8=SOUTH-AMERICA geosector - Linguasphere.info

8= SOUTH-AMERICA geosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 569 

8=SOUTH-AMERICA geosector 

édition princeps 

DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 

publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 

foundation edition 

THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 

published online & updated from November 2012 

 

This geosector covers 121 sets of languages (= 415 outer languages, comprising 964 inner languages) spoken or 

formerly spoken by traditional "Amerindian" communities across South America and southern Meso-America (since 

before the arrival of speakers of Indo-European languages, principally [51=] Español and Português, but also [51=] 

Français and [52=] English and Nederlands). 

13 sets are treated within three phylozones, 80=, 82= and 88=, while the remaining 110 sets are classified 

geographically within seven geozones. Geozone 81= covers languages spoken by communities in southern Meso- 

America and parts of northern South America, and the geozones 83=, 84= and 85=, in geographic sequence, cover 

languages spoken by communities in the Andean regions, southward as far as Tierra del Fuego. Geozones 86=, 87= 

and 89= cover languages spoken by communities in the Mato Grosso, in the Amazon Basin and in northeastern 

Brazil. 

80= CARIBIC phylozone 81= INTER-OCEAN geozone 82= ARAWAKIC phylozone 

83= PRE-ANDES geozone 84= ANDES geozone 85= CHACO-CONE geozone 

86= MATO-GROSSO geozone 87= AMAZON geozone 88= TUPIC phylozone 

89= BAHIA geozone 

In spelling the reference-names of languages spoken in areas where [51=] Español is in general use, the usages of 

the letters /c/ or /qu/ are normally preferred to use of the letter /k/, and the usage of /ch/ to the use of /sh/. In areas 

where [51=] Português is in general use, the usage of the letter /x/ is preferred to use of /sh/. 

Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One 

Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues 

et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies 

ici : répertoire@linguasphere.info 

Additional or improved data on languages and 

communities covered by this sector will 

be welcomed here : register@linguasphere.info 

COLUMN 1 & 2 

layers of reference 

codes and reference-names 

COLUMN 3 

other nomenclature and notes 

COLUMNS 4 & 5 

nation-states 

scale of 

(+ provinces) and speakers 

80= CARIBIC 

phylozone 

covers the "wider Carib", "Cariban" or Yucpa+ Bakairi set; 

comprising 1 set of languages (= 37 outer languages) spoken 

by widely scattered communities in northern South America, 

and formerly on islands of the Caribbean: 

80-A YUCPA+ BAKAIRI 

Brazil; Colombia; French Guiana; 

Guyana; Surinam; Venezuela; 

formerly also on Caribbean islands 

(most recently, Trinidad & Tobago) 

4 

80-A YUCPA+ BAKAIRI 

set 

80-AA 

80-AAA 

YUCPA+ YAPRERIA 

chain 

YUCPA+ YAPRERIA 

net 

CARIBAN, "wider" carib ‣comprising widely scattered languages, 

classified within 11 chains ; largely submerged < [51=] Español, [51=] 

Português or [52=] English 

yukpa 

80-AAA-a Yucpa yuko, yukpa, yupa, shaparu, chake, "carib" motilón, motilón-N. 

#motilón, motilón in [51=] Español = «hairless» Sierra de Perijá 

mountains 

80-AAA-aa 'césar' César upper valley Colombia.… 

80-AAA-ab codazzi codozzi Augustín Codazzi Colombia.… 

80-AAA-ac maracas Colombia.… 

Colombia (Magdalena; Guajira); 

also Venezuela (Zulia) 

80-AAA-ad iroka Colombia.… 

80-AAA-b Yaprería northern Sierra de Perijá mountains Venezuela (Zulia) 1 

80-AAA-ba yaprería japrería, manso* (Zulia) 1 

80-AAA-c Coyaima* extinct for several generations Colombia (Tolima) 0 

80-AAA-ca coyaima (Tolima) 0 

3

page 570 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 

80-AB 

OPÓN+ CARARE 

chain 

karare 

80-ABA OPÓN+ CARARE net X 

80-ABA-a Opón+ Carare Magdalena tributaries Colombia (Santander) 0 

80-ABA-aa opón opone Opone river (Santander) 

80-ABA-ab carare Carare river (Santander) 0 

80-AC CARINYA chain GALIBI, carib "proper" 

80-ACA CARINYA net 

80-ACA-a Carinya karinya, kari'nya, kalinya, kariña, carinña, cariña, galibí, carib, caribe, 

kribisi, caraiben, caribice, caribisce, caribisi, cariniaco geographically 

fragmented 

80-ACA-aa carinya-W. murato, myrato, marato, maraworno, marworno Orinoco lower valley: 

Ciudad Bolívar environs… (formerly) Sucre mountains Nuria plateau 

Barima valley… Barama valley 

80-ACA-aaa chayma chaima, sayma, warapiche, guaga-tagare Venezuela… 

80-ACA-aab tabajari Venezuela… 

80-ACA-aac abarima+ barama (Essequibo) 

Venezuela; Guyana; Surinam; 

French Guiana; Brazil (Amapá) 

Venezuela (Sucre; Monagas; 

Anzoátegui; Bolívar); Guyana 

(Essequibo) 

80-ACA-ab carib-C. submerged < [52=] Sranan Coppename lower valley Surinam (Saramacca) 3 

80-ACA-ac carib-E. tyrewuju Surinam (Marowijne); French 

Guiana (St.Laurent du Maroni; 

Cayenne); Brazil (Amapá) 

80-ACA-aca maroni-N. "lower" maroni Marowijne, Maroni lower valley (Marowijne; St.Laurent du Maroni) 

80-ACA-acb maroni-S. "upper" maroni Marowijne, Maroni upper valley (Marowijne; St.Laurent du Maroni) 

80-ACA-acc approuague Approuague valley (Cayenne) 

80-ACA-acd oyapuck Oyapuck, Oiapoque valley (Cayenne; Amapá) 

80-ACA-ace uacá in [51=] Português: galibí do Uacá Uacá valley (Amapá) 

80-AD E'NYAPA chain PANARE 

80-ADA E'NYAPA net 

80-ADA-a E'nyapa Cuchivero river Venezuela (Bolívar) 3 

80-ADA-aa e'nyapa panare, panari, eye, abira (Bolívar) 3 

80-AE MAPOYO+ WAYÂNA mapoyo+ makiritari 

chain 

80-AEA MAPOYO+ 

"middle" orinoco spoken by decimated and dispersed riverine groups 

YABARANA net 

80-AEA-a Mapoyo+ Wanai nearly extinct in 1970's Apure river Venezuela (Amazonas) 1 

80-AEA-aa mapoyo mapayo, mapoye, mapoi, nepoye (Amazonas) 

80-AEA-ab wanai (Amazonas) 

80-AEA-b Yabarana+ Wokiare Manapire river Venezuela (Amazonas) 1 

80-AEA-ba yabarana yavarana, yauarana (Amazonas) 

80-AEA-bb curasicana (Amazonas) 

80-AEA-bc wokiare uaiquiare, guayqueri (Amazonas) 

80-AEB 

MAQUIRITARI+ 

WAYUMARÁ net 

80-AEB-a Maquiritari makiritari, maquiritare, maquiritai, makiritare, ye'cuana Orinoco 

tributaries: Paragua middle river… Padamo river 

80-AEB-aa maquiritari-A. maquiritari "proper" Venezuela… 

80-AEB-ab ye'cuana yekuana, maiongong, mayongong Venezuela… 

80-AEB-ac de'cuana wainungomo Venezuela… 

80-AEB-ad cunuana Venezuela… 

80-AEB-ae pawana Venezuela… 

80-AEB-af soto Venezuela… 

80-AEB-ag ihuruana Venezuela… 

80-AEB-ah maitsi Venezuela… 

Venezuela (Bolívar; Amazonas); 

also Brazil (Roraima) 

80-AEB-b Wayumará Brazil (Roraima) 0* 

80-AEB-ba wayumará wajumará, uaimare, guimara (Roraima) 0* 

80-AEC TIVERICOTO+ YAO 

net 

80-AEC-a Tivericoto Venezuela (Monagas) 0 

80-AEC-aa tivericoto tiverikoto extinct (Monagas) 0 

80-AEC-b Yao Trinidad & Tobago; French Guiana 0 

80-AEC-ba yao extinct Trinidad & Tobago; French Guiana 0 

80-AED 

WAYÂNA+ 

URUCENA net 

GUAYANA 

80-AED-a Wayâna+ Urucena wayana Maroni river… Tapanahoni upper river… across 

Tumucumaque highlands… Paru+ Jari upper rivers 

80-AED-aa wayâna oayana, wajana, wayana "proper", guayana "proper", uaiana, oiana, 

oyana 

Surinam (Marowijne); French 

Guiana (St.Laurent du Maroni); 

Brazil (Pará; Amapá) 

(Marowijne); (St.Laurent du 

Maroni); (Pará; Amapá) 

X 

4 

4 

3 

3 

X 

3


80-AED-ab rucuyen roucouyene, roucouyenne (Marowijne)… 

80-AED-ac urucena urucuiana, urukuyana, alukuyana (Marowijne)… 

80-AED-ad upurui (Marowijne)… 

80-AF 

80-AFA 

YAWAPERÍ+ 

MAKUXÍ chain 

MAKUXÍ+ ARECUNA 

net 

80-AFA-a Makuxí Pacaraima highlands Venezuela (Bolívar); Brazil 

(Roraima); Guyana (Essequibo) 

80-AFA-aa makuxí makushi, macusi, macussi, teweya, teueia (Bolívar); (Roraima); (Essequibo) 

80-AFA-b Arecuna+ Taulipang Pemón, pemong Gran Sabana… Venezuela (Bolivár); Brazil 

(Roraima); Guyana (Essequibo) 

80-AFA-ba are-cuna ari-cuna, are-kuna, jari-cuna, pemong "proper" (Bolivár); (Essequibo) 3 

80-AFA-bb taulipang taurepan, taurepâ (Roraima) 2 

80-AFA-bc camara-coto camara-cota, kamaraga-kok (Bolivár)… 

80-AFA-bd dai-gok (Bolivár)… 

80-AFA-be potsawu-gok pishau-co (Bolivár)… 

80-AFA-c 

Acawayo+ 

Patamona 

Capón, kapong 

Guyana (Essequibo); also 

Venezuela (Bolivár); Brazil 

(Roraima) 

80-AFA-ca acawayo akawaio, acewaio, akawai, acahuayo, waicá (Essequibo); (Bolivár); (Roraima) 3 

80-AFA-cb patamona in [80=] Macushi: 'ingari-kó', 'ingari-có', 'ingari-kí', 'ingari-cí' (=«bushcommunity») 

80-AFA-cc erema-gok* (Essequibo) 

(Essequibo) 3 

80-AFA-d Purucoto Venezuela (Bolivár); Brazil 

(Roraima) 

80-AFA-da puru-coto i-puri-coto, puri-coto, poro-coto, uru-coto (Bolivár); (Roraima) 0* 

80-AFB 

SAPARÁ+ 

PAUXIANA net 

80-AFB-a Sapará Brazil (Roraima) 0* 

80-AFB-aa sapará (Roraima) 0* 

80-AFB-b Pauxiana+ 

Brazil (Roraima) 0* 

Paravilhana 

80-AFB-ba pauxiana pawixiana, paushiana, pawishiana, pauchiana, pauchi, pauxi-W. (Roraima) 0* 

80-AFB-bb paravilhana paravilyana ; perhaps transition < [80=] Waiwai+ Hishkaryana (Roraima) 0 

80-AFC YAWAPERÍ+ 

BOANARÍ net 

80-AFC-a Boanarí Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

80-AFC-aa boanarí bonarí (Amazonas) 0 

80-AFC-b Yawaperí+ Waimirí Brazil (Amazonas; Roraima) 3* 

80-AFC-ba atruahí atroaí, atroarí, atrowari, atroahy Brazil 

80-AFC-bb ki'nya Brazil 

80-AFC-bc waimirí uaimirí, wahmirí Brazil 

80-AFC-bd yawaperí yawaperí "proper", yauaperi, yauapery, jauaperí, jawaperí Jauaperí 

river 

80-AFC-be crixana crishana Brazil 

80-AFC-bf piriutite Brazil 

80-AFC-bg tiquiría Brazil 

80-AG 

80-AGA 

APALAÍ chain 

APALAÍ net 

80-AGA-a Apalaí Brazil (Pará) 2 

80-AGA-aa apalaí aparai, apalay (Pará) 2 

80-AH 

80-AHA 

TIRIYÓ+ WAIWAI 

chain 

TIRIYÓ+ CARIHONA 

net 

80-AHA-a Carihona karijona, karihona, tsahá Vaupés valley… Caqueta valley Colombia (Vaupés; Caqueta; 

Amazonas) 

80-AHA-aa carihona-'vaupés' Vaupés upper valley (Vaupés) 

80-AHA-ab jianá-coto hianá-coto, omagua, hianacoto-umaua, umaua, umawa Vaupés 

middle valley 

Brazil 

(Vaupés) 

80-AHA-ac yari* Yari valley: above El Capitán waterfalls (Caqueta) 

80-AHA-ad carihona-'caqueta' carijona-caqueta Caqueta lower valley (Amazonas) 

3 

3 

3* 

0* 

X 

2


80-AHA-b Tiriyó+ Akuriyo Tapanahoni upper river… Mapari river Surinam (Marowijne); Brazil (Pará) 3 

80-AHA-ba tiriyó tiriyó "proper", trio, tirió (Marowijne); (Pará) 3 

80-AHA-bb piano-cotó* piana-kotó, pau-cutu, paru-kutu, para-cutu, paru-koto #this name, in its 

various forms, is associated also with other related idioms in the area 

Essequibo upper river 

80-AHA-bc akuriyo akoerio, akuri, akurijo, akurio, akuliyo, wama, wayari-curi, oyari-coulet, 

tiriyó-metesem, tiriyó-metesen, trio-metesem, trio-metesen 

Tapanahoni upper river 

(Marowijne); (Pará) 

(Marowijne); (Pará) 

80-AHA-bd cumayena kumayena, ocomayana (Marowijne) 

80-AHA-c Saluma Anamu upper valley Brazil (Pará) 2 

80-AHA-ca saluma (Pará) 2 

80-AHB 

WAIWAI+ 

CHIQUIANA net 

languages spoken by decimated and dispersed riverine groups 

80-AHB-a Chiquiana shikuyana, sikiana, sikiâna, shikiana, chikena, chiquena Brazil (Pará; Amazonas); also 

