samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - Center for Social Sciences
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - Center for Social Sciences
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - Center for Social Sciences
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>:<br />
SedarebiTi analizi<br />
saleqcio kursi<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
marina musxeliSvili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari redaqtori:<br />
enobrivi redaqtori:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />
giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
centris~ (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 6 - 9
sarCevi<br />
1. Sesavali, institucionaluri midgoma <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis cnebis ganmartebisadmi 4<br />
2. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da saxelmwifo:<br />
cnebis evolucia istoriaSi 13<br />
3. patnemi: sazogadoebrivi kapitali 19<br />
4. tokvili: demokratia amerikaSi 27<br />
5. Tanamedrove Teoriebi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb<br />
(respublikuri midgoma liberaluris sapirispirod) 31<br />
6. demokratia: sami politikuri tradicia 43<br />
7. sami politikuri tradicia, politikuris<br />
diskursuli ganmarteba da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> 49<br />
8. habermasi: sajaro sivrcis struqturuli trans<strong>for</strong>macia 57<br />
9-10. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> saqarTveloSi 66<br />
11. masmediis sistemebi: mediis sami sistema da<br />
diskursuli eTikis sami tipi 84<br />
12. saqarTvelos masmedia 94<br />
13. globalizacia: globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> 101<br />
bibliografia 109<br />
CIVIL SOCIETY – COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 112<br />
komentari: saleqcio kursi Sedgeba 32 saauditorio saaTisgan (16 mecadineoba).<br />
maT Soris 13 eTmoba warmodgenili sakiTxebis Seswavlas (1 saaTi - leqcia, 1 saaTi —<br />
garCeva da diskusia), xolo bolo 3 mecadineoba eTmoba studentebis mier warmodgenili<br />
naSromebis prezentacias da ganxilvas.<br />
studentebs moeTxovebaT daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba (Sefasebis 40%), referatis<br />
momzadeba da prezentacia (30%) da damoukidebeli muSaoba literaturas-<br />
Tan, romlis codnisa da gagebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinon gamocdaze (30%).<br />
3
leqcia 1<br />
Sesavali, institucionaluri midgoma <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
cnebis ganmartebisadmi<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cneba didi Teoriuli debatebis sagans Seadgenda gasuli<br />
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi (am debatebis gadevneba SeiZleba lokis, adam fergiusonis,<br />
adam smitis, hegelis, tokvilis, marqsis naSromebSi), magram meoce saukuneSi igi<br />
praqtikulad daiviwyes da am cnebisadmi xelaxali interesis gaRviveba mxolod 1980-<br />
iani wlebidan, postkomunistur tranzitebTan dakavSirebiT xdeba (magram amasTanave<br />
ganaxlebuli mniSvnelobiT). swored postkomunisturi qveynebis socialurma<br />
moZraobebma, garkveulwilad postmarqsistuli ideebiT STagonebulebma (gramSi,<br />
rogorc yvelaze cnobili magaliTi) aiRes lozungad es cneba politikur reJimebTan<br />
sabrZolvelad.<br />
komunisturi sistemis kraxis Semdeg <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, damoukidebeli,<br />
arasamTavrobo nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis sferos mniSvnelobiT, dawyebuli<br />
samezoblo kavSirebiT da damTavrebuli yvela saxis interesTa jgufebiTa da<br />
saqvelmoqmedo fondebiT, xdeba farTo msjelobis sagani da ganixileba fuZemdeblur<br />
komponentad, romlis <strong>for</strong>mireba aucilebelia rogorc demokratizaciisTvis, aseve<br />
damkvidrebuli demokratiis sijansaRisTvis. am fonze miT ufro saocaria Seusabamoba<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cnebis farTo aRiarebasa da mis Sinaarsobriv bundovnebas<br />
Soris. SesaZloa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom ara marto <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>,<br />
aramed gacilebiT ufro damkvidrebuli terminebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
demokratia, bolo aTwleulebis gardaqmnebis Suqze mkvlevrebs sul ufro sakamaTod<br />
da arasakmarisad gaazrebulad eCvenebaT. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cnebas Cven aq da<br />
qvemoT sxva, masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis ganxilvis Suqze SeviswavliT.<br />
Tu <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si vigulisxmebT ubralod `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> gaerTianebebis<br />
xSir qsels~, masTan dakavSirebuli bevri kiTxva upasuxod dagvrCeba. zogierTi es<br />
kiTxva ubralod ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa da ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor<br />
gamoiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cneba ama Tu im viTarebaSi da<br />
ama Tu im dros. Sedis Tu ara `bazari~, biznesi, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sferoSi, Tu<br />
igi Seadgens saqmianobis sxva, `kerZo~ sferos? Tu es asea, xom ar unda gamovricxoT<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sferodan biznesis asociaciebi, profesiuli gaerTianebebi<br />
da sxva? ra mimarTebaa <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa da politikas Soris? sad Tavdeba<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da iwyeba politikuri <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>? miekuTvneba Tu ara<br />
politikuri gaerTianebebi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sferos, da Tu ara, sad gadis<br />
zRvari interesTa jgufsa da politikur partias Soris? aris Tu ara nebayoflobiTi<br />
gaerTianebebis arseboba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani, Tu igi aris raRac ufro Rrma,<br />
arsobrivi sazogadoebrivi mowyobis arsebobis garegani gamomxatveli niSani?<br />
sxva kiTxvebi ukavSirdeba ara <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ganmartebas, aramed mis<br />
arss da mniSvnelobas. ra funqcionaluri, normatiuli da struqturuli wanamZRvrebi<br />
ganapirobebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis, rogorc cnebisa da rogorc fenomenis,<br />
arsebobas? da ras ganapirobebs, Tavis mxriv is, rasac SeiZleba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> vuwodoT? da saerTod, ras SeiZleba vuwodoT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> —<br />
arsebobs Tu ara mis ukan raime garkveuli normatiuli ideali, rogorc es demokratiis<br />
cnebasTan mimarTebaSi xdeba, Tu es mxolod empiriuli, normatiuli datvirTvisgan da<br />
Sinagani logikisgan gamoclili movlenaa? <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arseboba Tuki<br />
marTlac warmoadgens demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebis aucilebel komponents<br />
4
- ratom xdeba es, romel meqanizmebs eniWeba am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba?<br />
asustebs Tu ara <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> saxelmwifos zegavlenas mosaxleobaze, Tu<br />
piriqiT - emsaxureba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis legitimizacias? ratom aris miCneuli,<br />
rom nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis arseboba demokratiis xelSemwyobi faqtoria?<br />
imisda mixedviT, Tu ras gulisxmoben <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cnebaSi, sxvadasxva<br />
avtorebi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arsebobis areals gansxvavebuli geografiuli da<br />
droiTi sazRvrebiT Semofarglaven. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba Segvxvdes gamoTqma<br />
`<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> iranSi~, meore mxriv ki, gelneri amtkicebs, rom<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> arsebobs mxolod dasavlur individualistur<br />
sazogadoebebSi, Tanac savaraudod 1945 wlis Semdeg. erTi nawili mkvlevrebisa<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirebs Tanamedroveobas, sxvebi miuTiTeben<br />
am terminis gamoyenebaze jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi. erT naSromSi SeiZleba SexvdeT<br />
mtkicebas, rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebebma daamarcxes komunisturi reJimebi<br />
aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, xolo meoreSi - rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebebi am qveynebSi ar arsebobda da mxolod amJamad yalibdeba TandaTanobiT<br />
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad.<br />
minimaluri da liberaluri demokratia,<br />
minimaluri da srulyofili <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
rTuli sazogadoebrivi struqturebis gaigiveba am <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si moqmed<br />
institutebTan, anu struqturis yvelaze TvalsaCino da saanalizod martiv<br />
niSnebTan, normatiuli datvirTvis da socialuri konteqstis ganxilvis gareSe,<br />
arsobrivi maxasiaTeblebis dakargvis garkveul saSiSroebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es<br />
problema gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa cneba `demokratiis~ magaliTze.<br />
msoflioSi demokratiis mzardi aRiarebisa da swrafi gavrcelebis fonze<br />
aqtualuroba SeiZina Semdegma sakiTxma - riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan<br />
demokratiuli da arademokratiuli reJimebi? rogor unda iyos mowyobili<br />
politikuri sistema, rom mas demokratiuli ewodos? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad<br />
Camoyalibda demokratiis e.w. institucionaluri (Sumpeteriseuli) gansazRvreba,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad (uxeSi miaxloebiT) demokratia aris konkurentul arCevnebze<br />
dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba; konkurentuli arCevnebi ki gulisxmobs iseTi<br />
Tavisuflebebis arsebobas, rogoricaa sityvis da azris Tavisufleba, politikuri<br />
gaerTianebis Tavisufleba da sxva (aq es ganmarteba srulad ar aris asaxuli, misi<br />
variaciebi sxvadasxva institutebis nakrebia sxvadasxva avtorebis naSromebSi, ix.<br />
bibliografia, romelic `demokratizaciis~ saxelmZRvaneloSia moyvanili).<br />
magram am gansazRvrebis misadagebiT politikuri sistemebis<br />
klasificirebisaTvis, male aRmoCnda, rom is politikuri reJimebi, romlebic<br />
<strong>for</strong>malurad jdebian am ganmartebis CarCoebSi, xSirad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian<br />
Zveli dasavluri demokratiebisgan. zogierTi maTgani ver uzrunvelyofs Tavisi<br />
moqalaqeebis uflebebis srulyofil dacvas, demokratiis sxva idealebis<br />
realizebas. sxva sityvebiT, zogi maTgani aris naklebad liberaluri, vidre<br />
dasavluri demokratiebi; pirovneba yovelTvis ar aris am sistemebis arsebobis<br />
amosavali wertili. Sedegad dResdReobiT asxvaveben e.w. minimalur da liberalur<br />
demokratiebs, Tumca ki erTic da meorec xelisuflebis arCevis weszea<br />
dafuZnebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiis niSnebi, mocemuli mis<br />
institucionalur gansazRvrebaSi, warmoadgenen liberaluri demokratiis<br />
arsebobis aucilebel, magram arasakmaris komponentebs.<br />
5
cxadia, rom metad sasurvelia rTuli da kompleqsuri movlenis arsebobaararsebobis<br />
kriteriumebi davafuZnoT xelSesaxeb, Semowmebad, TvalsaCino da<br />
`gazomvad~ parametrebze (maT magaliTs warmoadgenen konkurentuli arCevnebi),<br />
magram ama Tu im cnebis gansazRvris metismetma <strong>for</strong>malizebam, Tumc ki sasargeblom<br />
wminda pragamatuli TvalsazrisiT, ukritiko gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
mcdar daskvnebamde migviyvanos, rogorc amas zemoT moyvanili magaliTi<br />
adasturebs. es saSiSroeba naTlad Cans <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan mimarTebaSic,<br />
vinaidan Tu mas ubralod `damoukidebeli, arasamTavrobo nebayoflobiTi<br />
gaerTianebebis erTobliobad~ ganvixilavT (rac iolad Semowmebadi, TvalsaCino da<br />
`gazomvadi~ parametria) Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT iseTive `arasrulyofili~<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, rogori `arasrulyofilicaa~ minimaluri demokratia<br />
liberalur demokratiasTan SedarebiT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela Sexeduleba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze SeiZleba<br />
kamaTis sagnad gavxadoT, albaT upriania dasawyisSive davafiqsiroT erTi<br />
gavrcelebuli midgoma, romelic garkveul gezs miscems momdevno msjelobas da<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis funqcionaluri, institucionaluri da istoriuli<br />
sawyisebis ufro Rrma gaazrebas. es aris institucionaluri gageba, romelic<br />
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da romelic sakmaod detalurad aRwers <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis mTel rig institutebs.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>: institucionaluri midgoma<br />
cnobili amerikeli mecnieris, lari daimondis statiaSi mocemulia erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze konkretuli da mravalmxrivi mimoxilva imisa, Tu ra institutebi miekuTvneba<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, da ra saqmianobas axorcieleben isini.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, daimondis mixedviT, aris organizebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis sfero, romelic nebayoflobiTia, TviTwarmoqmnadi, (farTod)<br />
TviTganviTarebadi, saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuria da Sekrulia sakanonmdeblo<br />
wesrigiT an gaziarebul wesTa erTobliobiT. zogadad, is gansxvavdeba<br />
`sazogadoebisgan~ im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi individebi moqmedeben koleqtiurad<br />
sazogadoebriv sferoSi sakuTari interesebis, miswrafebebis da ideebis<br />
gamosaxatavad, in<strong>for</strong>maciis gasacvlelad, saerTo miznebis misaRwevad, saxelmwifos<br />
winaSe moTxovnebis wamosayeneblad da saxelmwifo moxeleTa angariSvaldebulebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris Sualeduri warmonaqmni, romelsac<br />
ukavia adgili kerZo cxovrebis sferosa da saxelmwifos Soris. amgvarad, is ar moicavs<br />
pirad da ojaxur cxovrebas, sargeblis miRebisken mimarTul jgufur aqtiobas (mag.,<br />
dasvenebaze, garTobaze, sulier dakmayofilebaze zrunvas), calkeuli firmebis<br />
komerciul wamowyebebs da saxelmwifoze kontrolis misaRwevad warmoebul<br />
politikur qmedebebs. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si moqmed pirebs esaWiroebaT<br />
institucionalizebuli samarTlebrivi wesrigi maTi avtonomiurobisa da moqmedebis<br />
Tavisuflebis dasacavad. amgvarad, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ara marto zRudavs<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, aramed legitimur xasiaTsac aniWebs mas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
es xelisufleba dafuZnebulia kanonis uzenaesobaze. iq, sadac sakuTriv saxelmwifo<br />
arRvevs kanonierebis CarCoebs da ugulvebelyofs individualur da jgufur<br />
avtonomiurobas, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> SeiZleba mainc arsebobdes, (Tumca ki<br />
`Canasaxovani~ an `damaxinjebuli~ <strong>for</strong>miT) Tu misi Semadgeneli elementebi moqmedeben<br />
6
garkveuli gaziarebuli wesebis Sesabamisad (romlebic, magaliTad, uaryofen<br />
Zaladobas da pativs scemen pluralizms). gaziarebuli wesebis arseboba aris<br />
aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom es urTierTobebi `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong>d~ CaiTvalos.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> SeiZleba moicavdes organizaciaTa mraval <strong>for</strong>mas, maT<br />
Soris <strong>for</strong>malurebs da ara<strong>for</strong>malurebs. es jgufebi SeiZleba iyos: 1. ekonomikuri<br />
(samewarmeo da komerciuli asociaciebi da qselebi); 2. kulturuli (religiuri,<br />
eTnikuri, komunaluri da sxva asociaciebi da institutebi, romlebic icaven<br />
koleqtiur uflebebs, Rirebulebebs, Sexedulebebs, rwmenasa da simboloebs); 3.<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciuli da saganmanaTleblo (romlebic awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi codnis,<br />
ideebis, axali ambebisa da in<strong>for</strong>maciis warmoebas da gavrcelebas); 4. interesebze<br />
dafuZnebuli - (Seqmnili Tavisi wevrebis saerTo materialuri an funqcionaluri<br />
interesebis dasacavad; es wevrebi SeiZleba iyon muSebi, veteranebi, pensionerebi,<br />
profesionalebi da a.S.); 5. orientirebuli ganviTarebaze (organizaciebi, romlebic<br />
Tavs uyrian individualur resursebs adgilobriv doneze infrastruqturis,<br />
institutebis da cxovrebis donis gasaumjobeseblad) 6. garkveul problematikaze<br />
orientirebuli (garemos dacvis moZraoba, qalTa uflebebis dacva, miwis re<strong>for</strong>ma,<br />
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva) 7. moqalaqeobrivi (romlebic cdiloben<br />
arapolitikuri gziT gaaumjobeson politikuri sistema da gaxadon is ufro<br />
demokratiuli adamianTa uflebebze monitoringiT, amomrCevelTa mobilizebiTa da<br />
ganaTlebiT, arCevnebis procesebze Tvalyuris devnebiT, antikorufciuli<br />
saqmianobiT da a.S.).<br />
am organizaciebTan erTad <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si is institutebic Sedis,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofen <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si `ideologiuri bazris~ arsebobas da<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciisa da ideebis daubrkolebel gacvlas. am institutebis ricxvSi Sedis ara<br />
mxolod damoukidebeli masmedia, aramed, agreTve, is institutebic, romlebic<br />
ganekuTvneba avtonomiuri kulturuli da inteleqtualuri saqmianobis ufro farTo<br />
sferos - universitetebi, samecniero institutebi, gamomcemlobebi, Teatrebi,<br />
kinofirmebi, da a.S.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan Cans, rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar aris ubralod<br />
raRac naSTi, romelic miiReba `sazogadoebisgan~ im yvelafris gamoklebiT, rac<br />
miekuTvneba saxelmwifos an <strong>for</strong>malur politikur sistemas. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
organizaciebi gansxvavdeba sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebisgan ramdenime aspeqtiT<br />
(garda imisa, rom unda iyvnen nebayoflobiTi, TviTwarmoqmnadi, avtonomiuri da<br />
garkveuli wesebis farglebSi moqmedi): 1. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> isaxavs miznebs,<br />
romlebic sazogadoebrivia, da ara piradi. produqti, romelic iqmneba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis institutebis mier warmoadgens sazogadoebriv sikeTes (public good);<br />
2. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis institutebi saqmianobis procesSi ama Tu im gziT<br />
amyareben kavSirebs saxelmwifosTan, magram ar cdiloben mis CarCoebSi <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />
postis an Zalauflebis mopovebas. amis sanacvlod <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
organizaciebi cdiloben saxelmwifosagan miiRon materialuri sargebeli,<br />
politikuri kursis cvlileba, Tanadgoma, kompensacia an angariSgeba. moqalaqeobrivi<br />
organizaciebi da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, romlebic cdiloben saxelmwifos<br />
bunebis Secvlas SeiZleba mainc mivakuTvnoT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu maT Zalisxmevas warmarTavs sazogadoebrivi sargeblis motanis survili da ara<br />
TviT jgufisTvis saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mopoveba. magaliTad, demokratiuli<br />
gardaqmnebis mxardamWeri mSvidobiani moZraobebi, rogorc wesi, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebidan warmoiqmneba.<br />
7
Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> xasiaTdeba<br />
pluralizmiTa da mravalferovnebiT. Tuki romelime organizacia - iqneba es<br />
religiuri fundamentalistebi, revolucionerebi an sxva - cdilobs moaqcios<br />
politikuri an funqcionaluri sfero Tavisi monopoliis CarCoebSi - dauqvemdebaros<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> erTaderT aRmsareblobas, an politika - erTaderT ideologias - imis<br />
mtkicebiT, rom erTaderTi legitimuri gza swored mis mieraa dasaxuli, is<br />
upirispirdeba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis pluralistur da bazarze orientirebul<br />
xasiaTs. amas ukavSirdeba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis meoTxe ganzomileba,<br />
danawevrebuloba, romelic migvaniSnebs, rom masSi arc erTi jgufi ar cdilobs<br />
individis an Temis interesTa mTeli speqtris asaxvas. sanacvlod, sxvadasxva jgufebi<br />
gamoxataven sxvadasxva interesebs, xolo individs SeuZlia gawevrianeba erTdroulad<br />
mraval sxvadasxva jgufSi, romelic gansxvavebul miznebs isaxavs.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> gansxvavebulia da avtonomiuria ara mxolod<br />
saxelmwifosgan da mTeli sazogadoebisgan, aramed, agreTve, sazogadoebrivi<br />
qmedebebis meoTxe arenisgan - politikuri sazogadoebisgan (romelic upirvelesad<br />
partiebis sistemas niSnavs). <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis organizaciebma da kavSirebma<br />
SeiZleba Seqmnan aliansebi partiebTan, magram Tu partiebi moaqceven maT Tavisi<br />
gavlenis qveS, an sulac warmarTaven maT saqmianobas, am SemTxvevaSi kavSirebis<br />
moRvaweobas ukve politikuri xasiaTi eZleva, isini gadadian politikur sferoSi da<br />
ZiriTadad kargaven unars ganaxorcielon garkveuli, mxolod maTTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli funqciebi adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris Suamavlobisa da<br />
demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis sferoSi.<br />
lari daimondi gamoyofs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis aT demokratiul funqcias.<br />
pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris `saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudvis<br />
bazisis uzrunvelyofa~. am funqcias aqvs ori ganzomileba: demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoSi - saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis monitoringi da<br />
SezRudva, xolo avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi - maTi demokratizeba.<br />
meore - sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis maRali aqtivoba avsebs politikuri<br />
partiebis saqmianobas iseT sakiTxebSi, rogorebicaa politikuri monawileobis<br />
stimulireba, moqalaqeTa politikuri efeqturobis da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, da<br />
demokratiuli moqalaqeobriobis movaleobaTa da uflebaTa aRiareba. rogorc<br />
tokvili aRniSnavda, nebayoflobiTi `asociaciebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT did<br />
sayovelTao skolad, romelsac eswreba yvela mcxovrebi gaerTianebis zogadi Teoriis<br />
Sesaswavlad.`<br />
mesame - <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi demokratiuli<br />
Rirebulebebis da praqtikis damkvidrebis adgili, rogorebicaa tolerantoba,<br />
Tanxmoba, kompromisis monaxvis survili, sawinaaRmdego azris pativiscema. es<br />
Rirebulebebi da normebi yvelaze stabiluri xdeba maSin, rodesac isini warmoiqmneba<br />
gamocdilebidan, da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si organizaciuli monawileoba am mxriv<br />
did gamocdilebas iZleva.<br />
meoTxe - <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> emsaxureba demokratias imiT, rom qmnis<br />
politikuri partiebisgan gansxvavebul arxebs interesebis gamosaTqmelad,<br />
dasabalanseblad da warmosaCenad. es funqcia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens<br />
maSin, rodesac exeba politikisgan tradiciulad gaTiSul jgufebs - rogorebicaa<br />
qalebi an rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
8
gansakuTrebiT maSin uwyobs xels demokratias, rodesac igi qmnis mmarTvelobaSi<br />
monawilebis SesaZleblobebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis demokratizacia mWidrod ukavSirdeba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebas.<br />
mexuTe - pluralisturi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSi, amcirebs klasobrivi konfliqtisa da politikuri dapirispirebis safrTxes,<br />
vinaidan igi mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos mravalferovani interesebis warmoqmnas.<br />
ramdenadac individebi erTiandebian sxvadasxva organizaciebiSi sakuTari<br />
mravalferovani interesebis dasacavad da dasakmayofileblad, ufro savaraudo xdeba<br />
maTi urTierToba sxvadasxva politikuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mqone<br />
adamianebTan. am urTierTgadamkveTma zemoqmedebam unda Seamciros maTi sakuTari<br />
politikuri Sexedulebebis kategoriuloba da xeli Seuwyos ufro vrceli da<br />
mravalmxrivi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas, rac uzrunvelyofs tolerantobasa<br />
da met mzadyofnas kompromisebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis meeqvse funqcia aris axali politikuri liderebis<br />
rekrutireba da swavleba. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmatebuli<br />
funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi maTi liderebi da aqtivistebi iZenen unar-Cvevebsa da<br />
praqtikas, romelic saWiroa mTavrobaSi da partiul politikaSi moRvaweobisaTvis.<br />
isini swavloben, Tu rogor moaxdinon adamianebis mobilizeba da motivireba,<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilva, fondebis mopoveba da marTva, biujetebis Sedgena, programebis<br />
gamoqveyneba, personalis marTva, SeTanxmebebis miRweva da koaliciebis Seqmna.<br />
meSvide - arasamTavrobo organizaciebma SeiZleba pirdapiri roli iTamaSon<br />
demokratiis gamtkicebais saqmeSi. gardamaval periodSi maT SeiZleba Tvalyuri<br />
adevnon arCevnebs, imuSaon saarCevno sistemis re<strong>for</strong>mis mizniT, SeimuSaon<br />
xelisuflebis decentralizebis da politikuri partiebis demokratizebis gegmebi da<br />
a.S. demokratiuli gardaqmnebis warmatebis Semdeg adamianTa uflebebis damcavi<br />
organizaciebi agrZeleben mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas samarTlebrivi<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mebis CatarebaSi, cixeebSi adamianTa uflebebis dacvaSi, da umciresobebis<br />
interesebis warmoCenaSi.<br />
merve - <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> avrcelebs in<strong>for</strong>macias da amiT emsaxureba<br />
moqalaqeebs maTi interesebis koleqtiur dacvasa da miRwevaSi. Tavisufali presa aris<br />
infromaciiTa da alternatiuli SexedulebebiT sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofis erTerTi<br />
instrumenti. damoukidebel organizaciebs aseve SeuZliaT miawodon<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s Znelad mosapovebeli in<strong>for</strong>macia mTavrobis saqmianobis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic ar iqneba damokidebuli imaze, Tu ras acxadebs mTavroba sakuTari<br />
saqmianobis Taobaze.<br />
mecxre - axali in<strong>for</strong>maciisa da ideebis gavrceleba arsebiTia demokratiis<br />
pirobebSi ekonomikuri re<strong>for</strong>mebis Casatareblad. rogorc wesi, ekonomikis<br />
stabilizebis programebi unda ganxorcieldes swrafad, Zalismierad da erTbaSad<br />
arCeuli xelisuflebis mier krizisul situaciaSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ufro<br />
struqturuli ekonomikuri re<strong>for</strong>mebi - privatizeba, ekonomikuri da savaWro<br />
liberalizeba - im SemTxvevaSi iReben ufro mdgrad da srulyofil <strong>for</strong>mas, Tu isini<br />
miiRweva demokratiuli procesis CarCoebSi. ekonomikuri re<strong>for</strong>mebis warmatebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia farTo mxardaWera, rac saWiroebs specialuri muSaobis Catarebas.<br />
marTlac, im interesebs, romlebisTvisac re<strong>for</strong>mebma SesaZloa arasasurveli Sedegi<br />
moitanon rogorc wesi bevrad ufro organizebuli saxe aqvT, vidre im adamianTa<br />
interesebs, romelTaTvisac re<strong>for</strong>mebi potenciurad mogebis momtania. am jgufSi<br />
Sesuli adamianebi - fermerebi, wvrili mewarmeebi, momxmareblebi - rogorc wesi,<br />
9
gaTiSulebi da cudad in<strong>for</strong>mirebuli arian.<br />
meaTe funqcia damokidebulia pirveli cxra funqciis warmatebul<br />
ganxorcielebaze. politikuri sistemis pasuxismgebluri xasiaTis, misi efeqturobis,<br />
masSi adamianebis CarTulobis gazrdiT da amdenad sistemis legitimurobis<br />
xelSewyobiT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> amkvidrebs moqalaqeebSi saxelmwifos<br />
pativiscemas. is aumjobesebs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobiT potencials da zrdis mis<br />
SesaZleblobas daeyrdnos moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiT morCilebas.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis demokratiuli funqciis farglebi<br />
yvelaze TvalsaCino, rac SeiZleba aRiniSnos demokratiisa da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis analizisas aris is, rom liberalur demokratiebs,<br />
rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT sicocxliT savse <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arseboba. Tumca<br />
es, pirvel rigSi, exeba dasavlur demokratiebs; maTgan gansxvavebiT, magaliTad,<br />
iaponiaSi, miuxedavad am qveyanaSi ndobis maRali donisa, arasaxelmwifo asociaciebi<br />
wevrebis mcire raodenobas iTvlian.<br />
magram, cxadia, swori ar iqneboda im metad Sorsmimavali daskvnis gakeTeba, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gagebuli rogorc `arasamTavrobo asociaciebis<br />
xSiri qseli~, warmoqmnis demokratias. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli<br />
kulturuli da ekonomikuri konteqsti xelSemwyobia rogorc demokratiis, aseve<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis. demokratiisa da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis ufro siRrmiseuli analizi ubiZgebs bevr avtors, rom<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ganxilul iqnes ara ubralod rogorc arasamTavrobo<br />
asociaciaTa erToblioba, romelic sxvadasxva qveynebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, aramed<br />
rogorc sazogadoebis garkveuli tipi, rogorc socialuri kategoria, romelic<br />
gansazRvravs demokratiis sazogadoebriv safuZvlebs da aniWebs demokratias mis<br />
WeSmarit xasiaTs.<br />
~. . . sinamdvileSi yvelaze arsebiTia is institutebi da is konkretuli socialuri<br />
konteqsti, romelic mas (demokratias) warmoSobs. am institucionaluri pirobebis<br />
miRma `demokratiis~ arsi bundovani rCeba, xolo Tavad is - miuRweveli. . . `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>~ ufro seriozul lozungad meCveneba, vidre `demokratia~, vinaidan igi<br />
miuTiTebs konkretul institucionalur pirobebze da aucilebel istoriul<br />
konteqstze~ (gelneri)<br />
cxadia, amgvari midgoma ufro zogad xasiaTs atarebs, vidre is, romelzedac zemoT<br />
iyo laparaki. igi swavlobs sazogadoebrivi institutebis garkveuli tipis<br />
(arasamTavrobo organizaciebis) Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebs yvela sxva faqtorTan<br />
mimarTebaSi -ekonomikasTan, kulturasTan, politikasTan da istoriul<br />
gamocdilebasTan, da sulac ar gamoyofs am erTobliobidan mxolod erTs -<br />
asociaciur cxovrebas.<br />
amdenad, lari daimondi da gelneri miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa da imave termins<br />
iyeneben, sxvadasxva Sinaarss deben masSi. erTi laparakobs arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebze, romlebic ama Tu im doziT SeiZleba arademokratiul qveynebSic<br />
arsebobdes (da demokratizaciasac uwyobdes xels), xolo meore - garkveul socialur<br />
wesrigze, romelic warmoSobs rogorc arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, aseve TviT<br />
demokratiasac.<br />
am konteqstidan gamocalkevebiT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ganxilva asociaciebis<br />
erTobilobis saxiT qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom sakuTriv arasamTavrobo<br />
10
organizaciebis Seqmna aris demokratiis ganmsazRvreli elementi. es, Tavis mxriv,<br />
xSirad xels uwyobs imgvari arajansaRi praqtikis damkvidrebas, rodesac<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqcionirebas damaxinjebuli, ideologizirebuli<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
erT ukiduresobaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari, rodesac vixilavdiT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar aZlevs<br />
Zlier saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas daamyaros diqtati <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze. magram Tu<br />
saxelmwifo sustia, misi gaZliereba gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani amocanaa, vidre<br />
laparaki misi SezRudvis Taobaze. Zlieri saxelmwifos gareSe SeuZlebelia im ZiriTad<br />
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofa, romelTa damcvelad <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> gvevlineba. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis gaZliereba ukavSirdeba<br />
saxelmwifos gaZlierebas, da ara piriqiT , mis dasustebas.<br />
Tu <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s ganvsazRvravT tradiciuli gagebiT, rogorc<br />
`istoriul warmonaqmns, romelSiac erTobebi, individTa Soris kavSirebi,<br />
sazogadoebrivi institutebi da erovnuli kultura iqmneba drois xangrZlivi<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi da mdgradi xdeba politikuri Zalauflebis yvelaze mZlavri<br />
zewolis mimarT~ (ix. zemoT), SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom amgvari <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
xelis Sewyobis magier dabrkolebebs uqmnis demokratizebis procesebs, vinaidan es<br />
procesebi SeiZleba swored istoriulad damkvidrebuli kavSirebis da institutebis<br />
gardaqmnas moiTxovdnen.<br />
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mimarT aseve SeiZleba<br />
gadaizardos saxelmwifos da politikis ignorirebaSi, rac gamoixateba demokratiul<br />
procesSi politikuri partiebis rolis dakninebaSi. magaliTisaTvis, patnemis Teoriis<br />
(ix. leqcia 4) kritikisas aRiniSna, rom CrdiloeT italiaSi mravali sazogadoebrivi<br />
asociacia Seiqmna swored politikuri partiebis iniciativiTa da mfarvelobiT.<br />
amasTan, xSirad zRvari politikur partiasa da interesTa jgufs Soris aris sakmaod<br />
bundovani da araerTmniSvnelovani. interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba iRebdnen mcire<br />
partiebis <strong>for</strong>mas, romelTa programebi erT prioritetul sakiTxzea orientirebuli<br />
(magaliTad, ekologiuri moZraoba) da iRebdes monawileobas arCevnebSi taqtikuri<br />
mizniT - sakuTari ideebis popularizebisTvis.<br />
amave dros politikis da saxelmwifos ignorireba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
sasargeblod xSirad gamoixateba TvalsazrisiT, romlis mixedviTac politikuri<br />
sakiTxebis ganxilva da maTze msjeloba araa <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis saqme, igi unda<br />
iyos depolitizirebuli da ar ereodes politikur brZolebSi, rac mxolod<br />
politikosebis da saxelmwifo moxeleebis samoqmedo asparezia. aseTi<br />
depolitizebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fonze masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
saSualebebi politikuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas xdebian metismetad damokidebulni<br />
politikosebis Sexedulebebze, rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia postsabWouri<br />
sivrcisTvis - gansxvavebiT demokratiuli qveynebisgan, sadac masobrivi infromaciis<br />
saSualebebi bevrad ufro kargad axerxeben swored politikaze da saxelmwifo<br />
sakiTxebze damoukidebeli, sazogadoebrivi azris gamoTqmas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT<br />
zurgs ar umagrebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebi<br />
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi asrulebs komunikaciur funqcias xelisufleba - xalxi, magram ver<br />
asruleben sxva funqciebs xalxi - xelisufleba da xalxi - xalxi. politikuri dRis<br />
wesrigi demokratiul qveynebSi nawilobriv mainc masmediis gavleniT yalibdeba, rac<br />
demokratiis mniSvnelovani elementia. politikuri ideebi da Rirebulebebi swored<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si unda iRebdnen saTaves, Tuki laparakia demokratiis<br />
xelSewyobaze <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mier. depolitizirebuli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
11
sazogadoebis fonze masmedia ver itvirTavs meoTxe xelisuflebis funqcias.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis depolitizebis survili xSirad ganpirobebulia imiT,<br />
rom postsabWour sivrceSi sazogadoebrivi konfliqti politikuri sferos<br />
maxasiaTebladaa warmodgenili, rac Sors dgas <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebisagan, romelic<br />
xSirad undaT warmoidginon Tbili, ukonfliqto urTierTobebis sferod.<br />
sinamdvileSi, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis warmoqmnis TavidaTavi swored konfliqtis<br />
arsebobaa (pirvel rigSi ekonomikuris). Tu <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si ar Camoyalibda<br />
konfliqtebis (konkurenciis) pirobebSi erToblivi moqmedebis kultura, nebismieri<br />
konfliqtis gadaWra avtomaturad gadainacvlebs saxelmwifos kompetenciis sferoSi,<br />
rac asustebs, da ar aZlierebs demokratias, zrdis saxelmwifos mier Zalismieri<br />
meTodebis gamoyenebis saSiSroebas.<br />
literatura:<br />
Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18<br />
Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52<br />
Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et Contra:<br />
www.carnegie.ru. 21pp.<br />
Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает свободе,<br />
www.carnegie.ru<br />
12
leqcia 2<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi: cnebis<br />
evolucia istoriaSi<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cneba axali ar aris, magram man droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
ramdenjerme Seicvala mniSvneloba. cnebis evoluciis istoriis gacnoba sasargeblo<br />
iqneba mis dRevandel SinaarsSi ukeT garkvevisTvis.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cnebas anda ideas, Zvel berZnul civilizaciaSi, an<br />
Tundac ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, dRevandelTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro farTo<br />
Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva hqonda. am ganxilvisas Cven mivyvebiT dominok kolas<br />
`politikuri sociologiis~ saxelmZRvanelos.<br />
aristotelesTvis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> igive iyo, rac `politikuri erToba~.<br />
is, rasac aristotele uwodebs Polis (qalaqi-saxelmwifo) da rasac warmoadgenda aTeni<br />
Zv. w. V saukuneSi, berZeni filosofosisaTvis iyo imavdroulad `politikuri erToba",<br />
an `politikuri <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>~, anda `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>". aristoteles mixedviT,<br />
adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli ("zoon politikon"), vinaidan mas SeuZlia icxovros<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong>, anu politikur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si; is aris moqalaqe, an, ufro sworad,<br />
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia organizebuli politikuri erTobliobis wevroba,<br />
saxelmwifos (anu qalaqi-saxelmwifos) wevroba, romelic Sedgenilia moqalaqeebisagan.<br />
rasakvirvelia, aristoteles drois yvela adamiani ar cxovrobda politikur<br />
erTobaSi, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, qalaqSi anu saxelmwifoSi; arsebobdnen<br />
barbarosebi, romlebic erTiandebodnen eTnosebis (xalxebis) saxiT. magram maTi<br />
TviTorganizebis es <strong>for</strong>ma polisTan SedarebiT ufro dabal doneze iyo da ar<br />
atarebda `politikuri erTobis~ niSnebs. magram adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisgan<br />
gansxvavdeba Tavisi bunebiT, im TaviseburebiT, rom adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli<br />
anu aqvs unari icxovros politikuri sazogadoebis saxiT.<br />
aristotelesTvis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, qalaqi, nebismieri sxva saxis<br />
asociaciaze maRla dgas, vinaidan moicavs yvela sxva asociacias (ojaxi, saZmo, samuSao<br />
jgufi) da isaxavs ara gansakuTrebul, kerZo, aramed yvelasaTvis saerTo mizans.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mizani aris yvelas interesi da es mizani maRla dgas yvela<br />
danarCen mizanTan SedarebiT. amasTan qalaqi, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris is adgili,<br />
sadac xdeba samarTlianobis gamijvna usamarTlobisgan. amgvarad, swored aq<br />
warmoCindeba adamiani yvelaze didi simaRliT.<br />
dawyebuli aristoteledan da damTavrebuli rusoTi, es ori termini, romelic dRes<br />
esoden xSiradaa dapirispirebuli - `saxelmwifo~ da `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>~ -<br />
didxans sinonimebs warmoadgendnen, sanam ar moxdeboda am cnebebis daSoriSoreba.<br />
Tumca, Tanamedrove epoqamde `saxelmwifosac~ dRevandelisgan sakmaod<br />
daSorebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnda. saxelmwifo, misi Tanamedrove, universalisturi<br />
gagebiT, anu eri-saxelmwifo, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, ekonomikisgan da<br />
religiisgan calke mdgomi instituti, kacobriobis istoriis SedarebiT gviandeli<br />
epoqis produqtia. mxolod re<strong>for</strong>maciis periodSi xdeba legitimuri saxelmwifo,<br />
romelic gamoyofilia eklesiisgan, rac SemdgomSi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
ideologiuri pluralizmis damkvidrebis sawindari gaxda. netari avgustinesTvis<br />
amqveyniuri <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> upirispirdeba RvTis qalaqs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom<br />
13
adamianebi arian codvilebi da borotebisken midrekilni, maT sWirdebaT saxelmwifo,<br />
anu <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> (RvTis samflobelosa da eklesiis sapirispirod),<br />
romelic daamyarebs wesrigs da daicavs mSvidobas. da Tumca RvTis qalaqs upirobo<br />
prioriteti eniWeba, dedamiwaze RvTis qalaqis dafuZnebis SeuZlebloba legitimurs<br />
xdis amqveyniuri politikisa da saxelmwifos arsebobas.<br />
SemdgomSi, rodesac Cndeba saxelmwifosa da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sakontraqto<br />
Teoria (politikuri erToba iqmneba adamianTa SeTanxmebis, kontraqtis safuZvelze),<br />
