È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni
È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni
È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni
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FOCUS<br />
Quell’ottava<br />
meraviglia<br />
<strong>È</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>corso</strong> <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong><br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. <strong>Un</strong> <strong>in</strong>tervento eccezionale<br />
per un monumento storico e simbolo,<br />
sia religioso sia civico.<br />
<strong>di</strong> GIANFRANCO RAVASI<br />
LA CATTEDRALE.<br />
Simbolo per eccellenza <strong>del</strong>la città <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano<br />
e uno degli e<strong>di</strong>fici religiosi più gran<strong>di</strong> d’Europa.<br />
Nel punto più alto, a protezione <strong>del</strong>la città,<br />
la statua <strong>del</strong>la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a <strong>di</strong>venuta emblema<br />
<strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione menegh<strong>in</strong>a. L’evoluzione<br />
architettonica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, pur compresa<br />
<strong>in</strong> un arco <strong>di</strong> tempo molto lungo, è rimasta fe<strong>del</strong>e<br />
alle caratteristiche orig<strong>in</strong>ali <strong>del</strong>l’arte gotica.<br />
THE CATHEDRAL.<br />
The qu<strong>in</strong>tessential symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an city and one<br />
of Europe’s largest religious architectures. On its<br />
tallest po<strong>in</strong>t stands the statue of Madonn<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
the city’s protector that has become the emblem<br />
of the ‘menegh<strong>in</strong>o’(M<strong>il</strong>anese) tra<strong>di</strong>tion.<br />
The <strong>Duomo</strong>’s architectural evolution spanned<br />
a very long period of time and yet rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
faithful to the orig<strong>in</strong>al characteristics of gothic art.
FOCUS<br />
I NUMERI DEL DUOMO. Costruito sulle fondamenta<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’antica cattedrale <strong>di</strong> Santa Maria Maggiore,<br />
rappresenta un vero e proprio museo<br />
<strong>del</strong>la scultura a cielo aperto: 3.400 statue <strong>di</strong> cui circa 2.300<br />
all’esterno, 96 statue giganti, oltre 100 figure <strong>in</strong>serite<br />
negli altor<strong>il</strong>ievi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia e 135 guglie.<br />
Nella foto, particolari <strong>del</strong>le sculture sulla sommità<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
THE DUOMO’S FIGURES. It was bu<strong>il</strong>t on the foundations<br />
of the ancient cathedral of St. Mary Major and represents<br />
a real open-air museum of sculptures: a total of 3,400 statues,<br />
of which 2,300 stand on the outside, 96 are giant statues<br />
and more than 100 images <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the high reliefs<br />
of Candoglia marble and 135 spires. In the picture, deta<strong>il</strong>s<br />
of the statuary atop the <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
SONO UNO DEI POCHI ABITANTI DI MILANO<br />
che possono quasi ad ogni ora <strong>del</strong> giorno<br />
e <strong>del</strong>la notte gettare uno sguardo alla figura<br />
dorata <strong>del</strong>la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a e idealmente<br />
riprendere le parole <strong>di</strong> Carducci nelle sue O<strong>di</strong><br />
barbare: “Sta su l’estremo p<strong>in</strong>nacol placida/ la<br />
dolce fanciulla <strong>di</strong> Jesse/ tutta avvolta <strong>in</strong> fav<strong>il</strong>le d’oro”.<br />
Infatti, nel mio appartamento all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>la<br />
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, se sollevo <strong>il</strong> capo dalle<br />
carte o dai libri e da queste righe che sto scrivendo<br />
vedo svettare, oltre a quel prof<strong>il</strong>o fam<strong>il</strong>iare, <strong>il</strong><br />
tiburio che sorregge la guglia più alta, evocazione<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tera massa marmorea <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> che nelle<br />
notti <strong>di</strong> nebbia lo scrittore D<strong>in</strong>o Buzzati immag<strong>in</strong>ava<br />
come una <strong>del</strong>le sue Dolomiti, deposta dagli<br />
angeli nella piazza pr<strong>in</strong>cipale <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
L’<strong>in</strong>tero corpo <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> – “con la pelle bianca,<br />
venata <strong>di</strong> rosa, segnato da venature <strong>di</strong> pelle verg<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
dolcissime venature come <strong>di</strong> un corpo <strong>di</strong> fanciulla<br />
appena sbocciata alla sua femm<strong>in</strong><strong>il</strong>ità”, secondo<br />
la descrizione poetica <strong>di</strong> p. David M. Turoldo<br />
–, la selva <strong>del</strong>le sue 135 guglie, le migliaia <strong>di</strong><br />
statue, la fioritura degli archi rampanti, la magia<br />
dei ricami ornamentali, la potenza dei contrafforti<br />
tendono <strong>in</strong>fatti verso quell’apice che è ormai <strong>il</strong><br />
simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, molto più <strong>di</strong> quanto possa esserlo<br />
qualsiasi altro monumento cittad<strong>in</strong>o, compreso lo<br />
stesso Teatro alla Scala.<br />
Due sono le funzioni storiche e simboliche che <strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>,<br />
col vess<strong>il</strong>lo <strong>del</strong>la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>alberato a 108,50 metri da<br />
terra, riesce a <strong>in</strong>carnare per la città. Innanzitutto esso è<br />
per eccellenza un segno religioso, affidato all’arte e alla<br />
pietà. Varcata la soglia, la verticalità <strong>del</strong> gotico ci immerge<br />
nell’alone <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ito e nell’<strong>in</strong>tensità <strong>del</strong> s<strong>il</strong>enzio, purificando<br />
l’occhio dalla sguaiata ostentazione dei prodotti<br />
commerciali che asse<strong>di</strong>ano la piazza esterna e liberando<br />
l’orecchio dai rumori e dalle chiacchiere. Nelle navate <strong>il</strong> s<strong>il</strong>enzio<br />
può essere rotto solo dall’armonia lieve e fluida <strong>del</strong><br />
“canto fermo” ambrosiano, una forma più austera e più antica<br />
<strong>di</strong> gregoriano: la sua essenzialità si permette solo volute<br />
armoniche sim<strong>il</strong>i al girare <strong>del</strong> turibolo <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>censo<br />
(che nel rito <strong>del</strong>la Chiesa <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano ha tracciati rotatori<br />
<strong>di</strong>fferenti dai gesti “sussultori” <strong>del</strong> rito romano) e lascia<br />
una traccia <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>menticab<strong>il</strong>e nell’anima.<br />
Gli occhi, <strong>in</strong>vece, sono co<strong>in</strong>volti dalla liturgia solenne che<br />
si svolge sull’altare. Anche <strong>in</strong> questo caso, <strong>il</strong> rito ambrosiano<br />
è unico al mondo, rendendo la <strong>di</strong>ocesi m<strong>il</strong>anese<br />
un’isola sacra la cui liturgia antichissima svela uno straord<strong>in</strong>ario<br />
patrimonio <strong>di</strong> testi oranti, segnati da legami sotterranei<br />
con le Chiese d’Oriente. Ma la spiritualità <strong>del</strong><br />
<strong>Duomo</strong> ha un’altra presenza spesso ignorata dal visitatore<br />
sbrigativo o da quel flusso <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrotto <strong>di</strong> persone che<br />
rimangono sempre all’esterno <strong>del</strong>le pareti <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a vent<strong>in</strong>a d’anni fa fui <strong>in</strong>vitato a stendere la trama <strong>di</strong><br />
un it<strong>in</strong>erario descrittivo tra i “fogli <strong>di</strong> pietra” <strong>del</strong>la Bibbia<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. Scoprii, così, che <strong>in</strong> pratica tutta la S. Scrittura<br />
è <strong>in</strong>cisa o scolpita <strong>in</strong> quel corpo marmoreo. La folla<br />
<strong>di</strong> santi, <strong>di</strong> peccatori, <strong>di</strong> profeti, <strong>di</strong> re, <strong>di</strong> sapienti, <strong>di</strong><br />
THE EIGHTH WONDER<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an’s Cathedral is undergo<strong>in</strong>g preservation work. It is an extra-ord<strong>in</strong>ary job<br />
for a hystorical monument and a symbol both for religion and the city.<br />
by GIANFRANCO RAVASI<br />
I ’M<br />
ONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE IN MILAN WHO, AT ALMOST<br />
any time of the day and the night, can cast a glance at<br />
the golden form of the ‘Madonn<strong>in</strong>a’ (the ‘Little<br />
Madonna’ statue on the top of M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
Cathedral) and let his m<strong>in</strong>d wander to those l<strong>in</strong>es of Giosuè<br />
Carducci’s Barbarian Odes which read: “She stands on the<br />
crown<strong>in</strong>g p<strong>in</strong>nacle, serene/ the sweet girl of Jesse/ all<br />
wrapped <strong>in</strong> gold sparkles”. Indeed, when I’m <strong>in</strong> my flat, <strong>in</strong><br />
the Ambrosian Library, and I raise my head from my papers<br />
and books or from these l<strong>in</strong>es that I’m writ<strong>in</strong>g now, I can see,<br />
apart from that fam<strong>il</strong>iar s<strong>il</strong>houette, the central tower that<br />
carries the tallest spire and conjures up the whole marble<br />
structure of the <strong>Duomo</strong> that, at foggy nights, writer D<strong>in</strong>o<br />
Buzzati used to compare to one of his Dolomite peaks<br />
placed by angels right <strong>in</strong> the centre of M<strong>il</strong>an’s ma<strong>in</strong> piazza.<br />
The whole body of the <strong>Duomo</strong> – “with its rose-ve<strong>in</strong>ed white<br />
sk<strong>in</strong>, l<strong>in</strong>ed with the ve<strong>in</strong>s of virg<strong>in</strong> sk<strong>in</strong>, <strong>del</strong>ightful ve<strong>in</strong>s as<br />
those on the sk<strong>in</strong> of a girl who has just blossomed <strong>in</strong>to her<br />
4 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
5
FOCUS<br />
apostoli, <strong>di</strong> angeli e <strong>di</strong> demoni che popolano le pag<strong>in</strong>e sacre<br />
si è cristallizzata <strong>in</strong> bassor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue, offrendo così<br />
una straord<strong>in</strong>aria Biblia pauperum, ossia una Bibbia<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ata ai “poveri”, a chi non sapeva leggere. <strong>Un</strong>a Bibbia<br />
che <strong>di</strong>ventava, poi, colma <strong>di</strong> colori e <strong>di</strong> iridescenze<br />
nelle <strong>di</strong>stese gran<strong>di</strong>ose <strong>del</strong>le vetrate, anch’esse animate<br />
da scene sacre.<br />
Mani nob<strong>il</strong>i e mani modeste hanno creato per secoli<br />
questo brulicare <strong>di</strong> figure <strong>in</strong>trecciando fede e arte, spiritualità<br />
e folclore, culto e vita quoti<strong>di</strong>ana. In questa luce<br />
emerge la seconda funzione <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>: esso è per<br />
eccellenza <strong>il</strong> più alto simbolo civico. Lo è <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto<br />
perché ha scan<strong>di</strong>to gli ultimi sei secoli <strong>del</strong>la storia<br />
cittad<strong>in</strong>a con la sua bellezza, sempre <strong>in</strong> crescita, quasi<br />
fosse un vero e proprio corpo vivente. Infatti, <strong>il</strong> famoso<br />
detto popolare che considera “<strong>in</strong>-f<strong>in</strong>ita” la “fabbrica”<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> attesta la vitalità <strong>di</strong> un tempio che segue <strong>il</strong><br />
pulsare stesso <strong>del</strong>le vicende <strong>del</strong>la città. Eppure questa<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ua metamorfosi non impe<strong>di</strong>sce che agli occhi <strong>del</strong><br />
m<strong>il</strong>anese (ma spesso anche <strong>del</strong> turista <strong>di</strong>stratto o frettoloso)<br />
<strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sia “tra i meravej quella <strong>di</strong> sett”, ossia<br />
la settima meraviglia <strong>del</strong> mondo, come <strong>di</strong>chiarava Carlo<br />
Porta <strong>in</strong> una <strong>del</strong>le sue Poesie m<strong>il</strong>anesi (12, 4).<br />
Il m<strong>il</strong>anese o <strong>il</strong> visitatore esterno, pur nel frastuono urbano<br />
attuale e nella cort<strong>in</strong>a permanente <strong>di</strong> smog che è ormai<br />
<strong>il</strong> sudario imposto al <strong>Duomo</strong> e a M<strong>il</strong>ano, appena s’affaccia<br />
su quella piazza ripete <strong>il</strong> gesto e prova la stessa<br />
emozione che Manzoni aveva attribuito al suo Renzo,<br />
giunto per la prima volta <strong>in</strong> città: “Salito su uno <strong>di</strong> quei<br />
valichi sul terreno più elevato vide quella gran macch<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sola sul piano, come se, non <strong>di</strong> mezzo a una<br />
città, ma sorgesse <strong>in</strong> un deserto; e si fermò sui due pie<strong>di</strong>,<br />
<strong>di</strong>menticando i suoi guai, a contemplare da lontano quell’ottava<br />
meraviglia, <strong>di</strong> cui aveva sentito parlare f<strong>in</strong> da<br />
bamb<strong>in</strong>o” (Promessi Sposi XI). La centralità <strong>di</strong> questa<br />
che, per Manzoni, è <strong>in</strong>vece l’ottava meraviglia <strong>del</strong> mondo,<br />
non è dunque solo religiosa ma anche civ<strong>il</strong>e. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> cuore<br />
<strong>del</strong>la città; è quasi la conferma sperimentale <strong>del</strong>la celebre<br />
tesi <strong>del</strong> “centro” che, secondo <strong>il</strong> famoso stu<strong>di</strong>oso Mircea<br />
Eliade, era <strong>il</strong> primo simbolo umano e sociale <strong>del</strong>l’uomo<br />
<strong>del</strong>le orig<strong>in</strong>i, cioè uno spazio sacro capace però <strong>di</strong> organizzare<br />
tutto <strong>il</strong> resto <strong>del</strong>l’orizzonte <strong>in</strong> un progetto <strong>di</strong><br />
senso e <strong>di</strong> armonia.<br />
Infatti, chi avesse la fortuna <strong>di</strong> sorvolare con un elicottero<br />
<strong>il</strong> nucleo urbano <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano o, più semplicemente, gettasse<br />
uno sguardo su una mappa <strong>del</strong>la città, scoprirebbe subito<br />
che le ra<strong>di</strong>ali <strong>del</strong>le sue vie convergono verso quel centro<br />
che è costituito dal <strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>il</strong> cuore <strong>del</strong>la vita e <strong>del</strong>l’ord<strong>in</strong>amento<br />
armonico <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. <strong>È</strong> per questo che ogni m<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />
credente o agnostico, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>geno o “importato”, sperimenta<br />
sempre un fremito <strong>di</strong> fronte alla “bella Madun<strong>in</strong>a<br />
che te br<strong>il</strong>let de luntan…”. <strong>Un</strong> sentimento che uno scrittore<br />
m<strong>il</strong>anese, Em<strong>il</strong>io De Marchi (1851-1901) aveva tratteggiato<br />
nella “prosa cadenzata” El noster Domm, evocando<br />
<strong>il</strong> turbamento <strong>di</strong> chi sta per tornare nella città da tempo lasciata.<br />
Già a quaranta miglia da M<strong>il</strong>ano com<strong>in</strong>cia a sbirciare<br />
dal f<strong>in</strong>estr<strong>in</strong>o <strong>del</strong> treno per cercare <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>travedere tra gli<br />
alberi e la nebbia <strong>del</strong>le risaie quel simbolo amato, “la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a<br />
benedetta <strong>del</strong> noster Domm”. E appena essa appare<br />
sotto un raggio <strong>di</strong> sole, le lacrime affiorano agli occhi,<br />
<strong>il</strong> cuore batte nel petto e si <strong>di</strong>venta come ragazz<strong>in</strong>i emo-<br />
6<br />
zionati (“el coeur el batt come on magnan… e allora se<br />
piang… se piang come bagaj”).<br />
Gianfranco Ravasi, monsignore e protonotario apostolico, è<br />
prefetto <strong>del</strong>la Biblioteca Ambrosiana <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, docente <strong>di</strong><br />
esegesi biblica alla Facoltà Teologica <strong>del</strong>l’Italia Settentrionale<br />
e membro <strong>del</strong>la Pontificia commissione biblica.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
womanhood”, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the poetic description by Father<br />
David M. Turoldo – the forest of its 135 spires, the<br />
thousands of statues, the bloom of fly<strong>in</strong>g buttresses, the<br />
magic of ornamental tracery and the power of its buttresses,<br />
po<strong>in</strong>t toward that topmost figure which has become the<br />
symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an, more so than any other monument <strong>in</strong> town,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the famous ‘alla Scala’ Opera house.<br />
The <strong>Duomo</strong> serves both a historical and a symbolic purpose for the<br />
city of M<strong>il</strong>an, with its Madonn<strong>in</strong>a stand<strong>in</strong>g 108.50 meters from the<br />
ground. First of all, it is par excellence a religious emblem,<br />
entrusted to art and piety. When we step <strong>in</strong>side, the verticality of<br />
the Gothic steeps you <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ity and the <strong>in</strong>tensity of s<strong>il</strong>ence, our<br />
eyes purified from the vulgar ostentation of the commercial<br />
products besieg<strong>in</strong>g the square outside and our ears set free from<br />
noise and mundane chatt<strong>in</strong>g. In<br />
the nave and aisles, the s<strong>il</strong>ence<br />
is broken only by the gentle and<br />
fluid harmony of the Ambrosian<br />
‘canto fermo’ (pla<strong>in</strong> song), an<br />
older and more austere version<br />
of the Gregorian chant: its<br />
essentiality makes room only for<br />
harmonic spirals rem<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
the sw<strong>in</strong>gs of the <strong>in</strong>cense<br />
thurible (which <strong>in</strong> the rite of the<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an Church is rotated <strong>in</strong> a<br />
<strong>di</strong>fferent way from the<br />
“subsultory” gestures of the<br />
Roman rite) and leaves an<br />
unforgettable mark on your soul.<br />
Your eyes, <strong>in</strong>stead, are<br />
enraptured by the solemn<br />
liturgy which is tak<strong>in</strong>g place on<br />
the altar. Once aga<strong>in</strong> the<br />
Ambrosian rite proves to be<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g unique, turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>di</strong>ocese <strong>in</strong>to a holy<br />
island whose very ancient<br />
RITO AMBROSIANO.<br />
Il <strong>Duomo</strong> è <strong>il</strong> cuore<br />
<strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione liturgica<br />
ambrosiana, che risale al periodo<br />
<strong>di</strong> Gregorio Magno (sec IV-V).<br />
Le <strong>di</strong>fferenze con <strong>il</strong> rituale<br />
romano riguardano <strong>il</strong> Battesimo<br />
con immersione, l’Avvento <strong>di</strong> sei<br />
settimane anziché quattro<br />
e la Quaresima più breve<br />
<strong>di</strong> quattro giorni. Peculiare anche<br />
<strong>il</strong> canto ambrosiano <strong>in</strong> st<strong>il</strong>e<br />
greco-bizant<strong>in</strong>o che<br />
si contrappone al canto<br />
gregoriano <strong>del</strong>la liturgia romana.<br />
THE AMBROSIAN RITE.<br />
The <strong>Duomo</strong> is the heart of the<br />
Ambrosian liturgical tra<strong>di</strong>tion,<br />
dat<strong>in</strong>g back to the time of Pope<br />
Gregory the Great (IV-V century).<br />
The <strong>di</strong>fferences from the Roman<br />
ritual concern the Baptism by<br />
immersion, Advent last<strong>in</strong>g six rather<br />
than four weeks, and a four-day<br />
shorter Lent time. Also typical of<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an is the Ambrosian chant <strong>in</strong> the<br />
greek-byzant<strong>in</strong>e tra<strong>di</strong>tion as aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
the Gregorian chant<br />
of the Roman liturgy.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
liturgy reveals a s<strong>in</strong>gular<br />
heritage of prayer texts, marked<br />
by underground bonds with the<br />
Eastern Churches. Yet, the<br />
spirituality of the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
features another element which<br />
is often ignored by hasty<br />
visitors or that never-end<strong>in</strong>g<br />
flow of people who pass by and<br />
never step <strong>in</strong>. Some twenty<br />
years ago, I was asked to work<br />
at a descriptive tour of those<br />
“pages of stone” which form<br />
the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s Bible. It was then<br />
when I first found out that<br />
virtually the whole Bible is<br />
either engraved or sculptured <strong>in</strong><br />
that body of marble. The crowd<br />
of sa<strong>in</strong>ts, s<strong>in</strong>ners, prophets,<br />
k<strong>in</strong>gs, wise men, apostles,<br />
angels and demons who live <strong>in</strong><br />
those holy pages took shape <strong>in</strong><br />
bas-reliefs and statues, thus<br />
provid<strong>in</strong>g us with a remarkable Biblia pauperum, that is a Bible<br />
<strong>in</strong>tended for the “poor”, for those who could not read. A Bible<br />
which becomes full of colors and ra<strong>in</strong>bow-like gleam <strong>in</strong> the vast<br />
and magnificent sta<strong>in</strong>ed glass w<strong>in</strong>dows featur<strong>in</strong>g sacred scenes.<br />
For centuries, noble and humble hands have given life to these<br />
swarms of characters comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g art and faith, spirituality and<br />
folklore, worship and da<strong>il</strong>y life. Which rem<strong>in</strong>ds us of the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>’s second key role: it is par excellence the highest civ<strong>il</strong><br />
symbol. Indeed, its ever-<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g beauty, as if it really was a<br />
liv<strong>in</strong>g body, has marked six centuries of life <strong>in</strong> the city. The<br />
famous folk say<strong>in</strong>g accord<strong>in</strong>g to which the “workshop” of the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong> would be “<strong>in</strong>-f<strong>in</strong>ite” testifies to the vitality of a temple<br />
which moves <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with the pulse of the city itself.<br />
Nevertheless, this ongo<strong>in</strong>g metamorphosis doesn’t prevent the<br />
people of M<strong>il</strong>an (but even absent-m<strong>in</strong>ded and hasty tourists)<br />
from consider<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Duomo</strong> “tra i meravej quella <strong>di</strong> sett”, that<br />
is the world’s seventh wonder as Carlo Porta said <strong>in</strong> one of his<br />
Poesie m<strong>il</strong>anesi (M<strong>il</strong>anese Poems) (12, 4).<br />
Despite the roar and rumble of the city and the permanent smog<br />
layer which has become M<strong>il</strong>an’s (and the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s) shroud,<br />
whenever the M<strong>il</strong>anese or the tourists step on this piazza, they<br />
feel the same emotions that Manzoni’s Renzo felt when he first<br />
arrived <strong>in</strong> the big city: “Renzo mounted by one of these passes to<br />
the more elevated ground, and, look<strong>in</strong>g around him, beheld the<br />
noble p<strong>il</strong>e of the cathedral tower<strong>in</strong>g alone above the pla<strong>in</strong>, not as<br />
if stand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the midst of a city, but rather as though it rose from<br />
a desert. He paused, forgetful of all his sorrows, and<br />
contemplated thus at a <strong>di</strong>stance that eighth wonder of the world,<br />
of which he had heard so much from his <strong>in</strong>fancy.” (The<br />
Betrothed, chapter XI). Therefore, what Manzoni called the<br />
‘world’s eighth wonder’ has both a religious and a civic value. It<br />
is the very heart of the city, it is almost the factual confirmation<br />
of the famous theory of the “centre” which, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the well<br />
known scholar Mircea Eliade, was the first human and social<br />
symbol for early men, that is a sacred space which could arrange<br />
all the world around <strong>in</strong> a mean<strong>in</strong>gful and harmonic project.<br />
Indeed, if you are lucky enough to fly over M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>in</strong> a helicopter<br />
or simply you have a look at the city map, you w<strong>il</strong>l right away f<strong>in</strong>d<br />
out that the ra<strong>di</strong>al patterns of M<strong>il</strong>an’s ma<strong>in</strong> roads all converge to<br />
that centre represented by the <strong>Duomo</strong>, which is the very heart<br />
of M<strong>il</strong>an’s life and harmonic order. That’s why all the M<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />
whether believers or not and whether they were born here or<br />
“imported” so to speak, always experience a thr<strong>il</strong>l when they<br />
see the “bella Madun<strong>in</strong>a che te br<strong>il</strong>let de luntan…” (fair<br />
Madonna sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g from afar). A sim<strong>il</strong>ar feel<strong>in</strong>g was described by a<br />
M<strong>il</strong>anese writer, Em<strong>il</strong>io De Marchi (1851-1901), <strong>in</strong> the<br />
“rhythmic prose” of his work El noster Domm (Our <strong>Duomo</strong>),<br />
which conjures the emotions of a man who is com<strong>in</strong>g back to<br />
the city after many years. When his tra<strong>in</strong> is st<strong>il</strong>l some 40 m<strong>il</strong>es<br />
away from M<strong>il</strong>an, he starts look<strong>in</strong>g out of the w<strong>in</strong>dow search<strong>in</strong>g<br />
for that beloved symbol, “la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a benedetta <strong>del</strong> noster<br />
Domm (the blessed little Madonna of our <strong>Duomo</strong>) among the<br />
trees and the fog of the rice fields. As soon as he makes it out<br />
<strong>in</strong> a beam of the sun, tears appear <strong>in</strong> his eyes, his heart starts<br />
rac<strong>in</strong>g and he feel like an excited boy (“el coeur el batt come on<br />
magnan… e allora se piang… se piang come bagaj”).<br />
Gianfranco Ravasi, Monsignor and Apostolic Protonotary,<br />
is Prefect of M<strong>il</strong>an’s Ambrosian Library, professor of biblical<br />
exegesis at the North Italy Theological Faculty and a member<br />
of the Pontifical Biblical Commission.<br />
7
FOCUS<br />
AMATI E ZANOJA, 1807 CARLO BUZZI, 1647<br />
UN PERCORSO<br />
DI CINQUE SECOLI<br />
La facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> nei <strong>di</strong>segni<br />
d’archivio <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. I lavori <strong>di</strong> costruzione<br />
<strong>in</strong>iziarono nel 1386 per volere<br />
<strong>di</strong> Gian Galeazzo Visconti signore<br />
<strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano e proseguirono sotto<br />
la <strong>di</strong>rezione <strong>di</strong> vari architetti.<br />
<strong>È</strong> <strong>del</strong> 1592 <strong>il</strong> progetto <strong>di</strong> Pellegr<strong>in</strong>o<br />
Pellegr<strong>in</strong>i architetto <strong>di</strong> fiducia<br />
<strong>di</strong> Carlo Borromeo.<br />
Nel 1635 <strong>il</strong> progetto <strong>di</strong> Francesco<br />
Maria Rich<strong>in</strong>o conferì maggiore<br />
monumentalità alla Cattedrale.<br />
Successivamente, nel 1647,<br />
Carlo Buzzi riportando <strong>il</strong> progetto<br />
allo st<strong>il</strong>e gotico scelse <strong>di</strong> demolire<br />
la vecchia facciata quattrocentesca<br />
<strong>di</strong> Santa Maria Maggiore. Nel 1790<br />
Felice Soave apportò mo<strong>di</strong>fiche<br />
<strong>in</strong> st<strong>il</strong>e neogotico e <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>e nel 1807<br />
Amati e Zanoja, <strong>in</strong>caricati<br />
da Napoleone Buonaparte, portarono<br />
a term<strong>in</strong>e la costruzione<br />
<strong>del</strong>la cattedrale con un progetto<br />
molto vic<strong>in</strong>o a quello attuale.<br />
PELLEGRINO PELLEGRINI, 1592<br />
FRANCESCO MARIA RICHINO, 1635<br />
A FIVE-CENTURY-LONG<br />
ITINERARY<br />
The <strong>Duomo</strong> facade <strong>in</strong> the draw<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
from the archive of the Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. Construction<br />
work started <strong>in</strong> 1386 by order<br />
of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord<br />
of M<strong>il</strong>an and went on under<br />
the <strong>di</strong>rection of various architects.<br />
The design by Pellegr<strong>in</strong>o Pellegr<strong>in</strong>i,<br />
trusted architect of Carlo Borromeo,<br />
dates back to 1592. In 1632<br />
the design by Francesco Maria<br />
Rich<strong>in</strong>o lent more of a monumental<br />
character to the Cathedral. Later<br />
on, <strong>in</strong> 1647, Carlo Buzzi restored<br />
a gothic style to the project and opted<br />
for demolish<strong>in</strong>g the old 15th-century<br />
facade of St. Mary Major.<br />
In 1790 Felice Soave made some<br />
changes <strong>in</strong> the neo-gothic style<br />
and f<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong> 1807 Amati<br />
and Zanoja, appo<strong>in</strong>ted by Napoleon<br />
Bonaparte, completed<br />
the construction of the cathedral<br />
with a design very much alike<br />
the present one.<br />
FELICE SOAVI, 1790<br />
Tecnologie <strong>di</strong>agnostiche<br />
per <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong><br />
Nel mese <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>cembre 2005 la Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong><br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie e Cnr hanno reso noti i risultati<br />
<strong>del</strong>la prima parte <strong>del</strong>le attività relative al <strong>restauro</strong><br />
<strong>conservativo</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong>la cattedrale m<strong>il</strong>anese. Le attività<br />
<strong>di</strong>agnostiche affidate a <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie <strong>in</strong> questa prima<br />
fase hanno fornito: un mo<strong>del</strong>lo geometrico tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale<br />
<strong>in</strong> scala 1:20, realizzato attraverso la mappatura tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale<br />
<strong>di</strong> guglie, statue e 8.147 blocchi <strong>di</strong> marmo che costituiscono<br />
la facciata; l’esame <strong>del</strong>le caratteristiche<br />
strutturali dei volumi architettonici<br />
effettuato attraverso i r<strong>il</strong>ievi georadar<br />
su 6 contrafforti e 5 campate f<strong>in</strong>o a<br />
un’altezza <strong>di</strong> 50 metri; <strong>il</strong> campionamento<br />
mirato sull’<strong>in</strong>tera superficie <strong>del</strong>la facciata<br />
per analizzare lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione<br />
dei materiali. Le analisi sul marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia<br />
sono state condotte <strong>in</strong> cantiere e<br />
nei laboratori <strong>di</strong> chimica-fisica <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie.<br />
I risultati hanno evidenziato un’alterazione<br />
chimica e microstrutturale <strong>del</strong><br />
marmo a causa degli agenti atmosferici.<br />
Da parte sua, <strong>il</strong> Cnr ha completato la mappatura<br />
e la def<strong>in</strong>izione <strong>del</strong>le cause e meccanismi<br />
<strong>del</strong> degrado con 8 tavole tematiche<br />
e ha messo a punto le l<strong>in</strong>ee guida per<br />
l’<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura, stuccatura e sig<strong>il</strong>latura<br />
e protezione <strong>del</strong>la superficie marmorea.<br />
I risultati <strong>del</strong>le analisi e le fasi <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong><br />
sono stati progressivamente raccolti<br />
<strong>in</strong> un’unica Banca Dati Integrata Tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale,<br />
i cui dati guidano i lavori <strong>di</strong><br />
cantiere e saranno <strong>in</strong> futuro fonte <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>formazione<br />
per stu<strong>di</strong>osi, esperti e operatori<br />
<strong>del</strong> settore.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie e Cnr proseguiranno le proprie<br />
attività affiancando la Veneranda Fabbrica,<br />
per verificare la qualità degli <strong>in</strong>terventi<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> eseguiti.<br />
ANALISI DEI MATERIALI.<br />
In alto, ricercatori nei laboratori <strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie per le analisi<br />
dei materiali <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
La Società da anni mette<br />
a <strong>di</strong>sposizione dei beni culturali<br />
le più sofisticate e <strong>in</strong>novative<br />
tecnologie sv<strong>il</strong>uppate nel settore<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’energia. Qui sopra, particolare<br />
<strong>del</strong>le splen<strong>di</strong>de venature <strong>del</strong> marmo<br />
<strong>di</strong> Candoglia, estratto dalle cave<br />
<strong>in</strong> bassa Val d’Ossola.<br />
ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS.<br />
Above, researchers from<br />
the laboratories of <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie<br />
charged with carry<strong>in</strong>g out the analysis<br />
of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s materials. The<br />
company for many years has made<br />
ava<strong>il</strong>able to Cultural Heritage<br />
authorities the most sophisticated and<br />
advanced technologies developed <strong>in</strong><br />
the energy sector. Above here,<br />
a deta<strong>il</strong> of the splen<strong>di</strong>d streaks<br />
of Candoglia marble, dug from<br />
the quarries <strong>in</strong> the lower Ossola Valley.<br />
Diagnosis technologies<br />
for restoration<br />
In December 2005, Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>,<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie and the CNR (Italy’s National Research<br />
Centre) released the results of the first part of<br />
activities relat<strong>in</strong>g to conservation work on the façade of<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an’s cathedral.<br />
The <strong>di</strong>agnostic activities entrusted to <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie <strong>in</strong> this<br />
early stage provided: a 3D geometrical mo<strong>del</strong>, on a scale<br />
of 1 to 20, produced by 3D mapp<strong>in</strong>g of the spires,<br />
statuary and 8,147 marble slabs, which<br />
make up the façade; the exam<strong>in</strong>ation of<br />
the structural characteristics of<br />
architectural volumes, carried out by<br />
means of georadar surveys on six<br />
buttresses and five spans, up to a height<br />
of 50 metres; the targeted sampl<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
the façade’s entire surface to analyse the<br />
materials’ state of preservation. The<br />
analyses on the Candoglia marble were<br />
carried out on site and <strong>in</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie<br />
chemistry-physics laboratories. The<br />
results revealed a chemical and microstructural<br />
alteration of the marble, due to<br />
atmospheric agents.<br />
The CNR completed the mapp<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition of the degradation causes and<br />
mechanisms, through 8 thematic tables,<br />
and set up the gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es to clean,<br />
plaster, seal and protect the marble<br />
surface.<br />
The analyses results and the restoration<br />
stages were then gathered <strong>in</strong> one 3D<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrated databank, whose data set the<br />
work to be done on site, and w<strong>il</strong>l, <strong>in</strong> the<br />
future, be a source of <strong>in</strong>formation for<br />
scholars, experts and the trade.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie and the CNR w<strong>il</strong>l carry on<br />
with their activities, support<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica, to check the quality<br />
of the restoration work carried out.<br />
8 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
9
FOCUS<br />
Simbolo<br />
<strong>di</strong> valori<br />
<strong>di</strong> LUIGI MANGANINI<br />
Cattedrale <strong>di</strong> dolore e <strong>di</strong> gioia,<br />
segno <strong>di</strong> una <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrotta storia<br />
<strong>di</strong> fede: <strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> occupa<br />
un ruolo <strong>in</strong>sostituib<strong>il</strong>e nella vita<br />
<strong>del</strong>la grande metropoli m<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />
sempre più cosmopolita.<br />
10<br />
DA ALCUNI ANNI, LA CATTEDRALE APPARE –<br />
per <strong>di</strong>rla con <strong>il</strong> Manzoni – quasi come una “gran<br />
macch<strong>in</strong>a” (I promessi sposi, XI), come un “eterno<br />
cantiere”. Essa si mostra <strong>in</strong> parte “velata” ai<br />
nostri occhi, ma non è privata <strong>del</strong> suo naturale splendore e<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ua ad essere <strong>il</strong> centro pulsante <strong>del</strong>la vita religiosa e<br />
civ<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la città e <strong>del</strong>la Diocesi <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, i cui “conf<strong>in</strong>i”<br />
sono ben più ampi <strong>del</strong>la cosiddetta “area metropolitana”.<br />
Il <strong>Duomo</strong> e la sua Piazza sono da sempre legati alla città e i<br />
m<strong>il</strong>anesi ne hanno fatto un costante punto <strong>di</strong> richiamo e <strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>in</strong>contro nei momenti più significativi <strong>del</strong>la loro storia passata<br />
e recente. Gli avvenimenti gioiosi e tristi nella vita<br />
<strong>del</strong>la città accompagnano le <strong>di</strong>verse fasi <strong>del</strong>la costruzione<br />
<strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale, facendone – come amava def<strong>in</strong>irla <strong>il</strong> Cattaneo<br />
– <strong>il</strong> “teatro <strong>del</strong>la vita religiosa e civ<strong>il</strong>e” (Il <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
nella vita civ<strong>il</strong>e e religiosa <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, p. 51) durante<br />
l’occupazione francese e quella spagnola, <strong>il</strong> regno <strong>di</strong> Napoleone,<br />
f<strong>in</strong>o alla restaurazione austriaca <strong>del</strong> 1814. Come<br />
non ricordare qui l’Arcivescovo Andrea Carlo Ferrari, con<br />
la sua estrema vic<strong>in</strong>anza alle vicende <strong>del</strong>la città e alle sue<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
A SYMBOL<br />
OF VALUES<br />
Cathedral of pa<strong>in</strong> and joy,<br />
sign of an unbroken story<br />
of faith: the <strong>Duomo</strong> holds<br />
a unique role <strong>in</strong> the life<br />
of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
cosmopolitan M<strong>il</strong>an.<br />
by LUIGI MANGANINI<br />
FOR SOME YEARS THE CATHEDRAL<br />
has appeared – to say the way<br />
Manzoni <strong>di</strong>d – almost as a “big<br />
mach<strong>in</strong>e” (The Betrothed, XI),<br />
as a “perennial bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g site”. It stands<br />
partly hidden from our eyes, but it is<br />
not deprived of its natural splendour<br />
and cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be the throbb<strong>in</strong>g<br />
centre of religious and civ<strong>il</strong> life <strong>in</strong> the<br />
city and <strong>in</strong> the <strong>di</strong>ocese of M<strong>il</strong>an, whose<br />
“borders” stretch far wider than the socalled<br />
“metropolitan area”.<br />
The <strong>Duomo</strong> and its Piazza have always<br />
been bound to the city and the<br />
M<strong>il</strong>anese have made the two of them a<br />
constant po<strong>in</strong>t of reference and<br />
meet<strong>in</strong>g place for the most mean<strong>in</strong>gful<br />
moments of their history, past and<br />
present. Happy and sad events <strong>in</strong> the<br />
city’s life accompany the various stages<br />
of the Cathedral’s construction, mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
it – as Cattaneo was fond of say<strong>in</strong>g –<br />
the “theatre of religious and civ<strong>il</strong>ian<br />
life” (Il <strong>Duomo</strong> nella vita civ<strong>il</strong>e e<br />
religiosa <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, p. 51) dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
French occupation and the Spanish<br />
one, under Napoleon’s reign up to the<br />
Austrian restoration <strong>in</strong> 1814. How can<br />
one fa<strong>il</strong> to remember Archbishop<br />
Andrea Carlo Ferrari, with his extreme<br />
closeness to the city’s events and its<br />
social problems. How can one forget<br />
Card<strong>in</strong>al Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster who<br />
– right <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Duomo</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g his sermon<br />
on the first Advent Sunday of 1938 –<br />
spoke strongly aga<strong>in</strong>st the racial laws<br />
issued by royal decree just four days later (November 17). And<br />
aga<strong>in</strong> his soul troubled by the bomb<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> August 1943 on the<br />
already long-suffer<strong>in</strong>g city, when not even the Cathedral was<br />
spared. As Pope Paolo VI wrote <strong>in</strong> 1963, who had known and<br />
loved the Cathedral when he had been M<strong>il</strong>an’s archbishop: the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong> “embo<strong>di</strong>es the faith of a population express<strong>in</strong>g itself,…<br />
a whole community, a whole society, a whole history”. And the<br />
memory comes back aga<strong>in</strong> of the funerals, <strong>in</strong> 1969, for the<br />
Piazza Fontana massacre and, just 24 years later (<strong>in</strong> 1993),<br />
those of the Via Palestro bomb victims.<br />
IL DUOMO E LA CITTÀ.<br />
Centro <strong>di</strong> culto e <strong>in</strong>teresse<br />
artistico, luogo <strong>di</strong> appartenenza<br />
civ<strong>il</strong>e e sociale, la cattedrale<br />
è <strong>il</strong> simbolo che ha scan<strong>di</strong>to<br />
oltre sei secoli <strong>di</strong> storia.<br />
THE DUOMO AND THE CITY.<br />
A centre of worship and art<br />
<strong>in</strong>terest, a place of civic and social<br />
belong<strong>in</strong>g, the Cathedral<br />
is a symbol that has marked<br />
over six centuries of history.<br />
11
FOCUS<br />
problematiche sociali. Come non ricordare <strong>il</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>ale Alfredo<br />
Ildefonso Schuster, che – proprio <strong>in</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, nella<br />
sua omelia <strong>del</strong>la prima <strong>di</strong> Domenica <strong>di</strong> Avvento <strong>del</strong> 1938 –<br />
si oppose con forza alle leggi razziali, pubblicate con Regio<br />
decreto solo quattro giorni più tar<strong>di</strong> (<strong>il</strong> 17 novembre). E<br />
ancora <strong>il</strong> suo animo turbato per i bombardamenti <strong>del</strong>l’agosto<br />
1943, sulla città già a lungo provata, che non avevano<br />
risparmiato nemmeno la Cattedrale. Come scriveva nel<br />
1963 Papa Paolo VI, che da Arcivescovo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano aveva<br />
conosciuto ed amato la Cattedrale: nel <strong>Duomo</strong> dunque «è<br />
la fede <strong>di</strong> un popolo che si esprime […], è tutta una comunità,<br />
è tutta una società, è tutta una storia». Ecco riaffiorare<br />
poi <strong>il</strong> ricordo dei funerali, nel 1969, per la strage <strong>di</strong> Piazza<br />
Fontana e, solo ventiquattro anni dopo (nel 1993),<br />
quelli <strong>del</strong>le vittime <strong>del</strong>la bomba <strong>di</strong> via Palestro.<br />
Anche i giorni a noi più vic<strong>in</strong>i sono carichi <strong>di</strong> avvenimenti<br />
che trovano la loro cornice nel <strong>Duomo</strong>, Cattedrale <strong>di</strong> dolore<br />
e <strong>di</strong> gioia, dove rivivere l’agonia e la morte <strong>del</strong>l’amato<br />
Giovanni Paolo II e l’elezione <strong>di</strong> Papa Benedetto XVI. Le<br />
campane, le tre gran<strong>di</strong> campane <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>! Le vibrazioni<br />
che generano sulla struttura <strong>del</strong> tiburio non permettono <strong>di</strong><br />
suonarle a lungo, ma non possiamo <strong>di</strong>menticare la struggente<br />
vibrazione che <strong>il</strong> campanone – nella tarda serata <strong>di</strong><br />
sabato <strong>di</strong> 2 apr<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong>lo s<strong>corso</strong> anno – ha risvegliato nel<br />
cuore, annunciando la morte <strong>di</strong> Papa Giovanni Paolo II e<br />
chiamando, prima <strong>in</strong> piazza e poi all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>,<br />
molte persone ad unirsi alla preghiera <strong>del</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>ale Arcivescovo.<br />
E ancora, <strong>il</strong> giorno seguente, l’Eucaristia <strong>di</strong> suffragio<br />
vedeva una folla immensa che trasformava Piazza<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>in</strong> una Cattedrale a cielo aperto. Inf<strong>in</strong>e, non<br />
più <strong>il</strong> solitario campanone, ma tutte e tre le campane, festosamente,<br />
davano l’annuncio <strong>del</strong>l’elezione <strong>di</strong> Papa Benedetto<br />
XVI, <strong>il</strong> pomeriggio <strong>di</strong> martedì 19 apr<strong>il</strong>e, convocando<br />
– una settimana più tar<strong>di</strong> – l’<strong>in</strong>tera Diocesi con <strong>il</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>ale<br />
Dionigi Tettamanzi per l’Eucaristia <strong>di</strong> r<strong>in</strong>graziamento.<br />
La Cattedrale non è qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> un semplice monumento, per<br />
quanto <strong>in</strong>signe: una galleria <strong>di</strong> opere d’arte f<strong>in</strong>e a se stessa,<br />
ma una realtà viva, segno <strong>del</strong>l’unità <strong>del</strong>la Chiesa ambrosiana<br />
attorno al suo Vescovo. La Cattedrale non rappresenta<br />
solo un “nob<strong>il</strong>e” spazio <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>contro <strong>del</strong>le <strong>di</strong>verse realtà, ma<br />
è <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto un segno <strong>del</strong>la <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrotta storia <strong>di</strong> fede <strong>del</strong>la<br />
città, è legata all’esperienza <strong>di</strong> quanti <strong>in</strong> essa hanno so-<br />
stato <strong>in</strong> preghiera, è legata alla memoria dei santi pastori<br />
che hanno saputo essere sicuro punto <strong>di</strong> riferimento, <strong>in</strong><br />
momenti spesso <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i e travagliati. Essa è <strong>il</strong> segno che<br />
“Dio è sempre rimasto con noi, presente nel centro <strong>del</strong>la<br />
nostra città me<strong>di</strong>ante <strong>il</strong> segno visib<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>. Dunque<br />
la Cattedrale – pur nelle <strong>di</strong>verse forme architettoniche che<br />
essa ha avuto lungo i secoli – è stata un richiamo costante<br />
all’amore <strong>del</strong> Signore per questo suo popolo e <strong>in</strong>vito a credere<br />
e a sperare <strong>in</strong> Lui” (C.M. Mart<strong>in</strong>i).<br />
La Chiesa Cattedrale riveste una funzione simbolica <strong>di</strong><br />
esemplarità per la Diocesi <strong>in</strong>tera: questa caratteristica la<br />
v<strong>in</strong>cola necessariamente nell’esercizio <strong>di</strong> ogni <strong>in</strong>iziativa<br />
che, almeno idealmente, deve essere orientata a produrre<br />
questo tipo <strong>di</strong> immag<strong>in</strong>e. Nei confronti <strong>del</strong>la città poi <strong>il</strong> luogo<br />
è ovviamente un polo <strong>di</strong> identificazione, appartenenza,<br />
oltre che centro <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>teresse artistico e sociale, e non è<br />
possib<strong>il</strong>e pertanto immag<strong>in</strong>arne un “trattamento” con le<br />
stesse modalità con le quali vengono usati<br />
altri spazi più o meno significativi. Il<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>, simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano <strong>in</strong> tutto <strong>il</strong> mondo,<br />
potrà rimanere tale solo nella misura<br />
<strong>in</strong> cui ne saranno rispettate le caratteristiche<br />
peculiari. La sua profonda valenza<br />
religiosa e, al tempo stesso, la sua importanza<br />
civ<strong>il</strong>e e sociale non sono due ambiti<br />
chiamati a contrapporsi, quasi ad elidersi<br />
a vicenda, ma – al contrario – sono due<br />
espressioni significative che chiedono <strong>di</strong><br />
essere vissute <strong>in</strong> un giusto equ<strong>il</strong>ibro ed<br />
una profonda unità.<br />
Il fe<strong>del</strong>e, ma anche <strong>il</strong> semplice turista (ogni<br />
giorno se ne contano oltre <strong>di</strong>ecim<strong>il</strong>a), che<br />
ancora oggi entra <strong>in</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> è idealmente<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>to a percorrere le lunge navate f<strong>in</strong>o all’altare<br />
maggiore. Questo camm<strong>in</strong>o, attraverso<br />
la “selva dei c<strong>in</strong>quantadue p<strong>il</strong>astri”,<br />
ESPRESSIONI ARTISTICHE. Ogni<br />
opera decorativa <strong>del</strong>la facciata<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, dalle statue agli ornati,<br />
è stata realizzata nel tempo<br />
con estrema cura e attenzione<br />
al dettaglio. Questo ha conferito<br />
al <strong>Duomo</strong> un aspetto unico al mondo<br />
e ha arricchito <strong>il</strong> patrimonio<br />
storico-artistico <strong>del</strong>la città.<br />
ARTISTIC EXPRESSION. All ornamental<br />
work <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Duomo</strong> facade, from statues<br />
to decorations, was made over time<br />
with the utmost care and attention<br />
for each deta<strong>il</strong>. This gave the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
an appearance that is unique<br />
<strong>in</strong> the world and enhanced the city’s<br />
historical-artistic heritage.<br />
Even days closer to us are laden with events framed by the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>, a cathedral of pa<strong>in</strong> and joy, where one can br<strong>in</strong>g back<br />
to m<strong>in</strong>d the agony and death of beloved John Paul II and the<br />
election of Pope Bene<strong>di</strong>ct XVI. What about the bells, the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>’s three big bells! The vibrations they impart on the<br />
structure of the tiburio, prevent us from play<strong>in</strong>g the bells for<br />
long but we cannot forget the poignant vibration that the big<br />
bell – late <strong>in</strong> the even<strong>in</strong>g of Saturday Apr<strong>il</strong> 2 last year – stirred<br />
<strong>in</strong> our hearts by announc<strong>in</strong>g the death of Pope John Paul II and<br />
