (155-156)<br />
grafis argumenti gaxlavT kargad cnobili liberaluri argumenti,<br />
romelic, mogvwons Tu ara, umTavresia multikulturuli ganaTlebis<br />
gavrcelebis xelSewyobaSi. Tumca igi gakritikebul iqna rasis kritikuli<br />
Teoretikosebis ledson-bilingsisa <strong>da</strong> teitis (1995) mier, romlebic<br />
aRniSnaven, rom multikulturuli paradigmi aris `Cafluli liberalur<br />
ideologiaSi, romelic raime radikalur cvlilebas ar sTavazobs<br />
amJamindel mdgomareobas~ (62). grafis (1992) argumenti aris is, rom `Cvenma<br />
sagnebma <strong>da</strong>imsaxures sakuTari gza kurikulumisaken TavianTi RirsebebiT,<br />
magram maTi (masSi xvdebian mxolod politikuri zewoliT) umuSevrobis<br />
SemweobiTa Tu <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT” (156).<br />
aRniSnuli sulac ar aris gasakviri, me Tavad bevrjer gavxdi am<br />
situaciis Semswre amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Cemi akademiuri karieris<br />
manZilze. sakmarisia, aRvweroT ramdenime epizodi: rodesac 1990 wels Ria<br />
saerTaSoriso akademiuri konkursis Semdeg kaliforniis los anJelesis<br />
universitetSi SemomTavazes pozicia (romelic amJamad mikavia), ufrosma<br />
profesorma (amJamad ga<strong>da</strong>mdgarma) kaliforniis universiteti-berkli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom sxva kandi<strong>da</strong>ts (TeTrkanians, konservatiul<br />
profesors niu-iorkis saxelmwifo universiteti<strong>da</strong>n) akl<strong>da</strong> `Sesabamisi<br />
eTnikuroba aRniSnuli TanamdebobisTvis~.<br />
misTvis namdvilad ar hqon<strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba imas, rom kaliforniis los<br />
anJelesis universitetis aspiranturam, romelic meoce saukunis 90-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi fantaziis nebismieri <strong>da</strong>ZabviT Znelad Tu moiazrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
multikulturuli ganaTlebis warmomadgenel institutad,<br />
SemarCia me sxva<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis nacvlad fakultetis xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT<br />
radgan, rogorc miTxres, Cemi dosie, gamoqveynebul naSromTa sia <strong>da</strong><br />
kvleviTi programa yvelaze STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi iyo, xolo Cemi programa ukeT<br />
Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> fakultetis ZiriTadi nawilis programul miznebs.<br />
msgavsi, Tumca sawinaaRmdego incidenti mox<strong>da</strong> oTxi wlis Semdeg,<br />
rodesac fakultetis TanamSromelTa jgufi wamyvan saxelmwifo<br />
universitetSi cdilob<strong>da</strong> Cems ayvanas <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si ufros poziciaze, rasac<br />
uwodebdnen (profesor-maswavlebelTa orazrovani sibrZniT) `varskvlavebis<br />
Ziebas~. rodesac komitetis mier SerCeul kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa siaSi yvelaze zemoT<br />
aRmovCndi, fakultetis TanamSromelma, romelic Cems kandi<strong>da</strong>turas mxars<br />
247
uWer<strong>da</strong>, rogorc aRniSnes, gamoTqva azri, rom sakmaod iRbliani <strong>da</strong>mTxveva<br />
iyo, rom maT am poziciaze SeZles moenaxaT brwyinvale mecnieri, romelsac,<br />
amave dros, SeeZlo gaeumjobesebina maTi monacemebi kompensatorul<br />
diskriminaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am institutSi zogierTma<br />
TanamSromelma (romlebic Cemi megobrebi arian) mirCia maSin (<strong>da</strong> Cveni<br />
azrebi <strong>da</strong>emTxva), rom am garemoebebSi azri ar hqon<strong>da</strong> am Tanamdebobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebas, Tu iarsebeb<strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c simboluri SeniRbuli safrTxe imasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom Cemi <strong>da</strong>niSvna moxdebo<strong>da</strong> ara samecniero <strong>da</strong>msaxurebis<br />
kriteriumis gamo.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am incidentebis gamo arasodes minerviulia,<br />
henri luis geitsis bavSvobis Sesaxeb mravlismetyveli moTxrobis<br />
wakiTxviT, garkveulwilad gaverkvie Cems sakuTar grZnobebSi am<br />
situaciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. SesaniSnav wignSi literaturuli kritikosi<br />
geitsi (1992) gviyveba Tavis bavSvobisdroindel incidents. erTxel dRisiT<br />
kafeteriaSi moulodneli Sexvedris Semdeg, man sakuTar mamas gaocebulma<br />
hkiTxa, Tu ratom uwo<strong>da</strong> misalmebisas mamas `jorji~ batonma uilsonma,<br />
wynarma TeTrkanianma pidmonti<strong>da</strong>n (<strong>da</strong>savleT virjinia), (geitsis mamas ar<br />
erqva jorji). mamam ki upasuxa, rom batoni uilsoni yvela feradkanians<br />
jorjs uwodeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
geitsis mogoneba Wkuis saswavlebelia, radgan igi gviyveba, rom<br />
mamamisTan am saubris Semdeg, `xangrZlivi dumili Camovar<strong>da</strong>. `xdeba xolme~,<br />
rogorc de<strong>da</strong>Cemi ityo<strong>da</strong>. maSinac ki, ase adre, vicodi, rodis xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
xolme ase, rac garRveuli fardis meSveobiT sxva samyaroze wuTier<br />
STabeWdilebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>; samyaroze, romelzec gavlenis moxdena ar<br />
SegveZlo, Tavad ki – zegavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> Cvenze~ (131).<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrebisas mcire epizodebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
viswavle is, rom vinai<strong>da</strong>n rasa aris socialuri konstruqti (amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi formirebis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT)<br />
yovelTvis veqvemdebarebi imas, rac `xdeba xolme~. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, sakuTar<br />
sityvebad viyeneb <strong>da</strong>savleT kaliforniis universitetis iuridiuli<br />
fakultetis iurisprudenciis profesoris, robert s. Cangis sityvebs,<br />
romelic ambob<strong>da</strong>, `iseve rogorc memkvidreobiT maqvs miRebuli<br />
diskriminaciuli memkvidreoba azieli amerikelebis (termini, romelic<br />
SesaZloa Seicvalos <strong>da</strong> mainc asaxos nebismieri feradkanianis<br />
gamocdileba) mimarT, me aseve memkvidreobiT maqvs miRebuli brZolis<br />
memkvidreoba” (1995: 331).<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s liberalur struqturas,<br />
vfiqrob, rom igi saukeTesod aris Sejamebuli grafis (1992) mier, romelic<br />
amtkicebs, rom:<br />
248
iqneb un<strong>da</strong> SevecadoT <strong>da</strong> amerikul kulturaze vifiqroT, rogorc<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xmebs Soris saubarze – Tun<strong>da</strong>c es iyos saubari, romelSi<br />
CarTvac zogierTma Cvenganma am bolo dromde ver SeZlo... [<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze] rogorc am saubris xelovnebaSi mopatiJebaze, romelSic<br />
vswavlobT xmebis garCevas, romelTagan TiToeuli ganpirobebulia<br />
samyaros gansxvavebuli aRqmiT. saRi azris Tanaxmad, ver gavaTanabrebT<br />
msoflios kulturuli memkvidreobis 90 procents, Tu namdvilad gvsurs<br />
msoflios Seswavla... saRi azri (gramSis <strong>da</strong> sxva) Segvaxsenebs, rom Cven<br />
yvelani varT eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi <strong>da</strong> yvelani vawydebiT<br />
eTnikuri Sovinizmis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis problemas. (175)<br />
amgvarad, arsebobs skolebis mowodeba imis Taobaze, rom maT<br />
uzrunvelyon dialogi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tomebSi <strong>da</strong> tomTa Soris <strong>da</strong> arsebobs<br />
kulturul gagebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli kulturuli tolerantobis xelSewyobis<br />
saWiroeba: `gamowveva, romlis winaSec iqneba amerika momaval saukuneSi,<br />
aris sabolood WeSmaritad sazogado kulturis formireba, kulturis,<br />
romelic TanaugrZnobs didi xnis manZilze <strong>da</strong>dumebul feradkanian<br />
kulturebs. Tu uars vityviT amerikaze, rogorc mravali xalxisgan Semdgar<br />
erze, amiT Cven uars vambobT Tavad im eqsperimentze, rasac amerika<br />
warmoadgens~ (176).<br />
Tumca, dialogi varaudobs riskebs, maT Soris dialogis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
<strong>da</strong>, amgvarad, konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>usrulebel gagrZelebas. dialogis gagrZeleba,<br />
garkveul momentSi, gulisxmobs, rom winapirobebi, romlebmac SesaZloa<br />
warmoqmna dialogi, gansxvavdeba – materialurad <strong>da</strong> simbolurad – <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
am dialogSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mosaubreTa mdebareoba ar aris mxolod ubralod<br />
sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli, aramed ierarqiulad gansxvavebulia Zalauflebis,<br />
simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> prestiJis TvalsazrisiT. rasakvirvelia, dialogis aqtis<br />
gageba aseve aris diskursebis araTanazomierebis SesaZleblobisa <strong>da</strong> piradi<br />
interesis potenciur winaaRmdegobebis aRiareba. <strong>da</strong>bolos, Tavad dialogis<br />
SesaZlebloba gulisxmobs imas, rom kulturul gagebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
kulturuli tolerantoba saWiroze metia. aucilebelia, rom aseTi<br />
dialogi, tolerantoba <strong>da</strong> gageba warimarTos SezRudvebis politikuri<br />
ekonomiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis SesaZlelobebis konteqstSi <strong>da</strong> aseve,<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi demokratiis SezRudvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobebis konteqstSi.<br />
saxalxo kulturam, romlis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis, xelaxla aSenebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
pativiscemis imedic aqvs grafs multikulturalistur amerikaSi, romelic<br />
xdeba iseTive transnacionaluri, rogorc axalgazrdebis gemovnebis<br />
`kalifornizacia~, SeiZleba ziani miayenos kritikas, rom ritualizebuli<br />
mimarTva `gansxvavebulobisadmi~ SesaZloa kargavdes Tavis unars –<br />
249
warmoSvas codnis axali formebi, an rom kritikulma poziciam, romlis<br />
klasificirebasac grafi (1992) ase advilad axdens zRvrebze, `SeiZleba<br />
amowura Tavisi strategiuli mniSvneloba, rogorc poziciam, romli<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos Teoriuli msjeloba im antinomiaTa Sesaxeb, romlebmac<br />
warmoSves igi, rogorc Seswavlis obieqti” (192).<br />
grafis argumenti sakmaod sainteresoa, Tumca igi marcxdeba,<br />
upirvelesad imitom, rom kritikuli kvlevebi aRar aris saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa zRvarze amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, rom maTi<br />
wvlili sakmao gavlenas axdens saganmanaTleblo intervenciebis mraval<br />
arenaze – magaliTad, ufro cxa<strong>da</strong>d maswavleblebis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si, vidre<br />
politikis SemuSavebaSi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa SigniT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, Tu yvelaze<br />
uares SemTxvevaSi kritikuli argumentacia Tmobs Tavis poziciebs, rogorc<br />
grafi gulisxmobs, an saukeTeso ASemTxvevaSi aRwevs Tavis maqsimums, ar<br />
arsebobs imis mizezi, rom <strong>da</strong>vijeroT, rom politikuri debatebi<br />
gagrZeldeba tradiciuli ganxeTqilebebiT Semofargluli, an rom<br />
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis, saTemo organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela tipis institutebis<br />
politikuri aqtivizmi SeiZleba moeqces istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis sistemaSi,<br />
rac wamoayena fukuiamam (1992). arc imis miniSneba arsebobs, rom<br />
sazogadoebriv moZraobaTa politikuri narativebi un<strong>da</strong> asrulebdnen<br />
logikis, tolerantobisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli wvdomis imave wesebs, rasac<br />
moiTxovs grafi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi hipoTezisa, rom `konfliqtebis swavlebam SeiZleba<br />
gamoacocxlos amerikuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>~, grafi, rogorc Cans, ver acnobierebs,<br />
rom politikis xelovneba yovelTvis ar mihyveba imave wesebs, rasac<br />
ganaTlebis xelovneba. maSin roca yovlismomcveli mizani <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmuneba saukeTeso argumentis, Teoriuli msjelobis <strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomi<br />
monacemebis gamoyenebiT, politikis yovlismomcveli mizania gamarjveba<br />
yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rasac ar un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendnen<br />
isini. amitom, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Sesaxeb disputi aris disputi<br />
identobis politikis <strong>da</strong> kulturis politikis Sesaxeb, xolo<br />
neokonservatiuli kritika Tavisi gziT viTardeba, TiTqmis rogorc<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s (rogorc sazogadoebrivi moZraobis) winaaRmdeg<br />
kampania.<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc laSqroba: neokonservatiuli<br />
kritika<br />
sistemis yvela nawilSi warmodgenilia profesional reformatorTa didi<br />
raodenoba. maT ufro metad Tanasworoba ainteresebT, vidre<br />
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srulyofileba... brZola sajaro skolisaTvis warimarTeba adgilobriv<br />
doneze, sa<strong>da</strong>c mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> `safuZvlebTan <strong>da</strong>brunebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi~<br />
aliansSi aRmoCndebian konservatiul TeTr saxlTan.<br />
piter brimelou, “Shock Waves from Whoops Roll East”<br />
neokonservatorebi amtkicebdnen, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris<br />
SeTqmuleba dominanturi kulturis normis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> kampania eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis gansaxorcieleblad. memarjvene mecnierebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikosebi, Cveulebriv, politkoreqtulobis Sesaxeb debatebs<br />
ukavSireben imas, rasac Tavad <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s erTgvarovan<br />
programad miiCneven. amis msgavsad, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s sxva mtrebi<br />
kamaToben `<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s kultis~ sawinaaRmdegod, romelsac isini<br />
miiCneven identobis (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikurobebisa Tu specialur interesTa<br />
jgufebis) kulturuli politikis warmomadgenlad. ufro metic,<br />
kritikosebi acxadeben, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s moZraoba gamoxatavs<br />
Zlier `evrofobias~, rac azianebs amerikeli eris erTianobas <strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
kulturas.<br />
rogorc mocemulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis socialuri<br />
mecnierebis kurikulumis neokonservatiul analizSi, liberalur <strong>da</strong><br />
progresul inteleqtualebs brali edebaT amerikuli sazogadoebis<br />
problemebis SeqmnaSi <strong>da</strong> im Sexedulebis CamoyalibebaSi, rom<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> azianebs amerikuli civilizaciis safuZvlebs<br />
specifiuri socialuri jgufis saWiroebebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT:<br />
progresulma <strong>da</strong> axali kursis inteleqtualebma muSaTa klasi miiRes,<br />
rogorc maTi favoriti autsaideri <strong>da</strong>, rogorc vnaxeT herbert kroulis,<br />
jon diuis, Carlz o. birdis <strong>da</strong> v. l. peringtonis SemTxvevaSi, iwonebdnen<br />
demokratiul socializms, rogorc amerikuli cxovrebis Sesrulebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirebis gansaxierebasa <strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi senis gankurnebis saSualebas.<br />
bolo dros, roca socialisturi ocneba gaqra, magram mtruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba kvlav rCeba Cvens civilizaciaSi, Cven mowmeni varT rasis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sqesis (rogorc ZiriTadi autsaideri jgufebis ganmsazRvrelis) xelis<br />
Sewyobisa, romlebic imsaxureben gansakuTrebul <strong>da</strong>xmarebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
waxalisebas. (lerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rotmani, 1995:155)<br />
Jiros (1988) gancxadebiT, kritikosebi Cveulebriv iyeneben<br />
nacionalizmis formas <strong>da</strong> `nacvlad <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s analizisa,<br />
rogorc rTuli, legitimuri <strong>da</strong> saWiro uwyveti molaparakebebisa<br />
umciresobebs Soris asimilaciis winaaRmdeg ... kulturuli gansxvavebis<br />
CarTvaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven naklebad produqtiul <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas, <strong>da</strong> ara uTanxmoebis<br />
gamowvevis <strong>da</strong>masustebel unars” (50).<br />
251
anti<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s moZraobis yvelaze nakleb eqstremaluri<br />
formebi gansxvavebis politikas aRiqvams patriotizmis, nacionalizmis,<br />
erovnuli erTobisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli Rirebulebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul<br />
safrTxed, maSin roca yvelaze eqstremaluri formebi gansxvavebis<br />
politikas aRiqvams amerikeli eris qristianuli Rirebulebebis, an qveynis<br />
umwikvlo TeTrkaniani evropuli rasobrivi memkvidreobis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTul safrTxed (Jiro, 1997).<br />
amgvarad, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s kritika aris axali memarjveneebis<br />
programis nawili. Tu arCevani aris raindi, gamowyobili neokonservatiuli<br />
saxelmwifos brwyinvale abjarSi, rogorc vasabuTebdi meore TavSi,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> gaxlavT misi mosisxle mteri. yvelasaTvis cnobilia,<br />
rom gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasa<br />
efeqtianad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> reiganisa <strong>da</strong> buSis administraciebis mier axali<br />
neokonservatori umravlesobis Sesaqmnelad <strong>da</strong> SesakavSireblad.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si es strategia moicav<strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Znelad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saWreli sakiTxebis mogvarebas. eWvgareSea, rom bevri neokonservatori<br />
`evrocentrulia~ im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini uaryofen, an meoreul<br />
pozicias akuTvneben eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> erovnuli jgufebis (<strong>da</strong> ara dominanturi<br />
TeTrkaniani an evropuli kulturebis) istoriuli <strong>da</strong> simboluri<br />
konstruqciebis legitimurobas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorc vesti (1993a) ase<br />
<strong>da</strong>majereblad amtkicebs, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />
evrocnetrizmTan gaurkvevels xdis am sakiTxis Teoriul <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
interpretacias.<br />
vesti (1993a) Tavisi struqturirebuli <strong>da</strong> gaTviTcnobierebuli stiliT<br />
amtkicebs, rom Cven un<strong>da</strong> gavcdeT multikulturalizmsa <strong>da</strong> evrocentrizmze<br />
kamaTs<br />
radgan es niSnavs, rom Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve eWvi un<strong>da</strong> SevitanoT wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
tradiciebisa Tu sufTa memkvidreobis nebismier cnebaSi, an nebismier<br />
civilizaciasa Tu kulturaSi, romelsac monopolia aqvs Rirsebasa Tu<br />
gaTviTcnobierebulobaSi. Tavad terminebi, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
evrocentrizmi, ar aris analitikuri kategoriebi, isini warmoadgenen<br />
kategoriebs, romelic gaanalizebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes niuansebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, <strong>da</strong> aseve, <strong>da</strong>xvewili<br />
socialuri analiziT. (4)<br />
tradiciuli argumentebi gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong>savluri azrovnebis wyaroebs<br />
evropuli, mamrobiTi sqesis <strong>da</strong> heteroseqsuali moazrovneebis warmoqmnaSi;<br />
maTi ZiriTadi principi aris swrafva kanonikuri teqstebisadmi, rogorc<br />
liberaluri ganaTlebis safuZvlisadmi. albaT mosalodnelia, rom amdeni<br />
sajaro debatis Semdeg, evrocentrizmis Seupovrad <strong>da</strong>umorCilebeli,<br />
252
calmxrivi <strong>da</strong> erTganzomilebiani versiebi, odesRac cnobili rom iyo<br />
neokonservatiul moZraobaSi, <strong>da</strong>Tmobebze wava amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
kulturuli mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Sesaxeb<br />
neokonservatiul poziciebTan mimarTebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
evrocentrizmis miniSnebebi Siga<strong>da</strong>Sig Tavs iCens iseT moZraobebSi,<br />
rogoricaa moZraoba mxolod inglisurad kaliforniaSi. Tumca, es kamaTi,<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c neokonservatorebis SigniT, ar aris zustad gansazRvruli, imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom neokonservatizmi aris mravalferovan jgufTa<br />
arastabiluri amalgama <strong>da</strong> mravalferovan <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxareTa aliansi.<br />
magaliTad, respublikur partiaSi debatebi kaliforniaSi kanonis norma<br />
187-sa <strong>da</strong> 209-s Sesaxeb, romelic aralegal emigrantebs uzRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
komunaluri momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobas, warmoadgens am sakiTxebis<br />
sirTuleebisa <strong>da</strong> neokonservatorTa Soris gansxvavebuli poziciebis<br />
gamomxatvel karg magaliTs.<br />
neokonservatori inteleqtualebi cdilobdnen ganexilaT<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s mniSvnelovneba amerikuli ganaTlebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnikur multikulturalizms upirispirebdnen kulturul pluralizms <strong>da</strong><br />
asabuTebdnen am ukanasknelis upiratesobas pirvelis<br />
(<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s) saSiS tendenciebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. imis miRebiT, rom<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aris `eTnikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
rasobrivi umciresobebis mgrZnobiarobis aRiareba, igi ar un<strong>da</strong> agverios<br />
kulturul pluralizmSi... [e]Tnikuri jgufebi un<strong>da</strong> SenarCundes rogorc<br />
amerikeli eris identificirebadi Semadgenlebi, im unikaluri wvlilis<br />
gamo, romelic maT SeaqvT amerikuli kulturis simdidresa <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalferovnebaSi~ (safrani, 1994:69).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom neokonservatorebi eTanxmebian im mosazrebas, rom<br />
kulturuli pluralizmis cnebebs SeiZleba hqondes rasistuli gaqaneba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini bundovans xdian rasas, kulturas <strong>da</strong> erovnulobas, isini ar<br />
miiCneven kulturul pluralizms (gansxvavebiT multikulturizmisadmi<br />
midgomebis umravlesobisgan) eTnorasobrivad. rogorc uiliam safrani (1994)<br />
ambobs:<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kulturuli pluralizmis momxreebis umetesoba<br />
srulad iRebs `erovnul~ kulturas – Cveulebriv, umravlesobis<br />
kulturas – rogorc upiratess, anu, rogorc kulturas, romelic<br />
intereTnikuri komunikaciis saSualebis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas asrulebs,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> xSirad, tendenciisamebr, kulturulad<br />
izolacionisturia an `separatistuli~. ufro metic,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s bevr momxres sjera, rom maTi umcirosobis<br />
eTnikuri kultura ara mxolod Tanasworia, aramed upiratesic ki aris<br />
umravlesobis eTnikur kulturasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. Tumca kulturuli<br />
253
pluralizmi konservatiulia, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris radikaluri<br />
imaSi, rom igi uaryofs didi xnis Camoyalibebul kulturul tradiciebs,<br />
romlis SenarCunebac surT rogorc dominantur, ise umciresobis<br />
elitebs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, kulturuli pluralizmi SeiZleba<br />
Tanamedroveobis Zala iyos, radgan igi sTavazobs adgils eTnikuri<br />
umciresobis kulturebs, romlebic garkveul SemTxvevebSi, ufro<br />
ganviTarebuli SeiZleba iyos, vidre umravlesobis kultura, maSin roca<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris antimodernuli imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi xazs<br />
usvams kompensatorul diskriminacias <strong>da</strong> askrifciul (<strong>da</strong>msaxurebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulis sapirispirod) <strong>da</strong>qiravebas. (69-70)<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es pozicia gansxvavdeba jeims benqsis (1993, 1997)<br />
argumentisagan, romlis mixedviT, multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong> iswrafvis<br />
ganaTlebis maRali xarisxiT uzrunvelyos yvela moswavle skolebSi, maTi<br />
sqesis, eTnikurobis, rasis, kulturis, socialuri klasis, religiisa, Tu<br />
gansakuTrebulobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>,<br />
rogorc benqsi amtkicebs, eswrafvis skolaSi diskriminaciis<br />
aRmofxvrisaken <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms reformebis moZraobad<br />
gansazRvravs, romelic warmoiSva meoce saukunis 60-iani <strong>da</strong> 70-iani wlebis<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> saprotesto moZraobebisgan; <strong>da</strong> igi Seadgens<br />
saerTaSoriso reformebis moZraobas, romelic cdilobs <strong>da</strong>exmaros<br />
moswavleebsa <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebs `ganiviTaron pozitiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi<br />
rasobrivi, kulturuli, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> lingvisturi mravalferovnebisadmi~<br />
(benqsi, 1993:3).<br />
ar aris gasakviri, rom neokonservatiuli xedviT, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong><br />
erTiani moZraobaa. es Sexeduleba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s, rogorc kulturuli mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri programebis gamoxatulebis <strong>da</strong> organizaciasa <strong>da</strong> struqturul<br />
urTierTobebs Soris alternatiuli Sexedulebebis konfrontaciis arenis<br />
tipiuri liberaluri analizisgan, kerZod, rasis, eTnikurobis, kulturis,<br />
klasisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis dinamikaze amerikul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si. amgvarad,<br />
neokonservatorTaTvis, eTnorasobrivi <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> (anu,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Sexeduleba, romelic eyrdnoba eTnikurobis, rasis,<br />
kulturisa <strong>da</strong> erovnebis socialuri konstruqtis cnebebs) aris<br />
antimodernuli, radgan igi amaxinjebs meritokratias <strong>da</strong> sadiplomo<br />
diskriminacias <strong>da</strong> ganacxadebs Tavis pretenziebs askrifciul statusze,<br />
tradiciasa <strong>da</strong> identobis politikaze, <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT.<br />
safranis (1994) SeniSvnebi exmaureba zogad neokonservatiul pretenzias,<br />
romelic wamoayenes lernerma, nagaim <strong>da</strong> rotmanma (1995) imis Taobaze, rom<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> SezRudulia, aklia universalizmi <strong>da</strong> Seadgens<br />
254
akademiasa <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo garemoSi politkoreqtulobis moZraobis<br />
Zalis kidev erT nimuSs:<br />
meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos studenturi amboxebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sauniversiteto ganxeTqilebebi gamudmebiT axden<strong>da</strong> amerikuli<br />
universitetis transformirebas. axali memarjveneebis zr<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong><br />
gavrcelebam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kolejebSi <strong>da</strong> universitetis<br />
kampusebSi, xeli Seuwyo im azris legitimacias, rom yvela amerikul<br />
instituts, maT Soris saganmanaTleblos, mniSvnelovani nakli hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic saWiroeb<strong>da</strong> radikalur cvlilebas. protestis pasuxad<br />
kolegebisa <strong>da</strong> universitetebis mier miRebul iqna mravali politika:<br />
kodeqsebi, romelic xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> studentTa gacilebiT Zlier<br />
TviTgamoxatvas, niSnebis inflacias, tradiciul akademiur<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisaTvis nakleb zrunvas, moTxovnebis gauqmebas, zogadi<br />
ganaTlebis TiTqmis gauqmebas <strong>da</strong> axali departamentebis Seqmnas<br />
SavkanianTa <strong>da</strong>, mogvianebiT, qalTa kvlevisaTvis. es zomebi uSveb<strong>da</strong> imas,<br />
rom Tu universitetebi gaauqmebdnen moTxovnebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>blebdnen<br />
Sefasebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs, <strong>da</strong>wyebiT <strong>da</strong> saSualo skolebsac, SesaZloa, maTi<br />
magaliTisaTvis miebaZaT. <strong>da</strong> asec mox<strong>da</strong>. (safrani, 1994:44)<br />
multkulturalizmi aseve aRiqmeba, rogorc qalTa moZraobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
feminizmis ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli Zalis gamoxatuleba skolebSi saerTo<br />
kurikulumis <strong>da</strong>zianebis TvalsazrisiT, magram umTavresad igi aRiqmeba,<br />
rogorc swored ganaTlebis xarisxis <strong>da</strong>mangreveli. lerneris, nagais <strong>da</strong><br />
rotmanis (1995) empiriuli kvleva am sakiTxze, tipiuri neokonservatiuli<br />
midgomis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n askvnis, rom:<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebi xSirad icvleba. maikl kirsti sakuTari, rogorc<br />
kaliforniis ganaTlebis saxelmwifo saskolo sabWos wevris<br />
gamocdilebis aRwerisas, romelsac sur<strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvaneloebis donis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>, gadmogvcems, rom 1980 wlisaTvis arcerT gamomcemels ar hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
wigni, romelic asaxav<strong>da</strong>, rogorc maRal akademiur stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs, ise<br />
akmayofileb<strong>da</strong> feministur kriteriumebs: Zveli saxelmZRvaneloebi<br />
seqsisturi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, maSin roca ufro axali wignebi absur<strong>da</strong>mde<br />
gamartivebuli iyo. (43)<br />
neokonservatorebisTvis, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s xelSewyobaze<br />
pasuxismgebeli jgufebi igive skolis maswavleblebi arian, romlebic<br />
ukiduresad proaqtiuri gaxdnen amerikul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> ver zRu<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
sakuTar qmedebebs. rogorc lerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rotmani (1995) asabuTeben:<br />
`sakiTxebi, romelsac vikvlevT, im <strong>da</strong>sabuTebasTan erTad, romelsac<br />
moviZiebT, migviTiTebs udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtoris arsebobaze amerikis<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo kulturis formirebaSi: esaa eris pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa<br />
255
TvalTaxedva <strong>da</strong> mrwamsi. amerikelma pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma sakuTar Tavze aiRes didi<br />
Zalaufleba, rac imsaxurebs sajaro ganxilvas.~ (5).<br />
neokonservatorTaTvis, feminizmi namdvilad pasuxismgebelia am<br />
situaciaze:<br />
<strong>da</strong>ian reviCisa <strong>da</strong> Cester i. fin umcrosis (1987) kvlevis monacemebi<br />
gviCvenebs mniSvnelovan feministur gavlenas imaze, Tu ras kiTxuloben<br />
skolis moswavleebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. paradoqsia, magram<br />
amerikelebs sjeraT, rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong> kontroldeba adgilobriv doneze. <strong>da</strong><br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ueWvelad, feministuri cvlilebebis moTxovna ar<br />
wamosula mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi saskolo sabWos wevrebisagan.<br />
(lerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rotmani, 1995:55)<br />
ufro metic, problema aRiqmeba, rogorc `teqnikuri~ istoriuli<br />
problema. anu, istoriaSi ar moipoveba qalebis arsebobis sakmarisi<br />
magaliTebi, radgan istoria umetesad Sedgenili iyo mamakacebis mier<br />
(romlebic iyvnen gmirebi, jariskacebi, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.). am<br />
Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n, neokonservatorebi nanoben, rom politkoreqtulobis<br />
moZraobis ga<strong>da</strong>metebuli ZalauflebiT, maT scades, ga<strong>da</strong>eWraT qalebis<br />
arsebobis nakleboba istoriaSi metismetad gamartivebuli politikuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, rasac lerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rotmani uwodeben `Semavsebel<br />
feminizms~ (filler feminism) <strong>da</strong> ignorirebas ukeTeben istoriaSi mamakacTa<br />
moRvaweobaze istoriul faqtsa Tu simarTles:<br />
Tumca, arsebobs erTi ZiriTadi problema istoriis araseqsisturi<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebis werisas. amerikuli istoriis udidesi nawili<br />
dominirebulia mamakacTa mier, nawilobriv imitom, rom umetes StatebSi<br />
qalebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T ufleba, monawileoba mieRoT xmis micemaSi<br />
federalur arCevnebSi, an Tanamdeboba <strong>da</strong>ekavebinaT meoce saukunemde.<br />
samwuxaroa, Tumca, faqtia. ra un<strong>da</strong> qnas, am SemTxvevaSi, amerikis<br />
istoriis saxelmZRvanelos `araseqsistma~ <strong>da</strong>mwerma? amis pasuxia<br />
`Semavsebeli feminizmi~ – romelic aqcents akeTebs meorexarisxovan<br />
moqmed pirebsa <strong>da</strong> movlenebze, amerikis istoriis stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli panoramis<br />
ZiriTadi pirovnebebisa <strong>da</strong> movlenebis asaxvis srulad SezRudvis gareSe.<br />
(56)<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aRiqmeba, ara mxolod rogorc kampania, aramed<br />
aseve, rogorc samuSao Zalis mravalferovnebis ganviTarebis mcdeloba,<br />
romelic Cans, rogorc politkoreqtulobis moZraobis bolo sazRvari<br />
(linCi, 1995:32).<br />
256
lin<strong>da</strong> Cavesi intensiurad wer<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom moexdina<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s demistifikacia. CavesisaTvis (1994),<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> efuZneba araswor demografiul Sexedulebas, TiTqos<br />
TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeba araTeTrkanian<br />
mosaxleobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. meore, gaurkvevloba arsebobs rasas <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturas Soris gansxvavebaSi: `multikulturalistebi <strong>da</strong>JinebiT iTxoven<br />
rasis <strong>da</strong> eTnikurobis ganxilvas ise, TiTqos isini sinonimuri iyos<br />
kulturasTan~ (26). <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s ZiriTadi varaudi – rac sruliad<br />
uaryofilia neokonservatorebis mier, Cavesis msgavsad – aris is, rom ar<br />
arsebobs saerTo amerikuli kultura. faqtiurad, igi am kulturis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSnad xe<strong>da</strong>vs unars, moicvas bevri erTmaneTisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli jgufi <strong>da</strong> Seqmnas axali mTlianoba calkeuli nawilebisgan.<br />
CavesisaTvis, es kultura gamodga ise mZlavri, rom emigrantebis mravali<br />
talRa, romelic movi<strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, Seewyo <strong>da</strong><br />
asimilir<strong>da</strong> ise, rom isini (emigrantebi) meore Tu mesame TaobaSi TavianT<br />
mSobliur enas (an Tun<strong>da</strong>c masTan myar kavSirebs) ukve aRar inarCuneben:<br />
`ironiulia, rom multikulturalistebis aqcenti <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze asustebs<br />
maT arguments, rom kultura ganucalkevebelia rasisa Tu erovnuli<br />
warmomavlobisgan... [m]aT, rogorc Cans, sjeraT, rom multikulturuli<br />
indoqtrinaciis Zlieri dozis gareSe, emigrantebi ver gauweven<br />
winaaRmdegobas~ amerikul kulturasTan asimilacias” (30).<br />
zogierTi multikulturalistisaTvis, maTi strategiebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saboloo Sedegis gamo, amerikis gaTiSva-gancalkevebis <strong>da</strong>bralebasTan<br />
erTad Cavess sjera, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> ar warmoadgens avtonomiur<br />
pirvelad partiul moZraobas. piriqiT, igi `Seiqmna, ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> samTavrobo politikis meSveobiT~ (32). anu, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong><br />
warmoadgens socialur faseulobebze orientirebuli saxelmwifos kidev<br />
erT warmonaqmns, an, Tanamdev produqts mainc, <strong>da</strong> demokratiul partiaSi<br />
liberalizmis gamovlenas. igi araorazrovnad acxadebs, rom `advilia<br />
brali <strong>da</strong>vdoT ideologebsa <strong>da</strong> radikalebs, romlebic amerikas gaTiSvisken<br />
ubiZgeben, rom gamoviyenoT artur Slezingeris fraza, magram realuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebi arian isini, vinc multikulturalists uzrunvelyofen fuliT<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelmisawvdomobiT, rom maT Tavisi saerTo saqme gaitanon~ (32).<br />
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifos `<strong>da</strong>yavi <strong>da</strong> ibatone~ strategiis<br />
nawilad rasis gamoyeneba ar yofila SeumCneveli. multilingvur,<br />
multieTnikur <strong>da</strong> multikulturul sazogadoebebSi (rogoricaa amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi) kurikulumebis sirTuleTa gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
neokonservatorebi raRac momentSi un<strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebuliyvnen, rom gmirebis,<br />
dResaswaulebisa <strong>da</strong> eTnikur umciresobaTa miRwevebis Sesaxeb swavleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedebs eTnikur siamayeze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
257
multikulturalizmze <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli kurikulumis xelis Sewyobaze<br />
debati, neokonservatorTa TvalsazrisiT (safrani, 1994), sruliad<br />
angarebiani <strong>da</strong> oportunistulia:<br />
am politikam SeiZleba samuSaoTi uzrunvelyos eTnikuri umciresobis<br />
inteleqtualebi <strong>da</strong> administratorebi; TavianTi poziciebis<br />
gasamarTleblad – <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobis axali biurokratiis<br />
SesanarCuneblad – isini SeiZleba cdilobdnen sakmaod didi raodenobis<br />
klienturis mizidvas umciresi saerTo maxasiaTeblis apelirebiT,<br />
magaliTad, kursebis SeTavazebiT Cikano samzareulosa <strong>da</strong> cekvaSi (jer<br />
kidev SemorCenili, an nostalgiuri eTnikuroba) <strong>da</strong> socioekonomikur<br />
problemebis Sesaxeb qalaqis espanurenovan kvartalSi (Cagvris kvleva) <strong>da</strong><br />
ara espanur enasa <strong>da</strong> literaturaSi. taqtikuri mokavSireebis<br />
mosapoveblad, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s momwodeblebi xSirad saerTo<br />
saqmisTvis erTiandebian araeTnikur multikulturalistebTan <strong>da</strong> eTnikur<br />
kulturaze kursebis Serevas axdenen kursebTan genderul (magaliTad,<br />
feministur) kulturaze <strong>da</strong> alternatiuli cxovrebis stilis kulturaze.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es midgomebi iswrafvis umravlesobis kulturis<br />
dominanturobis moSlisaken, isini, saboloo jamSi, sapirispiro Sedegis<br />
momtania eTnikuri umciresobisaTvis, radgan maT SeiZleba erTmaneTi<br />
gaabaTilon <strong>da</strong> xeli SuSalon misi kulturis sicxadesa <strong>da</strong> prestiJs. (69-<br />
70)<br />
kulturis `siwmindisa~ <strong>da</strong> `prestiJis~ <strong>da</strong>kargvaze, an misi socialur<br />
qmediTobis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebaze CivilTan erTad, neokonservatorTa<br />
multikulturuli strategia xazs usvams gansxvavebebs <strong>da</strong> iRebs<br />
mravalferovnebis cnebas, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es gansxvavebuli kulturuli<br />
jgufebi Tanxmdebian, rom moaxdinon TavianTi identobebis formireba,<br />
misaReb normebTan mimarTebaSi. es normebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros zemdgom<br />
kulturad, <strong>da</strong>dgenili kulturuli gaTviTcnobierebulobis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
an misaReb <strong>da</strong> rekomendebul politikur enTuziazmad <strong>da</strong> qcevad, rogoricaa<br />
patriotizmi. kulturul SetakebebSi tolerantobaze liberaluri<br />
instruqciebis gamoyenebiT, pragmatikosi/utilitaristi neokonservatorebi<br />
(gansxvavebiT doqtrineri neokonservatorebisgan), amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi kulturaTa oms gansazRvraven, rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebulobis Semqmnels erTgvarovani identobebis konstruirebaSi,<br />
Tuki ar avirCevT erTaderT gzas kulturuli brZolis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
qaosis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad: <strong>da</strong>vadgenT myar principebs an safuZvels imisa,<br />
rac TiToeulma kultura SeiZleba gamoiyenos erovnul konteqstSi.<br />
neokonservatiuli argumenti <strong>da</strong>debiTad aRiqvams Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTdestruqciul brZolas umciresobaTa jgufebSi. <strong>da</strong>debiTad aRiqvams<br />
258
aseve, monoliTuri, specifiuri kulturuli identobebis Seqmnis nebismier<br />
mcdelobas. tokvilis yvelaze konservatiuli Sexedulebebis gamoyenebiT,<br />
neokonservatorebi wuxils gamoTqvamen kulturaSi siwmindis <strong>da</strong>kargvis <strong>da</strong><br />
im faqtis gamo, rom sayrdenebi aRar aris SemorCenili:<br />
aristokratur sazogadoebebSi, mmarTveli klasi – is, romelic tons<br />
aZlevs <strong>da</strong> wamyvania saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi, xalxze maRlaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>yenebuli <strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavze didi Sexeduleba aqvs. es Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
maTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli pativi ganswavlul a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aiZulebs iswavlon<br />
sakuTari TavisaTvis – rasac tokvili uwodebs `WeSmaritebis<br />
grandiozul, TiTqmis RvTiur siyvaruls.~ (lerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rotmani,<br />
1995:462)<br />
neokonservatorebi asabuTebdnen, rom dResdReobiT amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, pe<strong>da</strong>gogis profesias (romelSic didi gavlena aqvs liberalur <strong>da</strong><br />
