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DID YOU KNOW...<br />

Alzi la mano chi non ha mai sentito parlare<br />

della <strong>monaca</strong> <strong>di</strong> <strong>Monza</strong>. <strong>La</strong> religiosa<br />

più famosa d’Italia – la Gertrude<br />

che nei Promessi sposi, ospitando Lucia in<br />

convento, la tradì permettendo all’Innominato<br />

<strong>di</strong> mandare i suoi uomini (i “bravi”) a rapirla<br />

– è esistita veramente. <strong>La</strong> suora alla<br />

quale Alessandro Manzoni s’ispirò si chiamava<br />

Marianna De Leyva, ed era originaria <strong>di</strong><br />

una nobile famiglia spagnola trasferitasi in<br />

Italia tra il XVI e il XVII secolo e che, tra i vari<br />

titoli, annoverava la signoria <strong>di</strong> <strong>Monza</strong>. Il<br />

padre, Martino De Leyva, famoso anche per<br />

aver partecipato come vincitore alla battaglia<br />

navale <strong>di</strong> Lepanto (1571), nel 1574 aveva<br />

sposato Virginia Marino, genovese <strong>di</strong> nascita,<br />

vedova del conte Ercole Pio <strong>di</strong> Savoia dei signori<br />

<strong>di</strong> Sassuolo (dal quale aveva avuto cinque<br />

figli) e figlia <strong>di</strong> Tommaso Marino, l’uomo<br />

più ricco <strong>di</strong> Milano e costruttore dell’omonimo<br />

palazzo ora sede del comune ambrosiano.<br />

Dal loro matrimonio, nel 1575 era nata Marianna,<br />

rimasta quasi subito orfana <strong>di</strong> madre<br />

a causa della peste (non l’epidemia citata dal<br />

Manzoni ma quella precedente): un evento<br />

che risulterà decisivo per la sua vita. Dopo<br />

qualche anno, infatti, la giovane si trovò al<br />

centro <strong>di</strong> una causa per l’ere<strong>di</strong>tà; quando il<br />

padre volle risposarsi, per mantenere integro<br />

il suo patrimonio (compresa l’ere<strong>di</strong>tà della<br />

prima moglie), decise <strong>di</strong> avviare la figlia alla<br />

vita monastica nonostante ella non avesse<br />

manifestato alcuna vocazione. Marianna<br />

entrò così in convento già all’età <strong>di</strong> 13 anni,<br />

<strong>La</strong> <strong>monaca</strong> <strong>di</strong> <strong>Monza</strong><br />

The nun of <strong>Monza</strong><br />

LA MONACA<br />

DI MONZA<br />

THE NUN OF<br />

MONZA<br />

Hands up anyone who has never<br />

heard of the nun of <strong>Monza</strong>. Italy’s<br />

most famous religious woman –<br />

Gertrude, who in The Betrothed gave hospitality<br />

to Lucia in the convent and betrayed<br />

her by allowing the Unnamed to send his<br />

men (his “braves”) to kidnap her – really existed.<br />

The name of the nun inspiring<br />

Alessandro Manzoni was Marianna De<br />

Leyva, whose origins are to be found in a<br />

noble Spanish family which moved to Italy<br />

between the sixteenth and seventeenth<br />

centuries and whose various titles included<br />

that of being the lords of <strong>Monza</strong>. Her father,<br />

Martino De Leyva, famous also for having<br />

taken part on the winning side in the naval<br />

battle of Lepanto (1571), had married Virginia<br />

Marino, Genoese by birth, widow of<br />

Count Ercole Pio <strong>di</strong> Savoia of the lords of<br />

Sassuolo (by whom she had five children)<br />

and daughter of Tommaso Marino, the richest<br />

man in Milan and builder of the palace<br />

bearing his name in which the city’s municipal<br />

council now sits.<br />

Marianna was born out of their marriage in<br />

1575 and almost imme<strong>di</strong>ately lost her<br />

mother from the plague (not the epidemic<br />

quoted by Manzoni, but the previous one):<br />

an event which turned out to be decisive for<br />

her life because a few years later the young<br />

girl found herself at the centre of litigation<br />

over her inheritance; when her father<br />

wanted to remarry, to keep his estate whole<br />

(inclu<strong>di</strong>ng the inheritance from his first<br />

wife) he decided to have his daughter put<br />

<strong>di</strong>ventando poi suora con il nome <strong>di</strong> Virginia<br />