summon<strong>in</strong>g, first to the square and then <strong>in</strong>to the Cathedral, a<br />
lot of people to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> prayer with the Card<strong>in</strong>al Archbishop. And<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>, the day after, the Eucharist for the repose of the late<br />
pontiff’s soul drew a huge crowd that turned the Piazza <strong>in</strong>to an<br />
open-air Cathedral. And then, not the big bell alone but all the<br />
three bells, joyfully, announced the election of Pope Bene<strong>di</strong>ct<br />
XVI, on the afternoon of Tuesday Apr<strong>il</strong> 19, and summoned a<br />
week later the whole Diocese to jo<strong>in</strong> Card<strong>in</strong>al Dionigi<br />
Tettamanzi for the thanksgiv<strong>in</strong>g Eucharist.<br />
The Cathedral is therefore not just a monument, however<br />
magnificent it may be, a gallery of works of art that is an end<br />
<strong>in</strong> itself, but a liv<strong>in</strong>g reality, a sign of unity of the Ambrosian<br />
Church around its Bishop. The Cathedral does not just<br />
represent a “noble” meet<strong>in</strong>g space for <strong>di</strong>fferent realities, but it<br />
is above all a sign of the unbroken story of the city’s faith, it is<br />
bound to the experience of all those who have paused to pray<br />
<strong>in</strong> it, it is bound to the memory of the sa<strong>in</strong>tly pastors who<br />
knew how to be a sure reference po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> often <strong>di</strong>fficult times.<br />
It is the sign that “God has always rema<strong>in</strong>ed amidst us,<br />
present <strong>in</strong> the centre of our city through the visible sign of the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>. Then the Cathedral – regardless of the various<br />
architectural shapes it has had along the centuries – has been<br />
a constant rem<strong>in</strong>der of the Lord’s love for this people and a<br />
call to believe and hope <strong>in</strong> him” (C.M. Mart<strong>in</strong>i).<br />
The Cathedral fulf<strong>il</strong>s a symbolic function of exemplar<strong>in</strong>ess for<br />
the whole Diocese: this b<strong>in</strong>ds it when carry<strong>in</strong>g out an <strong>in</strong>itiative<br />
that, at least ideally, should be aimed at produc<strong>in</strong>g this type of<br />
image. As to the city, this place is obviously an identity hub, a<br />
hub of belong<strong>in</strong>g besides be<strong>in</strong>g a centre of artistic and social<br />
<strong>in</strong>terest. Therefore, one cannot th<strong>in</strong>g of “deal<strong>in</strong>g” with it the<br />
same way as other spaces, more or less significant, are used.<br />
The <strong>Duomo</strong>, symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an across the world, can cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
to be so as long as its peculiar features are respected. Its<br />
12 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
13
FOCUS<br />
chiede <strong>di</strong> riscoprire la propria storia <strong>di</strong> fede, ci<br />
chiama quasi a “toccare con mano”, ad “att<strong>in</strong>gere<br />
alle sorgenti” <strong>del</strong>la nostra esperienza cristiana,<br />
riassunta e descritta nella Cattedrale,<br />
che – come poeticamente canta la liturgia nella<br />
festa <strong>del</strong>la sua De<strong>di</strong>cazione – è immag<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>del</strong>la Chiesa “e<strong>di</strong>ficata con pietre vive ed elette”.<br />
L’“attività liturgica” rappresenta qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> la<br />
vera anima <strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale e non può che<br />
confrontarsi quoti<strong>di</strong>anamente con le mutate<br />
con<strong>di</strong>zioni socio-culturali dei nostri tempi. Il<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong> è luogo simbolo <strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione ambrosiana.<br />
Questo è certamente vero e va sostenuto<br />
con conv<strong>in</strong>zione: si pensi allo stesso<br />
Rito ambrosiano, al Canto ambrosiano e ad alcune<br />
particolarità liturgiche tipiche <strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale,<br />
soprattutto quando a presiedere è<br />
l’Arcivescovo. Tuttavia questa sapienza celebrativa<br />
non è pura “conservazione”: essa “cont<strong>in</strong>ua<br />
dall’antico”, nella ripetizione <strong>di</strong> gesti e<br />
parole “antiche” non si portano avanti quasi<br />
<strong>del</strong>le “preziose reliquie”, ma si riscopre una<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>zione vivificata dal “soffio” <strong>del</strong>la Riforma<br />
liturgica. Lo stesso Capitolo dei Canonici ha<br />
voluto associare sempre più i fe<strong>del</strong>i alla celebrazione<br />
quoti<strong>di</strong>ana <strong>del</strong>la Liturgia <strong>del</strong>le Ore,<br />
preghiera ufficiale <strong>del</strong>la Chiesa e <strong>in</strong>sieme vero<br />
“microcosmo” <strong>del</strong>la preghiera cristiana, nella<br />
quale – attraverso la simbologia <strong>del</strong>la temporalità,<br />
nel significato che scaturisce dal contrasto<br />
tra notte e giorno, tra sera e matt<strong>in</strong>o,<br />
tra notte profonda e meriggio assolato – si comunica<br />
<strong>il</strong> mistero <strong>del</strong>la salvezza.<br />
Il riconoscimento <strong>del</strong>la centralità <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
nella vita <strong>del</strong>la città, chiede <strong>di</strong> compiere un<br />
doveroso passaggio <strong>di</strong> qualità da un semplice<br />
– seppur necessario – legame sentimentale<br />
verso la Cattedrale, per arrivare a con<strong>di</strong>viderne<br />
le l<strong>in</strong>ee pastorali, attraverso una<br />
“corresponsab<strong>il</strong>ità amicale”, animata da una<br />
sana creatività e capace anche <strong>di</strong> farsi carico<br />
<strong>del</strong> suo decoro, <strong>del</strong>la sua conservazione e<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’immag<strong>in</strong>e che offre a M<strong>il</strong>ano e al mondo.<br />
<strong>È</strong> quanto si prefigge anche <strong>il</strong> prossimo Camm<strong>in</strong>o<br />
quaresimale dal significativo titolo Incontro<br />
allo straniero. Come è avvenuto <strong>di</strong>verse<br />
volte nel passato, è certamente nei “ruoli”<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>in</strong>tercettare i problemi e i bisogni<br />
<strong>del</strong>la città che – mai come <strong>in</strong> questi anni –<br />
è <strong>di</strong>ventata veramente cosmopolita: l<strong>in</strong>gue,<br />
culture, religioni, tra<strong>di</strong>zioni, tra loro non fac<strong>il</strong>mente<br />
armonizzab<strong>il</strong>i e con un grado <strong>di</strong> “conflittualità”<br />
pericolosa. Nelle vie a<strong>di</strong>acenti la<br />
Piazza questa <strong>di</strong>versità è palpab<strong>il</strong>e, imme<strong>di</strong>ata,<br />
<strong>in</strong>terpellante: culture, l<strong>in</strong>gue, religioni e<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>zioni <strong>di</strong>fferenti si affiancano una all’altra, quasi si sovrastano,<br />
ma <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>mente si <strong>in</strong>contrano e si parlano. «Se guar<strong>di</strong>amo<br />
alla nostra città, M<strong>il</strong>ano, essa ci appare come una città<br />
dai m<strong>il</strong>le rapporti, dalle tante risorse […], una città nella<br />
quale sono <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite le occasioni <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>contro e <strong>di</strong> comunicazione<br />
[…]. Ma i tanti e variegati rapporti che caratterizzano la<br />
14<br />
I DOCCIONI. Sono elementi<br />
scultorei dest<strong>in</strong>ati a favorire<br />
lo smaltimento <strong>del</strong>l’acqua<br />
piovana. Riproducono figure<br />
fantasiose tra <strong>il</strong> sacro<br />
e <strong>il</strong> profano: mostri e demoni<br />
<strong>in</strong> proc<strong>in</strong>to <strong>di</strong> spiccare <strong>il</strong> volo.<br />
Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli anni ne sono<br />
stati applicati 150 <strong>di</strong> cui<br />
96 sorretti da enormi statue<br />
giganti.<br />
THE GARGOYLES. They are pieces<br />
of sculpture meant to carry<br />
ra<strong>in</strong>water clear of the wall.<br />
They depict fanciful characters<br />
partly sacred partly profane:<br />
monsters and dev<strong>il</strong>s about<br />
to fly off. Over the years<br />
some 150 of them were put up,<br />
96 of which are held up<br />
by huge statues.<br />
città non la costruiscono davvero se sono<br />
staccati dal desiderio, dalla costanza e dall’impegno<br />
dei suoi cittad<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> essere comunità»<br />
(D. Tettamanzi, Dis<strong>corso</strong> alla città, 6 <strong>di</strong>cembre<br />
2005).<br />
<strong>È</strong> questa una <strong>del</strong>le sfide che la Cattedrale è<br />
chiamata a raccogliere nel terzo m<strong>il</strong>lennio. Il<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, <strong>il</strong> “nostro <strong>Duomo</strong>”, “elevato<br />
a spire abbaglianti sulla serena profon<strong>di</strong>tà<br />
<strong>del</strong> cielo italiano oppure <strong>il</strong>lum<strong>in</strong>ato dalla luna<br />
quando le stelle sembrano raccogliersi fra<br />
quella foresta <strong>di</strong> guglie” (P.B. Shelley), sia<br />
sempre “quell’ottava meraviglia” <strong>di</strong> manzoniana<br />
memoria, che tanto aveva colpito e<br />
confortato <strong>il</strong> povero Renzo Tramagl<strong>in</strong>o nel<br />
suo camm<strong>in</strong>o verso M<strong>il</strong>ano (I promessi sposi,<br />
XI). “Quell’ottava meraviglia” chiamata –<br />
come era nelle <strong>in</strong>tenzioni <strong>del</strong>lo stesso Manzoni<br />
– non solo a rappresentare uno st<strong>il</strong>e, quasi una sigla,<br />
architettonica, ma ad essere <strong>il</strong> simbolo <strong>di</strong> una civ<strong>il</strong>tà: uno<br />
scrigno prezioso, vera “casa” dei m<strong>il</strong>anesi, capace <strong>di</strong> comunicare<br />
valori autentici e più che mai attuali.<br />
Monsignore Luigi Mangan<strong>in</strong>i è Arciprete <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
profound religious value and, at the same time, its social and<br />
civ<strong>il</strong> importance are not two opposed doma<strong>in</strong>s bound to cancel<br />
each other out but, on the contrary, they are two important<br />
expressions seek<strong>in</strong>g to be lived with the right balance and <strong>in</strong><br />
deep unity.<br />
The faithful, as well as the pla<strong>in</strong> tourists (every day over ten<br />
thousand are counted), who keep enter<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Duomo</strong> feel<br />
also today an ideal push to walk all way up the naves to the<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> altar. This journey, through the “forest of 52 p<strong>il</strong>lars”,<br />
impels you to re<strong>di</strong>scover your own story of faith, call<strong>in</strong>g you<br />
almost to “touch it by hand”, to “draw from the spr<strong>in</strong>gs” of our<br />
Christian experience, summed up and described <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Cathedral, which – as the liturgy poetically s<strong>in</strong>gs on the<br />
feastday of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s De<strong>di</strong>cation – is an image of the<br />
Church “bu<strong>il</strong>t with liv<strong>in</strong>g and chosen stones”. The “liturgical<br />
activity” then represents the true soul of the Cathedral and<br />
cannot help but be confronted da<strong>il</strong>y with the chang<strong>in</strong>g socialcultural<br />
con<strong>di</strong>tions of our time. The <strong>Duomo</strong> is a symbolic place<br />
of Ambrosian tra<strong>di</strong>tion. This is def<strong>in</strong>itely true and must be held<br />
up conv<strong>in</strong>cedly: let’s th<strong>in</strong>ks of the very Ambrosian rite, the<br />
Ambrosian chant and some liturgical peculiarities typical to the<br />
Cathedral, especially when the Archbishop presides over. All<br />
this celebrative wisdom is not mere “conservation”: it “carries<br />
on from ancient time”, the repetition of gestures and “ancient”<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
words is not a matter of “precious relics”<br />
but rather of re<strong>di</strong>scover<strong>in</strong>g a tra<strong>di</strong>tion<br />
enlivened by the “breath” of the Liturgical<br />
Reform. Also the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s Canonical<br />
Chapter has been striv<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
associate believers to the da<strong>il</strong>y celebration<br />
of the Liturgy of the Hours, the Church’s<br />
official prayer as well as true “microcosm”<br />
of the Christian prayer, through which the<br />
mystery of salvation is communicated –<br />
through the symbol of time, the mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that pours forth from the contrast –between<br />
night and day, even<strong>in</strong>g and morn<strong>in</strong>g, deep<br />
night and sun-drenched afternoon.<br />
The recognition of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s pivotal role<br />
<strong>in</strong> the city’s life, calls for a quality change<br />
from a mere, yet necessary, sentimental<br />
bond with the Cathedral to shar<strong>in</strong>g its<br />
pastoral l<strong>in</strong>es through “friendly jo<strong>in</strong>t<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ity”, enlivened by healthy<br />
creativity and capable of shar<strong>in</strong>g<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ity for the Cathedral’s <strong>di</strong>gnity,<br />
preservation and the image it offers M<strong>il</strong>an<br />
and the World.<br />
This is also the purpose of the upcom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Lent Pathway which has been significantly<br />
named Incontro allo Straniero (Meet the<br />
Stranger). As was the case often <strong>in</strong> the<br />
past, the <strong>Duomo</strong> has among its roles also<br />
that of <strong>in</strong>terpret<strong>in</strong>g the problems and<br />
needs of the city which – more than ever <strong>in</strong><br />
recent years – has grown truly<br />
cosmopolitan: languages, cultures,<br />
religions and tra<strong>di</strong>tions that cannot eas<strong>il</strong>y<br />
be brought <strong>in</strong>to harmony and have a grade<br />
of dangerous “conflictiveness”. In the<br />
streets around the Piazza this <strong>di</strong>versity is<br />
palpable, forthright, press<strong>in</strong>g: cultures, languages, religions<br />
and tra<strong>di</strong>tions stand side by side, almost overlapp<strong>in</strong>g, but<br />
seldom get together or talk to each other. “If we look at our<br />
city, M<strong>il</strong>an, it seems to be a city rich <strong>in</strong> relationships, full of<br />
resources, a city where there are numberless chances to<br />
meet and talk … But the many and varied relationships<br />
characteris<strong>in</strong>g the city do not really constitute the city if they<br />
are separated from the desire and commitment of its citizens<br />
to be a community”. (D. Tettamanzi, Talk<strong>in</strong>g to the City,<br />
December 6 2005).<br />
This is one of the challenges that the Cathedral is called to<br />
face up to <strong>in</strong> the third m<strong>il</strong>lennium. May M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>Duomo</strong>, “our<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>”, “elevated to dazzl<strong>in</strong>g spirals <strong>in</strong> the serene depth of<br />
the Italian sky or lit up by the moon when the stars seem to<br />
gather amid that forest of spires” (P.B. Shelley), be all the time<br />
“that eighth wonder” that Manzoni spoke about and struck and<br />
comforted the poor Renzo Tramagl<strong>in</strong>o on his journey to M<strong>il</strong>an<br />
(The Betrothed, XI). “That eighth wonder” called upon – as<br />
Manzoni himself hoped – not just to represent an architectural<br />
style but to be the symbol of a civ<strong>il</strong>isation: a precious treasure<br />
chest, true “home” to the M<strong>il</strong>anese, capable of shar<strong>in</strong>g<br />
authentic and more than ever relevant values.<br />
Monsignor Luigi Mangan<strong>in</strong>i is archpriest of M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
15
FOCUS<br />
Il cantiere<br />
<strong>del</strong> tempo<br />
Prevenire i rischi d’<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />
è la sua “missione”. Con <strong>il</strong> nuovo<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>in</strong>tegrale ora la Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> recupera<br />
anche tutta la bellezza orig<strong>in</strong>aria.<br />
<strong>di</strong> BENIGNO MÖRLIN VISCONTI CASTIGLIONE<br />
OGNI MONUMENTO PLURISECOLARE NECESSITA<br />
<strong>di</strong> frequenti <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>di</strong> manutenzione. Il <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
<strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, per le <strong>di</strong>mensioni, per la ricchezza deco-<br />
rativa, per la <strong>del</strong>icatezza<br />
e la preziosità <strong>del</strong>la materia<br />
<strong>di</strong> cui è costituito richiede a<br />
maggior ragione un cont<strong>in</strong>uo<br />
attento <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong>.<br />
In realtà, la secolare durata <strong>del</strong>la<br />
costruzione <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> comportò<br />
f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio problemi <strong>di</strong><br />
mantenimento <strong>del</strong>le parti costruite<br />
ma repent<strong>in</strong>amente<br />
danneggiatesi e da subito si dovettero<br />
affrontare problemi legati<br />
al procedere <strong>del</strong>la costruzione<br />
(cupola e tiburio, pavimenti,<br />
guglie, archi rampanti,<br />
gugliotti, facciata…).<br />
Con <strong>il</strong> compimento <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
e <strong>di</strong> fronte ai danni sempre più <strong>in</strong>genti verificatisi<br />
nell’ultimo secolo, dovuti all’<strong>in</strong>arrestab<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />
dei materiali e al progressivo deterioramento dei marmi<br />
per l’aggravarsi <strong>del</strong>le con<strong>di</strong>zioni <strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>anti, <strong>il</strong> cantiere<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, da cantiere <strong>di</strong> costruzione, si è trasformato<br />
<strong>in</strong> cantiere <strong>di</strong> conservazione che opera <strong>in</strong> stretta collaborazione<br />
con le competenti Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenze. Ai giorni nostri<br />
<strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> si rivolge, pertanto, maggiormente alle<br />
opere decorative, <strong>in</strong> particolare agli ornati, alla statuaria<br />
e al paramento marmoreo esterno e <strong>in</strong>terno; <strong>in</strong>oltre <strong>il</strong><br />
16<br />
GLI INTERVENTI. L’impegno più<br />
consistente <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> è rivolto<br />
alle opere decorative. Laddove <strong>il</strong><br />
degrado non consente più <strong>il</strong><br />
consolidamento <strong>del</strong>la scultura<br />
è prevista la sostituzione con<br />
altrettanti pezzi <strong>in</strong> marmo<br />
<strong>di</strong> Candoglia. Attualmente<br />
ne sono stati rimpiazzati 1.346.<br />
HANDIWORK. The most<br />
challeng<strong>in</strong>g part of the restoration<br />
work regards the ornamental<br />
elements. When deterioration has<br />
gone too far to allow re<strong>in</strong>forc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the sculpture, it w<strong>il</strong>l be replaced<br />
with an equivalent number<br />
of items made of Candoglia<br />
marble. So far 1,346 pieces have<br />
been replaced.<br />
controllo complessivo sulla statica <strong>del</strong>l’e<strong>di</strong>ficio consente<br />
<strong>in</strong> questi anni, dopo i gran<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>terventi term<strong>in</strong>ati da vent’anni,<br />
una fiduciosa aspettativa sulla stab<strong>il</strong>ità globale <strong>del</strong><br />
monumento.<br />
<strong>Un</strong> primo generale <strong>restauro</strong>, guglie comprese, venne eseguito<br />
dal 1935 al ’39 per riparare alcune pericolose fratture.<br />
In quell’occasione venne effettuato per la prima volta<br />
un attento r<strong>il</strong>ievo dei blocchi e <strong>del</strong>le statue.<br />
Dal 1972 al ’74 ci fu un <strong>in</strong>tervento globale <strong>di</strong> pulitura e<br />
consolidamento <strong>in</strong> accordo con la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza e se-<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
THE BUILDING SITE OF TIME<br />
Ward<strong>in</strong>g off the risks of age<strong>in</strong>g is its<br />
“mission”. With the new <strong>in</strong>tegrated work,<br />
the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> can<br />
also rega<strong>in</strong> all of the Cathedral’s<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al beauty.<br />
by BENIGNO MÖRLIN VISCONTI CASTIGLIONE<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
ALL CENTURIES-OLD MONUMENT NEEDS FREQUENT<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>tenance work. M<strong>il</strong>an’s Cathedral, given its size,<br />
its wealth of decoration, the frag<strong>il</strong>ity and<br />
preciousness of the materials it is made of, requires<br />
all the more cont<strong>in</strong>ual conservation and restoration work.<br />
Indeed, the length of time it took to bu<strong>il</strong>d the <strong>Duomo</strong> enta<strong>il</strong>ed right<br />
from the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>tenance problems with sections bu<strong>il</strong>t but<br />
quickly deteriorat<strong>in</strong>g and it became necessary to deal right away<br />
with problems l<strong>in</strong>ked to the bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g process (dome and tiburio,<br />
floors, spires, fly<strong>in</strong>g buttresses, p<strong>in</strong>nacles, the facade…).<br />
17
FOCUS<br />
guendo i criteri <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cati dal M<strong>in</strong>istero <strong>del</strong>la Pubblica Istruzione.<br />
Si <strong>in</strong>iziò con accertamenti e r<strong>il</strong>ievi che mettevano <strong>in</strong><br />
evidenza lo stato <strong>di</strong> degrado <strong>in</strong> cui si trovavano le sculture<br />
e le opere <strong>di</strong> ornato, <strong>in</strong>taccate dallo smog e dal guano dei<br />
piccioni. Si procedette qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a una pulitura realizzata<br />
me<strong>di</strong>ante sabbiatura a secco e a una revisione <strong>di</strong> tutti gli<br />
ornati e <strong>del</strong>la statuaria che portò alla sostituzione <strong>di</strong> 1050<br />
elementi <strong>di</strong> marmo compromessi o <strong>in</strong> stato <strong>di</strong> pericolo,<br />
compresi 7 altor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue. La statuaria orig<strong>in</strong>ale fu<br />
portata nel Museo <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, dove è oggi conservata. Inf<strong>in</strong>e<br />
furono applicati un protettivo acr<strong>il</strong>ico idrorepellente<br />
e trasparente per <strong>il</strong> marmo e uno speciale impianto elettrico<br />
antipiccioni.<br />
A partire dal 1990 la Fabbrica effettua un controllo annuale<br />
f<strong>in</strong>o alla quota <strong>di</strong> 35 metri, per accertare lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione<br />
degli ornati<br />
e <strong>del</strong>le sculture.<br />
Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi<br />
controlli precedenti<br />
<strong>il</strong> 2002 si sono<br />
notati <strong>il</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novato<br />
<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento degli<br />
strati protettivi<br />
<strong>del</strong> marmo e un accelerato<br />
degrado<br />
<strong>del</strong>le sig<strong>il</strong>lature nelle<br />
parti più esposte<br />
agli agenti atmosferici. Dal 2003 è qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>corso</strong><br />
<strong>il</strong> nuovo <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrale <strong>del</strong>la<br />
facciata, reso necessario da motivi <strong>di</strong> messa <strong>in</strong> sicurezza<br />
statica <strong>del</strong>le parti superiori, non <strong>in</strong>teressate<br />
dall’ultimo grande <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura e<br />
consolidamento (1972 – 1974).<br />
Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi cento anni gli <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>di</strong><br />
manutenzione e <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
sono stati dunque molteplici. I rischi <strong>di</strong> danni<br />
irreversib<strong>il</strong>i sono <strong>in</strong>fatti molti: l’<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />
<strong>del</strong> monumento, l’<strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>amento, le <strong>in</strong>temperie,<br />
le vibrazioni <strong>del</strong> traffico, la presenza dei piccioni.<br />
La cultura che sottende <strong>il</strong> costante impegno <strong>del</strong>la<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica per la conservazione <strong>del</strong><br />
monumento-simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano è quella <strong>del</strong>la prevenzione.<br />
Pertanto la def<strong>in</strong>izione e l’attuazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> una soluzione che impe<strong>di</strong>sca al tempo <strong>di</strong> cancellare l’opera<br />
vengono da sempre precedute dal r<strong>il</strong>ievo <strong>del</strong>lo stato<br />
<strong>conservativo</strong> e dall’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduazione <strong>del</strong>le cause <strong>del</strong> degrado.<br />
Per consentire ai suoi 50 tecnici – tra <strong>in</strong>gegneri, operai e<br />
marmisti – <strong>di</strong> lavorare <strong>in</strong> con<strong>di</strong>zioni adeguate, la Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica ha dovuto erigere un ponteggio <strong>di</strong> ben 7.000 metri<br />
quadri che ha raggiunto, all’<strong>in</strong>izio dei lavori, l’altezza <strong>di</strong> 65<br />
metri.<br />
L’attuale <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>teressa 192 statue <strong>di</strong> guglia, 40 statue<br />
gran<strong>di</strong>, 40 mensole, 88 teste, 22 telamoni <strong>di</strong> cui sei doppi, 47<br />
altor<strong>il</strong>ievi, 36 mensole con testa, 42 gabbioni e molto altro.<br />
Dopo i saggi prelim<strong>in</strong>ari, rimosso <strong>il</strong> particellato con pennelli<br />
<strong>di</strong> setola, è stato effettuato l’<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura con acqua<br />
nebulizzata e con microsabbiature Jos, completato sull’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />
superficie <strong>del</strong>la facciata, vasta 10.500 mq.<br />
Dove <strong>il</strong> degrado non consente più <strong>il</strong> consolidamento <strong>del</strong> marmo,<br />
i conci e gli ornati orig<strong>in</strong>ali vengono sostituiti con altret-<br />
tanti nuovi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia: si tratta a oggi <strong>di</strong> 1.346<br />
pezzi. Sulle parti smontate è stato effettuato un profondo risanamento<br />
strutturale <strong>in</strong>terno, <strong>in</strong>serendo nuovi pezzi <strong>in</strong><br />
marmo e per colmare i vuoti <strong>in</strong>iettando opportune miscele e<br />
rimuovendo le parti metalliche corrose e rigonfiate.<br />
Le sig<strong>il</strong>lature dei giunti tra i blocchi <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>stacco e le<br />
stesure <strong>di</strong> res<strong>in</strong>e epossi<strong>di</strong>che applicate <strong>in</strong> passato, alterate<br />
per le ra<strong>di</strong>azioni UV, sono sistematicamente elim<strong>in</strong>ate e rifatte<br />
con malte tra<strong>di</strong>zionali appositamente formulate <strong>in</strong> sabbia<br />
e calce idraulica.<br />
Inf<strong>in</strong>e, le parti più esposte sono state dotate <strong>di</strong> un impianto<br />
<strong>di</strong> allontanamento dei volat<strong>il</strong>i.<br />
I lavori si svolgono con la costante supervisione <strong>del</strong>la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza<br />
per i beni ambientali e architettonici.<br />
Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione è <strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
Once the Cathedral was completed I LAVORI. L’attuale <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />
and given the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly serious<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong><br />
è <strong>in</strong>iziato nel gennaio 2003<br />
damage suffered over the last<br />
e si concluderà nel 2007.<br />
century, ow<strong>in</strong>g to the unstoppable<br />
La superficie <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
age<strong>in</strong>g process of bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>teressata ha una estensione<br />
<strong>di</strong> 10.500 mq. Accanto,<br />
materials and the progressive<br />
Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti<br />
deterioration of the marble as a<br />
Castiglione, Direttore <strong>del</strong>la<br />
result of worsen<strong>in</strong>g pollution, the<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
e Responsab<strong>il</strong>e dei lavori.<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>’s bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g site turned <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
conservation site, work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> close<br />
THE WORK. The ongo<strong>in</strong>g<br />
collaboration with the relevant<br />
conservative restoration work<br />
started <strong>in</strong> January 2003 and<br />
Super<strong>in</strong>tendence offices.<br />
is to be completed by 2007.<br />
Nowadays restoration deals ma<strong>in</strong>ly The <strong>Duomo</strong> surface <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
with decorative features, <strong>in</strong><br />
is 10,500 square meter wide.<br />
Alongside, Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong><br />
particular ornaments, statuary and Visconti Castiglione, Head<br />
the <strong>in</strong>ternal and external marble of Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
cover<strong>in</strong>g. Moreover, the overall<br />
<strong>in</strong> charge of the restoration work.<br />
check on the statics of the<br />
bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g, follow<strong>in</strong>g large-scale work completed twenty years ago,<br />
provides ground for optimism about the global stab<strong>il</strong>ity of the<br />
monument.<br />
General restoration work, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the spires, was first carried<br />
out from 1935 to 1939 to repair a number of dangerous<br />
cracks. On that occasion a deta<strong>il</strong>ed survey of marble blocks<br />
and statues was conducted for the first time.<br />
From 1972 to 1974 an overall clean<strong>in</strong>g and re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
programme was carried out <strong>in</strong> agreement with the<br />
Super<strong>in</strong>tendence and follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria laid down by the M<strong>in</strong>istry<br />
of Education. They started by mak<strong>in</strong>g checks and surveys that<br />
highlighted the state of <strong>di</strong>srepair of sculptures and ornaments,<br />
damaged by smog and pigeon dropp<strong>in</strong>gs. Therefore they<br />
undertook a clean<strong>in</strong>g campaign, us<strong>in</strong>g dry sandblast<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
reviewed all ornaments and statues, replac<strong>in</strong>g 1050 marble<br />
elements that had been affected or were <strong>in</strong> a dangerous<br />
con<strong>di</strong>tion, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 7 high reliefs and statues.<br />
The orig<strong>in</strong>al statuary was moved to the <strong>Duomo</strong> Museum,<br />
where it is st<strong>il</strong>l to be found today. F<strong>in</strong>ally, they spread marble<br />
with a protective layer of<br />
water-repellent and transparent acrylic pa<strong>in</strong>t and applied a<br />
special anti-pigeon electric device.<br />
As of 1990, the <strong>Duomo</strong> Workshop carries out yearly <strong>in</strong>spections<br />
up to a height of 35 metres, to check the state of ornaments<br />
and sculptures. The last controls carried out before 2002,<br />
revealed further age<strong>in</strong>g of the marble-protect<strong>in</strong>g layers and quick<br />
decay of fissure seal<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> parts more exposed to atmospheric<br />
agents. Therefore new, exhaustive restoration work of the entire<br />
façade has been underway s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003, s<strong>in</strong>ce it was necessary<br />
to stab<strong>il</strong>ize the upper section of the façade, which were not<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the last major clean<strong>in</strong>g and consolidation work (1972-<br />
1974).<br />
Thus, the <strong>Duomo</strong> façade underwent a lot of restoration and<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>tenance work over the past century. Indeed, there are<br />
many risks for irreversible damage, due to age<strong>in</strong>g, pollution,<br />
weather,<br />
traffic-<strong>in</strong>duced vibrations and pigeons.<br />
The perspective that drives the constant commitment of<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica for the preservation of M<strong>il</strong>an’s symbolic<br />
monument is that of prevention. Hence the draw<strong>in</strong>g up and<br />
implementation of a solution prevent<strong>in</strong>g time from eras<strong>in</strong>g<br />
man’s work is always preceded by a survey on conservation<br />
state and the track<strong>in</strong>g down of the causes of decay.<br />
To enable its 50 technicians – <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eers, workers and<br />
banker masons – to work <strong>in</strong> adequate con<strong>di</strong>tions, Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica had to put up a 7,000 sq. metres scaffold<strong>in</strong>g, which was<br />
65 metres high when work began.<br />
The current restoration <strong>in</strong>volves 192 spire statues, 40 large<br />
statues, 40 shelves, 88 heads, 22 telamons, six of which<br />
double, 47 high reliefs, 36 shelves with heads, 42 gabions<br />
and much more.<br />
After conduct<strong>in</strong>g prelim<strong>in</strong>ary tests and remov<strong>in</strong>g marble<br />
particulate with bristle brushes, they moved on to clean<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
whole surface of the façade, which comes to 10,500 square<br />
meters, with atomised water sprays and Jos microsandblast<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Whenever decay is too serious to allow the marble’s repair,<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al ashlars and ornaments are replaced with new ones <strong>in</strong><br />
Candoglia marble: up to now this comes to 1346 pieces. An <strong>in</strong>depth<br />
structural rehab<strong>il</strong>itation was carried out on the parts<br />
removed, <strong>in</strong>sert<strong>in</strong>g new marble pieces and f<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g up the gaps by<br />
<strong>in</strong>ject<strong>in</strong>g suitable mixtures and remov<strong>in</strong>g corroded and swollen<br />
metal parts.<br />
We systematically remove jo<strong>in</strong>t seal<strong>in</strong>g between loose blocks<br />
and epoxy res<strong>in</strong>s spread on <strong>in</strong> the past and altered by UV<br />
ra<strong>di</strong>ation, and replace them with tra<strong>di</strong>tional mortar made to<br />
the correct formula <strong>in</strong> sand and hydraulic lime.<br />
F<strong>in</strong>ally, the most exposed parts have been given equipment to<br />
keep the birds away.<br />
The work is be<strong>in</strong>g carried out under the constant supervision of<br />
the Super<strong>in</strong>tendence for Environmental and Architectural Assets.<br />
Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione is <strong>di</strong>rector of the Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
18 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
19
FOCUS<br />
LENTAMENTE, LA FACCIATA DEL DUOMO DI MILANO,<br />
com<strong>in</strong>cia <strong>di</strong> nuovo a svelarsi. Sono appena tornati<br />
visib<strong>il</strong>i i primi venti metri – con le do<strong>di</strong>ci guglie, le<br />
sei falconature consolidate e restaurate con <strong>il</strong> loro<br />
ornato <strong>di</strong> piramid<strong>in</strong>e, fiocchi, p<strong>il</strong>astr<strong>in</strong>i e baldacch<strong>in</strong>i – offrendo<br />
un primo esempio <strong>del</strong> complesso lavoro che si sta<br />
compiendo per riportare la Cattedrale al suo orig<strong>in</strong>ale<br />
splendore. <strong>Un</strong> ottimo lavoro, <strong>di</strong> fronte al quale Francesco<br />
Zofrea si lascia andare ad un sorriso sul suo volto dalle<br />
20<br />
espressioni sempre così misurate. Sì, <strong>il</strong> Presidente <strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie è decisamente sod<strong>di</strong>sfatto <strong>di</strong> come si stia<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppando <strong>il</strong> “progetto <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano che” sottol<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
“sancisce per la nostra società <strong>il</strong> per<strong>corso</strong> <strong>di</strong> trasferimento<br />
<strong>di</strong> tecnologie dalla roccia dei pozzi petroliferi al marmo,<br />
certamente più pregiato, dei monumenti, avviato anni<br />
fa con <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong>la Bas<strong>il</strong>ica <strong>di</strong> San<br />
Pietro. Le tecnologie avanzate che solitamente usiamo<br />
nella prospezione geologica, nelle <strong>in</strong>dag<strong>in</strong>i e nel monito-<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
raggio <strong>di</strong> impianti per la produzione <strong>di</strong> petrolio e gas”,<br />
prosegue, “qui applicate sul <strong>Duomo</strong>, sono <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>crementare<br />
l’efficacia degli <strong>in</strong>terventi nel <strong>restauro</strong> monumentale<br />
con l’ottenimento <strong>di</strong> risultati <strong>di</strong>versamente <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i<br />
da conseguire”. E promette: “<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie proseguirà<br />
su questa strada rendendo <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i le proprie<br />
competenze e strumentazioni a coloro che vorranno <strong>in</strong>traprendere<br />
l’opera dei restauri, consapevole che <strong>il</strong> mantenimento<br />
<strong>del</strong> patrimonio culturale, unitamente all’impe-<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
A nuova vita<br />
Dopo la Bas<strong>il</strong>ica <strong>di</strong> San Pietro, anche <strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano torna<br />
a risplendere grazie al know how <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie. In un costruttivo<br />
rapporto fra tecniche petrolifere e metodologie <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong>.<br />
<strong>di</strong> LUCIANO SIMONELLI<br />
gno <strong>di</strong> assicurare le fonti <strong>di</strong> energia al nostro paese, sono<br />
obiettivi ugualmente r<strong>il</strong>evanti”.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a <strong>di</strong>scesa <strong>in</strong> campo, questa, che fa e farà d’ora <strong>in</strong> poi la <strong>di</strong>fferenza<br />
nella conservazione <strong>del</strong>l’immenso patrimonio artistico<br />
italiano come sta già accadendo con <strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. Quando <strong>in</strong>fatti, <strong>in</strong>torno al Natale<br />
<strong>del</strong> 2007, <strong>il</strong> simbolo dei m<strong>il</strong>anesi tornerà a mostrare tutto <strong>il</strong><br />
proprio “volto”, nel candore rosato <strong>del</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia,<br />
se da una parte sarà conclusa una grossa campagna <strong>di</strong> re-<br />
21
FOCUS<br />
stauro durata quattro lunghi anni, dall’altra, proprio grazie<br />
alla tecnologia messa a <strong>di</strong>sposizione da <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie sarà<br />
com<strong>in</strong>ciato davvero un nuovo modo, certamente più attento<br />
ed efficace, per compiere ulteriori <strong>in</strong>terventi conservativi.<br />
La Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, l’orga-<br />
nismo che dal 1387 ha <strong>il</strong> compito <strong>di</strong> provvedere<br />
alla conservazione <strong>del</strong>la cattedrale<br />
m<strong>il</strong>anese, avrà per la prima volta a <strong>di</strong>sposizione<br />
non soltanto un “database” aggiornato<br />
su ogni <strong>in</strong>tervento compiuto ma anche<br />
la possib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> avere al computer una<br />
visione tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale <strong>del</strong>la facciata. <strong>Un</strong>a<br />
visione realizzata da <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie con la<br />
fotogrammetria <strong>di</strong>gitale e <strong>il</strong> laser scann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
che permettono <strong>di</strong> mostrare ogni particolare<br />
con la precisione <strong>del</strong> m<strong>il</strong>limetro. Ed è<br />
<strong>in</strong>tuitivo come questa Banca Dati Integrata<br />
Tri<strong>di</strong>mensionale, unica nel suo genere,<br />
sarà estremamente ut<strong>il</strong>e per analizzare e<br />
pianificare nel tempo ulteriori <strong>in</strong>terventi.<br />
Insomma, se f<strong>in</strong>o ad oggi le perio<strong>di</strong>che<br />
campagne <strong>di</strong> conservazione e <strong>restauro</strong> volevano<br />
un po’ <strong>di</strong>re com<strong>in</strong>ciare ogni volta<br />
una nuova avventura d’ora <strong>in</strong> poi sarà <strong>in</strong>vece<br />
come proseguire lungo <strong>il</strong> f<strong>il</strong>o <strong>di</strong> una<br />
storia già com<strong>in</strong>ciata a narrare.<br />
Questa storia <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong><br />
M<strong>il</strong>ano l’ha ora raccontata, <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto, <strong>il</strong><br />
georadar che, basandosi sui fenomeni <strong>di</strong><br />
propagazione e <strong>di</strong> riflessione <strong>di</strong> onde elettromagnetiche,<br />
ha permesso <strong>di</strong> descrivere<br />
lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione <strong>di</strong> strutture <strong>in</strong>terne,<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cando la presenza <strong>di</strong> lesioni,<br />
fratture, <strong>di</strong>stacchi, cavità nascoste, umi<strong>di</strong>tà.<br />
La termografia, tecnica <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>evare<br />
la temperatura superficiale dei materiali,<br />
è stata impiegata per verificare lo<br />
stato <strong>del</strong>le stuccature, identificando quelle<br />
<strong>di</strong>staccate, anche parzialmente, dal substrato<br />
marmoreo e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> bisognose <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong>.<br />
Con la Spettrometria XRF, visto<br />
che i <strong>di</strong>versi elementi chimici rispondono<br />
<strong>in</strong> maniera <strong>di</strong>versa se eccitati da raggi X, è<br />
stata qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>dagata la composizione <strong>del</strong><br />
materiale e dei prodotti <strong>di</strong> degrado, con<br />
l’aus<strong>il</strong>io anche <strong>di</strong> analisi <strong>di</strong> laboratorio con<br />
<strong>il</strong> microscopio elettronico a scansione, la<br />
<strong>di</strong>ffrattometria <strong>di</strong> raggi X e la termogravimetria.<br />
Ecco, è stato sulla base dei risultati <strong>di</strong><br />
questi r<strong>il</strong>ievi compiuti dall’équipe <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>-<br />
Tecnologie – oltre 61 GByte <strong>di</strong> dati e <strong>in</strong>formazioni<br />
elaborate – guidata da Giuseppe<br />
Giunta e sulla “mappatura e la def<strong>in</strong>izione<br />
dei fenomeni e <strong>del</strong>le cause <strong>del</strong> degrado”<br />
effettuata con otto tavole tematiche dal<br />
Cnr che Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione,<br />
<strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, ha poi potuto pianificare i numerosi<br />
<strong>in</strong>terventi da compiere.<br />
Interventi enormi. Basta qualche numero.<br />
SPLENDORE MARMOREO.<br />
Il marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia viene<br />
ut<strong>il</strong>izzato esclusivamente<br />
per la costruzione e la manutenzione<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
Si tratta <strong>di</strong> un calcare cristall<strong>in</strong>o<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>versi colori: rosa, <strong>il</strong> più pregiato,<br />
bianco usato per lavori <strong>di</strong> ornato,<br />
e grigio per le strutture portanti.<br />
Nei secoli scorsi <strong>il</strong> marmo estratto<br />
dalle cave veniva lavorato <strong>in</strong> blocchi<br />
e poi trasportato su gran<strong>di</strong> barconi<br />
lungo i navigli <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
MARBLE GLORY.<br />
The Candoglia marble may be used<br />
only to bu<strong>il</strong>d and repair the <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
It is a crystal limestone of various<br />
colours: p<strong>in</strong>k, the most valued one;<br />
white, used for ornaments,<br />
and grey, for bear<strong>in</strong>g structures.<br />
In the past centuries quarried marble<br />
was squared off <strong>in</strong>to blocks<br />
and carried by big barges down<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an’s canals.<br />
<strong>È</strong> stato eretto un ponteggio che ha raggiunto, all’<strong>in</strong>izio dei lavori,<br />
l’altezza <strong>di</strong> 65 metri. E dal 2003 ad oggi è stata effettuata,<br />
sotto la costante supervisione <strong>del</strong>la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza per i<br />
beni ambientali e architettonici, la pulitura (con acqua nebulizzata<br />
e microsabbiatura JO) <strong>di</strong> tutta la<br />
facciata per una superficie sv<strong>il</strong>uppata <strong>di</strong><br />
14.000 metri quadrati; già term<strong>in</strong>ato è anche<br />
<strong>il</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>di</strong> do<strong>di</strong>ci guglie e sei falconature<br />
come <strong>di</strong> circa <strong>il</strong> trenta per cento <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />
facciata. F<strong>in</strong>ora sono state sostituite 192 statue<br />
<strong>di</strong> guglia, 40 statue gran<strong>di</strong>, 40 mensole, 88<br />
teste, 22 telamoni <strong>di</strong> cui sei doppi, 47 altor<strong>il</strong>ievi,<br />
36 mensole con testa, 42 gabbioni e ci sono<br />
poi le lastre <strong>di</strong> copertura... 1.362 sono i pezzi<br />
sostituiti con altrettanti nuovi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong><br />
Candoglia e naturalmente gli orig<strong>in</strong>ali <strong>di</strong> statue,<br />
teste, altor<strong>il</strong>ievi sono dest<strong>in</strong>ati al Museo<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>.<br />
“Il marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia è una pietra meravigliosa”<br />
osserva Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione<br />
da <strong>di</strong>etro i suoi <strong>in</strong>consueti lunghi baffi<br />
st<strong>il</strong>e Ottocento, “ma con <strong>il</strong> problema <strong>di</strong> essere<br />
un carbonato <strong>di</strong> calcio e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> fac<strong>il</strong>mente aggre<strong>di</strong>b<strong>il</strong>e<br />
dall’<strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>amento oltre che dall’e-<br />
BACK TO A NEW LIFE<br />
After St. Peter’s Bas<strong>il</strong>ica, it’s the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
of M<strong>il</strong>an’s turn to sh<strong>in</strong>e aga<strong>in</strong> thanks<br />
to the know-how of <strong>Eni</strong>Technologie,<br />
via a constructive relationship between<br />
o<strong>il</strong> techniques and restoration methods.<br />
by LUCIANO SIMONELLI<br />
THE FACADE OF THE DUOMO OF MILAN IS SLOWLY<br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g to reveal itself anew. The top 20 metres have<br />
just become visible aga<strong>in</strong> – with the consolidated and<br />
restored 12 steeples and 6 tracery panels with their<br />
ornamental small pyramids, bows. balusters and baldach<strong>in</strong>s –<br />
provid<strong>in</strong>g a first sample of the complex labour that is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
undertaken to br<strong>in</strong>g the Cathedral back to its orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
splendour, an excellent job <strong>in</strong> the sight of which Francesco<br />
Zofrea’s normally restra<strong>in</strong>ed face breaks <strong>in</strong>to a sm<strong>il</strong>e.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie’s chairman is clearly satisfied with the way the<br />
“M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>Duomo</strong> Project” is com<strong>in</strong>g along: “it puts a seal on the<br />
process of transferr<strong>in</strong>g company technologies, as applied to o<strong>il</strong><br />
well rocks, to the marble of monuments, clearly a more<br />
valuable material. We first embarked on it a few years back,<br />
with the façade restoration at St Peter’s bas<strong>il</strong>ica. Cutt<strong>in</strong>g edge<br />
technologies – Zofrea goes on – we typically apply to<br />
geological prospect<strong>in</strong>g and survey<strong>in</strong>g as well as to monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
o<strong>il</strong> and gas extraction fac<strong>il</strong>ities and are here applied to the<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>, allow for more effective restoration methods and<br />
provide results which would be hard to achieve otherwise”.<br />
There’s more: “<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie w<strong>il</strong>l pursue such commitments<br />
and w<strong>il</strong>l pass both its know-how and tools on to other<br />
restoration endeavours. To us, heritage conservation and<br />
ensur<strong>in</strong>g the country’s energy supplies are equally relevant<br />
objectives”.<br />
A pledge which as of now is set to make a <strong>di</strong>fference <strong>in</strong> the<br />
conservation of Italy’s immense art heritage, as proved by<br />
ongo<strong>in</strong>g restoration work on the M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>Duomo</strong> façade. Once<br />
M<strong>il</strong>an’s foremost symbol is restored to a full show of its<br />
“face”, <strong>in</strong> all its slightly p<strong>in</strong>k Condoglia-marble candour – a<br />
four-year <strong>in</strong>tensive restoration campaign w<strong>il</strong>l have been<br />
completed and thanks to <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie technologies that day<br />
w<strong>il</strong>l also usher <strong>in</strong> a new age <strong>in</strong> conservation work, engender<strong>in</strong>g<br />
greater focus and effectiveness.<br />
The Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, which was established <strong>in</strong><br />
1387 and charged with ensur<strong>in</strong>g the M<strong>il</strong>anese cathedral’s<br />
conservation, is now equipped with an updated database of all<br />
work done, plus a three-<strong>di</strong>mensional computer generated view<br />