egalitarul ideologiebs) aRebuli aqvs <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli pozicia<br />
amerikuli wesis mimarT. amave dros, qveyanas aklia garkveuli saSualebebi,<br />
rac, tokvilis momxreebis mosazrebiT, aicileb<strong>da</strong> demokratiis defeqtebis<br />
gavrcelebas. amgvarad, `istoriis swavleba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, skolis<br />
istoriis teqstebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro metad dominirebulia<br />
radikali egalitaristebis mier. amerikul sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> kulturaSi<br />
Tanamedrove cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es, savaraudod, ar Seicvleba<br />
axlo momavalSi~ (lerneri, nagai <strong>da</strong> rotmani, 1995:157).<br />
Tumca, neokonservatiuli kritikis bolodroindelma interpretaciam<br />
Secvala diskursis Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> asabuTebs (neokonservatoruli pragmatuli<br />
perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n), rom problema aRar arsebobs, radgan, rogorc naTan<br />
gleizeris (1997) axali wignis saTauri garkveviT ambobs, `Cven axla yvelani<br />
multikulturalistebi varT.~ <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, Cans, rom neokonservatoruli<br />
laSqroba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s winaaRmdeg aris fuWi mcdeloba, xolo<br />
sistemuri kooptacia SeiZleba srulad ganviTardes. rodesac koncefcia<br />
safrTxis Semcvelia, an miuTiTebs saSiS mimarTulebebze, romelis<br />
gamowvevac zogierTma a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeiZleba scados, arsebobs ramdenime<br />
strategia, romelic sjobia kooptacias <strong>da</strong> arCevanis ZiriTad diskursSi<br />
CarTvas.<br />
naTan gleizeri iwyebs im varaudiT, rom kulturuli aRiarebisaTvis<br />
istoriuli biZgis Semdeg, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> sakmaod miRebulia. ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, kulturuli mravalferovnebis cnebis miRebis energiuli cdiT,<br />
gleizeri (1997) acxadebs, rom `Savkaniani moswavleebi warmoadgenen am<br />
sakiTxis arss~ (9). misi argumenti Semdegia<br />
259
odesac vambob, rom multikulturalizmma gaimarjva, <strong>da</strong> rom `Cven axla<br />
yvelani multikulturalistebi varT~, vgulisxmob, rom Cven yvelani<br />
axla keTilganwyobiT vxvdebiT amerikis istoriaSi, socialur<br />
mecnierebebSi <strong>da</strong> skolis literaturis gakveTilebze umciresobebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis rolisadmi gamomJRavnebul Zlier yuradRebas. is mcirericxovani<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ki, visac surs, rom amerikuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong>ubrundes im<br />
periods, romelSic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva subkulturebi ignorirebuli iyo, <strong>da</strong><br />
romelSic amerika warmodgenili iyo, rogorc civilizaciis piki <strong>da</strong><br />
saboloo produqti, savaraudod, ver miaRweven progress skolebSi. (14)<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, gleizeris azriT, amerikis ideam srul warmatebas<br />
miaRwia. igi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebelia, <strong>da</strong>marwmuneblad (Tumca nostalgiuri<br />
toniT) acxadebs:<br />
me xazs vusvam, rom ver avicilebT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n im fazas, romelSic amJamad<br />
amerikuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba imyofeba, imas, rom saukuneebis<br />
manZilze vawydebiT amerikuli rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri gansxvavebis<br />
sakiTxebs. es ar gaxlavT faza, romlis miRebac gulwrfelad SegviZlia,<br />
<strong>da</strong> imedi maqvs, rom Cemi sakuTari sinanulis SegrZneba, rom aqamde<br />
movediT, miaRwevs mkiTxvelamde. (21).<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, skolis kurikulumSi <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
ganxorcielebis sirTule mdgomareobs detalebSi. gleizeri (1997) askvnis,<br />
rom mas Semdeg, rac diskusiaTa emociuri Sinaarsi sruldeba, bolos,<br />
ganaTlebis garkveuli miznebisaken iswrafian, rogorc<br />
multikulturalistebi, ise maTi oponentebi. es moicavs `yvela<br />
jgufebisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRwevas, samoqalaqo harmoniis<br />
kriteriums, im amocanaTa SesrulebaSi kompetencias, romelic ZiriTadia<br />
ekonomikuri produqtiulobisaTvis. yvela es moiTxovs sxva Tvisebebs,<br />
rogoricaa wesiereba, pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong> komunikaciis unari~ (83).<br />
SeiZleba ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmon am saqeb miznebs, <strong>da</strong> mainc, gleizeris<br />
pragmatuli neokonservatizmi saWiroebs Semdgom <strong>da</strong>xvewas, raTa srulad<br />
misaRebi iyos multikulturalisturi moZraobis umetesi liberaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
radikaluri fraqciebis mier. am analizis principi is aris, rom moZraoba,<br />
romelic adre kulturuli pluralizmis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili, axla<br />
iwodeba multikulturalizmad. es, politikuri, eTikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
epistemologiuri perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, ubralod iluziaa (gleizeri, 1997:97).<br />
axla saqme imaSi ki ar aris, rom identobis politikas mivyavarT aRiarebis<br />
politikamde, aramed is, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba<br />
gansxvavebisadmi tolerantobasa <strong>da</strong> identobis politikis miRebas Soris,<br />
socialuri Zalauflebis struqturaSi (klasis, sqesisa <strong>da</strong> rasis<br />
TvalsazrisiT) cvlilebebis mzardi moTxovnebis CaTvliT socialur<br />
260
moZraobaTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n, raTa mxedvelobaSi iyos miRebuli feministuri<br />
moZraobis, subalterni sivrceebisa Tu rasis kritikuli Teoriebis<br />
moTxovnebi, rogorc ganvixile meoTxe TavSi.<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebis gul<strong>da</strong>smiTi Seswavla <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si gvexmareba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>vadginoT <strong>da</strong> gavakritikoT neokonservator inteleqtualTa mier<br />
gaziarebuli poziciebis safrTxeebi <strong>da</strong> analitikuri Seusabamoba. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa imis <strong>da</strong>naxvisaTvis, Tu rogor aRiqmeba<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> neokonservatorTa mier separatistul<br />
moZraobad, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebis socialur qsovils azianebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro sasargebloa am argumentis Se<strong>da</strong>reba memarcxeneTa (romelsac<br />
qvemoT moviyvan) <strong>da</strong> rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenelTa<br />
argumentebTan, romelic, piriqiT, dominant liberalur<br />
multikulturalistur moZraobas aRiqvamen TeTri konservatiuli<br />
warmomadgenlobis sasargeblod momuSaved.<br />
neokonservatiuli argumentis am susti aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
naTelia, Tu rogor xe<strong>da</strong>ven neokonservatorebi kulturul pluralizms,<br />
romelic multikulturuli sazogadoebebis resursebs iyenebs, Tumca<br />
individTa SerCevas axorcielebs miRwevisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis mixedviT. saero <strong>da</strong><br />
zomier neokonservatorebSi, neoliberalTa msgavsad, gasaocaria is<br />
garemoeba, rom isini iwoneben Tavisufal vaWrobas <strong>da</strong> kulturebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikebis globalizacias uWeren mxars, radgan globalizacia<br />
aumjobesebs kapitalis mobilobas. magram, maTTvis samwuxarod,<br />
globalizacia – rogor ganvmarte mesame TavSi – aseve zrdis Sromis<br />
mobilobas. amgvarad, paradoqsulia, rom isini aRSfoTebuli arian<br />
emigraciasa <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizmze, rac ekonomikaTa globalizaciis<br />
xelSewyobis sakiTxis meore mxarea. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, globalizacia u<strong>da</strong>vod ar<br />
niSnavs globalurad moazrovneobas. ufro metic, qristiani<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> neokonservatizmis SigniT arsebuli sxva<br />
eqstremaluri konservatiuli fraqciebisaTvis, globalizacia yovelTvis ar<br />
aris sasurveli procesi – rac kidev erTi gamoxatulebaa<br />
winaaRmdegobebisa, romelic arsebobs neokonservatiul moZraobis SigniT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc seleqtiuri<br />
socialuri mobilobis saSualeba, SeuZlebelia Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes acilebuli<br />
neokonservatiuli saxelmwifos logikaSi. neokonservatorTaTvis,<br />
multikulturalizmze debatis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ar SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>rCes bazris<br />
logikis farglebSi. neokonservatorebi iswrafvian fuZemdebluri codnis<br />
SemuSavebisaken, oficialuri codnisaken, romlis zemoqmedebis qveSac un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos yvela kultura, raTa moxdes maTi kulturuli wvdomis formireba,<br />
Tumca, amave dros, un<strong>da</strong> SenarCundes maTi folkloruli xasiaTi.<br />
261
Tumca, rogorc erTma kritikosma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, codnis TiToeuli<br />
definicia warmoadgens konfliqtis safuZvels `kulturasa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebas<br />
Soris urTierTobebis Taobaze, klasis, rasis, sqesisa <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT~ (efli, 1993a:5). neokonservatorTaTvis, individualuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong> arCevani warmoadgens safuZvels kulturul<br />
saqmianobaSi dinamiur bazrebze.<br />
Tumca, arsebobs mniSvnelovani uxerxuloba: Tu bazari rCeba<br />
gaukontrolebeli <strong>da</strong> intensiuri debati warmoiSoba kulturis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
scenarebSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaTa moralurma Tav<strong>da</strong>debam SeiZleba<br />
sabolood Camoayalibos individualuri pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong> arCevani.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n neokonservatorebma gamoiyenes rasis politika, rogorc<br />
efeqtiani saSualeba dezintegraciisa <strong>da</strong> fragmentaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>yavi <strong>da</strong> ibatones politika amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikaSi,<br />
`gansxvavebulobis~ cneba gamoyenebuli iyo, rogorc jokeri<br />
neokonservatiuli politikis warumateblobis ga<strong>da</strong>sabraleblad naklebad<br />
mZlavri TemebisaTvis. multikulturaluri moZraobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fraqciebs<br />
Soris fragmentacia <strong>da</strong> konfliqti misaRebia <strong>da</strong> waxalisebulic ki aris<br />
neokonservatiul wreebSi; xolo multirasobrivi koaliciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> radikaluri demokratiisaTvis socialuri moZraobebi ki<br />
– ara. 7 neokonservatorTa mier gavleniani multikulturalistebi<br />
separatistad SeiZleba iyvnen miCneuli.<br />
ufro metic, winaaRmdegoba arsebobs establiSmentis bevr nawilSi,<br />
rogorc aRniSnulia terstromisa <strong>da</strong> terstromis (1997) naSromSi, Tu<br />
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom rasobrivi segregacia kvlav arsebobs<br />
skolebSi, rom dominireba <strong>da</strong> Cagvra farTod gavrcelebulia amerikul<br />
sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>, arsebiTad, skolebSi, <strong>da</strong> rom dominireba <strong>da</strong> Cagvra<br />
gavlenas axdens ara mxolod Savkanian, aramed aseve didi mravalferovnebis<br />
mqone socialur <strong>da</strong> rasobriv jgufebze.<br />
aqamde Camoyalibebuli diskusia TeTrkanianobaze, romelic mihyveba<br />
Jiros, maklarenisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa analizs, tabu<strong>da</strong>debul Temas warmoadgens<br />
mraval neokonservatiul wreSi. Amis msgavsad, idea, romlis gavrcobac<br />
xdeba, magaliTad, terstromisa <strong>da</strong> terstromis (1997) mier, rom amerika<br />
TeTrsa <strong>da</strong> SavSi erTi <strong>da</strong> ganuyofelia, araferia Tu ara istoriuli<br />
cnobierebis Seqmnis kidev erTi ganxorcieleba, romelic cdilobs, aCvenos<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleba aSendes warmatebuli sazogadoeba imis mxedvelobaSi<br />
miRebis gareSe, rom instituciurma rasizmma ZiriTadi roli Seasrula<br />
amerikuli kapitalizmis SeqmnaSi. terstromisa <strong>da</strong> terstromis (1997)<br />
argumentSi gamorCenilia is faqti, rom demokratiuli eTosi CaiSala<br />
262
kapitalisturi socialuri urTierTobebisa <strong>da</strong> ierarqiebis meSveobiT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, isini, rogorc Cans, ar cnoben, rom sabolood, socialuri<br />
moZraobebi, ara mxolod cdiloben <strong>da</strong>dgenil struqturebSi arsebuli<br />
specifiuri moTxovnebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas (magaliTad, specifiuri eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis aRiarebis politikis, an identobis politikis) <strong>da</strong>, Sedegad,<br />
ubralod zrdian saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobis xarisxs, aramed rom<br />
multikulturalisturi moZraobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fraqciebi kamaToben<br />
radikaluri demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani sistemuri cvlilebisaTvis,<br />
rogorc Camoyalibebulia mexuTe TavSi, demokratiis, rogorc arsis <strong>da</strong><br />
monawileobiTi demokratiis cnebiT. liberaluri pasuxi di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gansxvavebuli ar yofila neokonservatiuli pragmatizmisgan. Tumca,<br />
memarcxeneebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n kritika brals sdebs multikulturalistebs rasis,<br />
klasisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis Serwymasa <strong>da</strong> ganmanaTleblobis wvlilis<br />
ugulebelyofaSi.<br />
klasi, rasa <strong>da</strong> ganmanaTlebloba: kritika memarcxeneTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sauniversiteto praqtikebis farTo speqtris – kurikulumis cvlilebis,<br />
misaRebi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis, finansuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis, stipendiebis miniWebis,<br />
disciplinaruli kodeqsebis, <strong>da</strong>qiravebisa <strong>da</strong> saStato Tanamdebobaze<br />
yofnis, pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvebis, kvlevaze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli drois,<br />
akreditaciis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, <strong>da</strong>vamtkicebdi, rom, zednadebi<br />
xarjebis <strong>da</strong>safari Tanxebis araswori gamoyenebis kvleva – aris<br />
mcdeloba, im filosofiuri <strong>da</strong> instituciuri safuZvlebis<br />
deligitimirebisa, romli<strong>da</strong>nac socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli kritika<br />
tradiciulad modio<strong>da</strong>. es aris konteqsti, romelSic<br />
politkoreqtulobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Sesaxeb debatebis<br />
formireba mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
– joan v. skoti, `<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> identobis politika~<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba kritikis im mravalferovnebis sinTezireba, romelic<br />
memarcxeneebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s ZiriTadi<br />
tendenciebis mimarT, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s moZraobis, rogorc SigniT, ise<br />
mis farglebs gareT. me SevarCie mxolod ramdenime magaliTi, romelic<br />
warmogvidgens mravalferovan poziciebs, romelic im tipis kritikis<br />
ilustrirebas axdens, rasac <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> (rogorc socialuri<br />
moZraoba <strong>da</strong>, rogorc multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>) awydeba axali <strong>da</strong> Zveli<br />
memarcxeneebisgan.<br />
memarcxene pozicii<strong>da</strong>n zogi kritikosi, rogoricaa magaliTad, kameron<br />
makkarti, warmogvidgens <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si rasobrivi uTanasworobis problemis<br />
konservatiuli <strong>da</strong> liberaluri, multikulturuli <strong>da</strong> neomarqsistuli<br />
263
midgomebis kritikul Sefasebas <strong>da</strong> xazs usvams arasinqronul <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
winaaRmdegobriv urTierTobas klass, rasasa <strong>da</strong> sqess Soris (makkarti <strong>da</strong><br />
efli, 1988:9-39). makkarti (1993:289-305) amtkicebs, rom `<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong><br />
ar warmoadgens rasobrivi problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas, Tamamad acxadebs, rom<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi saxelmwifos,<br />
gansxvavebuli rasobrivi umciresobisa <strong>da</strong> umravlesobis jgufebs, <strong>da</strong><br />
politikis inteleqtualebs Soris urTierTobebis garkveul istoriul<br />
garemoebaTa <strong>da</strong>mTxvevis Sedegi, rodesac skolebis Sesaxeb msjeloba<br />
rasobrivad diferencirebuli xdeba” (289).<br />
makkarti acnobierebs, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc socialuri<br />
moZraoba, efuZneba feradkanian a<strong>da</strong>mianTa legitimur survilebs, dominantur<br />
kulturaSi asimilaciis riskebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis Taobaze, <strong>da</strong> amave dros,<br />
cdilobs ga<strong>da</strong>Wras is riskebi, romelsac feradkaniani a<strong>da</strong>mianebi awydebian<br />
diskriminaciis, Cagvris <strong>da</strong> batonobis barierebTan Sexebisas. igi aseve<br />
eTanxmeba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mcvelebis saukeTeso ganzraxvebs <strong>da</strong><br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir exeba kurikulumis rekonstruqcias, rac sakamaTos xdis<br />
oficialur codnas, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs feradkanianTa istorias<br />
<strong>da</strong> simbolur produqcias feradkanianTa mier. makkartisaTvis,<br />
multikulturuli <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, rogorc kurikulumis reforma `un<strong>da</strong><br />
exebodes reprezentaciis sakiTxebs, <strong>da</strong> aseve, materialuri resursebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis araTanabar ganawilebas skolis karebs gareT~ (291).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> Secdomas uSvebs, radgan<br />
zogierTi fraqcia moZraobaSi isev ukan sistemaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> `Sewovili~,<br />
rogorc amas miukerZoeblad acxadebs makkarti (1993): multikulturuli<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi `kompensirebas~ axdenen radikaluri Temebisa,<br />
romelic asocirebulia TeTrkanianTa mier dominirebuli skolis<br />
kurikulumisa <strong>da</strong> skolis sistemis subaltern cvlilebebTan, <strong>da</strong> sanacvlod,<br />
xazs usvamen normatiul ritorikas, romelic iRebs amerikuli<br />
sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> amerikuli cxovrebis wesis farTo struqturul <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul parametrebs <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs (290).<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ZiriTadi multikulturuli tradiciebi eWvqveS ar ayenebs<br />
sazogadoebis kapitalistur organizacias. piriqiT, `es swored `kargi<br />
burJuaziuli~ cxovrebis usafrTxo socialuri mizanmimarTulebaa Raribi<br />
umciresobisaTvis, romlis xelSewyobiskenac saboloo mizniT iswrafvis<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>~ (290).<br />
es kritika msgavsia im kritikisa, romelic wamoyenebul iqna rasis<br />
kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebis ledson-bilingsisa <strong>da</strong> teitis (1995)<br />
mier, romlebic akritikebdnen multikulturalizms, rogorc ukan sistemaSi<br />
264
`Sewovils~ <strong>da</strong> imave defeqtebis mqones, rogoricaa tradiciuli samoqalaqo<br />
uflebaTa kanoni. isini amtkiceben, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s liberaluri<br />
safuZvlebi sa<strong>da</strong>vos ar xdis arsebul socialur wesrigs <strong>da</strong> amdenad, ar<br />
iZleva im socialuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri problemebis radikalur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas, romelic asocirdeba diskriminaciasTan, uTanasworobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspluataciasTan. <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Tanamedrove praqtika (kritika<br />
grZeldeba) amcirebs models trivialur kulturul magaliTebamde,<br />
romelic xels uwyobs pativiscemas <strong>da</strong> tolerantobas; magram cota diskusia<br />
Tu mimdinareobs (Tu saerTod mimdinareobs raime diskusia), romelic<br />
axdens im mzardi <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebis identifikacias, romelic arsebobs<br />
multikulturalisturi afiliaciis mqone sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufebSi <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
Soris. amdenad, ledson bilingsisa <strong>da</strong> teitisaTvis (1995) rCeba ori<br />
problema. pirveli, aris faqti, rom `mudmivad mzardi multikulturuli<br />
paradigma liberalizmis tradiciebs mihyveba – rac gansxvavebis<br />
proliferaciis saSualebas iZleva. samwuxarod, am gansxvavebebs Soris<br />
arsebuli uxerxulobebis garkveva iSviaTad xdeba, ivaraudeba ra<br />
`gansxvavebis mTlianoba~ anu, rom yvela gansxvaveba aris rogorc<br />
analogiuri, ise ekvivalenturi~ (62).<br />
meore, arsebobs paraleluri analogia multikulturalizmsa <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo uflebaTa kanons Soris. rasis kritikuli Teoriis<br />
warmomadgenlebs eWvebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T tradiciul samoqalaqo uflebaTa kanonisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Taobaze, radgan isini sa<strong>da</strong>vos ar xdis<br />
sakuTrebis uflebebs. amgvarad, `samoqalaqo uflebaTa kanonis<br />
pirovnebisadmi upativcemulobis gareSe, rasis kritikuli Teoriis iuristi<br />
mkvlevrebi axdenen im saSualebebis dokumentirebas, romelSic samoqalaqo<br />
uflebaTa kanoni regularulad maxinjdeba TeTrkanianTa sasargeblod. Cven<br />
vamtkicebT, rom amJamindeli multikulturaluri paradigma funqcionirebs<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebaTa kanonis msgavsad~ (ledson-bilingsisa <strong>da</strong> teitis,<br />
1995:62).<br />
am poziciis magaliTebi uamravia. magaliTad, ramdenime wlis win<br />
multikulturalisturi organizacia aRmosavleT los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n, boil<br />
haitsis <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi instituti, <strong>da</strong>finans<strong>da</strong> kerZo filantropiis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> laTino bavSvebisaTvis saganmanaTleblo SesaZlebelobebis<br />
Tanasworobis xelSemwyobTa mier. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom igi aris efeqtiani,<br />
materialurad <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli wamowyeba <strong>da</strong> ramdenime magistranti <strong>da</strong><br />
doqtoranti kaliforniis los anJelesis universiteti<strong>da</strong>n boil haitsSi<br />
moxalised, an TanamSromlad muSaobs. am institutis erT-erTi mizania<br />
mexuTe <strong>da</strong> meeqvse klaselebis unarianobis gazr<strong>da</strong>, raTa maT SeZlon skolis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebisas kaliforniis universitetis sistemis moTxovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofileba, romelic kanonis Tanaxmad, iRebs kaliforniis<br />
265
skola<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulTa 12.5%-s, Tumca kampusis pirveli arCevani ar aris<br />
garantirebuli.<br />
espanurenovan studentTa mSoblebis jgufi instituti<strong>da</strong>n miwveuli iyo<br />
kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetis doqtorantebis mier<br />
koordinirebul Sexvedraze, rac aseve gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> profesormaswavleblebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> instituti<strong>da</strong>n studentTa jgufis xelmZRvanelebis<br />
monawileobas. aSkara iyo im espanurenovani laTinoamerikeli dedebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
martoxela mamebis gaoceba, rolebic eswrebodnen am Sexvedras. Tavis<br />
Sesaval komentarebSi, jgufis warmomadgenelma, moridebulma, magram<br />
sicocxliT savse qalbatonma el salvadori<strong>da</strong>n, gviTxra, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom Tavad iyvnen aRmosavleT los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n (kaliforniis los<br />
anJelesis universiteti mdebareobs los anJelesis <strong>da</strong>savleTiT, samxreT<br />
kaliforniis erT-erT yvelaze uZvires raionSi, <strong>da</strong> amboben, rom am raions<br />
erT sul mosaxleze rols roisebis yvelaze didi koncentracia aqvs<br />
msoflioSi) isini iyvnen ara kriminalebi, aramed patiosani a<strong>da</strong>mianebi.<br />
mSromeli qalis Rirsebis gancxadebis Semdeg, man gviTxra, rom kampusSi<br />
SemosvlisTanave hqon<strong>da</strong> moTxovnileba, <strong>da</strong>ekocna is miwa, romelzec fexs<br />
adgam<strong>da</strong>, magram verasodes ifiqreb<strong>da</strong>, rom misi warmoSobis mqone a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
odesme SeZleb<strong>da</strong> kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetSi moxvedras.<br />
Semdeg man msmelelebs gaando Tavisi sanukvari ocneba: mas Zalian sur<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom mis Svilebs SeZlebo<strong>da</strong>T aseT prestiJul universitetSi swavla, <strong>da</strong><br />
rom, swored es iyo mizezi imisa, rom igi CarTuli gaxl<strong>da</strong>T boil haitsis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiT institutSi.<br />
es saubari, romelic espanur enaze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> imis<br />
analizze, Tu rogor SeuZliaT Rarib, emigrant <strong>da</strong> espanurenovan<br />
laTinoamerikel bavSvebs am universitetSi moxvedra <strong>da</strong> Tu ratom aris<br />
sauniversiteto ganaTlebis miReba mniSvnelovani. erTi studentis de<strong>da</strong><br />
los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n wamodga <strong>da</strong> ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom igi yovelTvis eubneba Tavis<br />
vaJs, rom maT mezobels, romelsac universiteti aqvs <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli, hyavs<br />
araCveulebrivi, axalTaxali wiTeli sportuli manqana. de<strong>da</strong>m SvilTan<br />
saubrisas xazi gausva imas, rom universitetSi swavliT, mas (Svils)<br />
saSualeba eqnebo<strong>da</strong> mieRwia mezoblis xajvis donisaTvis <strong>da</strong> eyi<strong>da</strong> msgavsi<br />
saukeTeso manqana.<br />
aravis Seutania eWvi am varaudSi, maT Soris, arc me. didi xnis<br />
manZilze vfiqrobdi, Tu zogma Cvenganma, romlebic im <strong>da</strong>rbazSi visxediT,<br />
<strong>da</strong> vinc umaRles <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s ar miviCnevT ubralod bileTad `kapitalistur<br />
karg cxovrebaSi~ (Tumca es u<strong>da</strong>vod warmoadgens ZiriTad elements amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi feradkaniani a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mobilobisaTvis, rogorc<br />
266
martin qernoi [1994] a<strong>da</strong>sturebs empiriulad), ratom ar gavxadeT sa<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
misi Sexedulebebi demokratiul saubarSi.<br />
SesaZloa es, ubralod, iyo saxalxo codnis gamoxatuleba <strong>da</strong> imis<br />
SegrZneba, rom profesor-maswavleblebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,<br />
faqtiurad, mmarTvelobiTi kapitalizmis privilegiebiT sargebloben, ramac<br />
SesaZloa xeli SegviSala, sa<strong>da</strong>vo gagvexa<strong>da</strong> misi Sexedulebebi. bolos <strong>da</strong><br />
bolos, ratom uarvyoT mTeli msoflios winaSe, is rac a<strong>da</strong>mians namdvilad<br />
SeuZlia moipovos misaRebi reputaciiTa <strong>da</strong> mudmivi samuSaoTi?<br />
SesaZloa, bevr Cvengans im <strong>da</strong>rbazSi hyav<strong>da</strong> axlaTaxali sportuli<br />
manqana, wiTeli an sxva feris, iseTi, mas rom Tavisi SvilisTvis sur<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong><br />
amdenad, yvelaze gavrcelebuli varaudi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T ara is, rom eWvi<br />
Segvetana kapitalizmSi, rogorc sasaqonlo warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> moxmarebis<br />
sistemaSi, aramed gagvezar<strong>da</strong> Raribebis SesaZlebloba, iseTive yidvis unari<br />
hqono<strong>da</strong>T, rogorc saSualo klass aqvs – rogorc aqvs<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s zogier warmomadgenels, rogorc es makkartis<br />
sjera. SesaZloa arsebob<strong>da</strong> imis molodini, rom universitetSi swavlis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebisas axalTaxali wiTeli manqanis yidvis motivacia mis Svils<br />
(espanurenovan emigrants aRmosavleT los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n) waaxaliseb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
Sesuliyo universitetis sajaro demokratiul sferoSi <strong>da</strong> Sexebo<strong>da</strong><br />
garkveul demokratiul diskurss, romelsac gvjera, rom zogi Cvengani<br />
xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong> romelsac, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, SeuZlia msoflios Secvla.<br />
SesaZloa aravis SeekamaTa am qalbatons, radgan arsebob<strong>da</strong> `simboluri~<br />
socialuri distanciis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>brkoleba universitetis<br />
profesorebsa <strong>da</strong> saxalxo seqtorebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosul a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris, rogorc<br />
freiri (1997a) amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>. es ambavi rom momx<strong>da</strong>riyo laTinur amerikaSi,<br />
savaraudod, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi socialurad <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli seqtorebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iTanamSromlebdnen zogierT universitetis profesorTan saxalxo<br />
ganaTlebis proeqtebSi, rac ar gansxvavdeba im SemTxvevebisgan, roca zogi<br />
Cvengani muSaobs saTemo organizaciebTan didi los anJelesis areSi, <strong>da</strong>,<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, profesor-maswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebs gansxvavebuli saubari<br />
gveqnebo<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, is, romelic <strong>da</strong>eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> azrs, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />
rom isini ar iyvnen Tanasworni (liberaluri ocneba), isini brZolis erTsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> imave procesSi kompanionebi iyvnen.<br />
am pirobebSi, dialogi <strong>da</strong> Ria gacvla SesaZlebelia xelSewyobili<br />
yofiliyo, xolo `simboluri~ distancia <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> im Sexedulebas,<br />
rom akademiuri uflebamosileba, Tumca CarTulia saxalxo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si,<br />
magram ar rCeba urTierTkontrolisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis ganawilebis gareSe<br />
<strong>da</strong> xdeba kidev erTi wyaro demokratiul saubarSi.<br />
267
ogori axsnac ar un<strong>da</strong> hqondes amas, me jer kidev mosvenebas ar<br />
maZlevs mogoneba im wiTeli, axalTaxali sportuli manqanisa, rogorc<br />
multikulturuli saSualebisa, romelic mamrobiTi sqesis<br />
laTinoamerikeli moswavleebis akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebis<br />
stimuls warmoadgens.<br />
makkarti (1993) amtkicebs, rom multikulturalistebi<br />
gansxvavdebian imgvarad, rogorc moZraobis warmomadgenlebs esmiT rasas,<br />
kulturasa <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebas Soris arsebuli kavSirebi. igi gamoyofs<br />
sam ZiriTad tips. pirveli, romelsac igi ukavSirebs relativistur<br />
perspeqtivas, <strong>da</strong>interesebulia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d kulturuli wvdomisa <strong>da</strong><br />
informirebulobis xelSewyobiT. meore, romlis identificirebasac igi<br />
axdens kulturul pluralistur perspeqtivasTan, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aRiqvams<br />
multikulturalizms, rogorc moZraobas, romelic CarTulia kulturuli<br />
kompetenciis gaumjobesebaSi. mesame tipi, romelic wina or tips scdeba,<br />
identificirebulia, rogorc `kulturuli emansipacia~, rac boil haitsis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiTi institutis miznebis msgavsia. igi reformistuli<br />
multikulturuli kurikulumis meSveobiT cdilobs xeli Seuwyos<br />
axalgazrdebis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si warmatebasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur momavals. am<br />
strategiaTa potencialis (Tumca SezRudulis) sargeblobis uaryofis<br />
gareSe, makkarti (1993) mainc kritikulad aRniSnavs, rom: `multikulturul<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs, romlebic xels uwyoben kulturuli emansipaciis ideas,… di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
swamT saganmanaTleblo sistemis mxsneli Tvisebebisa <strong>da</strong> Sromis bazarsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebaze pozitiuri gavlenis moxdenis unarisa” (292).<br />
makkartis ZiriTadi kritika is aris, rom multikulturuli<br />
diskursis zemoaRniSnuli sami tipi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom erTmaneTisagan<br />
aqcentiT gansxvavdebian, mainc udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis tols rasizmis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> aRdgenaSi. swrafva xdeba<br />
ganwyobiseuli <strong>da</strong> kognituri qcevis cvlilebisken, magram makkartisaTvis es<br />
miznebi mainc ver aRwevs imas, rac saWiroa.<br />
makkarti (1993) amtkicebs, rom skolebi, upirveles yovlisa, un<strong>da</strong><br />
konceptualizdes, rogorc Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> kamaTis adgili, romelSic<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rasobriv jgufebs aqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xelmisawvdomoba:<br />
`mniSvnelovanwilad, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi ver axerxeben im<br />
SesaZleblobaTa diferencirebuli struqturis gaTvaliswinebas, romelic<br />
gvexmareba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi urTierTobebis<br />
gansazRvraSi~ (293). meore, igi miuTiTebs, rom rasobrivi urTierTobebis<br />
kodirebisa <strong>da</strong> dekodirebis sirTule Siga<strong>da</strong>Sig iwvevs kognitur <strong>da</strong><br />
ganwyobiseul cvlilebebs, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli sxvebis mimarT mgrZnobiarobis<br />
swavlebi<strong>da</strong>n sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miRebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli, ise, rom isini<br />
268
ganzraxul miznebs ver warmoqmnian. mesame, ganwyobiseul cvlilebebze<br />
fokusireba ar iswrafvis im miznisaken, romelic, makkartisaTvis (1993), un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos aTvlis wertili <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s xelaxal gaazrebaSi:<br />
`amerikuli skolis kurikulumis (rac aSS-s akavSirebs evropasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
`<strong>da</strong>savlur civilizaciasTan~) eTnocentruli safuZvelis diskursis<br />
garkveva~ (294).<br />
imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebiT, rasac uwodebs `kritikul emansipatorul<br />
multikulturalizms~, makkarti (1993, 1998) gvTavazobs am modelis<br />
ganxorcielebis ramdenime gzas. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa amerikuli<br />
skolis kurikulumis evrocentrizmis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlurobis detaluri kritika.<br />
Semdeg, saWiroa moviTxovoT, rogorc skolis kurikulumisaTvis<br />
mravalferovnebis cnebis centraluroba, ise mravalferovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli relacionaluroba. skolis kurikulumi mWidrod aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianur interesebTan <strong>da</strong> asocirdeba araTanabar<br />
socialur urTierTobebTan. amerikuli skolebi, Tumca lokalur<br />
dinamikaSia CarTuli, sargeblobs uTanasworobis globaluri dinamikiT,<br />
rac axasiaTebs mzar<strong>da</strong>d globalizebuli msoflio sistemis<br />
funqcionirebas, romelSic arseboben privilegirebuli aqtorebi <strong>da</strong><br />
romelTac araTanabari urTierTobebi aqvT periferiul erebTan.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> popularul kulturaSi (kerZod, mediaSi)<br />
dominanturi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli jgufebis ideologiuri reprezentaciis<br />
sakiTxis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, amocana, romelic Tavis bolodroindel<br />
wignSi kulturis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebebi (1998) <strong>da</strong>isaxa makkartim – WeSmaritad<br />
multikulturuli kurikulumi SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnas. ideologiuri<br />
reprezentaciis am sakiTxma un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinos mniSvnelovani pirobebi,<br />
rom: (a) umciresobis kulturuli identobebi aris ara fiqsirebuli an<br />
monoliTuri, aramed mravali mniSvnelobis mqone <strong>da</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi (makkarti, 1993:290); <strong>da</strong> (b) arsebobs winaaRmdegobriv<br />
lokaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakiTxebi, kerZod, `axali~ Savi <strong>da</strong> yavisferi<br />
saSualo klasis warmoSobasTan (magaliTad, dikusiebi `Sav burJuaziaze~),<br />
<strong>da</strong> Savkanian <strong>da</strong> TeTrkanian neokonservator inteleqtualTa rolTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT (lourens-laiTfuti, 1994:5-9, 296). makkarti Zalze cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
saubrobs im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom `SeuZlebelia SevajeroT umciresobis<br />
jgufTa politikuri qceva mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod rasis Sesaxeb<br />
varaudebi<strong>da</strong>n. xSirad umciresobis jgufTa SigniT klasis interesebi<br />
ikveTeba rasobriv politikasTan~ (298).<br />
bob konelis naSromebis Sesabamisad, makkarti (1993) akeTebs <strong>da</strong>skvnas,<br />
rom poziciuri midgoma un<strong>da</strong> iqnes gamoyenebuli kritikuli emansipatoruli<br />
269
multikulturuli kurikulumis formulirebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> zogadi codni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miRebisaTvis:<br />
umniSvnelovanesi multikulturuli kurikulumi, romelic xazs usvams<br />
antirasistul <strong>da</strong> antiseqsistur cvlilebebs <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
reorganizacias <strong>da</strong> iyenebs Cagrul umciresobaTa <strong>da</strong> muSaTa klasis<br />
qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebis Sexedulebebsa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebebs, rogorc ZiriTadi<br />
kurikulumis pirvelad safuZvels, Seadgens fun<strong>da</strong>mentur nabijs<br />
kompleqsur <strong>da</strong> diferencirebul msoflioSi moswavleTa demokratiuli<br />
monawileobisaTvis momzadebis mimarTulebiT. (301)<br />
Tumca, makkartis `zogadi codnis~ midgomam un<strong>da</strong> gaacnobieros<br />
freiris gamafrTxilebeli sityvebi mis CagrulTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi, rom<br />
mCagvreli aseve imyofeba Cagrulis cnobierebaSi. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
multikulturulma pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma ar un<strong>da</strong> gaanivTon Cagrulebi aqtivizmis<br />
meSveobiT, rac maT gaucxoebas axdens, Tu maT veubnebiT `komunikeebis~<br />
saSualebiT (romelic ase brwyinvaled gaakritika paulo freirma (1973)<br />
sakuTar naSromSi eqstencionizmze), Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, vin arian <strong>da</strong><br />
rogor un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxon sakuTari mdgomareoba. multikulturulma<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma arc xalxis codna <strong>da</strong> saxalxo sibrZne un<strong>da</strong> miiRon kritikis<br />
gareSe, TiTqos <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli seqtorebis msoflmxedveloba imunitetis<br />
mqone iyos kapitalisturi hegemonuri saRi azrisa <strong>da</strong> meritokratiuli<br />
ideologisadmi, es midgoma freirma (1997a) gansazRvra, rogorc `basizmi~.<br />
ufro metic, makkartisaTvis, kritikuli emansipatoruli multikulturuli<br />
kurikulumi, romelic efuZneba poziciur midgomas, un<strong>da</strong> aRiarebdes, rom<br />
codna socialurad aris konstruirebuli <strong>da</strong> bunebiT relacionaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
heterogenulia, <strong>da</strong> rom codnasa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebas Soris urTierTkavSirebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes dekonstruqciuli <strong>da</strong> relacionaluri analizis meSveobiT.<br />
makkartis zogierT ZiriTad mosazrebasTan kritikul dialogSi<br />
maklareni gvTavazobs kritikuli <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s proeqts, romelsac<br />
igi uwodebs revoluciur multikulturalizms. TavSi, romelsac<br />
Camafiqrebeli saTauri aqvs, `TeTrkanianobis <strong>da</strong>viwyeba, demokratiis<br />
xelaxali gaazreba~, maklareni axdens revoluciuri <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
postulirebas, ara mxolod rogorc multikulturuli ganaTlebisa,<br />
aramed, rogorc mTliani socialuri moZraobisa, romlis mizania scnos<br />
politikuri ekonomia, rac materialurad struqturizebas axdens Cveni<br />
cxovrebisa, warmoebis urTierTobebisa, romelSic Cven yvela vimyofebiT, <strong>da</strong><br />
materialuri <strong>da</strong> simboluri pirobebisa, romelic warmoqmnis Cvens<br />
subieqturobas <strong>da</strong> aisaxeba Cvens mier gamovlil gamocdilebebze. weris<br />
maneriT, romelic mogvagonebs gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis diskusiebs<br />
revoluciurad ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis, <strong>da</strong> ara socialuri<br />
urTierTobebis reformirebis saWiroebaze, maklareni (1997b) amtkicebs:<br />
270
evoluciuri <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris socialist-feministuri<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, romelsac eWvi Seaqvs im istoriulad <strong>da</strong>leqil<br />
procesebSi, romelTa meSveobiTac rasobrivi, klasobrivi <strong>da</strong> genderuli<br />
identobebia Seqmnili kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi. amdenad,<br />
revoluciuri <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> ar aris SezRuduli mxolod<br />
ganwyobiseuli diskriminaciis tranformirebiT, aramed mowodebulia,<br />
moaxdinos politikuri ekonomiis, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis Rrma<br />