Venezuela (Bolívar) 

80-AHB-aa sikiana Iricoumé highlands: Cafuini river… Turuna+ Itapi headwaters (Pará) 1 

80-AHB-ab chiquiana-N.* (Bolívar) 0 

80-AHB-b Kaxuyana+ 

Imabu river… Trombetes river Brazil (Pará) 2 

Warikyana 

80-AHB-ba kaxuyana kaxuiâna, kax'yana, kaxúyana, kashujana, kachuana (Pará) 2 

80-AHB-bb warikyana warikiana (Pará) 2 

80-AHB-bc pawiyana pawixi, pawishi, pauxi-E. (Pará) 2* 

80-AHB-c Waiwai+ 

Essequibo upper valley southwards to Mapuera+ Jatapu+ Nhamundá Guyana (Rupununi); Brazil (Pará; 3 

Hishkaryana* upper valleys 

Amazonas) 

80-AHB-ca waiwai uaiuai, uaieue, ouayeone (Rupununi); (Pará; Amazonas) 

80-AHB-cb katawian katwena, katuena, katawina, cachuena, catawian, catauian (Pará; Amazonas); (Rupununi) 

80-AHB-cc charuma parukoto-charuma (Pará; Amazonas); and/or 

(Rupununi) 

80-AHB-cd sherewyana xerewyana, xereu (Pará; Amazonas) 

80-AHB-ce hishkaryana hixkariana, hixkaryana, hichkaryana (Pará; Amazonas) 

80-AHB-cf chawiyana (Pará; Amazonas); and/or 

(Rupununi) 

80-AHB-cg kumiyana (Pará; Amazonas); and/or 

(Rupununi) 

80-AHB-ch sokaka (Pará; Amazonas); and/or 

(Rupununi) 

80-AHB-ci wabui (Pará; Amazonas); and/or 

(Rupununi) 

80-AHB-cj faruaru (Pará; Amazonas); and/or 

(Rupununi) 

80-AI 

80-AIA 

BAKAIRI+ ARARA 

chain 

ARARA+ TXIKÃO 

net 

80-AIA-a Arara+ Ajujure near Arataú river Brazil (Pará) 2* 

80-AIA-aa arara-parirí arara-do-pará (Pará) 1 

80-AIA-ab ajujure (Pará) 1 

80-AIA-b Apiacá+ Apingi Brazil (Pará) 0 

80-AIA-ba apiacá-N. ‣distinct from [85=] Apiacá (Pará) 0 

80-AIA-bb apingi (Pará) 0 

80-AIA-c Txikão+ Tunuli Xingu upper valley: Xingu park Brazil (Mato Grosso) 2 

80-AIA-ca txikão chicao, txikân, txicão, txixão (Mato Grosso) 

80-AIA-cb tunuli tonore (Mato Grosso) 

80-AIA-d Yarumá Xingu upper valley: Xingu park Brazil (Mato Grosso) 0* 

80-AIA-da yarumá jarumá perhaps extinct (Mato Grosso) 0* 

80-AIA-e Yuma Brazil (Rondônia) 0 

80-AIA-ea yuma juma ‣distinct from [85=] Juma (Rondônia) 0 

80-AIB BAKAIRI+ 

Xingu river-basin 

MATIPUHY net 

80-AIB-a Bakairí Arinos upper valley… Xingu headwaters Brazil (Mato Grosso) 2 

80-AIB-aa bakairí bacairí, kura (Mato Grosso) 2 

80-AIB-b Matipuhy+ Nahukuá Amonap, Xingu upper valley: Xingu park Brazil (Mato Grosso) 0* 

80-AIB-ba kuikuro kuikuru, guicurú, kurkuro, cuicutl (Mato Grosso) 2* 

80-AIB-bb matipuhy matipú (Mato Grosso) 1 

80-AIB-bc mariape* mariape-nahuqua (Mato Grosso) 1 

80-AIB-bd nahukuá nakukwá, nafukwá, nahuqua (Mato Grosso) 1 

80-AIB-be kalapaló apalakiri, apalaquiri (Mato Grosso) 2* 

1


80-AJ PALMELA chain X 

80-AJA PALMELA net X 

80-AJA-a Palmela Brazil (Rondônia) 0 

80-AJA-aa palmela (Rondônia) 0 

80-AK 'PIMENTEIRA' chain X 

80-AKA 'PIMENTEIRA' net X 

80-AKA-a 'Pimenteira' Brazil (Piauí) 0 

80-AKA-aa 'pimenteira' (Piauí) 0


81= INTER-OCEAN 

geozone 

covers the "Inter-Ocean" reference area, composed of sets 

not covered by any phylozone; comprising 16 sets of 

languages (= 47 outer languages) spoken by communities in 

southern Meso-America and northern South America, from 

the Pacific to the Caribbean coast: 

Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; 

Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; 

Panama; Surinam; Venezuela 

5 

81-A MAM+ MATAGALPA 81-B PECH 

81-C RAMA 81-D MALÉKU+ KWERESA 

81-E NGOBERE+ TUKURÁ 81-F COFÁN 

81-G PAÉZ+ COCONUCO 81-H COAIQUER+ TSÁCHI 

81-I HIRAHARA+ GAYÓN 81-J TACAME 

81-K PUMÉ 81-L TIMOTE+ MUCUCHI 

81-M BETOY 81-N YURIMANGI 

81-O CAMSÁ 81-P GUARAO 

including (with zone 87=) a number of languages sometimes 

known as 'macú', 'makú', 'maco', an unscientific term applied 

by outsiders to certain indigenous communities in the interior 

of Colombia and Venezuela, and in adjacent Brazil 

81-A MAM+ MATAGALPA 

set 

81-AA MAM+ MATAGALPA 

chain 

81-AAA MAM+ CABO net MÍSKITU 

MISUMALPAN, miskito+ sumo, part of "wider" chibchan grouping 

81-AAA-a Mam+ Cabo mískitu, miskito, mísquito, márquito, mosquito Costa de Mosquito 

coast: Caratasca lagoon… Perlas lagoon 

Honduras (Gracias a Dios); 

Nicaragua (Zelaya) 

81-AAA-aa mískitu-V. "vehicular" miskito Costa de Mosquito coast (Gracias a Dios); (Zelaya) 

81-AAA-ab mam "honduran" mískito (Gracias a Dios) 4 

81-AAA-ac tawira tauira (Zelaya) 

81-AAA-ad baymuna baymunana, baldam (Zelaya) 

81-AAA-ae wanki wangki (Zelaya) 

81-AAA-af cabo kabo (Zelaya) 

81-AAB 

TAWAHKA+ ULWA 

net 

SUMO 

81-AAB-a Tawahka+ Ulwa sumo, sumu, soumo, sumoo inland from Costa de Mosquito coast Honduras (Gracias a Dios); 

Nicaragua (Zelaya) 

81-AAB-aa tawahka+ bawihka sumo-N., "honduran" sumo (Gracias a Dios) 2 

81-AAB-aaa tawahka tahuajca, tauahca (Gracias a Dios) 

81-AAB-aab bawihka (Gracias a Dios) 

81-AAB-aac panamaka (Gracias a Dios) 

81-AAB-ab ulwa+ kukra sumo-S., "nicaraguan" sumo (Zelaya) 3 

81-AAB-aba ulwa wulwa, woolwa, 'lua, ulua (Zelaya) 

81-AAB-abb kukra cucra (Zelaya) 

81-AAC MATAGALPA+ 

CACAOPERA* net 

81-AAC-a Cacaopera cakaopera extinct San Miguel hinterland El Salvador 0 

81-AAC-aa cacaopera El Salvador 0 

81-AAC-b Matagalpa extinct Cordillera Isabella range… Cordillera Entre Ríos range Nicaragua (Nueva Segovia… ); 0 

Honduras (El Paraíso) 

81-AAC-ba matagalpa (Nueva Segovia… ); (El Paraíso) 0 

81-B PECH set PAYA, part of "wider" chibchan grouping 

81-BA PECH chain 

81-BAA PECH net 

81-BAA-a Pech* Dulce Nombre de Culmí… Santa María del Carbón Honduras (Olancho) 2 

81-BAA-aa pech* paya, taya, tawka, seco (Olancho) 2 

81-C RAMA set part of "wider" chibchan grouping 

81-CA RAMA chain 

81-CAA RAMA net 

81-CAA-a Rama Rama Cay coast & hinterland Nicaragua 1* 

81-CAA-aa rama 24 speakers in 1980's submerged < [52=] Rama-Cay Nicaragua 1* 

5 

3 

X


81-D MALÉKU+ 

GUATUSO, part of "wider" chibchan grouping 

KWERESA set 

81-DA MALÉKU+ 

KWERESA chain 

81-DAA MALÉKU+ 

KWERESA net 

81-DAA-a Maléku+ Kweresa watuso+ wetar Costa Rica (Alajuela) 2 

81-DAA-aa maléku-jaíka watuso, guatuso Costa Rica 2 

81-DAA-ab kweresa wétar, güetar, corobici extinct Costa Rica 0 

81-E NGOBERE+ 

TUKURÁ set 

81-EA NASO chain TERIBE 

81-EAA NASO net 

chibchan-E., part of "wider" chibchan grouping 

81-EAA-a Naso teribe, térraba, tiribi, tirribi, nortenyo, quequexqueterraba community 

Caribbean coast 

Costa Rica; Panama (Bocas del 

Toro) 

81-EAA-aa naso-W. 5 speakers in 1990's (Limón) 1 

81-EAA-ab naso-E. Teribe valley… Changuinola valley (Bocas del Toro) 3 

81-EB 

81-EBA 

BRUNCA+ 

CABÉCAR chain 

BRUNCA net 

"WIDER"-TALAMANKA, "wider" takamanca 

81-EBA-a Brunca 5 speakers (all women) in 1980's Pacific coast: Playa Bonita… 

Golfito… Punta Burica peninsula 

Costa Rica (Puntarenas); Panama 

(Chiriquí) 

81-EBA-aa brunca boruca, borunca, burica, burunca, brunka (Puntarenas); (Chiriquí) 3 

81-EBB CABÉCAR+ BRIBRI 

net 

81-EBB-a Cabécar Costa Rica (Turriabla) 3 

81-EBB-aa cabécar kabékar, chirripó, including corrhue, xorrhue (Turriabla) 3 

81-EBB-aaa chirripó Cerro Cirripó highlands (Turriabla) 

81-EBB-aab telire Telire valley (Turriabla) 

81-EBB-aac 'estrella' (Turriabla) 

81-EBB-aad ujarrás (Turriabla) 

81-EBB-aae tucurric (Turriabla) 

81-EBB-b Bribri Lari+ Telire+ Uren valleys Costa Rica (Limón; Puntarenas); 

also Panama 

81-EBB-ba bribri talamanca "proper", talamanka "proper" (Limón; Puntarenas); also Panama 3 

81-EBB-baa salitre-cabagra (Limón; Puntarenas) 

81-EBB-bab amubre-katsi (Limón; Puntarenas) 

81-EBB-bac coroma (Limón; Puntarenas) 

81-EC 

81-ECA 

NGOBERE+ 

BUGLERE chain 

NGOBERE+ 

BUGLERE net 

81-ECA-a Ngobere ngäbere, guaymi, waimí Chiriquí lagoon & hinterland Panama (Bocas del Toro; 

Veraguas); also Costa Rica 

81-ECA-aa ngobere-W. mobe, valiente (Bocas del Toro) 4 

81-ECA-ab ngobere-E. tole, chiriqui (Bocas del Toro; Veraguas) 4 

81-ECA-b Buglere nortenyo, muriré Serranía de Tabasará highlands Panama (Veraguas) 3 

81-ECA-ba sabanero veraguas-sabanero (Veraguas) 1* 

81-ECA-bb bokotá bokwetá, bogotá, bofota, bobota, bocota, bukueta (Veraguas) 3 

81-ED CÓWGI+ ICA chain ARWAKO-NORTH, "highland" aruak 

81-EDA CÓWGI net COGUI 

81-EDA-a Cówgi Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta northern & western mountain-slopes Colombia (Magdalena…) 3 

81-EDA-aa cówgi cogui, coghui, kogi, káugian, cágaba, kaggaba (Magdalena…) 3 

81-EDB ICA net 

81-EDB-a Ica Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta southern mountain-slopes Colombia (El César) 3 

81-EDB-aa ica ihka, ika, ijca, ijka, ike, ikö, aruaca, arhuaco, bintuk, bíntukua, bíntucua (El César) 3 

81-EDC WIWA net MALAYO 

81-EDC-a WIWA Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta southern & eastern mountain-slopes 

#proliferation of names (see below) suggests more than one 

component idiom 

81-EDC-aa wiwa malayo, dinima, wamaka, guamaca, marocasero, maracasero, 

marocacero, arosario, sanhá, sanja, sanka 

81-EE CHIMILA chain ARAWAKO-SOUTH 

81-EEA CHIMILA net "lowland" aruak 

81-EEA-a Chimila shimizya Valledupar environs: lowlands between Magdalena river & 

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains 

81-EEA-aa caca-weranos Caca Weranos (Magdalena) 

81-EEA-ab 'san-jorge' Jorge (Magdalena) 

Colombia (El César; La Guajira) 2 

(El César; La Guajira) 2 

Colombia (Magdalena) 2 

3 

3 

3 

4


81-EF 

81-EFA 

CHIBCHA+ TUNEBO 

chain 

TUNEBO net 

"NARROW"-CHIBCHAN 

81-EFA-a Tunebo-W. aguas-blancas Colombia (Santander del Sur) 3* 

81-EFA-aa tunebo-W. (Santander del Sur) 3* 

81-EFA-b Tunebo-E. "highland" tunebo Sierra Nevada de Cocuy highlands & eastwards Colombia (Santander del Sur; 3 

Boyacá; Arauca); also Venezuela 

81-EFA-ba tunebo-cobaría Satocá… Calafita… Tegría… Cobaría (Boyacá; Arauca) 

81-EFA-bb tunebo-'angosturas' "angosturas" nearly extinct in 1983's (Arauca) 1* 

81-EFA-bc tunebo-tame "barro-negro", tame Tame-SW.: Barro Negro… San Lope… Tabías (Arauca) 2 

81-EFA-c Chibcha Colombia central highlands Colombia 0 

81-EFA-ca chibcha muisca, mosca extinct Colombia 0 

81-EG 

81-EGA 

CUNA chain 

CUNA net 

81-EGA-a Cuna kuna Panama; Colombia (Chocó; 

Antioquia) 

81-EGA-aa cuna-'san-blas' "san-blas" cuna Golfo de San Blas off-shore islets and coast… plus 

migration to Colón & Panamá cities and to banana-plantations 

81-EGA-aaa 'san-blas'-A. "insular" cuna Panama 

81-EGA-aab chuana chucuna Panama 

81-EGA-aac cueva Panama 

81-EGA-aad bayano including alto-bayano. maje Panama 

81-EGA-ab cuna-SE. "long-hair" cuna, in [51=] Español: caimán nuevo Golfo de Uurubá 

coast 

Panama 4 

Colombia; Panama 3 

81-EGA-aba paya+ pucuro Paya… Pucuro villages Panama 2 

81-EGA-abb cuna-'colombia' (Chocó; Antioquia) 2 

81-EH 

81-EHA 

BARÍ* chain 

BARÍ net 

81-EHA-a Barí* Sierra de Perijá mountains… Oro+ Catatumo valley Colombia; Venezuela (Zulia) 3 

81-EHA-aa barí "chibchan" motilón, motilone, barira, dobocubí, mape, cunguasaya #in 

[51=] Español = «hairless» ‣distinct from [80=] Yucpa ("Carib" 

Motilón) 

81-EI TUKURÁ + 

NOANAMA chain 

81-EIA TUKURÁ+ 

NOANAMA net 

; probable linguistic continuum #in an area of confused and 

overlapping ethnolinguistic nomenclature 

81-EIA-a Tukurá+ Tadó* Emberá, empera, berã, bera, epera, embena, epena, chocó, 'cholo' 

#emberá= «community» 

81-EIA-aa sambú emberá-panama, darién, dariena, andágueda, part of 'emberá-N.' 