Maria. Come usava allora, Martino De Leyva<br />

versò una quota (una sorta <strong>di</strong> dote) al convento,<br />

ma trattenne per sé più della metà <strong>di</strong><br />

quanto spettasse alla figlia.<br />

Durante il primo periodo della sua esperienza<br />

religiosa la giovane si comportò bene,<br />

ricevendo lo<strong>di</strong> e apprezzamenti anche<br />

quando – a seguito dei continui spostamenti<br />

del padre – esercitava in sua vece i poteri <strong>di</strong><br />

signora <strong>di</strong> <strong>Monza</strong> (da qui il soprannome <strong>di</strong><br />

“Signora”). Ma la vita monastica non ne<br />

aveva spento il desiderio <strong>di</strong> amore e passione…<br />

Assistendo alla nascita <strong>di</strong> un legame<br />

tra una sua consorella, Isabella, e Giampaolo<br />

Osio (l’Egi<strong>di</strong>o manzoniano), decise per invi-<br />

48


49<br />

into a convent, despite the fact that she had<br />

not shown any vocation for this way of life.<br />

Marianna therefore entered a convent at<br />

the age of 13, becoming a nun with the<br />

name of Virginia Maria. As was the custom<br />

at the time, Martino De Leyva paid a share<br />

of what was due to his daughter to the convent<br />

(as a sort of dowry), but kept more<br />

than half for himself.<br />

During the first part of her religious experience<br />

the young girl behaved well, receiving<br />

praise and appreciation even when - as the<br />

result of her father’s continual movements -<br />

she exercised the powers of the lady of<br />

<strong>Monza</strong> in his absence (hence her nickname<br />

of the “Signora” or “<strong>La</strong>dy”). But her life in<br />

the convent could not eliminate her desire<br />

for love and for passion… Present at the<br />

start of a relationship between Giampaolo<br />

Osio (Manzoni’s Egi<strong>di</strong>o) and one of her fellow<br />

nuns, Isabella, she decided to tear him<br />

away from Isabella’s heart as the result of<br />

her envy and drive her out of the convent.<br />

Young and from a well-off family whose<br />

home bordered on the monastery, Osio was<br />

given to an activity which today we would<br />

call that of the “hired killer”. Accused of<br />

murder he had firstly been arrested but was<br />

then pardoned by the “<strong>La</strong>dy” who at that<br />

period was in charge of administering justice.<br />

That was how a relationship began<br />

which was shortly was to be transformed<br />

into tragedy. They loved each other intensely.<br />

On occasions Sister Virginia Maria,<br />

taken by remorse, threw the entrance key<br />

Lo stemma dei De Leyva<br />

The coat of arms of the De Leyva family<br />

<strong>di</strong>a <strong>di</strong> strapparlo al cuore <strong>di</strong> lei scacciandola<br />

dal convento.<br />

Giovane <strong>di</strong> famiglia benestante la cui abitazione<br />

confinava con il monastero, Osio era<br />

de<strong>di</strong>to all’attività che oggi definiremmo <strong>di</strong><br />

