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È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

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FOCUS<br />

Quell’ottava<br />

meraviglia<br />

<strong>È</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>corso</strong> <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong><br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. <strong>Un</strong> <strong>in</strong>tervento eccezionale<br />

per un monumento storico e simbolo,<br />

sia religioso sia civico.<br />

<strong>di</strong> GIANFRANCO RAVASI<br />

LA CATTEDRALE.<br />

Simbolo per eccellenza <strong>del</strong>la città <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano<br />

e uno degli e<strong>di</strong>fici religiosi più gran<strong>di</strong> d’Europa.<br />

Nel punto più alto, a protezione <strong>del</strong>la città,<br />

la statua <strong>del</strong>la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a <strong>di</strong>venuta emblema<br />

<strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione menegh<strong>in</strong>a. L’evoluzione<br />

architettonica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, pur compresa<br />

<strong>in</strong> un arco <strong>di</strong> tempo molto lungo, è rimasta fe<strong>del</strong>e<br />

alle caratteristiche orig<strong>in</strong>ali <strong>del</strong>l’arte gotica.<br />

THE CATHEDRAL.<br />

The qu<strong>in</strong>tessential symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an city and one<br />

of Europe’s largest religious architectures. On its<br />

tallest po<strong>in</strong>t stands the statue of Madonn<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

the city’s protector that has become the emblem<br />

of the ‘menegh<strong>in</strong>o’(M<strong>il</strong>anese) tra<strong>di</strong>tion.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong>’s architectural evolution spanned<br />

a very long period of time and yet rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />

faithful to the orig<strong>in</strong>al characteristics of gothic art.


FOCUS<br />

I NUMERI DEL DUOMO. Costruito sulle fondamenta<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’antica cattedrale <strong>di</strong> Santa Maria Maggiore,<br />

rappresenta un vero e proprio museo<br />

<strong>del</strong>la scultura a cielo aperto: 3.400 statue <strong>di</strong> cui circa 2.300<br />

all’esterno, 96 statue giganti, oltre 100 figure <strong>in</strong>serite<br />

negli altor<strong>il</strong>ievi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia e 135 guglie.<br />

Nella foto, particolari <strong>del</strong>le sculture sulla sommità<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

THE DUOMO’S FIGURES. It was bu<strong>il</strong>t on the foundations<br />

of the ancient cathedral of St. Mary Major and represents<br />

a real open-air museum of sculptures: a total of 3,400 statues,<br />

of which 2,300 stand on the outside, 96 are giant statues<br />

and more than 100 images <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the high reliefs<br />

of Candoglia marble and 135 spires. In the picture, deta<strong>il</strong>s<br />

of the statuary atop the <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

SONO UNO DEI POCHI ABITANTI DI MILANO<br />

che possono quasi ad ogni ora <strong>del</strong> giorno<br />

e <strong>del</strong>la notte gettare uno sguardo alla figura<br />

dorata <strong>del</strong>la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a e idealmente<br />

riprendere le parole <strong>di</strong> Carducci nelle sue O<strong>di</strong><br />

barbare: “Sta su l’estremo p<strong>in</strong>nacol placida/ la<br />

dolce fanciulla <strong>di</strong> Jesse/ tutta avvolta <strong>in</strong> fav<strong>il</strong>le d’oro”.<br />

Infatti, nel mio appartamento all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>la<br />

Biblioteca Ambrosiana, se sollevo <strong>il</strong> capo dalle<br />

carte o dai libri e da queste righe che sto scrivendo<br />

vedo svettare, oltre a quel prof<strong>il</strong>o fam<strong>il</strong>iare, <strong>il</strong><br />

tiburio che sorregge la guglia più alta, evocazione<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tera massa marmorea <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> che nelle<br />

notti <strong>di</strong> nebbia lo scrittore D<strong>in</strong>o Buzzati immag<strong>in</strong>ava<br />

come una <strong>del</strong>le sue Dolomiti, deposta dagli<br />

angeli nella piazza pr<strong>in</strong>cipale <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

L’<strong>in</strong>tero corpo <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> – “con la pelle bianca,<br />

venata <strong>di</strong> rosa, segnato da venature <strong>di</strong> pelle verg<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

dolcissime venature come <strong>di</strong> un corpo <strong>di</strong> fanciulla<br />

appena sbocciata alla sua femm<strong>in</strong><strong>il</strong>ità”, secondo<br />

la descrizione poetica <strong>di</strong> p. David M. Turoldo<br />

–, la selva <strong>del</strong>le sue 135 guglie, le migliaia <strong>di</strong><br />

statue, la fioritura degli archi rampanti, la magia<br />

dei ricami ornamentali, la potenza dei contrafforti<br />

tendono <strong>in</strong>fatti verso quell’apice che è ormai <strong>il</strong><br />

simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, molto più <strong>di</strong> quanto possa esserlo<br />

qualsiasi altro monumento cittad<strong>in</strong>o, compreso lo<br />

stesso Teatro alla Scala.<br />

Due sono le funzioni storiche e simboliche che <strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>,<br />

col vess<strong>il</strong>lo <strong>del</strong>la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>alberato a 108,50 metri da<br />

terra, riesce a <strong>in</strong>carnare per la città. Innanzitutto esso è<br />

per eccellenza un segno religioso, affidato all’arte e alla<br />

pietà. Varcata la soglia, la verticalità <strong>del</strong> gotico ci immerge<br />

nell’alone <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ito e nell’<strong>in</strong>tensità <strong>del</strong> s<strong>il</strong>enzio, purificando<br />

l’occhio dalla sguaiata ostentazione dei prodotti<br />

commerciali che asse<strong>di</strong>ano la piazza esterna e liberando<br />

l’orecchio dai rumori e dalle chiacchiere. Nelle navate <strong>il</strong> s<strong>il</strong>enzio<br />

può essere rotto solo dall’armonia lieve e fluida <strong>del</strong><br />

“canto fermo” ambrosiano, una forma più austera e più antica<br />

<strong>di</strong> gregoriano: la sua essenzialità si permette solo volute<br />

armoniche sim<strong>il</strong>i al girare <strong>del</strong> turibolo <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>censo<br />

(che nel rito <strong>del</strong>la Chiesa <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano ha tracciati rotatori<br />

<strong>di</strong>fferenti dai gesti “sussultori” <strong>del</strong> rito romano) e lascia<br />

una traccia <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>menticab<strong>il</strong>e nell’anima.<br />

Gli occhi, <strong>in</strong>vece, sono co<strong>in</strong>volti dalla liturgia solenne che<br />

si svolge sull’altare. Anche <strong>in</strong> questo caso, <strong>il</strong> rito ambrosiano<br />

è unico al mondo, rendendo la <strong>di</strong>ocesi m<strong>il</strong>anese<br />

un’isola sacra la cui liturgia antichissima svela uno straord<strong>in</strong>ario<br />

patrimonio <strong>di</strong> testi oranti, segnati da legami sotterranei<br />

con le Chiese d’Oriente. Ma la spiritualità <strong>del</strong><br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> ha un’altra presenza spesso ignorata dal visitatore<br />

sbrigativo o da quel flusso <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrotto <strong>di</strong> persone che<br />

rimangono sempre all’esterno <strong>del</strong>le pareti <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a vent<strong>in</strong>a d’anni fa fui <strong>in</strong>vitato a stendere la trama <strong>di</strong><br />

un it<strong>in</strong>erario descrittivo tra i “fogli <strong>di</strong> pietra” <strong>del</strong>la Bibbia<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. Scoprii, così, che <strong>in</strong> pratica tutta la S. Scrittura<br />

è <strong>in</strong>cisa o scolpita <strong>in</strong> quel corpo marmoreo. La folla<br />

<strong>di</strong> santi, <strong>di</strong> peccatori, <strong>di</strong> profeti, <strong>di</strong> re, <strong>di</strong> sapienti, <strong>di</strong><br />

THE EIGHTH WONDER<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an’s Cathedral is undergo<strong>in</strong>g preservation work. It is an extra-ord<strong>in</strong>ary job<br />

for a hystorical monument and a symbol both for religion and the city.<br />

by GIANFRANCO RAVASI<br />

I ’M<br />

ONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE IN MILAN WHO, AT ALMOST<br />

any time of the day and the night, can cast a glance at<br />

the golden form of the ‘Madonn<strong>in</strong>a’ (the ‘Little<br />

Madonna’ statue on the top of M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

Cathedral) and let his m<strong>in</strong>d wander to those l<strong>in</strong>es of Giosuè<br />

Carducci’s Barbarian Odes which read: “She stands on the<br />

crown<strong>in</strong>g p<strong>in</strong>nacle, serene/ the sweet girl of Jesse/ all<br />

wrapped <strong>in</strong> gold sparkles”. Indeed, when I’m <strong>in</strong> my flat, <strong>in</strong><br />

the Ambrosian Library, and I raise my head from my papers<br />

and books or from these l<strong>in</strong>es that I’m writ<strong>in</strong>g now, I can see,<br />

apart from that fam<strong>il</strong>iar s<strong>il</strong>houette, the central tower that<br />

carries the tallest spire and conjures up the whole marble<br />

structure of the <strong>Duomo</strong> that, at foggy nights, writer D<strong>in</strong>o<br />

Buzzati used to compare to one of his Dolomite peaks<br />

placed by angels right <strong>in</strong> the centre of M<strong>il</strong>an’s ma<strong>in</strong> piazza.<br />

The whole body of the <strong>Duomo</strong> – “with its rose-ve<strong>in</strong>ed white<br />

sk<strong>in</strong>, l<strong>in</strong>ed with the ve<strong>in</strong>s of virg<strong>in</strong> sk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>del</strong>ightful ve<strong>in</strong>s as<br />

those on the sk<strong>in</strong> of a girl who has just blossomed <strong>in</strong>to her<br />

4 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

5


FOCUS<br />

apostoli, <strong>di</strong> angeli e <strong>di</strong> demoni che popolano le pag<strong>in</strong>e sacre<br />

si è cristallizzata <strong>in</strong> bassor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue, offrendo così<br />

una straord<strong>in</strong>aria Biblia pauperum, ossia una Bibbia<br />

dest<strong>in</strong>ata ai “poveri”, a chi non sapeva leggere. <strong>Un</strong>a Bibbia<br />

che <strong>di</strong>ventava, poi, colma <strong>di</strong> colori e <strong>di</strong> iridescenze<br />

nelle <strong>di</strong>stese gran<strong>di</strong>ose <strong>del</strong>le vetrate, anch’esse animate<br />

da scene sacre.<br />

Mani nob<strong>il</strong>i e mani modeste hanno creato per secoli<br />

questo brulicare <strong>di</strong> figure <strong>in</strong>trecciando fede e arte, spiritualità<br />

e folclore, culto e vita quoti<strong>di</strong>ana. In questa luce<br />

emerge la seconda funzione <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>: esso è per<br />

eccellenza <strong>il</strong> più alto simbolo civico. Lo è <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto<br />

perché ha scan<strong>di</strong>to gli ultimi sei secoli <strong>del</strong>la storia<br />

cittad<strong>in</strong>a con la sua bellezza, sempre <strong>in</strong> crescita, quasi<br />

fosse un vero e proprio corpo vivente. Infatti, <strong>il</strong> famoso<br />

detto popolare che considera “<strong>in</strong>-f<strong>in</strong>ita” la “fabbrica”<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> attesta la vitalità <strong>di</strong> un tempio che segue <strong>il</strong><br />

pulsare stesso <strong>del</strong>le vicende <strong>del</strong>la città. Eppure questa<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ua metamorfosi non impe<strong>di</strong>sce che agli occhi <strong>del</strong><br />

m<strong>il</strong>anese (ma spesso anche <strong>del</strong> turista <strong>di</strong>stratto o frettoloso)<br />

<strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sia “tra i meravej quella <strong>di</strong> sett”, ossia<br />

la settima meraviglia <strong>del</strong> mondo, come <strong>di</strong>chiarava Carlo<br />

Porta <strong>in</strong> una <strong>del</strong>le sue Poesie m<strong>il</strong>anesi (12, 4).<br />

Il m<strong>il</strong>anese o <strong>il</strong> visitatore esterno, pur nel frastuono urbano<br />

attuale e nella cort<strong>in</strong>a permanente <strong>di</strong> smog che è ormai<br />

<strong>il</strong> sudario imposto al <strong>Duomo</strong> e a M<strong>il</strong>ano, appena s’affaccia<br />

su quella piazza ripete <strong>il</strong> gesto e prova la stessa<br />

emozione che Manzoni aveva attribuito al suo Renzo,<br />

giunto per la prima volta <strong>in</strong> città: “Salito su uno <strong>di</strong> quei<br />

valichi sul terreno più elevato vide quella gran macch<strong>in</strong>a<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sola sul piano, come se, non <strong>di</strong> mezzo a una<br />

città, ma sorgesse <strong>in</strong> un deserto; e si fermò sui due pie<strong>di</strong>,<br />

<strong>di</strong>menticando i suoi guai, a contemplare da lontano quell’ottava<br />

meraviglia, <strong>di</strong> cui aveva sentito parlare f<strong>in</strong> da<br />

bamb<strong>in</strong>o” (Promessi Sposi XI). La centralità <strong>di</strong> questa<br />

che, per Manzoni, è <strong>in</strong>vece l’ottava meraviglia <strong>del</strong> mondo,<br />

non è dunque solo religiosa ma anche civ<strong>il</strong>e. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> cuore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città; è quasi la conferma sperimentale <strong>del</strong>la celebre<br />

tesi <strong>del</strong> “centro” che, secondo <strong>il</strong> famoso stu<strong>di</strong>oso Mircea<br />

Eliade, era <strong>il</strong> primo simbolo umano e sociale <strong>del</strong>l’uomo<br />

<strong>del</strong>le orig<strong>in</strong>i, cioè uno spazio sacro capace però <strong>di</strong> organizzare<br />

tutto <strong>il</strong> resto <strong>del</strong>l’orizzonte <strong>in</strong> un progetto <strong>di</strong><br />

senso e <strong>di</strong> armonia.<br />

Infatti, chi avesse la fortuna <strong>di</strong> sorvolare con un elicottero<br />

<strong>il</strong> nucleo urbano <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano o, più semplicemente, gettasse<br />

uno sguardo su una mappa <strong>del</strong>la città, scoprirebbe subito<br />

che le ra<strong>di</strong>ali <strong>del</strong>le sue vie convergono verso quel centro<br />

che è costituito dal <strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>il</strong> cuore <strong>del</strong>la vita e <strong>del</strong>l’ord<strong>in</strong>amento<br />

armonico <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. <strong>È</strong> per questo che ogni m<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />

credente o agnostico, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>geno o “importato”, sperimenta<br />

sempre un fremito <strong>di</strong> fronte alla “bella Madun<strong>in</strong>a<br />

che te br<strong>il</strong>let de luntan…”. <strong>Un</strong> sentimento che uno scrittore<br />

m<strong>il</strong>anese, Em<strong>il</strong>io De Marchi (1851-1901) aveva tratteggiato<br />

nella “prosa cadenzata” El noster Domm, evocando<br />

<strong>il</strong> turbamento <strong>di</strong> chi sta per tornare nella città da tempo lasciata.<br />

Già a quaranta miglia da M<strong>il</strong>ano com<strong>in</strong>cia a sbirciare<br />

dal f<strong>in</strong>estr<strong>in</strong>o <strong>del</strong> treno per cercare <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>travedere tra gli<br />

alberi e la nebbia <strong>del</strong>le risaie quel simbolo amato, “la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a<br />

benedetta <strong>del</strong> noster Domm”. E appena essa appare<br />

sotto un raggio <strong>di</strong> sole, le lacrime affiorano agli occhi,<br />

<strong>il</strong> cuore batte nel petto e si <strong>di</strong>venta come ragazz<strong>in</strong>i emo-<br />

6<br />

zionati (“el coeur el batt come on magnan… e allora se<br />

piang… se piang come bagaj”).<br />

Gianfranco Ravasi, monsignore e protonotario apostolico, è<br />

prefetto <strong>del</strong>la Biblioteca Ambrosiana <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, docente <strong>di</strong><br />

esegesi biblica alla Facoltà Teologica <strong>del</strong>l’Italia Settentrionale<br />

e membro <strong>del</strong>la Pontificia commissione biblica.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

womanhood”, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the poetic description by Father<br />

David M. Turoldo – the forest of its 135 spires, the<br />

thousands of statues, the bloom of fly<strong>in</strong>g buttresses, the<br />

magic of ornamental tracery and the power of its buttresses,<br />

po<strong>in</strong>t toward that topmost figure which has become the<br />

symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an, more so than any other monument <strong>in</strong> town,<br />

<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the famous ‘alla Scala’ Opera house.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong> serves both a historical and a symbolic purpose for the<br />

city of M<strong>il</strong>an, with its Madonn<strong>in</strong>a stand<strong>in</strong>g 108.50 meters from the<br />

ground. First of all, it is par excellence a religious emblem,<br />

entrusted to art and piety. When we step <strong>in</strong>side, the verticality of<br />

the Gothic steeps you <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ity and the <strong>in</strong>tensity of s<strong>il</strong>ence, our<br />

eyes purified from the vulgar ostentation of the commercial<br />

products besieg<strong>in</strong>g the square outside and our ears set free from<br />

noise and mundane chatt<strong>in</strong>g. In<br />

the nave and aisles, the s<strong>il</strong>ence<br />

is broken only by the gentle and<br />

fluid harmony of the Ambrosian<br />

‘canto fermo’ (pla<strong>in</strong> song), an<br />

older and more austere version<br />

of the Gregorian chant: its<br />

essentiality makes room only for<br />

harmonic spirals rem<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g of<br />

the sw<strong>in</strong>gs of the <strong>in</strong>cense<br />

thurible (which <strong>in</strong> the rite of the<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an Church is rotated <strong>in</strong> a<br />

<strong>di</strong>fferent way from the<br />

“subsultory” gestures of the<br />

Roman rite) and leaves an<br />

unforgettable mark on your soul.<br />

Your eyes, <strong>in</strong>stead, are<br />

enraptured by the solemn<br />

liturgy which is tak<strong>in</strong>g place on<br />

the altar. Once aga<strong>in</strong> the<br />

Ambrosian rite proves to be<br />

someth<strong>in</strong>g unique, turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>di</strong>ocese <strong>in</strong>to a holy<br />

island whose very ancient<br />

RITO AMBROSIANO.<br />

Il <strong>Duomo</strong> è <strong>il</strong> cuore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione liturgica<br />

ambrosiana, che risale al periodo<br />

<strong>di</strong> Gregorio Magno (sec IV-V).<br />

Le <strong>di</strong>fferenze con <strong>il</strong> rituale<br />

romano riguardano <strong>il</strong> Battesimo<br />

con immersione, l’Avvento <strong>di</strong> sei<br />

settimane anziché quattro<br />

e la Quaresima più breve<br />

<strong>di</strong> quattro giorni. Peculiare anche<br />

<strong>il</strong> canto ambrosiano <strong>in</strong> st<strong>il</strong>e<br />

greco-bizant<strong>in</strong>o che<br />

si contrappone al canto<br />

gregoriano <strong>del</strong>la liturgia romana.<br />

THE AMBROSIAN RITE.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong> is the heart of the<br />

Ambrosian liturgical tra<strong>di</strong>tion,<br />

dat<strong>in</strong>g back to the time of Pope<br />

Gregory the Great (IV-V century).<br />

The <strong>di</strong>fferences from the Roman<br />

ritual concern the Baptism by<br />

immersion, Advent last<strong>in</strong>g six rather<br />

than four weeks, and a four-day<br />

shorter Lent time. Also typical of<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an is the Ambrosian chant <strong>in</strong> the<br />

greek-byzant<strong>in</strong>e tra<strong>di</strong>tion as aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

the Gregorian chant<br />

of the Roman liturgy.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

liturgy reveals a s<strong>in</strong>gular<br />

heritage of prayer texts, marked<br />

by underground bonds with the<br />

Eastern Churches. Yet, the<br />

spirituality of the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

features another element which<br />

is often ignored by hasty<br />

visitors or that never-end<strong>in</strong>g<br />

flow of people who pass by and<br />

never step <strong>in</strong>. Some twenty<br />

years ago, I was asked to work<br />

at a descriptive tour of those<br />

“pages of stone” which form<br />

the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s Bible. It was then<br />

when I first found out that<br />

virtually the whole Bible is<br />

either engraved or sculptured <strong>in</strong><br />

that body of marble. The crowd<br />

of sa<strong>in</strong>ts, s<strong>in</strong>ners, prophets,<br />

k<strong>in</strong>gs, wise men, apostles,<br />

angels and demons who live <strong>in</strong><br />

those holy pages took shape <strong>in</strong><br />

bas-reliefs and statues, thus<br />

provid<strong>in</strong>g us with a remarkable Biblia pauperum, that is a Bible<br />

<strong>in</strong>tended for the “poor”, for those who could not read. A Bible<br />

which becomes full of colors and ra<strong>in</strong>bow-like gleam <strong>in</strong> the vast<br />

and magnificent sta<strong>in</strong>ed glass w<strong>in</strong>dows featur<strong>in</strong>g sacred scenes.<br />

For centuries, noble and humble hands have given life to these<br />

swarms of characters comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g art and faith, spirituality and<br />

folklore, worship and da<strong>il</strong>y life. Which rem<strong>in</strong>ds us of the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>’s second key role: it is par excellence the highest civ<strong>il</strong><br />

symbol. Indeed, its ever-<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g beauty, as if it really was a<br />

liv<strong>in</strong>g body, has marked six centuries of life <strong>in</strong> the city. The<br />

famous folk say<strong>in</strong>g accord<strong>in</strong>g to which the “workshop” of the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> would be “<strong>in</strong>-f<strong>in</strong>ite” testifies to the vitality of a temple<br />

which moves <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with the pulse of the city itself.<br />

Nevertheless, this ongo<strong>in</strong>g metamorphosis doesn’t prevent the<br />

people of M<strong>il</strong>an (but even absent-m<strong>in</strong>ded and hasty tourists)<br />

from consider<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Duomo</strong> “tra i meravej quella <strong>di</strong> sett”, that<br />

is the world’s seventh wonder as Carlo Porta said <strong>in</strong> one of his<br />

Poesie m<strong>il</strong>anesi (M<strong>il</strong>anese Poems) (12, 4).<br />

Despite the roar and rumble of the city and the permanent smog<br />

layer which has become M<strong>il</strong>an’s (and the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s) shroud,<br />

whenever the M<strong>il</strong>anese or the tourists step on this piazza, they<br />

feel the same emotions that Manzoni’s Renzo felt when he first<br />

arrived <strong>in</strong> the big city: “Renzo mounted by one of these passes to<br />

the more elevated ground, and, look<strong>in</strong>g around him, beheld the<br />

noble p<strong>il</strong>e of the cathedral tower<strong>in</strong>g alone above the pla<strong>in</strong>, not as<br />

if stand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the midst of a city, but rather as though it rose from<br />

a desert. He paused, forgetful of all his sorrows, and<br />

contemplated thus at a <strong>di</strong>stance that eighth wonder of the world,<br />

of which he had heard so much from his <strong>in</strong>fancy.” (The<br />

Betrothed, chapter XI). Therefore, what Manzoni called the<br />

‘world’s eighth wonder’ has both a religious and a civic value. It<br />

is the very heart of the city, it is almost the factual confirmation<br />

of the famous theory of the “centre” which, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the well<br />

known scholar Mircea Eliade, was the first human and social<br />

symbol for early men, that is a sacred space which could arrange<br />

all the world around <strong>in</strong> a mean<strong>in</strong>gful and harmonic project.<br />

Indeed, if you are lucky enough to fly over M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>in</strong> a helicopter<br />

or simply you have a look at the city map, you w<strong>il</strong>l right away f<strong>in</strong>d<br />

out that the ra<strong>di</strong>al patterns of M<strong>il</strong>an’s ma<strong>in</strong> roads all converge to<br />

that centre represented by the <strong>Duomo</strong>, which is the very heart<br />

of M<strong>il</strong>an’s life and harmonic order. That’s why all the M<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />

whether believers or not and whether they were born here or<br />

“imported” so to speak, always experience a thr<strong>il</strong>l when they<br />

see the “bella Madun<strong>in</strong>a che te br<strong>il</strong>let de luntan…” (fair<br />

Madonna sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g from afar). A sim<strong>il</strong>ar feel<strong>in</strong>g was described by a<br />

M<strong>il</strong>anese writer, Em<strong>il</strong>io De Marchi (1851-1901), <strong>in</strong> the<br />

“rhythmic prose” of his work El noster Domm (Our <strong>Duomo</strong>),<br />

which conjures the emotions of a man who is com<strong>in</strong>g back to<br />

the city after many years. When his tra<strong>in</strong> is st<strong>il</strong>l some 40 m<strong>il</strong>es<br />

away from M<strong>il</strong>an, he starts look<strong>in</strong>g out of the w<strong>in</strong>dow search<strong>in</strong>g<br />

for that beloved symbol, “la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a benedetta <strong>del</strong> noster<br />

Domm (the blessed little Madonna of our <strong>Duomo</strong>) among the<br />

trees and the fog of the rice fields. As soon as he makes it out<br />

<strong>in</strong> a beam of the sun, tears appear <strong>in</strong> his eyes, his heart starts<br />

rac<strong>in</strong>g and he feel like an excited boy (“el coeur el batt come on<br />

magnan… e allora se piang… se piang come bagaj”).<br />

Gianfranco Ravasi, Monsignor and Apostolic Protonotary,<br />

is Prefect of M<strong>il</strong>an’s Ambrosian Library, professor of biblical<br />

exegesis at the North Italy Theological Faculty and a member<br />

of the Pontifical Biblical Commission.<br />

7


FOCUS<br />

AMATI E ZANOJA, 1807 CARLO BUZZI, 1647<br />

UN PERCORSO<br />

DI CINQUE SECOLI<br />

La facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> nei <strong>di</strong>segni<br />

d’archivio <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. I lavori <strong>di</strong> costruzione<br />

<strong>in</strong>iziarono nel 1386 per volere<br />

<strong>di</strong> Gian Galeazzo Visconti signore<br />

<strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano e proseguirono sotto<br />

la <strong>di</strong>rezione <strong>di</strong> vari architetti.<br />

<strong>È</strong> <strong>del</strong> 1592 <strong>il</strong> progetto <strong>di</strong> Pellegr<strong>in</strong>o<br />

Pellegr<strong>in</strong>i architetto <strong>di</strong> fiducia<br />

<strong>di</strong> Carlo Borromeo.<br />

Nel 1635 <strong>il</strong> progetto <strong>di</strong> Francesco<br />

Maria Rich<strong>in</strong>o conferì maggiore<br />

monumentalità alla Cattedrale.<br />

Successivamente, nel 1647,<br />

Carlo Buzzi riportando <strong>il</strong> progetto<br />

allo st<strong>il</strong>e gotico scelse <strong>di</strong> demolire<br />

la vecchia facciata quattrocentesca<br />

<strong>di</strong> Santa Maria Maggiore. Nel 1790<br />

Felice Soave apportò mo<strong>di</strong>fiche<br />

<strong>in</strong> st<strong>il</strong>e neogotico e <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>e nel 1807<br />

Amati e Zanoja, <strong>in</strong>caricati<br />

da Napoleone Buonaparte, portarono<br />

a term<strong>in</strong>e la costruzione<br />

<strong>del</strong>la cattedrale con un progetto<br />

molto vic<strong>in</strong>o a quello attuale.<br />

PELLEGRINO PELLEGRINI, 1592<br />

FRANCESCO MARIA RICHINO, 1635<br />

A FIVE-CENTURY-LONG<br />

ITINERARY<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong> facade <strong>in</strong> the draw<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

from the archive of the Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. Construction<br />

work started <strong>in</strong> 1386 by order<br />

of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord<br />

of M<strong>il</strong>an and went on under<br />

the <strong>di</strong>rection of various architects.<br />

The design by Pellegr<strong>in</strong>o Pellegr<strong>in</strong>i,<br />

trusted architect of Carlo Borromeo,<br />

dates back to 1592. In 1632<br />

the design by Francesco Maria<br />

Rich<strong>in</strong>o lent more of a monumental<br />

character to the Cathedral. Later<br />

on, <strong>in</strong> 1647, Carlo Buzzi restored<br />

a gothic style to the project and opted<br />

for demolish<strong>in</strong>g the old 15th-century<br />

facade of St. Mary Major.<br />

In 1790 Felice Soave made some<br />

changes <strong>in</strong> the neo-gothic style<br />

and f<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong> 1807 Amati<br />

and Zanoja, appo<strong>in</strong>ted by Napoleon<br />

Bonaparte, completed<br />

the construction of the cathedral<br />

with a design very much alike<br />

the present one.<br />

FELICE SOAVI, 1790<br />

Tecnologie <strong>di</strong>agnostiche<br />

per <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong><br />

Nel mese <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>cembre 2005 la Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong><br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie e Cnr hanno reso noti i risultati<br />

<strong>del</strong>la prima parte <strong>del</strong>le attività relative al <strong>restauro</strong><br />

<strong>conservativo</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong>la cattedrale m<strong>il</strong>anese. Le attività<br />

<strong>di</strong>agnostiche affidate a <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie <strong>in</strong> questa prima<br />

fase hanno fornito: un mo<strong>del</strong>lo geometrico tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale<br />

<strong>in</strong> scala 1:20, realizzato attraverso la mappatura tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale<br />

<strong>di</strong> guglie, statue e 8.147 blocchi <strong>di</strong> marmo che costituiscono<br />

la facciata; l’esame <strong>del</strong>le caratteristiche<br />

strutturali dei volumi architettonici<br />

effettuato attraverso i r<strong>il</strong>ievi georadar<br />

su 6 contrafforti e 5 campate f<strong>in</strong>o a<br />

un’altezza <strong>di</strong> 50 metri; <strong>il</strong> campionamento<br />

mirato sull’<strong>in</strong>tera superficie <strong>del</strong>la facciata<br />

per analizzare lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione<br />

dei materiali. Le analisi sul marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia<br />

sono state condotte <strong>in</strong> cantiere e<br />

nei laboratori <strong>di</strong> chimica-fisica <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie.<br />

I risultati hanno evidenziato un’alterazione<br />

chimica e microstrutturale <strong>del</strong><br />

marmo a causa degli agenti atmosferici.<br />

Da parte sua, <strong>il</strong> Cnr ha completato la mappatura<br />

e la def<strong>in</strong>izione <strong>del</strong>le cause e meccanismi<br />

<strong>del</strong> degrado con 8 tavole tematiche<br />

e ha messo a punto le l<strong>in</strong>ee guida per<br />

l’<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura, stuccatura e sig<strong>il</strong>latura<br />

e protezione <strong>del</strong>la superficie marmorea.<br />

I risultati <strong>del</strong>le analisi e le fasi <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong><br />

sono stati progressivamente raccolti<br />

<strong>in</strong> un’unica Banca Dati Integrata Tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale,<br />

i cui dati guidano i lavori <strong>di</strong><br />

cantiere e saranno <strong>in</strong> futuro fonte <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>formazione<br />

per stu<strong>di</strong>osi, esperti e operatori<br />

<strong>del</strong> settore.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie e Cnr proseguiranno le proprie<br />

attività affiancando la Veneranda Fabbrica,<br />

per verificare la qualità degli <strong>in</strong>terventi<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> eseguiti.<br />

ANALISI DEI MATERIALI.<br />

In alto, ricercatori nei laboratori <strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie per le analisi<br />

dei materiali <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

La Società da anni mette<br />

a <strong>di</strong>sposizione dei beni culturali<br />

le più sofisticate e <strong>in</strong>novative<br />

tecnologie sv<strong>il</strong>uppate nel settore<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’energia. Qui sopra, particolare<br />

<strong>del</strong>le splen<strong>di</strong>de venature <strong>del</strong> marmo<br />

<strong>di</strong> Candoglia, estratto dalle cave<br />

<strong>in</strong> bassa Val d’Ossola.<br />

ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS.<br />

Above, researchers from<br />

the laboratories of <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie<br />

charged with carry<strong>in</strong>g out the analysis<br />

of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s materials. The<br />

company for many years has made<br />

ava<strong>il</strong>able to Cultural Heritage<br />

authorities the most sophisticated and<br />

advanced technologies developed <strong>in</strong><br />

the energy sector. Above here,<br />

a deta<strong>il</strong> of the splen<strong>di</strong>d streaks<br />

of Candoglia marble, dug from<br />

the quarries <strong>in</strong> the lower Ossola Valley.<br />

Diagnosis technologies<br />

for restoration<br />

In December 2005, Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>,<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie and the CNR (Italy’s National Research<br />

Centre) released the results of the first part of<br />

activities relat<strong>in</strong>g to conservation work on the façade of<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an’s cathedral.<br />

The <strong>di</strong>agnostic activities entrusted to <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie <strong>in</strong> this<br />

early stage provided: a 3D geometrical mo<strong>del</strong>, on a scale<br />

of 1 to 20, produced by 3D mapp<strong>in</strong>g of the spires,<br />

statuary and 8,147 marble slabs, which<br />

make up the façade; the exam<strong>in</strong>ation of<br />

the structural characteristics of<br />

architectural volumes, carried out by<br />

means of georadar surveys on six<br />

buttresses and five spans, up to a height<br />

of 50 metres; the targeted sampl<strong>in</strong>g of<br />

the façade’s entire surface to analyse the<br />

materials’ state of preservation. The<br />

analyses on the Candoglia marble were<br />

carried out on site and <strong>in</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie<br />

chemistry-physics laboratories. The<br />

results revealed a chemical and microstructural<br />

alteration of the marble, due to<br />

atmospheric agents.<br />

The CNR completed the mapp<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ition of the degradation causes and<br />

mechanisms, through 8 thematic tables,<br />

and set up the gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es to clean,<br />

plaster, seal and protect the marble<br />

surface.<br />

The analyses results and the restoration<br />

stages were then gathered <strong>in</strong> one 3D<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrated databank, whose data set the<br />

work to be done on site, and w<strong>il</strong>l, <strong>in</strong> the<br />

future, be a source of <strong>in</strong>formation for<br />

scholars, experts and the trade.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie and the CNR w<strong>il</strong>l carry on<br />

with their activities, support<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica, to check the quality<br />

of the restoration work carried out.<br />

8 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

9


FOCUS<br />

Simbolo<br />

<strong>di</strong> valori<br />

<strong>di</strong> LUIGI MANGANINI<br />

Cattedrale <strong>di</strong> dolore e <strong>di</strong> gioia,<br />

segno <strong>di</strong> una <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrotta storia<br />

<strong>di</strong> fede: <strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> occupa<br />

un ruolo <strong>in</strong>sostituib<strong>il</strong>e nella vita<br />

<strong>del</strong>la grande metropoli m<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />

sempre più cosmopolita.<br />

10<br />

DA ALCUNI ANNI, LA CATTEDRALE APPARE –<br />

per <strong>di</strong>rla con <strong>il</strong> Manzoni – quasi come una “gran<br />

macch<strong>in</strong>a” (I promessi sposi, XI), come un “eterno<br />

cantiere”. Essa si mostra <strong>in</strong> parte “velata” ai<br />

nostri occhi, ma non è privata <strong>del</strong> suo naturale splendore e<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ua ad essere <strong>il</strong> centro pulsante <strong>del</strong>la vita religiosa e<br />

civ<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la città e <strong>del</strong>la Diocesi <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, i cui “conf<strong>in</strong>i”<br />

sono ben più ampi <strong>del</strong>la cosiddetta “area metropolitana”.<br />

Il <strong>Duomo</strong> e la sua Piazza sono da sempre legati alla città e i<br />

m<strong>il</strong>anesi ne hanno fatto un costante punto <strong>di</strong> richiamo e <strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>in</strong>contro nei momenti più significativi <strong>del</strong>la loro storia passata<br />

e recente. Gli avvenimenti gioiosi e tristi nella vita<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città accompagnano le <strong>di</strong>verse fasi <strong>del</strong>la costruzione<br />

<strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale, facendone – come amava def<strong>in</strong>irla <strong>il</strong> Cattaneo<br />

– <strong>il</strong> “teatro <strong>del</strong>la vita religiosa e civ<strong>il</strong>e” (Il <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

nella vita civ<strong>il</strong>e e religiosa <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, p. 51) durante<br />

l’occupazione francese e quella spagnola, <strong>il</strong> regno <strong>di</strong> Napoleone,<br />

f<strong>in</strong>o alla restaurazione austriaca <strong>del</strong> 1814. Come<br />

non ricordare qui l’Arcivescovo Andrea Carlo Ferrari, con<br />

la sua estrema vic<strong>in</strong>anza alle vicende <strong>del</strong>la città e alle sue<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

A SYMBOL<br />

OF VALUES<br />

Cathedral of pa<strong>in</strong> and joy,<br />

sign of an unbroken story<br />

of faith: the <strong>Duomo</strong> holds<br />

a unique role <strong>in</strong> the life<br />

of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />

cosmopolitan M<strong>il</strong>an.<br />

by LUIGI MANGANINI<br />

FOR SOME YEARS THE CATHEDRAL<br />

has appeared – to say the way<br />

Manzoni <strong>di</strong>d – almost as a “big<br />

mach<strong>in</strong>e” (The Betrothed, XI),<br />

as a “perennial bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g site”. It stands<br />

partly hidden from our eyes, but it is<br />

not deprived of its natural splendour<br />

and cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be the throbb<strong>in</strong>g<br />

centre of religious and civ<strong>il</strong> life <strong>in</strong> the<br />

city and <strong>in</strong> the <strong>di</strong>ocese of M<strong>il</strong>an, whose<br />

“borders” stretch far wider than the socalled<br />

“metropolitan area”.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong> and its Piazza have always<br />

been bound to the city and the<br />

M<strong>il</strong>anese have made the two of them a<br />

constant po<strong>in</strong>t of reference and<br />

meet<strong>in</strong>g place for the most mean<strong>in</strong>gful<br />

moments of their history, past and<br />

present. Happy and sad events <strong>in</strong> the<br />

city’s life accompany the various stages<br />

of the Cathedral’s construction, mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

it – as Cattaneo was fond of say<strong>in</strong>g –<br />

the “theatre of religious and civ<strong>il</strong>ian<br />

life” (Il <strong>Duomo</strong> nella vita civ<strong>il</strong>e e<br />

religiosa <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, p. 51) dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

French occupation and the Spanish<br />

one, under Napoleon’s reign up to the<br />

Austrian restoration <strong>in</strong> 1814. How can<br />

one fa<strong>il</strong> to remember Archbishop<br />

Andrea Carlo Ferrari, with his extreme<br />

closeness to the city’s events and its<br />

social problems. How can one forget<br />

Card<strong>in</strong>al Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster who<br />

– right <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Duomo</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g his sermon<br />

on the first Advent Sunday of 1938 –<br />

spoke strongly aga<strong>in</strong>st the racial laws<br />

issued by royal decree just four days later (November 17). And<br />

aga<strong>in</strong> his soul troubled by the bomb<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> August 1943 on the<br />

already long-suffer<strong>in</strong>g city, when not even the Cathedral was<br />

spared. As Pope Paolo VI wrote <strong>in</strong> 1963, who had known and<br />

loved the Cathedral when he had been M<strong>il</strong>an’s archbishop: the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> “embo<strong>di</strong>es the faith of a population express<strong>in</strong>g itself,…<br />

a whole community, a whole society, a whole history”. And the<br />

memory comes back aga<strong>in</strong> of the funerals, <strong>in</strong> 1969, for the<br />

Piazza Fontana massacre and, just 24 years later (<strong>in</strong> 1993),<br />

those of the Via Palestro bomb victims.<br />

IL DUOMO E LA CITTÀ.<br />

Centro <strong>di</strong> culto e <strong>in</strong>teresse<br />

artistico, luogo <strong>di</strong> appartenenza<br />

civ<strong>il</strong>e e sociale, la cattedrale<br />

è <strong>il</strong> simbolo che ha scan<strong>di</strong>to<br />

oltre sei secoli <strong>di</strong> storia.<br />

THE DUOMO AND THE CITY.<br />

A centre of worship and art<br />

<strong>in</strong>terest, a place of civic and social<br />

belong<strong>in</strong>g, the Cathedral<br />

is a symbol that has marked<br />

over six centuries of history.<br />

11


FOCUS<br />

problematiche sociali. Come non ricordare <strong>il</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>ale Alfredo<br />

Ildefonso Schuster, che – proprio <strong>in</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, nella<br />

sua omelia <strong>del</strong>la prima <strong>di</strong> Domenica <strong>di</strong> Avvento <strong>del</strong> 1938 –<br />

si oppose con forza alle leggi razziali, pubblicate con Regio<br />

decreto solo quattro giorni più tar<strong>di</strong> (<strong>il</strong> 17 novembre). E<br />

ancora <strong>il</strong> suo animo turbato per i bombardamenti <strong>del</strong>l’agosto<br />

1943, sulla città già a lungo provata, che non avevano<br />

risparmiato nemmeno la Cattedrale. Come scriveva nel<br />

1963 Papa Paolo VI, che da Arcivescovo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano aveva<br />

conosciuto ed amato la Cattedrale: nel <strong>Duomo</strong> dunque «è<br />

la fede <strong>di</strong> un popolo che si esprime […], è tutta una comunità,<br />

è tutta una società, è tutta una storia». Ecco riaffiorare<br />

poi <strong>il</strong> ricordo dei funerali, nel 1969, per la strage <strong>di</strong> Piazza<br />

Fontana e, solo ventiquattro anni dopo (nel 1993),<br />

quelli <strong>del</strong>le vittime <strong>del</strong>la bomba <strong>di</strong> via Palestro.<br />

Anche i giorni a noi più vic<strong>in</strong>i sono carichi <strong>di</strong> avvenimenti<br />

che trovano la loro cornice nel <strong>Duomo</strong>, Cattedrale <strong>di</strong> dolore<br />

e <strong>di</strong> gioia, dove rivivere l’agonia e la morte <strong>del</strong>l’amato<br />

Giovanni Paolo II e l’elezione <strong>di</strong> Papa Benedetto XVI. Le<br />

campane, le tre gran<strong>di</strong> campane <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>! Le vibrazioni<br />

che generano sulla struttura <strong>del</strong> tiburio non permettono <strong>di</strong><br />

suonarle a lungo, ma non possiamo <strong>di</strong>menticare la struggente<br />

vibrazione che <strong>il</strong> campanone – nella tarda serata <strong>di</strong><br />

sabato <strong>di</strong> 2 apr<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong>lo s<strong>corso</strong> anno – ha risvegliato nel<br />

cuore, annunciando la morte <strong>di</strong> Papa Giovanni Paolo II e<br />

chiamando, prima <strong>in</strong> piazza e poi all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>,<br />

molte persone ad unirsi alla preghiera <strong>del</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>ale Arcivescovo.<br />

E ancora, <strong>il</strong> giorno seguente, l’Eucaristia <strong>di</strong> suffragio<br />

vedeva una folla immensa che trasformava Piazza<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>in</strong> una Cattedrale a cielo aperto. Inf<strong>in</strong>e, non<br />

più <strong>il</strong> solitario campanone, ma tutte e tre le campane, festosamente,<br />

davano l’annuncio <strong>del</strong>l’elezione <strong>di</strong> Papa Benedetto<br />

XVI, <strong>il</strong> pomeriggio <strong>di</strong> martedì 19 apr<strong>il</strong>e, convocando<br />

– una settimana più tar<strong>di</strong> – l’<strong>in</strong>tera Diocesi con <strong>il</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>ale<br />

Dionigi Tettamanzi per l’Eucaristia <strong>di</strong> r<strong>in</strong>graziamento.<br />

La Cattedrale non è qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> un semplice monumento, per<br />

quanto <strong>in</strong>signe: una galleria <strong>di</strong> opere d’arte f<strong>in</strong>e a se stessa,<br />

ma una realtà viva, segno <strong>del</strong>l’unità <strong>del</strong>la Chiesa ambrosiana<br />

attorno al suo Vescovo. La Cattedrale non rappresenta<br />

solo un “nob<strong>il</strong>e” spazio <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>contro <strong>del</strong>le <strong>di</strong>verse realtà, ma<br />

è <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto un segno <strong>del</strong>la <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrotta storia <strong>di</strong> fede <strong>del</strong>la<br />

città, è legata all’esperienza <strong>di</strong> quanti <strong>in</strong> essa hanno so-<br />

stato <strong>in</strong> preghiera, è legata alla memoria dei santi pastori<br />

che hanno saputo essere sicuro punto <strong>di</strong> riferimento, <strong>in</strong><br />

momenti spesso <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i e travagliati. Essa è <strong>il</strong> segno che<br />

“Dio è sempre rimasto con noi, presente nel centro <strong>del</strong>la<br />

nostra città me<strong>di</strong>ante <strong>il</strong> segno visib<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. Dunque<br />

la Cattedrale – pur nelle <strong>di</strong>verse forme architettoniche che<br />

essa ha avuto lungo i secoli – è stata un richiamo costante<br />

all’amore <strong>del</strong> Signore per questo suo popolo e <strong>in</strong>vito a credere<br />

e a sperare <strong>in</strong> Lui” (C.M. Mart<strong>in</strong>i).<br />

La Chiesa Cattedrale riveste una funzione simbolica <strong>di</strong><br />

esemplarità per la Diocesi <strong>in</strong>tera: questa caratteristica la<br />

v<strong>in</strong>cola necessariamente nell’esercizio <strong>di</strong> ogni <strong>in</strong>iziativa<br />

che, almeno idealmente, deve essere orientata a produrre<br />

questo tipo <strong>di</strong> immag<strong>in</strong>e. Nei confronti <strong>del</strong>la città poi <strong>il</strong> luogo<br />

è ovviamente un polo <strong>di</strong> identificazione, appartenenza,<br />

oltre che centro <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>teresse artistico e sociale, e non è<br />

possib<strong>il</strong>e pertanto immag<strong>in</strong>arne un “trattamento” con le<br />

stesse modalità con le quali vengono usati<br />

altri spazi più o meno significativi. Il<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>, simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano <strong>in</strong> tutto <strong>il</strong> mondo,<br />

potrà rimanere tale solo nella misura<br />

<strong>in</strong> cui ne saranno rispettate le caratteristiche<br />

peculiari. La sua profonda valenza<br />

religiosa e, al tempo stesso, la sua importanza<br />

civ<strong>il</strong>e e sociale non sono due ambiti<br />

chiamati a contrapporsi, quasi ad elidersi<br />

a vicenda, ma – al contrario – sono due<br />

espressioni significative che chiedono <strong>di</strong><br />

essere vissute <strong>in</strong> un giusto equ<strong>il</strong>ibro ed<br />

una profonda unità.<br />

Il fe<strong>del</strong>e, ma anche <strong>il</strong> semplice turista (ogni<br />

giorno se ne contano oltre <strong>di</strong>ecim<strong>il</strong>a), che<br />

ancora oggi entra <strong>in</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> è idealmente<br />

sp<strong>in</strong>to a percorrere le lunge navate f<strong>in</strong>o all’altare<br />

maggiore. Questo camm<strong>in</strong>o, attraverso<br />

la “selva dei c<strong>in</strong>quantadue p<strong>il</strong>astri”,<br />

ESPRESSIONI ARTISTICHE. Ogni<br />

opera decorativa <strong>del</strong>la facciata<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, dalle statue agli ornati,<br />