Sampú valley… Serranía del Darién mountains 

81-EIA-ab atrato part of 'emberá-N.', including rio-sucio Atrato valley… Sucio lower 

valley 

(Zulia) 3 

Panama; Colombia (Antioquia; 

Choco; Caldas; Cordoba; Valle del 

Cauca) 

Panama 

81-EIA-ac tukurá río-verde, part of 'emberá-N.' southwest of Uraba gulf (Choco) 

(Antioquia; Choco) 

81-EIA-ad catío* katio, epera-catio, evabida Cordillera Occidental northwest foothills (Cordoba; Antioquia) 4 

81-EIA-ada murrí Murrí valley (Cordoba) 

81-EIA-adb dabeiba Sucio upper valley: Dabeiba (Antioquia) 

81-EIA-adc sinu Sinu upper valley (Cordoba) 

81-EIA-add ngverá san-jorge San Jorge valley (Cordoba) 

81-EIA-ade cauca including arma, cenu Cauca lower valley (Antioquia) 0 

81-EIA-ae caramanta+ sitará Andes town… Cristiania… Caramantá (Antioquia; Caldas) 2* 

81-EIA-af chamí including anserma Cordillera Occidental northern highlands: 

Anserma… 

81-EIA-ag tadó embená-tadó Cordillera Occidental western foothills: San Juán upper 

valley (Tadó) 

81-EIA-ah baudó Baudo valley (Choco) 

81-EIA-ai saija 'emberá-S.', epena-saija, epera-pedea, saixa, basarado, basurudo 

Naya coast 

(Choco; Antioquia; Caldas) 4* 

(Choco) 3* 

(Valle del Cauca; Cauca) 3 

81-EIA-aj runa* Colombia 0 

81-EIA-b Noanama waunana, wounan, wounaan, noenama, nonama, woun-meu, waumeo, Colombia (Valle del Cauca); 3 

chocama, chanco 

Panama 

81-EIA-ba noanama-N. "panamanian" waunana Panama 3 

81-EIA-bb noanama-S. "colombian" waunana (Valle del Cauca) 

4 

4


81-F COFÁN set KOFAN, part of "wider" chibchan 

81-FA COFÁN chain 

81-FAA COFÁN net 

81-FAA-a Cofán kofan, kofán, a'i, kofane Colombia (Putumayo); Ecuador 

(Napo) 

81-FAA-aa cofán-N. (Putumayo) 2 

81-FAA-ab 'santa-rosa' Santa Rosa de Sucumbíos (Napo) 2 

81-FAA-ac 'aguarico' Aguarico upper valley (Napo) 2 

81-G PAÉZ+ COCONUCO 

set 

81-GA COCONUCO+ 

GUAMBIANO chain 

81-GAA COCONUCO+ 

GUAMBIANO net 

PAEZAN, paesan, part of "wider" paezan 

81-GAA-a Coconuco Colombia (Cauca) 2* 

81-GAA-aa coconuco kokonuko, wanaka* (Cauca) 

81-GAA-b Totoró Colombia (Cauca) 0* 

81-GAA-ba totoró (Cauca) 

81-GAA-c Guambiano+ Mogés wambiano Colombia (Cauca) 3 

81-GAA-ca guambiano guambia (Cauca) 3 

81-GAA-cb mogés moguez (Cauca) 

81-GB PAÉZ+ ANDAQUÍ 

chain 

81-GBA PAÉZ+ PANZALEO 

net 

81-GBA-a Paéz+ Pitayo Cordillera Central mountains: Popayán… Paéz Colombia (Huila) 4 

81-GBA-aa paéz paes (Huila) 

81-GBA-ab pitayo (Huila) 

81-GBA-ac paniquita panikita (Huila) 

81-GBA-b Panzaleo Cordillera Central mountains Ecuador (Pichincha; Cotopaxi; 

Tungurahua) 

81-GBA-ba panzaleo pansaleo (Pichincha; Cotopaxi; Tungurahua) 0 

81-GBB ANDAQUÍ net X 

81-GBB-a Andaquí Cordillera Central eastern slopes Colombia (Huila; Caquetá) 0 

81-GBB-aa andaquí andakí (Huila; Caquetá) 

81-H COAIQUER+ 

TSÁCHI set 

81-HA COAIQUER+ 

BARBACOAS chain 

81-HAA COAIQUER+ 

BARBACOAS net 

BARBAKOAN, barbacoano, part of "wider" paezan 

81-HAA-a Coaiquer+ Awa coaiquer Cordillera Central western slopes Colombia (Cauca; Nariño); 

Ecuador (Carchi) 

81-HAA-aa coaiquer kwaiker, koaiker, cuaiquer, quaiquer, telembí (Cauca) 4 

81-HAA-ab awa coaiquer-S. (Carchi) 3* 

81-HAA-b Barbacoas+ Pasto* Barbacoas Colombia (Nariño); Ecuador 0 

(Carchi) 

81-HAA-ba barbacoas Barbacoas (Nariño) 0 

81-HAA-bb muelyama muellama (Nariño) 0 

81-HAA-bc pasto (Nariño); (Carchi) 0 

81-HB 

TSÁCHI+ TSÁFIKI 

chain 

cayapa+ 'colorado' 

81-HBA TSÁCHI net CAYAPA 

81-HBA-a Tsáchi Cayapas river & tributaries: 5 enclaves Ecuador (Esmeraldas) 3 

81-HBA-aa tsá-chi cha-chi, cayapa, kayapa; cha'-palaachi; tsá-che-la, cha-chilla 

community 

(Esmeraldas) 3 

81-HBB TSÁFIKI net COLORADO 

81-HBB-a Tsáfiki Santo Domingo de los Colarados: forest west of Quito Ecuador (Pichincha; Los Ríos) 3 

81-HBB-aa tsá-fiki 'colorado' community (Pichincha; Los Ríos) 3 

81-I HIRAHARA+ 

GAYÓN set 

81-IA HIRAHARA+ 

GAYÓN chain 

81-IAA HIRAHARA+ 

GAYÓN net 

81-IAA-a Hirahara Cordillera de Mérida northern foothills Venezuela (Falcón) 0 

81-IAA-aa hirahara jirajara (Falcón) 0 

81-IAA-b Ayomán Cordillera de Mérida northern foothills Venezuela (Lara) 0 

81-IAA-ba ayomán ayamán (Lara) 0 

2 

0 

3 

X 

X 

X


81-IAA-c Gayón Cordillera de Mérida northern foothills Venezuela (Lara) 0 

81-IAA-ca gayón coyón (Lara) 0 

81-J TACAME set ESMERALDA, part of tacame+ pumé grouping X 

81-JA TACAME chain X 

81-JAA TACAME net X 

81-JAA-a Tacame Esmeralda coast Ecuador (Esmeraldas) 0 

81-JAA-aa tacame esmeralda, takame (Esmeraldas) 0 

81-K PUMÉ set YARURO, part of tacame+ pumé grouping 

81-KA PUMÉ chain jaruro 

81-KAA PUMÉ net 

81-KAA-a Pumé Capanaparo swamps and northwards Venezuela (Apure; Amazonas) 3 

81-KAA-aa pumé pumeh, yaruro, yaruru, jaruro, llaruro, yuapín Venezuela (Apure; Amazonas) 3 

81-L TIMOTE+ MUCUCHÍ 

set 

81-LA TIMOTE+ MUCUCHÍ 

X 

chain 

81-LAA TIMOTE+ MUCUCHÍ 

X 

net 

81-LAA-a Timote+ Cuica timoteano Cordillera de Mérida highlands Venezuela (Mérida) 0 

81-LAA-aa timote (Mérida) 0 

81-LAA-ab cuica kuika (Mérida) 0 

81-LAA-b Mutús+ Loco* near Pueblo Llano: Mutús Venezuela (Barinas) 2 

81-LAA-ba mutús mutu (Barinas) 2 

81-LAA-bb loco (Barinas) 

81-LAA-c Mucuchí+ Maripú Cordillera de Mérida highlands Venezuela (Mérida) 0 

81-LAA-ca mucuchí mukuchi, mucuchí "proper" (Mérida) 2 

81-LAA-cb maripú mirripú Cordillera de Mérida highlands Venezuela (Mérida) 2 

81-M BETOY set X 

81-MA BETOY chain X 

81-MAA BETOY net X 

81-MAA-a Betoy Colombia (Arauca) 0 

81-MAA-aa betoy (Arauca) 0 

81-N YURIMANGI set X 

81-NA YURIMANGI chain X 

81-NAA YURIMANGI net X 

81-NAA-a Yurimangi Yurimangi valley Colombia (Valle de Cauca) 0 

81-NAA-aa yurimangi yurumangi (Valle de Cauca) 0 

81-O CAMSÁ set 

81-OA CAMSÁ chain 

81-OAA CAMSÁ net 

81-OAA-a Camsá Sibundoy valley Colombia (Putumayo) 3 

81-OAA-aa camsá kamsá, kamse, kamemtxa, sibundoy, coche Sibundoy valley (Putumayo) 3 

81-P GUARAO set WARAO 

81-PA GUARAO chain 

81-PAA GUARAO net 

81-PAA-a Guarao "wider" guarao, warao, guarano, guarauno, tivativa Orinoco deltacoast: 

Marowijne, Maroni lower valley a few elderly speakers each 

side of Venezuela-Guyana frontier; also (perhaps extinct) each side of 

Guyana-Surinam frontier 

81-PAA-aa guarao-A. warao "proper", warrau, uarow, arao-te Venezuela 

81-PAA-ab guasay Venezuela 

81-PAA-ac mariusa araguao Venezuela 

81-PAA-ad hoanarau Venezuela 

81-PAA-ae cocuina Venezuela 

81-PAA-af changuane* Venezuela 

Venezuela (Sucre; Monagas; Delta 

Amacuro); Guyana (Barima-Waini; 

Upper Demerara-Berbice); 

Surinam (Nickerie) 

X 

1


82= ARAWAKIC 

phylozone 

covers the "Maipuran" ("Maipurean") or "Core Arawakan" 

grouping, part of the "wider Arawakan" hypothesis; comprising 

2 sets of languages (= 50 outer languages) formerly spoken 

by communities in the Caribbean and spoken at end 20 th 

century by widely scattered communities in Meso-America 

and South-America, from Guatemala and Belize to French 

Guiana and northern Brazil, Peru and Bolivia: 

82-A WAYÚU+ BANIWA 82-B ASHÁNINGA+ YANESHA 

originally Cuba; Haiti+ Dominican 

Rep.; Puerto Rico; Jamaica…; in 

20 th cent: Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; 

Colombia; Dominica; French 

Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; 

Honduras; Peru; St.Vincent; 

Surinam; Venezuela 

5 

82-A WAYÚU+ BANIWA 

set 

82-AA TAINO notional chain 

82-AAA TAINO notional net 

MAIPURAN-NORTH 

82-AAA-a Taino Greater Antilles archipelago probably extinct by 18th century originally Cuba; Haiti+ Dominican 

Rep.; Puerto Rico; Jamaica… 

82-AAA-aa taino ‣representing at least one language for each major island originally Cuba; Haiti+ Dominican 

Rep.; Puerto Rico; Jamaica… 

82-AB GARIFUNA+ 

KALÍPHONA. 