of the facade. The latter was developed by <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>di</strong>gital photogrammetry and laser scann<strong>in</strong>g techniques, and<br />
provides one m<strong>il</strong>limetre resolution on all deta<strong>il</strong>s of the façade.<br />
Needless to say the <strong>in</strong>tegrated 3D database w<strong>il</strong>l prove<br />
precious <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and plann<strong>in</strong>g further restoration work <strong>in</strong><br />
the future. To all <strong>in</strong>tents and purposes, prior scheduled<br />
conservation and restoration campaigns <strong>in</strong>volved start<strong>in</strong>g<br />
virtually afresh every time; from now on, <strong>in</strong>stead, future work<br />
w<strong>il</strong>l pick up from where it was left off, <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uity.<br />
This history of the façade of the <strong>Duomo</strong> has now been told,<br />
above all, by the Georadar which, based on the phenomena of<br />
the propagation and reflection of electromagnetic waves, has<br />
allowed for the description of the con<strong>di</strong>tion of <strong>in</strong>ternal<br />
structures, identify<strong>in</strong>g cracks, breaks, gaps, hidden cavities<br />
and moisture. Thermography, a technique capable of tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the surface temperature of materials, has been used to<br />
control the state of plaster<strong>in</strong>g, identify<strong>in</strong>g which ones have<br />
grown loose, even if just <strong>in</strong> part, from the underly<strong>in</strong>g marble<br />
and so <strong>in</strong> need of repairs.<br />
XRF Spectrometry, s<strong>in</strong>ce chemical elements respond<br />
<strong>di</strong>fferently when excited by X-rays, helped to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the<br />
composition of the material and the products of degradation,<br />
with ad<strong>di</strong>tional assistance provided by laboratory analysis<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g an electronic microscope.<br />
It was on the basis of the results of this research – over 61<br />
Gbytes of data and <strong>in</strong>formation processed – conducted by the<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie team headed by Giuseppe Giunta and of the<br />
“mapp<strong>in</strong>g and def<strong>in</strong>ition of the phenomena and causes of<br />
degradation” carried out with eight thematic tables by CNR<br />
(Italy’s National Research Counc<strong>il</strong>) that Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong><br />
Visconti Castiglione, head of the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong><br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>, was then able to plan the work to be done.<br />
Huge work. A few figures w<strong>il</strong>l suffice.<br />
Scaffold<strong>in</strong>g 65-metre-high was set up when the work began.<br />
And s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003, under the constant supervision of the<br />
Environmental and Architectural Heritage Office, the entire<br />
22 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
23
FOCUS<br />
scursione termica. E anche quest’ultima<br />
non è <strong>di</strong> poco conto visto che sulla<br />
facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> d’estate si arriva<br />
f<strong>in</strong>o a + 60° mentre durante l’<strong>in</strong>verno<br />
si possono raggiungere anche i -20°”.<br />
Per fortuna, la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> non ha problemi per approvvigionarsi<br />
<strong>del</strong>la “materia prima”.<br />
Da oltre sei secoli può ricavare <strong>il</strong> marmo<br />
<strong>di</strong>rettamente dalle Cave <strong>di</strong> Candoglia,<br />
nella bassa Val d’Ossola, <strong>di</strong> cui è<br />
proprietaria dal 1387 per volontà <strong>di</strong><br />
Gian Galeazzo Visconti, allora Signore<br />
<strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. Proprietà poi riba<strong>di</strong>ta <strong>in</strong><br />
epoca più recente da re Vittorio Emanuele<br />
III <strong>di</strong> cui si scopre oggi, curiosamente,<br />
a circa trenta metri da terra,<br />
sul fianco destro <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong><br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>il</strong> volto <strong>in</strong> bassor<strong>il</strong>ievo contrapposto<br />
a quello <strong>di</strong> Benito Mussol<strong>in</strong>i<br />
che era <strong>il</strong> capo <strong>del</strong> governo <strong>del</strong>l’epoca.<br />
Forse anche una traccia <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong><br />
<strong>del</strong>la Cattedrale <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano compiuto<br />
fra <strong>il</strong> 1935 e <strong>il</strong> 1939. Ma “contam<strong>in</strong>azioni”<br />
<strong>del</strong> genere, assicurano, non sono<br />
state mai più effettuate.<br />
Oltre alle cave, la Veneranda Fabbrica<br />
<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong>spone anche <strong>di</strong> un proprio<br />
Cantiere Marmisti per la lavorazione <strong>di</strong> questa pietra<br />
tanto bella quanto <strong>del</strong>icata e <strong>del</strong>la collaborazione <strong>di</strong> operai<br />
quadratori, ornanisti e anche, naturalmente, <strong>di</strong> esperti scultori.<br />
Questa struttura è <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e perché la “sopravvivenza”<br />
<strong>del</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia “<strong>in</strong> buona salute” è relativamente<br />
breve.<br />
“Ogni trenta anni, <strong>in</strong> me<strong>di</strong>a, è necessario fare <strong>in</strong>terventi conservativi<br />
tipo quello che stiamo compiendo ora” spiega l’<strong>in</strong>gegner<br />
Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione mentre sulle impalcature<br />
<strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, ad una altezza <strong>di</strong> circa<br />
24<br />
quaranta metri, guida ad una visita dei lavori. “Infatti era stato<br />
fra <strong>il</strong> 1972 e <strong>il</strong> 1974 che si era precedentemente <strong>in</strong>tervenuti.<br />
Ma oggi, grazie alle opportunità offerte da queste nuove<br />
tecnologie si può procedere ad una verifica e ad un riprist<strong>in</strong>o<br />
certamente più significativi”.<br />
Sono già cento<strong>di</strong>ecim<strong>il</strong>a le ore <strong>di</strong> lavoro che, dal 2003 ad oggi,<br />
hanno compiuto i c<strong>in</strong>quanta dei 128 <strong>di</strong>pendenti <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> impegnati sull’impalcatura <strong>del</strong>la<br />
facciata (altre c<strong>in</strong>quantam<strong>il</strong>a ore sono state impiegate nella<br />
cava per estrarre <strong>il</strong> marmo e poi lavorarlo per prepararlo alle<br />
esigenze <strong>del</strong> <strong>restauro</strong>). E non è davvero semplice<br />
lavorare a dec<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> metri <strong>di</strong> altezza, operare, per<br />
esempio, con un argano per togliere una statua <strong>di</strong><br />
marmo degradata e sostituirla con una sua copia.<br />
Procedura altrettanto lenta, faticosa e complessa<br />
è sostituire qualsiasi altro elemento o una semplice<br />
lastra <strong>di</strong> copertura <strong>del</strong>la facciata.<br />
“Ma <strong>in</strong> questi trapianti non abbiamo per fortuna<br />
problemi <strong>di</strong> rigetto” scherza l’<strong>in</strong>gegner Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti<br />
Castiglione, “a marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia sostituiamo<br />
lo stesso marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia... E per proteggere<br />
<strong>il</strong> nuovo marmo dal degrado ci preoccupiamo<br />
anche <strong>di</strong> quanto possono causare i piccioni.<br />
Con l’occasione <strong>di</strong> questi lavori, stiamo proteggendo<br />
tutti gli elementi scultorei con dei f<strong>il</strong>i su<br />
cui passa ciclicamente un impulso elettrico <strong>in</strong><br />
grado <strong>di</strong> produrre una fasti<strong>di</strong>osa scossa elettrica<br />
per scacciare i volat<strong>il</strong>i che vi si appoggiassero.”<br />
Luciano Simonelli è giornalista professionista,<br />
scrittore ed e<strong>di</strong>tore, collaboratore <strong>del</strong> quoti<strong>di</strong>ano<br />
“La Stampa-TuttoScienze”.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
façade has been cleaned (us<strong>in</strong>g atomized water and<br />
micro-sand<strong>in</strong>g), for an overall surface area of 14,000 square<br />
metres. Also the restoration of twelve spires and six tracery<br />
panels has been completed, along with some 30 percent of<br />
the entire façade.<br />
A total of 1,362 pieces were replaced with new ones <strong>in</strong><br />
Candoglia marble, and of course the orig<strong>in</strong>als of statues,<br />
heads and high-reliefs are <strong>in</strong>tended for the <strong>Duomo</strong> Museum.<br />
“Candoglia marble is magnificent stone”, notes Benigno<br />
Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione from beh<strong>in</strong>d his unusually long,<br />
n<strong>in</strong>eteenth-century moustache, “but has the problem of its<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g calcium carbonate, and therefore eas<strong>il</strong>y damaged by<br />
pollution as well as temperature variations”. And the latter is<br />
no little matter, as the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s façade can hit 60 degrees<br />
Centigrade <strong>in</strong> summer and m<strong>in</strong>us 20 <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter”.<br />
Fortunately, the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> doesn’t have<br />
any problems gett<strong>in</strong>g its hands on “raw material”. For over<br />
six centuries, it has been able to <strong>di</strong>g the marble <strong>di</strong>rectly from<br />
the Candoglia quarries, <strong>in</strong> the lower Val d’Ossola, it has<br />
owned s<strong>in</strong>ce 1387 thanks to Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then<br />
Lord of M<strong>il</strong>an. Ownership confirmed more recently by K<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
Italy Victor Emanuel III, whose features, curiously enough,<br />
can be seen today some 30 meters above ground <strong>in</strong> a<br />
bas-relief fac<strong>in</strong>g one of Benito Mussol<strong>in</strong>i, who was then head<br />
of government, on the right side of the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s façade.<br />
Perhaps this is also a memory of the restoration of M<strong>il</strong>an’s<br />
cathedral carried out from 1935 to 1939. But<br />
“contam<strong>in</strong>ations” of this k<strong>in</strong>d, assuredly, were never s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced.<br />
In ad<strong>di</strong>tion to the quarries, the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong><br />
<strong>Duomo</strong> also has its own marble cutt<strong>in</strong>g workshop to handle<br />
this stone which is as beautiful as it is <strong>del</strong>icate, and can rely<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
LE TECNOLOGIE A DISPOSIZIONE. Per i lavori sulla facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sono state ut<strong>il</strong>izzate tecnologie <strong>Eni</strong><br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>dag<strong>in</strong>e non <strong>di</strong>struttive come la termografia <strong>in</strong>frarossa per controllare l’adesione e <strong>il</strong> degrado<br />
<strong>del</strong>le stuccature che sig<strong>il</strong>lano i blocchi <strong>di</strong> pietra; la spettrometria a fluorescenza a raggi X per stu<strong>di</strong>are<br />
<strong>il</strong> degrado <strong>del</strong>la pietra e analizzare le alterazioni chimiche e microstrutturali <strong>del</strong> marmo; <strong>il</strong> georadar<br />
che penetra virtualmente la facciata e le sua fondamenta per verificarne lo stato <strong>di</strong> salute.<br />
AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES. For the restoration of the <strong>Duomo</strong> facade they made use of <strong>Eni</strong> non-destructive<br />
survey<strong>in</strong>g technologies such as <strong>in</strong>fra-red thermography to check the adhesion and decay of the putties seal<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the stone blocks; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to study stone decay and analyse chemical<br />
and microstructural change of the marble; georadar, which virtually penetrates <strong>in</strong>to the façade and its foundations<br />
to check its con<strong>di</strong>tion.<br />
on the assistance of marble workers and sk<strong>il</strong>led sculptors.<br />
This structure is <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable because Candoglia marble’s<br />
life “<strong>in</strong> good health” is relatively short.<br />
“Every thirty years, on average, it is necessary to undertake<br />
conservation work such as the one we are <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> now”<br />
expla<strong>in</strong>ed the eng<strong>in</strong>eer Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione wh<strong>il</strong>e he<br />
guided a visit to the works on the scaffold<strong>in</strong>g of the façade<br />
of the <strong>Duomo</strong>, some forty metres above ground. “Previous<br />
work dates back to 1972 to 1974. But today, thanks to the<br />
opportunities offered by these new technologies, we can<br />
carry out controls and repairs <strong>in</strong> a more significant manner”.<br />
One hundred and ten thousand work<strong>in</strong>g hours s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003<br />
have been spent by 50 people (out of the 128 employees of<br />
the Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>) work<strong>in</strong>g on the facade<br />
scaffold<strong>in</strong>g (fifty thousand more hours have been spent <strong>in</strong> the<br />
quarries to <strong>di</strong>g the marble and then cut it to get it ready for<br />
restoration needs). And it is no easy task work<strong>in</strong>g dozens of<br />
metres off the ground, for example, with a w<strong>in</strong>ch to lift a<br />
damaged marble statue and replaced it with a copy. An equally<br />
slow, tir<strong>in</strong>g and complex process is that of replac<strong>in</strong>g all other<br />
elements or even just a slab of the façade.<br />
“But <strong>in</strong> these ‘transplants’ we fortunately have no rejection<br />
problems,” jokes the eng<strong>in</strong>eer Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione,<br />
“for we are replac<strong>in</strong>g Candoglia marble with Candoglia<br />
marble... And to protect the new marble from decay we are<br />
also worry<strong>in</strong>g about the harm pigeons can <strong>in</strong>flict. With these<br />
works, we are protect<strong>in</strong>g all the sculptural elements with wires<br />
<strong>in</strong>termittently run through by an electric impulse produc<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
irritat<strong>in</strong>g electric shock to scare away any birds”.<br />
Luciano Simonelli is a journalist, author and publisher, and<br />
a contributor to the da<strong>il</strong>y “La Stampa-TuttoScienze”.<br />
25
REPORTAGE<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a storia<br />
MODERNA<br />
STAZIONE ORIENTE. Costruita<br />
nell’area portuale a est<br />
<strong>di</strong> Lisbona e progettata<br />
dall’architetto spagnolo<br />
Santiago Calatrava, è <strong>il</strong> più<br />
importante nodo ferroviario<br />
<strong>del</strong> paese: una porta<br />
<strong>di</strong> accesso per i viaggiatori<br />
provenienti dall’Europa.<br />
Situata a pochi ch<strong>il</strong>ometri<br />
dal centro storico, <strong>in</strong> una zona<br />
urbana rimasta fortemente<br />
degradata f<strong>in</strong>o all’<strong>in</strong>izio<br />
degli anni Novanta, la stazione<br />
è oggi un punto <strong>di</strong> riferimento<br />
per i cittad<strong>in</strong>i<br />
e un’opportunità <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
<strong>di</strong> un nuovo quartiere ricco<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />
e <strong>di</strong> spazi pubblici.<br />
EASTERN STATION. Bu<strong>il</strong>t<br />
<strong>in</strong> the dock area east of Lisbon,<br />
after a design by Spanish<br />
architect Santiago Calatrava, this<br />
is the country's most important<br />
ra<strong>il</strong>way hub: a gateway<br />
to Portugal for passengers<br />
com<strong>in</strong>g from all over Europe.<br />
Located just few k<strong>il</strong>ometres away<br />
from the historic centre, <strong>in</strong> an<br />
area which rema<strong>in</strong>ed degraded<br />
up to the early 1990's, the station<br />
is today one of the city's major<br />
reference po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
as well as a valuable development<br />
opportunity for a new<br />
neighbourhood which<br />
is rich <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure<br />
and public spaces.
REPORTAGE<br />
Da un lento decl<strong>in</strong>o allo<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sociale ed economico:<br />
come la vecchia Europa, anche<br />
<strong>il</strong> Portogallo ha v<strong>in</strong>to la sua<br />
sfida. E ora guarda ai nuovi<br />
progetti <strong>di</strong> crescita.<br />
<strong>di</strong> MIMMO CÀNDITO<br />
NON SEMPRE <strong>È</strong> UN’AVVENTURA SCONSIDERATA<br />
trovarsi a mescolare sacro e profano. Non lo è oggi,<br />
comunque, quando la bussola <strong>del</strong> nostro tempo pare<br />
<strong>in</strong>capace <strong>di</strong> ritrovare la l<strong>in</strong>ea d’un orizzonte sicuro<br />
e le categorie <strong>di</strong> riferimento d’ogni società – a Ovest come<br />
a Est, nel pianeta post<strong>in</strong>dustriale come nei sopravvissuti <strong>del</strong>le<br />
civ<strong>il</strong>tà rurali – sembrano smarrite dentro <strong>il</strong> vortice d’una<br />
d<strong>in</strong>amica impazzita, che trasc<strong>in</strong>a via certezze, ancoraggi valoriali,<br />
giu<strong>di</strong>zi consolidati da un’esperienza comune.<br />
E allora è certo che <strong>il</strong> Portogallo è sempre quell’ultimo lembo<br />
d’Europa che a Occidente pare perdersi dentro l’Atlantico,<br />
quasi schiacciato dal peso immane d’un cont<strong>in</strong>ente che<br />
gli sta addosso; che la gran parte degli <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ci sociologici lo<br />
collocano tuttora verso <strong>il</strong> fondo <strong>del</strong>la lista che classifica i<br />
paesi <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>ione europea (quanto meno, quella che aveva<br />
15 stelle); e, anche, che la mal<strong>in</strong>conia dolce <strong>di</strong> Lisbona – la<br />
saudade che si consuma nel fasc<strong>in</strong>o d’un impero che c’era –<br />
sa sempre <strong>di</strong> salmastro antico, d’una decadenza che s’avverte<br />
irresistib<strong>il</strong>e.<br />
Però, poi, quella stessa Europa che sembra tanto orgogliosamente<br />
altera e <strong>di</strong>stante sceglie <strong>di</strong> far sedere sullo scranno<br />
EXPO’98. Lisbona,<br />
la struttura fieristica<br />
progettata a tempo<br />
<strong>di</strong> record e de<strong>di</strong>cata<br />
al tema <strong>del</strong>l’acqua. Si trova<br />
nella parte orientale<br />
<strong>del</strong>la città e per costruirla<br />
è stata recuperata un’area<br />
<strong>di</strong> oltre 300 ettari<br />
precedentemente occupata<br />
da <strong>in</strong>se<strong>di</strong>amenti <strong>in</strong>dustriali<br />
rimasti <strong>in</strong>ut<strong>il</strong>izzati.<br />
Il per<strong>corso</strong> espositivo<br />
è caratterizzato da corsi<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipali, <strong>il</strong> Cam<strong>in</strong>ho<br />
de Água e <strong>il</strong> Cam<strong>in</strong>ho<br />
da Costa che si sv<strong>il</strong>uppano<br />
lungo <strong>il</strong> maestoso estuario<br />
<strong>del</strong> fiume Tago. Expo ’98<br />
ha rappresentato<br />
una ambiziosa avventura<br />
che ha spostato l’<strong>in</strong>teresse<br />
economico <strong>del</strong> paese<br />
dall’Atlantico all’Europa<br />
e ha avviato<br />
una straord<strong>in</strong>aria fase<br />
<strong>di</strong> crescita<br />
e modernizzazione.<br />
EXPO’98. Lisbon: the World<br />
Fair grounds were developed<br />
<strong>in</strong> a surpris<strong>in</strong>gly short time<br />
and de<strong>di</strong>cated to the theme<br />
of water. It is located<br />
<strong>in</strong> the eastern part of the city<br />
and it was bu<strong>il</strong>t by reclaim<strong>in</strong>g<br />
an over 300-hectare-wide area<br />
previously accommodat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
unused <strong>in</strong>dustrial sites.<br />
The fairgrounds is organized<br />
around two ma<strong>in</strong> walkways,<br />
the Cam<strong>in</strong>ho de Água and the<br />
Cam<strong>in</strong>ho da Costa, runn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
along the majestic estuary<br />
of river Tago. Expo ’98 turned<br />
out to be a proud enterprise<br />
which helped shift<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
nation’s economic <strong>in</strong>terest<br />
from the Atlantic to Europe<br />
and ushered <strong>in</strong> a time<br />
of remarkable growth<br />
and modernization.<br />
BALCONE SULL’ATLANTICO.<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>istra, una strada<br />
<strong>di</strong> Albufeira, stazione<br />
balneare <strong>del</strong>l’Algarve.<br />
Accanto, Oporto, alcune<br />
barcos sul fiume Douro<br />
trasportano<br />
<strong>il</strong> V<strong>in</strong>ho do Porto,<br />
<strong>il</strong> v<strong>in</strong>o particolarmente<br />
apprezzato a livello<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternazionale che ha<br />
reso celebre la città.<br />
A BALCONY OVERLOOKING<br />
THE ATLANTIC.<br />
Left, a street <strong>in</strong> Albufeira,<br />
a sea resort <strong>in</strong> Algarve.<br />
Next to it, Oporto,<br />
some barcos<br />
on river Douro carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the V<strong>in</strong>ho do Porto,<br />
a world renown w<strong>in</strong>e<br />
which contributed<br />
to the city's fame.<br />
A MODERN STORY<br />
From slow decl<strong>in</strong>e to social<br />
and economic development: Portugal,<br />
like old Europe, has won its battle<br />
and is look<strong>in</strong>g at new growth projects.<br />
by MIMMO CÀNDITO<br />
COMBINING THE SACRED AND THE PROFANE IS NOT<br />
always an <strong>il</strong>l-advised challenge. Nor is it today when the<br />
compass of our time seems unable to f<strong>in</strong>d a safe<br />
horizon and the ma<strong>in</strong> p<strong>il</strong>lars of our societies – both <strong>in</strong><br />
the West and <strong>in</strong> the East, <strong>in</strong> post-<strong>in</strong>dustrial countries as well as<br />
<strong>in</strong> rural towns – have apparently been lost <strong>in</strong>side the vortex of<br />
out of control dynamics which keep sweep<strong>in</strong>g away our<br />
certa<strong>in</strong>ties, anchorages of values and judgements consolidated<br />
by common experiences.<br />
29
più alto <strong>del</strong>le sue istituzioni – la Commissione <strong>del</strong>l’Ue – proprio<br />
un presidente <strong>del</strong> modesto e m<strong>in</strong>uscolo Portogallo, José<br />
Manuel Durao Barroso; e se si va via da Lisbona e si prende<br />
una <strong>del</strong>le tante strade che scivolano verso l’<strong>in</strong>terno, a Barcelos,<br />
Guimaraes, Aveiro, Braga, si trova con sorpresa che università<br />
e giovani manager stanno creando un tessuto produttivo<br />
dove tecnologia e ricerca trasc<strong>in</strong>ano <strong>il</strong> tempo immob<strong>il</strong>e<br />
<strong>del</strong> passato verso un futuro che usa solo l’<strong>in</strong>glese e le logiche<br />
b<strong>in</strong>arie.<br />
Qual è, dunque, <strong>il</strong> vero Portogallo? La risposta, l’unica forse<br />
possib<strong>il</strong>e, deve accettare che <strong>di</strong> Portogallo ce ne sono almeno<br />
due, che poi però è la storia comune <strong>di</strong> molti paesi dove<br />
l’<strong>in</strong>nesto dei processi <strong>del</strong>la modernizzazione non ha trasformato<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegralmente le vecchie società, ma ne ha assorbito<br />
un legato profondo pur all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>di</strong> mutamenti sostanziali<br />
degli st<strong>il</strong>i <strong>di</strong> vita e <strong>del</strong>le matrici <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Pren<strong>di</strong>amo <strong>il</strong> primo<br />
Portogallo, quello <strong>di</strong> Camoes, se si vuole, <strong>di</strong> Pessoa, <strong>di</strong><br />
Eca de Queiros, anche <strong>di</strong> Saramago, una zattera iberica alla<br />
deriva che naviga tra le tentazioni <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>sularità e <strong>il</strong> sogno<br />
perduto <strong>del</strong> cosmopolitismo.<br />
Quando Salazar s’<strong>in</strong>venta la gabbia irreale <strong>di</strong> “o Estado novo”,<br />
nel 1926, l’orgoglio <strong>del</strong>l’antico impero che ha dom<strong>in</strong>ato i<br />
mari <strong>del</strong> pianeta e portato la ban<strong>di</strong>era lusitana sulle coste<br />
d’ogni terra che rompa l’uniformità cont<strong>in</strong>ua degli oceani<br />
(una moneta portoghese <strong>del</strong> XVII secolo è stata r<strong>in</strong>venuta<br />
perf<strong>in</strong>o sulle spiagge <strong>del</strong>l’Australia, mettendo <strong>in</strong> crisi la primogenitura<br />
<strong>di</strong> capitan Cook), quell’orgoglio è ormai soltanto<br />
una memoria. I sogni dei duchi <strong>di</strong> Braganza sono stati battuti<br />
dalle nuove rotte, dai nuovi armatori, dalle nuove economie<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustriali, la faccia <strong>del</strong> mondo è cambiata, Lisbona si<br />
30<br />
TRACCE STORICHE<br />
E MODERNITÀ. A s<strong>in</strong>istra,<br />
<strong>il</strong> centro storico<br />
<strong>di</strong> Obidos paese<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’Estremadura,<br />
regione atlantica<br />
<strong>del</strong> Nord<br />
e, sotto, Lisbona,<br />
l’Elevador da Bica,<br />
funiculare d’epoca<br />
con <strong>in</strong>terni <strong>in</strong> legno,<br />
una vera e propria<br />
attrattiva <strong>del</strong>la città.<br />
Il fasc<strong>in</strong>o <strong>di</strong> Lisbona<br />
è racchiuso nell’unione<br />
tra passato e presente,<br />
la città <strong>del</strong>la saudade<br />
espressa dal fado<br />
e <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>quietud<strong>in</strong>e<br />
narrata<br />
da Fernando Pessoa<br />
ma anche capitale<br />
<strong>del</strong> terzo m<strong>il</strong>lennio.<br />
HISTORICAL TRACES<br />
AND MODERNITY.<br />
Left, the historic centre<br />
of Obidos <strong>in</strong> the northern<br />
Atlantic region<br />
of Extremadura and,<br />
next to it, Lisbon,<br />
the Elevador da Bica,<br />
an old cable ra<strong>il</strong>way<br />
with wooden <strong>in</strong>teriors<br />
is one of the city's major<br />
attractions. Lisbon's<br />
charm is <strong>in</strong> its<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ation of past<br />
and present, the city<br />
of the saudade (long<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
expressed by the fado<br />
music and the <strong>di</strong>squiet<br />
described<br />
by Fernando Pessoa<br />
as well as a capital city<br />
of the third m<strong>il</strong>lennium.<br />
LA STRADA DEL VINO.<br />
Lo scenario dei vigneti<br />
<strong>del</strong>la Valle <strong>del</strong> fiume Douro fitta<br />
<strong>di</strong> terrazzamenti coltivati a vite.<br />
<strong>Un</strong> per<strong>corso</strong> <strong>di</strong> suggestiva bellezza<br />
lungo <strong>il</strong> quale è possib<strong>il</strong>e visitare<br />
antiche cant<strong>in</strong>e dove <strong>il</strong> v<strong>in</strong>o,<br />
<strong>in</strong>vecchiato <strong>in</strong> particolari botti,<br />
acquista l’<strong>in</strong>confon<strong>di</strong>b<strong>il</strong>e sapore.<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>istra, <strong>il</strong> porto e la città<br />
<strong>di</strong> Lagos, situata <strong>in</strong> un tratto<br />
<strong>di</strong> costa frastagliata <strong>del</strong>l’Algarve.<br />
THE WINE ROAD. Terraced v<strong>in</strong>eyards<br />
<strong>in</strong> the river Douro valley. An evocative<br />
and beautiful route along which<br />
visitors can visit old w<strong>in</strong>e cellars<br />
where w<strong>in</strong>e is left<br />
to mature <strong>in</strong> special barrels, thus<br />
acquir<strong>in</strong>g its unmistakeable taste.<br />
Left, the port and town of Lagos,<br />
located on a stretch of jagged<br />
coastl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> Algarve.<br />
On the one hand, it’s a fact that Portugal is st<strong>il</strong>l Europe’s last<br />
strip of land plung<strong>in</strong>g furthest west <strong>in</strong>to the Atlantic ocean as if<br />
it were crushed under the weight of a whole cont<strong>in</strong>ent; that<br />
most sociological <strong>in</strong>dexes place Portugal near the bottom of the<br />
list classify<strong>in</strong>g the European <strong>Un</strong>ion member states (at least,<br />
that of the 15-member EU); and also that Lisbon’s sweet<br />
melancholy – the ‘saudade’ wast<strong>in</strong>g away <strong>in</strong> the charm of a<br />
past empire – always tastes of ancient sea air and an<br />
irresistible decadence.<br />
On the other hand, that very Europe which looks so proud and<br />
aloof has appo<strong>in</strong>ted as the chairman of its top <strong>in</strong>stitution – the<br />
EU Commission – a man from t<strong>in</strong>y Portugal, José Manuel Durao<br />
Barroso; moreover, if we take from Lisbon one of the several<br />
roads which run towards the <strong>in</strong>terior, to Barcelos, Guimaraes,<br />
Aveiro or Braga, we’ll f<strong>in</strong>d out to our surprise that universities<br />
and young managers are gradually creat<strong>in</strong>g a new productive<br />
framework where technology and research contribute to carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a stagnat<strong>in</strong>g past towards a future where only the English<br />
language and b<strong>in</strong>ary logic are used. So, what’s the real<br />
31
consuma lentamente dentro un decl<strong>in</strong>o <strong>di</strong> nuvole veloci e <strong>di</strong><br />
venti. Nel suo tempo immob<strong>il</strong>e, la <strong>di</strong>ttatura costruisce un apparato<br />
che regge simbolicamente la propria forza sulla religione<br />
e sulla nostalgia e gonfia <strong>di</strong> vestigia <strong>di</strong>spen<strong>di</strong>ose ma irr<strong>il</strong>evanti<br />
<strong>il</strong> vecchio stato burocratico <strong>del</strong>l’antico impero.<br />
Quello stato d<strong>il</strong>atato e gottoso, formalmente potente ma privo<br />
d’ogni reale capacità <strong>di</strong> gestione, sopravvive perf<strong>in</strong>o alla<br />
“Rivoluzione dei garofani”, ai capitani e ai colonnelli che nel<br />
1974 tagliano via le ultimi ra<strong>di</strong>ci d’Oltremare e tentano <strong>di</strong> dare<br />
alla nuova povertà lo spirito generoso <strong>del</strong> riscatto sociale.<br />
Ma la generosità è un progetto che fatica a tener conto <strong>del</strong>le<br />
ragioni <strong>del</strong>l’economia, <strong>in</strong> un b<strong>il</strong>ancio sfondato dalle <strong>in</strong>ut<strong>il</strong>i<br />
guerre coloniali, e la struttura burocratica – <strong>in</strong>vece <strong>di</strong> snellirsi,<br />
<strong>di</strong> accogliere le forme <strong>del</strong> cambiamento che stanno squ<strong>in</strong>ternando<br />
la vecchia società e le sue <strong>il</strong>lusioni – <strong>di</strong>venta una<br />
<strong>del</strong>le strutture <strong>del</strong>la “Revolucao”. Il r<strong>in</strong>novamento si fa ritardo,<br />
contrad<strong>di</strong>zione profonda, anche sopravvivenza conservatrice.<br />
E <strong>il</strong> risultato è che la vecchia cultura ra<strong>di</strong>cata <strong>del</strong>l’impero<br />
e <strong>del</strong>l’ “estado novo”, la cultura <strong>del</strong> paternalismo<br />
istituzionale, <strong>del</strong>la gestione burocratizzata <strong>del</strong>le relazioni sociali,<br />
galleggia <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>fferente ai tempi e alle sfide nuove.<br />
Con più <strong>di</strong> 700 m<strong>il</strong>a funzionari pubblici su una popolazione<br />
CAPITALE DEL NORD.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a caratteristica<br />
caffetteria nel centro<br />
storico <strong>di</strong> Porto, Oporto<br />
per i portoghesi.<br />
<strong>È</strong> la seconda città<br />
<strong>del</strong> Portogallo<br />
importante polo<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustriale<br />
e commerciale.<br />
La parte antica<br />
<strong>del</strong>la città è stata<br />
<strong>di</strong>chiarata Patrimonio<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’Umanità<br />
dall’<strong>Un</strong>esco nel 1996.<br />
CAPITAL OF THE NORTH.<br />
A typical cafeteria<br />
<strong>in</strong> the older part of Porto,<br />
or Oporto <strong>in</strong> Portuguese.<br />
This is the country's<br />
second largest city<br />
and a major <strong>in</strong>dustrial<br />
and bus<strong>in</strong>ess hub.<br />
Porto’s historical centre<br />
was declared a World<br />
Heritage Site by UNESCO<br />
back <strong>in</strong> 1996.<br />
NAVIGATORI E SOVRANI.<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>istra, Lisbona,<br />
<strong>il</strong> Monumento<br />
alle Scoperte, costruito<br />
nel 1960 sul fiume<br />
Tago per celebrare<br />
i gran<strong>di</strong> navigatori<br />
portoghesi.<br />
A destra <strong>il</strong> fiabesco<br />
Palácio da Pena,<br />
costruito nel XIX<br />
secolo per <strong>il</strong> re<br />
Ferd<strong>in</strong>ando II.<br />
Situato sulla cima<br />
più alta <strong>del</strong>la Serra<br />
de S<strong>in</strong>tra, nel sud<br />
<strong>del</strong> paese, dom<strong>in</strong>a<br />
<strong>il</strong> paesaggio <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />
regione.<br />
SAILORS<br />
AND SOVEREIGNS.<br />
Left, Lisbon,<br />
the Monument<br />
to Discoveries, bu<strong>il</strong>t<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1960 on river Tago<br />
and de<strong>di</strong>cated to<br />
Portugal's great<br />
navigators.<br />
Right, the fairy-tale<br />
Palácio da Pena, bu<strong>il</strong>t<br />
<strong>in</strong> the 19th century<br />
for k<strong>in</strong>g Ferd<strong>in</strong>and II.<br />
Located on the highest<br />
peak of the Serra<br />
de S<strong>in</strong>tra, <strong>in</strong> the south,<br />
it dom<strong>in</strong>ates the whole<br />
region.<br />
Portugal like? The only possible answer seems to be that there<br />
are at least two Portugals, which, however, is the case also for<br />
many countries where the transplant of modern techniques has<br />
not managed to fully transform the older society; rather, it has<br />
absorbed a profound heritage from the past <strong>in</strong>to notable<br />
changes of lifestyles and development mo<strong>del</strong>s. Let’s have a<br />
look at the older Portugal, that of Camoes, Pessoa, Eca de<br />
Queiros or even Saramago: an Iberian raft sa<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>g adrift amid<br />
the temptations of <strong>in</strong>sularity and the lost dream of<br />
cosmopolitism.<br />
When Salazar came up with the concept of the unreal cage of<br />
his “o Estado novo”, <strong>in</strong> 1926, the pride of the ancient empire<br />
which had ruled over the seas of the whole planet hoist<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
Lusitanian flag on the coasts of virtually any land where ocean<br />
waves came to break (a 17th century Portuguese co<strong>in</strong> was<br />
found even on Australian beaches, thus question<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
Capta<strong>in</strong> Cook was actually the first European to arrive there)<br />
that pride is just a memory. The dreams of the dukes of<br />
Braganza were shattered by the new routes, by the new ship<br />
owners, by the new <strong>in</strong>dustrial economies; the face of the world<br />
has changed, and Lisbon is slowly eaten away with<strong>in</strong> a<br />
decl<strong>in</strong>ation of fast clouds and of w<strong>in</strong>ds. In its immob<strong>il</strong>e time,<br />
the <strong>di</strong>ctatorship bu<strong>il</strong>t an apparatus that symbolically held its<br />
own strength <strong>in</strong> religion and nostalgia and f<strong>il</strong>led up the old<br />
bureaucratic state of the ancient empire with expensive yet<br />
irrelevant rema<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
That d<strong>il</strong>ated and goutish state, formally potent but lack<strong>in</strong>g any<br />
real capacity for management, survived even the “Carnation<br />
Revolution”. In 1974 the capta<strong>in</strong>s and colonels cut the last<br />
roots from Overseas and tried to give the generous spirit of the<br />
social redemption to the new poverty. Alas, generosity is a<br />
project that can hardly take <strong>in</strong>to account the reasons of<br />
32 33
REPORTAGE<br />
appena superiore a 10 m<strong>il</strong>ioni <strong>di</strong> abitanti, l’amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione<br />
pubblica esprime nei numeri e nella concretezza <strong>del</strong>la quota<br />
<strong>di</strong> economia nazionale che essi assorbono la r<strong>il</strong>evanza imposta<br />
ancora oggi alle forme <strong>del</strong>la modernizzazione dallo stato<br />
da un costume protezionistico (<strong>il</strong> b<strong>il</strong>ancio <strong>del</strong> Portogallo deve<br />
scontare nei salari <strong>del</strong>la pubblica amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione una<br />
spesa che supera <strong>del</strong> 50% la me<strong>di</strong>a <strong>del</strong>l’Ue).<br />
Questo pesante legato tuttavia non significa che <strong>il</strong> vecchio<br />
Portogallo sia un vecchio paese. I cambiamenti sono stati<br />
profon<strong>di</strong>, portati comunque dalla rottura che i capitani d’apr<strong>il</strong>e<br />
hanno imposto a una <strong>in</strong>sostenib<strong>il</strong>e cont<strong>in</strong>uità <strong>del</strong>la storia<br />
nazionale, ma portati anche dall’<strong>in</strong>gresso <strong>di</strong> Lisbona nell’<strong>Un</strong>ione<br />
Europea, nel 1986. Se <strong>in</strong> quel Portogallo vecchio<br />
che “a Revolucao” frantumò c’era ancora un portoghese su<br />
tre che doveva <strong>il</strong>lum<strong>in</strong>are casa propria con le can<strong>del</strong>e e con<br />
<strong>il</strong> lume a petrolio; se ancora soltanto la metà dei portoghesi<br />
aveva <strong>in</strong> quel tempo l’acqua corrente <strong>in</strong> casa; se <strong>il</strong> 25% <strong>di</strong> loro<br />
non sapeva ancora leggere né scrivere e se l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità<br />
aveva soltanto 38 m<strong>il</strong>a studenti, oggi <strong>in</strong>vece <strong>il</strong> Portogallo è<br />
uno dei tanti paesi <strong>del</strong>l’Ue.<br />
Tutte le case hanno luce elettrica e acqua, l’analfabetismo è<br />
caduto al 9%, <strong>il</strong> numero dei suoi studenti che frequentano<br />
l’università (390 m<strong>il</strong>a) vale <strong>di</strong>eci volte <strong>il</strong> registro <strong>di</strong> quel tempo<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ito, le donne – cui molte professioni erano vietate –<br />
rappresentano la maggioranza dei laureati e la metà <strong>del</strong>la<br />
forza lavoro, <strong>il</strong> consumo me<strong>di</strong>o <strong>del</strong>le calorie ha guadagnato<br />
un <strong>in</strong>cremento <strong>del</strong> 22%, l’aspettativa <strong>di</strong> vita è aumentata <strong>di</strong><br />
10 anni. E <strong>il</strong> red<strong>di</strong>to <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduale, che <strong>in</strong> quel tempo era <strong>di</strong> poco<br />
superiore all’equivalenza <strong>di</strong> 100 euro, oggi ha raggiunto<br />
gli 8.000 euro.<br />
Sono risultati impressionanti: cifre e numeri che <strong>di</strong>segnano<br />
una società ormai omologata ai paesi più avanzati <strong>del</strong>l’Europa<br />
anche se i conti <strong>del</strong> passato pesano tuttora, e pesano molto.<br />
Il sociologo Antonio Barreto lo <strong>di</strong>ce <strong>in</strong> una s<strong>in</strong>tesi veloce:<br />
“La storia con<strong>di</strong>ziona <strong>di</strong> fatto le nostre prospettive: a <strong>di</strong>fferenza<br />
<strong>del</strong>la Spagna, che pure viveva sotto una <strong>di</strong>ttatura, <strong>il</strong> regime<br />
salazariano era ideologicamente chiuso a ogni forma <strong>di</strong><br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Abbiamo anche combattuto una guerra coloniale<br />
<strong>di</strong> 15 anni, abbiamo avuto una rivoluzione che <strong>in</strong> pratica nazionalizzò<br />
l’<strong>in</strong>tera economia, e poi abbiamo anche subito una<br />
controrivoluzione. Sono traumi sociali e politici profon<strong>di</strong>,<br />
sconvolgimenti che lasciano <strong>il</strong> segno; tirarsi fuori da quella<br />
drammatica ere<strong>di</strong>tà è stato un compito nient’affatto fac<strong>il</strong>e”.<br />
Il secondo Portogallo è proprio questo, dei professionisti,<br />
degli <strong>in</strong>tellettuali, dei politici, che riconoscono la qualità alta,<br />
perf<strong>in</strong>o stupefacente, dei miglioramenti conseguiti dal paese<br />
e però sono consapevoli che tutto ciò non è sufficiente <strong>di</strong><br />
fronte alle sfide che la d<strong>in</strong>amica accelerata dei mercati <strong>in</strong>ternazionali<br />
detta alle economie nazionali. Il p<strong>il</strong> <strong>del</strong> Portogallo è<br />
appena <strong>il</strong> 2% <strong>del</strong>la ricchezza prodotta dall’<strong>in</strong>tera <strong>Un</strong>ione europea,<br />
ma quella quota pur modesta garantiva comunque<br />
una presenza significativa su alcuni mercati cont<strong>in</strong>entali; oggi,<br />
con l’allargamento <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>ione a 25 stati-membri, anche<br />
le certezze più consolidate e i rapporti più garantiti appaiono<br />
rimessi <strong>in</strong> <strong>di</strong>scussione.<br />
Più <strong>del</strong>l’80% <strong>del</strong>le esportazioni portoghesi sono tra<strong>di</strong>zionalmente<br />
<strong>di</strong>rette verso i mercati degli altri 14 paesi <strong>del</strong>la<br />
“vecchia” Ue e comunque i due terzi hanno per dest<strong>in</strong>azione<br />
consumatori e acquirenti <strong>del</strong>la zona <strong>del</strong>l’euro. Dunque <strong>il</strong><br />
trend <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong>l’economia europea ha un’<strong>in</strong>cidenza<br />
<strong>di</strong>retta sull’economia portoghese. E f<strong>in</strong> che l’Ue ha offerto<br />
34<br />
tassi <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo significativi, anche Lisbona ha potuto godere<br />
<strong>di</strong> riscontri <strong>in</strong>coraggianti (tra <strong>il</strong> 1995 e <strong>il</strong> 2000 la domanda<br />
esterna è cresciuta me<strong>di</strong>amente <strong>del</strong> 9% l’anno).<br />
Quando però l’economia europea è entrata <strong>in</strong> una fase <strong>di</strong><br />
stanca, o ad<strong>di</strong>rittura <strong>di</strong> recessione, la ricaduta sul Portogallo<br />
è stata drammatica: <strong>il</strong> tasso <strong>di</strong> crescita <strong>del</strong> 2001 si è fermato<br />
appena all’1,4% e soltanto allo 0,8 negli anni successivi.<br />
La conseguenza si è manifestata imme<strong>di</strong>atamente nella<br />
vita quoti<strong>di</strong>ana <strong>del</strong>la società: <strong>il</strong> red<strong>di</strong>to pro-capite che al<br />
tempo <strong>del</strong>la “Revolucao” non arrivava nemmeno al 55%<br />
<strong>del</strong>la me<strong>di</strong>a <strong>del</strong>l’Ue – e che però nel 2002, con <strong>il</strong> balzo pro<strong>di</strong>gioso<br />
<strong>di</strong> tutti quegli anni, aveva già toccato <strong>il</strong> 71% <strong>di</strong> quella<br />
me<strong>di</strong>a – ora è sceso al 68,8%, con un’<strong>in</strong>versione drammatica<br />
<strong>di</strong> tendenza.<br />
<strong>Un</strong> duro programma <strong>di</strong> austerità e <strong>di</strong> riforme – anche per riportare<br />
l’economia all’<strong>in</strong>terno dei parametri <strong>di</strong> Maastricht –<br />
ha avuto <strong>il</strong> riscontro <strong>di</strong> risultati <strong>in</strong>coraggianti da un punto <strong>di</strong><br />
vista <strong>di</strong> analisi macroeconomica (e <strong>il</strong> governo conta comunque<br />
<strong>di</strong> recuperare presto <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ci molto positivi), tuttavia <strong>il</strong> costo<br />
sociale non è stato affatto <strong>in</strong>dolore.<br />
A leggere tutti questi numeri per ciò che essi davvero<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
economy <strong>in</strong> a budget destroyed by useless colonial wars, and<br />
the bureaucratic structure – rather than slimm<strong>in</strong>g down,<br />
accept<strong>in</strong>g the forms of change that were destab<strong>il</strong>iz<strong>in</strong>g the old<br />
society and its <strong>il</strong>lusions – became one of the structures of the<br />
“Revolucao”. The renewal became lateness, profound<br />
contra<strong>di</strong>ction, even conservative survival. The result is that the<br />
old culture, rooted <strong>in</strong> the empire and <strong>in</strong> the “estado novo”, the<br />
culture of <strong>in</strong>stitutional paternalism, of the bureaucratic<br />
management of social relations, floats along, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>fferent to the<br />
new times and new challenges.<br />
With more than 700 thousand civ<strong>il</strong> servants out of a population<br />
of barely more than 10 m<strong>il</strong>lion, the public adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />
expresses, <strong>in</strong> the numbers and soli<strong>di</strong>ty of its share of the<br />
national economy that they absorb, the relevance imposed<br />
today on the forms of modernisation of the state by a<br />
protectionist approach (the Portuguese budget needs to set<br />
aside for public employee salaries an amount that is 50 pct<br />
above the EU average).<br />
This heavy legacy nevertheless does not mean that old Portugal<br />
is an old country. Changes have been deep, brought about by<br />
the Apr<strong>il</strong> officers break with an unsusta<strong>in</strong>able cont<strong>in</strong>uity of<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
PRESENZA ENI. La società è presente<br />
nel mercato <strong>del</strong> gas naturale<br />
attraverso la società Galp Energia.<br />
Nel 2004 sono stati venduti nel Paese<br />
4,4 m<strong>il</strong>iar<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> metri cubi <strong>di</strong> gas<br />
naturale a circa 820 m<strong>il</strong>a clienti<br />
ut<strong>il</strong>izzando una rete <strong>di</strong> gasdotti<br />
<strong>di</strong> circa 11.700 ch<strong>il</strong>ometri.<br />
Per accedere al mercato spagnolo<br />
<strong>del</strong> gas <strong>Eni</strong> ha previsto <strong>in</strong>oltre<br />
la partecipazione <strong>in</strong> due <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />
<strong>di</strong> importazione: <strong>il</strong> gasdotto<br />
Transmaghreb<strong>in</strong>o e <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>ale GNL<br />
<strong>di</strong> S<strong>in</strong>es. Nel settore<br />
<strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>stribuzione <strong>del</strong> gas la Società<br />
è presente anche attraverso quote<br />
m<strong>in</strong>oritarie <strong>di</strong> partecipazione<br />
nella Setgas e Lusitaniagas.<br />
Nel settore petrolchimico,<br />
attraverso Polimeri Europa, <strong>di</strong>spone<br />
<strong>di</strong> un impianto a Viana do Castelo,<br />
nel Nord <strong>del</strong> Portogallo,<br />
per la produzione <strong>di</strong> ad<strong>di</strong>tivi chimici.<br />
Nella foto a s<strong>in</strong>istra, la spiaggia<br />
<strong>di</strong> Albufeira e, a destra, i mul<strong>in</strong>i<br />
a vento <strong>del</strong>l’isola <strong>di</strong> Faial<br />
nelle Azzorre.<br />
ENI'S PRESENCE. The company<br />
is operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the country's natural gas<br />
market through Galp Energia. In 2004,<br />
a total of 4.4 b<strong>il</strong>lion cubic metres<br />
of natural gas were sold <strong>in</strong> the country<br />
to about 820,000 customers us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a 11,700 k<strong>il</strong>ometre gas pipel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
network. To enter Spa<strong>in</strong>’s gas market,<br />
<strong>Eni</strong> has planned its participation<br />
<strong>in</strong> two major import fac<strong>il</strong>ities:<br />
the Trans-Maghreb gas pipel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
and the LNG term<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong> S<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
The company is active also <strong>in</strong> the gas<br />
<strong>di</strong>stribution sector through m<strong>in</strong>ority<br />
stakes <strong>in</strong> Setgas and Lusitaniagas.<br />
Through Polimeri Europa,<br />
<strong>Eni</strong> also owns a petrochemical<br />
plant at Viana do Castelo, <strong>in</strong> northern<br />
Portugal, for the production<br />
of chemical ad<strong>di</strong>tives. Left, the beach<br />
of Albufeira and, right,<br />
w<strong>in</strong>dm<strong>il</strong>ls <strong>in</strong> the island of Faial<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Azores.<br />
national history, but also due to entry <strong>in</strong>to the<br />
European <strong>Un</strong>ion <strong>in</strong> 1986. In that old Portugal crushed<br />
by “a Revolucao” there was st<strong>il</strong>l one Portuguese <strong>in</strong><br />
three who lit their house with candles and with o<strong>il</strong><br />
lamps; st<strong>il</strong>l only half of the Portuguese <strong>in</strong> those days<br />
had runn<strong>in</strong>g water at home; 25 pct of them were st<strong>il</strong>l<br />
<strong>il</strong>literate and there were only 38,000 university<br />
students. Now Portugal is one of many EU member<br />
states.<br />
All houses have electric light and water, <strong>il</strong>literacy has<br />
fallen to 9%, the number of university students<br />
(390,000) is ten times the figure recorded <strong>in</strong> those<br />
days; women – to whom many professions were<br />
banned – represent the majority of graduates and half<br />
the labour force; average calorie consumption has<br />
risen by 22%, life expectancy is up 10 years. And<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>vidual <strong>in</strong>come, which at that time was little more<br />
than the equivalent of 100 euro, today has reached<br />
8,000 euro.<br />
These are impressive results: figures and numbers<br />
that show a society that is sim<strong>il</strong>ar to the most<br />
advanced <strong>in</strong> Europe even if the effects of the past<br />
are st<strong>il</strong>l felt and are felt a lot. The sociologist, Antonio<br />
Barreto, said <strong>in</strong> a brief synthesis: “History has<br />
effectively con<strong>di</strong>tioned our prospects. <strong>Un</strong>like Spa<strong>in</strong>,<br />
which also lived under a <strong>di</strong>ctatorship, the Salazar<br />
regime was ideologically closed to any form of growth. We also<br />
fought a colonial guerr<strong>il</strong>la war for 15 years. We had a revolution<br />
that <strong>in</strong> practice nationalised the entire economy and then we<br />
also were subject to a counter-revolution. They are deep social<br />
and political traumas, <strong>di</strong>fficulties that leave their mark; exit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from that dramatic heritage was not at all an easy task.”<br />
The second Portugal is actually this, the one of professionals,<br />
of <strong>in</strong>tellectuals, of politicians, who acknowledge the high, even<br />
stupefy<strong>in</strong>g quality of the improvements achieved by the nation<br />
and yet are aware that all this is not enough <strong>in</strong> the face of the<br />
