Grapevine Trunk Diseases Department of Plant ... - Lodi Wine

“Grapevine Trunk Diseases in California”
and Control Strategies
W. D. Gubler, J. R. Úrbez-Torres, A. Eskalen,
S. Rooney-Latham, F. P. Trouillas & P. Rolshausen

Esca & Petri disease
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Young Plants
● Young Esca
Black Goo
Grapevine decline
Petri Disease
Adult Plants
● Esca (Black measles)

Petri disease
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
● Young Esca (Petri disease)
External symptoms
Slow growth
Decline
Chlorotic leaves
Hydric stress

Petri disease
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
● Young Esca (Petri disease)
Vascular symptoms
Vascular necrosis
Tyloses (vascular secretion)
Block of vascular system

• Petri Disease vascular symptoms

Petri disease
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
● Young Esca (Petri disease)
Asexual stage (pycnidia) of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
in Caliofrnia
Rooney & Gubler, 2001

Petri disease
Grouped pycnidia
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

Esca
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
● Esca, Black Measles
Important yield losses in table grapes
External symptoms
Shot tips and tendrils dieback

Esca
● Esca, Black Measles
External symptoms
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

Esca
● Esca, Black Measles
External symptoms
Apoplexy
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

Esca
● Esca, Black Measles
External symptoms
Toxins
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

Crude toxin injection/reproduction of symptoms

Esca
● Causal organisms
- Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
- Phaeoacremonium spp.
1 - Togninia minima (Phaeoacremonium.aleophilum)
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Sordariomycetes; Calosphaeriales; Calosphaeriaceae; Togninia (anamorph=Phaeoacremonium)
2 - Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica (Phaeoacremonium mortoniae)
3 - P. viticola
4 - P. parasiticum
5 - P. inflatipes
6 - P. angustius
7 - P. scolyti
CALIFORNIA
8 - P. alvesii
9 - P. rubrigenum
10 - P. subulatum
11 - P. australiense
12 - P. krajdenii

Esca
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Localization of the teleomorph (Togninia minima) in old plants

Esca
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Localization of the teleomorph (Togninia minima) in old plants

Esca
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Spores of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Togninia minima
were captured in infected vineyards
MADERA 2003
50
P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C)
100
Number of colonies
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Temperature °Cand precipitation (mm)
0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
0
SONOMA 2003
50
P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C)
100
Number of colonies
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Temperature °Cand precipitation (mm)
0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Disease cycle of Esca (black measles) & Young Esca
(Vine Decline)
Fall
Ascospores are discharged
during rainfall
Winter
Teleomorphs in old pruning
wounds or death wood
Ascospores infect pruning
wounds
Teleomorph
formation
Insect dispersed?
Pathogen colonizes the
vascular system
Foliar and
berry
symptoms
Infection vascular system
leads to toxin production and
symptom expression in
foliage
Summer
Decline
Spring

Eutypa dieback

Eutypa dieback
Vascular symptoms
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
“Canker”

Eutypa dieback
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
● Causal organisms
- Eutypa lata Pers.:Fr. Tul. & C. Tul.
- Eutypa leptoplaca (Trouillas & Gubler, 2004)
- Cryptovalsa ampelina
- Diatrypella sp
- Diatrype prominens
- Diatrype stigma
- Diatrype whitemanensis
- Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis
- Eutypella sp

Eutypa dieback
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Geographical distribution
and hosts of E. lata in
California
Sampling 2000 -2002
(Trouillas & Gubler 2002).
Yolo
Napa
Sonoma
Solano
Contra Costa
San Benito
University of
California, Davis.
El Dorado
Stanislaus
Merced
Madera
Fresno
Tulare
California Buckeye
Oleander
Almond
Apricot
Big Leaf Maple
Cherry
Crabapple
Grapevine
Willow
Pear
Sacramento
San Joaquin
Kern
Pacific
Ocean