struqturebis reformireba Tanamedrove socialur wyobaSi. igi exeba, ara<br />
kapitalisturi demokratiis reformirebas, aramed mis transformirebas<br />
misi SemakavSirebeli adgilebis ga<strong>da</strong>WriTa <strong>da</strong> socialuri wesrigis<br />
xelaxali aSenebiT, CagrulTaTvis xelsayreli adgili<strong>da</strong>n. (287)<br />
es perspeqtiva efuZneba axal politikur ekonomiaSi lokalursa <strong>da</strong><br />
globalurs Soris winaaRmdegobebis postfordiseuli industriuli<br />
organizaciis meTodiT wakiTxvas <strong>da</strong> im Sexedulebas, rom rasobrivi<br />
formirebebi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, garkveul<br />
lokaciebSi (los anJelesis msgavsad), mza<strong>da</strong>a afeTqdes. maklarenis<br />
analizSi mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>udevroba aris mis mier globalizaciis procesis<br />
gaTanabreba neoliberalur kapitalizmTan <strong>da</strong> globalizaciis gaTanabreba<br />
postfordizmTan. kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomiis sirTuleebis am<br />
saerTo SefasebiT, mas faqtiurad aRar rCeba politikuri alternativa,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> revoluciis mowodebisa an apokalifsisa. maklarenisaTvis, momwif<strong>da</strong><br />
dro axali enis konstruirebisaTvis, romelic <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba, ara mxolod<br />
axali identobebis SeqmnaSi, aramed aseve kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi<br />
rasobrivi, genderuli <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi gacvlebis faqtiuri mdgomareobis<br />
transformirebaSi (Tun<strong>da</strong>c Zaladobis gziT). maklarens surs,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika liberaluri pluralizmis<br />
sazRvrebs ga<strong>da</strong>acilos revoluciuri demokratiis mimarTulebiT, <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
klasobriv, rasobriv <strong>da</strong> genderul winaaRmdegobebsa <strong>da</strong> dinamikas xe<strong>da</strong>vs,<br />
rogorc wvlilis Semtans am revoluciur <strong>da</strong>sasrulSi (ixileT, maklareni,<br />
1997b:294-304). Tumca, politikuri pirobebi, romelic am revolucias xels<br />
Seuwyobs, sociologiuri analizi imisa, Tu romeli aqtorebi iswrafvian<br />
revoluciuri alternativebisaken sazogadoebis konteqstSi, rogoricaa<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo reformisaTvis<br />
politikis romeli alternativebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, TiTqmis<br />
ignorirebulia. kargi ganzraxvebia, vwuxvar, magram ar iZleva kargi<br />
Teoriis garantias.<br />
tod gitlinis mier (1995) warmodgenilia Zveli axali memarjveneebisgan<br />
radikalurad gasxvavebuli TvalTaxedva. imis mtkicebiT, rom identobis<br />
politikis dinamika TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebadia, gitlini asabuTebs, rom arsebobs<br />
tendencia fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi identobis kulturis swrafvisaken <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
271
`kulturuli gansxvavebis dRevandel xelSewyobas axasiaTebs maJoritaruli<br />
azrovnebis <strong>da</strong>kninebis tendencia~ (163). ufro metic,<br />
politikis identobis bevri <strong>da</strong>mcveli fun<strong>da</strong>mentalistia – akademiuri<br />
eniT, `esencialistebi~ – xolo jgufis arsebiTi gansxvavebebis rwmena<br />
advilad icvlis mimarTulebas upiratesobis rwmenisken. identobis<br />
azrovnebis yvelaze mZime versiaSi qalebi, Cveulebriv, bunebrivad<br />
TanamSromlobisken arian midrekili, xolo afrikelebi, Cveulebriv,<br />
SemoqmedebiTebi arian, <strong>da</strong> a.S. esencialistebi, roca gamoeyofian<br />
sazogadoebrivs, arRveven mas. (165)<br />
identobis politikis, rogorc esencialisturis am kritikas avsebs<br />
poziciuri midgomis mkacri Sexeduleba. es midgoma, poziciuri midgoma –<br />
epistemologiuri perspeqtiva, romelic sazrdoobs feministuri moZraobis<br />
rigebSi, Semdegnairad aris gansazRvruli nel nodingsis (1995) mier:<br />
bevri feministi uaryofs, rom codnis mtkiceba garkveulwilad sustdeba,<br />
roca is Seferilia mcodnis piradi miznebiTa <strong>da</strong> interesebiT. es<br />
moazrovneebi, romelTac xSirad `poziciur~ epistemologebs uwodeben,<br />
<strong>da</strong>JinebiT amtkiceben, rom garkveuli privilegia moipoveba maT mier, vinc<br />
ganicdis Cagvras. amgvarad, qalebs xeli miuwvdebaT privilegirebul<br />
codnaze genderis sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Raribebs – siRaribesTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Savkanianebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva eTnikur umciresobebs – rasasTan,<br />
xolo moswavleebs, SesaZloa, swavlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. miaqcieT<br />
yuradReba, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom bevri filosofosi Tanxmdeba, rom<br />
mecnierul codnaze SeiZleba xorcieldebodes <strong>da</strong>, savaraudod, amgvari<br />
gavlena xorcieldeba, poziciuri midgomis mimdevrebs ar sjeraT, rom<br />
Cven `simarTles~ vuaxlovdebiT Cveni mikerZoebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis<br />
aRiarebiTa <strong>da</strong> aRmofxvriT. piriqiT, isini amtkiceben, rom poziciurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli mtkicebebi <strong>da</strong> angariSebi epistemologiurad ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ria<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro zusti, vidre isini, romelic warmoSobilia tradiciulad<br />
obieqturi meTodebiT. (183)<br />
gitlini (1995), romelic gvTavazobs zustad imis sawinaaRmdego<br />
mosazrebas, rasac makkarti aRiqvams, rogorc radikaluri kritikuli<br />
emansipatoruli multikulturuli kurikulumis erTaderT arCevans,<br />
amtkicebs, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom identobis politika, kanadeli<br />
filosofosis Carlz teiloris sityvebiT, `organulad amoizrdeba<br />
universaluri Rirsebis politiki<strong>da</strong>n~, poziciuri midgoma Zlier azianebs<br />
universalurobis ideas, romlis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenasac igi cdilobs. gitlini (1995)<br />
ganagrZobs:<br />
am argumentis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma dResdReobiT aris egreT<br />
wodebuli poziciuri feminizmi, is idea, rom egreT wodebuli obieqturi<br />
realoba <strong>da</strong> egreT wodebuli emansipacia araferia, Tu ara samuSaoze<br />
272
imperiuli maskulinuri egos atributebi, romelic STanTqavs, anadgurebs,<br />
an faravs yvelafers Tavis gzaze. am TvalsazrisiT, patriarqatis<br />
mrisxaneba mbrZaneblobisaTvis aris gar<strong>da</strong>uvali Sedegi dekartis<br />
iluziaze, rom goneba aris gancalkevebuli sxeulisagan <strong>da</strong> livlivebs<br />
Tavisufal sivrceSi, RvTis Tvalis msgavsad <strong>da</strong> samyaros aRiqvams,<br />
rogorc obieqts. mamrobiTi batonoba <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri katastrofa Tavis<br />
safuZvelSi erTnairad moicavs mc<strong>da</strong>r varauds, romlis mixedviT,<br />
samyaros sakuTari cxovreba ar gaaCnia <strong>da</strong> igi arsebobs mxolod<br />
(TeTrkaniani, <strong>da</strong>savluri, heteroseqsisti) mamrobiTi egos siamovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gulis monadirebisaTvis. (214)<br />
SeiZleba gitlinis kritika metismetad calmxrivia <strong>da</strong> axdens<br />
poziciuri midgomis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas feminizmis instrumentad, maSin, roca, igi<br />
faqtiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, TavisTavad, rogorc<br />
epistemologiuri instrumenti, SesakiTxad `vin saubrobs?~ rogorc<br />
nodingsi (1995) aRniSnavs, Savkaniani feministebi Zlier aqcents akeTeben<br />
mosaubris/mcodnis gancdiT aspeqtebze xolo, Sesabamisad, naklebs –<br />
mosaubris argumentze (183).<br />
amgvarad, argumenti fasdeba, ara mxolod misi Sinagani logikisa Tu<br />
<strong>da</strong>majereblobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed aseve misi valdebulebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mosaubris CarTulobis TvalsazrisiT. am Tvalsazrisma SeiZleba<br />
migviyvanos seriozul Tavsatexamde: rogor SevafasoT gamocdileba<br />
tradiciul argumentTan Tu obieqtur realobasTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> ra<br />
adgili un<strong>da</strong> hqondes logikas, Sinagan artikulacias, Tanmimdevrulobas,<br />
mtkicebebsa <strong>da</strong> faqtebs Soris kavSirs ga<strong>da</strong>tanili gamocdilebis<br />
mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca, SesaZlebelia yoveli ga<strong>da</strong>tanili<br />
gamocdileba, Tavisi arsiT, kargad ar iyos gagebuli. Cven yvelam viciT,<br />
rom gamocdileba aris codnis wyaro, magram ar viciT, rogor<br />
ganvaxorcieloT ga<strong>da</strong>svla advilad wyarosa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis ufro<br />
detalurad <strong>da</strong>muSavebul ganmartebas Soris. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven<br />
SeiZleba raRac gamocdileba gvqon<strong>da</strong>, magram mainc ar gvesmodes, ra aris<br />
es; miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mainc SegviZlia gavacnobieroT zogierTi konturi im<br />
STabeWdilebisa, romelic moaxdina gamocdilebam Cvens mraval identobebze.<br />
codnasa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebas Soris urTierTobis es sakiTxi warmoadgens<br />
seriozul epistemologiur problemebs, romelic mimdinareobs nebismieri<br />
kvleviTi procesis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli kvleviTi problemis SerCevi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis SerCevamde, nimuSebis SerCevamde, monacemTa<br />
mogrovebamde, <strong>da</strong> monacemTa analizamde, <strong>da</strong> kvlevisas miRebul monacemebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikis Sedegebs Soris kavSirebamde – kvlevis prezentaciis<br />
strategiebisa <strong>da</strong> gavrceleba/ga<strong>da</strong>cemis Sesaxeb arCevanTa CaTvliT.<br />
273
sxva tipis poziciuri midgomis (romelsac me vuwodebdi termins<br />
`maternaluri feminizmi~) enTuziazms moklebuli <strong>da</strong>cvis warmodgeniT,<br />
nodingsi (1995), cdilobs ra Sors <strong>da</strong>rCes esencializmis nebismieri<br />
formisgan, kvlav asabuTebs, rom `saukuneebis gamocdilebam Tavisi kvali<br />
<strong>da</strong>amCnia qalebis azrovnebis tipsa <strong>da</strong> im Rirebulebebs, romelic maT aqvT<br />
SeTvisebuli <strong>da</strong> am tipebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebi<strong>da</strong>n yvela ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnes<br />
uaryofili, rogorc Cagvris memkvidreobis nawili~ (180). gamocdilebis,<br />
rogorc codnis wyaros araRiareba, epistemologiurad rom vTqvaT,<br />
asustebs Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikas; gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, araRiareba gamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
codnas Soris kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> im analitikuri kategoriebis ganviTarebis<br />
aucileblobisa, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos gamocdilebis codnad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, praqtikad ga<strong>da</strong>qcevas, politikurad rom<br />
vTqvaT, iwvevs <strong>da</strong>sustebas <strong>da</strong> demobilizebas.<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT gitlinis programas, poziciuri midgomis miseuli<br />
kritikis Semdeg dgas identobis politikis politikuri kritika. identobis<br />
politikis SesaZlo mc<strong>da</strong>ri Sedegi – romelic, gitlinis azriT, ar mihyveba<br />
saR azrs – aris separatizmi. gitlini erTmaneTisgan gamijnavs Zvel axal<br />
memarjvene, universalisturi imedis Rrma rwmenis mqone <strong>da</strong> separatistuli<br />
risxvis yvelaze bolodroindel axal memarjvene politikebs (146). ufro<br />
metic, igi SeSfoTebulia politikur brZolebSi mdgomareobaTa ironiuli<br />
cvlilebiT, ara mxolod Tavad memarcxeneebSi, aramed aseve memarcxene <strong>da</strong><br />
memarjveneTa Soris: `ucnaurobaa, rom memarcxeneebi, romlebic Tavis droze<br />
universalur Rirebulebebs icavdnen, rogorc Cans, dResdReobiT mxars<br />
uWeren SerCeul identobebs, maSin roca memarjveneebi, romlebic didi xnis<br />
manZilze asocirdebodnen privilegirebul interesebTan, icaven<br />
sazogadoebrivi sikeTes~ (36). ironiulia, rom, rogorc gitlini asabuTebs,<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi politikis amJamindeli mdgomareoba gviCvenebs, rom `maSin<br />
roca memarjveneebs <strong>da</strong>kavebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T politikuri sistemis simaRleebi,<br />
jgufebis nakrebi, romelic emxrobo<strong>da</strong> memarcxeneebs, inglisuri<br />
departamentis sawinaaRmdego saprotesto msvlelobebs awyobdnen~ (148).<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> yvelaze liberalur demokratiebSi<br />
politikuri reformis gamocdileba, gitlinis azriT, efuZneba koaliciebis<br />
Seqmnas, umravlesobis aliansebis SeqmnisaTvis <strong>da</strong>rwmunebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
molaparakebebis unaris CaTvliT, aliansebis, romelTac SeuZlia, saarCevno<br />
SejibrSi, warmatebiT gaataron reformis idea mis ganxorcielebasTan<br />
erTad. separatizmi, rogorc riski identobis politikaSi, winaaRmdegobaSia<br />
koaliciis SeqmnasTan, gansakuTrebiT iseT mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi,<br />
rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic moicavs interesTa <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis jgufTa farTo diapazons: `politika multirasobriv<br />
sazogadoebaSi aris aliansebis Seqmna, xolo aliansebis Seqmnis samuSao ar<br />
274
miiRweva ricxvebis SekrebiT. ... identobis politikis mebrZol aqtivistTa<br />
Soris arsebuli varaudi, rom bunebrivi aliansebi arsebobs<br />
araTeTrkanianobis nia<strong>da</strong>gze, sruliad sentimentaluria~ (114, 117).<br />
magram identobis politikis kritikis farglebs gareT, politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
epistemologiis TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadi elementi kvlav aris<br />
multikulturalistebis saerTo ocnebis ararseboba. Tumca, rogorc Tavad<br />
gitlinma (1995) ikiTxa, Tu Cven varT saerTo ocnebis bindSi, rogor mox<strong>da</strong><br />
am saerTo ocnebis formulireba? safuZveli, yvelaze abstraqtul,<br />
epistemologiur doneze, advili <strong>da</strong>sadgenia. es gaxlavT ganmanaTlebloba.<br />
amerikaSi sakmaod Znelia konkretul, politikur <strong>da</strong> istoriul doneze<br />
saerTo kulturis cnebis identificireba.<br />
gitlinis mosazrebiT, SesaZloa es yvelaferi arsebiTad warmoadgens<br />
amerikuli ocnebis, <strong>da</strong> ara amerikuli kulturis cnebas, `rom movaxdinoT<br />
lipmanis parafrazireba: amerika jer ar arsebobs. is aris koleqtiuri<br />
molodini. magram rogor xdeba potencialis gaziareba?~ (47). saerTo<br />
kultura araferia Tu ara yvela a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis universaluri uflebebis<br />
SegrZneba, an, gitlinis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amerikis konstituciis<br />
jefersoniseul Sesavals rom <strong>da</strong>vakvirdeT, igi efuZneba `sicocxlis,<br />
Tavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> bednierebisaken swrafvisaTvis~ Ziebis cnebas, fraza,<br />
romelsac gitlini (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa universaluri deklaraciis mniSvnelovnebaSi), miiCnevs Tavissave<br />
arsTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi myof frazad (48).<br />
amgvarad, gitlini ar icavs garkveul zogad kulturas, raTa igi<br />
SenarCundes, an energia Seematos kulturuli normis meSveobiT. faqtiurad,<br />
igi amtkicebs, rom erT-erTi, rac gahyveba aSS-s gamocdilebas Tu<br />
politikur kulturas, aris, ara imdenad uitmenis gamonaTqvami `mravali<br />
erisgan Sedgenil erze~, aramed is, rac aSS-s gamocdilebisaTvis unikaluri<br />
Cans <strong>da</strong> tipiuria Zlieri libertarianuli elferis mqone liberaluri<br />
filosofiis upiratesobisTvis, `farTod gavrcelebuli mowoneba<br />
xelisuflebisadmi upativcemulobisa” (43). gitlini icavs garkveuli<br />
ocnebis aRdgenas <strong>da</strong> misTvis sicocxlis <strong>da</strong>brunebas individualurad <strong>da</strong><br />
koleqtiurad demokratiuli samoqalaqo Rirsebebisken swrafvisas.<br />
misi analizi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs is, rom ganmanaTlebloba Sesabamisi<br />
safuZvelia am ocnebisaTvis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad im faqtisa, rom poziciuri<br />
midgomebi (rasac igi uwodebs `perspeqtivizms~) `ver axerxeben, an ar surT<br />
imis gacnobiereba, rom maTi <strong>da</strong>intereseba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>T,<br />
identobebiT, perspeqtivebiT, araTanazomieri msoflxedvelobebiT <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom es ar yofiliyo ganmanaTleblobis<br />
principebis farTod miRebisaTvis, iseTi principebis miRebisaTvis,<br />
275
ogoricaa yvela individis mniSvnelovneba, Rirsebis ufleba <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
wesrigi~ (214). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, gitlini gvafrTxilebs, rom<br />
ganmanaTleblobam `aRmarTa azrovnebis Zlieri struqturebi, magram man<br />
aseve Seqmna mJava am struqturebis <strong>da</strong>sarRvevad~ (216).<br />
mokled, es aris universaluri uflebebis maradiuli memkvidreoba, rac<br />
identobis politikas aZlevs epistemologiur safuZvlebs, radgan ufleba –<br />
iyo gansxvavebuli, aris a<strong>da</strong>mianuri ufleba. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvanaxebs moqalaqeobis sazRvrebs, magram igi aseve<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvanaxebs saxelmwifos sazRvrebsac, mesame TavSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebze <strong>da</strong><br />
globalizaciaze Cveni diskusiis mimarTulebiT.<br />
maSin, gitlinis rekonstruirebuli kritikuli modernizmis mixedviT,<br />
ra aris <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s, rogorc identobis politikis<br />
alternativebi? gitlini (1995) sasowarkveTilebiT aRsavse Cans, roca wers:<br />
`sakiTxi ase dgas, rogor SevuwyoT xeli soli<strong>da</strong>robis suliskveTebas<br />
gansxvavebaTa sazRvris orive mxares – soli<strong>da</strong>robas `nebismier a<strong>da</strong>mianTan,<br />
romelic itanjeba~. vinai<strong>da</strong>n, cxadia, rom es suliskveTeba spontanurad ver<br />
warmoiSoba gaZlierebuli jgufebis SigniT, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebulia sakuTari gansxvavebebis <strong>da</strong>xvewiT sxva jgufebisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad~ (217).<br />
gitlinis <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s kritika, aSkarad, sruliad<br />
gansxvavdeba makkartis kritikisagan. gitlini braldebebs uyenebs<br />
multikulturalizms, ara mxolod imitom, rom misi miznebi bundovania,<br />
misi politika ganxeTqilebis gamomwvevi, xolo misi logika<br />
reduqcionisturi, <strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs `perspeqtivistul~ an poziciur<br />
midgomebs, romlebic efuZneba kerZo <strong>da</strong> ara universalur Taviseburebebs;<br />
aramed aseve, klasikuri pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, imitom, rom mravalferovneba ar<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>cilebuli iyos ubralo xalxisgan. gitlini amtkicebs: `Tu<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> ar aris gamagrebuli saydeniT ubralo xalxSi, maSin<br />
centri<strong>da</strong>nuli energia <strong>da</strong>Zlevs nebismier Tav<strong>da</strong>debas zogadi sikeTisadmi”<br />
(236).<br />
Tavis <strong>da</strong>skvnaSi gitlini ar aris maRalfardovani an apokalifsuri,<br />
aramed sakmaod TavSekavebuli <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>xedulia, SesaZloa imitom, rom<br />
SeZrulia mis winaSe mdgari amocanis mniSvnelovnebiT. gitlini (1995)<br />
askvnis:<br />
ueWvelad – erTianobis gza ar iZleva utopiur miznebs. igi, faqtiurad<br />
gvTavazobs uamrav siZneles. umravlesobebi modian <strong>da</strong> midian; maTi<br />
Tavmoyra ar aris advili saukeTeso garemoebebSi. wes-Cveulebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
rasebi farTod miRebulia – arsad ufro metad, vidre saocrad guluxv,<br />
276
mravalferovan, poliglot amerikaSi. aSkarad, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi motivirebuli<br />
arian klanis, religiisa <strong>da</strong> rasisadmi loialobiT. amasobaSi, kapitali<br />
miemarTeba sazRvrebis gaswvriv sinaTlis siswrafiT, maSin roca samuSao<br />
Zala moZraobs a<strong>da</strong>mianuri siCqariT. (237)<br />
gitlinis pozicia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, magaliTad, peter maklarenis<br />
revoluciuri <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s (1997b) bolo paragrafebisgan. misi<br />
postskriptumi ase iwyeba: `haerSi sisxlis sunia. SeSlilTa reJimi iyureba<br />
sibneli<strong>da</strong>n, romelic <strong>da</strong>saSvebad emzadeba. es sibnele moitana<br />
neoliberalizmis cru <strong>da</strong>pirebebma <strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratiis cru<br />
imedebma~ (301). igi asrulebs: “la linea-s samxreTiT, meqsikaSi, gangsteri biWebi<br />
nesaualkoiotli<strong>da</strong>n, romlebsac aZlierebs La Ban<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> politikuri mamacoba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>dian blokebiTa <strong>da</strong> ocnebebiT mokirwylul quCebSi. es isaa, risganac<br />
corridos (baladebi) aris Seqmnili. ... xolo kapitalizmis wvrilzolian<br />
kostiumebian gangsterebs urCevniaT, TrTodnen misi mokrZalebuli sidiadis<br />
winaSe <strong>da</strong> gaaqrolon bentli qalaqgareT apokalifsis <strong>da</strong>dgomamde~ (301).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maklarenis apokalifsuri gafrTxilebisa,<br />
ganmanaTleblobis gitliniseuli <strong>da</strong>cva gzas uxsnis <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
(multikulturuli mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli pluralizmis<br />
cnebebis CaTvliT) yvelaze Camafiqrebel braldebas amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, romelic SemogvTavaza rasel jekobim (1994). igi Tamamad acxadebs,<br />
rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> araferia Tu ara miTi <strong>da</strong> ideologia, axali<br />
Jargoni:<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturuli mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
pluralizmis monaTesave terminebi axal Jargons warmoadgens.<br />
ganuwyvetlivi moxmobiT, isini aRniSnavs nebismier rames <strong>da</strong> yvelafers. es<br />
ar aris mxolod <strong>da</strong>udevari sityvebis magaliTi; es frazebi iqca axal<br />
ideologiad. ufro provokaciulad rom vTqvaT: <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>,<br />
rogorc programa ifurCqneba, xolo rogorc realoba – sustdeba.<br />
kulturuli mravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong>f<strong>da</strong>febis cema faravs arasasurvel<br />
simarTles: kulturuli gansxvavebebi ki ar izrdeba, aramed mcirdeba.<br />
kargia Tu cudi, mxolod erTi kultura xarobs amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi, biznesis, muSaobisa <strong>da</strong> moxmarebis kultura. (121-122)<br />
jekobisaTvis kulturebis mravalferovneba amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis SigniT arsebobs. es mravalferovani<br />
kulturebi alternativas ar sTavazoben konsumerizmsa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizms,<br />
xolo <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s ideologiis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi ubralod eZeben<br />
`saukeTeso gzas amerikul meinstrimSi Sesasvlelad <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis<br />
misaRwevad~ (123). konsumerizmisadmi maTi miswrafebis gamo <strong>da</strong> im faqtis<br />
gamo, rom Cven yvela vyalibdebiT kulturuli politikis<br />
globalizaciasTan SexebiT masmediis meSveobiT (rasac bevri<br />
277
<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>, rom aris ubralod kulturis msoflio masStabiT<br />
`amerikanizacia~), jekobi skeptikurad aris ganwyobili im garemoebisadmi,<br />
rom amerikis kulturuli heterogenuloba asaxavs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturebs<br />
Soris interaqciebs, Tun<strong>da</strong>c afroamerikuli TemebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
`moxmarebis kultma gaJRinTa emociuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli cxovreba<br />
afroamerikeli bavSvebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>mangreveli SedegebiT~ (124).<br />
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, jekobis (1994) kritika nawilobriv<br />
Tanxvdeba gitlinisa <strong>da</strong> makkartis kritikas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca igi<br />
amtkicebs, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris<br />
maneruli fraza eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi uTanasworobisTvis <strong>da</strong> zogjer<br />
kompensatorul diskriminaciisTvis... [magram SeiZleba iseve usargeblo<br />
iyos <strong>da</strong>JinebiT vamtkicoT rasobrivi jgufebis proporciuli<br />
reprezentacia]. rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri uTanasworobebis, rogorc<br />
kulturuli gansxvavebebis ganmarteba, ara mxolod arazustia, aramed<br />
cud situacias kidev ufro uaresad aqcevs. igi xels uwyobs jgufis<br />
Sovinizmisa <strong>da</strong> SuRlis gaRvivebas; igi gulisxmobs, rom yovel jgufs<br />
aqvs gansakuTrebuli perspeqtiva <strong>da</strong> inteleqti, romelsac TiToeuli<br />
wevri warmoadgens. afroamerikels, Semdgom, qiraoben, ara ubralod<br />
samarTlianobis gamo, aramed kulturuli mizezebiT: igi atarebs<br />
gansakuTrebul sensibilurobas. (126)<br />
mokled, jakobisaTvis <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s es ideologia saubrobs,<br />
ara imdenad gansxvavebul cxovrebebze gansxvavebul kulturebSi, aramed<br />
gansxvavebul cxovrebis stilebze amerikul sazogadoebaSi, romelSic<br />
yvela miiswrafvis imisken, rom isiamovnos erTi <strong>da</strong> igive amerikuli<br />
kapitalisturi <strong>da</strong> konsumeristuli meinstrimi cxovrebis stiliT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi mkveTrad gansazRvruli klasobrivi orientaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s gaucxoebis kritikisa klasis <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis<br />
gagebis naklebobis gamo, jakobis kritikis zogierTi nawili SesaZloa,<br />
bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, nawilobriv Tanxvdebodes <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
neokonservatiuli kritikis ZiriTad komponentebs.<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s romel versiasac ar un<strong>da</strong> uWerdes mxars<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani, an iTvaliswinebdes kritikuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, naTelia, rom<br />
multikulturalizmze debatebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia globalizaciaze,<br />
emigraciaze, sazRvris identobebis politikaze, rasaze, eTnikurobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
postkoloniur literaturaze Teoriuli msjelobis axal formebTan.<br />
SeiZleba (<strong>da</strong> ironiulia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne) arsad ar aris ise cxadi,<br />
rogorc <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s (rogorc socialuri moZraobis <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
multikulturuli ganaTlebis neokonservatiul) kritikaSi, rom kritika,<br />
SemTxveviT ga<strong>da</strong>iqca <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s winaaRmdeg kampaniad.<br />
278
identobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s kritikulad sa<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
sakiTxebi: <strong>da</strong>skvna<br />
vin un<strong>da</strong> iTxovos patieba <strong>da</strong> vis SeuZlia miteveba? maT, vinc, amdeni wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi savse magi<strong>da</strong>s usxdnen moyirWebamde, xolo Cven sikvdilTan<br />
visxediT yovel dRe ise, rom aRar gveSinia misi? maT, vinc gaivses<br />
TavianTi jibeebi <strong>da</strong> TavianTi sulebi formaluri sityvebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>pirebebiT? mkvdrebs, Cvens mkvdrebs, ise ulmoblad <strong>da</strong>xocilebs<br />
`bunebrivi~ sikvdiliT, anu wiTelaTi, gripiT, tropikuli ciebiT,<br />
qoleriT, tifiT, mononukleoziT, tetanusiT, pnevmoniiT, malariiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
kuW-nawlavisa <strong>da</strong> filtvebis sxva seniT? Cvens mkvdrebs, ise ulmoblad<br />
<strong>da</strong>xocilebs, ise demokratiulad <strong>da</strong>xocilebs. Cvens mkvdrebs, romlebic<br />
ise <strong>da</strong>ixocnen, rom aravis <strong>da</strong>uTvlia <strong>da</strong> ar uTqvams bolos `sakmarisia?~<br />
es azrs SesZen<strong>da</strong> am gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebebs, ise rom vinme ikiTxav<strong>da</strong> saerTo<br />
mkvdrebze, Cvens mkvdrebze, rom amjerad isini brundebian<br />
sicocxlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ara Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mosakvdomad? maT vinc Cvens xalxs<br />
mmarTvelobis ufleba <strong>da</strong> unari mouspo? maT, vinc Cvens wes-Cveulebebs,<br />
fersa <strong>da</strong> enas pativi ar miago? maT, vinc Cven gveqceo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc ucxoebs<br />
Cvensave qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> vinc gvTxov<strong>da</strong> dokumentebsa <strong>da</strong> kanonebis<br />
morCilebas, romelTa arsebobasa <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobasac Cven ignorirebas<br />
vukeTebT? maT, vinc gvawameb<strong>da</strong>, gvapatimreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gvaqrob<strong>da</strong>, radgan sur<strong>da</strong><br />
miwis nawili, didi nawili, <strong>da</strong> ara mcire, mxolod miwa, sa<strong>da</strong>c SegveZlo<br />
mosavlis aReba muclis amosavsebad? vin un<strong>da</strong> iTxovos patieba <strong>da</strong> vis<br />
SeuZlia miteveba?<br />
– Subcoman<strong>da</strong>nte Marcos, “¿De que nos van a perdonar?”<br />
(inglisuri Targmanis avtori: juli en tompsoni)<br />
es epigrafi, romelic aRebulia sapatista subkoman<strong>da</strong>nte markosis<br />
cnobili werili<strong>da</strong>n Jurnali Proceso-saTvis meqsikaSi, 1994 wlis sapatista<br />
amboxebi<strong>da</strong>n mcire xnis Semdeg, ukiduresad naTlad asaxavs liberalizmis<br />
sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> gmobs mis Sedegebs. liberaluri <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom es (1) gazrdis samarTlianobas (amerikis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnikurobebis diapazonisa <strong>da</strong> simdidris warmodgeniT) <strong>da</strong> (2)<br />
gazrdis tolerantobas (moswavleTa istoriis mniSvnelobis<br />
mravalricxovan perspeqtivebTan miaxlovebiT). `am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> amerikuli identobis cnebas raodenobrivad zrdis<br />
afroamerikelebis, amerikeli indielebisa <strong>da</strong> msgavsTa mimarT yuradRebis<br />
moTxovniT, magram Tavis adgilze tovebs identobis erTian cnebas~ (skoti,<br />
1992:13).<br />
279
me vasabuTebdi, rom <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s yvelaze mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong><br />
namdvilad orginaluri Tviseba efuZneba liberalur pluralistur<br />
perspeqtivas, rac kargad aris warmodgenili mis kritikul midgomaSi jeims<br />
benqsisa <strong>da</strong> kolegebis (1993) naSromSi. pluralistur farglebSi, identoba<br />
`gagebulia, rogorc wes-Cveulebebis, praqtikebis <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili wyebis referencialuri niSani <strong>da</strong> maradiuli memkvidreoba,<br />
advilad identificirebadi sociologiuri kategoria, saerTo Tvisebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>/an gamocdilebebis wyeba~ (skoti, 1992:14).<br />
egzistencialisturi <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod sociologiuri Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
identoba aseve <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>da</strong>cvis, mikuTvnebulobisa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebis<br />
ZiriTad grZnobebTan <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebebTan. rogorc kornel vesti (naSromSi,<br />
vesti, klori de alba <strong>da</strong> Sorris, 1991) ase <strong>da</strong>majereblad amtkicebs:<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdenen garkveuli<br />
saSualebebiT, raTa <strong>da</strong>icvan sakuTari sxeulebi, TavianTi Sroma, TavianTi<br />
Temebi, cxovrebis wesi; raTa asocirebulni iyvnen im a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan, vinc<br />
maT miawers mniSvnelovnebas; <strong>da</strong> aRiarebis miznisaTvis, rom aRiarebuli<br />
iyvnen, rom igrZnon, rom ekuTvnian jgufs, klans, toms, Tems. ise rom,<br />
nebismier dros, rodesac vsaubrobT garkveuli jgufis identobaze drosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sivrceSi, Zalze zustad un<strong>da</strong> aRvniSnoT, Tu ra aris sarwmuno<br />
alternativa maTTvis nebismier konkretul momentSi. (57)<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mravalferovneba, rogorc swavlis procesi uwyvetad<br />
aocebs Semswavlels <strong>da</strong> qmnis pirobebs identobisa <strong>da</strong> codnis mravalgzis<br />
gancdisaTvis, ara mxolod, rogorc <strong>da</strong>cva, mikuTvnebuloba <strong>da</strong> aRiareba –<br />
WeSmaritad egzistencialisturi moTxovnebi – aramed aseve, rogorc gza<br />
WeSmariti, ganviTarebadi me-s sapovnelad, risi namdvilad gageba, gamoxatva<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c saxeldeba bevr Cvengans ase rTulad miaCnia.<br />
kantis azramde misvlis gareSe, romlis mixedviTac, Cven verasodes<br />
SevZlebT srulad gagebas Cveni individualuri cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
narativis, rogorc mravalferovani Temebis istoriaSi aRbeWdilisa,<br />
romelsac Cven mivekuTvnebiT, identobis rogorc individualuri (<strong>da</strong><br />
koleqtiuri, aseve) swavlis aRiarebaSi arsebobs raRac warmoudgenlad<br />
piradi, rac ukeT aris aRbeWdili poeziaSi, vidre analitikur<br />
filosofiaSi.<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili leqsi, romelic SeTxzulia berklis studentis<br />
mier Cikano literaturuli Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb naSromis <strong>da</strong>weris Semdeg,<br />
sakmaod kargad gadmogvcems identobis, rogorc samu<strong>da</strong>mo, gasaocari<br />
zeSTagonebis gancdis mniSvnelobas. identoba aris swavlis, codnisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRiarebis gza.<br />
280
vin<br />
Cems kaleidoskopSi cqerisas vekiTxebi:<br />
– gicnob?<br />
borZikiT vpasuxob <strong>da</strong> veZeb sakuTar Tavs,<br />
– ra vici...<br />
ara mgonia arsebobdes `me~.<br />
rom ganvsazRvro, vin var me, niSnavs SevzRudo Cemi Tavi imis gancdisgan, Tu<br />
var me<br />
xval<br />
SemiZlia giTxra, ra Sevicne Cemi Tavis Sesaxeb, <strong>da</strong> ras<br />
vfiqrob, ra Seadgens Cems arsebas.<br />
magram, vin `var me~,<br />
Cemi pirovneba,<br />
aris maradiuli<br />
yoveldRiuri<br />
gasaocari<br />
zeSTagoneba;<br />
igi arsebobs, radgan me varsebob<br />
cvalebad drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad<br />
magram cxovrebaSi, miwaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
var aq <strong>da</strong> axla.<br />
erTxel mindo<strong>da</strong>, mivkrodi identobas<br />
arasodes var sakmarisad <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
`laTina~ an `qali~, an ... nebismieri – magram axla,<br />
axla vebRauWebi WeSmaritebas sakuTar Tavze;<br />
Ddrois Sedgenil Sromas,<br />
281
Mme-s `poststruqturalistur~ cnebas,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva elementTa kulminacia, rac<br />
marjved ar ergeba yuTs;<br />
ar SemiZlia movniSno igi, rodesac mTxoven: <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT sakuTari vinaoba<br />
rogorc:<br />
laTina?<br />
– diax,<br />
laTinoamerikeli?<br />
– vfiqrob, asea…<br />
araTeTrkaniani laTinoamerikeli?<br />
– hmm, ras niSnavs es?<br />
mdedrobiTi sqesis?<br />
– diax.<br />
qali?<br />
– ase vityodi. maram magiT ras gulisxmob mainc...?<br />
imdeni gamouTqmeli elementi poulobs Tavis gzas<br />
CemSi <strong>da</strong> gamoxatavs Tavs<br />
yoveldRiurad.<br />
isini Tavs iyrian ise, rom ar vici.<br />
Tumca, ara Cemi aRiarebis gareSe –<br />
me vafaseb maT mogzaurobas CemSi <strong>da</strong> Semdgom<br />
aRmoCenas;<br />
elementebi, romlebic mexebian –<br />
gaurkvevlad,<br />
TavianTi SeupovrobiT<br />
uwyvetad marqmeven saxels,<br />
maZleven guls, suls<br />
cxovrebas.<br />
282
vafaseb swavlas,<br />
gamocdilebas –<br />
survils sicilisa <strong>da</strong><br />
imisa, rom vuyvarde,<br />
siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong>usrulebeli fiqriT imaze, Tu<br />
vin var me.<br />
identoba aris aRmoCenisa <strong>da</strong> swavlis procesi. Gloria ledsonbilingsTan<br />
Cems saubarSi, man Zalze garkveviT aRniSna erovnul<br />
identobasTan kavSirebze fiqris Sesaxeb: `rac kvlevisagan miviReT aris is,<br />
rom un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes garkveuli eTnikuri afiliacia, sanam a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
erovnul identobasTan kavSirs <strong>da</strong>amyarebs. nawili imisa, rac skolebSi<br />
xdeba, aris eTnikurobis uaryofa <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi gansxvavebis uaryofa <strong>da</strong><br />
imis varaudi, rom Cven varT `sufTa amerikelebi~ (tores, 1998a:193).<br />
mravalferovneba, meore mxriv, rogorc skoti (1992) amtkicebs: `niSnavs<br />
identobaTa simravles <strong>da</strong> igi aRiqmeba, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianuri arsebobis<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> ara gansxvavebaTa formulirebis Sedegi, rac Seadgens<br />
Zalauflebis ierarqiebs <strong>da</strong> asimetriebs~ (14).<br />
`analitikuri agonia~ aris termini, romelic gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom<br />
yvelaze kargad aRweros am procesis sirTule: identoba <strong>da</strong><br />
mravalferovneba ar SeiZleba arc mivakuTvnoT <strong>da</strong> arc gamovacalkevoT<br />
klasis upiratesobisgan. kornel vesti (naSromSi vesti, klori de alba <strong>da</strong><br />
Sorris, 1996) <strong>da</strong>eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi asabuTebs, rom `saxeldebis es<br />
istoriuli procesi aris nawili memkvidreobisa, ara mxolod TeTri<br />
upiratesobisa, aramed klasis upiratesobisa~ (57).<br />
imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad rTuli ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti SeiZleba iyos<br />
identobis sakiTxi, modiT, <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT gitlinis (1995) analizs. imis<br />
aRniSvniT, rom zogierTi termini swrafad iqceva kliSed <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
kategoriebi xdeba gazviadebuli, gitlini akritikebs skotis pozicias.<br />
gitlini iwyebs skotis citirebas Semdegnairad:<br />
[g]ansxvavebebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva identobaTa Taviseburebebi warmoiSoba<br />
diskriminaciiT. ... [g]ansxvaveba ukavSirdeba raRacas, rasac sasicocxlo<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs individis, an jgufis me-s SegrZnebasTan <strong>da</strong> igi Seadgens<br />
Zalauflebis urTierTobas interesTa <strong>da</strong> problemaTa wyebasTan erTad,<br />
rac ar wydeba advilad, an Cerdeba universalizmis principiT. (204)<br />
283
magram gitlini asabuTebs:<br />
skotis meore citataSi pirveli wina<strong>da</strong>deba niSnavs, rom gansxvavebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iyvaneba Zalauflebis urTierTobebze, rac aSkarad mc<strong>da</strong>ria. (rusebi<br />
aRiqvamen, rom afrikelebi `gansxvavebuli~ arian, magram ara imitom, rom<br />
maT aucileblad aqvT Zalaufleba afrikelebze, an imitom rom<br />
afrikelebs rame Zalaufleba aqvT maTze.) Tu wina<strong>da</strong>debis pirveli nawili<br />
niSnavs, rom gansxvaveba avtomaturad qmnis Zalauflebis urTierTobas,<br />
igi aSkarad mc<strong>da</strong>ria. (qurTebi <strong>da</strong> tutsi gansxvavdebian, magram maT aqvT<br />
Zalze mcire kavSiri, Tuki raime kavSiri saerTod arsebobs.) es niSnavs,<br />
rom gansxvaveba qmnis mxolod Zalauflebis urTierTobas, rac aSkarad<br />
mc<strong>da</strong>ria. (Tu me momwons Sister Souljah-s repi, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas<br />
Zalaufleba aqvs, maiZulos Tavisi kompaqt diskebis yidva.) Tu es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom Zalauflebis urTierTobebi ar arsebobs gansxvavebis gareSe,<br />
es tavtologiuria. ... am terminebis Seumowmebeli gamoyeneba varaudobs,<br />
rom cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tolfasia mxolod enisa <strong>da</strong> garemos<br />
institutebisa. aseve, imis Tqma, rom identobebi (magaliTad, qalebi an<br />
homoseqsualebi) `konstruirebulia~ istoriaSi, simarTles asaxavs, rom<br />
iarliyebi icvleba, mxolod kategoriebi arseboben SezRuduli droiT,<br />
magram xSirad imdenad ganfenilia, rom vivaraudoT, rom isini<br />
arafrisganaa konstruirebuli. (204)<br />
Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> gansxvaveba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s narativSi yovelTvis<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia identobaze diskusiasTan. Tumca, erovnuli<br />
identoba, teritoriuli soli<strong>da</strong>robis yvelaze mniSvnelovani forma,<br />
romelic efuZneba erT erovnul saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> patriotizmis<br />
gamocdilebis, grZnobisa <strong>da</strong> saerTo kulturuli memkvidreobis cnebebs, ar<br />
warmoadgens fiqsirebul markers, romelic waruZRveba moqalaqeebs<br />
loialobebisa <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robebis maTeul arCevanSi. erovnuli identoba,<br />
rogorc Jiro (1992) naTlad ayalibebs `yovelTvis aris cvalebadi,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteli kompleqsi istoriuli brZolebisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebebisa,<br />
romlebic stimulirebulia, Seqmnilia <strong>da</strong> warmarTulia mravalferovani<br />
kulturebis gavliT. rogorc aseTi, igi yovelTvis Riaa interpretaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
brZolisaTvis~ (53).<br />
ar aris gasakviri, rom Semdgom, erovnuli identobis cneba ukeT aris<br />
gansazRvruli istoriulad `sxvebTan~ Se<strong>da</strong>rebis meSveobiT (mag., sxva<br />
erovnul identobasTan, an eris mterTan), vidre eris ueWvel istoriul<br />
TvisebebTan <strong>da</strong> misi xalxis, rogorc homogenuri jgufis erovnul<br />
gamocdilebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. es sakiTxi iwvevs diskusias kanonsa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturas Soris urTierTobaze, romelsac Sevudgebi momdevno TavSi.<br />
amdenad, identobebi konstruirdeba <strong>da</strong>visa <strong>da</strong> brZolis procesSi <strong>da</strong><br />
eqvemdebareba mravalobiT interpretaciebs; identoba aris swavlis, codnisa<br />