hobsi asabuTebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis anu politikuri wesrigis saWiroebas im<br />
varaudidan gamomdinare, rom adamianebi `bunebriv mdgomareobaSi~ midrekilebi arian<br />
destruqciuli konfliqtebisken. Tu adamianebma ar Seqmnes <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, maT<br />
moeliT `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg~. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> iZleva saSualebas<br />
damyardes yovlisSemZle politikuri Zalaufleba, romelic amave dros ver waarTmevs<br />
adamianebs maT uflebebs. amgvarad, aq ukve laparakia adamianTa bunebriv uflebebze,<br />
romelTa dacvasac emsaxureba saxelmwifo. qvemoT, rodesac Cven ganvixilavT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis gavrcelebul Tanamedrove xedvas - rogorc saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebuli<br />
Sualeduri warmonaqmnisa, romelic icavs adamianis Tavisuflebas saxelmwifos<br />
Zalauflebis gadametebuli zrdisgan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom swored saxelmwifo aris<br />
am uflebebis realizebis mTavari garanti, da rom saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuri<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arseboba, mravali avtoris azriT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod<br />
Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
rusoc, hobsis msgavsad xazs usvamda sakontraqto urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas<br />
politikuri erTobis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s bunebriv<br />
mdgomareobas upirispirebda. magram misTvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba ar aris<br />
konfliqturi arseboba. piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ganmartoebuli adamiani<br />
bednieri iyo. adamiani iZulebulia mimarTos sxva adamianebs TanamSromlobisaTvis,<br />
dados maTTan kontraqti da Seqmnas <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, vinaidan es mas<br />
gadasarCenad sWirdeba, magram swored <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si swavlobs igi<br />
agresiasa da konfliqts. rusos mixedviT, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis Seqmnaze<br />
SeTanxmebis miRweviT adamianebi Tmoben Tavisi individualizmis da Tavisuflebis<br />
nawils koleqtivis sasargeblod, emorCilebian mas. rusos `kargi moqalaqe~ `Tavis<br />
kerZo survilebs uqvemdebarebs saerTo moswrafebebs~, warmoadgens mTlianobis<br />
ganuyofel nawils. `kargi moqalaqis~ amgvari, erTgvarad koleqtivisturi Teoria<br />
meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSi Sotlandieli moralistebis adam smitis, adam<br />
fergiusonis da sxvebis naSromebSi TandaTan icvleba Tanamedrove <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis liberalur-individualisturi koncefciiT.<br />
adam fergiusonis naSromi aris erT-erTi pirveli, romelSiac <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> warmoCindeba saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebaSi. gelneris mixeviT,<br />
fergiusoni aRwerda imas, rac mis Tvalwin xdeboda - aristokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />
gardaqmnas komerciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>d, da adamianis da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis<br />
cvlas. fergiusons awuxebda kiTxva - rogor SeiZleba am axal wesrigSi, romelic<br />
dafuZnebulia Sromis ganawilebaze, moqalaqe ar aRmoCndes damonebuli saxelmwifos<br />
mier? rodesac adamianebis erTma nawilma - moqalaqeebma ician mxolod fexsacmlis<br />
kerva an sxva xeloba, xolo sxvebs - politikosebs da meomrebs evalebaT maTi dacva, xom<br />
ar daimorCileben es ukanasknelebi maT, visi dacvac Seadgens maT movaleobas?<br />
es axali ekonomikuri da socialuri konteqsti, romelic aqtualurs xdis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis arsebobas, istoriulad da Teoriulad ukavSirdeba meTvramete saukuneSi<br />
(da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi kulturis warmoqmnaSi) kerZo da sazogadoebrivi<br />
sferoebis, ekonomikisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebas.<br />
14
Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi evropis Sesvlis procesi ukavSirdeba adgilobrivi,<br />
teritoriuli da ZirZveli kavSirebis rRvevas, tradiciuli ierarqiuli socialuri<br />
struqturis moSlas. naTesaur-megobruli, teritoriuli da adgilobrivi Cveulebebi,<br />
romlebic gansazRvravda da akavSirebda dasavlur evropul sazogadoebebs veRar<br />
axorcieleben adrindel SemakavSirebel rols axal sabazro urTierTobebSi,<br />
romlebic agebulia gaTvlaze, interesze, kontraqtze da axal idustriul warmoebaze,<br />
romelic Sromis danawilebas moiTxovs.<br />
kapitalisturi suliskveTeba da industriuli revolucia, Sromis ganawileba da<br />
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba, tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis rRveva da<br />
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis racionalizacia da <strong>for</strong>malizacia, saboloo jamSi<br />
ayalibebs erTi mxriv, erovnul saxelmwifoebs maTi dRevandeli <strong>for</strong>miT, xolo meore<br />
mxriv - saxelmwifosgan gamoyofil <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. ras warmoadgens es axali<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, Tanamedrove epoqam<br />
warmoqmna, da ra mimarTebaSia igi saxelmwifosTan?<br />
ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis didi miRweva iyo imis gaazreba, rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> istoriulad Camoyalibda rogorc Sualeduri warmonaqmni pirad<br />
cxovrebasa da politikur saxelmwifos Soris. es xedva ar iyo wminda Teoretizebis<br />
Sedegi, aramed asaxavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im sferos zrdas, romelic<br />
faqtobrivad damoukidebeli iyo politikuri sazogadoebisgan da efuZneboda<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi komerciis, gacvlisa da Sromis danawilebaze dafuZnebuli<br />
warmoebis burJuaziul samyaros. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sferoSi individi moRvaweobs,<br />
pirvel rigSi, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis damoukidebeli mepatrone (rogoric ar unda<br />
iyos es sakuTreba - kapitali, miwa, fuli, kerZo qoneba, samuSao Zala an sakuTari Tavi). es<br />
adamiani iRvwis piradi miznebis misaRwevad, risTvisac Tavisuflad amyarebs<br />
urTierTobebs sxva adamianebTan, TviTonve ayalibebs am urTierTobebs.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> am xedvs Sesabamisad moqceulia or poluss - kerZo sakuTrebasa<br />
da saxelmwifos - Soris. kerZo sakuTreba aq ganixileba rogorc bunebrivi Tavisuflebis<br />
realizeba, rogorc kacobriobis emansipacia da ganTavisufleba pirovnuli<br />
damokidebulebisgan, wodebrivi uTanasworobisgan da sxva usamarlobebisgan, romlebic<br />
Zvel politikur wesrigs axasiaTebda rogorc Tanamedrove samyaroSi Tavisuflebis<br />
winapiroba. kerZo sakuTreba aq Cndeba rogorc pirovnuli uflebebis, universaluri<br />
Tanasworobisa da sxvebis uflebaTa pativiscemis materialuri safuZveli.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> iqmneba rogorc `moqalaqe (biurgeri) individebis~<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelic ar aris Tavisufali konfliqtebisgan; am konfliqtebs<br />
ganapirobebs klasobrivi uTanasworoba kapitalis, miwis da Sromis mflobelebs Soris,<br />
bazris anarqiuli xasiaTi, ekonomikuri krizisebi da sxv. amgvarad, saWiroa<br />
saxelmwifo, romelic moagvarebs am konfliqtebs, SezRudavs bazris negatiur<br />
gamovlinebebs da sazogadoebis arsebobas daafuZnebs im universalur principebze,<br />
romlebic aklia <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s.<br />
ori polusi, saxelmwifo da bazari, romelTa Sorisacaa moqceuli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gansxvavebulia Tavisi bunebiT. saxelmwifo aris centralizebuli<br />
warmonaqmni, maregulirebeli organizacia, romelic Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi<br />
Camoyalibda rogorc erovnuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Zala, romelic `flobs<br />
Zaladobis gamoyenebis legitimur monopolias mocemul teritoriaze~ (veberi). amave<br />
dros Tanamedroveobis epoqa - es aris decentralizebuli industriuli sabazro<br />
ekonomikis epoqa. es ekonomika ar SeiZleba iyos centralizebuli, Tuki gvsurs, rom is<br />
iyos efeqtiani. mzardi ekonomikuri ganviTareba gulisxmobs Tavisufal ekonomikur<br />
subieqts, mesakuTres, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli saxelmwifos mier. rogor unda<br />
15
CairTos es individualuri, egoisturi elementi mTlian erTobaSi ise, rom ar moxdes<br />
misi piradi Tavisuflebis sruli CamorTmeva mTlianis, saxelmwifos mier?<br />
hegelis azriT, korporaciebis Seqmna, rac <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis struqturirebas<br />
axdens da icavs adamianebs socialuri danawevrebisgan (romelic SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios TiToeuli individis mier mxolod sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare<br />
moqmedebam), SesaZlebeli xdeba swored universaluri saxelmwifos pirobebSi. swored<br />
saxelmwifo aris <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arsebobis winapiroba. saxelmwifos gareSe<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> daiSleba, vinaidan Tanamedrove ekonomikur urTierTobebis<br />
arsebobis realobidan gamomdinare mas veRar akavSireben tradiciuli, ojaxuri,<br />
patriarqaluri socialuri urTierTobebi.<br />
marqsma kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara hegelis Teoria. marqsis mtkicebiT,<br />
saxelmwifo ar warmoadgens <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris<br />
arsebul konfliqtze maRla mdgom warmonaqmns; piriqiT, saxelmwifo eqceva<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis erT-erTi jgufis, gabatonebuli klasis, burJuaziis<br />
gavlenis qveS da iqceva mis iaraRad sxva klasebis damorCilebis saqmeSi. swored<br />
amitom, marqsis SexedulebiT, klasTa Soris brZolis dasrulebiT, kapitalizmidan<br />
komunizmze gadasvliT unda moxdes saxelmwifos sikvdili.<br />
marqsis Teoriis leniniseuli interpretaciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sedegad<br />
saxelmwifo ar gamqrala, aramed gadaiqca partia-saxelmwifod da saboloo jamSi<br />
sruliad STanTqa <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> (romelic, marqsis mixedviT, ruseTSi arc<br />
arsebobda). saboloo jamSi moxda saxelmwifos `totalitarizacia~. totalitarizmi<br />
ki, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, xasiaTdeba swored saxelmwifosa da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis SerwymiT.<br />
totalitarizmi<br />
totalitarizmis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daxasiaTeba<br />
ekuTvnis karl fridrixs. misi SexedulebiT, totalitaruli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
xasiaTdeba eqvsi niSniT, romelTagan yvela unda iyos warmodgenili, raTa cneba<br />
gamoyenebuli iyos mTeli Tavisi mniSvnelobiT.<br />
1/ oficialuri ideologia, romelic Sedgeba oficialuri doqtrinisagan da<br />
moicavs adamianis arsebobis yvela sasicocxlo aspeqts; mas unda daeTanxmos yvela,<br />
vinc cxovrobs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, yovel SemTxvevaSi pasiurad mainc; es ideologia<br />
mimarTulia aTaswlian amocanebze, rogorc adamianis saxeobis umaRlesi<br />
`srulyofili~ sazogadoebis momavalze.<br />
2/ masebis erTaderTi partia, romelic aerTianebs mTliani mosaxleobis,<br />
kacebisa da qalebis SedarebiT mcire ricxvs (ara umetes 10%-isa), romlebic<br />
mxurvaled da uyoymanod uWeren mxars ideologias da nebismieri saSualebiT<br />
cdiloben gamoavlinon sruli Tanxmoba mis mimarT. msgavsi partia organizebulia<br />
mkacrad ierarqizirebuli da oligarqiuli wesiT. aq, rogorc wesi, erTaderTi<br />
xelmZRvanelia. is an yvelaze maRla dgas an gaigivebulia samTavrobo<br />
biurokratiul organizaciasTan.<br />
3/ xelisuflebis kvazimonopolia (teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi)<br />
efeqtur samxedro sabrZolo saSualebebze. es monopolia partiisa da misi kadrebis<br />
xelSia, anda sxvanairad rom iTqvas, biurokratiisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
xelSia.<br />
4/ xelisuflebis kvazimonopolia (teqnikur SesaZleblobaTa farglebSi)<br />
komunikaciis efeqtur saSualebebze, rac aseve partiis xelSia moqceuli.<br />
16
5/ mTeli sawarmoo da ekonomikuri saSualebebis kvazimonopolia, romelic<br />
eqvemdebareba centralizebul dagegmarebas.<br />
6/ represiuli policiuri Zalauflebrivi sistema, dafuZnebuli Zaladobis<br />
da sakomunikacio saSualebebis monopoliaze, romelic ara mxolod reJimis<br />
`mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg, aramed, agreTve, mosaxleobis TviTneburad arCeuli<br />
kategoriebis winaaRmdegacaa mimarTuli; amgvari TviTneburi seleqcia reJimis<br />
gadarCenis moTxovnaa.<br />
totalitarizmis sabWouri varianti, garda am niSnebisa, xasiaTdeboda adamianis,<br />
rogorc kerZo mesakuTris, sruli mospobiT. rogorc Cans, es ar iyo sakmarisad<br />
gaazrebuli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis im Teoretikosebis mier, romlebic sabWoTa<br />
wyobis damxobas <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis warmatebas ukavSirebdnen. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis ganxilva postsabWour sivrceSi am ekonomikuri ganzomilebidan<br />
mowyvetilad SeiZleba zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoriis sisustes ganapirobebdes.<br />
tipuri postsabWoTa midgoma <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cnebisadmi<br />
aris vaclav havelis qvemoT aRwerili xedva.<br />
wyaro: dominik kola, politikuri sociologia<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da postkomunizmi; vaclav haveli<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ideis win wamoweva, rac gaigivebuli iyo<br />
oficialuri komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan 1980-ian wlebSi centralur da<br />
aRmosavleT evropaSi, akavSirebs am cnebis yuradRebis centrSi moqcevas am qveynebSi<br />
Seqmnil politikur konteqstTan - mtrul ganwyobasTan ara marto oficialuri komunizmis<br />
mimarT, aramed marqsisa da marqsizmis mimarT. marqsizmi ganixileboda ZiriTad mtrad,<br />
vinaidan is iyo <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis yvelaze gavleniani gacxadebuli mowinaaRmdege.<br />
am politikurma konteqstma daRi daasva <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis Tanamedrove Teorias,<br />
romliTac, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebisa, xdeba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis romantizacia, igi yvela sxva sferosTan -saxelmwifosTan, ekonomikasTan,<br />
ojaxTan SedarebiT win aris wamoweuli da centraluri adgili uWiravs.<br />
am Teoriis mixedviT, Tanamedrove samyaroSi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris<br />
Tavisuflebis fuZemdebluri wyaro. saWiroa <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis dacva yvela im<br />
agresiuli Zalisgan, romelic mas Trgunavs: erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos politikuri Zalauflebisgan,<br />
xolo meore mxriv - fulis ekonomikuri Zalisgan. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
es Teoria aTavsebs mas barikadebis erT mxares moqmedebasTan, SemoqmedebiTobasTan,<br />
iniciativasTan, produqtiulobasTan, TavisuflebasTan, gaerTianebasTan,<br />
Tavad sicocxlesTan erTad. maT sapirispirod ekonomikuri da politikuri sistema<br />
aRiwereba iseTi terminebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa damorCileba, momxmarebloba,<br />
pasiuroba, privatizeba, Zalismiereba, gansazRvruloba, aucilebloba da sxv.<br />
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis, aqtiurobisa da pasiurobis, moqmedisa da struqturis am<br />
dapirispirebiT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis Tanamedrove xedva amarTlebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis pirveladobas politikasTan da ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
rodesac `perestroikis~ dasawyisSi totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg demokratiisTvis<br />
warimarTa brZola, am demokratiaSi, pirvel rigSi, Tavisufleba igulisxmeboda.<br />
Tavisufleba ki, misi sruli saxiT, miuRwevelia Tuki arsebobs raime saxis politikuri<br />
Zalaufleba, Tundac demokratiuli da raime saxis fuladi ekonomika, Tundac<br />
17
sabazro. sinamdvileSi, albaT, demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis lozungebi zustad<br />
ar asaxavdnen Tavisuflebis im wyurvils, romelic totalitarizmis msxvrevas<br />
ukavSirdeba da romlis saprotesto talRa mimarTuli iyo ara ubralod sabWouri<br />
sistemis gardaqmnisken, aramed saerTod Tanamedroveobis politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
institutebis uaryofisken, ramdenadac es institutebi usaxo, mkacri da momTxovnia.<br />
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, amgvari ganwyoba ara masiuri, aramed elitaruli iyo da<br />
momdinareobda perestroikis disidenti liderebis msoflmxedvelobidan. aRmosavleT<br />
evropaSi totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, maTi azriT, dasawyisidan disidenti,<br />
inteleqtuali liderebis da maTi Sexedulebebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. maTTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli iyo prioritetis miniWeba ara brZolisaTvis politikuri<br />
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, aramed mtruli damokidebuleba nebismieri saxis<br />
politikis mimarT, nebismieri Zalauflebis maqsimaluri SezRudvis survili.<br />
sazogadoebriv saqmeebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri saxis iniciativa unda modiodes<br />
qvemodan, xalxisagan, da ara saxelmwifos institucionaluri struqturebidan. es<br />
Tvalsazrisi yvelaze gamokveTilad vaclav havelis naSromebSia Camoyalibebuli.<br />
anti-politikuroba, romlis qvakuTxeds oficialuri partiuli politikisadmi<br />
undobloba Seadgens, miiCneoda <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mamoZravebel Zalad, xolo<br />
politika iyo uaryofili rogorc Zalauflebis survilis gamoxatuleba.<br />
cxovreba, romlis mizania sakuTari Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, mravalferovneba,<br />
pluralizmi da TviTorganizeba, vaclav havelis mixedviT, upirispirdeba<br />
nebismier sistemas, romelic unificirebas moiTxovs. aqedan gamosavali aris ara erTi<br />
sistemis Secvla meoreTi, aramed saWiroa TviT cxovrebisken Semobruneba. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
post-totalitaruli sistemis struqturebi `ubralod mokvdeba da gauqmdeba da<br />
maT adgils daikavebs axali struqturebi, romlebic `qvevidan~ aRmocendeba~.<br />
havelis es proeqti waagavs axladaSenebuli saxlis win mwvane gazonis mowyobas<br />
Semdegi xerxiT. saxlis win unda daiTesos balaxi ise, rom bilikebis gasayvani adgili<br />
ar moiniSnos, xolo SemdgomSi, rodesac saxlis mcxovreblebi ivlian am balaxze da<br />
bunebrivad gakvalaven bilikebs iq, sadac maT ufro awyobT, es gakvaluli bilikebi<br />
dafiqsirdes betoniT. am gziT saxlis mcxovreblebi Tavad gansazRvraven im<br />
institutebs (bilikebs), romlebiTac maT uwevT sargebloba.<br />
amdenad, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis es Teoria aris garkveuli amboxeba Tanamedroveobis,<br />
misi institutebis da teqnologiebis winaaRmdeg. politikis uaryofasTan<br />
erTad igi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisaTvis eZebs sxva, ufro siRrmiseul gamosavals,<br />
vidre saparlamento demokratiaa, romelsac Tavisi partiuli xasiaTis gamo, ar<br />
SeuZlia gadaWras saxelmwifos funqcionirebaSi moqalaqeTa farTo CarTvisa da<br />
monawileobis amocana. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cxovrebis samyarom unda Secvalos<br />
Tanamedroveobis institutebi, maT Soris saxelmwifoc.<br />
literatura:<br />
dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gv. 205-228<br />
Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge,<br />
Massachusetts and London, England, pp.131-177 (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT)<br />
Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28<br />
vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis<br />
kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi, 1995<br />
18
leqcia 3<br />
patnemi: sazogadoebrivi kapitali<br />
robert patnemma gamoikvlia samxreT da CrdiloeT italiaSi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> cxovrebis<br />
Taviseburebebis mimarTeba am regionebis politikur da ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.<br />
mdidar faqtobriv da raodenobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT man aCvena, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
kapitali aris is simdidre, romelic ar iqmneba erTbaSad da romelic<br />
sazogadoebis warmatebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri winsvlisa da ganviTarebis<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.<br />
patnemi svams kiTxvas - ra kavSirSia ama Tu im demokratiuli politikuri institutebis<br />
warmatebuli funqcionireba im socialur konteqstTan, romelic <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
axasiaTebs?<br />
1860 wels italiis erTiani saxelmwifos gamocxadebis Semdeg, qveynis uaRresad<br />
centralizebuli mmarTvelobis modeli ganixileboda rogorc aucilebeli saSualeba<br />
sustad integrirebuli, mravalferovani da ukiduresad gansxavebuli geografiuli<br />
regionebis gasaerTianeblad da erTiani eris Camosayalibeblad. mxolod meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg, qveynis demokratiuli mowyobis pirobebSi, gaxda SesaZlebeli<br />
1948 wlis axal konstituciaSi regionebSi pirdapiri arCevnebiT arCeuli xelisuflebis<br />
arsebobis dafiqsireba. Tumca ki, konstituciis es muxli sruli saxiT 1970<br />
wlamde ar amoqmedebula da SemdgomSic axladSeqmnil regionul xelisuflebas<br />
garkveuli dro dasWirda imisTvis, raTa regionebis TviTmmarTveloba <strong>for</strong>maluridan<br />
realurad gadaqceuliyo.<br />
1970 wels italiis mTavrobam daiwyo qveynis mmarTvelobis decentralizeba da<br />
moaxdina Zalauflebisa da resursebis mniSvnelovani delegireba axladSeqmnil<br />
regionul warmomadgenlobiT xelisuflebaze.<br />
ra moutana re<strong>for</strong>mam italiis regionebs? gaumjobesda Tu ara mis Sedegad mmar-<br />
Tvelobisa da politikis xarisxi? ramdenad warmatebulad amuSavda axladSeqmnili<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi politikuri institutebi? xelisuflebis saqmianobis dawvrilebiTi<br />
Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierebma `niSnebi dauweres~ regionebis axladSeqmnil<br />
institutebs imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad kargad axorcielebdnen isini maT winaSe<br />
mdgar amocanebs - aumjobesebdnen kanonmdeblobas, droulad amtkicebdenen biujetebs,<br />
aumjobesebdnen biurokratiis muSaobas, janmrTelobis dacvas da sxv.<br />
gamokvlevidan gamoCnda, rom zogi regionis xelisufleba stabilurad kargad<br />
muSaobda, xolo sxvebis ki, stabilurad dabal doneze iyo. es obieqturi maCveneblebi<br />
zedmiwevniT srulad asaxavda mosaxleobis warmodgenebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad<br />
damakmayofilebelia ama Tu im regionuli xelisuflebis saqmianoba.<br />
mokled, zogi regionebis xelisuflebis moRvaweoba ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda,<br />
vidre sxvebisa. maT ufro efeqturad warmarTes Sida procedurebi, politikuri<br />
iniciativebis gamoCenisas meti SemoqmedebiToba gamoavlines, ufro efeqturad<br />
ganaxorcieles es iniciativebi. es gansxvavebebi kargad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli<br />
regionebis mosaxelobis mier.<br />
Tu yvela regions gaaCnda identuri mmarTvelobis struqturebi, da analogiuri<br />
sakanonmdeblo da ekonomikuri resursebi, maSin ram ganapiroba es gansxvaveba?<br />
Tu davxedavT italiis rukas, davinaxavT, rom CrdiloeTis regionebis mmar-<br />
Tveloba saerTo jamSi ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre samxreTis regionebisa.<br />
vinaidan sufTa politikuri xasiaTis parametrebi identuria, am gansxvavebis axsna<br />
SeuZlebelia sxva tipis, arapolitikuri faqtorebis moSveliebis gareSe. amgvari<br />
19
faqtorebi ori saxis SeiZleba iyos: a) socialur-ekonomikuri - socialurekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis done, romelic ukavSirdeba industrializaciis dones; da b)<br />
socialur-kulturuli: `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> urTierTobebis~ Taviseburebebi - <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
urTierTobebis xasiaTi da socialuri solidarobis done.<br />
industriuli revolucia ukanaskneli saukuneebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena<br />
iyo dasavleTis istoriaSi, romelmac radikalurad Secvala dasavluri<br />
sazogadoebebis cxovreba. industrializaciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri da<br />
ekonomikuri trans<strong>for</strong>macia mecnierebis mier xSirad ganixileba qveynis stabiluri<br />
demokratiuli ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad. industrializacia, romelic<br />
italiaSi gasuli saukunis miwuruls daiwyo, bevrad ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda<br />
qveynis CrdiloeT regionebSi, vidre samxreT nawilSi. magram daskvna, romelic<br />
mecnierebma gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTes, iyo is, rom savaraudod orive -<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomikis damkvidreba da demokratiuli institutebis warmateba<br />
CrdiloeT italiaSi ukavSirdeba mesame faqtoris zegavlenas - am regionSi<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobis xasiaTs.<br />
ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis am or models Soris gansxvavebis arsi?<br />
gansxvaveba CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mcxovrebTa Soris daaxloebiT Seesabameba<br />
sxvaobas moqalaqesa da qveSevrdoms Soris. moqalaqe aqtiurad monawileobs<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es ar niSnavs, rom is uangaro altruistia, romelic ar<br />
zrunavs sakuTar interesebze, aramed Tavis interesebs is iazrebs ufro farTo<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesebis konteqstSi. moqalaqeTa erToba xasiaTdeba yvelasaTvis<br />
erTnairi uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT. amgvari erToba Sekrulia kooperirebis da<br />
`misvla-mosvlis~ horizontaluri urTierTobebiT, da ara zemdgomisa da masze<br />
damokidebulis urTierTobebiT, rogorc es baton-qveSevrdomTa Soris xdeba.<br />
moqalaqeebi urTierToben rogorc Tanasworebi, da ara rogorc patroni da klienti.<br />
moqalaqeTagan Semdgari sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi da normebi vlindeba am<br />
sazogadoebebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. amgvar <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si adamianebi ufro<br />
advilad qmnian kavSirebs, xolo es kavSirebi, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs warmatebul<br />
sazogadoebriv urTierTqmedebas. iq, sadac moqalaqeobrivi ganwyobebi sustia, adamianebs<br />
uWirT erTad moqmedeba saerTo miznebis misaRwevad an nebismieri miznisTvis,<br />
romelic scildeba maTi ojaxis materialur keTildReobaze uSualo zrunvas.<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT meti daintereseba vlindeba, magaliTad, imaSi, rom<br />
moqalaqeTagan Semdgari sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia meti daintereseba<br />
gazeTebis kiTxviT. moqalaqeebi, qveSevrdomebisgan gansxvavebiT, interesdebian imiT,<br />
Tu ra iwereba gazeTebSi da ufro xSirad yiduloben maT.<br />
ar unda vifiqroT, rom naklebi moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis mqone mosaxleoba<br />
asocialuri an apolitikuria. ubralod masSi gamjdari vertikaluri, arasimetriuli,<br />
patron-klientis urTierTobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas sxva elfers aniWebs.<br />
rodesac italiis samxreTi regionebis mcxovrebs eqmneba problema (magaliTad,<br />
sWirdeba licenzia, samsaxuri da sxva), igi gacilebiT ufro xSirad cdilobs moZebnos<br />
politikosi, romelic mas pirovnulad daexmareba, vidre es xdeba CrdiloeT<br />
regionebSi. SeiZleba amitomacaa politikuri cxovreba iq ufro personificirebuli,<br />
ufro orientirebuli politikosebze, rogorc pirovnebebze, vidre maT programebze.<br />
CrdiloeT regonebSi politikosebi ufro iSviaTad xvdebian mTxovnelebs, Tanac maT<br />
ufro xSirad mimarTaven politikis gansazRvrasTan da kanonebis miRebasTan<br />
20
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gamo, maSin roca samxreT regionebSi maT ufro xSirad<br />
sTxoven samsaxursa da mfarvelobas.<br />
socialuri da politikuri cxovreba CrdiloeTSi naklebad ierarqiulia, vidre<br />
samxreTSi. Tanasworoba aris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli im sazogadoebisa, romelic<br />
ufro midrekilia horizontaluri, simetriuli urTierTobebisadmi. samxreTSi<br />
adamianebi grZnoben, rom isini arian eqspluatirebulni, ara aqvT gavlena da arian<br />
gaTiSulebi. samxreT regionebSi, mafiis samSobloSi, bevrad ufro gavrcelebulia<br />
korufcia. kanonebi ufro `kanonobs~ CrdiloeTSi, vidre samxreTSi. horizontaluri<br />
kavSirebis sisustis fonze ierarqia, Zala da policia rCeba im SemakavSirebel<br />
vertikalur institutad, romelic icavs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s anarqiisgan.<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebuli<br />
iyo italiis sxvadasxva regionebSi. im dros, rodesac CrdiloeTSi warmatebulad<br />
viTardeba biznesi da warmoeba, samxreTSi umeteswilad ver xerxdeba siRaribisa da<br />
CamorCenilobis daZleva. amgvarad, sxvaoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi kavSirSia<br />
ekonomikur saqmianobasTanac. am kavSiris sruli analizi metad rTulia, magram<br />
zogierTi niSnebis gamokveTa SeiZleba. ase, miuTiTeben mkvlevrebi italiis<br />
ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi e.w. `industriuli raionebis~ mniSvnelobaze. am raionebSi<br />
viTardeba wvrili, magram teqnologiurad maRalganviTarebuli da metad<br />
produqtiuli warmoeba. maT axasiaTebT konkurenciisa da kooperirebis Taviseburi<br />
nazavi. firmebi konkurireben inovaciebis Semotanisa da warmoebis ganviTarebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, magram kooperireben administraciul momsaxurebaSi, nedleulis<br />
SemotanaSi, in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebasa da kvlevebSi. firmebis am qsels axasiaTebs<br />
horizontaluri kavSirebis siZliere, romelic efuZneba qvekontraqtebis dadebas da<br />
SekveTebis nawilis gadacemas droebiT naklebad datvirTul konkurentebze. iqmneba<br />
teqnologiurad mowinave da moqnili sistema, romelsac SeuZlia warmatebiT<br />
konkurireba Tanamedrove samyaroSi. `kerZo ekonomikuri asociaciebisa da<br />
politikuri organizaciebis xSirma qselma . . . TanamSromlobis qcevis ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyobiT da mcire firmebisTvis im infrastruqturis SeqmniT, romelsac isini ver<br />
uzrunvelyofdnen sakuTari ZalebiT, Seqmna garemo, romelSiac warmatebiT viTardeba<br />
bazari.~<br />
ram ganapiroba esoden didi gansxvaveba CrdiloeT da samxreT italiis<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobaSi? pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze metad rTulia,<br />
Tumca ki, fesvebi am sxvaobisa SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos istoriuli tradiciiT.<br />
CrdiloeT italias warsulSi (meTerTmete saukunidan) axasiaTebda qalaqrespublikebis<br />
arseboba. TviTmmarTvelobis am mravalsaukunovanma tradiciam,<br />
SesaZloa, gamoumuSava mosaxleobas Tanasworobis, pasuxismgeblobis da solidarobis<br />
Cveva. samxreT italia ki, ganicdida siciliis samefos feodalur da avtoritarul<br />
batonobas, ramac iq Camoayaliba ara moqalaqe, aramed qveSevrdomi. samxreTSi, italiis<br />
gaerTianebis Semdegac:<br />
`yvela klasSi komunaluri sulis ararseboba gamomdinareobda morCilebis<br />
Cvevisgan, rac adamianebs despotizmis saukuneebma Caunerges. aristokratiac ki,<br />
SeeCvia obstruqcias da gaiziara is Sexeduleba, rom, moraluri TvalsazrisiT,<br />
savsebiT dasaSvebia mmarTvelebis motyueba, Tuki es motyueba sargeblis momtania. . .<br />
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis saWiroebis gaTviTcnobierebis sanacvlod, Camoyalibda<br />
damokidebuleba, rom Tu adamianTa erTma jgufma gamoZebnda maTi gverdis avlis gza,<br />
maSin danarCenma jgufebmac umjobesia mixedon Tavis sakuTar interesebs. amgvarad<br />
TiToeuli provincia, TiToeuli klasi, TiToeuli warmoeba eZebda mogebis miRebis<br />
gzebs sazogadoebis mogebis safasurad.~<br />
21
iq, sadac adamianebi TanamSromloben da kooperireben, sazogadoebis rogorc<br />
ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri ganviTarebis miRweva ufro iolia. amdenad<br />
TanamSromloba da kooperireba zogadad unda iyos racionaluri gaTvlis Sedegi, da<br />
ara ubralod `Rirseuli moqalaqisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli Cveva. magram, rogorc<br />
italiis magaliTi metyvelebs, racionaluri gaazreba imisa, rom kooperireba zogadad<br />
sasargebloa, ar iwvevs am kooperirebis martivad warmoqmnas. is, rom sxvadasxva<br />
sazogadoebebi avlenen TanamSromlobisa da kooperirebis gansxvavebul unars,<br />
miuTiTebs imaze, rom garda ekonomikuri, inteleqtualuri, materialuri da sxva saxis<br />
kapitalisa, sazogadoebis warmatebuli ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa kapitalis kidev<br />
erTi saxeoba - sazogadoebrivi kapitali.<br />
sazogadoebriv kapitalSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi mowyobis iseTi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa ricxvSic Sedis adamianTa Soris ndoba, urTierTobis<br />
normebi da am urTierTobaTa qselebi, romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebis<br />
funqcionirebis efeqturobis gazrdas SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis gaadvilebis gziT.<br />
is, rom sazogadoebrivi kapitali aadvilebs spontanur TanamSromlobas, SeiZleba<br />
davinaxoT martivi magaliTis saSualebiT.<br />
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs is, rasac sabWoTa droSi Cven<br />
`urTierTdaxmarebis salaroebs~ vuwodebdiT. maTi funqcionirebis principi martivia.<br />
Tu salaroSi gaerTianebulia, magaliTad, Tormeti adamiani, romlebsac SemoaqvT<br />
yovelTviurad TiTo-TiTo lari, maSin am salaros yvela wevrs SeeZleba rigrigobiT,<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi erTxel miiRos am salarodan Tormeti lari. mTavari, rasac<br />
efuZneba am salaros funqcionireba aris is, rom man, vinc ukve aiRo Tormeti lari,<br />
unda gaagrZelos Tavisi Senatanis Setana manam, vidre ar Seikvreba wre da manam<br />
salaros meTormete, ukanaskneli wevri ar aiRebs mis kuTvnil Tormet lars.<br />
ra aris is, rac xdis amgvari asociaciebis arsebobas SesaZlebels? ratom<br />
agrZeleben salaros wevrebi Senatanebis gadaxdas mas Semdeg, rac Tavisi wili<br />
gamoitanes? da ratom riskaven saerTod amgvar salaroebSi gaerTianebas, maT xom ara<br />
aqvT imis garantia, rom salaros sxva wevrebis mier motyuebulni ar darCebian? saidan<br />
Cndeba erTmaneTis ndoba, romelic aucilebelia salaros funqcionirebisaTvis?<br />
patara sofelSi, sadac yvela yvelas icnobs da aravin apirebs sxvagan gadasaxlebas,<br />
amgvari ndoba SeiZleba bunebrivad gamomdinareobdes iqidan, rom soflis yvela mcxovrebi<br />
iZulebulia daemorCilos qcevis erTian normebs, romelTa darRveva Tanasoflelebis<br />
risxvas gamoiwvevs. did qalaqSi, sadac urTierTobebi naklebad mWidro da<br />
pirovnulia, ndobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa ufro rTuli da naklebad mWidrod<br />
Sekruli sazogadoebrivi qselebis gamoyeneba. qalaqSi salaros yvela wevri SeiZleba<br />
ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs da maTi ndoba erTgvarad jaWvurad gadaicemodes erTi<br />
adamianidan meoreze: `me vendobi mas, radganac mas endobi Sen, xolo me gendobi Sen ~.<br />
cxadia, rom rac ufro mcirea sazogadoebrivi kapitali, miT ufro Znelia amgvar<br />
asociaciaSi adamianTa gawevrianeba. es magaliTi aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
gadaiqces sazogadoebrivi kapitali materialur mogebad yvelasaTvis. istoriulad,<br />
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT analogiuri meqanizmebis wyalobiT warmoiqmna CrdiloeT<br />
italiis savaWro qalaqebSi bankebi, romlebic gascemdnen kreditebs (credere -<br />
italiurad dajereba).<br />
sazogadoebrivi kapitalis gazrdis miswrafeba iseTivea, rogorc Cveulebrivi<br />
kapitalis zrdis survili. Tanac, sazogadoebrivi kapitali, sxva resursebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, izrdeba, da ara mcirdeba misi xSiri moxmarebiT. da piriqiT, igi mcirdeba<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kapitaliT ar sargebloben.<br />
sazogadoebrivi kapitali amcirebs partniorebis xarjebs im urTierTobebze,<br />
22
omlebic uzrunvelyofen sakontraqto valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. kerZod, is<br />
SeTanxmeba, romelic erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dadasturdes xelis erTi CamorTmeviT,<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi partniorebis mier aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad<br />
moiTxovs uricxvi advokatebis Carevas da uamravi qaRaldebis xelmoweras.<br />
ndoba aris sazogadoebrivi kapitalis ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawili. `TiTqmis<br />
yvela komerciuli urTierToba gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi ndobis elements, maT Soris<br />
yvela urTierToba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. SeiZleba vamtkicoT,<br />
rom msoflioSi ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis didi nawili SeiZleba aixsnas<br />
erTmaneTisadmi ndobis ararsebobiT~.<br />
zogjer miCneulia, rom warmatebuli TanamSromlobisaTvis saWiroa mesame mxaris<br />
arseboba - magaliTad, saxelmwifo kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT SeiZleba<br />
uzrunvelyofdes mxareTa Soris garkveuli ndobis arsebobas. magram miukerZoebeli<br />
saxelmwifos Seqmna Tavad aris problema, romelic moiTxovs misdami ndobas rogorc<br />
misi funqcionirebis winapirobas. saxelmwifos mmarTvelebma Tavad SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyenon saxelmwifo Zalaufleba sakuTar interesebSi. Tanamedrove <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si,<br />
misi pluralisturi mowyobidan gamomdinare, ndoba verc gaziarebuli religiuri<br />
normebidan warmoiqmneba da verc sxva garegani faqtorebidan. ndoba, misi wminda saxiT,<br />
upiroboa.<br />
ratom xdeba, rom erTi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> xasiaTdeba ndobis ufro maRali xarisxiT,<br />
vidre meore? istoriuli fesvebis moZieba ar aris sakmarisi am kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />
gasacemad, vinaidan igi warmoSobs sxva kiTxvas - ratom moxda, rom CrdiloeTi da<br />
samxreT italia ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gziT wavida Tundac meTormeTmete saukuneSi?<br />
italiis magaliTis Seswavla, savaraudod, erTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs - socialuri konteqsti da istoria mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />
institutebis funqcionirebas. sazogadoebrivi kapitalis Seqmna ioli ar aris, magram<br />
igi gasaRebia demokratiuli institutebis efeqturi amuSavebisaTvis.<br />
ndoba, ekonomika da demokratia<br />
sityva `ndoba~ metad popularuli gaxda 90-iani wlebis samecniero<br />
gamokvlevebSi.<br />
adamianTa Soris ndobas, rogorc sazogadoebrivi kapitalis <strong>for</strong>mas, frensis<br />
fukuiama ganixilavs qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri struqturis ganmsazRvrel<br />
komponentad. misi mtkicebiT, aSS-sa da iaponias gacilebiT meti aqvT saerTo, vidre<br />
amas adre fiqrobdnen. orive qveyanis moqalaqeebs axasiaTebT maRali unari endon<br />
aranaTesavebs da, amdenad, Seqmnan didi industriuli korporaciebi. ndobis dabali<br />
donis mqone qveynebSi, magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi, biznesi TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
ojaxuri sawarmos saxiT SenarCunda. mxolod maRali ndobis mqone sazogadoebebSi<br />
aris SesaZlebeli, rom mesakuTreebma iqiravon profesionali menejeri maTi<br />
sakuTrebis samarTavad, romelic dainiSneba am Tanamdebobaze misi<br />
profesionalizmis wyalobiT da ara ojaxis wevrobis gamo.<br />
amerikis da iaponiis amgvari gaigiveba metad moulodnelad gamoiyureba da<br />
miuTiTebs imaze, rom ama Tu im <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si ndobis arsebobis safuZvlebi<br />
fukuiamas ara aqvs saTanadod diferencirebuli. fukuiamasTvis adamiani aris<br />
sando imdenad, ramdenadac iqceva <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si damkvidrebuli wesebisa da<br />
moralis Sesabamisad. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> misgan moelis garkveul qcevas, romelsac<br />
ganapirobebs an misi warmomavloba (mag. feodalur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si), an<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si gavrcelebuli religiuri rwmena, an sazogadoebrivi qcevis<br />
23
miRebuli praqtika (mag. saqarTveloSi panaSvidze misvla), da is am molodins<br />
akmayofilebs. iaponuri, metad koleqtivisturi sazogadoebisTvis, romelic<br />
efuZneba warmomavlobiT, religiur da kulturul `erTnairobas~, ndobis<br />
fenomenis arsis amgvari gageba, SesaZlebelia, gamarTlebulia, magram amerikisTvis<br />
misi gamoyeneba cota saeWvoa. amerikels iaponelze bevrad ufro xSirad uxdeba<br />
tolerantobis gamovlena qcevis gansxvavebuli normebis mqone adamianebis mimarT,<br />
vidre erTian normebze dafuZnebul urTierTobebSi monawileoba. Tanamedrove<br />
amerikuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris individualisturi, masSi pativs scemen individis<br />
avtonomias da patiosnebas. adamianis morali misi piradi saqmea. seligmanis<br />
mixedviT Tanamedrove <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si or adamians Soris ndobis warmoqmna SeiZleba<br />
zogjer moiTxovdes upirobo rwmenas erTimeoris mimarT, iseTive upirobos,<br />
rogoricaa megobroba an RmerTis rwmena, da romelic an arsebobs, an ar arsebobs,<br />
magram, romlis moTxovna ar SeiZleba garegani pirobebis dasmiT.<br />
adamianTa Soris arsebuli ndoba ar aris sazogadoebis erTxel da samudamod<br />
mocemuli maxasiaTebeli. erTi mxriv is, rogorc amas patnemi amtkicebs, axdens<br />
gavlenas demokratiuli da sabazro institutebis karg funqcionirebaze. magram<br />
meore mxriv, savaraudod, am institutebis gamarTuli funqcionireba Tavad iwvevs<br />