è stata realizzata nel tempo<br />

con estrema cura e attenzione<br />

al dettaglio. Questo ha conferito<br />

al <strong>Duomo</strong> un aspetto unico al mondo<br />

e ha arricchito <strong>il</strong> patrimonio<br />

storico-artistico <strong>del</strong>la città.<br />

ARTISTIC EXPRESSION. All ornamental<br />

work <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Duomo</strong> facade, from statues<br />

to decorations, was made over time<br />

with the utmost care and attention<br />

for each deta<strong>il</strong>. This gave the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

an appearance that is unique<br />

<strong>in</strong> the world and enhanced the city’s<br />

historical-artistic heritage.<br />

Even days closer to us are laden with events framed by the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>, a cathedral of pa<strong>in</strong> and joy, where one can br<strong>in</strong>g back<br />

to m<strong>in</strong>d the agony and death of beloved John Paul II and the<br />

election of Pope Bene<strong>di</strong>ct XVI. What about the bells, the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>’s three big bells! The vibrations they impart on the<br />

structure of the tiburio, prevent us from play<strong>in</strong>g the bells for<br />

long but we cannot forget the poignant vibration that the big<br />

bell – late <strong>in</strong> the even<strong>in</strong>g of Saturday Apr<strong>il</strong> 2 last year – stirred<br />

<strong>in</strong> our hearts by announc<strong>in</strong>g the death of Pope John Paul II and<br />

summon<strong>in</strong>g, first to the square and then <strong>in</strong>to the Cathedral, a<br />

lot of people to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> prayer with the Card<strong>in</strong>al Archbishop. And<br />

aga<strong>in</strong>, the day after, the Eucharist for the repose of the late<br />

pontiff’s soul drew a huge crowd that turned the Piazza <strong>in</strong>to an<br />

open-air Cathedral. And then, not the big bell alone but all the<br />

three bells, joyfully, announced the election of Pope Bene<strong>di</strong>ct<br />

XVI, on the afternoon of Tuesday Apr<strong>il</strong> 19, and summoned a<br />

week later the whole Diocese to jo<strong>in</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>al Dionigi<br />

Tettamanzi for the thanksgiv<strong>in</strong>g Eucharist.<br />

The Cathedral is therefore not just a monument, however<br />

magnificent it may be, a gallery of works of art that is an end<br />

<strong>in</strong> itself, but a liv<strong>in</strong>g reality, a sign of unity of the Ambrosian<br />

Church around its Bishop. The Cathedral does not just<br />

represent a “noble” meet<strong>in</strong>g space for <strong>di</strong>fferent realities, but it<br />

is above all a sign of the unbroken story of the city’s faith, it is<br />

bound to the experience of all those who have paused to pray<br />

<strong>in</strong> it, it is bound to the memory of the sa<strong>in</strong>tly pastors who<br />

knew how to be a sure reference po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> often <strong>di</strong>fficult times.<br />

It is the sign that “God has always rema<strong>in</strong>ed amidst us,<br />

present <strong>in</strong> the centre of our city through the visible sign of the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>. Then the Cathedral – regardless of the various<br />

architectural shapes it has had along the centuries – has been<br />

a constant rem<strong>in</strong>der of the Lord’s love for this people and a<br />

call to believe and hope <strong>in</strong> him” (C.M. Mart<strong>in</strong>i).<br />

The Cathedral fulf<strong>il</strong>s a symbolic function of exemplar<strong>in</strong>ess for<br />

the whole Diocese: this b<strong>in</strong>ds it when carry<strong>in</strong>g out an <strong>in</strong>itiative<br />

that, at least ideally, should be aimed at produc<strong>in</strong>g this type of<br />

image. As to the city, this place is obviously an identity hub, a<br />

hub of belong<strong>in</strong>g besides be<strong>in</strong>g a centre of artistic and social<br />

<strong>in</strong>terest. Therefore, one cannot th<strong>in</strong>g of “deal<strong>in</strong>g” with it the<br />

same way as other spaces, more or less significant, are used.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong>, symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an across the world, can cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />

to be so as long as its peculiar features are respected. Its<br />

12 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

13


FOCUS<br />

chiede <strong>di</strong> riscoprire la propria storia <strong>di</strong> fede, ci<br />

chiama quasi a “toccare con mano”, ad “att<strong>in</strong>gere<br />

alle sorgenti” <strong>del</strong>la nostra esperienza cristiana,<br />

riassunta e descritta nella Cattedrale,<br />

che – come poeticamente canta la liturgia nella<br />

festa <strong>del</strong>la sua De<strong>di</strong>cazione – è immag<strong>in</strong>e<br />

<strong>del</strong>la Chiesa “e<strong>di</strong>ficata con pietre vive ed elette”.<br />

L’“attività liturgica” rappresenta qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> la<br />

vera anima <strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale e non può che<br />

confrontarsi quoti<strong>di</strong>anamente con le mutate<br />

con<strong>di</strong>zioni socio-culturali dei nostri tempi. Il<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> è luogo simbolo <strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione ambrosiana.<br />

Questo è certamente vero e va sostenuto<br />

con conv<strong>in</strong>zione: si pensi allo stesso<br />

Rito ambrosiano, al Canto ambrosiano e ad alcune<br />

particolarità liturgiche tipiche <strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale,<br />

soprattutto quando a presiedere è<br />

l’Arcivescovo. Tuttavia questa sapienza celebrativa<br />

non è pura “conservazione”: essa “cont<strong>in</strong>ua<br />

dall’antico”, nella ripetizione <strong>di</strong> gesti e<br />

parole “antiche” non si portano avanti quasi<br />

<strong>del</strong>le “preziose reliquie”, ma si riscopre una<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>zione vivificata dal “soffio” <strong>del</strong>la Riforma<br />

liturgica. Lo stesso Capitolo dei Canonici ha<br />

voluto associare sempre più i fe<strong>del</strong>i alla celebrazione<br />

quoti<strong>di</strong>ana <strong>del</strong>la Liturgia <strong>del</strong>le Ore,<br />

preghiera ufficiale <strong>del</strong>la Chiesa e <strong>in</strong>sieme vero<br />

“microcosmo” <strong>del</strong>la preghiera cristiana, nella<br />

quale – attraverso la simbologia <strong>del</strong>la temporalità,<br />

nel significato che scaturisce dal contrasto<br />

tra notte e giorno, tra sera e matt<strong>in</strong>o,<br />

tra notte profonda e meriggio assolato – si comunica<br />

<strong>il</strong> mistero <strong>del</strong>la salvezza.<br />

Il riconoscimento <strong>del</strong>la centralità <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

nella vita <strong>del</strong>la città, chiede <strong>di</strong> compiere un<br />

doveroso passaggio <strong>di</strong> qualità da un semplice<br />

– seppur necessario – legame sentimentale<br />

verso la Cattedrale, per arrivare a con<strong>di</strong>viderne<br />

le l<strong>in</strong>ee pastorali, attraverso una<br />

“corresponsab<strong>il</strong>ità amicale”, animata da una<br />

sana creatività e capace anche <strong>di</strong> farsi carico<br />

<strong>del</strong> suo decoro, <strong>del</strong>la sua conservazione e<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’immag<strong>in</strong>e che offre a M<strong>il</strong>ano e al mondo.<br />

<strong>È</strong> quanto si prefigge anche <strong>il</strong> prossimo Camm<strong>in</strong>o<br />

quaresimale dal significativo titolo Incontro<br />

allo straniero. Come è avvenuto <strong>di</strong>verse<br />

volte nel passato, è certamente nei “ruoli”<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>in</strong>tercettare i problemi e i bisogni<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città che – mai come <strong>in</strong> questi anni –<br />

è <strong>di</strong>ventata veramente cosmopolita: l<strong>in</strong>gue,<br />

culture, religioni, tra<strong>di</strong>zioni, tra loro non fac<strong>il</strong>mente<br />

armonizzab<strong>il</strong>i e con un grado <strong>di</strong> “conflittualità”<br />

pericolosa. Nelle vie a<strong>di</strong>acenti la<br />

Piazza questa <strong>di</strong>versità è palpab<strong>il</strong>e, imme<strong>di</strong>ata,<br />

<strong>in</strong>terpellante: culture, l<strong>in</strong>gue, religioni e<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>zioni <strong>di</strong>fferenti si affiancano una all’altra, quasi si sovrastano,<br />

ma <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>mente si <strong>in</strong>contrano e si parlano. «Se guar<strong>di</strong>amo<br />

alla nostra città, M<strong>il</strong>ano, essa ci appare come una città<br />

dai m<strong>il</strong>le rapporti, dalle tante risorse […], una città nella<br />

quale sono <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite le occasioni <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>contro e <strong>di</strong> comunicazione<br />

[…]. Ma i tanti e variegati rapporti che caratterizzano la<br />

14<br />

I DOCCIONI. Sono elementi<br />

scultorei dest<strong>in</strong>ati a favorire<br />

lo smaltimento <strong>del</strong>l’acqua<br />

piovana. Riproducono figure<br />

fantasiose tra <strong>il</strong> sacro<br />

e <strong>il</strong> profano: mostri e demoni<br />

<strong>in</strong> proc<strong>in</strong>to <strong>di</strong> spiccare <strong>il</strong> volo.<br />

Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli anni ne sono<br />

stati applicati 150 <strong>di</strong> cui<br />

96 sorretti da enormi statue<br />

giganti.<br />

THE GARGOYLES. They are pieces<br />

of sculpture meant to carry<br />

ra<strong>in</strong>water clear of the wall.<br />

They depict fanciful characters<br />

partly sacred partly profane:<br />

monsters and dev<strong>il</strong>s about<br />

to fly off. Over the years<br />

some 150 of them were put up,<br />

96 of which are held up<br />

by huge statues.<br />

città non la costruiscono davvero se sono<br />

staccati dal desiderio, dalla costanza e dall’impegno<br />

dei suoi cittad<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> essere comunità»<br />

(D. Tettamanzi, Dis<strong>corso</strong> alla città, 6 <strong>di</strong>cembre<br />

2005).<br />

<strong>È</strong> questa una <strong>del</strong>le sfide che la Cattedrale è<br />

chiamata a raccogliere nel terzo m<strong>il</strong>lennio. Il<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, <strong>il</strong> “nostro <strong>Duomo</strong>”, “elevato<br />

a spire abbaglianti sulla serena profon<strong>di</strong>tà<br />

<strong>del</strong> cielo italiano oppure <strong>il</strong>lum<strong>in</strong>ato dalla luna<br />

quando le stelle sembrano raccogliersi fra<br />

quella foresta <strong>di</strong> guglie” (P.B. Shelley), sia<br />

sempre “quell’ottava meraviglia” <strong>di</strong> manzoniana<br />

memoria, che tanto aveva colpito e<br />

confortato <strong>il</strong> povero Renzo Tramagl<strong>in</strong>o nel<br />

suo camm<strong>in</strong>o verso M<strong>il</strong>ano (I promessi sposi,<br />

XI). “Quell’ottava meraviglia” chiamata –<br />

come era nelle <strong>in</strong>tenzioni <strong>del</strong>lo stesso Manzoni<br />

– non solo a rappresentare uno st<strong>il</strong>e, quasi una sigla,<br />

architettonica, ma ad essere <strong>il</strong> simbolo <strong>di</strong> una civ<strong>il</strong>tà: uno<br />

scrigno prezioso, vera “casa” dei m<strong>il</strong>anesi, capace <strong>di</strong> comunicare<br />

valori autentici e più che mai attuali.<br />

Monsignore Luigi Mangan<strong>in</strong>i è Arciprete <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

profound religious value and, at the same time, its social and<br />

civ<strong>il</strong> importance are not two opposed doma<strong>in</strong>s bound to cancel<br />

each other out but, on the contrary, they are two important<br />

expressions seek<strong>in</strong>g to be lived with the right balance and <strong>in</strong><br />

deep unity.<br />

The faithful, as well as the pla<strong>in</strong> tourists (every day over ten<br />

thousand are counted), who keep enter<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Duomo</strong> feel<br />

also today an ideal push to walk all way up the naves to the<br />

ma<strong>in</strong> altar. This journey, through the “forest of 52 p<strong>il</strong>lars”,<br />

impels you to re<strong>di</strong>scover your own story of faith, call<strong>in</strong>g you<br />

almost to “touch it by hand”, to “draw from the spr<strong>in</strong>gs” of our<br />

Christian experience, summed up and described <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Cathedral, which – as the liturgy poetically s<strong>in</strong>gs on the<br />

feastday of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s De<strong>di</strong>cation – is an image of the<br />

Church “bu<strong>il</strong>t with liv<strong>in</strong>g and chosen stones”. The “liturgical<br />

activity” then represents the true soul of the Cathedral and<br />

cannot help but be confronted da<strong>il</strong>y with the chang<strong>in</strong>g socialcultural<br />

con<strong>di</strong>tions of our time. The <strong>Duomo</strong> is a symbolic place<br />

of Ambrosian tra<strong>di</strong>tion. This is def<strong>in</strong>itely true and must be held<br />

up conv<strong>in</strong>cedly: let’s th<strong>in</strong>ks of the very Ambrosian rite, the<br />

Ambrosian chant and some liturgical peculiarities typical to the<br />

Cathedral, especially when the Archbishop presides over. All<br />

this celebrative wisdom is not mere “conservation”: it “carries<br />

on from ancient time”, the repetition of gestures and “ancient”<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

words is not a matter of “precious relics”<br />

but rather of re<strong>di</strong>scover<strong>in</strong>g a tra<strong>di</strong>tion<br />

enlivened by the “breath” of the Liturgical<br />

Reform. Also the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s Canonical<br />

Chapter has been striv<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />

associate believers to the da<strong>il</strong>y celebration<br />

of the Liturgy of the Hours, the Church’s<br />

official prayer as well as true “microcosm”<br />

of the Christian prayer, through which the<br />

mystery of salvation is communicated –<br />

through the symbol of time, the mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />

that pours forth from the contrast –between<br />

night and day, even<strong>in</strong>g and morn<strong>in</strong>g, deep<br />

night and sun-drenched afternoon.<br />

The recognition of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s pivotal role<br />

<strong>in</strong> the city’s life, calls for a quality change<br />

from a mere, yet necessary, sentimental<br />

bond with the Cathedral to shar<strong>in</strong>g its<br />

pastoral l<strong>in</strong>es through “friendly jo<strong>in</strong>t<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ity”, enlivened by healthy<br />

creativity and capable of shar<strong>in</strong>g<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ity for the Cathedral’s <strong>di</strong>gnity,<br />

preservation and the image it offers M<strong>il</strong>an<br />

and the World.<br />

This is also the purpose of the upcom<strong>in</strong>g<br />

Lent Pathway which has been significantly<br />

named Incontro allo Straniero (Meet the<br />

Stranger). As was the case often <strong>in</strong> the<br />

past, the <strong>Duomo</strong> has among its roles also<br />

that of <strong>in</strong>terpret<strong>in</strong>g the problems and<br />

needs of the city which – more than ever <strong>in</strong><br />

recent years – has grown truly<br />

cosmopolitan: languages, cultures,<br />

religions and tra<strong>di</strong>tions that cannot eas<strong>il</strong>y<br />

be brought <strong>in</strong>to harmony and have a grade<br />

of dangerous “conflictiveness”. In the<br />

streets around the Piazza this <strong>di</strong>versity is<br />

palpable, forthright, press<strong>in</strong>g: cultures, languages, religions<br />

and tra<strong>di</strong>tions stand side by side, almost overlapp<strong>in</strong>g, but<br />

seldom get together or talk to each other. “If we look at our<br />

city, M<strong>il</strong>an, it seems to be a city rich <strong>in</strong> relationships, full of<br />

resources, a city where there are numberless chances to<br />

meet and talk … But the many and varied relationships<br />

characteris<strong>in</strong>g the city do not really constitute the city if they<br />

are separated from the desire and commitment of its citizens<br />

to be a community”. (D. Tettamanzi, Talk<strong>in</strong>g to the City,<br />

December 6 2005).<br />

This is one of the challenges that the Cathedral is called to<br />

face up to <strong>in</strong> the third m<strong>il</strong>lennium. May M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>Duomo</strong>, “our<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>”, “elevated to dazzl<strong>in</strong>g spirals <strong>in</strong> the serene depth of<br />

the Italian sky or lit up by the moon when the stars seem to<br />

gather amid that forest of spires” (P.B. Shelley), be all the time<br />

“that eighth wonder” that Manzoni spoke about and struck and<br />

comforted the poor Renzo Tramagl<strong>in</strong>o on his journey to M<strong>il</strong>an<br />

(The Betrothed, XI). “That eighth wonder” called upon – as<br />

Manzoni himself hoped – not just to represent an architectural<br />

style but to be the symbol of a civ<strong>il</strong>isation: a precious treasure<br />

chest, true “home” to the M<strong>il</strong>anese, capable of shar<strong>in</strong>g<br />

authentic and more than ever relevant values.<br />

Monsignor Luigi Mangan<strong>in</strong>i is archpriest of M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

15


FOCUS<br />

Il cantiere<br />

<strong>del</strong> tempo<br />

Prevenire i rischi d’<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />

è la sua “missione”. Con <strong>il</strong> nuovo<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>in</strong>tegrale ora la Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> recupera<br />

anche tutta la bellezza orig<strong>in</strong>aria.<br />

<strong>di</strong> BENIGNO MÖRLIN VISCONTI CASTIGLIONE<br />

OGNI MONUMENTO PLURISECOLARE NECESSITA<br />

<strong>di</strong> frequenti <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>di</strong> manutenzione. Il <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

<strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, per le <strong>di</strong>mensioni, per la ricchezza deco-<br />

rativa, per la <strong>del</strong>icatezza<br />

e la preziosità <strong>del</strong>la materia<br />

<strong>di</strong> cui è costituito richiede a<br />

maggior ragione un cont<strong>in</strong>uo<br />

attento <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong>.<br />

In realtà, la secolare durata <strong>del</strong>la<br />

costruzione <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> comportò<br />

f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio problemi <strong>di</strong><br />

mantenimento <strong>del</strong>le parti costruite<br />

ma repent<strong>in</strong>amente<br />

danneggiatesi e da subito si dovettero<br />

affrontare problemi legati<br />

al procedere <strong>del</strong>la costruzione<br />

(cupola e tiburio, pavimenti,<br />

guglie, archi rampanti,<br />

gugliotti, facciata…).<br />

Con <strong>il</strong> compimento <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

e <strong>di</strong> fronte ai danni sempre più <strong>in</strong>genti verificatisi<br />

nell’ultimo secolo, dovuti all’<strong>in</strong>arrestab<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />

dei materiali e al progressivo deterioramento dei marmi<br />

per l’aggravarsi <strong>del</strong>le con<strong>di</strong>zioni <strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>anti, <strong>il</strong> cantiere<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, da cantiere <strong>di</strong> costruzione, si è trasformato<br />

<strong>in</strong> cantiere <strong>di</strong> conservazione che opera <strong>in</strong> stretta collaborazione<br />

con le competenti Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenze. Ai giorni nostri<br />

<strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> si rivolge, pertanto, maggiormente alle<br />

opere decorative, <strong>in</strong> particolare agli ornati, alla statuaria<br />

e al paramento marmoreo esterno e <strong>in</strong>terno; <strong>in</strong>oltre <strong>il</strong><br />

16<br />

GLI INTERVENTI. L’impegno più<br />

consistente <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> è rivolto<br />

alle opere decorative. Laddove <strong>il</strong><br />

degrado non consente più <strong>il</strong><br />

consolidamento <strong>del</strong>la scultura<br />

è prevista la sostituzione con<br />

altrettanti pezzi <strong>in</strong> marmo<br />

<strong>di</strong> Candoglia. Attualmente<br />

ne sono stati rimpiazzati 1.346.<br />

HANDIWORK. The most<br />

challeng<strong>in</strong>g part of the restoration<br />

work regards the ornamental<br />

elements. When deterioration has<br />

gone too far to allow re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the sculpture, it w<strong>il</strong>l be replaced<br />

with an equivalent number<br />

of items made of Candoglia<br />

marble. So far 1,346 pieces have<br />

been replaced.<br />

controllo complessivo sulla statica <strong>del</strong>l’e<strong>di</strong>ficio consente<br />

<strong>in</strong> questi anni, dopo i gran<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>terventi term<strong>in</strong>ati da vent’anni,<br />

una fiduciosa aspettativa sulla stab<strong>il</strong>ità globale <strong>del</strong><br />

monumento.<br />

<strong>Un</strong> primo generale <strong>restauro</strong>, guglie comprese, venne eseguito<br />

dal 1935 al ’39 per riparare alcune pericolose fratture.<br />

In quell’occasione venne effettuato per la prima volta<br />

un attento r<strong>il</strong>ievo dei blocchi e <strong>del</strong>le statue.<br />

Dal 1972 al ’74 ci fu un <strong>in</strong>tervento globale <strong>di</strong> pulitura e<br />

consolidamento <strong>in</strong> accordo con la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza e se-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

THE BUILDING SITE OF TIME<br />

Ward<strong>in</strong>g off the risks of age<strong>in</strong>g is its<br />

“mission”. With the new <strong>in</strong>tegrated work,<br />

the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> can<br />

also rega<strong>in</strong> all of the Cathedral’s<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>al beauty.<br />

by BENIGNO MÖRLIN VISCONTI CASTIGLIONE<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

ALL CENTURIES-OLD MONUMENT NEEDS FREQUENT<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>tenance work. M<strong>il</strong>an’s Cathedral, given its size,<br />

its wealth of decoration, the frag<strong>il</strong>ity and<br />

preciousness of the materials it is made of, requires<br />

all the more cont<strong>in</strong>ual conservation and restoration work.<br />

Indeed, the length of time it took to bu<strong>il</strong>d the <strong>Duomo</strong> enta<strong>il</strong>ed right<br />

from the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>tenance problems with sections bu<strong>il</strong>t but<br />

quickly deteriorat<strong>in</strong>g and it became necessary to deal right away<br />

with problems l<strong>in</strong>ked to the bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g process (dome and tiburio,<br />

floors, spires, fly<strong>in</strong>g buttresses, p<strong>in</strong>nacles, the facade…).<br />

17


FOCUS<br />

guendo i criteri <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cati dal M<strong>in</strong>istero <strong>del</strong>la Pubblica Istruzione.<br />

Si <strong>in</strong>iziò con accertamenti e r<strong>il</strong>ievi che mettevano <strong>in</strong><br />

evidenza lo stato <strong>di</strong> degrado <strong>in</strong> cui si trovavano le sculture<br />

e le opere <strong>di</strong> ornato, <strong>in</strong>taccate dallo smog e dal guano dei<br />

piccioni. Si procedette qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a una pulitura realizzata<br />

me<strong>di</strong>ante sabbiatura a secco e a una revisione <strong>di</strong> tutti gli<br />

ornati e <strong>del</strong>la statuaria che portò alla sostituzione <strong>di</strong> 1050<br />

elementi <strong>di</strong> marmo compromessi o <strong>in</strong> stato <strong>di</strong> pericolo,<br />

compresi 7 altor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue. La statuaria orig<strong>in</strong>ale fu<br />

portata nel Museo <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, dove è oggi conservata. Inf<strong>in</strong>e<br />

furono applicati un protettivo acr<strong>il</strong>ico idrorepellente<br />

e trasparente per <strong>il</strong> marmo e uno speciale impianto elettrico<br />

antipiccioni.<br />

A partire dal 1990 la Fabbrica effettua un controllo annuale<br />

f<strong>in</strong>o alla quota <strong>di</strong> 35 metri, per accertare lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione<br />

degli ornati<br />

e <strong>del</strong>le sculture.<br />

Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi<br />

controlli precedenti<br />

<strong>il</strong> 2002 si sono<br />

notati <strong>il</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novato<br />

<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento degli<br />

strati protettivi<br />

<strong>del</strong> marmo e un accelerato<br />

degrado<br />

<strong>del</strong>le sig<strong>il</strong>lature nelle<br />

parti più esposte<br />

agli agenti atmosferici. Dal 2003 è qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>corso</strong><br />

<strong>il</strong> nuovo <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrale <strong>del</strong>la<br />

facciata, reso necessario da motivi <strong>di</strong> messa <strong>in</strong> sicurezza<br />

statica <strong>del</strong>le parti superiori, non <strong>in</strong>teressate<br />

dall’ultimo grande <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura e<br />

consolidamento (1972 – 1974).<br />

Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi cento anni gli <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>di</strong><br />

manutenzione e <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

sono stati dunque molteplici. I rischi <strong>di</strong> danni<br />

irreversib<strong>il</strong>i sono <strong>in</strong>fatti molti: l’<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />

<strong>del</strong> monumento, l’<strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>amento, le <strong>in</strong>temperie,<br />

le vibrazioni <strong>del</strong> traffico, la presenza dei piccioni.<br />

La cultura che sottende <strong>il</strong> costante impegno <strong>del</strong>la<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica per la conservazione <strong>del</strong><br />

monumento-simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano è quella <strong>del</strong>la prevenzione.<br />

Pertanto la def<strong>in</strong>izione e l’attuazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> una soluzione che impe<strong>di</strong>sca al tempo <strong>di</strong> cancellare l’opera<br />

vengono da sempre precedute dal r<strong>il</strong>ievo <strong>del</strong>lo stato<br />

<strong>conservativo</strong> e dall’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduazione <strong>del</strong>le cause <strong>del</strong> degrado.<br />

Per consentire ai suoi 50 tecnici – tra <strong>in</strong>gegneri, operai e<br />

marmisti – <strong>di</strong> lavorare <strong>in</strong> con<strong>di</strong>zioni adeguate, la Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica ha dovuto erigere un ponteggio <strong>di</strong> ben 7.000 metri<br />

quadri che ha raggiunto, all’<strong>in</strong>izio dei lavori, l’altezza <strong>di</strong> 65<br />

metri.<br />

L’attuale <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>teressa 192 statue <strong>di</strong> guglia, 40 statue<br />

gran<strong>di</strong>, 40 mensole, 88 teste, 22 telamoni <strong>di</strong> cui sei doppi, 47<br />

altor<strong>il</strong>ievi, 36 mensole con testa, 42 gabbioni e molto altro.<br />

Dopo i saggi prelim<strong>in</strong>ari, rimosso <strong>il</strong> particellato con pennelli<br />

<strong>di</strong> setola, è stato effettuato l’<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura con acqua<br />

nebulizzata e con microsabbiature Jos, completato sull’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />

superficie <strong>del</strong>la facciata, vasta 10.500 mq.<br />

Dove <strong>il</strong> degrado non consente più <strong>il</strong> consolidamento <strong>del</strong> marmo,<br />

i conci e gli ornati orig<strong>in</strong>ali vengono sostituiti con altret-<br />

tanti nuovi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia: si tratta a oggi <strong>di</strong> 1.346<br />

pezzi. Sulle parti smontate è stato effettuato un profondo risanamento<br />

strutturale <strong>in</strong>terno, <strong>in</strong>serendo nuovi pezzi <strong>in</strong><br />

marmo e per colmare i vuoti <strong>in</strong>iettando opportune miscele e<br />

rimuovendo le parti metalliche corrose e rigonfiate.<br />

Le sig<strong>il</strong>lature dei giunti tra i blocchi <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>stacco e le<br />

stesure <strong>di</strong> res<strong>in</strong>e epossi<strong>di</strong>che applicate <strong>in</strong> passato, alterate<br />

per le ra<strong>di</strong>azioni UV, sono sistematicamente elim<strong>in</strong>ate e rifatte<br />

con malte tra<strong>di</strong>zionali appositamente formulate <strong>in</strong> sabbia<br />

e calce idraulica.<br />

Inf<strong>in</strong>e, le parti più esposte sono state dotate <strong>di</strong> un impianto<br />

<strong>di</strong> allontanamento dei volat<strong>il</strong>i.<br />

I lavori si svolgono con la costante supervisione <strong>del</strong>la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza<br />

per i beni ambientali e architettonici.<br />

Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione è <strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

Once the Cathedral was completed I LAVORI. L’attuale <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />

and given the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly serious<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong><br />

è <strong>in</strong>iziato nel gennaio 2003<br />

damage suffered over the last<br />

e si concluderà nel 2007.<br />

century, ow<strong>in</strong>g to the unstoppable<br />

La superficie <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

age<strong>in</strong>g process of bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong>teressata ha una estensione<br />

<strong>di</strong> 10.500 mq. Accanto,<br />

materials and the progressive<br />

Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti<br />

deterioration of the marble as a<br />

Castiglione, Direttore <strong>del</strong>la<br />

result of worsen<strong>in</strong>g pollution, the<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

e Responsab<strong>il</strong>e dei lavori.<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>’s bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g site turned <strong>in</strong>to a<br />

conservation site, work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> close<br />

THE WORK. The ongo<strong>in</strong>g<br />

collaboration with the relevant<br />

conservative restoration work<br />

started <strong>in</strong> January 2003 and<br />

Super<strong>in</strong>tendence offices.<br />

is to be completed by 2007.<br />

Nowadays restoration deals ma<strong>in</strong>ly The <strong>Duomo</strong> surface <strong>in</strong>volved<br />

with decorative features, <strong>in</strong><br />

is 10,500 square meter wide.<br />

Alongside, Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong><br />

particular ornaments, statuary and Visconti Castiglione, Head<br />

the <strong>in</strong>ternal and external marble of Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

cover<strong>in</strong>g. Moreover, the overall<br />

<strong>in</strong> charge of the restoration work.<br />

check on the statics of the<br />

bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g, follow<strong>in</strong>g large-scale work completed twenty years ago,<br />

provides ground for optimism about the global stab<strong>il</strong>ity of the<br />

monument.<br />

General restoration work, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the spires, was first carried<br />

out from 1935 to 1939 to repair a number of dangerous<br />

cracks. On that occasion a deta<strong>il</strong>ed survey of marble blocks<br />

and statues was conducted for the first time.<br />

From 1972 to 1974 an overall clean<strong>in</strong>g and re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />

programme was carried out <strong>in</strong> agreement with the<br />

Super<strong>in</strong>tendence and follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria laid down by the M<strong>in</strong>istry<br />

of Education. They started by mak<strong>in</strong>g checks and surveys that<br />

highlighted the state of <strong>di</strong>srepair of sculptures and ornaments,<br />

damaged by smog and pigeon dropp<strong>in</strong>gs. Therefore they<br />

undertook a clean<strong>in</strong>g campaign, us<strong>in</strong>g dry sandblast<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

reviewed all ornaments and statues, replac<strong>in</strong>g 1050 marble<br />

elements that had been affected or were <strong>in</strong> a dangerous<br />

con<strong>di</strong>tion, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 7 high reliefs and statues.<br />

The orig<strong>in</strong>al statuary was moved to the <strong>Duomo</strong> Museum,<br />

where it is st<strong>il</strong>l to be found today. F<strong>in</strong>ally, they spread marble<br />

with a protective layer of<br />

water-repellent and transparent acrylic pa<strong>in</strong>t and applied a<br />

special anti-pigeon electric device.<br />

As of 1990, the <strong>Duomo</strong> Workshop carries out yearly <strong>in</strong>spections<br />

up to a height of 35 metres, to check the state of ornaments<br />

and sculptures. The last controls carried out before 2002,<br />

revealed further age<strong>in</strong>g of the marble-protect<strong>in</strong>g layers and quick<br />

decay of fissure seal<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> parts more exposed to atmospheric<br />

agents. Therefore new, exhaustive restoration work of the entire<br />

façade has been underway s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003, s<strong>in</strong>ce it was necessary<br />

to stab<strong>il</strong>ize the upper section of the façade, which were not<br />

<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the last major clean<strong>in</strong>g and consolidation work (1972-<br />

1974).<br />

Thus, the <strong>Duomo</strong> façade underwent a lot of restoration and<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>tenance work over the past century. Indeed, there are<br />

many risks for irreversible damage, due to age<strong>in</strong>g, pollution,<br />

weather,<br />

traffic-<strong>in</strong>duced vibrations and pigeons.<br />

The perspective that drives the constant commitment of<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica for the preservation of M<strong>il</strong>an’s symbolic<br />

monument is that of prevention. Hence the draw<strong>in</strong>g up and<br />

implementation of a solution prevent<strong>in</strong>g time from eras<strong>in</strong>g<br />

man’s work is always preceded by a survey on conservation<br />

state and the track<strong>in</strong>g down of the causes of decay.<br />

To enable its 50 technicians – <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eers, workers and<br />

banker masons – to work <strong>in</strong> adequate con<strong>di</strong>tions, Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica had to put up a 7,000 sq. metres scaffold<strong>in</strong>g, which was<br />

65 metres high when work began.<br />

The current restoration <strong>in</strong>volves 192 spire statues, 40 large<br />

statues, 40 shelves, 88 heads, 22 telamons, six of which<br />

double, 47 high reliefs, 36 shelves with heads, 42 gabions<br />

and much more.<br />

After conduct<strong>in</strong>g prelim<strong>in</strong>ary tests and remov<strong>in</strong>g marble<br />

particulate with bristle brushes, they moved on to clean<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

whole surface of the façade, which comes to 10,500 square<br />

meters, with atomised water sprays and Jos microsandblast<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

Whenever decay is too serious to allow the marble’s repair,<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>al ashlars and ornaments are replaced with new ones <strong>in</strong><br />

Candoglia marble: up to now this comes to 1346 pieces. An <strong>in</strong>depth<br />

structural rehab<strong>il</strong>itation was carried out on the parts<br />

removed, <strong>in</strong>sert<strong>in</strong>g new marble pieces and f<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g up the gaps by<br />

<strong>in</strong>ject<strong>in</strong>g suitable mixtures and remov<strong>in</strong>g corroded and swollen<br />

metal parts.<br />

We systematically remove jo<strong>in</strong>t seal<strong>in</strong>g between loose blocks<br />

and epoxy res<strong>in</strong>s spread on <strong>in</strong> the past and altered by UV<br />

ra<strong>di</strong>ation, and replace them with tra<strong>di</strong>tional mortar made to<br />

the correct formula <strong>in</strong> sand and hydraulic lime.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>ally, the most exposed parts have been given equipment to<br />

keep the birds away.<br />

The work is be<strong>in</strong>g carried out under the constant supervision of<br />

the Super<strong>in</strong>tendence for Environmental and Architectural Assets.<br />

Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione is <strong>di</strong>rector of the Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

18 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

19


FOCUS<br />

LENTAMENTE, LA FACCIATA DEL DUOMO DI MILANO,<br />

com<strong>in</strong>cia <strong>di</strong> nuovo a svelarsi. Sono appena tornati<br />

visib<strong>il</strong>i i primi venti metri – con le do<strong>di</strong>ci guglie, le<br />

sei falconature consolidate e restaurate con <strong>il</strong> loro<br />

ornato <strong>di</strong> piramid<strong>in</strong>e, fiocchi, p<strong>il</strong>astr<strong>in</strong>i e baldacch<strong>in</strong>i – offrendo<br />

un primo esempio <strong>del</strong> complesso lavoro che si sta<br />

compiendo per riportare la Cattedrale al suo orig<strong>in</strong>ale<br />

splendore. <strong>Un</strong> ottimo lavoro, <strong>di</strong> fronte al quale Francesco<br />

Zofrea si lascia andare ad un sorriso sul suo volto dalle<br />

20<br />

espressioni sempre così misurate. Sì, <strong>il</strong> Presidente <strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie è decisamente sod<strong>di</strong>sfatto <strong>di</strong> come si stia<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppando <strong>il</strong> “progetto <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano che” sottol<strong>in</strong>ea<br />

“sancisce per la nostra società <strong>il</strong> per<strong>corso</strong> <strong>di</strong> trasferimento<br />

<strong>di</strong> tecnologie dalla roccia dei pozzi petroliferi al marmo,<br />

certamente più pregiato, dei monumenti, avviato anni<br />

fa con <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong>la Bas<strong>il</strong>ica <strong>di</strong> San<br />

Pietro. Le tecnologie avanzate che solitamente usiamo<br />

nella prospezione geologica, nelle <strong>in</strong>dag<strong>in</strong>i e nel monito-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

raggio <strong>di</strong> impianti per la produzione <strong>di</strong> petrolio e gas”,<br />

prosegue, “qui applicate sul <strong>Duomo</strong>, sono <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>crementare<br />

l’efficacia degli <strong>in</strong>terventi nel <strong>restauro</strong> monumentale<br />

con l’ottenimento <strong>di</strong> risultati <strong>di</strong>versamente <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i<br />

da conseguire”. E promette: “<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie proseguirà<br />

su questa strada rendendo <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i le proprie<br />

competenze e strumentazioni a coloro che vorranno <strong>in</strong>traprendere<br />

l’opera dei restauri, consapevole che <strong>il</strong> mantenimento<br />

<strong>del</strong> patrimonio culturale, unitamente all’impe-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

A nuova vita<br />

Dopo la Bas<strong>il</strong>ica <strong>di</strong> San Pietro, anche <strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano torna<br />

a risplendere grazie al know how <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie. In un costruttivo<br />

rapporto fra tecniche petrolifere e metodologie <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong>.<br />

<strong>di</strong> LUCIANO SIMONELLI<br />

gno <strong>di</strong> assicurare le fonti <strong>di</strong> energia al nostro paese, sono<br />

obiettivi ugualmente r<strong>il</strong>evanti”.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a <strong>di</strong>scesa <strong>in</strong> campo, questa, che fa e farà d’ora <strong>in</strong> poi la <strong>di</strong>fferenza<br />

nella conservazione <strong>del</strong>l’immenso patrimonio artistico<br />

italiano come sta già accadendo con <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. Quando <strong>in</strong>fatti, <strong>in</strong>torno al Natale<br />

<strong>del</strong> 2007, <strong>il</strong> simbolo dei m<strong>il</strong>anesi tornerà a mostrare tutto <strong>il</strong><br />

proprio “volto”, nel candore rosato <strong>del</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia,<br />

se da una parte sarà conclusa una grossa campagna <strong>di</strong> re-<br />

21


FOCUS<br />

stauro durata quattro lunghi anni, dall’altra, proprio grazie<br />

alla tecnologia messa a <strong>di</strong>sposizione da <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie sarà<br />

com<strong>in</strong>ciato davvero un nuovo modo, certamente più attento<br />

ed efficace, per compiere ulteriori <strong>in</strong>terventi conservativi.<br />

La Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, l’orga-<br />

nismo che dal 1387 ha <strong>il</strong> compito <strong>di</strong> provvedere<br />

alla conservazione <strong>del</strong>la cattedrale<br />

m<strong>il</strong>anese, avrà per la prima volta a <strong>di</strong>sposizione<br />

non soltanto un “database” aggiornato<br />

su ogni <strong>in</strong>tervento compiuto ma anche<br />

la possib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> avere al computer una<br />

visione tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale <strong>del</strong>la facciata. <strong>Un</strong>a<br />

visione realizzata da <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie con la<br />

fotogrammetria <strong>di</strong>gitale e <strong>il</strong> laser scann<strong>in</strong>g<br />

che permettono <strong>di</strong> mostrare ogni particolare<br />

con la precisione <strong>del</strong> m<strong>il</strong>limetro. Ed è<br />

<strong>in</strong>tuitivo come questa Banca Dati Integrata<br />

Tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale, unica nel suo genere,<br />

sarà estremamente ut<strong>il</strong>e per analizzare e<br />

pianificare nel tempo ulteriori <strong>in</strong>terventi.<br />

Insomma, se f<strong>in</strong>o ad oggi le perio<strong>di</strong>che<br />

campagne <strong>di</strong> conservazione e <strong>restauro</strong> volevano<br />

un po’ <strong>di</strong>re com<strong>in</strong>ciare ogni volta<br />

una nuova avventura d’ora <strong>in</strong> poi sarà <strong>in</strong>vece<br />

come proseguire lungo <strong>il</strong> f<strong>il</strong>o <strong>di</strong> una<br />

storia già com<strong>in</strong>ciata a narrare.<br />

Questa storia <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong><br />

M<strong>il</strong>ano l’ha ora raccontata, <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto, <strong>il</strong><br />

georadar che, basandosi sui fenomeni <strong>di</strong><br />

propagazione e <strong>di</strong> riflessione <strong>di</strong> onde elettromagnetiche,<br />

ha permesso <strong>di</strong> descrivere<br />

lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione <strong>di</strong> strutture <strong>in</strong>terne,<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cando la presenza <strong>di</strong> lesioni,<br />

fratture, <strong>di</strong>stacchi, cavità nascoste, umi<strong>di</strong>tà.<br />

La termografia, tecnica <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>evare<br />

la temperatura superficiale dei materiali,<br />

è stata impiegata per verificare lo<br />

stato <strong>del</strong>le stuccature, identificando quelle<br />

<strong>di</strong>staccate, anche parzialmente, dal substrato<br />

marmoreo e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> bisognose <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong>.<br />

Con la Spettrometria XRF, visto<br />

che i <strong>di</strong>versi elementi chimici rispondono<br />

<strong>in</strong> maniera <strong>di</strong>versa se eccitati da raggi X, è<br />

stata qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>dagata la composizione <strong>del</strong><br />

materiale e dei prodotti <strong>di</strong> degrado, con<br />

l’aus<strong>il</strong>io anche <strong>di</strong> analisi <strong>di</strong> laboratorio con<br />

<strong>il</strong> microscopio elettronico a scansione, la<br />

<strong>di</strong>ffrattometria <strong>di</strong> raggi X e la termogravimetria.<br />

Ecco, è stato sulla base dei risultati <strong>di</strong><br />

questi r<strong>il</strong>ievi compiuti dall’équipe <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>-<br />

Tecnologie – oltre 61 GByte <strong>di</strong> dati e <strong>in</strong>formazioni<br />

elaborate – guidata da Giuseppe<br />

Giunta e sulla “mappatura e la def<strong>in</strong>izione<br />

dei fenomeni e <strong>del</strong>le cause <strong>del</strong> degrado”<br />

effettuata con otto tavole tematiche dal<br />

Cnr che Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione,<br />

<strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, ha poi potuto pianificare i numerosi<br />

<strong>in</strong>terventi da compiere.<br />

Interventi enormi. Basta qualche numero.<br />

SPLENDORE MARMOREO.<br />

Il marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia viene<br />

ut<strong>il</strong>izzato esclusivamente<br />

per la costruzione e la manutenzione<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

Si tratta <strong>di</strong> un calcare cristall<strong>in</strong>o<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>versi colori: rosa, <strong>il</strong> più pregiato,<br />

bianco usato per lavori <strong>di</strong> ornato,<br />

e grigio per le strutture portanti.<br />

Nei secoli scorsi <strong>il</strong> marmo estratto<br />

dalle cave veniva lavorato <strong>in</strong> blocchi<br />

e poi trasportato su gran<strong>di</strong> barconi<br />

lungo i navigli <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

MARBLE GLORY.<br />

The Candoglia marble may be used<br />

only to bu<strong>il</strong>d and repair the <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

It is a crystal limestone of various<br />

colours: p<strong>in</strong>k, the most valued one;<br />

white, used for ornaments,<br />

and grey, for bear<strong>in</strong>g structures.<br />

In the past centuries quarried marble<br />

was squared off <strong>in</strong>to blocks<br />

and carried by big barges down<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an’s canals.<br />

<strong>È</strong> stato eretto un ponteggio che ha raggiunto, all’<strong>in</strong>izio dei lavori,<br />

l’altezza <strong>di</strong> 65 metri. E dal 2003 ad oggi è stata effettuata,<br />

sotto la costante supervisione <strong>del</strong>la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza per i<br />

beni ambientali e architettonici, la pulitura (con acqua nebulizzata<br />

e microsabbiatura JO) <strong>di</strong> tutta la<br />

facciata per una superficie sv<strong>il</strong>uppata <strong>di</strong><br />

14.000 metri quadrati; già term<strong>in</strong>ato è anche<br />

<strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>di</strong> do<strong>di</strong>ci guglie e sei falconature<br />

come <strong>di</strong> circa <strong>il</strong> trenta per cento <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />

facciata. F<strong>in</strong>ora sono state sostituite 192 statue<br />

<strong>di</strong> guglia, 40 statue gran<strong>di</strong>, 40 mensole, 88<br />

teste, 22 telamoni <strong>di</strong> cui sei doppi, 47 altor<strong>il</strong>ievi,<br />

36 mensole con testa, 42 gabbioni e ci sono<br />

poi le lastre <strong>di</strong> copertura... 1.362 sono i pezzi<br />

sostituiti con altrettanti nuovi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong><br />

Candoglia e naturalmente gli orig<strong>in</strong>ali <strong>di</strong> statue,<br />

teste, altor<strong>il</strong>ievi sono dest<strong>in</strong>ati al Museo<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />

“Il marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia è una pietra meravigliosa”<br />

osserva Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione<br />

da <strong>di</strong>etro i suoi <strong>in</strong>consueti lunghi baffi<br />

st<strong>il</strong>e Ottocento, “ma con <strong>il</strong> problema <strong>di</strong> essere<br />

un carbonato <strong>di</strong> calcio e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> fac<strong>il</strong>mente aggre<strong>di</strong>b<strong>il</strong>e<br />

dall’<strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>amento oltre che dall’e-<br />

BACK TO A NEW LIFE<br />

After St. Peter’s Bas<strong>il</strong>ica, it’s the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

of M<strong>il</strong>an’s turn to sh<strong>in</strong>e aga<strong>in</strong> thanks<br />

to the know-how of <strong>Eni</strong>Technologie,<br />

via a constructive relationship between<br />

o<strong>il</strong> techniques and restoration methods.<br />

by LUCIANO SIMONELLI<br />

THE FACADE OF THE DUOMO OF MILAN IS SLOWLY<br />

beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to reveal itself anew. The top 20 metres have<br />

just become visible aga<strong>in</strong> – with the consolidated and<br />

restored 12 steeples and 6 tracery panels with their<br />

ornamental small pyramids, bows. balusters and baldach<strong>in</strong>s –<br />

provid<strong>in</strong>g a first sample of the complex labour that is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />

undertaken to br<strong>in</strong>g the Cathedral back to its orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />

splendour, an excellent job <strong>in</strong> the sight of which Francesco<br />

Zofrea’s normally restra<strong>in</strong>ed face breaks <strong>in</strong>to a sm<strong>il</strong>e.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie’s chairman is clearly satisfied with the way the<br />

“M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>Duomo</strong> Project” is com<strong>in</strong>g along: “it puts a seal on the<br />

process of transferr<strong>in</strong>g company technologies, as applied to o<strong>il</strong><br />

well rocks, to the marble of monuments, clearly a more<br />

valuable material. We first embarked on it a few years back,<br />

with the façade restoration at St Peter’s bas<strong>il</strong>ica. Cutt<strong>in</strong>g edge<br />

technologies – Zofrea goes on – we typically apply to<br />

geological prospect<strong>in</strong>g and survey<strong>in</strong>g as well as to monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />

o<strong>il</strong> and gas extraction fac<strong>il</strong>ities and are here applied to the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>, allow for more effective restoration methods and<br />

provide results which would be hard to achieve otherwise”.<br />

There’s more: “<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie w<strong>il</strong>l pursue such commitments<br />

and w<strong>il</strong>l pass both its know-how and tools on to other<br />

restoration endeavours. To us, heritage conservation and<br />

ensur<strong>in</strong>g the country’s energy supplies are equally relevant<br />

objectives”.<br />

A pledge which as of now is set to make a <strong>di</strong>fference <strong>in</strong> the<br />

conservation of Italy’s immense art heritage, as proved by<br />

ongo<strong>in</strong>g restoration work on the M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>Duomo</strong> façade. Once<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an’s foremost symbol is restored to a full show of its<br />