challenges of the accelerated dynamics <strong>in</strong>ternational markets<br />
<strong>di</strong>ctate to national economies. Portugal’s GDP is just 2 pct of<br />
the wealth produced by the entire European <strong>Un</strong>ion, but that<br />
share although modest used to guarantee a significant<br />
presence on some cont<strong>in</strong>ental markets. Today, with the<br />
enlargement of the EU to 25 member states, even the most<br />
established certa<strong>in</strong>ties and most secure relations appear to be<br />
once more called <strong>in</strong>to question.<br />
More than 80 pc of Portugal’s exports tra<strong>di</strong>tionally go to the<br />
markets of the other 14 ‘old’ EU members and two thirds are<br />
for consumers and buyers <strong>in</strong> the eurozone. So the trend of<br />
35
REPORTAGE<br />
rappresentano, <strong>il</strong> significato più <strong>in</strong>teressante che se ne coglie<br />
è che questo Portogallo numero Due <strong>di</strong>mostra oggi una<br />
capacità – <strong>in</strong>immag<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>e nel Portogallo “vecchio” – <strong>di</strong> affrontare<br />
<strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> progettualità <strong>in</strong>novativa i problemi<br />
posti dalla crescita e dalle trasformazioni <strong>del</strong>le relazioni <strong>in</strong>ternazionali.<br />
La conferma <strong>di</strong> una consapevole e d<strong>in</strong>amica assunzione <strong>di</strong><br />
responsab<strong>il</strong>ità può venire per esempio dall’esame <strong>del</strong> mercato<br />
<strong>del</strong>le esportazioni. Negli ultimi 10 anni, <strong>il</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />
export portoghese, centrato soprattutto <strong>in</strong> settori <strong>di</strong> produzione<br />
a basso costo e a bassi salari (<strong>il</strong> tess<strong>il</strong>e, le calzature<br />
e così via) ha avuto una caduta <strong>del</strong> 15% sull’ammontare totale<br />
<strong>del</strong>le esportazioni, però contemporaneamente settori<br />
<strong>di</strong> più alta qualificazione tecnologica (l’elettronica, <strong>il</strong> chimico,<br />
le componenti <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong>l’auto) hanno registrato<br />
un guadagno <strong>di</strong> 14 punti. Ciò vuol <strong>di</strong>re che le mutazioni dei<br />
mercati sono state assorbite con una <strong>di</strong>versificazione e una<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>ta <strong>in</strong>novativa che hanno consentito <strong>di</strong> spostare verso<br />
comparti più ricchi e più moderni le vecchie produzioni<br />
che ormai le <strong>in</strong>dustrie <strong>del</strong>l’Oriente offrono a prezzi imbattib<strong>il</strong>i.<br />
E se <strong>il</strong> basso costo <strong>del</strong> mercato <strong>del</strong> lavoro nei nuovi<br />
<strong>di</strong>eci paesi <strong>del</strong>l’Ue m<strong>in</strong>accia <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>taccare gli spazi tra<strong>di</strong>zionali<br />
degli esportatori lusitani, Lisbona si sta già muovendo<br />
con un piano organico <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>in</strong> ogni <strong>di</strong>rezione, per<br />
<strong>di</strong>versificare i propri mercati, dal Bras<strong>il</strong>e, naturalmente, alla<br />
C<strong>in</strong>a, dalla Russia al Canada, al Messico, al NordAfrica.<br />
Ci sono posti – città, foreste, monumenti, mari o montagne<br />
– dove ogni paese ama vedere riflesso <strong>il</strong> proprio carattere, la<br />
propria storia, i simboli e i valori <strong>del</strong>la costruzione d’una nazione<br />
nel tempo. Anche <strong>il</strong> Portogallo ne ha uno, <strong>di</strong> questi<br />
posti. Si chiama Cabo Sao Vicente, è l’ultima frontiera, <strong>il</strong><br />
conf<strong>in</strong>e estremo, <strong>del</strong>l’Europa a Sud: è uno spuntone alto <strong>di</strong><br />
roccia perduto nel vento già <strong>del</strong>l’Oceano, uno strapiombo<br />
che per alcune cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> metri precipita dentro l’Atlantico<br />
che gli ruggisce dal basso, con l’Africa perduta nelle brume<br />
lontane.<br />
Chi arriva al Cabo, dopo un’arrampicata che porta f<strong>in</strong>o al<br />
vecchio faro, si trova smarrito nell’immensità <strong>di</strong> quell’orizzonte<br />
che gli sta <strong>di</strong> fronte, un orizzonte che si perde dentro<br />
un mare aperto, dove non si mostrano frontiere né limiti; eppure<br />
chi ci arriva sente anche, <strong>di</strong>etro, alle spalle, <strong>il</strong> respiro<br />
forte <strong>del</strong>l’Europa che gli sta addosso, un’Europa che da<br />
quello spuntone s’allunga su f<strong>in</strong>o agli Urali e all’Asia, un<br />
mondo <strong>in</strong>quieto e gigantesco <strong>di</strong> storie, <strong>di</strong> popoli, <strong>di</strong> leggende.<br />
Su quello spuntone <strong>di</strong> roccia livida <strong>di</strong> freddo e <strong>di</strong> vento, andava<br />
a scrutare <strong>il</strong> mare che ruggiva – allora come oggi – Enrico<br />
<strong>il</strong> Navigatore. E allora come oggi nugoli <strong>di</strong> gabbiani portati<br />
su dal vento che monta rapida dall’Oceano risalivano veloci<br />
lo strapiombo e riempivano <strong>il</strong> s<strong>il</strong>enzio cupo <strong>del</strong>la roccia<br />
con i loro stri<strong>di</strong>i angosciosi. Enrico <strong>il</strong> Navigatore restava lassù<br />
per ore <strong>in</strong>tere, a guardare quel mare senza frontiera; e sognava<br />
<strong>il</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>o <strong>di</strong> un popolo. Oggi, chi monta f<strong>in</strong> lassù sente<br />
ancora dentro <strong>il</strong> vento e lo stri<strong>di</strong>o degli uccelli l’attrazione irresistib<strong>il</strong>e<br />
<strong>di</strong> quel sogno, <strong>il</strong> magnetismo <strong>di</strong> quell’oceano senza<br />
f<strong>in</strong>e. Ma poi ri<strong>di</strong>scende, giù, sulla strada che porta verso le<br />
terre dolci <strong>del</strong>l’Algarve e si lascia alle spalle i s<strong>il</strong>enzi <strong>di</strong> Cabo<br />
Sao Vicente; entra nel nuovo Portogallo, che quel sogno oggi<br />
lo va realizzando.<br />
Mimmo Càn<strong>di</strong>to è <strong>in</strong>viato speciale e commentatore politico <strong>del</strong><br />
quoti<strong>di</strong>ano “La Stampa”.<br />
36<br />
PATRIMONIO ARTISTICO.<br />
La Torre <strong>di</strong> Belèm,<br />
un capolavoro<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’arte manuel<strong>in</strong>a<br />
dallo st<strong>il</strong>e esuberante<br />
e decorativo, tipico<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’architettura<br />
portoghese.<br />
Fu progettata<br />
dai fratelli Diego<br />
e Francisco Arruda.<br />
A destra, la statua<br />
equestre <strong>di</strong> Don Pedro<br />
IV, nel cuore<br />
<strong>del</strong>la città <strong>di</strong> Porto.<br />
ARTISTIC HERITAGE.<br />
The Belem Tower<br />
is a masterpiece<br />
of Manuel<strong>in</strong>e art<br />
characterised<br />
by a highly decorative<br />
style, which is a typical<br />
feature of Portuguese<br />
architecture.<br />
It was designed<br />
by brothers Diego<br />
and Francisco Arruda.<br />
Right, the equestrian<br />
statue of Don Pedro IV,<br />
<strong>in</strong> the very heart<br />
of the city of Porto.<br />
development <strong>in</strong> the European economy has a <strong>di</strong>rect impact on<br />
the Portuguese economy. And as long as the EU offered high<br />
levels of growth, Lisbon too could enjoy encourag<strong>in</strong>g results<br />
(external demand grew by an average 9 pct per annum from<br />
1995 to 2000). When however, the European economy entered<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a sluggish phase, or even a recession, the effect on<br />
Portugal has been dramatic. The economy <strong>in</strong> 2001 grew just<br />
1.4 pct and merely 0.8 pct <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g years. The<br />
consequences showed up imme<strong>di</strong>ately <strong>in</strong> da<strong>il</strong>y life. Per capita<br />
<strong>in</strong>come which at the time of the “Revolucao” was not even at<br />
55 pct of the EU average – and that however <strong>in</strong> 2002, with the<br />
pro<strong>di</strong>gious jump of those years, had risen to 71 pct – is now<br />
down to 68,8 pct, thus show<strong>in</strong>g a dramatic turnaround.<br />
An austere programme of reforms – with the aim of br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g<br />
public f<strong>in</strong>ances <strong>in</strong>to l<strong>in</strong>e with the Maastricht parameters – gave<br />
encourag<strong>in</strong>g results from the po<strong>in</strong>t of view of macroeconomic<br />
analysis (and the government counts on recover<strong>in</strong>g very positive<br />
<strong>in</strong>dexes <strong>in</strong> the short-term), but the social cost was far from<br />
pa<strong>in</strong>less.<br />
In read<strong>in</strong>g these numbers for what they truly represent, the<br />
most <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g development is that this Portugal Number Two<br />
is show<strong>in</strong>g an ab<strong>il</strong>ity – unimag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> the “old” Portugal – to<br />
deal with the issues of growth and of the transformation of<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational relations through <strong>in</strong>novative plann<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The confirmation of a dynamic and conscious new sense of<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ity comes from an analysis of the exportation<br />
market. Over the last 10 years, tra<strong>di</strong>tional Portuguese exports,<br />
focused ma<strong>in</strong>ly on low cost and low pay <strong>in</strong>dustries (text<strong>il</strong>es,<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
shoes, etc.), has fallen by 15 pct<br />
with respect to the total<br />
exportation. Yet at the same time<br />
sectors <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g a higher<br />
technological qualification<br />
(electronics, chemicals, auto<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry components) have<br />
shown an <strong>in</strong>crease of 14 po<strong>in</strong>ts.<br />
This means that the changes <strong>in</strong><br />
the market have been absorbed<br />
through <strong>di</strong>versification and<br />
<strong>in</strong>novation, allow<strong>in</strong>g a shift<br />
towards more lucrative and<br />
modern sectors for those areas<br />
<strong>in</strong> which Eastern <strong>in</strong>dustries now<br />
offer unbeatably low prices. As<br />
the low cost of the labour market<br />
<strong>in</strong> the 10 new EU countries<br />
threatens to eat away at the<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>tional market shares of<br />
Portugal’s exports, Lisbon is<br />
mov<strong>in</strong>g forward with an organic<br />
plan of <strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>in</strong> all<br />
<strong>di</strong>rections, to <strong>di</strong>versify its own<br />
markets, from Braz<strong>il</strong>, of course,<br />
to Ch<strong>in</strong>a, from Russia to Canada,<br />
Mexico and North Africa.<br />
There are places – cities, forests,<br />
monuments, seas or mounta<strong>in</strong>s –<br />
<strong>in</strong> which each country loves to<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ds its own character reflected,<br />
as well as its history, with the<br />
symbols and values of a nation’s<br />
bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g over time. Portugal, too, has one of these places. It is<br />
called Cabo Sao Vicente, and it is Europe’s farthest frontier, its<br />
extreme rim to the South. It is high rock lost <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ds of the<br />
ocean, a cliff that falls for hundreds of metres <strong>in</strong>to the roar<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Atlantic, with Africa lost far away <strong>in</strong> the mist.<br />
Those arriv<strong>in</strong>g at Cabo, after a climb up to the old lighthouse,<br />
get lost <strong>in</strong> the immensity of that horizon, which <strong>in</strong> turn loses<br />
itself <strong>in</strong> the open sea, where there are neither frontiers nor<br />
limits. Yet those arriv<strong>in</strong>g there also feel the breath of Europe at<br />
their backs, a Europe that extends from that very cliff off<br />
towards the Ural Mounta<strong>in</strong>s and to Asia, a gigantic, restless<br />
world of stories, peoples and legends.<br />
On that rock cliff, lashed by the cold w<strong>in</strong>d, Henry the Navigator<br />
went to behold the roar<strong>in</strong>g sea. And then, as today, flocks of<br />
seagulls float<strong>in</strong>g on the w<strong>in</strong>d blow<strong>in</strong>g upward from the ocean<br />
soared up the precipice and f<strong>il</strong>led the s<strong>il</strong>ent air with their<br />
anguished squawks. Henry the Navigator would stay there for<br />
hours, watch<strong>in</strong>g the boundless sea, and dream<strong>in</strong>g up the<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>y of a people. Today, those who climb up there can st<strong>il</strong>l<br />
feel, <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>d and <strong>in</strong> the shrieks of the birds, the irresistible<br />
attraction of that dream, the magnetism of the endless ocean.<br />
Then they climb back down to the road lead<strong>in</strong>g to the soft lands<br />
of the Algarve. Leav<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d the s<strong>il</strong>ences of Cabo Sao<br />
Vicente, they return to the new Portugal, where that dream<br />
today is com<strong>in</strong>g true.<br />
Mimmo Càn<strong>di</strong>to is a special correspondent and political<br />
commentator for the Italian da<strong>il</strong>y newspaper “La Stampa”.<br />
37
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
La cultura<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’energia<br />
<strong>È</strong> stato pubblicato <strong>il</strong> primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
degli Idrocarburi, e<strong>di</strong>ta dall’Istituto <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a italiana<br />
Treccani e promossa dall’<strong>Eni</strong>. Ecco la presentazione<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’opera firmata da Presidente<br />
e Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>del</strong> Gruppo.<br />
<strong>di</strong> ROBERTO POLI e PAOLO SCARONI<br />
GLI IDROCARBURI SONO STATI NEL VENTESIMO<br />
secolo e rimarranno nei prossimi decenni la fonte<br />
energetica <strong>di</strong> gran lunga più importante, motore<br />
<strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo economico e <strong>in</strong>dustriale, fattore determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’organizzazione sociale, materia prima strategica<br />
al cui dest<strong>in</strong>o si sono strettamente <strong>in</strong>trecciati alleanze,<br />
conflitti, questioni geopolitiche e <strong>di</strong> sicurezza.<br />
Nessun altro settore <strong>del</strong>l’economia presenta livelli paragonab<strong>il</strong>i<br />
<strong>di</strong> complessità e <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>certezza ed è <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> giocare un<br />
ruolo altrettanto r<strong>il</strong>evante sullo scacchiere <strong>in</strong>ternazionale.<br />
Conoscere <strong>il</strong> mondo degli idrocarburi, la loro storia, le caratteristiche<br />
tecniche e le prospettive costituisce una chiave <strong>di</strong><br />
lettura <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e per la comprensione dei sistemi <strong>in</strong>ternazionali<br />
attuali e <strong>del</strong> loro sv<strong>il</strong>uppo futuro.<br />
L’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli Idrocarburi <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> nasce con lo scopo<br />
<strong>di</strong> offrire al lettore, specialista e non, una visione chiara e<br />
dettagliata <strong>di</strong> questo settore, affrontando gli aspetti relativi<br />
alle vicende storiche, le conoscenze scientifiche, gli elementi<br />
e le <strong>in</strong>terrelazioni attraverso cui si articola la catena <strong>del</strong> va-<br />
38<br />
lore <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria o<strong>il</strong> and gas, gli sv<strong>il</strong>uppi tecnologici <strong>in</strong> atto<br />
e preve<strong>di</strong>b<strong>il</strong>i, gli aspetti economici e giuri<strong>di</strong>ci che ne <strong>in</strong>fluenzano<br />
le prospettive.<br />
La prima e<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>di</strong> quest’opera fu voluta da Enrico Mattei<br />
– fondatore e primo presidente <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>, allora E.N.I. (Ente<br />
Nazionale Idrocarburi) – che, <strong>in</strong>troducendo nel 1962 l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
<strong>del</strong> Petrolio e <strong>del</strong> Gas Naturale, ne sottol<strong>in</strong>eava i<br />
caratteri <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>novatività tecnico-scientifica, <strong>di</strong> necessità strategica<br />
e <strong>di</strong> urgenza ideale.<br />
Innovatività scientifica, <strong>in</strong> quanto prima raccolta approfon<strong>di</strong>ta<br />
e sistematica <strong>di</strong> monografie nel campo degli stu<strong>di</strong> sulla ricerca<br />
e sulla ut<strong>il</strong>izzazione degli idrocarburi nei vari settori<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustriali e <strong>del</strong>le cognizioni tecnologiche alla base <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
petrolifera.<br />
Necessità strategica per un paese – l’Italia <strong>di</strong> allora, “comparsa<br />
per ultima sulla scena petrolifera mon<strong>di</strong>ale” – nel quale<br />
l’<strong>Eni</strong> ra<strong>di</strong>cava profondamente la propria missione <strong>di</strong> contribuire<br />
allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo economico nazionale, operando attivamente<br />
a livello <strong>in</strong>ternazionale.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
Urgenza ideale, <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>e, per l’esigenza <strong>di</strong> <strong>il</strong>lustrare le “<strong>in</strong>traprese<br />
e le figure degli uom<strong>in</strong>i che alla valorizzazione <strong>di</strong> questa<br />
sostanza hanno de<strong>di</strong>cato le loro migliori energie” e per<br />
concretizzare la vocazione alla <strong>di</strong>ffusione <strong>del</strong>le conoscenze<br />
<strong>in</strong> quanto obiettivo connaturato al successo <strong>in</strong>dustriale.<br />
Nei c<strong>in</strong>quant’anni <strong>del</strong>la sua storia, <strong>in</strong>iziata all’<strong>in</strong>domani <strong>del</strong>la<br />
f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la Seconda Guerra Mon<strong>di</strong>ale <strong>in</strong> un’Italia povera <strong>di</strong><br />
materie prime, l’<strong>Eni</strong> è <strong>di</strong>ventata una <strong>del</strong>le pr<strong>in</strong>cipali compagnie<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternazionali <strong>del</strong> petrolio e<br />
<strong>del</strong> gas <strong>del</strong> mondo, oggi presente<br />
<strong>in</strong> circa settanta paesi dove opera<br />
<strong>in</strong> modo responsab<strong>il</strong>e verso i propri<br />
stakeholder, <strong>in</strong>vestendo nelle<br />
persone e nella loro valorizzazione,<br />
partecipando allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sostenib<strong>il</strong>e<br />
attraverso l’<strong>in</strong>tegrazione<br />
dei temi sociali e ambientali nel<br />
processo <strong>di</strong> crescita.<br />
Guardando <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>etro alle fasi <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>i-<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
FRESCO DI STAMPA. Pubblicato <strong>il</strong> primo volume<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli idrocarburi de<strong>di</strong>cato<br />
al settore <strong>del</strong>la ricerca, produzione e trasporto<br />
degli idrocarburi. L’<strong>in</strong>tera opera sarà composta da<br />
c<strong>in</strong>que volumi e<strong>di</strong>ti <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>gua italiana e <strong>in</strong>glese.<br />
HOT FROM THE PRESS. The first volume of the<br />
Enyiclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons, newly pr<strong>in</strong>ted,<br />
is devoted to the sector of exploration,<br />
production and transportation<br />
of hydrocarbons. The whole work <strong>in</strong>cludes<br />
five volumes published <strong>in</strong> the Italian<br />
and English language.<br />
zio <strong>del</strong>le attività, appaiono nelle loro reali <strong>di</strong>mensioni la misura<br />
<strong>del</strong> per<strong>corso</strong> compiuto dall’<strong>Eni</strong> e la sua capacità <strong>di</strong> affrontare<br />
con successo le numerose sfide che hanno costellato<br />
tale camm<strong>in</strong>o. Il patrimonio tecnologico, impren<strong>di</strong>toriale e<br />
culturale costruito s<strong>in</strong>o a oggi costituisce un requisito <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e<br />
per affrontare con successo le nuove, complesse<br />
prospettive <strong>del</strong> futuro.<br />
All’<strong>in</strong>izio <strong>del</strong> nuovo m<strong>il</strong>lennio, <strong>il</strong> sistema energetico appare<br />
39
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
CARATTERE INTERDISCIPLINARE. La precedente e<strong>di</strong>zione<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a promossa da Enrico Mattei era organizzata<br />
per accumulazione <strong>di</strong> voci e concetti; l’attuale enciclope<strong>di</strong>a affronta<br />
temi complessi nelle loro trasversalità e <strong>in</strong>terconnessioni, offrendo<br />
s<strong>in</strong>tesi concettuali e tematiche sempre organicamente collegate.<br />
INTERDISCIPLINARY CHARACTER. The previous e<strong>di</strong>tion<br />
of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a promoted by Enrico Mattei was structured by accrual<br />
of items and concepts. The new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a deals with complex subjects<br />
<strong>in</strong> their transversal aspects and their <strong>in</strong>terconnections, provid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
conceptual and thematic syntheses organically l<strong>in</strong>ked.<br />
osc<strong>il</strong>lare tra due estremi. Da un lato l’emergere <strong>di</strong> tematiche<br />
<strong>in</strong>novative e nuovi protagonisti, che prefigurano sv<strong>il</strong>uppi ra<strong>di</strong>calmente<br />
<strong>di</strong>versi rispetto al passato; dall’altro <strong>il</strong> riproporsi<br />
<strong>di</strong> problematiche irrisolte che hanno perio<strong>di</strong>camente costellato<br />
la storia degli idrocarburi.<br />
Guardando ai fenomeni nuovi, lo scenario che si prospetta<br />
nell’evoluzione <strong>del</strong> sistema economico appare caratterizzato<br />
da una costante crescita <strong>del</strong>la domanda <strong>di</strong> energia, con tassi<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>cremento e provenienze geografiche profondamente <strong>di</strong>versi<br />
rispetto al passato. La strategia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria o<strong>il</strong> and<br />
gas nei prossimi decenni è dom<strong>in</strong>ata da due elementi: <strong>il</strong> primo,<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>zionale, è rendere <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i ai mercati quantità<br />
crescenti <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi; <strong>il</strong> secondo, nuovo, è operare <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
con la forte richiesta <strong>di</strong> qualità ambientale.<br />
Verso questi obiettivi convergono i ra<strong>di</strong>cali progressi <strong>del</strong>le<br />
scienze e la rapi<strong>di</strong>tà <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>novazione tecnologica, la pervasività<br />
<strong>del</strong>la nuova <strong>di</strong>mensione <strong>in</strong>formatica e <strong>del</strong>la comunicazione,<br />
l’entrata <strong>in</strong> gioco <strong>di</strong> fonti energetiche alternative, <strong>il</strong> cui<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppo viene valutato soprattutto <strong>in</strong> base alla necessità e all’urgenza<br />
<strong>di</strong> conseguire una elevata compatib<strong>il</strong>ità ambientale.<br />
Accanto a questi elementi fortemente <strong>in</strong>novativi, lo scenario<br />
energetico <strong>in</strong>ternazionale vede <strong>il</strong> riemergere <strong>di</strong> paure e problemi<br />
irrisolti che hanno accompagnato tutta la storia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
petrolifera e che, generando atteggiamenti e reazioni<br />
<strong>di</strong> conservazione, possono offuscare la comprensione<br />
<strong>del</strong> nuovo e lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong>le sue opportunità. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> caso dei timori<br />
relativi all’esaurimento <strong>del</strong>le risorse, <strong>del</strong> ritorno da parte<br />
<strong>di</strong> alcuni Stati alla ricerca <strong>del</strong>l’autosufficienza energetica,<br />
<strong>del</strong> ruolo cruciale giocato dal petrolio nelle aspirazioni e nell’<strong>in</strong>stab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
<strong>di</strong> ampie regioni <strong>del</strong> nostro pianeta.<br />
Il sovrapporsi <strong>di</strong> vecchio e nuovo rischia <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>generare, nel<br />
<strong>di</strong>battito culturale come nelle politiche pubbliche e nelle<br />
scelte aziendali, viscosità <strong>di</strong> valutazione <strong>del</strong>le opportunità e<br />
<strong>di</strong> rallentare la capacità <strong>di</strong> rispondere positivamente alla domanda<br />
<strong>di</strong> energia, così come si presenta <strong>in</strong> questo secolo per<br />
provenienza, quantità e qualità.<br />
Le compagnie, <strong>in</strong> particolare, si trovano a fronteggiare una<br />
situazione <strong>in</strong> cui convivono e si <strong>in</strong>fluenzano reciprocamente<br />
scarsità <strong>di</strong> buone opportunità d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento nell’upstream,<br />
<strong>in</strong>certezza degli scenari, forte competitività<br />
<strong>in</strong> tutti i settori <strong>del</strong>la f<strong>il</strong>iera o<strong>il</strong> and gas, processi<br />
<strong>di</strong> liberalizzazione dei mercati, crescente regolamentazione<br />
ambientale.<br />
Per v<strong>in</strong>cere tali sfide è <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e una riflessione<br />
sulle strategie da perseguire e sulle nuove modalità<br />
<strong>di</strong> generazione <strong>del</strong> valore <strong>in</strong> un settore <strong>in</strong> cui<br />
– più che <strong>in</strong> qualsiasi altro bus<strong>in</strong>ess – <strong>il</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />
d<strong>il</strong>emma tra crescita e red<strong>di</strong>tività è reso più critico,<br />
<strong>in</strong> misura superiore oggi rispetto al secolo appena<br />
tras<strong>corso</strong>, dall’<strong>in</strong>tensità dei capitali richiesti dai<br />
nuovi <strong>in</strong>vestimenti e dalla durata dei progetti.<br />
Altrettanto importante è che questi temi strategi-<br />
I CONTENUTI. L’opera, prodotta <strong>in</strong> occasione <strong>del</strong> 50° anniversario <strong>del</strong>la costituzione <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>,<br />
punta ad accrescere la conoscenza <strong>del</strong>le problematiche <strong>del</strong> settore o<strong>il</strong>&gas e a <strong>in</strong>formare sui<br />
r<strong>il</strong>evanti cambiamenti geopolitici, economici e tecnologici <strong>in</strong> atto, a partire dalla r<strong>il</strong>evanza<br />
strategica <strong>del</strong>la questione ambientale. Sopra, <strong>il</strong> Presidente <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>, Roberto Poli e, a s<strong>in</strong>istra,<br />
l’Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato, Paolo Scaroni.<br />
CONTENTS. The Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a, meant to mark the 50th anniversari of <strong>Eni</strong>’s establishment, aims at<br />
improv<strong>in</strong>g the knowledge of o<strong>il</strong>&gas issues and <strong>in</strong>form about the noticeable geopolitical, economic and<br />
technological changes now underway, start<strong>in</strong>g with the strategic bear<strong>in</strong>g of the environmental question.<br />
Above, <strong>Eni</strong> Roberto Poli and, left, Chief Executive Officer Paolo Scaroni.<br />
THE CULTURE OF ENERGY<br />
The first volume of the Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
of Hydrocarbons, published by Istituto<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’Enciclopae<strong>di</strong>a italiana Treccani<br />
and sponsored by <strong>Eni</strong>, has come out.<br />
Here follows the foreword to the Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a,<br />
signed by the Chairman<br />
and the Chief Executive Officer of the group.<br />
by ROBERTO POLI and PAOLO SCARONI<br />
IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY HYDROCARBONS WERE, AND<br />
w<strong>il</strong>l cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be <strong>in</strong> the com<strong>in</strong>g decades, by far the most<br />
important energy source, the eng<strong>in</strong>e of economic and<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial development, a decisive factor <strong>in</strong> social<br />
organization, and a strategic raw material, with whose dest<strong>in</strong>y<br />
alliances, conflicts and geopolitical and security issues are<br />
closely <strong>in</strong>terwoven.<br />
No other sector of the economy has comparable levels of<br />
complexity and uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty, and yet is able to play such an<br />
important role <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternational arena. Knowledge of the<br />
world of hydrocarbons, their history, technical characteristics<br />
and prospects is crucial to understand<strong>in</strong>g current <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
systems and their future development.<br />
The aim of <strong>Eni</strong>’s Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons is to offer<br />
readers, whether specialists or otherwise, a clear and<br />
deta<strong>il</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to this sector, address<strong>in</strong>g the aspects<br />
relat<strong>in</strong>g to historical events, scientific knowledge, the<br />
elements and the <strong>in</strong>terrelations, through<br />
which the value cha<strong>in</strong> of the o<strong>il</strong> and gas<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry is organized, the ongo<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
foreseeable technological developments, and<br />
the economic and legal aspects that<br />
<strong>in</strong>fluence their prospects.<br />
The first e<strong>di</strong>tion of this work was the<br />
bra<strong>in</strong>ch<strong>il</strong>d of Enrico Mattei – founder and first<br />
chairman of <strong>Eni</strong>, then called E.N.I (Ente<br />
Nazionale Idrocarburi) – who, <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
1962 the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Petroleum and<br />
Natural Gas, stressed its features of<br />
technical and scientific <strong>in</strong>novation, strategic<br />
necessity and an urgency for ideas.<br />
Scientific <strong>in</strong>novation refers to it be<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
first <strong>in</strong>-depth, systematic collection of<br />
monographs <strong>in</strong> the fields of study relat<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
research and to the use of hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong><br />
various <strong>in</strong>dustrial sectors, as well as the<br />
technological knowledge form<strong>in</strong>g the basis of<br />
the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry.<br />
A strategic necessity for a country – Italy at<br />
the time was “the last to appear on the<br />
world o<strong>il</strong> scene” – signifies <strong>Eni</strong>’s deeply<br />
rooted mission to contribute to the country’s<br />
economic development, operat<strong>in</strong>g actively at<br />
the <strong>in</strong>ternational level.<br />
An urgency for ideas, lastly, relates to the<br />
need to <strong>il</strong>lustrate the “enterprises and the<br />
characters of those who devoted their utmost<br />
energy to putt<strong>in</strong>g this resource to its best<br />
use”, and to concretize the vocation to spread knowledge as<br />
an <strong>in</strong>nate objective of <strong>in</strong>dustrial success.<br />
In its fifty years of history, start<strong>in</strong>g just after the end of the<br />
Second World War <strong>in</strong> a country poor <strong>in</strong> raw materials, <strong>Eni</strong> has<br />
become one of the major <strong>in</strong>ternational o<strong>il</strong> and gas companies<br />
<strong>in</strong> the world.<br />
Today <strong>Eni</strong> is present <strong>in</strong> some seventy countries, where it<br />
operates responsibly towards its stakeholders, <strong>in</strong>vest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
people and their enhancement, participat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
development by means of <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g social and<br />
environmental themes <strong>in</strong>to its growth process.<br />
Look<strong>in</strong>g back at the start<strong>in</strong>g phases of its activities, the<br />
extent of the road covered by <strong>Eni</strong>, and its capacity to<br />
successfully tackle the many challenges that have strewn this<br />
road, appear <strong>in</strong> their real <strong>di</strong>mension. The technological,<br />
entrepreneurial and cultural assets achieved to date are an<br />
essential requisite for successfully fac<strong>in</strong>g up to the complex<br />
future prospects.<br />
At the start of the new m<strong>il</strong>lennium, the energy system seems<br />
to be osc<strong>il</strong>lat<strong>in</strong>g between two extremes.<br />
On the one hand, there is an emergence of <strong>in</strong>novative themes<br />
and new protagonists, foreshadow<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>di</strong>cally <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />
solutions with respect to the past; and, on the other hand,<br />
the recurrence of unsolved problems which have perio<strong>di</strong>cally<br />
accompanied the history of hydrocarbons.<br />
Look<strong>in</strong>g at the new phenomena, the scenario loom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />
evolution of the economic system appears to be characterized<br />
by a constant growth <strong>in</strong> energy demand, with rates of <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
and geographical orig<strong>in</strong>s profoundly <strong>di</strong>fferent from those of the<br />
past. In the forthcom<strong>in</strong>g decades the strategy of the o<strong>il</strong> and<br />
40 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
41
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
UPSTREAM. Il primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
è de<strong>di</strong>cata al settore petrolifero <strong>del</strong>l’upstream.<br />
Nella foto, Kazakhstan, Mar Caspio,<br />
isola artificiale per la perforazione e messa<br />
<strong>in</strong> produzione <strong>di</strong> Kashagan, <strong>il</strong> più grande<br />
giacimento al mondo scoperto negli ultimi<br />
trent’anni. L’attività è condotta da una jo<strong>in</strong>t<br />
venture cui partecipa <strong>Eni</strong> che svolge <strong>il</strong> ruolo<br />
<strong>di</strong> operatore unico.<br />
UPSTREAM. The first volume of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />
is devoted to the upstream petroleum sector.<br />
In the picture, Kazakhstan, Caspian Sea, an<br />
artificial island to dr<strong>il</strong>l and develop Kashagan, the<br />
largest o<strong>il</strong> field <strong>di</strong>scovered <strong>in</strong> the last thirty years<br />
worldwide. Work is carried out by a jo<strong>in</strong>t venture<br />
with <strong>Eni</strong> as s<strong>in</strong>gle operator.<br />
ci e questi d<strong>il</strong>emmi siano al centro <strong>del</strong>le<br />
riflessioni dei decisori pubblici, <strong>del</strong>le istituzioni<br />
f<strong>in</strong>anziarie, <strong>del</strong>le organizzazioni<br />
sociali sulla base <strong>di</strong> una cultura con<strong>di</strong>visa,<br />
<strong>di</strong> un <strong>in</strong>sieme <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>formazioni aggiornate,<br />
serie ed esaurienti, capaci <strong>di</strong> dar<br />
conto <strong>del</strong>le <strong>in</strong>terrelazioni nuove che si<br />
stanno determ<strong>in</strong>ando tra energia, sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
e ambiente. Per questo motivo l’<strong>Eni</strong><br />
ha dato vita a questa nuova Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
degli Idrocarburi, per offrire a un<br />
ampio pubblico <strong>in</strong>ternazionale tutti gli<br />
elementi conoscitivi <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>i a<br />
comprendere le potenzialità e le sfide <strong>di</strong><br />
un settore decisivo per lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo equ<strong>il</strong>ibrato<br />
<strong>del</strong>le nostre economie e <strong>del</strong>le nostre<br />
società.<br />
Con questa <strong>in</strong>iziativa culturale l’<strong>Eni</strong> si è<br />
posta <strong>in</strong> una <strong>di</strong>rettrice sia <strong>di</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uità<br />
con l’<strong>in</strong>tuizione e l’opera e<strong>di</strong>toriale promossa<br />
da Enrico Mattei, sia <strong>di</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novata prospettiva.<br />
Per l’<strong>Eni</strong> oggi, <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uità con <strong>il</strong> passato, resta prioritario<br />
mantenere attivi i canali <strong>di</strong> comunicazione con tutte le realtà<br />
e i soggetti esterni, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduali e sociali, che dal suo operato<br />
derivano servizi, prodotti, ricchezza, ma anche op<strong>in</strong>ioni, stimoli<br />
e reazioni <strong>in</strong> quanto cittad<strong>in</strong>i e istituzioni.<br />
Al tempo stesso, per l’<strong>Eni</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ua a essere connaturato al<br />
proprio st<strong>il</strong>e <strong>di</strong> impresa l’obiettivo <strong>di</strong> fornire un mo<strong>del</strong>lo <strong>di</strong><br />
lettura trasparente <strong>del</strong> proprio modo <strong>di</strong> operare sui fronti<br />
<strong>del</strong>la scienza, <strong>del</strong>la tecnologia e <strong>del</strong> mercato. Presentare <strong>in</strong><br />
modo articolato e rigoroso <strong>il</strong> bagaglio <strong>del</strong>le conoscenze legate<br />
agli idrocarburi e all’energia costituisce una ulteriore manifestazione<br />
<strong>del</strong>la politica <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>ffusione <strong>del</strong>la cultura<br />
e <strong>del</strong>la conoscenza connessa con <strong>il</strong> successo economico. Se<br />
da un lato <strong>in</strong>fatti ricerca e <strong>in</strong>novazione pervadono e sostengono<br />
tutte le attività <strong>in</strong>dustriali, dall’altro formazione e addestramento<br />
per la valorizzazione <strong>del</strong>le risorse umane <strong>in</strong>terne<br />
ed esterne costituiscono elementi <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>i perché l’impresa<br />
consegua pienamente la propria missione.<br />
L’<strong>in</strong>evitab<strong>il</strong>e evoluzione <strong>di</strong> impostazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera si coglie<br />
<strong>in</strong>vece nel fatto che concepire all’<strong>in</strong>izio <strong>del</strong> nuovo m<strong>il</strong>lennio<br />
un progetto <strong>di</strong> enciclope<strong>di</strong>a, per quanto settoriale, significa<br />
accettare la sfida <strong>di</strong> mettere a sistema contenuti e prospettive<br />
<strong>in</strong> rapi<strong>di</strong>ssimo cambiamento, confidando <strong>di</strong> raggiungere<br />
un obiettivo <strong>di</strong> completezza.<br />
Il progetto, certamente ambizioso, è stato affrontato non<br />
tanto operando – come <strong>in</strong> passato – per semplice accumula-<br />
zione <strong>di</strong> voci e concetti quanto attraverso una mappatura<br />
<strong>del</strong>le trasversalità e <strong>in</strong>terconnessioni <strong>di</strong> temi complessi, al<br />
cui <strong>in</strong>terno gran<strong>di</strong> s<strong>in</strong>tesi concettuali e tematiche organicamente<br />
collegate possono trovare la propria specifica decl<strong>in</strong>azione.<br />
Il tratto più <strong>in</strong>novativo <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli Idrocarburi<br />
è la pervasività, <strong>in</strong> tutti i volumi e i capitoli <strong>in</strong> cui si articola<br />
l’opera, <strong>del</strong>la questione <strong>del</strong>la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità ambientale. Lungi<br />
dall’essere una problematica separata e aggiuntiva, la tutela<br />
<strong>del</strong>la salute, <strong>del</strong>la sicurezza e <strong>del</strong>l’ambiente è considerata e<br />
trattata come una modalità <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>seca <strong>del</strong> sapere e <strong>del</strong>l’operare<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> <strong>in</strong> questo settore.<br />
Ciò a cui si mira è far emergere un corpus <strong>di</strong> saperi aggiornato<br />
e pienamente rappresentativo <strong>del</strong>la molteplice natura –<br />
tecnologica, <strong>in</strong>dustriale, economica e geopolitica – degli<br />
idrocarburi nel contesto <strong>del</strong>le nuove tematiche globali che<br />
<strong>in</strong>trecciano energia e ambiente e che sono dest<strong>in</strong>ate a <strong>in</strong>fluenzare<br />
<strong>in</strong> maniera sempre più ra<strong>di</strong>cale lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> settore,<br />
dei sistemi produttivi, <strong>del</strong>le economie e <strong>del</strong>le società<br />
nelle <strong>di</strong>verse aree <strong>del</strong> mondo.<br />
Questo sapere è offerto a tutti i soggetti <strong>in</strong>teressati, sia nel<br />
campo specifico, sia nella società, perché ne possano trarre<br />
<strong>in</strong>formazioni, conoscenza, spunti <strong>di</strong> riflessione e <strong>di</strong> consapevolezza.<br />
Roberto Poli e Paolo Scaroni sono rispettivamente Presidente e<br />
Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />
gas <strong>in</strong>dustry w<strong>il</strong>l be dom<strong>in</strong>ated by two<br />
elements: the first, tra<strong>di</strong>tional one is<br />
the supply of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g quantities of<br />
hydrocarbons on the market; the<br />
second, new one is operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e<br />
with the strong demand for<br />
environmental quality.<br />
Converg<strong>in</strong>g on this objective are<br />
various factors: the ra<strong>di</strong>cal progress of<br />
science and rapid technological<br />
<strong>in</strong>novation, the spread of computer and<br />
communication technology, and<br />
alternative energy sources com<strong>in</strong>g onto<br />
the scene, above all because of the<br />
need and urgency to achieve a high<br />
level of environmental compatib<strong>il</strong>ity.<br />
Alongside these strongly <strong>in</strong>novative<br />
elements, the <strong>in</strong>ternational energy<br />
scenario is witness<strong>in</strong>g the reemergence<br />
of fears and unresolved<br />
problems that have accompanied the<br />
entire history of the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry. Such<br />
fears and unresolved problems<br />
generate attitudes and reactions of<br />
pure conservation, which can obscure<br />
both our understand<strong>in</strong>g of what is new<br />
and the development of such<br />
opportunities.<br />
This is the case of fears that resources<br />
w<strong>il</strong>l become exhausted; of the return by<br />
some States to the search for energy<br />
self-sufficiency; of the crucial role<br />
played by o<strong>il</strong>, regard<strong>in</strong>g both the<br />
aspirations and the <strong>in</strong>stab<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>in</strong> vast<br />
regions of our planet.<br />
In the cultural debate, public policies and company choices,<br />
the overlapp<strong>in</strong>g of old and new runs the risk of hamper<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
clear assessment of opportunities. This can slow down the<br />
capacity to provide positive responses to the demand for<br />
energy, as occurs <strong>in</strong> this century <strong>in</strong> terms of geographical<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>, quantity and quality.<br />
The companies, <strong>in</strong> particular, f<strong>in</strong>d themselves fac<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
situation <strong>in</strong> which several factors co-exist and <strong>in</strong>fluence each<br />
other: the scarcity of sound <strong>in</strong>vestment opportunities <strong>in</strong> the<br />
upstream, the uncerta<strong>in</strong> nature of the scenarios, strong<br />
competitiveness <strong>in</strong> every sector of the o<strong>il</strong> and gas <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />
market deregulation processes and <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g environmental<br />
regulation.<br />
To meet these challenges, it is necessary to reth<strong>in</strong>k<br />
strategies and new ways of generat<strong>in</strong>g value <strong>in</strong> a sector <strong>in</strong><br />
which – more than <strong>in</strong> any other bus<strong>in</strong>ess – the tra<strong>di</strong>tional<br />
d<strong>il</strong>emma between growth and profitab<strong>il</strong>ity is made more<br />
critical, to a greater extent today than <strong>in</strong> the century that has<br />
just ended, by the <strong>in</strong>tensity of capital required for new<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestments and by the duration of the projects.<br />
It is equally important that these strategic themes and<br />
d<strong>il</strong>emmas should be the primary reflections of public decisionmakers,<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ancial <strong>in</strong>stitutions and social organizations on the<br />
basis of a shared culture, an ensemble of updated, serious<br />
and exhaustive elements of <strong>in</strong>formation, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account<br />
the new <strong>in</strong>terrelations that are emerg<strong>in</strong>g between energy,<br />
development and environment. For this reason <strong>Eni</strong> has<br />
promoted this new Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons, to offer a<br />
wide-rang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational public all the elements of<br />
knowledge essential for understand<strong>in</strong>g the potential and<br />
challenges of a sector that is decisive for the balanced<br />
development of our economies and of our societies.<br />
With this cultural <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>Eni</strong> has taken up a position both of<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>uity, with the <strong>in</strong>tuition and the publish<strong>in</strong>g work promoted<br />
by Enrico Mattei, and of renewed perspectives.<br />
In l<strong>in</strong>e with the past, <strong>Eni</strong>’s priority today is to stay <strong>in</strong> touch<br />
with all external <strong>in</strong>stitutions and people, that derive services,<br />
products and wealth from <strong>Eni</strong>’s work, but also op<strong>in</strong>ions,<br />
stimuli and reactions <strong>in</strong> their capacity as citizens and<br />
communities.<br />
At the same time, the objective of provid<strong>in</strong>g a transparent<br />
mo<strong>del</strong> of operat<strong>in</strong>g on the scientific, technological and market<br />
fronts, cont<strong>in</strong>ues to be part and parcel of <strong>Eni</strong>’s bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
style. Present<strong>in</strong>g its wealth of knowledge l<strong>in</strong>ked with<br />
hydrocarbons and energy <strong>in</strong> an articulate, rigorous manner is<br />
a further manifestation of <strong>Eni</strong>’s policy of <strong>di</strong>ssem<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g culture<br />
and knowledge bound up with its economic success. Wh<strong>il</strong>e,<br />
on the one hand, research and <strong>in</strong>novation pervade and<br />
susta<strong>in</strong> all <strong>in</strong>dustrial activities, on the other hand, coach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to maximize its <strong>in</strong>ternal and external human<br />
resources are <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable elements for the company to fully<br />
accomplish its mission.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>evitable evolution of <strong>Eni</strong>’s approach and method <strong>in</strong><br />
writ<strong>in</strong>g this work is observed <strong>in</strong> the fact that, at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of the new m<strong>il</strong>lennium, the conception of an encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />
project, albeit of a sectoral nature, enta<strong>il</strong>s tak<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />
challenge of systemiz<strong>in</strong>g contents and prospects that are <strong>in</strong> a<br />
state of very rapid change, trust<strong>in</strong>g that its objective of<br />
completeness is achieved.<br />
The project, surely an ambitious one, has been tackled not<br />
simply by putt<strong>in</strong>g together – as <strong>in</strong> the past – an accumulation<br />
of ideas and concepts, but rather by mapp<strong>in</strong>g out the<br />
transversal nature and <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g of complex themes, with<strong>in</strong><br />
which great conceptual syntheses and organically connected<br />
subjects can f<strong>in</strong>d their own specific exposition.<br />
The most <strong>in</strong>novative feature of the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of<br />
Hydrocarbons is the pervasive presence, <strong>in</strong> all the volumes<br />
and chapters, of the issue of environmental susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity. Far<br />
from be<strong>in</strong>g considered as a separate, ad<strong>di</strong>tional problem, the<br />
safeguard<strong>in</strong>g of health, safety and the environment is<br />
regarded and treated as an <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic way of understand<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this sector by <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />
The aim is to comp<strong>il</strong>e a body of up-to-date knowledge fully<br />
representative of the manifold nature – technological,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial, economic and geopolitical – of hydrocarbons with<strong>in</strong><br />
the context of the new global themes <strong>in</strong> which energy and the<br />
environment are <strong>in</strong>terwoven, and which are bound to <strong>in</strong>fluence<br />
ever more ra<strong>di</strong>cally the development of the sector, the<br />
systems of production, the economies and societies <strong>in</strong><br />
various areas of the world.<br />
This knowledge is offered to all those who are <strong>in</strong>terested,<br />
both <strong>in</strong> the specific field and <strong>in</strong> society at large, so that they<br />
may glean <strong>in</strong>formation, knowledge, and ideas for reflection<br />
and added awareness.<br />
Roberto Poli and Paolo Scaroni are respectively <strong>Eni</strong> Chairman and<br />
Chief Executive Officer.<br />