“killer a pagamento”. Accusato <strong>di</strong> assassinio,<br />

era stato prima arrestato ma poi graziato<br />

dalla “Signora”, che in quel periodo esercitava<br />

il potere <strong>di</strong> amministratrice della giustizia.<br />

Iniziò così un rapporto che si sarebbe ben<br />

presto trasformato in trage<strong>di</strong>a. Si amarono<br />

intensamente. Talvolta suor Virginia Maria,<br />

presa dai rimorsi, buttava nel pozzo del convento<br />

la chiave <strong>di</strong> ingresso che lei stessa forniva<br />

a Osio, ma lui, sapendolo, ne aveva fatto<br />

riprodurre più <strong>di</strong> 50<br />

copie. Dal loro amore<br />

scaturirono un figlio<br />

(nato però morto) e,<br />

successivamente, una<br />

bambina (Francesca,<br />

riconosciuta dal<br />

padre). Nella vicenda<br />

erano coinvolte anche<br />

alcune consorelle, che<br />

avevano aiutato suor<br />

Virginia durante le<br />

gravidanze e i parti e<br />

si erano rese complici<br />

<strong>di</strong> questo illecito rap-<br />

<strong>Monza</strong>, Via della Signora<br />

EDLINK<br />

3<br />

2009<br />

which she herself given to Osio into the<br />

convent well, although he, aware of this,<br />

had had more than 50 copies made. A stillborn<br />

baby boy sprung from this love and afterwards<br />

a baby girl (Francesca, recognised<br />

by the father). Certain of Virginia’s fellow<br />

nuns were also involved in the affair, sisters<br />

who had helped her during the pregnancies<br />

and births and who became accomplices of<br />

this illicit relationship.<br />

Her maternal instinct led her to go and visit<br />

her daughter, but these visits and the<br />

nights she spent away from the convent <strong>di</strong>d<br />

not go unobserved. The fear of blackmail,<br />

the fright of being <strong>di</strong>scovered and Osio’s violent<br />

nature led to tragedy: the man first of<br />

all killed a lay sister (Caterina) who had<br />

threatened to make the relationship public,<br />

then the blacksmith who had copied the


DID YOU KNOW...<br />

porto.<br />

Spesso l’istinto materno portava lei a uscire<br />

per vedere la figlia, ma tali visite e le notti<br />

fuori dal convento non rimasero inosservate.<br />

Il timore <strong>di</strong> ricatti, la paura <strong>di</strong> essere scoperti<br />