ndobis donis amaRlebas. ase, SesaZloa vivaraudod, rom adamianTa Soris ndobis<br />
dabalma donem italiasa da germaniaSi gavlena moaxdina am qveynebSi demokratiis<br />
damarcxebaze meore msoflio omamde, magram am ndobis mkveTri zrda orive<br />
qveyanaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi SesaZloa miuTiTebdes<br />
demokratiuli institutebis mastabilizebel zegavlenaze <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze. Tumca<br />
ki isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es zrda ukavSirdeba amave periodSi am qveynebSi<br />
ekonomikis swraf aRorZinebas. amJamad saxezea aSS-Si ndobis donis garkveuli kleba<br />
da, agreTve, gamoiTqva mosazreba am qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi kapitalis klebis<br />
saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelsac patnemi garkveulwilad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze<br />
televiziis gavlenas ukavSirebs.<br />
tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi wesrigi<br />
germanelma mecnierma tionisma (Tцnnies) sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi<br />
daamkvidra ori germanuli terminis gamoyeneba, Gemeinschaft (Temi) da Gesellschaft<br />
(<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>) ori tipis sazogadoebrivi wesrigis gansasxvaveblad. pirveli,<br />
Gemeinschaft Seesabameba aramodernizebul, tradiciul erTobas, xolo meore,<br />
Gesellschaft, modernizebul, industrializebul, konkurenciis safuZvelze agebul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. pirvels tionisi erTgvari nostalgiiT aRwers rogorc harmoniuls<br />
da humanurs, xolo meores, romelSiac adamianebi mudmivad qiSpoben da paeqroben<br />
sakuTari adgilis dasamkvidreblad, ganixilavs dehumanizirebuli, egoisturi<br />
interesebis brZolis velad.<br />
Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebis warmoqmnamde, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,<br />
Gemeinschaft -Si, adamianis urTierTobebi naklebad mravalferovani iyo, maT xasiaTs<br />
(da mis qcevas) ganapirobebda adamianis adgili sakmaod viwro da mdgrad erTobaSi,<br />
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi ufro harmoniuli iyo da efuZneboda Cveulebebs, erovnul<br />
Taviseburebebs, emociebs da religias. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi iyo<br />
reglamentirebuli urTierTobebi adamianebs Soris pirispir. adamianTa Soris<br />
solidaroba am <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si meqanikurad momdinareobs maTi naTesauri, Temuri an<br />
24
mezobluri damokidebulebisgan.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Gesellschaft-i, efuZneba racionalur<br />
gaTvlas da racionaluri survilebis erTobas, igi agebulia kontraqtis,<br />
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, mas icavs politikuri kanonmdebloba da ideologiurad<br />
amarTlebs sazogadoebrivi azri. civilizebuli adamiani azrovnebs racionalurad,<br />
moqmedebs piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, Tavad irCevs urTierTobaTa<br />
saxeobas, is mobiluria, moduluri (gelneris gagebiT), ekonomikuri da politikuri<br />
xasiaTis urTierTobebisTvis misi funqcionaluri maxasiaTeblebi (mag.<br />
profesionalizmi) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi pirovnuli Tavisebureba. am<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si solidaroba adamianTa Soris Cndeba maTi interesebisa da miznebis<br />
organuli Tanxvedris Sedegad.<br />
ojaxi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi dominirebs pirveli tipis sazogadoebriv<br />
wesrigSi, romelTanac ufro axlo dgas soflis mowyoba. didi industriuli qalaqi<br />
ufro axloa meore tipis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong>~<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> - es aris moqalaqeTa, qalaqelTa <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove adamiani monawileobs orive tipis<br />
urTierTobebSi, cxadia, rom sawyisebi, romlebzedac xdeba Tanamedrove<br />
politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi Sesvla, gansxvavebulia urTierTobebis<br />
tradiciuli <strong>for</strong>misgan. tradiciuli sawyisebi adamianTa urTierTobisa araa<br />
sakmarisi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da politikuri wesrigis funqcionirebisaTvis,<br />
da es problema - erTi tipis urTierTobebidan meoreze gadasva - Tumca ki,<br />
yovelTvis mtkivneulia, yvela <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si erTnairad iolad ar wydeba. Tu<br />
tradiciuli urTierTobebi ubralod moiSala Tanamedrove wesrigis xelovnurad<br />
damkvidrebis Sedegad, da maT adgilze ar warmoiqmna <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>,<br />
xelovnurma modernizaciam SeiZleba ubralod daanawevros adamianebi imis<br />
nacvlad, rom gamoiwvios Semdgomi ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTareba.<br />
am kuTxiT ganxiluli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis problema ukavSirdeba<br />
sazogadoebis unars daamyaros qmediTi TanamSromloba demokratiisa da sabazro<br />
ekonomikis pirobebSi. CvenSi mas, odnav gansxavebuli terminebiT, xSirad<br />
ubrundebian rodesac cdiloben gascen pasuxi kiTxvas - rogor gavxdeT<br />
demokratiulebi ise, rom ar davkargoT tradiciuli faseulobebi da<br />
urTierTobebis Cveneburi, qarTuli stili? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ukve<br />
gaviareT sabWouri tipis, Zalismieri modernizebis procesi, am kiTxvaze pasuxi jer<br />
ara gvaqvs gacemuli, vinaidan sabWoTa dros modernizacia swored gaTiSulad da<br />
atomizirebulad gaviareT, xolo is TanamSromloba, romelic politikasa Tu<br />
ekonomikas exeba, mxolod amJamad dagvWirda.<br />
rogorc tionisis analizi aCvenebs, marto tradiciebze dayrdnobiT<br />
Tanamedrove urTierTobebis ageba SeuZlebelia. rac ar unda Rirebuli da<br />
aucilebeli iyos CvenTvis religiuri, kuTxuri, erovnuli, kulturuli Tu sxva<br />
identurobebisa da erTobebis aRdgena, isini yvela miekuTvneba meqanikuri,<br />
Gemeinschaft-is solidarobis tips. Gesellschaft -is organuli da individualisturi<br />
solidarobis damkvidreba sxva tipis urTierTobebis aRmocenebasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. urTierTobebis `sofluri~ stili, romelic nacnobobis da<br />
pirovnuli urTierTobebis dominirebiT xasiaTdeba, ekonimikas da politikas<br />
aniWebs klanurobis arakonkurentul xasiaTs. xom ar aris es aseve Cvens qveyanaSi<br />
korufciis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi?<br />
Gesellschaft -Si adamians mudmivad uwevs urTierTobebis damyareba sxva<br />
adamianebTan ise, rom es urTierToba ar aris reglamentirebuli arc nacnobobiT,<br />
25
arc naTesaobiT, arc gaziarebuli moraliTa da arc religiuri normebiT. mas aqvs<br />
uflebebi da valdebulebebi saxelmwifos winaSe, magram rogoria misi uflebebi da<br />
valdebulebebi sxva adamianebis, sazogadoebis winaSe?<br />
aq wina planze gamodis patiosani, Tavisi sityvis erTguli, SeTanxmebis<br />
Semsrulebeli adamianis problema. adamianisa, romelsac pirobis Sesrulebas<br />
pirvel rigSi aiZulebs ara sasjelis SiSi, aramed sakuTari sindisi. SemTxveviTi<br />
araa, rom es sakiTxi farTod ixileboda meTvramete da mecxramete saukunis<br />
filosofosebisa da moralistebis nawerebSi. `gaxsovdes yovelTvis, rom qveyanazed<br />
qaRaldis garda aris kidev sindisi, romelzedac iwereba piroba im simkvidriT da<br />
simtkiciT, rom araviTari Zala ar amoSlis da ar gaauqmebs~ (ilia WavWavaZe).<br />
mkvidrdeba Tu ara Gesellschaft-isTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTobebi<br />
demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sedegad, Tundac Soreul<br />
momavalSi, Tu maTi kultivireba specialuri zrunvis sagani unda iyos? SesaZloa ki,<br />
maTi kultivireba, Tu es aris politikuri kulturis is parametri, romelic ver<br />
Seicvleba mocemuli kulturis CarCoebSi? yvela es kiTxva, cxadia, scdeba<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis problematikas da moicavs zogadad rogorc demokratiis<br />
damkvidrebis, aseve ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebs.<br />
literatura:<br />
Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton<br />
University Press, 1994<br />
26
leqcia 4<br />
tokvili, `demokratia amerikaSi`<br />
patnemis kvleva, arsebiTad <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arss sociologiuri<br />
Tvalsawieridan udgeba. is ikvlevs imas, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba socialuri<br />
komunikaciis garkveulis tipi, struqtura, demokratiuli institutiebis<br />
fuqcionirebas. tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi” aseve didwilad am kuTxiT<br />
udgeba problemas — isic, patnemis msgavsad, TiTqmis tolobis niSans svams<br />
sazogadoebis struqturasa da demokratias (politikur reJims) Soris. SemdgomSi Cven<br />
gavecnobiT kidev erT liberal avtors - gelners, romelic msgavsi midgomiT<br />
xasiaTdeba (demokratias aigiveebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis struqturasTan,<br />
xolo am ukanasknelis demokratiul bunebas miiCnevs mxolod dasavlur, evropul<br />
maxasiaTeblad).<br />
tokvilis kvleva, romelic ukve meore saukunea Tavis aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas<br />
ar kargavs, aRwers mxolod erT qveyanas — amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, magram<br />
impliciturad SedarebiT analizs eyrdnoba, vinaidan amerikis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s is aRwers<br />
evropeli mkiTxvelisTvis. amdenad amerikis `demokratiul~ <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s is<br />
warmoaCens safrangeTis da evropis `aristokratiul~ sazogadoebebTan SedarebaSi.<br />
tokvili aRwers pirvel rigSi sxvaobas demokratiul da aristokratiul<br />
sazogadoebebsa da maT sxvadasxva institutebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris. tokvilis<br />
kvleva sociologiuria da fenomenologiuri, is moicavs rogorc deskriptul aRweras<br />
im urTierTobebisa, romlebic avtorma TiTqmis ori saukunis winandel amerikaSi<br />
dainaxa, aseve im fsiqologiur ganwyobebisa da legitimaciis principebis analizs,<br />
romlebic agebs, aviTarebs am institucionalur mowyobas amerikaSi. tokvilis kvlevis<br />
Seswavlisas Cven gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas institucionaluri midgomis<br />
Tvalsawieridan demokratiuli da aristokratiuli sazogadoebebis institutebis<br />
Sedarebaze, xolo legitimaciis TvalsazrisiT — Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis<br />
principebis dapirispirebaze.<br />
Tumca ki, Tavad tokvilisTvis mTavari interesi iyo politikuri institutebi,<br />
rac, im periodSi safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze, frangisTvis ZiriTad<br />
interess warmoadgenda. Seiqmneboda Tu ara safrangeTSi `Tavisufali demokratia~ Tu<br />
`demokratiuli tirania~ - es iyo is kiTxva, romelic idga mis winaSe im dros (1848).<br />
amerikis magaliTis ganxilvisas is xazs usvams imas, rac xSirad aklia dResac axali<br />
demokratiebis politikosebs: ~ ar gadmovitanoT monurad is institutebi, romlebic<br />
amerikelebma Seqmnes TavisTvis, aramed ukeT gavigoT masSi is, rac Cven gvadgeba; ara<br />
imdenad davesesxoT magaliTebs, aramed ubralod Wkua viswavloT, xolo Tuki rames<br />
visesxebT, es iyos Tavad principebi, da ara kanonebis kerZo detalebi~. (gv.24). swored<br />
amitomaa, rom tokvili swavlobs institutebs maT diskursul mniSvnelobebTan, anu<br />
legitimaciis sawyisebTan erTad.<br />
is, rasac tokvili xedavs amerikaSi, da rac misTvis aRmoCenaa, aris demokratiuli<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> — <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba evropuli<br />
aristokratiuli sazogadoebebisgan, da demokratia, romelsac qmnis es <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>.<br />
tokvili cdilobs iyos obieqturi da miukerZoeblad aRweros is, rasac xedavs. mas Tan<br />
moswons da aRafrTovanebs es axali, gansxvavebuli amerikuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, Tan<br />
aSinebs da afrTxobs bevri misi Tviseba. kerZod, da mTavari, rac unda aRvniSnoT, aris<br />
misi SiSi `demokratiuli tiraniisa~, romelic demokratiul sazogadoebebSi SeiZleba<br />
damyardes. am saSiSroebis saanalizod tokvili iyenebs Tavisuflebisa da<br />
27
Tanasworobis Rirebulebriv dapirispirebas amerikelTa cnobierebasa da praqtikaSi.<br />
`Tavisufali demokratiis~ dapirispireba `demokratiul tiraniasTan~<br />
momdinareobs iqidan, rom tokvili mkafiod asxvavebs da upirispirebs erTmaneTs<br />
Tanasworobasa da Tavisuflebas. umravlesobis batonoba, rac demokratiuli<br />
xalxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba gadaiqces tiraniad, Tuki mas adamianTa<br />
Tavisufleba daaklda.<br />
amerikis politikuri wyobis erTaderTi sawyisia xalxis mmarTvelobis principi. es<br />
wyoba uaRresad demokratiulia, xolo amerikelebis mdgomareoba bevri gagebiT<br />
Tanasworia, da es Tanasworoba, tokvilis aRweriT, aris ara marto uflebrivi<br />
Tanasworoba (SesaZleblobaTa, negatiur TavisuflebaTa Tanasworoba), aramed<br />
faqtobrivi `siTanabre~, msgavseba rogorc qonebrivi, aseve inteleqtualuri.<br />
istoriulad ise Camoyalibda amerikuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, rom mosaxleobis did masebs<br />
gaaCniaT met-naklebad erTnairi SesaZleblobebi awarmoon ekonomikuri saqmianoba da<br />
SeiZinon codna, da eziaron profesiul saqmianobas, romelsac misdevs umravlesoba.<br />
amdenad, aristokratiuli elitebi metad dasustebulia, Tu ara gamqrali. maT ara aqvT<br />
arc qonebrivi da arc inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvani roli; wodebrivi da<br />
ojaxuri gavlenebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si ar SeimCneva. amerika aris is qveyana, romlis<br />
moqalaqeni msoflioSi yvelaze Tanabaria Tavisi qonebrivi da inteleqtualuri<br />
ganviTarebiT.<br />
bunebrivia, rom amgvari Tanasworoba (siTanabre) badebs politikur<br />
Tanasworobasac. magram politikuri Tanasworobis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an<br />
yvela moqalaqes mieces Tanabari politikuri ufleba, an aravis ar mieces.<br />
`Tavisuflebis miRweva~, tokvilis mixedviT, `ar Seadgens adamianTa cxovrebis<br />
mTavar da mudmiv mizans; erTaderTi, rac maT usazRvrod uyvarT, aris Tanasworoba~<br />
(gv.61). amerikelebma moaxerxes iseTi Tanasworobis miRweva, rodesac xalxis<br />
mmarTveloba SenarCunebulia. es, tokvilis mixedviT, ukavSirdeba maT miswrafebas da<br />
unars rom mudmivad Seqmnan gaerTianebebi da imoqmedon koleqtiurad. sxvanairad<br />
Tanasworobis mdgomareobaSi myof adamianebs cal-calke arc erTs ar eqneboda<br />
sakmarisi Zala, rom Tavi daecva mmarTvelebis tiraniisgan.<br />
gaerTianebaTa Seqmnis Tavisufleba, amdenad, erT-erTi fuZemdebluri<br />
Tavisuflebaa, romelsac moaqvs, sayovelTao xmis uflebasTan erTad, Tavisufali<br />
demokratiuli mowyoba. mis gareSe, da adamianTa mudmivi sazogadoebrivi aqtiobis<br />
gareSe igive Tanasworoba Tavisuflebis wyaro ar iqneboda.<br />
tokvilis aRweraSi, amerikelebis cxovrebaSi politikur saqmianobas uzarmazari<br />
adgili ukavia. `sazogadoebis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba da masze laparaki - es aris<br />
amerikelisTvis yvelaze mTavari saqmianoba da yvelaze didi siamovneba~ (gv. 191).<br />
sajaro Sexvedrebi, klubebi, partiebi — yvelaferi es duRs da muSaobs. `uwyveti<br />
saqmianoba politikur sferoSi, romelic demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi<br />
Cndeba, Semdeg gadadis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> cxovrebaSic. SesaZlebelia, sabolood, swored<br />
amaSi mdgomareobs demokratiis ZiriTadi upiratesoba. misi ZiriTadi faseuloba ara<br />
isaa, rasac is Tavad akeTebs, aramed is, rac keTdeba misi wyalobiT~ (gv.191).<br />
amdenad, tokvilisTvis demokratia kargia ara imitom, rom demokratiuli<br />
mTavrobebi kargad muSaoben (rac saTuoa), aramed mis mTavar miRwevas misi gverdiTi<br />
produqti warmoadgens — is gavlena, romelsac xalxze axdens mmarTvelobaSi<br />
monawileobis mudmivi praqtika. aseTi xalxi ufro ganaTlebulia da energiuli. es ki,<br />
saboloo jamSi, aviTarebs ekonomikas. aq laparakia swored `Tavisufal demokratiaze~<br />
tokvilis terminologiiT, an `liberalur demokratiaze~, Tuki dResdReobiT ufro<br />
28
miRebul cnebebs gamoviyenebT. liberaluri demokratia, amdenad, SesaZloa naklebad<br />
sasurveli iyos erTpirovnul mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT, tokvilis mixedviT,<br />
moklevadian perspeqtivaSi (vinaidan erTi mmarTveli SeiZleba saukeTeso mmarTveli<br />
aRmoCndes, xolo demokratiis gziT mxolod mmarTvelobis saSualo done miiRweva),<br />
magram igebs grZelvadiani ganviTarebis Tvalsawieridan. da es mogeba swored mis<br />
sazogadoebriv, da ara uSualod politikur zegavlenas ukavSirdeba.<br />
magram am sayovelTao politikur CarTulobas da Tanasworobaze dafuZnebul<br />
umravlesobis batonobas, romelic amerikaSi usazRvroa, SeiZleba mohyves<br />
ganukiTxaoba, da misi SemzRudveli araferi iarsebebs. aranairi meqanizmi, romelic<br />
daicavs adamians umravlesobis ganukiTxaobisgan, ar arsebobs. gansakuTrebiT ki,<br />
gausaZlisia umravlesobis, anu sazogadoebrivi azris batonoba. ~ me ar vicnob arc erT<br />
qveyanas~, ambobs tokvili, `sadac saboloo jamSi sulieri Tavisufleba da sityvis<br />
Tavisufleba imdenad SezRuduli yofiliyo, rogorc amerikaSi~. umravlesobis<br />
tirania am mxriv bevrad ufro srulia, vidre nebismieri monarqiuli wyobis tirania, da<br />
Tundac espanuri inkvizicia. sazogadoebrivi azri, amdenad, tokvilTan, warmoCindeba<br />
misi uzarmazari ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia (zogjer) azrovnebis Tavisuflebis<br />
sapirispirod. mas mere, rac sazogadoebrivi azri raime sakiTxze <strong>for</strong>mirebulia,<br />
iSviaTad Tu gabedavs vinme sajarod sapirispiro azris gamoTqmas. (komentari:<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri tokviliseul amerikaSi marTavs, is ar aris ubralod `sadarajo<br />
ZaRli~, romelic Tavisi kritikuli potencialiT sazRvars udebs mmarTvelTa<br />
TviTnebobas. am mxriv amerikuli diskursi gansxvavdeba Semdgom saukuneebSi evropaSi<br />
Camoyalibebuli sajaro diskursisgan. es xdeba imitom, rom imdroindel amerikaSi ar<br />
arsebobs mmarTvelobiTi pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili aristokratia, socialurad<br />
gansxvavebuli fena, romelic <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis miRma arsebobs. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aq marTavs — ara marto im gagebiT, rom irCevs ama Tu im politikur<br />
elitebs arCevnebis gziT, aramed imiTac, rom mudmivad iRebs mmarTvelobaze<br />
pasuxismgeblobas da ar ixsnis am pasuxismgeblobas im motiviT, rom is arCeul<br />
moxeleebze gadaitanos).<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris es uzarmazari Zala warmoudgenelia aristokratiul<br />
sazogadoebebSi. da aq pirvel planze gamodis sxvaoba aristokratiul xalxebsa da<br />
demokratiul xalxebs Soris, romlebic (es ukanasknelebi) Tanasworobis principebzea<br />
agebuli. individualizmi, romelsac tokvili demokratiuli sazogadoebebis<br />
warmoqmnas ukavSirebs, es aris ara marto struqturuli (socialuri) axleburi<br />
mowyobis maCvenebeli, aramed pirovnebis identurobis <strong>for</strong>mirebis gansxvavebuli<br />
stili. aristokratiul sazogadoebebSi adamianis identurobis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi CarTulia<br />
misi klasobrivi da statusuri mikuTvnebuloba, misi kavSirebi winaprebTan da<br />
valdebulebebi momaval TaobaTa winaSe. klasi aristokratiul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si patara<br />
samSoblos rols asrulebs. demokratiul sazogadoebebSi ki, adamianebi ufro axdenen<br />
TviTidentifikacias mTel kacobriobasTan, da ara konkretul socialur jgufTan.<br />
adamiani emansipirebulia rogorc warsulisgan, aseve momavlisgan, drois<br />
SemakavSirebeli ZarRvi wydeba da adamianebi ufro gulgrilebi xdebian erTmaneTis<br />
mimarT. maTi identuroba, amdenad, xdeba ufro `deskriptuli~ vidre `askriptuli~.<br />
sazogadoebis es gaTiSuloba da `masobrioba~ (ufro gviandeli avtorebis<br />
terminologiiT) despotiis saukeTeso sawyisia, Tu ar arsebobs Zalisxmeva saerTo<br />
saqmeTa sakeTeblad.<br />
`rodesac saxelmwifos marTavs sazogadoebrivi azri, yvela adamians esmis<br />
sazogadoebrivi aRiarebis mniSvneloba, da TiToeuli cdilobs miaRwios mas, cdilobs<br />
daimsaxuros imaTi pativiscema da keTilganwyoba, romelTa Soris man unda icxovros~<br />
29
(gv.376) da es aris sazogadoebrivi azrisa da politikur Tavisuflebis Sinagani<br />
kavSiri, romelic amarcxebs Tanasworobis naklovanebebs Tavisuflebis ZaliT.<br />
tokvilis nawerebSi Tanasworoba, amdenad, ufro ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis<br />
modernizacias, da ara mis demokratizacias am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT. tokvilis<br />
demokratia, anu Tanasworoba (egalitaruli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>) SeiZleba iyos rogorc<br />
liberaluri, aseve totalitaruli. es brwyinvale ganWvretaa im momavlisa, romelic<br />
tokvilis Semdgom saukunes iCens Tavs: modernizaciam, cxovrebis pirobebis<br />
TanasworobasTan erTad, moitana ori tipis `demokratiebis~ warmoqmna — dasavluri,<br />
liberaluri da sabWouri totalitaruli (aseve faSisturi germania). es dapirispireba<br />
liberalur da araliberalur demokratiebs Soris dResac aris aqtualuri, vinaidan<br />
ukavSirdeba demokratizacias iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebic Tavisi struqturiT<br />
aranairad ar arian demokratiulebi, an iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebic, piriqiT,<br />
demokratiulia, magram Tavisuflebis tradicia ara aqvs.<br />
oRond aq ar unda davuSvaT terminologiuri Secdoma. Tanasworoba tokvilTan<br />
upirispirdeba Tavisuflebas, romelsac sayovelTao xmis ufleba da sayovelTao<br />
politikuri uflebebi uzrunvelyofen. anu sayovelTao arCevnebi demokratiis<br />
nawilad ki ar ganixileba, aramed mis liberalur komponentad. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom<br />
`saarCevni demokratiebi~ (`minimaluri~, `araliberaluri~ demokratiebi) ukve<br />
Tavisufalia tikviliseuli terminologiiT?<br />
rac Seexeba sabWoTa totalitarul reJims, romelSiac pirovneba sruliad<br />
damonebuli iyo umravlesobis mier, misi am niSniT Sedarebisas liberalur<br />
demokratiasTan tikviliseuli terminologiis gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. rac<br />
Seexeba `minimalur demokratiebs~, sadac tardeba sayovelTao arCevnebi, xom ar arian<br />
isini swored `Tavisufali~ tokvilis gagebiT?<br />
postsabWoTa sivrce waagavs tokviliseul demokratiul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
modernizirebulobis doniT, ris gamoc mas aristokratiuli sazogadoebis niSnebi<br />
aRara aqvs. amis garda, marTalia, masSi sayovelTao arCevnebic tardeba, magram unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom tokvili ar asaxelebs uSualod arCevnebs rogorc<br />
Tavisuflebis pirobas. is ambobs, rom Tavisuflebis sawindaria moqalaqeTa<br />
monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi, mudmivi CarTuloba, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> da politikuri aqtioba<br />
da gaerTianebis unari. es ki, Tavis mxriv, arsebobs maSin, rodesac arsebobs<br />
xelisuflebis arCeviToba. anu <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> (da politikuri) sazogadoebebia<br />
Tavisuflebis sawindari, da ara uSualod arCevnebi. Tuki arCevnebi tardeba, magram<br />
mosaxleoba atomizirebulia da pasiuri (rogorc es postsabWoTa sivrceSi xdeba),<br />
xelisufleba iseve advilad daamyarebs batonobas TiToeulze, rogorc arCevnebis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi.<br />
amdenad, `socialuri kapitali~, romelzedac laparakobs patnemi, icavs<br />
amerikelebs umravlesobis tiraniisgan, tokvilis mixedviT. socialuri kapitalis<br />
ararseboba axal demokratiebSi saSiSia, vinaidan umravlesobis batonobas xdis<br />
despoturs da tiraniuls.<br />
literatura:<br />
Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159,<br />
177-178, 190-203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388<br />
30
leqcia 5<br />
Tanamedrove Teoriebi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos<br />
Sesaxeb sajaro da kerZo politikur azrovnebaSi<br />
adam seligmanis mixedviT, kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis cnebebi, iseve rogorc<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cneba, dResdReobiT isev gaxda aqtualuri, da aris uamravi<br />
wignis, statiis, konferenciisa da simpoziumis sagani. Tumca ki, es cnebebi an ideebi<br />
axali ar aris da adrec ukve iyo gamoyenebuli anTropologTa, politikuri<br />
mecnierebis specialistTa da sociologTa naSromebSi. `dawyebuli hanna arendtis<br />
naSromiT `Vita Activa” (1958), SemdgomSi Carlz maieris gavleniani tomiT `sajarosa da<br />
kerZos sazRvrebi” (1987) da damTavrebuli inglisur enaze iurgen habermasis `sajaro<br />
sferos struqturuli trans<strong>for</strong>maciis” publikaciiT (1989, romelmac mTavari roli<br />
Seasrula mkvlevarTa yuradRebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSi), kerZosa da<br />
sazogadoebrivis cnebebi samecniero wreebSi sul ufro gamokveTili da prestiJuli<br />
xdeba”.<br />
am cnebebs sxvadasxva naSromebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da ganmarteba eZleva.<br />
magaliTi im winaaRmdegobriobisa, romelic arsebul midgomebs axasiaTebs, SeiZleba<br />
aRmovaCinoT kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis arendtiseul xedvaSi; misi gagebiT isini<br />
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi iwyeben gaqrobas `socialuris aRzevebasTan” erTad.<br />
`socialuris aRzeveba” aris termini, romelic mas moaqvs swored im sxvaobis<br />
dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad, romelic manamde (magaliTad, antikurobis xanaSi) kerZosa da<br />
sazogadoebrivs Soris arsebobda. arendti winaaRmdegobaSi modis sxva TeoretikosTa<br />
naSromebis umetesobasTan, marqsiT dawyebuli da habermasiT damTavrebuli,<br />
romelTagan yvela swored meTvramete saukunesa da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi<br />
kulturis sawyisebSi pouloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebs Soris gansxvavebis<br />
warmoqmnis sawyisebs — im gansxvavebisa, romlis dakninebas arendti imave<br />
(Tanamedroveobis) periodSi aTavsebs.<br />
sazogadoebrivisa da kerZos gaazrebis SesaniSnav safuZvles qmnis norberto bobio<br />
Tavis klasikur naSromSi `sazogadoebrivi da kerZo/ didi diqotomia”, sadac is am<br />
cnebebis klasificirebas axdens Tanasworoba/ uTanasworobis da (mTelisa da<br />
nawilebis mimarTebis)/(nawilebs Soris urTierTobis) fardobiT terminebSi. misi sqema<br />
daaxloebiT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
uTanasworoba<br />
urTierTobebi:<br />
nawilebsa da mTels Soris<br />
RmerTi<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
ojaxi<br />
kerZo<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
urTierTobebi:<br />
nawilebs Soris<br />
Zmebi<br />
tomi<br />
megobrebi<br />
moqalaqeebi<br />
mtrebi<br />
cxadia, es diqotomiebi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc idealuri tipebi,<br />
romelbic politikis TeoriaSia gamosadegi. `rogorc ki vcdebiT politikuri<br />
filosofiis sferosa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebs vexebiT, - ambobs seligmani<br />
- masSi problemebs vawydebiT. ase, RmerTsa da adamians Soris urTierTobebi, Tumca ki,<br />
31
namdvilad uTanasworoa da mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebasTan SesabamisobaSi imyofeba,<br />
aseve xSirad ganisazRvreba sindisis kerZo xasiaTisa da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, saxlis an<br />
sxva ganmartoebis adgilebis privatulobis konteqstSi. ojaxi, analogiurad,<br />
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi kerZo sferoSi Sevida, xolo saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv,<br />
CarTuli aRmoCnda kerZo cxovrebis da problemebis regulirebaSi. dayofis meore<br />
svets Tu davakvirdebiT, urTierToba Zmebs Soris mxolod zogierT kulturaSia<br />
Tanaswori, xolo sxvebSi ara. tomobriv sazogadoebebSi naTesauri kavSirebis sistema<br />
SeiZleba an Tanasworobis, da an ierarqiis principebs eyrdnobodes, da erTs meoresTan<br />
analitikuri upiratesoba ara aqvs. megobroba, rogorc TanasworTa ara<strong>for</strong>maluri<br />
urTierToba, aseve uaRresad Tanamedrove movlenaa, metad gansxvavebuli variaciebiT<br />
kulturebisa da istoriuli periodebis mixedviT. is, rac mainc rCeba bobios<br />
ganmartebisgan, aris principuli da Rrmaazrovani gaigiveba sajarosi - mTelisa da<br />
nawilebis urTierTobasTan, xolo kerZosi — nawilebs Soris urTierTobasTan”.<br />
bobios ganmarteba upirispirebs erTmaneTs or sawyiss <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
adamianTa Soris ndobis Seqmnisa. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi am ndobas (da,<br />
faqtobrivad, eTikas) qmnis kerZo sfero, (is kerZo sfero, romelsac bobio<br />
gansazRvravs rogorc nawilebs Soris urTierTobis <strong>for</strong>mas), maSin roca ufro Zvel<br />
tradiciaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobda ara ndoba pirovnebebs Soris, aramed<br />
institucionalizebuli urTierTobebis normebi, sajaro sferoSi miRebuli qcevis<br />
modelebi, mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebis morali (moralisa da eTikis hegeliseuli<br />
gansxvavebis terminebSi).<br />
mokled mimovixiloT politikuri azrovnebis is ori tradicia, `romelTa<br />
moraluri imperativebi uSualod ukavSirdeba kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis am or<br />
metad gansxvavebul sferos da romlebic, Sesabamisad, gasuli ori aswleulis<br />
msvlelobaSi, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis bazisad urTierTobebis an erTsa, da an meore<br />
simravles iazrebdnen. SeviswavloT kerZo/sazogadoebrivis problemis rolis<br />
garkveuli momentebi politikur da moralur filosofiaSi.” seligmanis mtkicebiT,<br />
Tuki Cven SeviswavliT or politikur tradicias, romlebsac mokled davarqmevT<br />
`moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis” da `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis” tradiciebs, Cven<br />
aRmovaCenT kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis - rogorc saTnoebisa da zneobis wyaroebis -<br />
or metad gansxvavebul versias. am ori politikuri xedvisTvis moralisa da zneobrivi<br />
wesrigis ma<strong>for</strong>mirebeli mTavari urTierTobebi metad gansxvavebul simravleebs<br />
Seadgenen — erTia urTierTobebi nawilebsa da mTels Soris, xolo meore —<br />
urTierTobebi nawilebs Soris.<br />
anu arsebobs ori tradicia, romelic orive <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis <strong>for</strong>mirebas<br />
exeba, da swored im mis elements, romlis `gaqrobasac” emduris arendti Tavis<br />
naSromSi — kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis, maTi cal-calke da erTad arsebobis<br />
elementi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi ara romelime erT tradiciaze aqcentis gakeTeba, aramed orive<br />
tradiciis brZola erTmaneTTan politikur velSi. SesaZlebelia, arendti, iseve<br />
rogorc bevri sxva Tanamedrove respublikeli moazrovne, aRniSnavs ubralod erTi —<br />
liberaluri — tradiciis zedmetad gaZlierebas mere — respublikuri tradiciis<br />
sapirispirod, Tumca ki aq frTxilad unda viyoT, vinaidan masobrivi sazogadoebebi,<br />
romlebzedac arendti laparakobs, swored postliberalurad arian ganxiluli bevr<br />
avtorTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am tradiciebis ganurCevloba, ufro SeiZleba<br />
ukavSirdebodes masobrivi sazogadoebis fenomens, vidre maTi sruli waSla. `orive<br />
tradicia myaradaa Caqsovili dasavleT evropis inteleqtualur tradiciaSi,<br />
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinaSi, Zveli saberZneTisa da respublikuri romis<br />
32
politikur filosofiebsa da saxeebSi. orivem Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli adreuli<br />
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, rodesac feodaluri wesrigisa da universaluri kaTolikuri<br />
eklesiis rRvevas moyva sazogadoebrivi mowyobis axali bazisis Zieba. orive<br />
gansxvavebuli (da xSirad gadaxlarTuli <strong>for</strong>miT) gagrZelda meTvramete — da<br />
garkveulwilad mecxramete — saukuneebSi sxvadasxva moazrovneTa naSromebSi, rac<br />
aZnelebs sakiTxis sruli istoriis gadmocemas. orive miiswrafis Seqmnas safuZveli<br />
imisTvis, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `moraluri erToba” rogorc socialuri cxovrebis<br />
safuZveli. da orive tradiciaSi `Rirsebis (saTnoebis, virtue)” idea warmoidgineba<br />
amgvari erTobis sakvanZo elementad.”<br />
`<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> iyo ufro anglo-amerikuli tradicia, romelic yvelaze<br />
mkafiodaa gamokveTili iseT moazrovneebTan, rogorebic arian frensis hatCesoni,<br />
jon milari, hag bleri (Hugh Blair), adam fergiusoni da adam smiti, romlebsac Cven<br />
Sotlandiur ganmanaTleblobasTan vakavSirebT. sapirispirod, Rirseuli<br />
moqalaqeobis tradicia Tavisi bunebiT ufro kontinenturi xasiaTisaa, da uSualo<br />
asociaciebs iwvevs iseT avtorebTan, rogorebicaa makiaveli da Jan-Jak ruso.<br />
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ufro axlosaa Zveli saberZneTisa da romis<br />
politikur filosofiasTan da, am mxriv, ufro `Zvelmoduria”. iRebs ra Zvel qalaq —<br />
saxelmwifoebs rogorc respublikuri Rirsebis models, is iswrafvoda (da garkveuli<br />
mniSvnelobiT kvlavac iswrafvis) daubrundes moqalaqeobis im gansazRvrebas,<br />
romelic aTenis polissa Tu romis respublikas edo safuZvlad. is amgvarad cdilobs<br />
daubrundes kacis, rogorc moqalaqis cnebas, rodesac, aristoteles mixedviT, kacis<br />
(da dResdReobiT qalisac), daniSnuleba unda ganTavsebuliyo politikuri saqmianobis<br />
sferoSi da mxolod masSi.”<br />
sapirispirod, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis idea, rogorc minimum im saxiT, ra saxiTac<br />
is ganviTarda Sotlandiel moralistebTan meTvramete saukuneSi, sul sxva sawyisebs<br />
efuZneboda. maTi azrovneba ufro kargad miesadaga im cvlilebebs, romlebic<br />
kapitalizmis da bazris ganviTarebas mohyveboda adamianTa urTierTobebSi — imas,<br />
rasac adam smiti aRwerda: urTierTgagebis, erTobisa da kooperirebis (da, amdenad,<br />
sabolood, Rirsebis) axali safuZvlebis Seqmnis amocanas, maTTvis Zveli sawyisebi<br />
solidarobisa da sazogadoebis qsovilis <strong>for</strong>mirebisa meTvramete saukunis<br />
komerciul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si sul ufro saeWvo xdeboda.<br />
`meTvramete saukunis bolo mesamedisTvis, da ufro mkafiod mecxramete saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis tradicia iwyebs moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis<br />
tradiciis adgilis dakavebas. . . sociologiuri terminebiT zneobrivi wesrigis<br />
gansxvavebuli koncefciebi SeiZleba ganimartos solidarobis gansxvavebuli cnebebis<br />
meSveobiT, sadac moraluri grZnoba Sesabamisad iqneba sazogadoebrivi an kerZo<br />
moralis funqcia.<br />
Cemi azriT, seligmani respublikuri tradiciis daxasiaTebisas, da kerZod, rusos<br />
naazrevis gadmocemisas, garkveul Secdomas uSvebs, rodesac am midgomas diurkhemis<br />
meqanikuri solidarobis modelTan aigiveebs. kargad unda gavigoT rusos midgomis<br />
erTi aspeqti: respublikuri ideebi, romlebsac is ayalibebs, aranairad ar aris<br />
tradicionalisturi ideebi. moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ar niSnavs pirovnebis<br />
meqanikur daqvemdebarebas volontй gйnйrale-isadmi. marTalia, rusos mixedviT,<br />
moqalaqeTa erToba xdeba uzenaesi pirovnebis nebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, unda<br />
eqvemdebarebodes saerTo nebas, xolo TiToeuli moqalaqe mTelis nawili xdebodes,<br />
magram aq yvelaze mTavaria is, rom ruso mkafiod asxvavebs sayovelTao da yvelas nebas.<br />
yvelas nebas is mxolod kerZo nebaTa erT-erT nairsaxeobad ixilavs, da am nebebs<br />
legitimurad miiCnevs iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, romlebic mimdinare da viwro<br />
33
sferoebs exeba. magram rac Seexeba maRali, sakanonmdeblo donis sakiTxebs, aq<br />
gadawyvetilebebis legitimacia ekuTvnis uklebliv yvelas, da ara umravlesobas, da<br />
ara yvelas nebas. es sayovelTao neba unda moicavdes umciresobebsac da TiToeul<br />
adamiansac, da mxolod am SemTxvevaSi <strong>for</strong>mirdeba is, rasac is volontй gйnйrale-s uwodebs.<br />
rusos es midgoma kargad Cans, agreTve, mis msjelobaSi religiis Sesaxeb. religia,<br />
rusos mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos orgvari. Sesabamisad, is sxvadasxva rols SeiZleba<br />
asrulebdes socialuri kontraqtis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi. erT SemTxvevaSi religia SeiZleba<br />
iyos <strong>samoqalaqo</strong>, kerZo sferos nawili, da am mxriv universalisturi da xelSemwyobi<br />
respublikis arsebobisTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi; is xdeba sajaro sferos<br />
ma<strong>for</strong>mirebeli, da, amdenad, partikularistuli, anu ayalibebs im urTierTobebs,<br />
romlebic mxolod mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis, mocemuli droisTvis aris<br />
damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
anu rusoseuli morali, marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sferos arealSi iqmneba, magram<br />
iqmneba TviT moqalaqeebis mier, da ara arsebobs maTi kontrolis miRma, rogorc es<br />
SeiZleba totalitarul sazogadoebebSi xdebodes.<br />
adam smiti da sxva warmomadgenlebi e.w. `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis” tradiciisa,<br />
gansxvavebiT rusosgan, arian dainteresebuli ara imdenad erToblivi nebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mirebiT, da amgvarad, sazogadoebrivi sferos warmoqmniT, aramed adamianTa Soris<br />
urTierTobaTa regulirebiT rRvevadi socialuri wesrigis fonze (sabazro<br />
meqanizmebis gavlena). maTi interesia im sivrcis <strong>for</strong>mireba, sadac SesaZlebelia axali,<br />
arameqanikuri solidaroba adamianebs Soris. anu, rusos ar ainteresebs ubralod,<br />
intersubieqturi urTierTobebis problema, romelsac is politikuri sferos gareT<br />
tovebs. smits, misgan gansxvavebiT, naklebad ainteresebs mimarTeba saxelmwifosTan,<br />
da ufro — harmoniuli sazogadoebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis idea maSin, rodesac kapitalizmis<br />
gavleniT <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m TiTqos atomizacia SeiZleba ganicados.<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi adam smitis Teoria da; zogadad, sabazro ekonomika mxolod<br />
erTi Tvalsawieridan ganixileboda — rogorc racionaluri instrumentuli qmedebis<br />
sabazro urTierTobebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis Teoria, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo moralisa<br />
da zneobis sakiTxebTan. anu bazari — es aris racionaluri moqmedebis sfero, sadac<br />
individualisturi midgomebi batonobs, da araferia darCenili adamianTa<br />
solidarobis da urTierTmimarTebis sferodan. bolo wlebSi xdeba am midgomis<br />
gadasinjva. nel-nela cxadi xdeba, rom sabazro ekonomika aris metad mtkice zneobriv<br />
normebze damyarebuli wesrigi, da am normebis gareSe is ver iarsebebs. anu is ar aris<br />
ekonomikuri mimocvlis erTaderTi abstragirebuli da racionaluri wesi. magaliTad,<br />
mafiozuri da klanuri sistema aseve abstraqtulia da racionaluri, magram is<br />
urTierTobaTa sul sxva models eyrdnoba. universalisturi eTika, romelic smitisa<br />
da fergiusonis adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis safuZvelSi devs, qmnis im <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebebs, romlebic liberalur individualistur tradicias Seefereba.<br />
Tuki rusosTvis saerTo nebis wyaros `yvela” warmoadgenda, smitisTvis am wyaros<br />
warmoadgens `erTi” — miukerZoebeli, ganze mdgomi damkvirvebeli, romelic<br />
aRWurvilia sakuTari, Sinagani sindisis safuZvleze gansjis unariT. amdenad,<br />
legitimacia xdeba damokidebuli individebis, erTeulebis mier imis aRqmaze, Tu ra<br />
aris samarTliani.<br />
aq Cndeba saTnoebis, socialuri Tanaziarebis da saerTo sikeTis modeli, romelic<br />
metad gansxvavebulia im sxvadasxvagvari moazrovneebis modelebisgan, visac Cven<br />
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicias mivakuTvnebT. am tradiciaSi sazogadoebrivi<br />
sikeTe aRemateba yvela kerZo interess da sabolood efuZneba kerZo interesis<br />
daZlevas saerTo sazrunavis sasargeblod. es ar aris ubralod moqalaqeobrivi<br />
34
suliskveTeba, aramed kacobriobis imgvari xedva, romelic sajaro saqmianobas xedavs<br />
erTaderT SesaZleblobad kerZo moqalaqis TviTidenturobis realizebisa da<br />
dakmayofilebisa. amis sapirispirod, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis tradiciaSi eTikuri<br />
idea aris kerZo saqme, realizebuli individualuri socialuri aqtorebis gulebSi,<br />
gonebaSi da gacvlis aqtebSi. politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciis<br />
Taviseburebebi Sejamebulia — garkveulwilad sqematurad - Semdeg tabulaSi.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
Rirseuli moqalaqeoba<br />
saTnoebis sfero kerZo sazogadoebrivi<br />
saTnoebis<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
saTnoebis meqanizmebi<br />
moraluri grZnobebi;<br />
bunebrivi simpaTia,<br />
yuradReba, /<br />
miukerZoebeli<br />
damkvirvebeli<br />
gaziarebuli erToba<br />
volontй gйnйrale<br />
pirovnulobis modeli dayofili (da, amdenad),<br />
refleqsuri (SedarebiT<br />
diferencirebuli)<br />
pirovnuli orientacia Sinagani<br />
<strong>for</strong>mirebulia<br />
koleqtiuri SegnebiT<br />
(conscience collective)<br />
(SedarebiT<br />
aradiferencirebuli)<br />
garegani<br />
wyaro: seligmani<br />
seligmanis mixedviT, da es Sefaseba unda gaviziaroT, `kamaTi, romelic<br />
mimdinareobs moqalaqeobis liberalur da respublikur versiebs Soris sxva araferia,<br />
Tu ara Tanamedrove versia politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis, individisa da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sapirispiro<br />
xedvebis. liberaluri (an, rasac Carlz teilorma `proceduruli” uwoda) Teoria<br />
ixilavs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s moralurad avtonomiuri individebis nakrebad, romelTagan<br />
TiToeuls aqvs kargi cxovrebis sakuTari xedva, sazogadoebis funqcia ki,<br />
Semofarglulia am individebis samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, rac<br />
miiRweva sajaro sivrceSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procedurulad samarTliani (an<br />