42 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
43
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
IL PROGETTO. Il progetto per la nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a è stato<br />
presentato al Capo <strong>del</strong>lo Stato, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, nel febbraio<br />
<strong>del</strong> 2003. Il completamento <strong>del</strong>l’opera è previsto per la primavera<br />
<strong>del</strong> 2008. I primi quattro volumi conterranno la raccolta<br />
sistematica <strong>del</strong>le conoscenze relative all’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
degli idrocarburi. Il qu<strong>in</strong>to volume esporrà i fondamenti<br />
scientifici e tutte le <strong>in</strong>formazioni ut<strong>il</strong>i a orientare <strong>il</strong> lettore.<br />
THE PROJECT. The project of the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a was presented<br />
to Italy’s Head of State, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, <strong>in</strong> February 2003.<br />
The work is due to be completed <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g 2008. The first four<br />
volumes w<strong>il</strong>l <strong>in</strong>clude the systematic collection of knowledge related<br />
to the hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong>dustry. The fifth volume w<strong>il</strong>l set forth<br />
the scientific foundations and all <strong>in</strong>formation that can be of use<br />
to guide the readers.<br />
Nel segno<br />
<strong>del</strong> progresso<br />
B<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue, 220 autori, un mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzativo senza precedenti.<br />
Ma soprattutto un’opera <strong>in</strong>ter<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are, che approfon<strong>di</strong>sce<br />
ogni <strong>in</strong>novazione tecnica e scientifica e mette a confronto analisi<br />
e teorie.<br />
<strong>di</strong> UGO ROMANO<br />
44<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
LA PUBBLICAZIONE DEL<br />
primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
degli Idrocarburi,<br />
nel puntuale rispetto <strong>del</strong> piano<br />
<strong>di</strong> lavoro, è certamente un importante<br />
risultato già acquisito, ma<br />
anche una premessa importante<br />
per <strong>il</strong> completamento <strong>del</strong>l’opera entro<br />
<strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e previsto <strong>del</strong>la primavera<br />
<strong>del</strong> 2008.<br />
Sembra a questo punto opportuno<br />
cogliere la circostanza per fare <strong>del</strong>le<br />
considerazioni su alcuni aspetti che<br />
hanno caratterizzato questa prima<br />
fase <strong>di</strong> redazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera. Non<br />
tanto per quanto attiene ai contenuti,<br />
che ripercorrono, con mo<strong>di</strong>fiche<br />
marg<strong>in</strong>ali, lo schema <strong>il</strong>lustrato<br />
nel numero <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way <strong>del</strong> lugliosettembre<br />
2004, quanto per gli<br />
aspetti <strong>di</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>alità <strong>del</strong>l’impostazione<br />
e per le considerazioni e op<strong>in</strong>ioni<br />
a confronto che hanno preceduto<br />
la fase <strong>del</strong>la def<strong>in</strong>izione ultima<br />
<strong>del</strong> progetto.<br />
In effetti l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a nacque senza<br />
un piano organico precostituito e<br />
la decisione <strong>di</strong> avviare <strong>il</strong> progetto fu<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ata dalla volontà <strong>di</strong> celebrare,<br />
con un evento <strong>di</strong> grande r<strong>il</strong>evanza,<br />
<strong>il</strong> 50° <strong>del</strong>la fondazione <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong><br />
e dal felice <strong>in</strong>tuito che fosse venuto<br />
<strong>il</strong> tempo <strong>di</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novare lo sforzo<br />
espresso ai tempi <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
<strong>del</strong> Petrolio e <strong>del</strong> Gas pubblicata da<br />
<strong>Eni</strong> nel 1962. E l’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cazione che<br />
venne dal vertice <strong>del</strong>la Società fu <strong>in</strong>fatti<br />
ancora più ambiziosa. L’<strong>Eni</strong> degli<br />
anni Duem<strong>il</strong>a era cresciuta da<br />
impresa con spiccato carattere nazionale<br />
a società <strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>ievo <strong>in</strong>ternazionale. Sarebbe stato opportuno<br />
qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> che l’opera nascesse b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue, <strong>in</strong> s<strong>in</strong>tonia<br />
con la formidab<strong>il</strong>e crescita all’estero che si era compiuta fra<br />
la f<strong>in</strong>e degli anni Novanta e l’avvio <strong>del</strong> nuovo m<strong>il</strong>lennio.<br />
Nacque, si <strong>di</strong>ceva, senza un progetto, ma con la grande opportunità<br />
derivata dalla promettente collaborazione con l’Istituto<br />
Treccani, prestigiosa istituzione nazionale, leader<br />
nel settore.<br />
Era <strong>il</strong> Natale <strong>del</strong> 2002 quando ci trovammo per la prima volta<br />
nel grande salone <strong>del</strong>la sede <strong>di</strong> piazza <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a a<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ire la f<strong>il</strong>osofia e <strong>il</strong> piano <strong>del</strong>l’opera. Primo obiettivo, la<br />
presentazione <strong>del</strong>la nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a nel febbraio 2003 al<br />
Capo <strong>del</strong>lo Stato con la pubblicazione <strong>di</strong> un pamphlet <strong>il</strong>lustrativo.<br />
Si avviò qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> subito un confronto sulle caratteristiche<br />
che avrebbe dovuto avere un’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a tematica<br />
moderna.<br />
Era ovvio che la prima proposta ripercorresse <strong>il</strong> mo<strong>del</strong>lo<br />
<strong>di</strong> struttura a lemmi secondo lo schema classico, già adottato<br />
per l’opera <strong>del</strong> 1962. Emerse qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> l’ipotesi <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppare<br />
<strong>il</strong> lavoro sulla base <strong>di</strong> monografie, con gli argomenti<br />
<strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>evante <strong>in</strong>teresse per l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio,<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
UNDER THE SIGN<br />
OF PROGRESS<br />
B<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual, 220 authors, an unprecedented<br />
organizational mo<strong>del</strong>. But, above all,<br />
an <strong>in</strong>ter<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ary work that provides<br />
<strong>in</strong>-depth <strong>in</strong>formation on technical<br />
and scientific <strong>in</strong>novation<br />
and compares analyses and theories.<br />
by UGO ROMANO<br />
THE PUNCTUAL PUBLISHING OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br />
the “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons” is surely itself<br />
an important achievement, but also a relevant<br />
premise for the completion of the work, due <strong>in</strong> the<br />
spr<strong>in</strong>g of 2008. At this stage, it is worthwh<strong>il</strong>e to assess some<br />
aspects which have characterised the first phase of the work.<br />
Not so much with regard to its contents, which are <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with<br />
the plan outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> “<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way” July/September 2004 issue,<br />
except for a few marg<strong>in</strong>al changes. Rather, they regard the<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al layout and the comparison of considerations and<br />
op<strong>in</strong>ions that preceded the stage of the project’s f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ition.<br />
As a matter of fact, the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a was orig<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
conceived without a predef<strong>in</strong>ed, structured plan, and the<br />
decision to embark on the project followed the desire to<br />
celebrate, with a highly significant event, the 50 th anniversary<br />
of <strong>Eni</strong>’s foundation, and the appropriate consideration that it<br />
was high time to update the effort made <strong>in</strong> 1962, when <strong>Eni</strong><br />
published its “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of O<strong>il</strong> and Gas”. Indeed, <strong>Eni</strong> top<br />
executives po<strong>in</strong>ted to an even more ambitious goal. In the<br />
late 90s and at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the new century, <strong>Eni</strong> had<br />
grown out of a bus<strong>in</strong>ess with a <strong>di</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ct national character<br />
<strong>in</strong>to an <strong>in</strong>ternationally-renowned company; it was thus<br />
decided that the work should be a b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual one, to go with<br />
the formidable growth abroad achieved <strong>in</strong> the late 90s and<br />
at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the new m<strong>il</strong>lennium.<br />
As stated above, the work began without a project, but with<br />
the promis<strong>in</strong>g cooperation with Istituto Treccani, a<br />
prestigious Italian <strong>in</strong>stitution and leader <strong>in</strong> this sector.<br />
It was Christmas 2002 when we gathered, for the first<br />
time, <strong>in</strong> the great hall at the head office <strong>in</strong> Piazza<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a, to def<strong>in</strong>e the work’s ph<strong>il</strong>osophy and plan.<br />
The first goal was to publish a descriptive booklet, to present<br />
the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a to the Head of State <strong>in</strong> February<br />
2003. Hence, a debate was imme<strong>di</strong>ately started to <strong>di</strong>scuss<br />
the features of this new, modern thematic encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a.<br />
Obviously, the first proposal followed the classical headwordbased<br />
mo<strong>del</strong>, already adopted <strong>in</strong> 1962. Thereafter came the<br />
idea to develop the work on the basis of monographs, with<br />
subjects of <strong>in</strong>terest to the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
structure with entries <strong>in</strong> alphabetical order.<br />
The f<strong>in</strong>al proposal was to give up the tra<strong>di</strong>tional structure and<br />
use a mo<strong>del</strong> organized along the l<strong>in</strong>es of thematic volumes,<br />
made up of monographic essays that deal with the various areas<br />
related to the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> a thorough, logical sequence. In<br />
order to satisfy the need for it to be a self-referenc<strong>in</strong>g text, it was<br />
decided to <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>in</strong> the fifth volume an encyclopae<strong>di</strong>c<br />
45
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
<strong>in</strong>seriti <strong>in</strong> una struttura organica <strong>di</strong> voci alfabeticamente<br />
organizzate.<br />
La proposta f<strong>in</strong>ale fu <strong>di</strong> abbandonare la struttura tra<strong>di</strong>zionale<br />
per adottare un mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzato secondo volumi tematici,<br />
costituiti da saggi monografici che trattassero <strong>in</strong> sequenza<br />
logica e <strong>in</strong> modo compiuto le varie l<strong>in</strong>ee <strong>in</strong> cui si articola<br />
l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio. Per sod<strong>di</strong>sfare comunque l’esigenza<br />
<strong>di</strong> autoreferenzialità, si decise <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>serire nel qu<strong>in</strong>to<br />
volume “Fondamenti e strumenti” <strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>zionario enciclope<strong>di</strong>co,<br />
organizzato secondo un ord<strong>in</strong>amento alfabetico che<br />
avrebbe fornito al lettore i necessari strumenti per muoversi<br />
agevolmente all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>l’opera.<br />
Il mo<strong>del</strong>lo non aveva precedenti nel campo <strong>del</strong>le più classiche<br />
enciclope<strong>di</strong>e tecnico-scientifiche ma richiamava per<br />
certi aspetti i trattati tipici <strong>del</strong>la letteratura tecnica, anche<br />
<strong>del</strong>la più recente (Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, 5 volumi Technip<br />
Publ. 2000).<br />
Ovviamente <strong>il</strong> rischio, che peraltro fu ben chiaro f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio,<br />
era <strong>di</strong> scadere <strong>in</strong> un trattato <strong>di</strong> manualistica senza tuttavia<br />
riuscire a conseguire quel risultato che i manuali <strong>di</strong> qualità<br />
si prefiggono: trattare <strong>in</strong> modo esaustivo la materia e<br />
fornire un supporto pratico agli specialisti <strong>del</strong> settore.<br />
“L’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a – citando Tullio Gregory – come opera che<br />
raccoglie <strong>in</strong> modo sistematico nozioni su tutte le <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
o su specifici argomenti deve dare i fondamenti e le strutture<br />
dei saperi, cogliere i mutamenti negli <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzi e nei<br />
meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>care i rapporti fra le varie aree <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ari”.<br />
Era la primavera <strong>del</strong> 2004, ad opera <strong>in</strong> avanzato stato <strong>di</strong> realizzazione,<br />
quando venne pubblicata la Encyclope<strong>di</strong>a of<br />
Energy, (6 volumi - Elsevier Publ. 2004) che <strong>in</strong> certa misura<br />
seguiva un mo<strong>del</strong>lo <strong>di</strong> impostazione monografica <strong>del</strong>le<br />
voci. Tuttavia manteneva ancora l’ord<strong>in</strong>amento alfabetico,<br />
cosicché non riusciva a realizzare la sovrastruttura logica <strong>in</strong><br />
grado <strong>di</strong> aggregare le monografie nei relativi f<strong>il</strong>oni tematici.<br />
Il mo<strong>del</strong>lo organizzativo ut<strong>il</strong>izzato nello sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> lavoro<br />
si rifà allo schema tra<strong>di</strong>zionalmente ut<strong>il</strong>izzato da Treccani:<br />
un Comitato <strong>di</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>amento costituito dai Direttori e dagli<br />
esperti <strong>del</strong>le varie tematiche con <strong>il</strong> supporto esterno <strong>di</strong><br />
specialisti <strong>del</strong>le s<strong>in</strong>gole materie.<br />
Il Comitato <strong>di</strong> Coord<strong>in</strong>amento ha compiti molto operativi:<br />
supporta l’impostazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera, suggerisce e valuta<br />
membri esterni e <strong>in</strong>terni da contattare, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>ca possib<strong>il</strong>i autori<br />
<strong>di</strong> voci, verifica la coerenza <strong>di</strong> impostazione e <strong>di</strong> realizzazione<br />
dei testi, <strong>del</strong>la produzione iconografica e <strong>del</strong>le traduzioni.<br />
Anche la realizzazione <strong>in</strong> due l<strong>in</strong>gue, nuova per l’Istituto<br />
Treccani, ha comportato <strong>di</strong>versi ord<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> problemi e le scelte<br />
conseguenti non sono sempre state <strong>del</strong> tutto agevoli.<br />
In realtà l’opera nasce già <strong>in</strong> larga misura b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gue. Su 220<br />
autori che hanno scritto almeno un contributo, quasi <strong>il</strong> 40%<br />
scrive <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>glese e ciò <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>pendentemente dal fatto che questa<br />
sia la loro madrel<strong>in</strong>gua. Vale per tutti l’esempio <strong>del</strong>la sezione<br />
giuri<strong>di</strong>ca nella quale gli autori sono quasi esclusivamente<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>ari dai paesi produttori <strong>di</strong> petrolio <strong>di</strong> cui <strong>il</strong>lustrano<br />
le norme legislative.<br />
E poiché l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio, sia <strong>di</strong> upstream che <strong>di</strong><br />
raff<strong>in</strong>azione, nacque pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente negli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti (Texas,<br />
Louisiana, California, Ohio) spesso i term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> uso comune<br />
sono tipicamente gergali, <strong>in</strong>usuali a un esperto <strong>del</strong>la<br />
l<strong>in</strong>gua, logicamente pre<strong>di</strong>sposto qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a tradurre dall’<strong>in</strong>-<br />
glese ut<strong>il</strong>izzando improbab<strong>il</strong>i<br />
perifrasi.<br />
Oltre a ciò alcuni term<strong>in</strong>i<br />
tecnici sono talvolta <strong>di</strong>versi<br />
fra chi opera <strong>in</strong> upstream,<br />
<strong>in</strong> raff<strong>in</strong>azione e <strong>in</strong> petrolchimica.<br />
Mi piace riportare a<br />
questo proposito un esempio<br />
particolarmente significativo:<br />
per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>care <strong>il</strong> r<strong>il</strong>ascio<br />
<strong>di</strong> gas da parte <strong>di</strong> un liquido<br />
normalmente si usa<br />
nel downstream <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e<br />
gas release, gli uom<strong>in</strong>i <strong>del</strong><br />
pozzo <strong>in</strong>vece usano <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e<br />
gas liberation. Nessun<br />
traduttore madrel<strong>in</strong>gua è <strong>in</strong><br />
grado <strong>di</strong> cogliere la <strong>di</strong>fferenza,<br />
e qualunque o<strong>il</strong> man non<br />
apprezzerebbe <strong>di</strong> leggere <strong>in</strong><br />
un articolo <strong>di</strong> upstream <strong>il</strong><br />
term<strong>in</strong>e gas release.<br />
Certamente la <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
nel circuito Treccani <strong>di</strong> un<br />
adeguato numero <strong>di</strong> traduttori<br />
madrel<strong>in</strong>gua è stata fondamentale,<br />
non<strong>di</strong>meno per le<br />
ragioni suddette si è dovuto<br />
imporre un meticoloso controllo<br />
dei testi, <strong>in</strong> particolare<br />
per le versioni <strong>in</strong>glesi, da parte<br />
degli specialisti <strong>del</strong> settore.<br />
A parte <strong>il</strong> ritorno <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i<br />
<strong>di</strong> immag<strong>in</strong>e e <strong>di</strong> prestigio<br />
per <strong>Eni</strong> come impresa tecnologicamente<br />
avanzata e socialmente<br />
responsab<strong>il</strong>e, che<br />
<strong>in</strong>teriorizza nelle sue strategie<br />
le problematiche <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>novazione<br />
ed è impegnata a<br />
elaborare e con<strong>di</strong>videre con<br />
gli stakeholders una cultura<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’energia sostenib<strong>il</strong>e, dalla<br />
realizzazione <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
degli Idrocarburi sono<br />
derivati altri importanti<br />
risultati impliciti: l’opportunità<br />
<strong>di</strong> approfon<strong>di</strong>mento <strong>di</strong><br />
problematiche tecnicoscientifiche,<br />
la messa a confronto<br />
<strong>di</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ioni e <strong>di</strong> teorie<br />
anche contrapposte nel cam-<br />
PAROLE E IMMAGINI.<br />
All’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong>l’opera trova<br />
spazio un dettagliato apparato<br />
iconografico determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />
dal punto <strong>di</strong> vista esplicativo.<br />
I testi sono corredati<br />
da un’ampia bibliografia<br />
specifica e, <strong>in</strong> molti casi,<br />
da una letteratura generale<br />
necessaria<br />
per l’approfon<strong>di</strong>mento<br />
degli argomenti.<br />
WORDS AND IMAGES.<br />
The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a is supplied<br />
with a deta<strong>il</strong>ed iconographic<br />
apparatus which is crucial<br />
to provide explanations.<br />
The texts are furnished<br />
with a vast specific bibliography<br />
and, <strong>in</strong> many <strong>in</strong>stances,<br />
with a broad literature required<br />
to amplify on the subjects.<br />
po economico, giuri<strong>di</strong>co, geopolitico, <strong>del</strong>la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità e<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’ambiente, l’aggregazione <strong>di</strong> elementi culturali spesso<br />
eterogenei per materia e per orig<strong>in</strong>e, e <strong>in</strong> ultima analisi la<br />
costituzione <strong>di</strong> un network <strong>in</strong>ternazionale <strong>di</strong> referenti che<br />
certamente rimarrà nel patrimonio aziendale come elemento<br />
<strong>di</strong> confronto e <strong>di</strong> supporto futuro.<br />
Ugo Romano è Presidente e Amm<strong>in</strong>istratore Delegato <strong>di</strong> <strong>Eni</strong>-<br />
Tecnologie.<br />
<strong>di</strong>ctionary <strong>in</strong> alphabetic order, provid<strong>in</strong>g its users with the<br />
necessary tools to f<strong>in</strong>d eas<strong>il</strong>y their way around the work.<br />
Such a mo<strong>del</strong> had no precedent <strong>in</strong> the field of the more classic<br />
technical-scientific encyclopae<strong>di</strong>as, but it recalled under some<br />
aspects the treatises typical of the most recent technical<br />
literature (“Petroleum Ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g”, 5 volumes Technip Publ. 2000).<br />
Obviously the risk, which had been clear from the very<br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, was to end up simply with a handbook treatise,<br />
without accomplish<strong>in</strong>g what all quality handbooks set<br />
themselves as a goal: to deal with the subject <strong>in</strong> a thorough<br />
manner and provide practical support for the specialists of the<br />
sector.<br />
“The Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a” – to quote Tullio Gregory – “as a work<br />
which gathers <strong>in</strong> a systematic way notions on all <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>es or<br />
on specific subjects, must provide the foundations and<br />
structures for the various branches of knowledge, grasp change<br />
<strong>in</strong> the goals and methods of research, and identify the<br />
relationships between the various <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>es”.<br />
It was the spr<strong>in</strong>g of 2004, when the work was at an advanced<br />
stage, when the “Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Energy” (6 volumes –<br />
Elsevier Publ. 2004) came out, which to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent<br />
followed the structure organized along the l<strong>in</strong>es of monographic<br />
entries. However, it held on to the alphabetical order, so it<br />
couldn’t manage to achieve a logical superstructure able to<br />
collect the monographs <strong>in</strong>to their respective thematic sequence.<br />
The organizational mo<strong>del</strong> used <strong>in</strong> carry<strong>in</strong>g out the work takes its<br />
<strong>in</strong>spiration from the tra<strong>di</strong>tional layout used by Treccani: a<br />
coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g committee made up of <strong>di</strong>rectors and experts of the<br />
various themes with the external support of<br />
specialists for each subject. The<br />
coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g committee has a very<br />
operational role: it helps with the layout of<br />
the work, suggests and evaluates what<br />
external and <strong>in</strong>ternal members to contact,<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cates possible authors for the entries,<br />
monitors consistency <strong>in</strong> the layout and<br />
creation of the texts, of the iconographic<br />
production and of translations.<br />
Also its be<strong>in</strong>g published <strong>in</strong> two languages, a<br />
first for the Istituto Treccani, led to <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />
types of problems, and the choices it<br />
enta<strong>il</strong>ed were not always very easy. Actually,<br />
the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a is be<strong>in</strong>g born largely<br />
b<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>gual. Out of 220 authors who wrote at<br />
least one contribution, almost 40 % write <strong>in</strong><br />
English and do so regardless of whether<br />
English is their native language or not. A<br />
case <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t is provided by the legal<br />
section, <strong>in</strong> which almost all authors ha<strong>il</strong><br />
from the o<strong>il</strong>-produc<strong>in</strong>g countries whose legal<br />
regulations they expla<strong>in</strong>.<br />
And then, the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, whether speak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
about upstream or ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, was born <strong>in</strong><br />
Texas, where the terms commonly used are<br />
typically jargon, unusual for a language<br />
expert, who therefore would be logically<br />
<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed to translate from English us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
unlikely roundabout phrases.<br />
In ad<strong>di</strong>tion, some technical terms<br />
sometimes <strong>di</strong>ffer depend<strong>in</strong>g on whether one<br />
works <strong>in</strong> upstream operations, <strong>in</strong> ref<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g or<br />
<strong>in</strong> petrochemistry. I am fond of giv<strong>in</strong>g an example of particular<br />
significance: to speak of the release of gas from a liquid,<br />
normally <strong>in</strong> downstream the term “gas release” is used, wh<strong>il</strong>e o<strong>il</strong><br />
well people use the term “gas liberation”. No native tongue<br />
translator is able to grasp the <strong>di</strong>fference, and no “o<strong>il</strong> man” would<br />
appreciate read<strong>in</strong>g the term “gas release” <strong>in</strong> an upstream article.<br />
Certa<strong>in</strong>ly, the ava<strong>il</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity on the Treccani circuit of an adequate<br />
number of mother tongue translators was fundamental.<br />
Nonetheless, for the reasons stated above it was necessary to<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduce a meticulous verification of the texts, <strong>in</strong> particular for<br />
the English versions, on the part of specialists of the sector.<br />
Apart from the advantages <strong>in</strong> terms of image and prestige for <strong>Eni</strong><br />
as a technologically advanced and socially responsible<br />
enterprise, which <strong>in</strong>ternalises with<strong>in</strong> its strategies issues related<br />
to <strong>in</strong>novation and is committed to form<strong>in</strong>g and shar<strong>in</strong>g with its<br />
stakeholders a culture of susta<strong>in</strong>able energy, the ”Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />
of Hydrocarbons” has led to other implied and important results:<br />
the opportunity to study scientific-technological issues <strong>in</strong> depth,<br />
the comparison of op<strong>in</strong>ions and theories – at times conflict<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ones – <strong>in</strong> the fields of economy, law and geopolitics; of<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity and the environment, the aggregation of cultural<br />
elements often heterogeneous as to subject matter and orig<strong>in</strong>,<br />
and ultimately the constitution of an <strong>in</strong>ternational network of<br />
experts that w<strong>il</strong>l doubtlessly rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the enterprise’s heritage<br />
as an element for comparison and support for the future.<br />
Ugo Romano is the Chairman and Manag<strong>in</strong>g Director<br />
of <strong>Eni</strong>Tecnologie.<br />
46 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
47
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
L’era<br />
<strong>del</strong> greggio<br />
Il primo volume <strong>del</strong>la nuova<br />
enciclope<strong>di</strong>a è de<strong>di</strong>cato<br />
all’<strong>in</strong>dustria degli idrocarburi<br />
e alla sua evoluzione. I tre<br />
curatori Pier Federico Barnaba,<br />
Giovanni Brighenti<br />
e Renzo Mazzei ne raccontano<br />
valori e contenuti.<br />
<strong>di</strong> LUIGI VALGIMIGLI<br />
48<br />
ARRIVA DALLA TIPOGRAFIA, PROFUMA DI CARTA<br />
e <strong>di</strong> stampa. Il primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
degli Idrocarburi si presenta elegante nei caratteri,<br />
nella grafica, nelle immag<strong>in</strong>i. Ugo Romano e<br />
i tre coord<strong>in</strong>atori <strong>del</strong> volume lo sfogliano con emozione:<br />
“Ci abbiamo lavorato molto, cercando <strong>di</strong> curare i m<strong>in</strong>imi<br />
particolari”. Fra pochi giorni, arriverà la copia <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>glese.<br />
“Anche questa è una novità rispetto alla prima Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
<strong>del</strong> petrolio e <strong>del</strong> gas, commenta Ugo Romano,<br />
co-<strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>l’opera assieme a Mario Beccari <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità<br />
<strong>di</strong> Roma La Sapienza.<br />
Il volume percorre tutte le fasi <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria degli idrocarburi:<br />
dalle geoscienze all’esplorazione, alla scoperta e<br />
allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> giacimento, f<strong>in</strong>o alle problematiche legate<br />
all’abbandono dei campi esauriti o non più economi-<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
ci. Affronta anche i temi <strong>del</strong> trasporto e <strong>del</strong>lo stoccaggio<br />
degli idrocarburi e <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />
Sono argomenti dei quali oggi si <strong>di</strong>scute molto. Di solito,<br />
però, quando facciamo <strong>il</strong> pieno alla nostra auto o accen<strong>di</strong>amo<br />
la fiamma azzurra dei fornelli o <strong>del</strong>la caldaia, non<br />
ci ren<strong>di</strong>amo conto che la <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> petrolio e <strong>di</strong> gas<br />
non è un regalo <strong>del</strong>la natura ma <strong>di</strong>pende dal lavoro <strong>di</strong><br />
cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> migliaia <strong>di</strong> persone che, <strong>in</strong> tutto <strong>il</strong> mondo, affrontano<br />
quoti<strong>di</strong>anamente piccole e gran<strong>di</strong> sfide tecnologiche,<br />
impren<strong>di</strong>toriali, economiche, ambientali, f<strong>in</strong>anziarie,<br />
socio-politiche.<br />
L’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a mette <strong>in</strong> luce l’evoluzione <strong>di</strong> questo impegno<br />
a molte <strong>di</strong>mensioni <strong>in</strong> un settore, gli idrocarburi,<br />
che fornisce al mondo oltre <strong>il</strong> 60% <strong>del</strong> fabbisogno <strong>di</strong><br />
energia.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
PROGRESSO TECNOLOGICO. L’impostazione tematica<br />
<strong>del</strong>la nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a mette <strong>in</strong> luce lo straord<strong>in</strong>ario<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppo tecnologico registrato nel settore <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
petrolifera dagli anni Sessanta ad oggi. Nel primo volume<br />
si affrontano temi relativi a: geoscienze, esplorazione,<br />
perforazione, completamento, sv<strong>il</strong>uppo, produzione,<br />
trasporto degli idrocarburi.<br />
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS. The thematic approach<br />
<strong>in</strong> the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a highlights the amaz<strong>in</strong>g technological<br />
advances that have occurred <strong>in</strong> petroleum <strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
from the Sixties onward. The first volume deals with matters<br />
relat<strong>in</strong>g to: geosciences, exploration, dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g, completion,<br />
development, production and transport of hydrocarbons.<br />
Esplorazione e produzione: un processo <strong>in</strong>tegrato.<br />
Quali sono le pr<strong>in</strong>cipali <strong>di</strong>fferenze tra l’e<strong>di</strong>zione<br />
<strong>del</strong> 1962 e quella <strong>di</strong> oggi? Viene spontaneo<br />
chiederlo ai tre coord<strong>in</strong>atori <strong>del</strong> volume:<br />
Pier Federico Barnaba <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano,<br />
<strong>di</strong>partimento Scienze <strong>del</strong>la Terra; Giovanni<br />
Brighenti <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Un</strong>iversità <strong>di</strong> Bologna, <strong>di</strong>partimento<br />
Ingegneria chimica m<strong>in</strong>eraria e Tecnica<br />
ambientale; Renzo Mazzei, geologo e collaboratore<br />
<strong>del</strong>la Scuola Mattei.<br />
Ugo Romano <strong>in</strong>troduce la <strong>di</strong>scussione. “Quello<br />
che salta subito agli occhi”, afferma, “è una<br />
maggior complessità <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>del</strong> petrolio<br />
e <strong>del</strong> gas e una maggior <strong>in</strong>tegrazione <strong>in</strong> tutte le<br />
fasi <strong>di</strong> competenze multi<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ari che <strong>in</strong> passato,<br />
<strong>in</strong>vece, operavano <strong>in</strong> modo <strong>di</strong>sgiunto, quasi<br />
<strong>in</strong> compartimenti separati. Questa considerazione<br />
ci ha conv<strong>in</strong>to a dare all’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
un’impostazione che permettesse una visione<br />
complessiva degli argomenti: tematica, qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>,<br />
<strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> affrontare <strong>in</strong> modo <strong>in</strong>tegrato le problematiche<br />
che, <strong>in</strong>sieme ad aspetti tecnicoscientifici,<br />
co<strong>in</strong>volgono anche temi <strong>di</strong> carattere<br />
più generale”.<br />
“Gran parte <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo tecnologico”, <strong>in</strong>terviene<br />
Brighenti, “è una risposta a sfide economiche,<br />
ambientali, <strong>di</strong> sicurezza, <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sostenib<strong>il</strong>e.<br />
I giacimenti più fac<strong>il</strong>i sono ormai stati<br />
<strong>in</strong> larga misura scoperti e <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> avanzato<br />
sfruttamento. L’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera è costretta<br />
a <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzarsi verso giacimenti più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i che<br />
spesso si trovano <strong>in</strong> ambienti ost<strong>il</strong>i o <strong>in</strong> aree<br />
sensib<strong>il</strong>i con ecosistemi <strong>del</strong>icati, sempre più lontani<br />
dai luoghi <strong>di</strong> consumo. Le o<strong>il</strong> company,<br />
oggi, si devono far carico <strong>del</strong> massimo rispetto degli<br />
equ<strong>il</strong>ibri ambientali e socioeconomici <strong>del</strong>le aree <strong>in</strong> cui<br />
operano”.<br />
Dalla calcolatrice ai gran<strong>di</strong> elaboratori. L’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a<br />
mette <strong>in</strong> luce uno straord<strong>in</strong>ario sv<strong>il</strong>uppo tecnologico,<br />
<strong>in</strong>immag<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>e ai tempi <strong>di</strong> Enrico Mattei. “Basti pensare<br />
che i gran<strong>di</strong> calcolatori che poi sono stati ut<strong>il</strong>izzati <strong>in</strong> tutti<br />
i settori più <strong>in</strong>novativi”, commenta Mazzei, “sono nati<br />
nel campo petrolifero. Le compagnie petrolifere erano,<br />
allora, le imprese che avevano maggiori <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità a<br />
realizzare <strong>in</strong>vestimenti così elevati”.<br />
“Rispetto agli anni Sessanta quando è stata pubblicata la<br />
prima enciclope<strong>di</strong>a”, concorda Barnaba, “sono cambiate<br />
molte cose. Parallelamente all’evoluzione <strong>del</strong>la geofisi-<br />
49
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
ca, si sono evoluti i sistemi <strong>di</strong> perforazione, gli scalpelli,<br />
le macch<strong>in</strong>e movimento terra, i materiali, le tecniche anti-corrosione,<br />
i cementi, i fanghi… Il confronto fra le<br />
due enciclope<strong>di</strong>e mette <strong>in</strong> luce, non solo <strong>il</strong> grande sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
tecnologico, ma anche <strong>il</strong> profondo cambiamento<br />
culturale. Negli anni Sessanta, l’attività petrolifera, richiedeva<br />
soprattutto molta esperienza pratica. I calcoli<br />
spesso si facevano a mano o con la calcolatrice. Oggi le<br />
cose sono cambiate: la pratica è ancora importante ma<br />
non basta. Le tecniche <strong>in</strong>formatiche ed elettroniche permettono<br />
<strong>di</strong> elaborare una quantità enorme <strong>di</strong> dati, r<strong>il</strong>evati<br />
attraverso satelliti, prospezioni aeree, tecniche sismiche<br />
sempre più sofisticate… Ci vuole qualcuno che<br />
conosca le tecniche e gli strumenti per ut<strong>il</strong>izzare questa<br />
mole <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>formazioni”.<br />
“<strong>Un</strong>a volta, la raccolta dei dati”, ricorda Mazzei, “avveniva<br />
<strong>in</strong> settori separati. C’era una sezione Campo che stu<strong>di</strong>ava<br />
la conformazione probab<strong>il</strong>e <strong>del</strong> giacimento e un’altra<br />
sezione che stu<strong>di</strong>ava i fenomeni d<strong>in</strong>amici: pressioni,<br />
temperatura, acqua, produzione <strong>di</strong> gas… Oggi, <strong>in</strong>vece, le<br />
due <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e sono <strong>in</strong>tegrate: lo stu<strong>di</strong>o <strong>di</strong> un giacimento<br />
è un lavoro <strong>di</strong> gruppo che va dal geologo al geofisico, f<strong>in</strong>o<br />
al mo<strong>del</strong>lista”.<br />
“La tecnica <strong>di</strong> r<strong>il</strong>evazione a tre <strong>di</strong>mensioni”, aggiunge<br />
Brighenti, “ha consentito una conoscenza più dettagliata<br />
<strong>del</strong> sottosuolo. Ora parliamo <strong>di</strong> sistema quadri<strong>di</strong>mensionale.<br />
La quarta variab<strong>il</strong>e è quella temporale che permette<br />
<strong>di</strong> conoscere <strong>in</strong> tempo reale le variazioni <strong>del</strong>le caratteristiche<br />
<strong>del</strong> giacimento”.<br />
“Oggi, tutto <strong>il</strong> processo che va dall’esplorazione alla produzione”,<br />
precisa Mazzei, “è <strong>in</strong>tegrato e ottimizzato. Attraverso<br />
la sismica, si ottengono <strong>in</strong>formazioni ut<strong>il</strong>i anche<br />
nelle fasi successive <strong>del</strong>la messa <strong>in</strong> produzione e gestione<br />
<strong>del</strong> giacimento. Le tecnologie <strong>di</strong> monitoraggio permettono<br />
<strong>di</strong> riaggiustare i mo<strong>del</strong>li <strong>in</strong> tempo reale, man<br />
mano che va avanti la produzione…”.<br />
Nuove tecnologie, nuove frontiere. “L’uso sp<strong>in</strong>to <strong>del</strong>l’elettronica<br />
e <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>formatica”, spiega Barnaba, “ha consentito<br />
lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>di</strong> nuove tecniche <strong>di</strong> prospezione, <strong>di</strong><br />
perforazione, <strong>di</strong> gestione <strong>del</strong> giacimento, che hanno rivoluzionato<br />
molte fasi <strong>del</strong>l’attività petrolifera, consentendo<br />
risultati notevolmente superiori rispetto alle tecnologie<br />
L’ITALIA E IL METANO. Caviaga, <strong>il</strong> primo grande giacimento<br />
a gas naturale <strong>in</strong> Italia e nell’Europa Occidentale,<br />
scoperto nel 1944. Prima <strong>di</strong> questo campo erano stati<br />
scoperti solo giacimenti <strong>di</strong> modeste <strong>di</strong>mensioni.<br />
<strong>È</strong> stata questa la prima grande <strong>in</strong>tuizione <strong>di</strong> Enrico<br />
Mattei che ha portato alla scoperta <strong>di</strong> altri giacimenti<br />
nella Pianura Padana e nel resto <strong>del</strong> paese. In alto,<br />
<strong>il</strong> Centro <strong>di</strong> Visualizzazione Avanzata (AVC) realizzato<br />
dall’<strong>Eni</strong>. Grazie a tecnologie <strong>in</strong>novative, <strong>il</strong> centro<br />
consente la percezione realistica <strong>di</strong> oggetti, mo<strong>del</strong>li<br />
e <strong>in</strong>formazioni grafiche tri<strong>di</strong>mensionali.<br />
ITALY AND NATURAL GAS. Caviaga, the first large natural gas<br />
field <strong>in</strong> Italy and Western Europe, <strong>di</strong>scovered <strong>in</strong> 1944. Earlier<br />
only modest fields had been <strong>di</strong>scovered. This was the first great<br />
<strong>in</strong>tuition by Enrico Mattei, which led to the <strong>di</strong>scovery of more<br />
fields <strong>in</strong> the Po River Valley and elsewhere <strong>in</strong> Italy. Above,<br />
the Advanced Visualization Centre (AVC) set up by <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />
Thanks to its cutt<strong>in</strong>g edge technologies, the Centre makes<br />
it possible to have a realistic perception of objects, mo<strong>del</strong>s<br />
and 3D graphic <strong>in</strong>formation.<br />
convenzionali, sia nella fase esplorativa sia <strong>in</strong> quella <strong>del</strong>lo<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Pensiamo, per esempio, ai pozzi orizzontali o<br />
alle tecniche per <strong>il</strong> recupero avanzato, che permettono <strong>di</strong><br />
estrarre dal giacimento una quantità <strong>di</strong> greggio molto<br />
maggiore <strong>di</strong> quella che era possib<strong>il</strong>e estrarre quarant’anni<br />
fa. Inoltre sono state sv<strong>il</strong>uppate tecniche che riducono<br />
notevolmente i costi <strong>di</strong> perforazione e l’impatto ambientale…<br />
Inf<strong>in</strong>e, la ‘fame’ <strong>di</strong> energia ha <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzato le compagnie<br />
anche verso obiettivi <strong>di</strong> frontiera, come lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
<strong>di</strong> giacimenti <strong>in</strong> acque profonde, che prima non si prendevano<br />
neanche <strong>in</strong> considerazione…”.<br />
Acque profonde e campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali. Il capitolo de<strong>di</strong>cato<br />
all’evoluzione <strong>del</strong>le piattaforme a mare è, forse, quello<br />
che più affasc<strong>in</strong>a anche i non addetti ai lavori. In Europa,<br />
<strong>il</strong> primo pozzo offshore fu perforato dall’<strong>Eni</strong> al largo <strong>di</strong><br />
Gela ed entrò <strong>in</strong> produzione nel 1961. Per molti anni, l’attività<br />
petrolifera offshore è stata limitata ad acque la cui<br />
profon<strong>di</strong>tà non superava i 3-400 metri, dove è possib<strong>il</strong>e<br />
<strong>in</strong>stallare piattaforme fissate sul fondo, con caratteristiche<br />
analoghe a quelle terre-<br />
stri. Poi si è com<strong>in</strong>ciato a<br />
esplorare e mettere <strong>in</strong> produzione<br />
gran<strong>di</strong> giacimenti a profon<strong>di</strong>tà<br />
d’acqua <strong>di</strong> oltre m<strong>il</strong>le,<br />
duem<strong>il</strong>a metri, dove le piattaforme<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>zionali non potevano<br />
essere ut<strong>il</strong>izzate. Così<br />
sono state concepite le tension<br />
leg platform, piattaforme<br />
galleggianti ancorate e<br />
collegate ai pozzi con dei riser,<br />
tubi flessib<strong>il</strong>i…<br />
Lo sforzo <strong>di</strong> valorizzare al<br />
massimo le risorse <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi<br />
ha portato allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
<strong>di</strong> sistemi e <strong>di</strong> tecnologie rivolte<br />
a rendere economico<br />
THE PETROLEUM AGE<br />
The first volume of the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />
is devoted to the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
and its evolution. The three e<strong>di</strong>tors,<br />
Pier Federico Barnaba, Giovanni Brighenti<br />
and Renato Mazzei, talk about its values<br />
and contents.<br />
by LUIGI VALGIMIGLI<br />
BACK FROM THE PRINTERS, SMELLING OF PAPER AND<br />
<strong>in</strong>k, the first volume of the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of<br />
Hydrocarbons, is elegant <strong>in</strong> its typeface, design, and<br />
pictures. Ugo Romano and the three coord<strong>in</strong>ators of the<br />
volume flip through it emotionally: “We have worked a lot, pay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
attention to even the smallest of deta<strong>il</strong>s.” In a few days, the<br />
English copy arrives. “This, too, is a new development from the<br />
first Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of O<strong>il</strong> and Gas,” commented Ugo Romano,<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>t project <strong>di</strong>rector of the work together with Mario Beccari of<br />
Rome’s La Sapienza university.<br />
The volume covers all the phases of the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />
from the geosciences to exploration, to the <strong>di</strong>scovery and<br />
development of a field, to the problems connected to the<br />
abandonment of exhausted or no longer economically viable<br />
fields. It also looks at the subjects of transport and storage of<br />
o<strong>il</strong> and natural gas.<br />
These are issues that are much <strong>di</strong>scussed today. Usually,<br />
however, when we f<strong>il</strong>l up our cars or light the blue flame <strong>in</strong> our<br />
ovens or bo<strong>il</strong>ers, we are not aware that the ava<strong>il</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity of o<strong>il</strong> and<br />
gas is not a present from nature but that it depends on the work<br />
of hundreds of thousands of people who, all over the world, da<strong>il</strong>y<br />
face small and large technological, bus<strong>in</strong>ess, economic,<br />
environmental, f<strong>in</strong>ancial, and social and political challenges.<br />
The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a highlights the evolution of this multi<strong>di</strong>mensional<br />
commitment <strong>in</strong> a sector, hydrocarbons, that supplies<br />
the world with more than 60 percent of its energy needs.<br />
Exploration and production: an <strong>in</strong>tegrated process. What are<br />
the ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>di</strong>fferences between the 1962 e<strong>di</strong>tion and that of<br />
today? It comes natural to ask of the three coord<strong>in</strong>ators of the<br />
volume, Pier Federico Barnaba of the <strong>Un</strong>iversity of M<strong>il</strong>an,<br />
Department of Earth Sciences; Giovanni Brighenti of the<br />
<strong>Un</strong>iversity of Bologna, Department of M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Chemistry and<br />
Environmental Technology; and Renzo Mazzei, geologist and<br />
collaborator with the Mattei School.<br />
Ugo Romano <strong>in</strong>troduced the <strong>di</strong>scussion. “What is imme<strong>di</strong>ately<br />
strik<strong>in</strong>g”, he stated, “is a greater complexity of the o<strong>il</strong> and gas<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry and a greater <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> all phases of<br />
multi<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ary sk<strong>il</strong>ls which <strong>in</strong> the past operated <strong>di</strong>sjo<strong>in</strong>tedly,<br />
almost <strong>in</strong> separate compartments. This consideration has<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>ced us to give the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a such a perspective as<br />
to allow for an overall vision of the subjects: that is, a thematic<br />
approach, capable of look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tegrated way at the<br />
problems that, along with the techno-scientific aspects, also<br />
<strong>in</strong>volve issues of a more general character.”<br />
“A large part of technological development”, cut <strong>in</strong> Brighenti, “is<br />
a response to economic, environmental, safety, and susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
development challenges. The easiest fields have now largely<br />
been <strong>di</strong>scovered and are <strong>in</strong> an advanced stage of exploitation.<br />
The o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry has to look at more <strong>di</strong>fficult fields that are often<br />
to be found <strong>in</strong> host<strong>il</strong>e environments or <strong>in</strong> vulnerable areas with<br />
<strong>del</strong>icate ecosystems, ever further away from where consumers<br />
live. O<strong>il</strong> companies today need to burden themselves with the<br />
utmost respect for environmental and socio-economic balances<br />
<strong>in</strong> the areas where they operate.”<br />
From the calculator to big processors. The encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a<br />
sheds light on an extraord<strong>in</strong>ary technological development,<br />
unimag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> Mattei’s era. “Suffice it to say that the large<br />
calculators that were later used <strong>in</strong> all the most <strong>in</strong>novative<br />
sectors – says Mazzei – orig<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> the petroleum sector. At<br />
that time, o<strong>il</strong> companies were the enterprises that could afford<br />
higher <strong>in</strong>vestments”.<br />
“Compared with the 60s, when the first encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a was<br />
published” – Barnaba agrees – “many th<strong>in</strong>gs have changed.<br />
Geophysical evolution was matched by the evolution of dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g<br />
systems, bits, excavators, materials, anti-corrosion techniques,<br />
cements, muds… The comparison between the two<br />
encyclopae<strong>di</strong>as highlights not only the huge technological<br />
progress, but also the profound cultural change. In the 60s, o<strong>il</strong><br />
activities required plenty of practical expertise. Calculations were<br />
often made by hand or with a calculator. Th<strong>in</strong>gs are pretty<br />
<strong>di</strong>fferent today: practice is st<strong>il</strong>l important, but is not enough. IT<br />
and electronic techniques allow for the process<strong>in</strong>g of a huge<br />
amount of data gathered through satellites, aerial surveys,<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly sophisticated seismic techniques… There must be<br />
someone who knows how to handle the techniques and tools to<br />
exploit all this data”.<br />
“Data collection – recalls Mazzei – was once carried out <strong>in</strong><br />
separate sectors. There was a Field section that stu<strong>di</strong>ed the<br />