“face”, <strong>in</strong> all its slightly p<strong>in</strong>k Condoglia-marble candour – a<br />

four-year <strong>in</strong>tensive restoration campaign w<strong>il</strong>l have been<br />

completed and thanks to <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie technologies that day<br />

w<strong>il</strong>l also usher <strong>in</strong> a new age <strong>in</strong> conservation work, engender<strong>in</strong>g<br />

greater focus and effectiveness.<br />

The Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, which was established <strong>in</strong><br />

1387 and charged with ensur<strong>in</strong>g the M<strong>il</strong>anese cathedral’s<br />

conservation, is now equipped with an updated database of all<br />

work done, plus a three-<strong>di</strong>mensional computer generated view<br />

of the facade. The latter was developed by <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>di</strong>gital photogrammetry and laser scann<strong>in</strong>g techniques, and<br />

provides one m<strong>il</strong>limetre resolution on all deta<strong>il</strong>s of the façade.<br />

Needless to say the <strong>in</strong>tegrated 3D database w<strong>il</strong>l prove<br />

precious <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and plann<strong>in</strong>g further restoration work <strong>in</strong><br />

the future. To all <strong>in</strong>tents and purposes, prior scheduled<br />

conservation and restoration campaigns <strong>in</strong>volved start<strong>in</strong>g<br />

virtually afresh every time; from now on, <strong>in</strong>stead, future work<br />

w<strong>il</strong>l pick up from where it was left off, <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uity.<br />

This history of the façade of the <strong>Duomo</strong> has now been told,<br />

above all, by the Georadar which, based on the phenomena of<br />

the propagation and reflection of electromagnetic waves, has<br />

allowed for the description of the con<strong>di</strong>tion of <strong>in</strong>ternal<br />

structures, identify<strong>in</strong>g cracks, breaks, gaps, hidden cavities<br />

and moisture. Thermography, a technique capable of tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the surface temperature of materials, has been used to<br />

control the state of plaster<strong>in</strong>g, identify<strong>in</strong>g which ones have<br />

grown loose, even if just <strong>in</strong> part, from the underly<strong>in</strong>g marble<br />

and so <strong>in</strong> need of repairs.<br />

XRF Spectrometry, s<strong>in</strong>ce chemical elements respond<br />

<strong>di</strong>fferently when excited by X-rays, helped to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the<br />

composition of the material and the products of degradation,<br />

with ad<strong>di</strong>tional assistance provided by laboratory analysis<br />

us<strong>in</strong>g an electronic microscope.<br />

It was on the basis of the results of this research – over 61<br />

Gbytes of data and <strong>in</strong>formation processed – conducted by the<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie team headed by Giuseppe Giunta and of the<br />

“mapp<strong>in</strong>g and def<strong>in</strong>ition of the phenomena and causes of<br />

degradation” carried out with eight thematic tables by CNR<br />

(Italy’s National Research Counc<strong>il</strong>) that Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong><br />

Visconti Castiglione, head of the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong><br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>, was then able to plan the work to be done.<br />

Huge work. A few figures w<strong>il</strong>l suffice.<br />

Scaffold<strong>in</strong>g 65-metre-high was set up when the work began.<br />

And s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003, under the constant supervision of the<br />

Environmental and Architectural Heritage Office, the entire<br />

22 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

23


FOCUS<br />

scursione termica. E anche quest’ultima<br />

non è <strong>di</strong> poco conto visto che sulla<br />

facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> d’estate si arriva<br />

f<strong>in</strong>o a + 60° mentre durante l’<strong>in</strong>verno<br />

si possono raggiungere anche i -20°”.<br />

Per fortuna, la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> non ha problemi per approvvigionarsi<br />

<strong>del</strong>la “materia prima”.<br />

Da oltre sei secoli può ricavare <strong>il</strong> marmo<br />

<strong>di</strong>rettamente dalle Cave <strong>di</strong> Candoglia,<br />

nella bassa Val d’Ossola, <strong>di</strong> cui è<br />

proprietaria dal 1387 per volontà <strong>di</strong><br />

Gian Galeazzo Visconti, allora Signore<br />

<strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. Proprietà poi riba<strong>di</strong>ta <strong>in</strong><br />

epoca più recente da re Vittorio Emanuele<br />

III <strong>di</strong> cui si scopre oggi, curiosamente,<br />

a circa trenta metri da terra,<br />

sul fianco destro <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong><br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>il</strong> volto <strong>in</strong> bassor<strong>il</strong>ievo contrapposto<br />

a quello <strong>di</strong> Benito Mussol<strong>in</strong>i<br />

che era <strong>il</strong> capo <strong>del</strong> governo <strong>del</strong>l’epoca.<br />

Forse anche una traccia <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong><br />

<strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano compiuto<br />

fra <strong>il</strong> 1935 e <strong>il</strong> 1939. Ma “contam<strong>in</strong>azioni”<br />

<strong>del</strong> genere, assicurano, non sono<br />

state mai più effettuate.<br />

Oltre alle cave, la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong>spone anche <strong>di</strong> un proprio<br />

Cantiere Marmisti per la lavorazione <strong>di</strong> questa pietra<br />

tanto bella quanto <strong>del</strong>icata e <strong>del</strong>la collaborazione <strong>di</strong> operai<br />

quadratori, ornanisti e anche, naturalmente, <strong>di</strong> esperti scultori.<br />

Questa struttura è <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e perché la “sopravvivenza”<br />

<strong>del</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia “<strong>in</strong> buona salute” è relativamente<br />

breve.<br />

“Ogni trenta anni, <strong>in</strong> me<strong>di</strong>a, è necessario fare <strong>in</strong>terventi conservativi<br />

tipo quello che stiamo compiendo ora” spiega l’<strong>in</strong>gegner<br />

Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione mentre sulle impalcature<br />

<strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, ad una altezza <strong>di</strong> circa<br />

24<br />

quaranta metri, guida ad una visita dei lavori. “Infatti era stato<br />

fra <strong>il</strong> 1972 e <strong>il</strong> 1974 che si era precedentemente <strong>in</strong>tervenuti.<br />

Ma oggi, grazie alle opportunità offerte da queste nuove<br />

tecnologie si può procedere ad una verifica e ad un riprist<strong>in</strong>o<br />

certamente più significativi”.<br />

Sono già cento<strong>di</strong>ecim<strong>il</strong>a le ore <strong>di</strong> lavoro che, dal 2003 ad oggi,<br />

hanno compiuto i c<strong>in</strong>quanta dei 128 <strong>di</strong>pendenti <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> impegnati sull’impalcatura <strong>del</strong>la<br />

facciata (altre c<strong>in</strong>quantam<strong>il</strong>a ore sono state impiegate nella<br />

cava per estrarre <strong>il</strong> marmo e poi lavorarlo per prepararlo alle<br />

esigenze <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong>). E non è davvero semplice<br />

lavorare a dec<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> metri <strong>di</strong> altezza, operare, per<br />

esempio, con un argano per togliere una statua <strong>di</strong><br />

marmo degradata e sostituirla con una sua copia.<br />

Procedura altrettanto lenta, faticosa e complessa<br />

è sostituire qualsiasi altro elemento o una semplice<br />

lastra <strong>di</strong> copertura <strong>del</strong>la facciata.<br />

“Ma <strong>in</strong> questi trapianti non abbiamo per fortuna<br />

problemi <strong>di</strong> rigetto” scherza l’<strong>in</strong>gegner Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti<br />

Castiglione, “a marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia sostituiamo<br />

lo stesso marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia... E per proteggere<br />

<strong>il</strong> nuovo marmo dal degrado ci preoccupiamo<br />

anche <strong>di</strong> quanto possono causare i piccioni.<br />

Con l’occasione <strong>di</strong> questi lavori, stiamo proteggendo<br />

tutti gli elementi scultorei con dei f<strong>il</strong>i su<br />

cui passa ciclicamente un impulso elettrico <strong>in</strong><br />

grado <strong>di</strong> produrre una fasti<strong>di</strong>osa scossa elettrica<br />

per scacciare i volat<strong>il</strong>i che vi si appoggiassero.”<br />

Luciano Simonelli è giornalista professionista,<br />

scrittore ed e<strong>di</strong>tore, collaboratore <strong>del</strong> quoti<strong>di</strong>ano<br />

“La Stampa-TuttoScienze”.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

façade has been cleaned (us<strong>in</strong>g atomized water and<br />

micro-sand<strong>in</strong>g), for an overall surface area of 14,000 square<br />

metres. Also the restoration of twelve spires and six tracery<br />

panels has been completed, along with some 30 percent of<br />

the entire façade.<br />

A total of 1,362 pieces were replaced with new ones <strong>in</strong><br />

Candoglia marble, and of course the orig<strong>in</strong>als of statues,<br />

heads and high-reliefs are <strong>in</strong>tended for the <strong>Duomo</strong> Museum.<br />

“Candoglia marble is magnificent stone”, notes Benigno<br />

Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione from beh<strong>in</strong>d his unusually long,<br />

n<strong>in</strong>eteenth-century moustache, “but has the problem of its<br />

be<strong>in</strong>g calcium carbonate, and therefore eas<strong>il</strong>y damaged by<br />

pollution as well as temperature variations”. And the latter is<br />

no little matter, as the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s façade can hit 60 degrees<br />

Centigrade <strong>in</strong> summer and m<strong>in</strong>us 20 <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter”.<br />

Fortunately, the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> doesn’t have<br />

any problems gett<strong>in</strong>g its hands on “raw material”. For over<br />

six centuries, it has been able to <strong>di</strong>g the marble <strong>di</strong>rectly from<br />

the Candoglia quarries, <strong>in</strong> the lower Val d’Ossola, it has<br />

owned s<strong>in</strong>ce 1387 thanks to Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then<br />

Lord of M<strong>il</strong>an. Ownership confirmed more recently by K<strong>in</strong>g of<br />

Italy Victor Emanuel III, whose features, curiously enough,<br />

can be seen today some 30 meters above ground <strong>in</strong> a<br />

bas-relief fac<strong>in</strong>g one of Benito Mussol<strong>in</strong>i, who was then head<br />

of government, on the right side of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s façade.<br />

Perhaps this is also a memory of the restoration of M<strong>il</strong>an’s<br />

cathedral carried out from 1935 to 1939. But<br />

“contam<strong>in</strong>ations” of this k<strong>in</strong>d, assuredly, were never s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />

<strong>in</strong>troduced.<br />

In ad<strong>di</strong>tion to the quarries, the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong><br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> also has its own marble cutt<strong>in</strong>g workshop to handle<br />

this stone which is as beautiful as it is <strong>del</strong>icate, and can rely<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

LE TECNOLOGIE A DISPOSIZIONE. Per i lavori sulla facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sono state ut<strong>il</strong>izzate tecnologie <strong>Eni</strong><br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>dag<strong>in</strong>e non <strong>di</strong>struttive come la termografia <strong>in</strong>frarossa per controllare l’adesione e <strong>il</strong> degrado<br />

<strong>del</strong>le stuccature che sig<strong>il</strong>lano i blocchi <strong>di</strong> pietra; la spettrometria a fluorescenza a raggi X per stu<strong>di</strong>are<br />

<strong>il</strong> degrado <strong>del</strong>la pietra e analizzare le alterazioni chimiche e microstrutturali <strong>del</strong> marmo; <strong>il</strong> georadar<br />

che penetra virtualmente la facciata e le sua fondamenta per verificarne lo stato <strong>di</strong> salute.<br />

AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES. For the restoration of the <strong>Duomo</strong> facade they made use of <strong>Eni</strong> non-destructive<br />

survey<strong>in</strong>g technologies such as <strong>in</strong>fra-red thermography to check the adhesion and decay of the putties seal<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the stone blocks; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to study stone decay and analyse chemical<br />

and microstructural change of the marble; georadar, which virtually penetrates <strong>in</strong>to the façade and its foundations<br />

to check its con<strong>di</strong>tion.<br />

on the assistance of marble workers and sk<strong>il</strong>led sculptors.<br />

This structure is <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable because Candoglia marble’s<br />

life “<strong>in</strong> good health” is relatively short.<br />

“Every thirty years, on average, it is necessary to undertake<br />

conservation work such as the one we are <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> now”<br />

expla<strong>in</strong>ed the eng<strong>in</strong>eer Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione wh<strong>il</strong>e he<br />

guided a visit to the works on the scaffold<strong>in</strong>g of the façade<br />

of the <strong>Duomo</strong>, some forty metres above ground. “Previous<br />

work dates back to 1972 to 1974. But today, thanks to the<br />

opportunities offered by these new technologies, we can<br />

carry out controls and repairs <strong>in</strong> a more significant manner”.<br />

One hundred and ten thousand work<strong>in</strong>g hours s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003<br />

have been spent by 50 people (out of the 128 employees of<br />

the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>) work<strong>in</strong>g on the facade<br />

scaffold<strong>in</strong>g (fifty thousand more hours have been spent <strong>in</strong> the<br />

quarries to <strong>di</strong>g the marble and then cut it to get it ready for<br />

restoration needs). And it is no easy task work<strong>in</strong>g dozens of<br />

metres off the ground, for example, with a w<strong>in</strong>ch to lift a<br />

damaged marble statue and replaced it with a copy. An equally<br />

slow, tir<strong>in</strong>g and complex process is that of replac<strong>in</strong>g all other<br />

elements or even just a slab of the façade.<br />

“But <strong>in</strong> these ‘transplants’ we fortunately have no rejection<br />

problems,” jokes the eng<strong>in</strong>eer Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione,<br />

“for we are replac<strong>in</strong>g Candoglia marble with Candoglia<br />

marble... And to protect the new marble from decay we are<br />

also worry<strong>in</strong>g about the harm pigeons can <strong>in</strong>flict. With these<br />

works, we are protect<strong>in</strong>g all the sculptural elements with wires<br />

<strong>in</strong>termittently run through by an electric impulse produc<strong>in</strong>g an<br />

irritat<strong>in</strong>g electric shock to scare away any birds”.<br />

Luciano Simonelli is a journalist, author and publisher, and<br />

a contributor to the da<strong>il</strong>y “La Stampa-TuttoScienze”.<br />

25


REPORTAGE<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a storia<br />

MODERNA<br />

STAZIONE ORIENTE. Costruita<br />

nell’area portuale a est<br />

<strong>di</strong> Lisbona e progettata<br />

dall’architetto spagnolo<br />

Santiago Calatrava, è <strong>il</strong> più<br />

importante nodo ferroviario<br />

<strong>del</strong> paese: una porta<br />

<strong>di</strong> accesso per i viaggiatori<br />

provenienti dall’Europa.<br />

Situata a pochi ch<strong>il</strong>ometri<br />

dal centro storico, <strong>in</strong> una zona<br />

urbana rimasta fortemente<br />

degradata f<strong>in</strong>o all’<strong>in</strong>izio<br />

degli anni Novanta, la stazione<br />

è oggi un punto <strong>di</strong> riferimento<br />

per i cittad<strong>in</strong>i<br />

e un’opportunità <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

<strong>di</strong> un nuovo quartiere ricco<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />

e <strong>di</strong> spazi pubblici.<br />

EASTERN STATION. Bu<strong>il</strong>t<br />

<strong>in</strong> the dock area east of Lisbon,<br />

after a design by Spanish<br />

architect Santiago Calatrava, this<br />

is the country's most important<br />

ra<strong>il</strong>way hub: a gateway<br />

to Portugal for passengers<br />

com<strong>in</strong>g from all over Europe.<br />

Located just few k<strong>il</strong>ometres away<br />

from the historic centre, <strong>in</strong> an<br />

area which rema<strong>in</strong>ed degraded<br />

up to the early 1990's, the station<br />

is today one of the city's major<br />

reference po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />

as well as a valuable development<br />

opportunity for a new<br />

neighbourhood which<br />

is rich <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />

and public spaces.


REPORTAGE<br />

Da un lento decl<strong>in</strong>o allo<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sociale ed economico:<br />

come la vecchia Europa, anche<br />

<strong>il</strong> Portogallo ha v<strong>in</strong>to la sua<br />

sfida. E ora guarda ai nuovi<br />

progetti <strong>di</strong> crescita.<br />

<strong>di</strong> MIMMO CÀNDITO<br />

NON SEMPRE <strong>È</strong> UN’AVVENTURA SCONSIDERATA<br />

trovarsi a mescolare sacro e profano. Non lo è oggi,<br />

comunque, quando la bussola <strong>del</strong> nostro tempo pare<br />

<strong>in</strong>capace <strong>di</strong> ritrovare la l<strong>in</strong>ea d’un orizzonte sicuro<br />

e le categorie <strong>di</strong> riferimento d’ogni società – a Ovest come<br />

a Est, nel pianeta post<strong>in</strong>dustriale come nei sopravvissuti <strong>del</strong>le<br />

civ<strong>il</strong>tà rurali – sembrano smarrite dentro <strong>il</strong> vortice d’una<br />

d<strong>in</strong>amica impazzita, che trasc<strong>in</strong>a via certezze, ancoraggi valoriali,<br />

giu<strong>di</strong>zi consolidati da un’esperienza comune.<br />

E allora è certo che <strong>il</strong> Portogallo è sempre quell’ultimo lembo<br />

d’Europa che a Occidente pare perdersi dentro l’Atlantico,<br />

quasi schiacciato dal peso immane d’un cont<strong>in</strong>ente che<br />

gli sta addosso; che la gran parte degli <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ci sociologici lo<br />

collocano tuttora verso <strong>il</strong> fondo <strong>del</strong>la lista che classifica i<br />

paesi <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>ione europea (quanto meno, quella che aveva<br />

15 stelle); e, anche, che la mal<strong>in</strong>conia dolce <strong>di</strong> Lisbona – la<br />

saudade che si consuma nel fasc<strong>in</strong>o d’un impero che c’era –<br />

sa sempre <strong>di</strong> salmastro antico, d’una decadenza che s’avverte<br />

irresistib<strong>il</strong>e.<br />

Però, poi, quella stessa Europa che sembra tanto orgogliosamente<br />

altera e <strong>di</strong>stante sceglie <strong>di</strong> far sedere sullo scranno<br />

EXPO’98. Lisbona,<br />

la struttura fieristica<br />

progettata a tempo<br />

<strong>di</strong> record e de<strong>di</strong>cata<br />

al tema <strong>del</strong>l’acqua. Si trova<br />

nella parte orientale<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città e per costruirla<br />

è stata recuperata un’area<br />

<strong>di</strong> oltre 300 ettari<br />

precedentemente occupata<br />

da <strong>in</strong>se<strong>di</strong>amenti <strong>in</strong>dustriali<br />

rimasti <strong>in</strong>ut<strong>il</strong>izzati.<br />

Il per<strong>corso</strong> espositivo<br />

è caratterizzato da corsi<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipali, <strong>il</strong> Cam<strong>in</strong>ho<br />

de Água e <strong>il</strong> Cam<strong>in</strong>ho<br />

da Costa che si sv<strong>il</strong>uppano<br />

lungo <strong>il</strong> maestoso estuario<br />

<strong>del</strong> fiume Tago. Expo ’98<br />

ha rappresentato<br />

una ambiziosa avventura<br />

che ha spostato l’<strong>in</strong>teresse<br />

economico <strong>del</strong> paese<br />

dall’Atlantico all’Europa<br />

e ha avviato<br />

una straord<strong>in</strong>aria fase<br />

<strong>di</strong> crescita<br />

e modernizzazione.<br />

EXPO’98. Lisbon: the World<br />

Fair grounds were developed<br />

<strong>in</strong> a surpris<strong>in</strong>gly short time<br />

and de<strong>di</strong>cated to the theme<br />

of water. It is located<br />

<strong>in</strong> the eastern part of the city<br />

and it was bu<strong>il</strong>t by reclaim<strong>in</strong>g<br />

an over 300-hectare-wide area<br />

previously accommodat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

unused <strong>in</strong>dustrial sites.<br />

The fairgrounds is organized<br />

around two ma<strong>in</strong> walkways,<br />

the Cam<strong>in</strong>ho de Água and the<br />

Cam<strong>in</strong>ho da Costa, runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

along the majestic estuary<br />

of river Tago. Expo ’98 turned<br />

out to be a proud enterprise<br />

which helped shift<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

nation’s economic <strong>in</strong>terest<br />

from the Atlantic to Europe<br />

and ushered <strong>in</strong> a time<br />

of remarkable growth<br />

and modernization.<br />

BALCONE SULL’ATLANTICO.<br />

A s<strong>in</strong>istra, una strada<br />

<strong>di</strong> Albufeira, stazione<br />

balneare <strong>del</strong>l’Algarve.<br />

Accanto, Oporto, alcune<br />

barcos sul fiume Douro<br />

trasportano<br />

<strong>il</strong> V<strong>in</strong>ho do Porto,<br />

<strong>il</strong> v<strong>in</strong>o particolarmente<br />

apprezzato a livello<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternazionale che ha<br />

reso celebre la città.<br />

A BALCONY OVERLOOKING<br />

THE ATLANTIC.<br />

Left, a street <strong>in</strong> Albufeira,<br />

a sea resort <strong>in</strong> Algarve.<br />

Next to it, Oporto,<br />

some barcos<br />

on river Douro carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the V<strong>in</strong>ho do Porto,<br />

a world renown w<strong>in</strong>e<br />

which contributed<br />

to the city's fame.<br />

A MODERN STORY<br />

From slow decl<strong>in</strong>e to social<br />

and economic development: Portugal,<br />

like old Europe, has won its battle<br />

and is look<strong>in</strong>g at new growth projects.<br />

by MIMMO CÀNDITO<br />

COMBINING THE SACRED AND THE PROFANE IS NOT<br />

always an <strong>il</strong>l-advised challenge. Nor is it today when the<br />

compass of our time seems unable to f<strong>in</strong>d a safe<br />

horizon and the ma<strong>in</strong> p<strong>il</strong>lars of our societies – both <strong>in</strong><br />

the West and <strong>in</strong> the East, <strong>in</strong> post-<strong>in</strong>dustrial countries as well as<br />

<strong>in</strong> rural towns – have apparently been lost <strong>in</strong>side the vortex of<br />

out of control dynamics which keep sweep<strong>in</strong>g away our<br />

certa<strong>in</strong>ties, anchorages of values and judgements consolidated<br />

by common experiences.<br />

29


più alto <strong>del</strong>le sue istituzioni – la Commissione <strong>del</strong>l’Ue – proprio<br />

un presidente <strong>del</strong> modesto e m<strong>in</strong>uscolo Portogallo, José<br />

Manuel Durao Barroso; e se si va via da Lisbona e si prende<br />

una <strong>del</strong>le tante strade che scivolano verso l’<strong>in</strong>terno, a Barcelos,<br />

Guimaraes, Aveiro, Braga, si trova con sorpresa che università<br />

e giovani manager stanno creando un tessuto produttivo<br />

dove tecnologia e ricerca trasc<strong>in</strong>ano <strong>il</strong> tempo immob<strong>il</strong>e<br />

<strong>del</strong> passato verso un futuro che usa solo l’<strong>in</strong>glese e le logiche<br />

b<strong>in</strong>arie.<br />

Qual è, dunque, <strong>il</strong> vero Portogallo? La risposta, l’unica forse<br />

possib<strong>il</strong>e, deve accettare che <strong>di</strong> Portogallo ce ne sono almeno<br />

due, che poi però è la storia comune <strong>di</strong> molti paesi dove<br />

l’<strong>in</strong>nesto dei processi <strong>del</strong>la modernizzazione non ha trasformato<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegralmente le vecchie società, ma ne ha assorbito<br />

un legato profondo pur all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>di</strong> mutamenti sostanziali<br />

degli st<strong>il</strong>i <strong>di</strong> vita e <strong>del</strong>le matrici <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Pren<strong>di</strong>amo <strong>il</strong> primo<br />

Portogallo, quello <strong>di</strong> Camoes, se si vuole, <strong>di</strong> Pessoa, <strong>di</strong><br />

Eca de Queiros, anche <strong>di</strong> Saramago, una zattera iberica alla<br />

deriva che naviga tra le tentazioni <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>sularità e <strong>il</strong> sogno<br />

perduto <strong>del</strong> cosmopolitismo.<br />

Quando Salazar s’<strong>in</strong>venta la gabbia irreale <strong>di</strong> “o Estado novo”,<br />

nel 1926, l’orgoglio <strong>del</strong>l’antico impero che ha dom<strong>in</strong>ato i<br />

mari <strong>del</strong> pianeta e portato la ban<strong>di</strong>era lusitana sulle coste<br />

d’ogni terra che rompa l’uniformità cont<strong>in</strong>ua degli oceani<br />

(una moneta portoghese <strong>del</strong> XVII secolo è stata r<strong>in</strong>venuta<br />

perf<strong>in</strong>o sulle spiagge <strong>del</strong>l’Australia, mettendo <strong>in</strong> crisi la primogenitura<br />

<strong>di</strong> capitan Cook), quell’orgoglio è ormai soltanto<br />

una memoria. I sogni dei duchi <strong>di</strong> Braganza sono stati battuti<br />

dalle nuove rotte, dai nuovi armatori, dalle nuove economie<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustriali, la faccia <strong>del</strong> mondo è cambiata, Lisbona si<br />

30<br />

TRACCE STORICHE<br />

E MODERNITÀ. A s<strong>in</strong>istra,<br />

<strong>il</strong> centro storico<br />

<strong>di</strong> Obidos paese<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’Estremadura,<br />

regione atlantica<br />

<strong>del</strong> Nord<br />

e, sotto, Lisbona,<br />

l’Elevador da Bica,<br />

funiculare d’epoca<br />

con <strong>in</strong>terni <strong>in</strong> legno,<br />

una vera e propria<br />

attrattiva <strong>del</strong>la città.<br />

Il fasc<strong>in</strong>o <strong>di</strong> Lisbona<br />

è racchiuso nell’unione<br />

tra passato e presente,<br />

la città <strong>del</strong>la saudade<br />

espressa dal fado<br />

e <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>quietud<strong>in</strong>e<br />

narrata<br />

da Fernando Pessoa<br />

ma anche capitale<br />

<strong>del</strong> terzo m<strong>il</strong>lennio.<br />

HISTORICAL TRACES<br />

AND MODERNITY.<br />

Left, the historic centre<br />

of Obidos <strong>in</strong> the northern<br />

Atlantic region<br />

of Extremadura and,<br />

next to it, Lisbon,<br />

the Elevador da Bica,<br />

an old cable ra<strong>il</strong>way<br />

with wooden <strong>in</strong>teriors<br />

is one of the city's major<br />

attractions. Lisbon's<br />

charm is <strong>in</strong> its<br />

comb<strong>in</strong>ation of past<br />

and present, the city<br />

of the saudade (long<strong>in</strong>g)<br />

expressed by the fado<br />

music and the <strong>di</strong>squiet<br />

described<br />

by Fernando Pessoa<br />

as well as a capital city<br />

of the third m<strong>il</strong>lennium.<br />

LA STRADA DEL VINO.<br />

Lo scenario dei vigneti<br />

<strong>del</strong>la Valle <strong>del</strong> fiume Douro fitta<br />

<strong>di</strong> terrazzamenti coltivati a vite.<br />

<strong>Un</strong> per<strong>corso</strong> <strong>di</strong> suggestiva bellezza<br />

lungo <strong>il</strong> quale è possib<strong>il</strong>e visitare<br />

antiche cant<strong>in</strong>e dove <strong>il</strong> v<strong>in</strong>o,<br />

<strong>in</strong>vecchiato <strong>in</strong> particolari botti,<br />

acquista l’<strong>in</strong>confon<strong>di</strong>b<strong>il</strong>e sapore.<br />

A s<strong>in</strong>istra, <strong>il</strong> porto e la città<br />

<strong>di</strong> Lagos, situata <strong>in</strong> un tratto<br />

<strong>di</strong> costa frastagliata <strong>del</strong>l’Algarve.<br />

THE WINE ROAD. Terraced v<strong>in</strong>eyards<br />

<strong>in</strong> the river Douro valley. An evocative<br />

and beautiful route along which<br />

visitors can visit old w<strong>in</strong>e cellars<br />

where w<strong>in</strong>e is left<br />

to mature <strong>in</strong> special barrels, thus<br />

acquir<strong>in</strong>g its unmistakeable taste.<br />

Left, the port and town of Lagos,<br />

located on a stretch of jagged<br />

coastl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> Algarve.<br />

On the one hand, it’s a fact that Portugal is st<strong>il</strong>l Europe’s last<br />

strip of land plung<strong>in</strong>g furthest west <strong>in</strong>to the Atlantic ocean as if<br />

it were crushed under the weight of a whole cont<strong>in</strong>ent; that<br />

most sociological <strong>in</strong>dexes place Portugal near the bottom of the<br />

list classify<strong>in</strong>g the European <strong>Un</strong>ion member states (at least,<br />

that of the 15-member EU); and also that Lisbon’s sweet<br />

melancholy – the ‘saudade’ wast<strong>in</strong>g away <strong>in</strong> the charm of a<br />

past empire – always tastes of ancient sea air and an<br />

irresistible decadence.<br />

On the other hand, that very Europe which looks so proud and<br />

aloof has appo<strong>in</strong>ted as the chairman of its top <strong>in</strong>stitution – the<br />

EU Commission – a man from t<strong>in</strong>y Portugal, José Manuel Durao<br />

Barroso; moreover, if we take from Lisbon one of the several<br />

roads which run towards the <strong>in</strong>terior, to Barcelos, Guimaraes,<br />

Aveiro or Braga, we’ll f<strong>in</strong>d out to our surprise that universities<br />

and young managers are gradually creat<strong>in</strong>g a new productive<br />

framework where technology and research contribute to carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />

a stagnat<strong>in</strong>g past towards a future where only the English<br />

language and b<strong>in</strong>ary logic are used. So, what’s the real<br />

31


consuma lentamente dentro un decl<strong>in</strong>o <strong>di</strong> nuvole veloci e <strong>di</strong><br />

venti. Nel suo tempo immob<strong>il</strong>e, la <strong>di</strong>ttatura costruisce un apparato<br />

che regge simbolicamente la propria forza sulla religione<br />

e sulla nostalgia e gonfia <strong>di</strong> vestigia <strong>di</strong>spen<strong>di</strong>ose ma irr<strong>il</strong>evanti<br />

<strong>il</strong> vecchio stato burocratico <strong>del</strong>l’antico impero.<br />

Quello stato d<strong>il</strong>atato e gottoso, formalmente potente ma privo<br />

d’ogni reale capacità <strong>di</strong> gestione, sopravvive perf<strong>in</strong>o alla<br />

“Rivoluzione dei garofani”, ai capitani e ai colonnelli che nel<br />

1974 tagliano via le ultimi ra<strong>di</strong>ci d’Oltremare e tentano <strong>di</strong> dare<br />

alla nuova povertà lo spirito generoso <strong>del</strong> riscatto sociale.<br />

Ma la generosità è un progetto che fatica a tener conto <strong>del</strong>le<br />

ragioni <strong>del</strong>l’economia, <strong>in</strong> un b<strong>il</strong>ancio sfondato dalle <strong>in</strong>ut<strong>il</strong>i<br />

guerre coloniali, e la struttura burocratica – <strong>in</strong>vece <strong>di</strong> snellirsi,<br />

<strong>di</strong> accogliere le forme <strong>del</strong> cambiamento che stanno squ<strong>in</strong>ternando<br />

la vecchia società e le sue <strong>il</strong>lusioni – <strong>di</strong>venta una<br />

<strong>del</strong>le strutture <strong>del</strong>la “Revolucao”. Il r<strong>in</strong>novamento si fa ritardo,<br />

contrad<strong>di</strong>zione profonda, anche sopravvivenza conservatrice.<br />

E <strong>il</strong> risultato è che la vecchia cultura ra<strong>di</strong>cata <strong>del</strong>l’impero<br />

e <strong>del</strong>l’ “estado novo”, la cultura <strong>del</strong> paternalismo<br />

istituzionale, <strong>del</strong>la gestione burocratizzata <strong>del</strong>le relazioni sociali,<br />

galleggia <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>fferente ai tempi e alle sfide nuove.<br />

Con più <strong>di</strong> 700 m<strong>il</strong>a funzionari pubblici su una popolazione<br />

CAPITALE DEL NORD.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a caratteristica<br />

caffetteria nel centro<br />

storico <strong>di</strong> Porto, Oporto<br />

per i portoghesi.<br />

<strong>È</strong> la seconda città<br />

<strong>del</strong> Portogallo<br />

importante polo<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustriale<br />

e commerciale.<br />

La parte antica<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città è stata<br />

<strong>di</strong>chiarata Patrimonio<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’Umanità<br />

dall’<strong>Un</strong>esco nel 1996.<br />

CAPITAL OF THE NORTH.<br />

A typical cafeteria<br />

<strong>in</strong> the older part of Porto,<br />

or Oporto <strong>in</strong> Portuguese.<br />

This is the country's<br />

second largest city<br />

and a major <strong>in</strong>dustrial<br />

and bus<strong>in</strong>ess hub.<br />

Porto’s historical centre<br />

was declared a World<br />

Heritage Site by UNESCO<br />

back <strong>in</strong> 1996.<br />

NAVIGATORI E SOVRANI.<br />

A s<strong>in</strong>istra, Lisbona,<br />

<strong>il</strong> Monumento<br />

alle Scoperte, costruito<br />

nel 1960 sul fiume<br />

Tago per celebrare<br />

i gran<strong>di</strong> navigatori<br />

portoghesi.<br />

A destra <strong>il</strong> fiabesco<br />

Palácio da Pena,<br />

costruito nel XIX<br />

secolo per <strong>il</strong> re<br />

Ferd<strong>in</strong>ando II.<br />

Situato sulla cima<br />

più alta <strong>del</strong>la Serra<br />

de S<strong>in</strong>tra, nel sud<br />

<strong>del</strong> paese, dom<strong>in</strong>a<br />

<strong>il</strong> paesaggio <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />

regione.<br />

SAILORS<br />

AND SOVEREIGNS.<br />

Left, Lisbon,<br />

the Monument<br />

to Discoveries, bu<strong>il</strong>t<br />

<strong>in</strong> 1960 on river Tago<br />

and de<strong>di</strong>cated to<br />

Portugal's great<br />

navigators.<br />

Right, the fairy-tale<br />

Palácio da Pena, bu<strong>il</strong>t<br />

<strong>in</strong> the 19th century<br />

for k<strong>in</strong>g Ferd<strong>in</strong>and II.<br />

Located on the highest<br />

peak of the Serra<br />

de S<strong>in</strong>tra, <strong>in</strong> the south,<br />

it dom<strong>in</strong>ates the whole<br />

region.<br />

Portugal like? The only possible answer seems to be that there<br />

are at least two Portugals, which, however, is the case also for<br />

many countries where the transplant of modern techniques has<br />

not managed to fully transform the older society; rather, it has<br />

absorbed a profound heritage from the past <strong>in</strong>to notable<br />

changes of lifestyles and development mo<strong>del</strong>s. Let’s have a<br />

look at the older Portugal, that of Camoes, Pessoa, Eca de<br />

Queiros or even Saramago: an Iberian raft sa<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>g adrift amid<br />

the temptations of <strong>in</strong>sularity and the lost dream of<br />

cosmopolitism.<br />

When Salazar came up with the concept of the unreal cage of<br />

his “o Estado novo”, <strong>in</strong> 1926, the pride of the ancient empire<br />

which had ruled over the seas of the whole planet hoist<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

Lusitanian flag on the coasts of virtually any land where ocean<br />

waves came to break (a 17th century Portuguese co<strong>in</strong> was<br />

found even on Australian beaches, thus question<strong>in</strong>g that<br />

Capta<strong>in</strong> Cook was actually the first European to arrive there)<br />

that pride is just a memory. The dreams of the dukes of<br />

Braganza were shattered by the new routes, by the new ship<br />

owners, by the new <strong>in</strong>dustrial economies; the face of the world<br />

has changed, and Lisbon is slowly eaten away with<strong>in</strong> a<br />

decl<strong>in</strong>ation of fast clouds and of w<strong>in</strong>ds. In its immob<strong>il</strong>e time,<br />

the <strong>di</strong>ctatorship bu<strong>il</strong>t an apparatus that symbolically held its<br />

own strength <strong>in</strong> religion and nostalgia and f<strong>il</strong>led up the old<br />

bureaucratic state of the ancient empire with expensive yet<br />

irrelevant rema<strong>in</strong>s.<br />

That d<strong>il</strong>ated and goutish state, formally potent but lack<strong>in</strong>g any<br />

real capacity for management, survived even the “Carnation<br />

Revolution”. In 1974 the capta<strong>in</strong>s and colonels cut the last<br />

roots from Overseas and tried to give the generous spirit of the<br />

social redemption to the new poverty. Alas, generosity is a<br />

project that can hardly take <strong>in</strong>to account the reasons of<br />

32 33


REPORTAGE<br />

appena superiore a 10 m<strong>il</strong>ioni <strong>di</strong> abitanti, l’amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione<br />

pubblica esprime nei numeri e nella concretezza <strong>del</strong>la quota<br />

<strong>di</strong> economia nazionale che essi assorbono la r<strong>il</strong>evanza imposta<br />

ancora oggi alle forme <strong>del</strong>la modernizzazione dallo stato<br />

da un costume protezionistico (<strong>il</strong> b<strong>il</strong>ancio <strong>del</strong> Portogallo deve<br />

scontare nei salari <strong>del</strong>la pubblica amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione una<br />

spesa che supera <strong>del</strong> 50% la me<strong>di</strong>a <strong>del</strong>l’Ue).<br />

Questo pesante legato tuttavia non significa che <strong>il</strong> vecchio<br />

Portogallo sia un vecchio paese. I cambiamenti sono stati<br />

profon<strong>di</strong>, portati comunque dalla rottura che i capitani d’apr<strong>il</strong>e<br />

hanno imposto a una <strong>in</strong>sostenib<strong>il</strong>e cont<strong>in</strong>uità <strong>del</strong>la storia<br />

nazionale, ma portati anche dall’<strong>in</strong>gresso <strong>di</strong> Lisbona nell’<strong>Un</strong>ione<br />

Europea, nel 1986. Se <strong>in</strong> quel Portogallo vecchio<br />

che “a Revolucao” frantumò c’era ancora un portoghese su<br />

tre che doveva <strong>il</strong>lum<strong>in</strong>are casa propria con le can<strong>del</strong>e e con<br />

<strong>il</strong> lume a petrolio; se ancora soltanto la metà dei portoghesi<br />

aveva <strong>in</strong> quel tempo l’acqua corrente <strong>in</strong> casa; se <strong>il</strong> 25% <strong>di</strong> loro<br />

non sapeva ancora leggere né scrivere e se l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità<br />

aveva soltanto 38 m<strong>il</strong>a studenti, oggi <strong>in</strong>vece <strong>il</strong> Portogallo è<br />

uno dei tanti paesi <strong>del</strong>l’Ue.<br />

Tutte le case hanno luce elettrica e acqua, l’analfabetismo è<br />

caduto al 9%, <strong>il</strong> numero dei suoi studenti che frequentano<br />

l’università (390 m<strong>il</strong>a) vale <strong>di</strong>eci volte <strong>il</strong> registro <strong>di</strong> quel tempo<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ito, le donne – cui molte professioni erano vietate –<br />

rappresentano la maggioranza dei laureati e la metà <strong>del</strong>la<br />

forza lavoro, <strong>il</strong> consumo me<strong>di</strong>o <strong>del</strong>le calorie ha guadagnato<br />

un <strong>in</strong>cremento <strong>del</strong> 22%, l’aspettativa <strong>di</strong> vita è aumentata <strong>di</strong><br />

10 anni. E <strong>il</strong> red<strong>di</strong>to <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduale, che <strong>in</strong> quel tempo era <strong>di</strong> poco<br />

superiore all’equivalenza <strong>di</strong> 100 euro, oggi ha raggiunto<br />

gli 8.000 euro.<br />

Sono risultati impressionanti: cifre e numeri che <strong>di</strong>segnano<br />

una società ormai omologata ai paesi più avanzati <strong>del</strong>l’Europa<br />

anche se i conti <strong>del</strong> passato pesano tuttora, e pesano molto.<br />

Il sociologo Antonio Barreto lo <strong>di</strong>ce <strong>in</strong> una s<strong>in</strong>tesi veloce:<br />

“La storia con<strong>di</strong>ziona <strong>di</strong> fatto le nostre prospettive: a <strong>di</strong>fferenza<br />

<strong>del</strong>la Spagna, che pure viveva sotto una <strong>di</strong>ttatura, <strong>il</strong> regime<br />

salazariano era ideologicamente chiuso a ogni forma <strong>di</strong><br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Abbiamo anche combattuto una guerra coloniale<br />

<strong>di</strong> 15 anni, abbiamo avuto una rivoluzione che <strong>in</strong> pratica nazionalizzò<br />

l’<strong>in</strong>tera economia, e poi abbiamo anche subito una<br />

controrivoluzione. Sono traumi sociali e politici profon<strong>di</strong>,<br />

sconvolgimenti che lasciano <strong>il</strong> segno; tirarsi fuori da quella<br />

drammatica ere<strong>di</strong>tà è stato un compito nient’affatto fac<strong>il</strong>e”.<br />

Il secondo Portogallo è proprio questo, dei professionisti,<br />

degli <strong>in</strong>tellettuali, dei politici, che riconoscono la qualità alta,<br />

perf<strong>in</strong>o stupefacente, dei miglioramenti conseguiti dal paese<br />

e però sono consapevoli che tutto ciò non è sufficiente <strong>di</strong><br />

fronte alle sfide che la d<strong>in</strong>amica accelerata dei mercati <strong>in</strong>ternazionali<br />

detta alle economie nazionali. Il p<strong>il</strong> <strong>del</strong> Portogallo è<br />

appena <strong>il</strong> 2% <strong>del</strong>la ricchezza prodotta dall’<strong>in</strong>tera <strong>Un</strong>ione europea,<br />

ma quella quota pur modesta garantiva comunque<br />

una presenza significativa su alcuni mercati cont<strong>in</strong>entali; oggi,<br />

con l’allargamento <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>ione a 25 stati-membri, anche<br />

le certezze più consolidate e i rapporti più garantiti appaiono<br />

rimessi <strong>in</strong> <strong>di</strong>scussione.<br />

Più <strong>del</strong>l’80% <strong>del</strong>le esportazioni portoghesi sono tra<strong>di</strong>zionalmente<br />

<strong>di</strong>rette verso i mercati degli altri 14 paesi <strong>del</strong>la<br />

“vecchia” Ue e comunque i due terzi hanno per dest<strong>in</strong>azione<br />

consumatori e acquirenti <strong>del</strong>la zona <strong>del</strong>l’euro. Dunque <strong>il</strong><br />

trend <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong>l’economia europea ha un’<strong>in</strong>cidenza<br />

<strong>di</strong>retta sull’economia portoghese. E f<strong>in</strong> che l’Ue ha offerto<br />

34<br />

tassi <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo significativi, anche Lisbona ha potuto godere<br />

<strong>di</strong> riscontri <strong>in</strong>coraggianti (tra <strong>il</strong> 1995 e <strong>il</strong> 2000 la domanda<br />

esterna è cresciuta me<strong>di</strong>amente <strong>del</strong> 9% l’anno).<br />

Quando però l’economia europea è entrata <strong>in</strong> una fase <strong>di</strong><br />

stanca, o ad<strong>di</strong>rittura <strong>di</strong> recessione, la ricaduta sul Portogallo<br />

è stata drammatica: <strong>il</strong> tasso <strong>di</strong> crescita <strong>del</strong> 2001 si è fermato<br />

appena all’1,4% e soltanto allo 0,8 negli anni successivi.<br />

La conseguenza si è manifestata imme<strong>di</strong>atamente nella<br />

vita quoti<strong>di</strong>ana <strong>del</strong>la società: <strong>il</strong> red<strong>di</strong>to pro-capite che al<br />

tempo <strong>del</strong>la “Revolucao” non arrivava nemmeno al 55%<br />

<strong>del</strong>la me<strong>di</strong>a <strong>del</strong>l’Ue – e che però nel 2002, con <strong>il</strong> balzo pro<strong>di</strong>gioso<br />

<strong>di</strong> tutti quegli anni, aveva già toccato <strong>il</strong> 71% <strong>di</strong> quella<br />

me<strong>di</strong>a – ora è sceso al 68,8%, con un’<strong>in</strong>versione drammatica<br />

<strong>di</strong> tendenza.<br />

<strong>Un</strong> duro programma <strong>di</strong> austerità e <strong>di</strong> riforme – anche per riportare<br />

l’economia all’<strong>in</strong>terno dei parametri <strong>di</strong> Maastricht –<br />

ha avuto <strong>il</strong> riscontro <strong>di</strong> risultati <strong>in</strong>coraggianti da un punto <strong>di</strong><br />

vista <strong>di</strong> analisi macroeconomica (e <strong>il</strong> governo conta comunque<br />

<strong>di</strong> recuperare presto <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ci molto positivi), tuttavia <strong>il</strong> costo<br />

sociale non è stato affatto <strong>in</strong>dolore.<br />

A leggere tutti questi numeri per ciò che essi davvero<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

economy <strong>in</strong> a budget destroyed by useless colonial wars, and<br />

the bureaucratic structure – rather than slimm<strong>in</strong>g down,<br />

accept<strong>in</strong>g the forms of change that were destab<strong>il</strong>iz<strong>in</strong>g the old<br />

society and its <strong>il</strong>lusions – became one of the structures of the<br />

“Revolucao”. The renewal became lateness, profound<br />

contra<strong>di</strong>ction, even conservative survival. The result is that the<br />

old culture, rooted <strong>in</strong> the empire and <strong>in</strong> the “estado novo”, the<br />

culture of <strong>in</strong>stitutional paternalism, of the bureaucratic<br />

management of social relations, floats along, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>fferent to the<br />

new times and new challenges.<br />

With more than 700 thousand civ<strong>il</strong> servants out of a population<br />

of barely more than 10 m<strong>il</strong>lion, the public adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />

expresses, <strong>in</strong> the numbers and soli<strong>di</strong>ty of its share of the<br />

national economy that they absorb, the relevance imposed<br />

today on the forms of modernisation of the state by a<br />

protectionist approach (the Portuguese budget needs to set<br />

aside for public employee salaries an amount that is 50 pct<br />

above the EU average).<br />

This heavy legacy nevertheless does not mean that old Portugal<br />

is an old country. Changes have been deep, brought about by<br />

the Apr<strong>il</strong> officers break with an unsusta<strong>in</strong>able cont<strong>in</strong>uity of<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

PRESENZA ENI. La società è presente<br />

nel mercato <strong>del</strong> gas naturale<br />

attraverso la società Galp Energia.<br />

Nel 2004 sono stati venduti nel Paese<br />

4,4 m<strong>il</strong>iar<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> metri cubi <strong>di</strong> gas<br />

naturale a circa 820 m<strong>il</strong>a clienti<br />

ut<strong>il</strong>izzando una rete <strong>di</strong> gasdotti<br />

<strong>di</strong> circa 11.700 ch<strong>il</strong>ometri.<br />

Per accedere al mercato spagnolo<br />

<strong>del</strong> gas <strong>Eni</strong> ha previsto <strong>in</strong>oltre<br />

la partecipazione <strong>in</strong> due <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />

<strong>di</strong> importazione: <strong>il</strong> gasdotto<br />

Transmaghreb<strong>in</strong>o e <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>ale GNL<br />

<strong>di</strong> S<strong>in</strong>es. Nel settore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>stribuzione <strong>del</strong> gas la Società<br />

è presente anche attraverso quote<br />

m<strong>in</strong>oritarie <strong>di</strong> partecipazione<br />

nella Setgas e Lusitaniagas.<br />

Nel settore petrolchimico,<br />

attraverso Polimeri Europa, <strong>di</strong>spone<br />

<strong>di</strong> un impianto a Viana do Castelo,<br />

nel Nord <strong>del</strong> Portogallo,<br />

per la produzione <strong>di</strong> ad<strong>di</strong>tivi chimici.<br />

Nella foto a s<strong>in</strong>istra, la spiaggia<br />

<strong>di</strong> Albufeira e, a destra, i mul<strong>in</strong>i<br />

a vento <strong>del</strong>l’isola <strong>di</strong> Faial<br />

nelle Azzorre.<br />

ENI'S PRESENCE. The company<br />

is operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the country's natural gas<br />

market through Galp Energia. In 2004,<br />

a total of 4.4 b<strong>il</strong>lion cubic metres<br />

of natural gas were sold <strong>in</strong> the country<br />

to about 820,000 customers us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

a 11,700 k<strong>il</strong>ometre gas pipel<strong>in</strong>es<br />

network. To enter Spa<strong>in</strong>’s gas market,<br />

<strong>Eni</strong> has planned its participation<br />

<strong>in</strong> two major import fac<strong>il</strong>ities:<br />

the Trans-Maghreb gas pipel<strong>in</strong>e<br />

and the LNG term<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong> S<strong>in</strong>es.<br />

The company is active also <strong>in</strong> the gas<br />

<strong>di</strong>stribution sector through m<strong>in</strong>ority<br />

stakes <strong>in</strong> Setgas and Lusitaniagas.<br />

Through Polimeri Europa,<br />

<strong>Eni</strong> also owns a petrochemical<br />

plant at Viana do Castelo, <strong>in</strong> northern<br />

Portugal, for the production<br />

of chemical ad<strong>di</strong>tives. Left, the beach<br />

of Albufeira and, right,<br />

w<strong>in</strong>dm<strong>il</strong>ls <strong>in</strong> the island of Faial<br />

<strong>in</strong> the Azores.<br />

national history, but also due to entry <strong>in</strong>to the<br />

European <strong>Un</strong>ion <strong>in</strong> 1986. In that old Portugal crushed<br />

by “a Revolucao” there was st<strong>il</strong>l one Portuguese <strong>in</strong><br />

three who lit their house with candles and with o<strong>il</strong><br />

lamps; st<strong>il</strong>l only half of the Portuguese <strong>in</strong> those days<br />

had runn<strong>in</strong>g water at home; 25 pct of them were st<strong>il</strong>l<br />

<strong>il</strong>literate and there were only 38,000 university<br />

students. Now Portugal is one of many EU member<br />

states.<br />

All houses have electric light and water, <strong>il</strong>literacy has<br />

fallen to 9%, the number of university students<br />

(390,000) is ten times the figure recorded <strong>in</strong> those<br />

days; women – to whom many professions were<br />

banned – represent the majority of graduates and half<br />

the labour force; average calorie consumption has<br />

risen by 22%, life expectancy is up 10 years. And<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>vidual <strong>in</strong>come, which at that time was little more<br />

than the equivalent of 100 euro, today has reached<br />

8,000 euro.<br />

These are impressive results: figures and numbers<br />

that show a society that is sim<strong>il</strong>ar to the most<br />

advanced <strong>in</strong> Europe even if the effects of the past<br />

are st<strong>il</strong>l felt and are felt a lot. The sociologist, Antonio<br />

Barreto, said <strong>in</strong> a brief synthesis: “History has<br />

effectively con<strong>di</strong>tioned our prospects. <strong>Un</strong>like Spa<strong>in</strong>,<br />

which also lived under a <strong>di</strong>ctatorship, the Salazar<br />

regime was ideologically closed to any form of growth. We also<br />

fought a colonial guerr<strong>il</strong>la war for 15 years. We had a revolution<br />

that <strong>in</strong> practice nationalised the entire economy and then we<br />

also were subject to a counter-revolution. They are deep social<br />

and political traumas, <strong>di</strong>fficulties that leave their mark; exit<strong>in</strong>g<br />

from that dramatic heritage was not at all an easy task.”<br />

The second Portugal is actually this, the one of professionals,<br />

of <strong>in</strong>tellectuals, of politicians, who acknowledge the high, even<br />

stupefy<strong>in</strong>g quality of the improvements achieved by the nation<br />

and yet are aware that all this is not enough <strong>in</strong> the face of the<br />

challenges of the accelerated dynamics <strong>in</strong>ternational markets<br />

<strong>di</strong>ctate to national economies. Portugal’s GDP is just 2 pct of<br />

the wealth produced by the entire European <strong>Un</strong>ion, but that<br />

share although modest used to guarantee a significant<br />

presence on some cont<strong>in</strong>ental markets. Today, with the<br />

enlargement of the EU to 25 member states, even the most<br />

established certa<strong>in</strong>ties and most secure relations appear to be<br />

once more called <strong>in</strong>to question.<br />

More than 80 pc of Portugal’s exports tra<strong>di</strong>tionally go to the<br />

markets of the other 14 ‘old’ EU members and two thirds are<br />

for consumers and buyers <strong>in</strong> the eurozone. So the trend of<br />

35


REPORTAGE<br />

rappresentano, <strong>il</strong> significato più <strong>in</strong>teressante che se ne coglie<br />

è che questo Portogallo numero Due <strong>di</strong>mostra oggi una<br />

capacità – <strong>in</strong>immag<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>e nel Portogallo “vecchio” – <strong>di</strong> affrontare<br />

<strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> progettualità <strong>in</strong>novativa i problemi<br />

posti dalla crescita e dalle trasformazioni <strong>del</strong>le relazioni <strong>in</strong>ternazionali.<br />

La conferma <strong>di</strong> una consapevole e d<strong>in</strong>amica assunzione <strong>di</strong><br />

responsab<strong>il</strong>ità può venire per esempio dall’esame <strong>del</strong> mercato<br />

<strong>del</strong>le esportazioni. Negli ultimi 10 anni, <strong>il</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />

export portoghese, centrato soprattutto <strong>in</strong> settori <strong>di</strong> produzione<br />

a basso costo e a bassi salari (<strong>il</strong> tess<strong>il</strong>e, le calzature<br />

e così via) ha avuto una caduta <strong>del</strong> 15% sull’ammontare totale<br />

<strong>del</strong>le esportazioni, però contemporaneamente settori<br />

<strong>di</strong> più alta qualificazione tecnologica (l’elettronica, <strong>il</strong> chimico,<br />

le componenti <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong>l’auto) hanno registrato<br />

un guadagno <strong>di</strong> 14 punti. Ciò vuol <strong>di</strong>re che le mutazioni dei<br />

mercati sono state assorbite con una <strong>di</strong>versificazione e una<br />

sp<strong>in</strong>ta <strong>in</strong>novativa che hanno consentito <strong>di</strong> spostare verso<br />

comparti più ricchi e più moderni le vecchie produzioni<br />

che ormai le <strong>in</strong>dustrie <strong>del</strong>l’Oriente offrono a prezzi imbattib<strong>il</strong>i.<br />

E se <strong>il</strong> basso costo <strong>del</strong> mercato <strong>del</strong> lavoro nei nuovi<br />

<strong>di</strong>eci paesi <strong>del</strong>l’Ue m<strong>in</strong>accia <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>taccare gli spazi tra<strong>di</strong>zionali<br />

degli esportatori lusitani, Lisbona si sta già muovendo<br />

con un piano organico <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>in</strong> ogni <strong>di</strong>rezione, per<br />

<strong>di</strong>versificare i propri mercati, dal Bras<strong>il</strong>e, naturalmente, alla<br />

C<strong>in</strong>a, dalla Russia al Canada, al Messico, al NordAfrica.<br />

Ci sono posti – città, foreste, monumenti, mari o montagne<br />

– dove ogni paese ama vedere riflesso <strong>il</strong> proprio carattere, la<br />

propria storia, i simboli e i valori <strong>del</strong>la costruzione d’una nazione<br />

nel tempo. Anche <strong>il</strong> Portogallo ne ha uno, <strong>di</strong> questi<br />

posti. Si chiama Cabo Sao Vicente, è l’ultima frontiera, <strong>il</strong><br />

conf<strong>in</strong>e estremo, <strong>del</strong>l’Europa a Sud: è uno spuntone alto <strong>di</strong><br />

roccia perduto nel vento già <strong>del</strong>l’Oceano, uno strapiombo<br />

che per alcune cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> metri precipita dentro l’Atlantico<br />

che gli ruggisce dal basso, con l’Africa perduta nelle brume<br />

lontane.<br />

Chi arriva al Cabo, dopo un’arrampicata che porta f<strong>in</strong>o al<br />

vecchio faro, si trova smarrito nell’immensità <strong>di</strong> quell’orizzonte<br />

che gli sta <strong>di</strong> fronte, un orizzonte che si perde dentro<br />

un mare aperto, dove non si mostrano frontiere né limiti; eppure<br />

chi ci arriva sente anche, <strong>di</strong>etro, alle spalle, <strong>il</strong> respiro<br />

forte <strong>del</strong>l’Europa che gli sta addosso, un’Europa che da<br />

quello spuntone s’allunga su f<strong>in</strong>o agli Urali e all’Asia, un<br />

mondo <strong>in</strong>quieto e gigantesco <strong>di</strong> storie, <strong>di</strong> popoli, <strong>di</strong> leggende.<br />

Su quello spuntone <strong>di</strong> roccia livida <strong>di</strong> freddo e <strong>di</strong> vento, andava<br />

a scrutare <strong>il</strong> mare che ruggiva – allora come oggi – Enrico<br />

<strong>il</strong> Navigatore. E allora come oggi nugoli <strong>di</strong> gabbiani portati<br />

su dal vento che monta rapida dall’Oceano risalivano veloci<br />

lo strapiombo e riempivano <strong>il</strong> s<strong>il</strong>enzio cupo <strong>del</strong>la roccia<br />

con i loro stri<strong>di</strong>i angosciosi. Enrico <strong>il</strong> Navigatore restava lassù<br />

per ore <strong>in</strong>tere, a guardare quel mare senza frontiera; e sognava<br />

<strong>il</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>o <strong>di</strong> un popolo. Oggi, chi monta f<strong>in</strong> lassù sente<br />

ancora dentro <strong>il</strong> vento e lo stri<strong>di</strong>o degli uccelli l’attrazione irresistib<strong>il</strong>e<br />

<strong>di</strong> quel sogno, <strong>il</strong> magnetismo <strong>di</strong> quell’oceano senza<br />

f<strong>in</strong>e. Ma poi ri<strong>di</strong>scende, giù, sulla strada che porta verso le<br />

terre dolci <strong>del</strong>l’Algarve e si lascia alle spalle i s<strong>il</strong>enzi <strong>di</strong> Cabo<br />

Sao Vicente; entra nel nuovo Portogallo, che quel sogno oggi<br />

lo va realizzando.<br />

Mimmo Càn<strong>di</strong>to è <strong>in</strong>viato speciale e commentatore politico <strong>del</strong><br />

quoti<strong>di</strong>ano “La Stampa”.<br />

36<br />

PATRIMONIO ARTISTICO.<br />

La Torre <strong>di</strong> Belèm,<br />

un capolavoro<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’arte manuel<strong>in</strong>a<br />

dallo st<strong>il</strong>e esuberante<br />

e decorativo, tipico<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’architettura<br />

portoghese.<br />

Fu progettata<br />

dai fratelli Diego<br />

e Francisco Arruda.<br />

A destra, la statua<br />

equestre <strong>di</strong> Don Pedro<br />

IV, nel cuore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città <strong>di</strong> Porto.<br />

ARTISTIC HERITAGE.<br />

The Belem Tower<br />

is a masterpiece<br />

of Manuel<strong>in</strong>e art<br />

characterised<br />

by a highly decorative<br />

style, which is a typical<br />

feature of Portuguese<br />

architecture.<br />

It was designed<br />

by brothers Diego<br />

and Francisco Arruda.<br />

Right, the equestrian<br />

statue of Don Pedro IV,<br />

<strong>in</strong> the very heart<br />

of the city of Porto.<br />

development <strong>in</strong> the European economy has a <strong>di</strong>rect impact on<br />

the Portuguese economy. And as long as the EU offered high<br />

levels of growth, Lisbon too could enjoy encourag<strong>in</strong>g results<br />

(external demand grew by an average 9 pct per annum from<br />

1995 to 2000). When however, the European economy entered<br />

<strong>in</strong>to a sluggish phase, or even a recession, the effect on<br />

Portugal has been dramatic. The economy <strong>in</strong> 2001 grew just<br />

1.4 pct and merely 0.8 pct <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g years. The<br />

consequences showed up imme<strong>di</strong>ately <strong>in</strong> da<strong>il</strong>y life. Per capita<br />

<strong>in</strong>come which at the time of the “Revolucao” was not even at<br />

55 pct of the EU average – and that however <strong>in</strong> 2002, with the<br />

pro<strong>di</strong>gious jump of those years, had risen to 71 pct – is now<br />

down to 68,8 pct, thus show<strong>in</strong>g a dramatic turnaround.<br />

An austere programme of reforms – with the aim of br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g<br />

public f<strong>in</strong>ances <strong>in</strong>to l<strong>in</strong>e with the Maastricht parameters – gave<br />

encourag<strong>in</strong>g results from the po<strong>in</strong>t of view of macroeconomic<br />

analysis (and the government counts on recover<strong>in</strong>g very positive<br />

<strong>in</strong>dexes <strong>in</strong> the short-term), but the social cost was far from<br />

pa<strong>in</strong>less.<br />

In read<strong>in</strong>g these numbers for what they truly represent, the<br />

most <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g development is that this Portugal Number Two<br />

is show<strong>in</strong>g an ab<strong>il</strong>ity – unimag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> the “old” Portugal – to<br />

deal with the issues of growth and of the transformation of<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternational relations through <strong>in</strong>novative plann<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

The confirmation of a dynamic and conscious new sense of<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ity comes from an analysis of the exportation<br />

market. Over the last 10 years, tra<strong>di</strong>tional Portuguese exports,<br />

focused ma<strong>in</strong>ly on low cost and low pay <strong>in</strong>dustries (text<strong>il</strong>es,<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

shoes, etc.), has fallen by 15 pct<br />

with respect to the total<br />

exportation. Yet at the same time<br />

sectors <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g a higher<br />

technological qualification<br />

(electronics, chemicals, auto<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustry components) have<br />

shown an <strong>in</strong>crease of 14 po<strong>in</strong>ts.<br />

This means that the changes <strong>in</strong><br />

the market have been absorbed<br />

through <strong>di</strong>versification and<br />

<strong>in</strong>novation, allow<strong>in</strong>g a shift<br />

towards more lucrative and<br />

modern sectors for those areas<br />

<strong>in</strong> which Eastern <strong>in</strong>dustries now<br />

offer unbeatably low prices. As<br />

the low cost of the labour market<br />

<strong>in</strong> the 10 new EU countries<br />

threatens to eat away at the<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>tional market shares of<br />

Portugal’s exports, Lisbon is<br />

mov<strong>in</strong>g forward with an organic<br />

plan of <strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>in</strong> all<br />

<strong>di</strong>rections, to <strong>di</strong>versify its own<br />

markets, from Braz<strong>il</strong>, of course,<br />

to Ch<strong>in</strong>a, from Russia to Canada,<br />

Mexico and North Africa.<br />

There are places – cities, forests,<br />

monuments, seas or mounta<strong>in</strong>s –<br />

<strong>in</strong> which each country loves to<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ds its own character reflected,<br />

as well as its history, with the<br />

symbols and values of a nation’s<br />

bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g over time. Portugal, too, has one of these places. It is<br />

called Cabo Sao Vicente, and it is Europe’s farthest frontier, its<br />

extreme rim to the South. It is high rock lost <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ds of the<br />

ocean, a cliff that falls for hundreds of metres <strong>in</strong>to the roar<strong>in</strong>g<br />

Atlantic, with Africa lost far away <strong>in</strong> the mist.<br />

Those arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Cabo, after a climb up to the old lighthouse,<br />

get lost <strong>in</strong> the immensity of that horizon, which <strong>in</strong> turn loses<br />

itself <strong>in</strong> the open sea, where there are neither frontiers nor<br />

limits. Yet those arriv<strong>in</strong>g there also feel the breath of Europe at<br />

their backs, a Europe that extends from that very cliff off<br />

towards the Ural Mounta<strong>in</strong>s and to Asia, a gigantic, restless<br />

world of stories, peoples and legends.<br />

On that rock cliff, lashed by the cold w<strong>in</strong>d, Henry the Navigator<br />

went to behold the roar<strong>in</strong>g sea. And then, as today, flocks of<br />

seagulls float<strong>in</strong>g on the w<strong>in</strong>d blow<strong>in</strong>g upward from the ocean<br />

soared up the precipice and f<strong>il</strong>led the s<strong>il</strong>ent air with their<br />

anguished squawks. Henry the Navigator would stay there for<br />

hours, watch<strong>in</strong>g the boundless sea, and dream<strong>in</strong>g up the<br />

dest<strong>in</strong>y of a people. Today, those who climb up there can st<strong>il</strong>l<br />

feel, <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>d and <strong>in</strong> the shrieks of the birds, the irresistible<br />

attraction of that dream, the magnetism of the endless ocean.<br />

Then they climb back down to the road lead<strong>in</strong>g to the soft lands<br />

of the Algarve. Leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d the s<strong>il</strong>ences of Cabo Sao<br />

Vicente, they return to the new Portugal, where that dream<br />

today is com<strong>in</strong>g true.<br />

Mimmo Càn<strong>di</strong>to is a special correspondent and political<br />

commentator for the Italian da<strong>il</strong>y newspaper “La Stampa”.<br />

37


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

La cultura<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’energia<br />

<strong>È</strong> stato pubblicato <strong>il</strong> primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

degli Idrocarburi, e<strong>di</strong>ta dall’Istituto <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a italiana<br />

Treccani e promossa dall’<strong>Eni</strong>. Ecco la presentazione<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’opera firmata da Presidente<br />

e Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>del</strong> Gruppo.<br />

<strong>di</strong> ROBERTO POLI e PAOLO SCARONI<br />

GLI IDROCARBURI SONO STATI NEL VENTESIMO<br />

secolo e rimarranno nei prossimi decenni la fonte<br />

energetica <strong>di</strong> gran lunga più importante, motore<br />

<strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo economico e <strong>in</strong>dustriale, fattore determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’organizzazione sociale, materia prima strategica<br />

al cui dest<strong>in</strong>o si sono strettamente <strong>in</strong>trecciati alleanze,<br />

conflitti, questioni geopolitiche e <strong>di</strong> sicurezza.<br />

Nessun altro settore <strong>del</strong>l’economia presenta livelli paragonab<strong>il</strong>i<br />

<strong>di</strong> complessità e <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>certezza ed è <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> giocare un<br />

ruolo altrettanto r<strong>il</strong>evante sullo scacchiere <strong>in</strong>ternazionale.<br />

Conoscere <strong>il</strong> mondo degli idrocarburi, la loro storia, le caratteristiche<br />

tecniche e le prospettive costituisce una chiave <strong>di</strong><br />

lettura <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e per la comprensione dei sistemi <strong>in</strong>ternazionali<br />

attuali e <strong>del</strong> loro sv<strong>il</strong>uppo futuro.<br />

L’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli Idrocarburi <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> nasce con lo scopo<br />

<strong>di</strong> offrire al lettore, specialista e non, una visione chiara e<br />

dettagliata <strong>di</strong> questo settore, affrontando gli aspetti relativi<br />

alle vicende storiche, le conoscenze scientifiche, gli elementi<br />

e le <strong>in</strong>terrelazioni attraverso cui si articola la catena <strong>del</strong> va-<br />

38<br />

lore <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria o<strong>il</strong> and gas, gli sv<strong>il</strong>uppi tecnologici <strong>in</strong> atto<br />

e preve<strong>di</strong>b<strong>il</strong>i, gli aspetti economici e giuri<strong>di</strong>ci che ne <strong>in</strong>fluenzano<br />

le prospettive.<br />

La prima e<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>di</strong> quest’opera fu voluta da Enrico Mattei<br />

– fondatore e primo presidente <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>, allora E.N.I. (Ente<br />

Nazionale Idrocarburi) – che, <strong>in</strong>troducendo nel 1962 l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

<strong>del</strong> Petrolio e <strong>del</strong> Gas Naturale, ne sottol<strong>in</strong>eava i<br />

caratteri <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>novatività tecnico-scientifica, <strong>di</strong> necessità strategica<br />

e <strong>di</strong> urgenza ideale.<br />

Innovatività scientifica, <strong>in</strong> quanto prima raccolta approfon<strong>di</strong>ta<br />

e sistematica <strong>di</strong> monografie nel campo degli stu<strong>di</strong> sulla ricerca<br />

e sulla ut<strong>il</strong>izzazione degli idrocarburi nei vari settori<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustriali e <strong>del</strong>le cognizioni tecnologiche alla base <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

petrolifera.<br />

Necessità strategica per un paese – l’Italia <strong>di</strong> allora, “comparsa<br />

per ultima sulla scena petrolifera mon<strong>di</strong>ale” – nel quale<br />

l’<strong>Eni</strong> ra<strong>di</strong>cava profondamente la propria missione <strong>di</strong> contribuire<br />

allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo economico nazionale, operando attivamente<br />

a livello <strong>in</strong>ternazionale.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

Urgenza ideale, <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>e, per l’esigenza <strong>di</strong> <strong>il</strong>lustrare le “<strong>in</strong>traprese<br />

e le figure degli uom<strong>in</strong>i che alla valorizzazione <strong>di</strong> questa<br />

sostanza hanno de<strong>di</strong>cato le loro migliori energie” e per<br />

concretizzare la vocazione alla <strong>di</strong>ffusione <strong>del</strong>le conoscenze<br />

<strong>in</strong> quanto obiettivo connaturato al successo <strong>in</strong>dustriale.<br />

Nei c<strong>in</strong>quant’anni <strong>del</strong>la sua storia, <strong>in</strong>iziata all’<strong>in</strong>domani <strong>del</strong>la<br />

f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la Seconda Guerra Mon<strong>di</strong>ale <strong>in</strong> un’Italia povera <strong>di</strong><br />

materie prime, l’<strong>Eni</strong> è <strong>di</strong>ventata una <strong>del</strong>le pr<strong>in</strong>cipali compagnie<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternazionali <strong>del</strong> petrolio e<br />

<strong>del</strong> gas <strong>del</strong> mondo, oggi presente<br />

<strong>in</strong> circa settanta paesi dove opera<br />

<strong>in</strong> modo responsab<strong>il</strong>e verso i propri<br />

stakeholder, <strong>in</strong>vestendo nelle<br />

persone e nella loro valorizzazione,<br />

partecipando allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sostenib<strong>il</strong>e<br />

attraverso l’<strong>in</strong>tegrazione<br />

dei temi sociali e ambientali nel<br />

processo <strong>di</strong> crescita.<br />

Guardando <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>etro alle fasi <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>i-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

FRESCO DI STAMPA. Pubblicato <strong>il</strong> primo volume<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli idrocarburi de<strong>di</strong>cato<br />

al settore <strong>del</strong>la ricerca, produzione e trasporto<br />

degli idrocarburi. L’<strong>in</strong>tera opera sarà composta da<br />

c<strong>in</strong>que volumi e<strong>di</strong>ti <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>gua italiana e <strong>in</strong>glese.<br />

HOT FROM THE PRESS. The first volume of the<br />

Enyiclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons, newly pr<strong>in</strong>ted,<br />

is devoted to the sector of exploration,<br />

production and transportation<br />

of hydrocarbons. The whole work <strong>in</strong>cludes<br />

five volumes published <strong>in</strong> the Italian<br />

and English language.<br />

zio <strong>del</strong>le attività, appaiono nelle loro reali <strong>di</strong>mensioni la misura<br />

<strong>del</strong> per<strong>corso</strong> compiuto dall’<strong>Eni</strong> e la sua capacità <strong>di</strong> affrontare<br />

con successo le numerose sfide che hanno costellato<br />

tale camm<strong>in</strong>o. Il patrimonio tecnologico, impren<strong>di</strong>toriale e<br />

culturale costruito s<strong>in</strong>o a oggi costituisce un requisito <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e<br />

per affrontare con successo le nuove, complesse<br />

prospettive <strong>del</strong> futuro.<br />

All’<strong>in</strong>izio <strong>del</strong> nuovo m<strong>il</strong>lennio, <strong>il</strong> sistema energetico appare<br />

39


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

CARATTERE INTERDISCIPLINARE. La precedente e<strong>di</strong>zione<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a promossa da Enrico Mattei era organizzata<br />

per accumulazione <strong>di</strong> voci e concetti; l’attuale enciclope<strong>di</strong>a affronta<br />

temi complessi nelle loro trasversalità e <strong>in</strong>terconnessioni, offrendo<br />

s<strong>in</strong>tesi concettuali e tematiche sempre organicamente collegate.<br />

INTERDISCIPLINARY CHARACTER. The previous e<strong>di</strong>tion<br />

of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a promoted by Enrico Mattei was structured by accrual<br />

of items and concepts. The new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a deals with complex subjects<br />

<strong>in</strong> their transversal aspects and their <strong>in</strong>terconnections, provid<strong>in</strong>g<br />

conceptual and thematic syntheses organically l<strong>in</strong>ked.<br />

osc<strong>il</strong>lare tra due estremi. Da un lato l’emergere <strong>di</strong> tematiche<br />

<strong>in</strong>novative e nuovi protagonisti, che prefigurano sv<strong>il</strong>uppi ra<strong>di</strong>calmente<br />

<strong>di</strong>versi rispetto al passato; dall’altro <strong>il</strong> riproporsi<br />

<strong>di</strong> problematiche irrisolte che hanno perio<strong>di</strong>camente costellato<br />

la storia degli idrocarburi.<br />

Guardando ai fenomeni nuovi, lo scenario che si prospetta<br />

nell’evoluzione <strong>del</strong> sistema economico appare caratterizzato<br />

da una costante crescita <strong>del</strong>la domanda <strong>di</strong> energia, con tassi<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>cremento e provenienze geografiche profondamente <strong>di</strong>versi<br />

rispetto al passato. La strategia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria o<strong>il</strong> and<br />

gas nei prossimi decenni è dom<strong>in</strong>ata da due elementi: <strong>il</strong> primo,<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>zionale, è rendere <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i ai mercati quantità<br />

crescenti <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi; <strong>il</strong> secondo, nuovo, è operare <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>ea<br />

con la forte richiesta <strong>di</strong> qualità ambientale.<br />

Verso questi obiettivi convergono i ra<strong>di</strong>cali progressi <strong>del</strong>le<br />

scienze e la rapi<strong>di</strong>tà <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>novazione tecnologica, la pervasività<br />

<strong>del</strong>la nuova <strong>di</strong>mensione <strong>in</strong>formatica e <strong>del</strong>la comunicazione,<br />

l’entrata <strong>in</strong> gioco <strong>di</strong> fonti energetiche alternative, <strong>il</strong> cui<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppo viene valutato soprattutto <strong>in</strong> base alla necessità e all’urgenza<br />

<strong>di</strong> conseguire una elevata compatib<strong>il</strong>ità ambientale.<br />

Accanto a questi elementi fortemente <strong>in</strong>novativi, lo scenario<br />

energetico <strong>in</strong>ternazionale vede <strong>il</strong> riemergere <strong>di</strong> paure e problemi<br />

irrisolti che hanno accompagnato tutta la storia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

petrolifera e che, generando atteggiamenti e reazioni<br />

<strong>di</strong> conservazione, possono offuscare la comprensione<br />

<strong>del</strong> nuovo e lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong>le sue opportunità. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> caso dei timori<br />

relativi all’esaurimento <strong>del</strong>le risorse, <strong>del</strong> ritorno da parte<br />

<strong>di</strong> alcuni Stati alla ricerca <strong>del</strong>l’autosufficienza energetica,<br />

<strong>del</strong> ruolo cruciale giocato dal petrolio nelle aspirazioni e nell’<strong>in</strong>stab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

<strong>di</strong> ampie regioni <strong>del</strong> nostro pianeta.<br />

Il sovrapporsi <strong>di</strong> vecchio e nuovo rischia <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>generare, nel<br />

<strong>di</strong>battito culturale come nelle politiche pubbliche e nelle<br />

scelte aziendali, viscosità <strong>di</strong> valutazione <strong>del</strong>le opportunità e<br />

<strong>di</strong> rallentare la capacità <strong>di</strong> rispondere positivamente alla domanda<br />

<strong>di</strong> energia, così come si presenta <strong>in</strong> questo secolo per<br />

provenienza, quantità e qualità.<br />

Le compagnie, <strong>in</strong> particolare, si trovano a fronteggiare una<br />

situazione <strong>in</strong> cui convivono e si <strong>in</strong>fluenzano reciprocamente<br />

scarsità <strong>di</strong> buone opportunità d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento nell’upstream,<br />

<strong>in</strong>certezza degli scenari, forte competitività<br />

<strong>in</strong> tutti i settori <strong>del</strong>la f<strong>il</strong>iera o<strong>il</strong> and gas, processi<br />

<strong>di</strong> liberalizzazione dei mercati, crescente regolamentazione<br />

ambientale.<br />

Per v<strong>in</strong>cere tali sfide è <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e una riflessione<br />

sulle strategie da perseguire e sulle nuove modalità<br />

<strong>di</strong> generazione <strong>del</strong> valore <strong>in</strong> un settore <strong>in</strong> cui<br />

– più che <strong>in</strong> qualsiasi altro bus<strong>in</strong>ess – <strong>il</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />

d<strong>il</strong>emma tra crescita e red<strong>di</strong>tività è reso più critico,<br />

<strong>in</strong> misura superiore oggi rispetto al secolo appena<br />

tras<strong>corso</strong>, dall’<strong>in</strong>tensità dei capitali richiesti dai<br />

nuovi <strong>in</strong>vestimenti e dalla durata dei progetti.<br />

Altrettanto importante è che questi temi strategi-<br />

I CONTENUTI. L’opera, prodotta <strong>in</strong> occasione <strong>del</strong> 50° anniversario <strong>del</strong>la costituzione <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>,<br />

punta ad accrescere la conoscenza <strong>del</strong>le problematiche <strong>del</strong> settore o<strong>il</strong>&gas e a <strong>in</strong>formare sui<br />

r<strong>il</strong>evanti cambiamenti geopolitici, economici e tecnologici <strong>in</strong> atto, a partire dalla r<strong>il</strong>evanza<br />

strategica <strong>del</strong>la questione ambientale. Sopra, <strong>il</strong> Presidente <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>, Roberto Poli e, a s<strong>in</strong>istra,<br />

l’Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato, Paolo Scaroni.<br />

CONTENTS. The Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a, meant to mark the 50th anniversari of <strong>Eni</strong>’s establishment, aims at<br />

improv<strong>in</strong>g the knowledge of o<strong>il</strong>&gas issues and <strong>in</strong>form about the noticeable geopolitical, economic and<br />

technological changes now underway, start<strong>in</strong>g with the strategic bear<strong>in</strong>g of the environmental question.<br />

Above, <strong>Eni</strong> Roberto Poli and, left, Chief Executive Officer Paolo Scaroni.<br />

THE CULTURE OF ENERGY<br />

The first volume of the Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

of Hydrocarbons, published by Istituto<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’Enciclopae<strong>di</strong>a italiana Treccani<br />

and sponsored by <strong>Eni</strong>, has come out.<br />

Here follows the foreword to the Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a,<br />

signed by the Chairman<br />

and the Chief Executive Officer of the group.<br />

by ROBERTO POLI and PAOLO SCARONI<br />

IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY HYDROCARBONS WERE, AND<br />

w<strong>il</strong>l cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be <strong>in</strong> the com<strong>in</strong>g decades, by far the most<br />

important energy source, the eng<strong>in</strong>e of economic and<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustrial development, a decisive factor <strong>in</strong> social<br />

organization, and a strategic raw material, with whose dest<strong>in</strong>y<br />

alliances, conflicts and geopolitical and security issues are<br />

closely <strong>in</strong>terwoven.<br />

No other sector of the economy has comparable levels of<br />

complexity and uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty, and yet is able to play such an<br />

important role <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternational arena. Knowledge of the<br />

world of hydrocarbons, their history, technical characteristics<br />

and prospects is crucial to understand<strong>in</strong>g current <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />

systems and their future development.<br />

The aim of <strong>Eni</strong>’s Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons is to offer<br />

readers, whether specialists or otherwise, a clear and<br />

deta<strong>il</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to this sector, address<strong>in</strong>g the aspects<br />

relat<strong>in</strong>g to historical events, scientific knowledge, the<br />

elements and the <strong>in</strong>terrelations, through<br />

which the value cha<strong>in</strong> of the o<strong>il</strong> and gas<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustry is organized, the ongo<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

foreseeable technological developments, and<br />

the economic and legal aspects that<br />

<strong>in</strong>fluence their prospects.<br />

The first e<strong>di</strong>tion of this work was the<br />

bra<strong>in</strong>ch<strong>il</strong>d of Enrico Mattei – founder and first<br />

chairman of <strong>Eni</strong>, then called E.N.I (Ente<br />

Nazionale Idrocarburi) – who, <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />

1962 the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Petroleum and<br />

Natural Gas, stressed its features of<br />

technical and scientific <strong>in</strong>novation, strategic<br />

necessity and an urgency for ideas.<br />

Scientific <strong>in</strong>novation refers to it be<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

first <strong>in</strong>-depth, systematic collection of<br />

monographs <strong>in</strong> the fields of study relat<strong>in</strong>g to<br />

research and to the use of hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong><br />

various <strong>in</strong>dustrial sectors, as well as the<br />

technological knowledge form<strong>in</strong>g the basis of<br />

the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry.<br />

A strategic necessity for a country – Italy at<br />

the time was “the last to appear on the<br />

world o<strong>il</strong> scene” – signifies <strong>Eni</strong>’s deeply<br />

rooted mission to contribute to the country’s<br />

economic development, operat<strong>in</strong>g actively at<br />

the <strong>in</strong>ternational level.<br />

An urgency for ideas, lastly, relates to the<br />

need to <strong>il</strong>lustrate the “enterprises and the<br />

characters of those who devoted their utmost<br />

energy to putt<strong>in</strong>g this resource to its best<br />

use”, and to concretize the vocation to spread knowledge as<br />

an <strong>in</strong>nate objective of <strong>in</strong>dustrial success.<br />

In its fifty years of history, start<strong>in</strong>g just after the end of the<br />

Second World War <strong>in</strong> a country poor <strong>in</strong> raw materials, <strong>Eni</strong> has<br />

become one of the major <strong>in</strong>ternational o<strong>il</strong> and gas companies<br />

<strong>in</strong> the world.<br />

Today <strong>Eni</strong> is present <strong>in</strong> some seventy countries, where it<br />

operates responsibly towards its stakeholders, <strong>in</strong>vest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />

people and their enhancement, participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

development by means of <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g social and<br />

environmental themes <strong>in</strong>to its growth process.<br />

Look<strong>in</strong>g back at the start<strong>in</strong>g phases of its activities, the<br />

extent of the road covered by <strong>Eni</strong>, and its capacity to<br />

successfully tackle the many challenges that have strewn this<br />

road, appear <strong>in</strong> their real <strong>di</strong>mension. The technological,<br />

entrepreneurial and cultural assets achieved to date are an<br />

essential requisite for successfully fac<strong>in</strong>g up to the complex<br />

future prospects.<br />

At the start of the new m<strong>il</strong>lennium, the energy system seems<br />

to be osc<strong>il</strong>lat<strong>in</strong>g between two extremes.<br />

On the one hand, there is an emergence of <strong>in</strong>novative themes<br />

and new protagonists, foreshadow<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>di</strong>cally <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />

solutions with respect to the past; and, on the other hand,<br />

the recurrence of unsolved problems which have perio<strong>di</strong>cally<br />

accompanied the history of hydrocarbons.<br />

Look<strong>in</strong>g at the new phenomena, the scenario loom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />

evolution of the economic system appears to be characterized<br />

by a constant growth <strong>in</strong> energy demand, with rates of <strong>in</strong>crease<br />

and geographical orig<strong>in</strong>s profoundly <strong>di</strong>fferent from those of the<br />

past. In the forthcom<strong>in</strong>g decades the strategy of the o<strong>il</strong> and<br />

40 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

41


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

UPSTREAM. Il primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

è de<strong>di</strong>cata al settore petrolifero <strong>del</strong>l’upstream.<br />

Nella foto, Kazakhstan, Mar Caspio,<br />

isola artificiale per la perforazione e messa<br />

<strong>in</strong> produzione <strong>di</strong> Kashagan, <strong>il</strong> più grande<br />

giacimento al mondo scoperto negli ultimi<br />

trent’anni. L’attività è condotta da una jo<strong>in</strong>t<br />

venture cui partecipa <strong>Eni</strong> che svolge <strong>il</strong> ruolo<br />

<strong>di</strong> operatore unico.<br />

UPSTREAM. The first volume of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />

is devoted to the upstream petroleum sector.<br />

In the picture, Kazakhstan, Caspian Sea, an<br />

artificial island to dr<strong>il</strong>l and develop Kashagan, the<br />

largest o<strong>il</strong> field <strong>di</strong>scovered <strong>in</strong> the last thirty years<br />

worldwide. Work is carried out by a jo<strong>in</strong>t venture<br />

with <strong>Eni</strong> as s<strong>in</strong>gle operator.<br />

ci e questi d<strong>il</strong>emmi siano al centro <strong>del</strong>le<br />

riflessioni dei decisori pubblici, <strong>del</strong>le istituzioni<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anziarie, <strong>del</strong>le organizzazioni<br />

sociali sulla base <strong>di</strong> una cultura con<strong>di</strong>visa,<br />

<strong>di</strong> un <strong>in</strong>sieme <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>formazioni aggiornate,<br />

serie ed esaurienti, capaci <strong>di</strong> dar<br />

conto <strong>del</strong>le <strong>in</strong>terrelazioni nuove che si<br />

stanno determ<strong>in</strong>ando tra energia, sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

e ambiente. Per questo motivo l’<strong>Eni</strong><br />

ha dato vita a questa nuova Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

degli Idrocarburi, per offrire a un<br />

ampio pubblico <strong>in</strong>ternazionale tutti gli<br />

elementi conoscitivi <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>i a<br />

comprendere le potenzialità e le sfide <strong>di</strong><br />

un settore decisivo per lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo equ<strong>il</strong>ibrato<br />

<strong>del</strong>le nostre economie e <strong>del</strong>le nostre<br />

società.<br />

Con questa <strong>in</strong>iziativa culturale l’<strong>Eni</strong> si è<br />

posta <strong>in</strong> una <strong>di</strong>rettrice sia <strong>di</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uità<br />

con l’<strong>in</strong>tuizione e l’opera e<strong>di</strong>toriale promossa<br />

da Enrico Mattei, sia <strong>di</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novata prospettiva.<br />

Per l’<strong>Eni</strong> oggi, <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uità con <strong>il</strong> passato, resta prioritario<br />

mantenere attivi i canali <strong>di</strong> comunicazione con tutte le realtà<br />

e i soggetti esterni, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduali e sociali, che dal suo operato<br />

derivano servizi, prodotti, ricchezza, ma anche op<strong>in</strong>ioni, stimoli<br />

e reazioni <strong>in</strong> quanto cittad<strong>in</strong>i e istituzioni.<br />

Al tempo stesso, per l’<strong>Eni</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ua a essere connaturato al<br />

proprio st<strong>il</strong>e <strong>di</strong> impresa l’obiettivo <strong>di</strong> fornire un mo<strong>del</strong>lo <strong>di</strong><br />

lettura trasparente <strong>del</strong> proprio modo <strong>di</strong> operare sui fronti<br />

<strong>del</strong>la scienza, <strong>del</strong>la tecnologia e <strong>del</strong> mercato. Presentare <strong>in</strong><br />

modo articolato e rigoroso <strong>il</strong> bagaglio <strong>del</strong>le conoscenze legate<br />

agli idrocarburi e all’energia costituisce una ulteriore manifestazione<br />

<strong>del</strong>la politica <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>ffusione <strong>del</strong>la cultura<br />

e <strong>del</strong>la conoscenza connessa con <strong>il</strong> successo economico. Se<br />

da un lato <strong>in</strong>fatti ricerca e <strong>in</strong>novazione pervadono e sostengono<br />

tutte le attività <strong>in</strong>dustriali, dall’altro formazione e addestramento<br />

per la valorizzazione <strong>del</strong>le risorse umane <strong>in</strong>terne<br />

ed esterne costituiscono elementi <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>i perché l’impresa<br />

consegua pienamente la propria missione.<br />

L’<strong>in</strong>evitab<strong>il</strong>e evoluzione <strong>di</strong> impostazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera si coglie<br />

<strong>in</strong>vece nel fatto che concepire all’<strong>in</strong>izio <strong>del</strong> nuovo m<strong>il</strong>lennio<br />

un progetto <strong>di</strong> enciclope<strong>di</strong>a, per quanto settoriale, significa<br />

accettare la sfida <strong>di</strong> mettere a sistema contenuti e prospettive<br />

<strong>in</strong> rapi<strong>di</strong>ssimo cambiamento, confidando <strong>di</strong> raggiungere<br />

un obiettivo <strong>di</strong> completezza.<br />

Il progetto, certamente ambizioso, è stato affrontato non<br />

tanto operando – come <strong>in</strong> passato – per semplice accumula-<br />

zione <strong>di</strong> voci e concetti quanto attraverso una mappatura<br />

<strong>del</strong>le trasversalità e <strong>in</strong>terconnessioni <strong>di</strong> temi complessi, al<br />

cui <strong>in</strong>terno gran<strong>di</strong> s<strong>in</strong>tesi concettuali e tematiche organicamente<br />

collegate possono trovare la propria specifica decl<strong>in</strong>azione.<br />

Il tratto più <strong>in</strong>novativo <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli Idrocarburi<br />

è la pervasività, <strong>in</strong> tutti i volumi e i capitoli <strong>in</strong> cui si articola<br />

l’opera, <strong>del</strong>la questione <strong>del</strong>la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità ambientale. Lungi<br />

dall’essere una problematica separata e aggiuntiva, la tutela<br />

<strong>del</strong>la salute, <strong>del</strong>la sicurezza e <strong>del</strong>l’ambiente è considerata e<br />

trattata come una modalità <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>seca <strong>del</strong> sapere e <strong>del</strong>l’operare<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> <strong>in</strong> questo settore.<br />

Ciò a cui si mira è far emergere un corpus <strong>di</strong> saperi aggiornato<br />

e pienamente rappresentativo <strong>del</strong>la molteplice natura –<br />

tecnologica, <strong>in</strong>dustriale, economica e geopolitica – degli<br />

idrocarburi nel contesto <strong>del</strong>le nuove tematiche globali che<br />

<strong>in</strong>trecciano energia e ambiente e che sono dest<strong>in</strong>ate a <strong>in</strong>fluenzare<br />

<strong>in</strong> maniera sempre più ra<strong>di</strong>cale lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> settore,<br />

dei sistemi produttivi, <strong>del</strong>le economie e <strong>del</strong>le società<br />

nelle <strong>di</strong>verse aree <strong>del</strong> mondo.<br />

Questo sapere è offerto a tutti i soggetti <strong>in</strong>teressati, sia nel<br />

campo specifico, sia nella società, perché ne possano trarre<br />

<strong>in</strong>formazioni, conoscenza, spunti <strong>di</strong> riflessione e <strong>di</strong> consapevolezza.<br />

Roberto Poli e Paolo Scaroni sono rispettivamente Presidente e<br />

Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />

gas <strong>in</strong>dustry w<strong>il</strong>l be dom<strong>in</strong>ated by two<br />

elements: the first, tra<strong>di</strong>tional one is<br />

the supply of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g quantities of<br />

hydrocarbons on the market; the<br />

second, new one is operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e<br />

with the strong demand for<br />

environmental quality.<br />

Converg<strong>in</strong>g on this objective are<br />

various factors: the ra<strong>di</strong>cal progress of<br />

science and rapid technological<br />

<strong>in</strong>novation, the spread of computer and<br />

communication technology, and<br />

alternative energy sources com<strong>in</strong>g onto<br />

the scene, above all because of the<br />

need and urgency to achieve a high<br />

level of environmental compatib<strong>il</strong>ity.<br />

Alongside these strongly <strong>in</strong>novative<br />

elements, the <strong>in</strong>ternational energy<br />

scenario is witness<strong>in</strong>g the reemergence<br />

of fears and unresolved<br />

problems that have accompanied the<br />

entire history of the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry. Such<br />

fears and unresolved problems<br />

generate attitudes and reactions of<br />

pure conservation, which can obscure<br />

both our understand<strong>in</strong>g of what is new<br />

and the development of such<br />

opportunities.<br />

This is the case of fears that resources<br />

w<strong>il</strong>l become exhausted; of the return by<br />

some States to the search for energy<br />

self-sufficiency; of the crucial role<br />

played by o<strong>il</strong>, regard<strong>in</strong>g both the<br />

aspirations and the <strong>in</strong>stab<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>in</strong> vast<br />

regions of our planet.<br />

In the cultural debate, public policies and company choices,<br />

the overlapp<strong>in</strong>g of old and new runs the risk of hamper<strong>in</strong>g a<br />

clear assessment of opportunities. This can slow down the<br />

capacity to provide positive responses to the demand for<br />

energy, as occurs <strong>in</strong> this century <strong>in</strong> terms of geographical<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>, quantity and quality.<br />

The companies, <strong>in</strong> particular, f<strong>in</strong>d themselves fac<strong>in</strong>g a<br />

situation <strong>in</strong> which several factors co-exist and <strong>in</strong>fluence each<br />

other: the scarcity of sound <strong>in</strong>vestment opportunities <strong>in</strong> the<br />

upstream, the uncerta<strong>in</strong> nature of the scenarios, strong<br />

competitiveness <strong>in</strong> every sector of the o<strong>il</strong> and gas <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />

market deregulation processes and <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g environmental<br />

regulation.<br />

To meet these challenges, it is necessary to reth<strong>in</strong>k<br />

strategies and new ways of generat<strong>in</strong>g value <strong>in</strong> a sector <strong>in</strong><br />

which – more than <strong>in</strong> any other bus<strong>in</strong>ess – the tra<strong>di</strong>tional<br />

d<strong>il</strong>emma between growth and profitab<strong>il</strong>ity is made more<br />

critical, to a greater extent today than <strong>in</strong> the century that has<br />

just ended, by the <strong>in</strong>tensity of capital required for new<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestments and by the duration of the projects.<br />