wesieri) demokratiuli procesiT. es Teoria ufro zrunavs samarTlianobis<br />
universalurad validuri principebis uwyveti funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze,<br />
vidre sazogadoebis Semadgeneli raime individualuri socialuri aqtorebis<br />
konkretuli kerZo moraluri xedvis win wamowevaze.<br />
moqalaqeobis respublikuri versia, amis sawinaaRmdegod, win wevs sazogadoebis<br />
rogorc saerTo sikeTis miRwevaze orientirebuli `moraluri erTobis” cnebas,<br />
romlis ontologiuri statusi win uswrebs nebismieri individualuri wevris statuss.<br />
Semdgomi ganmartebis gareSec advilia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebul<br />
amgvar gansxvavebul SexedulebebSi SevamCnioT gamoZaxilebi (odnav modificirebuli)<br />
smitis da rusos nawerebze.<br />
35
Zola socialuri mowyobisa da solidarobis axali principebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mulirebisTvis postkomunistur sazogadoebebSi, seligmanis azriT, mcdarad<br />
efuZneba dapirispirebas im principebs Soris, romlebic uxeSad SeiZleba davaxasiaToT<br />
rogorc `demosi” da `eTnosi” da romlebic aq ganxiluli modelebisgan erTs an meores<br />
efuZneba.<br />
nebismieri mocemuli politia SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara ubralod am oridan<br />
romelime erTi modelis gaziarebiT, aramed orives SezavebiT, da amdenad, erTobisa da<br />
solidarobis safuZvlebis diferencirebuli <strong>for</strong>mulirebiT, iseve rogorc<br />
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebisa da valdebulebebis.<br />
ruso: respublikuri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
rusos naSromi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ramodenime damatebiT komentars<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
rusos sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba mTlianad agebulia idealuri tipebis<br />
dapirispirebebze: <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da bunebrivi wesrigi; yvelas neba da<br />
sayovelTao neba; mflobeloba da sakuTreba; <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> da ara<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> religia;<br />
da a.S. ase: `. . . aucilebelia mxolod Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad gamovlenili<br />
mflobeloba, an pirveli dampyroblis ubralo ufleba, ganvasxvaoT sakuTrebisgan,<br />
romelic mxolod dadebiT uflebas SeiZleba efuZnebodes”. mflobelobasa da<br />
sakuTrebas Soris aq dafiqsirebuli gansxvaveba yofiT viTarebaSi SeiZleba<br />
umniSvnelod mogveCvenos, da Tuki arasakmarisad seriozulad da analitikurad<br />
mivudgebiT socialur mecnierebebs, da daviyvanT maT yofiTi (politikuri) Jargonis<br />
doneze, maT Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba gamogvrCes kidec (yuradReba ar mivaqcioT).<br />
magram, Tuki am sxvaobas gavSliT da yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom<br />
mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli buneba da xasiaTi sinamdvileSi aris<br />
dasavluri sabazro ekonomikasa da aradasavluri arasabazro (Crdilovani)<br />
ekonomikebs Soris sxvaobis sawyisi, romelic aramcTu Teoriulia, aramed gamoisaxeba<br />
TvalnaTliv uzarmazar sxvaobaSi (gansxvavebulobaSi) ekonomikuri mwarmoeblurobis,<br />
uTanasworobisa da simdidris mxriv.<br />
anu amgvari dakvirvebebi, rogoricaa mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis erTmaneTisgan<br />
garCeva, sulac ar aris sityvebiT TamaSi. mniSvnelovania, rusos mixedviT, is, rom<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> mdgomareoba cvlis bunebriv mdgomareobas, da es ukavSirdeba adamianTa<br />
qcevaSi marTlmsajulebis principze gadasvlas instiqtebze dafuZnebuli qcevis<br />
sapirispirod. sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, romelic iqmneba erTeulTa Zalebis SejamebiT,<br />
bevrad aRemateba SesakrebTa martiv jams, da TiToeuli wevris SesaZleblobebsac<br />
zrdis, anu bunebrivi mdgomareobidan <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> mdgomareobaze gadasvla<br />
aranulovanjamovania.<br />
(komentari: politikuri Teoriebi xSirad iyeneben TamaSTa Teoriis<br />
terminologias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moitana politikur mecnierebaSi racionaluri<br />
arCevanis midgomis gamoyenebam. zogierTi avtori politikas uyurebs rogorc<br />
aranuljamovan TamaSs, romlis drosac jami metia, vidre 0, anu yvela met-naklebad<br />
mogebuli rCeba ubralod imis gamo, rom monawileobs TamaSSi. arseboben sxva avtorebi,<br />
romlebisTvisac politika nulovanjamovania — erTis mogeba niSnavs sxvebis Sesabamis<br />
wagebas, xolo jamSi iqmneba nuli. respublikuri midgoma, rogorc wesi, arsebiTad<br />
aranuljamovania, da rusoc am mxriv tipuri magaliTia. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom<br />
arsebobs, agreTve, uaryofiTjamovani TamaSebic, rodesac yvela rCeba wagebuli<br />
36
(kazinos TamaSi). politikis es versia, rogorc wesi, ar ganixileba. mas waagavs,<br />
magaliTad, valerStainis msoflio sistemis Teoria, romelSiac periferiuli<br />
saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ageben, rac swored amgvari TamaSis Sedegebs waagavs.<br />
saerTod, rodesac saqme geqnebaT nulovanjamovan da aranulovanjamovan<br />
modelebTan, sasargebloa warmoidginoT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Wadrakis TamaSi, xolo<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi, maTematika. WadrakSi wagebul da mogebul qulaTa jami yovelTvis<br />
nolia, xolo mogeba — praqtikulad TviTmizani (da fexburTSic, aseve sxva sportul<br />
TamaSebSi). maTematikaSi mecnierebi aseve ejibrebian xolme erTmaneTs imaSi, Tu vin<br />
ufro adre daamtkicebs Teoremas da Seqmnis Teorias, (romelsac mere misi saxeli<br />
daerqmeva), magram erTis mogeba ar niSnavs imavdroulad sxvebis wagebas. vinaidan<br />
mecnieris migneba pozitiuri Senatania yvelas codnaSi, da is yvelas Tanabrad ergeba,<br />
mogebulia yvela, da saerTo procesi aris mecnierebis mzardi ganviTareba da codnis<br />
akumulireba. politikis versia, sadac politika aranuljamovania, da rodesac is<br />
nulovanjamovania, efuZneba kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis gansxvavebul mimarTebebs<br />
erTmaneTTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo laparaki.<br />
aseve, yvelas neba gansxvavdeba sayovelTao nebisgan. `sayovelTao neba mxolod<br />
saerTo nebas iTvaliswinebs, yvelas neba ki, rogorc calkeul adamianTa nebaTa<br />
erToblioba — kerZo interesebs”. rusos azriT, kerZo interesebis jami udris nols,<br />
anu isini abaTileben erTmaneTs, da is rac rCeba yvelas interesis SekrebiT, am<br />
gabaTilebis Semdeg, aris sayovelTao interesi. magram Tuki moxda ise, rom<br />
moqalaqeebma moaswres kerZo interesebis asociaciuri gaerTianeba manam, sanam<br />
sayovelTao nebis gamokveTamde mividoda saqme, maSin maTi preferenciebi Seicvleba,<br />
isini imoqmedeben rogorc kerZo pirebi, kerZo interesebis warmomadgenlebi, da<br />
gaimarjvebs kerZo interesi, da ara sayovelTao. amdenad, aucilebelia, moqalaqeebs an<br />
ar mieceT asociaciebSi gawevrianebis SesaZlebloba an amgvari asociaciebis ricxvi<br />
maqsimalurad gaizardos, raTa danawevrebulma kerZo interesebma mainc gaabaTilon<br />
erTmaneTi. sxva sityvebiT, erTeulebis jamad gadaqcevis Sedegi damokidebulia imaze,<br />
Tu ra gziT vajamebT Sesakrebebs. erT SemTxvevaSi Sedegi nulovanjamovania, xolo<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi — ara.<br />
sainteresoa, rom habermasi rusos akritikebs swored imisTvis, rom ruso,<br />
sayovelTao nebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis miseul TeoriaSi, ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas<br />
proceduras, anu moqalaqeTa msjelobas — is sayovelTao sikeTis warmoqnas<br />
garkveulwilad avtomaturad miiCnevs. magram aq moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom<br />
rusosTvis procedura sulas ar aris sulerTi, da is Sedegis raobas ganapirobebs.<br />
amasve (proceduris mniSvnelobas Sedegis raobis gansasazRvravad) ukavSirdeba<br />
sakiTxi, romelsac ruso aseve uTmobs yuradRebas — sajaro unda iyos Tu faruli<br />
kenWisyra gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. es sakiTxi sulac ar aris ubralo teqnikuri<br />
sakiTxi, am procedurebs Soris principuli sxvaoba arsebobs. iTvleba, rom faruli<br />
kenWisyra saWiroa, radgan daculi iyos rigiTi moqalaqeebi xelisuflebis zewolisgan.<br />
xolo xmis micema iyos Tavisufali. magram, garda amisa, adamiani, romelic moqmedebs<br />
sajarod, da adamiani, romelic farulad moqmedebs, gansxvavebul logikas miyvebian.<br />
sajaro qmedebaSi adamiani ver gamoamJRavnebs bevr iseT miswrafebas da interess,<br />
romelic samarcxvinoa da dasaZraxi sazogadoebis TvalSi. sajaro moqmedeba naklebad<br />
gulwrfelia am mxriv, vidre faruli.<br />
jon elsteri xazs usvams gansxvavebas sajaro da farul kenWisyrebs Soris,<br />
rodesac miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze Cveulebriv demokratiasa da e.w. deliberaciul<br />
(msjelobaze dafuZnebul) demokratias Soris. deliberaciuli demokratia — es aris<br />
Teoriuli konstruqcia, romelic aqtiurad ganixileba dasavluri inteleqtualebis<br />
37
mier, rogorc arsebuli institucionalizebuli liberaluri saarCevno demokratiis<br />
gaumjobesebis (gamosworebis) gza. aseT demokratiaSi politikuri sakiTxebi wydeba<br />
ara kenWisyriT, aramed Ria farTo msjelobiT, romelSiac yvela moqalaqe iRebs<br />
monawileobas (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia CaerTos Tanabaruflebianobis<br />
safuZvelze).<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miReba faruli kenWisyriT Tu sajaro diskursiiT, rogorc<br />
elsteris miTiTeba cxadyofs, SesaZlebelia gansxvavebul Sedegebs iZleodes da<br />
gansxvavebul urTierTobebsac qmnides kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoebs Soris. ruso<br />
am sakiTxze garkveviT gamoTqvams sakuTar pozicias (gv.116). romaelebi xmas sajarod<br />
aZlevdnen. `es adaTi manamde iyo kargi, sanam moqalaqeebSi patiosneba sufevda da sanam<br />
TiToeuls eTakileboda sajarod mieca xma usamarTlo azris an uRirso adamianisTvis.<br />
magram rodesac xalxi gairyvna da ukve xmebi iyideboda, maSin xmis faruli micema ufro<br />
xelsayreli Seiqna, raTa myidvelebi undoblobiT SeezRudaT da arc gaiZverebisTvis<br />
miecaT TaRliTobis saSualeba”. da Semdeg, ruso aRniSnavs, rom imis arCeva, Tu rogor<br />
unda xdebodes kenWisyra — Riad Tu farulad, ar aris absoluturi, aramed<br />
damokidebulia mocemuli xalxis zneobaze, qveli xalxi erTi kanonebiT unda<br />
imarTebodes, xolo uzneo xalxi — sxviT.<br />
amdenad, ruso miiCnevs, rom faruli kenWisyra xalxis garyvnilobis gamo xdeba<br />
aucilebeli, da rom jansaR <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s faruli kenWisyra ar dasWirdeba.<br />
`sazogadoebrivi~ da `sajaro~ respublikuri koncefciiT aq srulad Sekrulia<br />
(gaigivebuli), xolo `arajansaRi~ ukavSirdeba ara imdenad kerZos, ramdenadac<br />
mikerZoebuls.<br />
gelneri: <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis liberaluri xedva<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ganxilvisas gelneri xazs usvams sazogadoebis<br />
socialuri struqturis mniSvnelobas. am struqturis Taviseburebas igi ixilavs<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis im liberaluri tipis fonze, romelic dasavlur<br />
samyaroSi warmoiSva. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gelneris mixedviT, aris<br />
individualisturi dasavluri sazogadoebis arsebobis sfecifiuri tipi, romlis<br />
antiTezaa ara marto totalitaruli sabWouri tipis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, aramed nebismieri<br />
sxva, araliberaluri, magaliTad, islamuri qveynebis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> icavs adamians ara marto saxelmwifo politikuri Zalauflebis<br />
tiraniisgan, aramed aTavisuflebs mas sakuTriv sazogadoebis mxridan damonebisgan.<br />
realurad, gelneris azriT, `arsebobs sami tipis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. arseboben<br />
segmentirebuli sazogadoebebi, romlebic gamsWvalulia ritualebiT da naTesauri<br />
kavSirebiT. isini SesaZloa, Tavisufali arian centralizebuli tiraniisgan, magram<br />
mainc ar arian Tavisufalni `Tavisuflebis~ Tanamedrove gagebiT. meores mxriv,<br />
arsebobs centralizeba, romelic spobs meore donis yvela institutsa da erTobas,<br />
ritualizebulia isini Tu ara. da bolos, arsebobs mesame SesaZlebloba - romlis<br />
gansazRvrasac vcdilobT da romelTanac Cvens imedebs vakavSirebT - igi gamoricxavs<br />
rogorc damTrgunav komunalurobas, aseve centralizebul avtoritarizms.<br />
marTebulia, rom socialuri organizaciis swored amgvar tips vuwodoT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>.`<br />
amdenad, gelneri Tvlis, rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis tradiciuli ganmarteba :<br />
`<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> - es aris sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo institutebis<br />
erToblioba, romlebic sakmaod Zlieria, raTa iTamaSon saxelmwifos<br />
38
gamawonasworeblis roli da ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mas, Seasrulon arbitris roli<br />
interesTa Zlier jgufebs Soris, Seakavon saxelmwifos swrafva danarCeni<br />
sazogadoebis dominirebisa da atomizaciisken~ (gelneri) - ar aris sruli da ver<br />
asxvavebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s segmentirebuli sazogadoebisgan. sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis es ori tipi warmatebiT upirispirdeba saxelmwifos centralizebuli<br />
kontrolis gadametebul gaZlierebas, magram maTi es unari gansxavebuli mizezebiTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli.<br />
segmentirebul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si adamianis arseboba mWidrod ukavSirdeba im<br />
tradiciul garemos, romelSiac mas fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli. adamians ar SeuZlia iolad<br />
Seicvalos Tavisi garemocva, profesia, statusi, religia da sxva, vinaidan es cvlileba<br />
ukavSirdeba im erTobidan (soflidan, komunidan, kastidan, klanidan) gandevnas,<br />
romlis wevricaa igi, xolo erTobidan gandevna misTvis daRupvis tolfasia, vinaidan<br />
sxva erTobaSi saarsebod igi ar aris momzadebuli. istoriulad Camoyalibebuli<br />
ritualebis, normebisa da cxovrebis wesis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom saxelmwifo<br />
ver cvlis maT da amdenad ver axerxebs adamianTa srul damorCilebas. magram amgvar<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, adamiani mainc ar aris Tavisufali, romc ar ganicdides politikuri<br />
Zalauflebis Zlier zewolas, an warmatebiT icavdes Tavs amgvari zewolisgan, vinaidan<br />
igi sakuTriv sazogadoebis mieraa SezRuduli da amdenad araTavisufalia.<br />
Tanamedrove dasavlur samyaroSi axalma ekonomikurma mowyobam, Sromis<br />
danawilebam da sakontraqto ekonomikurma urTierTobebma Seasustes tradiciebis,<br />
warmomavlobisa da zne-Cveulebebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani gaxda<br />
`moduluri~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc aveji, an saTamaSo konstruqtori, SeiZleba<br />
Sedgebodes Semadgeneli modulebisgan, romlebic SeiZleba iolad SeerTdes<br />
survilisamebr sxvadasxva kombinaciebis gamoyenebiT, aseve Tanamedrove adamians aqvs<br />
unari gaerTiandes sxvadasxva asociaciebSi, monawileoba miiRos ama Tu im<br />
institutebis funqcionirebaSi, tovebdes maT Tu CaTvlis saWirod. adamianTa Soris<br />
yalibdeba moqnili, mobiluri, cvalebadi da mravalferovani kavSirebi. swored<br />
moduluri adamianis arseboba aris <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis sawindari.<br />
gelneris SexedulebiT, Tanamedrove moduluri, egalitaruli da individualisti<br />
adamianis <strong>for</strong>mireba ukavSirdeba ekonomikisa da politikis daSoriSorebas, Sromis<br />
danawilebas, specializebas. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis arseboba SesaZlebelia im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomika gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan da amave dros<br />
saxelmwifo asrulebs instrumentalur funqcias ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. am<br />
saxelmwifoSi gamoricxulia nebismieri saxis ideologiuri monopoliis arseboba,<br />
magram Tavad saxelmwifo asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols wesrigis uzrunvelyofis<br />
saqmeSi.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cneba, gelneris azriT, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre<br />
demokratiis cneba, vinaidan is gvexmareba gaverkveT Tanamedrove dasavluri<br />
sazogadoebis socialuri mowyobis arsSi. es aris is arsebiTi, rac dasavlur<br />
demokratias mis Taviseburebas aniWebs.<br />
gelneris modeli moduluri sazogadoebisa, es aris sazogadoebis liberaluri<br />
xedva, romelic, garkveulwilad, upirispirdeba ara marto araliberalur koncefciebs,<br />
aramed respublikur da komunitarianul xedvebsac dasavluri sazogadoebis<br />
SigniT. gelneri laparakobs institutebze, struqturul diferenciaciaze, da<br />
mxolod garkveul aspeqtebs aniWebs upiratesobas. amaSi gasarkvevad cota Rrmad unda<br />
CavixedoT Tanamedrove institutebis bunebaSi.<br />
warmovidginoT ori gansxvavebuli situacia. erT SemTxvevaSi, warmoidgineT, rom<br />
dgaxarT metros sadguris baqanze da elodebiT matarebels, romelic tunelidan<br />
39
gamoCnda da baqans uaxlovdeba. meore SemTxvevaSi, Tqven dgaxarT junglebSi,<br />
bilikTan, romliTac spiloebi wylis dasalevad dadian, da uyurebT spilos (spiloebs),<br />
romelic am bilikiT giaxlovdebaT.<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi Tqveni goneba msgavs refleqtorul signalebs iZleva —<br />
gamoyofs adrenalins, rac bunebrivia, rodesac raRaca didi da potneciurad saSiSi<br />
giaxlovdebaT didi siCqariT. es xdeba refleqtorulad, qvecnobierad, da TavisTavad<br />
ar ganapirobebs Tqvens qcevas. kognituri reaqciebi ki, am or SemTxvevaSi savaraudod<br />
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, Tqven adgilidan<br />
ar daiZvrebiT, vinaidan mSvenivrad iciT, rom matarebeli relsebs gahyveba, Tqvens<br />
gverdiT Caivlis, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqveni sxeuli safrTxis signals iZleva,<br />
Tqven arafers ar riskavT. meore SemTxvevaSi, viTareba ufro gaurkvevelia. Tqven<br />
winaswar ver gansazRvravT spilos qcevas. Tqven iq rom ar yofiliyaviT, spilo,<br />
savaraudod, gayveboda biliks, rogorc is amas Cveulebrivad akeTebs. magram Tqveni iq<br />
yofna masze axdens zegavlenas da SeiZleba gaabrazos kidec. matareblisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, spilosTan Tqveni urTierToba interaqciulia (matarebelTan araa<br />
interaqciuli, imitom rom Tqveni arseboba-araraseboba ar axdens gavlenas<br />
matareblis qcevaze), da Sesabamisad am urTierTqmedebis Sedegi konteqstualurad<br />
ganpirobebulia. anu, Tuki spilo moTvinierebulia, da Tqvendami SeCveuli, anu Tqvens<br />
Soris ndoba da nacnoboba arsebobs, safrTxe praqtikulad ar arsebobs. magram Tuki<br />
spilo veluria, interaqciis Sedegi SeiZleba Tqvens Soris arsebul ZalTa<br />
Tanafardobaze iyos damokidebuli. magaliTad, Tuki Tofi gaqvT da nadirobas<br />
apirebT, erTia, xolo Tuki spilosi geSiniaT da girCevniaT gzidan gaecaloT — sxva.<br />
Tanamedroveobis institutebi universalisturia, anu maTi funqcionireba<br />
winaswarmetyvelebadia, rogorc matareblis marSruti. mgzavrs, romelic dgas baqanze,<br />
ar sWirdeba Tofis srola, raTa aiZulos memanqane gaaCeros da waiyvanos is<br />
daniSnulebis adgilas. mgzavrma icis, Tu ras unda elodes matareblisgan, da es codna<br />
aZlevs SesaZleblobas dagegmos Tavisi gadaadgileba, moifiqros moqmedeba, romelic<br />
windawin gansazRvrul Sedegs gamoiRebs.<br />
amasTan, Tanamderoveobis institutebi universaluria, anu indiferentuli im<br />
konteqstis mimarT, romelSiac isini moqmedeben. matareblisTvis absoluturad<br />
sulerTia, Tu vin dgas baqanze, Tundac aravin ar idges, is iq mainc gaaCerebs. cxadia, aq<br />
laparakia matareblis `idealur tipze” da ara, magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />
viTarebaze, sadac zogjer SesaZlebelia, memanqanes dauZaxo rom man Tqvens sofelTan<br />
Seanelos svla da CagsvaT matarebelSi - rac kidev ufro savaraudoa, Tuki memanqane<br />
Tqveni mezobelia an axlobeli. maSin matareblis moZraoba ukve emorCileba ara<br />
pirveli tipis — universalur — logikas, aramed meore tipis — partikularistul —<br />
mimarTebebs. is xdeba interaqciuli, da misi Sedegebi ganpirobebulia im ZalisxmeviT,<br />
romelsac mxareebi iCenen am interaqciis dros. pirveli tipis institutebi atareben<br />
neitralur, obieqtur xasiaTs im gagebiT, rom yovelTvis erTnairad moqmedeben da<br />
winaswarmetyvelebad Sedegs iZlevian, maSin rodesac meore tipis urTierTobebi<br />
winaswarmetyvelebad Sedegs ar iZleva.<br />
gidensi `Tanamedroveobas” aigiveebs institutebis mimarT iseTi ndobis<br />
gavrcelebasTan, romelic dakavSirebulia sivrcisa da drois universalizaciasTan,<br />
anu am institutebis advil da calsaxa gadatanasTan da gavrcelebasTan mTel<br />
msoflioSi, universaluri da universalisturi saxiT, rac, gakveulwilad, codnis<br />
faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. ndoba am institutebis mimarT ganpirobebulia maTi<br />
winaswarmetyvelebadobiTa da obieqturobiT, funqcionirebis Sinaganad<br />
ganpirobebuli logikiT, romelic mowyvetilia konteqsts da garemoebebs. es aris<br />
40
saeqsperto, samarTlebrivi, racionalur-biurokratiuli (veberiseuli ganmartebiT)<br />
institutebi, romlebiTac iqmneba Tanamedrove saSualo klasis arsebobis saimedo,<br />
sando safuZveli, myari, `Seswavaladi” saarsebo garemo. es institutebi advilad<br />
inacvleben konteqstidan konteqstSi, da, amgvarad, globalizaciisa da modernizaciis<br />
`damrtymel Zalas” warmoadgenen.<br />
ndoba partikularistuli institutebis mimarT, sapirispirod, aris sxva tipis, da<br />
ar efuZneba Sedegebis winaswar ganWvretis SesaZleblobas. instituti individs aZlevs<br />
Sanss, magram Sedegi sxva garemoebebzec aris damokidebuli, kerZod ki TviT individis<br />
Zalisxmevaze. ase, qorwinebis instituti emyareba garkveul warmodgenebsa da normebs,<br />
magram ojaxis arsebobis SenarCunebas yvela wyvili ver axerxebs. momavlis standartsa<br />
da garantias aravin iZleva, yvelaferi ojaxis wevrebzea damokidebuli, imaze, Tu<br />
ramdenad moaxerxeben isini erTmaneTTan aranulovanjamovani, urTierTsasargeblo<br />
urTierTobebis agebas. sapirispirod, universalistur institutebSi, rodesac,<br />
magaliTad, mwvane Suqi inTeba gzaze gadasvlisas, wesiT es niSnavs ara Sanss gzis<br />
mSvidobianad gadakveTisa, aramed mis garantias. aqve davZenT, rom institutebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>malurad daTqmuli universalizmi realurad srulad ar xorcieldeba, da miT<br />
ufro naklebad xorcieldeba, rac ufro aradasavluri qveynebisken vinacvlebT. ase,<br />
samxreTis qveynebSi, anTebuli mwvane Suqi swored rom Sansia, da ara garantia gzis<br />
mSvidobiani gadakveTisa, vinaidan moZraobis <strong>for</strong>maluri wesebi ki arsebobs, magram<br />
xSirad araferi ar Rirs, xolo gzebze bevria `jigiti”, romlebic swored Sansebze<br />
arian orientirebuli, da ara garantiebze.<br />
“me ar var relativisti” — ambobs gelneri (Tavi 29, gv.217 rus) `da iseTi<br />
WeSmaritebis arseboba, romelic scdeba kulturul barierebs, meCveneba adamianTa<br />
arsebobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtad. es faqti imavdroulad <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis erT-erTi sawyisia, vinaidan man uzrunvelyo misi warmoSobis umTavresi<br />
piroba — Semecnebis, kognituri zrdis ganviTareba da absolutizmis uaryofa”.<br />
winaswarmetyvelebadoba, universaluroba da neitraluroba aris is<br />
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gelneriseul socialur modulur struqturas axasiaTebs.<br />
adamianis moduluroba niSnavs misi qcevis garkveuli universaluri standartis<br />
arsebobas, romelic damoukidebelia mocemuli adamianis politikuri da<br />
msoflmxedveluri Taviseburebebisgan, misi politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri<br />
Zalauflebisgan (sxva adamianebTan arsebuli ZalTa balansisgan). sxva sityvebiT, es<br />
niSnavs adaminebs Soris universalisturi eTikis moqmedebas, rac individualizmis<br />
safuZvelia. im eTikisa, romelsac gelneris winamorbedi liberalebi icavdnen, da<br />
romlis sawyisi TviT adamianSia, da ara mis garemocvaSi, TviT adamianis ganwyobaSi iyos<br />
orientirebuli gaTvlad, codniT uzrunvelyofil, saimedo momavalze. mis<br />
Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofs misi unari gansazRvros sakuTari momavali, rac mxolod<br />
universalisturi institutebis funqcionirebis fonzea SesaZlebeli.<br />
gelneris midgomis naklovaneba swored mis calmxrivobaSia. moduluri adamiani<br />
ver amyarebs interaqciul urTierTobebs — urTierTobebs, romlis drosac is axerxebs<br />
gavlena moaxdinos sxvebze (da sxvebis zemoqmedebas ganicdis). sxvebTan misi moduluri<br />
SekavSirebis sixiste ganapirobebs am urTierTobis dros yvela monawilis<br />
Tavisuflebas. magram zogjer Cven ar gvinda Tavisufleba sazogadoebisgan, rogorc<br />
ar gvinda Tavisufleba Cveni axloblebisgan. Tuki gvinda, rom movaxdinoT zegavlena<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>ze, da mzada varT amisTvis `gavixsnaT~, maSin gza unda gaikafos<br />
arauniversalizebul sferoSi, sadac aravin icis, Tu ras moelodos erTimeorisgan,<br />
sadac SesaZlebelia aranuljamovani Sedegi, romelsac mxareTa erToblivi Zalisxmeva<br />
warmoqnis.<br />
41
literatura:<br />
Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin<br />
Books chapters 10, 11,12,29<br />
A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and<br />
private in political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123<br />
Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-<br />
dan, 10 gv.<br />
Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments<br />
Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000<br />
Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative<br />
democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press<br />
42
leqcia 6<br />
demokratia: sami politikuri tradicia<br />
jer kidev 1997 wels cnobili analitikosi farid zaqaria werda, rom msoflios sul<br />
ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi `demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebi . . . ugulebelyofen<br />
maTi Zalauflebis konstituciur farglebs da sakuTar moqalqeebs ZiriTad<br />
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs arTmeven”. demokratizaciis mesame talRam msoflioSi<br />
axali fenomeni, axali tipis reJimi warmoqmna, romelsac araliberaluri demokratiis<br />
saxeli ewoda. am reJimma iseTi maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina, romlebic Zvel liberalur<br />
demokratiebSi ar iyo warmodgenili. Zveli dasavluri demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
am reJimebSi masobrivi demokratia da sayovelTao xmis ufleba ufro adre da<br />
safuZvlianad damkvidrda, vidre konstituciuri liberalizmi: `demokratia yvavis,<br />
konstituciuri liberalizmi ki — ara”. sayovelTaod arCeuli, popularuli<br />
mmarTvelebi ar eridebian imas, rom parlamentebsa da konstituciis CarCoebs gverdi<br />
auaron, qveyana saprezidento brZanebulebebiT marTon, saxelmwifo aparati<br />
opoziciisa da Tavisufali presis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon da adamianis konstituciuri<br />
uflebebi Selaxon. es movlenebi mraval da mraval qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli, rogorc<br />
laTinur amerikaSi, aseve yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi. regularuli da sayovelTao<br />
arCevnebis Catareba am qveynebSi ver uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas, korufciis<br />
SezRudvasa da karg mmarTvelobas Zalauflebis konstituciur CarCoebSi. aseTi<br />
qveynebis ricxvs saqarTveloc miekuTvneba.<br />
demokratia, konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi araliberalur demokratiebSi<br />
erTmaneTTan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi modis. saqme isaa, rom konstitucionalizmi<br />
da liberalizmi, orive arsebiTad xelisuflebis SezRudvis, SezRuduli<br />
mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxiereben, xolo demokratia xalxis<br />
umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebis maqsimalur akumulirebasa da<br />
gamoyenebas eswrafvis. maSin, roca Zvel demokratiebSi demokratiis,<br />
konstitucionalizmisa da liberalizmis principebi garveul dabalansebul sistemas<br />
qmnis, axal demokratiebSi demokratiis principebi aSkarad Warbobs da Zirs uTxris<br />
liberaluri demokratiis arsebobisTvis aucilebel danarCen komponentebs:<br />
`demokratiulad arCeul mTavrobebs axasiaTebT imis dajerebis tendencia, rom maT<br />
absoluturi Zalaufleba ekuTvniT, aman ki SeiZleba Zalauflebis centralizacia<br />
gamoiwvios”. igive movlenas aRwers o’doneli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom Zlier<br />
liderebs, romlebsac sjeraT, rom xalxis saxeliT laparakoben, gulwrfelad ar<br />
esmiT, Tu ratom unda dauqvemdebaron Tavisi Zalaufleba konstituciur SezRudvebs,<br />
Tuki is, rasac isini akeTeben (rogorc wesi ki es korufciasTan brZolas exeba xolme),<br />
xalxisTvis sikeTis momtania.<br />
axali demokratiebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom araliberalur demokratiebSi<br />
konstitucionalizmis damkvidreba bevrad ufro Znelia, vidre met-naklebad<br />
samarTliani arCevnebis Catareba. tokviliseulma gafrTxilebam, rom xalxis<br />
umravlesobis nebam SeiZleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba SezRudos, axal demokratiebSi<br />
TvalnaTlivi institucionaluri gansaxiereba hpova.<br />
sasargebloa, farid zaqarias dixotomiis garda (demokratia- liberaluri<br />
konstitucionalizmi) ganvixiloT o’donelis SedarebiT ufro Rrma trixotomia:<br />
demokratia, liberalizmi, respublikanizmi. (Semdgomi msjeloba G. O'Donnell. Illusions<br />
about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996 da G. O'Donnell. Horisontal<br />
Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998-is mixedviT)<br />
43
liberalur demokratiebs axasiaTebT ara marto demokratiisadmi erTguleba,<br />
aramed sxva politikuri tradiciebis arsebobac. rogorc wesi maTSi igulisxmeba ori<br />
komponenti, ori politikuri tradicia, romelic didwilad gansazRvravs Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiebis saxes - demokratia da liberalizmi. maTTan erTad arsebobs mesame<br />
tradicia, romlisganac aseve ganuyofelia Tanamedrove demokratiis arseboba - es<br />
aris respublikanizmi. ori politikuri tradiciis - liberalizmisa da<br />
respublikanizmis sisusteze laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi miuTiTebs gilermo<br />
o’doneli, rodesac cdilobs axsnas am qveynebSi damkvidrebuli politikuri reJimebis<br />
Taviseburebebi, maT Soris ara marto demokratiis araliberaluroba, aramed<br />
korufciac.<br />
demokratia, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi sxvadasxva istoriul da<br />
inteleqtualur tradiciaSi iReben saTaves. demokratia saTaves iRebs Zvel aTenSi;<br />
respublikanizmi - winaimperiul romSi da zogierT Suasaukunovan italiur qalaqSi;<br />
liberaluri tradicia scenaze gamodis Suasaukunovani evropis feodalur<br />
sazogadoebebSi, xolo Semdgom lokis inglisSi da monteskies safrangeTSi.<br />
winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic am sam tradicias Soris arsebobs, qmnis rTul nazavs,<br />
Tanamedrove demokratiis Ria da dinamiur <strong>for</strong>mas.<br />
liberalizmi icavs individs da mis uflebebs, romlebic arc erTma Zalauflebam ar<br />
SeiZleba Selaxos, da amgvarad, kerZo sferos ganixilavs, sazogadoebriv sferosTan<br />
sapirispirod, im asparezad, sadac yvelaze srulad xdeba adamianis realizeba.<br />
respublikanizmi, iseve rogorc liberalizmi, mkafiod ganasxvavebs kerZo da<br />
sazogadoebriv sferoebs, magram sxva mizezis gamo. respublikanizmi xazs usvams<br />
pirovnebis, miT ufro, mmarTvelis valdebulebebs sazogadoebis winaSe da Tvlis, rom<br />
adamianis umaRlesi Rirsebaa sazogadoebis uangaro samsaxuri.<br />
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebriv sferos, sazogadoebriv interess liberalizmi da<br />
respublikanizmi sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWebs. liberalizmisTvis sazogadoebrivi<br />
interesi es aris yvelas interesi, kerZo interesebis nakrebi da maTgan gamomdinare<br />
jamuri Sedegi. respublikanizmisTvis es aris saerTo interesi, interesi, romelic<br />
maRla dgas TiToeul kerZo interesze da, romelsac kerZo interesi SeiZleba Seewiros<br />
kidec.<br />
gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba, romelsac liberalizmi da respublikanizmi aniWebs<br />
kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferos, iwvevs gansxvavebul daskvnebs politikuri<br />
uflebebisa da movaleobebis, moqalaqeobisa da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, sxva<br />
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic politikuri debatebis arsia. yvela es debatebi<br />
gamomdinareobs im mkafio zRvaris arsebobidan, romelic asxvavebs kerZosa da<br />
sazogadoebrivs, da romelic orive tradiciis mieraa xazgasmuli.<br />
miuxedavad am winaaRmdegobrivi Sinagani logikisa, liberalizmsac da<br />
respublikanizmsac aqvs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra, romelic ganapirobebs maT organul<br />
Tanaarsebobas erTi sazogadoebisa da erTi demokratiuli sistemis CarCoebSi: orive<br />
realizdeba kanonisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pativiscemaSi. ra gziTac ar unda<br />
iaroT, liberaluriT Tu respublikuriT, mixvalT iseTi samarTlebrivi wesrigis<br />
aRiarebamde, romelSic adamianis da sazogadoebis urTierTobas aregulirebs<br />
universaluri, yvelasaTvis erTnairi kanoni. es kanoni ara marto icavs adamianis<br />
universalur (yvelasTvis erTnair) Tavisuflebebs, aramed gansazRvravs mis<br />
valdebulebebs sxva adamianebis, sazogadoebis winaSe. Sedegad Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiis moqalaqe aris ara marto Tavisufali, aramed pasuxismgebeli, misi<br />
Tavisufleba ganuyofelia sazogadoebis (da ara mxolod sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari<br />
ojaxis) winaSe misi pasuxismgeblobisgan.<br />
44
odesac vambobT, rom sazogadoebrivi da kerZo sferoebi erTmaneTisgan<br />
gancalkevebulia, es sulac ar niSnavs am sferoebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad<br />
arsebobas. liberalizmisgan da respublikanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokratia ki ar<br />
aSoriSorebs erTmaneTisgan kerZos da sazogadoebrivs, aramed piriqiT - maT Soris<br />
kavSirs amyarebs. demokratiis meqanizmebSi Cadebulia is, rac axdens kerZo da<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesebis erTmaneTze mibmas. demokratiis CarTviT xdeba swored<br />
interesTa mravalnairi konfliqtebis mogvareba, rogorc kerZo pirTa, aseve<br />
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris.<br />
demokratia, respublikanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ar moiTxovs mmarTvelebisgan<br />
gansakuTrebul keTilSobilebas; piriqiT, demokratia gulisxmobs, rom nebismiers<br />
SeuZlia qveynis marTva. aseve, demokratia, liberalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ar fiqrobs,<br />
rom pirovneba daculi unda iyos imisgan, rasac xalxi, xalxis umravlesoba gadawyvets.<br />
demokratia uzrunvelyofs liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis mier daSoriSorebul<br />
kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoebs Soris harmoniuli balansis damyarebas.<br />
bolo ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi es sami tradicia gaerTianebula<br />
mravalnairad da cvalebadad. nebismieri maTganisTvis gadaWarbebuli upiratesobis<br />
miniWebam SeiZleba demokratias safrTxe Seuqmnas. demokratia liberalizmisa da<br />
respublikanizmis gareSe SeiZleba umravlesobis tiraniad gardaiqmnas, liberalizmi<br />
demokratiisa da respublikanizmis gareSe - plutokratiad, xolo respublikanizmi<br />
liberalizmisa da demokratiis gareSe gadagvardeba TviTdajerebuli elitis<br />
paternalistur mmarTvelobad.<br />
qveynis konstitucia da kanonmdebloba, romelic teritoriulad gansazRvruli<br />
saxelmwifos arsebobas ukavSirdeba, yvela am tradiciis najeria. saxelmwifo aris<br />
demokratiis meoTxe komponenti, romelic misi xasiaTis mniSvnelovan elementebs<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
bevri qveyana, romlisTvisac, inglisisgan Tu safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
demokratia `saxlSi nazardi produqti~ araa, xSirad cdilobs daamkvidros is kanonebi<br />
da konstitucia, romelic ganviTarebuli demokratiebisTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur mowyobas Seefereba. am dros iwyeba usasrulo<br />
kamaTi imaze, Tu ra aris ukeTesi - cxovreba aigos am kanonebisa da institutebis<br />
Sesabamisad, Tu kanonebi SemuSavdes realuri cxovrebis mixedviT. cxadia, orive mxare<br />
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia. magram ufro arsebiTia is, rom Tavad universalisturi<br />
kanonebis SemoReba Tanamedroveobis niSania, Tanamedrove epoqis movlena. maT ukan<br />
dasavleTSi liberaluri da respublikuri tradiciebi dgas, romelic Znelad Tu<br />
gascda dasavleTis sazRvrebs, miuxedavad sxva samyaros mravali qveynis pretenziisa,<br />
demokratiis saxeli darqmeoda. dasavleTSi liberaluri da respublikuri<br />
principebis gabatoneba ki am mxriv ukavSirdeba erovnuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos<br />
Camoyalibebas da kapitalizmis damkvidrebas.<br />
erovnuli saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze samarTlianobis dacvis funqcias mas<br />
mere, rac xorcieldeba samarTlis kodireba kanonebis saxiT da samarTlebrivi kanonis<br />
dacva xdeba samarTlebirivi saxelmwifos funqcia. amdenad samarTali realizdeba<br />
kanonis meSveobiT, da ara piriqiT - samarTlianobis damkvidreba kanonidan<br />
gamomdinareobs. samarTlianobis damkvidrebas universaluri kanonis gziT<br />
safuZvelSi unda edos samarTlianobis universalisturi principebi, iseTi, rogorsac<br />
dasavleTSi demokratia, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi warmoadgenen. SesaZlebelia<br />
ki, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arseboba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si samarTlianobaze raime saxis<br />
universalisturi Sexedulebebis arsebobis gareSe?<br />
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kavSiri<br />
45
liberalizmTan da respublikanizmTan aseve SeiZleba ganvixiloT kerZo da<br />
sazogadoebrivi sferos daSoriSorebis sibrtyeSi. swored kerZos da sazogadoebrivis<br />
daSoriSoreba xdis SesaZlebels iseT sazogadoebriv mowyobas, rodesac ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri Zalaufleba aRaraa moqceuli erTian piramidaSi. kapitalisti<br />
SeiZleba iyos bevrad ufro mdidari xelisuflebis nebismier warmomadgenelze ise,<br />
rom misi Tavisufleba ar iyos Selaxuli (Tavisuflebis dacvis liberaluri principi),<br />
xolo respublikanizmis Sedegia is, rom xelisufali, romelic <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s uangarod<br />
emsaxureba, sanacvlod sayovelTao aRiarebas moixveWs, rac mis uangarobas aniWebs ara<br />
altruizmis, aramed racionalurobis elfers.<br />
amdenad, Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi dasavleTis qveynebSi sazogadoebrivis da<br />
kerZos, saxelmwifos da ekonomikis calke sferoebad Camoyalibeba (rac aseve<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirdeba) SeiZleba demokratiuli,<br />
liberaluri da respublikuri principebis WrilSi ganvixiloT. am sferoebis es<br />
araTanxvedra mniSvnelovania ara mxolod kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebisTvis,<br />
aramed warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.<br />
warmomadgenlobiToba, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi<br />
rodesac demokratia pirdapiri demokratiaa, anu sajaro adgilas Sekrebil<br />
moqalaqeTa mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebis nairsaxeobaa, maSin ar arsebobs arCeviTi,<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi xelisufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ar Cndeba.<br />
magram Tanamedrove demokratia ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiT xasiaTs atarebs,<br />
romelic dafuZnebulia mmarTvelebis arCevis principze.<br />
xelisuflebis arCeviT demokratia aTavsebs kerZo interesebis mqone pirovnebas<br />
sazogadoebriv sferoSi, aniWebs mas sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs, magram bevrs<br />
arafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor unda iqnes mis mier gagebuli misi movaleobebi, ras<br />
unda efuZnebodes misi gadawyvetilebebi. ra principebidan gamomdinare unda<br />
gadawyvitos man konfliqti, romelic SeiZleba gaCndes mis kerZo interesebsa da mis<br />
mier dasacav sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris? an konfliqti sxvadasxva<br />
sazogadoebriv jgufTa interesebs Soris?<br />
warmovidginoT parlamentis deputati, romelic aris feministuri moZraobis<br />
aqtivisti da parlamentSi mosulia qalTa uflebebis dacvis lozungiT. an regionis<br />
warmomadgeneli, an erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli, romelic am umciresobis<br />
uflebebs icavs. ra principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelon am adamianebma ama Tu im<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas? ra aris maTi warmomadgelobiTi funqciis arsi? aq<br />
SesaZloa deputatis mandatis sxvadasxva interpretacia: deputatma unda gamoxatos<br />
Tavisi amomrCevlebis interesebi (imaTi, vinc mas xma misca); deputati gamoxatavs<br />
mTeli mosaxleobis interesebs; deputati misdevs Tavisi partiis politikas; deputati<br />
Tavisufalia moiqces ise, rogorc mas misi sindisi karnaxobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi is<br />
aucileblad aRmoCndeba iseT situaciebSi, rodesac im jgufis interesi, romelsac igi<br />
warmoadgens, garkveulwilad ar emTxveva mTeli sazogadoebis interess - magaliTad,<br />
maswavlebelTa xelfasebis gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios biujetis deficitis zrda da,<br />
amis Sedegad, inflacia, rac mTel <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s Seexeba.<br />
aq naCvenebia `warmomadgenlobiTobis paradoqsi~, romelic ukavSirdeba<br />
amomrCevelTa kerZo interesebis maT jamur (an saerTo) interesad gadaqcevis process.<br />
interesTa konfliqti, romelic am procesSi iqmneba, mdgomareobs ara mxolod kerZosa<br />
da sazogadoebrivis urTierTmimarTebaSi, aramed urTierTmimarTebaSi sxvadasxva<br />