probable outl<strong>in</strong>e of the field, and another section that stu<strong>di</strong>ed<br />
dynamic phenomena, such as pressures, temperature, water,<br />
gas production… Now, the two branches have merged. Study<strong>in</strong>g<br />
an o<strong>il</strong> field is a team work that ranges from the geologist to the<br />
geophysicist, to the mo<strong>del</strong> designer”.<br />
“The 3D prospect<strong>in</strong>g technique” – adds Brighenti – “has allowed<br />
for a more deta<strong>il</strong>ed knowledge of the subsurface. Now we talk of<br />
a four-<strong>di</strong>mension system. The fourth variable is time, which<br />
50 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
51
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
lo sfruttamento <strong>di</strong> giacimenti che, con i processi tra<strong>di</strong>zionali,<br />
risultavano antieconomici. <strong>Un</strong> ruolo importante è<br />
stato svolto dall’automazione che ha consentito <strong>il</strong> funzionamento<br />
<strong>di</strong> piattaforme <strong>di</strong> produzione senza presi<strong>di</strong>o<br />
umano. Ma ci sono anche altre soluzioni <strong>in</strong>teressanti. “Ad<br />
esempio”, <strong>in</strong>forma Mazzei, “sotto la voce piattaforme, c’è<br />
un capitolo sullo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali. Piccoli giacimenti<br />
<strong>in</strong> acque tra<strong>di</strong>zionali <strong>il</strong> cui s<strong>in</strong>golo sfruttamento<br />
non sarebbe conveniente, ma che, raggruppati <strong>in</strong>sieme<br />
con tecniche appropriate, <strong>di</strong>ventano economici”.<br />
Il metano e la tigre. L’ultima parte è de<strong>di</strong>cata al trasporto<br />
e allo stoccaggio degli idrocarburi liqui<strong>di</strong> e <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />
“Nella precedente enciclope<strong>di</strong>a”, precisa Romano, “c’era<br />
soltanto un capitolo, de<strong>di</strong>cato agli stoccaggi, <strong>di</strong> modeste<br />
<strong>di</strong>mensioni e <strong>di</strong> scarsa r<strong>il</strong>evanza. In questo volume c’è<br />
una grande attenzione al tema, che è sempre più centrale<br />
nelle strategie <strong>del</strong> mercato <strong>del</strong> gas”.<br />
Il volume evidenzia l’evoluzione <strong>del</strong> trasporto degli idrocarburi<br />
e dei relativi aspetti tecnici, ambientali, <strong>di</strong> sicurezza,<br />
<strong>di</strong> normative e accor<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternazionali.<br />
Il trasporto <strong>del</strong> greggio via nave è una tecnologia antica,<br />
che <strong>in</strong> questi ultimi anni ha avuto una forte evoluzione<br />
(esempi, <strong>il</strong> recupero <strong>del</strong>le acque <strong>di</strong> lavaggio e <strong>il</strong><br />
doppio scafo) rivolta a garantire una maggior sicurezza<br />
e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> un impatto ambientale quasi nullo e un rischio<br />
molto ridotto. Le tecnologie <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas liquefatto<br />
sono più recenti: gli impianti <strong>di</strong> liquefazione e rigassificazione<br />
<strong>del</strong> gas e le navi criogeniche sono state<br />
realizzate, f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio, con tecnologie attente all’ambiente<br />
e alla sicurezza.<br />
La posa <strong>del</strong>le condotte, sia a terra sia <strong>in</strong> mare, richiede una<br />
52<br />
valutazione <strong>del</strong>l’impatto ambientale <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> evitare ogni<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervento “<strong>di</strong>struttivo” che possa mo<strong>di</strong>ficare l’equ<strong>il</strong>ibrio<br />
ecologico. “Se posiamo un pipel<strong>in</strong>e attraverso la Siberia”,<br />
spiega Brighenti, “dobbiamo farlo con tutti gli accorgimenti<br />
perché la condotta non tagli <strong>in</strong> due la zona <strong>del</strong>le tigri siberiane”.<br />
Il terzo volume sarà de<strong>di</strong>cato all’<strong>in</strong>novazione e alla<br />
sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera, ma quest’ultimo<br />
tema pervade <strong>in</strong> maniera trasversale tutta l’opera.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a grande <strong>in</strong>tuizione: valorizzare <strong>il</strong> gas. Molti temi <strong>del</strong>la<br />
nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a non erano neppure pensab<strong>il</strong>i negli<br />
anni Sessanta. Come, ad esempio, la valorizzazione <strong>del</strong><br />
gas associato al petrolio. “Il gas non era contemplato nei<br />
contratti <strong>di</strong> ricerca”, ricorda Mazzei, “perché si mirava al<br />
petrolio. La scoperta <strong>di</strong> un campo a gas era una sfortuna:<br />
<strong>il</strong> giacimento veniva abbandonato perché le <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />
per trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas erano considerate antieconomiche.<br />
Il gas associato al petrolio era bruciato. Adesso <strong>in</strong>vece<br />
an<strong>di</strong>amo a cercare <strong>il</strong> gas e, nel futuro degli idrocarburi, <strong>il</strong><br />
gas naturale sarà sempre più predom<strong>in</strong>ante”.<br />
“La storia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>”, commenta Romano, “è una storia<br />
anomala rispetto a quella <strong>del</strong>le altre o<strong>il</strong> company. L’<strong>Eni</strong>,<br />
f<strong>in</strong> dalle sue orig<strong>in</strong>i, ha valorizzato <strong>il</strong> metano che è l’idrocarburo<br />
<strong>del</strong> nostro sottosuolo”.<br />
La nuova e<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a ha stimolato un confronto<br />
tra <strong>il</strong> mondo degli idrocarburi <strong>di</strong> oggi e quello <strong>di</strong><br />
quarant’anni fa. E <strong>il</strong> futuro? Ci sono alcune tecnologie <strong>di</strong><br />
frontiera che oggi sono <strong>in</strong> una fase embrionale, come la<br />
trasformazione sul posto <strong>del</strong> gas remoto <strong>in</strong> vettori energetici<br />
liqui<strong>di</strong> (gas to liquid), oppure lo sfruttamento degli<br />
sterm<strong>in</strong>ati giacimenti <strong>di</strong> idrati <strong>di</strong> metano. Chissà che<br />
r<strong>il</strong>evanza avranno nella prossima enciclope<strong>di</strong>a? ■<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
allows the monitor<strong>in</strong>g of o<strong>il</strong> field changes <strong>in</strong><br />
real time”.<br />
“Today, the whole process rang<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
exploration to production” – po<strong>in</strong>ts out Mazzei –<br />
“is <strong>in</strong>tegrated and optimised. Through seismic<br />
stu<strong>di</strong>es we retrieve <strong>in</strong>formation that turns out<br />
to be useful also <strong>in</strong> the subsequent phases of<br />
production and o<strong>il</strong> field runn<strong>in</strong>g. Monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
technologies help to adjust mo<strong>del</strong>s <strong>in</strong> real time,<br />
as production goes on…”.<br />
New technologies, new frontiers.<br />
“The <strong>in</strong>tensified use of electronics and IT” expla<strong>in</strong>s Barnaba,<br />
“has helped develop new techniques for o<strong>il</strong> field survey<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g and management, that have revolutionized many<br />
phases of o<strong>il</strong>-related activities and produce results that are<br />
much better than conventional technologies, both <strong>in</strong> the<br />
phase of exploration and that of development. Take, for<br />
example, horizontal wells or techniques for advanced<br />
recovery, which make it possible to pump from the o<strong>il</strong> field a<br />
much larger amount of crude o<strong>il</strong> than forty years ago. In<br />
ad<strong>di</strong>tion, techniques have been developed that considerably<br />
reduce dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g costs and environmental impact… And, f<strong>in</strong>ally,<br />
the “hunger” for energy has driven companies also to frontier<br />
objectives, such as develop<strong>in</strong>g deep water o<strong>il</strong> fields, which<br />
before weren’t even taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration…”<br />
Deep waters and marg<strong>in</strong>al fields. The chapter de<strong>di</strong>cated to the<br />
evolution of offshore rigs is, perhaps, the most fasc<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g one<br />
even to those not <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the sector. In Europe, the first<br />
offshore well was dr<strong>il</strong>led by <strong>Eni</strong> off Gela, Sic<strong>il</strong>y and began<br />
produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1961. For many years, offshore o<strong>il</strong> operations<br />
were limited to waters that were no deeper than 300-400<br />
metres, where you can <strong>in</strong>stall o<strong>il</strong> platforms fixed to the seabed<br />
and hav<strong>in</strong>g characteristics sim<strong>il</strong>ar to onshore rigs. Then<br />
exploration and production extended to big offshore o<strong>il</strong> fields<br />
over a thousand or two thousand metres under water, where<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>tional o<strong>il</strong>rigs couldn’t be used. So tension leg platforms<br />
were born, float<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>il</strong>rigs anchored to the sea bed and<br />
connected to the wells by means of risers, flexible tubes…<br />
The effort to maximize hydrocarbon resources led to the<br />
development of systems and technologies aimed at mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
economically viable the exploitation of o<strong>il</strong> fields that, with<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
NUOVE FRONTIERE TECNOLOGICHE. Sic<strong>il</strong>ia, Gela,<br />
particolare <strong>del</strong> term<strong>in</strong>ale <strong>di</strong> ricevimento <strong>del</strong> gas<br />
proveniente dalla Libia attraverso <strong>il</strong> gasdotto<br />
sottomar<strong>in</strong>o Greenstream. Con una lunghezza<br />
<strong>di</strong> 520 ch<strong>il</strong>ometri attraversa <strong>il</strong> Me<strong>di</strong>terraneo<br />
arrivando a profon<strong>di</strong>tà mar<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> 1.127 metri.<br />
<strong>È</strong> un’opera straord<strong>in</strong>aria <strong>in</strong>serita nell’ambito<br />
<strong>del</strong> Western Lybia Gas Project volto a valorizzare<br />
<strong>il</strong> gas naturale proveniente da due giacimenti:<br />
uno offshore a Bahr Essalam, l’altro onshore<br />
a Wafa <strong>in</strong> pieno deserto libico.<br />
NEW TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIERS. Sic<strong>il</strong>y, Gela, a deta<strong>il</strong><br />
of the receiv<strong>in</strong>g term<strong>in</strong>al for natural gas flow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> from<br />
Libya through the Greenstream subsea gas pipel<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
This 520-km-long pipel<strong>in</strong>e runs across the<br />
Me<strong>di</strong>terranean reach<strong>in</strong>g a depth of 1,127 meters. It is a<br />
major achievement <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the Western Lybia Gas<br />
Project aim<strong>in</strong>g at mak<strong>in</strong>g the most of natural gas<br />
com<strong>in</strong>g from two fields: one offshore at Bahr Essalam<br />
and the other onshore at Wafa <strong>in</strong> the middle<br />
of the Libyan Desert.<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>tional processes, were too expensive. An important role<br />
was played by automation, which operate unmanned<br />
production platforms. But there are also other <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
solutions. “For example”, Mazzei says, “under the ‘o<strong>il</strong>rig’ entry,<br />
there is a chapter on the development of marg<strong>in</strong>al fields.<br />
Small fields <strong>in</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>tional waters whose exploitation, when<br />
taken separately, wouldn’t be profitable, but can become so<br />
when they are taken together thanks to adequate technique”.<br />
Natural gas and the tiger. The last section deals with<br />
transport and storage of liquid hydrocarbons and gas. “In the<br />
previous encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a”, Romano po<strong>in</strong>ts out, “there was only<br />
one chapter devoted to storage systems, which were then<br />
small and of little importance. In this volume, a large amount<br />
of attention is given to the subject, which is ever more pivotal<br />
for natural gas market strategies”.<br />
The volume highlights the evolution of hydrocarbon transport<br />
and related technical, environmental, safety, regulatory and<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational agreement aspects.<br />
The transport of crude o<strong>il</strong> by sea is an ancient technique,<br />
which <strong>in</strong> these last few years has undergone a lot of<br />
improvement (for example, the recovery of tank wash<strong>in</strong>g water<br />
and the double hull) <strong>in</strong> order to guarantee more safety and<br />
therefore near-zero environmental impact and a much lower<br />
level of risk. Transport technologies for liquefied gas are more<br />
recent: liquefaction and re-gasification plants and cryogenic<br />
ships have been bu<strong>il</strong>t, from the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, with<br />
technologies respectful of environment and safety.<br />
Pipel<strong>in</strong>e lay<strong>in</strong>g, both on land and <strong>in</strong> the sea, requires an<br />
assessment of environmental impact to avoid any<br />
“destructive” <strong>in</strong>tervention that might affect the ecological<br />
balance. “If we lay a pipel<strong>in</strong>e across Siberia”, Brighenti<br />
expla<strong>in</strong>s, “we must do it very carefully to avoid it cutt<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
zone of Siberian tigers <strong>in</strong> two”. The third volume w<strong>il</strong>l be<br />
de<strong>di</strong>cated to <strong>in</strong>novation and susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>in</strong> the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />
but susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity runs through the whole work crosswise.<br />
A major <strong>in</strong>tuition: to make the most of gas. Many subjects of<br />
the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a were not even imag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> the ’60s.<br />
Like, for example, add<strong>in</strong>g value to natural gas associated with<br />
o<strong>il</strong>. “Gas was not taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration <strong>in</strong> exploration<br />
contracts”, recalls Mazzei, “because the focus was on o<strong>il</strong>.<br />
Discover<strong>in</strong>g a natural gas field was a case of bad luck: the<br />
field was abandoned because gas transportation fac<strong>il</strong>ities<br />
were considered too expensive. The gas associated with<br />
crude was flared. Now, <strong>in</strong>stead, we go look<strong>in</strong>g for natural gas<br />
and, <strong>in</strong> the future of hydrocarbons, natural gas w<strong>il</strong>l carry<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly more weight”.<br />
“The history of <strong>Eni</strong>”, Romano comments, “is an anomalous<br />
history when compared with other o<strong>il</strong> companies. <strong>Eni</strong>, from<br />
its very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs, put value on natural gas, which is the<br />
hydrocarbon of Italy’s subsurface”.<br />
The new e<strong>di</strong>tion of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a has prompted a<br />
comparison between the world of hydrocarbons today and that<br />
of forty years ago. And what about the future? There are<br />
some frontier technologies that are at a very early stage<br />
today, such as the on-location transformation of remote<br />
natural gas <strong>in</strong>to liquid energy carrier (gas to liquid), or the<br />
exploitation of unlimited fields of methane hydrates. Who<br />
knows what importance they w<strong>il</strong>l have <strong>in</strong> the next<br />
encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a? ■<br />
53
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
Tecniche d’<strong>in</strong>novazione <strong>di</strong> RENZO MAZZEI<br />
Nel primo volume <strong>del</strong>l’Enciclope<strong>di</strong>a degli Idrocarburi sono<br />
trattate le varie tessere <strong>di</strong> un mosaico che descrive le attività<br />
<strong>di</strong> esplorazione, produzione e trasporto degli idrocarburi<br />
secondo un’impostazione logica <strong>di</strong> sequenzialità e organicità.<br />
Il volume si apre con una parte <strong>in</strong>troduttiva che riporta alcuni cenni<br />
storici sull’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera, sull’evoluzione <strong>del</strong>la geologia <strong>del</strong> petrolio,<br />
sui cicli <strong>di</strong> ricerca e scoperta, sulle riserve mon<strong>di</strong>ali e sui bac<strong>in</strong>i<br />
petroliferi.<br />
Successivamente gli argomenti vengono raggruppati <strong>in</strong> sette gran<strong>di</strong><br />
aree <strong>di</strong> attività: geoscienze, esplorazione petrolifera, perforazione e<br />
completamento pozzi, caratteristiche dei giacimenti e relativi stu<strong>di</strong>,<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei giacimenti petroliferi, produzione, trasporto idrocarburi e<br />
stoccaggio gas.<br />
In questo primo volume sono affrontati tutti gli argomenti<br />
<strong>in</strong>erenti l’attività <strong>di</strong> upstream, ma tra questi riteniamo opportuno<br />
segnalarne alcuni che risultano particolarmente r<strong>il</strong>evanti<br />
per <strong>il</strong> significativo grado <strong>di</strong> avanzamento tecnologico<br />
o perché mostrano <strong>in</strong>novativi approcci rispetto al passato.<br />
Per quanto riguarda la genesi degli idrocarburi, ad esempio,<br />
è ut<strong>il</strong>e segnalare la chiara posizione espressa nel volume<br />
sull’orig<strong>in</strong>e organica <strong>del</strong> petrolio e sui fenomeni collegati alla<br />
naftogenesi. In questo modo si <strong>in</strong>tende superare <strong>il</strong> lungo e<br />
ricorrente <strong>di</strong>battito animato dalle varie teorie e ipotesi formulate<br />
negli anni a supporto <strong>del</strong>l’orig<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>organica <strong>del</strong> petrolio.<br />
Legate al tema <strong>del</strong>la formazione degli idrocarburi, <strong>in</strong>teressanti<br />
le parti sui fenomeni <strong>di</strong> migrazione e accumulo <strong>di</strong><br />
olio e gas, la descrizione <strong>del</strong>le rocce madri, <strong>di</strong> copertura e<br />
serbatoio e la casistica relativa ai vari tipi <strong>di</strong> trappole.<br />
Tra i meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca petrolifera, sono <strong>di</strong> particolare importanza<br />
<strong>il</strong> teler<strong>il</strong>evamento, i sistemi cartografici <strong>di</strong>gitali<br />
e, fra i meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> ricerca <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>retta, le prospezioni geofisiche<br />
che comprendono i r<strong>il</strong>evamenti sismici a riflessione,<br />
sia 2D che 3D, e i relativi sistemi <strong>di</strong> registrazione ed elaborazione<br />
dati. Negli ultimi anni i progressi <strong>del</strong>le tecniche<br />
<strong>in</strong>formatiche e <strong>del</strong>le capacità <strong>di</strong> calcolo hanno portato<br />
all’ut<strong>il</strong>izzo <strong>di</strong> sistemi <strong>di</strong> elaborazione sempre più sofisticati<br />
e complessi che permettono oggi <strong>di</strong> ottenere <strong>in</strong>formazioni<br />
sui giacimenti impensab<strong>il</strong>i solo f<strong>in</strong>o a poco tempo<br />
fa. Il giacimento viene stu<strong>di</strong>ato nelle sue caratteristiche<br />
statiche, ma anche nei suoi meccanismi d<strong>in</strong>amici<br />
tramite mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici che permettono <strong>di</strong> prevedere i suoi comportamenti<br />
futuri. I mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici così elaborati permettono<br />
<strong>in</strong>oltre <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigare vari schemi <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo per poter poi scegliere<br />
quello economicamente più attraente e nello stesso tempo operativamente<br />
più semplice.<br />
Anche <strong>il</strong> settore <strong>del</strong>la perforazione ha registrato negli ultimi anni notevoli<br />
progressi tecnologici. Si pensi alla perforazione <strong>di</strong>rezionata, che<br />
consente <strong>il</strong> raggiungimento <strong>di</strong> obiettivi m<strong>in</strong>erari profon<strong>di</strong> posti anche a<br />
notevole <strong>di</strong>stanza rispetto al posizionamento <strong>del</strong>l’impianto <strong>di</strong> superficie.<br />
Questa tecnica trova applicazione <strong>in</strong> numerose situazioni operative:<br />
permette <strong>di</strong> perforare più pozzi da un’unica postazione, <strong>di</strong> raggiungere<br />
obiettivi <strong>in</strong>accessib<strong>il</strong>i (zone montuose, aree e<strong>di</strong>ficate), <strong>di</strong> raggiungere<br />
obiettivi posti sotto formazioni problematiche da perforare, <strong>di</strong> ottenere<br />
più alte produzioni perforando <strong>in</strong> orizzontale aree <strong>di</strong> giacimento<br />
a bassa produttività.<br />
Nel campo <strong>del</strong>la perforazione <strong>in</strong> mare, la nuova frontiera è rappresentata<br />
dallo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei giacimenti <strong>in</strong> acque ultra profonde, ambito che<br />
si pensa possa rappresentare un probab<strong>il</strong>e futuro “eldorado”. Perforare<br />
giacimenti <strong>in</strong> fondali mar<strong>in</strong>i superiori ai 1.500 metri è un’impresa<br />
estremamente complessa <strong>in</strong> cui vengono amplificate le già <strong>in</strong>genti <strong>di</strong>fficoltà<br />
<strong>di</strong> perforazione <strong>in</strong> acque profonde, cioè <strong>in</strong> fondali che vanno<br />
dai 450 ai 1.500 metri.<br />
54<br />
<strong>Un</strong> sottocapitolo <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei giacimenti <strong>in</strong> mare è de<strong>di</strong>cato alle<br />
tecniche <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali, cioè <strong>di</strong> piccoli giacimenti<br />
geograficamente <strong>di</strong>spersi, <strong>il</strong> cui sfruttamento non sarebbe economicamente<br />
vantaggioso se non venissero adottati alcuni particolari accorgimenti<br />
resisi <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i negli anni recenti.<br />
Il volume affronta poi <strong>in</strong> modo estremamente attuale <strong>il</strong> tema <strong>del</strong>la gestione<br />
<strong>di</strong> un giacimento durante la fase <strong>di</strong> produzione. Vengono <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cati<br />
allora i sistemi <strong>di</strong> monitoraggio, i possib<strong>il</strong>i <strong>in</strong>terventi da effettuare<br />
durante la vita produttiva <strong>di</strong> un giacimento (<strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduati attraverso<br />
<strong>il</strong> costante aggiornamento dei mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici precedentemente<br />
costruiti), le necessità <strong>di</strong> eventuali ulteriori <strong>in</strong>vestimenti. Tra le<br />
tecniche adottate per l’ottimizzazione <strong>del</strong>la produzione si trovano i sistemi<br />
<strong>di</strong> sollevamento artificiale dei pozzi a olio, le tecniche <strong>di</strong> frattu-<br />
razione <strong>del</strong>la roccia per l’aumento <strong>del</strong>la produttività dei pozzi, i sistemi<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>ibizione <strong>del</strong>la produzione <strong>di</strong> acqua e gas nei pozzi ad olio, etc.<br />
A conclusione <strong>del</strong>la parte sulla produzione, un breve ma <strong>in</strong>teressante<br />
capitolo sulle varie azioni, economicamente compatib<strong>il</strong>i, adottate per<br />
prolungare la vita <strong>del</strong> giacimento e sui motivi, <strong>in</strong>vece, che <strong>in</strong>ducono all’abbandono<br />
<strong>di</strong> un giacimento, siano essi <strong>di</strong> carattere tecnico, economico,<br />
politico o strategico.<br />
In chiusura <strong>di</strong> volume viene affrontato <strong>il</strong> tema <strong>del</strong> trasporto e <strong>del</strong>lo<br />
stoccaggio degli idrocarburi. Di particolare r<strong>il</strong>evanza la parte relativa<br />
al trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas, sia con tecnologie <strong>di</strong> liquefazione (LNG) che <strong>di</strong><br />
compressione (CNG), e al suo stoccaggio. Quest’ultimo argomento,<br />
riferito all’immagazz<strong>in</strong>amento <strong>in</strong> sotterraneo, cioè <strong>in</strong> serbatoi naturali,<br />
<strong>del</strong> gas importato <strong>in</strong> eccesso nel periodo <strong>di</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or consumo, è oggi <strong>di</strong><br />
grande attualità per <strong>il</strong> ruolo determ<strong>in</strong>ante nello sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>del</strong> mercato<br />
<strong>del</strong> gas e nella sua stab<strong>il</strong>izzazione.<br />
Non va <strong>in</strong>oltre <strong>di</strong>menticato <strong>il</strong> ruolo fondamentale assunto dallo stoccaggio,<br />
oltre che per la regolazione stagionale, per <strong>il</strong> mantenimento<br />
<strong>del</strong>le riserve strategiche <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> garantire la fornitura ai mercati<br />
anche <strong>in</strong> caso <strong>di</strong> riduzione degli approvvigionamenti.<br />
Renzo Mazzei, geologo e collaboratore <strong>del</strong>la Scuola Enrico Mattei, ha lavorato<br />
a lungo <strong>in</strong> <strong>Eni</strong> nel settore upstream.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
The <strong>in</strong>novation factor by RENZO MAZZEI<br />
The first volume of the Encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a of Hydrocarbons<br />
deals with the pieces of the puzzle that describes<br />
exploration, production and transport of hydrocarbons,<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g a logic, ordered and organic structure.<br />
The volume beg<strong>in</strong>s with an <strong>in</strong>troduction that features some<br />
historic annotations on the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, on the evolution of<br />
petroleum geology, on research and <strong>di</strong>scovery cycles, on world<br />
reserves and on o<strong>il</strong> bas<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
Thereafter, topics are grouped <strong>in</strong> 7 broad activity areas:<br />
geosciences, petroleum exploration, dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g and completion of<br />
wells, o<strong>il</strong> field characteristics and relevant stu<strong>di</strong>es,<br />
development of hydrocarbon fields, production, hydrocarbon<br />
transport and gas storage.<br />
This first volume<br />
tackles all topics<br />
regard<strong>in</strong>g upstream<br />
activities, yet we<br />
reckon it is<br />
worthwh<strong>il</strong>e po<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g<br />
out some<br />
particularly<br />
relevant ones,<br />
consider<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
significant<br />
technological<br />
progress achieved<br />
or because they<br />
present <strong>in</strong>novative<br />
approaches.<br />
As to the genesis<br />
of hydrocarbons,<br />
for example, the<br />
position expressed<br />
<strong>in</strong> the volume on<br />
the organic orig<strong>in</strong><br />
of petroleum and<br />
the phenomena<br />
l<strong>in</strong>ked to it is<br />
particularly clear. In<br />
this way we hope<br />
LE ORIGINI. A s<strong>in</strong>istra, una roccia-madre<br />
contenente alcune gocce <strong>di</strong> petrolio.<br />
Si tratta <strong>di</strong> rocce se<strong>di</strong>mentarie come arg<strong>il</strong>le,<br />
calcari e dolomie che contengono<br />
una sostanza organica <strong>in</strong> concentrazione<br />
sufficiente a generare petrolio.<br />
A destra, alcuni foss<strong>il</strong>i rappresentati<br />
da resti <strong>di</strong> organismi plantonici.<br />
ORIGINS. Left, a source rock hold<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a few drops of o<strong>il</strong>. These are se<strong>di</strong>mentary<br />
rocks such as clay, limestone and dolomite<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g an organic substance concentrated<br />
to a degree enough to generate petroleum.<br />
Right, a few foss<strong>il</strong>s consist<strong>in</strong>g of rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />
of planktonic organisms.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
to help overcome<br />
the long and<br />
recurr<strong>in</strong>g debate<br />
fed by the various<br />
theories and<br />
hypotheses<br />
expressed over<br />
time to back up the<br />
idea of an<br />
<strong>in</strong>organic orig<strong>in</strong> for<br />
o<strong>il</strong>. In connection<br />
with the subject of<br />
the formation of<br />
hydrocarbons,<br />
<strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g sections<br />
deal with the migration and accumulation of o<strong>il</strong> and gas, the<br />
description of source rocks, cap rocks and reservoir rocks and<br />
the various types of traps.<br />
Particularly relevant among o<strong>il</strong> research methods are<br />
telesurvey<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>di</strong>gital cartography systems and, among<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rect research methods, geophysical prospect<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude seismic reflection techniques – both 2D and 3D – and<br />
the perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g record<strong>in</strong>g and data-process<strong>in</strong>g systems. Over<br />
the past few years, advances made by IT techniques and their<br />
calculation capacity, led to the use of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
sophisticated and complex process<strong>in</strong>g systems, that make it<br />
possible now to get <strong>in</strong>formation on o<strong>il</strong> fields that was<br />
unconceivable only a few years back. Research may focus on<br />
the o<strong>il</strong> field’s static properties, but also on its dynamic<br />
mechanisms, by means of mathematical mo<strong>del</strong>s that allow to<br />
pre<strong>di</strong>ct its future behaviour. Mathematical mo<strong>del</strong>s of this k<strong>in</strong>d<br />
also enable to research <strong>di</strong>fferent development schemes, so<br />
as to select the most cost-effective one and at the same time<br />
most simple to run.<br />
Also the dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g sector made considerable technological<br />
progress over the past years. Consider <strong>di</strong>rectional dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
which allows to reach deep m<strong>in</strong>eral objectives located also at<br />
a considerable <strong>di</strong>stance from where the topside equipment<br />
stands. The technique is implemented <strong>in</strong> several operat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
situations: it make it possible to bore several wells from one<br />
location, to reach <strong>in</strong>accessible objectives (mounta<strong>in</strong> areas,<br />
bu<strong>il</strong>t-up areas), to reach objectives located under formations<br />
that are <strong>di</strong>fficult to dr<strong>il</strong>l, to achieve greater yields by dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g<br />
horizontally low-productivity fields.<br />
As to offshore dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g, the new frontier is represented by the<br />
development of fields <strong>in</strong> very deep water, a sphere which<br />
hopefully might be a future ‘El Dorado’. Offshore dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g where<br />
the sea depth exceeds 1,500 metres is an extremely<br />
complicated task, where the considerable problems of deepsea<br />
dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g (450 to 1,500 metres) are actually amplified.<br />
A subchapter of offshore o<strong>il</strong> field development is de<strong>di</strong>cated to<br />
development techniques of marg<strong>in</strong>al fields, namely small o<strong>il</strong><br />
fields scattered around geographically, whose exploitation would<br />
not be economically viable unless some specific expe<strong>di</strong>ents,<br />
which have become ava<strong>il</strong>able only <strong>in</strong> recent years, are used.<br />
The volume then takes up <strong>in</strong> a very modern way the subject of<br />
how to manage a field dur<strong>in</strong>g the production phase. It dwells<br />
on monitor<strong>in</strong>g systems, what actions can be taken dur<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
field lifetime (actions def<strong>in</strong>ed by cont<strong>in</strong>ually updat<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
mathematical mo<strong>del</strong>s previously constructed) and the need for<br />
further <strong>in</strong>vestments. The techniques adopted to optimise<br />
production <strong>in</strong>clude artificial lift systems for o<strong>il</strong> wells, rockfractur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
techniques to <strong>in</strong>crease the well flow rate, treatments<br />
to shut off the production of water and gas <strong>in</strong> o<strong>il</strong> wells, etc.<br />
At the end of the section on production, there is then a brief<br />
but <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g chapter on the various economically compatible<br />
actions that can be taken to prolong the life of a field and,<br />
alternatively, on the reasons which lead to abandon<strong>in</strong>g a field,<br />
whether they be technical, economic, political or strategic.<br />
In the f<strong>in</strong>al chapter of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a, the topic of<br />
transportation, and storage of hydrocarbons is <strong>di</strong>scussed. Of<br />
particular relevance is the section on natural gas transport,<br />
both through liquefaction (LNG) and compression (CNG)<br />
technologies, and on its storage. This last subject, which<br />
refers to underground storage <strong>in</strong> natural reservoir of the gas<br />
imported <strong>in</strong> excess at the time of lower consumption, is today<br />
quite relevant for its crucial role <strong>in</strong> the development of the gas<br />
market and its stab<strong>il</strong>isation.<br />
Furthermore, let’s not forget the fundamental role played by<br />
stored gas not only for seasonal modulation but also for bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
strategic reserves capable of meet<strong>in</strong>g market needs also<br />
<strong>in</strong> the case of supply <strong>di</strong>sruptions.<br />
Renzo Mazzei, geologist and collaborator with the Enrico Mattei School,<br />
worked a long time with <strong>Eni</strong> <strong>in</strong> the upstream sector.<br />
55
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
In viaggio<br />
per <strong>il</strong><br />
mondo<br />
Non solo esplorazione<br />
e produzione: oggi nell’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
degli idrocarburi è <strong>di</strong>ventata<br />
strategica anche l’attività<br />
<strong>di</strong> trasporto. Dal primo volume<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a, un estratto<br />
<strong>del</strong> capitolo che racconta<br />
come e perché.<br />
<strong>di</strong> ROBERTO BRUSCHI<br />
L<br />
’INDUSTRIA DEGLI IDROCARBURI <strong>È</strong> PER DEFINIZIONE<br />
de<strong>di</strong>ta pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente alle attività <strong>di</strong> esplorazione<br />
(E) e produzione (P). Questa impostazione risale<br />
agli anni C<strong>in</strong>quanta e ha <strong>in</strong>fluenzato nel tempo sia<br />
lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo organizzativo sia la percezione da parte <strong>del</strong>la<br />
società civ<strong>il</strong>e, impressionata dalle immag<strong>in</strong>i <strong>del</strong>le gran<strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>frastrutture impiegate per l’estrazione <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi.<br />
Durante la Seconda Guerra Mon<strong>di</strong>ale, quando negli Stati<br />
<strong>Un</strong>iti si verificò l’esigenza <strong>di</strong> garantire <strong>il</strong> combustib<strong>il</strong>e ai<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
convogli <strong>in</strong> partenza dalle coste Atlantiche verso l’Europa<br />
<strong>di</strong>fendendolo dalle <strong>in</strong>cursioni dei sommergib<strong>il</strong>i tedeschi,<br />
<strong>di</strong>ventò r<strong>il</strong>evante la componente <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>in</strong><br />
condotta dalle coste <strong>del</strong> golfo <strong>del</strong> Messico sulle lunghe<br />
<strong>di</strong>stanze. <strong>Un</strong> ulteriore passo verso una maggiore attenzione<br />
al trasporto <strong>in</strong> condotta si fece con l’oleodotto tra <strong>il</strong><br />
Mare <strong>di</strong> Beaufort e <strong>il</strong> porto <strong>di</strong> Valdez sull’Oceano Pacifico,<br />
realizzato, attraversando l’Alaska, nella seconda metà<br />
degli anni Settanta, con notevole sforzo tecnologico ed<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
PROGETTI DA RECORD. Istanbul,<br />
la Saipem 7000 passa sotto <strong>il</strong> ponte<br />
Bogazici <strong>in</strong> <strong>di</strong>rezione Mar Nero<br />
per la posa <strong>del</strong>le condotte relative<br />
al progetto Blue stream.<br />
Nel Mar Nero <strong>il</strong> mezzo navale<br />
ha stab<strong>il</strong>ito <strong>il</strong> record <strong>di</strong> posa<br />
raggiungendo la profon<strong>di</strong>tà <strong>di</strong> 2.150<br />
metri. Il Blue Stream è, oggi, l’opera<br />
tecnologicamente più <strong>in</strong>novativa<br />
realizzata nel settore<br />
<strong>del</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />
BREAKTHROUGH PROJECTS. Istanbul,<br />
the Saipem 7000 vessel sa<strong>il</strong>s under<br />
the Bogazici bridge head<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to the Black Sea to lay the pipes<br />
for the Blue Stream project.<br />
In the Black Sea Saipem 7000<br />
achieved a pipe lay<strong>in</strong>g record<br />
reach<strong>in</strong>g 2,150 meters down<br />
<strong>in</strong> the sea. Blue Stream is today<br />
the technologically most <strong>in</strong>novative<br />
achievement <strong>in</strong> the field<br />
of gas transportation.<br />
economico. La costruzione <strong>del</strong>l’oleodotto fu motivato<br />
dalla crisi <strong>di</strong> combustib<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong>nescata dalle vicissitud<strong>in</strong>i<br />
politiche <strong>del</strong> Me<strong>di</strong>o Oriente.<br />
<strong>È</strong> ora op<strong>in</strong>ione comune che, <strong>in</strong> questo <strong>in</strong>izio <strong>di</strong> secondo<br />
m<strong>il</strong>lennio e per i prossimi trenta anni, <strong>il</strong> ruolo <strong>del</strong>le condotte<br />
trans-cont<strong>in</strong>entali per <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi su<br />
lunga <strong>di</strong>stanza risulti sempre più r<strong>il</strong>evante nell’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
degli idrocarburi, <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>stanza tra utenza e le<br />
nuove scoperte <strong>di</strong> giacimenti <strong>in</strong> aree remote. Non sor-<br />
57
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
prenderebbe se le compagnie petrolifere aggiungessero<br />
la T <strong>di</strong> trasporto all’acronimo E & P <strong>di</strong> esplorazione e<br />
produzione che a tutt’oggi le caratterizza.<br />
L’opzione <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi <strong>in</strong> condotta sulle<br />
lunghe <strong>di</strong>stanze, ove venga valutata tecnicamente sicura<br />
ed economicamente competitiva rispetto ad altre opzioni,<br />
richiede un <strong>in</strong>vestimento <strong>in</strong>iziale molto elevato. Nel<br />
caso <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi liqui<strong>di</strong>, tale <strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />
risulta sempre giustificato <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> costo <strong>di</strong> trasporto<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’unità <strong>di</strong> energia, mentre nel caso <strong>del</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong><br />
idrocarburi gassosi la competitività <strong>del</strong>l’opzione condotta<br />
sulle lunghe <strong>di</strong>stanze richiede un notevole sforzo tecnologico<br />
per mantenere <strong>il</strong> costo <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong>l’unità <strong>di</strong><br />
energia al <strong>di</strong> sotto <strong>di</strong> livelli accettab<strong>il</strong>i. <strong>È</strong> sempre la stab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
politica <strong>del</strong>le regioni attraversate, <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>del</strong>la<br />
elevata vulnerab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>la <strong>in</strong>frastruttura nella sua estensione<br />
territoriale alle azioni esterne, e la r<strong>il</strong>evanza strategica<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>frastruttura <strong>di</strong> trasporto a risultare decisiva<br />
nella def<strong>in</strong>izione <strong>del</strong> costo <strong>di</strong> trasporto accettab<strong>il</strong>e e<br />
qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> nella scelta <strong>del</strong>l’opzione ottima.<br />
Il vantaggio che una condotta ha su altri sistemi <strong>di</strong> trasporto<br />
riguarda: l’economia <strong>del</strong>l’esercizio, <strong>in</strong> relazione al<br />
costo <strong>del</strong>la portata garantita <strong>di</strong> unità <strong>di</strong> energia e <strong>del</strong>la<br />
capacità <strong>di</strong> trasporto attraverso ambienti che possono risultare<br />
particolarmente ost<strong>il</strong>i; la salvaguar<strong>di</strong>a <strong>del</strong>l’ambiente,<br />
<strong>in</strong> relazione al fatto che una volta controllate le<br />
con<strong>di</strong>zioni che si presentano nella costruzione <strong>di</strong> una<br />
condotta che sono richieste negli ambienti particolarmente<br />
sensib<strong>il</strong>i, la condotta non ha alcun impatto durante<br />
l’esercizio; la sicurezza, particolarmente elevata <strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i<br />
comparativi per quanto concerne <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> prodotti<br />
liqui<strong>di</strong>, mentre per quanto concerne <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong><br />
gas ad alta pressione può comunque presentare <strong>del</strong>le riserve<br />
nelle aree ad alta densità <strong>di</strong> popolazione, superab<strong>il</strong>i<br />
con materiali ad elevata qualità, progettazione qualificata,<br />
costruzione accurata e gestione controllata.<br />
Negli ultimi trenta anni, <strong>il</strong> rateo <strong>di</strong> guasto per condotte a<br />
olio e a gas si è notevolmente abbassato assestandosi su<br />
livelli prestazionali <strong>di</strong> eccellenza, e ciò testimonia l’attenzione<br />
riservata alla <strong>in</strong>novazione tecnologica da parte dei<br />
vari settori <strong>del</strong>la <strong>in</strong>dustria per <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>in</strong> condotta<br />
degli idrocarburi.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a condotta può essere classificata a seconda <strong>di</strong>: ambiente<br />
attraversato, ad esempio condotte <strong>di</strong> terra o condotte<br />
sottomar<strong>in</strong>e, con sottoclassi che qualificano ulteriormente<br />
le pr<strong>in</strong>cipali caratteristiche quali <strong>il</strong> prof<strong>il</strong>o altimetrico,<br />
la natura dei terreni etc.; prodotto trasportato,<br />
se liquido o gassoso o multifase, con sottoclassi che qualificano<br />
i parametri fluidod<strong>in</strong>amici <strong>del</strong> trasporto quali pressione,<br />
temperatura, velocità etc.; materiale con <strong>il</strong> quale<br />
vengono realizzate, se con <strong>il</strong> tipico acciaio al carboniomanganese<br />
o con leghe speciali resistenti alla corrosione,<br />
e le saldature con cui vengono assemblate; tecnologie impiegate<br />
nella costruzione, <strong>in</strong> particolare quelle relative alla<br />
posa <strong>in</strong> opera e ai lavori richiesti per l’<strong>in</strong>terramento, sia<br />
per le condotte a terra che per le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
In generale l’<strong>in</strong>frastruttura <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi <strong>in</strong><br />
condotta non <strong>in</strong>terferisce significativamente con le attività<br />
umane, <strong>in</strong> quanto le condotte vengono <strong>in</strong>terrate a<br />
profon<strong>di</strong>tà tali da m<strong>in</strong>imizzare qualsiasi tipo <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>terferenza<br />
oppure vengono posate sul fondo <strong>del</strong> mare, ma ri-<br />
chiede una gestione molto accurata <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>del</strong> valore<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’opera e <strong>del</strong>la posizione primaria <strong>del</strong>la stessa nella<br />
economia energetica <strong>di</strong> uno stato. La realizzazione è con<strong>di</strong>zionata<br />
dalle caratteristiche <strong>del</strong> territorio che dovrà attraversare,<br />
dall’esigenza <strong>di</strong> m<strong>in</strong>imizzare l’impatto ambientale<br />
<strong>in</strong> particolare durante la costruzione e dai v<strong>in</strong>coli<br />
legislativi presenti <strong>in</strong> particolare nella aree altamente<br />
antropicizzate. La scelta <strong>del</strong>la rotta ottimale deve coniugare<br />
le esigenze <strong>di</strong> carattere tecnico-economico con<br />
quelle <strong>del</strong>la tutela dei luoghi attraversati, all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>del</strong><br />
campo <strong>di</strong> variazione dei parametri che caratterizzano la<br />
fattib<strong>il</strong>ità tecnico-economica <strong>di</strong> un attraversamento. Nel<br />
caso <strong>del</strong>le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e, l’attraversamento impone<br />
sforzi tecnologici notevoli. La selezione <strong>del</strong>la rotta<br />
non si può avvalere <strong>del</strong>la visione <strong>di</strong>retta <strong>del</strong>l’area, come<br />
l’osservazione <strong>del</strong>le foto aeree e <strong>il</strong> sopralluogo visivo <strong>del</strong><br />
caso <strong>del</strong>le condotte a terra. La fase conoscitiva è completamente<br />
strumentale, affidata a tecnologie molto sofisticate,<br />
derivata dall’<strong>in</strong>terpretazione <strong>del</strong>le misure. Le <strong>di</strong>fficoltà<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’ambiente e la necessità <strong>di</strong> impiego <strong>di</strong> tecnologie<br />
sofisticate per ottenere i dati <strong>di</strong> progetto rendono la<br />
selezione <strong>di</strong> una rotta ottima molto critica nel progetto <strong>di</strong><br />
un attraversamento sottomar<strong>in</strong>o, base per una analisi<br />
tecnico-economica <strong>del</strong>la realizzazione <strong>del</strong>l’opera.<br />
Il primo obiettivo <strong>del</strong>la progettazione è def<strong>in</strong>ire qual è <strong>il</strong><br />
<strong>di</strong>ametro <strong>del</strong>la tubazione necessario per trasportare una<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ata quantità (portata nell’unità <strong>di</strong> tempo) <strong>di</strong><br />
prodotto (pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente olio o gas o una miscela dei<br />
due) da un luogo ad un altro. Durante<br />
questa fase viene def<strong>in</strong>ita la<br />
pressione <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>gresso <strong>del</strong> prodotto<br />
considerando, tra le altre cose, le<br />
proprietà <strong>del</strong> fluido, le previsioni <strong>di</strong><br />
cambiamento lungo la rotta, a seconda<br />
<strong>del</strong> tipo <strong>di</strong> condotta <strong>in</strong> esame<br />
(terrestre o mar<strong>in</strong>a) e <strong>del</strong>la tipologia<br />
<strong>del</strong> fluido trasportato (liquido o<br />
gassoso), le per<strong>di</strong>te <strong>di</strong> carico, etc..<br />
La scelta dei materiali per i tubi impiegati<br />
nel trasporto <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi<br />
<strong>di</strong>pende pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente dal fluido<br />
trasportato (gas o liquido, corrosivo<br />
o meno, etc.) ed è soggetta a un<br />
processo decisionale che prevede<br />
<strong>di</strong>verse analisi.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a tubazione per <strong>il</strong> trasporto <strong>di</strong><br />
prodotti petroliferi, quali olio e gas<br />
naturale, deve essere sufficientemente<br />
resistente da sopportare le<br />
sollecitazioni dovute ai carichi che<br />
saranno applicati sia <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> co-<br />
PIPELINES. La realizzazione <strong>di</strong> una condotta<br />
avviene saldando tra loro porzioni <strong>di</strong> tubo<br />
adeguatamente preparate prima <strong>del</strong>la posa<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ale. La progettazione e la costruzione<br />
<strong>del</strong>le condotte variano a seconda che si tratti<br />
<strong>di</strong> condotte a terra o sottomar<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
PIPELINES. In pipel<strong>in</strong>e bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g duly prepared<br />
lengths of pipe are welded together<br />
before be<strong>in</strong>g laid down. Pipel<strong>in</strong>e design and<br />
construction vary depend<strong>in</strong>g on whether they<br />
are overland or subsea pipel<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
TRAVELING AROUND<br />
THE WORLD<br />
Not only exploration and production:<br />
also transport has become strategic<br />
<strong>in</strong> the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry today.<br />
From the first volume of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a,<br />
here is an excerpt from the chapter<br />
that tells how and why.<br />
by ROBERTO BRUSCHI<br />
THE INDUSTRY OF HYDROCARBONS IS BY DEFINITION<br />
de<strong>di</strong>cated ma<strong>in</strong>ly to exploration (E) and production (P).<br />
This approach goes back to the 1950s, and has over<br />
time <strong>in</strong>fluenced both its organizational development<br />
and perception on the part of civ<strong>il</strong> society, impressed by the<br />
images of the large <strong>in</strong>frastructures used to extract<br />
hydrocarbons.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g the second world war, when the <strong>Un</strong>ited States met with<br />
the need to guarantee fuel o<strong>il</strong> for the convoys leav<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
Atlantic coast for Europe and defend it from attacks by<br />
German submar<strong>in</strong>es, long-<strong>di</strong>stance pipel<strong>in</strong>e transport from the<br />
coasts of the Gulf of Mexico became important. Another step<br />
toward greater attention for pipel<strong>in</strong>e transport took place with<br />
the o<strong>il</strong> pipel<strong>in</strong>e from the Beaufort Sea to the Valdez term<strong>in</strong>al<br />
on the Pacific Ocean, bu<strong>il</strong>t across Alaska <strong>in</strong> the second half of<br />
the 1970s with noteworthy technological and economic<br />
efforts. The reason beh<strong>in</strong>d it was the fuel crisis sparked by<br />
the Middle East conflict.<br />