Eutypa dieback
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Pathogenicity of Diatrypaceae in green tissue
E. lata
Control
Diatrype whitemanensis
Diatrype prominens

Eutypa dieback
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Pathogenicity of Diatrypaceae in green tissue
Diatrype stigma
Eutypa leptoplaca
Cryptovalsa ampelina
Eutypella sp

Eutypa dieback
Stroma in dead wood
Disease cycle
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Ascospores are discharged
rain
6 years after infection
Eutypa lata
Pruning wounds
3-4 years after
infection
Canker

Eutypa dieback
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Diatrypaceous spp. In natural ecosystems in California
Native plant
community
Movement of
fungal
species
(spores)
Vineyard
Hypothesis:
Infection and
development
of new
diseases

Botryosphaeria Canker

W. D. Gubler, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis
-
- Eutypa Canker Bot Canker

“Bot Canker” in CA
Mendocino
Sonoma
Napa
Sacramento
San Francisco
Monterey
Fresno
Santa Barbara
Indio
Los Angeles

L. theobromae
D. corticola
D. seriata
B. dothidea
D. mutila
N. parvum
D. iberica
N. luteum
D. viticola N. australe

Biology of Botryosphaeriaceae spp.
- Temperature studies (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40°C)
L. theobromae
N. luteum
B. dothidea
N. australe
32 C 30 C
30 C
27 C
N. parvum
D. seriata D. mutila D. iberica
27 C
26 C
25 C
23 C
D. viticola
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2006. Plant Dis. 90:1490-1502
22 C
Úrbez-Torres et al. 2007. Plant Dis. 90:835

Botryosphaeria Canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
● Grapevine diseases caused by Botryosphaeria
- Botryosphaeria canker: Botryosphaeria rhodina
California (Leavitt & Munnecke, 1987) – (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2006)
Australia (Wood, 2005)
Spain (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2006)
Mexico (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2006)

Botryosphaeria Canker
“Bot canker”
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Cankers are the main cause of grapevine dieback in California
$260 million dollars

BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN
CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES.
• Pycnidia of Botryosphaeria rhodina found in
Coachella Valley grapevines.

BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN
CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES.
• Pycnidia of Botryosphaeria obtusa found in
Sonoma County and Napa Valley grapevines.

Botryosphaeria Canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
% of infected cankers
40%
38 %
35%
% of Cankers Infected
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
17 %
8 %
7 %
3 %
27 %
0%
Botryosphaeria Eutypa lata Botryosphaeria &
E. lata
Phomopsis viticola
Botryosphaeria &
P. viticola
Others
Úrbez-Torres et al. Plant Dis. 90: 1490-1503

Botryosphaeria canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Geographical distribution

B. australis
B. viticola B. B. australis dothidea
B. sarmentorum
B. B. dothidea rhodina parva
B. B. obtusa stevensii
Eutypa Phomopsis B. B. parva lutea
lata viticola
B. rhodina
B. obtusa
B. stevensii
B. viticola
B. sarmentorum

Botryosphaeria Canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Pathogenicity test of Botryosphaeria spp.

Botryosphaeria Canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Necrosis measured (cm) 6 months after inoculation
on Chardonnay cutings
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
9,6
a
5,7
4,9
b
4,2
b
3,4
c
3,1 2,9
2,5
d d d d
B. rhodina B. lutea B. parva B. australis B. dothidea B. viticola B. obtusa B. stevensii Control E. lata
B. sarmentorum
0,5
e
3,9
c
*
Mean not represented with the same letter has a significant difference based on Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).
* Necrosis 10 months after inoculation (Carter et al., 1985)

Necrosis measured (cm) 12 months after inoculation on Syrah
Value = Mean of 30 measurements / species
12
10
11.2
A
10.7
A
8
7.9
B
6
4
5.1
C
4.8 4.7
C
C
4.3
C
4 3.9
3.8
C C C
2
0
B. parva B. rhodina B. lutea B. australis E. lata B. dothidea B. stevensii B. obtusa B. iberica B. viticola Control
1.4
D
Mean not represented with the same letter has a significant difference based on
Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).