46
sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris, rogoricaa sxvadasxva jgufuri interesebi,<br />
saxelmwifos interesi da sxva.<br />
liberalizmic da respublikanizmic iZlevian warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi am<br />
konfliqtis samarTliani gadaWris scenars, magram sxvadasxva logikidan gamomdinare.<br />
liberalizmi, ganixilavs ra sazogadoebriv interess rogorc kerZo interesTa jams,<br />
romelTagan yvela Tanasworuflebiania, ambobs, rom umravlesobis Tavisufleba ar<br />
unda miiRweodes umciresobis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis xarjze. demokratia, xalxis<br />
mmarTveloba, ar unda gadaiqces umravlesobis tiraniad, amdenad gadawyvetileba unda<br />
miiRebodes molaparakebiTa da SeTanxmebiT, yvelas interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
swored amitom, politikosi valdebulia mxari dauWiros kompromisul, yvelas TvalSi<br />
samarTlian winadadebas. respublikanizmi, ganixilavs ra sazogadoebriv interess<br />
rogorc yvelas interesze maRla mdgoms, rogorc ara jamurs, aramed saerTos,<br />
politikosisgan moiTxovs sazogadoebis winaSe valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.<br />
mokled, erTic da meorec amtkicebs imas, rom sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobaze<br />
arCeuli adamiani emsaxureba ama Tu im saxiT gagebul sazogadoebriv interesebs. isini<br />
qmnian miukerZoeblobis eTikur vels, romlis realizeba, garda samarTlebrivi<br />
meqanizmebisa, gulisxmobs am eTikuri normebis gaziarebasa da aRiarebas<br />
xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis mier.<br />
horizontaluri angariSvaldebuleba, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi<br />
arCevnebi, romelic tardeba periodulad, warmoadgens amomrCevelTa mier xelisuflebis<br />
kontrolis vertikalur instruments. samwuxarod, es instrumenti, misi<br />
perioduli xasiaTisa da sxva naklovanebebis gamo srulad ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
xelisuflebaze im kontrols, romelic aiZulebs mas dauqvemdebaros Tavisi kerZo<br />
interesebi sazogadoebriv interesebs. amitom iyo, rom demokratiis institucionalur<br />
mowyobaSi Tavis droze gaTvaliswinebul iqna horizontaluri kontrolis<br />
arseboba - xelisuflebis sxvadasxva organoebisa da Stoebis mier Zalauflebis<br />
ganawilebisa da urTierTkontrolis meqanizmebi.<br />
horizontaluri kontroli isaa, rom xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebi<br />
uflebamosilni arian - da realurad asruleben kidec - erTmaneTis zedamxedvelobasa<br />
da kontrols kanonebis dacvis TavalsazrisiT, konstituciurobisa da Zalauflebis<br />
gadametebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. am kontrolis ararsebobis pirobebSi SeiZleba<br />
dazaraldes demokratiis samive komponenti - demokratiuli, liberaluri da respublikuri.<br />
demokratia zaraldeba, Tu arCevnebi tardeba darRvevebiT, liberalizmi<br />
zaraldeba, Tu irRveva adamianTa uflebebi, xolo respublikanizmi zaraleba, Tu<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi arRveven kanons da moqmedeben voluntaristulad.<br />
Tu pirveli da meore yovelTvis iwveven protests, ukanaskneli yvelaze iSviaTad<br />
aRiqmeba rogorc boroteba, da zogjer arc Seicavs borot ganzraxvas. marTlac,<br />
prezidenti, romelic konstituciis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod Slis arapopularul<br />
parlaments, SeiZleba patriotuli mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobdes da xalxis mowonebasac<br />
imsaxurebdes. magram is imavdroulad Slis saxelmwifo mowyobis safuZvlebs,<br />
efeqtur da avtonomiur institutebs, romlebmac erToblivad, kompleqsSi unda<br />
ganaxorcielon Zalaufleba da gainawilon pasuxismgebloba.<br />
axal demokratiebSi Zalauflebis amgvari gadameteba, xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis<br />
dasusteba, rogorc wesi, prezidentebisgan momdinareobs. marTaven ra xalxis saxeliT,<br />
isini xSirad ar Tvlian saWirod daeqvemdebaron kanonis moTxovnebs. amgvari<br />
47
erTpirovnuli mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba ar aris usazRvro, maTac uwevT kompromisebze<br />
wasvla rogorc mokavSire, ise opoziciuri politikuri Zalebis interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare. magram amgvari kompromisebi sul sxva, arakonstituciur wesebsa da<br />
normebs eyrdnoba, amwuTieri, koniunqturuli da intriganuli xasiaTis TamaSis<br />
elfers atarebs.<br />
horizontaluri angariSvaldeblebis darRveva asustebs demokratias,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki mis respublikur da liberalur komponentebs. is qmnis safuZvlebs<br />
imisaTvis, rom politikosebma gamoiyenon Tavisi Tanamdebobebi borotad, rac<br />
dauSvebelia respublikuri normebidan gamomdinare. amave dros igi qmnis safuZvels<br />
imisaTvisac, rom calkeulma saxelmwifo struqturebma gadametebuli Zalaufleba<br />
moipovon, rac dauSvebelia liberaluri normebidan gamomdinare.<br />
demokratia SeiZleba arsebobdes, da arsebobs kidevac, liberaluri da<br />
respublikuri komponentebis sisustis fonzec. magram amgvar demokratias axasiaTebs<br />
xolme maRali korufcia (respublikanizmis nakleboba) da SedarebiT naklebad -<br />
Zalauflebis gadameteba (liberalizmis nakleboba). naklebad imitom, rom rogorc ki<br />
Zalauflebis gadameteba garkveul zRvars cdeba, reJimi demokratiulobis saxels<br />
kargavs. erTi ki faqtia - demokratia TavisTavad, liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis<br />
gareSe, korufciisa da Zalauflebis gadametebis problemebis mogvarebas ver<br />
axerxebs.<br />
literatura:<br />
g.JorJoliani, T.berekaSvili, m. musxeliSvili. demokratia gardamaval<br />
sazogadoebebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002<br />
G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996<br />
G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998<br />
48
leqcia 7<br />
demokratiis diskursuli Teoria da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
hana arendtis mixedviT (Vita activa), politikuri Zalaufleba aravis ar ekuTvnis,<br />
politikuri Zalisgan gansxvavebiT, igi arsebobs adamianTa Soris sivrceSi da iqmneba<br />
(mJRavndeba) maT urTierTqmedebaSi _ action-Si, romelic mdgomareobs nabijis<br />
gadadgmaSi, aramaterialur qmnadobaSi, komunikaciis fenomenis SeqmnaSi.<br />
hana arendti am politikuri sferos izonomiaze saubrobs _ sivrciTi Tanasworobis<br />
<strong>for</strong>maze, rac jer kidev aristoteledan momdinareobs (ix. agreTve, kola,<br />
politikuri sociologia). magram politikuri sfero ar aris aucileblobiT izonomiuri.<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis faruli struqturebi xSirad araTanasworuflebiania,<br />
asimetriuli da, fukos Tu davujerebT, mxolod asimetriulad unda moiazrebodes.<br />
ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes, Tu ra igulisxmeba politikuri Zalauflebis farul<br />
struqturaSi (pattern), moviyvan erT magaliTs. amas winaT, saqarTvelos erT-erT<br />
regionSi tardeboda RonisZieba _ saiubileo saRamo. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da<br />
adgilobrivi xelisufleba, Sekrebilebi gamoCenili qarTvelis saxl-muzeumis ezoSi,<br />
moTminebiT elodebodnen sapatio maRalCinosnis stumrobas Tbilisidan. gamzadebul<br />
tribunaze idga mikrofonebi, dinamikebidan radios musika ismoda, xalxi ijda maT win<br />
wriulad an seirnobda axlo-maxlo. ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac am lodinSi gavida,<br />
aravin ecada mikrofonTan misuliyo da komunikaciis damyarebis iniciativa Tavis<br />
xelSi aeRo. sajaro sivrce carieli darCa manam, sanam daiwyeboda oficialuri<br />
RonisZieba winaswar dagegmili gamosvlebiT da Semajamebeli koncertiT.<br />
yvelas kargad moexseneba, rom saqarTvelos ar aklia adamianebi, visac SeuZlia<br />
sufris warmarTva da visac Tamadobis niWi da midrekileba gaaCnia. kerZo situaciebSi<br />
da saubrebSi adamianebs gambedaoba da mWevrmetyveleba ar akliaT, magram mikrofoni<br />
da oficialuri RonisZiebis mdgomareoba, es sul sxva sajaro sivrcea da am sivrceSi,<br />
rogorc Cans, mkacri tabu adevs TviTiniciativas - simboluri Zalaufleba, romelsac<br />
carieli mikrofoni ganasaxierebda, ekuTvnoda iq armyof did ufrosobas da misi<br />
Selaxva veravin gabeda. komunikacia ver Sedga, mosaxleoba pasiuri obieqtis rolSi<br />
darCa bolomde.<br />
postsabWoTa adamianebis uunaroba daamyaron komunikacia sajaro sivrceSi — es,<br />
hana arendtis mixedviT, aris maTi politikuri daTrgunulobis Sedegi, vinaidan<br />
urTierToba adamianebs Soris yovelTvis aris politikuri aqti, oRon gansxvavebuli<br />
mniSvnelobiT. adamianTa saqmianoba SeiZleba iyos sami tipis — jafa, muSaoba da<br />
moqmedeba. am sami tipidan moqmedeba aris umaRlesi <strong>for</strong>ma, da is politikur xasiaTs<br />
atarebs. wina leqciis terminologiiT, is interaqciulia, da masSi adamianis umaRlesi<br />
moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba gamoixateba.<br />
magram adamianTa urTierToba ara mxolod am (respublikuri) gagebiT aris<br />
politikuri. is politikurobis sam gansxvavebul eTikas moicavs, romlebsac Cven<br />
dabla ganvixilavT.<br />
49
demokratia liberalizmi respublikanizmi<br />
legitimacia umravlesoba erTi yvela<br />
aqtorebi politikosebi eqspertebi elitebi<br />
sagani<br />
subieqturoba,<br />
interesi<br />
obieqturi codna<br />
morali<br />
wyaro xalxi sinamdvile,<br />
faqtobrioba<br />
religia, kultura,<br />
erovnuloba<br />
droiTi<br />
orientacia<br />
mokle saSualo usasrulo<br />
konfliqti<br />
umravlesoba/<br />
umciresoba<br />
pirovneba/pirovneba<br />
pirovneba/<strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
agenti darwmuneba damtkiceba aRzrda/trans<strong>for</strong>macia<br />
Rirebulebebi arCevnebi/<br />
uzurpacia<br />
kanoni/qaosi<br />
warmomadgenlobiToba<br />
/korufcia mikerZoeba<br />
media televizia Jurnali wigni<br />
qmnis reJims institutebs struqturebs<br />
veberi qarizma samarTlebrivracionaluri<br />
tradicia<br />
safrangeTis<br />
revolucia<br />
Egalite Liberte Fraternite<br />
habermasi dramaturgiuli instrumentuli komunikaciuri<br />
warmoidgineT, rom mravalricxovani kampania iRebs gadawyvetilebas imaze, Tu sad<br />
gaataros dasvenebis dRe — tyeSi, mdinaresTan Tu mTaSi. savaraudod, gadawyvetileba<br />
miRebuli iqneba xmaTa umravlesobiT — wavlen iq, sadac yvelaze met adamians unda<br />
wasvla.<br />
es aris gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuli gza — xmaTa umravlesobiT. am wess<br />
mimarTaven, rodesac saqme exeba garkveul subieqturobas — magaliTad, rodesac<br />
sxvadasxva adamianebs aqvT gansxvavebuli survilebi da interesebi, an, magaliTad,<br />
50
odesac laparakia ganusazRvrel momavalze da samomavlo SesaZlo ganviTarebaze. aq<br />
aravis SeuZlia winaswar danamdvilebiT sinamdvilis ganWvreta iseT sakiTxze,<br />
magaliTad, Tu `vin iqneba saqarTvelosTvis ukeTesi prezidenti — petre Tu pavle?”<br />
subieqturad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, magram danamdvilebiT Tqmis SeuZleblobis gamo<br />
isev kenWisyras mivmarTavT.<br />
Tumca, gadawyvetileba ar miiReba yvela SemTxvevaSi xmaTa umravlesobiT. zogjer<br />
aucilebelia yvelas xmebi, da ara umravlesobis survili. ase magaliTad, zemoaRweril<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom yvelas unda wasvla tyeSi, magram jgufis erTi<br />
wevri acxadebs, rom mas aqvs alergia, da rom tyeSi wasvla misTvis lamis sasikvdilo<br />
safrTxesTan aris dakavSirebuli. amgvar viTarebaSi am adamianis interesebis<br />
ignorireba da umravlesobis survilis dakmayofileba uzneoba iqneboda. savaraudod,<br />
jgufi airCevs sxva marSruts, romelic yvelasTvis usafrTxo iqneba.<br />
amgvarad, Tuki umciresobis sicocxles an sxva ZiriTad uflebebs umravlesobis<br />
nebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad safrTxe emuqreba, gadawyvetilebas xmaTa<br />
umravlesobiT ar Rebuloben. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa konsesusi — yvelas Tanxmoba,<br />
yovelgvari gamoklebis gareSe. yvelas SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Rebuloben<br />
gadawyvetilebebs maSin, rodesac saqme exeba moralisa da eTikis sakiTxebs, rodesac<br />
saWiroa usamarTlobis Cadenis Tavidan acileba. ase xdeba, magaliTad, rodesac jgufi<br />
awesebs morigeobas imaze, Tu vin moamzadebs saWmels. yvela unda iyos Tanaxma, rom es<br />
usiamovno valdebuleba moixados, da Tavisi wili Tavisufali dro sxvebTan erTad<br />
saerTo saqmis keTebaze daxarjos; samarTliania, rom yvelam Tanabrad gainawilos<br />
mosabezrebeli saqmeebis keTeba, da usamarTloba iqneba, Tuki isini mxolod nawils<br />
daekisreba.<br />
amasTan, arsebobs gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic arc xmaTa umravlesobiT, da arc<br />
yvelas xmebiT ar miiReba. Tuki zemoxsenebulma jgufma ar icis, Tu ra mimarTulebiT<br />
unda iaros — CrdiloeTiT Tu samxreTiT — dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, erTaderTi,<br />
rac mas uSvelis- es aris mcodne adamiani, romelic an adgilobriv geografiaSi erkveva<br />
kargad, an ruqa da kompasi aqvs. mokled, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac dasadgenia<br />
konkretuli faqtobrivi, Tu obieqturi codna.<br />
gasagebia, rom orjer oro ras udris, an sworia Tu ara ainStainis Teoria, es aris is<br />
sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta xmaTa umravlesobiT uazrobaa, iseve rogorc yvelas<br />
xmebiT. Tuki erTma adamianma icis, Tu ras udris orjer ori, mas ar sWirdeba sxvebis<br />
gamokiTxva, rom swori pasuxi gansazRvros. aseve, Tu erTma adamianma icis, Tu ra gziT<br />
aris saWiro siaruli miznis misaRwevad, gadawyvetilebis miReba swored mas unda<br />
miendos.<br />
amdenad, Cven gvaqvs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis sami wyaro, sami eTika, romlebic<br />
aweseben legitimur gadawyvetilebebs, anu sazRvraven am gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
legitimurobis dadgenis xasiaTs. esenia gadawyvetilebaTa miReba umravlesobis<br />
xmebiT, yvelas xmebiT da erTis xmiT.<br />
am sam eTikas, sam wess, Cven Sesabamisad vuwodebT demokratiul, respublikur da<br />
liberalur legitimacias.<br />
miaqcieT yuradReba <strong>for</strong>mulirebas `vuwodebT”. TviT cnebebi `demokratia,<br />
respublikanizmi da liberalizmi” gamoiyeneba zogadad garkveuli, Tumca ki farTod<br />
ganfenili mniSvnelobebiT. Cven rom gveTqva ara `vuwodebT”, aramed `esenia”, Cven<br />
mogviwevda axlave imis dasabuTeba, rom es marTlac asea. anu maSin unda agveRo rogorc<br />
minimum klasikuri naSromebi, romlebic demokratiis, liberalizmisa da<br />
respublikanizmis politikuri azrovnebis qvakuTxedebs warmoadgenen, da dagvewyo<br />
imis garCeva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni gageba am naSromebis ideebs.<br />
51
Cven aq sxva gziT mivdivarT. Cven jer ganvixilavT legitimaciis am sam gansxvavebul<br />
wess, SeviswavliT maT siRrmiseulad, xolo Semdeg davubrundebiT klasikosebs da<br />
Tanamedrove avtorebsac da maT nawerebTan paralelebs gavavlebT.<br />
maS ase, Cven gvaqvs sami eTikuri wesi, romlebsac Cven davarqviT demokratiuli,<br />
respublikuri da liberaluri wesebi. TiToeuli wesi sazRvravs specifikur diskurss,<br />
romelTa Tvisebebsac Cven axla SeviswavliT.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romlis gamoc Cven ase<br />
mkafiod vasxvavebT am sam diskurss erTmaneTisgan. saqme isaa, rom sxvadasxva eTikis<br />
mimdevari diskursebi ver gaerTiandebian erT diskursSi! anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, me<br />
Tu var politikosi, da televizorSi gamovdivar da mayurebelTa umravlesobas minda<br />
Tavi movawono, xolo Cems oponents aqvs mtkicebulebebi, rom is, rasac me vlaparakob,<br />
arasworia, Cemi racionaluri qceva Cemi Tavis demagogiuri gamarTlebaa (da saerTod,<br />
moveridebi iseTi faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis gakeTebas, romlebic Semowmebadia<br />
sxvebis mier), da ara Secdomis aRiareba. anu demokratiuli diskursis CarCoebSi yofna<br />
(umravlesobas unda movawono Tavi) gamoricxavs liberaluri diskursis wesebis win<br />
wamowevas, da piriqiT: Tu CemTvis simarTlis dadgenaa mTavari, SeiZleba teledebateb-<br />
Si saerTod ver miviRo monawileoba, vinaidan isini ar iZlevian WeSmaritebis dadgenis<br />
SesaZleblobas. anu diskursis eTika erT SemTxvevaSi erTia, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi — sxva.<br />
cxadia, es ar niSnavs rom diskursebs Soris in<strong>for</strong>maciis gacvla ar SeiZleba, an ar<br />
warmoebs, es ubralod niSnavs, rom interdiskursul sivrceSi axali in<strong>for</strong>macia ar<br />
iwarmoeba. am sakiTxebs Cven kidev davubrundebiT, axla ki vecadoT ukeT gavigoT Cveni<br />
sami diskursis buneba.<br />
rogorc vaxseneT, demokratiuli eTika yvelaze ukeT gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi,<br />
rodesac saqme exeba subieqturobas, liberaluri — rodesac is exeba codnas, xolo<br />
respublikuri — morals. samive, amasTan, ukavSirdeba politikur urTierTobebs<br />
adamianTa raRac jgufSi. Cvens magaliTSi erTs unda gadaewyvita mizani (strategia),<br />
meores — saerTo saqmisTvis gasawevi SromiTi danaxarjebis samarTliani gadanawileba,<br />
xolo mesames — swori mimarTuleba (taqtika). samive es komponenti politikis sferos<br />
miekuTvneba, oRond gadawyvetilebis miReba gansxvavebuli wesebiT iwarmoeba. miznis<br />
SesarCevad jgufis wevrebi ecdebodnen erTmaneTi moexiblaT sakuTari arCevanis<br />
upiratesobebiT — daerwmunebiaT oponentebi im silamaziT, romlebsac isini, vTqvaT,<br />
mTaSi naxavdnen, an daeSinebiaT isini, piriqiT, mTaSi asvlis siZneleebiT. mokled, maTi<br />
racionaluri qceva iqneboda erTmaneTis darwmuneba, Tavis mxares umravlesobis<br />
gadmosabireblad, sakuTari poziciis propaganda.<br />
amisgan gansxvavebiT, is, vinc taqtikas gansazRvravs, anu irCevs gzas, romelic jgufs<br />
ukve gansazRvrul mizanTan miiyvans, unda moqmedebdes ara darwmunebiT, aramed damtkicebis<br />
gziT. man unda daasabuTos Tavisi azri an ruqis moSveliebiT, an adgilobriv macxovrebelTagan<br />
miRebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciiT, an sakuTari gamocdilebiT. man unda Tqvas `me vici”,<br />
da ara `me minda”. sapirispirod, Tuki vinme uaryofs strategias, is ambobs `me ar momwons”,<br />
an `me ar veTanxmebi”, xolo vinc taqtikas uaryofs, is ambobs `arasworia”, `mcdaria”.<br />
da bolos, samarTliani Senatani saerTo saqmeSi miiRweva jgufSi solidaruli,<br />
Tanaswori da urTierTpativiscemis damokidebulebebis damkvidrebiT. am<br />
damokidebulebebis xarjze, Tuki Tavidan samarTlianobis principi dairRva, da<br />
viRacam igrZno Tavi daCagrulad, SemdgomSi unda moxdes trans<strong>for</strong>macia, jgufis<br />
zarmaci an Tavxedi wevris Tavis adgilas dayeneba, da misi darwmuneba imaSi, rom misi<br />
qceva arasworia da gasakicxia. trans<strong>for</strong>macia da aRzrda aris is wesebi, romlebic am<br />
SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs, `yoCaR” da `grcxvenodes” aris is Sefasebebi, romlebic am<br />
diskuris relevanturia.<br />
52
inglisuri terminologia rom aviTvisoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, am diskursebs<br />
axasiaTebT sami gansxvavebuli agency — moqmedebis unari. demokratiuli diskusis agency<br />
aris darwmuneba, liberaluris — damtkiceba, xolo respublikuris aRzrda.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, da yovelTvis gvaxsovdes, rasac vecdebi xSirad gaxsenebdeT<br />
xolme, rom aq aRiwereba normatiulad `swori” suraTi. anu laparakia imaze, Tu rogor<br />
unda iyos, da ara imaze, Tu ra xdeba xolme realobaSi. anu ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />
jgufi waeCxubos erTmaneTs da daiSalos, rom saWmlis mzadebis valdebuleba<br />
mamakacebma qalebs gadaulocon, rom urCi wevri jgufisa misgan gairicxos, rom<br />
zedmetad Tavdajerebulma da liderobis mowyurebulma jgufis wevrma gamoacxados,<br />
rom man icis swori gza da jgufs WaobSi amoayofinos Tavi, da a.S. da a.S. TiToeuli es<br />
gadaxra idealuri suraTisgan arsebiTad diskursuli eTikis darRvevis xarjzea<br />
SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, cxadia, jgufs SeiZleba Tavze daatydes sxva ubedurebebi,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad, moulodnelad amovardnili qariSxali, rasac jgufis<br />
eTikasTan kavSiri ara aqvs, da rac TavisTavad gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba<br />
aRmoCndes. mokled, is, rasac Cven aq vixilavT, swori, anu sasurveli mowyobis<br />
idealuri saxea, romelic CvenTvis Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiebis<br />
idealTanaa asocirebuli, romelic mogexsenebaT, jer erTi, SeiZleba ar iyos<br />
erTaderTi SesaZlo ideali, xolo meore mxriv, is arasdros srulad ar xorcieldeba.<br />
davubrundeT diskursebis bunebis garCevas. moqmedebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs am<br />
diskursebs, ar xdeba TavisTavad. maT viRaca awarmoebs. is, vinc monawileobs ama Tu im<br />
diskursSi, am diskursis CarCoebSi garkveul rols TamaSobs. diskursis CarCoebs miRma is<br />
SeiZleba sxva rolSi gamovides, magaliTad, manqanis mZRolis rolSi an ojaxis wevris<br />
rolSi, iyos zogadad pirovneba da a.S. magram am wuTs Cven gvainteresebs Semdegi kiTxva _<br />
ra merqmeva me, Tuki am sami diskursidan erT-erTSi movindomeb monawileobis miRebas?<br />
demokratiul diskursSi monawileobis miReba niSnavs mcdelobas, moipovo rac<br />
SeiZleba meti momxre (moipovo umravlesoba) da daarwmuno adamianebi sakuTari<br />
poziciis mimzidvelobaSi. gasagebia, rom amas akeTeben pirvel rigSi politikosebi da<br />
am gziT isini politikur Zalauflebas moipoveben _ rogorc minimum im politikur<br />
reJimebSi, sadac tardeba perioduli samarTliani arCevnebi saxelmwifo postebis<br />
dasaufleblad. amdenad, demokratiuli diskursis ZiriTadi aqtori (moqmedi piri,<br />
actor) aris politikosi. gamocdilebidan Cven viciT, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevri<br />
arasdros gamodis am rolSi, aramed am socialur rols, rogorc wesi, adamianTa<br />
mxolod garkveuli jgufebi asruleben. Tumca ki, Teoriulad, ar aris gamoricxuli,<br />
rom ramdeni wevricaa jgufSi, imdeni gansxvavebuli azri dafiqsirdes, magram, rogorc<br />
wesi, arCevani da alternativebi arc Tu imdenad bevria da male irkveva, rom sakmarisia<br />
ramdenime alternativis dafiqsireba da maTi propagandireba.<br />
liberaluri diskursis monawile aRWurvilia codniT da damtkicebis unariT. is<br />
aris Tavisi saqmis eqsperti. is SeiZleba aseve iyos mosamarTle (garkveuli gagebiT,<br />
kanonebis eqsperti). eqspertis mizania codna da mxolod codna. es codna kargadaa<br />
asaxuli inglisur enaSi sityvaSi `policy”, _ termini, romelic politikisgan, `politics” —s<br />
nacvlad aRniSnavs ara brZolas ZalauflebisTvis, aramed garkveuli strategiuli<br />
kursis SemuSavebas da ganxorcielebas. policy moicavs saeqsperto kvlevas, gaangariSebas,<br />
teqnikur codnas, finansur gaTvlasa da a.S.<br />
eqspertebi SeiZleba muSaobdnen mTavrobaSi an warmoadgendnen <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s.<br />
calke aRsaniSnavia mosamarTle, romelic ama Tu im qcevas afasebs misi Sesabamisobidan<br />
kanonTan _ rac pirvel rigSi codnis da ara moralis sakiTxia da arc umravlesobis<br />
azris problema. ase, umravlesobas SeiZleba egonos, rom me var mkvleli da<br />
rom danaSauli maqvs Cadenili, magram me vflobde codnas imis Taobaze, rom var udana-<br />
53
Saulo da amis mtkicebuleba gamaCndes. maSin miukerZoebelma mosamarTlem unda gamamarTlos,<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> mzad aris linCis wesiT gamiswordes.<br />
maSin, roca liberaluri diskursis sagania codna, xolo aqtori _ eqsperti,<br />
respublikuri diskursis aqtori vlindeba mis mimarTebaSi moralTan da<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis warmarTvasTan. aseTi aqtori miekuTveba sazogadoebis<br />
normatiul elitas _ im adamianTa umciresobas, romlebic sazogadoebis TvalSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli, amaRlebuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian.<br />
respublikuri diskursi yvelaze Zneli gasagebia, vinaidan naTeli ar aris, Tu<br />
ranairad unda iyos yvela CarTuli moraluri sakiTxebis legitimaciaSi, miT umetes,<br />
rom Cven vsaubrobT Tanamedrove liberalur demokratiebze, sadac morali da eTika<br />
TavisTavad pluralizmis normebs eqvemdebareba.<br />
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom respublikuri diskursisaTvis gadawyvetilebis<br />
moraluroba _ es aris <strong>for</strong>ma, da ara Sinaarsi. es diskursi ubralod moiTxovs, rom<br />
yvela emxrobodes moralurobis princips, magram ar sazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyos am<br />
Tanxmobis Sinaarsi. anu misTvis mniSvnelovania TviT laparaki moralze, da ara raime<br />
konkretuli daskvna, romelic am laparakidan SeiZleba warmoiSvas.<br />
respublikur diskurss awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi elitebi da awarmoeben<br />
sazogadoebis iseT struqturebSi, rogorebicaa eklesia, universiteti, Teatri,<br />
literatura da a.S. es diskursi Tavisi struqturiT sazRvravs sazogadoebis<br />
msoflmxedvelobas, mis warmodgenebs samarTlianobaze, mis bazisur filosofiur<br />
sawyisebs. Tavisi bunebiT is, rasakvirvelia, ufro prepolitikuria, vidre uSualod<br />
politikuri, magram politikis sawyisebi swored masSi moipoveba.<br />
respublikuri diskursis elitebi ver gadaudgebian sindisis karnaxs popularobisa<br />
da umravlesobis TvalSi mowonebis gamo. amiT isini demokratiuli<br />
elitebisagan gansxvavdebian. amave dros, isini ar arian ideologebi _ abstraqtuli<br />
codnis mimdevrebi, visTvisac codna da kanoni ufro maRla dgas, vidre konkretuli<br />
adamianebis warmodgenebi am codnasa da kanonze.<br />
idealuria, rodesac samive am diskursis elitebi, codna da moqmedeba harmoniaSia<br />
erTmaneTTan. anu politikosi imavdroulad Tavisi saqmis eqsperticaa da<br />
imavdroulad zneobrivad amaRlebuli sazogadoebrivi moRvawe. yvela <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
uxaria amgvari mowyoba, sadac xalxs arwmuneben codnaze apelirebiT sindisieri<br />
adamianebi, romlebic samarTlianebic arian. magram, realurad es aris utopia,<br />
romelic iseTive Zneli misaRwevia, rogorc komunizmi. amitom, kargad unda gvesmodes,<br />
rom am sami diskursis sivrciT _ struqturuli diferenciacia aris maTi gamarTuli<br />
funqcionirebis garantia. anu politikosma unda ixelmZRvanelos erTi eTikiT,<br />
eqspertma _ meore eTikiT, xolo sazogadoebrivma moRvawem _ mesameTi. da aseve isini<br />
fasdebian sxvadasxva kriteriumebiT da sxvadasxva parametrebs unda pasuxobdnen.<br />
sivrciT struqturul diferenciacias Tan axlavs diskursebis diferenciacia<br />
droSi. sivrcisa da drois mimarTebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT.<br />
zodadad, dResdReobiT, socialuri mecnierebebi da politikuri Teoria erTgvarad<br />
preniutoniseul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. anu sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da<br />
procesebis Seswavla ar eyrdnoba iseT cnebiT aparats, romelic mikro doneze kavSirs<br />
daamyarebda socialuri struqturebis xasiaTsa da maTi gardaqmnisa da<br />
funqcionirebis tempTan da droiT orientaciaTan. amgvari Teoriis yvelaze<br />
TvalnaTlivi magaliTia parsonsis Teoria. parsonsiseuli funqcionaluri cvladebi<br />
metad seriozuli Senatani iyo sivrcis, anu sazogadoebis siRrmiseuli kavSirebisa da<br />
struqturebis saanalizod. magram es Teoria kritikis sagani gaxda swored imisTvis,<br />
rom mxolod statikur suraTs iZleoda da ver ixilavda movlenebs maT dinamikaSi da am<br />
54
dinamikas TavisTavad ver ukavSirebs sivrciT maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
demokratiuli, liberaluri da respublikuri diskursebis gansxvavebuli<br />
sivrciTi eTika (gadawyvetilebis legitimacia umravlesobiT, yvelaTi, erTiT),<br />
ukavSirdeba gansxvavebul droiT orientaciasac.<br />
yvela, vinc monawileobs eTikuri da moraluri normebisa da warmodgenebis mudmiv<br />
ganaxlebaSi, dacvaSi da uaryofaSi, verasdros ver midis erT garkveul saboloo<br />
daskvnamde. es aris procesi, (<strong>for</strong>umi, rogorc mas jon elsteri uwodebs, hana arendtis<br />
nawerebze, rogorc am <strong>for</strong>umis apologetikaze miTiTebiT). am process aqvs TavisTavadi<br />
Rirebuleba, romelic gamoixateba monawileTa ideebis gacvlaSi, maT urTierTgavlenaSi,<br />
maTi komunikaciuri erTobis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi. yovel mocemul momentSi, Tuki<br />
aviRebT sazogadoebis myisier Wrils (rogorc amas, magaliTad, arCevnebi akeTebs),<br />
davinaxavT, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si erTianoba da Tanxmoba ar aris. magram, ar aris gamoricxuli<br />
igive dayofebi veZioT am <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg; TviT<br />
dayofebi msjelobisa da urTierTobis procesSi Tavad ganicdian trans<strong>for</strong>macias.<br />
garda imisa, rom Tavisi struqturiT respublikuri diskursi ver aRwevs veranair<br />
daskvnebs drois sasrul monakveTSi, is amgvar mizans arc isaxavs. misi miznebi,<br />
miswrafebebi, ufro maradiulia, araamwuTieri, droSi ganfenili da sayovelTao. mas<br />
ara aqvs orientacia droSi moZraobaze, mas miznas aqvs dasaxuli srulyofa.<br />
ase, sul erTia, Tu sad wava zemoTxsenebuli jgufi da wava is sadme Tu ara, magram<br />
Tuki es adamianebi erTad yofnas apireben, maT urTierTobas garkveuli normebisa da<br />
eTikis, solidarobis gamomuSaveba da mudmivi ganaxleba sWirdeba.<br />
liberaluri diskursi droSi SedarebiT miRwevad sazRvrebSi moqceul miznebzea<br />
orientirebuli.<br />
codnis dadgena sasruli aqtia. mecnierebaSi is mdgomareobs faqtebis moZiebaSi,<br />
analizSi da logikur gansjebSi. samarTalaRsruleba mdgomareobs igiveSi _<br />
danaSaulis dafiqsireba, moZieba, braldebulis dadgena da misi danaSaulis Sefardeba<br />
werilobiT samarTalTan. politikaSi is mdgomareobs normis (kanonis, institutis)<br />
damkvidrebaSi, rac gulisxmobs viTarebis Seswavlas, gaazrebas, miznebTan Sefardebas<br />
da argumentirebas, Sedegebis garkveul gaangariSebas, institutis damkvidrebas<br />
(re<strong>for</strong>mis gatarebas) da sazogadoebrivi qcevis am institutTan SesabamisobaSi<br />
moyvanas. yvelaferi es aris araerTjeradi procesi, magram arc Tu usasrulo.<br />
pirvelisagan da meorisagan gansxvavebiT, demokratiuli diskursi yvelaze<br />
moklevadian perspeqtivazea mimarTuli. misi mizania _ umravlesobis gamovlena. es<br />
diskursi ar axdens monawileTa trans<strong>for</strong>macias da arc qcevis normebs cvlis axali<br />
institutebis damkvidrebiT (Tu Zvelebis uaryofiT). man SeiZleba ubralod Secvalos<br />
warmodgenebi imaze, Tu ra aris yvelaze miRwevadi an sasurveli, SeakavSiros<br />
maqsimaluri sargeblianoba minimalur drosTan. is mimarTulia Zalauflebis<br />
miRwevaze maqsimalurad swrafad, raTa daiwyos moqmedeba, misi aqtorebi arian<br />
politikosebi, romlebsac sWirdebaT Zalaufleba aq da axla, risTvisac isini<br />
manipulireben sazogadoebrivi azriT momxreTa misaRebad.<br />
da bolos, rogorc aRvniSneT, liberaluri diskursis aRwerisas, es diskursi<br />
adgens sazogadoebriv ConCxs, mis institutebs _ im warmonaqmnebs, romlebic<br />
garkveuli wesebisa da normebis mixedviT moqmedeben, rac gvaZlevs garkveul codnas<br />
momavali movlenebis Sesaxeb. anu liberaluri diskursis Sedegad iqmneba institutebi,<br />
demokratiuli diskursis Sedegad iqmneba reJimebi, xolo respublikuri diskursi<br />
qmnis sazogadoebriv struqturas, romelic win uswrebs institutebsac da reJimebsac.<br />
weRan Cven vaxseneT, rom es sami diskursi struqturulad unda iyos<br />
diferencirebuli erTmaneTisagan, rom sxvanairad isini erTmaneTs xels SeuSlian.<br />
55
amave dros, Cven kargad gvesmis, rom Tuki politikosebi mxolod sazogadoebis<br />
manipulirebiT iqnebian dakavebulni da maT ver movTxovT verc kompetenciasa da verc<br />
patiosnebas, amgvari politika kargs verafers moitans. maS ra mimarTebaa am sam<br />
diskurss Soris da rogori unda iyos is normatiulad?<br />
arsebiTad, es bolo kiTxva Tanamedrove politikuri Teoriis sakvanZo sakiTxia.<br />
sxvadasxva moazrovneebi masze gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZlevian. ase ratom unda<br />
miiRebodes Tanamedrove konstituciebi umravlesobis xmebiT _ anu im politikuri<br />
meqanizmebiT, romlebic Tanamedrove demokratias axasiaTebs? uzrunvelyofs Tu ara<br />
amgvari meqanizmi liberaluri da respublikuri ganzomilebebis ganxorcielebas?<br />
habermasisTvis konstitucia unda iyos respublikuri diskursis sagani, rogorc amas<br />
franguli revolucia gulisxmobda, yvelas erTobis sagani. habermasi `deliberaciuli<br />
demokratiis” models yvelas msjelobaze afuZnebs da ara politikosebisa an eqspertebis<br />
msjelobaze. amisagan gansxvavebulia jon roulzis `sajaro gonis” idea. roulzi Tavisi<br />
politikuri liberalizmis ideas sruliad `arapolitikur” xasiaTs aniWebs (Tuki<br />
`politikurs” mxolod demokratiul diskursTan gavaigivebT). imave kiTxvaze _ Tu ras<br />
unda daeyrdnos konstituciis sabaziso debulebebi, Tu ara demokratiul umravlesobas,<br />
_ is, habermasisgan gansxvavebiT, ara respublikur, aramed liberalur pasuxs iZleva.<br />
`sajaro goni”, misi gagebiT, aris ara yvelas msjelobis sagani, aramed mosamarTlis mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli gansja. amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlo unda iyos is organo, is<br />
instituti, romelsac idealur variantSi SeuZlia maqsimalurad zustad gansajos<br />
samarTlis is normebi, romlebic amerikis konstitucias Seefereba, xolo samarTlianobis<br />
principebi, zogadad, es aris liberaluri racionaluri diskursis sagani da ara<br />
respublikuri deliberaciis Sedegi.<br />
postmodernuli azrovneba, zogadad, uaryofs rogorc liberaluri, aseve respublikuri<br />
proeqtebis SesaZleblobas, maT unars raime erTi, garkveuli da saboloo WeSmariteba<br />
warmoqmnan. am mxriv, rogorc habermasi, misi `Tanamedroveobis dausrulebeli<br />
proeqtiT”, aseve roulzi, anaqronizms warmoadgenen. miSel fukosTvis liberaluri<br />
diskursi ubralod Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis <strong>for</strong>maa, da mis ukan mxolod<br />
dominaciis disciplinaruli urTierTobebia damaluli. demokratiuli diskursi,<br />
rogorc Cans, aris is, rac wina planze iwevs dasavleTSi postmodernul epoqaSi, rac<br />
dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiebis problematikas aaxlovebs araliberaluri<br />
aradasavluri demokratiebis problemasTan, razedac kidev gveqneba saubari.<br />
postTanamedroveobas axasiaTebs legitimaciis sawyisebis trans<strong>for</strong>macia, maTi<br />
gadatana sul ufro demokratiuli diskursis velSi, anu, rogorc amas butros butros<br />
gali ayalibebs, “For the past two centuries, it was law that provided the source of authority <strong>for</strong><br />
democracy. Today, law seems to be replaced by opinion as the source of authority, and the media<br />
serve as the arbiters of public opinion” 1 (Boutros Boutros Ghali, Opinion –the New Authority, in:<br />
Media & Democracy, ed. by E.E.Dennis, R.W.Snyder, Transaction Publishers). swored am<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa da mediis rols masSi ixilavs habermasi, romelsac Cven Semdeg<br />
leqciaSi ganvixilavT.<br />
literatura:<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, Free but Not Liberal: Media and a Particularistic <strong>Social</strong> Context, conference<br />
papers, CMI, Yerevan, Armenia (in Russian)2004, 15 gv.<br />
1 `demokratiuli mmarTvelobis wyaros bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda kanoni. dResdReobiT<br />
misi adgili rogorc Cans daikava Sexedulebam, xolo media TamaSobs arbitris rols<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi”.<br />
56
leqcia 8<br />
habermasi: sajaro sivrcis struqturuli trans<strong>for</strong>macia<br />
Tanamedroveobis yvelaze gavleniani filosofosis, iurgen habermasis adreuli<br />
naSromi `sajaro sivrcis (sferos) struqturuli trans<strong>for</strong>macia~ gamoqveynda 1962<br />
wels germanul enaze, da miuxedavad misi gavlenianobisa germanul Teoriul<br />
diskursSi, inglisurad iTargmena SedarebiT gvian, 1989 wels. es naSromi, romelic<br />
sajaro diskursebs swavlobs (public discources) win uswrebs `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis”<br />
cnebis aqtualizebas da reabilitacias XX saukunis bolo wlebSi da bevr disciplinasa<br />
da codnis sferos aerTianebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Seswavlis sfero<br />
interdisciplinarulia, da masSi Rrmad garkveva moiTxovs safuZvlian codnas<br />
rogorc minimum ramdenime gansxvavebul sferoSi, misi meTodi avtoris mier<br />
ganisazRvreba rogorc istoriuli da sociologiuri. avtori iyenebs istoriul<br />
meTods, romliTac is Seiswavlis socialuri struqturebis trans<strong>for</strong>macias bolo<br />
saukuneebis inglisSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi. garda socialuri struqturebisa, is<br />
aseve istoriul perspeqtivaSi ganixilavs Teoriul refleqsiebs am struqturebis<br />
Sesaxeb - kantidan jon stiuart milamde.<br />
habermasi, frankfurtis neomarqsisruli skolis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili<br />
warmomadgeneli, Tavis analizSi garkveulwilad aerTianebs empiriul kvlevas da<br />
ideologiur kritikas, normatiul Sefasebebs da faqtobriv msjelobebs, is swavlobs<br />
erTdroulad realur istoriasac da normatiul idealebs. mkiTxveli yuradRebiT<br />
unda iyos im mxriv, rom, Tavad avtoris aRiarebiT, man xSirad ver ganasxvava idealuri<br />
(idealizebuli) modeli burJuaziuli (liberaluri) sajaro sivrcisa da misi realuri<br />
istoriuli sawyisebi (empiriuli <strong>for</strong>mebi).<br />
misi interesis sagani pirvel rigSi demokratia, demokratiis Teoriaa. `me kvlavac<br />
vaRiareb im midgomas, romelic safuZvlad daedo am kvlevas`— ambobs habermasi 1989<br />
wels — `masobrivi demokratiebi, romlebic Camoyalibda sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwifoebis <strong>for</strong>miT, . . . mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba acxadebdes pretenzias<br />
rom emyareba liberaluri konstituciuri saxelmwifos principebis aRiarebas, Tuki is<br />
seriozulad cdilobs icxovros im standartebis mixedviT, romlebsac qmnis sajaro<br />
sivrce, romelic asrulebs politikur funqciebs~ (gv. 441, Habermas and the Public Sphere,<br />
MIT Press, 1992). mas ainteresebda, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom `<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m. . .<br />
Seqmnas sajaro komunikaciis kritikuli procesi im organizaciebis meSveobiT,<br />
romlebic mis mediacias ewevian~ (ST, p.332 — iqve). kritika, romelic naSromma Riad<br />
datova, da romelsac, SeiZleba iTqvas, mieZRvna habermasis mTeli momdevno saqmianoba,<br />
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `konkretuli interesebis gadauWreli mravalferovneba . . .<br />
badebs eWvs, rom SeuZlebeli iyos warmoiqmnas iseTi zogadi interesi, romelsac<br />
sazogadoebrivma azrma SeiZleba mimarTos rogorc kriteriums (ST, 234).<br />
`burJuaziuli sajaro sivrce~, romelsac swavlobs naSromi, aris istoriuli,<br />
socialuri, da amave dros, normatiuli warmonaqmni (kategoria). is ganixileba rogorc<br />
mocemuli epoqisTvis da adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kategoria, evropuli Sua<br />
saukuneebis istoriidan warmoqmnili unikaluri movlena. am mxriv igi istoriuli<br />
kategoriaa.<br />
termini, romelsac Cven aq viyenebT, `sajaro sivrce~ (sfero) moiTxovs garkveul<br />
ganmartebas. `Public~ SeiZleba niSnavdes sajarosac da sazogadoebrivsac. am terminis<br />
gamoyeneba am or cnebas Soris garkveuli tolobis niSans svams, gansakuTrebiT mis<br />
57
opoziciaSi `Private`-Tan, anu kerZosTan. sajarosa da sazogadoebrivis gaigiveba aris,<br />
albaT, is mTavari, rac demokratiis habermasiseul normatiul gagebas yvelaze metad<br />
axasiaTebs, da mas hana arendtiseul respublikur xasiaTs aniWebs. universaluroba,<br />
romelic namdvilad sazogadoebrivs axasiaTebs, Cndeba mxolod Tanaswori<br />
deliberaciis idealur diskursSi, sadac yvela Tanabrad uflebamosilia<br />
samonawileod. Tanamedrove demokratiebis problemas, romelsac is mocemuli<br />
naSromis boloSi ayalibebs, warmoadgens Semdegi kiTxva: uzrunvelyofs ki<br />
Tanamedrove media amgvari monawileobisTvis Sesaferis sivrces. 1989 wels habermasi<br />
ayalibebs am kiTxvas Semdegnairad: `ramdenad, da ra donemde, masmediis mier<br />
dominirebuli sajaro sivrce uqmnis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis wevrebs realistur<br />
SesaZleblobas, raTa maT, mediis ZaliT aRWurvil politikur da ekonomikur<br />
interesebTan brZolaSi (konkurenciaSi), moaxerxon im Rirebulebebis, sakiTxebisa da<br />
msjelobebis speqtris Secvla, romlebsac gare zegavlenis Sedegad Rebuloben,<br />
miudgnen maT inovaciurad da ganixilon kritikulad~. (gv. 455, Habermas and Public Sphere).<br />
magram davubrundeT istorias, da sajaro sivrcisa da TviT sajaroobis cnebis<br />
warmoSobas, masTan ki sazogadoebrivi azris cnebis <strong>for</strong>mirebas. gansxvavebiT<br />
`<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis~ cnebisgan, romelic Zveli droidan momdinareobs, es axali<br />
movlena mxolod Tanamedroveobas ukavSirdeba da swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac xdeba<br />
saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis daSoriSoreba, anu Tanamedrove tipis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis <strong>for</strong>mireba.<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mireba es aris is procesi, rodesac xdeba kerZos da<br />
sazogadoebrivis erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba, rasac adgili ar hqonda feodalur<br />
xanaSi, rodesac saxelmwifos mflobeloba imavdroulad mmarTvelis sakuTrebas<br />
utoldeboda. sazogadoebrivi, public, xdeba imavdroulad saxelmwifos ekvivalenti,<br />
xolo mis gareT yvelaferi, kerZo sferos ayalibebs. imavdroulad am kerZo sferodan<br />
<strong>for</strong>mirdeba `burJuaziuli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>~ - sajaro sivrce, <strong>for</strong>mirebuli<br />
kerZo adamianTa mier, romelic TandaTan ikavebs adgils im sajaro sivrcisa, romelsac<br />
manamde aristokratia da samefo kari qmnidnen.<br />
kapitalisturi ganviTarebisa da socialuri da ekonomikuri trans<strong>for</strong>maciis am<br />
adreul stadiebze, iwyebs ganviTarebas presa (meCvidmete saukune). in<strong>for</strong>macia,<br />
romelic qveyndeba am JurnalebSi, mimarTulia `publikaze~ da moicavs savaWro da<br />
ekonomikur axal ambebs, sareklamo Setyobinebebs da xelisuflebis dadgenilebebs da<br />
axal ambebs, romlebic mimarTulia savaWro kapitalizmis regulirebaze. TandaTan,<br />