284
<strong>da</strong> aRiarebis gza. identobebi socialuri konstruqciebia masaliTa <strong>da</strong><br />
istoriuli safuZvlebiT <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, isini efuZneba an, Tu<br />
viTvaliswinebT altiuseris Secdomas, interpelirebulia codnis aRqmiT,<br />
xedvisa <strong>da</strong> grZnobis meTodebiT, <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis gancdili gamocdilebiT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT imiT, Tu rogori codna aris (an un<strong>da</strong> iyos) legitimurad<br />
miCneuli <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> iyos mxedvelobaSi miRebuli; rogori gamocdileba un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong> gasaTvaliswinebeli, <strong>da</strong> rogor SeiZleba Zalaufleba<br />
SeTanxmebul iqnes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva codnaTa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebaTa Soris. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
amisa, gamocdilebis igive cneba, rac, rogorc Cans, safuZvlad udevs<br />
identobis cnebas, rogorc joan skoti ase <strong>da</strong>majereblad amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, aris<br />
raRac istoriulad, kulturulad <strong>da</strong> diskursiulad Seqmnili.<br />
rasakvirvelia, arsebobs erovnuli identobis gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi,<br />
romelic `SemuSav<strong>da</strong> im kulturul gansxvavebaTa irgvliv, romlebic<br />
konstruirebulia Zalauflebis ierarqiul urTierTobebs Soris <strong>da</strong><br />
romlebic iZleva uflebamosilebas, Tu vis SeuZlia <strong>da</strong> vis ar SeuZlia<br />
ilaparakos legitimurad, rogorc amerikelma~ (Jiro, 1992, 53).<br />
rogorc maikl efli (1982b, 1986b, 1993, 1997) oc weliwadze meti xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ase marTebulad amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong> codnas Soris<br />
kavSirebi gax<strong>da</strong> umniSvnelovanesi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si kvlevis nebismieri<br />
praqtikuli programisa <strong>da</strong> politikis SemuSavebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
konservatiuli aRdgenis am axal fazaSi.<br />
identoba, rogorc vasabuTebdi, ar warmoadgens fiqsirebul markers,<br />
aucilebel arss, rac zog a<strong>da</strong>mians saerTo aqvs TavianTi warmoSobis, rasis,<br />
religiuri afiliaciis, sqesobrivi upiratesobis, sqesis, an klasis<br />
safuZvelze, aramed igi aris swavlis procesi, romelic <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
konteqstze <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Riaa interpretaciisaTvis. rogorc aseTi, igi<br />
aseve <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia im brZolaTa istoriulobaze, romlebic gavlenas<br />
axdens socialur cnobierebaze drois mocemul momentSi, qmnis<br />
gamocdilebas <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis gacnobierebas, wvdomis mniSvnelovan<br />
process <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobis Seqmnas im individTa mier, romlebic cdiloben,<br />
gaigon sakuTar cxovrebaTa pirobebi. Tumca, gulubryvilo iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
identobis gageba, rogorc mxolod ganviTarebadi narativisa, rogorc me-s<br />
socialur konstruirebaSi sityvaTa <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli TamaSisa. identoba<br />
ufro metia, vidre mxolod ritorika, argumentacia, an ganviTarebadi<br />
socialuri (<strong>da</strong> individualuri) `teqsti~, romelic konstruirdeba<br />
gamocdilebaTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyebebisa <strong>da</strong> codnis mier <strong>da</strong> meSveobiT.<br />
poeti T. s. elioti (1934) ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom `Cven gvaqvs gamocdileba, magram<br />
gvaklia mniSvneloba, mxolod mniSvnelobasTan miaxloeba aRadgens<br />
gamocdilebas.~ eliotis gamonaTqvami gveubneba, rom mocemul<br />
285
gamocdilebaze <strong>da</strong>Senebuli identobis cneba iseve bundovania, rogorc<br />
identobis cnobierebis cneba, romelic TavisTavad, varaudobs gzis<br />
<strong>da</strong>srulebis garkveul SegrZnebas, mas Semdeg, rac miaRwevs<br />
TviTidentifikaciis garkveul zRvars.<br />
Tumca – <strong>da</strong> es gaxlavT Cemi analizis principi – simboluri<br />
mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis, an cnobierebis gamocalkeveba SeuZlebelia<br />
Cagvris, diskriminaciisa <strong>da</strong> gamoricxvis procesebisgan, rac Seadgens<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebas, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, SegviZlia am procesis amocnoba Tu<br />
ara. es <strong>da</strong>kvirveba kidev ufro mniSvnelovania maSin, roca zogierTi<br />
kulturuli forma cdilobs <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdes, rogorc universaluri forma,<br />
rogorc metafizikuri kanoni, romliTac un<strong>da</strong> moxdes sxva socialur<br />
formirebaTa <strong>da</strong> cnobierebis Sefaseba, rogorc gvafrTxilebs skoti (1992):<br />
`procesi, romelic amkvidrebs zogis upiratesobas, tipiurobasa Tu<br />
universalobas sxvebis arasrulfasovnebis, atipiurobisa Tu<br />
individualurobis TvalsazrisiT~ (14-15).<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />
diskusia aris diskusia, ara mxolod kanonsa <strong>da</strong> kulturaze, aramed aseve<br />
moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis momavalze kulturulad mravalferovan<br />
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi – diskusia, romelic warmoudgeneli<br />
sicxadiT gviCvenebs, diskursebis araproporciulobas <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
problemebze teqnikur reagirebaTa SezRudulobas. kidev erTxel<br />
cocxldeba jon diuis landi kritikul dialogSi, romelsac paulo<br />
freiri gvTavazobs. diuisaTvis, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> moiTxovs `keTebas~, radgan<br />
codna, rogorc raobaTa mixvedra, uaryofilia im Sexedulebis<br />
sasargeblod, romelic codnas akavSirebs realobis manipulirebasTan.<br />
rodesac Cven raRac viciT, Cven viwyebT sxva gamocdilebebTan misi<br />
kavSirebis gacnobierebas <strong>da</strong> Cven SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vakavSiroT igi Cvens sakuTar<br />
interesebTan. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> moicavs moswavlis interesis<br />
gamowvevas, ara ubralod, rogorc codnis ukeT gaxsenebis saSualebas,<br />
aramed rogorc codnisa <strong>da</strong> interesis rTulad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis saSualebas.<br />
freirs Semoaqvs epistemologiuri xedva pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi. diuis msgavsad,<br />
mas sjera, rom `codna~ momdinareobs gamovlil gamocdilebaTagan <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mxolod racionaluri, `abstraqtuli~ wvdomi<strong>da</strong>n – romelsac, Tu sworad<br />
amocnobili <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebulia, marTlac, SeuZlia gamovlil<br />
gamocdilebaTa mxolod gamdidreba. problemebis <strong>da</strong>saxvis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>,<br />
romelic winaaRmdegobaSia problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis ganaTlebis<br />
modelebTan, iwyeba Teoriis aRmoCeniT, romelic <strong>da</strong>malulia a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
faqtorisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri moZraobebis praqtikaSi. freiris<br />
epistemologiuri perspeqtiva iswrafvis, Tavis mxriv, axali codnis<br />
286
Seqmnisaken, romelic warmmarTveli, STamagonebeli iqneba, xelaxla<br />
gansazRravs <strong>da</strong> xels Seuwyobs praqtikis gagebas. Tumca, es ucnobi Teoria<br />
jer ar SemuSavebula. igi un<strong>da</strong> aRmoaCinon, gamoigonon, Seadginon, an<br />
xelaxla Seqmnan kritikul socialur Teorias <strong>da</strong>/an poeziisa <strong>da</strong><br />
literaturis esTetikasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuli, garTulebuli <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
praqtikebis moTxovnebs Soris inteleqtualur dialogSi.<br />
ueWvelia, freiriseuli cnobismoyvareobis epistemologiam aRiara (im<br />
politikur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>nve, romelmac stimuli<br />
misca mis Semoqmedebas) mravlobiTi identobebis cneba, rogorc swavlis gza<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Sedegad, misi epistemologiuri pozicia, romelsac, sul mcire, ori<br />
ZiriTadi Sedegi moaqvs pe<strong>da</strong>gogikisaTvis. erTi mxriv, freiris wvlili<strong>da</strong>n<br />
amozrdili kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika <strong>da</strong>interesebulia imiT, Tu rogor<br />
SeuZlia emansipatorul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s SemswavlelTa (sakuTari) kulturebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> diskursebis ganmtkiceba <strong>da</strong> amave dros maTi gaZliereba. meore mxriv,<br />
freiris mier <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebis aRiarebam obieqturobasa <strong>da</strong> subieqturobas<br />
Soris, Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikas – rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Zalisxmevis avtonomiur<br />
<strong>da</strong> legitimuri sferoebs – Soris igi miiyvana (kidev erTxel diuisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT) imis aRiarebamde, rom es diqotomiebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebi ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>iZleva <strong>da</strong> verc maTi sruli kompleqsurobiT Seicnoba meinstrimi<br />
meTodologiebis meSveobiT.<br />
identobis formireba aris agonaluri procesi, kompleqsuri,<br />
ukiduresad rTulad gasagebi/Sesasrulebeli siamovnebisa <strong>da</strong> tkivilis<br />
nazaviT, rac moicavs mniSvnelobis Seqmnas individualur doneze, magram<br />
igi aseve SeiZleba gacxadebuli iyos Temebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri moZraobebis<br />
doneze. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, codnis konstruirebisa <strong>da</strong> swavlis procesi,<br />
romelic SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>gvexmaros gamocdilebis amocnobaSi, iziarebs imave<br />
`normebs~, romelsac identobis swavla. (aq me mivyvebi paulo freiris ideas,<br />
rom cnobiereba Sedgenilia, rogorc sagangebo mTlianoba, romelic<br />
droebiTad axdens simbolizebas-aRniSvnas). maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, kritikuli<br />
`TviTSegneba~ diapazoniT scdeba individualuri fsiqologiuri<br />
cnobierebis maCvenebels; es, faqtiurad, aris fenomeni (vinai<strong>da</strong>n ar arsebobs<br />
ukeTesi sityva), romelic scdeba froidis fsiqologiur cnobierebas (super<br />
egos), <strong>da</strong> srulad interesdeba istoriuli <strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, anu,<br />
egreT wodebuli intersubieqtivizmis sferoTi. identobis formirebisaTvis<br />
cnobierebis am konceptualizaciis Sedegebi (romelic srulad aris<br />
gagebuli kritikul modernistul analizSi) metismetad bevria imisaTvis,<br />
rom aq iqnes moyvanili <strong>da</strong>umTavrebeli saxiT.<br />
epigrafi, romelic stimuls aZlevs am Txrobas <strong>da</strong>skvniT nawilSi,<br />
aRebulia braldebis teqsti<strong>da</strong>n, romelic <strong>da</strong>wera laTino meqsikuri sistemis<br />
287
subkoman<strong>da</strong>nte markosma CiapasSi, lakandonas tropikul tyeSi <strong>da</strong><br />
warmoadgens imis seriozul Sexsenebas, Tu ra dgas safrTxis winaSe maSin,<br />
rodesac ganvixilavT multikulturalizms <strong>da</strong> kulturisa <strong>da</strong> identobis<br />
politikaTa politikur gamowvevebs.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1 moqalaqeobrivi <strong>ganaTleba</strong> moiTxovs imas, rasac tradiciulad ewodebo<strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, anu konstituciuri demokratiis swavleba. samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan Cveulebriv asocirdeba sami kategoria: (a) samoqalaqo codna,<br />
romelic konstituciuri demokratiis konteqstSi moiTxovs ZiriTadi cnebebis<br />
codnas, romelic gansazRvravs demokratiis praqtikas, rogoricaa saxalxo<br />
arCevnebi, umravlesobis mmarTveloba, moqalaqeTa uflebebi <strong>da</strong> movaleobebi,<br />
Zalauflebebis konstituciuri <strong>da</strong>yofa <strong>da</strong> sabazro ekonomikaSi demokratiis<br />
ganxorcieleba, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTadi<br />
winapirobebi; (b) samoqalaqo unarebi, romelic Cveulebriv niSnavs inteleqtualur<br />
<strong>da</strong> monawileobiT unarebs, rac xels uwyobs moqalaqeTa saR azrsa <strong>da</strong> qmedebas; <strong>da</strong><br />
(g) samoqalaqo Rirsebebi, Cveulebriv ganisazRvreba liberalur principebTan<br />
kavSirSi, rogoricaa TviTdisciplina, TanagrZnoba, tolerantoba <strong>da</strong> pativiscema.<br />
amdenad, xazi gavusvaT, rom moqalaqeobrivi <strong>ganaTleba</strong> Serwymulia politikasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>, arsobrivad, sa<strong>da</strong>vo cnebaa. igi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia cnebasTan, romelsac<br />
sociologebi uwodeben `politikur socializacias~, cnebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,<br />
individTa formirebas ukavSirebs saxelmwifo politikas. arsebobs kiTxvebi imis<br />
Taobaze, rom moqalaqeobrivma <strong>ganaTleba</strong>m xazi un<strong>da</strong> gausvas Tu ara samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, samoqalaqo unarebs <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo Rirsebebs, rogorc es<br />
gansazRvrulia politikuri mmarTveli wreebis mier. Tu isini axdenen moqalaqis<br />
rolis konceptualizacias, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mTmoblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromlobis rolisa, maT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>afason es qcevebi <strong>da</strong> aswavlon kanonisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb; Tu isini gansazRvraven rols ufro monawileobiTi<br />
TvalsazrisiT, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma SeiZleba aswavlon moswavleebs is, Tu rogor<br />
moaxdinon gavlena saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze <strong>da</strong> sagangebo saxelmwifoebriv<br />
politikaze. orive Tvalsazrisi uxvad gvxvdeba aSS-s moqalaqeobrivi ganaTlebis<br />
literaturaSi~ (W. C. Parker, “Citizenship Education,” in Dictionary of Multicultural Education, ed. C.<br />
A. Grant and G. Ladson-Billings, Phoenix: Oryx, 1997).<br />
2 es ar aris adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c gakritikebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes homogenurobis <strong>da</strong><br />
heterogenurobis Sesaxeb diskusia, rogorc is iqna warmarTuli, Cemi azriT,<br />
sakmaod gamartivebuli <strong>da</strong> reduqcionistuli gziT (maniqevluri gza, SeiZleba,<br />
ukeTes formulirebas warmoadgendes) wignis Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader (Oxford:<br />
Blackwell, 1996) SesavalSi (romelic sxva mxriv, brwyinvaled aris <strong>da</strong>werili) Teo<br />
goldbergis mier.<br />
3 ixileT misi Black Looks: Race and Representation (Boston: South End Press, 1992).<br />
alternatiuli sociologiuri TvalsazrisisaTvis ixileT: Ruth Frankenberg, The Social<br />
Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).<br />
4 ted mitCeli <strong>da</strong> axali institucionalisturi skola ganaTlebis istoriaSi<br />
cdilobdnen eWvi SeetanaT gar<strong>da</strong>uvalobis cnebaSi saganmanaTleblo institutebis<br />
istoriaSi im brZolebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, romelic Seadgens realobis<br />
transformaciis dinamikas. mitCelis TvalsazrisiT, es brZolebi Sualedur rgols<br />
warmoadgens, formas aZlevs <strong>da</strong> xazs usvams saganmanaTleblo institutebSi<br />
socialuri qmedebis institucionalizacias. institutebi iqmneba rutinebis,<br />
288
wesebis, normebisa <strong>da</strong> struqturebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> isini warmarTaven qmedebas<br />
qcevis garkveul sazRvrebsa <strong>da</strong> CarCoebSi. instituciuri Teoria cdilobs<br />
gaarkvios saganmanaTleblo institutebSi socialuri qmedebis racionalizaciis<br />
istoriuli <strong>da</strong> sociologiuri konfiguracia. misi momxreebi <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s xe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
(kerZod, politikur socializacias), rogorc mizanmimarTuli racionaluri<br />
demokratiuli qmedebis zrdis instruments. Sedegad, saxelmwifos roli<br />
umTavresia instituciuri TeoriisaTvis. rogorc profesori mitCeli amtkicebs,<br />
saganmanaTleblo institutebis istoriis nebismieri kvleva un<strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdes<br />
`realur brZolebs, romlebmac Seqmna struqturebi <strong>da</strong> praqtikebi, romelTa<br />
TavisTavad cxa<strong>da</strong>d miRebac Cven Semdgom <strong>da</strong>viwyeT. ratom aris swavleba<br />
SenarCunebuli xalxis xarjze? ratom gvaqvs niSnebi <strong>da</strong> swavlebis etapebi? bevri<br />
profesionalisTvis <strong>da</strong> xalxis didi nawilisaTvis, am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxebi,<br />
tendenciisamebr, eyrdnoba universaliebs, ganviTarebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
institucionaluri determinizmis nairsaxeobebs. Tumca, am TvisebaTagan TiToeuls<br />
aqvs kerZo, drosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli istoria <strong>da</strong> mizezTa wyeba. am istoriebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
maTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli konfliqtebis aRdgenas didi mniSvneloba aqvs kauzaciis<br />
specifiurobis kargad garkvevisaTvis <strong>da</strong> es garkveva aucilebelia<br />
nebismierisaTvis, araprofesionalisa Tu profesionalisaTvis, romelsac<br />
ainteresebs Cveni saganmanaTleblo institutebis Secnoba <strong>da</strong> gaumjobeseba~ (Los<br />
Angeles: UCLA, 1986, xelnaweri gv. 1). amgvarad, institucionalisturi Teoriis<br />
warmomadgenelTaTvis ZiriTadi interesi aris saxelmwifo Zalauflebis eqspansia<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis, rogorc Tanamedrove iniciaciis ceremoniis roli. isini axdenen<br />
saxelmwifo qmnadobis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis (rogorc moqalaqeobis erovnuli Senebis<br />
umTavresi nawilis) sajaro sistemebis gaerTianebis, eqspansiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
Zalauflebis ganvrcobis konceptualizacias mosaxleobaSi. magaliTad, mitCeli,<br />
romelic iyenebs maikl kacis, devid taiakis, Bernard beilinis, lorens qreminis,<br />
maikl eflis <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo institucionalizaciis kulturis kritikosTa<br />
naSromebs, cdilobs `aRadginos im ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa gageba, moqmedeba <strong>da</strong><br />
funqcionaluroba, romlebic miRebul iqna <strong>da</strong> romlebmac Cveni saganmanaTleblo<br />
institutebis formireba moaxdina~. [maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,] imis Cvenebam, garkveuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi Tu rogor asaxav<strong>da</strong> specifiur interesebs specifiur droze,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians SeiZleba Zalze gansxvavebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi miaRebinos, roca dro,<br />
garemoebebi <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis urTierTobebi icvleba. swored amgvarad, warsulis<br />
moqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> brZolis aRdgeniT, SeiZleba istoria Tanamedrove politikuri<br />
arCevanis relevanturi gaxdes~ (xelnaweri, gv. 2). am naSromis gasaocari adreuli<br />
magaliTi gaxlavT mitCelis pirveli wigni, Political Education in the Southern Farmers’<br />
Alliance (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987).<br />
5 ixileT <strong>da</strong>skvna konstruqtivizmze diskusiisaTvis.<br />
6 sasargebloa gvaxsovdes, rom sosiuri ganasxvavebs niSnebis pirobiT bunebas<br />
simboloTa motivirebul bunebisagan. sosiurisaTvis niSnis mniSvnelobis cneba<br />
aris misi poziciis funqcia asocirebul struqturaSi, an paradigmatuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi urTierTobebi, rac arsebobs wyebis yvela niSanTa Soris. ena, amdenad,<br />
sosiuris modelSi, ubralod, aris urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebul terminTa sistema,<br />
romelSic mniSvneloba, romelsac iRebs TiToeuli termini, miiReba meore terminis<br />
erTdrouli arsebobiT.<br />
7 neokonservativizmisadmi kritikuli poziciebisaTvis ixileT: Cameron McCarthy and<br />
Warren Crichlow, “Theories of Identity, Theories of Representation, Theories of Race,” ii. Race, Identity,<br />
and Representation in Education, ed. Cameron McCarthy and Warren Crochlow (New York: Routledge,<br />
1993), xiii-xxix; Michael W. Apple, “Constructing the Other: Rightist Reconstructions of Common Sense,”<br />
in Race, Identity, ad Representation, ed. McCarthy and Crichlow, 24-39; Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston,<br />
Beacon Press, 1993); bell hooks and Cornel West, Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life<br />
289
(Toronto: Between the Lines, 1991); Cornel West, “The Postmodern Crisis of the Black Intellectual,” in<br />
Cultural Studies, ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler (New York: Routledge, 1992),<br />
689-705; Cornel West, “Marxist Theory and the Specificity of Afro-American oppression,” in Marxism and<br />
the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Larry Grossberg and Cary Nelson (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,<br />
1988), 17-29; Antonia Darder, Culture and Power in the Classroom: A Critical Foun<strong>da</strong>tion for Bicultural<br />
Education (New York: Bergin & Garvey, 1991).<br />
8 imedi maqvs, rom Cemi diskomforti terminologiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rac<br />
deskrifciulia zogadi TvalsazrisiT, magram arasrulyofilia analitikurad,<br />
gasagebi iyo mTeli am wignis masStabiT. mniSvnelovania is, rom teminologia iyos<br />
Sesabamisi, roca misi potenciuri horizontis analitikurad gaSuqebas vcdilobT.<br />
me mtkiced uarvyavi am wignSi termin `umciresobis~ gamoyeneba, rac exebo<strong>da</strong><br />
araTeTrkanian <strong>da</strong> araevropeoiduli rasis mosaxleobas, mxolod imitom, rom es<br />
aris termini, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulia rasistuli RirebulebebiT <strong>da</strong> emociuri<br />
konotaciebiT. is, rasac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ewodeba umciresoba,<br />
globaluri mosaxleobis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, aris umravlesoba, xolo `TeTrkanianebi~<br />
an evropeoiduli rasa, ueWvelad, rCeba, demografiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
umciresobad msoflio sistemaSi. zogierT StatSi, kaliforniis msgavsad,<br />
gamoTvlilia, rom 2025 wlisaTvis umravlesoba (rac mosaxleobis 51 an met<br />
procents gulisxmobs) iqneba laTino an Cikano warmoSobis a<strong>da</strong>miani. amgvarad,<br />
termini `umciresoba~, (romelSic, Cveulebriv, laTinoamerikelebi Sedian) ar<br />
Seexeba, zusti demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, kaliforniaSi mcxovreb<br />
laTinoamerikelebs momavali saukunis pirveli meoTxedisTvis. `feradkaniani<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi~ aseve problemuri kategoriaa, radgan TeTri feri ver gamoiyeneba,<br />
rogorc ara-feri <strong>da</strong> verc orientirad gamodgeba, romelTanac mimarTebaSi yvela<br />
sxva `feri~ SeiZleba Sefasdes. Tumca, `feradkaniani a<strong>da</strong>mianebi~ SeiZleba iqces<br />
politikur simbolod, vinai<strong>da</strong>n yvela Cvengani feris mqone a<strong>da</strong>miania, <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
viswavliT, rogor vceT pativi, SeviswavloT <strong>da</strong> ganvadidoT gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoviyenoT mravalferovneba, rogorc warmoebis doneze, ise ganawilebis doneze<br />
politikur ekonomiaSi, maSin Cven SegviZlia ganvaxorcieloT samoqalaqo<br />
moZraobis an<strong>da</strong>zuri gamonaTqvami, romelic Zalian popularuli gaxa<strong>da</strong> martin<br />
luTer kingma, rom Cven un<strong>da</strong> Segvafason Cveni xasiaTis SinaarsiT, <strong>da</strong> ara Cveni<br />
kanis feriT. <strong>da</strong>bolos, un<strong>da</strong> vTqva, rom riCard <strong>da</strong>ieris (1997) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, imis<br />
Taobaze, rom uwodos araTeTrkaniani warmoSobis a<strong>da</strong>mianebs `araTeTrkanianebi~,<br />
saboloo jamSi, warumatebelia, radgan igi iyenebs stan<strong>da</strong>rtul `TeTr~<br />
terminilogias, rogorc wess, romliTac un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes gamonaklisebi.<br />
9 xalxis ganaTlebis paradigmi, laTinuri amerikis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
wvlili saganmanaTleblo reformisadmi <strong>da</strong> mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli CagrulTa<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikasTan, iyo inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri STagonebis wyaro mravali<br />
reformatorisaTvis. laTinuri amerikis mikro eqsperimentTagan mravali, <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
naklebad didmasStabiani eqsperimentebi, SeiZleba CaiTvalos inteleqtualurad <strong>da</strong><br />
politikurad yvelaze energiul reformatorul eqsperimentebad msoflioSi. kargi,<br />
kompaqturi teqstisaTvis, romelSic mocemulia umetesi Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />
praqtikuli gamocdileba, ixileT Moacir Gadotti and Carlos Alberto Torres, eds., Educação<br />
popular: Utopia latinoamericana (ensaios) (São Paulo: Cortez Editore-Editora <strong>da</strong> Universi<strong>da</strong>de de São<br />
Paulo, 1994). Targmani mzaddeba publikaciisaTvis Zed Books–is mier (inglisi).<br />
10 magaliTad, makkartis mohyavs konelis argumentis citireba: `sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
Tvalsazrisebi iZleva gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs msoflioze <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />
sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro amomwuravia <strong>da</strong> Zlieri. ... Tu gsurT aswavloT<br />
eTnikurobasa <strong>da</strong> rasobriv urTierTobebze, magaliTad, ufro detaluri <strong>da</strong> Rrma<br />
wvdomaa SesaZlebeli, Tu Tqvens kurikulums SeadgenT <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis, <strong>da</strong> ara dominanturi jgufis Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n. ... genderul<br />
290
urTierTobebSi yvelaze naklebi upiratesobis mqoneTa Tvalsazrisma, feminizmSi<br />
gamoTqmulma, moaxdina misi transformireba. Tanamedrove feminizmma Seqmna<br />
socialuri cxovrebis farTo sferos xarisxobrivad ukeTesi analizi axal<br />
cnebaTa farTo speqtris meSveobiT (sqesobrivi politika, patriarqati, samuSaos<br />
sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong>yofa, <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> maTgan ganpirobebuli axali kvleva.~ R. W. Connell,<br />
“Curriculum, Politics, Hegemony, and Strategies of Change.” (New South Wales: Macquarie University,<br />
Department of Sociology), 16-18.<br />
11 ixileT freiris hegeliseuli ganwyobebis Cemi analizi naSromSi ”Education and the<br />
Archeology of Consciousness: Hegel and Freire,” Educational Theory 44, no. 4 (Fall 1994): 429-445.<br />
12 “¿Quien tiene que pedir perdón y quién puede otorgarlo? ¿Los que, durante años y años, se sentaron ante<br />
una mesa llena y se saciaron mienras con nosotros se sentaba la muerte, tan cotidiana, tan nuestra que<br />
acabamos por dejar de tenerle miedo? ¿Los que llenaron las bolsas y el alma de declaraciones y promesas?<br />
¿Los muertos, nuestros muertos, tan mortalmente muertos de muerte ‘natural, es decir, de sarampión,<br />
tosferina, dengue, cólera, tifoidea, mononucleosis, tetanus, pulmonía, paludismo y otras lindezas<br />
gastrointestinales y pulmonares? ¿Nuestros muertos, tan mayoritariamente muertos, tan democráticamente<br />
muertos, nuestros muertos que se iban nomás, sin que nadie llevara la cuenta, sin que nadie dijera, por fin, el<br />
‘YA BASTA!’ que devolviera a esas muertes su sentido, sin que nadie pidieran a los muertos de siempre,<br />
nuestros muertos, que regresaran a morir otra vez pero ahora para vivir? ¿Los que nos negaron el derecho y<br />
don de nuestras gentes de gobernar y gobernarnos? ¿Los que negaron el respecto a nuestra costumbres, a<br />
nuestro color, a nuestra lengua? ¿Los que no stratam como extranjeros en nuestra propia tierra y nos piden<br />
papeles y obediencia a una ley cuya existencia y justeza ignoramos? ¿Los que nos torturaron, apresaron,<br />
asesinaron y desaparecieron por el grave ‘delito’ de querer un pe<strong>da</strong>zo de tierra, no un pe<strong>da</strong>zo grande, no un<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>zo chico, solo un pe<strong>da</strong>zo al que se le pudieran sacar algo para completar el estómago? ¿Quién tiene que<br />
pedir perdón y quién puede otorgarlo?” Subcoman<strong>da</strong>nte Marcos, “¿De que nos van a perdonar?”<br />
13 Laura Silvina Torres, Berkeley, 1997 wlis 9 dekemberi, xelnaweri.<br />
14 gansxvavebze, rogorc formulirebis procesze, ixileT: Homi Bhabha, “The<br />
Commitment to Theory,” naSromSi Third cinema Reader, ed. J. Pines and P. Willemen (London: British<br />
Film Institute, 1989), 111-132, gansakuTrebiT, 12.<br />
15 kantiseuli gageba, liberalur azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong> patriotul azrovnebas<br />
(nacionalizms) Soris SeuTavseblobaTa moraluri filosofiis sferoSi,<br />
gveubneba, rom mniSvnelovania, gavigoT, rom isini, faqtiurad, Seadgenen or<br />
kontrastul (<strong>da</strong> SesaZloa SeuTavsebel) morals. erTi mxriv, arsebobs<br />
liberaluri miukerZoeblobis morali (anu, moraluri TvalsazrisiT gansja<br />
niSnavs miukerZoeblad gansjas, rac <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia individis socialuri<br />
interesebisgan, socialuri poziciebisgan Tu ganwyobebisgan). meore mxriv,<br />
arsebobs patriotizmis morali (anu, zustad imitom, rom igi Seqmnilia garkveul<br />
socialur TemSi wevrobis TvalsazrisiT, ers ar un<strong>da</strong> Seexos kritika,<br />
gansakuTrebiT erovnuli krizisis dros, <strong>da</strong>, amgvarad, patriotuli loialoba<br />
upiroboa). detaluri analizisaTvis ixileT: Alas<strong>da</strong>ir MacIntyre, “Is Patriotism a virtue?”<br />
Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas, 1984.<br />
291
7<br />
demokratiuli mულტიკულტუruli moqalaqeobis<br />
Teoriisken<br />
los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n bostonisaken: Canaxati<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqrdi Sens Sinagan Rirsebaze,<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmoaCen Rirsebis sikeTes.<br />
gamoiyene igi Seni ojaxis safuZvlad,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Seni Rirseba Taobebis manZilze iarsebebs.<br />
gamoiyene igi soflis gzis saCveneblad,<br />
<strong>da</strong> es adgili gaifurCqneba momavalSi.<br />
gamoiyene igi eris warsaZRolad,<br />
<strong>da</strong> eri Seqmnis siuxves.<br />
misiT ixelmZRvanele mTlianad <strong>da</strong> igi aavsebs mTels msoflios.<br />
– tao te Cingi<br />
veraferi ise naTlad ver gviCvenebs ganaTlebisaTvis socialuri<br />
Teoriis praqtikul Sedegebs, rogorc miRebuli gamocdileba. es<br />
garkveulwilad asea, rogorc gitlini (1995) utyuarad asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnis mTavari mizania<br />
`gansxvavebaTa miRma soli<strong>da</strong>robis suliskveTebis~ xelSewyobis<br />
mniSvnelovnebis gacnobiereba (217).<br />
rodesac am bolo Tavs vwerdi, amekviata fiqri im gamocdilebaze,<br />
romelic bostonSi ramdenime wlis win miviRe. modiT, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>viwyeb.<br />
saRamos aT saaTze klasis, rasis, sqesisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Sesaxeb codnis<br />
kursis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg (romelic ted mitCelTan erTad mimyav<strong>da</strong><br />
kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetSi) bostonisken gavemgzavre<br />
SuaRamis, e.w. `wiTeli Tvalis~ aviareisiT. dilis 7 saaTze <strong>da</strong>Rlili, magram<br />
klasSi SesaniSnavi urTierTobiT nasiamovnebi, Cavedi bostonis loganis<br />
aeroportSi. mzad viyavi wavsuliyavi sastumroSi, raTa cota xniT <strong>da</strong>mesvena<br />
<strong>da</strong> Semdeg gamegrZelebina Cemi akademiuri saqmianoba. aeroportSi <strong>da</strong>viqirave<br />
taqsi <strong>da</strong> kembrijSi sastumros misamarTi vuTxari mZRols, romelic<br />
irlandiuri warmoSobis bostoneli gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. siCumeSi, ga<strong>da</strong>vwyvite<br />
Semodgomis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis bostoniT <strong>da</strong>vmtkbariyavi. marTlac aRtacebas<br />
hgvri<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians xeTa mravalferovani foTlebisa <strong>da</strong> lamazi peizaJebis<br />
yureba. msur<strong>da</strong> siamovneba mimeRo ruxi feris cisgan, romelic mzesTan<br />
292
WidilSi iyo CarTuli imisaTvis, rom esTetikis qoreografia Seeqmna,<br />
romelSic Rrmad iyo aRbeWdili bostonisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli cxovreba.<br />
mZRolma maSinve mkiTxa, `sa<strong>da</strong>uri xarT?~ ver getyviT, ras ganicdian<br />
sxva emigrantebi, magram CemTvis es uxerxuli kiTxvaa. es SekiTxva, nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom ubralod pasuxad mohyves informacia civilizebuli <strong>da</strong>,<br />
Cveulebriv, umniSvnelo saubrisaTvis, yovelTvis diskomfortis SegrZnebas<br />
miCens, radgan vici, rom Cemi garegnoba <strong>da</strong> Cemi aqcenti `gansxvavebulia~.<br />
CemTvis, es SekiTxva gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod SekiTxva<br />
geografiuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. es aris eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi<br />
lokaciis Sesaxeb SekiTxva. es aris SekiTxva, romelmac, taqsiT mgzavrobis<br />
konteqstSi, Tavi magrZnobina sxvad, mafiqrebina Cems `gansxvavebulobaze.~<br />
didi enTuziazmis gareSe vupasuxe, rom los anJelesi<strong>da</strong>n movdiodi.<br />
mZRolma, absoluturi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT, lakonurad mipasuxa, rom Cemi aqcenti<br />
los anJelesSi mcxovrebis aqcents ar hgav<strong>da</strong> – TiTqos a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Temi,<br />
romelic los anJelesis megapoliss Seadgens, SesaZlebelia<br />
identificirebul iqnes ganmasxvavebeli, erTaderTi <strong>da</strong> homogenuri aqcentiT!<br />
didi axsna-ganmartebis gareSe vupasuxe, rom los anJelesamde, kana<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
vcxovrobdi. mZRolma kidev erTxel (rac am a<strong>da</strong>mianis Seupovrobas<br />
gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong>JinebiT gaagrZela, rom Cemi aqcenti arc Cikanos <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
frangi kanadelis aqcents ar hgav<strong>da</strong>. Sewuxebulma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rlilma vupasuxe<br />
(radgan maSinve vapirebdi saubris <strong>da</strong>srulebas), rom argentinaSi viyavi<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebuli. Cems pasuxs mcire xniT dumili mohyva, Semdeg ki man kvlav<br />
ganagrZo gamokiTxva; `argentina samxreT amerikaSia, ara?” _ mkiTxa man.<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTad vupasuxe, xolo man ki uyoymanod miTxra, rom yovelTvis egona,<br />
rom rio grandes samxreTiT <strong>da</strong>badebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi inteleqtualurad ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>bla mdgomni iyvnen.<br />
erTi wuTiT Sevyovndi <strong>da</strong> gavifiqre, ramdenad paradoqsuli iyo mTeli<br />
es situacia. me, <strong>da</strong>Rlili <strong>da</strong> am momentamde bednieri, vijeqi taqsiSi <strong>da</strong><br />
mivdiodi kembrijis sastumroSi, rom movmzadebuliyavi leqciisaTvis (yvela<br />
xarjebi anazRaurebuli iyo), harvardSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erTerT<br />
uZveles <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso universitetSi. <strong>da</strong> igi, TeTrkaniani mZRoli,<br />
romelsac SeiZleba, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, skola hqono<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli,<br />
miyvebo<strong>da</strong>, rom me igi `inteleqtualurad ufro <strong>da</strong>bla mdgomad~ mTvli<strong>da</strong><br />
Cemi <strong>da</strong>badebis adgilis, Cemi erovnuli warmoSobisa <strong>da</strong>, ueWvelia, Cemi<br />
eTnikurobis gamo. Sevecade SeuracxyofisaTvis ar mimeqcia yuradReba <strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli am epizodis <strong>da</strong>viwyeba vcade, mxolod Cavibutbute `a<strong>da</strong>mianebi arian<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi.~ vecade <strong>da</strong>vbrunebodi Cems fiqrebs, rodesac mZRolma isev<br />
mommarTa, `hei, iciT, saerTod ar mesmis laTinoamerikuli ojaxebisa~.<br />
rogorc Cemma megobarma miTxra, am ambis moyolis mere, es a<strong>da</strong>miani Seexo<br />
293
Cems yvelaze sust wertils. SemeZlo ar mimeqcia yuradReba misi piradi<br />
mosazrebisaTvis Cems inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
magram laTinoamerikuli ojaxis Sexebam yvela zRvars ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba.<br />
movemzade sityvieri brZolisaTvis manqanaSi, <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, verc<br />
mSvenier bostons viviwyebdi, romlis quCebSic mivqrodiT.<br />
rodesac vkiTxe, Tu ratom ar esmo<strong>da</strong> laTinoamerikuli ojaxisa, Cem<strong>da</strong><br />
gasakvirad, man Tavisi sasiyvarulo istoriis moyola <strong>da</strong>miwyo. misma<br />
megobarma qalma (dominikelTa respubliki<strong>da</strong>n) cota xnis win miatova igi <strong>da</strong><br />
sacxovreblad de<strong>da</strong>sTan, masaCusetsSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. taqsis mZRols ar SeeZlo<br />
gaego, Tu ratom hqon<strong>da</strong>T laTinoamerikelebs aseTi Zlieri ojaxuri<br />
kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> erTguleba. vigrZeni, rom raRac ufro meti xdebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre is,<br />
rasac misi `kulturuli TvalsazrisiT mikerZoebuli~ komentari asaxav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>da</strong> vkiTxe, `kidev giyvarT igi?~ ramdenime wamiT SeCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mipasuxa, misma<br />
pasuxma ki <strong>da</strong>marwmuna, rom ara mxolod uyvar<strong>da</strong>, aramed Zlier enatrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
kidec. maSinve vkiTxe, `Tqveni megobrebi ras geubnebian masze?~ man ki<br />
mipasuxa, amjerad xazgasmiT, rom igi megobrebis laparaks ar aqcev<strong>da</strong><br />
yuradRebas. rogorc veWvobdi, mas megobrebi akritikebdnen imis gamo, rom<br />
laTinoamerikel qals xvdebo<strong>da</strong>. Cems sastumros vuaxlovdebodiT, rodesac<br />
moulodnelad vkiTxe `giyvarT igi?~ mipasuxa, rom Zlier uyvar<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg<br />
Tamamad vkiTxe, `gicdiaT masTan <strong>da</strong>kontaqteba, <strong>da</strong>rekva, misi wasvlis mere?~<br />
Cem<strong>da</strong> gasakvirad, mipasuxa, rom ar ucdia, <strong>da</strong> CamekiTxa, `fiqrobT, un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>vekontaqto?~<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgils mivaRwieT. me vuTxari mas, rom<br />
laTinoamerikuli ojaxebi Zalze myarad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ojaxebia, radgan<br />
maT aqvT siaxlovis grZnoba, erTguleba <strong>da</strong> siyvaruli, rac gaziarebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> masze Riad saubroben. vuTxari, rom un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kontaqtebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
megobars <strong>da</strong> eTqva, ramdenad Zlierad uyvar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rdob<strong>da</strong> masze.<br />
mgzavrobis safasuris ga<strong>da</strong>xdisas, Semomxe<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> raRac aseTi miTxra: `didi<br />
madloba, doqtoro, Zalian <strong>da</strong>mexmareT.~<br />
`gansxvavebaTa miRma soli<strong>da</strong>robis suliskveTebis~ xelSewyoba<br />
SeiZleba am saubris devizi iyos. didi xnis manZilze <strong>da</strong> Rrmad mifiqria am<br />
saubarze, ramac aseTi Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemze. kvlav maocebs,<br />
ramdenad Sizofreniuli iyo mTeli es epizodi. Cvens (Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebul)<br />
dialogSi, cru Segonebebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, Seuracxyofi<strong>da</strong>n, ga<strong>da</strong>vediT<br />
sasiyvaruli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb saubarze. bolos, momeca garkveuli<br />
saSualeba, <strong>da</strong>vxmarebodi mas problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi, radgan<br />
laTinoamerikeli kaci viyavi, romelsac – aSkarad, misi TvalsazrisiT –<br />
SeeZlo misi Svela, laTinoamerikel qalTan <strong>da</strong> laTinoamerikul ojaxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebisas, TiTqos arsebobdes erTi `tipiuri~ pasuxi, romelSic Seva<br />
294
am sakiTxebis mTeli sirTule. ara mxolod es, aramed CemTvis madlobis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdisas, man garkveuli `ezoTeruli~ kompetencia momaniWa, roca<br />
mommarTa, rogorc `doqtors~, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Cveni saubris <strong>da</strong>sawyisi epizodisa.<br />
es monakveTi mogviTxrobs mraval iseT sakiTxze, romlebic<br />
sakmaodArTulia socialur interaqciebSi (gansakuTrebiT, roca rasisa <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnikurobis sakiTxebi monawileobs), <strong>da</strong> ufro metad rTulia, amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi formirebis konteqstSi. aRniSnuli ambis<br />
moyola varCie am <strong>da</strong>mamTavrebeli Tavis <strong>da</strong>sawyis furclebze, radgan<br />
vfiqrob, rom igi magaliTs iZleva dilemaTa umetesobisa, romlis<br />
gamklavebac gviwevs multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
koreqtulobis RirsebaTa sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas.<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis gamowvevebi<br />
rodesac xilva ar aris, xalxi iRupeba.<br />
– igavni solomonisa 29:18<br />
igavTa wignis uZvelesi sibrZne gvaswavlis, rom xilvis gareSe, ar<br />
SegviZlia ocnebebis ganxorcieleba, <strong>da</strong> rom ocnebebis gareSe, ver<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vurCebiT im winaaRmdegobebs, romelSic Cven, rogorc kulturis<br />
Semqmnelebi <strong>da</strong> bunebis bina<strong>da</strong>rni, varT moqceulni. aRniSnuli<br />
gafrTxilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am <strong>da</strong>masrulebel TavSi detalurad<br />
ganvixilav sam ZiriTad Teziss imisaTvis, rom wamovayeno demokratiuli<br />
multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoria.<br />
pirveli, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si mxolod saxelmwifos Teoriebis<br />
mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli saganmanaTleblo<br />
aqtis `politikurobis~ (rogorc ase <strong>da</strong>majereblad asabuTeb<strong>da</strong> freiri) <strong>da</strong>,<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, moqalaqeobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris kavSirebis wvdomis<br />
politikuri Sedegebis gageba. 1<br />
meore, winamdebare wignSi mocemul sam Teoriul midgomaSi –<br />
moqalaqeobis TeoriebSi, demokratiis TeoriebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
TeoriebSi – asaxul winaaRmdegobebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT vaCveneb, Tu<br />
am winaaRmdegobebma rogor gaarTula demokratiuli multikulturuli<br />
moqalaqeobis miRweva <strong>da</strong> rogor un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos demokratiulma saubarma<br />
sakiTxebi, romelic, aSkarad, Zalian Znelad eqvemdebareba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, Camovayalibeb ZiriTad gamowvevaTagan zogierTs, romelsac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT, rogorc Teoriulad, ise politikurad, demokratiuli<br />
multikulturuli moqalaqeobis winaaRmdegobebis ganxilvisas. swored ase<br />
viqcevi, viTvaliswineb ra saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Teoriebis<br />
295
konteqstsa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiis globalizaciis mzard process, bazrebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul politikas.<br />
rogorc paulo freiri Tanmimdevrulad gvaswavli<strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
cnobismoyvareobis epistemologiiT, Cven yovelTvis un<strong>da</strong> vikvlioT<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, politikasa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi,<br />
Tu namdvilad gvsurs Cveni drois saganmanaTleblo dilemebis gageba <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. ase rom, sakiTxi ase dgas: ratom un<strong>da</strong> iazrovnon ganaTlebis<br />
mkvlevrebma politikurad ganaTlebis Sesaxeb?<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb TeoriaTa Sedegebi: ratom<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iazrovnon ganaTlebis mkvlevrebma politikurad<br />
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb?<br />
mecxramete, <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong> ufro metad <strong>da</strong> yovlismomcvelad saxelmwifos funqcias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ganaTlebis finansireba, marTva, organizeba <strong>da</strong> sertificireba xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos mier. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sajaro <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ar warmoadgens mxolod<br />
saxelmwifos funqcias legaluri wesrigisa Tu finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
TvalsazrisiT: xarisxTa specifiuri moTxovnebi, maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong><br />
kvalifikaciaTa moTxovnebi, neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli saxelmZRvaneloebi <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi<br />
kurikulumisaTvis saWiro kursebi kontroldeba saxelmwifo saagentoTa<br />
mier <strong>da</strong> Sedgenilia saxelmwifos specifiuri saxelmwifoebrivi politikis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
– raimond morou <strong>da</strong> karlos alberto toresi,<br />
socialuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
problemuri <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<br />
saxelmwifo aris miTi. igi araferia, Tu ara `a<strong>da</strong>mianTa rasis wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
ubraloeba~ (kasireri, 1969:4). neokantianeli germaneli politikis<br />
filosofosis ernst kasireris es gafrTxileba, gamoCn<strong>da</strong> 1946 wels, misi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli misi bolo wignis saxelmwifos miTi-s<br />
sawyis furclebze. kasirerma, romelic moeswro germaniaSi totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifos aRzevebas, naxa miTiuri azrovnebis Zalauflebis warmoSoba,<br />
romelic azianeb<strong>da</strong> racionalur azrovnebas, rac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> im drois<br />
yvelaze SemaSfoTebel <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel Tvisebas. rogorc miTi, saxelmwifo<br />
araferia, Tu ara a<strong>da</strong>mianis sibriyve, `pirvelyofili ugunurobis~ produqti<br />
(kasireri, 1969:4).<br />
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo miTia Tu racionaluri qmnileba, am<br />
wignis <strong>da</strong>werisas seriozul sazrunavs miCen<strong>da</strong>. rogor un<strong>da</strong> mivudge<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris arsebul Znelad asaxsnel<br />
296
urTierTobas, <strong>da</strong> rogor un<strong>da</strong> ganvmarto masSi CarTuli yvela niuansi<br />
(istoriuli <strong>da</strong> Teoriuli)? warsul pozicias rom <strong>da</strong>vubrunde, <strong>da</strong>vasabuTeb,<br />
kasireris mtkicebis xelaxali formulirebiT, rom saxelmwifo ar aris<br />
miTi, magram pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi naxuloben gzebs, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s<br />
Soris urTierTobebis miTologizirebisa <strong>da</strong> mistificirebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebdi Teodor r. saizeris (1992) SeniSvniT, rom `swavlebis ZiriTadi<br />
elementebi kontroldeba maswavleblebis samyaros farglebs gareT.<br />
saxelmwifo (an misi kontraqtori firmebi) wers testebs. saxelmwifo iZleva<br />
uflebamosilebas, rodis un<strong>da</strong> iswavlebodes TiToeuli sagani; igi <strong>da</strong> olqi<br />
akontroleben skolis ZiriTad sityvaTSemoqmedebas, maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
moswavleebis dros. skolebisa <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebis Sefasebebi, profkavSiris<br />
kontraqti, sadepartamento erTeuli, yvela muSaobs tradiciuli<br />
formulebis Sesabamisad~ (8). Tumca, swavlebasa Tu saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikaSi saxelmwifo qmedebis empiriul gamoxatulebaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />
nacvlad, me avirCie, saxelmwifosaTvis Semexe<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis politikuri<br />
filosofiis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic aseve ganpirobebulia ganaTlebis<br />
politikuri sociologiiT, <strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswine <strong>demokratia</strong>s, moqalaqeobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms Soris arsebuli kavSirebi.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli sakiTxebi<br />
ra tipis evristikuli konstruqti an saxelmwifos cneba gamoixateba,<br />
rodesac pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi brals sdeben saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo<br />
problemebis SeqmnaSi? ra tipis saxelmwifo aqvT maT mxedvelobaSi, roca<br />
fiqroben saganmanaTleblo reformaze, romelic iswrafis ganaTlebis,<br />
testirebis, kurikulumisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaken?<br />
ganaTlebis Teoretikosebi, mkvlevrebi <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi rogor aRiqvamen<br />
Zalauflebis, politikisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis urTierTzegavlenas<br />
saganmanaTleblo reformis konteqstSi? es im SekiTxvaTagania, romelic<br />
wina TavebSi mocemul diskusiaSia nagulisxmebi. vici, rom TiToeul<br />
maTganze sistematuri pasuxi ar SemomiTavazebia, <strong>da</strong> Zalian kargad mesmis,<br />
rom pasuxebis umetesoba saWiroebs SemuSavebas konteqstualuri <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
normatiuli gziT. am kiTxvebze pasuxebi aris ara ukiduresad politikurfilosofiuri,<br />
aramed istoriulia, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ideologiur debatebze,<br />
cvalebad inteleqtualur paradigmebze, inteleqtuluri Temebis Seqmnaze,<br />
<strong>da</strong> koniunqturul <strong>da</strong> struqturul cvlilebebze, romelic gvxvdeba<br />
erTdroulad erovnuli saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> globaluri ekonomikis doneebze.<br />
mjera, rom saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis urTierTobis TeoriaTa detaluri<br />
ganxilva sasargebloa am kiTxvebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis safuZvlis<br />
Sesaqmnelad. qvemoT mocemulia argumentebis Sejameba, romelic exeba<br />
ganaTlebis politikurobas, rac Camoyalibebulia winamdebare wignSi.<br />
297
argumenti 1: klasikosebi<br />
SekiTxvas, Tu ratom un<strong>da</strong> iazrovnon ganaTlebis mkvlevrebma<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze politikurad <strong>da</strong> ratom un<strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinon saxelmwifos<br />
Teoriebi, SeiZleba nawilobriv pasuxi gaeces politikuri filosofiis<br />
`klasikis xmebis mosmeniT~. klasikuri avtorebisaTvis, ganaTlebis sakiTxi<br />
arasodes ar iyo gancalkevebuli Zalauflebis sakiTxisagan. aRzr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogika <strong>da</strong> politika yovelTvis SeTanxmebulad arsebobdnen. <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
– platoni<strong>da</strong>n aristotelemde, Jan Jak rusomde, jon diuimde <strong>da</strong> paulo<br />
freiramde (mxolod ramdenime rom CamovTvaloT) – ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri proeqtis ganvrcobad (efli, 1982a; gadoti et al., 1996).<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis (<strong>da</strong>, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifos<br />
rolis) urTierTga<strong>da</strong>kveTis amocnobis uunaroba aris Sedegi<br />
ganaTlebisaTvis saxelmwifos TeoriaTa relevanturobis<br />
gauTvaliwineblobisa <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, politikuri folosofiis klasikis<br />
ignorirebisa. 2<br />
argumenti 2: metanarativi<br />
saxelmwifos Teorebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis Sedgenis<br />
nebismier mcdelobasTan, decentrirebuli subieqtebis Sedgenis Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
yvelaze radikalurad postmodernistul gamoxatulebaSi. amis msgavsad,<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebi im moraluri <strong>da</strong> eTikuri sidideebis (<strong>da</strong> rolebis)<br />
speqtrs sZenen arss, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong><br />
swavlebasTan, kognituri socializaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli identobebis<br />
Seqmnis procesSi. ufro metic, saxelmwifos Teoriebi (<strong>da</strong> maTi miTiTebebi<br />
Zalauflebas, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris kavSirebze) warmarTavs<br />
swavlebis erovnuli, regionaluri <strong>da</strong> lokaluri saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis Seqmnas, sawarmoo swavlebis programebisa <strong>da</strong> samuSao<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mouwyvetlad unarebis SesamuSavebeli programebis CaTvliT, rac<br />
legitimurad <strong>da</strong> oficialurad miiCneva.<br />
metanarativebis Seqmna (xatovani ritorikis siTamamiT, rac gavlenas<br />
axdens diqotomiur arCevanTa 3 Sesaxeb debatebSi, emfazis, mimarTulebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
diapazonis sakiTxebiT) mTlianad aRiniSneba ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis<br />
politikuri logikuri safuZvliT, rac aSkarad, an nagulisxmevad aris<br />
mocemuli saxelmwifos TeoriebSi. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT,<br />
saganmanaTleblo reformisaTvis diqotomiur arCevanTa Sesaxeb debatebi<br />
moicavs <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas srulyofilebasa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobas Soris;<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxsa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis gavrcelebas Soris; centralizaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> decentralizacias Soris <strong>da</strong> privatizebul <strong>da</strong> bazarze orientirebulsa<br />
298
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mier <strong>da</strong>finansebul programebs Soris. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi<br />
aSkarad pragmatuli Tu teqnikuri bunebisa, yvela efuZneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
(zogjer antagonistur) Teoriebs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. aq<br />
umniSvnelovanesia diskusia kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifo<br />
institutTa erTaderT organizebul wyebaze (swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> araformaluri<br />
ganaTlebis), sa<strong>da</strong>c ostatobisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli unarebis, ZiriTadi<br />
moraluri <strong>da</strong> eTikuri Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> oficialuri <strong>da</strong> kontrhegemonuri<br />
codnis SeTanxmeba xdeba, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri Tanxmobis<br />
integraluri komponentisa. am debatebis safuZvlad myofi saxelmwifos<br />
Teoriebis mniSvnelovnebis ignorireba saxifaToa saganmanaTleblo<br />
Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis ganviTarebis nebismieri seriozuli mcdelobisaTvis.<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebis Sesaxeb debatebi un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos kulturis<br />
kvlevebis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmwifos mzardi<br />
fragmentaciis (kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri) cnebam Cveni yuradReba un<strong>da</strong><br />
mimarTos kurikulumze, swavlebaze <strong>da</strong> swavlaze skolebSi. es warmoadgens<br />
socialuri regulaciis aseve sa<strong>da</strong>vo sferoebs. avtonomiis cneba (romelic<br />
gamj<strong>da</strong>ria liberalizmis diskursSi) uaryofilia, an gakritikebulia<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis neokonservatiul <strong>da</strong> neoliberalur<br />
midgomebSi. am mizezebis gamo, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis TeoriaTa<br />
metaTeoriuli sistema gvexmareba, rom movaxdinoT normatiul-eTikuri,<br />
praqtikul-politikuri <strong>da</strong> epistemologiur-filosofiuri monawile<br />
sakiTxebis identifikacia (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995).<br />
socialuri Teoriis nebismieri sistematuri kritika, romelic<br />
efuZneba metaTeoriul sistemas, moaxdens ganaTlebis sociologiaSi<br />
kritikuli Teoriuli transformaciebis identificirebas. saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis Teoriebi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqonea socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli reproduqciis TeoriebisaTvis, romelic uaRresad relevanturi<br />
rCeba ganaTlebis nebismieri analizisaTvis. pirveli, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
faqtiuri termini `reproduqcia~, tendenciisamebr, mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sxltebo<strong>da</strong> bolodroindel naSromSi, moroum <strong>da</strong> toresma (1995) ivaraudes,<br />
rom socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli reproduqciis ZiriTadi problematika rCeba<br />
saxelmwifos, skolasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobaTa kritikuli<br />
Teoriebis umTavres sazrunavad. meore, axali modeli, paralelisturi<br />
strategia (socialuri qmedeba, rogorc klasi<strong>da</strong>n, sqesi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> rasi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
wamosul paralelur determinaciaTa produqti), miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
Zlier mgrZobiarea istoriasTan, saqmianobasa <strong>da</strong> socialur praqtikebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, kvlav iyenebs struqturalistur meTodologiur strategiebs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, paralelisturma modelebma efeqtianad Seuwyo xeli<br />
klasis, sqesisa <strong>da</strong> rasis <strong>da</strong> swavlebis konteqstSi sxva formebis batonobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Sedegebis kvlevas. mesame, analizis paralelisturi<br />
299
modelebis mier miRweuli progresis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, maT ver SeZles sami<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi sakiTxis adekvaturad ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta: (a) rom batonobis am sam<br />
formaTagan TiToeuls aqvs mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli sistemuri xasiaTi,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti SedegebiT maTi, rogorc batonobis formebis<br />
konceptualizaciisaTvis; (b) rom am `cvladebis~ urTierTmoqmedebis<br />
analizi bundovani gax<strong>da</strong> `Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi avtonomiis eniT~, rac<br />
struqturalisturi marqsizmisgan <strong>da</strong>rCa; <strong>da</strong> (g) rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
paralelisturi reproduqciis Teoriis ganmartebiTi miznebi aris<br />
aucileblad ufro mokrZalebuli <strong>da</strong> istoriulad pirobiTi, vidre<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo klasikuri struqturalisturi reproduqciis<br />
TeoriebiT, isini Tavi<strong>da</strong>n icilebs <strong>da</strong>usruleblad fragmentirebis,<br />
konfliqtebisa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebis gamravlebis postmodernistul tendencias,<br />
TiTqos sistematuri kavSirebi ar arsebobdes maT Soris (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi,<br />
1994:43-61).<br />
argumenti 3: Zalaufleba<br />
ganaTlebis sociologiaSi kritikuli tradiciebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
ukve vasabuTebdi, rom Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos kritikuli Teoria<br />
warmoadgens aucilebel sawyis wertils politikis SemuSavebis<br />
Sesaswavlad, `maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, analizi ga<strong>da</strong>dis individualuri arCevanisa <strong>da</strong><br />
upiratesobis zusti sfero<strong>da</strong>n, rac garkveulwilad modelirebulia<br />
organizaciuli qceviT, ufro istoriul-struqturuli midgomisaken, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
individebs, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aqvT arCevani, magram isini ganpirobebulni, an<br />
SezRudulni arian istoriuli garemoebebiT, koniunqturuli procesebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> uflebamosilebis mravalferovani gamoxatulebebiT<br />
(mikro <strong>da</strong> makro doneebze) politikis formirebis konkretuli wesebis<br />
meSveobiT~ (morou <strong>da</strong> toresi, 1995:343). Zalauflebas, rTul organizaciebsa<br />
(rogoricaa skola) <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi gagebul un<strong>da</strong><br />
iqnes politikuri ekonomiisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis politikuri sociologiis<br />
kombinirebuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n. am Tvalsazrisis mosazreba gaxlavT<br />
neokonservatiuli moZraobis ganviTareba.<br />
neokonservatiuli politikis gavlena sakmaod gasc<strong>da</strong> aSS-s sazRvrebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri stabilizaciis neoliberaluri politikis meSveobiT,<br />
miaRwia egreT wodebul mesame msoflios. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
(rogoricaa msoflio banki) rolma msoflios masStabiT saganmanaTleblo<br />
reformebis dRis wesrigis SemuSavebaSi, eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>ayena erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifos avtonomiis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> moaxdina neoliberalizmis<br />
provocireba, rogorc stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli, meinstrimi ideologiisa <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si.<br />
Tumca, arsebobs mzardi <strong>da</strong>va ganaTlebis politikaze, saxelmZRvaneloebze<br />
300
<strong>da</strong> swavlebaze. es brZolebi aseve axdenen politikuri diskusiebis<br />
formirebas erovnul saxelmwifoebSi demokratiisaTvis ganaTlebis rolis<br />
Sesaxeb, <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, axorcieleben saganmanaTleblo kvlevis<br />
dominanturi diskursis formirebas.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli <strong>da</strong>va <strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnuli konfliqtebi <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobebi aRbeWdilia neokonservatiuli <strong>da</strong> neoliberaluri<br />
saxelmwifoebis cxovrebaSi. yvelaze aRsaniSnavi winaaRmdegoba<br />
neokonservativizmisa <strong>da</strong> neoliberalizmis politikur filosofiaSi aris<br />
individualuri avtonomiis xelSewyobis dilema, roca amavdroulad xdeba<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi valdebulebebis xelSewyoba. ekonomikuri<br />
racionalurobis TvalsazrisiT, msgavsi dilema warmoiSoba<br />
individualisturad miCneul upiratesobebsa <strong>da</strong> racionalur socialur<br />
arCevans Soris. es dilemebi saxelmwifos arsis sirTules kidev ufro<br />
amZafrebs, rogorc arena, romelic asaxavs Sinauri <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
aqtorebis interaqciebs. maSin saxelmwifo aris sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis<br />
urTierTobebis mikrokosmosuri kondensacia. skolebi warmoadgens am<br />
dinamikaTa nawils, rac eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo politikaSi <strong>da</strong> samuSao<br />
Zalis ganawilebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. Tumca, saganmanaTleblo<br />
sistemebi <strong>da</strong> garemoebi aseve aviTareben (saxelmwifosgan <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalis<br />
ganawilebisgan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi avtonomiiT) sakuTar instituciur <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur qcevas <strong>da</strong> marTvadobas.<br />
argumenti 4: axali sawyisebi<br />
rogorc gamokveTili iyo meore TavSi, arasinqronuli paralelisturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> relacionaluri Teoriebi, neomarqsizmi, postmodernizmi <strong>da</strong> feminizmi<br />
gvTavazoben tradiciuli politikuri filosofiis alternatiul<br />
Sexedulebebs. saxelmwifo, <strong>da</strong>naxuli rogorc istoriuli, mravalSreobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> relacionaluri cneba, aris <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
warmoqmnis centrSi. saxelmwifos mravalSreobrivi cneba gaiTvaliswinebs,<br />
ara mxolod aqtorTa qmedebas, aramed aseve Zalauflebis strategiaTa<br />
ganlagebas, eqspertuli codnis CaTvliT.<br />
kapitalizmi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom istoriulad specifiuria,<br />
Serwymulia patriarqatTan, xolo kapitalisturi saxelmwifo SeiZleba<br />
ganisazRvros, rogorc partiarqaluri saxelmwifo. feminizmis mixedviT,<br />
patriarqaluri saxelmwifo moicavs <strong>da</strong>/an adekvaturad ar Seaqvs eWvi<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul pirobiT genderul reprezentaciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
specifiur seqsistur (<strong>da</strong> rasistursa <strong>da</strong> klasistur) qcevebSi.<br />
301
imis<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, kapitalisturi globalizaciis konteqstSi<br />
erovnuli saxelmwifos axali institucionalizebuli formisken wavalT Tu<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis modelisaken, sa<strong>da</strong>c erovnuli saxelmwifo<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT <strong>da</strong>sustdeba, saxelmwifos Teoriebi kvlav ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia<br />
samuSao Zalis <strong>da</strong>nawilebaSi, sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si cvlilebebis<br />
wvdomisaTvis.<br />
argumenti 5: niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvneloba an depolitizacia<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriebsa <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo reformebs Soris<br />
arsebulma TvalsaCino, Tumca, bundovanma urTierTobebma martin qernoi <strong>da</strong><br />
henri levini (1985) <strong>da</strong>arwmuna (aSS-s ganaTlebis sistemis maTeul analizSi),<br />
rom Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiisaTvis wina brZolebis Seswavla<br />
warmarTavs saganmanaTleblo reformas progresuli perspeqtivebi<strong>da</strong>n. maTi<br />
sityvebi, rac <strong>da</strong>iwera aTwleulze meti xnis win, enTuziazmiT aRavsebs im<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, romlebic zrunaven bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa <strong>da</strong> mozrdilebis<br />
demokratiul <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze:<br />
uwyveti brZola, demokratiis farTo sakiTxebis Sesrulebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli politikis warumateblobasTan erTad,<br />
patiosnebis, Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobisaTvis demokratiul<br />
koaliciaTa Zalas gazrdis. samarTliani <strong>da</strong> gonivruli swavlebisaTvis<br />
demokratiuli brZolebi warmoadgens efeqtian <strong>da</strong>rtymas im ekonomikur<br />
Zalebze, romlebic cdiloben moipovon pirveloba amerikul skolebze <strong>da</strong><br />
Cveni axalgazrdobis formirebaze. warsulis Seswavla xels uwyobs<br />
samomavlod Cvens optimizms. (267)<br />
zemoaRniSnuli argumentebis gar<strong>da</strong>, sxva mizezsac vxe<strong>da</strong>v, romlis gamoc<br />
ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb politikurad un<strong>da</strong> azrovnebdnen. Tu<br />
Cveni mizania <strong>ganaTleba</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri demokratiisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Temis<br />
gaZlierebisaTvis, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis Teoriebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva uwyvetad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, <strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli, aqtiurad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes gamoyenebuli saganmanaTleblo kvlevaSi. herbert markusis<br />
mWermetyveluri analizi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis SuaSi, romelic<br />
akritikebs teqnologiis fetiSizms <strong>da</strong> politikis erTganzomilebianobisken<br />
swrafvas gvian kapitalizmSi, gvafrTxilebs ganaTlebis mkvlevarTa<br />
depolitizaciis riskze, rac gansazRvrulia mniSvnelovani mizeziT. 4 es asea,<br />
radgan – rom movaxdinoT heldis (1989:104) parafrazireba – mkvlevrebi, romelTac<br />
aRaraferi axsovT teqnikis, produqtiulobisa <strong>da</strong> efeqtianobis gar<strong>da</strong>, savaraudod,<br />
TavianT samuSaos miiCneven nebismieri politikuri interesisgan Tavisuflad <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifosagan <strong>da</strong> civiluri sazogadoebis Zalebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad.<br />
samwuxarod, depolitizaciis Sedegebi warmoadgens kvlevis ara ukeTes monacemebs,<br />
aramed skolisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n politikuri <strong>da</strong> moraluri<br />
302
sakiTxebis saboloo amoZirkvas, rasac xSir SemTxvevaSi mosdevs winaaRmdegobebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> dilemebi.<br />
winaaRmdegobebi, dilemebi <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebi<br />
amerikuli ocneba aris kompleqsuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>majerebeli idea, romlis<br />
ZiebaSic milionobiT individi Camovi<strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi –<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelic yovelwliurad amerikisken izi<strong>da</strong>vs aTasobiT emigrants,<br />
visac misi realizebis imedi aqvs. es faqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,<br />
radgan amerikuli ocnebis materialuri aspeqtebi ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
bundovani xdeba amerikelTa umetesobisaTvis.<br />
– jeims a. benqsi, moqalaqeTa <strong>ganaTleba</strong> multikulturul sazogadoebaSi<br />
gamowvevebi<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis SeqmnisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia moqalaqeobis, demokratiis, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebis, gamowvevebisa <strong>da</strong> dilemebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba. es gamowvevebi Sedis, upirveles yovlisa, klasis, rasis,<br />
genderisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebul codnaSi, im seriozul<br />
gamowvevaTa umetesobis CaTvliT, rac modis feministuri Teoriebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
romlebic akritikeben politikuri sistemebis konstruirebas<br />
patriarqaluri sistemebi<strong>da</strong>n (makklaferti, toresi <strong>da</strong> mitCeli, ibeWdeba).<br />
amis msgavsad, ar SeiZleba ignorirebul iqnes postkolonializmis<br />
gamowveva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca multikulturuli sazogadoebebis<br />
Sedgena xdeba, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, emigrantTa farTo masebis arsebobiT, romelTa<br />
didi nawilic adreul koloniur gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom feminizmi <strong>da</strong> postkolonializmi exeba alternatiuli `xmebis~<br />
mniSvnelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis sistemebs moqalaqeobis SedgenaSi, am<br />
xmebisa <strong>da</strong> sistemebis mdebareoba Zalauflebis saerTaSoriso sistemisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli saxelmwifos SigniT ierarqiebis konteqstSi Seadgens axal<br />
gamowvevas: subalterni sivrceebis gamowvevas, rasac Zalian iSviaTad<br />
exebian axali socialuri moZraobebi. zogierT istoriul konteqstebSi, es<br />
gamowvevebi xazs usvams imis saWiroebas, rom mivmarToT rasis kritikul<br />
Teorias, raTa vaCvenoT rasizmis mniSvneloba mraval metropoliur <strong>da</strong><br />
periferiul sazogadoebaSi socialuri urTierTobebis SeqmnisaTvis. amasTan<br />
erTad, arsebobs globalizaciis gamowveva, rogorc ganuyofeli nawili<br />
erovnuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kninebisa. am konteqstSi,<br />
moqalaqeobis Seqmna dgeba mravalferovani SezRudvebis winaSe. <strong>da</strong>bolos,<br />
303
aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom yvela es gamowveva <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba utopiuri<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis gamowvevebze; paulo freiris moRvaweoba kvlav<br />
STamagonebeli wyaroa demokratiis, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis wvdomisaTvis. es gamowvevebi gagebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes demokratiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobis, moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
dilemebis konteqstSi.<br />
winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> dilemebi<br />
sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi axorcieleben, isini<br />
Sedian <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel urTierTobebSi, romelic mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebelia maTi survilisagan; warmoebis es urTierTobebi<br />
Seesabameba warmoebis maTi materialuri Zalebis ganviTarebis<br />
gansazRvrul etaps. warmoebis am urTierTobaTa saboloo jami moicavs<br />
sazogadoebis ekonomikur struqturas – realur safuZvels, romelzec<br />
wamoimarTeba legaluri <strong>da</strong> politikuri superstruqtura <strong>da</strong> romelsac<br />
Seesabameba socialuri cnobierebis gansazRvruli formebi. warmoebis<br />
wesi materialur cxovrebaSi gansazRvravs socialur, politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
inteleqtualur cxovrebas, zoga<strong>da</strong>d. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cnobiereba ki ar<br />
gansazRvravs maT arsebobas, aramed, piriqiT, maTi socialuri arseboba<br />
gansazRvravs maT cnobierebas.<br />
– karl marqsi, Grundrisse<br />
winaaRmdegobaTa cneba, aRebuli neomarqsizmis Teoriuli arsenali<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos moqalaqeobis, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s dilemebisa <strong>da</strong> problemebis gagebisaTvis. maikl efli<br />
(1988c) amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> neomarqsistuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, rom winaaRmdegobebze<br />
fokusireba mniSvnelovania, `gansakuTrebiT Tu isini gamoxatulia<br />
saxelmwifos meSveobiT, Tu warmoadgens konfliqtebis, kompromisebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanxmobaTa Sedegebs saxelmwifos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva doneebze, <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri moZraobebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis Zalebis farTo speqtrs Soris~<br />
(36-37). maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, arsebobs mowodeba saxelmwifos ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewili<br />
analizisken, rac un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes im progress, rac miRweulia genderis,<br />
klasisa <strong>da</strong> rasis politikur ekonomiaSi, rogorc es mocemuli iyo wina<br />
TavebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>majereblad iqna SemoTavazebuli freizeris (1997) mier:<br />
`aRiarebis politika ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro gancalkevebuli xdeba redistribuciis<br />
politikisgan, <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknels aRiarebis politika ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
sjobnis. Sedegi gaxlavT Sekvecili problematika, romelic abrkolebs<br />
radikaluri demokratiis sando xedvis ganviTarebis mcdelobebs~ (180-181). es<br />
namdvilad aris analizi, romelic emateba Tavad saxelmwifoSi<br />
demokratiuli konfliqtebis centraluri adgilis Sesaxeb diskusiebs<br />
304
privatizaciis, centralizaciis, profesionalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> diferenciaciis<br />
politikis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad (boli, 1993; deili, 1989).<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriis ufro <strong>da</strong>xvewilma analizma xazi un<strong>da</strong> gausvas im<br />
garemoebas, rom moqalaqeobis TeoriaSi arsebobs mravali winaaRmdegoba <strong>da</strong><br />
dilema. pirveli aris (meoTxe TavSi Camoyalibebuli) dilema legaluri<br />
safuZvlebis TvalsazrisiT moqalaqeobis wvdomisa, moqalaqeobis, rogorc<br />
samoqalaqo Rirsebebis gagebasTan SepirispirebiT. es, arsobrivad, qmnis<br />
problemaTa pirvel wyebas, rodesac ganvixilavT moqalaqeobas mxolod misi<br />
legaluri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, <strong>da</strong> ara, rogorc un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT,<br />
misi unaris TvalsazrisiT – Seqmnas moraluri, socialurad<br />
sicocxlisunariani, politikurad efeqtiani <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad<br />
pasuxismgeblobis mqone saxelmwifo politikuri ekonomiis konteqstSi.<br />
moqalaqeobis meore dilema aris is faqti, rom saboloo jamSi,<br />
neokonservatorebisTvis moqalaqeoba regulirdeba sabazro urTierTobebiT;<br />
anu, moqalaqeoba efuZneba warmatebul konkurenciis unars (saerTaSoriso)<br />
bazrebze. Sesabamisad, moqalaqe Cans, rogorc momxmarebeli. amdenad,<br />
korporaciebi, saxelmwifo institutebi, kapitali <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zala<br />
mniSvnelovania specifiurad identificirebul lokalur sivrceebSi<br />
(globalur sistemaSi), <strong>da</strong> ara erovnul saxelmwifoSi. mxolod im<br />
individebs, romelTac, rogorc warmomqmnelebs <strong>da</strong> momxmareblebs, SeuZliaT<br />
imonawileon am globaluri sistemis lojistikaSi produqtiulobis<br />
saSualebiT, SeuZliaT moipovon moqalaqeoba. <strong>da</strong>narCenebi ubralod<br />
ignorirebulni arian, radgan maT akliaT hegemonuri ekonomikuri niSa.<br />
memarcxeneTagan, moqalaqeobis SezRudvebi warmoiSoba a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa cnebasTan erTad, romelic, rodesac srulad aris ganxiluli,<br />
yvela sxva mopovebuli statusis uflebebis adgils ikavebs (<strong>da</strong>badebiT, Tu<br />
miRebiT). 5 faqtiurad, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa cneba, rasac xeli ewyoba<br />
saerTaSoriso masStabiT, eWvqveS ayenebs nacionalizmis winapirobas,<br />
erovnul saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobas, rogorc moqalaqeobis<br />
erTaderTi organizebis institucionalur safuZvels. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcvelebisTvis, moqalaqeobis sakiTxebi aris, faqtiurad, planetaruli, <strong>da</strong><br />
ara nacionaluri moqalaqeobis masStabis sakiTxi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, moqalaqeoba liberalur demokratiebSi gamoixateba,<br />
rogorc safuZveli saxelmwifoSi individTa CarTvisaTvis, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad im<br />
faqtisa, rom zogierTi procesi axdens saxelmwifos fragmentirebas. es<br />
exeba im individTa gamoricxvas, romlebsac (miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
nominalurad moqalaqeebs warmoadgenen) ar SeuZliaT srulad<br />
ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi. Cveulebriv, isini iZulebulni arian<br />
305
Seasrulon TavianTi pasuxismgeblobebi <strong>da</strong> valdebulebebi, Tumca<br />
uflebebis srul ganxorielebaSi maT xeli eSlebaT. es ase xdeba,<br />
magaliTad, amerikeli indielebisaTvis, romlebic moaciles sakuTar miwebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelTa kolonizaciac ganaxorcieles TeTrkanianma emigrantebma.<br />
rezervaciebSi maTi SemosazRvriT, isini aSkarad <strong>da</strong>aciles moqalaqeobis<br />
dinamikas (<strong>da</strong> privilegiebs).<br />
moqalaqeobis msgavsad, <strong>demokratia</strong> aRniSnulia mravali<br />
winaaRmdegobiT <strong>da</strong> dilemiT. upirveles yovlisa, es aris is faqti, rom<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> (rogorc politikuri sistema) mWidrod <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalizms (rogorc warmoebis wess). am situaciam Sedegad mogvca yvelaze<br />
arsebiTi winaaRmdegoba Tavisufali individebisa, romlebsac akliaT<br />
arsebiTi Tanasworoba, rac, amgvarad qmnis Semdgomi demokratiuli<br />
SeTanxmebis moTxovnilebas. <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc arssa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s,<br />
rogorc politikuri reprezentaciis meTods Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani<br />
politikuri <strong>da</strong> Teoriuli gansxvaveba warmoadgens umTavres moments<br />
moqalaqeobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi. politologi Teoretikosebis k. b.<br />
makfersonis <strong>da</strong> T. h. marSalis wvlilis Semdeg naTelia, rom demokratiis,<br />
rogorc politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri uflebis cneba ar SeiZleba<br />
gamoiricxos demokratiis, rogorc ekonomikuri uflebis cnebisgan – rasac<br />
freizeri (1997) uwodeb<strong>da</strong> radikalur <strong>demokratia</strong>s: `vvaraudob, rom iyo<br />
dRes radikaluri demokrati niSnavs, rom <strong>da</strong>afaso (<strong>da</strong> uaryofisaken<br />
iswrafo) demokratiuli monawileobis ori sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis <strong>da</strong>brkoleba.<br />
erTi aseTi <strong>da</strong>brkolebaa socialuri uTanasworoba; meore ki – gansxvavebis<br />
araRiarebaa. radikaluri <strong>demokratia</strong>, am interpretaciiT, aris is<br />
Sexeduleba, rom dResdReobiT <strong>demokratia</strong> moiTxovs, rogorc ekonomikur<br />
redistribucias, aseve multikulturul aRiarebas~ (173-174).<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis<br />
msgavsad, savsea aRmaSfoTebeli winaaRmdegobebiT. pirveli maTgania<br />
universalurobasa <strong>da</strong> identobas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba. anu is, rom<br />
codna, rogorc universaluri sfero moicavs safuZvels<br />
racionalurobisaTvis, rac efuZneba ganmanaTleblobis logikas, <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
identobis politika asaxavs brZolaTa lokalizebul wyebas, rac<br />
ugulebelyofs universalizmis nebismier SesaZlo arss – anu, poziciuri<br />
midgoma, rogorc Zlier gakritikebulia gitlinis (1995) mier, an odnav eWvi<br />
aqvs Setanili nodingss, rogorc epistemologia (1995). meore, demokratiis<br />
winaaRmdegobis msgavsia is faqti, rom eTnikuri, rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
gansxvavebebi SenarCunebulia sazogadoebebSi, romlebic ar arian srulad<br />
egalitaruli, rac qmnis seriozul <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas Tavisuflebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworobas Soris.<br />
306
es winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> dilemebi xazs usvams demokratiuli<br />
multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis seriozul gamowvevebs <strong>da</strong>,<br />
amdenad, socialur TeoriaSi im ZiriTadi Teoriuli movlenebis xelaxali<br />
Sefasebis saWiroebas, romelic gavlenas axdens <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s,<br />
demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis Cveneul wvdomaze.<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoria<br />
produqciis mizanmimarTuli miRweva didi <strong>da</strong> mcire biznesis<br />
sargebelisaTvis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n am miznis ueWveli <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis misaRwevad, adgens Zlier SezRudul politikur dRis<br />
wesrigs: igi qmnis situacias, romelSic saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebi exeba<br />
mxolod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebaTa Sesaxeb debatebs – mizani mocemulia,<br />
anu ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro meti produqcia. depolitizacia miiReba<br />
`instrumentuli miznis~ gavrcelebis Sedegad; anu, es aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saSualebebis efeqtianobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli zrunvis gavrceleba<br />
winaswar mocemul miznebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
– devid heldi, politikuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove saxelmwifo<br />
winapiroba, rac winamdebare wignis safuZvelSi devs, aris is, rom<br />
klasis, rasis, genderisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos Sesaxeb axali codna gvTavazobs<br />
integrirebul perspeqtivebs, rac pasuxs scems postmodernistul kritikas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganmartavs demokratiis, moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
zogierT dilemas (makklaferti, toresi <strong>da</strong> mitCeli, ibeWdeba).<br />
Mmoroum <strong>da</strong> toresma (1995), sxvebis msgavsad, warmoayenes varaudi, rom<br />
rasis, klasis, genderisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos codna, rogorc integrirebuli<br />
perspeqtivebi, warmoiSva kritikuli modernizmis tradicii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Seadgens<br />
postmodernizmis zomierebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevebze reagirebas, <strong>da</strong> amave dros, Tavis<br />