nonché l’indole violenta <strong>di</strong> Osio provocarono<br />

la trage<strong>di</strong>a: l’uomo prima uccise una conversa<br />

(Caterina) che aveva minacciato <strong>di</strong> rendere<br />

pubblica la relazione, poi il fabbro che<br />

aveva riprodotto le chiavi e poi un altro testimone,<br />

il farmacista, assassinato al secondo<br />

tentativo da suoi sicari.<br />

Ma ormai i sospetti iniziavano a <strong>di</strong>ffondersi<br />

rapidamente e la storia cominciò a essere conosciuta<br />

anche a Milano. Fu così che intervenne<br />

il Car<strong>di</strong>nale Borromeo in persona,<br />

or<strong>di</strong>nando un’indagine. Sulle prime suor Virginia<br />

resistette; poi crollò e confessò: “Sono<br />

stata forzata a pronunciare voti che non<br />

hanno valore. Sono donna da marito e posso<br />

darmi a chi mi ha prescelta!”. Il Car<strong>di</strong>nale, allora,<br />

la fece arrestare mentre Osio, vista la<br />

mala parata, riuscì a scappare insieme a due<br />

delle quattro suore complici. Egli, peraltro,<br />

tentò <strong>di</strong> ucciderle entrambe: la prima non<br />

morì subito ma successivamente, per le ferite<br />

riportate, e dopo aver confessato; la seconda,<br />

buttata in un pozzo, sopravvisse e<br />

confessò anch’ella. Condannato a morte e ricercato<br />

insieme a tre sicari da lui utilizzati,<br />

Osio fuggì oltre confine: ancora oggi non<br />

sono noti con precisione il quando e il come,<br />

ma si sa che venne ucciso nel giro <strong>di</strong> un paio<br />

<strong>di</strong> anni.<br />

E suor Virgina Maria, al secolo Marianna De<br />

Leyva? Insieme a due suore sue complici e al<br />

sacerdote che aveva favorito l’incontro con<br />

Osio, fu processata, torturata (affinché confermasse<br />

la confessione) e condannata:<br />

mentre il prete riuscì a cavarsela con tre anni<br />

<strong>di</strong> carcere, le suore vennero murate vive e rinchiuse<br />

in una minuscola cella senza finestre<br />

e con una porta dotata solamente <strong>di</strong> un’apertura<br />

per il cibo e una per smaltire i bisogni<br />

corporali. Nel 1622, dopo quasi 14 anni <strong>di</strong> pri-<br />

keys and then another witness, the<br />

chemist, killed at the second attempt by his<br />

hired assassins.<br />

By this stage suspicion began sprea<strong>di</strong>ng<br />

rapidly and the story became known in<br />

Milan too, causing Car<strong>di</strong>nal Borromeo to intervene<br />

personally and order an investigation<br />

to be carried out. At the start Sister<br />

Virginia resisted; but then she collapsed<br />

and confessed everything: “I was forced to<br />

take vows that have no worth. I am a<br />

woman fit for marriage and I can give myself<br />

to anyone who chooses me!” At that<br />

stage the Car<strong>di</strong>nal had her arrested, while<br />

Osio, seeing that things were taking a bad<br />

turn, managed to escape together with two<br />

of the four nuns who had acted as accomplices<br />

although attempted to kill them<br />

both: the first <strong>di</strong>d not <strong>di</strong>e imme<strong>di</strong>ately but<br />

only some time later as a result of the<br />

wounds she had suffered and after confessing;<br />

the second, thrown into a well, survived,<br />

and she confessed too. Sentenced to<br />

death and sought together with his three<br />

hired assassins, Osio fled over the border:<br />

even today it is not known precisely how<br />

and when, although we do know that he<br />

was killed sometime during the following<br />

two years.<br />

And what about Sister Virginia Maria,<br />

whose real name was Marianna De Leyva?<br />

She was tried, tortured (to make her confirm<br />

her confession) and convicted, together<br />

with the two nuns who were her<br />

accomplices and the priest who had assisted<br />

in arranging the meeting with Osio:<br />

while the priest got away with three years<br />

in prison, the nuns were shut up alive in a<br />

tiny cell without windows and with a door<br />

having only an opening for food and for <strong>di</strong>sposing<br />

of bo<strong>di</strong>ly waste. In 1622, after almost<br />

14 years in prison and after running<br />

the risk of going mad, the “<strong>La</strong>dy” – who in<br />

the meantime had repented – and her accomplices<br />

were pardoned and freed, due<br />

gionia e dopo aver rischiato la pazzia, la “Signora”<br />

– nel frattempo mostratasi pentita –<br />

e le sue complici furono condonate e liberate,<br />

anche per intervento del Car<strong>di</strong>nale Borromeo.<br />

Suor Virginia decise <strong>di</strong> rimanere in convento<br />

spegnendosi poi nel 1650 all’età <strong>di</strong> 75<br />

anni, dopo aver vissuto l’ultima parte della<br />

sua vita nel bene e nella solidarietà.<br />

Ma chi era il ricco nonno <strong>di</strong> cui Marianna doveva<br />

essere l’erede? Genovese e figlio <strong>di</strong> una<br />

Spinola, Tommaso Marino era il fratello maggiore<br />

<strong>di</strong> Giovanni, grande e capace finanziere<br />

trasferitosi nel 1509 a Milano dove incrementò<br />

ulteriormente le proprie fortune.<br />

Come raccontato in precedenti articoli <strong>di</strong><br />

questa rubrica, era quella l’epoca della potenza<br />

finanziaria della repubblica <strong>di</strong> Genova,<br />

quando i gran<strong>di</strong> capitalisti della città si <strong>di</strong>ffondevano<br />

nel mondo per allargare il raggio<br />

d’azione dei propri affari.<br />

Nel 1546, alla morte <strong>di</strong> Giovanni, per gestire<br />

più <strong>di</strong>rettamente la sua parte <strong>di</strong> ere<strong>di</strong>tà, Tom-<br />

Il Car<strong>di</strong>nale Federigo Borromeo<br />

The Car<strong>di</strong>nal Federigo Borromeo<br />

50


51<br />

amongst other things to the intervention of<br />

Car<strong>di</strong>nal Borromeo. Sister Virginia decided<br />

to remain in the convent, passing away in<br />

1650 at the age of 75 after living the last<br />

part of her life in doing good for the benefit<br />

of others.<br />

But who was that rich grandfather of whom<br />

Marianna was the heir? Coming from<br />

Genoa and the son of a Spinola, Tommaso<br />

Marino was the older brother of Giovanni, a<br />

grand and able financier who in 1509<br />

moved to Milan and increased his fortune<br />

even further. As has been related in earlier<br />

articles in this column we are talking of an<br />

era when the Republic of Genoa held financial<br />

sway, when the city’s grand capitalists<br />

travelled widely throughout the world to<br />

increase the extent of their business.<br />

On the death of Giovanni in 1546, Tommaso<br />

decided to settle down in Milan together<br />

with his wife (of the Doria family) and children<br />

(amongst whom was Virginia, born in<br />

1541 when her father was 66 years of age!),<br />

in order to be able to manage his part of<br />

the inheritance more closely. He was imme<strong>di</strong>ately<br />

successful in setting up a series of<br />

extremely profitable affairs in the Lombardy<br />

city - inclu<strong>di</strong>ng money len<strong>di</strong>ng activities<br />