instrumentidan, romelic Svelis saxelmwifo administracias mmarTvelobis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi, is gadaiqceva sazogadoebis sakuTriv institutad, presad,<br />
romelsac <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> sul ufro iyenebs `gonis sajaro gamoynebis~ mizniT da<br />
kritikuli refleqsiisTvis. kritikuli ganazrebebis Semcveli presa iwyebs<br />
ganviTarebas meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi. es kritikuli ganxilvebi im periodSi<br />
SezRudulia, da ufro ganmanaTleblur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. subieqturi<br />
Sexedulebebi idevneba cenzuris mier da ar ganixileba gansajaroebis Rirsad<br />
(prusiaSi). amave dros safrangeTSi da did britaneTSi ukve safangeTis revoluciamde<br />
ramdenime wliT adre akrZaluli Sexedulebebi iwodeba `sazogadoebriv~ Sexedulebad<br />
da sajaro sivrce ixileba rogorc `<strong>for</strong>umi, romelzedac kerZo adamianebi<br />
erTiandebian sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad, da mzad arian aiZulon xelisufleba<br />
moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis legitimacia sazogadoebis TvalSi~ (gv. 25-26).<br />
meCvidmete saukunis bolos da meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi sityva `public”<br />
(publika, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>), Semodis xmarebaSi da Cndeba `sazogadoebrivi azris” cneba.<br />
`burJuaziuli sajaro sivrce pirvel rigSi unda iyos gagebuli rogorc sfero,<br />
58
sadac kerZo adamianebi erTiandebian <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si (sazogadoebriobaSi). male maT<br />
moiTxoves iseTi sajaro sivrce, romelic iqneboda regulirebadi qvemodan xelisuflebis<br />
sapirispirod, raTa ekamaTaT im zogad wesebze, romlebic aregulirebda<br />
urTierTobebs metwilad privatizebul magram sajaro mniSvnelobis mqone sferoebSi,<br />
rogorebicaa faseulobaTa mimocvla da sazogadoebrivi Sroma. am politikuri<br />
konkurenciis mediumi iyo unikaluri da istoriulad uprecedento: xalxis mier<br />
sajaro gansjis gza (people’s public use of their reason)” (gv. 27.)<br />
am sivrceSi wodebebi ar ibrZvian saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli<br />
gadanawilebisTvis; isini sxva tipis Zalauflebas eswrafvian, romelic ar gulisxmobs<br />
mmarTvelobaSi monawileobas. Tavis ganviTarebaSi da kritikuli azrovnebis praqtikis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi is TandaTan iSorebs xelisuflebis kontrols sakuTar funqcionirebaze,<br />
da, imavdroulad Tavad iyofa da or qvesferos warmoSobs: politikur<br />
sakiTxebze kritikuli msjelobis paralelurad viTardeba sajaro sivrcis<br />
apolitikuri <strong>for</strong>mac - literaturuli sajaro sivrce; am sivrceSi subieqturi kerZo<br />
pirebi iazrebdnen sakuTar Tavs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
literaturuli sajaro sivrce Camoyalibda rogorc qalaqis sivrce, romlis<br />
institutebi yavis saxlebi (kafeebi), salonebi da sxva sazogadoebebia. am <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m<br />
xidi gado axal <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa da uwindel, warmaval, aristokratiul<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s (`sveti`) Soris.<br />
amdenad, meTvramete saukuneSi yalibdeba Semdegi socialuri struqtura kerZo<br />
sferosa da saxlemwifos Soris: politikuri sajaro sivrce da literaturuli sajaro<br />
sivrce. erTic da meorec yalibdeba `qalaqSi~ rogorc saerTo ekonomikisa da<br />
komunikaciis sivrceSi.<br />
am sajaro sivrcis institutebi - kafeebi, salonebi, klubebi da a.S. yvela qmnian<br />
mudmiv sadiskusio sivrces, romelic aris: 1. neitraluri statusuri sxvaobebis<br />
mimarT (ar iRebs mxedvelobaSi wodebriv sxvaobebs); 2. ixilavs iseT sferoebsac,<br />
romlebic manamde kritikuli ganxilvis sagani ar xdeboda; 3. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
inkluziurobis ganzomilebas aniWebs.<br />
cxadia, es maxasiaTeblebi unda ufro ganvixiloT rogorc normatiuli siaxleebi<br />
wina periodTan SedarebiT, vidre rogorc srulad realizebuli empirika. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelic am sferos Seadgens metad viwroa mTlianad mosaxleobasTan<br />
SedarebiT; is ufro maRali statusuri mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeba; is mokled, ar aris<br />
mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, aramed misi elita. rac icvleba, da rac aris xazgasasmeli aq, es<br />
aris am elitis <strong>for</strong>mirebis eTika da sawyisebi. es eTika axalia, is individualisturia,<br />
da is inkluziuria. inkluziuria ara yvela parametriT (debili da qurdi ar aris<br />
Tanabrad mowonebuli am sivrceSi), aramed pirovnul Tvisebebze orientaciiT,<br />
pirovnul qarizmaze, wesierebaze da inteleqtze aqcentis gadataniT - gansxvavebiT<br />
wodebisa, Zalauflebisa da simdidrisa, rac eqskluziur maxasiaTeblebs Seadgens.<br />
habermasi, aRwers ra am sivrcis struqturas, interesebs da komunikaciis wesebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs iseTi publikaciebis warmoqmnas, rogorebicaa<br />
yovelkvireuli moralisturi Jurnalebi, an is, rasac SeiZleba `perioduli<br />
esseistika~ ewodos. es Jurnalebi mWidrod iyo gadabmuli kafeebis diskursebTan da<br />
Tavad xdeboda kafeebSi ganxilvis sagani. `am gamocemebSi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> sakuTar Tavs<br />
sarkeSi uyurebda~ (gv.43). amgvari gamocemebi yuradRebas manerebsa da moralze<br />
amaxvilebdnen. `[tatleri] mimarTuli iyo tolerantobis gavrcelebaze, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
moralis gaTavisuflebaze moraluri Teologiisgan, da akademiuri filosofiisgan<br />
praqtikuri sibrZnis dacvaze. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelic kiTxulobda da kamaTobda amgvar<br />
sakiTxebze, kiTxulobda da kamaTobda sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb~ (gv.43).<br />
59
magram davubrundeT politikur sajaro sivrces. ra tipis debatebi Cndeba masSi? es<br />
debatebi imTaviTve mimarTulia ara mmarTvelobaze (Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis<br />
sajaro debatebisgan gansxvavebiT), aramed <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis regulirebaze.<br />
xelisuflebis mimarT maTi monawileebi gamodian rogorc kerZo pirebi da moqmedeben<br />
polemikurad. kritikuli sajaro debatebi xels uwyobs kanonis uzenaesobis principis<br />
damkvidrebas, mmarTvelTa ganukiTxavi nebis sapirispirod. sajarooba aq did rols<br />
TamaSobda. `zustad iseve, rogorc saidumloeba warmodgenili iyo voluntas-ze (xelisuflebis<br />
neba) dafuZnebuli suverenobis SenarCunebis instrumentad, ise sajarooba<br />
moiazreboda iseTi kanonmdeblobis mxardamWerad, romelic ratio-ze (gonebaze)<br />
iqneboda dafuZnebuli~ (gv. 53). sazogadoebrivi azri pretenzias acxadebs samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis gansjaze da maTi safuZvlebis gamijvnaze (is gamoavlens bunebriv<br />
wesrigs, romelic unda gadatanil iqnes samarTlebriv wesrigSi). universalisturi<br />
kanonebi saxelmwifoSi da msjelobis universalisturi wesebi sazogadoebriv sajaro<br />
sivrceSi orive am periodSi gamodis wina planze rogorc adamianis universaluri<br />
gonis nayofi, neitraluri da obieqturi gansjis legitimuri Sedegi.<br />
habermasi aRwers sajaro sivrcis ganviTarebas qronologiurad sami qveynis<br />
magaliTze: inglisi, germania da safrangeTi. es midgoma garkveulwilad sakamaToa.<br />
ganviTarebis etapebi, romlebic droSi erTmaneTs misdevs da sxvadasxva qveynebis<br />
magaliTze sxvadasxva doziT vlindeba, SeiZleba ar warmoadgendnen ganviTarebis<br />
erTiani xazis elementebs. piriqiT, rogorc Cven Semdgom vnaxavT, masmedia, da sajaro<br />
sivrcis xasiaTic, am qveynebSi arsebiTad gansxvavebulad Camoyalibda.<br />
inglisSi sityvis Tavisufleba bevrad ufro adre mkvidrdeba, vidre prusiaSi, da<br />
cenzurac maleve qreba. aq presa axorcielebs mudmiv komentarsa da kritikas xelisuflebisa<br />
da parlamentis mimarT da qmnis namdvil meoTxe xelisuflebas (meTvramete<br />
saukune). TandaTan, sazogadoebrivi azris gavleniT, saparlamento debatebi orientirebuli<br />
xdeba (mimarTuli) sazogadoebis darwmunebaze, xolo xmis uflebis mqone<br />
adamianTa raodenoba (mecxramete saukune) matulobs. mecxramete saukuneSi, am debatebis<br />
gavleniT, partiebi iwyeben sakuTari plat<strong>for</strong>mebis winasaarCevno gamoqveynebas.<br />
safrangeTSi cenzura grZeldeba gacilebiT didxans, vidre inglisSi, xolo<br />
socialuri mdgomareoba aris sxvagvari. amdenad, meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
politikuri kriticizmi metwilad filosofosebis saqmea. germaniaSi sityvis<br />
Tavisufleba kidev ufro gvian viTardeba. habermasis interpretaciaSi es sxvaoba<br />
ubralod qronologiuria, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am sxvaobas aqvs kavSiri<br />
mediis da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis dominanturi modelis saxeobasTan dRes.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris <strong>for</strong>mireba aris is funqcia, romelsac asrulebs,<br />
TviTinterpretaciiT, sajaro sivrce. sazogadoebrivi azri aq aris reputaciis,<br />
pativiscemis sinonimi.<br />
hobsma ganacalkeva mmarTvelobisgan Sexeduleba, kerZo sindisi da cnobiereba, rac<br />
im periodSi sekularizacias da saxelmwifosa da WeSmaritebaze pretenziis<br />
gancalkevebas niSnavda. amis mere (male) loki wers `Sexedulebis kanons~, romelic,<br />
faqtobrivad, amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi, romelic qmnis<br />
individualuri (religiuri da moraluri sawyisebis mqone) Sexedulebebi, ufro<br />
Zlieria, vidre saxelmwifosa Tu eklesiis SesaZlo sanqciebi.<br />
SemdgomSi, habermasis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi azri sul ufro iZens<br />
legitimacias, rogorc hobsiseuli `auctoritac, non veritas, facit legem`-is sapirispiro<br />
movlena, rogorc ratio-s wyari voluntas-is sapirispirod. habermasi aRwers rogorc<br />
cnebis farTo gamoyenebis aRmocenebis istorias, aseve im datvirTvas, romelsac iZens<br />
es cneba jer kantis, Semdeg hegelisa da bolos marqsis naSromebSi. Ratio am avtorebis<br />
60
naSromebSi unda akavSirebdes politikas da morals, politikas zneobriobis<br />
ganzomilebas aniWebds.<br />
Tavis droze, ambobs habermasi, hobsma mmarTvelTa absoluturi Zalauflebis<br />
legitimaciiT <strong>for</strong>muliT `auctoritac, non veritas, facit legem~ ecada mSvidobis damkvidrebas,<br />
religiuri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> omis SeCerebas, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis, rogorc konfliqtis<br />
wyaros, neitralizebas. kanti, ori saukuniT gvian, axdens moraluri azrovnebis<br />
reabilitacias, praqtikuli gonis damkvidrebas kanonis <strong>for</strong>miT, is kanonebs<br />
uqvemdebarebs maTi warmoqmnis princips - sajaro sferos. amave sferoSi axdenen<br />
adamianebi inteleqtualur emansipacias.<br />
SemdgomSi, hegelis naSromebSi, sazogadoebrivi azris bunebis gageba trans<strong>for</strong>macias<br />
ganicdis. hegelTan mas ukve aRar aqvs WeSmaritebis bazisis <strong>for</strong>mirebis<br />
funqcia, is umravlesobis subieqtur Sexedulebaze daiyvaneba. hegelisTvis<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris dayofili, masSi erTmaneTs ebrZvian kerZo interesebi da<br />
korporaciebi. sazogadoebrivi azri aq saRi azris mniSvnelobas iZens. sazogadoebrivi<br />
sivrce aRar emsaxureba WeSmaritebis gamovlenas da aRar aris gonis samflobelo,<br />
aramed masSi xdeba subieqturi kerZo Sexedulebebis SeTavseba (integrireba) im<br />
obieqtebTan, romelsac saxelmwifo ganasaxierebs. hegeli uaryofs TviT ideas<br />
politikuri moralis sazomiT gazomvisa, amdenad, mmarTvelobis racionalizacia<br />
sajaro sivrcis meSveobiT mis koncefciaSi adgils ar ikavebs.<br />
marqsma sazogadoebrivi azri `yalb cnobierebad~ gamoacxda. is ubralod faravs<br />
burJuaziis klasobriv interess. misi daniSnulebaa kapitalisturi eqspluataciis<br />
warmoCena `bunebriv wesrigad~. yvela idea, romelic <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s edo<br />
safuZvlad, aris, marqsis mixedviT, fiqcia: ar arsebobs SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba;<br />
misi fuZemdebluri `Riaobis~ principi (yvelasaTvis Ria sivrce) irRveva, mas ara aqvs<br />
ufleba gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi naciasTan da <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan. adamianis uflebebisa<br />
da mesakuTreTa uflebebis gaigiveba badebs ideologias. gansxvavebiT hegelisgan,<br />
saxelmwifo marqsisTvis ganasaxierebs ara WeSmaritebas, aramed ideologias, da<br />
klasobriv dominacias.<br />
politikuri filosofiis es evolucia asaxavs im trans<strong>for</strong>macias, romelsac<br />
ganicdis sajaro sivrce warmoqnidan da Semdgom. Tuki meTvramete saukunis versia iyo<br />
mimarTuli imaze, rom politikuri mmarTvelobis racionalizacias sWirdeboda im<br />
`bunebrivi wesrigis~ warmoCena, romelic arsebobs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, es ki xdeba<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris <strong>for</strong>mirebis gziT, SemdgomSi es idea eWvis qveS dgeba.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azrisa da gonis konvergencias SeuZlebels xdis, Semdgomi kritikuli<br />
gaazrebis mixedviT, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli interesTa konfliqtebi (klasTa brZola)<br />
da saxelmwifo biurokratiis interferencia. amdenad, win wamoiwia sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris axali — liberaluri — versia, romlis Tanaxmadac is aRar gamoxatavs<br />
obieqturad bunebriv wesrigs, aramed iZens realisturi da racionaluri pragmatuli<br />
arenis funqcias, sadac mopaeqre interesebi ebrZvian erTmaneTs imis gareSe, rom es<br />
brZola gadaizardos Zalismier konfliqtSi.<br />
(komentri: habermasi warmoaCens am liberalur versias rogorc ufro adrindeli<br />
respublikuris trans<strong>for</strong>mcias axal fazaSi. sinamdvileSi isini paralelurad<br />
Tanaarseboben, da erTmaneTisgan ar warmoiSvebian, aramed rogorc idealuri tipebi<br />
`met-nakleboben~. kontinenturi evropisTvis da inglisisTvis dResac damaxasiaTebelia<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba `WeSmaritebis~ mimarT. is tendencia, rom<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri unda gamoxatavdes `ratios~ da adgendes WeSmaritebas (iseve,<br />
rogorc kanoni) misaRebia kontinentze da sruliad ucnobia inglisSi. aseve, habermasis<br />
debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ganasaxierebs voluntas, xolo sazogado-<br />
61
ebrivi azri ratios, ratom ar unda ganvixiloT Sebrunebulad demokratiis Tvalsawieridan?<br />
`arasajaro azri~, romelsac iwunebs Semdgom habermasi, xom SeiZleba xalxis<br />
`voluntad~ iyos ganxiluli, romelsac unda zRudavdes mmarTvelebis ratio? sxva saqmea,<br />
rom Tuki xalxi ara marto gamoxatavs nebas, aramed marTavs kidec, maSin mas unda<br />
hqondes meqanizmebi, raTa sazogadoebrivi azri iyos erTdroulad volunta-c da ratio-c.)<br />
swored liberaluri midgoma kritikulad udgeba sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
dominirebas, rogorc (gavixsenoT tokvili) individis SesaZlo SezRudvasa da<br />
`moraluri Zaladobis iaraRis <strong>for</strong>mas~ (mili), anu <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar aris gonierebis<br />
wyaro, aramed aris pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SemzRudavi. am peridSi midis brZola xmis<br />
uflebis gavrcobisaTvis (mecxramete saukune), vinaidan Tuki sazogadoebrivi azri<br />
yvelas azri ar aris, aramed viRaceebis nebis gamomxatveli, sxvebis neba araTanabar<br />
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. sazogadoebrivi azris mmarTveloba, milis Tanaxmad, aris<br />
umravlesobis tirania da mediokratia. `And what is a still greater novelty, the masses do not now<br />
take their opinions from dignitaries in Church or state, from ostensible leaders, or from books. Their thinking<br />
is done <strong>for</strong> them by men much like themselves, addressing them or speaking in their name, on the spur of the<br />
moment, through the newspapers~. 2 (mili, cit. hab. gv.133)<br />
amdenad, sazogadoebrivi azris liberaluri xedva sruliad gamoricxavs misTvis<br />
sruli mmarTvelobiTi legitimaciis miniWebas, aramed mxolod reprezentaciisa,<br />
romelsac Zalauflebis SemzRudavi funqcia eqneba, da ara mmarTvelobiTi funqcia.<br />
Semdgom periods, garkveulwilad, habermasi postliberaluri ganviTarebis<br />
periodad ixilavs, rodesac axali tendenciebi Cndeba, romlebic ukargaven sajaro<br />
sivrces mis politikur funqcias. sabazro ekonomikis masobriv zrdas, habermasis<br />
mixedviT, mohyva `socialuris~ sferos aRzeveba, kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis<br />
aRreva, da saxelmwifos garkveuli `refeodalizacia~ (im mdgomareobasTan dabruneba,<br />
rodesac kerZosa da sazogaddoebrivs Soris zRvari ar arsebobs). aman gavlena<br />
moaxdina sajaro sivrcis arszec: `sazogadoebis racionalur-kritikuli gansja aseve<br />
am `refeodalizaciasac~ Seewira. diskusiebma, rogorc socializaciis <strong>for</strong>mam, adgili<br />
dauTmo komunaluri erTobis, rogorc aseTis, fetiSizms~ (gv.158). imavdroulad<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>amcias ganicdis literaturuli sajaro sivrce, romelic gardaiqmneba<br />
kulturaze mosaubre sazogadoebidan kulturis momxmarebelTa <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>d.<br />
amasTan, sajaro sivrceSi monawileoba aRar efuZneba (kerZo sakuTrebis mqone) kerZo<br />
mesakuTreTa avtonomias, da amdenad damokidebulobis axali urTierTobebiT<br />
ganimsWvala. ormagi roli `moqalaqisa~ da `kerZo pirisa (mesakuTresi)~ romelic<br />
manamde sazRvravda burJuaziuli sajaro sivrcis racionalur xasiaTs, sustdeba.<br />
`mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi iwyebs dasustebas is institutebi, romlebic<br />
manamde uzrunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis, rogorc kritikulad moazrovne erTobis,<br />
Sekrulobas~. (gv. 162). socializacia sul ufro da ufro emyareba iseT `jgufur<br />
moqmedebebs~, rodesac yvela Tavs ikavebs politikuri da literaturuli kamaTisgan.<br />
politikuri kamaTebi, Tumca ki narCundeba, magram isev da isev `samomxmareblo~,<br />
<strong>for</strong>malizebul <strong>for</strong>mats iZens da iwarmoeba xelfasiani specialistebis mier<br />
`gasayidad~ da `mosaxmarad~.<br />
`mkiTxvelTa sazogadoebis kritikuli diskusiebis adgils ikavebs `gemovnebaTa da<br />
preferenciebis urTierTgaziareba~ momxmarebelTa Soris. . . `gemovnebaTa gamovlena~<br />
xdeba moxmarebis nawili~ (gv.171).<br />
2 “da, rac kidev ufro axleburia, masebi sakuTar Sexedulebebs ar sesxuloben eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos<br />
warCinebuli pirebisgan, aRiarebuli liderebisgan an wignebidan. maT azrebs gamoTqvamen adamianebi,<br />
romlebic maTi msgavsia. es adamianebi mimarTaven masebs an laparakoben masebis saxeliT amwuTieri<br />
viTarebis gavleniT, gazeTebis meSveobiT.”<br />
62
sivrceSi monawileobiT, iZens refleqsurobas, unars, daayenos sakuTari Tavi sxva<br />
adamianis adgilas, da amiT misi gancdebi gaiziaros. am gziT yalibdeba is, rac<br />
liberalur eTikas Seefereba, izonomiuri Tamasworoba nawilebs Soris (bobios<br />
terminologia gavixsenoT). partikularistuli egocentrizmis adgils liberaluri<br />
universalisturoba ikavebs, romelic depersonificirebulia da sayovelTao.<br />
politikur sajaro sivrceSi monawileobiT is yalibdeba rogorc moqalaqe, aviTarebs<br />
`gonis sajaro gamoyenebis~ praqtikas da sakuTar politikur Sexedulebebs, romlebic<br />
mas moqalaqed aqceven.<br />
sayovelTao xmis ufleba da masobrivi demokratiis warmoqmna niSnavs adamianisTvis<br />
mesame socialuri rolis gaCenas: es aris amomrCevlis roli. rogorc amomrCeveli,<br />
habermasis mixedviT, is xdeba arasajaro sazogadoebrivi azris subieqti, romelic<br />
gamoxatavs sakuTar azrs xmis micemiT farul kenWisyraSi.<br />
pirovneba rogorc erTdroulad kerZo adamiani, moqalaqe da amomrCeveli unda<br />
axerxebdes am sami socialuri rolis SeTavsebas da maT Soris diferencirebas. Tuki<br />
amomrCevlis rolia wamyvani, is SeiZleba angrevdes pirvel ors, vinaidan maT aTqvefas<br />
niSnavs, da amomrCevlis rolisadmi daqvemdebarebas. es qmnis, habremasis mixedviT,<br />
masobriv, da ara <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. saSveli, habermasis mixedviT, aris<br />
moqalaqis rolis gaZlierebaSi sajaro diskursSi yvelas monawileobis gziT.<br />
aq Cven vawydebiT im problemas, romelic xSirad habermasis kritikis safuZvles<br />
iZleva. es aris dasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturuli diferenciaciis arasakmarisi<br />
xazgasma mis naSromebSi. struqturuli diferenciaciis qveS aq vgulisxmobT<br />
Semdegs. amgvar sazogadoebebSi (dasavluri tipis Tanamedrove <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>) socilauri<br />
rolebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod damoukideblad xorcieldeba. anu ojaxSi,<br />
samsaxurSi, sazogadoebrivi interaqciis sxvadasxva viTarebebSi, politikaSi da sxva<br />
erTi da imave pirovneba SeiZleba moqmedebdes imisgan ganurCevlad, Tu ras<br />
moimoqmedebs is sxva tipis viTarebebSi CarTvisas. anu, ojaxis wevrebi SesaZlebelia<br />
sxvadasxva partiebs aZlevdnen xmas, Jurnalisti SeiZleba muSaobdes liberalur<br />
gazeTSi magram ganwyobiT iyos konservatori, monadireTa klubis wevrebi SeiZleba<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul socialur fenebs ekuTvnodnen da a.S. Tuki SevadarebT<br />
erTmaneTs kerZo piris, moqalaqisa da amomrCevlis rolebs, davinaxavT, rom,<br />
magaliTad, romelime konkretuli politikosis mxardaWera aranair kavSirSi ar unda<br />
iyos samsaxureobrivi warmatebis miRwevasTan (romelsac pirvel rigSi pirovnebis<br />
unar-Cvevebi da profesiuli da pirovnuli Tvisebebi unda ganapirobebdnen),<br />
moqalaqeobrivi grZnobebi mis politikuri preferenciebs samarTliani da eTikuri<br />
politikuri brZolis CarCoebSi unda aTavsebdnen, da a.S. naklebad diferencirebul<br />
sazogadoebebSi amgvari rolebi erTmaneTSi aTqvefilia da erTganzomilebian viTarebas<br />
qmnian. gavixsenoT samxreT italiis naklebad <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> konteqsti, rodesac<br />
partiebisaTvis xmis micema didadaa ganpirobebuli Tanamdebobis an sxva preferenciis<br />
miRebis surviliT, ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobebi gadaxlarTulia<br />
patron-klientur da koruqciul qselebSi, sazogadoebrivi saqme ki, daqvemdebarebulia<br />
kerZo interesebs.<br />
vinaidan kerZo, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> da politikuri eTika sxvadasxva principebs emyareba,<br />
rac Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, es aRreva niSnavs eTikuri sazomis ararsebobas, da,<br />
sabolood, adamianTa Soris ndobis dakninebas. saarCevno demokratiis damkvidreba<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sisustis fonze (maT Soris sabazro ekonomikis sisustis<br />
fonze) niSnavs, rom pirovneba aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs pirvel rigSi ara rogorc kerZo<br />
adamiani da moqalaqe, aramed rogorc amomrCeveli. farid zaqarias terminologiiT, es<br />
badebs ara liberalur sakonstitucio demokratiebs, aramed araliberalur<br />
64
`masmediis mies warmoCenili samyaro mxolod moCvenebiTad aris sajaro sivrce~ -<br />
da es debuleba habermasidan moyolebuli dRemde specialistebis msjelobis erTerTi<br />
centraluri problemaa, romelsac Cven kidev davubrundebiT.<br />
politikuri sajaro sivrce, masmediis gavleniT iqneba es Tu yvela faqtoris<br />
erTobilobiT, icvlis Tavis bunebas erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebidan masobriv samomxmareblo kulturaze gadasvla<br />
ukavSirdeba ideebisa da ideologiebis rolis trans<strong>for</strong>macias. `yalbi cnobiereba~<br />
romelic Cndeba <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, aRar aris, mecxramete saukunisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ideebis Sekruli kompleqsi, romelic qmnis samyaros logikur suraTs. axla is ufro<br />
waagavs qcevis normebis kompleqss, mibaZvis paterns. Sesabamisad, partiuli<br />
agitatorebisa da propagandistebis adgils ikaveben specialistebi, romlebic<br />
`yidian~ politikas da politikosebs Sinaarsisgan ganurCevlad. iwyeba sazogadoebiT<br />
manipulirebis teqnologiebis ganviTareba. manipulirebuli sajaro sivrce<br />
mimarTulia pirvel rigSi arasajaro Sexedulebebis <strong>for</strong>mirebaze; misTvis sajarooba<br />
ar aris prioriteti, aramed saarCevno qceva. Tuki sajarooba, sityvis Tavisufleba da<br />
sazogadoebrivi sajaro azris <strong>for</strong>mireba Tavis (Sinagan) miznad iazrebdnen simarTlis<br />
warmoCenas, da realobis swor asaxvas (amitomac iyo saWiro racionaluri msjeloba da<br />
yvelasaTvis sityvis micema), manipulirebuli azris mizania xmebi - amomrCevelTa xmebi,<br />
romlebic faruli kenWisyris Sedegad grovdeba.<br />
amdenad, masobrivi demokratiebis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, romelic iRebs monawileobas kenWisyraSi, sul sxvanair urTierTobebSia<br />
xelisuflebasTan, vidre mecxramete saukunis sazogadoebrioba, romelic metwilad<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebaSi monawileobda. am axali sazogadoebriobisgan<br />
xelisuflebas pirvel rigSi sWirdeba is qceva, romelic arCevnebze vlindeba, da<br />
swored am qcevis uzrunvelsayofad mimarTulia mTeli Zalisxmeva, anu imaze, rasac<br />
habermasi arasajaro sazogadoebriv azrs uwodebs.<br />
habermasi am naSromSi ukve safuZvels uyris Tavis Semdgom Teorias komunikaciuri<br />
qcevis Sesaxeb, rodesac is asxvavebs sajaroobis or funqcias - kritikul msjelobas da<br />
manipulaciur qcevas, da ukavSirebs maT sajaro da arasajaro sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
<strong>for</strong>mirebas. SemdgomSi habermasi asxvavebs sami idealuri tipis racionalur qcevas:<br />
dramaturgiuli, instrumentuli da komunikaciuri. manipulaciuri politika,<br />
romelic mimarTulia saarCevno xmebis mopovebaze, am sqemis mixedviT aSkarad<br />
dramatrugiuli xasiaTisa unda iyos, xolo yvelaze did yuradRebas habermasi<br />
komunikaciur racionalobas aqcevs, romelic rogorc Cven es adre davafiqsireT,<br />
Cveni klasifikaciiT respublikuri diskursuli eTikis vels iqneba mikuTvnebuli.<br />
rasac habermasi ar akeTebs, magram rasac Cven aq xazi unda gavusvaT, es aris imave<br />
dakvirvebis cota sxva kuTxiT danaxva-—im kuTxiT, romliTac o’doneli aRwers<br />
TiTqmis imave dilemas - demokratiis, respublikanizmisa da liberalizmis politikuri<br />
tradiciebis urTierTqmedebas. marTalia, o’doneli mxolod axal demokratiebze<br />
laparakobs, magram arsebiTad imave problemas aRwers, rasac habermasi (gavixsenoT,<br />
rom germaniac, sxva dasavluri qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT axlad<br />
demokratizebul qveyanad unda CaiTvalos). orive es avtori negatiurad uyurebs<br />
demokratiuli legitimaciis gaZlierebas liberaluri da respublikuri<br />
komponentebis sisustis (an dasustebis) fonze.<br />
burJuaziul <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, habermasis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqvs<br />
ormagi socialuri funqcia-—is aris CarTuli literaturul sajaro sivrceSi da<br />
politikur sajaro sivrceSi. es imas niSnavs, rom mas erTdroulad ori socialuri<br />
roli aqvs - kerZo pirisa da moqalaqisa. rogorc kerZo piri, is, literaturul sajaro<br />
63
demokratiebs, sadac xdeba mosaxleobiT faqtobrivi manipulireba.<br />
amgvari viTareba metad mZafrad dadga bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi, rodesac<br />
masmediis diskursi pirvel rigSi mayurebels amomrCevlis rolSi ixilavs. mTavari<br />
dixotomiebi, dayofebi da brZolebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si iazreba ara kerZo adamianTa an<br />
moqalaqeTa dapirispirebis terminebiT, aramed amomrCevelTa dapirispirebis<br />
terminebiT. klasebi erTamneTs ar upirispirdebian - ar xdeba mdidarTa da RaribTa<br />
interesebs Soris dapirispirebis win wamoweva; msoflmxedvelobebi erTmaneTs ar<br />
upirispirdeba - ar xdeba erTmaneTSi magaliTad, tradicionalistebisa da<br />
modernizatorebis brZolis warmarTva. anu, es dixotomiebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
latenturad arsebobs, da igrZnoba, magram artikulireba xdeba mxolod politikuri<br />
brZolis, imisa, Tu vin unda iyos xelisuflebaSi. mTavari mesiji, romelic masmediis<br />
mier miewodeba mayurebels (mkiTxvels) aris is, rom politikosi petre aris kargi,<br />
xolo politikosi pavle aris cudi. Tuki petre (pavle) mova xelisuflebaSi, yvelafer<br />
kargad (an cudad) iqneba.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis aSeneba saqarTveloSi (da ekonomikis aSenebac) niSnavs<br />
pirvel rigSi am mojadoebuli wris garRvevas da sazogadoebis mier ufro<br />
siRrmiseuli sajaro diskursebis damkvidrebas, sadac kerZo adamianebi da moqalaqeebi<br />
gaomCndebian Tavisi namdvili saxiT, da ara amomrCevelTa rolis damaxinjebul<br />
fokusSi. am mxriv habermasis naSromi Cveni realobisTvis uaRresad aqtualuri<br />
meCveneba, Tumca ki yvela mis midgomebs problemis gadaWrisadmi SeiZleba ar<br />
viziarebdeT.<br />
literatura:<br />
Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Trans<strong>for</strong>mation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category<br />
of Bourgeois Society. N.Y.<br />
(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994<br />
Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society,<br />
Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112<br />
65
leqciebi 9 -10<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />
wina leqciebze Cven ganvasxvaveT sami diskursuli eTika da, agreTve, vilaparakeT<br />
imaze, rom arsebobs ori sapirispiro midgoma samoqalqo sazogadoebis cnebis<br />
gaazrebisadmi — tradiciuli da kritikuli. am ori Tvalsawieridan Cven ganvixilavT<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s da vecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvebze — Tu<br />
ramdenad arsebobs saqarTveloSi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da Tu arsebobs, rogori.<br />
1. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi: <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> Tu ara<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas pirvel rigSi daviwyebT<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT da vecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvas — ras warmoadgenen<br />
isini saqarTveloSi da miekuTvnebian Tu ara <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s?<br />
pirvel rigSi unda xazi gavusvaT imas, rom saqarTveloSi (da mTlianad,<br />
postsabWoTa sivrceSi) Camoyalibebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aqvT erTi<br />
maxasiaTebeli — isini ar arian masiurebi. es maTi Tviseba Tvisebrivia, da ara ubralod<br />
raodenobrivi. masiuri da viwro jgufebis erTmaneTisgan gansasxvaveblad<br />
gamoviyenebT mankur olsonis mier SemoTavazebul cnebebs. SegaxsenebT, rom mankur<br />
olsonis midgoma wminda ekonomikuria (Tavisi meTodologiiT) da iyenebs racionaluri<br />
arCevanis Teorias.<br />
mankur olsonis klasikur naSromSi "koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika" (M. Olson.<br />
1971, The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Harvard Economic<br />
Studies, v. CXXIV, Harvard University Press) gamoyenebulia jgufebis Semdegi taqsonomia.<br />
erTi da imave ekonomikuri subieqtebisgan Semdgari organizebuli jgufi SesaZloa<br />
warmoadgendes inkluziur an eqskluziur jgufs imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipis<br />
koleqtiuri sargeblis miRwevas isaxavs igi miznad. ase magaliTad, jgufi, romelic<br />
miznad isaxavs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis lobirebas (magaliTad, gadasaxadebis<br />
Semcirebas) aris inkluziuri - is dainteresebulia rac SeiZleba meti monawilis<br />
CarTviT, magram amave dros ar aris damokidebuli dainteresebul pirTa asprocentian<br />
monawileobaze da monawileTa Soris strategiuli interaqciis warmarTvaze. amisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, ekonomikur aqtorTa jgufi, romelic iswrafvis bazarze maRali fasis<br />
dawesebas, miaRwevs mizans mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki masSi CarTuli iqneba bazarze<br />
momuSave yvela monawile; SeTanxmebaSi erTi monawilis aryofnac ki gamoricxavs<br />
SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas; jgufis yvela wevri dainteresebulia bazridan rac<br />
SeiZleba meti moTamaSis gandevniT, jgufi cdilobs iyos rac SeiZleba viwro da mis<br />
wevrebs Soris mudmivad mimdinareobs rTuli strategiuli garigebebi, vaWroba da<br />
erTmaneTisadmi undoblobiT ganpirobebuli strategiuli TamaSebi. koleqtiuri<br />
sargebeli, romelsac aRwevs jgufi, eqskluziuri xasiaTisaa.<br />
amgvarad, <strong>for</strong>malurad erTnairad organizebuli jgufebi (SesaZloa, erTi da imave<br />
organizaciis wevrebi) sinamdvileSi gansxvavebulad funqcionireben, da es gansxvaveba<br />
aris konteqstualuri, gamomdinare im mniSvnelobidan, romelsac jgufis wevrebi<br />
aqsoven jgufis saqmianobaSi. erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Ria, masobriv, inkluziur<br />
monawileobasTan da ndobis maRal maCveneblebTan, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, eqskluziur,<br />
daxurul warmonaqmnebTan, romlebic did energias xarjaven da specialur zomebs<br />
66
mimarTaven Sida urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad.<br />
olsonis dakvirveba naTlad warmoaCens modernizaciis gidensiseuli xedvis<br />
zedapirulobas. gidensis Teoriis mixedviT, modernizacia warmoadgens<br />
sazogadoebrivi institutebis disembeding-isa da re-embeding-is process, sadac<br />
instituti, Tavdapirvelad warmoqnili dasavleTis socialur konteqstSi, iolad<br />
ikidebs fexs sxva socialur konteqstSi ndobis meqanizmebis meSveobiT (iddens,<br />
nthony. 1990. The Consequences of odernity. Cornwall). saqarTveloSi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis aracalsaxa praqtika am midgomis problemurobis erT-erTi<br />
ilustraciaa.<br />
(ganmarteba: TviT es termini — `ndoba” — romelic kiTxvas ar iwvevs maSin, rodesac<br />
Cveulebriv saubarSi gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba asaxavdes struqturulad metad<br />
gansxvavebul movlenebsa da filosofiebs, da Sesabamisad movlenebis ganviTarebis<br />
gansxvavebul perspeqtivebs. ase, politikuri partiis ndoba bunebrivad SezRudulia<br />
im adamianTa wriT, vinc mis ideologias an interesebs iziarebs, xolo meterologiuri<br />
biuros ndoba SezRudulia mxolod misi unariT sworad iwinaswarmetyvelos amindi.<br />
ndobis es ori "idealuri tipi" Seesabameba Cvens mier dafiqsirebul sxvadasxva<br />
diskursul eTikebs. biuro sakuTari Tavisadmi ndobas iZens `damtkicebiT”, xolo<br />
politikuri partia — `darwmunebiT”. socialur elitad aseve SeuZlia moipovos ndoba<br />
qcevis maRali standartebis demonstrirebiT (respublikuri elita) rac ndobis kidev<br />
erT, mesame tips warmoadgens. ndobis saxeobaTa specifikas aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi<br />
seligmani).<br />
postsabWour sivrceze <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mSeneblobis proeqti dasawyisSi<br />
yvelaze ukeT iyo warmodgenili sorosis fondis iniciativebiTa da grantebis<br />
struqturiT. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mSeneblobis sorosiseuli proeqti iyo wminda<br />
institucionaluri, anu mimarTuli garkveuli institutebis mxardaWeraze da<br />
waxalisebaze. es institutebi Tavidan iyo masobrivi nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi,<br />
romelTa meSeveobiT maTi wevrebi, garda ZiriTadi ekonomikuri saqmianobisa,<br />
(romelsac isini sadRac sxvagan gaswevdnen), miiRebdnen monawileobas sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi. anu, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis struqtura (institutebi), analogiurad<br />
politikuri sistemis struqturisa (institutebisa), unda yofiliyo Seqmnili<br />
dasavluri praqtikis "copy-pasting"-is gziT, an, sxva sityvebiT, disembedingreembeding-is<br />
meSveobiT. am struqturaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda axladqmnadi<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis masobriobas, Riaobas ("Ria sazogadoebis” mSenebloba),<br />
arapolitizebulobas da moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiT monawileobas. mSenebare<br />
organizaciebi, iseve rogorc Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi damoukidebeli media,<br />
unda gamxdariyo <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ConCxi.<br />
dRes sakmarisi droa gasuli rom vimsjeloT am gegmis warmateba-warumateblobaze<br />
da mis Sedegad gaCenili institutebis Sesabamisobaze Tavdapirvel gegmasTan.<br />
dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom saxezea mTeli rigi <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTebeli, romlebic<br />
axali institutebis Taviseburebaze metyveleben. esenia:<br />
a. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arian metad viwro jgufebi; maTi wevrebis<br />
raodenoba xSir SemTxvevaSi ramdenime adamians ar aRemateba; arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebSi mosaxleobis 3-4 procenti Tu aris gawevrianebuli (es xdeba ara marTo<br />
saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel postsabWour sivrceze) TiToeuli organizacia, rogorc<br />
wesi, warmoadgens funqcionerTa mcirericxovan jgufs, romlis TiToeuli wevri<br />
mimarTulia sakuTari muSaobisTvis anazRaurebis miRebaze (xelfasi an honorari).<br />
isini praqtikulad ver izidaven sawevroebs, Semowirulobebs da nebayoflobiT<br />
daxmarebas mosaxleobisgan. Tu erT mSvenier dRes Sewyda dafinanseba saerTaSoriso<br />
67
fondebisgan da ucxouri mTavrobebisgan, arcTu bevri darCeba dRes arsebuli<br />
mravalferovnebisgan.<br />
b. arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi momuSave pirTa xelfasi (anazRaureba,<br />
honorarebi) bevrad aRemateba qveynis moqalaqeTa saSualo Semosavals.<br />
c. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis personali umetes SemTxvevebSi warmoadgens<br />
profesiul, energiul da prodasavlur axalgazrdobas, romelsac SeiZleba `qarTuli<br />
iapebis” socialuri fena vuwodoT. amdenad, am organizaciebSi gawevrianebulebi arian<br />
ara saSualo, reprezentatuli moqalaqeebi, aramed sazogadoebis garkveuli<br />
elitaruli fena, romelic xSirad Tavs "axal inteleqtualebad" da sazogadoebis<br />
avangardad iazrebs.<br />
d. zRvari arasamTavrobo organizaciasa da politikur organizacias Soris<br />
didwilad waSlilia. saxezea rogorc brZola ama Tu im politikuri iniciativebisaTvis,<br />
politikuri agitaciiT saarCevno periodebSi, aramed pirovnebaTa uSualo<br />
monawileoba politikaSi, brZola ZalauflebisaTvis.<br />
aSkaraa, rom saxezea institutebis arainkluziuri, eqskluziuri trans<strong>for</strong>macia,<br />
romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis am organizaciebis Ria sazogadoebis institutad<br />
gadaqcevis gegmasTan. amdenad, Tu gamoviyenebT olsonis midgomas, SesaZloa<br />
vivaraudod, rom mizezi, romlis gamoc am <strong>for</strong>malurma organizaciebma amgvari<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macia ganicades, mdgomareobs maTi wevrebis racionaluri motivaciebis<br />
bunebaSi da im miznebis xasiaTSi, romlebsac es wevrebi isaxaven.<br />
qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis viwro-jgufuri, eqskluziuri bunebis<br />
asaxsnelad SesaZloa wamovayenoT ori hipoTeza - erTi, ekonomikuri, ufro aSkaraa,<br />
xolo meore, politikuri, met gansja-analizs moiTxovs.<br />
ekonomikuri mizezis hipoTeza SesabamisobaSia sabazro meqanizmebis analizTan da<br />
gulisxmobs, rom arsebuli organizaciebi warmoadgenen ekonomikis axal segments,<br />
romelic funqcionirebs jamobrivad SezRuduli ekonomikuri bazris aTvisebaze<br />
(saerTaSoriso fondebis grantebi), da amdenad, racionalurad miiswrafvis strategiuli<br />
moqmedebisken eqskluziuri miznebis misaRwevad. anu is, rom dafinansebis<br />
wyaroebs Seadgenen saerTaSoriso fondebis jamobrivad SezRuduli resursebi da ara<br />
sazogadoebis Teoriulad SeuzRudavi nebayoflobiTi Semowirulobebi, ayalibebs<br />
seqtoris saxes da saqmianobis elfers.<br />
meore hipoTeza garkveulwilad pirvelTanaa kavSirSi. Tavisi arsiT igi efuZneba<br />
sxvaobas ideologiur (partikularistul) da samarTlebriv (universalistur)<br />
legitimaciebs Soris. (adre Cvens mier gamoyenebul sam diskursul eTikas Tu<br />
gavixsenebT, aq erTmaneTs upirispirdeba demokratiuli diskursis eTika da<br />
liberalur-respublikuri diskursebis eTikebi. pirveli qmnis brZolas<br />
ZalauflebisTvis, romelic aris eqskluziuri resursi, xolo danarCeni ori —<br />
horizontalur urTierTobebs, romlebic inkluziurobas ganapirobeben).<br />
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT jgufi, romelic iswrafvis sityvis Tavisuflebis<br />
dacvas. sityvis Tavisufleba aSkarad inkluziuri faseulobaa, romelic wesiT Ria da<br />
masobriv koleqtiur qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tumca ki nebismier <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si<br />
arseboben adamianebi, romlebic emxrobian sityvis Tavisuflebis garkveul SezRudvas<br />
eTikuri da sxva mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. mokled, maT, mediis Tavisuflebis garda<br />
(da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac), aRelvebT im produqtis xarisxi, romelic iqmneba mediis<br />
sivrceSi. sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis diskursiuli logika moiTxovs maT Tanabar<br />
monawileobas sakiTxis ganxilvasa da Sesabamisi normebis institucionalizebaSi;<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis ideologiuri (politikuri, demokratiuli) logika<br />
gulisxmobs, rom politikurad ufro efeqturia amgvari adamianebis gariyva sajaro<br />
68
sivrcidan da sityvis prioritetuli Tavisuflebis damkvidreba mxolod maTTvis, vinc<br />
mas upirobod emxroba. anu strategiulad momgebiania misi damkvidreba dominanturi<br />
ideologiis saxiT, sajaro sivrcis Sesabamisi monopolizebiT. am dominanturi<br />
ideologiis rols am SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs neoliberaluri doqtrina, romlis<br />
mixedviTac sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba avtomaturad iwvevs kargi donis presis<br />
Seqmnasa da media - auditoriis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas. xdeba sakiTxis mkveTri<br />
ideologizireba, rac iwvevs Sesabamisi jgufis gadasrolas <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebidan<br />
politikur <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, xolo inkluziuri sazogadoebrivi diskursis<br />