TavSi moicavs instrumentaluri racionalurobis sistematur kritikas.<br />
rogor SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroT postmodernizmi demokratiis,<br />
moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Teoriebs? ufro metic, rogor<br />
SegviZlia postmodernistuli Teoriebi <strong>da</strong>vukavSiroT kapitalistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb diskusiebs?<br />
rogorc wina TavebSi iyo <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli, postmodernizmis mixedviT,<br />
arsebobs `axali~ epoqa sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> axali kulturuli paradigmi.<br />
postmodernistuli sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis zogierTi ZiriTadi<br />
sociologiuri Sedegi SeiZleba Sejamdes, rogorc situacia, romelic<br />
moicavs fragmentaciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva procesebs: (1) Zalauflebis decentrireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> fragmentireba, rac eWvqveS ayenebs Teoriebs batonobisa <strong>da</strong> hegemoniis<br />
307
Sesaxeb; (2) materialuri interesebisa <strong>da</strong> subieqturi gamoxatvebis<br />
koleqtiur qmedebaSi gancalkeveba, rac Sedegad iZleva socialur<br />
moZraobaTa moTxovnebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanas distribuciuli<strong>da</strong>n kulturul-eTikur<br />
sakiTxebze; (3) heterogenurobis gamoCena, gansxvavebiT homogenizaciisgan,<br />
rac manamde axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> msoflio sistemas; (4) demokratiis mimarT mzardi<br />
undobloba <strong>da</strong> imedgacruebuloba, rac politikur TemTa <strong>da</strong> identobaTa<br />
fragmentaciis Sedegia (toresi <strong>da</strong> mitCeli, ibeWdeba).<br />
kritikuli modernizmis politikuri perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n Sesrulebuli<br />
postmodernizmis Sesaxeb Cemi analizis <strong>da</strong>sasruls, meore TavSi, <strong>da</strong>vasabuTe,<br />
rom postmodernizmis ufro cxadi warumatebloba aris mimarTulebis<br />
uqonloba <strong>da</strong> politikuri programis ararseboba. ufro metic,<br />
postmodernizmis politika SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes cru radikalizmi,<br />
romelic eWvqveS ayenebs yvela Tvalsazriss, naTeli politikuri programis<br />
wamoyenebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi, eWvi ar Seaqvs gansxvavebuli<br />
specialuri <strong>da</strong> regionaluri interesebis mqone jgufebis fragmentirebul<br />
politikaSi. es situacia, romelic emateba progresuli jgufebis<br />
sekularul, urTierTgamanadgurebel brZolebs; kapitalisturi<br />
saxelmwifos struqturul <strong>da</strong> istoriul moqmedebas; <strong>da</strong> qmedebebs<br />
memarjveneebisgan, azianebs SemswavlelTa Temebis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
qmedebas, abrkolebs progresul jgufTa unars – eWvi Seitanon dominanti<br />
klasebis gavlenis, Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> simdidris resursebis gansxvavebul<br />
xelmisawvdomobaSi umetes sferoebSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT. mokled, es<br />
imeorebs nensi freizeris (1997) Sexedulebas im sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom<br />
radikaluri <strong>demokratia</strong> moiTxovs politikuri ekonomiis CarTvas<br />
kritikuli <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s wina<strong>da</strong>debaTa gverdigverd.<br />
postmodernizmis es `transgresiuli~ aqtivizmi SesaZloa eWvqveS<br />
ayenebdes <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si neokonservatiuli <strong>da</strong> neoliberaluri proeqtebis<br />
narativebs, rac mcire miRwevas ar warmoadgens, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
memarjveneTa `saRi azris~ narativis Zalas, magram praqtikuli<br />
politikisaTvis igi gvTavazobs mcire rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs (Tu saerTod aseTs<br />
gvTavazobs). mniSvnelovania, gavimeoroT gitlinis (1995) gafrTxileba:<br />
is postmodernistebi, romlebic gvTavazoben ganmanaTleblobis, rogorc<br />
mamrobiTi, imperialisturi, rasisturi, <strong>da</strong>savluri ideologiis<br />
xorcmetis uaryofas, ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven sakuTar situacias. maT mier im<br />
mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli mtkicebisas, rom ideebi miekuTvneba konkretul<br />
istoriul momentebs, isini TavisTavad nagulisxmev faqtad miiCneven im<br />
istoriul safuZvels, romelzec dganan. isini ver acnobiereben an<br />
uaryofen, rom maTi gataceba <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>T, identobebiT,<br />
perspeqtivebiT, araTanazomieri msoflmxedvelobebiTa <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ara ganmanaTleblobis iseTi principebis<br />
308
farTo aRiareba, rogorebicaa: pirovnebis mniSvneloba, Rirsebis miniWebis<br />
ufleba <strong>da</strong> is socialuri wesrigi, rac amas Seesabameba. (214)<br />
problema kidev ufro rTuldeba maSin, roca socialuri subieqtebi<br />
miiCneva politikulad decentrirebulad. klasis, rasis, genderisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos axali codnis umTavresi valdebulebaa gamoikvlios rasis<br />
kritikuli Teoriis analitikuri SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> SezRudvebi, misi erTerTi<br />
ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgoma. rasis kritikul TeoriasTan erTad,<br />
feminizmis gamowveva umTavresia socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri TeoriisaTvis.<br />
feminizmis epistemologia fokusirebas axdens `sxvis~ konstruirebaze.<br />
arsebobs `sxva~ TavisTavad, `Cvengan~ <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, Tu igi aris<br />
yovelTvis socialurad konstruirebuli kategoria? Tuki `sxvisi~ cneba<br />
socialurad konstruirebulia, `sxvisi~ konstruireba ramdenad eyrdnoba<br />
ganzogadebisa <strong>da</strong> universalurobis cnebebs, rac Rrmad aris aRbeWdili<br />
mamrobiTi perspeqtiviT? konstruqtivizmi didi xnis manZilze ibrZo<strong>da</strong><br />
imisaTvis, rom <strong>da</strong>eZlia `sxvis~ konstruirebis Sedegebi. universalurobis<br />
cnebebis feminizmis epistemologiurma kritikam un<strong>da</strong> mouwodos mkvlevrebs,<br />
rom iyvnen Zalze frTxilni <strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinon yvelaferi pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
diskursebis, saWiroebaTa Sefasebis, <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, vin aris `Cven~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`sxva~-s gamartivebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas. amgvarad,<br />
konstruqtivizmi aris pozitivizmis epistemologiuri <strong>da</strong> eTikuri<br />
alternativa.<br />
pozitivizmis polarulad sawinaaRmdego gaxlavT socialuri<br />
mecnierebis konstruqtivistuli modeli, romelic asaxavs Zlier<br />
alternatiul xedvas, romelSic realoba Cans, rogorc wyvetilobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
araprognozirebadi Sedegebis produqti. Semswavlelebi, konstruqtivistebis<br />
azriT, aqtiurad monawileoben swavlaSi, cnebaSi, romelic exeba, rogorc<br />
swavlis yvelaze elementarul formebs, ise kvlevis yvelaze progresul<br />
formebs. mTeli codnisa <strong>da</strong> swavlis, rogorc socialuri aqtivobis<br />
ganxilva, aucileblad ar niSnavs (rogorc zogi postmodernisti<br />
amtkicebs), rom Cven ar SegviZlia potenciurad realobis warmodgena; magram<br />
es gulisxmobs, rom un<strong>da</strong> gavacnobieroT im perspeqtivaTa mravalferovneba,<br />
romelic CarTulia Temis, <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, mkvlevarTa <strong>da</strong> maswavlebelTa<br />
Temis formirebaSi. <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulobis Ziebaze xelis aReba ar moiTxovs<br />
codnis Ziebaze uaris Tqmas.<br />
meTodologiuri pluralizmi momdinareobs mecnieruli codnis<br />
konstruqtivistuli koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n. es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvelaferi<br />
misaRebia, aramed imas, rom un<strong>da</strong> gavacnobieroT, rom arsebobs<br />
mravalferovani gamoyenebadi logika, romelic Seadgens kvlevas.<br />
Sesabamisad, politikis kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxia koherentuli kvlevis<br />
309
dizainis SemuSaveba, rac akavSirebs Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> kvlevis teqnikas, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasmeli SekiTxvebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saWreli problemebis Sesabamisia.<br />
mesame winapiroba, rac absolutur kontrastSia pozitivizmTan, aris<br />
is, rom codna ar SeiZleba gancalkevdes mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Rirebulebisagan; maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> aucileblad aris moraluri saqme.<br />
magram kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi aRniSnuli ar<br />
gulisxmobs absolutur moralur kodeqss, eTikuri azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> qmedebis<br />
warmarTvisaTvis proceduruli principebisgan gansxvavebiT. ganaTlebis<br />
konteqstSi, zrunva, samarTlianoba <strong>da</strong> individualuri pasuxismgebloba<br />
warmoadgens moraluri qmedebis ZiriTad principebs, romlebic un<strong>da</strong><br />
avsebdnen erTmaneTs.<br />
rogorc feministi Teoretikosebi Segvaxsenebdnen, zrunvis<br />
xelSemwyobi principebi mTlianad swavlis safuZvelSia, rac warmoadgens<br />
interaqtiul process, romelic pativs un<strong>da</strong> scemdes sxvaTa Rirsebas.<br />
mamrobiTi sqesis mier dominirebuli kulturis konteqstSi, zrunvis eTika<br />
SeiZleba wamoiSvas mxolod feministuri midgomis meSveobiT, ramac<br />
SeiZleba mogvces cvlilebis safuZvlebi. feministi mkvlevrebi<br />
asabuTebdnen, rom mamrobiTi gamocdileba yovlismomcvelad aris asaxuli<br />
saxelmwifoebriv politikaSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT. skolebSi, Zalze<br />
seriozulad un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT `gansxvavebulobis~ kultura, gansakuTrebiT<br />
qalebis kultura <strong>da</strong> feradkanian a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kulturebi, rac gaafarTovebs<br />
samoqalaqo ganaTlebis perspeqtivebs <strong>da</strong> moicavs pasuxismgeblobas <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTpativiscemis gamomxatvel qcevas ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> interpersonalur<br />
urTierTobebSi sazogadoebaSi, zoga<strong>da</strong>d. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, socialuri<br />
samarTlianobis principebi iZleva racionalur safuZvlebs, romelic<br />
asabuTebs socialuri urTierTobaTa kritikas, rac azianebs zrunvas <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianur saWiroebaTa marTebul ganxorcielebas. <strong>da</strong>bolos, individualuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba umTavresia <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si moralisa <strong>da</strong> eTikis SeqmnisaTvis.<br />
swavla aseve aris interaqtiuli procesi, romelic organizebuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos dialoguri principebis Sesabamisad. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom isini<br />
mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar azianebs inteleqtualuri uflebamosilebisa <strong>da</strong> liderobis<br />
mniSvnelobas, dialoguri principebi, rogorc gamoxatulia jon diuisa <strong>da</strong><br />
paulo freiris mier, sxva mkvlevarTa msgavsad, namdvilad ayenebs sakiTxs<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisa <strong>da</strong> mkvlevrebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> TviTrefleqsiurobis<br />
saWiroebis Sesaxeb, imis Taobaze, Tu ra un<strong>da</strong> iswavlebodes <strong>da</strong> ras<br />
warmoadgens kvlevis socialuri gamoyeneba (burbulisi, 1993).<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, rekonstruqtivistebi aRiareben, rom kvleva <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
warmoadgens socialurad <strong>da</strong> istoriulad situaciur aqtivobebs<br />
310
institutebSi, romlebic iZulebuli <strong>da</strong> uflebamosili arian Zalauflebis<br />
urTierTobebiT maT garSemo arsebul sazogadoebaSi. amis gamo, eqspertuli<br />
codnis, kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis roli gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
ganaTlebis politikuri sociologiis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> yuradReba un<strong>da</strong><br />
mieqces im idealebisa <strong>da</strong> Rireulebebis urTierTobebs, rac xorcSesxmulia<br />
mkvlevrebSi <strong>da</strong> kvleviT praqtikaSi, romelic iswrafvis saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> warmarTvisaken.<br />
konstruqtivistuli perspeqtiva am sakiTxze didi xania ibrZvis <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlia SemogvTavazos wvdomis memkvidreoba <strong>da</strong> gagebis saSualebebi, rac<br />
Zalze sarwmunoa, pozitivizmTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, rogorc mufma<br />
(1993) ganmarta, ar aris sasargeblo kategoria `qalebis~ miCneva erTian <strong>da</strong><br />
gamaerTianebel raobad:<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxi xdeba: rogor aris `qali~ konstruirebuli, rogorc<br />
kategoria sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva diskursebis SigniT? rogor xdeba sqesobrivi<br />
gansxvavebis Sesaferisi gamijvna socialur urTierTobebSi? <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
aris konstruirebuli subordinaciis urTierTobebi aseTi gansxvavebebis<br />
meSveobiT? Tanasworoba-gansxvavebulobis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis mTliani<br />
xelovnuri dilema aSkaravdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n Cven metad aRar gvaqvs<br />
homogenuri erTeuli `qali~, rac upirispirdeba homogenur erTeuls<br />
`kaci~, aramed gvaqvs socialur urTierTobaTa simravle, romelSic<br />
sqesobrivi gansxvaveba yovelTvis konstruirdeba Zalze mravalferovani<br />
saSualebebiT <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c subordinaciis winaaRmdeg brZola vizualizebul<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqnes specifiuri <strong>da</strong> diferencialuri formebiT. imis SekiTxva, un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaxdnen Tu ara qalebi kacebis identurebi, imisaTvis rom aRiarebul<br />
iqnen, rogorc Tanasworni, an un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvan Tu ara TavianTi gansxvaveba<br />
Tanasworobis fasad, uazro Cans, vinai<strong>da</strong>n eWvqveS dgeba arsebiTi<br />
identobebi. (78)<br />
kritikuli Teoriis perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, ekonomikis, kulturisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifos mzard globalizaciasa <strong>da</strong> lokalur dinamikebis<br />
revitalizacias Soris arsebobs garkveuli uxerxuloba (mag., Zveli<br />
gamoTqma, rom `mTeli politika lokaluria~). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
zogierTi dinamika mTlianad emTxveva globalizaciis dinamikas, Cndeba<br />
bevri sxva dinamika, romelic globalizaciis praqtikebs winaaRmdegobas<br />
uwevs (manderi <strong>da</strong> goldsmiti, 1996). faqtiurad, rasac (rogorc Cans)<br />
globalizacia warmoadgens, aris saerTaSoriso proletarizmis<br />
trockistuli devizis sawinaaRmdego, rac, planetarul kapitalizmsa <strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalizmis internacionalizms manamde ar unaxavs. Tumca, kapitalizmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> demokratiis TanaarsebobiT, ar aris warmoudgeneli globaluri<br />
moqalaqis saWiroebis rwmena, moqalaqis, romelic SeiZleba efuZnebodes<br />
loialobas <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robas <strong>da</strong> romelsac SeuZlia nacionaluri<br />
311
sazRvrebis ignorireba, <strong>da</strong> im sazRvrebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva, romelic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom legaluria, aseve istoriulia <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, SeiZleba xelaxla<br />
ganisazRvros axali istoriuli epoqis konteqstSi. Cans, rom globalizacia<br />
axdens gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> rasobrivi sazRvrebis formirebas<br />
moulodneli TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, socialuri moZraobebi Cndeba, rogorc<br />
mTavari aqtorebi, romlebic demokratiul moqalaqeobas uwyobs xels.<br />
TiTqos yvela es Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli gamowveva ar iyos<br />
sakmarisi. <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s, moqalaqeobas, <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> multikulturalizms<br />
Soris kavSirebis nebismieri seriozuli xelaxali gansazRvra xazs usvams<br />
mecnierebis, rogorc socialur konfliqtTa neitraluri arbitris <strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc socialuri inJineriis ZiriTadi instrumentis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
sakiTxs. am gamowvevebiT, mecniereba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Cans ZalauflebasTan<br />
(hardingi, 1996). magaliTad, Tu Cven miviRebT perspeqtivas, romelic axlosaa<br />
fukos TvalsazrisTan, mecniereba iqneba Zalauflebis disciplinaruli<br />
formebis aucilebeli nawili. misi strategiuli mizani aris socialuri<br />
produqtiulobisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis gazr<strong>da</strong>. `laboratoriuli<br />
mikrosamyaroebis modelze msoflios ga<strong>da</strong>keTebisa <strong>da</strong> xelaxali<br />
konceptualizaciis mcdeloba, arc srulad koherentuli proeqtia, rac<br />
win<strong>da</strong>xedulad zemo<strong>da</strong>n aris Tavs moxveuli, <strong>da</strong> arc Seuvali Zalaa, romlic<br />
SewinaaRmdegebac SeuZlebelia qvemo<strong>da</strong>n, maT mier, vizec is gavlenas axdens<br />
(rousi, 1987:244). amgvarad, mecnierebis, rogorc Zalauflebis dialeqtikuri<br />
Tvalsazrisi xe<strong>da</strong>vs mecnierebas, Zalauflebas <strong>da</strong> rezistentulobas,<br />
rogorc bunebrivad urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuls <strong>da</strong> mecnierebs ubiZgebs, miiRon<br />
eTikuri poziciebi <strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinon ormxrivi urTierTobebi (mag., gare<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba/kvleva <strong>da</strong> lokaluri Temebi), sammxrivi urTierTobebi (gare<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba/kvleva, lokaluri Temebi, biurokratiuli legaluri dominacia)<br />
<strong>da</strong> TiToeul interaqciaSi CarTuli winaaRmdegobebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> eTika. vin<br />
iRebs sargebels, vin ixdis safasurs <strong>da</strong> vin iRebs sikeTes mecnierebis,<br />
rogorc Zalauflebisgan? es un<strong>da</strong> iyos maradiuli kiTxvebi im a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> institutebisaTvis, romlebic CarTuli arian <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s,<br />
demokratiuli Temebis formirebisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis SenebaSi.<br />
amgvarad, Tu mecniereba ar SeiZleba erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod miRebuli<br />
iyos, rogorc socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri <strong>da</strong>vebis <strong>da</strong>saregulirebeli mtkice<br />
safuZveli, maSin gvWirdeba am kvlevis wyaroebTan <strong>da</strong>bruneba. swored aq<br />
iZens gigantur mniSvnelobas paulo freiris Sroma, radgan igi gveubneba,<br />
rom Tavisufleba jer kidev mosapovebelia. freiris wvlili ganaTlebis,<br />
rogorc Tavisuflebis aqtis wvdomaSi warmoadgens mowodebas, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>vinaxoT <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli dialeqtika Cveni sakuTari Tavis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa<br />
gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi Tavisuflebis SezRudvebisgan. TavisTavad,<br />
gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZola aris intervenciis kidev erTi forma, romelic<br />
312
SeiZleba CaiTvalos intervenciis eTikis nawilad. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>,<br />
rogorc Tavisuflebis aqti gulisxmobs gansxvavebul perspeqtivas<br />
lokalur, socialurad konstruirebul <strong>da</strong> Taobebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>cemul<br />
codnaze. igi aseve gulisxmobs perspeqtivas, rac eWvqveS ayenebs normalur<br />
mecnierebas <strong>da</strong> aramonawileobiT <strong>da</strong>gegmvas <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs Teoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodologiuri perspeqtivis konstruirebas, romelic mu<strong>da</strong>m eWviT uyurebs<br />
nebismier mecnierul urTierTobas, rogorc urTierTobas, romelic malavs<br />
dominaciis urTierTobebs. amave dros, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Tavisufleba<br />
jer kidev mosapovebelia, misi (Tavisuflebis) mopoveba SesaZlebelia,<br />
radgan uTanasworo, eqspluatatoruli urTierTobebi Seqmnilia a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong> maTi Secvla swored a<strong>da</strong>mianebs SeuZliaT.<br />
saboloo jamSi, normaluri mecnierebis es dilemebi <strong>da</strong><br />
winaaRmdegobebi gviCvenebs, rom kvleva yovelTvis moZraobs moralur<br />
imperativTa, eTikur arCevanTa <strong>da</strong> amoralur realobaTa Soris. mkvlevrebs<br />
ar SeuZliaT am faqtze Tvalis <strong>da</strong>xuWva, Tumca Cven SegviZlia sakuTari<br />
Tavi movityuoT <strong>da</strong> miviRoT cinikuri mosazreba <strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom Cven<br />
mxolod Semogvaqvs teqnikuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetebi, maSin roca sxvebi rTul<br />
politikur <strong>da</strong> eTikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs iReben. es ase martivi ar aris,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca vdgebiT politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe.<br />
politikuri gamowveva: saganmanaTleblo utopia <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli politika<br />
saganmanaTleblo praqtika aris nebismieri sazogadoebis<br />
superstruqturis nawili. swored am mizezis gamo, saganmanaTleblo<br />
praqtika sazogadoebebis transformaciis socio-istoriul procesebSi ar<br />
warmoadgens TavisTavad transformaciis miRwevis saSualebas misi<br />
fantastiuri <strong>da</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>menturi mniSvnelobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad. dialeqtikurad,<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> aris, ara transformaciis miRwevis saSualeba, aramed Tavad<br />
transformacia aris saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobis mqone. sakiTxi,<br />
romelsac Tqven ayenebT, karlos, mec aseve meCveneba sxva problemaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebulad, romelic gaxlavT politikuri alternativebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetebis problema. upirveles yovlisa, rac Seexeba demokratiul<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas, ar arsebobs mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba,<br />
mxolod imitom, rom saqme gvaqvs pirvel msofliosTan. meore, saWiroa is,<br />
rom gavaRrmavoT demokratiuli kuTxe am pe<strong>da</strong>gogikisa, romelsac me<br />
vicav. demokratiuli praqtikis es gaRrmaveba <strong>da</strong> horizontis gafarToeba<br />
aucileblad moicavs im socialur jgufTa politikur <strong>da</strong> ideologiur<br />
alternativebs, romlebic axorcieleben am pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas. amdenad, cxadia,<br />
Zalauflebis elitas ar esiamovneba gamoxatvis im pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri formis<br />
ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi gamoyeneba, romelic zrdis socialur<br />
winaaRmdegobebs, romelic amJaRavnebs elituri klasebis Zalauflebas.<br />
313
gulubryvilo iqneba imis fiqri, rom Zalauflebis elita gamoamJRavnebs<br />
sakuTar Tavs pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri procesis meSveobiT, rac, saboloo jamSi,<br />
sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg imoqmedebs.<br />
– paulo freiri, karlos alberto toresis naSromSi<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> personaluri biografia<br />
paulo freiri asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> politikas Soris<br />
kavSirebis Teoriulad Camoyalibeba ar SeiZleba mxolod Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTebis TvalsazrisiT, an ukiduresad Zalauflebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
codnas Soris urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT – es iyo Teoriuli msjeloba,<br />
romelmac u<strong>da</strong>vod ganmsWvala freiris naSromebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
freiri <strong>da</strong>uRalavad ganmartav<strong>da</strong> `ganaTlebis politikurobas~, igi amave<br />
dros mogviwodeb<strong>da</strong>, gagvego <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo momzadebas Soris<br />
arsebuli urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT xazi gagvesva demokratiuli<br />
ganaTlebis, moqalaqeobisa <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobebis istoriuli, normatiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> ontologiuri safuZvlebisaTvis.<br />
freirisaTvis, <strong>ganaTleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>ze debatebi, saboloo jamSi,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> exebodes utopiis cnebas. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, misi wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />
gaTavisuflebisaTvis ganaTlebis Taobaze jer kidev rezonansulia Tavisi<br />
siTamamiTa <strong>da</strong> utopiuri arsiT. freiri (1972), nawyvetSi, romlis citirebac<br />
ukve moviyvane, ambobs, hegeliseuli qaragmebiT:<br />
WeSmaritad, mxolod CargulT SeuZliaT warmoidginon maTi awmyosagan<br />
srulebiT gansxvavebuli momavali, imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c isini aRweven<br />
dominirebuli klasis cnobierebas. mCagvrelebs, rogorc dominirebad<br />
klass, ar SeuZliaT warmoidginon momavali, Tu es ar aris maTi, rogorc<br />
mCagvrelTa, awmyos Senaxva. amgvarad, Tu gaviTvalsiwinebT, rom CagrulTa<br />
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis revoluciur transformaciaSi,<br />
romlis gareSec maTi gaTavisufleba ver <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturdeba, mCagvrelis<br />
momavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis martiv modernizaciaSi, ras misi<br />
klasis upiratesobis gagrZelebis saSualebas iZleva. (32)<br />
es utopiuri faqtori gamoxatavs ormag <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas: gancxadebas <strong>da</strong><br />
denonsacias. imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c maswavlebeli axorcielebs sakuTar<br />
utopiur rols, igi ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva sistemisaTvis saSiS winaswarmetyvelad.<br />
nacvlad funqcioneris rolis Sesrulebisa, romelic axdens warmoebis<br />
wesis ideologiuri cnobierebis elementebis reproducirebas, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi<br />
xdeba kulturuli kritikosi, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ki xdeba sazogadoebrivi sfero,<br />
sajaro ganxilvis arena, romelic arc saxelmwifosgan <strong>da</strong> arc bazrisgan ar<br />
kontroldeba. veforti (1967), ganaTlebis freiriseuli politikuri<br />
filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> meTodis sawyisebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ambobs:<br />
314
magram Tu Tavisuflebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogika asaxavs amboxebis Canasaxs, am<br />
mizezisaTvis swori ar iqneba imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba, rom amboxeba gvxvdeba<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogis miznebs Soris. Tu es xdeba, mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod imitom, rom<br />
kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ ganasxvavebs realur situacias, romelSic<br />
yvelaze xSiri faqtebia brZola <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba. Secnoba araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs ideologizirebas, an wesrigis sityvaTa<br />
wamoyenebas. Tu kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ gzas uxsnis socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukmayofileblobaTa gamoxatvas, es imitom xdeba, rom arsebobs Cagvris<br />
situaciis realuri komponentebi: bevria muSa, romelTac es-es aris werakiTxva<br />
aiTvises, SeuerTdnen muSaTa moZraobebsa Tu kavSirebs, <strong>da</strong> es<br />
imitom, rom maTTvis, es legitimur gzad Cans sakuTari Tavisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromelebis interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis: <strong>da</strong>bolos, Tu saxalxo<br />
klasebis kritikuli `TviTSegneba~ niSnavs politikur radikalizacias, es<br />
mxolod imitom aris ase, rom saxalxo klasebi radikaluria. (13)<br />
freirma, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom savsebiT kargad icis<br />
ganmaTavisuflebeli ganaTlebis politikuri Sedegebi, igi aseve kargad<br />
erkveva am ganaTlebis winaaRmdegobebSi. erTi mxriv, yovelTvis arsebobs<br />
cnobierebis manipulaciisa <strong>da</strong> ideologizirebis SesaZlebloba, anu<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodologiebis mimarTva batonobis proeqtis samsaxurSi;<br />
meore mxriv, freirs sjera, rom garkveuli kavSiri SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>myardes<br />
saganmanaTleblo praqtikasa <strong>da</strong> politikur praqtikas Soris, viwro gagebiT.<br />
magaliTad, pe<strong>da</strong>gogs ekisrebo<strong>da</strong>, Zireulad, SeemuSavebina wignierebis<br />
swavlebis <strong>da</strong> kritikuli `TviTSegnebis~ proeqti, maSin roca<br />
`profesionali~ politikosis pasuxismgebloba iyo Cagrul seqtorTa<br />
organizebis amocanis ganxorcieleba politikuri struqturebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. 6<br />
uamravi Carevisas freiri postulatad ayalibebs, rom ar arsebobs<br />
saganmanaTleblo revolucia politikuri revoluciis gareSe. arcerT<br />
saganmanaTleblo qmedebas ar SeuZlia Zalauflebis revoluciis gamowveva.<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> ar aris mxolod miznis misaRwevi saSualeba; igi aris ufro<br />
veli im ideologiuri brZolebisa, romelic un<strong>da</strong> warimarTos, xolo<br />
moqalaqeobis politizacia aris SesaZlo Sedegi.<br />
es politizireba SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>exmaros a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, <strong>da</strong>iwyon sityvebis<br />
`sityva~ <strong>da</strong> `samyaro~ sworad warmoTqma; samyarosi, romelic ufro <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> multikulturulia; <strong>da</strong> samyarosi, romelic<br />
axdens skolebis cxovrebis struqturirebas.<br />
mravalferovnebis winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> gamowvevebi:<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, moqalaqeoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si<br />
315
Cven ar un<strong>da</strong> movuwodoT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs skolisken imisaTvis, rom miiRon<br />
instruqciebi, miTiTebebi, receptebi, muqarebi, sayvedurebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sja,<br />
aramed un<strong>da</strong> movuwodiT, rom imonawileon codnis koleqtiur<br />
konstruirebaSi, romelic scdeba warsuli gamocdilebis codnas,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa saWiroebebs <strong>da</strong> aqcevs am codnas<br />
brZolis iaraRad, rac SesaZlebels xdis a<strong>da</strong>mianTa transformacias<br />
TavianTi sakuTari istoriis subieqtebad. xalxis monawileoba kulturisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis SeqmnaSi arRvevs im tradicias, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
mxolod elita aris kompetenturi <strong>da</strong> icis, ra aris sazogadoebis<br />
saWiroebebi <strong>da</strong> interesebi. skola aseve un<strong>da</strong> iyos saxalxo kulturis<br />
gavrcelebis centri (Temis samsaxurSi), romelmac ki ar gaflangos,<br />
aramed un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas igi.<br />
– paulo freiri, oficialuri uwyebani<br />
modiT, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT analizis winapiroba, rom sufraJistuli moZraoba<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls, samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraoba meoce saukunis 60-ian<br />
wlebSi <strong>da</strong> kompensatoruli diskriminacia wesdebebi, <strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
konstituciuri cvlilebebi, rac sityvis Tavisuflebis garantia iyo,<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmara moqalaqeobis ganaxlebas amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, arsebuli<br />
demokratiis gaZlierebiT. 7 rogorc valter fainbergi (1996) sworad<br />
aRniSnavs, kompensatoruli diskriminacia `iyenebs jgufis wevrobas, rom<br />
moaxdinos identificireba <strong>da</strong> Seasworos diskriminaciis warsuli aqtebi<br />
individTa winaaRmdeg, aqtebi, romelmac Sedegad mogvca araadekvaturi<br />
saganmanaTleblo, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri pozicireba~ (378).<br />
amdenad, ar aris sarisko, vivaraudoT, rom sufraJistulma,<br />
samoqalaqo uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> sityvis Tavisuflebis moZraobebma, <strong>da</strong> cxadia,<br />
kompensatorulma diskriminaciam, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi mravali winaaRmdegobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> SezRudvisa, wvlili Seitana demokratiis praqtikis ukeTesi pirobebis<br />
SeqmnaSi, radgan es moZraobebi aRiqvams mravalferovnebas, rogorc amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobis umTavres komponents.<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli mravalferovnebis<br />
winaaRmdeg Setevebma, gansakuTrebiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi,<br />
SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>azianos amerikis SeerTeul StatebSi moqalaqeobis safuZvlebi.<br />
ratom? pirveli, imitom, rogorc fainbergi (1996) asabuTebs, rom<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminacia Segvaxsenebs istoriul vals, romelic<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelia specifiuri jgufebisaTvis. meore, rasis safuZvelze<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminacia saWiroebs Sevsebas saWiroebaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminaciiT, radgan SeuZlebelia politikuri<br />
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba socialuri SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis<br />
gareSe. moqalaqeobis es idea iseve Zvelia, rogorc radikaluri<br />
demokratiuli ideali, rasac mxars uWers ori iseTi gansxvavebuli figura,<br />
316
ogoricaa platoni <strong>da</strong> Jan Jak ruso, romlebic, faqtiurad, amtkicebdnen,<br />
rom ekonomikuri <strong>demokratia</strong> SeTanxmebulad un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes politikur<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>sTan – anu, <strong>demokratia</strong>, rogorc arsi <strong>da</strong> ara ubralod<br />
politikuri reprezentaciis meTodi.<br />
ruso (1980) Teoriulad msjelobs im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />
uzrunvelyofs demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis arsebobas. am miznebis<br />
misaRwevad, igi rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias iZleva, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebelia, SevamciroT<br />
gansxvavebebi `ukidures klasebs~ Soris, raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aviciloT rogorc<br />
maTxovrebis, ise magnatebis arseboba. es socialuri jgufebi, erTi sakiTxis<br />
ori mxare, miiCneo<strong>da</strong> safrTxed demokratiis momavlisaTvis, radgan `swored<br />
maT Soris un<strong>da</strong> iyos xalxis Tavisufleba mtkiced: zogierTi maTgani<br />
yidulobs, xolo zogierTi _ yidis~ (292-293). <strong>da</strong>savluri politikuri<br />
tradicia mets arafers moiTxovs. rogorc gitlini (1995) ambobs, `samuSaos,<br />
ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, sacxovrebeli pirobebis, cxovrebis manZilze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis ufleba – es aris ekonomikuri moqalaqeobis ubralo<br />
elementebi, rac un<strong>da</strong> iyos universaluri~ (254).<br />
<strong>da</strong>bolos, aSS-s demokratiis konteqstSi, kompensatoruli<br />
diskriminacia kidev erTxel amtkicebs saxelmwifoebrivi politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mocemuli sazogadoebis istoriis kritikis mniSvnelobas. ar aris gasakviri,<br />
rom bevrma a<strong>da</strong>mianma moaxdina afroamerikelebis identificireba, rogorc<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavi subieqtebisa<br />
(Tumca, isini, rogorc jgufi, ar gamx<strong>da</strong>ra ZiriTadi beneficiari am<br />
politikisa, rogoric iyo TeTrkaniani qalebi). 8 kornel vestma (naSromSi<br />
vesti, klor de alba <strong>da</strong> Sorrisi, 1996) aRniSnulis Sesaxeb Zalze<br />
mgznebared ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: `erT-erTi mizezi, Tu Savkaniani mosaxleoba ratom<br />
warmoadgens amerikuli civilizaciis amdenad integralur nawils, aris is,<br />
rom Savkanianma xalxma didi aurzauri atexa. es Zalze mniSvnelovania,<br />
gansakuTrebiT iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> zewola<br />
wyvets, Tu vin iRebs xilulobas. aurzauris atexvaSi me vgulisxmob<br />
organizebas, mobilizebas, Qqaosis Semqnis unars, rogorc ajanyebaSi~ (58).<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SavkanianTa brZola gviCvenebs, rom kritika<br />
<strong>da</strong> amboxeba Cndeba, rogorc ori ZiriTadi faqtori moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi<br />
demokratiis, rogorc arsis <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod demokratiis, rogorc<br />
meTodisaTvis.<br />
ueWvelia, kritika <strong>da</strong> amboxeba meinstrimi ideebis winaaRmdeg, romelic<br />
warmoadgens Zalauflebas, didi xnis manZilze iyo ZiriTadi komponentebi<br />
moqalaqeobisaTvis nebismieri politikuri demokratiuli ganaTlebisa.<br />
faqtiurad, ver CavwvdebiT multikulturuli moqalaqeobis konstruirebas<br />
im rolis wvdomis gareSe, romelsac <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, umaRlesi<br />
317
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> asrulebs demokratiuli paqtis konstruirebaSi. ufro metic,<br />
vamtkiceb, rom ver mivaRwevT demokratiuli paqtis progresul wvdomas<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis aqtiuri politikisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
mravalferovnebis, rogorc ganuyoflad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
gareSe. 9<br />
Jiros (1996a) <strong>da</strong> kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis <strong>da</strong>rgSi moRvawe sxva<br />
mkvlevrebis mier universitetebi aRiqmeba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi sfero.<br />
rogorc aseTi, universitetebi pasuxismgebelni arian kritikuli<br />
moqalaqeebis Seqmnaze, xolo profesorebi aRiqmeba, rogorc saxalxo<br />
inteleqtualebi. moraluri <strong>da</strong> ara instrumentuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n, Jiro<br />
(1996) amtkicebs, rom universitetebi xazs un<strong>da</strong> usvamdnen sajaro servisis<br />
imperativs <strong>da</strong> ara `profesionalizmis, konkurenciisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
mobilobis dinamikas~ (124). Jiro ufro Sorsac midis <strong>da</strong> amtkicebs, rom<br />
universitetebi <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebi <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />
rogorc saxalxo resursi, romelic sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa eris<br />
moraluri cxovrebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, imisaTvis rom es moxdes, vamtkiceb, rom un<strong>da</strong> Sesruldes<br />
garkveuli pirobebi. pirveli, upirveles yovlisa, universitetebma un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>uSvan muSaTa klasis, feradkanianebis, aratradiciul profesiebSi<br />
qalebis, <strong>da</strong> marginalizebuli Temebis wevrebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT,<br />
subaltern sivrceebSi mcxovrebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis ukeTesi xelmisawvdomoba.<br />
meore, am <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT (<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod<br />
dominanturi kulturuli kapitalis warmomadgenlebis an marginaluri<br />
samyofelisa <strong>da</strong> habitusis individebisa, romlebmac SeZles warmatebuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlis ganxorcieleba (an, SesaZloa, un<strong>da</strong> vTqvaT `mutacia~) umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebisken) Tavad codna saWiroebs demokratizebas, imis farTo<br />
rekonstruirebiT, Tu ra codnaa faseuli; visi codna iTvleba; codna,<br />
unarebi, ostatoba <strong>da</strong> swavla rogor ukavSirdeba Zalauflebas, simdidresa<br />
<strong>da</strong> prestiJs.<br />
Jirosa (1996a) <strong>da</strong> kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis bevri warmomadgenlis azriT,<br />
xelmisawdomobisa <strong>da</strong> codnis am xelaxal demokratizacias mosdevs, is, rom<br />
`politikuri~ <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod ganaTlebis `politizireba~ xdeba<br />
universitetis gamaerTianebeli principi. liberaluri establiSmentisa <strong>da</strong><br />
neokonservatori reformatorebis erTnairad eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>yenebiT, Jiro (1996a)<br />
amtkicebs, rom `politikuri, am TvalsazrisiT, uaryofs normalizaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
universalizaciis enas garemoebis diskursisaTvis <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
konfliqtis Semadgeneli rolisaTvis~. vinai<strong>da</strong>n, swored politikuris<br />
aRdgenis gziT xdeba demokratiis ganviTareba – sazogado sikeTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli cnebebis meSveobiT, SesaZlo identobaTa speqtriT (raTa<br />
318
ganisazRvros, Tu ras niSnavs moqalaqeoba) <strong>da</strong> eTikasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebas Soris mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis xelaxali formulirebiT”<br />
(125).<br />
kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis tradicia, romelic STagonebuli iyo<br />
kritikuli TeoriiT (paulo freiris SemoqmedebiT) <strong>da</strong> jon diuis<br />
kritikuli wakiTxva, sxva wyaroebTan erTad, didi xnis manZilze<br />
akritikeb<strong>da</strong> politikis instrumental cnebas (anu, politikas, rogorc<br />
samoqalaqo Rirsebebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi azris manipulacias). kritikuli<br />
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi iwoneben politikis cnebas, romelic gagebulia,<br />
rogorc opoziciuri praqtikebi, ise ganviTarebuli kritikuli gansja<br />
polisis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. amis msgavsad, isini eWvqveS ayeneben faqtsa <strong>da</strong><br />