It is equally important that these strategic themes and<br />

d<strong>il</strong>emmas should be the primary reflections of public decisionmakers,<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ancial <strong>in</strong>stitutions and social organizations on the<br />

basis of a shared culture, an ensemble of updated, serious<br />

and exhaustive elements of <strong>in</strong>formation, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account<br />

the new <strong>in</strong>terrelations that are emerg<strong>in</strong>g between energy,<br />

development and environment. For this reason <strong>Eni</strong> has<br />

promoted this new Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons, to offer a<br />

wide-rang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational public all the elements of<br />

knowledge essential for understand<strong>in</strong>g the potential and<br />

challenges of a sector that is decisive for the balanced<br />

development of our economies and of our societies.<br />

With this cultural <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>Eni</strong> has taken up a position both of<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>uity, with the <strong>in</strong>tuition and the publish<strong>in</strong>g work promoted<br />

by Enrico Mattei, and of renewed perspectives.<br />

In l<strong>in</strong>e with the past, <strong>Eni</strong>’s priority today is to stay <strong>in</strong> touch<br />

with all external <strong>in</strong>stitutions and people, that derive services,<br />

products and wealth from <strong>Eni</strong>’s work, but also op<strong>in</strong>ions,<br />

stimuli and reactions <strong>in</strong> their capacity as citizens and<br />

communities.<br />

At the same time, the objective of provid<strong>in</strong>g a transparent<br />

mo<strong>del</strong> of operat<strong>in</strong>g on the scientific, technological and market<br />

fronts, cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be part and parcel of <strong>Eni</strong>’s bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />

style. Present<strong>in</strong>g its wealth of knowledge l<strong>in</strong>ked with<br />

hydrocarbons and energy <strong>in</strong> an articulate, rigorous manner is<br />

a further manifestation of <strong>Eni</strong>’s policy of <strong>di</strong>ssem<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g culture<br />

and knowledge bound up with its economic success. Wh<strong>il</strong>e,<br />

on the one hand, research and <strong>in</strong>novation pervade and<br />

susta<strong>in</strong> all <strong>in</strong>dustrial activities, on the other hand, coach<strong>in</strong>g<br />

and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to maximize its <strong>in</strong>ternal and external human<br />

resources are <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable elements for the company to fully<br />

accomplish its mission.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>evitable evolution of <strong>Eni</strong>’s approach and method <strong>in</strong><br />

writ<strong>in</strong>g this work is observed <strong>in</strong> the fact that, at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />

of the new m<strong>il</strong>lennium, the conception of an encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />

project, albeit of a sectoral nature, enta<strong>il</strong>s tak<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />

challenge of systemiz<strong>in</strong>g contents and prospects that are <strong>in</strong> a<br />

state of very rapid change, trust<strong>in</strong>g that its objective of<br />

completeness is achieved.<br />

The project, surely an ambitious one, has been tackled not<br />

simply by putt<strong>in</strong>g together – as <strong>in</strong> the past – an accumulation<br />

of ideas and concepts, but rather by mapp<strong>in</strong>g out the<br />

transversal nature and <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g of complex themes, with<strong>in</strong><br />

which great conceptual syntheses and organically connected<br />

subjects can f<strong>in</strong>d their own specific exposition.<br />

The most <strong>in</strong>novative feature of the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of<br />

Hydrocarbons is the pervasive presence, <strong>in</strong> all the volumes<br />

and chapters, of the issue of environmental susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity. Far<br />

from be<strong>in</strong>g considered as a separate, ad<strong>di</strong>tional problem, the<br />

safeguard<strong>in</strong>g of health, safety and the environment is<br />

regarded and treated as an <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic way of understand<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this sector by <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />

The aim is to comp<strong>il</strong>e a body of up-to-date knowledge fully<br />

representative of the manifold nature – technological,<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustrial, economic and geopolitical – of hydrocarbons with<strong>in</strong><br />

the context of the new global themes <strong>in</strong> which energy and the<br />

environment are <strong>in</strong>terwoven, and which are bound to <strong>in</strong>fluence<br />

ever more ra<strong>di</strong>cally the development of the sector, the<br />

systems of production, the economies and societies <strong>in</strong><br />

various areas of the world.<br />

This knowledge is offered to all those who are <strong>in</strong>terested,<br />

both <strong>in</strong> the specific field and <strong>in</strong> society at large, so that they<br />

may glean <strong>in</strong>formation, knowledge, and ideas for reflection<br />

and added awareness.<br />

Roberto Poli and Paolo Scaroni are respectively <strong>Eni</strong> Chairman and<br />

Chief Executive Officer.<br />

42 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

43


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

IL PROGETTO. Il progetto per la nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a è stato<br />

presentato al Capo <strong>del</strong>lo Stato, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, nel febbraio<br />

<strong>del</strong> 2003. Il completamento <strong>del</strong>l’opera è previsto per la primavera<br />

<strong>del</strong> 2008. I primi quattro volumi conterranno la raccolta<br />

sistematica <strong>del</strong>le conoscenze relative all’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

degli idrocarburi. Il qu<strong>in</strong>to volume esporrà i fondamenti<br />

scientifici e tutte le <strong>in</strong>formazioni ut<strong>il</strong>i a orientare <strong>il</strong> lettore.<br />

THE PROJECT. The project of the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a was presented<br />

to Italy’s Head of State, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, <strong>in</strong> February 2003.<br />

The work is due to be completed <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g 2008. The first four<br />

volumes w<strong>il</strong>l <strong>in</strong>clude the systematic collection of knowledge related<br />

to the hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong>dustry. The fifth volume w<strong>il</strong>l set forth<br />

the scientific foundations and all <strong>in</strong>formation that can be of use<br />

to guide the readers.<br />

Nel segno<br />

<strong>del</strong> progresso<br />

B<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue, 220 autori, un mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzativo senza precedenti.<br />

Ma soprattutto un’opera <strong>in</strong>ter<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are, che approfon<strong>di</strong>sce<br />

ogni <strong>in</strong>novazione tecnica e scientifica e mette a confronto analisi<br />

e teorie.<br />

<strong>di</strong> UGO ROMANO<br />

44<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

LA PUBBLICAZIONE DEL<br />

primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

degli Idrocarburi,<br />

nel puntuale rispetto <strong>del</strong> piano<br />

<strong>di</strong> lavoro, è certamente un importante<br />

risultato già acquisito, ma<br />

anche una premessa importante<br />

per <strong>il</strong> completamento <strong>del</strong>l’opera entro<br />

<strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e previsto <strong>del</strong>la primavera<br />

<strong>del</strong> 2008.<br />

Sembra a questo punto opportuno<br />

cogliere la circostanza per fare <strong>del</strong>le<br />

considerazioni su alcuni aspetti che<br />

hanno caratterizzato questa prima<br />

fase <strong>di</strong> redazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera. Non<br />

tanto per quanto attiene ai contenuti,<br />

che ripercorrono, con mo<strong>di</strong>fiche<br />

marg<strong>in</strong>ali, lo schema <strong>il</strong>lustrato<br />

nel numero <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way <strong>del</strong> lugliosettembre<br />

2004, quanto per gli<br />

aspetti <strong>di</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>alità <strong>del</strong>l’impostazione<br />

e per le considerazioni e op<strong>in</strong>ioni<br />

a confronto che hanno preceduto<br />

la fase <strong>del</strong>la def<strong>in</strong>izione ultima<br />

<strong>del</strong> progetto.<br />

In effetti l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a nacque senza<br />

un piano organico precostituito e<br />

la decisione <strong>di</strong> avviare <strong>il</strong> progetto fu<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>ata dalla volontà <strong>di</strong> celebrare,<br />

con un evento <strong>di</strong> grande r<strong>il</strong>evanza,<br />

<strong>il</strong> 50° <strong>del</strong>la fondazione <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong><br />

e dal felice <strong>in</strong>tuito che fosse venuto<br />

<strong>il</strong> tempo <strong>di</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novare lo sforzo<br />

espresso ai tempi <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

<strong>del</strong> Petrolio e <strong>del</strong> Gas pubblicata da<br />

<strong>Eni</strong> nel 1962. E l’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cazione che<br />

venne dal vertice <strong>del</strong>la Società fu <strong>in</strong>fatti<br />

ancora più ambiziosa. L’<strong>Eni</strong> degli<br />

anni Duem<strong>il</strong>a era cresciuta da<br />

impresa con spiccato carattere nazionale<br />

a società <strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>ievo <strong>in</strong>ternazionale. Sarebbe stato opportuno<br />

qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> che l’opera nascesse b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue, <strong>in</strong> s<strong>in</strong>tonia<br />

con la formidab<strong>il</strong>e crescita all’estero che si era compiuta fra<br />

la f<strong>in</strong>e degli anni Novanta e l’avvio <strong>del</strong> nuovo m<strong>il</strong>lennio.<br />

Nacque, si <strong>di</strong>ceva, senza un progetto, ma con la grande opportunità<br />

derivata dalla promettente collaborazione con l’Istituto<br />

Treccani, prestigiosa istituzione nazionale, leader<br />

nel settore.<br />

Era <strong>il</strong> Natale <strong>del</strong> 2002 quando ci trovammo per la prima volta<br />

nel grande salone <strong>del</strong>la sede <strong>di</strong> piazza <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a a<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ire la f<strong>il</strong>osofia e <strong>il</strong> piano <strong>del</strong>l’opera. Primo obiettivo, la<br />

presentazione <strong>del</strong>la nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a nel febbraio 2003 al<br />

Capo <strong>del</strong>lo Stato con la pubblicazione <strong>di</strong> un pamphlet <strong>il</strong>lustrativo.<br />

Si avviò qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> subito un confronto sulle caratteristiche<br />

che avrebbe dovuto avere un’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a tematica<br />

moderna.<br />

Era ovvio che la prima proposta ripercorresse <strong>il</strong> mo<strong>del</strong>lo<br />

<strong>di</strong> struttura a lemmi secondo lo schema classico, già adottato<br />

per l’opera <strong>del</strong> 1962. Emerse qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> l’ipotesi <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppare<br />

<strong>il</strong> lavoro sulla base <strong>di</strong> monografie, con gli argomenti<br />

<strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>evante <strong>in</strong>teresse per l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio,<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

UNDER THE SIGN<br />

OF PROGRESS<br />

B<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual, 220 authors, an unprecedented<br />

organizational mo<strong>del</strong>. But, above all,<br />

an <strong>in</strong>ter<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ary work that provides<br />

<strong>in</strong>-depth <strong>in</strong>formation on technical<br />

and scientific <strong>in</strong>novation<br />

and compares analyses and theories.<br />

by UGO ROMANO<br />

THE PUNCTUAL PUBLISHING OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br />

the “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons” is surely itself<br />

an important achievement, but also a relevant<br />

premise for the completion of the work, due <strong>in</strong> the<br />

spr<strong>in</strong>g of 2008. At this stage, it is worthwh<strong>il</strong>e to assess some<br />

aspects which have characterised the first phase of the work.<br />

Not so much with regard to its contents, which are <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with<br />

the plan outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> “<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way” July/September 2004 issue,<br />

except for a few marg<strong>in</strong>al changes. Rather, they regard the<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>al layout and the comparison of considerations and<br />

op<strong>in</strong>ions that preceded the stage of the project’s f<strong>in</strong>al<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ition.<br />

As a matter of fact, the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a was orig<strong>in</strong>ally<br />

conceived without a predef<strong>in</strong>ed, structured plan, and the<br />

decision to embark on the project followed the desire to<br />

celebrate, with a highly significant event, the 50 th anniversary<br />

of <strong>Eni</strong>’s foundation, and the appropriate consideration that it<br />

was high time to update the effort made <strong>in</strong> 1962, when <strong>Eni</strong><br />

published its “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of O<strong>il</strong> and Gas”. Indeed, <strong>Eni</strong> top<br />

executives po<strong>in</strong>ted to an even more ambitious goal. In the<br />

late 90s and at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the new century, <strong>Eni</strong> had<br />

grown out of a bus<strong>in</strong>ess with a <strong>di</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ct national character<br />

<strong>in</strong>to an <strong>in</strong>ternationally-renowned company; it was thus<br />

decided that the work should be a b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual one, to go with<br />

the formidable growth abroad achieved <strong>in</strong> the late 90s and<br />

at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the new m<strong>il</strong>lennium.<br />

As stated above, the work began without a project, but with<br />

the promis<strong>in</strong>g cooperation with Istituto Treccani, a<br />

prestigious Italian <strong>in</strong>stitution and leader <strong>in</strong> this sector.<br />

It was Christmas 2002 when we gathered, for the first<br />

time, <strong>in</strong> the great hall at the head office <strong>in</strong> Piazza<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a, to def<strong>in</strong>e the work’s ph<strong>il</strong>osophy and plan.<br />

The first goal was to publish a descriptive booklet, to present<br />

the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a to the Head of State <strong>in</strong> February<br />

2003. Hence, a debate was imme<strong>di</strong>ately started to <strong>di</strong>scuss<br />

the features of this new, modern thematic encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a.<br />

Obviously, the first proposal followed the classical headwordbased<br />

mo<strong>del</strong>, already adopted <strong>in</strong> 1962. Thereafter came the<br />

idea to develop the work on the basis of monographs, with<br />

subjects of <strong>in</strong>terest to the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>in</strong>to a<br />

structure with entries <strong>in</strong> alphabetical order.<br />

The f<strong>in</strong>al proposal was to give up the tra<strong>di</strong>tional structure and<br />

use a mo<strong>del</strong> organized along the l<strong>in</strong>es of thematic volumes,<br />

made up of monographic essays that deal with the various areas<br />

related to the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> a thorough, logical sequence. In<br />

order to satisfy the need for it to be a self-referenc<strong>in</strong>g text, it was<br />

decided to <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>in</strong> the fifth volume an encyclopae<strong>di</strong>c<br />

45


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

<strong>in</strong>seriti <strong>in</strong> una struttura organica <strong>di</strong> voci alfabeticamente<br />

organizzate.<br />

La proposta f<strong>in</strong>ale fu <strong>di</strong> abbandonare la struttura tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />

per adottare un mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzato secondo volumi tematici,<br />

costituiti da saggi monografici che trattassero <strong>in</strong> sequenza<br />

logica e <strong>in</strong> modo compiuto le varie l<strong>in</strong>ee <strong>in</strong> cui si articola<br />

l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio. Per sod<strong>di</strong>sfare comunque l’esigenza<br />

<strong>di</strong> autoreferenzialità, si decise <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>serire nel qu<strong>in</strong>to<br />

volume “Fondamenti e strumenti” <strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>zionario enciclope<strong>di</strong>co,<br />

organizzato secondo un ord<strong>in</strong>amento alfabetico che<br />

avrebbe fornito al lettore i necessari strumenti per muoversi<br />

agevolmente all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>l’opera.<br />

Il mo<strong>del</strong>lo non aveva precedenti nel campo <strong>del</strong>le più classiche<br />

enciclope<strong>di</strong>e tecnico-scientifiche ma richiamava per<br />

certi aspetti i trattati tipici <strong>del</strong>la letteratura tecnica, anche<br />

<strong>del</strong>la più recente (Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, 5 volumi Technip<br />

Publ. 2000).<br />

Ovviamente <strong>il</strong> rischio, che peraltro fu ben chiaro f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio,<br />

era <strong>di</strong> scadere <strong>in</strong> un trattato <strong>di</strong> manualistica senza tuttavia<br />

riuscire a conseguire quel risultato che i manuali <strong>di</strong> qualità<br />

si prefiggono: trattare <strong>in</strong> modo esaustivo la materia e<br />

fornire un supporto pratico agli specialisti <strong>del</strong> settore.<br />

“L’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a – citando Tullio Gregory – come opera che<br />

raccoglie <strong>in</strong> modo sistematico nozioni su tutte le <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e<br />

o su specifici argomenti deve dare i fondamenti e le strutture<br />

dei saperi, cogliere i mutamenti negli <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzi e nei<br />

meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>care i rapporti fra le varie aree <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ari”.<br />

Era la primavera <strong>del</strong> 2004, ad opera <strong>in</strong> avanzato stato <strong>di</strong> realizzazione,<br />

quando venne pubblicata la Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a of<br />

Energy, (6 volumi - Elsevier Publ. 2004) che <strong>in</strong> certa misura<br />

seguiva un mo<strong>del</strong>lo <strong>di</strong> impostazione monografica <strong>del</strong>le<br />

voci. Tuttavia manteneva ancora l’ord<strong>in</strong>amento alfabetico,<br />

cosicché non riusciva a realizzare la sovrastruttura logica <strong>in</strong><br />

grado <strong>di</strong> aggregare le monografie nei relativi f<strong>il</strong>oni tematici.<br />

Il mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzativo ut<strong>il</strong>izzato nello sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> lavoro<br />

si rifà allo schema tra<strong>di</strong>zionalmente ut<strong>il</strong>izzato da Treccani:<br />

un Comitato <strong>di</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>amento costituito dai Direttori e dagli<br />

esperti <strong>del</strong>le varie tematiche con <strong>il</strong> supporto esterno <strong>di</strong><br />

specialisti <strong>del</strong>le s<strong>in</strong>gole materie.<br />

Il Comitato <strong>di</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>amento ha compiti molto operativi:<br />

supporta l’impostazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera, suggerisce e valuta<br />

membri esterni e <strong>in</strong>terni da contattare, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ca possib<strong>il</strong>i autori<br />

<strong>di</strong> voci, verifica la coerenza <strong>di</strong> impostazione e <strong>di</strong> realizzazione<br />

dei testi, <strong>del</strong>la produzione iconografica e <strong>del</strong>le traduzioni.<br />

Anche la realizzazione <strong>in</strong> due l<strong>in</strong>gue, nuova per l’Istituto<br />

Treccani, ha comportato <strong>di</strong>versi ord<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> problemi e le scelte<br />

conseguenti non sono sempre state <strong>del</strong> tutto agevoli.<br />

In realtà l’opera nasce già <strong>in</strong> larga misura b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue. Su 220<br />

autori che hanno scritto almeno un contributo, quasi <strong>il</strong> 40%<br />

scrive <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>glese e ciò <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>pendentemente dal fatto che questa<br />

sia la loro madrel<strong>in</strong>gua. Vale per tutti l’esempio <strong>del</strong>la sezione<br />

giuri<strong>di</strong>ca nella quale gli autori sono quasi esclusivamente<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>ari dai paesi produttori <strong>di</strong> petrolio <strong>di</strong> cui <strong>il</strong>lustrano<br />

le norme legislative.<br />

E poiché l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio, sia <strong>di</strong> upstream che <strong>di</strong><br />

raff<strong>in</strong>azione, nacque pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente negli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti (Texas,<br />

Louisiana, California, Ohio) spesso i term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> uso comune<br />

sono tipicamente gergali, <strong>in</strong>usuali a un esperto <strong>del</strong>la<br />

l<strong>in</strong>gua, logicamente pre<strong>di</strong>sposto qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a tradurre dall’<strong>in</strong>-<br />

glese ut<strong>il</strong>izzando improbab<strong>il</strong>i<br />

perifrasi.<br />

Oltre a ciò alcuni term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

tecnici sono talvolta <strong>di</strong>versi<br />

fra chi opera <strong>in</strong> upstream,<br />

<strong>in</strong> raff<strong>in</strong>azione e <strong>in</strong> petrolchimica.<br />

Mi piace riportare a<br />

questo proposito un esempio<br />

particolarmente significativo:<br />

per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>care <strong>il</strong> r<strong>il</strong>ascio<br />

<strong>di</strong> gas da parte <strong>di</strong> un liquido<br />

normalmente si usa<br />

nel downstream <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e<br />

gas release, gli uom<strong>in</strong>i <strong>del</strong><br />

pozzo <strong>in</strong>vece usano <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e<br />

gas liberation. Nessun<br />

traduttore madrel<strong>in</strong>gua è <strong>in</strong><br />

grado <strong>di</strong> cogliere la <strong>di</strong>fferenza,<br />

e qualunque o<strong>il</strong> man non<br />

apprezzerebbe <strong>di</strong> leggere <strong>in</strong><br />

un articolo <strong>di</strong> upstream <strong>il</strong><br />

term<strong>in</strong>e gas release.<br />

Certamente la <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

nel circuito Treccani <strong>di</strong> un<br />

adeguato numero <strong>di</strong> traduttori<br />

madrel<strong>in</strong>gua è stata fondamentale,<br />

non<strong>di</strong>meno per le<br />

ragioni suddette si è dovuto<br />

imporre un meticoloso controllo<br />

dei testi, <strong>in</strong> particolare<br />

per le versioni <strong>in</strong>glesi, da parte<br />

degli specialisti <strong>del</strong> settore.<br />

A parte <strong>il</strong> ritorno <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

<strong>di</strong> immag<strong>in</strong>e e <strong>di</strong> prestigio<br />

per <strong>Eni</strong> come impresa tecnologicamente<br />

avanzata e socialmente<br />

responsab<strong>il</strong>e, che<br />

<strong>in</strong>teriorizza nelle sue strategie<br />

le problematiche <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>novazione<br />

ed è impegnata a<br />

elaborare e con<strong>di</strong>videre con<br />

gli stakeholders una cultura<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’energia sostenib<strong>il</strong>e, dalla<br />

realizzazione <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

degli Idrocarburi sono<br />

derivati altri importanti<br />

risultati impliciti: l’opportunità<br />

<strong>di</strong> approfon<strong>di</strong>mento <strong>di</strong><br />

problematiche tecnicoscientifiche,<br />

la messa a confronto<br />

<strong>di</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ioni e <strong>di</strong> teorie<br />

anche contrapposte nel cam-<br />

PAROLE E IMMAGINI.<br />

All’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>l’opera trova<br />

spazio un dettagliato apparato<br />

iconografico determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />

dal punto <strong>di</strong> vista esplicativo.<br />

I testi sono corredati<br />

da un’ampia bibliografia<br />

specifica e, <strong>in</strong> molti casi,<br />

da una letteratura generale<br />

necessaria<br />

per l’approfon<strong>di</strong>mento<br />

degli argomenti.<br />

WORDS AND IMAGES.<br />

The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a is supplied<br />

with a deta<strong>il</strong>ed iconographic<br />

apparatus which is crucial<br />

to provide explanations.<br />

The texts are furnished<br />

with a vast specific bibliography<br />

and, <strong>in</strong> many <strong>in</strong>stances,<br />

with a broad literature required<br />

to amplify on the subjects.<br />

po economico, giuri<strong>di</strong>co, geopolitico, <strong>del</strong>la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità e<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’ambiente, l’aggregazione <strong>di</strong> elementi culturali spesso<br />

eterogenei per materia e per orig<strong>in</strong>e, e <strong>in</strong> ultima analisi la<br />

costituzione <strong>di</strong> un network <strong>in</strong>ternazionale <strong>di</strong> referenti che<br />

certamente rimarrà nel patrimonio aziendale come elemento<br />

<strong>di</strong> confronto e <strong>di</strong> supporto futuro.<br />

Ugo Romano è Presidente e Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>-<br />

Tecnologie.<br />

<strong>di</strong>ctionary <strong>in</strong> alphabetic order, provid<strong>in</strong>g its users with the<br />

necessary tools to f<strong>in</strong>d eas<strong>il</strong>y their way around the work.<br />

Such a mo<strong>del</strong> had no precedent <strong>in</strong> the field of the more classic<br />

technical-scientific encyclopae<strong>di</strong>as, but it recalled under some<br />

aspects the treatises typical of the most recent technical<br />

literature (“Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g”, 5 volumes Technip Publ. 2000).<br />

Obviously the risk, which had been clear from the very<br />

beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, was to end up simply with a handbook treatise,<br />

without accomplish<strong>in</strong>g what all quality handbooks set<br />

themselves as a goal: to deal with the subject <strong>in</strong> a thorough<br />

manner and provide practical support for the specialists of the<br />

sector.<br />

“The Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a” – to quote Tullio Gregory – “as a work<br />

which gathers <strong>in</strong> a systematic way notions on all <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>es or<br />

on specific subjects, must provide the foundations and<br />

structures for the various branches of knowledge, grasp change<br />

<strong>in</strong> the goals and methods of research, and identify the<br />

relationships between the various <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>es”.<br />

It was the spr<strong>in</strong>g of 2004, when the work was at an advanced<br />

stage, when the “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Energy” (6 volumes –<br />

Elsevier Publ. 2004) came out, which to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent<br />

followed the structure organized along the l<strong>in</strong>es of monographic<br />

entries. However, it held on to the alphabetical order, so it<br />

couldn’t manage to achieve a logical superstructure able to<br />

collect the monographs <strong>in</strong>to their respective thematic sequence.<br />

The organizational mo<strong>del</strong> used <strong>in</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g out the work takes its<br />

<strong>in</strong>spiration from the tra<strong>di</strong>tional layout used by Treccani: a<br />

coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g committee made up of <strong>di</strong>rectors and experts of the<br />

various themes with the external support of<br />

specialists for each subject. The<br />

coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g committee has a very<br />

operational role: it helps with the layout of<br />

the work, suggests and evaluates what<br />

external and <strong>in</strong>ternal members to contact,<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cates possible authors for the entries,<br />

monitors consistency <strong>in</strong> the layout and<br />

creation of the texts, of the iconographic<br />

production and of translations.<br />

Also its be<strong>in</strong>g published <strong>in</strong> two languages, a<br />

first for the Istituto Treccani, led to <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />

types of problems, and the choices it<br />

enta<strong>il</strong>ed were not always very easy. Actually,<br />

the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a is be<strong>in</strong>g born largely<br />

b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual. Out of 220 authors who wrote at<br />

least one contribution, almost 40 % write <strong>in</strong><br />

English and do so regardless of whether<br />

English is their native language or not. A<br />

case <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t is provided by the legal<br />

section, <strong>in</strong> which almost all authors ha<strong>il</strong><br />

from the o<strong>il</strong>-produc<strong>in</strong>g countries whose legal<br />

regulations they expla<strong>in</strong>.<br />

And then, the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, whether speak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

about upstream or ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, was born <strong>in</strong><br />

Texas, where the terms commonly used are<br />

typically jargon, unusual for a language<br />

expert, who therefore would be logically<br />

<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to translate from English us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

unlikely roundabout phrases.<br />

In ad<strong>di</strong>tion, some technical terms<br />

sometimes <strong>di</strong>ffer depend<strong>in</strong>g on whether one<br />

works <strong>in</strong> upstream operations, <strong>in</strong> ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g or<br />

<strong>in</strong> petrochemistry. I am fond of giv<strong>in</strong>g an example of particular<br />

significance: to speak of the release of gas from a liquid,<br />

normally <strong>in</strong> downstream the term “gas release” is used, wh<strong>il</strong>e o<strong>il</strong><br />

well people use the term “gas liberation”. No native tongue<br />

translator is able to grasp the <strong>di</strong>fference, and no “o<strong>il</strong> man” would<br />

appreciate read<strong>in</strong>g the term “gas release” <strong>in</strong> an upstream article.<br />

Certa<strong>in</strong>ly, the ava<strong>il</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity on the Treccani circuit of an adequate<br />

number of mother tongue translators was fundamental.<br />

Nonetheless, for the reasons stated above it was necessary to<br />

<strong>in</strong>troduce a meticulous verification of the texts, <strong>in</strong> particular for<br />

the English versions, on the part of specialists of the sector.<br />

Apart from the advantages <strong>in</strong> terms of image and prestige for <strong>Eni</strong><br />

as a technologically advanced and socially responsible<br />

enterprise, which <strong>in</strong>ternalises with<strong>in</strong> its strategies issues related<br />

to <strong>in</strong>novation and is committed to form<strong>in</strong>g and shar<strong>in</strong>g with its<br />

stakeholders a culture of susta<strong>in</strong>able energy, the ”Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />

of Hydrocarbons” has led to other implied and important results:<br />

the opportunity to study scientific-technological issues <strong>in</strong> depth,<br />

the comparison of op<strong>in</strong>ions and theories – at times conflict<strong>in</strong>g<br />

ones – <strong>in</strong> the fields of economy, law and geopolitics; of<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity and the environment, the aggregation of cultural<br />

elements often heterogeneous as to subject matter and orig<strong>in</strong>,<br />

and ultimately the constitution of an <strong>in</strong>ternational network of<br />

experts that w<strong>il</strong>l doubtlessly rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the enterprise’s heritage<br />

as an element for comparison and support for the future.<br />

Ugo Romano is the Chairman and Manag<strong>in</strong>g Director<br />

of <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie.<br />

46 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

47


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

L’era<br />

<strong>del</strong> greggio<br />

Il primo volume <strong>del</strong>la nuova<br />

enciclope<strong>di</strong>a è de<strong>di</strong>cato<br />

all’<strong>in</strong>dustria degli idrocarburi<br />

e alla sua evoluzione. I tre<br />

curatori Pier Federico Barnaba,<br />

Giovanni Brighenti<br />

e Renzo Mazzei ne raccontano<br />

valori e contenuti.<br />

<strong>di</strong> LUIGI VALGIMIGLI<br />

48<br />

ARRIVA DALLA TIPOGRAFIA, PROFUMA DI CARTA<br />

e <strong>di</strong> stampa. Il primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

degli Idrocarburi si presenta elegante nei caratteri,<br />

nella grafica, nelle immag<strong>in</strong>i. Ugo Romano e<br />

i tre coord<strong>in</strong>atori <strong>del</strong> volume lo sfogliano con emozione:<br />

“Ci abbiamo lavorato molto, cercando <strong>di</strong> curare i m<strong>in</strong>imi<br />

particolari”. Fra pochi giorni, arriverà la copia <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>glese.<br />

“Anche questa è una novità rispetto alla prima Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

<strong>del</strong> petrolio e <strong>del</strong> gas, commenta Ugo Romano,<br />

co-<strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>l’opera assieme a Mario Beccari <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità<br />

<strong>di</strong> Roma La Sapienza.<br />

Il volume percorre tutte le fasi <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria degli idrocarburi:<br />

dalle geoscienze all’esplorazione, alla scoperta e<br />

allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> giacimento, f<strong>in</strong>o alle problematiche legate<br />

all’abbandono dei campi esauriti o non più economi-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

ci. Affronta anche i temi <strong>del</strong> trasporto e <strong>del</strong>lo stoccaggio<br />

degli idrocarburi e <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />

Sono argomenti dei quali oggi si <strong>di</strong>scute molto. Di solito,<br />

però, quando facciamo <strong>il</strong> pieno alla nostra auto o accen<strong>di</strong>amo<br />

la fiamma azzurra dei fornelli o <strong>del</strong>la caldaia, non<br />

ci ren<strong>di</strong>amo conto che la <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> petrolio e <strong>di</strong> gas<br />

non è un regalo <strong>del</strong>la natura ma <strong>di</strong>pende dal lavoro <strong>di</strong><br />

cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> migliaia <strong>di</strong> persone che, <strong>in</strong> tutto <strong>il</strong> mondo, affrontano<br />

quoti<strong>di</strong>anamente piccole e gran<strong>di</strong> sfide tecnologiche,<br />

impren<strong>di</strong>toriali, economiche, ambientali, f<strong>in</strong>anziarie,<br />

socio-politiche.<br />

L’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a mette <strong>in</strong> luce l’evoluzione <strong>di</strong> questo impegno<br />

a molte <strong>di</strong>mensioni <strong>in</strong> un settore, gli idrocarburi,<br />

che fornisce al mondo oltre <strong>il</strong> 60% <strong>del</strong> fabbisogno <strong>di</strong><br />

energia.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

PROGRESSO TECNOLOGICO. L’impostazione tematica<br />

<strong>del</strong>la nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a mette <strong>in</strong> luce lo straord<strong>in</strong>ario<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppo tecnologico registrato nel settore <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

petrolifera dagli anni Sessanta ad oggi. Nel primo volume<br />

si affrontano temi relativi a: geoscienze, esplorazione,<br />

perforazione, completamento, sv<strong>il</strong>uppo, produzione,<br />

trasporto degli idrocarburi.<br />

TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS. The thematic approach<br />

<strong>in</strong> the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a highlights the amaz<strong>in</strong>g technological<br />

advances that have occurred <strong>in</strong> petroleum <strong>in</strong>dustry<br />

from the Sixties onward. The first volume deals with matters<br />

relat<strong>in</strong>g to: geosciences, exploration, dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g, completion,<br />

development, production and transport of hydrocarbons.<br />

Esplorazione e produzione: un processo <strong>in</strong>tegrato.<br />

Quali sono le pr<strong>in</strong>cipali <strong>di</strong>fferenze tra l’e<strong>di</strong>zione<br />

<strong>del</strong> 1962 e quella <strong>di</strong> oggi? Viene spontaneo<br />

chiederlo ai tre coord<strong>in</strong>atori <strong>del</strong> volume:<br />

Pier Federico Barnaba <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano,<br />

<strong>di</strong>partimento Scienze <strong>del</strong>la Terra; Giovanni<br />

Brighenti <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità <strong>di</strong> Bologna, <strong>di</strong>partimento<br />

Ingegneria chimica m<strong>in</strong>eraria e Tecnica<br />

ambientale; Renzo Mazzei, geologo e collaboratore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la Scuola Mattei.<br />

Ugo Romano <strong>in</strong>troduce la <strong>di</strong>scussione. “Quello<br />

che salta subito agli occhi”, afferma, “è una<br />

maggior complessità <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio<br />

e <strong>del</strong> gas e una maggior <strong>in</strong>tegrazione <strong>in</strong> tutte le<br />

fasi <strong>di</strong> competenze multi<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ari che <strong>in</strong> passato,<br />

<strong>in</strong>vece, operavano <strong>in</strong> modo <strong>di</strong>sgiunto, quasi<br />

<strong>in</strong> compartimenti separati. Questa considerazione<br />

ci ha conv<strong>in</strong>to a dare all’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

un’impostazione che permettesse una visione<br />

complessiva degli argomenti: tematica, qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>,<br />

<strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> affrontare <strong>in</strong> modo <strong>in</strong>tegrato le problematiche<br />

che, <strong>in</strong>sieme ad aspetti tecnicoscientifici,<br />

co<strong>in</strong>volgono anche temi <strong>di</strong> carattere<br />

più generale”.<br />

“Gran parte <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo tecnologico”, <strong>in</strong>terviene<br />

Brighenti, “è una risposta a sfide economiche,<br />

ambientali, <strong>di</strong> sicurezza, <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sostenib<strong>il</strong>e.<br />

I giacimenti più fac<strong>il</strong>i sono ormai stati<br />

<strong>in</strong> larga misura scoperti e <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> avanzato<br />

sfruttamento. L’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera è costretta<br />

a <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzarsi verso giacimenti più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i che<br />

spesso si trovano <strong>in</strong> ambienti ost<strong>il</strong>i o <strong>in</strong> aree<br />

sensib<strong>il</strong>i con ecosistemi <strong>del</strong>icati, sempre più lontani<br />

dai luoghi <strong>di</strong> consumo. Le o<strong>il</strong> company,<br />

oggi, si devono far carico <strong>del</strong> massimo rispetto degli<br />

equ<strong>il</strong>ibri ambientali e socioeconomici <strong>del</strong>le aree <strong>in</strong> cui<br />

operano”.<br />

Dalla calcolatrice ai gran<strong>di</strong> elaboratori. L’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />

mette <strong>in</strong> luce uno straord<strong>in</strong>ario sv<strong>il</strong>uppo tecnologico,<br />

<strong>in</strong>immag<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>e ai tempi <strong>di</strong> Enrico Mattei. “Basti pensare<br />

che i gran<strong>di</strong> calcolatori che poi sono stati ut<strong>il</strong>izzati <strong>in</strong> tutti<br />

i settori più <strong>in</strong>novativi”, commenta Mazzei, “sono nati<br />

nel campo petrolifero. Le compagnie petrolifere erano,<br />

allora, le imprese che avevano maggiori <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità a<br />

realizzare <strong>in</strong>vestimenti così elevati”.<br />

“Rispetto agli anni Sessanta quando è stata pubblicata la<br />

prima enciclope<strong>di</strong>a”, concorda Barnaba, “sono cambiate<br />

molte cose. Parallelamente all’evoluzione <strong>del</strong>la geofisi-<br />

49


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

ca, si sono evoluti i sistemi <strong>di</strong> perforazione, gli scalpelli,<br />

le macch<strong>in</strong>e movimento terra, i materiali, le tecniche anti-corrosione,<br />

i cementi, i fanghi… Il confronto fra le<br />

due enciclope<strong>di</strong>e mette <strong>in</strong> luce, non solo <strong>il</strong> grande sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

tecnologico, ma anche <strong>il</strong> profondo cambiamento<br />

culturale. Negli anni Sessanta, l’attività petrolifera, richiedeva<br />

soprattutto molta esperienza pratica. I calcoli<br />

spesso si facevano a mano o con la calcolatrice. Oggi le<br />

cose sono cambiate: la pratica è ancora importante ma<br />

non basta. Le tecniche <strong>in</strong>formatiche ed elettroniche permettono<br />

<strong>di</strong> elaborare una quantità enorme <strong>di</strong> dati, r<strong>il</strong>evati<br />

attraverso satelliti, prospezioni aeree, tecniche sismiche<br />

sempre più sofisticate… Ci vuole qualcuno che<br />

conosca le tecniche e gli strumenti per ut<strong>il</strong>izzare questa<br />

mole <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>formazioni”.<br />

“<strong>Un</strong>a volta, la raccolta dei dati”, ricorda Mazzei, “avveniva<br />

<strong>in</strong> settori separati. C’era una sezione Campo che stu<strong>di</strong>ava<br />

la conformazione probab<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong> giacimento e un’altra<br />

sezione che stu<strong>di</strong>ava i fenomeni d<strong>in</strong>amici: pressioni,<br />

temperatura, acqua, produzione <strong>di</strong> gas… Oggi, <strong>in</strong>vece, le<br />

due <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e sono <strong>in</strong>tegrate: lo stu<strong>di</strong>o <strong>di</strong> un giacimento<br />

è un lavoro <strong>di</strong> gruppo che va dal geologo al geofisico, f<strong>in</strong>o<br />

al mo<strong>del</strong>lista”.<br />

“La tecnica <strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>evazione a tre <strong>di</strong>mensioni”, aggiunge<br />

Brighenti, “ha consentito una conoscenza più dettagliata<br />

<strong>del</strong> sottosuolo. Ora parliamo <strong>di</strong> sistema quadri<strong>di</strong>mensionale.<br />

La quarta variab<strong>il</strong>e è quella temporale che permette<br />

<strong>di</strong> conoscere <strong>in</strong> tempo reale le variazioni <strong>del</strong>le caratteristiche<br />

<strong>del</strong> giacimento”.<br />

“Oggi, tutto <strong>il</strong> processo che va dall’esplorazione alla produzione”,<br />

precisa Mazzei, “è <strong>in</strong>tegrato e ottimizzato. Attraverso<br />

la sismica, si ottengono <strong>in</strong>formazioni ut<strong>il</strong>i anche<br />

nelle fasi successive <strong>del</strong>la messa <strong>in</strong> produzione e gestione<br />

<strong>del</strong> giacimento. Le tecnologie <strong>di</strong> monitoraggio permettono<br />

<strong>di</strong> riaggiustare i mo<strong>del</strong>li <strong>in</strong> tempo reale, man<br />

mano che va avanti la produzione…”.<br />

Nuove tecnologie, nuove frontiere. “L’uso sp<strong>in</strong>to <strong>del</strong>l’elettronica<br />

e <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>formatica”, spiega Barnaba, “ha consentito<br />

lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>di</strong> nuove tecniche <strong>di</strong> prospezione, <strong>di</strong><br />

perforazione, <strong>di</strong> gestione <strong>del</strong> giacimento, che hanno rivoluzionato<br />

molte fasi <strong>del</strong>l’attività petrolifera, consentendo<br />

risultati notevolmente superiori rispetto alle tecnologie<br />

L’ITALIA E IL METANO. Caviaga, <strong>il</strong> primo grande giacimento<br />

a gas naturale <strong>in</strong> Italia e nell’Europa Occidentale,<br />

scoperto nel 1944. Prima <strong>di</strong> questo campo erano stati<br />

scoperti solo giacimenti <strong>di</strong> modeste <strong>di</strong>mensioni.<br />

<strong>È</strong> stata questa la prima grande <strong>in</strong>tuizione <strong>di</strong> Enrico<br />

Mattei che ha portato alla scoperta <strong>di</strong> altri giacimenti<br />

nella Pianura Padana e nel resto <strong>del</strong> paese. In alto,<br />

<strong>il</strong> Centro <strong>di</strong> Visualizzazione Avanzata (AVC) realizzato<br />

dall’<strong>Eni</strong>. Grazie a tecnologie <strong>in</strong>novative, <strong>il</strong> centro<br />

consente la percezione realistica <strong>di</strong> oggetti, mo<strong>del</strong>li<br />

e <strong>in</strong>formazioni grafiche tri<strong>di</strong>mensionali.<br />

ITALY AND NATURAL GAS. Caviaga, the first large natural gas<br />

field <strong>in</strong> Italy and Western Europe, <strong>di</strong>scovered <strong>in</strong> 1944. Earlier<br />

only modest fields had been <strong>di</strong>scovered. This was the first great<br />

<strong>in</strong>tuition by Enrico Mattei, which led to the <strong>di</strong>scovery of more<br />

fields <strong>in</strong> the Po River Valley and elsewhere <strong>in</strong> Italy. Above,<br />

the Advanced Visualization Centre (AVC) set up by <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />

Thanks to its cutt<strong>in</strong>g edge technologies, the Centre makes<br />

it possible to have a realistic perception of objects, mo<strong>del</strong>s<br />

and 3D graphic <strong>in</strong>formation.<br />

convenzionali, sia nella fase esplorativa sia <strong>in</strong> quella <strong>del</strong>lo<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Pensiamo, per esempio, ai pozzi orizzontali o<br />

alle tecniche per <strong>il</strong> recupero avanzato, che permettono <strong>di</strong><br />

estrarre dal giacimento una quantità <strong>di</strong> greggio molto<br />

maggiore <strong>di</strong> quella che era possib<strong>il</strong>e estrarre quarant’anni<br />

fa. Inoltre sono state sv<strong>il</strong>uppate tecniche che riducono<br />

notevolmente i costi <strong>di</strong> perforazione e l’impatto ambientale…<br />

Inf<strong>in</strong>e, la ‘fame’ <strong>di</strong> energia ha <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzato le compagnie<br />

anche verso obiettivi <strong>di</strong> frontiera, come lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

<strong>di</strong> giacimenti <strong>in</strong> acque profonde, che prima non si prendevano<br />

neanche <strong>in</strong> considerazione…”.<br />

Acque profonde e campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali. Il capitolo de<strong>di</strong>cato<br />

all’evoluzione <strong>del</strong>le piattaforme a mare è, forse, quello<br />

che più affasc<strong>in</strong>a anche i non addetti ai lavori. In Europa,<br />

<strong>il</strong> primo pozzo offshore fu perforato dall’<strong>Eni</strong> al largo <strong>di</strong><br />

Gela ed entrò <strong>in</strong> produzione nel 1961. Per molti anni, l’attività<br />

petrolifera offshore è stata limitata ad acque la cui<br />

profon<strong>di</strong>tà non superava i 3-400 metri, dove è possib<strong>il</strong>e<br />

<strong>in</strong>stallare piattaforme fissate sul fondo, con caratteristiche<br />

analoghe a quelle terre-<br />

stri. Poi si è com<strong>in</strong>ciato a<br />

esplorare e mettere <strong>in</strong> produzione<br />

gran<strong>di</strong> giacimenti a profon<strong>di</strong>tà<br />

d’acqua <strong>di</strong> oltre m<strong>il</strong>le,<br />

duem<strong>il</strong>a metri, dove le piattaforme<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>zionali non potevano<br />

essere ut<strong>il</strong>izzate. Così<br />

sono state concepite le tension<br />

leg platform, piattaforme<br />

galleggianti ancorate e<br />

collegate ai pozzi con dei riser,<br />

tubi flessib<strong>il</strong>i…<br />

Lo sforzo <strong>di</strong> valorizzare al<br />

massimo le risorse <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi<br />

ha portato allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

<strong>di</strong> sistemi e <strong>di</strong> tecnologie rivolte<br />

a rendere economico<br />

THE PETROLEUM AGE<br />

The first volume of the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />

is devoted to the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry<br />

and its evolution. The three e<strong>di</strong>tors,<br />

Pier Federico Barnaba, Giovanni Brighenti<br />

and Renato Mazzei, talk about its values<br />

and contents.<br />

by LUIGI VALGIMIGLI<br />

BACK FROM THE PRINTERS, SMELLING OF PAPER AND<br />

<strong>in</strong>k, the first volume of the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of<br />

Hydrocarbons, is elegant <strong>in</strong> its typeface, design, and<br />

pictures. Ugo Romano and the three coord<strong>in</strong>ators of the<br />

volume flip through it emotionally: “We have worked a lot, pay<strong>in</strong>g<br />

attention to even the smallest of deta<strong>il</strong>s.” In a few days, the<br />

English copy arrives. “This, too, is a new development from the<br />

first Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of O<strong>il</strong> and Gas,” commented Ugo Romano,<br />

jo<strong>in</strong>t project <strong>di</strong>rector of the work together with Mario Beccari of<br />

Rome’s La Sapienza university.<br />

The volume covers all the phases of the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />

from the geosciences to exploration, to the <strong>di</strong>scovery and<br />

development of a field, to the problems connected to the<br />

abandonment of exhausted or no longer economically viable<br />

fields. It also looks at the subjects of transport and storage of<br />

o<strong>il</strong> and natural gas.<br />

These are issues that are much <strong>di</strong>scussed today. Usually,<br />

however, when we f<strong>il</strong>l up our cars or light the blue flame <strong>in</strong> our<br />

ovens or bo<strong>il</strong>ers, we are not aware that the ava<strong>il</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity of o<strong>il</strong> and<br />

gas is not a present from nature but that it depends on the work<br />

of hundreds of thousands of people who, all over the world, da<strong>il</strong>y<br />

face small and large technological, bus<strong>in</strong>ess, economic,<br />

environmental, f<strong>in</strong>ancial, and social and political challenges.<br />

The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a highlights the evolution of this multi<strong>di</strong>mensional<br />

commitment <strong>in</strong> a sector, hydrocarbons, that supplies<br />

the world with more than 60 percent of its energy needs.<br />

Exploration and production: an <strong>in</strong>tegrated process. What are<br />

the ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>di</strong>fferences between the 1962 e<strong>di</strong>tion and that of<br />

today? It comes natural to ask of the three coord<strong>in</strong>ators of the<br />

volume, Pier Federico Barnaba of the <strong>Un</strong>iversity of M<strong>il</strong>an,<br />

Department of Earth Sciences; Giovanni Brighenti of the<br />

<strong>Un</strong>iversity of Bologna, Department of M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Chemistry and<br />

Environmental Technology; and Renzo Mazzei, geologist and<br />

collaborator with the Mattei School.<br />

Ugo Romano <strong>in</strong>troduced the <strong>di</strong>scussion. “What is imme<strong>di</strong>ately<br />

strik<strong>in</strong>g”, he stated, “is a greater complexity of the o<strong>il</strong> and gas<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustry and a greater <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> all phases of<br />

multi<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ary sk<strong>il</strong>ls which <strong>in</strong> the past operated <strong>di</strong>sjo<strong>in</strong>tedly,<br />

almost <strong>in</strong> separate compartments. This consideration has<br />

conv<strong>in</strong>ced us to give the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a such a perspective as<br />

to allow for an overall vision of the subjects: that is, a thematic<br />

approach, capable of look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tegrated way at the<br />

problems that, along with the techno-scientific aspects, also<br />

<strong>in</strong>volve issues of a more general character.”<br />

“A large part of technological development”, cut <strong>in</strong> Brighenti, “is<br />

a response to economic, environmental, safety, and susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

development challenges. The easiest fields have now largely<br />

been <strong>di</strong>scovered and are <strong>in</strong> an advanced stage of exploitation.<br />