'DOMINICAN' chain 

82-ABA Garifuna+ 

'Dominican' net 

kalíphona, inyeri-kalíphona, kalipona, "island carib" influence < [80=] 

Cariban; original [82=] Inyeri language was preserved by Arawakan 

women in communities dominated from 15th century by Carib males 

speaking one or more [80=] Carib languages 

82-ABA-a 'Dominican' kalíphona-N. extinct since early 1920's Dominica island Dominica 0 

82-ABA-aa 'dominican' Dominica 0 

82-ABA-b Garífuna+ 

kalíphona-S.St.Vincent island; deported late 18 th cent. to Central formerly St.Vincent; deportation> 5 

'Vincentian' 

America 

Belize; Guatemala; Honduras 

82-ABA-ba garifuna "black carib" speakers arrived as deportees from St.Vincent island in 

1790's ‣current dialects to be established Gulf of Honduras coast 

Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; also 

Nicaragua 

82-ABA-bb 'vincentian' extinct since 1920's St.Vincent island St.Vincent 0 

82-AC 

82-ACA 

WAYÚU+ AROWÁK 

chain 

WAYÚU+ ALILE net 

WAHIRO 

82-ACA-a Wayúu wahiro "proper" La Guajira peninsula… Lago de Maracaibo west 

shore 

Colombia (La Guajira); Venezuela 

(Zulia) 

82-ACA-aa wayúu guajiro, wahiro, goahiro, goajiro, guajira (La Guajira); (Zulia) 5 

82-ACA-b Alile+ Toa Paraujano, parahujano, parauhano, anyu 20 speakers or less in Venezuela (Zulia) 1 

1970's Tablazo bay: Guasare mouth 

82-ACA-ba alile (Zulia) 

82-ACA-bb toa (Zulia) 

82-ACB 

AROWÁK net 

82-ACB-a Arowák arahuaco, arowak, aruak, aruaki, lokono geographically fragmented Venezuela (Delta Amacuro); 

Guyana (Essequibo; Demerara; 

Berbice); Surinam (Nickerie); 

French Guiana (St.Laurent du 

Maroni; Cayenne) 

82-ACB-aa arowák-W. Isla Corocoro coast… west of Essequibo estuary (Delta Amacuro); (Essequibo) 3* 

82-ACB-ab arowák-C. coast & swamps around Berbice estuary… Courantyne, Corantijn 

valley 

(Demerara; Berbice); (Nickerie) 3* 

82-ACB-ac arowák-E. Mana middle valley… Courcibo valley (St.Laurent du Maroni; Cayenne) 2 

82-AD 

82-ADA 

ATORAÍ+ 

MAOPIDYÁN chain 

ATORAÍ+ 

MAOPIDYÁN net 

WAPIXANA, wapixána, wapitxana, wapisiana, vapidiana 

82-ADA-a Atoraí+ Maopidyán geographically fragmented Kanuku mountains>S.: Rupunini 

valley… Uraricuera valley 

Guyana (Essequibo); Brazil 

(Roraima); also Venezuela 

(Bolívar) 

82-ADA-aa atoraí ator'ti, dauri Guyana and/or Brazil 

82-ADA-ab mawakua Guyana and/or Brazil 

82-ADA-ac maopidyán maopidian, mapidian, maopityan, maiopitian Guyana and/or Brazil 

82-ADA-ad mawayana mahuayana Guyana and/or Brazil 

82-ADA-ae amariba perhaps extinct Guyana and/or Brazil 

• 

5 

5 

3 

4


82-AE 

82-AEA 

PALIKÚR+ 

MARAWÁN chain 

PALIKÚR+ 

MARAWÁN net 

82-AEA-a Palikúr+ Marawán French Guiana (Cayenne); Brazil 

(Amapá) 

82-AEA-aa palikúr palikour, palicur, palijur Oyapock, Oiapoque river (Cayenne); (Amapá) 3 

82-AEA-ab marawán+ karipurá Brazil (Amapá) 0 

82-AF 

82-AFA 

TSASE+ JUKUNA 

chain 

TSASE+ ACHAGUA 

net 

82-AFA-a Achagua Colombia (Meta; Boyaca); also 

Venezuela 

82-AFA-aa achagua ajagua, xagua, achagwa (Meta; Boyaca) 2 

82-AFA-b Amarizana Colombia (Meta) 0 

82-AFA-ba amarizana (Meta) 0 

82-AFA-c Tsase Piapoko Colombia (Vaupés; Vichada; 

Guainia); Venezuela (Amazonas); 

also Brazil (Amazonas) 

3 

82-AFA-ca tsase dzase, dzaze (Vaupés; Vichada; Guainia); 

Venezuela (Amazonas) 

82-AFB 

CAVIYARI net 

82-AFB-a Caviyarí Cananarí river Colombia (Amazonas) 2* 

82-AFB-aa caviyarí kaviyarí, kawiyarí, cabiyari, cabiuarí, cauyarí, kauyarí, cuyare, kawillary Colombia (Amazonas) 2* 

82-AFC INAHISHANA net WAINUMÁ X 

82-AFC-a Inahishana Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFC-aa inahishana wainumá, wai, waima, wainumi, wainambi, waipi, yanuma (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFD ANAUYÁ* net X 

82-AFD-a Anauyá Venezuela (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFD-aa anauyá (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFE 

GUAREQUENA+ 

MANDAHUACA net 

WAREKENA 

82-AFE-a Guarequena* Guainía valley… Isana, Içana valleys Brazil (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas); Colombia (Guainía) 

82-AFE-aa guarequena guarekena, arequena, urequema, warekena, walékhena, warekeña, 

werekena, uerequema, werikena 

Brazil (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas); Colombia (Guainía) 

82-AFE-b Mandahuaca mandawaka Brazil (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas) 

82-AFE-ba mandahuaca mandauaca, mandawáka, ihini, arihini, maldavaca, cunipusana, yavita, 

mitua Casiquiare river… Baria river 

82-AFE-c Xiriana* ‣insufficent data for certain classification within this net Demeni 

tributaries… Rio Negro left-bank tributaries 

Brazil (Amazonas); Venezuela 3 

(Amazonas) 

Brazil (Amazonas) 2* 

82-AFE-ca xiriana shiriana, xiriâna (Amazonas) 2* 

82-AFF JUMANA+ PASE net X 

82-AFF-a Jumana Río-Negro area Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFF-aa jumana Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFF-b Pase Río-Negro area Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFF-ba pase Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFF-c Kaiwishana Río-Negro area Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFF-ca kaiwishana Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AFG YUCUNA+ GARU net 

82-AFG-a Yucuna Caquetá tributary: Miriti+ Parana valley Colombia (Amazonas) 3 

82-AFG-aa yucuna yukuna, jukuna, chukuna, matapí Colombia (Amazonas) 3 

82-AFG-b Garu Colombia (Caquetá) 2* 

82-AFG-ba garu guaru (Caquetá) 

82-AG 

82-AGA 

BANIWA+ TARIANA 

chain 

TARIANA net 

82-AGA-a Tariana tariáno, taliáseri Vaupés river Brazil (Vaupés); formerly also 

Colombia (Vaupés) 

3 

2 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3*


82-AGB 

BANIWA+ 

MAPANAI* net 

KARU, including tapuya, tapuia kadawa-purtana, cadaua-puritana, 

kadau-purítana #the names tapuya and kadawa-purtana have each 

been applied to several idioms in an area of confused and variable 

ethnolinguistic nomenclature 

82-AGB-a Ipeca+ Cúrrim Brazil (Amazonas); Colombia 

(Vaupés; Guainia); Venezuela 

(Amazonas) 

82-AGB-aa cúrrim curripaco, curipaco, kuripaco, kurripaco, kuripako, koripako, korispaso, 

korripako, karupaka Isana, Içana river… Guainia river… Inírida rivers 

Colombia (Vaupés; Guainia); 

Venezuela (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-ab unhun enhen, onhon Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-ac ipeca pato-tapuya, pato-tapuia, cumata, ipeka, ipeca-tapuia, ipeka-tapuya, 

ipeka-tapuia, pacu, paku-tapuya, payuliene, payuáliene, palioariene 

Isana, Içana river 

82-AGB-ad waliperi veliperi Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-b Baniwa+ Wadzoli Huhúteni, karru, carútana, karutana, kurútana Isana, Içana middle 

river… Ayarí, Aiari river 

Brazil (Amazonas) 2 

Colombia (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas); Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-ba baniwa-N. baniva-N., avani, ayane, abane Colombia (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bb quirruba* Colombia (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bc baniwa-S. baniua-do-içana, maniba, baniva-S., baniba, issana Río Negro 

valley… Isana, Içana valley 

Colombia (Amazonas); Venezuela 

(Amazonas); Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bd kohoroxitari ‣classification with Baniwa-S. to be confirmed Rio Negro valley… Brazil (Amazonas) 2 

82-AGB-be hohodene hohodena Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bf siusí suisy, suisy-tapuia, siusy-tapuya, seuci, siuci, siusi Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bg adaru Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bh arara Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bi dzaui dzawi Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bj adzáneni tatú Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bk yauarete jauarete, yawareté, yawarete-tapuya Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bl yurupari jurupari, yurupari-tapuya Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bm máulieni kawa Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bn mapache Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bo wadzoli uadzoli Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-bp urubu Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-c Mapanai+ 

Brazil (Amazonas) 2* 

Katapolítani 

82-AGB-ca katapolítani Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-cb moriwene sikuriyú Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-cc mapanai ira Brazil (Amazonas) 

82-AGB-d Yabaana* ‣insufficent data for certain classification within this net Marauiá+ Brazil (Amazonas) 1 

Cauaboris headwaters 

82-AGB-da yabaana jabaana, yabaâna, yabarana Brazil (Amazonas) 1 

82-AH 

82-AHA 

82-AHA-a 

BARÉ+ YAVITERO 

chain 

BARÉ+ GUINAO net 

Guinao+ 

Temomoyamo 

82-AHA-aa guinao ginao, quinhao, guaniare, inao (Bolívar) 

82-AHA-ab temomoyamo* temomeyeme (Bolívar) 

82-AHA-b Baré+ Barawana barawana, barauna, barauana, ihini, arihini, maldavaca, cunipusana, 

yavita, mitua Guainía valley… Casiquiare valley… Río Negro upper 

valley 

Venezuela (Bolívar) 0 

Venezuela (Amazonas); Brazil 

(Amazonas) 

82-AHA-ba baré barawâna-N. Venezuela (Amazonas) 2 

82-AHA-bb barawana baré-S., "brazilian" baré Brazil (Amazonas) 1 

82-AHA-c Marawá* ‣insufficent data for certain classification within this net Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AHA-ca marawá* (Amazonas) 0 

82-AHB YAVITERO net X 

82-AHB-a Yavitero extinct since 1980's Venezuela 0 

82-AHB-aa yavitero yavitano, paraene Venezuela 0 

82-AI 

82-AIA 

RESÍGARO chain 

RESÍGARO net 

82-AIA-a Resígaro near Putumayo river Peru (Loreto); Colombia 

(Amazonas) 

82-AIA-aa resígaro resígero (Loreto); (Amazonas) 1 

3* 

3* 

4 

0 

0 

3 

2 

1


82-AJ 

MANAO+ KARIAÍ 

chain 

82-AJA MANAO net X 

82-AJA-a Manao Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AJA-aa manao Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

82-AJB KARIAÍ net X 

82-AJB-a Kariaí Brazil (Roraima) 0 

82-AJB-aa kariaí (Roraima) 0 

82-AK 

82-AKA 

TUBARÃO+ 

MASAKÁ* chain 

TUBARÃO+ 

MASAKÁ net 

‣insufficent data for certain classification 

82-AKA-a Tubarão+ Masaká Brazil (Rondônia) 2* 

82-AKA-aa tubarão aikaná, huari, wari, uari, corumbiara, kolumbiara (Rondônia) 

82-AKA-ab masaká massacá (Rondônia) 

82-B ASHÁNINGA+ MAIPURAN-SOUTH 

YANESHA set 

82-BA YANESHA+ 

CHAMICURO chain 

82-BAA CHAMICURO net 

82-BAA-a Chamicuro tributary of Huallaga river Peru (Loreto) 2 

82-BAA-aa chamicuro chamicura, chamicolo (Loreto) 2 

82-BAB YANESHA net AMUESHA 

82-BAB-a Yanesha Pachitea+ Perea headwaters Peru (Pasco; Junín) 3 

82-BAB-aa yanesha amuesha, amuese, amueixa, amoishe, amagues, amage, omage, 

amajo, amaje, amuetamo 

82-BB 

82-BBA 

82-BBA-a 

ASHÁNINGA+ 

MACHIGUENGA* 

chain 

ASHÁNINGA+ 

MACHIGUENGA net 

Asháninga+ 

Casharari 

CAMPA, kampa 

campa-NW. 

(Pasco; Junín) 3 

Peru (Huánuco; Pasco; Loreto; 

Junín; Cuzco); also Brazil (Acre; 

Amazones) 

82-BBA-aa asháni-nga asháni-nca, asháninca-campa (Huánuco; Pasco; Loreto) 4 

82-BBA-ab ashéni-nga ashéni-nca, ashéninca-campa (Loreto…) 3 

82-BBA-ac pajonal part of pajonal-campa Gran Pajonal highlands (Pasco; Junín; Loreto) 

82-BBA-ad ats-iri at-iri, part of pajonal-campa (Loreto…) 

82-BBA-ae ucay-ali Ucayali valley (Loreto) 3 

82-BBA-af unini Ucayali upper valley: Unini (Loreto) 

82-BBA-ag pichis Pichis valley (Pasco) 3 

82-BBA-ah perene Perené upper valley (Junín) 3 

82-BBA-ai apurucay-ali Apurimac valley (Cuzco) 

82-BBA-aj cashar-ari kashar-ari, jurua-purus 2 (Cuzco*…) 2 

82-BBA-b Machiguenga+ campa-SE. 