- which increased his already enormous<br />

wealth even further. Si<strong>di</strong>ng politically with<br />

<strong>La</strong> facciata <strong>di</strong> Palazzo Marino<br />

The façade of Palazzo Marino. Photo by Giovanni Dall’Orto<br />

Palazzo Marino, stemma <strong>di</strong> Tommaso Marino<br />

The coat of arms of Tommaso Marino. Photo by Giovanni<br />

Dall’Orto<br />

EDLINK<br />

3<br />

2009<br />

Ferrante Gonzaga, the governor of Milan,<br />

he was repaid by this man by being invited<br />

to take part in important State business. He<br />

reached his crowning glory when he obtained<br />

the monopoly for the supply of salt<br />

arriving from Venice to Milan, Genoa and<br />

the duchy of Ferrara. Nevertheless, he <strong>di</strong>d<br />

not refrain from taking part in deals which<br />

involved him in accusations of corruption,<br />

nor from conducting a life marked by ostentation<br />

and luxury (the story is told that he<br />

even had himself carried about in a golden<br />

sedan-chair!). In ad<strong>di</strong>tion he wanted to<br />

build a palace for himself, and for this he<br />

entrusted the task to the great architect<br />

from Perugia, Galeazzo Alessi, the author of<br />

other important works in Perugia, Assisi,<br />

Milan (inclu<strong>di</strong>ng Santa Maria at San Celso,<br />

San Barnaba, San Raffaele and certain<br />

tombs in the Cathedral) and Genoa: Porta<br />

Siberia, certain buil<strong>di</strong>ngs in Via Garibal<strong>di</strong>,<br />

Villa Giustiniani Cambiaso (in which the<br />

University’s Engineering Faculty is currently<br />

located), Villa Pallavicino delle Peschiere,<br />

the Cathedral dome, the basilica of Santa<br />

Maria Assunta at Carignano and the splen<strong>di</strong>d<br />

but now no longer recognisable – other<br />

than by very attentive eyes (try it out!) –<br />

Villa Sauli in Via Colombo.<br />

Tommaso Marino <strong>di</strong>ed in 1572 at the age of


DID YOU KNOW...<br />

maso decise <strong>di</strong> stabilirsi a Milano insieme<br />

alla moglie (una Doria) e ai figli (tra cui vi era<br />

Virginia, nata nel 1541 quando il padre aveva<br />

già 66 anni!). Nella città lombarda riuscì subito<br />

a intraprendere una serie <strong>di</strong> lucrosissimi<br />

affari – tra cui l’attività <strong>di</strong> prestito <strong>di</strong> denaro<br />

– che accrebbero ancor più il suo già ingente<br />

patrimonio. Schieratosi politicamente con<br />

Ferrante Gonzaga, governatore <strong>di</strong> Milano,<br />

venne da questi ripagato con la partecipazione<br />

a importanti business <strong>di</strong> Stato. Il culmine<br />

lo raggiunse poi quando ottenne il<br />

monopolio della fornitura del sale proveniente<br />

da Venezia per Milano, Genova e il ducato<br />

<strong>di</strong> Ferrara. Non si trattenne, tuttavia, dal<br />

partecipare ad affari che lo coinvolsero in accuse<br />

<strong>di</strong> corruzione e dal condurre una vita all’insegna<br />

dell’ostentazione e del lusso (si<br />

racconta che si facesse ad<strong>di</strong>rittura condurre<br />

in giro con una portantina d’oro!). Volle inoltre<br />

farsi costruire un palazzo, la cui realizzazione<br />

affidò al grande architetto perugino<br />

Galeazzo Alessi, autore <strong>di</strong> altre importanti<br />

opere a Perugia, Assisi, Milano (tra cui Santa<br />

Maria presso San Celso, San Barnaba, San<br />

Raffaele e alcune tombe nel Duomo) e a Genova:<br />

Porta Siberia, alcuni e<strong>di</strong>fici <strong>di</strong> Via Garibal<strong>di</strong>,<br />