Rirebulebas Soris tradiciul gansxvavebas <strong>da</strong> acxadeben, rom<br />
`obieqturobis imperativebi~ cdiloben, Seamciron mTliani politikuri<br />
debati universitetebSi akademiuri stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis sakiTxamde <strong>da</strong> moiTxoven,<br />
rom sauniversiteto praqtikebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCes neitraluri <strong>da</strong> apolitikuri.<br />
kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, amis sawinaaRmdegod, paulo freirisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturis kritikosTa mTeli Taobis meSveobiT, rom Cven ver SevZlebT<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis advilad <strong>da</strong>cilebas. Tavis kvlevaSi jer kidev<br />
adre, freiri swavlob<strong>da</strong> CagrulTa klasobrivi cnobierebis organizacias,<br />
konkretul socialur procesebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, <strong>da</strong> amave dros,<br />
eZeb<strong>da</strong> efeqtian transformacias Cagvris struqturebisaTvis. amis<br />
ganxorcielebisas, misi koncentrirebis sfero yovelTvis iyo<br />
saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong> kulturuli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom freiris naazrevi<br />
moiTxovs ramdenime istoriul (Teoriul <strong>da</strong> strategiul) mediacias misi<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikuri, organizaciuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis, Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve, igi aris uaRresad politikuri naazrevi.<br />
freirisaTvis, politika, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong> ganuyofeli erTianobaa.<br />
rogorc urTierTobaTa wyeba, isini urTierTSerwymuli gaxlavT (toresi,<br />
1978).<br />
freiri (1998) amas Zalian kargad ambobs Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel<br />
wignSi, romelic inglisurad iTargmna mis sikvdilamde mcire xniT adre:<br />
saganmanaTleblo praqtikis sazRvrebis mixvedra aucileblad saWiroebs<br />
politikur garkveulobas pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n, TavianT proeqtTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. es moiTxovs, rom pe<strong>da</strong>gogma Tavisi praqtikis politikuri<br />
arsi sakuTar Tavze un<strong>da</strong> aiRos. ar aris sakmarisi imis Tqma, rom<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong> politikuri aqtia, iseve rogorc ar aris sakmarisi, vTqvaT,<br />
rom politikuri aqtebi aseve saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobisaa. saWiroa,<br />
sakuTar Tavze aviRoT ganaTlebis politikuri buneba.<br />
319
sakuTar Tavs ver moviazreb progresul a<strong>da</strong>mianad, Tu skolis sivrces<br />
aRviqvam mxolod, rogorc raRac neitralurs, romelsac SezRuduli<br />
kavSiri aqvs, an saerTod ar aqvs kavSiri klasobriv brZolasTan,<br />
romelSic moswavleebi aRiqmebian mxolod, rogorc Semswavlelebi,<br />
romlebic floben mxolod SezRudul sferos codnisa, rasac me<br />
ganvmsWvalav jadosnuri ZaliT. me ver gavacnobiereb sazRvrebs<br />
politikur-saganmanaTleblo praqtikisa, romelSic CarTuli var, Tu<br />
naTlad ver verkvevi, vis sasargeblod vmuSaob. im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu<br />
vis sasargeblod vmuSaob, me mayenebs garkveul poziciaSi (rac klass<br />
ukavSirdeba), romelSic me SevimuSaveb, Tu vis winaaRmdeg vmuSaob <strong>da</strong>,<br />
uTuod, ra mizezebis gamo vmuSaob – anu im ocnebis, im tipis<br />
sazogadoebis, romelTa sasargeblod visurvebdi saqmeSi Cabmas,<br />
moqmedebas <strong>da</strong> monawileobas.<br />
am tradiciaSi, Jiro (1996a) politikur <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s gamijnavs<br />
politizirebis gamomwvevi ganaTlebisgan. politikuri <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
moswavleebs aswavlis, rogor un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong><br />
pasuxismgebloba <strong>demokratia</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> rogor un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes status kvos<br />
kritikis SesaniSnavi tradicia, <strong>da</strong>isvas uxerxuli kiTxvebi, ganxorcieldes<br />
dogmebTan <strong>da</strong> orTodoqsulobasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes<br />
acilebuli korporaciaTa, mTavrobaTa mier kooptireba, an Zalauflebis<br />
sistemebis cduneba. es ukanaskneli `aris pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri terorizmis forma,<br />
romelSic sakiTxi, Tu ra iswavleba, vis mier <strong>da</strong> ra pirobebSi, dgindeba<br />
doqtrinaruli politikuri programiT, romelic uars acxadebs sakuTari<br />
Rirebulebebis, Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri konstruqciebis<br />
Seswavlaze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom uars acxadebs istoriis, codnisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Rirebulebebisadmi sakuTari gancxadebebis socialuri xasiaTis<br />
gacnobierebaze, politizirebis gamomwvevi <strong>ganaTleba</strong> Cumdeba moCvenebiTi<br />
universalizmis saxeliT <strong>da</strong> gmobs yvela transformaciul praqtikas,<br />
WeSmaritebisa <strong>da</strong> mSvenierebis samaradiso cnebaze apelirebiT~ (127).<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, imis aRiarebiT, rom dominaciis urTierTobebi<br />
umTavresia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis, rogorc freiri ase<br />
SorsmWvretelurad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>JinebiT asabuTebs, kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogika<br />
amtkicebs, rom dominacia, agresia <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
cxovrebis Tan<strong>da</strong>yolil nawils warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> nebismieri politikuri<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi sferos Seqmnas, un<strong>da</strong><br />
acnobierebdes, rom Cagvris, dominaciisa <strong>da</strong> eqspluataciis <strong>da</strong>Zleva<br />
warmoadgens demokratiuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnis nebismieri proeqtis<br />
mTavar mizans.<br />
rogorc vamtkiceb mexuTe TavSi, <strong>demokratia</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>s Soris<br />
kavSirebis ganxilvisas, ganaTlebis umTavresi sakiTxi dResdReobiT aris<br />
320
is, Tu ra roli (Tuki raime roli) un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos saganmanaTleblo<br />
institutebma <strong>da</strong> praqtikebma socialuri paqtis konstruirebaSi, rac<br />
gamoxatavs <strong>demokratia</strong>s. amas mivyavarT demokratiuli kulturis dilemamde,<br />
romelic Camovayalibe aqamde, magram msurs isev gavimeoro axla,<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqis Seqmnamde. martivad rom vTqvaT: <strong>demokratia</strong><br />
gulisxmobs monawileobis process, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvela Tanasworad aris miCneuli.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>ganaTleba</strong> moicavs process, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
`umwifarni~ iZulebuli arian sazogadoebis `mowifuli~ wevrebis cxovrebis<br />
principebisa <strong>da</strong> formebis soli<strong>da</strong>rulni iyvnen. amgvarad, demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqis Camoyalibebis procesi aris, ara mxolod kulturuli aRzr<strong>da</strong>ganaTlebis<br />
procesi, aramed igi aseve moicavs pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli socializaciis manipulirebis principebs im subieqtebSi,<br />
romlebic arc sufTa <strong>da</strong>fas warmoadgenen kognituri <strong>da</strong> eTikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> arc srulad aRWurvilni arian sakuTari demokratikuli<br />
uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
ganaTlebis mTavari problema aris is, Tu rogor Seitanos wvlili<br />
demokratiul paqtSi <strong>da</strong> rogor SegviZlia SevqmnaT multikulturuli<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobisadmi midgoma. vasabuTebdi, rom moqalaqeoba<br />
SeiZleba gacxadebuli iyos samoqalaqo Rirsebebis, an legaluri statusis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, magram Cven gvWirdeba aseve moqalaqeobis politikur<br />
ekonomiaze xazgasma. samoqalaqo Rirsebebi miuTiTebs soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
grZnobas, rac individebs aerTianebT zogadi miznebis irgvliv. es miznebi<br />
aris (sul mcire), Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>vrCeT <strong>da</strong> vicxovroT erTad Cvens<br />
Tanamedrove, mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. Tumca, es miznebi SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes ufro ambiciuri gegmis nawilad: viswavloT ganviTareba,<br />
rogorc TemTa Temisa, rogorc kulturaTa kulturisa, romelic modis<br />
Cveni kulturuli mravalferovnebi<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc kulturuli siZlieri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs kompensatorul diskriminacias, rac aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
sasargeblo politika.<br />
rogorc gitlini (1995) gvafrTxilebs, <strong>da</strong> rogorc aqamde citatad<br />
moviyvane, cxadia, rom `sakiTxi ase dgas: rogor SevuwyoT xeli<br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis suliskveTebas gansxvavebis paralelurad – soli<strong>da</strong>roba<br />
`nebismier a<strong>da</strong>mianTan, romelic itanjeba~. vinai<strong>da</strong>n, cxadia, rom es<br />
suliskveTeba spontanurad ver warmoiSoba gaZlierebuli jgufebis SigniT,<br />
romelTagan TiToeuli <strong>da</strong>kavebulia sakuTari gansxvavebebis <strong>da</strong>xvewiT sxva<br />
jgufebisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad” (217). soli<strong>da</strong>robis sistemebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturebis, eTinkurobebis, klasebisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli gansxvavebebis saerTo<br />
safuZvlisaTvis umTavresia kulturuli mravalferovnebis miznebi. Cven<br />
gvWirdeba moqnili sistemis SemuSaveba soli<strong>da</strong>robisaTvis skolebSi,<br />
romlebic seriozulad miiCneven demokratiuli reformis saWiroebas.<br />
321
kulturuli mravalferovneba aris ZiriTadi Tanaproduqti ekonomikuri,<br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri globalizaciis mzardi procesisa, im<br />
intensiurobiT, romelsac kacobriobis istoriaSi analogi ara aqvs.<br />
globalizacia warmoqmnis yvela tipis Sedegs lokaluri Temebis<br />
multikulturuli, multilingvuri <strong>da</strong> multieTnikuri konfiguraciisaTvis<br />
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebSi. socialuri SeTanxmebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ar aris gasakviri, rom mravalferovneba warmoadgens<br />
ZiriTad gamowvevas umaRlesi ganaTlebis nebismieri institutisaTvis,<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis federaluri wesdebebis SesrulebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
mzardi socialuri <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo moTxovnebis arsebobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
Tumca, Cven ver SevZlebs amis Sesrulebas (paradoqsulad) erTianobis<br />
kulturis gareSe: `imisaTvis rom iyvnen aqtiuri moqalaqeebi mTlianobisa,<br />
maT un<strong>da</strong> gaataron dro orSabaTi<strong>da</strong>n SabaTamde axlo urTierTobebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebiT sazRvrebs miRma, xeli Seuwyon kulturul hibridebs, akritikon<br />
tomis SezRuduloba, gamoimuSavon ideebi, romlebic maTgan<br />
`gansxvavebulma~ a<strong>da</strong>mianebma SesaZloa gaiziaron. a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeiZleba pativi<br />
sces gansxvavebuli jgufis demokratiul uflebas – moaxdinos sakuTari<br />
Tavis organizeba, ise, rogorc surs, <strong>da</strong> mainc intensiurad ikamaTos<br />
gansxvavebis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg~ (gitlini, 1995:218).<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebi imyofebian Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis centrSi<br />
mravalferovnebis <strong>da</strong> kompensatoruli diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>,<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vTqva, moqalaqeobis ganaxlebis xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>sadmi Tav<strong>da</strong>deba gulisxmobs<br />
profesor-maswavleblebis gamravalferovnebas ise, rom igi hgavdes, SesaZlo<br />
masStabiT <strong>da</strong> arsebuli resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis<br />
demografiul Taviseburebebs skolebSi <strong>da</strong> universitetebSi amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi. mravalferovneba aseve gulisxmobs moswavleTa<br />
Semadgenlobis gamravalferovnebas ise, rom studentebma SeZlon TavianT<br />
klasebSi saTanadod ga<strong>da</strong>Wran moTxovnebi, rac momdinareobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
inteleqtualuri, eTnikuri, genderuli <strong>da</strong> naklebad warmodgenili<br />
jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxareebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s miznebis misaRwevad, universitetebma un<strong>da</strong> SeZlon<br />
saukeTeso, yvelaze niWieri <strong>da</strong> kvalificirebuli mkvlevrebis,<br />
bakalavriatis studentebisa Tu aspirantebis mizidva, romelTac SeuZliaT<br />
ikvlion codnis sazRvrebi TavianT swavlebaSi, kvlevaSi <strong>da</strong> saqmianobaSi<br />
crurwmenis gareSe, magram SemoqmedebiTad, sixaruliT, enTuziazmiT,<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>debiTa <strong>da</strong> utopiuri imedis grZnobiT.<br />
322
mravalferovnebis miRweva <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli akademiuri garemos<br />
ganviTareba ar aris ioli amocana. <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba yovelTvis wamoiSoba<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri moTxovnebis zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> fiskaluri<br />
resursebis Semcirebas Soris. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebi aseve arsebobs mravalferovan<br />
inteleqtualur, eTnikur <strong>da</strong> socialur <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxareebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
profesor-maswavleblebis survilebs Soris, emsaxuron Tanasworobis<br />
idealebs, Tanasworobis imperativebs <strong>da</strong> srulyofilebisa <strong>da</strong> Temis<br />
maradiul akademiur Ziebas. aseve arsebobs politikis seriozuli kritika,<br />
romelic orientirebulia <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si samarTlianobasa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobaze,<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminaciis politikis CaTvliT. 10 samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebis moZraobis monapovrebis bolodroindeli problemebis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, kompensatoruli diskriminacia ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
likvidirebulad saxelmwifoebrivi politiki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> arc xalxis<br />
warmosaxvi<strong>da</strong>n, Tu Cveni moraluri valdebulebebi<strong>da</strong>n. Tumca,<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminacia ar un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos absolutad, aramed<br />
CarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos demokratiul saubarSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
kompensatoruli diskriminacia <strong>da</strong> kulturuli mravalferovneba rogor<br />
anviTareben moqalaqeobas <strong>da</strong> im rols, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
institutebma un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulon am TvalsazrisiT. 11<br />
mjera, imisaTvis, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis misia miRweul iqnes,<br />
aucilebelia akademiuri konsensusis Seqmna, rac <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia<br />
mravalferovnebis cnebaze. Tumca, am konsensusis Seqmnam un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaiTvaliswinos mravali arsebuli menejeruli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
arasaimedooba <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> SeZlos mravali popularuli inteleqtualuri<br />
paradigmis SezRudvebis amocnoba. es gaxlavT umaRles <strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si<br />
moqalaqeobis, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kompensatoruli<br />
diskriminaciis zogierTi inteleqtualuri gamowveva. Tumca, kulturis<br />
politikis TvalsazrisiT, problematuri gansxvaveba kulturasa <strong>da</strong> kanons<br />
Soris, saWiroebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas.<br />
kanoni <strong>da</strong> kultura<br />
gaukritikebeli kanonis SeuZlebloba momdinareobs <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
kulturaSi calke aRebuli, integrirebuli, araproblematuri <strong>da</strong><br />
deskrifciuli socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikuri identobis gansazRvrebis<br />
SeuZleblobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
– raimond morou <strong>da</strong> karlos alberto toresi,<br />
socialuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong><br />
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garkveulwilad, es aris sarkeTa usasrulo TamaSi.<br />
– imanuel valerstaini, `socialuri mecniereba <strong>da</strong> samarTliani<br />
sazogadoebis Zieba~<br />
kanoni <strong>da</strong> kultura, principSi, ar upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, magram maT<br />
Tanaarsebobisas sirTuleebic aqvT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mocemuli<br />
kanoni (romelic, principSi, aris socialuri konstruqcia, miRebuli,<br />
rogorc mocemuli identobis, iqneba es erovnuli, kulturuli Tu sxva,<br />
safuZveli) miiCneva metafizikuri principebis wyebad, romelic ar SeiZleba<br />
istoriulad Semowmdes an eWvqveS <strong>da</strong>dges, magram nebismier fasad un<strong>da</strong><br />
SenarCundes. metafizikuri kanonebi, principSi, upirispirdeba kulturul<br />
molaparakebebs.<br />
Tumca, fuZemdebluri kanonebi warmoadgens kulturuli<br />
molaparakebebis mimdinare procesebs, romlebic Tavis precedentebad iRebs<br />
dialogis ZiriTad safuZvlebs, istoriisa <strong>da</strong> Temis gamocdilebebis gamWol<br />
interpretacias. maT aseve aqvT is, rasac freiri cnobismoyvareobis<br />
epistemologias uwodebs: imis gansazRvris usasrulo moTxovnileba, Tu<br />
romeli kulturuli principebi xdis a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovrebas ufro<br />
harmoniuls, kulturuli gacvlebi – ufro TviTrefleqsiurs, <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
eTikuri safuZvlebi – socialuri Tanasworobis, individualuri<br />
pasuxismgeblobisa <strong>da</strong> zrunvis kulturul imperativebTan axlos.<br />
fuZemdebluri kanonebi icvleba kulturuli molaparakebebis<br />
meSveobiT. rogorc gitlinma Camoayaliba CemTan pirad saubarSi:<br />
`molaparakebebs SeiZleba adgili hqondes – <strong>da</strong> namdvilad aqvs adgili –<br />
kanonis zRvarze, ise, rom uitmeni Semovi<strong>da</strong> 40-ian wlebSi, maSin roca uitie<br />
mocilebul iqna (leo marqsis mier gamoTqmuli azri), xolo bolo wlebSi<br />
elisonis uCinari a<strong>da</strong>miani efeqtianad iqna kanonizebuli. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, rodesac safuZveli naTelia, uamravi saSualebaa<br />
gansxvavebulobisa <strong>da</strong> simravlisaTvis.”<br />
nebismieri kulturuli kanoni, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi arsebobis metafizikur<br />
mdgomareobad aris qceuli, principSi, upirispirdeba kulturul<br />
molaparakebas. metafizikur kulturul kanons, romelsac pativs scemen,<br />
rogorc Rirsebis, sibrZnisa <strong>da</strong> simarTlis gamaerTianebels, un<strong>da</strong> hqondes<br />
uflebamosilebis ramdenime wyaro, an legitimurobis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba, rac<br />
SeiZleba moicavdes, magaliTad, mocemuli jgufis absolutur<br />
Zalauflebas, raTa <strong>da</strong>amkvidros legaluri SezRudvebi, rac ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva<br />
qveynis kanonad (mag., samxreT afrikuli TeTri Zalaufleba, rasobrivi<br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde 1994 wels, an monobis kanonmdebloba amerikis<br />
samxreTSi); moTxovnebi rasobrivi siwmindisaTvis (mag., nacizmi);<br />
gancxadebebi eris <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel mamobaze (mag., TeTrkaniani <strong>da</strong><br />
324
evrocentruli emigrantebis <strong>da</strong>marbeveli jgufebi); moTxovnebi enis<br />
gasakontroleblad, rac moicavs identobas <strong>da</strong> aregulirebs <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebels xdis SesaZlo socialur, politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur gacvlebs<br />
(mag., mxolod inglisurad moZraobebi); an moraluri an eTikuri<br />
upiratesobis mtkiceba, rac efuZneba religiur man<strong>da</strong>ts, “Beruf” an<br />
`mowodeba~ (mag., qristianuli fanatizmi, moZraobebi, romelic amkvidrebs<br />
kacebis bibliur upiratesobas qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, <strong>da</strong> homoseqsualTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mrbevi moZraobebi, romelic qristianul rwmenazea <strong>da</strong>fuZneuli).<br />
liberalur-pluralistur mowodebas, gaecnobierebinaT<br />
`gansxvavebulobis~ <strong>da</strong> mravalferovnebis simdidre sazogadoebaSi, romelic<br />
sxva mxriv xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong> saerTo istoriuli safuZvlebiT, rac<br />
identificirdebo<strong>da</strong> kulturuli konsensusis safuZvelze (mag., `erTad<br />
yofnis~ cneba. rogorc aucilebeli pragmatuli principi socialuri paqtis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis) SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s<br />
ufro radikaluri, istoriulad niuansirebuli cneba: `sakmaod ucnauria,<br />
rom araTanmimdevrulobis <strong>da</strong> anarqiis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac<br />
multikulturuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, identobis<br />
sakiTxis istoriulad Camoyalibeba aseve gvTavazobs ufro erTiani<br />
Sexedulebis arsebobis saSualebas, vidre liberaluri pluralistebis<br />
Sexedulebaa. ... pluralizmis alternativa aris gansxvavebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
konfliqtis qceva centrad im istoriisa, romelic yvelasaTvis – `CvenTvis~<br />
saerToa~ (skoti, 1992:16).<br />
Aaxla, Tu erovnuli identoba aris, ara fiqsirebuli markeri, aramed<br />
swavlis procesi, rogorc vasabuTebdi meeqvse TavSi, es qmnis kidev erT<br />
Tavsatexs. 12 pirveli gasaTvaliswinebeli kiTxvaa: SesaZlebelia, rom<br />
swavlis msgavs procesebTan Sexebam Seqmnas gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi? es<br />
namdvilad aris demokratiuli ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli cxovrebis<br />
drama. <strong>demokratia</strong>Si Cven viswrafiT imisken, rom swavlis process mivceT<br />
gagrZelebis saSualeba, <strong>da</strong> amave dros, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom <strong>da</strong>skvnebi SeiZleba<br />
iyos (<strong>da</strong> nadvilad aris) gansxvavebuli. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs eqnebaT gansxvavebuli<br />
Sexedulebebi, <strong>da</strong> politikuri uTanxmoebebi iqneba ganaTlebis puri <strong>da</strong><br />
karaqi, iseve rogorc koaliciisa <strong>da</strong> aliansis politika aris demokratiuli<br />
marTvisaTvis.<br />
zemoaRniSnuls gavlena aqvs sazogadoebis codnis bazis doneze <strong>da</strong><br />
codnis demokratizaciaze. Semdegi SekiTxvaa: zogierTi ganmarteba sxva<br />
ganmartebebze ufro mZlavria? sxva sityvebiT, erTi tipis socialuri<br />
mecniereba ufro gamosadegia (CemTvis ufro mimzidvelia, ufro zustad rom<br />
vTqva), vidre sxvebi? socialur mecnierebebSi dekonstruqcionizmis<br />
gavlenis ganxilvisas, imanuel valerstaini (1997) gvafrTxilebs, rom `Cven<br />
325
namdvilad CarTulni varT Zalze kompleqsul aqtivobaSi, romelSic<br />
wonasworobebi (kanonebi), saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, xanmoklea, <strong>da</strong> aqtivobaSi,<br />
romelSic ar SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli momavali, vinai<strong>da</strong>n metismetad<br />
bevria SemTxveviTobaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli elementebi” (1253).<br />
rogorc Cans, problema aris arsebuli tendencia, rom radgan<br />
realoba socialuri konstruqciaa, yvelaferi midis, <strong>da</strong> amdenad, yoveli<br />
ganmarteba momdevnosaviT Rirebulia; rom ar arsebobs garkveuli<br />
kriteriumebi, romlis mixedviTac <strong>da</strong>dgindeba, romeli ganmarteba ufro<br />
zustia an axsnis TvalsazrisiT mZlavria, an romeli midgomaa ukeTesi<br />
realobis wvdomisa <strong>da</strong> axsnis kompleqsurobiT. valerstaini (1997) am<br />
TvalsazrisiT Zalze mkafiod asabuTebs: mkvlevrebis roli aris ara is,<br />
rom Seadginon realoba, aramed amoicnon, rogor iyo igi konstruirebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> Seamowmon realobis mravali socialuri konstruqcia<br />
urTierTmimarTebaSi. garkveulwilad, es aris sarkeTa usasrulo TamaSi.<br />
Cven viswrafviT realobis aRmoCenisaken, romlis safuZvelzec avageT<br />
realoba. <strong>da</strong> roca vpoulobT, vcdilobT gavigoT, safuZvelSi arsebuli es<br />
realoba, Tavis mxriv, rogor iyo socialurad konstruirebuli. sarkeTa<br />
Soris am navigaciisas, arsebobs ufro swori <strong>da</strong> naklebad swori<br />
mecnieruli analizebi. is mecnieruli analizebi, romlebic ufro sworia,<br />
socialurad ufro sasargebloa imiT, rom isini exmareba msoflios Seqmnas<br />
arsebiTad ufro racionaluri realoba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, simarTlis Zieba <strong>da</strong><br />
sikeTis Zieba mtkiced ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. Cven CarTuli varT, <strong>da</strong><br />
CarTuli varT erTdroulad, oriveSi. (1254)<br />
aq xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas sam moments. pirveli, dekonstruqcionistuli<br />
Stormisa <strong>da</strong> im faqtis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom Cven SegviZlia realobaze vifiqroT,<br />
rogorc socialur konstruqciaze, es socialuri konstruqcia ar aris<br />
mxolod Cveni fantaziis nayofi, aramed aris realuri a<strong>da</strong>mianebis rTuli<br />
gzebiT interaqciis produqti, <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me yvela ganmartebas ar aqvs erTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> igive xarisxi (mag., logikuri koherentuloba, analitikuri insaiti,<br />
empiriuli dokumentacia), ganmartebiTi Zala Tu sizuste. meore, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom yvela ganmarteba, Tavisi arsiT, droebiTia – anu isini<br />
warmoadgens mocemul momentSi arsebuls, sanam ukeTesi ganmarteba iqneba<br />
Sedgenili – yvela isini un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes ganmartebis maTi unaris mixedviT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Tavis mxriv, ufro racionaluri sazogadoebis konstruirebaSi maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis unariT. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, arsebobs gamosadegobis elementi<br />
validurobis TiToeul konstruirebaSi, risi gamorCenac SeuZlebelia.<br />
Mmiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom wina komentari SeiZleba wakiTxul iqnes, rogorc<br />
aSkarad pragmatuli, igi, TavisTavad, miuTiTebs valerstainis analizis<br />
mesame Sedegze, rom simarTlisa <strong>da</strong> sikeTis cneba sazogadoebaSi mWidrod<br />
<strong>da</strong> mtkiced aris ga<strong>da</strong>xlarTuli. konstruqciuli, sasargeblo, racionaluri<br />
326
sazogadoeba ukavSirdeba valerstainis rCevas – SevxedoT socialur<br />
mecnierebebs, rogorc samarTliani sazogadoebis Ziebis nawils. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
valerstains Semoaqvs samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> sikeTis kategoriuli imperativi,<br />
rom STaagonos (Tu ar warmarTavs) analitikuri mcdeloba.<br />
politikaSi <strong>da</strong> socialur brZolebSi uTanxmoebebi SeiZleba iyos<br />
ufro metad radikaluri, vidre debatebis Sedegebi socialur mecnierebebSi<br />
kauzalobis an ganmartebiTi validurobis Taobaze. magaliTad, warmoidineT<br />
situacia alJirSi. Tu Catardeba demokratiuli arCevnebi (rogorc 1992<br />
wels), fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturi islamuri moZraobebi moigeben arCevnebs. imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTi platforma, romelic socialur wesrigs<br />
ayrdnobs yuranis mkacri <strong>da</strong> erTguli Sesrulebis specifiur xedvas <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeTa <strong>da</strong>Sinebis maTeul praqtikas, rac umetesad aisaxa bolo dros<br />
alJiris patara qalaqebSi ganxorcielebul masobriv xocva-JletaSi<br />
(Jurnalisturi wyaroebis mixedviT, bolo xuTi wlis manZilze <strong>da</strong>RupulTa<br />
saerTo raodenobam 100,000-s ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba) <strong>da</strong> egvipteSi ganxorcielebul<br />
sporadul ZaladobaSi, es gamarjveba gamoiwvevs ara mxolod bevri<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis, gansakuTrebiT qalebis (rogorc Talibanis avRanuri mTavroba<br />
axdens amis demonstrirebas) samoqalaqo uflebebis <strong>da</strong>kargvas, aramed aseve<br />
safrTxeSi Caagdebs demokratiul struqturas. umravlesobis mmarveloba,<br />
rac SeiZleba miRweul iqnes demokratiiT, rogorc meTodiT, ueWvelad<br />
gaanadgurebs <strong>demokratia</strong>s, rogorc praqtikasa <strong>da</strong> arss. demokratiuli<br />
politikuri kulturis konstruireba Semdeg iqneba fuZemdebluri<br />
winapiroba demokratiis uwyvetobisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli cxovrebis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
demokratiis idea aris gamowvevebTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ZabulobebTan erTad<br />
cxovrebis swavla <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli gansxvavebebis Taobaze swavlis<br />
procesis Sesaxeb swavla. demokratiuli uTanxmoebebi yvelgan moxdeba,<br />
ojaxebSi sasadilo magi<strong>da</strong>sTan (sa<strong>da</strong>c ojaxis wevrebi mgznebared kamaToben<br />
sajaro <strong>da</strong> kerZo sakiTxebze) diskusiebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli<br />
politikuri qa<strong>da</strong>gebebiT, romelSic liderebi <strong>da</strong> koaliciebi cdiloben<br />
miipyron a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umravlesobis warmosaxva <strong>da</strong> Seqmnan saarCevno<br />
umravlesobebi. Tumca, es koaliciebi yovelTvis iqneba droebiTi, susti <strong>da</strong><br />
dezintegracias <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli – erTi sityviT, efemeruli.<br />
demokratiis, rogorc meTodis cneba xels uwyobs diferencialuri<br />
reprezentraciisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis process, romelSic, saarCevno procesis<br />
meSvebiT, aliansebis Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> umravlesobis koaliciebiT, zogi <strong>da</strong>skvnebi<br />
upiratesi iqneba drois garkveul momentSi. amgvarad, zogma umravlesobam<br />
SeiZleba ganaviTaros garkveuli xedva, romelsac ar iziarebs mocemuli<br />
saxelmwifos yvela wevri. winamdebare wignSi me <strong>da</strong>vasabuTe, rom<br />
327
<strong>demokratia</strong>, rogorc meTodi ar moicavs <strong>da</strong> ar SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas<br />
demokratiis, rogorc arsis cneba.<br />
Tumca, <strong>demokratia</strong>, rogorc arsi, adgens garkveul sazRvrebs imaze,<br />
Tu ra aris mosalodneli <strong>da</strong> misaRebi demokratiuli qceva <strong>da</strong> xazs usvams<br />
samoqalaqo minimumebs, rac demokratiuli meTodologiebis formalobebs<br />
scdeba <strong>da</strong> aRwevs demokratiuli reprezentaciisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis ufro<br />
radikalur gagebas – mokled, demokratiul interaqciebs saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />
kerZo sferoebSi.<br />
amgvarad, identobis, rogorc swavlis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven<br />
vubrundebiT usiamovno kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>vadginoT, rom<br />
zogierTi Sexeduleba ufro sandoa, vidre sxva DSexedulebebi. es SekiTxva<br />
ufro arakomfortuli xdeba, Tuki (rogorc zemoT ganvixile) mecniereba<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyos ZalauflebasTan <strong>da</strong> amdenad, SeuZlebelia<br />
ucvlelad iyos gamoyenebuli <strong>da</strong>vis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad. ar arsebobs<br />
metafizikuri pasuxi am kiTxvaze, magram arsebobs proceduruli <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodologiuri, <strong>da</strong> aseve istoriuli pasuxebi. proceduruli <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodologiuri pasuxebi cdiloben ganavrcon <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli garsi mis<br />
zRvrebamde gaafarTovon, <strong>da</strong> amave dros pativi scen konfrontaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
molaparakebis wesebs, <strong>da</strong> ecadon imis gagebas, Tu rogor SeuZlia<br />
demokratiul cxovrebas <strong>da</strong>areguliros interesebis, identobebis,<br />
gamocilebebisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiebis mravalferovneba demokratiuli diskursis<br />
qsovilis <strong>da</strong>zianebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> im winapirobis miRebis gareSe, rom<br />
problemis saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta miRweuli iqneba auCqareblad. Cven viciT<br />
metafizikuri cnebis Sedegi, rogoricaa `saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba~.<br />
es istoriuli pasuxi aris nawilobriv is, rac ganvsazRvreT, rogorc<br />
istoriuli SeTanxmeba kapitalizmsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s Soris. periodi,<br />
romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, gviCvenebs, rom globalizaciis procesi<br />
SeiZleba, faqtiurad, qmnides pirobebs axali istoriuli SeTanxmebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, rac cxadi iyo wina istoriuli SeTanxmebebis SemTxvevas, socialuri<br />
paqtis sicocxlisunarianoba yovelTvis saeWvoa mosaxleobis mozrdili<br />
segmentebis SemTxvevaSi. <strong>da</strong>Zabulobebi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebi kvlav warmoiSoba;<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba ufro TvalsaCinoa iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c resursebis xelaxali<br />
ganawilebis unarianoba mcirdeba. konsensusis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> konsensusis<br />
politika yovelTvis sustia, xolo <strong>demokratia</strong> kvlav ocnebas warmoadgens,<br />
rogorc radikaluri politikuri reprezentaciisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis sistema.<br />
konsensusis cneba, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, demokratiuli socialuri paqtis<br />
cnebisgan diferencirebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos. socialuri paqtebi ufro mtkicea,<br />
vidre istoriuli konsensusebi, rac bunebiT, efemerulia. paradoqsi is<br />
aris, rom socialuri paqtebi Sedgenilia istoriulad konsensualuri<br />
328
SeTanxmebebiT, romelsac Taobebi qmnian, inarCuneben <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
transformirebas axdenen kanonebSi, rutinebSi, wes-CveulebebSi, praqtikebSi,<br />
CvevebSi, regulaciebsa <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c, kulturebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar<br />
gvsurs demokratiis cnebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mocileba, SeuZlebelia aseve<br />
gabatonebuli socialuri paqtis cnebis Secvlac, romelic (ubralod<br />
Tavisi arsebobis gamo) grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi saxelmwifos Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aacilebs qaossa <strong>da</strong> avtoritarizms – socialuri paqtis, romelic cdilobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>regulirdes, rogorc qvakuTxedi xalxis, xalxis mier <strong>da</strong> xalxisaTvis<br />
mTavrobisa. rogorc freiri xSirad Segvaxseneb<strong>da</strong> xolme, SeuTanxmeblobaze<br />
SeTanxmebis unari fun<strong>da</strong>menturia demokratiuli dialogis politikisaTvis,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>ZabulobebTan <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebTan cxovrebis unari aris<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>menturi demokratiuli politikisaTvis.<br />
sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gxvdeba pir<strong>da</strong>pir ganaTlebis sferoSi:<br />
arsebobs opozicia identobis formirebas (rac saganmanaTleblo dRis<br />
wesrigis mniSvnelovani nawili un<strong>da</strong> iyos) <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis formirebas<br />
Soris codnis minimaluri donis <strong>da</strong>dgenasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT? identobis<br />
formireba yovelTvis iyo liberaluri saxelmwifo ideologiis nawili;<br />
rogorc istorikosi ted mitCeli Segvaxsenebs, niu iorkis gubernatorma<br />
devid klintonma Tavis amomrCevlebs 1822 wels uTxra, rom es saxelmwifos<br />
pirveli valdebuleba iyo. paradoqsia, rom identobis Seqmna yovelTvis iyo<br />
(cnobierad Tu gaucnobiereblad) Sereuli saganmanaTleblo politikaSi<br />
moqalaqeobis Seqmnis cnebasTan, TiTqos identoba <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeoba<br />
fiqsirebuli markerebi iyos, romlebic yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>emTxveva, Tu<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom moqalaqeoba SeiZleba gamoixatos, rogorc kulturuli<br />
reprezentacia homogenurobisa <strong>da</strong> istoriuli sizustis didi xarisxiT.<br />
aTaswleulis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisken, naTelia, rom identobis formireba<br />
xdeba bevr sferoSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT, magram moqalaqis Seqmna,<br />
umetesad, Semofarglulia saganmanaTleblo sferoTi. 13 sakiTxi, romelic<br />
namdvilad scdeba winamdebare naSromis farglebs, aris is, un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilebodes Tu ara identobis formireba <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis Seqmna,<br />
rogorc mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare swavlis procesi<br />
(potenciuri gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebiT); un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes Tu ara isini,<br />
rogorc diskretuli Teoriuli erTeulebi, romlebic garkveul momentSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>kveTs erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> warmoqmnis saWiroebas, rom maTi winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisobebi xelaxla iqnes gaazrebuli; <strong>da</strong> es interaqciebi identobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas Soris SeiZleba Tu ara saerTod ganxorcieldes gviani<br />
kapitalizmis <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli umarTaobis kritikis konteqstSi.<br />
amgvarad, identoba, rogorc me vamtkicebdi meeqvse TavSi, arasdros<br />
aris garantirebuli Sedegi kulturuli gansxvavebebis formulirebis<br />
329
procesisa. 14 Tumca, ukidures xarisxSi, es epistemologiuri winapiroba<br />
SeiZleba arapraqtikuli Candes pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis an politikuri<br />
mobilizaciisaTvis. 15 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, progresuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
gamartivebuli iqneba, rom kulturul gansxvavebebze vifiqroT, rogorc<br />
gansxvavebebze dominantur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul kulturebs Soris. faqti is<br />
aris, rom kulturuli <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aseve un<strong>da</strong> exebodes<br />
ideologiur ganxeTqilebebsa <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebs <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli kulturis<br />
SigniT, ara mxolod rogorc molaparakeba feradkanian a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong><br />
Zalauflebis mCagvrel sistemebs Soris, aramed aseve Tavad feradkanian<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris. am rasis kritikuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebis sityvebi<br />
gansakuTrebuli ZaliT JRers: `samwuxarod, <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba am gansxvavebebs<br />
Soris iSviaTad irkveva, ivaraudeba, `gansxvavebis erTianoba~ – anu, rom<br />
yvela gansxvaveba aris, rogorc analogiuri, ise ekvivalenturi” (ledson –<br />
bilingsi <strong>da</strong> teiti, 1995:62).<br />
wevroba <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba mocemul identobaSi ar iZleva gamocdilebis<br />
zustad gaxsenebis garantias (magaliTad, socialur <strong>da</strong> humanitarul<br />
mecnierebaTa analitikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT) <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />
politikuri riskebi bevria, im faqtis CaTvliT, rom multikulturalistTa<br />
bevr wreSi, rogorc skoti ASegvaxsenebs, `Cagvris personaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba cvlis analizs, <strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba xdeba aRmniSvneli mTeli<br />
jgufis gamocdilebisa~ (1992:18).<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s Sesaxeb ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro meti literaturis<br />
Seqmnis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mxolod bolo dros ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> diskusia<br />
multikulturalizmsa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas Soris kavSirebis ganxilvaze, <strong>da</strong><br />
igi Seiswavlis <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s SezRudvebsa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebs<br />
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi. 16 SeiZleba samarTliania vamtkicoT, rom<br />
amocanaTa simravle, rac dgas <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s winaSe, usazRvrod<br />
didia. es amocanebi moicavs gonivruli, Teoriulad <strong>da</strong>xvewili <strong>da</strong> advilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sacavi axali metaTeoriuli <strong>da</strong> Teoriuli teritoriis SemuSavebis<br />
mcdelobas, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> Seqmnas <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s, rogorc<br />
paradigmis safuZvlebi; moicavs mcdelobas, Seiqmnas misi epistemologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> logikuri winapirobebi, gamocdilebis, narativis, xmis, faqtoris, <strong>da</strong><br />
identobis cnebebis irgvliv; mcdelobas, empiriuli kvlevis<br />
ganxorcielebisa, romelic kulturas/Zalauflebas/codnas akavSirebs<br />
TasworobasTan/uTanasworobTan/diskriminaciasTan; <strong>da</strong> neokonservatori<br />
memarjveneebisgan <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s <strong>da</strong>cvis saWiroebas, romelTac<br />
gamoacxades <strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>, rogorc antipatriotuli moZraoba,<br />