Peru (Junín; Cuzco; Loreto; Madre 4 

Cogapacori 

de Dios) 

82-BBA-ba no-matsigue-nga no-matsiguenga-campa, no-matsigenga, at-iri (Junín) 3 

82-BBA-bb caquinte caquinte-campa, kakinte, poyenisate, 'cachomash-iri', 'kachomas-iri' 

Picha valley… Mayapo valley… Poyeni valley 

82-BBA-bc machigue-nga matsige-nga, matsiga-nga, matsige-nka, macheye-nga Urubamba 

valley… Mishagua valley… Camisea valley… Picha valley… Manu 

valley… 

(Cuzco) 

82-BBA-bd mañaries (Cuzco*…) 

(Cuzco; Loreto; Madre de Dios) 3 

82-BBA-be cogapac-ori (Cuzco*…) 2 

82-BC 

82-BCA 

PIRO+ APURIÑA 

chain 

PIRO+ CANAMARÉ 

net 

82-BCA-a Piro+ Canamaré geographically fragmented Peru (Loreto); Brazil (Acre); 

formerly Bolivia (Pando) 

82-BCA-aa piro maniteneri-W., piro "proper", pirro, pira Urubamba… Ucayali valleys (Loreto) 3 

82-BCA-ab contaquiro chontakiro (Loreto) 

82-BCA-ac simirinch simirinche, simiranch (Loreto) 

82-BCA-ad manitenerí piro-E., manchineri, machinere, maxinéri, manchinere, manitenere 

Acre upper left bank 

82-BCA-ae 'mashco'-piro cujareno, cujarenño, inñapari, inamari, 'mashco' nomadic Cujar 

valley… Purus valley… Tahuamanu upper valley… Mishagua valley… 

Piedras valley 

(Acre) 

(Madre de Dios); (Acre); (formerly 

Pando) 

82-BCA-af canamaré kanamaré (Acre) 0 

X 

4 

3 

2*


82-BCB 

APURIÑA* net 

82-BCB-a Apuriña ipurinân, apurina, ipurina, jurua-purus Acre+ Purus river: Rio 

Branco… Manaus (fragmented riverine communities over a length of 

1000 miles) 

Brazil (Acre; Amazonas) 3 

82-BCB-aa apuriña-A. Brazil (Acre and/or Amazonas) 

82-BCB-ab kangite Brazil (Acre and/or Amazonas) 

82-BCB-ac popeng-are Brazil (Acre and/or Amazonas) 

82-BCB-ad zuruahá coxodoá Brazil (Acre and/or Amazonas) 

82-BD 

82-BDA 

BAURE+ MOJO 

chain 

BAURE net 

82-BDA-a Baure west of Itonamas river Bolivia (El Beni) 1* 

82-BDA-aa baure (El Beni) 1* 

82-BDB MOJO+ BANURE net 

82-BDB-a Mojo moxo, moxos, mojos, "ignaciano+ trinitario" Tijamuchi upper valley Bolivia (El Beni) 4 

82-BDB-aa 'ignaciano' (El Beni) 

82-BDB-ab 'loretano' part of "trinitario" (El Beni) 

82-BDB-ac 'javierano' part of "trinitario" (El Beni) 

82-BDB-b Banure Bolivia (El Beni) 2 

82-BDB-ba banure chiquimiti, chikimiti Bolivia (El Beni) 2 

82-BDB-c Pauna+ Paikone Bolivia (Santa Cruz) 0 

82-BDB-ca pauna paunaca (Santa Cruz) 0 

82-BDB-cb paikone paiconeca (Santa Cruz) 0 

82-BE TERENA+ GUANA 

chain 

82-BEA TERENA+ GUANA 

net 

82-BEA-a Terena 4 

82-BEA-aa terena terêna, tereno, etelena Brazil (Mato Grosso) 4 

82-BEA-b Guana Brazil (Mato Grosso) 0 

82-BEA-ba guana kinikinao, chuala, chana, paraná-E., kinihinao, equinao extinct (Mato Grosso) 0 

82-BF PARESÍ+ 

SARAVECA chain 

82-BFA PARESÍ+ 

SARAVECA net 

82-BFA-a Paresí+ Saraveca Planalto do Mato Grosso plateau Brazil (Mato Grosso) 2 

82-BFA-aa paresí paressí, parecís (Mato Grosso) 

82-BFA-ab haliti* (Mato Grosso) 

82-BFA-ac saraveca (Mato Grosso) 

82-BG WAURA+ 

YAWALAPITI chain 

82-BGA WAURA+ 

YAWALAPITI net 

82-BGA-a Waura+ Custenau Xingu river-basin Brazil (Mato Grosso) 2 

82-BGA-aa custenau kustenau (Mato Grosso) 0 

82-BGA-ab mehináku mehinaco, mahinaku, minaco (Mato Grosso) 2 

82-BGA-ac waurá uaura, aura (Mato Grosso) 2 

82-BGA-b Yawalapití Brazil (Mato Grosso) 1 

82-BGA-ba yawalapití jaulapiti, yaulapiti (Mato Grosso) 1


83= PRE-ANDES 

geozone 

covers the "Pre-Andes" reference area, composed of sets not 

covered by any phylozone; comprising 20 sets of languages 

(= 73 outer languages) spoken by communities in South 

America along the eastern margins of the Andes: 

83-A COFÁN 83-B MURUI+ OKAINA 

83-C ANDOQUE 83-D BORA+ MIRAÑA 

83-E SHUAR+ AGUAJUN 83-F CHAYAHUITA+ JEVERO 

83-G SHIMACU+ ITUCALI 83-H CÁYAPWI+ IQUITO 

83-I YAMÉO+ NIXAMWI 83-J ITE'TSHI 

83-K OMURANO 83-L CANDOXI+ CHAPARA 

83-M YURAKARE+ MANSINYO 83-N CASHIBO+ JUANAWO 

83-O CHAPACURA+ TORÁ 83-P ITONAMA+ SARAMO 

83-Q CAYUBABA 83-R BAGUAJA+ ISIAMA 

83-S MOSETEN+ TSIMANÉ 83-T TEHUELCHE+ ONA 

including languages sometimes known as 'maina' or 'mayna', 

an outsiders' term applied indifferently to a variety of 

indigenous languages in Peru and adjacent countries 

From Ecuador to Bolivia, "Amerindian" languages in the Pre- 

Andes area are frequently submerged < [84=] Quechua+ 

Quichua, as well as by [51=] Español. 

Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; 

Colombia; Ecuador; Peru 

4 

83-A COFÁN set 

83-AA COFÁN chain 

83-AAA COFÁN net 

83-AAA-a Cofán kofan, kofane, a'i Colombia (Putumayo); Ecuador 

(Napo) 

83-AAA-aa cofán-NW. "santa-rosa" San Miguel valley: Santa Rosa de Sucumbio & 

downstream 

(Putumayo); (Napo) 2 

83-AAA-ab cofán-SE. aguarico-2 Aguarico valley (Napo) 2 

83-B MURUI+ OKAINA set witotoan, part of "wider" witotoan 

83-BA MURUI+ OKAINA 

chain 

83-BAA MURUI+ NÜPODE 

net 

HUITOTO, witoto, minica+ murui 

83-BAA-a Murui murui-huitoto, including bue Caquetá lower river… Amazonas upper 

river: Caraparana… Putumayo… Leticia valleys 

Colombia (Amazonas); Peru 

(Loreto); Brazil (Amazonas) 

83-BAA-aa murui-N. Colombia… 3 

83-BAA-ab murui-C. Peru… 3 

83-BAA-ac murui-S. Brazil… 0 

83-BAB-a Nüpode+ Noaiko* Minica, meneka, minika, meneca-huitoto Caquetá lower river (Isla de Colombia (Amazonas); Peru 3 

los Monos)… Caguan river (Sanvicente del Caguan) 


83-BAB-aa nüpode nipode Colombia; Peru; also Brazil 

83-BAB-ab noaiko-muína muinane-meneca, part of non-linguistic muinana, muinani, muenam Colombia; also Peru 3 

‣distinct from neighbouring [83=] Bora (Muinane-Bora) 

83-BAC NONUÑA net X 

83-BAC-a Nonuña perhaps including hairuya Peru (Loreto) 0* 

83-BAC-aa nonuña nonuya, nyonuhu, achote, achiote (Loreto) 0* 

83-BAD COERUNA net X 

83-BAD-a Coeruna Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

83-BAD-aa coeruna koeruna (Amazonas) 0 

83-BAE ANDOQUERO net X 

83-BAE-a Andoquero Colombia (Amazonas) 0 

83-BAE-aa andoquero andokero, miraña, carpana (Amazonas) 0 

83-BAF 

OCAINA+ DUKAIYA 

net 

83-BAF-a Ocaina+ Dukaiya Ampicayu valley… Putumayo valley Peru (Loreto); also Colombia 

(Amazonas) 

83-BAF-aa ocaina okaina Peru (Loreto); also Colombia 

(Amazonas) 

83-BAF-ab dukaiya Peru (Loreto)… 

83-BAF-ac ibo'tsa Peru (Loreto)… 

83-BAG OREJÓN net X 

83-BAG-a Orejón Peru (Loreto) 0 

83-BAG-aa orejón koihoma, koto (Loreto) 0 

2 

3 

2


83-C ANDOQUE set part of "wider" witotoan 

83-CA ANDOQUE set 

83-CAA ANDOQUE set 

83-CAA-a Andoque Caqueta valley: Aduche tributary Peru (Loreto); Colombia 

(Amazonas) 

83-CAA-aa andoque andoke Peru (Loreto); Colombia 

(Amazonas) 

83-D BORA+ MIRAÑA set miranyan, borano, part of "wider" witotoan 

83-DA BORA+ MIRAÑA 

chain 

83-DAA BORA+ MIRAÑA net "wider" bora 

83-DAA-a Bora+ Faai* Caqueta valley Colombia (Amazonas); Peru 

(Loreto) 

83-DAA-aa bora muinane-bora, part of non-linguistic muinana, muinani, muenam 

‣distinct from neighbouring [83=] Noaiko-Muína (Muinane-Meneca) 

Colombia; Peru 

83-DAA-ab faai* Colombia; Peru 

83-DAA-ac imihita* Colombia; Peru 

83-DAA-b Miraña Caqueta valley: Miraña environs… Putumayo valley: Puca Urco 

environs 

Colombia (Amazonas); Peru 


83-DAA-ba miraña bora-miraña, miraña, miranya, miranha (Amazonas); (Loreto); (Amazonas) 3 

83-E SHUAR+ AGUAJUN 

set 

83-EA SHUAR+ AGUAJUN 

chain 

83-EAA SHUAR+ AGUAJUN 

net 

"WIDER"-JIVARO, "wider" hivaro, part of hívaro+ kawapánan 

83-EAA-a Shuar+ Huambisa Jivaro, hívaro, xíbaro, xívaro, jibaro, chiwaro Ecuador (Pastaza; Morona- 

Santiago); Peru (Loreto; 

Amazonas) 

83-EAA-aa shuar jivaro-W., shuara Central Andes forested eastern slopes Ecuador (Morona-Santiago) 4 

83-EAA-ab achuara achuar+ shiwiar, achual, achuale, including shiwiar Ecuador (Pastaza, Morona- 

Santiago), Peru (Loreto) 

83-EAA-aba achuara-N. jivaro-N. Pastaza valley Bobonaza valley Ecuador (Pastaza; Morona- 

Santiago) 

83-EAA-abb achuara-S. jivaro-S. Morona valley Tigre valley Peru (Loreto) 

83-EAA-ac huambisa huambiza, wambisa Santiago valley (Amazonas) 

83-EAA-b Aguajun Marañon middle river & tributaries Peru (Amazonas; Loreto) 4 

83-EAA-ba aguajun aguaruna, awaruna, awahun, ahuajun (Amazonas; Loreto) 4 

83-F CHAYAHUITA+ 

JEVERO set 

83-FA CHAYAHUITA+ 

JEVERO chain 

83-FAA 

83-FAA-a 

CHAYAHUITA+ 

YAMORAÍ net 

Chayahuita+ 

Yamoraí 

"kahuapanan", cahuapanano 

between Marañon & Huallaga valleys Peru (Loreto; San Martín) 3 

83-FAA-aa chayahuita chayahuita "proper", chayawita, chawi, tsaahui, chayhuita, chayabita, 

shayabit, balsapuertino, paranapura foothills west of Huallaga river 

83-FAA-ab cahuapana kahuapana, cahuapa, kawapaná Peru 

83-FAA-ac yamoraí Peru 

83-FAB JEVERO net 

83-FAB-a Jevero Jeberos district Peru (Loreto) 3 

83-FAB-aa jevero jebero, jevero, hevero, xebero, chebero, shewélo, xihuila (Loreto) 3 

83-G SHIMACU+ 

ITUCALI* set 

83-GA SHIMACU+ 

ITUCALI chain 

83-GAA SHIMACU+ 

ITUCALI net 

URARINA 

83-GAA-a Shimacu+ Itucali urarina, oruariña, oruarinya Marañon left bank tributaries: Chambira+ 

Tigre etc. 

83-GAA-aa shimacu shimaku, chimaku (Loreto) 

83-GAA-ab itucali itukale (Loreto) 

83-GAA-ac singacuchusca singakuchuska (Loreto) 

83-GAA-ad arucuye aracuye (Loreto) 

83-GAA-ae chambira huambisa (Loreto) 

83-GAA-af waorani (Loreto) 

Peru 

Peru (Loreto) 3 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

3


83-H CÁYAPWI+ IQUITO 

set 

83-HA CÁYAPWI+ 

CHIRIPUNU chain 

83-HAA CÁYAPWI+ 

CONAMBO net 

; including languages submerged < the advance of [84=] Quechua+ 

Quichua (Pastaza), in an area between Napo & Pastaza rivers 

ZAPARO 

83-HAA-a Cáyapwi+ Conambo Curaray valley… Bobanza valley Peru (Loreto), migration> Ecuador 

(Pastaza) 

83-HAA-aa cáyapwi sáparo, zaparo, zaparoano, zápara, káyapwi, kayapwé Peru (Loreto) 

83-HAA-ab conambo konambo Conambo valley Peru (Loreto) 

83-HAB 

CHIRIPUNU+ 

SIMICAI net 

ARABELA+ ANDOA 

83-HAB-a Chiripunu+ Simicai Peru (Loreto) 2 

83-HAB-aa chiripunu arabela, chiripuno Napo tributary: Arabela valley (Loreto) 2 

83-HAB-ab aushiri auxira Napo right bank tributaries (Loreto) 0 

83-HAB-ac simicai andoa, simikai, shimigae, semigae, gae, gaye 5 speakers in 1980's 

submerged < [84=] Quechua+ Quichua (Pastaza) Pastaza valley 

(Loreto) 1 

83-HB IQUITO+ 

CAHUARÁN chain 

83-HBA IQUITO+ 

CAHUARÁN net 

83-HBA-a Iquito+ Cahuarán Nanay valley Peru (Loreto) 2 

83-HBA-aa iquito ikito, iquita, quiturran (Loreto) 2 

83-HBA-ab amacacore* amakakore, hamacore (Loreto) 

83-HBA-ac puca-uma* puka-uma (Loreto) 

83-HBA-ad cahuarán kawarán, cawaran, cahuarano 5 speakers in 1970's submerged < 

[84=] Quechua+ Quichua (Pastaza) Nanay valley 

83-I YAMÉO+ NIXAMWI 

set 

83-IA YAMÉO+ NIXAMWI 

chain 

83-IAA YAMÉO net 

yawan, peban, peba-yaguan 

(Loreto) 1* 

83-IAA-a Yaméo Amazon+ Manañon left-bank: Tigre… Nanay tributaries Peru (Loreto) 1* 

83-IAA-aa yaméo perhaps extinct (50 speakers in 1920's) (Loreto) 1* 

83-IAB PEBA net X 

83-IAB-a Peba Peru (Loreto) 0* 

83-IAB-aa peba peva (Loreto) 0* 

83-IAC NIXAMWI net YAGUA 

83-IAC-a Nixamwi Amazon valley: Iquitos to Colombia & Brazil frontiers Peru (Loreto) 3 