Villa Giustiniani Cambiaso<br />

(attualmente sede della Facoltà <strong>di</strong> Ingegneria),<br />

Villa Pallavicino delle Peschiere, la cupola<br />

del Duomo, la basilica <strong>di</strong> Santa Maria Assunta<br />

in Carignano nonché la splen<strong>di</strong>da e ora<br />

non più riconoscibile – se non a occhi atten-<br />

97: <strong>di</strong>fficult family affairs (with his two sons<br />

being stained with murder) and economic<br />

business (involving bad deals and swindles)<br />

characterised the final years of his life, in<br />

which a great part of his wealth was squandered.<br />

The palace was not yet finished by the time<br />

of the death of its creator, although the<br />

courtyard, where the <strong>La</strong>bours of Hercules<br />

were represented in the lower section and<br />

Ovid’s Metamorphises in the upper section,<br />

had been completed, as had the most important<br />

room (the salon of honour, also<br />

known as Alessi’s room), where the Genoese<br />

brothers Andrea and Ottavio Semino<br />

painted the frescos on the ceiling and realised<br />

the stuccos inspired by the legend of<br />

Cupid and Psyche. Destroyed during the<br />

Second World War, the room was then rebuilt<br />

in various forms through a series of<br />

restorations.<br />

Many events and several changes of ownership<br />

and bequests later, the buil<strong>di</strong>ng passed<br />

under the domain of the State and then of<br />

the Milan municipality. With all its sides<br />

complete, the palace now splendours in Piazza<br />

della Scala, facing the statue of<br />

Leonardo <strong>di</strong> Vinci, and is one of the finest<br />

examples of Milanese buil<strong>di</strong>ng. How many<br />

secrets, though, and how many trage<strong>di</strong>es<br />

are hidden behind its doors…<br />

Bruno Francesco Sacone<br />

tissimi (provateci!) – Villa Sauli in Via Colombo.<br />

Tommaso Marino scomparve nel 1572, a 97<br />

anni: pesanti vicende familiari (con i suoi due<br />

figli maschi che si erano macchiati <strong>di</strong> omici<strong>di</strong>)<br />

ed economiche (affari sbagliati e truffe<br />

subite) avevano caratterizzato gli ultimi anni<br />

della sua vita <strong>di</strong>lapidandone gran parte della<br />

sua ricchezza.<br />

Alla morte del suo ideatore, il palazzo non<br />

era stato ancora completato; ne era stati<br />

però realizzati il cortile, in cui sono raffigurate<br />

le Fatiche <strong>di</strong> Ercole nella parte inferiore e<br />

le Metamorfosi <strong>di</strong> Ovi<strong>di</strong>o in quella superiore,<br />

e il salone più importante (il salone d’onore,<br />

detto “dell’Alessi”), dove operarono i fratelli<br />

genovesi Andrea e Ottavio Semino affrescandone<br />

il soffitto ed eseguendone gli stucchi<br />

ispirati alla vicenda <strong>di</strong> Amore e Psiche.<br />

Distrutto durante la seconda guerra mon<strong>di</strong>ale,<br />

il salone fu poi ricostruito in forme <strong>di</strong>verse<br />

attraverso vari restauri.<br />

Varie vicende e vari passaggi <strong>di</strong> proprietà ed<br />

ere<strong>di</strong>tà fecero pervenire l’e<strong>di</strong>ficio al demanio<br />

statale e poi all’amministrazione comunale<br />

<strong>di</strong> Milano. Completo <strong>di</strong> tutti i suoi lati, il palazzo<br />

splende ora in Piazza della Scala <strong>di</strong><br />

fronte al monumento a Leonardo da Vinci e<br />

rappresenta uno dei più begli esempi <strong>di</strong> costruzione<br />

milanese. Quanti segreti, però, e<br />

quante trage<strong>di</strong>e nasconde…<br />

52<br />

Bruno Francesco Sacone

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