It is a commonly held belief that, <strong>in</strong> the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of this<br />
second m<strong>il</strong>lennium and for the next 30 years, the role of<br />
trans-cont<strong>in</strong>ental pipel<strong>in</strong>es to move hydrocarbons over long<br />
<strong>di</strong>stances w<strong>il</strong>l grow ever more important <strong>in</strong> the hydrocarbon<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry, as a result of the <strong>di</strong>stance between consumers and<br />
newly-found o<strong>il</strong> fields <strong>in</strong> remote areas. It would be no surprise<br />
if o<strong>il</strong> companies were to add ‘T’ for transport to the E & P<br />
acronym of exploration and production, which they are known<br />
by up to now.<br />
Opt<strong>in</strong>g to carry hydrocarbons by pipel<strong>in</strong>e over long <strong>di</strong>stances,<br />
when it is held to be technically secure and economically<br />
competitive compared with other options, calls for a huge<br />
<strong>in</strong>itial <strong>in</strong>vestment. In the case of transport of liquid<br />
hydrocarbons, such an <strong>in</strong>vestment is always justified <strong>in</strong> terms<br />
of transport costs per energy unit, wh<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the case of gas<br />
hydrocarbons, competitiveness of the long-<strong>di</strong>stance pipel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
option requires significant technological effort to keep the<br />
transport cost per energy unit below acceptable levels. The<br />
crucial factors <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g acceptable transport costs and<br />
hence <strong>in</strong> pick<strong>in</strong>g the best option are always represented by<br />
the political stab<strong>il</strong>ity of the regions crossed, <strong>in</strong> view of the<br />
high level of vulnerab<strong>il</strong>ity concern<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>frastructure <strong>in</strong> its<br />
length to external actions, and the strategic importance of the<br />
transport fac<strong>il</strong>ity.<br />
The advantage of pipel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
over other transport systems<br />
lies <strong>in</strong>: the operat<strong>in</strong>g costs<br />
<strong>in</strong> connection with the cost<br />
of the guaranteed flow of<br />
energy units and transport<br />
capacity across<br />
environments that may be<br />
particularly host<strong>il</strong>e; the<br />
safeguard<strong>in</strong>g of the<br />
environment, s<strong>in</strong>ce once the<br />
con<strong>di</strong>tions for bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
pipel<strong>in</strong>e required <strong>in</strong> a<br />
particularly vulnerable<br />
environment have been<br />
taken <strong>in</strong>to account, the<br />
pipel<strong>in</strong>e has no impact<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g its use; safety, which<br />
is particularly high <strong>in</strong><br />
comparative terms <strong>in</strong> the<br />
case of liquid products,<br />
wh<strong>il</strong>e the transport of gas at<br />
high pressure can meet<br />
objections <strong>in</strong> densely<br />
populated areas. These<br />
objections can be overcome<br />
by us<strong>in</strong>g high quality<br />
materials, qualified plann<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
accurate construction and<br />
controlled management.<br />
Over the past thirty years,<br />
the rate of <strong>di</strong>srepairs for o<strong>il</strong><br />
and gas pipel<strong>in</strong>es has<br />
58 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
59
SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />
struzione sia durante la vita operativa.<br />
Quando gli attraversamenti sono<br />
complicati da con<strong>di</strong>zioni ambientali<br />
<strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i, l’analisi <strong>di</strong> pre<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>del</strong><br />
comportamento nel tempo è estremamente<br />
complessa e articolata.<br />
La costruzione <strong>di</strong> una condotta è realizzata<br />
saldando tra loro le barre <strong>di</strong><br />
tubo opportunamente preparate e<br />
adagiandole lungo un per<strong>corso</strong> predef<strong>in</strong>ito.<br />
La progettazione e la tecnologia<br />
<strong>di</strong> costruzione variano a seconda<br />
che si tratti <strong>di</strong> condotte a terra o<br />
sottomar<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
In genere le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e richiedono<br />
un livello tecnologico elevato<br />
sia per la costruzione, per via dei<br />
mezzi impiegati, sia <strong>in</strong> seguito per la<br />
gestione e la manutenzione <strong>del</strong>le l<strong>in</strong>ee.<br />
Le condotte a terra sono <strong>in</strong>terrate,<br />
con pochissime eccezioni <strong>in</strong> casi <strong>di</strong><br />
attraversamenti o ambienti particolari<br />
quali la zona Artica e sub-Artica; questo<br />
sia per aumentarne la sicurezza<br />
sia per ridurre l’impatto sull’ambiente.<br />
Le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e sono solitamente<br />
esposte, posate sul fondo <strong>del</strong><br />
mare, <strong>in</strong>terrate e/o protette esclusivamente<br />
<strong>in</strong> corrispondenza degli appro<strong>di</strong><br />
costieri o <strong>di</strong> sezioni potenzialmente<br />
esposte ad azioni ambientali estreme<br />
o attività <strong>di</strong> pesca, mercant<strong>il</strong>i e <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
degli idrocarburi.<br />
Per la costruzione <strong>del</strong>le condotte sottomar<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
l’ambiente <strong>di</strong> posa spesso<br />
richiede l’uso <strong>di</strong> mezzi specifici, <strong>di</strong> notevole<br />
<strong>di</strong>mensione e costo, che sono<br />
le navi posatubi. Tali mezzi navali possono<br />
essere <strong>del</strong>le offic<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> lavoro<br />
galleggianti, ove trovano alloggio f<strong>in</strong>o<br />
a cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> persone, che abitualmente<br />
lavorano a ciclo cont<strong>in</strong>uo, con<br />
turni tra <strong>il</strong> personale. Le attività seguono<br />
lo schema funzionale <strong>del</strong>le condotte<br />
a terra, ove però si svolgono sulla<br />
terra ferma quante più attività preparatorie<br />
possib<strong>il</strong>i e ove la parte <strong>di</strong> varo<br />
e <strong>di</strong> eventuale lavoro sul fondo assume<br />
una importanza molto maggiore.<br />
La necessità <strong>di</strong> evitare sollecitazioni<br />
e deformazioni eccessive che possano<br />
compromettere l’<strong>in</strong>tegrità presente<br />
e futura <strong>del</strong>la condotta ha portato<br />
allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>di</strong> tecnologie e mezzi<br />
<strong>di</strong> posa sempre più potenti e sofisticati nel controllo<br />
<strong>del</strong>le sequenze operative.<br />
Le condotte, sia terrestri sia sottomar<strong>in</strong>e, operano <strong>in</strong> un<br />
contesto che potrebbe comportarne <strong>il</strong> deterioramento<br />
nel tempo, sia per ragioni identificab<strong>il</strong>i <strong>in</strong> sede <strong>di</strong> progetto<br />
che per ragioni <strong>in</strong>aspettate. Pertanto la realizzazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> una condotta prevede sempre l’implementazione <strong>di</strong><br />
60<br />
POSA OFFSHORE. Per la posa <strong>di</strong> condotte<br />
sottomar<strong>in</strong>e è richiesto un livello tecnologico<br />
molto elevato. Ogni nave posatubi è dotata<br />
<strong>di</strong> stazioni <strong>di</strong> saldatura, controllo saldature<br />
e rivestimento dei tubi. Il sistema<br />
<strong>di</strong> tensionamento permette <strong>di</strong> calare <strong>in</strong> mare<br />
la condotta me<strong>di</strong>ante l’avanzamento<br />
<strong>del</strong>la nave. Gli <strong>in</strong>terventi sui fondali<br />
sono effettuati dall’uomo se le profon<strong>di</strong>tà<br />
non sono elevate, ma laddove aumentano<br />
è possib<strong>il</strong>e <strong>in</strong>tervenire solo con sofisticati<br />
strumenti telecomandati denom<strong>in</strong>ati<br />
Rov (Remotely Operated Vehicle).<br />
OFFSHORE LAYDOWN. A very high technological<br />
level is required to lay subsea pipel<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
Each lay-barge is equipped with stations<br />
for weld<strong>in</strong>g, weld<strong>in</strong>g control and pipe coat<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The tension<strong>in</strong>g system enables to lay the pipel<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>in</strong>to the sea as the barge moves on.<br />
Operations on the seabed are carried out<br />
by people when the sea is not too deep.<br />
But when it is very deep you can operate only<br />
by means of sophisticated remote-controlled<br />
<strong>in</strong>struments called Rov (Remotely Operated<br />
Vehicle).<br />
equipaggiamenti e programmi <strong>di</strong> gestione a garanzia <strong>del</strong>la<br />
funzionalità nel tempo previsto <strong>in</strong> sede <strong>di</strong> progetto per<br />
l’esercizio.<br />
Roberto Bruschi lavora <strong>in</strong> Snamprogetti come responsab<strong>il</strong>e<br />
Ricerca e Sv<strong>il</strong>uppo nel settore sistemi <strong>di</strong> condotte. In questo<br />
settore è anche <strong>di</strong>rettore Progetti speciali.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
decreased considerably,<br />
settl<strong>in</strong>g at excellent<br />
performance levels,<br />
and this testifies to the<br />
attention given by the<br />
<strong>di</strong>fferent sectors of the<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry to<br />
technological <strong>in</strong>novation<br />
to transport<br />
hydrocarbons by<br />
pipel<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Pipel<strong>in</strong>es can be<br />
classified accord<strong>in</strong>g to:<br />
environment to be<br />
crossed, for example<br />
overland pipel<strong>in</strong>es or<br />
sub sea ones, with subcategories<br />
that further<br />
qualify their ma<strong>in</strong><br />
characteristics such as<br />
elevation prof<strong>il</strong>e, the<br />
nature of the terra<strong>in</strong>,<br />
etc.; product<br />
transported, whether<br />
liquid, gas or<br />
multiphase, with subcategories<br />
that qualify<br />
the fluidodynamics of<br />
the transport such as<br />
pressure, temperature,<br />
speed, etc.;<br />
construction materials,<br />
either the typical carbon-manganese steel or special,<br />
corrosion-resistant alloys, and the weld<strong>in</strong>gs they are<br />
assembled with; and construction technologies, <strong>in</strong> particular<br />
those related to the lay<strong>in</strong>g operation and the work needed for<br />
burial, both for overland and sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
In general, the fac<strong>il</strong>ities to transport hydrocarbons by<br />
pipel<strong>in</strong>es don’t <strong>in</strong>terfere significantly with human activities,<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce the pipel<strong>in</strong>es are buried at such a depth so as to<br />
m<strong>in</strong>imize all sort of <strong>in</strong>terference, or they are laid on the<br />
seabed, yet they require very careful manag<strong>in</strong>g, consider<strong>in</strong>g<br />
what they are worth and their foremost position <strong>in</strong> the energy<br />
policy of a nation. The execution of a pipel<strong>in</strong>e is affected by<br />
the features of the territory to be crossed, by the need to<br />
m<strong>in</strong>imize the environmental impact, especially dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
construction phase, and by legal restrictions imposed <strong>in</strong><br />
densely populated areas. Choos<strong>in</strong>g the best route must<br />
reconc<strong>il</strong>e technical-economic requirements with the need to<br />
protect the sites <strong>in</strong>volved, keep<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> the range of<br />
variation of the parameters l<strong>in</strong>ked to the technical- economic<br />
feasib<strong>il</strong>ity of a cross<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
With regard to sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es, seabed cross<strong>in</strong>g enta<strong>il</strong>s<br />
significant technological effort. Decid<strong>in</strong>g on the route cannot<br />
be carried out us<strong>in</strong>g a <strong>di</strong>rect view of the area, as is done with<br />
aerial photographs and on-spot visual <strong>in</strong>spections for onshore<br />
pipel<strong>in</strong>es. The reconnaissance phase is totally <strong>in</strong>strumental,<br />
entrusted to the use of highly sophisticated technologies and<br />
bound to the <strong>in</strong>terpretation of measurements. Environmental<br />
<strong>di</strong>fficulties and the need to use advanced technologies to get<br />
project data make optimal route selection a very crucial<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
phase <strong>in</strong> a sub sea cross<strong>in</strong>g project, which provides the basis<br />
for the technical-economic assessment of the work’s<br />
feasib<strong>il</strong>ity.<br />
The designer’s first objective is to def<strong>in</strong>e the pipe <strong>di</strong>ameter<br />
needed to convey a given quantity (flow per time unit) of the<br />
product (chiefly o<strong>il</strong> or natural gas, or a mix of the two) from one<br />
place to another. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this phase, the entry pressure of the<br />
product is def<strong>in</strong>ed, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account, among other th<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />
the fluid properties, expected changes along the route,<br />
depend<strong>in</strong>g on the type of pipel<strong>in</strong>e (sub sea or overland) and<br />
the type of fluid be<strong>in</strong>g conveyed (liquid or gas), load loss, etc.<br />
The choice of materials for pipes used to convey hydrocarbons<br />
depends mostly on the fluid conveyed (gas or liquid, more or<br />
less corrosive, etc), and passes though a decision-mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
process that <strong>in</strong>volves several types of analyses.<br />
A pipel<strong>in</strong>e convey<strong>in</strong>g petroleum products such as o<strong>il</strong> and<br />
natural gas needs be resistant enough to bear the stress<br />
caused by the loads which w<strong>il</strong>l be imposed on it, both <strong>in</strong> its<br />
construction phase and its operat<strong>in</strong>g life. When cross<strong>in</strong>gs are<br />
h<strong>in</strong>dered by <strong>di</strong>fficult environmental con<strong>di</strong>tions, the analysis of<br />
behavior pre<strong>di</strong>ction over time is extremely complex.<br />
To bu<strong>il</strong>d a pipel<strong>in</strong>e they weld together the lengths of pipe after<br />
duly prepar<strong>in</strong>g them and lay<strong>in</strong>g them along the chosen route.<br />
Plann<strong>in</strong>g and construction technology change depend<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
whether an overland or a sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>e is <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />
Generally speak<strong>in</strong>g, sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es require an advanced<br />
technological level, both to bu<strong>il</strong>d them, ow<strong>in</strong>g to the means<br />
employed, and afterwards to operate and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> them.<br />
Onshore pipel<strong>in</strong>es are buried underground, except for very few<br />
exceptions <strong>in</strong> the case of cross<strong>in</strong>gs and of <strong>di</strong>st<strong>in</strong>ctive<br />
environments, such as the Arctic and sub-Arctic area. They<br />
are buried both to improve security and reduce environmental<br />
impact.<br />
Sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es are usually exposed, laid on the seabed,<br />
and are buried and/or protected only when reach<strong>in</strong>g the shore<br />
or with stretches potentially exposed to extreme<br />
environmental con<strong>di</strong>tions, or to fish<strong>in</strong>g, merchant and<br />
hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong>dustry activities.<br />
In bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es, the lay<strong>in</strong>g site often requires<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g special, very large and costly units, namely, the pipelay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ships. These vessels can be float<strong>in</strong>g work<strong>in</strong>g stations,<br />
which can accommodate up to hundreds of people, who<br />
typically work <strong>in</strong> shifts around the clock. The work follows the<br />
same functional sequence as overland pipel<strong>in</strong>es; however, as<br />
much preparatory work as possible is carried out onshore and<br />
the launch phase and possible seabed work take on far<br />
greater importance. The need to avoid stress and excessive<br />
deformation that may compromise the present and future<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrity of the pipel<strong>in</strong>e led to the development of <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
powerful and sophisticated technologies and lay<strong>in</strong>g barges to<br />
control operational sequences.<br />
Both overland and sub sea pipel<strong>in</strong>es work <strong>in</strong> a context that<br />
may br<strong>in</strong>g about their deterioration over the course of time, for<br />
reasons that may have been identified <strong>in</strong> the draw<strong>in</strong>g board<br />
stage, or for unexpected reasons. Hence pipel<strong>in</strong>e bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
always <strong>in</strong>cludes the implementation of equipment and<br />
management programs to guarantee functionality over the<br />
span of time foreseen <strong>in</strong> the plann<strong>in</strong>g stage.<br />
Roberto Bruschi works with Snamprogetti as Pipel<strong>in</strong>e Systems- R&D<br />
Manager. In this sector he is also Special Projects Manager.<br />
61
INTERVISTA - INTERVIEW<br />
La stagione <strong>del</strong>le<br />
REGOLE<br />
62<br />
Correttezza e trasparenza dei mercati sono problemi aperti.<br />
Myron Scholes, premio Nobel per l’economia, spiega<br />
come <strong>il</strong> rispetto <strong>del</strong>le norme si riflette sulla vita <strong>del</strong>le imprese<br />
e nei comportamenti <strong>di</strong> tutti gli <strong>in</strong>vestitori.<br />
Intervista a MYRON SCHOLES<br />
POCHI ECONOMISTI COME LUI HANNO AVUTO<br />
un ruolo attivo sia nella teoria sia nella pratica<br />
dei mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari. Al culm<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la sua carriera<br />
accademica Myron Scholes, 65enne nato a<br />
Timm<strong>in</strong>s nell’Ontario, <strong>in</strong> Canada, ma da tempo residente<br />
negli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti, ha ricevuto <strong>in</strong>fatti nel 1997 <strong>il</strong> premio<br />
Nobel per l’economia assieme al collega Robert<br />
Merton per le ricerche condotte <strong>in</strong> campo f<strong>in</strong>anziario e<br />
soprattutto per la teoria <strong>di</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>azione dei valori<br />
<strong>del</strong>le opzioni (<strong>il</strong> terzo stu<strong>di</strong>oso che aveva lavorato con<br />
loro, Fisher Black, era purtroppo morto prematuramente<br />
nel 1995 e non poté godere <strong>del</strong>la fama legata alla scoperta).<br />
Poi gli sv<strong>il</strong>uppi professionali lo hanno portato a<br />
de<strong>di</strong>carsi anche all’attività sul campo e ora guida <strong>in</strong> prima<br />
persona proprio una società d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento, la Oak<br />
H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners, <strong>di</strong> cui è chairman e manag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
partner.<br />
Ancora più particolare è però forse <strong>il</strong> fatto che oggi si<br />
occupi attivamente <strong>di</strong> governance, dopo aver legato a<br />
lungo la sua immag<strong>in</strong>e a quella <strong>del</strong>la trad<strong>in</strong>g room <strong>del</strong>la<br />
Salomon Brothers e soprattutto a quel fondo, Long-<br />
Term Capital Management, che con <strong>il</strong> suo crollo nel<br />
1998 fece venire i brivi<strong>di</strong> ai mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari <strong>in</strong>ternazionali<br />
e costr<strong>in</strong>se la Federal Reserve a coord<strong>in</strong>are un<br />
salvataggio a più mani, con la partecipazione <strong>di</strong>retta<br />
dei colossi <strong>di</strong> Wall Street.<br />
Professore emerito all’ateneo <strong>di</strong> Stanford, Scholes è comunque<br />
tuttora impegnato nel mondo <strong>del</strong>la ricerca universitaria,<br />
sv<strong>il</strong>uppando gli stu<strong>di</strong> che lo portarono con i<br />
colleghi a determ<strong>in</strong>are per la prima volta, sulla base <strong>di</strong><br />
una formula matematica, <strong>il</strong> prezzo per le opzioni non<br />
esercitab<strong>il</strong>i prima <strong>del</strong>la scadenza e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>, <strong>in</strong> senso lato, a<br />
calcolare <strong>il</strong> valore <strong>di</strong> qualsiasi strumento f<strong>in</strong>anziario derivato.<br />
Ed è su questo complesso <strong>di</strong> esperienze che <strong>il</strong> premio<br />
Nobel ha de<strong>di</strong>cato a <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way la sua analisi sul mer-<br />
cato dei capitali e degli <strong>in</strong>vestimenti mob<strong>il</strong>iari. Soprattutto<br />
alla luce <strong>di</strong> vicende più e meno recenti che hanno riproposto<br />
con forza all’attenzione degli operatori, <strong>del</strong><br />
pubblico e soprattutto <strong>del</strong>le istituzioni – sia <strong>in</strong> Europa sia<br />
negli Usa – alcuni aspetti fondamentali <strong>del</strong> sistema f<strong>in</strong>anziario<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternazionale. A partire dalle regole <strong>di</strong> governance<br />
<strong>del</strong>le società e dal controllo <strong>del</strong> rischio sui mercati, che<br />
ancorché connaturale rappresenta <strong>il</strong> punto più critico (e<br />
qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> costante) per <strong>il</strong> loro equ<strong>il</strong>ibrio.<br />
E’sW<br />
A proposito <strong>del</strong> rischio come fattore <strong>in</strong>evitabi-<br />
le <strong>del</strong> mondo <strong>del</strong>la f<strong>in</strong>anza, lei ha scritto recentemente<br />
che “abbiamo imparato a gestirlo e <strong>di</strong>stribuirlo<br />
meglio”, aggiungendo tuttavia che è errato pensare<br />
che “possa essere elim<strong>in</strong>ato”. Anche gli scandali<br />
devono dunque essere considerati <strong>in</strong>evitab<strong>il</strong>i?<br />
Il rischio non può essere elim<strong>in</strong>ato. Sul mercato è<br />
possib<strong>il</strong>e tutt’al più trasferirlo verso quelli che capiscono<br />
come gestirlo. Lo stesso <strong>di</strong>s<strong>corso</strong> vale per gli<br />
scandali: la corporate<br />
governance non potrà<br />
mai essere completa. Anche<br />
con regole e controlli<br />
severi si avrà sempre a<br />
che fare con errori commessi<br />
da manager, che<br />
provocheranno default,<br />
crolli o crack. D’altra parte,<br />
chi decide le regole<br />
deve fare attenzione; a<br />
non renderle cioè così rigide<br />
da <strong>in</strong>ibire le aziende<br />
dal funzionare corretta-<br />
mente.<br />
E’sW<br />
Il problema autentico<br />
va allora ricondotto<br />
RICONOSCIMENTI. Myron<br />
Scholes, professore emerito<br />
all’ateneo <strong>di</strong> Stanford. <strong>È</strong> stato<br />
<strong>in</strong>signito <strong>del</strong> Premio Nobel<br />
per l’Economia nel 1997<br />
per <strong>il</strong> contributo alla teoria<br />
<strong>del</strong>le option pric<strong>in</strong>g: tecniche<br />
che permettono <strong>di</strong> assegnare<br />
un prezzo a un prodotto<br />
f<strong>in</strong>anziario. Ha con<strong>di</strong>viso<br />
<strong>il</strong> premio con l’economista<br />
Robert Merton.<br />
AWARD. Myron Scholes, professor<br />
emeritus at the Stanford <strong>Un</strong>iversity,<br />
was awarded the Nobel Prize<br />
<strong>in</strong> economics <strong>in</strong> 1997<br />
for his contribution to the option<br />
pric<strong>in</strong>g theory: a technique<br />
that enables to price a f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
product. He shared the prize<br />
with economist Robert Merton.
INTERVISTA - INTERVIEW<br />
64<br />
PASSATO E PRESENTE. Scholes ha lavorato per molti anni con <strong>il</strong><br />
matematico americano Fisher Black, scomparso nel 1995. Con lui ha<br />
dato vita al famoso mo<strong>del</strong>lo per <strong>il</strong> calcolo <strong>del</strong>le opzioni chiamato<br />
“Black and Scholes”. Secondo la formula <strong>il</strong> valore <strong>di</strong> un’opzione<br />
<strong>di</strong>pende da quattro elementi: la durata, <strong>il</strong> prezzo, <strong>il</strong> tasso d’<strong>in</strong>teresse e<br />
la volat<strong>il</strong>ità. Attualmente si occupa <strong>di</strong> corporate governance ed è alla<br />
guida <strong>di</strong> una società <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestimenti, la Oak H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners.<br />
PAST AND PRESENT. Scholes worked for many years with the US<br />
mathematician Fisher Black, who <strong>di</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> 1995. Jo<strong>in</strong>tly with him<br />
he developed the well-known “Black and Scholes” option-pric<strong>in</strong>g mo<strong>del</strong>.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this formula, the price of an option depends on four elements:<br />
expiration time, price, <strong>in</strong>terest rate and volat<strong>il</strong>ity. Currently Scholes<br />
deals with corporate governance and heads an <strong>in</strong>vestment firm,<br />
Oak H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners.<br />
alla qualità <strong>del</strong>le regole? Significa che vanno cont<strong>in</strong>uamente<br />
aggiornate e aff<strong>in</strong>ate?<br />
Le regole devono essere sufficientemente “ampie” per<br />
evitare che con<strong>di</strong>zion<strong>in</strong>o <strong>in</strong> modo eccessivo l’attività<br />
<strong>del</strong>le imprese e che fren<strong>in</strong>o la crescita. Nel concetto <strong>di</strong><br />
ord<strong>in</strong>amento “ampio”, tuttavia, contemplo al tempo<br />
stesso quello <strong>di</strong> una normativa <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> contrastare<br />
e colpire le fro<strong>di</strong> e le pratiche scorrette. Il punto è che<br />
non si deve regolare ogni aspetto <strong>del</strong>l’attività, <strong>del</strong>la vita<br />
e <strong>del</strong> comportamento <strong>del</strong>le società, perché la natura<br />
fondamentale <strong>del</strong>le norme è – al contrario – proprio<br />
quella <strong>di</strong> permettere a ogni attività <strong>di</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess, a tutto<br />
<strong>il</strong> mondo degli affari, <strong>di</strong> operare <strong>in</strong> un clima globale e <strong>di</strong><br />
crescere <strong>in</strong> un contesto corretto, ord<strong>in</strong>ato. Anche un<br />
numero eccessivo <strong>di</strong> aggiornamenti <strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>a f<strong>in</strong>isce<br />
per avere un effetto perverso sull’economia. Per<br />
questo parlo <strong>di</strong> un’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e “ampiezza” <strong>del</strong>la regolamentazione<br />
e <strong>di</strong>co che le mo<strong>di</strong>fiche<br />
si rendono necessarie proprio se<br />
e quando emerge che la legge ostacola<br />
o deprime la crescita economica.<br />
Le regole devono essere qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> contenute <strong>di</strong> numero,<br />
ma comportare serie penali e consentire un pronto <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />
<strong>di</strong> reazione quando vengano violate.<br />
E’sW<br />
Non si può regolamentare tutto,<br />
altrimenti si deprime l’attività.<br />
You cannot regulate everyth<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
otherwise you <strong>di</strong>scourage bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />
Quali sono allora le strategie migliori per ga-<br />
rantire una maggiore sicurezza – e <strong>in</strong> qualche misura<br />
una maggiore stab<strong>il</strong>ità f<strong>in</strong>anziaria – ai mercati, sia<br />
per le aziende che per gli <strong>in</strong>vestitori?<br />
L’economia è <strong>in</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ua fluttuazione. E l’attività economica<br />
è per natura e def<strong>in</strong>izione soggetta a <strong>in</strong>certezza.<br />
Sul terreno <strong>del</strong>le strategie non si può che fare riferimento<br />
ai vari sistemi nazionali. E per una parte <strong>di</strong> paesi<br />
<strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>s<strong>corso</strong> è <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e, perché la loro produzione – la loro<br />
“ricchezza” – si concentra <strong>in</strong> poche attività e <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ati<br />
settori, per cui la classica <strong>di</strong>versificazione o ri-<br />
partizione dei rischi appare <strong>in</strong> questi casi <strong>in</strong>attuab<strong>il</strong>e.<br />
Tutti possono però, secondo le rispettive <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>ità,<br />
creare riserve a copertura dei loro rischi economici.<br />
Ogni paese dovrebbe <strong>in</strong> sostanza prevedere una voce<br />
<strong>del</strong> b<strong>il</strong>ancio pubblico dest<strong>in</strong>ata alla gestione <strong>del</strong> rischio.<br />
E’sW<br />
Fra le materie <strong>di</strong> suo pr<strong>in</strong>cipale <strong>in</strong>teresse figu-<br />
ra senza dubbio <strong>il</strong> tema <strong>del</strong>la corporate governance e<br />
a questo proposito ha segnalato l’assoluta necessità<br />
<strong>di</strong> un impegno <strong>di</strong>retto – oltre che <strong>del</strong>le aziende e<br />
dei loro maggiori <strong>di</strong>rigenti – sia <strong>del</strong>le autorità istituzionali<br />
sia degli stessi <strong>in</strong>vestitori. Ma quali sono nella<br />
sua visione i loro rispettivi ruoli e responsab<strong>il</strong>ità?<br />
La corporate governance com<strong>in</strong>cia ai vertici <strong>del</strong>le imprese.<br />
Se <strong>il</strong> top management def<strong>in</strong>isce con chiarezza un<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
THE SEASON<br />
OF RULES<br />
Market fairness and transparency are<br />
unresolved issues.<br />
Cana<strong>di</strong>an-born US economist<br />
Myron Scholes – w<strong>in</strong>ner of the 1997 Nobel<br />
prize <strong>in</strong> economics – expla<strong>in</strong>s how comply<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with the regulations affects enterprises<br />
and <strong>in</strong>vestor behaviour.<br />
<strong>in</strong>terview with ROBERT SOLOW<br />
FEW ECONOMISTS HAVE PLAYED AN ACTIVE ROLE IN<br />
both theory and practice of f<strong>in</strong>ancial markets as<br />
Myron Scholes has. Scholes, aged 64, born <strong>in</strong><br />
Timm<strong>in</strong>s, Ontario, Canada, but who has been liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
the US for long, reached his academic apex <strong>in</strong> 1997, when<br />
he won the Nobel Prize <strong>in</strong> economics, along with his<br />
colleague Robert Merton, for the research carried out <strong>in</strong> the<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ancial field and above all for a new method to determ<strong>in</strong>e<br />
the value of options (the third scholar who had worked with<br />
them, Fischer Black, unfortunately passed away <strong>in</strong> 1995,<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
thus <strong>di</strong>dn’t enjoy the acknowledgment of their<br />
<strong>di</strong>scovery). Then professional developments<br />
led him to engage also <strong>in</strong> on-field activities,<br />
and he now personally heads an <strong>in</strong>vestment<br />
fund, Oak H<strong>il</strong>l Plat<strong>in</strong>um Partners, where he<br />
acts as chairman and manag<strong>in</strong>g partner.<br />
What is even more noteworthy is maybe the<br />
fact he now actively deals with governance,<br />
after a long connection with the Salomon<br />
Brothers trad<strong>in</strong>g room and especially with<br />
the Long-Term Capital Management fund,<br />
which shook the <strong>in</strong>ternational f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
markets when it crashed, back <strong>in</strong> 1998,<br />
forc<strong>in</strong>g the US Federal Reserve to set up a<br />
‘multi-player’ rescue, <strong>di</strong>rectly <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g Wall<br />
Street giants.<br />
Scholes, professor emeritus at the Stanford<br />
<strong>Un</strong>iversity, is st<strong>il</strong>l engaged <strong>in</strong> academic<br />
research, develop<strong>in</strong>g the stu<strong>di</strong>es which led<br />
him, along with his colleagues, to determ<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
for the first time, follow<strong>in</strong>g a mathematical<br />
formula, the price of options non exercisable<br />
before expiration date, thus allow<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> a<br />
broad sense, to calculate the value of other<br />
derivatives securities, too. Thanks to this set<br />
of experiences the Nobel laureate de<strong>di</strong>cated<br />
to <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way his analysis of the capital and<br />
securities markets, especially <strong>in</strong> the light of<br />
more or less recent events that drew the<br />
attention of the trade, the public and, above<br />
all, the <strong>in</strong>stitutions – both <strong>in</strong> Europe and the<br />
US – on some fundamental aspects of the<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational f<strong>in</strong>ancial system. Start<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
corporate governance rules and f<strong>in</strong>ancial market risk, which,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g somewhat <strong>in</strong>born, is surely the most critical aspect<br />
(and therefore a constant one) for their equ<strong>il</strong>ibrium.<br />
E’sW Regard<strong>in</strong>g risk as an <strong>in</strong>evitable factor <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
world, you recently wrote that “we have learned to manage<br />
and spread it better”, add<strong>in</strong>g, however, that it is wrong to<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k “it can be elim<strong>in</strong>ated”. Are scandals to be considered<br />
<strong>in</strong>evitable, too, then?<br />
The risk factor cannot be elim<strong>in</strong>ated. In the market the best<br />
we can do is to transfer it to those who know how to<br />
manage it. The same goes for scandals: corporate<br />
governance w<strong>il</strong>l never be complete. Even with strict rules and<br />
controls, some managers w<strong>il</strong>l end up mak<strong>in</strong>g mistakes,<br />
which w<strong>il</strong>l cause defaults or crashes. Those who set the<br />
rules must be careful, though: they should not make them<br />
so strict as to prevent companies from work<strong>in</strong>g properly.<br />
E’sW Thus, is the real problem about the quality of rules?<br />
Does that mean they must constantly be updated and<br />
ref<strong>in</strong>ed?<br />
Rules just have to be sufficiently “broad”, to avoid<br />
con<strong>di</strong>tion<strong>in</strong>g enterprise activity too much, h<strong>in</strong>der<strong>in</strong>g their<br />
growth. Nonetheless, the concept of “broad” regulations<br />
also <strong>in</strong>cludes that of norms capable of efficiently hold<strong>in</strong>g off<br />
and punish frauds and unfair behaviour. The po<strong>in</strong>t is that you<br />
shouldn’t regulate all aspects of corporate activity, life and<br />
behaviour, because the very basic nature of regulation is<br />
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obiettivo <strong>di</strong> buona governance e non tollera deviazioni rispetto<br />
al suo target, l’azienda <strong>in</strong> questione si è assicurata<br />
già le con<strong>di</strong>zioni per fare molti passi <strong>in</strong> avanti. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> top management<br />
a stab<strong>il</strong>ire i mo<strong>del</strong>li <strong>di</strong> riferimento. Senza questa<br />
guida e questo comportamento,<br />
non è possib<strong>il</strong>e che prenda forma<br />
una buona governance. Ovviamente<br />
deve essere messa <strong>in</strong> conto<br />
l’alta probab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> raccogliere<br />
anche degli <strong>in</strong>successi. Il management<br />
ad esempio può essere tentato<br />
– per scelta o semplicemente<br />
per errori <strong>di</strong> valutazione – <strong>di</strong> deviare<br />
dalla politica impostata. E lo<br />
stesso top management può cedere<br />
all’impulso <strong>di</strong> riservarsi risorse<br />
altrimenti dest<strong>in</strong>ate alla società<br />
o agli azionisti. Il ruolo degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori<br />
tuttavia sta cambiando e si<br />
fa più <strong>in</strong>cisivo. In particolare quello<br />
dei gruppi <strong>di</strong> private equity e<br />
degli hedge funds, che stanno <strong>di</strong>ventando<br />
più attenti all’opera <strong>di</strong><br />
vig<strong>il</strong>anza e consapevoli nei processi<br />
<strong>di</strong> controllo. Le loro attività<br />
<strong>di</strong> sorveglianza e <strong>di</strong> au<strong>di</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g rendono<br />
più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e per l’alta <strong>di</strong>rezione<br />
ogni deviazione rispetto all’obiettivo<br />
<strong>di</strong> massimizzare <strong>il</strong> valore<br />
<strong>del</strong>la compagnia nell’<strong>in</strong>teresse<br />
CORPORATE<br />
GOVERNANCE. Per poter<br />
funzionare <strong>in</strong> modo<br />
efficiente un’azienda<br />
deve puntare su una<br />
leadership riconosciuta<br />
che sappia guidare<br />
attraverso le regole,<br />
l’esempio<br />
e <strong>il</strong> comportamento.<br />
La comunità f<strong>in</strong>anziaria<br />
premia sempre più<br />
le aziende che operano<br />
secondo questi pr<strong>in</strong>cipi.<br />
CORPORATE<br />
GOVERNANCE. To be able<br />
to operate efficiently a firm<br />
needs to strive<br />
for a recognized leadership,<br />
capable of govern<strong>in</strong>g<br />
by means of rules, example<br />
and behaviour.<br />
The f<strong>in</strong>ancial community<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly rewards<br />
the firms that operate<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to these<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>ciples.<br />
dei suoi azionisti.<br />
E’sW I mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari oggi<br />
sono <strong>in</strong>fluenzati da players <strong>di</strong>versi<br />
da quelli <strong>del</strong> passato? Ci<br />
si può chiedere ad esempio se<br />
la governance che potrebbe venire<br />
applicata a <strong>in</strong>vestitori istituzionali<br />
come fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e<br />
d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento sia appropriata<br />
e sufficiente rispetto all’attuale<br />
forza degli hedge funds…<br />
I fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e quelli d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />
non de<strong>di</strong>cano molto impegno<br />
alla corporate governance.<br />
In genere passano le loro responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
a consulenti esterni,<br />
ovvero a società specializzate<br />
(sul tipo, ad esempio, <strong>di</strong> Institutional<br />
Shareholder Services) che “certificano” le<br />
imprese <strong>in</strong> materia <strong>di</strong> best practices, sulla base cioè<br />
dei loro comportamenti e atteggiamenti nelle politiche<br />
<strong>di</strong> governance. Secondo una prassi che si sta <strong>di</strong>ffondendo,<br />
affidano <strong>in</strong>somma queste funzioni a terzi e a<br />
presc<strong>in</strong>dere dal fatto che questi esperti esterni sappiano<br />
effettivamente qualcosa o meno sulle corrette strategie<br />
<strong>di</strong> una buona governance. Gli hedge fund e le<br />
società <strong>di</strong> private equity sono <strong>in</strong>vece co<strong>in</strong>volti <strong>in</strong> modo<br />
<strong>di</strong>retto nel processo <strong>di</strong> governance. Sono operatori<br />
f<strong>in</strong>anziari attivi che acquistano quote <strong>di</strong> partecipazione<br />
r<strong>il</strong>evanti – a volte determ<strong>in</strong>anti – e che <strong>in</strong>vestono allo<br />
scoperto per <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are aziende che tendenzialmente<br />
non considerano o non tutelano gli <strong>in</strong>teressi dei loro<br />
azionisti. Svolgono perciò un’azione <strong>di</strong> trasparenza più<br />
<strong>in</strong>cisiva rispetto ai fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento.<br />
E’sW<br />
Nel registrare una funzione comunque cre-<br />
scente degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori quali garanti <strong>del</strong>la corporate<br />
governance, si può r<strong>il</strong>evare anche un ruolo crescente<br />
dei gruppi d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento come “guar<strong>di</strong>ani” <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tegrità<br />
complessiva dei mercati?<br />
Il dato da prendere <strong>in</strong> considerazione è che gli <strong>in</strong>ve-<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
rather to allow all bus<strong>in</strong>ess activities, all the bus<strong>in</strong>ess world,<br />
to operate <strong>in</strong> a global environment, and grow <strong>in</strong> a fair and<br />
orderly context. Even excessive updates of norms end up<br />
<strong>di</strong>stort<strong>in</strong>g the economy. That’s why I talk about an<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable “broadness” of regulation and I ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that<br />
changes become necessary precisely if and when it<br />
becomes clear that the law h<strong>in</strong>ders or drags down economic<br />
growth. Rules should be limited <strong>in</strong> number but call for<br />
serious punishment and allow<strong>in</strong>g for a quick reaction<br />
process when they are violated.<br />
E’sW That be<strong>in</strong>g so, what are the best strategies to<br />
improve security and, to some extent, f<strong>in</strong>ancial stab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />
markets, with regard to both enterprises and <strong>in</strong>vestors?<br />
Economy is constantly fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g, and economic activity is,<br />
by nature and def<strong>in</strong>ition, subject to uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty. When it<br />
comes to strategies, we can but refer to the various national<br />
systems. And for a number of them it is a serious matter<br />
because their production – their “wealth” – is centred on few<br />
activities and <strong>in</strong> particular sectors, hence the classic<br />
<strong>di</strong>versification or spread<strong>in</strong>g of risks seems impractical.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
However, everyone can set up reserves as a hedge aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
their economic risks, accord<strong>in</strong>g to their own assets.<br />
Basically, all countries should <strong>in</strong>clude a risk management<br />
item <strong>in</strong> their public budget.<br />
E’sW One of the subjects you are mostly <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> is<br />
surely corporate governance. In this connection you<br />
emphasized the absolute need for a <strong>di</strong>rect commitment –<br />
beyond that of enterprises and their top executives – by<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutional authorities and <strong>in</strong>vestors. In your op<strong>in</strong>ion, what<br />
are their respective roles and responsib<strong>il</strong>ities?<br />
Corporate governance beg<strong>in</strong>s at the corporate top. If the top<br />
management clearly def<strong>in</strong>es a target for good governance<br />
and does not tolerate deviations from it, that company w<strong>il</strong>l<br />
already have set the basis to make many steps forward. It’s<br />
up to the top management to set the reference mo<strong>del</strong>. Good<br />
governance cannot take shape without this guide and this<br />
conduct. Obviously, one must allow for the high probab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />
meet fa<strong>il</strong>ure at times. For example, the management may be<br />
tempted – out of choice or simply ow<strong>in</strong>g to evaluation<br />
mistakes – to deflect from the adopted gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es. And the<br />
very top management may not resist the urge to keep for<br />
themselves resources which should be allocated to the<br />
company or shareholders.<br />
Nonetheless, the role of <strong>in</strong>vestors is<br />
chang<strong>in</strong>g, it’s becom<strong>in</strong>g more <strong>in</strong>cisive.<br />
Particularly that of private equity and<br />
hedge fund groups, which are pay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
La natura fondamentale <strong>del</strong>le norme è<br />
far crescere <strong>il</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> modo ord<strong>in</strong>ato.<br />
The basic nature of norms is to allow<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>ess to grow <strong>in</strong> an orderly way.<br />
more attention to watchdog activities, be<strong>in</strong>g aware of<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g processes. Their monitor<strong>in</strong>g and au<strong>di</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g<br />
activities make it much harder for top managers to deviate<br />
from the target of maximis<strong>in</strong>g the company’s value, <strong>in</strong> its<br />
shareholders’ <strong>in</strong>terest.<br />
E’sW Are today’s f<strong>in</strong>ancial markets <strong>in</strong>fluenced by <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />
players than those <strong>in</strong> the past? One may wonder for<br />
example whether the governance that may be applied to<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutional <strong>in</strong>vestors such as pension and <strong>in</strong>vestment<br />
funds is adequate and sufficient <strong>in</strong> consideration of the<br />
current strength of hedge funds…<br />
Pension and <strong>in</strong>vestment funds do not de<strong>di</strong>cate much effort<br />
to corporate governance. In general they pass their<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ities over to outside consultants, or to specialist<br />
companies (such as, for example, Institutional Shareholder<br />
Services), which “certify” the bus<strong>in</strong>esses <strong>in</strong> terms of best<br />
practices, on the basis of their behaviour and attitudes over<br />
their policies of governance. A practice that is spread<strong>in</strong>g, is<br />
to entrust these functions to third parties regardless of<br />
whether these external experts effectively know<br />
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stitori attivi, esercitando i loro <strong>di</strong>ritti e responsab<strong>il</strong>ità,<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervengono nel processo <strong>di</strong> protezione anche<br />
degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori <strong>in</strong>attivi o privi <strong>di</strong> reali poteri d’<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>di</strong>zione.<br />
E’sW<br />
Secondo vari osservatori statunitensi la cosid-<br />
detta legge Sarbanes-Oaxley, varata <strong>in</strong> seguito agli<br />
scandali f<strong>in</strong>anziari scoppiati negli ultimi anni sui<br />
mercati borsistici, è per molti aspetti f<strong>in</strong> troppo<br />
severa. <strong>È</strong> d’accordo?<br />
La nuova normativa <strong>in</strong>trodotta con la Sarbanes-Oaxley<br />
si è rivelata molto costosa per ogni azienda che <strong>in</strong>tende<br />
davvero rispettarne gli obblighi e mettere <strong>in</strong> pratica la<br />
totalità <strong>del</strong>le procedure previste. <strong>È</strong> chiaro che tutte le<br />
regolamentazioni presentano costi e benefici, ma nella<br />
fretta <strong>di</strong> approvare questo provve<strong>di</strong>mento <strong>il</strong> Congresso<br />
degli Stati <strong>Un</strong>iti sembra essersi <strong>di</strong>menticato <strong>di</strong> valutare i<br />
primi, <strong>di</strong> considerare cioè con attenzione <strong>il</strong> prezzo <strong>del</strong>la<br />
sua attuazione sul mercato. Il risultato è che una parte<br />
<strong>del</strong>le società – soprattutto quelle <strong>di</strong> m<strong>in</strong>ori <strong>di</strong>mensioni –<br />
per muoversi nel rispetto <strong>del</strong>le regole si sono ritrovate a<br />
dover pagare importi fissi assai elevati, quasi esagerati,<br />
e a corrispondere <strong>in</strong> ogni caso a contab<strong>il</strong>i, avvocati e<br />
consulenti <strong>di</strong> vario genere onorari sproporzionatamente<br />
alti. Al tempo stesso le energie e le risorse spese per osservare<br />
quanto prescritto (e non sbagliare) f<strong>in</strong>isce per<br />
<strong>di</strong>stogliere i <strong>di</strong>rigenti dalla gestione <strong>del</strong>le attività affidate<br />
alla loro guida. L’entità <strong>del</strong>le sanzioni penali e amm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />
previste rende <strong>in</strong>oltre più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e la ricerca e<br />
la cooptazione <strong>di</strong> membri dei consigli<br />
d’amm<strong>in</strong>istrazione effettivamente<br />
preparati e competenti.<br />
E’sW Allo stato attuale quale giu<strong>di</strong>zio<br />
si può allora esprimere sul-<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a buona governance può nascere<br />
solo dal top management <strong>del</strong>le imprese.<br />
Good governance can arise only<br />
from companies’ top managements.<br />
l’evoluzione, nel complesso, <strong>del</strong>le istanze <strong>di</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipio,<br />
<strong>del</strong>le scelte politiche e <strong>del</strong>le strategie d’impresa<br />
<strong>in</strong> materia <strong>di</strong> governance?<br />
Nel concreto, anche per quanto detto f<strong>in</strong>ora, uno dei<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipali effetti prodotti è la cont<strong>in</strong>ua crescita <strong>del</strong><br />
tempo ut<strong>il</strong>izzato nelle riunioni degli organi amm<strong>in</strong>istrativi<br />
per <strong>di</strong>scutere e porre <strong>in</strong> atto ogni azione e <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />
<strong>in</strong> term<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> governance, funzionali a mantenere<br />
costantemente <strong>in</strong> regola tutta l’attività d’impresa.<br />
In misura <strong>di</strong>rettamente proporzionale si restr<strong>in</strong>gono <strong>di</strong><br />
converso i tempi da de<strong>di</strong>care a impegni vitali, come l’elaborazione<br />
<strong>del</strong>la strategia societaria, e si riducono gli<br />
spazi <strong>di</strong>sponib<strong>il</strong>i per mettere a punto, <strong>di</strong>battere e valutare<br />
altre scelte importanti: dai piani aziendali ai nuovi<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestimenti, dalle politiche <strong>di</strong> mercato per accrescere<br />
la competitività e affrontare la concorrenza f<strong>in</strong>o ai programmi<br />