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im kanonis saWiroebas, romelmac SeiZleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>areguliros kulturuli gacvlebi wesrigis principiT. 17 am<br />
mravalwaxnagovanma amocanebma <strong>da</strong> meoce saukunis 80-iani <strong>da</strong> 90-iani wlebis<br />
330
konkretulma politikurma gamocdilebam amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong>s momxreebi aiZula, Tavi <strong>da</strong>ecvaT, rogorc Teoriuli,<br />
ise politikuri TvalsazrisiT. es niSnavs, rom maT am dromde ver SeZles<br />
srulad ga<strong>da</strong>eWraT multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis saWiroeba,<br />
Teoriisa, romelic un<strong>da</strong> iyos umniSvnelovanesi, demokratiuli miznebis<br />
wamowevaSi demokratiis Teoriebis konteqstSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad im faqtisa, rom<br />
isini moqmedeben kapitalistur sistemaSi. multkulturalizmisaTvis bolo<br />
dilema aris mravalferovnebasa <strong>da</strong> erTianobas Soris kavSirebis gageba, anu<br />
erTianobis sakiTxi mravalferovnebaSi.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, arsebobs mravali analitikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
alternativa imisaTvis, rom mravalferovnebaSi SesaZlebel iqnes<br />
erTianobis dilemis konfrontacia. pirveli aris kvlevis saWiroeba<br />
kulturebis hibridizaciis xarisxisa <strong>da</strong> cnebisa, rom yoveli socialuri<br />
subieqti Sedgeba mravlobiTi identobebisa <strong>da</strong> mravlobiTi<br />
afiliaciebsagan. 18 hibridizaciis procesis mier warmoSobili sirTuleebis<br />
aRiarebam <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri subieqtis socialur <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur<br />
konstruirebaSi mravlobiTi identobebis cnebam eWvqveS un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ayenos<br />
rasis, genderis, klasis, erovnebis, eTnikurobis religiisa, Tu sqesobrivi<br />
upiratesobebis safuZvelze arsebul gansxvavebaTa esencializaciis<br />
nebismieri mcdeloba. meore, eTikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri valdebulebebis<br />
gansxvavebebis pirvelxarisxovan winaaRmdegobebad ganxilvis nacvlad,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeiZleba aRiqvas isini naklebadmniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobebad, an<br />
konfliqtur loialobebad identobis socialur konstruirebaSi. es<br />
warmoSobs molaparakebis areebs progresuli aliansebis konteqstSi, rac<br />
efuZneba mravlobiT identobebsa <strong>da</strong> Semswavlel Temebs. 19 fun<strong>da</strong>menturi<br />
winapiroba gaxlavT kulturuli brZolebis nebismieri esencializaciis<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. Tumca, aseve mniSvnelovania gavacnobieroT, rom arsebobs<br />
ramdenime gamWriaxi idea neokonseratiul <strong>da</strong> neoliberalur argumentebSi.<br />
magaliTad, neokonservatorebisgan Zlier gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
kornel vesti (1993a), ramdenime Savkanian inteleqtualTan erTad,<br />
SeSfoTebulia `kulturuli moSliT <strong>da</strong> TviTdestruqciuli nihilizmis<br />
gamwvavebiT Raribebsa <strong>da</strong> Zalze Ratakebs Soris” (196). nihilizmi, namdvilad<br />
cud safuZvels qmnis demokratiis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobis<br />
miRwevisaTvis. samoqalaqo Rirsebebi, am SemTxvevaSi, wamoimarTeba, rogorc<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi demokratiuli moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi.<br />
samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> multikulturuli demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeoba<br />
me vsaubrob aq poeziaze, rogorc gamocdilebis gamomJRavnebis arsze, ara<br />
sityvaTa unayofo TamaSze, riTic, xSirad, TeTri mamebi amaxinjebdnen sityva<br />
331
poeziis mniSvnelobas – raTa arsSi Cawvdomis unars moklebuli warmosaxvis<br />
sasowarkveTili survili <strong>da</strong>emalaT.<br />
– `poezia Zalaa~, gancxadebaTa <strong>da</strong>fa<br />
Cemi analizis ZiriTadi principi Semdegi gaxlavT: moqalaqeoba<br />
gagebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes, rogorc samoqalaqo Rirsebebi distribuciuli<br />
politikis konteqstSi <strong>da</strong> ara, rogorc mxolod statusis miniWeba.<br />
profesori pedro nogueras miwveviT, me warvadgine Cemi analizi<br />
kaliforniis univeristetSi berkliSi mis aspiranturis kursSi rasisa <strong>da</strong><br />
klasis Sesaxeb, 1997 wlis seqtemberSi. kiTxva-pasuxebis nawilis <strong>da</strong>sasruls,<br />
Savkanianma studentma gamomiwvia. igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom me vixilavdi<br />
moqalaqeobas, rogorc samoqalaqo Rirsebebs, magram ar Camomiyalibebia<br />
samoqalaqo Rirsebebis principebi multikulturuli demokratiuli<br />
moqalaqeobisaTvis. es SekiTxva gamocxadebis tolfasi gamocdileba iyo,<br />
radgan amaze saerTod ar mifiqria. sityvebi, romelic aq epigrafad<br />
moviyvane, <strong>da</strong> romelic gancxadebaTa <strong>da</strong>faze (saxelwodebiT `poezia Zalaa~)<br />
klasSi Sesvlamde ramdenime wuTiT adre wavikiTxe, maSinve amomitivtiv<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rodesac SekiTxva <strong>da</strong>misves, radgan igi (ramdena<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebelia) sakmao<br />
sazriani iyo.<br />
multikulturuli moqalaqeoba ar un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos `Cveulebrivi~<br />
moqalaqeobis `<strong>da</strong>matebad~. piriqiT, argumenti is aris, rom veranairi<br />
realuri moqalaqeoba, rogorc moqalaqobrivi Rirsebebi, ver miiRweva, Tu<br />
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi <strong>da</strong> liberaluri demokratiebi ar<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveten demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis problemas.<br />
swored liberaluri demokratiis sirTuleebis gamo aris, rom gvWirdeba<br />
demokratiis <strong>da</strong>cva zedsarTavebiT, rogoricaa radikaluri <strong>demokratia</strong>. amis<br />
msgavsad, es moqalaqeobis tradiciuli Teoriebis sirTuleebia, romelic<br />
gvainteresebs multikulturuli moqalaqeobis Teoriis SemuSavebisas.<br />
mokled, zedsarTavebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. idealur SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Cven ganvixilavdiT moqalaqeobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>demokratia</strong>s zedsarTavebisa Tu<br />
kvalifikaciebis gareSe, magram yvela Cvenganma icis, Tu ramdenad Sors<br />
SeiZleba iyos realoba Cveni survilebisgan.<br />
epistemologiuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri gafrTxilebis warmoTqmis Semdeg,<br />
axla me ganvixilav multikulturuli moqalaqeobis principul Rirsebebs;<br />
Rirsebebs, romlebsac un<strong>da</strong> ufrTxildebodnen ojaxebSi, eklesiebSi <strong>da</strong> im<br />
ZiriTad organizaciebSi, romlebic Cveni bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> axalgazrdebis<br />
socializacias ewevian, <strong>da</strong> yvelaze metad, skolebSi <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>ganaTleba</strong>Si.<br />
pirveli Rirseba, romelic emTxveva liberalizmis udides moZRvrebas,<br />
aris tolerantobis Rirseba. liberalizmi warmoiSva, rogorc politikuri<br />
332
filosofia, romelmac mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira Tavisuflebas yvela sxva kategoriul<br />
imperativze metad, rogorc yvela socialuri interaqciisaTvis normatiul<br />
pirobas <strong>da</strong> rogorc absolutizmis, avtoritarizmisa <strong>da</strong> despotizmis<br />
antidots. Tanamedrove diskusiebis konteqstSi, tolerantobis samoqalaqo<br />
Rirseba aucilebelia mravalferovnebis gasaviTareblad, vinai<strong>da</strong>n Cven<br />
ganuwyvetliv vkveTavT mravalferovnebis sazRvrebs Cvens sazogadoebebSi.<br />
tolerantoba moiTxovs sifrTxilisa <strong>da</strong> TviTSemecnebis sistematur<br />
process, Cveni sakuTari cnobierebis Sedgenilobaze xelaxal <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas<br />
(rac arasodes aris srulad ganxorcielebuli Sedegi, aramed aris mTeli<br />
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare procesi), rom <strong>da</strong>vadginoT mikerZoebuli<br />
azrebisa <strong>da</strong> winaswar Seqmnili Sexedulebebis wyaro. magaliTad, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom individualuri rasizmi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>Zleul iqnes permanentuli<br />
diskusiebiTa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebiT (anu, codnas mniSvneloba aqvs), instituciuri<br />
rasizmis winaaRmdeg brZola – praqtikebis, ritualebis, rutinebis <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvaTa, rac ufro farTod gavrcelebulia, vidre sporaduli<br />
individualuri aqtebi – moiTxovs sistematur, legalur/iuridiul <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur sifrTxiles individTa, TemTa <strong>da</strong> socialur moZraobaTa<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
tolerantoba aseve moiTxovs codnasa <strong>da</strong> disciplinas: codnas<br />
imisaTvis, rom <strong>da</strong>Zleul iqnes ucodinroba, rac, ueWvelia, aris erT-erTi<br />
safuZveli rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, genderuli, religiuri <strong>da</strong> klasobrivi<br />
winaswarSeqmnili SexedulebebisaTvis; disciplinas imisaTvis, rom mxolod<br />
TviTanalizisa <strong>da</strong> kvlevis sistematuri ganxorcielebiT SegviZlia<br />
aRmovaCinoT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom socialuri reprezentaciebi<br />
socialurad aris konstruirebuli, isini efuZneba istoriul procesebs,<br />
romelTac sWirdeba kvleva, rogorc wvdomisaTvis aucilebel faqtebs.<br />
hobsbaumi (1997) Zalze naTlad ambobs amis Sesaxeb: `Tu ar gavmijnavT imaT<br />
Soris, rac arsebobs <strong>da</strong> rac ar arsebobs, istoria ver Seiqmneba”. romma<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxa <strong>da</strong> gaanadgura karTageni punikur omebSi, <strong>da</strong> ara piriqiT. rogor<br />
movuyriT Tavs <strong>da</strong> rogor vaxdenT Cvens mier Sesamowmebeli monacemebis (rac<br />
SeiZleba moicavdes ara mxolod imas, ra mox<strong>da</strong>, aramed imas, Tu ras<br />
fiqrob<strong>da</strong> xalxi amis Sesaxeb) SerCeuli nimuSis interpretacias, sxva<br />
saqmea” (viii) faqtiurad, hobsbaumis Tvalsazrisi, rom yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
`ideologiuri <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba istoriisa efuZneba anaqronizms, <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
tyuilebs” (7) warmoadgens codnis ZiriTad winapirobas tolerantobis<br />
gasaZliereblad.<br />
tolerantoba, romelic efuZneba codnas, disciplinas <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
Tavis Wvretas, ar aris sakmarisi demokratiuli multikulturuli<br />
moqalaqeobis gansaxorcieleblad. cnobismoyvareobis epistemologia,<br />
rogorc Camoyalibebulia paulo freiris mier, mniSvnelovani Rirsebaa,<br />
333
omelsac sWirdeba xelis Sewyoba. freiris (1997b) bolo wigni, romelic<br />
gamoica portugaliur enaze mis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde erT Tveze naklebi xniT<br />
adre, gvTavazobs maswavlebelTaTvis RirsebaTa dekalogs – eTikuri<br />
principebis wyebas swavlebisaTvis – <strong>da</strong> warmoadgens multikulturuli<br />
moqalaqeobis proeqtis arss. freiris dekalogi efuZneba avtonomiis cnebas,<br />
romelic aseve Zalian Zvirfasia liberalizmisaTvis, magram romelsac<br />
freiri ganavrcobs Tavisi kritikuli modernistuli perspeqtiviT <strong>da</strong><br />
libertarianul filosofiasTan misi mudmivi flirtiT. qvemoT moyvanilia<br />
freiris mier Sedgenil RirsebaTa CamonaTvali maswavlebisaTvis:<br />
1. swavleba moiTxovs moswavlis codnis pativiscemas.<br />
2. swavleba moiTxovs esTetikas <strong>da</strong> eTikas.<br />
3. swavleba moiTxovs magaliTis Cvenebas.<br />
4. swavleba moiTxovs moswavlis avtonomiis pativiscemas.<br />
5. swavleba moiTxovs keTilgonierebas.<br />
6. swavleba moiTxovs cnobismoyvareobas.<br />
7. swavleba moiTxovs sakuTar TavSi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulobas, profesionalur<br />
kompetencias <strong>da</strong> keTilSobilebas.<br />
8. swavleba moiTxovs Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> uflebamosilebas.<br />
9. swavleba moiTxovs mosmenis codnas.<br />
10. swavleba moiTxovs moswavlis siyvaruls.<br />
mesame Rirseba, romelsac msurs xazi gavusva cinizmisa <strong>da</strong> nihilizmis<br />
wyvili poziciis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad, aris imedi. cinizmi aris imedis<br />
uqonloba, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuloba, rom vinai<strong>da</strong>n araferi ar SeiZleba Seicvalos<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar Seicvleba, erTaderTi alternativaa `saqmianobis Cveul ritmSi<br />
gagrZelebis~ <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. cinizmi, rogorc aseTi, aris realobis<br />
ulmobeli a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis antiutopiuri filosofia, romelic cdilobs<br />
privilegiebis gamoyenebas uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> valdebulebebis ganxorcielebis<br />
gareSe. sakiTxis meore mxarea nihilizmi, xelis aRebis arajansaRi<br />
gamocdileba, romlis mixedviT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ar arsebobs imedi, ar arsebobs<br />
socialuri wesrigis cvlilebis saWiroeba, amis gakeTebis Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
umniSvnelo SesaZlebloba. ilia prigoJinis apofTegmis mixedviT,<br />
`SesaZlebloba realurze mdi<strong>da</strong>ria~, imanuel valerstaini (1997) gvTavazobs<br />
mniSvnelovan Tvalsazriss samoqalaqo RirsebebisTvis:<br />
SesaZlebloba realurze mdi<strong>da</strong>ria. Ees sociologze kargad vin un<strong>da</strong><br />
icodes? ratom gveSinia ase Zalian SesaZlebelis ganxilva, gaanalizeba <strong>da</strong><br />
gamokvleva? Cven ara utopiebi, aramed utopistebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vayenoT<br />
sociologiis centrSi. utopistika aris SesaZlebeli utopiebis analizi,<br />
maTi limitebi <strong>da</strong> maTi miRwevis SezRudvebi. es gaxlavT awmyoSi realuri<br />
istoriuli alternativebis analitikuri kvleva. es gaxlavT WeSmaritebis<br />
Ziebisa <strong>da</strong> sikeTis Ziebis Sejereba. (1254-1255)<br />
334
mokled, mxolod imedi aris cinizmisa <strong>da</strong> nihilizmis antidoti.<br />
meoTxe Rirseba aris siyvarulis saero, arareligiuri suliereba.<br />
araferia siyvarulze ise Zlieri, rom warmarTos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba<br />
Temze <strong>da</strong> TanagrZnobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebiT. siyvarulis suliereba, rogorc erix<br />
fromi (1986) asabuTeb<strong>da</strong> oc<strong>da</strong>aTi wlis winaT, ar aris aucilebeli, rom<br />
efuZnebodes transcendetalur rwmenas, magram mas sWirdeba, efuZnebodes<br />
rwmenas a<strong>da</strong>mianur bunebaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve efuZnebodes Cvens qmedebebSi<br />
azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> vnebis SeTanxmebis saWiroebas.<br />
mexuTe Rirsebaa dialogis unari. multikulturuli moqalaqeoba ver<br />
miiRweva dialogis unaris gareSe, maSinac ki, rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mianTa poziciebi<br />
dialogSi Soreuli <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebulia, maSinac ki, rodesac CarTuli<br />
metyveleba araTanazomieria, <strong>da</strong> maSinac, rodesac ulimito dialogebi<br />
sarisko aris. dialogis warmarTvis unari warmoadgens habermasis idealuri<br />
metyvelebis <strong>da</strong> komunikaciuri racionalurobis socialuri konstruqtis<br />
ZiriTad princips. dialogSi Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT komunikaciuri<br />
racionaluroba, anu, komunikaciis unari <strong>da</strong> safuZvliani mtkicebulebebis<br />
miRebis unari, faqtori komunikaciaSi, romelic ubralo Tanmimdevrulobis<br />
farglebs scdeba. dialogis, rogorc komunikaciuri racionalurobis<br />
cnebaSi sami elementia CarTuli: pirveli, intersubieqtivizmis cneba<br />
mtkicebaTa safuZvlianobaSi (dialogSi relevanturia pirovnebis pozicia);<br />
meore, argumentaciis tipi (romelic icvleba disciplinis, interaqciebis<br />
wyebis, profesiebisa <strong>da</strong> a.S. mixedviT); <strong>da</strong>bolos, racionaluri SeTanxmebis<br />
miRwevis SesaZleblobis idea. amgvarad, dialogs Sedegad moyveba<br />
gansxvavebul individTa urTierTaRiareba, mtkicebaTa safuZvlianobis<br />
Sefasebis unari <strong>da</strong> argumentaciuri interaqciebis tipebi, racionaluri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis miRwevis mizani <strong>da</strong> am mTliani gacvlis wvdoma.<br />
simboluri produqciis es procesi winaswar varaudobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
cxovrebis racionalizaciis formas <strong>da</strong> maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, SemiZlia vTqva<br />
durkhaimis midrekilebiT, sistemuri integraciis cnebas <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod<br />
socialuri qmedebis meqanikur integracias. igi varaudobs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
srulwlovanebas aRweven, rogorc individebi, ara mxolod TavianTi niWis,<br />
unarebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri privilegiebis bunebasTan <strong>da</strong> sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan<br />
gacvlebiT (anu, samuSaos, rogorc humanizaciis cnebis farglebs scdebian),<br />
aramed isini srulwlovanebas aRweven TavianTi unaris gamo – ganiviTaron<br />
TavianTi komunikaciuri kompetencia <strong>da</strong> komunikaciuri racionaluroba.<br />
komunikaciuri racionalizacia, rac Cndeba, ara mxolod, rogorc dialogis<br />
winapiroba, aramed aseve, rogorc misi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
335
Sedegi, warmoadgens multikulturuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobis<br />
umTavres uflebas <strong>da</strong> Rirsebas (Burbules, 1993).<br />
rom SevajamoT, antirasistuli, antiseqsisturi <strong>da</strong> antiklasisturi<br />
filosofia, romelic efuZneba tolerantobas, freiriseuli<br />
cnobismoyvareobis epistemologias, cinizmisa <strong>da</strong> nihilizmis poziciis<br />
uaryofas, siyvarulis saero sulierebas <strong>da</strong> dialogSi (rogorc meTodSi, <strong>da</strong><br />
aseve rogorc kogniciis procesSi) ostatur monawileobas, Seadgens<br />
demokratiuli multikulturuli moqalaqeobis umTavres Rirsebebs, xids<br />
fuZemdeblur kanonebsa <strong>da</strong> kulturebs Soris.<br />
epilogi<br />
awmyo ver iqneba bednierebis sazomi, radgan bedniereba ubralod saxeebis<br />
erTianobaa, romelic uCinardeba manZilTan erTad, siaxloviT ki –<br />
deformirdeba.<br />
– karlos alberto toresi<br />
CvenTvis ZiriTad interess warmoadgens <strong>ganaTleba</strong> demokratiisTvis:<br />
rogor SevqmnaT ukeTesi skolebi, inteleqtualurad ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
skolebi, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>bal fenebs<br />
miekuTvnebian; rogor SevqmnaT demokratiuli multikulturuli<br />
kurikulumi, romliTac yvela Seityobs sazogadoebis mdi<strong>da</strong>r<br />
mravalferovnebas <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxdeba Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes acilebuli (<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba sapirispirod Setrialdes<br />
kidec) balkanizaciisa <strong>da</strong> mzardi separatizmis tendenciebi. skolebma<br />
umTavresi roli un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulon demokratiuli diskursisa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeobis SeqmnaSi. me <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli var imaSi, rom SesaZlebelia<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n iqnes acilebuli socialuri klasebisa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri Tu rasobrivi<br />
jgufebis polarizaciis bosniuri sindromi.<br />
Cven SegviZlia ukeTesad movamzadoT oc<strong>da</strong>meerTe saukunis<br />
maswavleblebi, romlebsac SeeZlebaT muSaoba iseT skolis garemoebSi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba gaxdes koleqtiuri kompetenciisa <strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis<br />
centri. Cven gvWirdeba profesionalebis momzadeba, romelTac esmiT<br />
kulturuli mravalferovnebisa <strong>da</strong> kompensatoruli diskriminaciis<br />
mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobebi. Cven gvWirdeba moZraoba Teoriul <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyenebiT kvlevas Soris realur saskolo garemoebSi, araformaluri<br />
ganaTlebis, mozrdilTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong> pirveladi<br />
organizaciebis, socialuri moZraobebisa <strong>da</strong> Temebis ignorirebis gareSe<br />
kulturul aRorZinebaSi, <strong>demokratia</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> warmoebaSi. bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
336
Tuki identoba swavlis procesia, igi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze<br />
mimdinareobs.<br />
<strong>demokratia</strong> uwesrigo sistemaa, magram igi ga<strong>da</strong>rCa, radgan arsebobs<br />
debatebis sfero <strong>da</strong> wesebis wyeba, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi asruleben im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tun<strong>da</strong>c misgan ar iRebdnen raime sargebels. demokratiuli<br />
TemebisaTvis skolebi <strong>da</strong> universitetebi naklebad Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli ar iqnebian<br />
demokratiuli diskursis gavrcobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis politikur<br />
ekonomiis sisworeSi eWvis SetanisaTvis. kulturul mravalferovnebas,<br />
kompensatorul diskriminaciasa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobas Soris ga<strong>da</strong>kveTebis<br />
seriozuli kvlevis gareSe demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli diskursisaTvis<br />
pluralisturi safuZvlebi arsebiTad riskis winaSe dgas. teqnikurad<br />
kompetenturi, eTikurad jansaRi, sulierad momxiblavi <strong>da</strong> politikurad<br />
ganxorcielebadi Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli multikulturuli<br />
moqalaqeobis praqtikis gareSe, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi iRupebian: rodesac xilva ar<br />
aris, xalxi iRupeba. <strong>da</strong>vasruleb fridrix nicSes sityvebiT ([1983] 1991), `me<br />
ar vici cxovrebis imaze ukeTesi mizani, vidre <strong>da</strong>Rupvaa, animae magnae<br />
prodigus, diadisa <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebelisken swrafvaSi” (112). demokratiuli<br />
multikulturuli moqalaqeobisaken mowodeba gulisxmobs diadisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlebelisaken swrafvas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>Rupvis riskiT.<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
1 <strong>da</strong>veTanxmebi Teo goldbergs, rodesac igi ambobs: `amgvarad,<br />
<strong>multikulturalizmi</strong> aris politikuri Tav<strong>da</strong>deba. magram igi ar aris ufro<br />
politikuri, vidre monokulturalizmi, <strong>da</strong> msgavsi mosazrebebis gamo~ D. T. Goldberg,<br />
ed. Multiculturalismi: A Critical Reader (Oxfort: Blackwell, 1996), 28.<br />
2 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom vici, politikuri filosofiis `klasika~ asaxavs ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
mamrobiT, evropul <strong>da</strong> heteroseqsualur Sexedulebebs <strong>da</strong>, amdenad, SeuZlebelia<br />
gaxdes arakritikuli nebismieri saxis kulturuli kanoniT, <strong>da</strong>vamtkiceb, rom<br />
Sesabamisad dekonstruirebuli <strong>da</strong> niuansirebuli istoriuli mniSvnelobiT<br />
gaanalizebuli, igi kvlav warmoadgens azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis fas<strong>da</strong>udebel<br />
wyaros. msgavsi argumenti wamoayena qerol peitmanma, rodesac ganixilav<strong>da</strong><br />
klasikis Sesabamisobas feministuri politikuri mecnierebisaTvis: `SeuZlebelia<br />
mTlianad zurgi SevaqcioT klasikas Tu Tanamedrove meTodologias, radgan<br />
diskursis yvela tipi asaxavs <strong>da</strong> CarTulia warsulSi met-naklebad. ufro metic,<br />
Rirebuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba aviTvisoT <strong>da</strong> gakveTili iyos CvenTvis mamrobiTi<br />
mimarTulebis TeoriaSi (male-stream theory)”. Carole Pateman, “Introduction: The Theoretical<br />
Subversiveness of Feminism,” in Feminist Challenges. Social and Political Theory, ed. Carole Pateman and<br />
Elizabeth Gross (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986), 3.<br />
3 diqotomiur arCevanTa kargi magaliTia goldbergis analizi, rac axdens<br />
heterogenurobis <strong>da</strong> homogenurobis kombinirebas. sasargebloa aseve misi rCeva,<br />
afrocentrulobis Secvlis Sesaxeb `TviTkritikuli afromo<strong>da</strong>lobebiT, afrikuli<br />
xedvis heterogenuri tipebiT, gacnobierebiT, <strong>da</strong> amiT igi acxadebs<br />
337
evromotivirebuli xedvis, epistemologiaTa <strong>da</strong> praqtikaTa SezRudulobas~.<br />
Goldberg, Multiculturalism, 39.<br />
4 instrumentuli racionalurobis cneba umTavresia kritikuli TeoriisaTvis. aq<br />
igi gansazRvrulia racionalurobis, rogorc mizanmimarTul-instrumentuli<br />
qmedebis veberiseuli cnebisa <strong>da</strong> instrumentaluri qmedebis habermasiseuli cnebiT.<br />
maqs veberisaTvis, mizanmimarTul-instrumentuli qmedeba `ganisazRvreba<br />
molodinebiT gare obieqtebTan <strong>da</strong> sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, <strong>da</strong> agentis<br />
racionalurad miCneuli sakuTari miznebis racionaluri warmatebaze<br />
orientirebuli swrafvisaTvis am molodinebis rogorc `pirobebis~ an<br />
`saSualebebis~ gamoyenebiT~ (T. McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas. [Cambridge:<br />
MIT Press, 1979], 28). habermasSi instrumentuli qmedebis cneba `gansazRvrulia<br />
teqnikuri wesebiT, romelic efuZneba empiriul codnas. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi isini<br />
gulisxmobs empiriul prognozirebas <strong>da</strong>sakvirvebel movlenebze, fizikursa Tu<br />
socialurze~ (391). herbert markusis teqnikuri safuZvlis kritikas <strong>da</strong>vamateb, rom<br />
instrumentuli racionalurobis yoveli forma (imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi<br />
warmoadgens adekvatur saSualebas mocemuli miznisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ganisazRvreba<br />
teqnikuri wesebiT, <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuls empiriul codnze) cdilobs prognozireba<br />
moaxdinos an gaakontrolos socialuri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri movlenebi, moicavs<br />
dominaciis arsebiT mizans meToduri, mecnieruli gamomTvleli <strong>da</strong> gamoTvlili<br />
kontrolis saSualebiT.<br />
5 k. b. makfersoni Tavis eseSi “The Real World of Democracy” (the Massey Lectures, in the Real<br />
World of Democracy [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966], 56-67), <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT Tavis<br />
eseSi, romelic exebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs, rogorc moqalaqeobis uflebebs,<br />
gviCvenebs, rom mesakuTruli individualizmis principebSi, romelic moyvanilia<br />
hobsisa <strong>da</strong> lokis politikur filosofiur naSromebSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi<br />
moicav<strong>da</strong> sicocxlis, sxeulis, unarebis, ojaxis wevrebis, TavisuflebaTa <strong>da</strong> miwis<br />
uflebas. misi azriT, demokratiulma Teoriam un<strong>da</strong> aRiaros, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebebi <strong>da</strong> Tavisufleba ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi <strong>da</strong> rom pirveli maTganis<br />
miRweva ar uSlis xels meoris miRwevaSi <strong>da</strong> piriqiT.<br />
6 veforti (“Educação e politica: Reflexões sociológicas sobre un<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogia <strong>da</strong> liber<strong>da</strong>de,” naSromSi:<br />
Educação como prática <strong>da</strong> liber<strong>da</strong>de [Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1967), 56-67) amtkicebs (rac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Cvens arguments), rom `am pe<strong>da</strong>gogma [freirma] icis, rom misi amocana<br />
moicavs politikur Sedegebs <strong>da</strong> man ici, ufro metic, rom es Sedegebi Cveulebrivi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis interesebSia, <strong>da</strong> ara elitis. magram man aseve icis, rom misi <strong>da</strong>rgi aris<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogika <strong>da</strong> ara politika <strong>da</strong> mas ar SeuZlia, rogorc pe<strong>da</strong>gogs, gaswios<br />
revolucioneri politikosis magivroba, romelic <strong>da</strong>interesebulia codnasa <strong>da</strong><br />
struqturul transformaciaSi. igi uaryofs ganaTlebis, rogorc `progresis<br />
berketis~ tradiciul gagebas; azri eqneba, rom amas <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes Tanabrad<br />
gulwrfeli Tezisi `<strong>ganaTleba</strong>, rogorc revoluciis berketi~? Tavisuflebis<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>exmaros saxalxo politikas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n kritikuli<br />
`TviTSegneba~ niSnavs socialuri struqturebis, rogorc dominaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Zaladobis SecnobisaTvis xelis Sewyobas~. magram am informirebulobis<br />
zrdisaTvis orientaciis micemis amocana specifiurad politikuri mimarTulebiT<br />
ekuTvnis politikoss, <strong>da</strong> ara pe<strong>da</strong>gogs~ (16).<br />
7 `kompensatoruli diskriminacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis<br />
muxli VII-sTan erTad, romelic krZalav<strong>da</strong> diskriminacias rasisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis<br />
safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> romelic mogvianebiT ganivrco ramdenime aRmasrulebeli brZanebiT,<br />
romelic aregulirebs federalur kontraqtebs <strong>da</strong> asaxavs miznebs <strong>da</strong> ganrigebs<br />
umciresobaTa samuSaoze asayvanad.~ Walter Feinberg, “Affirmative Action and Beyond: A Case<br />
for a Backward-Looking Gender- and Race-Based Policy, ” Teachers College Record 97, 3 (Spring 1996):<br />
363.<br />
338
8 mag., `miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Savkanianebi warmoadgenen amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis mosaxleobis 12 procentze mets, isini Sedgebian mxolod 4.2 procenti<br />
eqimebisgan, 3.3 procenti iuristebisgan, 5 procenti universitetis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisgan,<br />
3.7 procenti inJinrebisgan. ... [Tumca,] qali iuristebisa <strong>da</strong> mosamarTleebis<br />
procentuli maCvenebeli 1972 wels <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli 3.8 procenti<strong>da</strong>n gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod 22.8 procentamde 1993 wels, xolo qal profesor-maswavlebelTa<br />
raodenoba 1972 wlis 28 procenti<strong>da</strong>n _ 42.5 procentamde 1993 wels.~ (Feinberg,<br />
“Affirmative Action and Beyond,” 366-367).<br />
9 neba momeciT es sakiTxi kargad ganvmarto. mjera, rom <strong>demokratia</strong> SeiZleba<br />
warmoiSvas mxolod im socialuri kontraqti<strong>da</strong>n, romelic adgens TanamSromlobis<br />
sistemas iuridiuli safuZvlebis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong> Tanabrad pasuxismgebeli<br />
aRmasrulebeli administraciiT, amitom mniSvnelovania demokratiulma<br />
saxelmwifom miaRwios demokratiul socialur kontraqts <strong>da</strong> xeli Seuwyos<br />
demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi sferos Seqmnas. Tumca, rusosTan, mjera, rom<br />
mxolod es socialuri kontraqti qmnis TviTregulaciisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
SesaZleblobas <strong>da</strong> rom marTulebi, faqtiurad, un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen mmarTvelebi!<br />
10 1997 wlis 10 noembers, orSabaTs, uzenaesma sasamarTlom uaryo aSkara gamowveva<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebis iniciativa 209. am iniciativis Semdeg, palatis iuridiulma<br />
komitetma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom kenWisyras Caatareb<strong>da</strong> kanonproeqtze (HR1909), romelic<br />
Seqmnilia samoqalaqo uflebebis iniciativa 209-is, 1997 wlis samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebis aqtis mixedviT. `kanonproeqti ukrZalavs mTavrobas diskriminacias an<br />
preferencialur reJims nebismieri piris mimarT rasis an sqesis safuZvelze<br />
federalur kontraqtebTan, <strong>da</strong>saqmebasTan, an sxva programebTan <strong>da</strong> aqtivobebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT~ (Los Angeles Times, 4 November 1997, A12). Semdgom, imisaTvis, rom<br />
eCvenebinaT, ramdenad ganxeTqilebis gamomwvevi iyo kompensatoruli diskriminaciis<br />
sakiTxi, GOP-is xelmZRvanelobam gansaxilvelad waradgina kompensatoruli<br />
diskriminaciis kanonproeqti, romelic inicirebuli gaxl<strong>da</strong>T respublikeli<br />
warmomadgenlis Carlz t. kenadis mier. oTxi respublikeli SeuerT<strong>da</strong> 13 demokrats<br />
palatis iuridiul komitetSi, raTa xma miecaT kanonproeqtis gansaxilvelad<br />
wardgenisaTvis, maSin roca didi raodenobiT momxreebi uWerdnen mxars<br />
galereebi<strong>da</strong>n. es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba niSnavs imas, rom es kanonproeqti, an msgavsi<br />
kanonproeqti, ar iqneba ganxiluli kongresSi 1998 wlamde, <strong>da</strong> SesaZloa,<br />
saprezidento <strong>da</strong> kongresis nacionaluri arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad,<br />
aqtivoba kvlav ga<strong>da</strong>idos garkveuli xniT (Los Angeles Times, 7 November 1997, A23).<br />
11 me-10 komentarSi naxsenebi Sexvedris Semdeg, presrelizSi, respublikeli jorj<br />
gekasi (pensilvaniis warmomadgeneli) ganmartav<strong>da</strong>, Tu ratom wamoayena wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />
kanonproeqtis gansaxilvelad wardgenaze: `ar mjera, rom am sakanonmdeblo<br />
iniciativisaTvis xmis micema amjerad gviSvelis, magram es namdvilad <strong>da</strong>abrkolebs<br />
im idealebis miRwevas, romelsac mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> Cveni eris erT-erTi udidesi<br />
prezidenti [linkolni]. rasobrivi preferenciis cneba, saxelmwifo rezervebis<br />
Seqmnis programebi <strong>da</strong> kvotebi upirispirdeba im fun<strong>da</strong>ments, romelzec Cveni<br />
qveyana <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, am sakiTxze aCqareba, erovnuli konsensusis, aRqmuli<br />
iqneba mxolod, rogorc politikuri <strong>da</strong> uTanxmoebis gamomwvevi. amerikuli<br />
sazogadoeba miemarTeba am konsensusisken, rogorc <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebma, saxelmwifo<br />
iniciativebma <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivma azrma. neba momeciT, garkveviT gamovxato, rom<br />
mtkiced vupirispirdebi diskriminaciis yvela formas <strong>da</strong> viswrafi im politikis<br />
aRmofxvrisaken, romelic mikerZoebas iCens a<strong>da</strong>mianTa mimarT ucvleli Tvisebebis<br />
safuZvelze. am kanonproeqtis dRes Semotana ar <strong>da</strong>aCqarebs arsebuli<br />
usamarTlobebis gamosworebas, <strong>da</strong> arc Seamcirebs rasobriv <strong>da</strong>yofas. am<br />
kanonproeqtis arsi qebis Rirsia, magram vSiSob, rom am sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba amjerad<br />
339
safrTxes Seuqmnis yoveldRiur progress, romelic miRweulia Tanasworobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad.~ am azris xazgasasmelad, jon koniersma (demokratma<br />
miCigani<strong>da</strong>n), romelic palatis iuridiuli komitetmis maRali rangis umciresobis<br />
warmomadgenelia, gamosca presrelizi, romelic miesalmeba komitetis qmedebas<br />
HR1909-is gansaxilvelad wardgenasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. presrelizi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
`kaliforniisa <strong>da</strong> texasis iuridiul fakultetebze Caricxvebis Sedegebi<br />
gviCvenebs absolutur <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas imisa, rom kompensatoruli diskriminaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavreba <strong>da</strong>gvabrunebs segregirebuli – <strong>da</strong> uTanasworo – ganaTlebis droSi.<br />
kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetSi <strong>da</strong> berklis iuridiul skolaSi<br />
afroamerikeTa Caricxvebi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 75%-iT, maSin roca texasis universitetis<br />
iuridiuli skolaSi pirvelkurselTa umravlesoba TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
TeTrkaniania.~<br />
12 tod gitlinma, avtorTan pirad saubarSi, eWvi Seitana im TvalsazrisSi, rom<br />
identoba aris swavlis procesi. momdevno analizi gamowveuli iyo misi<br />
gaTviTcnobierebuli azriT.<br />
13 miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad masmediis mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis simboluri kulturuli<br />
aparatisa, moqalaqeobis cneba <strong>da</strong>Cqar<strong>da</strong> erovnul saxelmwifoTa mier, maSin roca<br />
moqalaqis, rogorc momxmareblis cnebas amtkicebdnen umetesad kapitalisturi<br />
fraqciebi <strong>da</strong> saboloo jamSi, neoliberaluri samTavrobo koaliciebi, romlebic<br />
mniSvnelovnad Sordebodnen tradiciuli liberaluri saxelmwifos politikas.<br />
14 joan v. skoti (“Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity,” October 61 [Summer 1992]:12-19)<br />
marTalia, rodesac amtkicebs, rom identobebi istoriulad aris miniWebuli, rom<br />
es miniWeba bundovania, <strong>da</strong> rom subieqtebi Seqmnilia mravaljeradi<br />
identifikaciebiT, romelTagan zogierTi xdeba politikurad mniSvnelovani<br />
garkveuli droiT, garkveul konteqstebSi (16).<br />
15 mTavari sakiTxia, rogor gavigoT urTierTobebi moqalaqeobasa <strong>da</strong> nacionalobas<br />
Soris postnacionalur eraSi. Jiro (“National Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism,”<br />
College Literature 22, no. 2 [June1992]:54) amtkicebs, rom praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT: `(1)<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi kritikulad un<strong>da</strong> Seexon imas, Tu rogor aris erovnuli identoba<br />
konstruirebuli mediaSi, saxelmwifo aparatebis politikis meSveobiT <strong>da</strong><br />
materialuri resursebis mobilizaciisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos<br />
xelmisawvdomobis farglebs gareT. ... [<strong>da</strong>] (2) erovnuli identoba un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganmsWvaluli un<strong>da</strong> iyos kulturuli identobebis demokratizebuli<br />
pluralizaciiT. Tuki universalizebis, asimilaciuri impulsisken tendencias<br />
winaaRmdegoba un<strong>da</strong> gaewios, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon, rom studentebi<br />
CarTuli iyvnen warmodgeniTi Temis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar TvalsazrisSi, <strong>da</strong> ki ar<br />
gamoricxon, aramed kritikulad Seexon kulturul gansxvavebebs.~<br />
16 jeims benqsis axali wigni, Educating Citizens in a Multicultural Society (New York, Columbia<br />
University, Teachers College Press, 1997) warmoadgens erT-erTs sxva mcire magaliTTagans.<br />
17 memarjveneTagan am mkacri kritikis magaliTebia Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American<br />
Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of To<strong>da</strong>y’s Students (New<br />
York: Simon & Schuster, 1987); <strong>da</strong> Dinesh d’Souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on<br />
Campus (New York: Free Press, 1991). liberaluri banaki<strong>da</strong>n Zalze gaTviTcnobierebuli<br />
pasuxisaTvis ixileT: Gerald Graff, Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can<br />
Revitilize American Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992). Tavis mxriv, grafis liberaluri<br />
perspeqtivis seriozuli kontrkritikisaTvis kritikuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis <strong>da</strong>mcvelisagan<br />
ixileT, Henry Giroux, Fugitive Cultures: Race, Violence, and Youth (New York: Routledge, 1996), 126.<br />
18 umTavresi varaudi hibridi kulturebis simravlesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romlebic<br />
Tanaarsebobs dRes bevr adgilas, mag., laTinur amerikaSi, metyvelebs kulturaTa<br />
dinamiur heterogenurobaze. hibriduli kulturebis cneba Cndeba, rogorc<br />
340
kulturuli Tanamedroveobis, kulturuli tradiciis <strong>da</strong> xalxis jgufebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis strategiebis didi raodenobis gamoxatulebebis kompleqsuri (<strong>da</strong><br />
xSirad gaugebari) niSani. ixileT, Nestor García Canclini, Cultural hibri<strong>da</strong>s: Estrategias para<br />
entrar y salir de la moderni<strong>da</strong>d (Buenos Aires: Editorial Su<strong>da</strong>mericana, 1992). mravlobiTi<br />
identobebis sakiTxze gansxvavebuli aRqmisaTvis ixileT, Nancy Fraser, Justice<br />
Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist Condition” (New York: Routledge, 1997), 179.<br />
19 es aris zustad is suliskveTeba, romelic stimuls aZlevs sruliad<br />
teqsturirebul dialogs xorxe qlor de alvas <strong>da</strong> kornel vests Soris, “Black-<br />
Brown Relations: Are Alliances Possible?” Social Justice 24, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 65-83.<br />
341
ibliografia<br />
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avtoris Sesaxeb<br />
karlos alberto toresi, ganaTlebis politikis sociologi, aris<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis kvlevebis samagistro <strong>da</strong> sadoqtoro<br />
fakultetis profesori <strong>da</strong> kaliforniis los anJelesis universitetis<br />
laTinoamerikuli centris direqtori. man <strong>ganaTleba</strong> miiRo argentinaSi,<br />
meqsikaSi, kana<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. igi bevrs wer<strong>da</strong><br />
socialur Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze, paulo freiris Sromaze, <strong>da</strong> laTinuri<br />
amerikis <strong>ganaTleba</strong>ze Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT perspeqtivaSi. mis wignTa Soris<br />
aRsaniSnavia socialuri Teoria <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, <strong>da</strong> <strong>ganaTleba</strong>, Zalaufleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> personaluri biografia, r. a. morou am orive wignis Tanaavtoria.<br />
karlos alberto toresi t. mitCelTan erTad gaxlavT Tanare<strong>da</strong>qtori<br />
wignisa ganaTlebis sociologia: ganviTarebadi perspeqtivebi, xolo igi p.<br />
o’kadizTan <strong>da</strong> p. l. vongTan erTad Tanare<strong>da</strong>qtorob<strong>da</strong> wigns <strong>ganaTleba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>demokratia</strong>: paulo freiri, socialuri moZraobebi <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo<br />
reforma san pauluSi.<br />
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