nacvlad - eqskluziuri politikuri Zalauflebis miznad dasaxvas. imas, Tu ratom<br />
xdeba, rom es logika efeqturad moqmedebs postsabWoTa sivrceSi, Cven dabla<br />
davubrundebiT.<br />
Tuki neoliberaluri, ideologiuri (politikuri, demokratiuli) eTika<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si sWarbobs, xolo liberaluri da respublikuri komponentebi sustia,<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis <strong>for</strong>maluri organizaciuli struqturebi (institutebi) am<br />
konteqstis Sesabamisad ganicdian racionalur ara<strong>for</strong>malur trans<strong>for</strong>macias. maTi<br />
Riaoba ver ganxorcieldeba im saxiT, rogoradac igi navaraudevia. inkluziuri,<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> xasiaTis nacvlad isini iZenen politikur, eqskluziur xasiaTs.<br />
erTaderTi, rac ucvleli rCeba, aris is terminologia da warmodgenebi, romelic<br />
Tavidanve edo safuZvlad maT Camoyalibebas, da romelic am trans<strong>for</strong>mirebul<br />
konteqstSi "yalb cnobierebad" iqceva. es aris warmodgena, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
realobas, da kvlavidneburad uwodebs am organizaciebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
institutebs, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon demokratiis damkvidrebas. isini marTlac<br />
uwyoben xels "demokratizacias", magram es sxva tipis, "avangardistuli", "ideologiuri"<br />
demokratiaa (liberaluri demokratiis sapirispirod), iseve rogorc TviT es<br />
institutebi ara <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis, aramed sazogadoebis "avangardis"<br />
institutebs warmoadgenen saboloo jamSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq naxsenebi socialuri<br />
konteqsti ar unda gavigoT rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis kulturulad<br />
ganpirobebuli raime Tavisebureba, aramed rogorc qveynis istoriuli warsulisa da<br />
ekonomikuri da globalisturi viTarebebis erToblioba, romelic sxva postsabWoTa<br />
respublikebSic iCens Tavs.<br />
uaRresad dabali maCveneblebi arasamaTavrobo organizaciebSi gawevrianebis,<br />
romelbic damaxasiaTebelia posttotalitaruli qveynebisTvis, (Marc Morjй Howard The<br />
Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge University Press; 2003) aris<br />
maTi saerTo maCvenebeli. aTas sul moqalaqeze posttotalitarul demokratiebSi<br />
(aRmosavleTi evropa, baltiispira qveynebi), modis gacilebiT naklebi raodenobis<br />
adamiani, romelic gawevrianebulia arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi Tu politikur<br />
partiebSi, vidre es xdeba ara marto Zvel demokratiebSi, aramed postavtoritarul<br />
qveynebSic ki.<br />
postsabWoTa ganviTarebis wlebma aCvenes, rom tokviliseuli gamowveva Cvennairi<br />
qveynebisTvis gadaulaxavi aRmoCnda. miuxedvad uaRresad bevri mcdelobebisa da<br />
axali da axali wamowyebebisa, romlebic miznad sazogadoebis gaaqtirurebas da mis<br />
mier mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas isaxavda miznad, araferi gamovida.<br />
qarTuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> awarmoebs opoziciur diskurss, akritikebs mTavrobas da,<br />
uaRresi gamwvavebis SemTxvevaSi, gamodis quCaSi mTavrobis Camosagdebad. magram<br />
revoluciebsa da arCevnebs Soris is ar aqtiurobs, da axdens mTeli mmarTvelobiTi<br />
pasuxismgeblobis delegirebas xelisuflebaze (gaixseneT delegirebuli demokratiis<br />
cneba). amave dros qarTuli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> (da mTlianad postsabWoTa sazogadoebebi)<br />
uaRresad egalitarulia, da, tokvilis gagebiT, demokratiuli. Tanasworoba maTTvis<br />
69
umaRlesi Rirebulebaa, da demokratia, rogorc politikuri Tanasworobis gansaxiereba,<br />
imyofeba maT Rirebulebriv sistemaSi metad maRal doneze. postsabWoTa saqar-<br />
Tvelos ara hyavs politikuri elitebi, gamoyofili <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebisgan,<br />
aristokratiuli sazogadoebis msgavsad (tokviliseuli gagebiT). amdenad, Tuki<br />
egalitaruli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar marTavs TviTon, tikviliseuli gagebiT, vin unda<br />
marTavdes mas? tokvilis pasuxi am kiTxvaze cnobilia — amgvar sazogadoebebs emuqreba<br />
demokratiis tiraniuli <strong>for</strong>ma, anu is, rasac Cven aq ufro araliberaluri<br />
demokratiis saxeliT movixseniebT.<br />
dabali wevroba arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi da politikur partiebSi,<br />
sazogadoebis uunaroba marTos TviTon, unda ganvixiloT rogorc politikuri<br />
sistemis sakmaod stabiluri da mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, romelic<br />
ganapirobebs politikuri reJimis xasiaTs da sxva maCveneblebs (an, ufro<br />
swored, maTTan uSualo kavSirSi imyofeba).<br />
2. diskursuli eTikebi: gvaqvs Tu ara saqme sazogadoebriv moZraobasTan<br />
wina ganxilvam SeiZleba Segviqmnas damaxinjebuli warmodgena saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebze. kerZod, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini, jer<br />
erTi, yvela erTnairia, da, meore, ganvlili drois ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave saxiT<br />
arsebobda. arc erTi da arc meore mtkicebuleba ar iqneboda swori.<br />
jer erTi, miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebisa, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
saqarTveloSi metad mravalferovania rogorc saqmianobis stiliT, aseve politikuri<br />
msoflmxedvelobebiTac. garkveuli erTferovneba moCvenebiTia, da ganpirobebulia<br />
didwilad imiTi, rom sajaro sivrceSi (ZiriTadad rusTavi-2-is mier <strong>for</strong>mirebulSi)<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi warmoCindeba rogorc erTgvarad erTiani<br />
konglomerati, romelsac hyavs radenime gamokveTili lideri organizacia (es<br />
organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze kargad finansdeba amasTan). sxva tipis<br />
organizaciebi an ar Canan sajaro sivrceSi, an ar moiazreba `arasamTavrobo seqtoris”<br />
saTauris qveS.<br />
meorec, Tavisi saqmianobis tipiTa da mimarTulebiT arasamTavrobo organizaciebi<br />
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicdidnen mniSvnelovan trans<strong>for</strong>macias, romelic<br />
ufro dawvrilebiT unda ganvixiloT. es trans<strong>for</strong>macia gvaZlevs safuZvles<br />
vivaraudoT, rom mocemuli seqtori ufro kargad aRiwereba sazogadoebrivi<br />
moZraobebis Teoriis meSveobiT, vidre regularuli, stabilurad arsebuli<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> gaerTianebebis terminebiT. am evolucias Cven aq aRvwerT siRrmiseulad,<br />
im cnebiTi aparatis gamoyenebiT, romelic adre aviTviseT.<br />
davubrindeT Cvens mier ganxilul sam diskursul eTikas. iyo naTqvami, rom<br />
TiToeuli eTika gansazRvravs `politikuri” moqmedebis raRac tips. es `politikuri”<br />
moqmedebebi xorcieldeba (prevalirebs) sazogadoebrivi struqturis sxvadasxva<br />
doneebze, rasac sazogadoebis struqturuli diferenciacia uzrunvelyofs. kidev<br />
erTxel davubrundeT maT daxasiaTebas.<br />
davuSvaT, rom ramdenime pirovneba saubrobs demokratiaze saqarTveloSi. es<br />
saubari sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba warimarTos. kiTxva — aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi<br />
demokratia — sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeiZleba aRelvebdes da ainteresebdes mosaubreebs.<br />
pirveli, da yvelaze siRrmiseuli done, romelzedac SeiZleba warimarTos<br />
diskusia — es aris TviT demokratiis arsisa da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb msjeloba filo-<br />
70
sofiuri, inteleqtualuri, msoflmxedvelobiTi, Rirebulebrivi Tvalsawieridan. es<br />
ufro akademiuri an moqalaqeobrivi msjelobaa, rodesac laparakia `maRal<br />
materiebze”, samarTlianobis bazisur cnebebze, rodesac gadawyvetileba arasdros<br />
aris sabolooo, aramed is aris mxolod etapi usasrulo jaWvSi msjelobisa, romelsac<br />
axali da axali Taobebi uerTdeba. am doneze iseTi gamonaTqvami, rogoricaa<br />
`saqarTveloSi aris demokratia”, an `saqarTveloSi ar aris demokratia” gamoxatavs<br />
moqalaqeobriv SeSfoTebas garkveuli idealebis ganuxorcieleblobis gamo, an<br />
piriqiT, sixaruls am idealebTan miaxloebis gamo. es msjeloba gulisxmobs imaze<br />
msjelobasac, Tu ras warmoadgenen es idealebi, da imis Sefasebasac, Tu ramdenad<br />
misaRebia arsebuli mdgomareoba.<br />
amgvari, Cveni terminologiiT `respublikuri” donis msjeloba, rogorc viciT,<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>maciulia (interaqciuli). mis dros adamianebi cdiloben erTmaneTze<br />
zegavlenis moxdenas da amave dros sakuTari Sexedulebebis daxvewas. am doneze iqmneba<br />
sazogadoebrivi kontraqti — bazisuri samarTlianobis principebiT aRWurvili<br />
erToba. misi mTavari principia monawileoba — anu, kontraqti dadebulia, Tuki yvela<br />
aRiarebs erTobis arsebobas, romelSiac yvela Tanabaruflebamosilia ilaparakos<br />
sxvebis winaSe da aRiarebs sxvebis monawileobis uflebas. am erTobis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
monawileobs yvela — sazogadoebrioba farTo gagebiT; misi institutebia eklesia,<br />
universiteti, Teatri, muzeumi da sxva. am doneze aravin rCeba mogebuli an wagebuli,<br />
monawileoba am msjelobaSi TviTmizania, da Seesabameba adamianis Sinagan<br />
moTxovnilebas.<br />
cxadia, rom aq Cven ar moveliT imas, rom am diskusiiT iqneba miRweuli erTiani<br />
Sexeduleba imaze Tu ras warmoadgens demokratia. Seiqmneba ubralod raRac<br />
Rirebulebebis rigi, romlebic masTan arian asocirebuli.<br />
gadavideT Semdeg doneze. davuSvaT, rom romelime mosaubreebi mtkiced<br />
Camoyalibdnen sakuTar SexedulebebSi demokratiis Sesaxeb da aRar undaT am saubris<br />
gagrZeleba (miuxedavad imisa, rom maT Soris aucileblad darCeba garkveuli, da,<br />
SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi). Semdegi kiTxva, romelic maT SeiZleba gauCndeT, es<br />
aris `rogor?” — rogor SeiZleba dasaxuli idealebis realizeba?<br />
am etapze adamianebi ukve Camoyalibebuli SexedulebebiT (romlebic aucileblobiT<br />
mravalferovani iqneba) gadadian meore doneze da iwyeben konkretuli realizebis<br />
gzebis Ziebas maTi Sexedulebebis realizebisTvis. maT SeiZleba mxari dauWiron<br />
konkretul re<strong>for</strong>mebs, institucionalur gardaqmnebs da policy-s romelic maTTvis<br />
yvelaze mimzidvelia. aq ukve SeiZleba Cndebodes diskusia romelic codnaze iqneba<br />
damyarebuli — viTarebis Sefaseba, strategiebis Seswavla da propagandireba, winadadebebis<br />
da kanonproeqtiebis SemuSaveba. es kvalificiuri, saeqsperto msjelobis<br />
arealia, romelSiac eqspertebi iCenen Tavs, da codna wamyvan rols TamaSobs.<br />
mivaqcioT yuradReba, miuxedavad imisa, rom meore doneze codnaa wamyvani iaraRi,<br />
Rirebulebrivad neitraluri es msjeloba ukve ar aris, vinaidan monawileebs pirveli<br />
donidan ukve aqvT gamotanili sxvadasxvanairi orientaciebi. anu SeiZleba warmoiqmnas<br />
memarjvene an memarcxene, konservatori an liberali eqspertebi, romlebic arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavebul politikur strategiebs SeimuSaveben. ar arsebobs policy, romelic<br />
pirveli donisadmi neitraluri iqneba. jansaRi meore done unda warmoqmnides<br />
pluralistur strategiebs, pirveli donis dayofebis Sesabamisad. am doneze msjeloba<br />
imis Sesaxeb aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi demokratia — Cvens konkretul magaliTs rom<br />
davubrundeT — iqneba mowyobili Semdegnairad: jer iqneba SemuSavebuli operacionalizebuli<br />
ganmarteba imisa, Tu ra aris demokratia, xolo Semdgom am<br />
ganmartebisa da empiriuli faqtebis SedarebiT iqneba dadgenili (dasabuTebuli) aris<br />
71
Tu ara saqarTveloSi demokratia. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba<br />
demokratia sxvadasxva Rirebulebrivi orientaciebis mqone eqspertebis mier, iqneba<br />
aseve SesaZloa gansxvavebuli pasuxebi demokratiis arseboba-ararsebobis Taobaze da<br />
misi SesaZlo ganviTarebis gzebis Sesaxeb. am donis midgomis erT-erTi tipuri<br />
magaliTia reedom ouse, romelic iyenebs demokratiis garkveul instrumentalizirebul<br />
ganmartebas da zomavs demokratiis dones msoflios praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi.<br />
meore kargi magaliTia <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis cneba. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
zogierTi avtoris TvalSi saqarTveloSi arsebobs da viTardeba, xolo sxva avtorTa<br />
TvalsazrisiT, dakninebis procesSi imyofeba da praqtikulad ar arsebobs.<br />
da bolos, mesame done — es aris politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis veli. aq,<br />
am velSi, mTavar mniSvnelobas iZenen politikosebi, xolo diskursuli eTika<br />
ZalauflebisTvis brZoliT aris nakarnaxevi. kiTxva imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara<br />
saqarTveloSi demokratia aq SeiZens politizebul xasiaTs. es imas niSnavs, rom<br />
xelisufleba aucileblobiT ilaparakebs demokratiis miRwevebze saqarTveloSi,<br />
xolo opozicia — imaze, rom demokratia ar aris, da rom xelisufleba (an mmarTveli<br />
elita) arRvevs demokratiis fuZemdeblur normebs. am diskursis eTika sufTa<br />
manipulaciuri xdeba, xolo droiTi orientaciebi — metad mokle. anu, Tuki pirveli<br />
diskursi ar svamda raime droiT orientirebs, da usasrulod SeiZleba gagrZelebuliyo,<br />
meore ki, met-naklebad realisturobas cdilobda, mesame, politikuri<br />
diskursi Cqarobs da rac SeiZleba male cdilobs Zalauflebis mopovebas. am eTikaSi<br />
mTavaria gamarjveba, gamarjvebuls ar sjian, xolo Sedegi amarTlebs saSualebebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, Cveni sakvanZo fraza — `saqarTveloSi aris (an ar aris) demokratia” sam<br />
gansxvavebul diskursSi sam gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas iZens. erT SemTxvevaSi is<br />
gamoxatavs moqalaqeobriv pozicias, meoreSi - saeqsperto Sefasebas, xolo mesameSi —<br />
politikur propagandas.<br />
problema, rogorc adre avRniSneT, rodesac am diskursebs vswavlobdiT, Cndeba<br />
maSin, rodesac ar viciT, rasTana gvaqvs saqme. Tu diskursebi ar aris erTmaneTisgan<br />
struqturulad diferencirebuli, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ver icavs sakuTri diskursis vels<br />
politikuri manipulaciisgan. maSin mosalodnelia, rom keTili survili<br />
moqalaqeobrivi urTierTobisa an akademiuri ganwyoba simarTlis Ziebisa gaxdes<br />
msxverpli arakeTilsindisieri propagandisa, romelsac politikuri sarCuli eqneba.<br />
diskursis warmoebis meTodis daucveloba daukargvas am diskurss WeSmarit arss da<br />
mouspobs adamianebs ndobas mis mier warmoebuli Sedegebisadmi, da momavali<br />
urTierTobisadmi. politizireba amcirebs ndobas moqalaqeTa Soris — im ndobas,<br />
romelic qmnis socialur kapitals da safuZvelSi udevs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi CvenSi arsebobda is, rasac Tamamad<br />
SeiZleba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis saxeli ewodos, erTaderTi im sxvaobiT, rom is iyo<br />
Crdilovani, saxelmwifosgan dafaruli da arasajaro. magram es iyo <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> adam<br />
smitisa da sxva klasikosebis gagebiT, vinaidan masSi adamianebi umaRles Rirebulebebad<br />
ixilavdnen wesierebas, sakuTari sindisis normebsa da Rirsebas. vinaidan<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri warmatebis miRwevis gzebi am sazogadoebis eTikis normebis<br />
CarCoebSi praqtikulad ar arsebobda, an iyo metad SezRuduli, am sazogadoebis<br />
wevrTa mTeli cxovrebiseuli Zalisxmeva profesiuli da adamianuri standartebis<br />
amaRlebaze iyo gadatanili. pirovnebis TviTrealizeba TviTsrulyofasac gulisxmobda.<br />
am Crdilovanma <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>m perestroikis gziT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
TviTlikvidireba moaxdina. is gamovida quCebSi da CaerTo politikaSi Tavisuflebisa<br />
da samarTlianobis moTxovniT, magram Zalian male isev pasiur arsebobas daubrunda,<br />
72
vinaidan aqtiur politikur da ekonomikur saqmianobas ar iyo miCveuli. am sferoebma<br />
ki, gansakuTrebiT politikurma sferom, miizides sxva adamianebi, romlebic naklebad<br />
ganicdidnen <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> Rirebulebebis (wesiereba, Rirseba) zewolas. politikurma<br />
eTikam dajabna <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> eTika, xolo Zalaufleba da simdidre gaxda bevrad ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani sazomi warmatebis, vidre wesiereba da Rirseba.<br />
Sesabamisad iklo, da ara gaizarda sazogadoebrivma kapitalma da ndobam. amas<br />
sxvadasxva sociologiuri gamokvlevebi adasturebs, magram es isedac Cans.<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi ukve im periodSi iwyeba<br />
(daaxl. 1994 w.), rodesac adre arsebuli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis socialuri<br />
amboxebis talRam iklo, da ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi kapitali masobrivi<br />
organizaciebis Sesaqmnelad. is enTuziastebi, romlebic qmnian <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
organizaciebs, maleve rwmundebian, rom maTi Zalisxmeva masobrivi nebayoflobiTi<br />
organizaciebis Seqmnisa Sedegis momtani ver iqneba. Sedegianad moqmedeben mxolod<br />
isini, vinc advilad iwereba axal, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> gagebiT araeTikur, magram politikuri<br />
gagebiT efeqtur saqmianobaSi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. axali seqtoris eTika<br />
konfliqtSi modis Zveli sazogadoebis eTikasTa, rac mianiSnebs, rom Cvens mier<br />
ganxiluli doneebidan arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da Zveli sazogadoebrioba<br />
sxvadasxva doneebze aRmoCndebian. gzadagza am dapirispirebas gamoeyofa Sualeduri —<br />
saeqsperto done, romelic met-naklebi stabilurobiT imkvidrebs adgils<br />
profesiuli, codnaze orientirebuli viwro organizaciebis saxiT.<br />
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi arasamTavrobo seqtorma ganvlo ganviTarebis sruli<br />
cikli — pirveli donidan meores gavliT mesame, politikur donemde, da daasrula es<br />
cikli vardebis revoluciis mowyobiT. rogor icvleboda am periodSi mimarTeba<br />
adgilobriv organizaciebsa da `globalur <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s” Soris, romelic<br />
saqarTveloSi am wlebSi metwilad iyo warmodgenili sorosis fondis, evraziis<br />
fondis, sxva fondebis, amerikis ganviTarebis saagentos, euTos struqturebisa da sxva<br />
samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxiT?<br />
sorosis fondis mier gasacemi grantebi 10 wlis win aucileblobiT ukavSirdeboda<br />
Semdeg moTxovnebs grantis mimRebTa mimarT: maT ar unda aeRoT xelfasebi da<br />
honorarebi grantis fulidan; maT ar unda gamoeyenebinaT grantis saxsrebi<br />
politikuri saqminobisTvis; grantis mimRebi organizaciis masobrioba da saqmianobis<br />
Sida demokratiuloba unda yofiliyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli,<br />
romliTac fasdeboda grantis mimRebi.<br />
ramdenime wlis praqtikam aCvena, rom es moTxovnebi masobrivad irRveoda im<br />
gagebiT, rom vinc grantebs axorcielebda, imaT unda mieRoT anazRaureba, sxvanairad<br />
seriozuli da kargi proeqtebi ver xorcieldeboda. TandaTan Camoyalibda `profesionalTa”<br />
viwro wre, romlebic gaxdnen arasamTavrobo seqtoris `specialistebi”,<br />
maT, sxva <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sTan SedarebiT kargad aiTvises bevri Teoriuli da praqtikuli<br />
unar-Cveva, rac sWirdeba warmatebul arasamTavrobo saqmianobas. maTi organizaciebi<br />
damkvidrda, magram masobrivi ar gaxda. am organizaciebis mier warmoebulma<br />
profesiulma produqtma (publikaciebi, konferenciebi, iuridiuli konsultaciebi,<br />
adamianTa uflebebis dacva, sociologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba) seriozuli adgili<br />
daimkvidres <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si.<br />
amdenad, am etapze Cven saqme gvaqvs codnaze dafuZnebul profesionalebTan,<br />
romlebic sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan produqts<br />
awarmoeben. es produqti aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiis funqcionirebisaTvis.<br />
am periodSi sorosis fondi ukve uSvebs grantebis biujetSi saxelfaso saxsrebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebas, da met grantebs iZleva saeqsperto, profesiuli momsaxurebis<br />
73
gasawevad — magaliTad, kanonproeqtis daswerad an policy analysis-Tvis. am saqmeSi am<br />
periodSi liderobs fondi evrazia, romelic mimarTulia think tank-ebis<br />
ganviTarebaze, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis regionul doneze, da cdilobs saeqsperto<br />
sazogadoebis mxardaWeras. amave periodSi amerikis ganviTarebis saagentoc<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis mxardaWeris Tavis politikaSi cvlis prioritetebs da<br />
iRebs gadawyvetilebas daexmaros pirvel rigSi arasamTavrobo seqtoris `lider”<br />
organizaciebs — im organizaciebs, romlebic ukve Camoyalibdnen rogorc yvelaze<br />
Zlieri da aqtiuri moTamaSeebi. es cvlileba gulisxmobs, rom saxsrebis amgvari<br />
gadanawileba yvelaze efeqturi iqneba maTi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
es periodi didxans ar grZeldeba. SevardnaZis reJimi am periodSi ukve Rrmadaa<br />
CixSi Sesuli da axali iniciativebi da politikuri wamowyebebi ver pouloben<br />
ganxorcielebasa da gamoZaxils politikuri xelmZRvanelobis doneze. arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtoris liderebs uCndebaT SegrZneba, rom maT unda moipovon Zalaufleba, raTa<br />
sakuTari gegmebi ganaxorcielon. am droisTvis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis lideroba<br />
asociirebulia ramdenime organizaciasTan, romlebsac aqvT erTiani politikuri<br />
xedva, seriozuli kontroli arasamTavrobo seqtoris saxsrebis xarjvaze da<br />
romlebic aRar arian ganwyobili grZelvadiani gegmebi dasaxon, aramed Cqaroben<br />
politikuri Sedegebi miiRon.<br />
am periodSi icvleba aseve sorosis fondis strategia. iqmneba moZraoba `kmara”, da<br />
iwyeba sorosis fondis proeqti saxelwodebiT `kmara”, romelic arsebiTad reJimis<br />
cvlilebazea mimarTuli. es proeqti arsebiTad politikur xasiaTs atarebs da<br />
sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs vardebis revoluciis ganxorcielebaSi. arasamaTavrobo<br />
seqtoris liderebi aRweven politikur Zalauflebas da amiT, arsebiTad, Tavdeba am<br />
seqtoris ganviTarebis is cikli, romelic win uZRoda vardebis revolucias.<br />
ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba arasamTavrobo seqtori vardebis revoluciis<br />
Semdeg, es kiTxva jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia, raime gamokveTili tendencia aq ar<br />
SeimCneva. ueWvelia, rom darCeba mTeli rigi organizaciebisa, visac SeuZlia maRali<br />
xarisxis sazogadoebrivi produqtis warmoeba — iqneba es monitoringi, treiningebi Tu<br />
saeqsperto codna. ueWvelia, agreTve, rom iwyeba sazogadoebis ufro siRrmiseuli<br />
gardaqmnebis etapi — ganaTlebis re<strong>for</strong>ma gacilebiT Rrma sazogadoebriv<br />
struqturebs umiznebs, vidre ubralod arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Seqmna. rogor<br />
warimarTeba es re<strong>for</strong>mebi — rogorc TurqeTSi, sadac modernizaciam faqtiurad<br />
daangria tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi struqtura (ix. Semdgom), Tu ufro<br />
demokratiuli gziT, bevrad iqneba damokidebuli TviT sazogadoebis unarze<br />
aqtiuroba gamoiCinos <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis doneze am procesSi.<br />
3. dominanturi Tu pluralisturi; saqarTvelos <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
kritikuli xedva<br />
lari daimondi (Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and<br />
issues. in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997)<br />
aRwers, Tu rogor exmareba msoflio, saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo organizaciebis<br />
meSveobiT, demokratiis gaviTarebas, da ra uzarmazari saxsrebi ixarjeba am<br />
saqmianobaze. faqtobrivad, msoflio arenaze, garda saxelmwifoebisa da saerTaSoriso<br />
korporaciebisa, gaCnda arasamTavrobo damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebic, pirveli<br />
oris msgavsad, xSirad bevrad aWarbeben Tavisi zomiTa da SesaZleblobebiT im patara,<br />
susti da ganuviTarebeli saxelmwifoebis potencials, romelsac isini exmarebian.<br />
74
maTi saqmianoba didwilad mimarTulia <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis gavniTarebaze da<br />
mxardaWeraze, rac didad ganapirobebis am sazogadoebis ganviTarebis potencialsa da<br />
mimarTulebas.<br />
am uzarmazari daxmarebis fonze, romelmac ueWvelad didi gavlena moaxdina<br />
saqarTvelos politikur klimatze da mis Tanamedrove istoriaze, ratom vlaparakobT<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ganviTarebis praqtikis warumateblobaze? xom isic unda<br />
iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori saqarTveloSi, sxva postsabWoTa qveynebTan<br />
SedarebiT, metad Zlier da gavlenian warmonaqmnad iqca, romelmac didi roli<br />
Seasrula bevri demokratiuli inciativis wamowyebaSi da adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi.<br />
SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom revoluciis wina periodSi saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebobda bevri seriozuli arasamTavrobo organizacia, da Tu ara revoluciaSi maTi<br />
monawileoba, dResac SesaZlebeli iqneboda laparaki imaze, rom arasamTavrobo<br />
seqtori saqarTveloSi mtkiced dgas fexze. miTumetes, rom garda `revolucioneri”<br />
organizaciebisa, aris sxva, ararevolucioneri monawileebi, romlebic dResac<br />
warmatebiT saqmianoben sxvadasxva dargSi. es organizaciebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s dResac<br />
mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi produqtiT amarageben da, albaT, eseni Tu sxvebi<br />
iarsebeben, vinc imave saqmianobas gaagrZeleben.<br />
da mainc, keTilsindisieri damkvirvebeli bevrs ifiqrebs, vidre am seqtors<br />
`<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis” saxeliT moixseniebs, vinaidan amgvari gaigiveba<br />
aracalsaxaa da bevr kiTxvas warmoqmnis.<br />
lari daimondis mier aRwerili organizaciebi yvela arian dakompleqtebuli<br />
Cveulebrivi administratorebiTa da menejerebiT, romlebic moqmedeben ise, rogorc<br />
Seefereba maT profesias. es imas niSnavs, rom maT unda dasaxon konkretuli miznebi,<br />
ganaxorcielon zomebi am miznebis misaRwevad da miiRon xelSesaxebi Sedegebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba gaizomos. yvelaferi es erTad niSnavs, rom maT saqmianobas<br />
warmarTavs empiriuli midgoma realobisadmi, pragamatuli saRi azri da maTi<br />
dasayrdenia is, rac SesaZlebelia advilad iyos gagebuli socialuri konteqstisda<br />
ganurCevlad, erTnairad ikiTxebodes rogorc amerikaSi, aseve saqarTveloSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra politikuri Sexedulebebisaa, yvela es<br />
organizacia meTodologiurad erTnairia da Cvens mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT<br />
`liberaluri” diskursis CarCoebSi moqmedebs.<br />
magram rodesac gavdiodiT <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebisa Tu demokratiis cnebebsa da<br />
Teoriebs, Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, da araerT avtorTan es davafiqsireT, rom<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> (da demokratiac) aris ramdenime midgomis nazavi. kerZod,<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> unda moicavdes rogorc `liberalur”, aseve `respublikur”<br />
komponentebs.<br />
gamodis, rom msoflio daxmareba nebismier SemTxvevaSi mimarTulia <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis mxolod erTi mxaris ganviTarebaze, da verafers Svelis misi meore,<br />
respublikuri komponenetis warmoCenas. anu, saerTaSoriso organizaciebma SesaZloa<br />
uSvelon saqarTvelos imaSi, rom Seiqmnas raRac instituti, organizacia, moxdes<br />
re<strong>for</strong>ma Tu sxva, magram isini veranairad ver Caerevian (da arc Caervian) Cveni<br />
sazogadoebis siRrmiseul urTierTobebSi, romelTa fonzec unda ifunqcioniros am<br />
struqturam.<br />
Rirebulebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, amgvari viTareba sworia. vinaidan<br />
Cveni Sida saqmeebi aris Cveni Sida saqmeebi. sazogadoebis sirRmiseuli gardaqmna aris<br />
Cveni saqme, da sxvisi Careva am sferoSi kulturuli eqspansiis tolfasi iqneboda, da<br />
vesternizaciis <strong>for</strong>mas miiRebda, demokratizaciis sanacvlod. vesternizaciis <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
rom ar miiRos, saerTaSoriso daxmareba koncentrirebas akeTebs mxolod<br />
75
institutebze (universalisturi institutebia mxedvelobaSi), im varaudiT, rom es<br />
institutebi neitraluria konteqstis mimarT, da SesaZlebelia socialuri<br />
struqturisa da institutebis erTmaneTisgan iseTnairad daSoriSoreba, rom<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi cal-calke ganxilva da danergva.<br />
problema is aris, samwuxarod, rom amgvari Sexeduleba warmoadgens erT-erT, da<br />
ara erTaderT SesaZlo xedvas <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebisa, da misi mxolod erTi<br />
gagebidan gamodis, maSin roca arsebobs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis alternatiuli<br />
Teoriebic, romelTa ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba.<br />
alternatiuli midgomis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo seqtori<br />
Camoyalibda rogorc zogadi tranzitologiuri paradigmis nawili, da atarebs am<br />
paradigmiT ganpirobebul ideologias. es ideologia ara marto moicavs ganviTarebis<br />
mimarTulebas da mis garkveul saboloo institucionalur ideals, aramed saxavs<br />
kidec am idealis miRwevis strategias. Sesabamisad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
arasamTavrobo seqtorSi Tavmoyrilia mcirericxovani, gavleniani, specifikuri<br />
dafinansebisa da miznebis mqone socialuri jgufi, romelsac aseve garkveuli "yalbi<br />
cnobiereba" (ideologiis marqsiseuli saxeli) axasiaTebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis<br />
aRsawerad kargad gamodgeba wminda marqsistuli terminologia da rom mas sakmaod<br />
zustad politikuri klasis cneba Seesabameba. am nawilSi Cven saqarTvelos<br />
arasamTavrobo seqtors swored am Tvalsawieridan SevxedavT.<br />
aq mTavaria ori maxasiaTebeli - ekonomikuri arsebobis Tavisebureba da am<br />
arsebobis Sesabamisi cnobierebis <strong>for</strong>mireba. rac Seexeba ekonomikur sakiTxebs, is did<br />
ganmartebas ar saWiroeben - seqtori arsebobs mTlianad ucxouri fondebis<br />
dafinansebiT da masSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi xSirad cxovrebis saSualo donesTan<br />
SedarebiT bevrad ufro maRal Semosavlebs iReben. rac Seexeba mis "yalb cnobierebas",<br />
igi SeiZleba ramdenime fraziT gamoixatos: "Cven, arasamTavrobo seqtori, varT<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>; Cven vviTardebiT rogorc <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>; Cven,<br />
rogorc <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, gvevaleba xelisuflebasTan dapirispireba".<br />
ekonomikuri sawyisebi amgvari warmodgenis gavniTarebisa, rogorc vTqviT,<br />
gansxvavdeba im sawyisebisgan romlebic Zvel demokratiebSi arsebobda. Zveli<br />
demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT, minimaluri demokratiebi xasiaTdeba kapitalizmis<br />
gviandeli ganviTarebiT (postsabWoTa qveynebi —saerTod ganicdian wyvetas am mxriv<br />
meoce saukuneSi). kerZo sfero, rogorc <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis sawyisi am qveynebSi<br />
sabazro TviTregulirebis sust sawyisebs moicavda.<br />
am tipis qveynebSi jer kidev mecxramete saukuneSi sazogadoebrivi diskursi da<br />
sazogadoebrivi institutebi didad gansxvavdeboda dasavluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
modelisgan. am diskursebSi monawileobdnen ZiriTadad inteleqtualebi da<br />
inteligencia — is, rasac yvelaze ukeT aRwers sityva `sazogadoebrioba” (“obsCestvennost”<br />
ix. magaliTad, Вадим Волков, Общественность: забытая практика гражданского<br />
общества, www.carnegie.ru), da rasac sul ar udgeba dasavluri termini `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>”. ar udgeba pirvel rigSi diskursSi burJuaziuli, ekonomikuri interesebis<br />
arwarmomadgenlobiT da diskursis metad maRali ideologiuri da politikuri<br />
instrumentalizaciiTa da polarizebiT. zogierTi avtori amgvar viTarebebs<br />
`polarizebuli pluralizmis” terminiT moixseniebs. gansxvavdeboda, agreTve, mediis<br />
sistemebi, romlebSiac Warbobda politikurad mikerZoebuli presa da Jurnalistika,<br />
mibmuloba politikur brZolebze da dabali iyo mediis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba.<br />
es viTareba dResac igrZnoba samxreT evropisa da samxreT amerikis im qveynebSic ki,<br />
romlebsac (zogierTs) demokratiuli arsebobis Cvenze gacilebiT xangrZlivi istoria<br />
aqvT. sulac araa gasakviri, rom kidev ufro mZafria am faqtorebis gavlena im<br />
76
sivrceze, sadac meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxda sazogadoebebis Zalismieri<br />
modernizeba erTi politikuri ideologiis mier mTlianad instrumentalizebuli<br />
totalitaruli saxelmwifos ZaliT.<br />
politikuri reJimis gamocvlas zogjer <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> metad swrafad, ramdenime<br />
weliwadSi axerxebs. `Tanamedroveobis~ (modernity) tipis gamocvla <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
revoluciurad ar ZaluZs, is mxolod TandaTan modificirdeba. marqsizm-leninizmis<br />
rogorc mmarTveli ideologiis gardacvalebam gardaqmna politikuri lanSafti,<br />
magram ideologiuri, dogmaturi midgomebi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> da sazogadoebriv<br />
warmodgenebsa da filosofiaSi dResac ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs da ukidures<br />
politikur polarizebas uwyobs xels.<br />
am ideologizirebul konteqstSi arasamTavrobo seqtori Camoyalibda rogorc<br />
erT-erTi ideologiis matarebeli, da ara sxvadasxva ideologiebis Widilis adgili<br />
(rasac <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis idea gulisxmobs). sakuTari Tvalsawieridan is<br />
Camoyalibda, `vardebis revoluciis” wina periodSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />
garkveuli tipis `demokratizaciis” avangardi, romelic win uZRvis <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s. misi<br />
funqcia aris winamZRoloba, re<strong>for</strong>mireba, dasavleTizacia da modernizacia. seqtoris<br />
politikuri pozicia gamoixateba xelisuflebis mimarT totalur dapirispirebaSi. mis<br />
TviTSegnebaSi metad mkafiod daupirispirda `Cven~ `imaTs~ da is xasiaTdeboda<br />
moraluri zeobis gancdiT. rogorc ideologizirebul azrovnebas Seefereba, xdeboda<br />
`imaTi~ stigmatizeba (`xelisuflebis agentebi~, `prorusuli Zalebi~). rogorc<br />
Seefereba avnagards, seqtori kritikulad uyurebs qarTul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s da cdilobs<br />
mis civilizebasa da ganaTlebas.<br />
sapirispiro warmodgenebi ar iqna <strong>for</strong>mirebuli artikulirebul ideologiad<br />
(ganviTarebis politikur strategiad), magram moaxdina TviT seqtoris stigmatizeba<br />
`grantiWamiebad”, `crus agentebad”, `bolSevikebad”, `isini Wkuas gvaswavlian da<br />
sulelebi vgonivarT” da ase Semdeg. amdenad, Tumca ki adamianis damokidebuleba am<br />
seqtoris mimarT principSi politikuri TvalTaxedvis amsaxvelia, sapirispiro<br />
warmodgenebma ver Seqmnes sakuTari ideologebi da artikulatorebi sazogadoebriv<br />
sivrceSi, rac mianiSnebs maT daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaze. sabolood,<br />
sazogadoebis politikuri mimarTebebis mravalferovneba aisaxa ara seqtoris Sida<br />
struqturirebaSi, rogorc es Tavidan iyo dagegmili, aramed seqtorisadmi<br />
damokidebulebaSi zogadad — Camoyalibda xedva Signidan da xedva garedan.<br />
4. proceduruli Tu substanciuri: <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ori versia<br />
zemoaRniSnuli kritikuli xedva gulisxmobs, rom, Tumc ki araartikulirebulad,<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebobs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ori dapirispirebuli koncefcia:<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris arasamTavrobo seqtori, da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
aris mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. pirvelis Tanaxmad arasamTavrobo seqtori gamoxatavs mTeli<br />
mosaxleobis Sexedulebebs, da, Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, rac mis Sexedulebebs ar<br />
Seefereba, aris antidemokratiuli. meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
aris mTeli <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebebis mravalferovnebiT,<br />
romelTagan arasamTavrobo seqtori warmoadgens erT-erTs, da ara erTaderTs, xolo<br />
am seqtoris pretenzia erTaderTobaze swored mas aniWebs arademokratiulobis<br />
xasiaTs.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis es ori versia zedmiwevniT Seesabameba demokratiis<br />
cnebis aseve CvenSi arsebul or versias. pirvelis Tanaxmad (tranzitologiuri<br />
77
paradigma) demokratia aris mizani, romelsac unda mivaRwioT garkveuli<br />
re<strong>for</strong>matoruli Zalisxmevis Sedegad; meores Tanaxmad demokratia aris procedura,<br />
romelic sazRvravs im wesebs da procedurebs, romlebic warmoadgenen saSualebas,<br />
raTa ganisazRvros, Tu ra da rogor unda gardaiqmnas.<br />
demokratia rogorc mizani da demokratia rogorc procedura —es aris<br />
demokratiis ori, politikuri da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> versia, romlebic erTmaneTs<br />
upirispirdeba ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed dasavlur politikur TeoriaSic da<br />
msoflios demokratizaciis da globalizaciis praqtikaSic. es dapirispireba axali ar<br />
aris, Tumca ki saxeSecvlilia. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, civi omis dros, ukve<br />
iyo ideologiuri brZola liberalur demokratiebsa da sabWoTa ideologebs Soris,<br />
rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri pretenzias acxadebda imaze, rom is `saxalxo demokratiis~<br />
<strong>for</strong>mas warmoadgenda. anu, am gagebiT, is, marTalia, ver uzrunvelyofda procedurul<br />
demokratiulobas (demokratia rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba), samagierod xazs usvamda<br />
Tavis zrunvas xalxisTvis (demokratia rogorc mmarTveloba xalxisTvis). miznebisa da<br />
saSualebebis es dapirispireba, amdenad, ukve arsebobda Tavisi ukiduresi <strong>for</strong>miT, da<br />
miznebze orientaciam ukve erTxel sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobas monawileobiTi<br />
unar-Cvevebi da Rirebulebebi TiTqmis mTlianad gauqro. dResac, rogorc iTqva,<br />
monawileobiTi Rirebulebebisa da Cvevebis naklebobis problema kiTxvis qveS ayenebs<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis, rogorc proceduruli erTobis, ganviTarebis potencialis<br />
arsebobas. swored am Cvevebma SeiZleba gadon xidi <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis or<br />
dapirispirebul versias Soris, magram es, rasakvirvelia, ioli gza ar aris.<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da trans<strong>for</strong>maciis gzebi da<br />
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi amdenad am ori <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis urTierTobaSi<br />
da konkurenciaSi/ TanamSromlobaSi unda veZioT.<br />
5. saqarTvelos politikuri diskursebi<br />
habermasis naSromis ganxilvisas Cven avRniSneT, rom kerZo adamianis da moqalaqis<br />
socialuri rolebi xSirad ewireba axal demokratiebSi mesame — amomrCevlis rolis<br />
eTikas. es maniSnebelia imis, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ar aris sakmarisad moZlierebuli<br />
rogorc <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> da rogorc <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sivrce, rom politikuri brZola<br />
`itvirTos~. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris, aristoteleseuli gagebiT,<br />
`barbarosuli~, an, Tanamedrove gagebiT, CamorCenili, anu mas ara aqvs politikuri<br />
wesrigis Seqmnis unari, romelzedac laparakobs dominik kola da rasac xazs usvams<br />
hana arendti?<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebuli `<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> tipis~ politikuri Sexedulebebis kvleva,<br />
romelic 2004 wels iyo Catarebuli avtoris mier (l.arutinTan TanaavtorobaSi),<br />
gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTvelos aqvs sruli potenciali ganviTardes rogorc<br />
normaluri politeia da jansaRi politikuri <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs aqvT<br />
politikuri Sexedulebebi, romlebic savsebiT SesaZlebelia safuZvlad daedos<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> ganviTarebas, Tuki movaxerxebT im politizirebis da radikalizaciis<br />
Sesustebas, romelsac aCens amomrCvelis rolze koncentrireba da romelsac<br />
aZlierebs saqarTvelos masmedia (romelsac mogvianebiT davaxasiaTebT).<br />
mocemul naSromSi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s vikvlevdiT rogorc subieqturi Sexedulebebisa<br />
da warmodgenebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis sivrces. urTierToben ra<br />
erTmaneTTan da politikuri sistemis institutebTan, moqalaqeebi sinamdvilis<br />
sakuTar suraTs xataven, romelic Seferilia mocemuli individis politikuri<br />
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SexedulebebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. amitom, iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT,<br />
demokratia, kanoni, konstitucia da a.S. sxvadasxva adamianisTvis SeiZleba<br />
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis fenomenebs warmoadgendes. amdenad,<br />
politikuri <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ara Tu erTgvarovania, aramed masSi arsebobs adamianTa didi<br />
erTobliobebi, romlebic met-naklebad msgavsad fiqroben da politikur movlenebs<br />
msgavsad afaseben. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebul politikuri Sexedulebebis am Sekrul<br />
sistemebs Cven aq politikuri diskursebis saxeliT movixseniebT. kvlevis mizans<br />
Seadgenda <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri diskursebis gamokveTa<br />
da Seswavla konstituciis mniSvnelobisa da konstituciuri Rirebulebebis<br />
gavrcelebis kvlevis farglebSi. kvlevisas amovdiodiT mosazrebidan, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad, demokratiis erT-erT ZiriTad principad unda miviCnioT is, rom<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebuli yvela Sexeduleba uflebamosilia sakuTari wvlili Seitanos<br />