83-IAC-aa nixamwi yagua, yahua, llagua, yegua, yava (Loreto) 3 

83-J ITE'TSHI set TAUSHIRO 

83-JA ITE'TSHI chain 

83-JAA ITE'TSHI net 

83-JAA-a Ite'tshi off Tigre valley: Intutu environs Peru (Loreto) 1 

83-JAA-aa ite'tshi taushiro, pinchi, pinche (Loreto) 1 

83-K OMURANO set X 

83-KA OMURANO chain X 

83-KAA OMURANO net X 

83-KAA-a Omurano Peru (Loreto) 0 

83-KAA-aa omurano omurana, numurana, humurana, roamaina, umurano (Loreto) 0 

83-L CANDOXI+ 

CHAPARA set 

83-LA CANDOXI+ 

CHAPARA chain 

83-LAA CANDOXI+ 

CHAPARA net 

83-LAA-a Candoxi+ Chapara Morona valley… Pastaza valley… Huitoyacu valley… Chapuli valley Peru (Loreto) 3 

83-LAA-aa candoxi kandoshi, candoshi (Loreto) 

83-LAA-ab chapara shapra, kandoashi (Loreto) 

83-LAA-ac murato* morato (Loreto) 

2


83-M YURACARE+ 

MANSINYO set 

83-MA YURACARE+ 

MANSINYO chain 

83-MAA YURACARE+ 

MANSINYO net 

83-MAA-a Yuracare+ Mansinyo north of Cordillera de Cochabamba mountains Bolivia (Beni; Cochabamba) 3 

83-MAA-aa yuracare yura (Beni; Cochabamba) 

83-MAA-ab mansinyo (Beni; Cochabamba) 

83-MAA-ac soloto (Beni; Cochabamba) 

83-N CASHIBO+ 

JUANAWO set 

PANOAN, part of pano+ takanan ‣classification into chains and nets 

to be reviewed #the suffix recorded as -nawa, -naawa, -naua, -nahua 

(or -nauo, -navo) has been standarised as -nawa (or -nawo) in 

reference-names in this set, alongside the suffixes -bo (or -bu) and 

-waca (for -huaca) 

83-NA CASHIBO+ 

CASHINAWA chain 

83-NAA CASHIBO+ 

NOCAMAN net 

83-NAA-a Cashibo+ Cacataibo hagueti, managua Aguaytia… San Alejandro valleys Peru (Loreto) 3 

83-NAA-aa cashi-bo cashi, kashi-bo, caxi-bo, caci-bo, cahi-vo (Loreto) 2 

83-NAA-ab cacatai-bo kakatai-bo (Loreto) 2 

83-NAA-b Nocaman presumed extinct; 3 speakers reported in 1920's Inuya 

Peru (Loreto) 0 

headwaters… Amueya valley… Tamaya valley 

83-NAA-ba nocaman nocoman, nokaman Peru (Loreto) 0 

83-NAB 

PISABO+ 

PAHENBAQUEBO* 

net 

TAPICHE 

83-NAB-a Pisabo+ Mayubo Peru (Loreto); Brazil (Acre; 

Amazonas) 

83-NAB-aa mayu-bo mayu, mayo between Tapiche & Blanco valleys (Loreto) 0* 

83-NAB-ab pisa-bo pisa-hua, pisa-gua between Tapiche & Blanco valleys (Loreto) 4 

83-NAB-b Pahenbaquebo+ ‣transition < Panoan-CE. Tapiche valley… Buncuya valley (Loreto) 2 

Capanawa 

83-NAB-ba capa-nawa capa-nahua, kapa-nawa ‣separate identity from [83=] Capa-nawa-2 to 

be confirmed 

83-NAB-bb pahenbaque-bo pahenbaque (Loreto) 

(Loreto) 2 

83-NAC SHIPIBO+ MARÚBO 

net 

83-NAC-a Shipibo+ Pichobo "wider" shipiUcayali middle valley Peru (Loreto) 4 

83-NAC-aa shipi-bo shipi (Loreto) 

83-NAC-ab coni-bo coni, koni-bo, coni-ba (Loreto) 

83-NAC-ac pisqui-bo pisqui (Loreto) 

83-NAC-ad shete-bo shete, sete-bo, seti-bo, xiti-bo (Loreto) 

83-NAC-ae manoita (Loreto) 

83-NAC-af isco-nawa isco-nahua, isco-baque-bu Callaria valley (Loreto) 1 

83-NAC-ag picho-bo picho, picho-bu Tahuania valley (Loreto) 0 

83-NAC-ah saboi-bo saboi Tahuania valley (Loreto) 

83-NAC-b Capanawa Canchyuaya hills Peru (Loreto) 3 

83-NAC-ba capa-nawa-2 capa-nahua 2 ‣separate identity from [83=] Capa-Nawa (in 

(Loreto) 3 

Pahenbaquebo+ Capanawa net) to be confirmed 

83-NAC-c Marúbo+ Corubo Curuçá+ Ipixuna+ Javarí headwaters Brazil (Amazonas) 2 

83-NAC-ca marú-bo marú, maruba, marova (Amazonas) 

83-NAC-cb coru-bo koru (Amazonas) 

83-NAC-d Waninnawa+ 

Catucina, katukina, catuquína-juruá Gregório valley Brazil (Amazonas; Acre) 3 

Sanainawa* 

83-NAC-da wanin-nawa (Amazonas and/or Acre) 

83-NAC-db kaman-nawa kaman-naua, kama-nawa 2 (Amazonas and/or Acre) 

83-NAC-dc arara-shawa-nawa shawa-nawa-arara (Amazonas and/or Acre) 

83-NAC-dd arara-wa (Amazonas and/or Acre) 

83-NAC-de arara-pina (Amazonas and/or Acre) 

83-NAC-df sanai-nawa sanai-nawa-cana (Amazonas and/or Acre) 

83-NAC-e Remo between Tapiche & Calleria valleys… Moa headwaters Peru (Loreto); Brazil (Acre) 0 

83-NAC-ea remo rheno (Loreto); (Acre) 

83-NAD PANABO net X 

83-NAD-a Panobo Ucayali middle valley Peru (Loreto) 0 

83-NAD-aa pano-bo pana, pano, huaria-pano, waria-pano, manoa, pelado (Loreto) 

4*


83-NAE 

83-NAE-a 

PUINAWA+ 

MORUNAWA* net 

Puinawa+ 

Yahuanawa 

Brazil (Amazonas; Acre); also Peru 3 

83-NAE-aa xipi-nawa xipi-náwa, xipi-nahua (Amazonas; Acre) 0 

83-NAE-ab pui-nawa poya-náwa, pui-nahua, poia-nááua, pui-nahuam Jumá tributary: Môa 

valley 

(Acre) 2 

83-NAE-ac yahua-nawa yawa-nawa, iaua-naua, jawa-naua, yahua-nahua (Acre) 2 

83-NAE-b Parquenawa+ 

Peru (Ucayali; Madre de Dios); 3 

Kamanawa 

Brazil (Acre) 

83-NAE-ba parque-nawa parque-nahua, manu-park-panoan, nahua Panagua valley: Madre de 

Dios 

Peru+ Brazil frontier 

83-NAE-bb tushi-nawa tushi-nahua Peru+ Brazil frontier 

83-NAE-bc kama-nawa kama-nahua Peru+ Brazil frontier 

83-NAE-c Morunawa+ 

Envira, Embira headwaters Peru (Ucayali); Brazil (Acre) 2 

Paconawa 

83-NAE-ca moru-nawa moro-nawa, moru-nahua Peru… 

83-NAE-cb horu-nawa horu-nahua, horu-dahua, fore-dafa Peru… 

83-NAE-cc paco-nawa paco-nahuaCuranja+ Purus valleys Peru… 

83-NAF 

83-NAF-a 

CASHINAWA+ 

YAMINAWA net 

Amawaca+ Inuvaceu Sepahua valley… Curiuja valley… Ucayali upper valley… Inuya 

valley… Mapuya valley… Purus valley 

83-NAF-aa ama-waca ama-huaka, ama-wáka, ama-guaco, amue-haque, amen-guaca Peru… 

83-NAF-ab sa-yaco sa-yako, sa-yacu Peru… 

83-NAF-ac inu-vaceu Peru… 

83-NAF-ad viwi-vaceu Peru… 

83-NAF-b 

Cashinawa+ 

Sheminawa* 

kashi-nahua, kaxi-nawá, kaxy-nawa, kaxi-nauá, caxi-nawá Curanja… 

Purus valleys 

83-NAF-ba cashi-nawa cashi-nahua, kashi-nahua, kaxi-nawá, kaxy-nawa, kaxi-nauá, caxinawá 

Peru (Ucayali; Cuzco; Madre de 

Dios); Brazil (Acre) 

Peru; Brazil (Amazonas) 3 

Peru… 

83-NAF-bb nukuini Peru… 

83-NAF-bc neha-nawa Peru… 

83-NAF-bd shemi-nawa shemi-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-c Sharanawa+ 

Purus upper drainage… Envira, Embira upper drainage Peru (Loreto); Brazil (Acre) 3 

Chandinawa 

83-NAF-ca shara-nawa shara-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-cb mari-nawa mari-náwa, mari-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-cc chandi-nawa chandi-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-d 

Yaminawa+ 

Shaonawa 

Huacapishtea… Mapuya valleys 

83-NAF-da yami-nawa jami-nawá, yami-nahua, yumi-nahua, yama-nawa Peru… 

83-NAF-db masta-nawa masta-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-dc masro-nawa masro-dawa, masro-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-dd cujareño* Peru… 

83-NAF-de nishi-nawa nishi-dawa, nishi-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-df chito-nawa chito-dawa, citto-nahua Peru… 

83-NAF-dg shao-nawa shao-dawa, shahua-nahua, shao-nahua Peru… 

83-NAG 

ATSAWACA+ 

YAMIACA net 

83-NAG-a Atsawaca+ Yamiaca 20 speakers in 1904 Tambopata tributary: Carama valley… 

Inambari tributary: Chaspa valley 

83-NAG-aa atsa-waca atsa-huaca (Madre de Dios) 

83-NAG-ab yam-iaca (Madre de Dios) 

83-NB 

83-NBA 

MATSÉS+ 

MAYORUNA chain 

MATSÉS+ 

MAYORUNA net 

83-NBA-a Matsés+ Mayoruna matse, matís ; a possible fusion of related idioms spoken by refugee 

groups near Tapiche headwaters 

Peru (Madre de Dios); also Brazil; 

and migration> Bolivia (Pando) 

3 

3 

X 

Peru (Madre de Dios) 0 

Peru (Loreto); Brazil (Acre; 

Amazonas) 

83-NBA-aa matsés Peru… 3 

83-NBA-ab mayoruna majoruna, maxuruna, majuruna, mayiruna, maxirona, magirona, 

mayuzuna 

83-NC CASHARARÍ chain 

83-NCA CASHARARÍ net 

83-NCA-a Cashararí Jurua valley… Purus valley Brazil (Amazonas) 2 

83-NCA-aa cashar-arí kashar-ari (Amazonas) 2 

Peru… 

3


83-ND CULINO chain X 

83-NDA CULINO net X 

83-NDA-a Culino near Peru frontier ‣apparently distinct from [87=] Kulina (Kulino) in 

same geographic area 

Brazil (Amazonas) 0 

83-NDA-aa culino (Amazonas) 0 

83-NE XANINAWA chain X 

83-NEA XANINAWA net X 

83-NEA-a Xaninawa shani-nawa Brazil (Acre) 0* 

83-NEA-aa xani-nawa (Acre) 0* 

83-NF INUBU+ 

MANANAWA* chain 

SENSI 

83-NFA INUBU+ 

X 

MANANAWA net 

83-NFA-a Inubu+ Mananawa senti, tentiUcayali right-bank Peru (Loreto) 0 

83-NFA-aa inu-bu inu, ynu-bu (Loreto) 

83-NFA-ab runu-bu runu (Loreto) 

83-NFA-ac casca (Loreto) 

83-NFA-ad mana-nawa mana-nahua (Loreto) 

83-NG JUANAWO+ 

"panoan"-S. 

CHÁCOBO chain 

83-NGA PACAHUARA net 

83-NGA-a Pacahuara Bolivia (Pando; El Beni); also Brazil 2 

83-NGA-aa paca-huara paca-wara Bolivia (Pando; El Beni) 1* 

83-NGB 

CHÁCOBO net 

83-NGB-a Chácobo Bolivia (El Beni) 2 

83-NGB-aa cháco-bo (El Beni) 2 

83-NGC 

JAUNAWO+ 

PAMANA net 

CARIPUNA 

83-NGC-a Jaunawo+ Pamana karipuna, caripuná-do-guaporé, caripuná-de-rondônia ‣distinct from 

[88=] Karipuna-Paraná Jaru valley… Jamery valley… Urupa valley… 

Cabecciras valley… Candeias valley 

83-NGC-aa jau-nawo jua-nauo, jua-navo (Rondônia) 

83-NGC-ab jacaria (Rondônia) 

83-NGC-ac pama-na pama (Rondônia) 

83-O CHAPACURA+ 

TORÁ* set 

CHAPACURAN, chapacurano 

X 

Brazil (Rondônia) 1* 

83-OA TORÁ chain "chapacuran"-N. 

83-OAA TORÁ net 

83-OAA-a Torá Marmelos lower valley Brazil (Amazonas) 1 

83-OAA-aa torá toraz 17 speakers in 1980's Brazil (Amazonas) 1 

83-OB 

83-OBA 

ITENE+ WANYAM 

chain 

ITENE+ 

ITOREAUHIP net 

"chapacuran"-C. 

83-OBA-a Itene+ Itoreauhip more, guarayo Mamoré+ Itenez confluence nearly extinct Bolivia (El Beni) 1* 

83-OBA-aa itene iten, iteneo, itenez (El Beni) 

83-OBA-ab itoreauhip (El Beni) 

83-OBB 

WANHAM+ 

ABITANA* net 

83-OBB-a Wanham+ Cujuna nearly extinct Bolivia (Rondônia) 1* 

83-OBB-aa wanham wanyam (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-ab pawumwa (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-ac cujuna cuijuna (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-ad mataua matama (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-ae urunumacan (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-b Abitana+ Cumana Bolivia (Rondônia) 1* 

83-OBB-ba abitana (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-bb cumana (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-bc cutinaa (Rondônia) 

83-OBB-c Cabixí* Planalto dos Parecís slopes perhaps extinct Brazil (Mato-Grosso) 1* 

83-OBB-ca cabixí kabixí, cabichí, cabishi ‣distinct from [86=] Cabixi (Mato Grosso) 1* 

83-OBC CHAPACURA+ "chapacuran"-S. 