The o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry has to look at more <strong>di</strong>fficult fields that are often<br />

to be found <strong>in</strong> host<strong>il</strong>e environments or <strong>in</strong> vulnerable areas with<br />

<strong>del</strong>icate ecosystems, ever further away from where consumers<br />

live. O<strong>il</strong> companies today need to burden themselves with the<br />

utmost respect for environmental and socio-economic balances<br />

<strong>in</strong> the areas where they operate.”<br />

From the calculator to big processors. The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />

sheds light on an extraord<strong>in</strong>ary technological development,<br />

unimag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> Mattei’s era. “Suffice it to say that the large<br />

calculators that were later used <strong>in</strong> all the most <strong>in</strong>novative<br />

sectors – says Mazzei – orig<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> the petroleum sector. At<br />

that time, o<strong>il</strong> companies were the enterprises that could afford<br />

higher <strong>in</strong>vestments”.<br />

“Compared with the 60s, when the first encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a was<br />

published” – Barnaba agrees – “many th<strong>in</strong>gs have changed.<br />

Geophysical evolution was matched by the evolution of dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g<br />

systems, bits, excavators, materials, anti-corrosion techniques,<br />

cements, muds… The comparison between the two<br />

encyclopae<strong>di</strong>as highlights not only the huge technological<br />

progress, but also the profound cultural change. In the 60s, o<strong>il</strong><br />

activities required plenty of practical expertise. Calculations were<br />

often made by hand or with a calculator. Th<strong>in</strong>gs are pretty<br />

<strong>di</strong>fferent today: practice is st<strong>il</strong>l important, but is not enough. IT<br />

and electronic techniques allow for the process<strong>in</strong>g of a huge<br />

amount of data gathered through satellites, aerial surveys,<br />

<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly sophisticated seismic techniques… There must be<br />

someone who knows how to handle the techniques and tools to<br />

exploit all this data”.<br />

“Data collection – recalls Mazzei – was once carried out <strong>in</strong><br />

separate sectors. There was a Field section that stu<strong>di</strong>ed the<br />

probable outl<strong>in</strong>e of the field, and another section that stu<strong>di</strong>ed<br />

dynamic phenomena, such as pressures, temperature, water,<br />

gas production… Now, the two branches have merged. Study<strong>in</strong>g<br />

an o<strong>il</strong> field is a team work that ranges from the geologist to the<br />

geophysicist, to the mo<strong>del</strong> designer”.<br />

“The 3D prospect<strong>in</strong>g technique” – adds Brighenti – “has allowed<br />

for a more deta<strong>il</strong>ed knowledge of the subsurface. Now we talk of<br />

a four-<strong>di</strong>mension system. The fourth variable is time, which<br />

50 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

51


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

lo sfruttamento <strong>di</strong> giacimenti che, con i processi tra<strong>di</strong>zionali,<br />

risultavano antieconomici. <strong>Un</strong> ruolo importante è<br />

stato svolto dall’automazione che ha consentito <strong>il</strong> funzionamento<br />

<strong>di</strong> piattaforme <strong>di</strong> produzione senza presi<strong>di</strong>o<br />

umano. Ma ci sono anche altre soluzioni <strong>in</strong>teressanti. “Ad<br />

esempio”, <strong>in</strong>forma Mazzei, “sotto la voce piattaforme, c’è<br />

un capitolo sullo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali. Piccoli giacimenti<br />

<strong>in</strong> acque tra<strong>di</strong>zionali <strong>il</strong> cui s<strong>in</strong>golo sfruttamento<br />

non sarebbe conveniente, ma che, raggruppati <strong>in</strong>sieme<br />

con tecniche appropriate, <strong>di</strong>ventano economici”.<br />

Il metano e la tigre. L’ultima parte è de<strong>di</strong>cata al trasporto<br />

e allo stoccaggio degli idrocarburi liqui<strong>di</strong> e <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />

“Nella precedente enciclope<strong>di</strong>a”, precisa Romano, “c’era<br />

soltanto un capitolo, de<strong>di</strong>cato agli stoccaggi, <strong>di</strong> modeste<br />

<strong>di</strong>mensioni e <strong>di</strong> scarsa r<strong>il</strong>evanza. In questo volume c’è<br />

una grande attenzione al tema, che è sempre più centrale<br />

nelle strategie <strong>del</strong> mercato <strong>del</strong> gas”.<br />

Il volume evidenzia l’evoluzione <strong>del</strong> trasporto degli idrocarburi<br />

e dei relativi aspetti tecnici, ambientali, <strong>di</strong> sicurezza,<br />

<strong>di</strong> normative e accor<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternazionali.<br />

Il trasporto <strong>del</strong> greggio via nave è una tecnologia antica,<br />

che <strong>in</strong> questi ultimi anni ha avuto una forte evoluzione<br />

(esempi, <strong>il</strong> recupero <strong>del</strong>le acque <strong>di</strong> lavaggio e <strong>il</strong><br />

doppio scafo) rivolta a garantire una maggior sicurezza<br />

e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> un impatto ambientale quasi nullo e un rischio<br />

molto ridotto. Le tecnologie <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas liquefatto<br />

sono più recenti: gli impianti <strong>di</strong> liquefazione e rigassificazione<br />

<strong>del</strong> gas e le navi criogeniche sono state<br />

realizzate, f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio, con tecnologie attente all’ambiente<br />

e alla sicurezza.<br />

La posa <strong>del</strong>le condotte, sia a terra sia <strong>in</strong> mare, richiede una<br />

52<br />

valutazione <strong>del</strong>l’impatto ambientale <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> evitare ogni<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervento “<strong>di</strong>struttivo” che possa mo<strong>di</strong>ficare l’equ<strong>il</strong>ibrio<br />

ecologico. “Se posiamo un pipel<strong>in</strong>e attraverso la Siberia”,<br />

spiega Brighenti, “dobbiamo farlo con tutti gli accorgimenti<br />

perché la condotta non tagli <strong>in</strong> due la zona <strong>del</strong>le tigri siberiane”.<br />

Il terzo volume sarà de<strong>di</strong>cato all’<strong>in</strong>novazione e alla<br />

sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera, ma quest’ultimo<br />

tema pervade <strong>in</strong> maniera trasversale tutta l’opera.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a grande <strong>in</strong>tuizione: valorizzare <strong>il</strong> gas. Molti temi <strong>del</strong>la<br />

nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a non erano neppure pensab<strong>il</strong>i negli<br />

anni Sessanta. Come, ad esempio, la valorizzazione <strong>del</strong><br />

gas associato al petrolio. “Il gas non era contemplato nei<br />

contratti <strong>di</strong> ricerca”, ricorda Mazzei, “perché si mirava al<br />

petrolio. La scoperta <strong>di</strong> un campo a gas era una sfortuna:<br />

<strong>il</strong> giacimento veniva abbandonato perché le <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />

per trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas erano considerate antieconomiche.<br />

Il gas associato al petrolio era bruciato. Adesso <strong>in</strong>vece<br />

an<strong>di</strong>amo a cercare <strong>il</strong> gas e, nel futuro degli idrocarburi, <strong>il</strong><br />

gas naturale sarà sempre più predom<strong>in</strong>ante”.<br />

“La storia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>”, commenta Romano, “è una storia<br />

anomala rispetto a quella <strong>del</strong>le altre o<strong>il</strong> company. L’<strong>Eni</strong>,<br />

f<strong>in</strong> dalle sue orig<strong>in</strong>i, ha valorizzato <strong>il</strong> metano che è l’idrocarburo<br />

<strong>del</strong> nostro sottosuolo”.<br />

La nuova e<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a ha stimolato un confronto<br />

tra <strong>il</strong> mondo degli idrocarburi <strong>di</strong> oggi e quello <strong>di</strong><br />

quarant’anni fa. E <strong>il</strong> futuro? Ci sono alcune tecnologie <strong>di</strong><br />

frontiera che oggi sono <strong>in</strong> una fase embrionale, come la<br />

trasformazione sul posto <strong>del</strong> gas remoto <strong>in</strong> vettori energetici<br />

liqui<strong>di</strong> (gas to liquid), oppure lo sfruttamento degli<br />

sterm<strong>in</strong>ati giacimenti <strong>di</strong> idrati <strong>di</strong> metano. Chissà che<br />

r<strong>il</strong>evanza avranno nella prossima enciclope<strong>di</strong>a? ■<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

allows the monitor<strong>in</strong>g of o<strong>il</strong> field changes <strong>in</strong><br />

real time”.<br />

“Today, the whole process rang<strong>in</strong>g from<br />

exploration to production” – po<strong>in</strong>ts out Mazzei –<br />

“is <strong>in</strong>tegrated and optimised. Through seismic<br />

stu<strong>di</strong>es we retrieve <strong>in</strong>formation that turns out<br />

to be useful also <strong>in</strong> the subsequent phases of<br />

production and o<strong>il</strong> field runn<strong>in</strong>g. Monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />

technologies help to adjust mo<strong>del</strong>s <strong>in</strong> real time,<br />

as production goes on…”.<br />

New technologies, new frontiers.<br />

“The <strong>in</strong>tensified use of electronics and IT” expla<strong>in</strong>s Barnaba,<br />

“has helped develop new techniques for o<strong>il</strong> field survey<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g and management, that have revolutionized many<br />

phases of o<strong>il</strong>-related activities and produce results that are<br />

much better than conventional technologies, both <strong>in</strong> the<br />

phase of exploration and that of development. Take, for<br />

example, horizontal wells or techniques for advanced<br />

recovery, which make it possible to pump from the o<strong>il</strong> field a<br />

much larger amount of crude o<strong>il</strong> than forty years ago. In<br />

ad<strong>di</strong>tion, techniques have been developed that considerably<br />

reduce dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g costs and environmental impact… And, f<strong>in</strong>ally,<br />

the “hunger” for energy has driven companies also to frontier<br />

objectives, such as develop<strong>in</strong>g deep water o<strong>il</strong> fields, which<br />

before weren’t even taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration…”<br />

Deep waters and marg<strong>in</strong>al fields. The chapter de<strong>di</strong>cated to the<br />

evolution of offshore rigs is, perhaps, the most fasc<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g one<br />

even to those not <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the sector. In Europe, the first<br />

offshore well was dr<strong>il</strong>led by <strong>Eni</strong> off Gela, Sic<strong>il</strong>y and began<br />

produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1961. For many years, offshore o<strong>il</strong> operations<br />

were limited to waters that were no deeper than 300-400<br />

metres, where you can <strong>in</strong>stall o<strong>il</strong> platforms fixed to the seabed<br />

and hav<strong>in</strong>g characteristics sim<strong>il</strong>ar to onshore rigs. Then<br />

exploration and production extended to big offshore o<strong>il</strong> fields<br />

over a thousand or two thousand metres under water, where<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>tional o<strong>il</strong>rigs couldn’t be used. So tension leg platforms<br />

were born, float<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>il</strong>rigs anchored to the sea bed and<br />

connected to the wells by means of risers, flexible tubes…<br />

The effort to maximize hydrocarbon resources led to the<br />

development of systems and technologies aimed at mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

economically viable the exploitation of o<strong>il</strong> fields that, with<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

NUOVE FRONTIERE TECNOLOGICHE. Sic<strong>il</strong>ia, Gela,<br />

particolare <strong>del</strong> term<strong>in</strong>ale <strong>di</strong> ricevimento <strong>del</strong> gas<br />

proveniente dalla Libia attraverso <strong>il</strong> gasdotto<br />

sottomar<strong>in</strong>o Greenstream. Con una lunghezza<br />

<strong>di</strong> 520 ch<strong>il</strong>ometri attraversa <strong>il</strong> Me<strong>di</strong>terraneo<br />

arrivando a profon<strong>di</strong>tà mar<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> 1.127 metri.<br />

<strong>È</strong> un’opera straord<strong>in</strong>aria <strong>in</strong>serita nell’ambito<br />

<strong>del</strong> Western Lybia Gas Project volto a valorizzare<br />

<strong>il</strong> gas naturale proveniente da due giacimenti:<br />

uno offshore a Bahr Essalam, l’altro onshore<br />

a Wafa <strong>in</strong> pieno deserto libico.<br />

NEW TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIERS. Sic<strong>il</strong>y, Gela, a deta<strong>il</strong><br />

of the receiv<strong>in</strong>g term<strong>in</strong>al for natural gas flow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> from<br />

Libya through the Greenstream subsea gas pipel<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

This 520-km-long pipel<strong>in</strong>e runs across the<br />

Me<strong>di</strong>terranean reach<strong>in</strong>g a depth of 1,127 meters. It is a<br />

major achievement <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the Western Lybia Gas<br />

Project aim<strong>in</strong>g at mak<strong>in</strong>g the most of natural gas<br />

com<strong>in</strong>g from two fields: one offshore at Bahr Essalam<br />

and the other onshore at Wafa <strong>in</strong> the middle<br />

of the Libyan Desert.<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>tional processes, were too expensive. An important role<br />

was played by automation, which operate unmanned<br />

production platforms. But there are also other <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />

solutions. “For example”, Mazzei says, “under the ‘o<strong>il</strong>rig’ entry,<br />

there is a chapter on the development of marg<strong>in</strong>al fields.<br />

Small fields <strong>in</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>tional waters whose exploitation, when<br />

taken separately, wouldn’t be profitable, but can become so<br />

when they are taken together thanks to adequate technique”.<br />

Natural gas and the tiger. The last section deals with<br />

transport and storage of liquid hydrocarbons and gas. “In the<br />

previous encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a”, Romano po<strong>in</strong>ts out, “there was only<br />

one chapter devoted to storage systems, which were then<br />

small and of little importance. In this volume, a large amount<br />

of attention is given to the subject, which is ever more pivotal<br />

for natural gas market strategies”.<br />

The volume highlights the evolution of hydrocarbon transport<br />

and related technical, environmental, safety, regulatory and<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternational agreement aspects.<br />

The transport of crude o<strong>il</strong> by sea is an ancient technique,<br />

which <strong>in</strong> these last few years has undergone a lot of<br />

improvement (for example, the recovery of tank wash<strong>in</strong>g water<br />

and the double hull) <strong>in</strong> order to guarantee more safety and<br />

therefore near-zero environmental impact and a much lower<br />

level of risk. Transport technologies for liquefied gas are more<br />

recent: liquefaction and re-gasification plants and cryogenic<br />

ships have been bu<strong>il</strong>t, from the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, with<br />

technologies respectful of environment and safety.<br />

Pipel<strong>in</strong>e lay<strong>in</strong>g, both on land and <strong>in</strong> the sea, requires an<br />

assessment of environmental impact to avoid any<br />

“destructive” <strong>in</strong>tervention that might affect the ecological<br />

balance. “If we lay a pipel<strong>in</strong>e across Siberia”, Brighenti<br />

expla<strong>in</strong>s, “we must do it very carefully to avoid it cutt<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

zone of Siberian tigers <strong>in</strong> two”. The third volume w<strong>il</strong>l be<br />

de<strong>di</strong>cated to <strong>in</strong>novation and susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>in</strong> the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />

but susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity runs through the whole work crosswise.<br />

A major <strong>in</strong>tuition: to make the most of gas. Many subjects of<br />

the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a were not even imag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> the ’60s.<br />

Like, for example, add<strong>in</strong>g value to natural gas associated with<br />

o<strong>il</strong>. “Gas was not taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration <strong>in</strong> exploration<br />

contracts”, recalls Mazzei, “because the focus was on o<strong>il</strong>.<br />

Discover<strong>in</strong>g a natural gas field was a case of bad luck: the<br />

field was abandoned because gas transportation fac<strong>il</strong>ities<br />

were considered too expensive. The gas associated with<br />

crude was flared. Now, <strong>in</strong>stead, we go look<strong>in</strong>g for natural gas<br />

and, <strong>in</strong> the future of hydrocarbons, natural gas w<strong>il</strong>l carry<br />

<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly more weight”.<br />

“The history of <strong>Eni</strong>”, Romano comments, “is an anomalous<br />

history when compared with other o<strong>il</strong> companies. <strong>Eni</strong>, from<br />

its very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs, put value on natural gas, which is the<br />

hydrocarbon of Italy’s subsurface”.<br />

The new e<strong>di</strong>tion of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a has prompted a<br />

comparison between the world of hydrocarbons today and that<br />

of forty years ago. And what about the future? There are<br />

some frontier technologies that are at a very early stage<br />

today, such as the on-location transformation of remote<br />

natural gas <strong>in</strong>to liquid energy carrier (gas to liquid), or the<br />

exploitation of unlimited fields of methane hydrates. Who<br />

knows what importance they w<strong>il</strong>l have <strong>in</strong> the next<br />

encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a? ■<br />

53


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

Tecniche d’<strong>in</strong>novazione <strong>di</strong> RENZO MAZZEI<br />

Nel primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli Idrocarburi sono<br />

trattate le varie tessere <strong>di</strong> un mosaico che descrive le attività<br />

<strong>di</strong> esplorazione, produzione e trasporto degli idrocarburi<br />

secondo un’impostazione logica <strong>di</strong> sequenzialità e organicità.<br />

Il volume si apre con una parte <strong>in</strong>troduttiva che riporta alcuni cenni<br />

storici sull’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera, sull’evoluzione <strong>del</strong>la geologia <strong>del</strong> petrolio,<br />

sui cicli <strong>di</strong> ricerca e scoperta, sulle riserve mon<strong>di</strong>ali e sui bac<strong>in</strong>i<br />

petroliferi.<br />

Successivamente gli argomenti vengono raggruppati <strong>in</strong> sette gran<strong>di</strong><br />

aree <strong>di</strong> attività: geoscienze, esplorazione petrolifera, perforazione e<br />

completamento pozzi, caratteristiche dei giacimenti e relativi stu<strong>di</strong>,<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei giacimenti petroliferi, produzione, trasporto idrocarburi e<br />

stoccaggio gas.<br />

In questo primo volume sono affrontati tutti gli argomenti<br />

<strong>in</strong>erenti l’attività <strong>di</strong> upstream, ma tra questi riteniamo opportuno<br />

segnalarne alcuni che risultano particolarmente r<strong>il</strong>evanti<br />

per <strong>il</strong> significativo grado <strong>di</strong> avanzamento tecnologico<br />

o perché mostrano <strong>in</strong>novativi approcci rispetto al passato.<br />

Per quanto riguarda la genesi degli idrocarburi, ad esempio,<br />

è ut<strong>il</strong>e segnalare la chiara posizione espressa nel volume<br />

sull’orig<strong>in</strong>e organica <strong>del</strong> petrolio e sui fenomeni collegati alla<br />

naftogenesi. In questo modo si <strong>in</strong>tende superare <strong>il</strong> lungo e<br />

ricorrente <strong>di</strong>battito animato dalle varie teorie e ipotesi formulate<br />

negli anni a supporto <strong>del</strong>l’orig<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>organica <strong>del</strong> petrolio.<br />

Legate al tema <strong>del</strong>la formazione degli idrocarburi, <strong>in</strong>teressanti<br />

le parti sui fenomeni <strong>di</strong> migrazione e accumulo <strong>di</strong><br />

olio e gas, la descrizione <strong>del</strong>le rocce madri, <strong>di</strong> copertura e<br />

serbatoio e la casistica relativa ai vari tipi <strong>di</strong> trappole.<br />

Tra i meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca petrolifera, sono <strong>di</strong> particolare importanza<br />

<strong>il</strong> teler<strong>il</strong>evamento, i sistemi cartografici <strong>di</strong>gitali<br />

e, fra i meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>retta, le prospezioni geofisiche<br />

che comprendono i r<strong>il</strong>evamenti sismici a riflessione,<br />

sia 2D che 3D, e i relativi sistemi <strong>di</strong> registrazione ed elaborazione<br />

dati. Negli ultimi anni i progressi <strong>del</strong>le tecniche<br />

<strong>in</strong>formatiche e <strong>del</strong>le capacità <strong>di</strong> calcolo hanno portato<br />

all’ut<strong>il</strong>izzo <strong>di</strong> sistemi <strong>di</strong> elaborazione sempre più sofisticati<br />

e complessi che permettono oggi <strong>di</strong> ottenere <strong>in</strong>formazioni<br />

sui giacimenti impensab<strong>il</strong>i solo f<strong>in</strong>o a poco tempo<br />

fa. Il giacimento viene stu<strong>di</strong>ato nelle sue caratteristiche<br />

statiche, ma anche nei suoi meccanismi d<strong>in</strong>amici<br />

tramite mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici che permettono <strong>di</strong> prevedere i suoi comportamenti<br />

futuri. I mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici così elaborati permettono<br />

<strong>in</strong>oltre <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigare vari schemi <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo per poter poi scegliere<br />

quello economicamente più attraente e nello stesso tempo operativamente<br />

più semplice.<br />

Anche <strong>il</strong> settore <strong>del</strong>la perforazione ha registrato negli ultimi anni notevoli<br />

progressi tecnologici. Si pensi alla perforazione <strong>di</strong>rezionata, che<br />

consente <strong>il</strong> raggiungimento <strong>di</strong> obiettivi m<strong>in</strong>erari profon<strong>di</strong> posti anche a<br />

notevole <strong>di</strong>stanza rispetto al posizionamento <strong>del</strong>l’impianto <strong>di</strong> superficie.<br />

Questa tecnica trova applicazione <strong>in</strong> numerose situazioni operative:<br />

permette <strong>di</strong> perforare più pozzi da un’unica postazione, <strong>di</strong> raggiungere<br />

obiettivi <strong>in</strong>accessib<strong>il</strong>i (zone montuose, aree e<strong>di</strong>ficate), <strong>di</strong> raggiungere<br />

obiettivi posti sotto formazioni problematiche da perforare, <strong>di</strong> ottenere<br />

più alte produzioni perforando <strong>in</strong> orizzontale aree <strong>di</strong> giacimento<br />

a bassa produttività.<br />

Nel campo <strong>del</strong>la perforazione <strong>in</strong> mare, la nuova frontiera è rappresentata<br />

dallo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei giacimenti <strong>in</strong> acque ultra profonde, ambito che<br />

si pensa possa rappresentare un probab<strong>il</strong>e futuro “eldorado”. Perforare<br />

giacimenti <strong>in</strong> fondali mar<strong>in</strong>i superiori ai 1.500 metri è un’impresa<br />

estremamente complessa <strong>in</strong> cui vengono amplificate le già <strong>in</strong>genti <strong>di</strong>fficoltà<br />

<strong>di</strong> perforazione <strong>in</strong> acque profonde, cioè <strong>in</strong> fondali che vanno<br />

dai 450 ai 1.500 metri.<br />

54<br />

<strong>Un</strong> sottocapitolo <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei giacimenti <strong>in</strong> mare è de<strong>di</strong>cato alle<br />

tecniche <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali, cioè <strong>di</strong> piccoli giacimenti<br />

geograficamente <strong>di</strong>spersi, <strong>il</strong> cui sfruttamento non sarebbe economicamente<br />

vantaggioso se non venissero adottati alcuni particolari accorgimenti<br />

resisi <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i negli anni recenti.<br />

Il volume affronta poi <strong>in</strong> modo estremamente attuale <strong>il</strong> tema <strong>del</strong>la gestione<br />

<strong>di</strong> un giacimento durante la fase <strong>di</strong> produzione. Vengono <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cati<br />

allora i sistemi <strong>di</strong> monitoraggio, i possib<strong>il</strong>i <strong>in</strong>terventi da effettuare<br />

durante la vita produttiva <strong>di</strong> un giacimento (<strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduati attraverso<br />

<strong>il</strong> costante aggiornamento dei mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici precedentemente<br />

costruiti), le necessità <strong>di</strong> eventuali ulteriori <strong>in</strong>vestimenti. Tra le<br />

tecniche adottate per l’ottimizzazione <strong>del</strong>la produzione si trovano i sistemi<br />

<strong>di</strong> sollevamento artificiale dei pozzi a olio, le tecniche <strong>di</strong> frattu-<br />

razione <strong>del</strong>la roccia per l’aumento <strong>del</strong>la produttività dei pozzi, i sistemi<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>ibizione <strong>del</strong>la produzione <strong>di</strong> acqua e gas nei pozzi ad olio, etc.<br />

A conclusione <strong>del</strong>la parte sulla produzione, un breve ma <strong>in</strong>teressante<br />

capitolo sulle varie azioni, economicamente compatib<strong>il</strong>i, adottate per<br />

prolungare la vita <strong>del</strong> giacimento e sui motivi, <strong>in</strong>vece, che <strong>in</strong>ducono all’abbandono<br />

<strong>di</strong> un giacimento, siano essi <strong>di</strong> carattere tecnico, economico,<br />

politico o strategico.<br />

In chiusura <strong>di</strong> volume viene affrontato <strong>il</strong> tema <strong>del</strong> trasporto e <strong>del</strong>lo<br />

stoccaggio degli idrocarburi. Di particolare r<strong>il</strong>evanza la parte relativa<br />

al trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas, sia con tecnologie <strong>di</strong> liquefazione (LNG) che <strong>di</strong><br />

compressione (CNG), e al suo stoccaggio. Quest’ultimo argomento,<br />

riferito all’immagazz<strong>in</strong>amento <strong>in</strong> sotterraneo, cioè <strong>in</strong> serbatoi naturali,<br />

<strong>del</strong> gas importato <strong>in</strong> eccesso nel periodo <strong>di</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or consumo, è oggi <strong>di</strong><br />

grande attualità per <strong>il</strong> ruolo determ<strong>in</strong>ante nello sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> mercato<br />

<strong>del</strong> gas e nella sua stab<strong>il</strong>izzazione.<br />

Non va <strong>in</strong>oltre <strong>di</strong>menticato <strong>il</strong> ruolo fondamentale assunto dallo stoccaggio,<br />

oltre che per la regolazione stagionale, per <strong>il</strong> mantenimento<br />

<strong>del</strong>le riserve strategiche <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> garantire la fornitura ai mercati<br />

anche <strong>in</strong> caso <strong>di</strong> riduzione degli approvvigionamenti.<br />

Renzo Mazzei, geologo e collaboratore <strong>del</strong>la Scuola Enrico Mattei, ha lavorato<br />

a lungo <strong>in</strong> <strong>Eni</strong> nel settore upstream.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

The <strong>in</strong>novation factor by RENZO MAZZEI<br />

The first volume of the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons<br />

deals with the pieces of the puzzle that describes<br />

exploration, production and transport of hydrocarbons,<br />

follow<strong>in</strong>g a logic, ordered and organic structure.<br />

The volume beg<strong>in</strong>s with an <strong>in</strong>troduction that features some<br />

historic annotations on the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, on the evolution of<br />

petroleum geology, on research and <strong>di</strong>scovery cycles, on world<br />

reserves and on o<strong>il</strong> bas<strong>in</strong>s.<br />

Thereafter, topics are grouped <strong>in</strong> 7 broad activity areas:<br />

geosciences, petroleum exploration, dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g and completion of<br />

wells, o<strong>il</strong> field characteristics and relevant stu<strong>di</strong>es,<br />

development of hydrocarbon fields, production, hydrocarbon<br />

transport and gas storage.<br />

This first volume<br />

tackles all topics<br />

regard<strong>in</strong>g upstream<br />

activities, yet we<br />

reckon it is<br />

worthwh<strong>il</strong>e po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g<br />

out some<br />

particularly<br />

relevant ones,<br />

consider<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

significant<br />

technological<br />

progress achieved<br />

or because they<br />

present <strong>in</strong>novative<br />

approaches.<br />

As to the genesis<br />

of hydrocarbons,<br />

for example, the<br />

position expressed<br />

<strong>in</strong> the volume on<br />

the organic orig<strong>in</strong><br />

of petroleum and<br />

the phenomena<br />

l<strong>in</strong>ked to it is<br />

particularly clear. In<br />

this way we hope<br />

LE ORIGINI. A s<strong>in</strong>istra, una roccia-madre<br />

contenente alcune gocce <strong>di</strong> petrolio.<br />

Si tratta <strong>di</strong> rocce se<strong>di</strong>mentarie come arg<strong>il</strong>le,<br />

calcari e dolomie che contengono<br />

una sostanza organica <strong>in</strong> concentrazione<br />

sufficiente a generare petrolio.<br />

A destra, alcuni foss<strong>il</strong>i rappresentati<br />

da resti <strong>di</strong> organismi plantonici.<br />

ORIGINS. Left, a source rock hold<strong>in</strong>g<br />

a few drops of o<strong>il</strong>. These are se<strong>di</strong>mentary<br />

rocks such as clay, limestone and dolomite<br />

hav<strong>in</strong>g an organic substance concentrated<br />

to a degree enough to generate petroleum.<br />

Right, a few foss<strong>il</strong>s consist<strong>in</strong>g of rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />

of planktonic organisms.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

to help overcome<br />

the long and<br />

recurr<strong>in</strong>g debate<br />

fed by the various<br />

theories and<br />

hypotheses<br />

expressed over<br />

time to back up the<br />

idea of an<br />

<strong>in</strong>organic orig<strong>in</strong> for<br />

o<strong>il</strong>. In connection<br />

with the subject of<br />

the formation of<br />

hydrocarbons,<br />

<strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g sections<br />

deal with the migration and accumulation of o<strong>il</strong> and gas, the<br />

description of source rocks, cap rocks and reservoir rocks and<br />

the various types of traps.<br />

Particularly relevant among o<strong>il</strong> research methods are<br />

telesurvey<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>di</strong>gital cartography systems and, among<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rect research methods, geophysical prospect<strong>in</strong>g that<br />

<strong>in</strong>clude seismic reflection techniques – both 2D and 3D – and<br />

the perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g record<strong>in</strong>g and data-process<strong>in</strong>g systems. Over<br />

the past few years, advances made by IT techniques and their<br />

calculation capacity, led to the use of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />

sophisticated and complex process<strong>in</strong>g systems, that make it<br />

possible now to get <strong>in</strong>formation on o<strong>il</strong> fields that was<br />

unconceivable only a few years back. Research may focus on<br />

the o<strong>il</strong> field’s static properties, but also on its dynamic<br />

mechanisms, by means of mathematical mo<strong>del</strong>s that allow to<br />

pre<strong>di</strong>ct its future behaviour. Mathematical mo<strong>del</strong>s of this k<strong>in</strong>d<br />

also enable to research <strong>di</strong>fferent development schemes, so<br />

as to select the most cost-effective one and at the same time<br />

most simple to run.<br />

Also the dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g sector made considerable technological<br />

progress over the past years. Consider <strong>di</strong>rectional dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

which allows to reach deep m<strong>in</strong>eral objectives located also at<br />

a considerable <strong>di</strong>stance from where the topside equipment<br />

stands. The technique is implemented <strong>in</strong> several operat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

situations: it make it possible to bore several wells from one<br />

location, to reach <strong>in</strong>accessible objectives (mounta<strong>in</strong> areas,<br />

bu<strong>il</strong>t-up areas), to reach objectives located under formations<br />

that are <strong>di</strong>fficult to dr<strong>il</strong>l, to achieve greater yields by dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g<br />

horizontally low-productivity fields.<br />

As to offshore dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g, the new frontier is represented by the<br />

development of fields <strong>in</strong> very deep water, a sphere which<br />

hopefully might be a future ‘El Dorado’. Offshore dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g where<br />

the sea depth exceeds 1,500 metres is an extremely<br />

complicated task, where the considerable problems of deepsea<br />

dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g (450 to 1,500 metres) are actually amplified.<br />

A subchapter of offshore o<strong>il</strong> field development is de<strong>di</strong>cated to<br />

development techniques of marg<strong>in</strong>al fields, namely small o<strong>il</strong><br />

fields scattered around geographically, whose exploitation would<br />

not be economically viable unless some specific expe<strong>di</strong>ents,<br />

which have become ava<strong>il</strong>able only <strong>in</strong> recent years, are used.<br />

The volume then takes up <strong>in</strong> a very modern way the subject of<br />

how to manage a field dur<strong>in</strong>g the production phase. It dwells<br />

on monitor<strong>in</strong>g systems, what actions can be taken dur<strong>in</strong>g a<br />

field lifetime (actions def<strong>in</strong>ed by cont<strong>in</strong>ually updat<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

mathematical mo<strong>del</strong>s previously constructed) and the need for<br />

further <strong>in</strong>vestments. The techniques adopted to optimise<br />

production <strong>in</strong>clude artificial lift systems for o<strong>il</strong> wells, rockfractur<strong>in</strong>g<br />

techniques to <strong>in</strong>crease the well flow rate, treatments<br />

to shut off the production of water and gas <strong>in</strong> o<strong>il</strong> wells, etc.<br />

At the end of the section on production, there is then a brief<br />

but <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g chapter on the various economically compatible<br />

actions that can be taken to prolong the life of a field and,<br />

alternatively, on the reasons which lead to abandon<strong>in</strong>g a field,<br />

whether they be technical, economic, political or strategic.<br />

In the f<strong>in</strong>al chapter of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a, the topic of<br />

transportation, and storage of hydrocarbons is <strong>di</strong>scussed. Of<br />

particular relevance is the section on natural gas transport,<br />

both through liquefaction (LNG) and compression (CNG)<br />

technologies, and on its storage. This last subject, which<br />

refers to underground storage <strong>in</strong> natural reservoir of the gas<br />

imported <strong>in</strong> excess at the time of lower consumption, is today<br />

quite relevant for its crucial role <strong>in</strong> the development of the gas<br />

market and its stab<strong>il</strong>isation.<br />

Furthermore, let’s not forget the fundamental role played by<br />

stored gas not only for seasonal modulation but also for bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />

strategic reserves capable of meet<strong>in</strong>g market needs also<br />

<strong>in</strong> the case of supply <strong>di</strong>sruptions.<br />

Renzo Mazzei, geologist and collaborator with the Enrico Mattei School,<br />

worked a long time with <strong>Eni</strong> <strong>in</strong> the upstream sector.<br />

55


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

In viaggio<br />

per <strong>il</strong><br />

mondo<br />

Non solo esplorazione<br />

e produzione: oggi nell’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

degli idrocarburi è <strong>di</strong>ventata<br />

strategica anche l’attività<br />

<strong>di</strong> trasporto. Dal primo volume<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a, un estratto<br />

<strong>del</strong> capitolo che racconta<br />

come e perché.<br />

<strong>di</strong> ROBERTO BRUSCHI<br />

L<br />

’INDUSTRIA DEGLI IDROCARBURI <strong>È</strong> PER DEFINIZIONE<br />

de<strong>di</strong>ta pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente alle attività <strong>di</strong> esplorazione<br />

(E) e produzione (P). Questa impostazione risale<br />

agli anni C<strong>in</strong>quanta e ha <strong>in</strong>fluenzato nel tempo sia<br />

lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo organizzativo sia la percezione da parte <strong>del</strong>la<br />

società civ<strong>il</strong>e, impressionata dalle immag<strong>in</strong>i <strong>del</strong>le gran<strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>frastrutture impiegate per l’estrazione <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi.<br />

Durante la Seconda Guerra Mon<strong>di</strong>ale, quando negli Stati<br />

<strong>Un</strong>iti si verificò l’esigenza <strong>di</strong> garantire <strong>il</strong> combustib<strong>il</strong>e ai<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

convogli <strong>in</strong> partenza dalle coste Atlantiche verso l’Europa<br />

<strong>di</strong>fendendolo dalle <strong>in</strong>cursioni dei sommergib<strong>il</strong>i tedeschi,<br />

<strong>di</strong>ventò r<strong>il</strong>evante la componente <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>in</strong><br />

condotta dalle coste <strong>del</strong> golfo <strong>del</strong> Messico sulle lunghe<br />

<strong>di</strong>stanze. <strong>Un</strong> ulteriore passo verso una maggiore attenzione<br />

al trasporto <strong>in</strong> condotta si fece con l’oleodotto tra <strong>il</strong><br />

Mare <strong>di</strong> Beaufort e <strong>il</strong> porto <strong>di</strong> Valdez sull’Oceano Pacifico,<br />

realizzato, attraversando l’Alaska, nella seconda metà<br />

degli anni Settanta, con notevole sforzo tecnologico ed<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

PROGETTI DA RECORD. Istanbul,<br />

la Saipem 7000 passa sotto <strong>il</strong> ponte<br />

Bogazici <strong>in</strong> <strong>di</strong>rezione Mar Nero<br />

per la posa <strong>del</strong>le condotte relative<br />

al progetto Blue stream.<br />

Nel Mar Nero <strong>il</strong> mezzo navale<br />

ha stab<strong>il</strong>ito <strong>il</strong> record <strong>di</strong> posa<br />

raggiungendo la profon<strong>di</strong>tà <strong>di</strong> 2.150<br />

metri. Il Blue Stream è, oggi, l’opera<br />

tecnologicamente più <strong>in</strong>novativa<br />

realizzata nel settore<br />

<strong>del</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />

BREAKTHROUGH PROJECTS. Istanbul,<br />

the Saipem 7000 vessel sa<strong>il</strong>s under<br />

the Bogazici bridge head<strong>in</strong>g<br />

to the Black Sea to lay the pipes<br />

for the Blue Stream project.<br />

In the Black Sea Saipem 7000<br />

achieved a pipe lay<strong>in</strong>g record<br />

reach<strong>in</strong>g 2,150 meters down<br />

<strong>in</strong> the sea. Blue Stream is today<br />

the technologically most <strong>in</strong>novative<br />

achievement <strong>in</strong> the field<br />

of gas transportation.<br />

economico. La costruzione <strong>del</strong>l’oleodotto fu motivato<br />

dalla crisi <strong>di</strong> combustib<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong>nescata dalle vicissitud<strong>in</strong>i<br />

politiche <strong>del</strong> Me<strong>di</strong>o Oriente.<br />

<strong>È</strong> ora op<strong>in</strong>ione comune che, <strong>in</strong> questo <strong>in</strong>izio <strong>di</strong> secondo<br />

m<strong>il</strong>lennio e per i prossimi trenta anni, <strong>il</strong> ruolo <strong>del</strong>le condotte<br />

trans-cont<strong>in</strong>entali per <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi su<br />

lunga <strong>di</strong>stanza risulti sempre più r<strong>il</strong>evante nell’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

degli idrocarburi, <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>stanza tra utenza e le<br />

nuove scoperte <strong>di</strong> giacimenti <strong>in</strong> aree remote. Non sor-<br />

57


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

prenderebbe se le compagnie petrolifere aggiungessero<br />

la T <strong>di</strong> trasporto all’acronimo E & P <strong>di</strong> esplorazione e<br />

produzione che a tutt’oggi le caratterizza.<br />

L’opzione <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi <strong>in</strong> condotta sulle<br />

lunghe <strong>di</strong>stanze, ove venga valutata tecnicamente sicura<br />

ed economicamente competitiva rispetto ad altre opzioni,<br />

richiede un <strong>in</strong>vestimento <strong>in</strong>iziale molto elevato. Nel<br />

caso <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi liqui<strong>di</strong>, tale <strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />

risulta sempre giustificato <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> costo <strong>di</strong> trasporto<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’unità <strong>di</strong> energia, mentre nel caso <strong>del</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong><br />

idrocarburi gassosi la competitività <strong>del</strong>l’opzione condotta<br />

sulle lunghe <strong>di</strong>stanze richiede un notevole sforzo tecnologico<br />

per mantenere <strong>il</strong> costo <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong>l’unità <strong>di</strong><br />

energia al <strong>di</strong> sotto <strong>di</strong> livelli accettab<strong>il</strong>i. <strong>È</strong> sempre la stab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

politica <strong>del</strong>le regioni attraversate, <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>del</strong>la<br />

elevata vulnerab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>la <strong>in</strong>frastruttura nella sua estensione<br />

territoriale alle azioni esterne, e la r<strong>il</strong>evanza strategica<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>frastruttura <strong>di</strong> trasporto a risultare decisiva<br />

nella def<strong>in</strong>izione <strong>del</strong> costo <strong>di</strong> trasporto accettab<strong>il</strong>e e<br />

qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> nella scelta <strong>del</strong>l’opzione ottima.<br />

Il vantaggio che una condotta ha su altri sistemi <strong>di</strong> trasporto<br />

riguarda: l’economia <strong>del</strong>l’esercizio, <strong>in</strong> relazione al<br />

costo <strong>del</strong>la portata garantita <strong>di</strong> unità <strong>di</strong> energia e <strong>del</strong>la<br />

capacità <strong>di</strong> trasporto attraverso ambienti che possono risultare<br />

particolarmente ost<strong>il</strong>i; la salvaguar<strong>di</strong>a <strong>del</strong>l’ambiente,<br />

<strong>in</strong> relazione al fatto che una volta controllate le<br />

con<strong>di</strong>zioni che si presentano nella costruzione <strong>di</strong> una<br />

condotta che sono richieste negli ambienti particolarmente<br />

sensib<strong>il</strong>i, la condotta non ha alcun impatto durante<br />

l’esercizio; la sicurezza, particolarmente elevata <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

comparativi per quanto concerne <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> prodotti<br />

liqui<strong>di</strong>, mentre per quanto concerne <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong><br />

gas ad alta pressione può comunque presentare <strong>del</strong>le riserve<br />

nelle aree ad alta densità <strong>di</strong> popolazione, superab<strong>il</strong>i<br />

con materiali ad elevata qualità, progettazione qualificata,<br />

costruzione accurata e gestione controllata.<br />

Negli ultimi trenta anni, <strong>il</strong> rateo <strong>di</strong> guasto per condotte a<br />

olio e a gas si è notevolmente abbassato assestandosi su<br />

livelli prestazionali <strong>di</strong> eccellenza, e ciò testimonia l’attenzione<br />

riservata alla <strong>in</strong>novazione tecnologica da parte dei<br />

vari settori <strong>del</strong>la <strong>in</strong>dustria per <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>in</strong> condotta<br />

degli idrocarburi.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a condotta può essere classificata a seconda <strong>di</strong>: ambiente<br />

attraversato, ad esempio condotte <strong>di</strong> terra o condotte<br />

sottomar<strong>in</strong>e, con sottoclassi che qualificano ulteriormente<br />

le pr<strong>in</strong>cipali caratteristiche quali <strong>il</strong> prof<strong>il</strong>o altimetrico,<br />

la natura dei terreni etc.; prodotto trasportato,<br />

se liquido o gassoso o multifase, con sottoclassi che qualificano<br />

i parametri fluidod<strong>in</strong>amici <strong>del</strong> trasporto quali pressione,<br />

temperatura, velocità etc.; materiale con <strong>il</strong> quale<br />

vengono realizzate, se con <strong>il</strong> tipico acciaio al carboniomanganese<br />

o con leghe speciali resistenti alla corrosione,<br />

e le saldature con cui vengono assemblate; tecnologie impiegate<br />

nella costruzione, <strong>in</strong> particolare quelle relative alla<br />

posa <strong>in</strong> opera e ai lavori richiesti per l’<strong>in</strong>terramento, sia<br />

per le condotte a terra che per le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

In generale l’<strong>in</strong>frastruttura <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi <strong>in</strong><br />

condotta non <strong>in</strong>terferisce significativamente con le attività<br />

umane, <strong>in</strong> quanto le condotte vengono <strong>in</strong>terrate a<br />

profon<strong>di</strong>tà tali da m<strong>in</strong>imizzare qualsiasi tipo <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>terferenza<br />

oppure vengono posate sul fondo <strong>del</strong> mare, ma ri-<br />

chiede una gestione molto accurata <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>del</strong> valore<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’opera e <strong>del</strong>la posizione primaria <strong>del</strong>la stessa nella<br />

economia energetica <strong>di</strong> uno stato. La realizzazione è con<strong>di</strong>zionata<br />

dalle caratteristiche <strong>del</strong> territorio che dovrà attraversare,<br />

dall’esigenza <strong>di</strong> m<strong>in</strong>imizzare l’impatto ambientale<br />

<strong>in</strong> particolare durante la costruzione e dai v<strong>in</strong>coli<br />

legislativi presenti <strong>in</strong> particolare nella aree altamente<br />

antropicizzate. La scelta <strong>del</strong>la rotta ottimale deve coniugare<br />

le esigenze <strong>di</strong> carattere tecnico-economico con<br />

quelle <strong>del</strong>la tutela dei luoghi attraversati, all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong><br />

campo <strong>di</strong> variazione dei parametri che caratterizzano la<br />

fattib<strong>il</strong>ità tecnico-economica <strong>di</strong> un attraversamento. Nel<br />

caso <strong>del</strong>le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e, l’attraversamento impone<br />

sforzi tecnologici notevoli. La selezione <strong>del</strong>la rotta<br />

non si può avvalere <strong>del</strong>la visione <strong>di</strong>retta <strong>del</strong>l’area, come<br />

l’osservazione <strong>del</strong>le foto aeree e <strong>il</strong> sopralluogo visivo <strong>del</strong><br />

caso <strong>del</strong>le condotte a terra. La fase conoscitiva è completamente<br />

strumentale, affidata a tecnologie molto sofisticate,<br />

derivata dall’<strong>in</strong>terpretazione <strong>del</strong>le misure. Le <strong>di</strong>fficoltà<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’ambiente e la necessità <strong>di</strong> impiego <strong>di</strong> tecnologie<br />

sofisticate per ottenere i dati <strong>di</strong> progetto rendono la<br />

selezione <strong>di</strong> una rotta ottima molto critica nel progetto <strong>di</strong><br />

un attraversamento sottomar<strong>in</strong>o, base per una analisi<br />

tecnico-economica <strong>del</strong>la realizzazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera.<br />

Il primo obiettivo <strong>del</strong>la progettazione è def<strong>in</strong>ire qual è <strong>il</strong><br />

<strong>di</strong>ametro <strong>del</strong>la tubazione necessario per trasportare una<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>ata quantità (portata nell’unità <strong>di</strong> tempo) <strong>di</strong><br />

prodotto (pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente olio o gas o una miscela dei<br />

due) da un luogo ad un altro. Durante<br />

questa fase viene def<strong>in</strong>ita la<br />

pressione <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>gresso <strong>del</strong> prodotto<br />

considerando, tra le altre cose, le<br />

proprietà <strong>del</strong> fluido, le previsioni <strong>di</strong><br />

cambiamento lungo la rotta, a seconda<br />

<strong>del</strong> tipo <strong>di</strong> condotta <strong>in</strong> esame<br />

(terrestre o mar<strong>in</strong>a) e <strong>del</strong>la tipologia<br />

<strong>del</strong> fluido trasportato (liquido o<br />

gassoso), le per<strong>di</strong>te <strong>di</strong> carico, etc..<br />

La scelta dei materiali per i tubi impiegati<br />

nel trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi<br />

<strong>di</strong>pende pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente dal fluido<br />

trasportato (gas o liquido, corrosivo<br />

o meno, etc.) ed è soggetta a un<br />

processo decisionale che prevede<br />

<strong>di</strong>verse analisi.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a tubazione per <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong><br />

prodotti petroliferi, quali olio e gas<br />

naturale, deve essere sufficientemente<br />

resistente da sopportare le<br />

sollecitazioni dovute ai carichi che<br />

saranno applicati sia <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> co-<br />