Virulence of Botryosphaeria spp.
- Rooted Crimson cuttings were inoculated with mycelium plugs
- 8 different isolates / Bot species (72 isolates) + Control
- 3 repetitions per isolate (240 plants)
- Vascular discoloration was measured 5 months after inoculation

Virulence of Botryosphaeria spp.
Control
Control
B. obtusa
B. stevensii
B. rhodina
B. parva
B. australis
B. lutea
B. viticola B. iberica
Pictures taken 5 weeks after inoculation

Green Tissue Pathogenicity Assay
- Chardonnay and Thompson Seedless excised green shoots
- 9 different isolates of B. rhodina & B. obtusa + Control
- 10 repetitions per isolate per cultivar (100 green shoots)
- Vascular discoloration measured 10 days after inoculation
B. obtusa B. obtusa
B. rhodina
B. rhodina

Co
Bot.
T
T
=
=
24
10
Hours
hours
T = 72 Hours
T = 0
T = 48 Hours

Reassignment of Botryosphaeria species Taxonomy
• “Botryosphaeria” spp. associated with grapevine cankers in California
- Currently in the Family Botryosphaeriaceae
- 5 genera infecting grapes in CA: Lasiodiplodia, Diplodia, Botryosphaeria,
Neofusicoccum, and Dothiorella
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (=Botryosphaeria rhodina)
Diplodia seriata (=B. obtusa)
Diplodia mutila (=B. stevensii)
Botryosphaeria dothidea
Neofusicoccum parvum (=B. parva)
Neofusicoccum australe (=B. australis)
Neofusicoccum luteum (=B. lutea)
Dothiorella iberica (=B. iberica)
Dothiorella viticola (=B. viticola)

Botryosphaeria Canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
OR
CA
NY
PA
MO
VA
MD
AZ
AR
BC
SON Botryosphaeria australis
Eutypa lata
B. dothidea Eutypella vitis
B. lutea Diatrypella sp.
B. obtusa Phomopsis viticola
B. parva Diaporthe helianthi
B. rhodina Diaporthe phaseolorum
B. sarmentorum Pestalotiopsis sp.
B. stevensii Truncatella angustata
B. Viticola Clonostachys sp.

Botryosphaeria Canker
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Disease cycle?
Picnidia, Teleomorph?
Native plants
fruit, nut trees
Foliar symptoms??

Final pruning (2 buds) late February - early March
Canes are mechanically pruned (10-15 buds) late fall - early winter

Canes Collected
In March
1000 canes / vineyard

Inoculation

Movement of fungus into wood

Management of “Bot Canker” in California
- Tractor Application Fungicide Trials
Fungicide Amt/100 L Active Ingredient Company
Enable 2F 94 ml (12 oz/acre) Fenbuconazole Dow AgroSciences, Indianopolis, IN
Rally 40W 60 g (8 oz/acre) Myclobutanil Dow AgroSciences, Indianopolis, IN
Topsin M (70WP) 240 g (2 lb/acre) Tiophanate-metyl Pennwalt Corp. Agchem Div. Fresno, CA
Pentra Bark 16 ml/L Surfactant Agrichem Manufacturing Industries, Queensland, Australia

Grapevine Trunk Diseases
Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Control
• Eutypa and Botryosphaeria can not be chemically eradicated
• Recomendations
– Eliminate and burn pruning wood debris
– Double pruning
– Late pruning (February - March) (Weber, Trouillas & Gubler, In Press)
• Chemical treatment of the pruning wounds (Rolshausen & Gubler, 2005)
– 1% Topsin M (Benzomidazole) (Tree wound dressing)
– 5 % Boric Acid in polyvinyl paste
– Trichoderma (Vinevax)