JARÚ net 

83-OBC-a Jarú+ Urupá Brazil (Rondônia) 2 

83-OBC-aa urupá (Rondônia) 

83-OBC-ab jarú (Rondônia)


83-OBC-b Orowari+ Uomo Brazil (Rondônia) 3 

83-OBC-ba oro-wari pakaás-novos, pacaás-novos, pakaá-nova, pacaha-novo Pacaás 

Novos hills 

(Rondônia) 

83-OBC-bb uomo (Rondônia) 

83-OBC-c Quitemoca+ Napeca Bolivia (Santa Cruz) 0 

83-OBC-ca quitemo-ca kitemo, kitemo-ca (Santa Cruz) 0 

83-OBC-cb nape-ca (Santa Cruz) 0 

83-OBC-d Chapacura+ Huachir Bolivia (Santa Cruz) 0 

83-OBC-da chapacura txapacura, txapakura, tapacura (Santa Cruz) 0 

83-OBC-db huachir (Santa Cruz) 0 

83-P ITONAMA+ 

SARAMO* set 

83-PA ITONAMA+ 

SARAMO chain 

83-PAA ITONAMA+ 

SARAMO net 

83-PAA-a Itonama+ Saramo Itonomas valley perhaps extinct Bolivia (El Beni) 1* 

83-PAA-aa itonama (El Beni) 

83-PAA-ab machoto (El Beni) 

83-PAA-ac saramo (El Beni) 

83-Q CAYUBABA set 

83-QA CAYUBABA chain 

83-QAA CAYUBABA net 

83-QAA-a Cayubaba nearly extinct north of Santa Ana Bolivia (El Beni) 1* 

83-QAA-aa cayubaba cayuwaba, cayuvava (El Beni) 1* 

83-R BAGUAJA+ ISIAMA 

set 

83-RA BAGUAJA+ 

TOROMONA chain 

83-RAA BAGUAJA+ 

HUANAYO net 

TAKANAN, part of pano-takanan 

'chama' 

83-RAA-a Baguaja+ Huanayo Ese'eha, ese-ejja, ese-eja, ese-exa, tiatinagua, íchamaí Madre de 

Dios upper valley… Tambopata valley… Heath valley… Madidi valley 

83-RAA-aa bagua-ja bagua-jairi Peru… 

83-RAA-ab mohino Peru… 

83-RAA-ac chun-cho Peru… 

83-RAA-ad echo-ja Peru… 

83-RAA-ae guara-yo huara-yo, tambopata-guarayo Peru… 

83-RAA-af huana-yo Peru… 

Peru (Madre de Dios; Punu); 

Bolivia (La Paz) 

83-RAA-ag quinaqui kinaki Peru… 

83-RAB TOROMONA net X 

83-RAB-a Toromona Bolivia (Pando… ) 0 

83-RAB-aa toromo-na turamo-na, toromono (Pando… ) 0 

83-RB 

83-RBA 

CAVINEÑA chain 

CAVINEÑA net 

83-RBA-a Cavineña ‣including many extinct unlisted idioms Beni lower valley… 

(formerly) Madre de Dios valley 

Bolivia (Pando; El Beni) 3 

83-RBA-aa cavineña cavinenyo, kavineño, kavinya (Pando; El Beni) 3 

83-RC ISIAMA+ ARAONA 

chain 

83-RCA ARAONA+ 

CAPECHENE net 

83-RCA-a Araona+ Capechene Manupari valley Bolivia (Pando); also Brazil (Acre) 2 

83-RCA-aa arao-na language of moiety "1" Bolivia… 

83-RCA-ab cavi-na* kavi-na, kavi-nya, cari-na, kari-na language of moiety "2" ‣possible 

relationship with neighbouring [83=] Cavinenya to be investigated 

Bolivia… 

83-RCA-ac capeche-ne kapache-ne Bolivia… 

83-RCA-ad mabenaro Bolivia… 

83-RCB 

ISIAMA+ 

TUMAPASA net 

TACANA 

83-RCB-a Isiama+ Tumapasa* taca-na, tuca-na, taka-na ‣including many extinct or near-extinct 

languages or dialects, listed alphabetically north of Bala hills 

83-RCB-aa ayaychu-na (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ab babaya-na (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ac chiliuvo (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ad chiva-mo-na (La Paz) 

Bolivia (La Paz) 3 

3


83-RCB-ae idia-ma (La Paz) 

83-RCB-af isia-ma ixia-ma, isia-na Ixiamas (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ag pamai-no (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ah pasara-mo-na (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ai sapuru-na (La Paz) 

83-RCB-aj silia-ma (La Paz) 

83-RCB-ak tumapasa tumupasa, maracani Tumupasa (La Paz) 

83-RCB-al uchupia-mo-na (La Paz) 

83-RCB-am yabaypura (La Paz) 

83-RCB-an yubamo-na (La Paz) 

83-RCC 

83-RCC-a 

REYESANO+ 'SAN- 

BORJANO' net 

Reyesano+ 'San- 

Borjano' 

reyesan Bala hills>E. Bolivia (El Beni) 3 

83-RCC-aa reyesano Reyes (El Beni) 

83-RCC-ab 'san-borjano' San Borja (El Beni) 3* 

83-S MOSETEN+ 

part of moseten+ chon 

TSIMANÉ set 

83-SA MOSETEN+ 

TSIMANÉ chain 

83-SAA MOSETEN+ 

TSIMANÉ net 

83-SAA-a Moseten+ Tsimané Santa Miguel de Huachi… Santa Ana de Alto Beni Bolivia (El Beni) 3 

83-SAA-aa tsimané chimane, chumano Bolivia (El Beni) 3 

83-SAA-ab moseten Bolivia (El Beni) 2 

83-T TEHUELCHE+ ONA 

set 

83-TA TEHUELCHE+ 

TSÓNEKA chain 

83-TAA TEHUELCHE+ 

TSÓNEKA net 

83-TAA-a Tehuelche+ 

Tsóneka 

CHON, part of moseten+ chon 

aoniken, gunua-kena, gununa-kena, inaquen 

83-TAA-aa tewesh Argentina 

83-TAA-ab tehuelche-S. ‣distinct from [85=] Günüa-Küne (Tehuelche-N.) Argentina 

originally Chile; migration> 

Argentina (Patagonia: Chubut; 

Santa Cruz) 

83-TAA-ac tsóneka Argentina 

83-TB ONA+ HAUSH chain "island" chon X 

83-TBA ONA net X 

83-TBA-a Ona Tierra del Fuego island Argentina (Patagonia); Chile 

(Magallanes) 

83-TBA-aa ona aona, selknam, shelknam, shilknam, shillkanen (Patagonia: Tierra del Fuego); 

(Magallanes: Tierra del Fuego) 

83-TBB HAUSH net X 

83-TBB-a Haush Tierra del Fuego island Argentina (Patagonia) 0 

83-TBB-aa haush (Patagonia) 0 

1 

0 

0


84= ANDES geozone 

covers the "Andes" reference area, composed of sets not 

covered by any phylozone; comprising 13 sets of languages 

(= 28 outer languages) spoken by communities in South 

America along the Andes ranges from Colombia to Bolivia 

(extending into Brazil and Argentina): 

84-A CANYARI+ MOCHICA 84-B SEC+ TALLÁN 

84-C CATACAO+ COLÁN 84-D CHOLÓN+ HIBITO 

84-E CULYI 84-F QUECHUA+ QUICHWA 

84-G HUACHIPAERI+ AMARACAERI 84-H LAPACHU 

84-I LECO 84-J AYMARA+ JAQARU 

84-K PUQUINA 84-L CALLAHUAYA* 

84-M URU+ CHIPAYA 

Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; 

Colombia; Ecuador; Peru 

6 

84-A CANYARI+ 

MOCHICA set 

CHIMUAN, chimuano 

84-AA CANYARI+ 

X 

MOCHICA chain 

84-AAA CANYARI+ 

X 

PURUWÁ net 

84-AAA-a Puruwá Ecuador (Chimborazo; Bolívar) 0 

84-AAA-aa puruwá (Chimborazo; Bolívar) 0 

84-AAA-b Canyari Ecuador (Cañar; Azuay) 0 

84-AAA-ba canyari kanyari (Cañar; Azuay) 0 

84-AAB MOCHICA net X 

84-AAB-a Mochica Peru (Lambayeque; La Libertad) 0 

84-AAB-aa mochica (Lambayeque; La Libertad) 0 

84-B SEC+ TALLÁN set SECHURA, part of sec+ catacao grouping X 

84-BA SEC+ TALLÁN chain X 

84-BAA SEC+ TALLÁN net X 

84-BAA-a Sec+ Tallán sechura Sechura bay Peru (Piura) 0 

84-BAA-aa sec sek (Piura) 0 

84-BAA-ab tallán talyán (Piura) 0 

84-C CATACAO+ COLÁN 

set 

84-CA CATACAO+ COLÁN 

chain 

"catacaoan", catacaoano, part of sec+ catacao grouping 

84-CAA CATACAO net X 

84-CAA-a Catacao Piura valley: Catacaos Peru (Piura) 0 

84-CAA-aa catacao katakao (Piura) 0 

84-CAB COLÁN net X 

84-CAB-a Colán Peru (Piura) 0 

84-CAB-aa colán kolán Peru (Piura) 0 

84-D CHOLÓN+ HIBITO 

set 

"cholonan" 

84-DA HIBITO chain X 

84-DAA HIBITO net X 

84-DAA-a Hibito Huallaga middle valley Peru (San Martín) 0 

84-DAA-aa hibito jibito, chibito, zibito, ibito, xibita, xibito Huallaga middle valley (San Martín) 0 

84-DB 

84-DBA 

CHOLÓN chain 

CHOLÓN net 

84-DBA-a Cholón Huallaga upper valley: Tingo María… Valle Peru (Huánuco) 1* 

84-DBA-aa cholón tinganeses, seeptsa Peru (Huánuco) 1* 

84-E CULYI set X 

84-EA CULYI chain X 

84-EAA CULYI net X 

84-EAA-a Culyi Huaylas Peru (La Libertad) 0 

84-EAA-aa culyi kulyi, culli, culle, linga (La Libertad) 0 

X 

X 

X


84-F QUECHUA+ 

kechua+ kichwa 

QUICHWA set 

84-FA QUECHUA+ 

QUICHWA chain 

84-FAA QUECHUA+ 

QUICHWA net 

quichua, quichwa, kichwa, kichuwa, originally qheswa, qheshwa-simi; 

"quechuan", "kichuan", runa-simi, 'modern inca' #variant forms 

quechua (centre & south) and quichwa, quichua, kichwa, kichuwa 

(north) are derived from qheswa> qheshwa-simi =«valley> valleyspeech»; 

runa-simi =«human-speech» 

84-FAA-a Inga "colombian" quichua, part of "peripheral" quechua-N. Colombia (Nariño; Putumayo) 4 

84-FAA-aa sibundoy "highland" inga, "highland" quichua-N. Sibundoy valley… (Nariño) 3 

84-FAA-aaa 'santiago' "santiag" inga Santiago (Nariño) 

84-FAA-aab 'san-andrés' "san-andrés" inga San Andrés (Nariño) 

84-FAA-aac aponte 'aponte' inga Colón (Nariño) 

84-FAA-ab caquetá "lowland" inga, "jungle" inga, ingano-N., "upper" putomayo Caquetá 

upper river… Putomayo upper river 

(Putomayo; Caqueta) 3 

84-FAA-aba yunguillo+ condagua (Putomayo and/or Caqueta) 

84-FAA-abb guayuyaco (Putomayo and/or Caqueta) 

84-FAA-abc mocoa* (Putomayo and/or Caqueta) 

84-FAA-b Ingano "lowland" quichua, "jungle" quichua, yumbo, alama, ingana, inga-S., 

quichua-E., in [51=] Español: quichua oriente, part of "peripheral" 

quechua-N. Amazon upper left-bank tributaries: Putumayo middle 

valley… Pastaza valley 

Colombia (Amazonas); Ecuador 

(Napo; Pastaza; Morona Santiago); 

Peru (Loreto) 

84-FAA-ba quixo kicho, quijo Colombia (Amazonas); Ecuador 

(Napo); Peru (Loreto; also 

transported to Madre de Dios) 

84-FAA-baa putumayo-M. Putumayo middle valley (Amazonas); (Napo) 

84-FAA-bab napo-M. Napo middle valley (Napo); (Loreto) 

84-FAA-bac santarosino Napo lower valley: Santa Rosa (Loreto) 

84-FAA-bad madre-de-dios San Lorenzo environs (Madre de Dios) 

84-FAA-bb pastaza-N. Ecuador (Napo, Pastaza), Peru 

(Loreto) 

84-FAA-bba tena shandia Napo upper valley: Tena (Napo) 

84-FAA-bbb bobonaza Bobonaza valley (Pastaza) 

84-FAA-bbc pastaza-M. Pastaza middle valley (Pastaza) 

84-FAA-bbd tigre Tigre valley (Loreto) 

84-FAA-bc pastaza-S. Ecuador (Napo, Pastaza), Peru 

(Loreto) 

84-FAA-bca anatico Anatico lake 

84-FAA-bcb huasaga Huasaga valley 

84-FAA-bcc pastaza Pastaza lower valley 

84-FAA-bcd urituyacu Urituyacu valley 

84-FAA-c Quichua-Altiplano "highland" quichua-CS., in [51=] Español: quichua del altiplano, part of 

"peripheral" Quechua-N. ; representing a probable overlay of "preincan" 

Quechua by the northward expansion of "incan" Quechua in the 

15th century Andes mountains & high plateaux: Otavalo… Loja 

#quichua del altiplano =quichua «of the plateau» 

Ecuador (Imbabura; Pichincha; 

Cotopaxi; Bolívar; Tungurahua; 

Chimborazo; Cañar; Azuay; Loja) 

84-FAA-ca imbabura otavalo, "highland" quichua-CN. Sierra de Otavalo highlands (Imbabura) 5 

84-FAA-cb pichincha "highland" quichua-C. (Pichincha) 4 

84-FAA-cba cayembe Cayembe 

84-FAA-cbb calderón Calderón 

84-FAA-cc chimborazo "highland" quichua-CS., "standard" ecuador quichua Sierra de 

Chimborazo highlands 

84-FAA-cca cotopaxi (Cotopaxi) 

84-FAA-ccb bolívar (Bolívar) 

84-FAA-ccc ambato Ambato environs (Tunguruhua) 

84-FAA-ccd riobamba chimborazo "proper" Riobamba environs (Chimborazo) 

84-FAA-cd salasaca tunguruhua, "highland" quichua-CE. Salasaca environs ‣with 

dialects to be identified 

(Cotopaxi; Bolívar; Tungurahua; 