PIPELINES. La realizzazione <strong>di</strong> una condotta<br />

avviene saldando tra loro porzioni <strong>di</strong> tubo<br />

adeguatamente preparate prima <strong>del</strong>la posa<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ale. La progettazione e la costruzione<br />

<strong>del</strong>le condotte variano a seconda che si tratti<br />

<strong>di</strong> condotte a terra o sottomar<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

PIPELINES. In pipel<strong>in</strong>e bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g duly prepared<br />

lengths of pipe are welded together<br />

before be<strong>in</strong>g laid down. Pipel<strong>in</strong>e design and<br />

construction vary depend<strong>in</strong>g on whether they<br />

are overland or subsea pipel<strong>in</strong>es.<br />

TRAVELING AROUND<br />

THE WORLD<br />

Not only exploration and production:<br />

also transport has become strategic<br />

<strong>in</strong> the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry today.<br />

From the first volume of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a,<br />

here is an excerpt from the chapter<br />

that tells how and why.<br />

by ROBERTO BRUSCHI<br />

THE INDUSTRY OF HYDROCARBONS IS BY DEFINITION<br />

de<strong>di</strong>cated ma<strong>in</strong>ly to exploration (E) and production (P).<br />

This approach goes back to the 1950s, and has over<br />

time <strong>in</strong>fluenced both its organizational development<br />

and perception on the part of civ<strong>il</strong> society, impressed by the<br />

images of the large <strong>in</strong>frastructures used to extract<br />

hydrocarbons.<br />

Dur<strong>in</strong>g the second world war, when the <strong>Un</strong>ited States met with<br />

the need to guarantee fuel o<strong>il</strong> for the convoys leav<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

Atlantic coast for Europe and defend it from attacks by<br />

German submar<strong>in</strong>es, long-<strong>di</strong>stance pipel<strong>in</strong>e transport from the<br />

coasts of the Gulf of Mexico became important. Another step<br />

toward greater attention for pipel<strong>in</strong>e transport took place with<br />

the o<strong>il</strong> pipel<strong>in</strong>e from the Beaufort Sea to the Valdez term<strong>in</strong>al<br />

on the Pacific Ocean, bu<strong>il</strong>t across Alaska <strong>in</strong> the second half of<br />

the 1970s with noteworthy technological and economic<br />

efforts. The reason beh<strong>in</strong>d it was the fuel crisis sparked by<br />

the Middle East conflict.<br />

It is a commonly held belief that, <strong>in</strong> the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of this<br />

second m<strong>il</strong>lennium and for the next 30 years, the role of<br />

trans-cont<strong>in</strong>ental pipel<strong>in</strong>es to move hydrocarbons over long<br />

<strong>di</strong>stances w<strong>il</strong>l grow ever more important <strong>in</strong> the hydrocarbon<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustry, as a result of the <strong>di</strong>stance between consumers and<br />

newly-found o<strong>il</strong> fields <strong>in</strong> remote areas. It would be no surprise<br />

if o<strong>il</strong> companies were to add ‘T’ for transport to the E & P<br />

acronym of exploration and production, which they are known<br />

by up to now.<br />

Opt<strong>in</strong>g to carry hydrocarbons by pipel<strong>in</strong>e over long <strong>di</strong>stances,<br />

when it is held to be technically secure and economically<br />

competitive compared with other options, calls for a huge<br />

<strong>in</strong>itial <strong>in</strong>vestment. In the case of transport of liquid<br />

hydrocarbons, such an <strong>in</strong>vestment is always justified <strong>in</strong> terms<br />

of transport costs per energy unit, wh<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the case of gas<br />

hydrocarbons, competitiveness of the long-<strong>di</strong>stance pipel<strong>in</strong>e<br />

option requires significant technological effort to keep the<br />

transport cost per energy unit below acceptable levels. The<br />

crucial factors <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g acceptable transport costs and<br />

hence <strong>in</strong> pick<strong>in</strong>g the best option are always represented by<br />

the political stab<strong>il</strong>ity of the regions crossed, <strong>in</strong> view of the<br />

high level of vulnerab<strong>il</strong>ity concern<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>frastructure <strong>in</strong> its<br />

length to external actions, and the strategic importance of the<br />

transport fac<strong>il</strong>ity.<br />

The advantage of pipel<strong>in</strong>es<br />

over other transport systems<br />

lies <strong>in</strong>: the operat<strong>in</strong>g costs<br />

<strong>in</strong> connection with the cost<br />

of the guaranteed flow of<br />

energy units and transport<br />

capacity across<br />

environments that may be<br />

particularly host<strong>il</strong>e; the<br />

safeguard<strong>in</strong>g of the<br />

environment, s<strong>in</strong>ce once the<br />

con<strong>di</strong>tions for bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g a<br />

pipel<strong>in</strong>e required <strong>in</strong> a<br />

particularly vulnerable<br />

environment have been<br />

taken <strong>in</strong>to account, the<br />

pipel<strong>in</strong>e has no impact<br />

dur<strong>in</strong>g its use; safety, which<br />

is particularly high <strong>in</strong><br />

comparative terms <strong>in</strong> the<br />

case of liquid products,<br />

wh<strong>il</strong>e the transport of gas at<br />

high pressure can meet<br />

objections <strong>in</strong> densely<br />

populated areas. These<br />

objections can be overcome<br />

by us<strong>in</strong>g high quality<br />

materials, qualified plann<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

accurate construction and<br />

controlled management.<br />

Over the past thirty years,<br />

the rate of <strong>di</strong>srepairs for o<strong>il</strong><br />

and gas pipel<strong>in</strong>es has<br />

58 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

59


SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

struzione sia durante la vita operativa.<br />

Quando gli attraversamenti sono<br />

complicati da con<strong>di</strong>zioni ambientali<br />

<strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i, l’analisi <strong>di</strong> pre<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>del</strong><br />

comportamento nel tempo è estremamente<br />

complessa e articolata.<br />

La costruzione <strong>di</strong> una condotta è realizzata<br />

saldando tra loro le barre <strong>di</strong><br />

tubo opportunamente preparate e<br />

adagiandole lungo un per<strong>corso</strong> predef<strong>in</strong>ito.<br />

La progettazione e la tecnologia<br />

<strong>di</strong> costruzione variano a seconda<br />

che si tratti <strong>di</strong> condotte a terra o<br />

sottomar<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

In genere le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e richiedono<br />

un livello tecnologico elevato<br />

sia per la costruzione, per via dei<br />

mezzi impiegati, sia <strong>in</strong> seguito per la<br />

gestione e la manutenzione <strong>del</strong>le l<strong>in</strong>ee.<br />

Le condotte a terra sono <strong>in</strong>terrate,<br />

con pochissime eccezioni <strong>in</strong> casi <strong>di</strong><br />

attraversamenti o ambienti particolari<br />

quali la zona Artica e sub-Artica; questo<br />

sia per aumentarne la sicurezza<br />

sia per ridurre l’impatto sull’ambiente.<br />

Le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e sono solitamente<br />

esposte, posate sul fondo <strong>del</strong><br />

mare, <strong>in</strong>terrate e/o protette esclusivamente<br />

<strong>in</strong> corrispondenza degli appro<strong>di</strong><br />

costieri o <strong>di</strong> sezioni potenzialmente<br />

esposte ad azioni ambientali estreme<br />

o attività <strong>di</strong> pesca, mercant<strong>il</strong>i e <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

degli idrocarburi.<br />

Per la costruzione <strong>del</strong>le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

l’ambiente <strong>di</strong> posa spesso<br />

richiede l’uso <strong>di</strong> mezzi specifici, <strong>di</strong> notevole<br />

<strong>di</strong>mensione e costo, che sono<br />

le navi posatubi. Tali mezzi navali possono<br />

essere <strong>del</strong>le offic<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> lavoro<br />

galleggianti, ove trovano alloggio f<strong>in</strong>o<br />

a cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> persone, che abitualmente<br />

lavorano a ciclo cont<strong>in</strong>uo, con<br />

turni tra <strong>il</strong> personale. Le attività seguono<br />

lo schema funzionale <strong>del</strong>le condotte<br />

a terra, ove però si svolgono sulla<br />

terra ferma quante più attività preparatorie<br />

possib<strong>il</strong>i e ove la parte <strong>di</strong> varo<br />

e <strong>di</strong> eventuale lavoro sul fondo assume<br />

una importanza molto maggiore.<br />

La necessità <strong>di</strong> evitare sollecitazioni<br />

e deformazioni eccessive che possano<br />

compromettere l’<strong>in</strong>tegrità presente<br />

e futura <strong>del</strong>la condotta ha portato<br />

allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>di</strong> tecnologie e mezzi<br />

<strong>di</strong> posa sempre più potenti e sofisticati nel controllo<br />

<strong>del</strong>le sequenze operative.<br />

Le condotte, sia terrestri sia sottomar<strong>in</strong>e, operano <strong>in</strong> un<br />

contesto che potrebbe comportarne <strong>il</strong> deterioramento<br />

nel tempo, sia per ragioni identificab<strong>il</strong>i <strong>in</strong> sede <strong>di</strong> progetto<br />

che per ragioni <strong>in</strong>aspettate. Pertanto la realizzazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> una condotta prevede sempre l’implementazione <strong>di</strong><br />

60<br />

POSA OFFSHORE. Per la posa <strong>di</strong> condotte<br />

sottomar<strong>in</strong>e è richiesto un livello tecnologico<br />

molto elevato. Ogni nave posatubi è dotata<br />

<strong>di</strong> stazioni <strong>di</strong> saldatura, controllo saldature<br />

e rivestimento dei tubi. Il sistema<br />

<strong>di</strong> tensionamento permette <strong>di</strong> calare <strong>in</strong> mare<br />

la condotta me<strong>di</strong>ante l’avanzamento<br />

<strong>del</strong>la nave. Gli <strong>in</strong>terventi sui fondali<br />

sono effettuati dall’uomo se le profon<strong>di</strong>tà<br />

non sono elevate, ma laddove aumentano<br />

è possib<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong>tervenire solo con sofisticati<br />

strumenti telecomandati denom<strong>in</strong>ati<br />

Rov (Remotely Operated Vehicle).<br />

OFFSHORE LAYDOWN. A very high technological<br />

level is required to lay subsea pipel<strong>in</strong>es.<br />

Each lay-barge is equipped with stations<br />

for weld<strong>in</strong>g, weld<strong>in</strong>g control and pipe coat<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

The tension<strong>in</strong>g system enables to lay the pipel<strong>in</strong>e<br />

<strong>in</strong>to the sea as the barge moves on.<br />

Operations on the seabed are carried out<br />

by people when the sea is not too deep.<br />

But when it is very deep you can operate only<br />

by means of sophisticated remote-controlled<br />

<strong>in</strong>struments called Rov (Remotely Operated<br />

Vehicle).<br />

equipaggiamenti e programmi <strong>di</strong> gestione a garanzia <strong>del</strong>la<br />

funzionalità nel tempo previsto <strong>in</strong> sede <strong>di</strong> progetto per<br />

l’esercizio.<br />

Roberto Bruschi lavora <strong>in</strong> Snamprogetti come responsab<strong>il</strong>e<br />

Ricerca e Sv<strong>il</strong>uppo nel settore sistemi <strong>di</strong> condotte. In questo<br />

settore è anche <strong>di</strong>rettore Progetti speciali.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

decreased considerably,<br />

settl<strong>in</strong>g at excellent<br />

performance levels,<br />

and this testifies to the<br />

attention given by the<br />

<strong>di</strong>fferent sectors of the<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustry to<br />

technological <strong>in</strong>novation<br />

to transport<br />

hydrocarbons by<br />

pipel<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

Pipel<strong>in</strong>es can be<br />

classified accord<strong>in</strong>g to:<br />

environment to be<br />

crossed, for example<br />

overland pipel<strong>in</strong>es or<br />

sub sea ones, with subcategories<br />

that further<br />

qualify their ma<strong>in</strong><br />

characteristics such as<br />

elevation prof<strong>il</strong>e, the<br />

nature of the terra<strong>in</strong>,<br />

etc.; product<br />

transported, whether<br />

liquid, gas or<br />

multiphase, with subcategories<br />

that qualify<br />

the fluidodynamics of<br />

the transport such as<br />

pressure, temperature,<br />

speed, etc.;<br />

construction materials,<br />

either the typical carbon-manganese steel or special,<br />

corrosion-resistant alloys, and the weld<strong>in</strong>gs they are<br />

assembled with; and construction technologies, <strong>in</strong> particular<br />

those related to the lay<strong>in</strong>g operation and the work needed for<br />

burial, both for overland and sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es.<br />

In general, the fac<strong>il</strong>ities to transport hydrocarbons by<br />

pipel<strong>in</strong>es don’t <strong>in</strong>terfere significantly with human activities,<br />

s<strong>in</strong>ce the pipel<strong>in</strong>es are buried at such a depth so as to<br />

m<strong>in</strong>imize all sort of <strong>in</strong>terference, or they are laid on the<br />

seabed, yet they require very careful manag<strong>in</strong>g, consider<strong>in</strong>g<br />

what they are worth and their foremost position <strong>in</strong> the energy<br />

policy of a nation. The execution of a pipel<strong>in</strong>e is affected by<br />

the features of the territory to be crossed, by the need to<br />

m<strong>in</strong>imize the environmental impact, especially dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />

construction phase, and by legal restrictions imposed <strong>in</strong><br />

densely populated areas. Choos<strong>in</strong>g the best route must<br />

reconc<strong>il</strong>e technical-economic requirements with the need to<br />

protect the sites <strong>in</strong>volved, keep<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> the range of<br />

variation of the parameters l<strong>in</strong>ked to the technical- economic<br />

feasib<strong>il</strong>ity of a cross<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

With regard to sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es, seabed cross<strong>in</strong>g enta<strong>il</strong>s<br />

significant technological effort. Decid<strong>in</strong>g on the route cannot<br />

be carried out us<strong>in</strong>g a <strong>di</strong>rect view of the area, as is done with<br />

aerial photographs and on-spot visual <strong>in</strong>spections for onshore<br />

pipel<strong>in</strong>es. The reconnaissance phase is totally <strong>in</strong>strumental,<br />

entrusted to the use of highly sophisticated technologies and<br />

bound to the <strong>in</strong>terpretation of measurements. Environmental<br />

<strong>di</strong>fficulties and the need to use advanced technologies to get<br />

project data make optimal route selection a very crucial<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

phase <strong>in</strong> a sub sea cross<strong>in</strong>g project, which provides the basis<br />

for the technical-economic assessment of the work’s<br />

feasib<strong>il</strong>ity.<br />

The designer’s first objective is to def<strong>in</strong>e the pipe <strong>di</strong>ameter<br />

needed to convey a given quantity (flow per time unit) of the<br />

product (chiefly o<strong>il</strong> or natural gas, or a mix of the two) from one<br />

place to another. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this phase, the entry pressure of the<br />

product is def<strong>in</strong>ed, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account, among other th<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />

the fluid properties, expected changes along the route,<br />

depend<strong>in</strong>g on the type of pipel<strong>in</strong>e (sub sea or overland) and<br />

the type of fluid be<strong>in</strong>g conveyed (liquid or gas), load loss, etc.<br />

The choice of materials for pipes used to convey hydrocarbons<br />

depends mostly on the fluid conveyed (gas or liquid, more or<br />

less corrosive, etc), and passes though a decision-mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

process that <strong>in</strong>volves several types of analyses.<br />

A pipel<strong>in</strong>e convey<strong>in</strong>g petroleum products such as o<strong>il</strong> and<br />

natural gas needs be resistant enough to bear the stress<br />

caused by the loads which w<strong>il</strong>l be imposed on it, both <strong>in</strong> its<br />

construction phase and its operat<strong>in</strong>g life. When cross<strong>in</strong>gs are<br />

h<strong>in</strong>dered by <strong>di</strong>fficult environmental con<strong>di</strong>tions, the analysis of<br />

behavior pre<strong>di</strong>ction over time is extremely complex.<br />

To bu<strong>il</strong>d a pipel<strong>in</strong>e they weld together the lengths of pipe after<br />

duly prepar<strong>in</strong>g them and lay<strong>in</strong>g them along the chosen route.<br />

Plann<strong>in</strong>g and construction technology change depend<strong>in</strong>g on<br />

whether an overland or a sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>e is <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />

Generally speak<strong>in</strong>g, sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es require an advanced<br />

technological level, both to bu<strong>il</strong>d them, ow<strong>in</strong>g to the means<br />

employed, and afterwards to operate and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> them.<br />

Onshore pipel<strong>in</strong>es are buried underground, except for very few<br />

exceptions <strong>in</strong> the case of cross<strong>in</strong>gs and of <strong>di</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ctive<br />

environments, such as the Arctic and sub-Arctic area. They<br />

are buried both to improve security and reduce environmental<br />

impact.<br />

Sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es are usually exposed, laid on the seabed,<br />

and are buried and/or protected only when reach<strong>in</strong>g the shore<br />

or with stretches potentially exposed to extreme<br />

environmental con<strong>di</strong>tions, or to fish<strong>in</strong>g, merchant and<br />

hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong>dustry activities.<br />

In bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es, the lay<strong>in</strong>g site often requires<br />

us<strong>in</strong>g special, very large and costly units, namely, the pipelay<strong>in</strong>g<br />

ships. These vessels can be float<strong>in</strong>g work<strong>in</strong>g stations,<br />

which can accommodate up to hundreds of people, who<br />

typically work <strong>in</strong> shifts around the clock. The work follows the<br />

same functional sequence as overland pipel<strong>in</strong>es; however, as<br />

much preparatory work as possible is carried out onshore and<br />

the launch phase and possible seabed work take on far<br />

greater importance. The need to avoid stress and excessive<br />

deformation that may compromise the present and future<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrity of the pipel<strong>in</strong>e led to the development of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />

powerful and sophisticated technologies and lay<strong>in</strong>g barges to<br />

control operational sequences.<br />

Both overland and sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es work <strong>in</strong> a context that<br />

may br<strong>in</strong>g about their deterioration over the course of time, for<br />

reasons that may have been identified <strong>in</strong> the draw<strong>in</strong>g board<br />

stage, or for unexpected reasons. Hence pipel<strong>in</strong>e bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />

always <strong>in</strong>cludes the implementation of equipment and<br />

management programs to guarantee functionality over the<br />

span of time foreseen <strong>in</strong> the plann<strong>in</strong>g stage.<br />

Roberto Bruschi works with Snamprogetti as Pipel<strong>in</strong>e Systems- R&D<br />

Manager. In this sector he is also Special Projects Manager.<br />

61


INTERVISTA - INTERVIEW<br />

La stagione <strong>del</strong>le<br />

REGOLE<br />

62<br />

Correttezza e trasparenza dei mercati sono problemi aperti.<br />

Myron Scholes, premio Nobel per l’economia, spiega<br />

come <strong>il</strong> rispetto <strong>del</strong>le norme si riflette sulla vita <strong>del</strong>le imprese<br />

e nei comportamenti <strong>di</strong> tutti gli <strong>in</strong>vestitori.<br />

Intervista a MYRON SCHOLES<br />

POCHI ECONOMISTI COME LUI HANNO AVUTO<br />

un ruolo attivo sia nella teoria sia nella pratica<br />

dei mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari. Al culm<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la sua carriera<br />

accademica Myron Scholes, 65enne nato a<br />

Timm<strong>in</strong>s nell’Ontario, <strong>in</strong> Canada, ma da tempo residente<br />

negli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti, ha ricevuto <strong>in</strong>fatti nel 1997 <strong>il</strong> premio<br />

Nobel per l’economia assieme al collega Robert<br />

Merton per le ricerche condotte <strong>in</strong> campo f<strong>in</strong>anziario e<br />

soprattutto per la teoria <strong>di</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>azione dei valori<br />

<strong>del</strong>le opzioni (<strong>il</strong> terzo stu<strong>di</strong>oso che aveva lavorato con<br />

loro, Fisher Black, era purtroppo morto prematuramente<br />

nel 1995 e non poté godere <strong>del</strong>la fama legata alla scoperta).<br />

Poi gli sv<strong>il</strong>uppi professionali lo hanno portato a<br />

de<strong>di</strong>carsi anche all’attività sul campo e ora guida <strong>in</strong> prima<br />

persona proprio una società d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento, la Oak<br />

H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners, <strong>di</strong> cui è chairman e manag<strong>in</strong>g<br />

partner.<br />

Ancora più particolare è però forse <strong>il</strong> fatto che oggi si<br />

occupi attivamente <strong>di</strong> governance, dopo aver legato a<br />

lungo la sua immag<strong>in</strong>e a quella <strong>del</strong>la trad<strong>in</strong>g room <strong>del</strong>la<br />

Salomon Brothers e soprattutto a quel fondo, Long-<br />

Term Capital Management, che con <strong>il</strong> suo crollo nel<br />

1998 fece venire i brivi<strong>di</strong> ai mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari <strong>in</strong>ternazionali<br />

e costr<strong>in</strong>se la Federal Reserve a coord<strong>in</strong>are un<br />

salvataggio a più mani, con la partecipazione <strong>di</strong>retta<br />

dei colossi <strong>di</strong> Wall Street.<br />

Professore emerito all’ateneo <strong>di</strong> Stanford, Scholes è comunque<br />

tuttora impegnato nel mondo <strong>del</strong>la ricerca universitaria,<br />

sv<strong>il</strong>uppando gli stu<strong>di</strong> che lo portarono con i<br />

colleghi a determ<strong>in</strong>are per la prima volta, sulla base <strong>di</strong><br />

una formula matematica, <strong>il</strong> prezzo per le opzioni non<br />

esercitab<strong>il</strong>i prima <strong>del</strong>la scadenza e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>, <strong>in</strong> senso lato, a<br />

calcolare <strong>il</strong> valore <strong>di</strong> qualsiasi strumento f<strong>in</strong>anziario derivato.<br />

Ed è su questo complesso <strong>di</strong> esperienze che <strong>il</strong> premio<br />

Nobel ha de<strong>di</strong>cato a <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way la sua analisi sul mer-<br />

cato dei capitali e degli <strong>in</strong>vestimenti mob<strong>il</strong>iari. Soprattutto<br />

alla luce <strong>di</strong> vicende più e meno recenti che hanno riproposto<br />

con forza all’attenzione degli operatori, <strong>del</strong><br />

pubblico e soprattutto <strong>del</strong>le istituzioni – sia <strong>in</strong> Europa sia<br />

negli Usa – alcuni aspetti fondamentali <strong>del</strong> sistema f<strong>in</strong>anziario<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternazionale. A partire dalle regole <strong>di</strong> governance<br />

<strong>del</strong>le società e dal controllo <strong>del</strong> rischio sui mercati, che<br />

ancorché connaturale rappresenta <strong>il</strong> punto più critico (e<br />

qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> costante) per <strong>il</strong> loro equ<strong>il</strong>ibrio.<br />

E’sW<br />

A proposito <strong>del</strong> rischio come fattore <strong>in</strong>evitabi-<br />

le <strong>del</strong> mondo <strong>del</strong>la f<strong>in</strong>anza, lei ha scritto recentemente<br />

che “abbiamo imparato a gestirlo e <strong>di</strong>stribuirlo<br />

meglio”, aggiungendo tuttavia che è errato pensare<br />

che “possa essere elim<strong>in</strong>ato”. Anche gli scandali<br />

devono dunque essere considerati <strong>in</strong>evitab<strong>il</strong>i?<br />

Il rischio non può essere elim<strong>in</strong>ato. Sul mercato è<br />

possib<strong>il</strong>e tutt’al più trasferirlo verso quelli che capiscono<br />

come gestirlo. Lo stesso <strong>di</strong>s<strong>corso</strong> vale per gli<br />

scandali: la corporate<br />

governance non potrà<br />

mai essere completa. Anche<br />

con regole e controlli<br />

severi si avrà sempre a<br />

che fare con errori commessi<br />

da manager, che<br />

provocheranno default,<br />

crolli o crack. D’altra parte,<br />

chi decide le regole<br />

deve fare attenzione; a<br />

non renderle cioè così rigide<br />

da <strong>in</strong>ibire le aziende<br />

dal funzionare corretta-<br />

mente.<br />

E’sW<br />

Il problema autentico<br />

va allora ricondotto<br />

RICONOSCIMENTI. Myron<br />

Scholes, professore emerito<br />

all’ateneo <strong>di</strong> Stanford. <strong>È</strong> stato<br />

<strong>in</strong>signito <strong>del</strong> Premio Nobel<br />

per l’Economia nel 1997<br />

per <strong>il</strong> contributo alla teoria<br />

<strong>del</strong>le option pric<strong>in</strong>g: tecniche<br />

che permettono <strong>di</strong> assegnare<br />

un prezzo a un prodotto<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anziario. Ha con<strong>di</strong>viso<br />

<strong>il</strong> premio con l’economista<br />

Robert Merton.<br />

AWARD. Myron Scholes, professor<br />

emeritus at the Stanford <strong>Un</strong>iversity,<br />

was awarded the Nobel Prize<br />

<strong>in</strong> economics <strong>in</strong> 1997<br />

for his contribution to the option<br />

pric<strong>in</strong>g theory: a technique<br />

that enables to price a f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />

product. He shared the prize<br />

with economist Robert Merton.


INTERVISTA - INTERVIEW<br />

64<br />

PASSATO E PRESENTE. Scholes ha lavorato per molti anni con <strong>il</strong><br />

matematico americano Fisher Black, scomparso nel 1995. Con lui ha<br />

dato vita al famoso mo<strong>del</strong>lo per <strong>il</strong> calcolo <strong>del</strong>le opzioni chiamato<br />

“Black and Scholes”. Secondo la formula <strong>il</strong> valore <strong>di</strong> un’opzione<br />

<strong>di</strong>pende da quattro elementi: la durata, <strong>il</strong> prezzo, <strong>il</strong> tasso d’<strong>in</strong>teresse e<br />

la volat<strong>il</strong>ità. Attualmente si occupa <strong>di</strong> corporate governance ed è alla<br />

guida <strong>di</strong> una società <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestimenti, la Oak H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners.<br />

PAST AND PRESENT. Scholes worked for many years with the US<br />

mathematician Fisher Black, who <strong>di</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> 1995. Jo<strong>in</strong>tly with him<br />

he developed the well-known “Black and Scholes” option-pric<strong>in</strong>g mo<strong>del</strong>.<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this formula, the price of an option depends on four elements:<br />

expiration time, price, <strong>in</strong>terest rate and volat<strong>il</strong>ity. Currently Scholes<br />

deals with corporate governance and heads an <strong>in</strong>vestment firm,<br />

Oak H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners.<br />

alla qualità <strong>del</strong>le regole? Significa che vanno cont<strong>in</strong>uamente<br />

aggiornate e aff<strong>in</strong>ate?<br />

Le regole devono essere sufficientemente “ampie” per<br />

evitare che con<strong>di</strong>zion<strong>in</strong>o <strong>in</strong> modo eccessivo l’attività<br />

<strong>del</strong>le imprese e che fren<strong>in</strong>o la crescita. Nel concetto <strong>di</strong><br />

ord<strong>in</strong>amento “ampio”, tuttavia, contemplo al tempo<br />

stesso quello <strong>di</strong> una normativa <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> contrastare<br />

e colpire le fro<strong>di</strong> e le pratiche scorrette. Il punto è che<br />

non si deve regolare ogni aspetto <strong>del</strong>l’attività, <strong>del</strong>la vita<br />

e <strong>del</strong> comportamento <strong>del</strong>le società, perché la natura<br />

fondamentale <strong>del</strong>le norme è – al contrario – proprio<br />

quella <strong>di</strong> permettere a ogni attività <strong>di</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess, a tutto<br />

<strong>il</strong> mondo degli affari, <strong>di</strong> operare <strong>in</strong> un clima globale e <strong>di</strong><br />

crescere <strong>in</strong> un contesto corretto, ord<strong>in</strong>ato. Anche un<br />

numero eccessivo <strong>di</strong> aggiornamenti <strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>a f<strong>in</strong>isce<br />

per avere un effetto perverso sull’economia. Per<br />

questo parlo <strong>di</strong> un’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e “ampiezza” <strong>del</strong>la regolamentazione<br />

e <strong>di</strong>co che le mo<strong>di</strong>fiche<br />

si rendono necessarie proprio se<br />

e quando emerge che la legge ostacola<br />

o deprime la crescita economica.<br />

Le regole devono essere qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> contenute <strong>di</strong> numero,<br />

ma comportare serie penali e consentire un pronto <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />

<strong>di</strong> reazione quando vengano violate.<br />

E’sW<br />

Non si può regolamentare tutto,<br />

altrimenti si deprime l’attività.<br />

You cannot regulate everyth<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

otherwise you <strong>di</strong>scourage bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />

Quali sono allora le strategie migliori per ga-<br />

rantire una maggiore sicurezza – e <strong>in</strong> qualche misura<br />

una maggiore stab<strong>il</strong>ità f<strong>in</strong>anziaria – ai mercati, sia<br />

per le aziende che per gli <strong>in</strong>vestitori?<br />

L’economia è <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ua fluttuazione. E l’attività economica<br />

è per natura e def<strong>in</strong>izione soggetta a <strong>in</strong>certezza.<br />

Sul terreno <strong>del</strong>le strategie non si può che fare riferimento<br />

ai vari sistemi nazionali. E per una parte <strong>di</strong> paesi<br />

<strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>s<strong>corso</strong> è <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e, perché la loro produzione – la loro<br />

“ricchezza” – si concentra <strong>in</strong> poche attività e <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ati<br />

settori, per cui la classica <strong>di</strong>versificazione o ri-<br />

partizione dei rischi appare <strong>in</strong> questi casi <strong>in</strong>attuab<strong>il</strong>e.<br />

Tutti possono però, secondo le rispettive <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità,<br />

creare riserve a copertura dei loro rischi economici.<br />

Ogni paese dovrebbe <strong>in</strong> sostanza prevedere una voce<br />

<strong>del</strong> b<strong>il</strong>ancio pubblico dest<strong>in</strong>ata alla gestione <strong>del</strong> rischio.<br />

E’sW<br />

Fra le materie <strong>di</strong> suo pr<strong>in</strong>cipale <strong>in</strong>teresse figu-<br />

ra senza dubbio <strong>il</strong> tema <strong>del</strong>la corporate governance e<br />

a questo proposito ha segnalato l’assoluta necessità<br />

<strong>di</strong> un impegno <strong>di</strong>retto – oltre che <strong>del</strong>le aziende e<br />

dei loro maggiori <strong>di</strong>rigenti – sia <strong>del</strong>le autorità istituzionali<br />

sia degli stessi <strong>in</strong>vestitori. Ma quali sono nella<br />

sua visione i loro rispettivi ruoli e responsab<strong>il</strong>ità?<br />

La corporate governance com<strong>in</strong>cia ai vertici <strong>del</strong>le imprese.<br />

Se <strong>il</strong> top management def<strong>in</strong>isce con chiarezza un<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

THE SEASON<br />

OF RULES<br />

Market fairness and transparency are<br />

unresolved issues.<br />

Cana<strong>di</strong>an-born US economist<br />

Myron Scholes – w<strong>in</strong>ner of the 1997 Nobel<br />

prize <strong>in</strong> economics – expla<strong>in</strong>s how comply<strong>in</strong>g<br />

with the regulations affects enterprises<br />

and <strong>in</strong>vestor behaviour.<br />

<strong>in</strong>terview with ROBERT SOLOW<br />

FEW ECONOMISTS HAVE PLAYED AN ACTIVE ROLE IN<br />

both theory and practice of f<strong>in</strong>ancial markets as<br />

Myron Scholes has. Scholes, aged 64, born <strong>in</strong><br />

Timm<strong>in</strong>s, Ontario, Canada, but who has been liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />

the US for long, reached his academic apex <strong>in</strong> 1997, when<br />

he won the Nobel Prize <strong>in</strong> economics, along with his<br />

colleague Robert Merton, for the research carried out <strong>in</strong> the<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ancial field and above all for a new method to determ<strong>in</strong>e<br />

the value of options (the third scholar who had worked with<br />

them, Fischer Black, unfortunately passed away <strong>in</strong> 1995,<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

thus <strong>di</strong>dn’t enjoy the acknowledgment of their<br />

<strong>di</strong>scovery). Then professional developments<br />

led him to engage also <strong>in</strong> on-field activities,<br />

and he now personally heads an <strong>in</strong>vestment<br />

fund, Oak H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners, where he<br />

acts as chairman and manag<strong>in</strong>g partner.<br />

What is even more noteworthy is maybe the<br />

fact he now actively deals with governance,<br />

after a long connection with the Salomon<br />

Brothers trad<strong>in</strong>g room and especially with<br />

the Long-Term Capital Management fund,<br />

which shook the <strong>in</strong>ternational f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />

markets when it crashed, back <strong>in</strong> 1998,<br />

forc<strong>in</strong>g the US Federal Reserve to set up a<br />

‘multi-player’ rescue, <strong>di</strong>rectly <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g Wall<br />

Street giants.<br />

Scholes, professor emeritus at the Stanford<br />

<strong>Un</strong>iversity, is st<strong>il</strong>l engaged <strong>in</strong> academic<br />

research, develop<strong>in</strong>g the stu<strong>di</strong>es which led<br />

him, along with his colleagues, to determ<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

for the first time, follow<strong>in</strong>g a mathematical<br />

formula, the price of options non exercisable<br />

before expiration date, thus allow<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> a<br />

broad sense, to calculate the value of other<br />

derivatives securities, too. Thanks to this set<br />

of experiences the Nobel laureate de<strong>di</strong>cated<br />

to <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way his analysis of the capital and<br />

securities markets, especially <strong>in</strong> the light of<br />

more or less recent events that drew the<br />

attention of the trade, the public and, above<br />

all, the <strong>in</strong>stitutions – both <strong>in</strong> Europe and the<br />

US – on some fundamental aspects of the<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternational f<strong>in</strong>ancial system. Start<strong>in</strong>g from<br />

corporate governance rules and f<strong>in</strong>ancial market risk, which,<br />

be<strong>in</strong>g somewhat <strong>in</strong>born, is surely the most critical aspect<br />

(and therefore a constant one) for their equ<strong>il</strong>ibrium.<br />

E’sW Regard<strong>in</strong>g risk as an <strong>in</strong>evitable factor <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />

world, you recently wrote that “we have learned to manage<br />

and spread it better”, add<strong>in</strong>g, however, that it is wrong to<br />

th<strong>in</strong>k “it can be elim<strong>in</strong>ated”. Are scandals to be considered<br />

<strong>in</strong>evitable, too, then?<br />

The risk factor cannot be elim<strong>in</strong>ated. In the market the best<br />

we can do is to transfer it to those who know how to<br />

manage it. The same goes for scandals: corporate<br />

governance w<strong>il</strong>l never be complete. Even with strict rules and<br />

controls, some managers w<strong>il</strong>l end up mak<strong>in</strong>g mistakes,<br />

which w<strong>il</strong>l cause defaults or crashes. Those who set the<br />

rules must be careful, though: they should not make them<br />

so strict as to prevent companies from work<strong>in</strong>g properly.<br />

E’sW Thus, is the real problem about the quality of rules?<br />

Does that mean they must constantly be updated and<br />

ref<strong>in</strong>ed?<br />

Rules just have to be sufficiently “broad”, to avoid<br />

con<strong>di</strong>tion<strong>in</strong>g enterprise activity too much, h<strong>in</strong>der<strong>in</strong>g their<br />

growth. Nonetheless, the concept of “broad” regulations<br />

also <strong>in</strong>cludes that of norms capable of efficiently hold<strong>in</strong>g off<br />

and punish frauds and unfair behaviour. The po<strong>in</strong>t is that you<br />

shouldn’t regulate all aspects of corporate activity, life and<br />

behaviour, because the very basic nature of regulation is<br />

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66<br />

obiettivo <strong>di</strong> buona governance e non tollera deviazioni rispetto<br />

al suo target, l’azienda <strong>in</strong> questione si è assicurata<br />

già le con<strong>di</strong>zioni per fare molti passi <strong>in</strong> avanti. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> top management<br />

a stab<strong>il</strong>ire i mo<strong>del</strong>li <strong>di</strong> riferimento. Senza questa<br />

guida e questo comportamento,<br />

non è possib<strong>il</strong>e che prenda forma<br />

una buona governance. Ovviamente<br />

deve essere messa <strong>in</strong> conto<br />

l’alta probab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> raccogliere<br />

anche degli <strong>in</strong>successi. Il management<br />

ad esempio può essere tentato<br />

– per scelta o semplicemente<br />

per errori <strong>di</strong> valutazione – <strong>di</strong> deviare<br />

dalla politica impostata. E lo<br />

stesso top management può cedere<br />

all’impulso <strong>di</strong> riservarsi risorse<br />

altrimenti dest<strong>in</strong>ate alla società<br />

o agli azionisti. Il ruolo degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori<br />

tuttavia sta cambiando e si<br />

fa più <strong>in</strong>cisivo. In particolare quello<br />

dei gruppi <strong>di</strong> private equity e<br />

degli hedge funds, che stanno <strong>di</strong>ventando<br />

più attenti all’opera <strong>di</strong><br />

vig<strong>il</strong>anza e consapevoli nei processi<br />

<strong>di</strong> controllo. Le loro attività<br />

<strong>di</strong> sorveglianza e <strong>di</strong> au<strong>di</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g rendono<br />

più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e per l’alta <strong>di</strong>rezione<br />

ogni deviazione rispetto all’obiettivo<br />

<strong>di</strong> massimizzare <strong>il</strong> valore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la compagnia nell’<strong>in</strong>teresse<br />

CORPORATE<br />

GOVERNANCE. Per poter<br />

funzionare <strong>in</strong> modo<br />

efficiente un’azienda<br />

deve puntare su una<br />

leadership riconosciuta<br />

che sappia guidare<br />

attraverso le regole,<br />

l’esempio<br />

e <strong>il</strong> comportamento.<br />

La comunità f<strong>in</strong>anziaria<br />

premia sempre più<br />

le aziende che operano<br />

secondo questi pr<strong>in</strong>cipi.<br />

CORPORATE<br />

GOVERNANCE. To be able<br />

to operate efficiently a firm<br />

needs to strive<br />

for a recognized leadership,<br />

capable of govern<strong>in</strong>g<br />

by means of rules, example<br />

and behaviour.<br />

The f<strong>in</strong>ancial community<br />

<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly rewards<br />

the firms that operate<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to these<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>ciples.<br />

dei suoi azionisti.<br />

E’sW I mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari oggi<br />

sono <strong>in</strong>fluenzati da players <strong>di</strong>versi<br />

da quelli <strong>del</strong> passato? Ci<br />

si può chiedere ad esempio se<br />

la governance che potrebbe venire<br />

applicata a <strong>in</strong>vestitori istituzionali<br />

come fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e<br />

d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento sia appropriata<br />

e sufficiente rispetto all’attuale<br />

forza degli hedge funds…<br />

I fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e quelli d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />

non de<strong>di</strong>cano molto impegno<br />

alla corporate governance.<br />

In genere passano le loro responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

a consulenti esterni,<br />

ovvero a società specializzate<br />

(sul tipo, ad esempio, <strong>di</strong> Institutional<br />

Shareholder Services) che “certificano” le<br />

imprese <strong>in</strong> materia <strong>di</strong> best practices, sulla base cioè<br />

dei loro comportamenti e atteggiamenti nelle politiche<br />

<strong>di</strong> governance. Secondo una prassi che si sta <strong>di</strong>ffondendo,<br />

affidano <strong>in</strong>somma queste funzioni a terzi e a<br />

presc<strong>in</strong>dere dal fatto che questi esperti esterni sappiano<br />

effettivamente qualcosa o meno sulle corrette strategie<br />

<strong>di</strong> una buona governance. Gli hedge fund e le<br />

società <strong>di</strong> private equity sono <strong>in</strong>vece co<strong>in</strong>volti <strong>in</strong> modo<br />

<strong>di</strong>retto nel processo <strong>di</strong> governance. Sono operatori<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anziari attivi che acquistano quote <strong>di</strong> partecipazione<br />

r<strong>il</strong>evanti – a volte determ<strong>in</strong>anti – e che <strong>in</strong>vestono allo<br />

scoperto per <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are aziende che tendenzialmente<br />

non considerano o non tutelano gli <strong>in</strong>teressi dei loro<br />

azionisti. Svolgono perciò un’azione <strong>di</strong> trasparenza più<br />

<strong>in</strong>cisiva rispetto ai fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento.<br />

E’sW<br />

Nel registrare una funzione comunque cre-<br />

scente degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori quali garanti <strong>del</strong>la corporate<br />

governance, si può r<strong>il</strong>evare anche un ruolo crescente<br />

dei gruppi d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento come “guar<strong>di</strong>ani” <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tegrità<br />

complessiva dei mercati?<br />

Il dato da prendere <strong>in</strong> considerazione è che gli <strong>in</strong>ve-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

rather to allow all bus<strong>in</strong>ess activities, all the bus<strong>in</strong>ess world,<br />

to operate <strong>in</strong> a global environment, and grow <strong>in</strong> a fair and<br />

orderly context. Even excessive updates of norms end up<br />

<strong>di</strong>stort<strong>in</strong>g the economy. That’s why I talk about an<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable “broadness” of regulation and I ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that<br />

changes become necessary precisely if and when it<br />

becomes clear that the law h<strong>in</strong>ders or drags down economic<br />

growth. Rules should be limited <strong>in</strong> number but call for<br />

serious punishment and allow<strong>in</strong>g for a quick reaction<br />

process when they are violated.<br />

E’sW That be<strong>in</strong>g so, what are the best strategies to<br />

improve security and, to some extent, f<strong>in</strong>ancial stab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />

markets, with regard to both enterprises and <strong>in</strong>vestors?<br />

Economy is constantly fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g, and economic activity is,<br />

by nature and def<strong>in</strong>ition, subject to uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty. When it<br />

comes to strategies, we can but refer to the various national<br />

systems. And for a number of them it is a serious matter<br />

because their production – their “wealth” – is centred on few<br />

activities and <strong>in</strong> particular sectors, hence the classic<br />

<strong>di</strong>versification or spread<strong>in</strong>g of risks seems impractical.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

However, everyone can set up reserves as a hedge aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

their economic risks, accord<strong>in</strong>g to their own assets.<br />

Basically, all countries should <strong>in</strong>clude a risk management<br />

item <strong>in</strong> their public budget.<br />

E’sW One of the subjects you are mostly <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> is<br />

surely corporate governance. In this connection you<br />

emphasized the absolute need for a <strong>di</strong>rect commitment –<br />

beyond that of enterprises and their top executives – by<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutional authorities and <strong>in</strong>vestors. In your op<strong>in</strong>ion, what<br />

are their respective roles and responsib<strong>il</strong>ities?<br />

Corporate governance beg<strong>in</strong>s at the corporate top. If the top<br />

management clearly def<strong>in</strong>es a target for good governance<br />

and does not tolerate deviations from it, that company w<strong>il</strong>l<br />

already have set the basis to make many steps forward. It’s<br />

up to the top management to set the reference mo<strong>del</strong>. Good<br />

governance cannot take shape without this guide and this<br />

conduct. Obviously, one must allow for the high probab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />

meet fa<strong>il</strong>ure at times. For example, the management may be<br />

tempted – out of choice or simply ow<strong>in</strong>g to evaluation<br />

mistakes – to deflect from the adopted gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es. And the<br />

very top management may not resist the urge to keep for<br />

themselves resources which should be allocated to the<br />

company or shareholders.<br />

Nonetheless, the role of <strong>in</strong>vestors is<br />

chang<strong>in</strong>g, it’s becom<strong>in</strong>g more <strong>in</strong>cisive.<br />

Particularly that of private equity and<br />

hedge fund groups, which are pay<strong>in</strong>g<br />

La natura fondamentale <strong>del</strong>le norme è<br />

far crescere <strong>il</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> modo ord<strong>in</strong>ato.<br />

The basic nature of norms is to allow<br />

bus<strong>in</strong>ess to grow <strong>in</strong> an orderly way.<br />

more attention to watchdog activities, be<strong>in</strong>g aware of<br />

monitor<strong>in</strong>g processes. Their monitor<strong>in</strong>g and au<strong>di</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g<br />

activities make it much harder for top managers to deviate<br />

from the target of maximis<strong>in</strong>g the company’s value, <strong>in</strong> its<br />

shareholders’ <strong>in</strong>terest.<br />

E’sW Are today’s f<strong>in</strong>ancial markets <strong>in</strong>fluenced by <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />

players than those <strong>in</strong> the past? One may wonder for<br />

example whether the governance that may be applied to<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutional <strong>in</strong>vestors such as pension and <strong>in</strong>vestment<br />

funds is adequate and sufficient <strong>in</strong> consideration of the<br />

current strength of hedge funds…<br />

Pension and <strong>in</strong>vestment funds do not de<strong>di</strong>cate much effort<br />

to corporate governance. In general they pass their<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ities over to outside consultants, or to specialist<br />

companies (such as, for example, Institutional Shareholder<br />

Services), which “certify” the bus<strong>in</strong>esses <strong>in</strong> terms of best<br />

practices, on the basis of their behaviour and attitudes over<br />

their policies of governance. A practice that is spread<strong>in</strong>g, is<br />

to entrust these functions to third parties regardless of<br />

whether these external experts effectively know<br />

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stitori attivi, esercitando i loro <strong>di</strong>ritti e responsab<strong>il</strong>ità,<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervengono nel processo <strong>di</strong> protezione anche<br />

degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori <strong>in</strong>attivi o privi <strong>di</strong> reali poteri d’<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>di</strong>zione.<br />

E’sW<br />

Secondo vari osservatori statunitensi la cosid-<br />

detta legge Sarbanes-Oaxley, varata <strong>in</strong> seguito agli<br />

scandali f<strong>in</strong>anziari scoppiati negli ultimi anni sui<br />

mercati borsistici, è per molti aspetti f<strong>in</strong> troppo<br />

severa. <strong>È</strong> d’accordo?<br />

La nuova normativa <strong>in</strong>trodotta con la Sarbanes-Oaxley<br />

si è rivelata molto costosa per ogni azienda che <strong>in</strong>tende<br />

davvero rispettarne gli obblighi e mettere <strong>in</strong> pratica la<br />

totalità <strong>del</strong>le procedure previste. <strong>È</strong> chiaro che tutte le<br />

regolamentazioni presentano costi e benefici, ma nella<br />

fretta <strong>di</strong> approvare questo provve<strong>di</strong>mento <strong>il</strong> Congresso<br />

degli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti sembra essersi <strong>di</strong>menticato <strong>di</strong> valutare i<br />

primi, <strong>di</strong> considerare cioè con attenzione <strong>il</strong> prezzo <strong>del</strong>la<br />

sua attuazione sul mercato. Il risultato è che una parte<br />

<strong>del</strong>le società – soprattutto quelle <strong>di</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ori <strong>di</strong>mensioni –<br />

per muoversi nel rispetto <strong>del</strong>le regole si sono ritrovate a<br />

dover pagare importi fissi assai elevati, quasi esagerati,<br />

e a corrispondere <strong>in</strong> ogni caso a contab<strong>il</strong>i, avvocati e<br />

consulenti <strong>di</strong> vario genere onorari sproporzionatamente<br />

alti. Al tempo stesso le energie e le risorse spese per osservare<br />

quanto prescritto (e non sbagliare) f<strong>in</strong>isce per<br />

<strong>di</strong>stogliere i <strong>di</strong>rigenti dalla gestione <strong>del</strong>le attività affidate<br />

alla loro guida. L’entità <strong>del</strong>le sanzioni penali e amm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />

previste rende <strong>in</strong>oltre più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e la ricerca e<br />

la cooptazione <strong>di</strong> membri dei consigli<br />

d’amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione effettivamente<br />

preparati e competenti.<br />

E’sW Allo stato attuale quale giu<strong>di</strong>zio<br />

si può allora esprimere sul-<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a buona governance può nascere<br />

solo dal top management <strong>del</strong>le imprese.<br />

Good governance can arise only<br />

from companies’ top managements.<br />

l’evoluzione, nel complesso, <strong>del</strong>le istanze <strong>di</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipio,<br />