<strong>di</strong> successione al vertice.<br />
E’sW<br />
<strong>È</strong> sostanzialmente <strong>in</strong> ragione <strong>di</strong> questa ecces-<br />
siva rigi<strong>di</strong>tà che alcune società quotate – sia americane<br />
sia estere – hanno deciso <strong>di</strong> uscire dal list<strong>in</strong>o?<br />
Credo che le cose stiano proprio così. E penso che per<br />
evitare i costi legati al rispetto <strong>del</strong>la legge Sarbanes-Oaxley<br />
si vedranno altre compagnie <strong>di</strong> taglia me<strong>di</strong>o-piccola<br />
costrette a togliere dal list<strong>in</strong>o i loro titoli oppure – <strong>in</strong> alternativa<br />
– a quotarsi fuori dagli Usa o, ancora, a passare<br />
con ogni probab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> mano, con i vecchi proprietari che<br />
cederanno <strong>in</strong> via preferenziale le loro quote ai fon<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong><br />
private equity. ■<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g or other about correct strategies for good<br />
governance. The hedge funds and private equity<br />
companies are however <strong>di</strong>rectly <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the process of<br />
governance. They are active f<strong>in</strong>ancial operators who buy<br />
large sharehold<strong>in</strong>gs – sometimes determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g – and that<br />
<strong>in</strong>vest <strong>in</strong> the open to <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>e companies that tend not<br />
to consider or protect the <strong>in</strong>terests of their shareholders.<br />
For this reason they carry out more conclusive<br />
transparency actions with respect to pension and<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestment funds.<br />
In record<strong>in</strong>g a grow<strong>in</strong>g role for <strong>in</strong>vestors as<br />
E’sW<br />
SOSTENIBILITÀ DEL BUSINESS. In un mercato sempre più competitivo la governance rappresenta uno<br />
strumento <strong>di</strong> gestione efficiente e d<strong>in</strong>amico <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensab<strong>il</strong>e per v<strong>in</strong>cere le sfide nel mondo f<strong>in</strong>anziario.<br />
BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY. In an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly competitive market corporate governance provides an efficient and<br />
dynamic manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>strument which proves <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable to overcome the challenges <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>ancial world.<br />
guarantors of corporate governance, can one also see a<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g role for <strong>in</strong>vestment funds as “watchdogs” for the<br />
overall <strong>in</strong>tegrity of the markets?<br />
The outcome to take <strong>in</strong>to consideration is that active<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestors, by exercis<strong>in</strong>g their rights and responsib<strong>il</strong>ities,<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervene <strong>in</strong> the protection process also for idle <strong>in</strong>vestors<br />
or those without real powers of <strong>di</strong>squalification.<br />
E’sW Accord<strong>in</strong>g to various American observers, the socalled<br />
Sarbanes-Oaxley Act, passed follow<strong>in</strong>g the f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
scandals that broke out <strong>in</strong> recent years on the stock<br />
markets, is <strong>in</strong> many aspects too severe. Do you agree?<br />
The new legislation <strong>in</strong>troduced with Sarbanes-Oaxley have<br />
shown themselves to be very costly to all company that<br />
really means to abide by its obligations and put <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
practice all of required procedures. It is clear that all<br />
regulations have costs and benefits, but <strong>in</strong> the hurry to<br />
approve this measure the <strong>Un</strong>ited States Congress seems<br />
to have forgotten to evaluate the former, that is, to<br />
carefully consider the price of its enforcement on the<br />
market. The result is that some of the companies – above<br />
all the smaller ones – <strong>in</strong> order to comply with the<br />
regulations have ended up hav<strong>in</strong>g to pay quite high fixed<br />
sums, almost exaggeratedly so, and to pay <strong>in</strong> any case<br />
accountants, lawyers, and consultants of various sorts<br />
<strong>di</strong>sproportionately high fees. At the same time, the energy<br />
and resources spent observ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the regulations (and avoid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g mistakes) end up by<br />
<strong>di</strong>vert<strong>in</strong>g managers from carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
out their managerial<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ities. The size of the<br />
crim<strong>in</strong>al and adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />
sanctions makes it even tougher<br />
to look for and co-opt effectively<br />
prepared and competent<br />
members of the board.<br />
In the present situation,<br />
E’sW<br />
can you express a view on the<br />
evolution, as a whole, of<br />
matters of pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, political<br />
decisions and bus<strong>in</strong>ess<br />
strategies on the subject of<br />
governance?<br />
In concrete terms, also for what<br />
I have said up to now, one of<br />
the ma<strong>in</strong> effects produced is<br />
the cont<strong>in</strong>ual <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> time<br />
taken up <strong>in</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istrative bo<strong>di</strong>es to <strong>di</strong>scuss<br />
and put <strong>in</strong>to effect each action<br />
<strong>in</strong> terms of governance, aimed<br />
at keep<strong>in</strong>g the company’s<br />
activities constantly with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
regulations. In <strong>di</strong>rectly<br />
proportional measure they<br />
conversely restrict the time for<br />
vital tasks, such as the<br />
draw<strong>in</strong>g-up of a company<br />
strategy, and they shr<strong>in</strong>k the<br />
room ava<strong>il</strong>able for draw<strong>in</strong>g up, debat<strong>in</strong>g and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
other important decisions: from corporate plans to fresh<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestments, from market policies to <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
competitiveness and tackle competitors to plann<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
hand<strong>in</strong>g on of leadership.<br />
E’sW Is it largely due to this extreme rigi<strong>di</strong>ty that some<br />
public companies – both American and foreign – have<br />
decided to go private?<br />
I believe that th<strong>in</strong>gs are really like that. And I th<strong>in</strong>k that<br />
to avoid costs l<strong>in</strong>ked to the Sarbanes-Oaxley Act other<br />
small- and mid-cap companies w<strong>il</strong>l be compelled to <strong>del</strong>ist<br />
or to be listed outside the U.S. or aga<strong>in</strong>, most likely to<br />
change hands, with the old owners ced<strong>in</strong>g their hold<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
on preferential terms to private equity funds. ■<br />
69
FRONTIERE - FRONTIERS<br />
E così Sia<br />
Social impact assessment<br />
è la risposta a un problema<br />
sempre più attuale: gestire<br />
gli <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>in</strong>dustriali<br />
<strong>in</strong> contesti complessi.<br />
Grazie a nuovi strumenti tecnici<br />
e partecipativi, come<br />
quelli messi a punto da <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />
<strong>di</strong> MARCO STAMPA e STEFANIA SANTOMAURO<br />
70<br />
L ’INDUSTRIA<br />
PETROLIFERA IN QUESTI ANNI SI<br />
trova ad affrontare sfide sempre più importanti, non<br />
solo da un punto <strong>di</strong> vista f<strong>in</strong>anziario, organizzativo e<br />
tecnologico, ma anche, e soprattutto, da quello <strong>del</strong>la<br />
sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />
Date le caratteristiche <strong>del</strong> settore, le imprese non possono<br />
scegliere <strong>di</strong> localizzare le attività laddove i fattori produttivi<br />
presentano le migliori con<strong>di</strong>zioni <strong>di</strong> ren<strong>di</strong>mento e produttività,<br />
come avviene per l’<strong>in</strong>dustria manifatturiera. Esse devono<br />
pianificare gli <strong>in</strong>vestimenti <strong>in</strong> base alle conoscenze geologiche<br />
e ai risultati <strong>del</strong>l’attività esplorativa, trasferendo uom<strong>in</strong>i<br />
e mezzi nelle aree dove si ritiene che siano presenti e sfruttab<strong>il</strong>i<br />
i giacimenti <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi, raggiungendo spesso località<br />
remote per perio<strong>di</strong> molto lunghi. Ci si trova qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong><br />
fronte alla doppia sfida <strong>di</strong> doversi <strong>in</strong>tegrare <strong>in</strong> un tessuto sociale<br />
ed economico locale evitando <strong>di</strong> apportarvi effetti negativi<br />
e al tempo stesso contribuendo al suo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
LA COMPLESSITÀ NEL BUSINESS.<br />
Per un’azienda come <strong>Eni</strong>, attiva<br />
<strong>in</strong> oltre 70 paesi, è determ<strong>in</strong>ante<br />
operare <strong>in</strong> collaborazione<br />
con le autorità nazionali e locali<br />
e <strong>in</strong>staurare con le popolazioni<br />
un <strong>di</strong>alogo che tenga conto<br />
dei loro bisogni e aspettative.<br />
Accanto, una bamb<strong>in</strong>a kazaka.<br />
Nel paese l’<strong>Eni</strong> ha realizzato<br />
numerosi <strong>in</strong>terventi nel campo<br />
<strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sociale:<br />
costruzione e ristrutturazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> scuole, centri culturali<br />
e sportivi, strade, piazze<br />
ed e<strong>di</strong>fici abitativi.<br />
BUSINESS COMPLEXITY.<br />
For a company like <strong>Eni</strong>, which<br />
is active <strong>in</strong> more than 70 nations,<br />
it is crucial to work <strong>in</strong> cooperation<br />
with national and local authorities<br />
and establish with the population<br />
a <strong>di</strong>alogue tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account their<br />
needs and expectations. Alongside,<br />
a kazakh girl. In Kazakhstan <strong>Eni</strong><br />
has carried out many plans<br />
<strong>in</strong> the field of social development:<br />
construction and rehab<strong>il</strong>itation<br />
of schools, cultural and sports<br />
centres, roads, squares and houses.<br />
Diventa cruciale, pertanto, comprendere a fondo <strong>il</strong> contesto<br />
locale nei suoi aspetti sociali, economici e culturali per valutare<br />
le possib<strong>il</strong>i ricadute <strong>del</strong>le attività <strong>di</strong> esplorazione e produzione,<br />
massimizzando gli effetti positivi e riducendo al m<strong>in</strong>imo<br />
quelli negativi. Si pensi, ad esempio, alla necessità <strong>di</strong><br />
gestire l’impulso all’economia locale che generalmente deriva<br />
dallo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>di</strong> un progetto e che pur offrendo gran<strong>di</strong><br />
opportunità porta con sé alcuni rischi <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>storsione economica<br />
come, ad esempio, quella che gli economisti def<strong>in</strong>iscono<br />
“dutch <strong>di</strong>sease” (la cosiddetta “malattia olandese”, un fenomeno<br />
dovuto alla scoperta <strong>di</strong> risorse naturali, alla quale<br />
segue un rafforzamento <strong>del</strong>la valuta locale che, rendendo i<br />
prodotti nazionali meno competitivi, porta a una progressiva<br />
de<strong>in</strong>dustrializzazione <strong>del</strong>l’economia nazionale; <strong>il</strong> term<strong>in</strong>e è<br />
stato coniato <strong>in</strong> Olanda dopo la scoperta dei giacimenti <strong>di</strong><br />
gas nel Mare <strong>del</strong> Nord).<br />
Altro fenomeno ricorrente e fonte <strong>di</strong> problemi è quello <strong>del</strong><br />
AMEN TO SIA<br />
Social impact assessment is the response<br />
to a problem of ever grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest:<br />
that of manag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustrial projects<br />
<strong>in</strong> complex contexts.<br />
Thanks to new technical and participative<br />
tools like those developed by <strong>Eni</strong>.<br />
by MARCO STAMPA e STEFANIA SANTOMAURO<br />
THE OIL INDUSTRY IN THESE YEARS FINDS ITSELF<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g to deal with challenges that are becom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
progressively more important, not only from a f<strong>in</strong>ancial,<br />
organizational and technological po<strong>in</strong>t of view, but also<br />
and especially from that of the susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity of the bus<strong>in</strong>ess.<br />
Given the nature of the <strong>in</strong>dustry, enterprises cannot choose to<br />
locate their activities where productive factors present the most<br />
ideal con<strong>di</strong>tions for yield and productivity, as the manufactur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry can. They have to plan their <strong>in</strong>vestments based on<br />
geological knowledge and the results of exploration, mov<strong>in</strong>g<br />
workers and equipment <strong>in</strong>to the areas where they believe<br />
hydrocarbon fields are to be found and can be put to use, tak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
them often to remote areas, and often for very long periods. And<br />
so, there is both the challenge of need<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>tegrate <strong>in</strong>to a local<br />
social and economic fabric without produc<strong>in</strong>g negative effects<br />
and that of contribut<strong>in</strong>g to its development.<br />
Therefore, it is crucial to have an <strong>in</strong>-depth knowledge of the local<br />
context <strong>in</strong> its social, economic and cultural aspects <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
evaluate possible effects of exploration and production activities<br />
and maximize the positive ones wh<strong>il</strong>e reduc<strong>in</strong>g to the lowest<br />
possible level the negative ones. Take, for example, the need to<br />
manage the stimulus to the local economy which generally<br />
derives from the development of a project. Though enta<strong>il</strong><strong>in</strong>g great<br />
opportunities, it also br<strong>in</strong>gs with it some risk of economic<br />
<strong>di</strong>stortion like, for example, what economists call the “Dutch<br />
<strong>di</strong>sease”, an experience due to the <strong>di</strong>scovery of natural<br />
resources, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a strengthen<strong>in</strong>g of the local currency<br />
which, mak<strong>in</strong>g national products less competitive, then leads to a<br />
progressive de-<strong>in</strong>dustrialization of the national economy. The term<br />
was first used <strong>in</strong> Holland after the <strong>di</strong>scovery of natural gas fields<br />
<strong>in</strong> the North Sea.<br />
Another recurr<strong>in</strong>g phenomenon and a source of problems is that<br />
of the “boom-bust” (the large demand for workers – the boom –<br />
<strong>in</strong> the early phases of the project, when <strong>in</strong>frastructures are<br />
prepared, and the successive demob<strong>il</strong>ization – the bust – at the<br />
end of the construction phase) which, if managed badly, can have<br />
negative social aftereffects. First, it is necessary to organize the<br />
large-scale migration flow from <strong>di</strong>fferent areas of the country<br />
towards the location <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the project. Then it is necessary<br />
to manage the <strong>in</strong>tegration of the temporary immigrants, as well<br />
as that of the hundreds of foreign workers employed by o<strong>il</strong><br />
companies, <strong>in</strong>to the local communities. And, f<strong>in</strong>ally, it is<br />
necessary to get ready to provide new jobs for the workers at the<br />
end of the plant-construction phase, <strong>in</strong> order to avoid large-scale<br />
return to unemployment afterwards, with the obvious social<br />
impact it causes. In deal<strong>in</strong>g with these issues, close collaboration<br />
with local and national authorities is obviously necessary.<br />
Alongside these social-economic aspects, there are others<br />
71
FRONTIERE - FRONTIERS<br />
“boom bust” (<strong>in</strong> pratica la massiccia richiesta <strong>di</strong> forza lavoro<br />
– boom – nelle prime fasi <strong>del</strong> progetto quando si approntano<br />
le <strong>in</strong>frastrutture, e successiva demob<strong>il</strong>itazione – <strong>il</strong> bust – alla<br />
f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la fase <strong>di</strong> costruzione) che, se mal gestito, può avere<br />
negative ricadute sociali. Inizialmente, <strong>in</strong>fatti, è necessario<br />
organizzare l’imponente flusso migratorio dalle <strong>di</strong>verse aree<br />
<strong>di</strong> un paese verso la località <strong>in</strong>teressata dal progetto. Va<br />
qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> gestita l’<strong>in</strong>tegrazione dei soggetti temporaneamente<br />
immigrati, e <strong>del</strong>le cent<strong>in</strong>aia <strong>di</strong> lavoratori espatriati <strong>di</strong>pendenti<br />
<strong>del</strong>le compagnie petrolifere, con le comunità locali e <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>e<br />
prevedere la ricollocazione dei lavoratori alla f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>del</strong>la fase<br />
<strong>di</strong> costruzione degli impianti, al f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> evitare un massiccio<br />
fenomeno <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>soccupazione <strong>di</strong> ritorno con gli evidenti impatti<br />
sociali che esso potrebbe comportare. Nel gestire queste<br />
problematiche è naturalmente essenziale una stretta collaborazione<br />
con le autorità locali e nazionali.<br />
Accanto a questi aspetti <strong>di</strong> natura socio-economica, ce ne<br />
sono altri legati alla carenza <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastrutture e servizi <strong>di</strong> base,<br />
alla tutela <strong>del</strong>la salute <strong>del</strong>le comunità, ma anche alla salvaguar<strong>di</strong>a<br />
dei <strong>di</strong>ritti <strong>del</strong>le m<strong>in</strong>oranze e dei gruppi più deboli<br />
e vulnerab<strong>il</strong>i, come le donne, gli anziani e i <strong>di</strong>sab<strong>il</strong>i.<br />
<strong>È</strong> pertanto importante <strong>in</strong>staurare con le popolazioni <strong>in</strong>teressate<br />
un <strong>di</strong>alogo cont<strong>in</strong>uo e costruttivo che consenta da un lato<br />
<strong>di</strong> comprenderne i bisogni e le aspettative e dall’altro <strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>di</strong>vulgare alcune <strong>in</strong>formazioni sul progetto che si vuole portare<br />
avanti <strong>in</strong> maniera tale da evitare strumentalizzazioni e<br />
fra<strong>in</strong>ten<strong>di</strong>menti, ad esempio suscitando aspettative che non<br />
si è <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> sod<strong>di</strong>sfare, spesso perché travalicano le responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’impresa e ricadono nella sfera <strong>di</strong> competenza<br />
<strong>del</strong>le istituzioni o <strong>di</strong> altri attori.<br />
Per garantire la dovuta attenzione a tutti questi aspetti, un<br />
ut<strong>il</strong>e strumento che può essere adottato per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduare s<strong>in</strong><br />
dalle prime fasi <strong>di</strong> un progetto i possib<strong>il</strong>i fattori <strong>di</strong> criticità,<br />
consentendone una gestione efficace, è <strong>il</strong> cosiddetto Sia-<br />
Social Impact Assessment.<br />
Si tratta <strong>di</strong> una metodologia <strong>di</strong> valutazione tecnico-scientifica<br />
che si concentra, tra le altre, su problematiche legate ad<br />
aspetti demografici, all’equità sociale, alle <strong>di</strong>rettrici <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
economico, alla salute <strong>del</strong>le comunità, alla presenza <strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>frastrutture sociali, all’ut<strong>il</strong>izzo <strong>del</strong>le risorse, alla legalità e<br />
alla sicurezza, alle tra<strong>di</strong>zioni, agli usi e ai costumi locali.<br />
Ci si deve occupare perciò non solo <strong>del</strong>la valutazione <strong>di</strong> ciò<br />
che è regolamentato (l’ormai consolidato approccio <strong>del</strong>lo<br />
stu<strong>di</strong>o <strong>di</strong> impatto ambientale) ma anche <strong>del</strong>l’analisi <strong>del</strong>l’impatto<br />
complessivo dei progetti <strong>di</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess sugli assetti socio-economici<br />
<strong>del</strong> territorio <strong>in</strong> cui si opera.<br />
<strong>Un</strong> lavoro <strong>di</strong> questo tipo, che richiede un approccio multi<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are<br />
e l’impiego <strong>di</strong> tecniche a volte sofisticate che pes<strong>in</strong>o<br />
l’importanza <strong>di</strong> tutti i fattori e ne valut<strong>in</strong>o <strong>il</strong> “beneficio netto”<br />
producendo <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>catori che quantifich<strong>in</strong>o fenomeni per loro<br />
natura spesso <strong>di</strong> carattere qualitativo, si propone <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong>itiva<br />
<strong>di</strong> analizzare e mitigare le possib<strong>il</strong>i conseguenze <strong>del</strong>le attività<br />
produttive nei vari contesti territoriali. Esso deve avere<br />
una natura partecipativa che preveda <strong>il</strong> co<strong>in</strong>volgimento degli<br />
stakeholder, cioè <strong>di</strong> tutti quei soggetti che hanno un legittimo<br />
<strong>in</strong>teresse nei confronti <strong>del</strong> progetto, e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>, <strong>in</strong> particolare<br />
nel caso <strong>del</strong> Sia, saranno soprattutto le autorità, le comunità,<br />
le associazioni e le rappresentanze locali.<br />
Questa consultazione deve essere svolta all’<strong>in</strong>terno <strong>di</strong> una<br />
precisa metodologia <strong>di</strong> riferimento che consenta un <strong>di</strong>alogo<br />
serio e costruttivo, basato su regole certe, con soggetti legitti-<br />
mati a rappresentare le istanze degli stakeholder e che tenga<br />
conto dei risultati, <strong>in</strong>sieme a quelli <strong>del</strong>le altre valutazioni d’impatto,<br />
al f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>rizzare al meglio <strong>il</strong> design <strong>del</strong> progetto.<br />
Anche i cosiddetti “<strong>in</strong>vestimenti sociali” ossia le risorse che<br />
vengono dest<strong>in</strong>ate allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo locale debbono entrare <strong>in</strong><br />
questo tipo <strong>di</strong> valutazione. Generalmente l’area primaria <strong>di</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tervento è la realizzazione <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastrutture e servizi che<br />
costituiscono la premessa per qualsiasi forma <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
(<strong>di</strong>stribuzione <strong>di</strong> acqua, gas, realizzazione <strong>di</strong> strade, alloggi).<br />
Su questa base vengono poi realizzate <strong>in</strong>iziative nei<br />
settori <strong>del</strong>la tutela <strong>del</strong>la salute, <strong>del</strong>lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo sociale, <strong>del</strong>l’educazione<br />
e <strong>del</strong>la formazione, <strong>del</strong>la tutela ambientale e<br />
<strong>del</strong>la cultura.<br />
Nel selezionare questi programmi <strong>di</strong> supporto una compagnia<br />
valuta, tra gli altri aspetti, la capacità <strong>di</strong> contribuire al<br />
benessere complessivo <strong>del</strong>le comunità e la loro sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
nel lungo periodo, l’<strong>in</strong>tegrazione con le attività <strong>di</strong> organizzazioni<br />
non governative e agenzie <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo e la misurab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
e valutazione dei risultati <strong>del</strong>le attività proposte.<br />
I programmi possono avere <strong>di</strong>mensioni e connotazioni <strong>di</strong>verse,<br />
spaziando dal supporto allo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo impren<strong>di</strong>toriale locale<br />
attraverso forme <strong>di</strong> microcre<strong>di</strong>to alle <strong>in</strong>iziative sanitarie<br />
ad ampio raggio per la prevenzione e <strong>il</strong> controllo <strong>di</strong> specifiche<br />
malattie (come è stato per <strong>il</strong> sostegno <strong>Eni</strong> al progetto<br />
“Roll Back Malaria” <strong>del</strong>l’Oms-Organizzazione mon<strong>di</strong>ale <strong>del</strong>la<br />
sanità <strong>in</strong> Nigeria e Azerbaijan).<br />
Trattandosi <strong>di</strong> una pratica relativamente recente, <strong>il</strong> Sia è stato<br />
applicato a progetti <strong>in</strong>dustriali nuovi o nella fase <strong>in</strong>iziale<br />
<strong>del</strong> loro sv<strong>il</strong>uppo. Tuttavia, debitamente adattato, esso può<br />
essere applicato anche a situazioni consolidate consentendo<br />
<strong>di</strong> valutare possib<strong>il</strong>i marg<strong>in</strong>i <strong>di</strong> miglioramento nella gestione<br />
degli aspetti socio-economici, contribuendo così a elevare la<br />
qualità <strong>del</strong>la vita <strong>del</strong>le popolazioni o risolvere problemi creati<br />
da un passato <strong>in</strong>dustriale che può aver lasciato ere<strong>di</strong>tà <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i<br />
da gestire.<br />
l<strong>in</strong>ked with a shortage of <strong>in</strong>frastructures and basic services, the<br />
protection of the community’s health and also the safeguard<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of the rights of m<strong>in</strong>orities and the most vulnerable groups, such<br />
as women, the elderly and the <strong>di</strong>sabled. This is why it is<br />
important to establish a cont<strong>in</strong>uous and constructive <strong>di</strong>alogue<br />
with the native population, one which, on one hand, helps<br />
understand their needs and expectations, and on the other,<br />
spread <strong>in</strong>formation on the project that is to be developed <strong>in</strong> a<br />
way as to avoid exploitation and misunderstand<strong>in</strong>gs, for example<br />
by rais<strong>in</strong>g expectations that the company isn’t able to fulf<strong>il</strong>l, often<br />
because they are beyond the enterprise’s responsib<strong>il</strong>ity and come<br />
under the responsib<strong>il</strong>ity of <strong>in</strong>stitutions or others.<br />
In order to guarantee the necessary attention to all these<br />
aspects, a useful tool can be used to identify, from the very<br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of a project, potentially<br />
critical factors, and help to manage<br />
them effectively. It is the so-called<br />
SIA – Social Impact Assessment.<br />
This is a technical-scientific<br />
evaluation method which focuses<br />
on, among others, the issues<br />
connected with demographic<br />
aspects, social fairness, the<br />
gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es of economic<br />
development, the health of the<br />
community, the presence of social<br />
<strong>in</strong>frastructures, the use of<br />
resources, law and order, security,<br />
tra<strong>di</strong>tions and local customs.<br />
It is therefore necessary to deal<br />
not only with the evaluation of<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g regulations (the wellestablished<br />
approach of<br />
assess<strong>in</strong>g the environmental<br />
impact) but also the analysis of the<br />
APPROCCIO MULTIDISCIPLINARE.<br />
Il Social Impact Assessment<br />
è una procedura <strong>di</strong> valutazione che va<br />
oltre lo stu<strong>di</strong>o <strong>del</strong>l’impatto ambientale.<br />
Esso tiene conto anche degli effetti<br />
sociali dei progetti e <strong>del</strong>le politiche<br />
<strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo <strong>in</strong>dustriale e territoriale.<br />
Nella foto, tecnici nigeriani<br />
<strong>in</strong> un v<strong>il</strong>laggio nel <strong>del</strong>ta <strong>del</strong> Niger.<br />
Nell’ambito <strong>del</strong>la responsab<strong>il</strong>ità sociale<br />
d’impresa sono oltre cento le <strong>in</strong>iziative<br />
portate avanti <strong>in</strong> Nigeria da <strong>Eni</strong><br />
nel <strong>corso</strong> degli anni.<br />
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH.<br />
The Social Impact Assessment<br />
is a valuation procedure which goes<br />
beyond study<strong>in</strong>g the environmental<br />
impact. It takes <strong>in</strong>to account also<br />
the social impact of projects<br />
and <strong>in</strong>dustrial and territorial development<br />
policies. In the picture, Nigerian<br />
technicians <strong>in</strong> a Niger Delta v<strong>il</strong>lage.<br />
In the context of corporate social<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>Eni</strong> has carried out more<br />
than 100 plans over the years <strong>in</strong> Nigeria.<br />
overall impact of the bus<strong>in</strong>ess project on the social-economic<br />
aspects of the territory.<br />
This type of work requires a multi-<strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach and the<br />
use of techniques, perhaps highly sophisticated ones, to weigh<br />
up the importance of all the various factors and evaluate their<br />
“net benefit”, produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cators that can quantify aspects<br />
which often have a qualitative nature.<br />
The aim is that of analyz<strong>in</strong>g and mitigat<strong>in</strong>g the possible<br />
consequences of production activities <strong>in</strong> the various territorial<br />
contexts. This must have a participatory nature, call<strong>in</strong>g for the<br />
<strong>in</strong>volvement of the “stakeholders”, that is, all those who have a<br />
legitimate <strong>in</strong>terest as regards the project and so, <strong>in</strong> particular <strong>in</strong><br />
the case of the SIA, it w<strong>il</strong>l be above all the authorities,<br />
communities, associations and local representatives.<br />
This consultation must take place with<strong>in</strong> a precise<br />
reference methodology that allows for a serious and<br />
constructive <strong>di</strong>alogue, based on solid rules, with<br />
subjects entitled to represent the stakeholders’<br />
<strong>in</strong>terests and which takes results <strong>in</strong>to account, along<br />
with other impact evaluations, <strong>in</strong> order to manage the<br />
project’s design better.<br />
Also the so-called “social <strong>in</strong>vestments”, the resources<br />
that are set aside to help local development, have to<br />
figure <strong>in</strong>to this k<strong>in</strong>d of evaluation. Generally, the ma<strong>in</strong><br />
area of <strong>in</strong>tervention is the realization of <strong>in</strong>frastructures<br />
and services that provide the basis for any type of<br />
development (<strong>di</strong>stribution of water and gas,<br />
construction of roads and accommodation fac<strong>il</strong>ities).<br />
On this foundation, there are then <strong>in</strong>itiatives carried out<br />
<strong>in</strong> the sectors of healthcare protection, social<br />
development, education and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, as well as<br />
environmental and cultural protection<br />
In select<strong>in</strong>g these support<strong>in</strong>g projects, a company<br />
evaluates, among other aspects, the ab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />
contribute to the overall well-be<strong>in</strong>g of the communities<br />
and their susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity over the long-term, <strong>in</strong>tegration<br />
with NGOs’ and development agencies’ work and the<br />
measurab<strong>il</strong>ity and evaluation of the results of the<br />
activities proposed.<br />
The programs can be of <strong>di</strong>fferent size and nature,<br />
rang<strong>in</strong>g from support for local entrepreneurial<br />
development through forms of micro-cre<strong>di</strong>t to widerang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
healthcare <strong>in</strong>itiatives for the prevention and<br />
control of specific <strong>di</strong>seases (as was the case for <strong>Eni</strong>’s<br />
support of the “Roll Back Malaria” project of the World<br />
Health Organization <strong>in</strong> Nigeria and Azerbaijan).<br />
Be<strong>in</strong>g a relatively recent practice, SIA has been applied<br />
to new <strong>in</strong>dustrial projects or those <strong>in</strong> the early stage of<br />
their development. However, adapted appropriately, it<br />
can also be applied to well-established situations,<br />
allow<strong>in</strong>g for the evaluation of possible marg<strong>in</strong>s of<br />
improvement <strong>in</strong> the management of social-economic<br />
aspects, thereby contribut<strong>in</strong>g to rais<strong>in</strong>g the quality of<br />
life of populations or resolv<strong>in</strong>g problems created by an<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial past that may have left a <strong>di</strong>fficult situation <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>heritance.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>, which works <strong>in</strong> the research and production of<br />
hydrocarbons <strong>in</strong> 60 countries all over the world, and<br />
therefore <strong>in</strong> many areas which are complex and <strong>di</strong>fficult<br />
from a social-environmental standpo<strong>in</strong>t, believes <strong>in</strong> the<br />
usefulness and importance of this tool, which also<br />
72 73
FRONTIERE - FRONTIERS<br />
L’<strong>Eni</strong>, che opera nella ricerca e produzione <strong>di</strong> idrocarburi <strong>in</strong><br />
60 paesi <strong>del</strong> mondo e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong> molte aree complesse e <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>i<br />
dal punto <strong>di</strong> vista socio-ambientale, crede nell’ut<strong>il</strong>ità e<br />
nell’importanza <strong>di</strong> questo strumento, che ha peraltro una<br />
forte valenza gestionale, e ha <strong>in</strong>fatti lavorato, anche <strong>in</strong> ambiti<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternazionali, alla stesura <strong>di</strong> metodologie per la valutazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> impatto sociale nell’<strong>in</strong>dustria degli idrocarburi. Si tratta,<br />
<strong>in</strong>fatti, <strong>di</strong> pratiche che, pur non essendo ancora previste<br />
per legge nella maggior parte dei paesi, com<strong>in</strong>ciano a <strong>di</strong>ventare<br />
patrimonio <strong>in</strong>ternazionale nel settore o<strong>il</strong> & gas.<br />
Il Sia, come altri specifici stu<strong>di</strong> d’impatto (come ad esempio<br />
l’Health impact assessment), è dunque uno strumento sicuramente<br />
necessario ed efficace per una gestione sostenib<strong>il</strong>e<br />
<strong>del</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Non sempre esso è <strong>in</strong> grado, tuttavia, <strong>di</strong><br />
cogliere le s<strong>in</strong>ergie tra impatti afferenti aree <strong>di</strong>verse <strong>del</strong>la responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />
d’impresa che possono caratterizzare contesti<br />
particolarmente complessi.<br />
Per semplificare, potrebbe accadere che un’<strong>in</strong>adeguata gestione<br />
<strong>del</strong>le problematiche ambientali comporti ricadute sull’economia<br />
locale laddove essa sia basata sull’uso <strong>del</strong>le risorse<br />
naturali <strong>in</strong> ambienti sensib<strong>il</strong>i, come la pesca o l’agricoltura,<br />
o che la mancata previsione <strong>di</strong> future problematiche sociali<br />
produca tensione generando rischi per la sicurezza degli<br />
impianti e dei loro addetti.<br />
Per affrontare queste <strong>in</strong>terrelazioni e prevedere la soluzione<br />
<strong>di</strong> problemi che si presenteranno nel momento <strong>di</strong> pieno sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>vestimento è possib<strong>il</strong>e ut<strong>il</strong>izzare i risultati degli<br />
Stu<strong>di</strong> d’impatto strategico (Strategic impact assessment)<br />
che impiegano una metodologia, sostenuta da mo<strong>del</strong>li matematici<br />
e <strong>di</strong> simulazione, con f<strong>in</strong>alità sim<strong>il</strong>i a quelle <strong>del</strong> Sia ma<br />
capaci <strong>di</strong> identificare i potenziali effetti sociali, economici ed<br />
ambientali <strong>del</strong>le attività <strong>in</strong> una regione, cogliendone <strong>in</strong> primo<br />
luogo le s<strong>in</strong>ergie e valutandone i potenziali effetti cumulativi<br />
nel me<strong>di</strong>o-lungo periodo. Anche questa metodologia prevede<br />
<strong>di</strong> attuare un processo partecipativo <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduare<br />
le alternative, le misure, le azioni ed i piani <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />
a favore <strong>del</strong>le comunità capaci <strong>di</strong> sod<strong>di</strong>sfare le aspettative<br />
<strong>di</strong> tutti gli stakeholder <strong>in</strong>teressati.<br />
L’<strong>Eni</strong>, attraverso la sua consociata Agip KCO che opera, <strong>in</strong><br />
consorzio con le maggiori compagnie <strong>in</strong>ternazionali, nelle<br />
acque kazake <strong>del</strong> nord <strong>del</strong> Mar Caspio, ha applicato per la<br />
prima volta questo strumento per la valutazione <strong>del</strong>le possib<strong>il</strong>i<br />
ricadute <strong>del</strong> progetto Kashagan, che si propone <strong>di</strong> sfruttare<br />
<strong>il</strong> più grande giacimento <strong>di</strong> petrolio scoperto negli ultimi<br />
trent’anni.<br />
Il Social impact assessment e lo Strategic impact assessment<br />
sono pertanto strumenti <strong>di</strong> cui un’azienda si può dotare per<br />
garantire una gestione adeguata e trasparente <strong>del</strong>le problematiche<br />
<strong>di</strong> responsab<strong>il</strong>ità d’impresa e <strong>del</strong>le aspettative dei<br />
suoi stakeholder. Affiancare ad essi un corretto ed efficace<br />
processo <strong>di</strong> consultazione è fondamentale per poter ut<strong>il</strong>izzare<br />
al meglio i risultati <strong>di</strong> tali metodologie.<br />
La chiave <strong>di</strong> tutto sta qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> nel saper gestire le aspettative<br />
dei soggetti che hanno dei legittimi <strong>in</strong>teressi o preoccupazioni<br />
sulla realizzazione <strong>di</strong> un progetto <strong>in</strong>dustriale. Da<br />
un lato è necessario considerare coloro che dal bus<strong>in</strong>ess si<br />
attendono un ritorno f<strong>in</strong>anziario perché attenti alla gestione<br />
<strong>del</strong> potenziale rischio proveniente dalla mancanza <strong>di</strong><br />
consenso sociale (è <strong>il</strong> caso degli azionisti e <strong>del</strong>le istituzioni<br />
f<strong>in</strong>anziarie <strong>in</strong>ternazionali come l’Ifc-International f<strong>in</strong>ance<br />
corporation <strong>del</strong>la Banca Mon<strong>di</strong>ale, sempre più attente alle<br />
74<br />
metodologie impiegate e sempre più impegnate a elaborare<br />
propri standard <strong>di</strong> riferimento); dall’altro lato vanno<br />
considerati anche e soprattutto coloro che sono co<strong>in</strong>volti<br />
nelle trasformazioni <strong>del</strong> contesto sociale, ambientale ed<br />
economico perché vivono <strong>in</strong> prossimità degli impianti o<br />
partecipano alle d<strong>in</strong>amiche sociali, ambientali ed economiche<br />
generate dal loro funzionamento. Pertanto le scelte<br />
progettuali possono e debbono essere orientate <strong>il</strong> più possib<strong>il</strong>e<br />
verso la sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>l’attività d’impresa, specialmente<br />
nei settori che mob<strong>il</strong>itano <strong>in</strong>genti risorse umane e<br />
f<strong>in</strong>anziarie.<br />
<strong>Un</strong>a compagnia responsab<strong>il</strong>e può fare la sua parte attivando<br />
<strong>il</strong> <strong>di</strong>alogo, sperimentando forme sempre più aperte e trasparenti<br />
<strong>di</strong> consultazione con i suoi stakeholder e mob<strong>il</strong>itando<br />
le sue risorse e le sue competenze per realizzare strumenti<br />
e <strong>in</strong>iziative che aiut<strong>in</strong>o a risolvere i problemi e migliorare<br />
la qualità <strong>del</strong>la vita <strong>del</strong>le persone che vengono co<strong>in</strong>volte<br />
dal bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Ciò significa assim<strong>il</strong>are e adattare alla<br />
strategia <strong>del</strong>l’impresa la comprensione degli <strong>in</strong>teressi dei<br />
propri stakeholder, al f<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> massimizzare la generazione <strong>di</strong><br />
valore per tutti gli attori.<br />
In def<strong>in</strong>itiva la sfida per <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduare percorsi efficaci <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
sostenib<strong>il</strong>e è oggi per l’impresa petrolifera quella <strong>di</strong> affiancare<br />
agli strumenti <strong>di</strong> valutazione tecnico-scientifica e alle<br />
scelte progettuali la prassi <strong>del</strong>la consultazione organizzata.<br />
Non è un esercizio superfluo provare a immag<strong>in</strong>are quali<br />
conseguenze negative possono determ<strong>in</strong>arsi (e gli esempi<br />
non provengono solo dalle regioni remote e <strong>in</strong> via <strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo)<br />
se queste metodologie non vengono tradotte efficacemente<br />
<strong>in</strong> realtà con la partecipazione e la responsab<strong>il</strong>izzazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> tutti soggetti co<strong>in</strong>volti.<br />
Marco Stampa e Stefania Santomauro operano nell’ambito <strong>del</strong>l’unità<br />
Rapporti con gli stakeholder e <strong>il</strong> territorio.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
has a strong management value, and has, <strong>in</strong>deed, worked on the<br />
draw<strong>in</strong>g up of methodologies for the social impact evaluation <strong>in</strong><br />
the hydrocarbon <strong>in</strong>dustry, also at an <strong>in</strong>ternational level. These are<br />
practices which, despite their not be<strong>in</strong>g yet foreseen by the law <strong>in</strong><br />
most countries, have begun to become a common <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
asset <strong>in</strong> the o<strong>il</strong> & gas sector.<br />
SIA, like other impact stu<strong>di</strong>es (as, for example, Health Impact<br />
Assessment), is therefore a tool which is surely necessary and<br />
efficacious for susta<strong>in</strong>able bus<strong>in</strong>ess management. Not always is<br />
it able, however, to seize the synergies between impacts relat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>di</strong>fferent areas of corporate responsib<strong>il</strong>ity, that can<br />
characterize particularly complex contests.<br />
To make it simple, an <strong>in</strong>adequate management of environmental<br />
issues might cause repercussions on the local economy where it<br />
is based on the use of natural resources <strong>in</strong> sensitive<br />
environments, such as fish<strong>in</strong>g or agriculture, or the fa<strong>il</strong>ure to<br />
foresee future social problems might produce tensions and<br />
generate risks for the security of fac<strong>il</strong>ities and those work<strong>in</strong>g there.<br />
In order to deal with these <strong>in</strong>terrelations and provide for the<br />
solution to problems which w<strong>il</strong>l arise at the height of the project’s<br />
development, one can make use of the results of the Strategic<br />
Impact Assessment stu<strong>di</strong>es, which use a methodology,<br />
supported by mathematical and simulation mo<strong>del</strong>s, with aims<br />
sim<strong>il</strong>ar to those of the SIA but able to identify possible social,<br />
economic and environmental effects of the activities <strong>in</strong> a given<br />
region, first understand<strong>in</strong>g the synergies <strong>in</strong>volved and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the potential cumulative effects over the me<strong>di</strong>um-long term. Also<br />
this methodology provides for the activation of a participatory<br />
process able to identify the alternatives, measures, actions and<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestment plans <strong>in</strong> favor of the communities and capable to<br />
satisfy the expectations of all the stakeholders <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>, by way of its unit Agip KCO , which works, jo<strong>in</strong>tly with major<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational companies, <strong>in</strong> the Kazakh waters of the northern<br />
Caspian Sea, applied this tool for the first time <strong>in</strong> the evaluation<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
RESPONSABILITÀ SOCIALE.<br />
Nigeria, essiccazione<br />
<strong>del</strong>la papaia nell’area <strong>di</strong> Obi<br />
Obi nel <strong>del</strong>ta <strong>del</strong> Niger.<br />
La popolazione locale è stata<br />
co<strong>in</strong>volta da <strong>Eni</strong> nel “Green<br />
River Project”, un programma<br />
<strong>di</strong> sv<strong>il</strong>uppo agricolo avviato<br />
nel 1987 con la collaborazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> università, istituti <strong>di</strong> ricerca<br />
nigeriani e organismi<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternazionali. Tutti i progetti<br />
sociali <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong> seguono le l<strong>in</strong>ee<br />
guida <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cate dal Governo<br />
Federale per lo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo<br />
degli stati <strong>del</strong> <strong>del</strong>ta.<br />
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Nigeria,<br />
papaya dry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Obi Obi area<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Niger <strong>del</strong>ta. <strong>Eni</strong> <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
local people <strong>in</strong> the “Green River<br />
Project”, a farm<strong>in</strong>g development<br />
programme started <strong>in</strong> 1987 with<br />
the assistance of Nigerian<br />
universities and research <strong>in</strong>stitutes<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations.<br />
All social projects undertaken<br />
by <strong>Eni</strong> follow the gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es set<br />
by the Federal Government for the<br />
development of the Delta States.<br />
of the possible effects of the<br />
Kashagan project, aimed at<br />
exploit<strong>in</strong>g the largest o<strong>il</strong>field<br />
<strong>di</strong>scovered <strong>in</strong> the last thirty<br />
years.<br />
The Social impact assessment<br />
and the Strategic impact<br />
assessment are therefore tools<br />
that a company can adopt <strong>in</strong><br />
order to guarantee an adequate<br />
and transparent management of<br />
the issues related to company<br />
responsib<strong>il</strong>ity and stakeholder<br />
expectations. Comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g this with<br />
a correct and efficacious<br />
consultation process is<br />
fundamental to make the best<br />
use of the results of these<br />
methodologies.<br />
The key to everyth<strong>in</strong>g is <strong>in</strong><br />
know<strong>in</strong>g how to manage the<br />
expectations of those who have<br />
legitimate <strong>in</strong>terests or worries<br />
about the carry<strong>in</strong>g out of an<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial project. On one hand it is necessary to keep <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d<br />
those who, from the bus<strong>in</strong>ess, expect a f<strong>in</strong>ancial reward and pay<br />
attention to the management of the potential risk deriv<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
the lack of social consensus (and this is the case with<br />
shareholders and <strong>in</strong>ternational f<strong>in</strong>ancial <strong>in</strong>stitutions such as the<br />
IFC, the International F<strong>in</strong>ance Corporation of the World Bank, ever<br />
more attentive to the methodologies used and to develop<strong>in</strong>g its<br />
own reference standards). On the other hand, also, and<br />
especially those who are <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the transformations of the<br />
social, environmental and economic contexts need to be taken<br />
<strong>in</strong>to consideration, see<strong>in</strong>g as they are the ones who live near the<br />
plants or participate <strong>in</strong> the social, environmental and economic<br />
dynamics generated by them. Therefore the choices related to<br />
the projects can and must be <strong>di</strong>rected as far as possible towards<br />
the susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity of corporate activities, especially <strong>in</strong> the sectors<br />
that mob<strong>il</strong>ize enormous human and f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources.<br />
A responsible company can do its part by start<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>di</strong>alogue,<br />
try<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly open and transparent forms of<br />
consultation with its stakeholders and mob<strong>il</strong>iz<strong>in</strong>g its resources<br />
and sk<strong>il</strong>ls to br<strong>in</strong>g about tools and <strong>in</strong>itiatives which may help<br />
solve problems and improve the quality of life of the people who<br />
are effected by the bus<strong>in</strong>ess. This means assim<strong>il</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
adapt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the enterprise’s strategy the understand<strong>in</strong>g of the<br />
<strong>in</strong>terests of its stakeholders, <strong>in</strong> order to maximize value<br />
generation for all those <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />
The challenge to identify efficient paths of susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
development is today, for o<strong>il</strong> companies, that of plac<strong>in</strong>g alongside<br />
technical-scientific assessment tools and project choices the<br />
procedure of organized consultation.<br />
It is by no means a superfluous exercise, that of imag<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the<br />
possible negative consequences (and the examples are not<br />
exclusively from remote regions or develop<strong>in</strong>g countries) if these<br />
methodologies aren’t put <strong>in</strong>to practice with the participation and<br />
tak<strong>in</strong>g on of responsib<strong>il</strong>ity of all those <strong>in</strong>volved.<br />
Marco Stampa and Stefania Santomauro work <strong>in</strong> the unit of<br />
Stakeholders and Territory Relations.<br />
75