Chimborazo) 

(Tunguruhua) 3 

84-FAA-ce cuenca "highland" quichua-S. Sierra de Cuenca (Cañar; Azuay; Loja) 4 

84-FAA-cea cañar (Cañar) 

84-FAA-ceb azuay (Azuay) 

84-FAA-cec saraguro Saraguro environs (Loja) 

84-FAA-ced loja Loja environs (Loja) 

6 

4 

3 

3 

6 

6


84-FAA-d Quechua-W. "peruvian" quechua-NW., part of "peripheral" quechua-N. Peru (Lambayeque) 4 

84-FAA-da lambayeque Lambayeque coastal plain… Andes western slopes (Lambayeque) 4 

84-FAA-daa incahuasi Incahuasi district (Lambayeque) 

84-FAA-dab cañaris Cañaris district (Lambayeque) 

84-FAA-dac miracosta Miracosta district (Lambayeque) 

84-FAA-dad penachí Penachí (Lambayeque) 

84-FAA-dae santa-lucía Santa Lucía (Lambayeque) 

84-FAA-daf ferrañafe Ferrañafe (Lambayeque) 

84-FAA-db cajamarca+ chetilla Andes western slopes Peru (Cajamarca) 4 

84-FAA-dba cajamarca Cajamarca (Cajamarca) 

84-FAA-dbb chetilla (Cajamarca) 

84-FAA-dbc los-baños Los Baños (Cajamarca) 

84-FAA-dc chachapoyas Andes eastern slopes: Chachapoyas district Peru (Amazonas) 3 

84-FAA-dca chachapoyas-W. Lamud (Amazonas) 

84-FAA-dcb chachapoyas-E. Mendoza (Amazonas) 

84-FAA-dcc chachapoyas-S. La Jalca (Amazonas) 

84-FAA-dd lamista quechua-"san-martín" ‣further dialects to be identified Andes 

eastern slopes 

84-FAA-dda lama lamista "proper", lamano, lamisto, lamas Lamas (San Martín) 

84-FAA-ddb sisa San José de Sisa (San Martín) 

84-FAA-ddc ucayali Ucayali valley (Ucayali) 

Peru (San Martín; Ucayali) 4 

84-FAA-ddd motilín (Ucayali) 

84-FAA-e Chinchaysuyo quechua-chinchaysuyo Andes western slopes Peru (Ancash) 5 

84-FAA-ea ancash-N. (Ancash) 

84-FAA-eaa corongo Corongo district (Ancash) 

84-FAA-eab sihuas Sihuas district (Ancash) 

84-FAA-eb ancash-C. (Ancash) 

84-FAA-eba yungay Yungay district (Ancash) 

84-FAA-ebb huaraz Huaraz district (Ancash) 

84-FAA-ebc huailas Huaylas district (Ancash) 

84-FAA-f Quechua-C. at the geographical centre of the Quechua+ Quichua net Peru (Ancash; Lima; Huánuco; 

Pasco) 

84-FAA-fa ancash-E. Andes western slopes Peru (Ancash) 5 

84-FAA-faa conchucos ancash-CE. Conchucos (Ancash) 

84-FAA-fab chiquián ancash-SE. Chiquián (Ancash) 

84-FAA-fb lima-N. Andes western slopes Peru (Lima) 4 

84-FAA-fba cajatambo Cajatambo (Lima) 

84-FAA-fbb oyín Oyón (Lima) 

84-FAA-fbc pacaraos (Lima) 

84-FAA-fc huánuco Peru (Huánuco; Lima) 5 

84-FAA-fca marañon Marañon headwaters (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fcb humalíes (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fcc monzín Monzón (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fcd huallaga Huallaga upper valley (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fce 'dos-de-mayo' Dos de Mayo (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fcf margos-chaulán Margos-Chaulán (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fcg panao quechua-pachitea, pachitea (Lima) 

84-FAA-fd ambo-pasco Peru (Huánuco; Pasco) 3 

84-FAA-fda ambo huánuco-S. (Huánuco) 

84-FAA-fdb huariaca pasco-CW. Huallaga upper valley (Pasco) 

84-FAA-fe pasco "high" pasco ‣in an area of considerable linguistic complexity, with 

further idioms to be identified Andes high valleys and slopes 

84-FAA-fea tusi Santa Ana de Tusi (Pasco) 

84-FAA-feb yanahuanca Yanahuanca (Pasco) 

Peru (Pasco) 4 

84-FAA-ff junín+ tarma Peru (Junín) 4 

84-FAA-ffa junín Junín (Junín-NW.) 

84-FAA-ffb tarma ‣2 dialects Tarma (Junín-NW.) 

84-FAA-fg huanca wanka Peru (Junín) 

84-FAA-fga jauja shausha-wanka, junín-C. Mantaro valley: Jauja (Junín-W.) 

84-FAA-fgb huaycha waycha, huanca, huancayo-C. Huancayo (Junín-SW.) 

84-FAA-fgc huaylla-W. waylla-W. (Junín) 

84-FAA-fgd huaylla-E. waylla-E. (Junín) 

5


84-FAA-g Yauyos* ‣in an area of high linguistic complexity, with further languages and/or 

dialects to be identified; position within Quechua+ Quichua net to be 

clarified Andes western slopes: Yauyos environs 

84-FAA-ga huacarpana San Pedro de Huacarpana (Lima) 

84-FAA-gb apurí Apurí (Lima) 

84-FAA-gc madeán+ viñac (Lima) 

84-FAA-gca madeán (Lima) 

84-FAA-gcb viñac Viñac (Lima) 

84-FAA-gd huangáscar+ 

(Lima; also Ica) 

azángaro 

84-FAA-gda huangáscar-A. Huangáscar (Lima) 

84-FAA-gdb chocos Chocos (Lima) 

84-FAA-gdc azángaro Azángaro (Ica border) 

84-FAA-ge cacra+ hongos (Lima) 

84-FAA-gea cacra (Lima) 

84-FAA-geb hongos (Lima) 

84-FAA-gf tana+ lincha (Lima) 

84-FAA-gfa tana (Lima) 

84-FAA-gfb lincha (Lima) 

84-FAA-gg tomás+ alis (Lima) 

84-FAA-gga tomás (Lima) 

84-FAA-ggb alis (Lima) 

84-FAA-gh huancaya+ vitis (Lima) 

84-FAA-gha huancaya (Lima) 

Peru (Lima) 4 

84-FAA-ghb vitis (Lima) 

84-FAA-h Quechua-S. "peripheral" quechua-S. Peru; Bolivia 6 

84-FAA-ha ayucucho+ 

apurimac 

chanka ‣dialects to be clarified Andes mountains: Mantaro valley… 

Ayucucho highlands 

Peru (Huancavelica; Ayucucho; 

Apurimac) 

6 

84-FAA-haa huancavelica (Huancavelica) 

84-FAA-hab ayucucho (Ayucucho) 

84-FAA-hac andahuaylas apurimac-N. (Apurimac) 

84-FAA-had apurimac (Apurimac) 

84-FAA-hb arequipa Andes western slopes Peru (Arequipa) 4 

84-FAA-hba cotahuasi arequipa-NW. Cotahusi environs (Arequipa) 

84-FAA-hbb arequipa-C. (Arequipa) 

84-FAA-hbc arequipa-NE. "highland" arequipa (Arequipa) 

84-FAA-hc cuzco+ puno "imperial" quechua-N. Andes highlands: Vilcanota valley… Titicaca 

lake 

84-FAA-hca cuzco Urubamba… Cuzco… Sicuani (Cuzco) 

84-FAA-hcb puno influence < [84=] Aymara Ayaviri (Puno) 

(A )Peru (Cuzco; Puno) 6 

84-FAA-hd apolo+ sandia la-paz-N., quechua-bolivia-N. Andes eastern slopes Peru (Punu); Bolivia (La Paz) 5 

84-FAA-hda sandia Sandia (Punu) 

84-FAA-hdb apolo Apolo (La Paz) 

84-FAA-hdc charazani (Punu and/or La Paz) 

84-FAA-hdd chuma Chuma (La Paz) 

84-FAA-he potosí+ sucre quechua-bolivia-S. Andes highlands & eastern slopes Bolivia (Oruro; Potosí; 

Cochabamba; Chuquisaca; also La 

Paz; Santa Cruz); also migration> 

Argentina (Salta; Buenos Aires) 

84-FAA-hea oruro Poopo-N. lake: Oruro (Oruro) 

84-FAA-heb potosí Potosí… (Potosí) 

84-FAA-hec cochabamba Cochabamba… (Cochabamba) 

84-FAA-hed sucre Sucre… (Chuquisaca) 

84-FAA-hf jujuy+ 'antofagasta' colla, puna Bolivia frontier… Puna de Atacama highlands Argentina (Jujuy; Salta); also Chile 

(Antofagasta) 

84-FAA-hfa jujuy (Jujuy; Salta) 4 

84-FAA-hfb 'antofagasta' (Antofagasta) 0* 

84-FAA-hg santiagueno Chaco plains Argentina (Santiago del Estero; 

also Salta) 

6 

4


84-G HUACHIPAERI+ 

AMARACAERI set 

84-GA HUACHIPAERI+ 

AMARACAERI chain 

84-GAA HUACHIPAERI+ 

AMARACAERI net 

84-GAA-a Huachipaeri+ 

Puquirieri 

"WIDER"-TUYONERI, disputed part of "wider" arawakan hypothesis 

"wider" amaraka, 'masco', 'mashco' 

harakmbet Madre de Dios valley… Keros valley… Colorado valley Peru (Cuzco, Madre de Dios) 2* 

84-GAA-aa huachipa-eri huachipa-ire, wacipa-ire Peru 2* 

84-GAA-ab kochimb-eri Peru 

84-GAA-ac manuqui-ari Peru 1 

84-GAA-ad puquiri-eri pukiri-eri Peru 1 

84-GAA-b Amaracaeri+ 

Madre de Dios valley… Colorado valley Peru (Cuzco; Madre de Dios) 2 

Karenteri 

84-GAA-ba amaraca-eri amaraka-eri "proper", amaraka-ire, amaraca-ire Peru 2 

84-GAA-bb tuyon-eri toyo-eri, tuyun-eri, tuyon-eri "proper" ‣classification to be confirmed Peru 

84-GAA-bc kisamba-eri Peru 

84-GAA-bd sapit-eri Peru 

84-GAA-be ipitin-eri* Peru 

84-GAA-bf küpondirid-eri kipondirid-eri Peru 

84-GAA-bg wintap-eri Peru 

84-GAA-bh wakitan-eri Peru 

84-GAA-bi karent-eri karen-eri Peru 

84-GAA-c Arasa-iri* ‣classification to be confirmed Peru 1 

84-GAA-ca arasa-iri* araza-ire, aratsa-ira, arasa Peru 

84-H LAPACHU set part of "wider" arawakan hypothesis 

84-HA LAPACHU chain 

84-HAA LAPACHU net 

84-HAA-a Lapachu Apolo environs Peru (La Paz) 0 

84-HAA-aa lapachu apolista Peru (La Paz) 0 

84-I LECO set 

84-IA LECO chain 

84-IAA LECO net 

84-IAA-a Leco perhaps extinct mountains near Apolo Bolivia (La Paz) 1* 

84-IAA-aa leco lapalapa, leko, ateniano (La Paz) 1* 

84-J AYMARA+ JAQARU jaqui, haki 

set 

84-JA AYMARA+ JAQARU 

chain 

84-JAA JAQARU+ CAUQUI 

net 

84-JAA-a Jaqaru+ Cauqui hakaru+ kauki Yauyos… Tupe Peru (Lima) 3 

84-JAA-aa jaqaru haqaru, haqearu, haq'aru, hakaru, akaro, hakearu (Lima) 

84-JAA-ab cauqui kawki, cachuy, chauqui, kauki, kauke (Lima) 

84-JAB 

AYMARA net 

84-JAB-a Aymara aimara northwest and southeast of Titicaca lake> NW.& SE. ; area 

progressively reduced since 15th cent. by advance of [84=] Quechua 

from both directions 

Peru (Puno; Moquegua; Tacna; 

formerly Cuzco; Apurimac… ); 

Bolivia (La Paz; Oruro; originally 

also Potosi… ); Chile (Tarapacá; 

Antofagasta); also Bolivian migrant 

workers> Argentina 

84-JAB-aa aymara-C. "central" aymara (Puno); (La Paz) 6 

84-JAB-aaa lupaca lupaka, lupacca, "literary" aymara Peru; Bolivia 

84-JAB-aab titicaca-N. Titicaca-N. lake (Puno) 

84-JAB-aac pakase pakaze La Paz… (La Paz) 

84-JAB-aad caranga karanga, karanka, oruro Oruro… (Oruro) 

84-JAB-aae tarapacá (Tarapacá) 

84-JAB-aaf quillagua kilagua, kilaka, quillacas Quillagua (Antofagasta) 

84-JAB-ab aymara-S. (Moquegua; Tacna) 4 

84-JAB-aba moquegua Moquegua… (Moquegua) 

84-JAB-abb tacna Tacna… (Tacna) 

84-K PUQUINA set X 

84-KA PUQUINA chain X 

84-KAA PUQUINA net X 

84-KAA-a Puquina Pichu Pichu peak>S.: Puquina formerly Peru (Moquegua); also 0 

Bolivia 

84-KAA-aa puquina pukina (Moquegua)… 0 

6


84-L CALLAHUAYA* 

notional set 

84-LA CALLAHUAYA chain 

84-LAA CALLAHUAYA net 

‣notional classification, pending further information 

84-LAA-a Callahuaya callawalla, kallawaya, qualyawaya, pohena Andes highlands north of 

La Paz 

84-LAA-aa callahuaya callawalla secret language of male herbal doctors ‣related to [84=] 

Quechua and/or [84=] Aymara and perhaps to [84=] Pukina 

84-M URU+ CHIPAYA set 

84-MA URU+ CHIPAYA 

chain 

84-MAA URU+ CHIPAYA net 

Bolivia (La Paz) 1 

(La Paz) 1 

84-MAA-a Uru kotsuny Uru-Uru+ Poopó lakes Bolivia (Oruro) 1* 

84-MAA-aa uru kotsuny (Oruro) 1* 

84-MAA-b Chipaya north of Coipasa lake Bolivia (Oruro) 3* 

84-MAA-ba chipaya (Oruro) 3*

8=SOUTH-AMERICA geosector - Linguasphere.info

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