<strong>del</strong>le scelte politiche e <strong>del</strong>le strategie d’impresa<br />

<strong>in</strong> materia <strong>di</strong> governance?<br />

Nel concreto, anche per quanto detto f<strong>in</strong>ora, uno dei<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipali effetti prodotti è la cont<strong>in</strong>ua crescita <strong>del</strong><br />

tempo ut<strong>il</strong>izzato nelle riunioni degli organi amm<strong>in</strong>istrativi<br />

per <strong>di</strong>scutere e porre <strong>in</strong> atto ogni azione e <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />

<strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> governance, funzionali a mantenere<br />

costantemente <strong>in</strong> regola tutta l’attività d’impresa.<br />

In misura <strong>di</strong>rettamente proporzionale si restr<strong>in</strong>gono <strong>di</strong><br />

converso i tempi da de<strong>di</strong>care a impegni vitali, come l’elaborazione<br />

<strong>del</strong>la strategia societaria, e si riducono gli<br />

spazi <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i per mettere a punto, <strong>di</strong>battere e valutare<br />

altre scelte importanti: dai piani aziendali ai nuovi<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestimenti, dalle politiche <strong>di</strong> mercato per accrescere<br />

la competitività e affrontare la concorrenza f<strong>in</strong>o ai programmi<br />

<strong>di</strong> successione al vertice.<br />

E’sW<br />

<strong>È</strong> sostanzialmente <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>di</strong> questa ecces-<br />

siva rigi<strong>di</strong>tà che alcune società quotate – sia americane<br />

sia estere – hanno deciso <strong>di</strong> uscire dal list<strong>in</strong>o?<br />

Credo che le cose stiano proprio così. E penso che per<br />

evitare i costi legati al rispetto <strong>del</strong>la legge Sarbanes-Oaxley<br />

si vedranno altre compagnie <strong>di</strong> taglia me<strong>di</strong>o-piccola<br />

costrette a togliere dal list<strong>in</strong>o i loro titoli oppure – <strong>in</strong> alternativa<br />

– a quotarsi fuori dagli Usa o, ancora, a passare<br />

con ogni probab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> mano, con i vecchi proprietari che<br />

cederanno <strong>in</strong> via preferenziale le loro quote ai fon<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong><br />

private equity. ■<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

someth<strong>in</strong>g or other about correct strategies for good<br />

governance. The hedge funds and private equity<br />

companies are however <strong>di</strong>rectly <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the process of<br />

governance. They are active f<strong>in</strong>ancial operators who buy<br />

large sharehold<strong>in</strong>gs – sometimes determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g – and that<br />

<strong>in</strong>vest <strong>in</strong> the open to <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e companies that tend not<br />

to consider or protect the <strong>in</strong>terests of their shareholders.<br />

For this reason they carry out more conclusive<br />

transparency actions with respect to pension and<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestment funds.<br />

In record<strong>in</strong>g a grow<strong>in</strong>g role for <strong>in</strong>vestors as<br />

E’sW<br />

SOSTENIBILITÀ DEL BUSINESS. In un mercato sempre più competitivo la governance rappresenta uno<br />

strumento <strong>di</strong> gestione efficiente e d<strong>in</strong>amico <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e per v<strong>in</strong>cere le sfide nel mondo f<strong>in</strong>anziario.<br />

BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY. In an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly competitive market corporate governance provides an efficient and<br />

dynamic manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>strument which proves <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable to overcome the challenges <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>ancial world.<br />

guarantors of corporate governance, can one also see a<br />

grow<strong>in</strong>g role for <strong>in</strong>vestment funds as “watchdogs” for the<br />

overall <strong>in</strong>tegrity of the markets?<br />

The outcome to take <strong>in</strong>to consideration is that active<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestors, by exercis<strong>in</strong>g their rights and responsib<strong>il</strong>ities,<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervene <strong>in</strong> the protection process also for idle <strong>in</strong>vestors<br />

or those without real powers of <strong>di</strong>squalification.<br />

E’sW Accord<strong>in</strong>g to various American observers, the socalled<br />

Sarbanes-Oaxley Act, passed follow<strong>in</strong>g the f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />

scandals that broke out <strong>in</strong> recent years on the stock<br />

markets, is <strong>in</strong> many aspects too severe. Do you agree?<br />

The new legislation <strong>in</strong>troduced with Sarbanes-Oaxley have<br />

shown themselves to be very costly to all company that<br />

really means to abide by its obligations and put <strong>in</strong>to<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

practice all of required procedures. It is clear that all<br />

regulations have costs and benefits, but <strong>in</strong> the hurry to<br />

approve this measure the <strong>Un</strong>ited States Congress seems<br />

to have forgotten to evaluate the former, that is, to<br />

carefully consider the price of its enforcement on the<br />

market. The result is that some of the companies – above<br />

all the smaller ones – <strong>in</strong> order to comply with the<br />

regulations have ended up hav<strong>in</strong>g to pay quite high fixed<br />

sums, almost exaggeratedly so, and to pay <strong>in</strong> any case<br />

accountants, lawyers, and consultants of various sorts<br />

<strong>di</strong>sproportionately high fees. At the same time, the energy<br />

and resources spent observ<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the regulations (and avoid<strong>in</strong>g<br />

mak<strong>in</strong>g mistakes) end up by<br />

<strong>di</strong>vert<strong>in</strong>g managers from carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />

out their managerial<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ities. The size of the<br />

crim<strong>in</strong>al and adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />

sanctions makes it even tougher<br />

to look for and co-opt effectively<br />

prepared and competent<br />

members of the board.<br />

In the present situation,<br />

E’sW<br />

can you express a view on the<br />

evolution, as a whole, of<br />

matters of pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, political<br />

decisions and bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />

strategies on the subject of<br />

governance?<br />

In concrete terms, also for what<br />

I have said up to now, one of<br />

the ma<strong>in</strong> effects produced is<br />

the cont<strong>in</strong>ual <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> time<br />

taken up <strong>in</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istrative bo<strong>di</strong>es to <strong>di</strong>scuss<br />

and put <strong>in</strong>to effect each action<br />

<strong>in</strong> terms of governance, aimed<br />

at keep<strong>in</strong>g the company’s<br />

activities constantly with<strong>in</strong> the<br />

regulations. In <strong>di</strong>rectly<br />

proportional measure they<br />

conversely restrict the time for<br />

vital tasks, such as the<br />

draw<strong>in</strong>g-up of a company<br />

strategy, and they shr<strong>in</strong>k the<br />

room ava<strong>il</strong>able for draw<strong>in</strong>g up, debat<strong>in</strong>g and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

other important decisions: from corporate plans to fresh<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestments, from market policies to <strong>in</strong>crease<br />

competitiveness and tackle competitors to plann<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

hand<strong>in</strong>g on of leadership.<br />

E’sW Is it largely due to this extreme rigi<strong>di</strong>ty that some<br />

public companies – both American and foreign – have<br />

decided to go private?<br />

I believe that th<strong>in</strong>gs are really like that. And I th<strong>in</strong>k that<br />

to avoid costs l<strong>in</strong>ked to the Sarbanes-Oaxley Act other<br />

small- and mid-cap companies w<strong>il</strong>l be compelled to <strong>del</strong>ist<br />

or to be listed outside the U.S. or aga<strong>in</strong>, most likely to<br />

change hands, with the old owners ced<strong>in</strong>g their hold<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

on preferential terms to private equity funds. ■<br />

69


FRONTIERE - FRONTIERS<br />

E così Sia<br />

Social impact assessment<br />

è la risposta a un problema<br />

sempre più attuale: gestire<br />

gli <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>in</strong>dustriali<br />

<strong>in</strong> contesti complessi.<br />

Grazie a nuovi strumenti tecnici<br />

e partecipativi, come<br />

quelli messi a punto da <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />

<strong>di</strong> MARCO STAMPA e STEFANIA SANTOMAURO<br />

70<br />

L ’INDUSTRIA<br />

PETROLIFERA IN QUESTI ANNI SI<br />

trova ad affrontare sfide sempre più importanti, non<br />

solo da un punto <strong>di</strong> vista f<strong>in</strong>anziario, organizzativo e<br />

tecnologico, ma anche, e soprattutto, da quello <strong>del</strong>la<br />

sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />

Date le caratteristiche <strong>del</strong> settore, le imprese non possono<br />

scegliere <strong>di</strong> localizzare le attività laddove i fattori produttivi<br />

presentano le migliori con<strong>di</strong>zioni <strong>di</strong> ren<strong>di</strong>mento e produttività,<br />

come avviene per l’<strong>in</strong>dustria manifatturiera. Esse devono<br />

pianificare gli <strong>in</strong>vestimenti <strong>in</strong> base alle conoscenze geologiche<br />

e ai risultati <strong>del</strong>l’attività esplorativa, trasferendo uom<strong>in</strong>i<br />

e mezzi nelle aree dove si ritiene che siano presenti e sfruttab<strong>il</strong>i<br />

i giacimenti <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi, raggiungendo spesso località<br />

remote per perio<strong>di</strong> molto lunghi. Ci si trova qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong><br />

fronte alla doppia sfida <strong>di</strong> doversi <strong>in</strong>tegrare <strong>in</strong> un tessuto sociale<br />

ed economico locale evitando <strong>di</strong> apportarvi effetti negativi<br />

e al tempo stesso contribuendo al suo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

LA COMPLESSITÀ NEL BUSINESS.<br />

Per un’azienda come <strong>Eni</strong>, attiva<br />

<strong>in</strong> oltre 70 paesi, è determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />

operare <strong>in</strong> collaborazione<br />

con le autorità nazionali e locali<br />

e <strong>in</strong>staurare con le popolazioni<br />

un <strong>di</strong>alogo che tenga conto<br />

dei loro bisogni e aspettative.<br />

Accanto, una bamb<strong>in</strong>a kazaka.<br />

Nel paese l’<strong>Eni</strong> ha realizzato<br />

numerosi <strong>in</strong>terventi nel campo<br />

<strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sociale:<br />

costruzione e ristrutturazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> scuole, centri culturali<br />

e sportivi, strade, piazze<br />

ed e<strong>di</strong>fici abitativi.<br />

BUSINESS COMPLEXITY.<br />

For a company like <strong>Eni</strong>, which<br />

is active <strong>in</strong> more than 70 nations,<br />

it is crucial to work <strong>in</strong> cooperation<br />

with national and local authorities<br />

and establish with the population<br />

a <strong>di</strong>alogue tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account their<br />

needs and expectations. Alongside,<br />

a kazakh girl. In Kazakhstan <strong>Eni</strong><br />

has carried out many plans<br />

<strong>in</strong> the field of social development:<br />

construction and rehab<strong>il</strong>itation<br />

of schools, cultural and sports<br />

centres, roads, squares and houses.<br />

Diventa cruciale, pertanto, comprendere a fondo <strong>il</strong> contesto<br />

locale nei suoi aspetti sociali, economici e culturali per valutare<br />

le possib<strong>il</strong>i ricadute <strong>del</strong>le attività <strong>di</strong> esplorazione e produzione,<br />

massimizzando gli effetti positivi e riducendo al m<strong>in</strong>imo<br />

quelli negativi. Si pensi, ad esempio, alla necessità <strong>di</strong><br />

gestire l’impulso all’economia locale che generalmente deriva<br />

dallo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>di</strong> un progetto e che pur offrendo gran<strong>di</strong><br />

opportunità porta con sé alcuni rischi <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>storsione economica<br />

come, ad esempio, quella che gli economisti def<strong>in</strong>iscono<br />

“dutch <strong>di</strong>sease” (la cosiddetta “malattia olandese”, un fenomeno<br />

dovuto alla scoperta <strong>di</strong> risorse naturali, alla quale<br />

segue un rafforzamento <strong>del</strong>la valuta locale che, rendendo i<br />

prodotti nazionali meno competitivi, porta a una progressiva<br />

de<strong>in</strong>dustrializzazione <strong>del</strong>l’economia nazionale; <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e è<br />

stato coniato <strong>in</strong> Olanda dopo la scoperta dei giacimenti <strong>di</strong><br />

gas nel Mare <strong>del</strong> Nord).<br />

Altro fenomeno ricorrente e fonte <strong>di</strong> problemi è quello <strong>del</strong><br />

AMEN TO SIA<br />

Social impact assessment is the response<br />

to a problem of ever grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest:<br />

that of manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustrial projects<br />

<strong>in</strong> complex contexts.<br />

Thanks to new technical and participative<br />

tools like those developed by <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />

by MARCO STAMPA e STEFANIA SANTOMAURO<br />

THE OIL INDUSTRY IN THESE YEARS FINDS ITSELF<br />

hav<strong>in</strong>g to deal with challenges that are becom<strong>in</strong>g<br />

progressively more important, not only from a f<strong>in</strong>ancial,<br />

organizational and technological po<strong>in</strong>t of view, but also<br />

and especially from that of the susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity of the bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />

Given the nature of the <strong>in</strong>dustry, enterprises cannot choose to<br />

locate their activities where productive factors present the most<br />

ideal con<strong>di</strong>tions for yield and productivity, as the manufactur<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustry can. They have to plan their <strong>in</strong>vestments based on<br />

geological knowledge and the results of exploration, mov<strong>in</strong>g<br />

workers and equipment <strong>in</strong>to the areas where they believe<br />

hydrocarbon fields are to be found and can be put to use, tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

them often to remote areas, and often for very long periods. And<br />

so, there is both the challenge of need<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>tegrate <strong>in</strong>to a local<br />

social and economic fabric without produc<strong>in</strong>g negative effects<br />

and that of contribut<strong>in</strong>g to its development.<br />

Therefore, it is crucial to have an <strong>in</strong>-depth knowledge of the local<br />

context <strong>in</strong> its social, economic and cultural aspects <strong>in</strong> order to<br />

evaluate possible effects of exploration and production activities<br />

and maximize the positive ones wh<strong>il</strong>e reduc<strong>in</strong>g to the lowest<br />

possible level the negative ones. Take, for example, the need to<br />

manage the stimulus to the local economy which generally<br />

derives from the development of a project. Though enta<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>g great<br />

opportunities, it also br<strong>in</strong>gs with it some risk of economic<br />

<strong>di</strong>stortion like, for example, what economists call the “Dutch<br />

<strong>di</strong>sease”, an experience due to the <strong>di</strong>scovery of natural<br />

resources, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a strengthen<strong>in</strong>g of the local currency<br />

which, mak<strong>in</strong>g national products less competitive, then leads to a<br />

progressive de-<strong>in</strong>dustrialization of the national economy. The term<br />

was first used <strong>in</strong> Holland after the <strong>di</strong>scovery of natural gas fields<br />

<strong>in</strong> the North Sea.<br />

Another recurr<strong>in</strong>g phenomenon and a source of problems is that<br />

of the “boom-bust” (the large demand for workers – the boom –<br />

<strong>in</strong> the early phases of the project, when <strong>in</strong>frastructures are<br />

prepared, and the successive demob<strong>il</strong>ization – the bust – at the<br />

end of the construction phase) which, if managed badly, can have<br />

negative social aftereffects. First, it is necessary to organize the<br />

large-scale migration flow from <strong>di</strong>fferent areas of the country<br />

towards the location <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the project. Then it is necessary<br />

to manage the <strong>in</strong>tegration of the temporary immigrants, as well<br />

as that of the hundreds of foreign workers employed by o<strong>il</strong><br />

companies, <strong>in</strong>to the local communities. And, f<strong>in</strong>ally, it is<br />

necessary to get ready to provide new jobs for the workers at the<br />

end of the plant-construction phase, <strong>in</strong> order to avoid large-scale<br />

return to unemployment afterwards, with the obvious social<br />

impact it causes. In deal<strong>in</strong>g with these issues, close collaboration<br />

with local and national authorities is obviously necessary.<br />

Alongside these social-economic aspects, there are others<br />

71


FRONTIERE - FRONTIERS<br />

“boom bust” (<strong>in</strong> pratica la massiccia richiesta <strong>di</strong> forza lavoro<br />

– boom – nelle prime fasi <strong>del</strong> progetto quando si approntano<br />

le <strong>in</strong>frastrutture, e successiva demob<strong>il</strong>itazione – <strong>il</strong> bust – alla<br />

f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la fase <strong>di</strong> costruzione) che, se mal gestito, può avere<br />

negative ricadute sociali. Inizialmente, <strong>in</strong>fatti, è necessario<br />

organizzare l’imponente flusso migratorio dalle <strong>di</strong>verse aree<br />

<strong>di</strong> un paese verso la località <strong>in</strong>teressata dal progetto. Va<br />

qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> gestita l’<strong>in</strong>tegrazione dei soggetti temporaneamente<br />

immigrati, e <strong>del</strong>le cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> lavoratori espatriati <strong>di</strong>pendenti<br />

<strong>del</strong>le compagnie petrolifere, con le comunità locali e <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>e<br />

prevedere la ricollocazione dei lavoratori alla f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la fase<br />

<strong>di</strong> costruzione degli impianti, al f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> evitare un massiccio<br />

fenomeno <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>soccupazione <strong>di</strong> ritorno con gli evidenti impatti<br />

sociali che esso potrebbe comportare. Nel gestire queste<br />

problematiche è naturalmente essenziale una stretta collaborazione<br />

con le autorità locali e nazionali.<br />

Accanto a questi aspetti <strong>di</strong> natura socio-economica, ce ne<br />

sono altri legati alla carenza <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastrutture e servizi <strong>di</strong> base,<br />

alla tutela <strong>del</strong>la salute <strong>del</strong>le comunità, ma anche alla salvaguar<strong>di</strong>a<br />

dei <strong>di</strong>ritti <strong>del</strong>le m<strong>in</strong>oranze e dei gruppi più deboli<br />

e vulnerab<strong>il</strong>i, come le donne, gli anziani e i <strong>di</strong>sab<strong>il</strong>i.<br />

<strong>È</strong> pertanto importante <strong>in</strong>staurare con le popolazioni <strong>in</strong>teressate<br />

un <strong>di</strong>alogo cont<strong>in</strong>uo e costruttivo che consenta da un lato<br />

<strong>di</strong> comprenderne i bisogni e le aspettative e dall’altro <strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>di</strong>vulgare alcune <strong>in</strong>formazioni sul progetto che si vuole portare<br />

avanti <strong>in</strong> maniera tale da evitare strumentalizzazioni e<br />

fra<strong>in</strong>ten<strong>di</strong>menti, ad esempio suscitando aspettative che non<br />

si è <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> sod<strong>di</strong>sfare, spesso perché travalicano le responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’impresa e ricadono nella sfera <strong>di</strong> competenza<br />

<strong>del</strong>le istituzioni o <strong>di</strong> altri attori.<br />

Per garantire la dovuta attenzione a tutti questi aspetti, un<br />

ut<strong>il</strong>e strumento che può essere adottato per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduare s<strong>in</strong><br />

dalle prime fasi <strong>di</strong> un progetto i possib<strong>il</strong>i fattori <strong>di</strong> criticità,<br />

consentendone una gestione efficace, è <strong>il</strong> cosiddetto Sia-<br />

Social Impact Assessment.<br />

Si tratta <strong>di</strong> una metodologia <strong>di</strong> valutazione tecnico-scientifica<br />

che si concentra, tra le altre, su problematiche legate ad<br />

aspetti demografici, all’equità sociale, alle <strong>di</strong>rettrici <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

economico, alla salute <strong>del</strong>le comunità, alla presenza <strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>frastrutture sociali, all’ut<strong>il</strong>izzo <strong>del</strong>le risorse, alla legalità e<br />

alla sicurezza, alle tra<strong>di</strong>zioni, agli usi e ai costumi locali.<br />

Ci si deve occupare perciò non solo <strong>del</strong>la valutazione <strong>di</strong> ciò<br />

che è regolamentato (l’ormai consolidato approccio <strong>del</strong>lo<br />

stu<strong>di</strong>o <strong>di</strong> impatto ambientale) ma anche <strong>del</strong>l’analisi <strong>del</strong>l’impatto<br />

complessivo dei progetti <strong>di</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess sugli assetti socio-economici<br />

<strong>del</strong> territorio <strong>in</strong> cui si opera.<br />

<strong>Un</strong> lavoro <strong>di</strong> questo tipo, che richiede un approccio multi<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are<br />

e l’impiego <strong>di</strong> tecniche a volte sofisticate che pes<strong>in</strong>o<br />

l’importanza <strong>di</strong> tutti i fattori e ne valut<strong>in</strong>o <strong>il</strong> “beneficio netto”<br />

producendo <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>catori che quantifich<strong>in</strong>o fenomeni per loro<br />

natura spesso <strong>di</strong> carattere qualitativo, si propone <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong>itiva<br />

<strong>di</strong> analizzare e mitigare le possib<strong>il</strong>i conseguenze <strong>del</strong>le attività<br />

produttive nei vari contesti territoriali. Esso deve avere<br />

una natura partecipativa che preveda <strong>il</strong> co<strong>in</strong>volgimento degli<br />

stakeholder, cioè <strong>di</strong> tutti quei soggetti che hanno un legittimo<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresse nei confronti <strong>del</strong> progetto, e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>, <strong>in</strong> particolare<br />

nel caso <strong>del</strong> Sia, saranno soprattutto le autorità, le comunità,<br />

le associazioni e le rappresentanze locali.<br />

Questa consultazione deve essere svolta all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>di</strong> una<br />

precisa metodologia <strong>di</strong> riferimento che consenta un <strong>di</strong>alogo<br />

serio e costruttivo, basato su regole certe, con soggetti legitti-<br />

mati a rappresentare le istanze degli stakeholder e che tenga<br />

conto dei risultati, <strong>in</strong>sieme a quelli <strong>del</strong>le altre valutazioni d’impatto,<br />

al f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzare al meglio <strong>il</strong> design <strong>del</strong> progetto.<br />

Anche i cosiddetti “<strong>in</strong>vestimenti sociali” ossia le risorse che<br />

vengono dest<strong>in</strong>ate allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo locale debbono entrare <strong>in</strong><br />

questo tipo <strong>di</strong> valutazione. Generalmente l’area primaria <strong>di</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>tervento è la realizzazione <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastrutture e servizi che<br />

costituiscono la premessa per qualsiasi forma <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

(<strong>di</strong>stribuzione <strong>di</strong> acqua, gas, realizzazione <strong>di</strong> strade, alloggi).<br />

Su questa base vengono poi realizzate <strong>in</strong>iziative nei<br />

settori <strong>del</strong>la tutela <strong>del</strong>la salute, <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sociale, <strong>del</strong>l’educazione<br />

e <strong>del</strong>la formazione, <strong>del</strong>la tutela ambientale e<br />

<strong>del</strong>la cultura.<br />

Nel selezionare questi programmi <strong>di</strong> supporto una compagnia<br />

valuta, tra gli altri aspetti, la capacità <strong>di</strong> contribuire al<br />

benessere complessivo <strong>del</strong>le comunità e la loro sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

nel lungo periodo, l’<strong>in</strong>tegrazione con le attività <strong>di</strong> organizzazioni<br />

non governative e agenzie <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo e la misurab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

e valutazione dei risultati <strong>del</strong>le attività proposte.<br />

I programmi possono avere <strong>di</strong>mensioni e connotazioni <strong>di</strong>verse,<br />

spaziando dal supporto allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo impren<strong>di</strong>toriale locale<br />

attraverso forme <strong>di</strong> microcre<strong>di</strong>to alle <strong>in</strong>iziative sanitarie<br />

ad ampio raggio per la prevenzione e <strong>il</strong> controllo <strong>di</strong> specifiche<br />

malattie (come è stato per <strong>il</strong> sostegno <strong>Eni</strong> al progetto<br />

“Roll Back Malaria” <strong>del</strong>l’Oms-Organizzazione mon<strong>di</strong>ale <strong>del</strong>la<br />

sanità <strong>in</strong> Nigeria e Azerbaijan).<br />

Trattandosi <strong>di</strong> una pratica relativamente recente, <strong>il</strong> Sia è stato<br />

applicato a progetti <strong>in</strong>dustriali nuovi o nella fase <strong>in</strong>iziale<br />

<strong>del</strong> loro sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Tuttavia, debitamente adattato, esso può<br />

essere applicato anche a situazioni consolidate consentendo<br />

<strong>di</strong> valutare possib<strong>il</strong>i marg<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> miglioramento nella gestione<br />

degli aspetti socio-economici, contribuendo così a elevare la<br />

qualità <strong>del</strong>la vita <strong>del</strong>le popolazioni o risolvere problemi creati<br />

da un passato <strong>in</strong>dustriale che può aver lasciato ere<strong>di</strong>tà <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i<br />

da gestire.<br />

l<strong>in</strong>ked with a shortage of <strong>in</strong>frastructures and basic services, the<br />

protection of the community’s health and also the safeguard<strong>in</strong>g<br />

of the rights of m<strong>in</strong>orities and the most vulnerable groups, such<br />

as women, the elderly and the <strong>di</strong>sabled. This is why it is<br />

important to establish a cont<strong>in</strong>uous and constructive <strong>di</strong>alogue<br />

with the native population, one which, on one hand, helps<br />

understand their needs and expectations, and on the other,<br />

spread <strong>in</strong>formation on the project that is to be developed <strong>in</strong> a<br />

way as to avoid exploitation and misunderstand<strong>in</strong>gs, for example<br />

by rais<strong>in</strong>g expectations that the company isn’t able to fulf<strong>il</strong>l, often<br />

because they are beyond the enterprise’s responsib<strong>il</strong>ity and come<br />

under the responsib<strong>il</strong>ity of <strong>in</strong>stitutions or others.<br />

In order to guarantee the necessary attention to all these<br />

aspects, a useful tool can be used to identify, from the very<br />

beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of a project, potentially<br />

critical factors, and help to manage<br />

them effectively. It is the so-called<br />

SIA – Social Impact Assessment.<br />

This is a technical-scientific<br />

evaluation method which focuses<br />

on, among others, the issues<br />

connected with demographic<br />

aspects, social fairness, the<br />

gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es of economic<br />

development, the health of the<br />

community, the presence of social<br />

<strong>in</strong>frastructures, the use of<br />

resources, law and order, security,<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>tions and local customs.<br />

It is therefore necessary to deal<br />

not only with the evaluation of<br />

exist<strong>in</strong>g regulations (the wellestablished<br />

approach of<br />

assess<strong>in</strong>g the environmental<br />

impact) but also the analysis of the<br />

APPROCCIO MULTIDISCIPLINARE.<br />

Il Social Impact Assessment<br />

è una procedura <strong>di</strong> valutazione che va<br />

oltre lo stu<strong>di</strong>o <strong>del</strong>l’impatto ambientale.<br />

Esso tiene conto anche degli effetti<br />

sociali dei progetti e <strong>del</strong>le politiche<br />

<strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>in</strong>dustriale e territoriale.<br />

Nella foto, tecnici nigeriani<br />

<strong>in</strong> un v<strong>il</strong>laggio nel <strong>del</strong>ta <strong>del</strong> Niger.<br />

Nell’ambito <strong>del</strong>la responsab<strong>il</strong>ità sociale<br />

d’impresa sono oltre cento le <strong>in</strong>iziative<br />

portate avanti <strong>in</strong> Nigeria da <strong>Eni</strong><br />

nel <strong>corso</strong> degli anni.<br />

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH.<br />

The Social Impact Assessment<br />

is a valuation procedure which goes<br />

beyond study<strong>in</strong>g the environmental<br />

impact. It takes <strong>in</strong>to account also<br />

the social impact of projects<br />

and <strong>in</strong>dustrial and territorial development<br />

policies. In the picture, Nigerian<br />

technicians <strong>in</strong> a Niger Delta v<strong>il</strong>lage.<br />

In the context of corporate social<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>Eni</strong> has carried out more<br />

than 100 plans over the years <strong>in</strong> Nigeria.<br />

overall impact of the bus<strong>in</strong>ess project on the social-economic<br />

aspects of the territory.<br />

This type of work requires a multi-<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach and the<br />

use of techniques, perhaps highly sophisticated ones, to weigh<br />

up the importance of all the various factors and evaluate their<br />

“net benefit”, produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cators that can quantify aspects<br />

which often have a qualitative nature.<br />

The aim is that of analyz<strong>in</strong>g and mitigat<strong>in</strong>g the possible<br />

consequences of production activities <strong>in</strong> the various territorial<br />

contexts. This must have a participatory nature, call<strong>in</strong>g for the<br />

<strong>in</strong>volvement of the “stakeholders”, that is, all those who have a<br />

legitimate <strong>in</strong>terest as regards the project and so, <strong>in</strong> particular <strong>in</strong><br />

the case of the SIA, it w<strong>il</strong>l be above all the authorities,<br />

communities, associations and local representatives.<br />

This consultation must take place with<strong>in</strong> a precise<br />

reference methodology that allows for a serious and<br />

constructive <strong>di</strong>alogue, based on solid rules, with<br />

subjects entitled to represent the stakeholders’<br />

<strong>in</strong>terests and which takes results <strong>in</strong>to account, along<br />

with other impact evaluations, <strong>in</strong> order to manage the<br />

project’s design better.<br />

Also the so-called “social <strong>in</strong>vestments”, the resources<br />

that are set aside to help local development, have to<br />

figure <strong>in</strong>to this k<strong>in</strong>d of evaluation. Generally, the ma<strong>in</strong><br />

area of <strong>in</strong>tervention is the realization of <strong>in</strong>frastructures<br />

and services that provide the basis for any type of<br />

development (<strong>di</strong>stribution of water and gas,<br />

construction of roads and accommodation fac<strong>il</strong>ities).<br />

On this foundation, there are then <strong>in</strong>itiatives carried out<br />

<strong>in</strong> the sectors of healthcare protection, social<br />

development, education and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, as well as<br />

environmental and cultural protection<br />

In select<strong>in</strong>g these support<strong>in</strong>g projects, a company<br />

evaluates, among other aspects, the ab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />

contribute to the overall well-be<strong>in</strong>g of the communities<br />

and their susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity over the long-term, <strong>in</strong>tegration<br />

with NGOs’ and development agencies’ work and the<br />

measurab<strong>il</strong>ity and evaluation of the results of the<br />

activities proposed.<br />

The programs can be of <strong>di</strong>fferent size and nature,<br />

rang<strong>in</strong>g from support for local entrepreneurial<br />

development through forms of micro-cre<strong>di</strong>t to widerang<strong>in</strong>g<br />

healthcare <strong>in</strong>itiatives for the prevention and<br />

control of specific <strong>di</strong>seases (as was the case for <strong>Eni</strong>’s<br />

support of the “Roll Back Malaria” project of the World<br />

Health Organization <strong>in</strong> Nigeria and Azerbaijan).<br />

Be<strong>in</strong>g a relatively recent practice, SIA has been applied<br />

to new <strong>in</strong>dustrial projects or those <strong>in</strong> the early stage of<br />

their development. However, adapted appropriately, it<br />

can also be applied to well-established situations,<br />

allow<strong>in</strong>g for the evaluation of possible marg<strong>in</strong>s of<br />

improvement <strong>in</strong> the management of social-economic<br />

aspects, thereby contribut<strong>in</strong>g to rais<strong>in</strong>g the quality of<br />

life of populations or resolv<strong>in</strong>g problems created by an<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustrial past that may have left a <strong>di</strong>fficult situation <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>heritance.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>, which works <strong>in</strong> the research and production of<br />

hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong> 60 countries all over the world, and<br />

therefore <strong>in</strong> many areas which are complex and <strong>di</strong>fficult<br />

from a social-environmental standpo<strong>in</strong>t, believes <strong>in</strong> the<br />

usefulness and importance of this tool, which also<br />

72 73


FRONTIERE - FRONTIERS<br />

L’<strong>Eni</strong>, che opera nella ricerca e produzione <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi <strong>in</strong><br />

60 paesi <strong>del</strong> mondo e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong> molte aree complesse e <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i<br />

dal punto <strong>di</strong> vista socio-ambientale, crede nell’ut<strong>il</strong>ità e<br />

nell’importanza <strong>di</strong> questo strumento, che ha peraltro una<br />

forte valenza gestionale, e ha <strong>in</strong>fatti lavorato, anche <strong>in</strong> ambiti<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternazionali, alla stesura <strong>di</strong> metodologie per la valutazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> impatto sociale nell’<strong>in</strong>dustria degli idrocarburi. Si tratta,<br />

<strong>in</strong>fatti, <strong>di</strong> pratiche che, pur non essendo ancora previste<br />

per legge nella maggior parte dei paesi, com<strong>in</strong>ciano a <strong>di</strong>ventare<br />

patrimonio <strong>in</strong>ternazionale nel settore o<strong>il</strong> & gas.<br />

Il Sia, come altri specifici stu<strong>di</strong> d’impatto (come ad esempio<br />

l’Health impact assessment), è dunque uno strumento sicuramente<br />

necessario ed efficace per una gestione sostenib<strong>il</strong>e<br />

<strong>del</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Non sempre esso è <strong>in</strong> grado, tuttavia, <strong>di</strong><br />

cogliere le s<strong>in</strong>ergie tra impatti afferenti aree <strong>di</strong>verse <strong>del</strong>la responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

d’impresa che possono caratterizzare contesti<br />

particolarmente complessi.<br />

Per semplificare, potrebbe accadere che un’<strong>in</strong>adeguata gestione<br />

<strong>del</strong>le problematiche ambientali comporti ricadute sull’economia<br />

locale laddove essa sia basata sull’uso <strong>del</strong>le risorse<br />

naturali <strong>in</strong> ambienti sensib<strong>il</strong>i, come la pesca o l’agricoltura,<br />

o che la mancata previsione <strong>di</strong> future problematiche sociali<br />

produca tensione generando rischi per la sicurezza degli<br />

impianti e dei loro addetti.<br />

Per affrontare queste <strong>in</strong>terrelazioni e prevedere la soluzione<br />

<strong>di</strong> problemi che si presenteranno nel momento <strong>di</strong> pieno sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>vestimento è possib<strong>il</strong>e ut<strong>il</strong>izzare i risultati degli<br />

Stu<strong>di</strong> d’impatto strategico (Strategic impact assessment)<br />

che impiegano una metodologia, sostenuta da mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici<br />

e <strong>di</strong> simulazione, con f<strong>in</strong>alità sim<strong>il</strong>i a quelle <strong>del</strong> Sia ma<br />

capaci <strong>di</strong> identificare i potenziali effetti sociali, economici ed<br />

ambientali <strong>del</strong>le attività <strong>in</strong> una regione, cogliendone <strong>in</strong> primo<br />

luogo le s<strong>in</strong>ergie e valutandone i potenziali effetti cumulativi<br />

nel me<strong>di</strong>o-lungo periodo. Anche questa metodologia prevede<br />

<strong>di</strong> attuare un processo partecipativo <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduare<br />

le alternative, le misure, le azioni ed i piani <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />

a favore <strong>del</strong>le comunità capaci <strong>di</strong> sod<strong>di</strong>sfare le aspettative<br />

<strong>di</strong> tutti gli stakeholder <strong>in</strong>teressati.<br />

L’<strong>Eni</strong>, attraverso la sua consociata Agip KCO che opera, <strong>in</strong><br />

consorzio con le maggiori compagnie <strong>in</strong>ternazionali, nelle<br />

acque kazake <strong>del</strong> nord <strong>del</strong> Mar Caspio, ha applicato per la<br />

prima volta questo strumento per la valutazione <strong>del</strong>le possib<strong>il</strong>i<br />

ricadute <strong>del</strong> progetto Kashagan, che si propone <strong>di</strong> sfruttare<br />

<strong>il</strong> più grande giacimento <strong>di</strong> petrolio scoperto negli ultimi<br />

trent’anni.<br />

Il Social impact assessment e lo Strategic impact assessment<br />

sono pertanto strumenti <strong>di</strong> cui un’azienda si può dotare per<br />

garantire una gestione adeguata e trasparente <strong>del</strong>le problematiche<br />

<strong>di</strong> responsab<strong>il</strong>ità d’impresa e <strong>del</strong>le aspettative dei<br />

suoi stakeholder. Affiancare ad essi un corretto ed efficace<br />

processo <strong>di</strong> consultazione è fondamentale per poter ut<strong>il</strong>izzare<br />

al meglio i risultati <strong>di</strong> tali metodologie.<br />

La chiave <strong>di</strong> tutto sta qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> nel saper gestire le aspettative<br />

dei soggetti che hanno dei legittimi <strong>in</strong>teressi o preoccupazioni<br />

sulla realizzazione <strong>di</strong> un progetto <strong>in</strong>dustriale. Da<br />

un lato è necessario considerare coloro che dal bus<strong>in</strong>ess si<br />

attendono un ritorno f<strong>in</strong>anziario perché attenti alla gestione<br />

<strong>del</strong> potenziale rischio proveniente dalla mancanza <strong>di</strong><br />

consenso sociale (è <strong>il</strong> caso degli azionisti e <strong>del</strong>le istituzioni<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anziarie <strong>in</strong>ternazionali come l’Ifc-International f<strong>in</strong>ance<br />

corporation <strong>del</strong>la Banca Mon<strong>di</strong>ale, sempre più attente alle<br />

74<br />

metodologie impiegate e sempre più impegnate a elaborare<br />

propri standard <strong>di</strong> riferimento); dall’altro lato vanno<br />

considerati anche e soprattutto coloro che sono co<strong>in</strong>volti<br />

nelle trasformazioni <strong>del</strong> contesto sociale, ambientale ed<br />

economico perché vivono <strong>in</strong> prossimità degli impianti o<br />

partecipano alle d<strong>in</strong>amiche sociali, ambientali ed economiche<br />

generate dal loro funzionamento. Pertanto le scelte<br />

progettuali possono e debbono essere orientate <strong>il</strong> più possib<strong>il</strong>e<br />

verso la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>l’attività d’impresa, specialmente<br />

nei settori che mob<strong>il</strong>itano <strong>in</strong>genti risorse umane e<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anziarie.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a compagnia responsab<strong>il</strong>e può fare la sua parte attivando<br />

<strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>alogo, sperimentando forme sempre più aperte e trasparenti<br />

<strong>di</strong> consultazione con i suoi stakeholder e mob<strong>il</strong>itando<br />

le sue risorse e le sue competenze per realizzare strumenti<br />

e <strong>in</strong>iziative che aiut<strong>in</strong>o a risolvere i problemi e migliorare<br />

la qualità <strong>del</strong>la vita <strong>del</strong>le persone che vengono co<strong>in</strong>volte<br />

dal bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Ciò significa assim<strong>il</strong>are e adattare alla<br />

strategia <strong>del</strong>l’impresa la comprensione degli <strong>in</strong>teressi dei<br />

propri stakeholder, al f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> massimizzare la generazione <strong>di</strong><br />

valore per tutti gli attori.<br />

In def<strong>in</strong>itiva la sfida per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduare percorsi efficaci <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

sostenib<strong>il</strong>e è oggi per l’impresa petrolifera quella <strong>di</strong> affiancare<br />

agli strumenti <strong>di</strong> valutazione tecnico-scientifica e alle<br />

scelte progettuali la prassi <strong>del</strong>la consultazione organizzata.<br />

Non è un esercizio superfluo provare a immag<strong>in</strong>are quali<br />

conseguenze negative possono determ<strong>in</strong>arsi (e gli esempi<br />

non provengono solo dalle regioni remote e <strong>in</strong> via <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo)<br />

se queste metodologie non vengono tradotte efficacemente<br />

<strong>in</strong> realtà con la partecipazione e la responsab<strong>il</strong>izzazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> tutti soggetti co<strong>in</strong>volti.<br />

Marco Stampa e Stefania Santomauro operano nell’ambito <strong>del</strong>l’unità<br />

Rapporti con gli stakeholder e <strong>il</strong> territorio.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

has a strong management value, and has, <strong>in</strong>deed, worked on the<br />

draw<strong>in</strong>g up of methodologies for the social impact evaluation <strong>in</strong><br />

the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry, also at an <strong>in</strong>ternational level. These are<br />

practices which, despite their not be<strong>in</strong>g yet foreseen by the law <strong>in</strong><br />

most countries, have begun to become a common <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />

asset <strong>in</strong> the o<strong>il</strong> & gas sector.<br />

SIA, like other impact stu<strong>di</strong>es (as, for example, Health Impact<br />

Assessment), is therefore a tool which is surely necessary and<br />

efficacious for susta<strong>in</strong>able bus<strong>in</strong>ess management. Not always is<br />

it able, however, to seize the synergies between impacts relat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

to <strong>di</strong>fferent areas of corporate responsib<strong>il</strong>ity, that can<br />

characterize particularly complex contests.<br />

To make it simple, an <strong>in</strong>adequate management of environmental<br />

issues might cause repercussions on the local economy where it<br />

is based on the use of natural resources <strong>in</strong> sensitive<br />

environments, such as fish<strong>in</strong>g or agriculture, or the fa<strong>il</strong>ure to<br />

foresee future social problems might produce tensions and<br />

generate risks for the security of fac<strong>il</strong>ities and those work<strong>in</strong>g there.<br />

In order to deal with these <strong>in</strong>terrelations and provide for the<br />

solution to problems which w<strong>il</strong>l arise at the height of the project’s<br />

development, one can make use of the results of the Strategic<br />

Impact Assessment stu<strong>di</strong>es, which use a methodology,<br />

supported by mathematical and simulation mo<strong>del</strong>s, with aims<br />

sim<strong>il</strong>ar to those of the SIA but able to identify possible social,<br />

economic and environmental effects of the activities <strong>in</strong> a given<br />

region, first understand<strong>in</strong>g the synergies <strong>in</strong>volved and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the potential cumulative effects over the me<strong>di</strong>um-long term. Also<br />

this methodology provides for the activation of a participatory<br />

process able to identify the alternatives, measures, actions and<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestment plans <strong>in</strong> favor of the communities and capable to<br />

satisfy the expectations of all the stakeholders <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>, by way of its unit Agip KCO , which works, jo<strong>in</strong>tly with major<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternational companies, <strong>in</strong> the Kazakh waters of the northern<br />

Caspian Sea, applied this tool for the first time <strong>in</strong> the evaluation<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

RESPONSABILITÀ SOCIALE.<br />

Nigeria, essiccazione<br />

<strong>del</strong>la papaia nell’area <strong>di</strong> Obi<br />

Obi nel <strong>del</strong>ta <strong>del</strong> Niger.<br />

La popolazione locale è stata<br />

co<strong>in</strong>volta da <strong>Eni</strong> nel “Green<br />

River Project”, un programma<br />

<strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo agricolo avviato<br />

nel 1987 con la collaborazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> università, istituti <strong>di</strong> ricerca<br />

nigeriani e organismi<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternazionali. Tutti i progetti<br />

sociali <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> seguono le l<strong>in</strong>ee<br />

guida <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cate dal Governo<br />

Federale per lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />

degli stati <strong>del</strong> <strong>del</strong>ta.<br />

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Nigeria,<br />

papaya dry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Obi Obi area<br />

<strong>in</strong> the Niger <strong>del</strong>ta. <strong>Eni</strong> <strong>in</strong>volved<br />

local people <strong>in</strong> the “Green River<br />

Project”, a farm<strong>in</strong>g development<br />

programme started <strong>in</strong> 1987 with<br />

the assistance of Nigerian<br />

universities and research <strong>in</strong>stitutes<br />

and <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations.<br />

All social projects undertaken<br />

by <strong>Eni</strong> follow the gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es set<br />

by the Federal Government for the<br />

development of the Delta States.<br />

of the possible effects of the<br />

Kashagan project, aimed at<br />

exploit<strong>in</strong>g the largest o<strong>il</strong>field<br />

<strong>di</strong>scovered <strong>in</strong> the last thirty<br />

years.<br />

The Social impact assessment<br />

and the Strategic impact<br />

assessment are therefore tools<br />

that a company can adopt <strong>in</strong><br />

order to guarantee an adequate<br />

and transparent management of<br />

the issues related to company<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ity and stakeholder<br />

expectations. Comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g this with<br />

a correct and efficacious<br />

consultation process is<br />

fundamental to make the best<br />

use of the results of these<br />

methodologies.<br />

The key to everyth<strong>in</strong>g is <strong>in</strong><br />

know<strong>in</strong>g how to manage the<br />

expectations of those who have<br />

legitimate <strong>in</strong>terests or worries<br />

about the carry<strong>in</strong>g out of an<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustrial project. On one hand it is necessary to keep <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d<br />

those who, from the bus<strong>in</strong>ess, expect a f<strong>in</strong>ancial reward and pay<br />

attention to the management of the potential risk deriv<strong>in</strong>g from<br />

the lack of social consensus (and this is the case with<br />

shareholders and <strong>in</strong>ternational f<strong>in</strong>ancial <strong>in</strong>stitutions such as the<br />

IFC, the International F<strong>in</strong>ance Corporation of the World Bank, ever<br />

more attentive to the methodologies used and to develop<strong>in</strong>g its<br />

own reference standards). On the other hand, also, and<br />

especially those who are <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the transformations of the<br />

social, environmental and economic contexts need to be taken<br />

<strong>in</strong>to consideration, see<strong>in</strong>g as they are the ones who live near the<br />

plants or participate <strong>in</strong> the social, environmental and economic<br />

dynamics generated by them. Therefore the choices related to<br />

the projects can and must be <strong>di</strong>rected as far as possible towards<br />

the susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity of corporate activities, especially <strong>in</strong> the sectors<br />

that mob<strong>il</strong>ize enormous human and f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources.<br />

A responsible company can do its part by start<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>di</strong>alogue,<br />

try<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly open and transparent forms of<br />

consultation with its stakeholders and mob<strong>il</strong>iz<strong>in</strong>g its resources<br />

and sk<strong>il</strong>ls to br<strong>in</strong>g about tools and <strong>in</strong>itiatives which may help<br />

solve problems and improve the quality of life of the people who<br />

are effected by the bus<strong>in</strong>ess. This means assim<strong>il</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

adapt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the enterprise’s strategy the understand<strong>in</strong>g of the<br />

<strong>in</strong>terests of its stakeholders, <strong>in</strong> order to maximize value<br />

generation for all those <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />

The challenge to identify efficient paths of susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

development is today, for o<strong>il</strong> companies, that of plac<strong>in</strong>g alongside<br />

technical-scientific assessment tools and project choices the<br />

procedure of organized consultation.<br />

It is by no means a superfluous exercise, that of imag<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the<br />

possible negative consequences (and the examples are not<br />

exclusively from remote regions or develop<strong>in</strong>g countries) if these<br />

methodologies aren’t put <strong>in</strong>to practice with the participation and<br />

tak<strong>in</strong>g on of responsib<strong>il</strong>ity of all those <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />

Marco Stampa and Stefania Santomauro work <strong>in</strong> the unit of<br />

Stakeholders and Territory Relations.<br />

75

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