qveynis politikuri sistemis <strong>for</strong>mirebasa da funqcionirebaSi (proceduruli<br />
midgoma).<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobSi Cven mier gamovlenil iqna oTxi gansxvavebuli diskursi,<br />
politikuri Sexedulebebis oTxi gansxvavebuli tipi. sanam maT daxasiaTebaze<br />
gadavidodeT, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs gansxvavebuloba politikur<br />
SexedulebebSi, razedac aq vsaubrobT.<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi realuri adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTis sruli<br />
antipodebi, romlebsac saerTo miswrafebebi ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad, nebismier<br />
qarTvel moqalaqes surs, rom saqarTvelo aRorZindes, rom qarTvelebi ukeTesad<br />
cxovrobdnen, rom gvqondes konstituciuri demokratiuli saxelmwifo da rom<br />
saqarTvelo Cadges Tanamderove civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT<br />
mivudgebiT, did sxvaobas adamianebs Soris ver davinaxavT. sxvaoba mJRavndeba maSin,<br />
rodesac maT vaiZulebT zemomoyvanil debulebaTa Soris gamokveTon prioritetebi da<br />
moaxdinon Rirebulebebis ranJireba, anu daafiqsiron, ras undaT pirvel rigSi<br />
miaRwion. realur cxovrebaSi adamianebs amgvar moTxovnas uyenebs politikuri garemo<br />
— imis saWiroeba, rom arCeul iqnes esa Tu is xelisufleba da gamoikveTos<br />
damokidebuleba ama Tu im politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis<br />
prioritetebis mimarT.<br />
imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaaris sxvaobebi Cndeba moqalaqeTa SexedulebebSi<br />
realur viTarebaSi, Cven Semogvaqvs diskursebis abstraqtuli modeli, romelSic,<br />
realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela diskursi (da maTi matarebeli warmosaxviTi<br />
individebi) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, anu e.w. veberiseuli<br />
`idealuri tipis” modeli. realur cxovrebaSi amgvari idealuri tipis diskursebi<br />
wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, idealuri tipebi gvexmareba gaverkveT im<br />
mravalferovan samyaroSi, romelic Cven irgvliv arsebobs.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil iqna oTxi idealuri tipis diskursi, romelbic kargad<br />
axasiaTeben saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikur Sexedulebebs. maT gasaazreblad<br />
Cven SemovitanT Semdeg Teoriul matricas. warmovidginoT iseTi politikuri<br />
Sexedulebebis sistemebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia ganvalagoT Semdegi<br />
organzomilebiani sibrtyis Sesabamis meoTxedebSi; am sibrtyis ganzomilebebi Semdegi<br />
dapirispirebebiTaa Seqmnili:<br />
79
antitradicia<br />
1 2<br />
procedura<br />
mizani<br />
4 3<br />
tradicia<br />
am sibrtyis vertikaluri ganzomileba pirobiTad SegviZlia gaviazroT, rogorc<br />
opozicia `tradicia” _ `antitradicia”. sibrtyis qveda nawilSi imyofebian<br />
tradicionalistebi, romelTaTvisac politikuri legitimaciis wyaros warmoadgens<br />
pirvel rigSi is, rac aris adgilobrivi, qarTuli, warsulidan momdinare, garkveuli<br />
CarCoebiT da identurobiT gamoyofili danarCeni samyarosgan. ganzomilebis meore<br />
boloSi myofni met mniSvnelobas aniWeben gare samyaros, dasavlur gamocdilebas,<br />
momavals, warsulis uaryofasac ki.<br />
sibrtyis meore _ horizontaluri _ ganzomileba SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc<br />
damokidebuleba politikisadmi zogadad. sibrtyis marjvena mxares imyofebian isini,<br />
vinc politikaSi yvelaze metad afasebs miznebs, xolo meore mxare aqcents akeTebs<br />
wesebze, romlebsac misdeven politikosebi Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. am opozicias<br />
pirobiTad davarqmevT `procedurisa” da `miznis” dapirispirebas. sailustraciod<br />
moviSvelioT demokratiis linkolniseuli cnobili ganmarteba _ `demokratia aris<br />
xalxis mmarTveloba, xalxis mier ganxorcielebuli xalxisTvis”, `proceduris”<br />
mimdevrebi am gamonaTqvamSi ufro did mniSvnelobas mianiWeben mmarTvelobis<br />
ganxorcielebas xalxis mier, xolo `miznis” mimdevrebi imas, rom mmarTveloba iyos<br />
xalxisTvis.<br />
aq gansamartavia, Tu ratom gamoviyeneT termini `antitradicia” sibrtyis zeda<br />
nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad da ar davupirispireT `tradicias” `medasavleTeoba”,<br />
romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian saqarTveloSi cvlilebebis mosurne re<strong>for</strong>matorebi.<br />
saqme isaa, rom es ukanaskneli cneba qarTul realobaSi garkveulwilad `miTvisebuli”<br />
aqvs erT konkretul diskurss, maSin rodesac sxva diskursebic acxadeben masze<br />
pretenzias. Cveni SexedulebiT, WeSmariti `medasavleTeoba” mdgomareobs zemoT<br />
mocemuli sqemis centraluri zonisken swrafvaSi da ara misi romelime ganapira<br />
ukiduresobis absolutizebaSi. sibrtyis oTxive meoTxedi saWiro da aucilebeli<br />
komponentia imisa, rasac avtorebi dasavlur liberalur demokratiad moiazreben,<br />
xolo WeSmaritad `medasavluri” ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi<br />
Tanaarsebobis SemTxvevaSi, radikalizaciisa da urTierTgandevnisgan Tavis aridebiT.<br />
am dayofis Sesabamisad, sibrtyis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ganlagdebian isini,<br />
visTvisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realobis rac SeiZleba swrafi<br />
gardaqmna im nimuSebis misaRwevad, romlebic qveynis gareT, ufro ganviTarebul<br />
demokratiebSi arsebobs. sibrtyis marjvena qveda meoTxedSi imyofebian isinic,<br />
visTvisac qveynis swrafi ganviTareba prioritetia, oRond qarTul tradiciebze da<br />
mentalitetze dayrdnobiT. qarTul tradiciebs aseve pirvel rigSi afaseben sibrtyis<br />
qveda marcxena meoTxedSi, oRond maT matareblad isini pirvel rigSi qarTvelebs<br />
ganixilaven, amdenad, maTTvis qveynis ganviTarebaze ufro mniSvnelovania<br />
qarTvelebisTvis adamianuri cxovrebis awyoba. sibrtyis zeda marcxena meoTxedi,<br />
marjvena meoTxedis msgavsad, dasavluri nimuSebiTaa STagonebuli, magram, misgan<br />
80
gansxvavebiT, maTSi ufro politikuri cxovrebis wesebs eZebs, vidre politikuri<br />
gardaqmnebis miznebs.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT imgvarad<br />
gansxvavdeba, rogorc am sibrtyis meoTxedebi, anu isini sakmaod karg (Tumc, arazust)<br />
SesabamisobaSi arian moyvanili sibrtyis meoTxedebTan. pirobiTad Serqmeuli<br />
saxelebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom pirveli diskursi `modernizatori”<br />
imyofeba zeda marjvena kuTxeSi, `marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti” _ qveda<br />
marjvenaSi, `humanisti tradicionalisti” — qveda marcxenaSi, xolo `opozicioneri<br />
konstitucionalisti” — zeda marcxenaSi.<br />
1. `opozicioneri 2. `modernizatori”<br />
konstitucionalisti”<br />
davicvaT<br />
wavideT<br />
liberaluri<br />
win, Sors warsulidan<br />
demokratiuli<br />
konstitucia<br />
4. `humanisti 3. `marTlmadidebeli<br />
tradicionalisti”<br />
tradicionalisti”<br />
qarTvelebma adamianurad<br />
saqarTvelo unda<br />
unda icxovron<br />
aRorZindes<br />
es oTxi ganwyoba unda miviCnioT im devizebad, romlebic kargad asaxaven<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis prioritetebs.<br />
Cven aq ar davaxasiaTebT dawvrilebiT miRebul Sexedulebebs. avRniSnavT, rom<br />
TiToeul dafiqsirebul SexedulebaTa sistemas aqvs rogorc keTilganwyobili<br />
interpretacia — is, Tu rogor xedavs sakuTar Tavs, aseve kritikuli xedva garedan —<br />
Tanac gansxvavebuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli diskursis kuTxidan SevxedavT.<br />
garda amisa, SexedulebaTa TiToeuli sistema SeiZleba zomierebisken ixrebodes da<br />
amiT uaxlovdebodes miRebul demokratiul diskursebs, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia<br />
ganicdides radikalizacias da saSiSi xdebodes demokratiisaTvis.<br />
meore diskursi miiCnevs, rom politikuri brZolebis dro damTavrebulia, da<br />
dadga miRweuli politikuri Zalauflebis realizebis dro. politikuri dapirispirebebis<br />
gagrZeleba misTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens da amdenad is gmobs pirveli<br />
diskursis mcdelobebs, Sexedos movlenebs politikuri Tvalsawieridan — saxelmwifo<br />
droSa ar unda iyos ganxiluli nacionaluri moZraobis droSad, arsebuli<br />
xelisufleba — diqtaturad, xolo ZalauflebaSi revoluciiT mosuli adamianebi —<br />
saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis uzurpatorebad. ganviTarebis swori gezi gansazRvrulia;<br />
dadga dro, iuristebma is, ubralod, kanonebSi gadaitanon. meore diskursisTvis did<br />
saSiSroebas warmoadgens meoTxe diskursic, romelic SesaZloa am kanonebs ar<br />
daemorCilos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, mosaxleobis didi nawili, e.w. ubralo<br />
adamianebi, darCnen samarTlebrivi regulirebis miRma da amiT daabrkolon<br />
ganviTareba. es isev korufciis wyaro iqneba. amitom warsuli ukan unda movitovoT.<br />
kanonebis amoqmedebaSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas ver<br />
davelodebiT. meore diskursi mesamesac upirispirdeba mis orientaciaSi qarTul<br />
81
mentalitetze da tradiciul Rirebulebebze. meore diskursi ar eTanxmeba<br />
konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebasac.<br />
pirveli diskursi, meoresgan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar aris ganwyobili Seafasos<br />
mdgomareoba, rogorc demokratiuli ganviTarebis sawindari. is aSkarad xedavs<br />
Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi diqtaturis niSnebs da sakuTari politikuri uflebebis<br />
daculobis sawindarad konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebis ganmtkicebas moiazrebs.<br />
meore diskursi mis TvalSi bolSevikuri tipis totalitarizmis nairsaxeobis<br />
advokatad gamoiyureba, vinaidan politikurad calmxrivad cvlis droSas,<br />
konstitucias da eufleba saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs. am mxriv, meore diskurss,<br />
pirveli diskursis mixedviT, kvers ukravs mesame diskursic, romelic miiCnevs, rom<br />
dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti da prezidentma mTeli Zalaufleba unda itvirTos<br />
am mdgomareobidan qveynis gamosayvanad. mesame diskursi, misi azriT, saerTod saSiSia<br />
demokratiisaTvis, vinaidan naklebad afasebs kanonis uzenaesobis saWiroebas da<br />
ixreba erTpirovnuli da konstitucionalizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego, mkacrad<br />
maJoritaruli mmarTvelobisken, TiTqmis diqtaturisken. pirvelis TvalSi meoTxe<br />
diskurss ara aqvs samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, is gulgrilia konstituciis bolodroindeli<br />
xelyofis mimarT da ar iziarebs pirveli diskursis SemarTebas imoqmedos<br />
politikurad, anu xelisufleba xalxis kontrols dauqvemdebaros.<br />
mesame diskursi, meore diskuris msgavsad, imedianad uyurebs momavals, radgan<br />
miaCnia, rom revoluciiT mosuli prezidenti xalxis umravlesobis nebas ganasaxierebs<br />
da mis imedebs frTebs Seasxams: magaliTad, marTlmadideblur religias gansakuTrebul<br />
statuss mianiWebs. Tumca, prezidentis Zalauflebas SeiZleba winaRobebi<br />
Sexvdes, rac xalxis umravlesobis nebis aRsrulebas gaarTulebs. mis TvalSi rogorc<br />
pirveli, ise meore diskursi xalxis nebis aRsrulebas arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevs<br />
da amiT qarTul TviTmyofadobas da identurobas safrTxes uqmnis. am diskursebs<br />
Soris is did sxvaobas ver xedavs, garda imisa, rom pirveli saSiSia, radgan xelisuflebis<br />
opoziciuria, xolo meore sxvanairad xedavs ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, anu<br />
zedmetad mimbaZvelia dasavleTis. rac Seexeba meoTxes, isic safrTxes uqmnis xalxis<br />
nebis aRsrulebas politikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis meSveobiT, vinaidan eSinia<br />
diqtaturis da zedmetad zrunavs adamianis uflebebis dacvaze.<br />
meoTxe diskursi iwyeba metad saintereso mtkicebiT `konstitucionerebisa” da<br />
ubralo adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelic mravalmxrivad SeiZleba iqnes interpretirebuli.<br />
erTi mxriv, is gvagonebs habermasiseuli sistemisa da cxovrebis samyaros<br />
dapirispirebas da cxovrebis samyaros dacvis lozungs. meore mxriv, is ara marto<br />
mkafiod ansxvavebs kanonsa da morals (rasac marqsistuli midgoma, liberalurisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, ar akeTebda), aramed orives mkafiod gamijnul samoqmedo arealebs<br />
uwesebs da adamianTa cxovrebas, pirvel rigSi, moralis samyofelad ixilavs. da bolos,<br />
is SeiZleba gaviazroT patnemiseul terminebiT, rogorc `amoraluri familizmi”,<br />
rac, respublikuri cnobierebis sapirispirod, badebs korufcias da xels uSlis<br />
demokratiis funqcionirebas.<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis Tvalsawieridan es diskursi gvevlineba im midgomad,<br />
romelic ara marto sabWoTa periodSi, aramed wina saukuneebSic, mravali gare<br />
dampyroblis qveS saqarTvelos arsebobis dros, wesad da Cveulebad Camoyalibda, im<br />
wesad da Cveulebad, romelmac TviTgadarCenisa da TviTmoyofadobis SenarCunebis<br />
masobrivi strategiebi gansazRvra. is mdgomareobs mtruli da ucxo garemosagan<br />
gamijvnaSi da ara masze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mcdelobaSi.<br />
am mxriv, mas mTavar oponirebas meore diskursi uwevs, romelic swored rom<br />
sistemis SeqmniTaa dainteresebuli. meores yvelaferi imis Secvla surs, rac<br />
82
meoTxesTvis TavSesafarsa da dasayrdens warmoadgens — warsuli, qarTuli<br />
mentaliteti. Tuki meore diskursi sistemis garkveuli Rirebulebrivi<br />
totalitarulobiT emuqreba, mesame _ diqtaturis niSnebs atarebs. amdenad, arc<br />
mesame diskursia misTvis xsna, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul Rirebulebriv<br />
ganwyobebs orive iziarebs. mis TvalSi, mesame diskursi, garkveulwilad, religiuri<br />
fanatizmiTaa daavadebuli da Tavisi diqtatoruli midrekilebebiT mas SeuZlia kerZo<br />
adamiani diqtatoris Zaladobis obieqtad gaxados. miuxedavad yvelaferi amisa, meoTxe<br />
diskurss aqvs xelisuflebis ndoba, romelsac pirveli diskursi uqarwylebs. meoTxe<br />
diskursis ganwyobas miimalos Tavis naWuWSi da imedovnos, rom xelisufleba Tavis<br />
saqmes TviTon mixedavs, pirveli diskursi ewinaaRmdegeba da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi<br />
poziciis dakavebisken ubiZgebs, rasac is miCveuli ar aris.<br />
literatura:<br />
John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses<br />
Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia<br />
m. musxeliSvili. `demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi `arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio<br />
naSromebi, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.<br />
m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi<br />
demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul<br />
ganxorcielebaSi. `epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003<br />
Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить<br />
американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004<br />
Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge<br />
University Press; (2003)<br />
83
leqcia 11.<br />
masmediis sistemebi: mediis sami sistema da<br />
diskursuli eTikis sami tipi.<br />
am leqciaSi Cven vecdebiT erTmaneTs davukavSiroT politikuri komunikaciis<br />
institucionaluri da diskursuli analizi. safuZvlad Cven aviRebT, erTis mxriv,<br />
adre Camoyalibebul sam diskursul eTikas — sam idealuri tipis diskurss, xolo<br />
meores mxriv, media sistemebis tipologias, rogorc is aRwerilia erT-erT<br />
Tanamedrove monografiaSi: D.Hallin, P.Manchini, `Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of<br />
Media and Politics”.<br />
miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebebisa, media - sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva<br />
sazogadoebrivi institutebi, sxvadasxva dasavlur qveynebSi istoriulad gansxvavebuli<br />
<strong>for</strong>miTa da xasiaTiT Camoyalibda. halinisa da manCinis naSromi eZRvneba<br />
dasavluri demokratiebis media - sistemebis SedarebiT analizs. am mizniT media<br />
sistemebis dasaxasiaTeblad isini gamoyofen oTx ZiriTad komponents, maxasiaTebels,<br />
romlebsac SemdgomSi swavloben SedarebiT perspeqtivaSi; esenia:<br />
1) media - bazris ganviTarebis done, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ramdenad arsebobs<br />
maRaltiraJiani presa;<br />
2) politikuri paralelizmi; es moicavs rogorc mediisa da politikuri partiebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis simWidroves da xasiaTs, aseve ufro zogadad, Tu ramdenad<br />
Seesabameba media sistema <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si arsebul siRrmiseul politikur<br />
dayofebs;<br />
3) Jurnalistikis, rogorc profesiis, gavniTarebis done;<br />
4) media sistemaSi saxelmwifos Carevis done da xasiaTi;<br />
am maxasiaTeblebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze avtorebi gamoyofen sami<br />
tipis models, sami tipis idealur media - sistemas, romlebic arsebobs Tanamedrove<br />
evropul da Crdiloamerikul demokratiul qveynebSi. esenia, avtorTa terminologiiT,<br />
1. xmelTaSuazRvispira, anu polaruli pluralizmis modeli;<br />
2. Crdilo centraluri evropis modeli, anu demokratiul-korporativistuli<br />
modeli;<br />
3. Crdilo atlanturi, anu liberaluri modeli.<br />
pirveli modeli arsebobs iseT qveynebSi rogorebicaa safrangeTi, saberZneTi,<br />
italia, portugalia da espaneTi. meore arsebobs Semdeg qveynebSi: avstria, belgia,<br />
germania, fineTi da sxva skandinavuri qveynebi. mesame — britanetTSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi,<br />
da irlandiaSi. (ix. tabula, gv.68)<br />
liberalur modelSi Warbobs sabazro meqanizmebi da komerciuli media;<br />
demokratiul-korporativistul modelSi — komerciuli media istoriulad<br />
Tanaarsebobs socialur da politikur jgufebTan mibmul mediasTan; am modelSi aseve<br />
SedarebiT aqtiuria saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi regulireba; polarizebuli<br />
pluralizmis modeli xasiaTdeba mediis CarTulobiT partiul politikaSi,<br />
komerciuli mauwyeblobis istoriulad susti sawyisebiT, da Zlieri roliT romelsac<br />
84
TamaSobs saxelmwifo.<br />
aq unda gavixsenoT, rom es <strong>for</strong>mulirebebi ar aris mTlad zusti, vinaidan xan Cven<br />
vlaparakobT realurad arsebul media sistemebze, xolo xandaxan gadavdivarT<br />
laparakze idealuri tipebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac es realurad arsebuli sistemebi metnaklebad<br />
waagaven. imedia, rom es gansxvaveba realur sistemebsa da idealur tipebs<br />
Soris ar iqneba miviwyebuli, miuxedavad <strong>for</strong>mulirebebis erTgvari uzustobisa.<br />
realuri media sistemebi arasdros ar emTxveva zustad romelime idealur tips,<br />
aramed rogorc wesi moicaven yvela tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs metnaklebobiT.<br />
aq laparakia mxolod imaze, Tu romeli niSnebi sWarbobs ama Tu im qveynis<br />
sistemebSi, da ara idealuri tipisa da realuri sistemis srul identurobaze.<br />
mediis es idealuri tipebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba im parametrebiT, romelbic<br />
avtorebma media - sistemebis mTavar maxasiaTeblebad Camoayalibes. sanam maT calcalke<br />
ganvixilavdeT, isic unda avRniSnoT, rom media - sistemebi, iseve rogorc maTi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi, warmoadgenen sakmaod mdgrad da nela cvalebad institutebis<br />
nakrebebs — maTi <strong>for</strong>mirebis sawyisebi sakmaod Soreul warsulSi midis, xolo<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macia did dros moiTxovs. iseve, rogorc sxva socialur bazisur<br />
maxasiaTeblebs, maT mdgradoba axasiaTebs, romelic ar eqvemdebareba swraf, da<br />
Tundac saSualo siswrafis cvlilebebs. ase, is, rom masobrivi presa istoriulad adre<br />
gavrcelda zogierT qveynebSi (XIXs.-XX saukunis daswyisSi), sxvebSi ki — ara, dResac<br />
vlindeba presis tiraJebSi. skandinaviis qveynebSi dResac maRalia gazeTebis kiTxvis<br />
Cveva da kultura, xolo saberZneTSi, maTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro dabali.<br />
beWdviTi mediis dasabamidan politikuri agitacia mis centralur funqciad<br />
ganixileboda. gavrcelebuli iyo pirvel rigSi publicistika, romelsac gavlena unda<br />
moexdina sazogadoebrivi azris <strong>for</strong>mirebaze. mxolod mecxramete saukunis bolos<br />
daiwyo gavrceleba komerciulma presam, da, imave dros, sul ufro popularuli xdeba<br />
Jurnalistis, rogorc neitraluri arbitris, cneba — Jurnalistis, romelic ganze<br />
dgas nebismieri politikuri interesebisgan da partiebisgan. amdenad, Jurnalistikis<br />
Tanamedrove normatiuli liberaluri modeli — obieqturi, miukerZoebeli<br />
Jurnalistika — SedarebiT gviandeli warmonaqmnia. dResdReobiT balansi neitralur<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciul da propagandistul Jurnalistikas Soris sxvadasxva sistemebSi<br />
sxvadasxvanairi arsebobs. ase, daniaSi, wina saukunis dasawyisSi yvela qalaqSi<br />
arsebobda oTx-oTxi gazeTi, romelic warmoadgens oTx ZiriTad politikur partias.<br />
dResdReobiT partiebTan presis uSualo mibma gacilebiT ufro iSviaTia, ufro xdeba<br />
zogadi politikuri poziciebis dakaveba — magaliTad, marjvena-centristulis, an<br />
marcxena-centristulis.<br />
gansxvavebiT am ori viTarebisgan — obieqturi, neitraluri presa da zogad<br />
politikur orientirebze (idealebze, ideologiebze) orientirebuli presa, arsebobs<br />
kidev mesame varianti. iq, sadac politikuri paralelizmi politikasa da medias Soris<br />
maRalia, media sistema SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes `gare pluralizmiT” — anu arsebobdes<br />
bevri sxvadasxva orientaciis mqone media. amisgan gansxvavebiT, pirvel, neitralur<br />
variantSi ufro mosalodnelia `Sida pluralizmis” arseboba — erTi pulbikaciis<br />
farglebSi sxvadasxva politikuri midgomebis warmoCineba.<br />
rac Seexeba telemauwyeblobas, da, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobas,<br />
masSi SeiZleba davafiqsiroT Semdegi modelebi: profesiuli modeli (BBC) —<br />
xasiaTdeba yvelaze dabali politikuri paralelizmiT; samTavrobo modeli (axlosaa<br />
saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis modelTan) — yvelaze maRali paralelizmi; maT Soris<br />
SualedSi imyofeba pluralistuli modelebi, sadac mauwyebloba ar aris<br />
politikurad neitraluri, magram arc monopolizeburia. masSi uzrunveyofilia an<br />
85
politikuri partiebis Tanabari reprezentacia, an sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis<br />
(<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis) Tanabari reprezentacia.<br />
Semdegi maxasiaTebeli aris Jurnalistebis profesionalizacia. es niSnavs imas, Tu<br />
ramdenad avtonomiuria JurnalistTa erToba, ramdenad moqmedebs sakuTari normebisa,<br />
da ara garedan ganxorcielebuli zegavlenis mixedviT; ramdenad aqvT gamomuSavebuli<br />
profesiuli normebi, ramdenad emxrobian sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTari<br />
valdebulebebis koncefcias.<br />
pirveli SexedviT, politikuri paralelizmis sisuste da Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia<br />
praqtikulad erTi da igivea, da istoriuladac es ori movlena paralelurad<br />
viTardeboda. magram isini mainc gansxvavebul cvladebad unda miviCnioT,<br />
vinaidan rogorc amas konkretuli analizi cxadyofs, Jurnalisturi profesionalizmis<br />
sxvadasxvanairi koncefciebi arsebobs da yvela maTgani ar emTxveva obieqturi da<br />
neitraluri Jurnalistikis koncefcias. Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia Crdilo<br />
da centralur evropis qveynebSi Tanaarsebobs politikuri paralelizmis SedarebiT<br />
maRal donesTan.<br />
saxelmwifos Careva mediis funqcionirebaSi yvelaze dabalia aSS-Si, sadac<br />
praqtikulad ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba. aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT evropis<br />
yvela qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. unda<br />
viqonioT mxedvelobaSi, rom saxelmwifos Careva mediis funqcionirebaSi ar unda iyos<br />
gagebuli yovelTvis Cveneburi, negatiuri, gagebiT, vinaidan es Careva Tavisufal<br />
qveynebSi xorcieldeba ara sityvis Tavisuflebis SesazRudavad, aramed, piriqiT,<br />
mediis mxardasaWerad da sazogadoebis interesebis ufro sruli realizaciis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
ganxiluli maxasiaTeblebis analizis safuZvelze avtorebi ganasxvaveben sam<br />
sistemas, romlebic xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT (gv.67): polarizebuli pluralizmis<br />
models axasiaTebs `gazeTebis dabali tiraJebi, elitisturi, politikurad orientirebuli<br />
presa; maRali politikuri paralelizmi; gare pluralizmi; komentirebaze<br />
orientirebuli Jurnalistika; politikis dominireba mauwyeblobaze da saxelmwifo<br />
kontroli masze; Jurnalistikis dabali profesionalizacia da misi instrumentalizacia;<br />
Zlieri roli saxelmwifosi zogadad”. demokratiuli korporativizmis models<br />
axasiaTebs `gazeTebis maRali tiraJebi; masobrivi presis adreuli ganviTareba;<br />
gare pluralizmi, Zlieri partiuli presa (istoriulad); mauwyeblobaSi politikuri<br />
pluralizmi da Zlieri avtonomia; Jurnalistikis Zlieri profesionalizacia da<br />
institucionalizebuli TviTregulireba; saxelmwifos maRali roli, Tumca sityvis<br />
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gareSe; didi subsidiebi saxelmwifos mxridan, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Zlieri sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobaSi”. liberaluri modeli xasiaTdeba SemdegiT:<br />
`gazeTebis saSualo tiraJebi masobrivi komerciuli presis adreuli ganviTarebiT;<br />
neitraluri komerciuli presa; sain<strong>for</strong>macio Jurnalistika; Sida pluralizmi;<br />
sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis profesiuli modeli; Jurnalistikis Zlieri profesionalizacia<br />
araintitucionalizebuli TviTregulirebiT; saxelmwifos roli dabalia<br />
sabazro meqanizmebTan SedarebiT”.<br />
ra kavSirSia media sistemebi Sesabamisi qveynebis politikur da ekonomikur<br />
sistemebTan? avtorebi ramdenime dakvirvebas gvTavazoben.<br />
1. erTi faqtori, romelic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes aSS da evropuli modelebis<br />
gansxvavebulobas (faqtori, romelic arasdros seriozulad ar miiReba<br />
mxedvelobaSi maT mier, vinc saqarTveloSi mediis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze<br />
msjelobs) aris sxvaoba bazris masStabebSi. amerikuli bazari komerciuli<br />
86
eklamisTvis aris metad farTo, maSin roca evropuli bazrebi SedarebiT viwroa,<br />
da isazRvreba TiToeuli qveynis sazRvrebiT (ara marto politikuriT, aramed<br />
lingivsturiTac). garda amisa, reklamis ganTavsebaze ekonomikuri seqtoris<br />
danaxarjebi naklebia evropaSi, rac didad ganapirobebs masmediis xasiaTs, maT<br />
Soris aucilebels xdis sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis arsebobas.<br />
2. aSS aris liberaluri demokratia, maSin roca kontinentur evropaSi ufro metad<br />
arsebobs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxlmwifoebi. amdenad saxelmwifos roli<br />
evropaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania da aqtiuri, vinaidan media aq ganixileba<br />
rogorc socialuri momsaxurebis <strong>for</strong>ma, sfero, romelsac uzrunvelyofs<br />
saxelmwifoc (mag. kulturuli memkvidreobis SesanarCuneblad, an mcire, susti<br />
socialuri jgufebis mxardasaWerad).<br />
3. masmediis sistemebi garkveul paralelizmSia Sesabamisi qveynebis demokratiis<br />
modelebTanac. leipharti ganasxvavebs konsesualur da maJoritarul demokratiebs.<br />
konsesualur demokratiebSi, rogorc wesi, mravalpartiulobaa, es partiebi<br />
qmnian koaliciur mTavrobebs, monawileoben usasrulo kompromisebSi da molaparakebebSi<br />
erTmaneTTan, da irCevian, rogorc wesi, proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT.<br />
maTgan gansxvavebiT, maJoritarul sistemebSi arsebobs ori ZiriTadi partia,<br />
romelTagan erTi iRebs mTel pasuxismgeblobas da Zalauflebas da ayalibebs<br />
mmarTvel kabinets, xolo meore TamaSobs institucionalizebuli opoziciis rols.<br />
maJoritaruli sistemebi mWidrodaa asociirebuli neitraluri Jurnalistikis<br />
cnebasTan. xolo konsesualuri sistemebi qmnian politikur paralelizms<br />
JurnalistikaSi. politikuri partiebi am sistemaSi, maJoiritarulisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ar iswrafvian moipovon legitimacia `mTeli naciis” reprezentaciiT, aramed<br />
sazogadoebis segmentebs warmoaCenen.<br />
rac Seexeba mauwyeblobas, maJoritarul sistemebSi SeiZleba moxdes oridan<br />
erTi: an mauwyebloba gamoyvanilia politikuri kontrolis sferodan (klasikuri,<br />
vestminsteruli, britanuli modeli), an mTlianad mis kontrolsaa daqvemdebarebuli<br />
(espaneTi, portugalia, saberZneTi).<br />
4. maJoritaruli da konsesualuri demokratiebi, leiphartis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan<br />
gansxvavdeba <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis ZiriTadi elementis — interesTa jgufebis<br />
struqturiT. maTi pluralizmisa da institucionalizaciis xasiaTi sxvadasxvaa.<br />
(ix. is leqciebi, romelbic <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis liberalur da republikur<br />
tradiciebs exeba).<br />
5. samarTlebrivi universalizmisa Tu klientelisturi urTierTobebis prevalireba.<br />
es sakiTxi Cven konkretul magaliTze ganvixileT, rodesac viswavleT Crdilo da<br />
samxreT italiis SedarebiTi analizi. daaxloebiT igivea sxvaoba CrdiloeT da<br />
samxreT evropasa, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikas Soris zogadad. klientelisturi<br />
urTierTobebis siWarbe iwvevs xolme mediis politikur instrumentalizacias<br />
da araTavsebadia mediis liberaluri modelis maxasiaTeblebTan. gavixsenoT, rom<br />
gazeTebis tiraJebi ufro maRalia Crdilo italiaSi, vidre samxreTSi.<br />
6. zomieri da polarizebuli pluralizmi. polarizebuli pluralizmis cneba<br />
ukavSirdeba, sartoris mixedviT, iseTi politikuri Zalebis arsebobas, romlebic<br />
arsebuli sistemis legitimurobas kiTxvis qveS ayeneben. aseT sazogadoebebSi<br />
Zlieria ideologiuri dapirispireba da polarizacia, gansakuTrebiT konservatiul<br />
Zalebsa da liberalizmis tendenciebs Soris. politikuri azrovnebis<br />
87
mkveTri ideologizacia politikas ufro konfliqtur saqmianobad aqcevs, da<br />
mkveTrad aZlierebs mediis politizirebas da mis propagandistur xasiaTs,<br />
aZlierebs doqtrinul, naklebad pragmatul da empiriul sawyisebs politikaSi.<br />
aseT sistemebSi xSiria reJimebis cvla.<br />
zomieri pluralizmi ufro kargad Tavsdeba komerciul da profesiul mediasTan,<br />
iq naklebia politikuri paralelizmi da komercializacia.<br />
mediis sami sistemis es institucionaluri Tavisebulebebi SesaZloa kargad<br />
mivusadagoT im sami politikuri tradiciis siZlieres mocemul qveynebSi, romlebic<br />
Cven aseve diskursuli eTikebis saxeobebs davukavSireT: respublikuri, liberaluri<br />
da demokratiuli.<br />
demokratiuli diskursi (polarizebuli pluralizmis modeli) yvelaze politizirebulia;<br />
is ZalauflebisTvis brZolis logikas miyveba yvelaze metad, da politikuri<br />
elitebis mier iwaroeba amomrCevleTa darwmunebis mizniT. paradoqsulad, is yvelaze<br />
Zlieria swored im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdian demokratiis naklebobas: halinis mier<br />
ganxiluli demokratiebisgan xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebis umetesoba gviandeli<br />
demokratizaciiT xasiaTdeba da meoce saukunis didi nawili maTTvis avtoritaruli da<br />
faSisturi reJimebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. (komentari: gTxovT isev miaqcioT yuradReba<br />
imas, rom saxelwodeba `demokratiuli~ mocemuli diskursisTvis pozitiuri normatiuli<br />
Sefasebis Semcveli ar aris; sityva demokratia aq ubralod deskriptulad aRwers im<br />
viTarebas, rodesac politikuri Zalaufleba miiRweva konkurentuli brZoliT<br />
amomrCevelTa xmebisTvis. gvian demokratizebul qveynebSi am brZolis wesebi naklebad<br />
regulirdeba liberaluri da respublikuri eTikiT, rac ZalauflebisTvis brZolas xdis<br />
ufro cinikur saqmianobad, vidre is aris Zveli demokratiis qveynebSi). politikuri<br />
brZola Zlier ideologizirebulia, xolo politikuri programebi fasdeba ara maTi<br />
efeqturobiT (magaliTad, ekonomikis ganviTarebis mxriv), aramed maTi absoluturi<br />
WeSmaritebis ganzomilebiT ideologiuri Tvalsawieridan (WeSmariteba ara empiriulad<br />
damtkicebadi, aramed rwmenaze dafuZnebluli).<br />
liberaluri Crdiloatlanturi sistema, rogorc iTqva, xasiaTdeba ara marto<br />
faqtebze damyarebuli, neitraluri mediis idealis arsebobiT, aramed, agreTve,<br />
orpartiuli sistemis funqcionirebiT. orpartiul sistemaSi TiToeuli partia sakuTari<br />
legitimaciis sawyisebs eZebs mTeli mosaxleobis interesebis da Sexedulebebis<br />
warmoCenaSi — vinaidan warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is Rebulobs mTel pasuxismgeblobas<br />
mmarTvelobaze, da valdebuli iqneba mTeli mosaxleobis reprezentacia ganaxorcielos. am<br />
viTarebaSi ori konkurenti partia pretenzias acxadebs TiToeul amomrCevelTan sakuTari<br />
poziciis dacvis SesaZleblobaze. TiToeuli xdeba uflebamosili imsjelos ganviTarebis<br />
im gegmaze, romelic partiis mieraa SemoTavazebuli, da mis momgebianobaze uSualod<br />
misTvis. vinadan aq liberaluri diskursia wamyvani, pirvel planze gamodis faqtobrioba —<br />
partiebis programebis saeqsperto Sefaseba, codna, rogorc partiebs da politikur<br />
programebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba. adam smitis msgavsad, damoukidebeli<br />
neitraluri damkvirvebeli aris saukeTeso arbitri, da am damoukdebeli neitraluri<br />
damkvirveblis rols or mopaeqres Soris asrulebs Jurnalisti. Jurnalisti ar dgeba arc<br />
erTis mxareze, aramed kritikul SuqSi aqcevs orives, analitikuri gonisa da saRi azris<br />
gamoyenebiT.<br />
kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi, respublikuri tradiciis mediis arseboba Tavsebadia<br />
mravalpartiul sistemebTan, sadac partiebi mWidro kavSirSia sazogadoebis garkveul<br />
jgufebTan. sazogadoebebi evropaSi bevri gagebiT danawevrianebulia, da saxelmwifos<br />
arseboba da politikuri mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba saWiroebs mudmiv molaparakebebs,<br />
88
konsultaciebs, SeTnxmebebs da xSirad saWiroebs konsesusis miRwevas ama Tu im sakiTxze.<br />
Tanacxovrebis es pluralisturi tradicia aq Zlieradaa ganviTarebuli. Sesabamisad,<br />
sazogadoebis ama Tu im segmentebis represzentacias axorcieleben politikuri partiebi<br />
da media saSualebebi, romlebmac imTaviTve ician Tavisi auditoria da areali. maT, erTi<br />
mxriv, ara aqvT sayovelTaobis pretenzia, amdenad isini politikurad `mikerZoebulebi~<br />
arian, xolo meore mxriv, maT aqvT imis gancda, rom maTi mikerZoebuli pozicia ar aris<br />
erTaderTi swori da SesaZlebeli, rom arseboben sxvebi, romlebTanac maT mouwevT<br />
Tanaarseboba da SeTanxmeba. amdenad, am regionSi sazogadoebis bunebrivi danawevrebuloba<br />
jer aisaxeba partiebisa da mediis danawevrebulobaSi, rom mere, ukve qveynis parlamentSi<br />
partiebis mier miRweul iqnes konsesusi (Seiqmnas koaliciuri mTavroba) umravlesobis<br />
Sesaqmnelad da ama Tu im problemebis gadasaWrelad. mudmivi orientireba horizontalur<br />
molaparakebebze qmnis trans<strong>for</strong>maciul ganwyobebs, rodesac yvelam unda iqonios<br />
valdebuleba wavides nawilobriv daTmobebze sayovelTao nebis Camoyalibebis mizniT.<br />
Tuki media (da partiebi) araeTikuri iqneba (daamaxinjeben faqtebs, gasweven manipulaciur<br />
politikur propagandas) CaiSleba koaliciebis Seqmnisa da ndobaze (sityvis Sesrulebaze<br />
da wesierebis sxva normebze) dafuZnebuli konsesualuri mmarTveloba. amdenad, am arealSi,<br />
gamoricxulia TamaSi wesebis gareSe, rac polarizebuli pluralizmis pirobebSi igrZnoba,<br />
Tumca ki es Tanaarsebobs politikuri pluralizmis arsebobasTa.<br />
halinis sxva publikaciaSi (Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism<br />
and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and<br />
Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195) xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebis modeli Sedarebulia<br />
laTinuri amerikis media sistemebTan, da xazgasmulia winapiroba, romelic maT<br />
msgvsebas ganapirobebs — es aris klientelisturi urTierTobebi, politikuri da<br />
ekonomikuri sferoebis urTierTgamWoli xasiaTi. yvela am qveynebSi dabalia presis<br />
tiraJebi, sustia Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia, da uaRresad maRalia<br />
samauwyeblo arxebis politizireba — komerciuli arxebis mepatroneebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
xelisuflebis klientebi arian, xolo saxelmwifo (sazogadoebrivi) mauwyebloba<br />
xelisuflebis zewolas ganicdis.<br />
saaqme isaa, rom yvela es qveyana CrdiloeTis qveynebisgan gansxvavdeba ara marto<br />
demokratiis SedarebiT gviandeli ganviTarebiT, aramed aseve sabazro ekonomikis<br />
gvinadeli ganviTarebiT. ekonomikuri, sabazro sawyisebi mediis funqcionirebaSi<br />
metad gvian ganviTarda, da ekonomikis `sabazrooba~ (am SemTxvevaSi ufro igulisxmeba<br />
legaluroba, kanonis CarCoebSi moqceva) sakmaod susti. samagierod Zlieria `brZola<br />
wesebis gareSe~ rogorc politikaSi, aseve ekonomikaSi. es brZola Tavis instrumentad<br />
iyenebs medias, da xdeba mediiT manipulireba da misi instrumentalizeba.<br />
amasTan erTad, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom diskursebis xasiaTi metad mdgradi movlenaa.<br />
mecxramete saukuneebis diskursebis xasiaTi gavlenas axdens ama Tu im qveynis<br />
dRevandelobaze. mecxramete saukuneSi ki mocemul qveynebSi media ar TamaSobda bazris<br />
institutis rols, da SemdgomSic (dResac) naklebad TamaSobs. is aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda<br />
yovelTvis politikuri propagandisTvis. Tanac unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sajaro<br />
sivrcis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi am qveynebSi naklebad iyo CarTuli adgilobrivi burJuazia<br />
(klientelistur sazogadoebebSi is saerTod erideba sajaroobas). wamyvani roli sajaro<br />
diskursebis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi ekuTvnoda inteligencias, romelic Tavisi arsiTa da bunebiT<br />
cxovrobs ara realobiT, aramed ideebiTa da ideologiebiT.<br />
analogiurad evropis samxreTisa, misi aRmosavleTic imave tendenciebs ganicdida.<br />
ideologizirebuli inteligencia da aristokratia aq sajaro sivrcis <strong>for</strong>mirebaSi wamyvan<br />
rols TamaSobda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT mecxramete saukunis ruseTi, misi aristokratiiTa<br />
da raznoCinuri inteligenciiT, romelic cdilobda xalxis ganaTlebas, da mwveved<br />
89
ganicdida qveyanas da mis xalxs rogorc CamorCenils da periferiuls dasavleTis<br />
civilizaciis mimarT. `periferiulobis~ da CamorCenilobis es gancda aris<br />
umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic sajaro diskurss daRs asvams da cvlis mis<br />
struqturas. is aRar aris reprezentatuli da Ria sivrce, romelic micemul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s<br />
sarkis saxiT emsaxureba, is ufro linzaa, romelmac unda daakavSiros civilizacia da<br />
CamorCenili <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. is `sazogadoebrioba~ romelic am qveynebSi viTardeba (ix.<br />
volkovis terminologia) kritikul diskursebs ki aviTarebs, magram mas Zlieri<br />
ideologiuri elferi aqvs. progresis Semotana da eris ideologiuri lideroba - am mizniT<br />
weren maSindeli publicistebi saqarTveloSic: `me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis miwieri<br />
zeciersa, RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (ilia WavWavaZe).<br />
faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom mediis sistemaSi sarkesaviT aisaxeba ramdenime sferos<br />
xasiaTi: politikuri klientelizmi; korufcia, sazogadoebis gviandeli modernizacia;<br />
samarTlebrivi sistemis sisuste; gviandeli demokratiuli da sabazro<br />
ganviTareba — yvelaferi es SeiZleba erTaderTi parametriT gavzomoT: ramdeni<br />
gazeTi ibeWdeba qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze.<br />
es marTlac gabeduli mtkicebulebaa, da amgvari radikalizmiT is ar unda davicvaT,<br />
magram erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas. inglehartis TeoriiT, politikuri, kulturuli<br />
da ekonomikuri sferoebi <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si urTierTmimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, da maTi<br />
xasiaTi urTierTganpirobebulia. anu, sazogadoebis modernizaciis procesi es aris am<br />
sferoebis urTierTdamokidebuli modelebis erTdrouli trans<strong>for</strong>maciis procesi,<br />
sadac yvelaferi urTierTganpirobebulia. maT Soris mediac, da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>c. es ar aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri, magram mTlad uazro ar yofila,<br />
rogorc amas halinis wigni aCvenebs.<br />
aRmosavleT evropis postkomunisturi qveynebis media metad waagavs halinis mier<br />
ganxilul polarizebuli pluralizmis models (Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media<br />
and Democratization in Eastern Europe, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns<br />
Hopkins University Press). magram kidev erTi faqtori, romelic unda miviRoT<br />
mxedvelobaSi postsabWouri mediis sitemebis analizisas es aris sabWouri periodis<br />
gavlena. es gavlena ideologiuri azrovnebis tradiciaSi gamoixateba. martivad rom<br />
vTqvaT, marto ekonomikuri interesebi araa is, rac ganapirobebis Jurnalistebis<br />
saqmianobis xasiaTs. Jurnalistebi SeiZleba politizirebulebi xdebodnen sakuTari<br />
msoflmxedvelobis gamo, politikuri propaganda maT SeiZleba maTi saqmianobis<br />
ganuyofeli nawili egonoT. Tavis mxriv, <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> SeiZleba ver aRiqvamdes iseT<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias, romelsac SefasebiTi elferi ar dahkravs — amgvari in<strong>for</strong>macia<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s SeiZleba saerTod ar ainteresebdes. ase magaliTad, germaniis<br />
gaerTianebis Semdeg dasavleT germaniis bevrma gazeTma da Jurnalma gaxsna axali<br />
gamocemebi aRmosavleT germanelTaTvis, da daakompleqta maTi Jurnalisturi<br />
korpusi profesionali dasavleT germaneli JurnalistebiT. magram male aRmoCnda,<br />
rom es axali gamocemebi ar sargeblobdnen popularobiT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.<br />
gamosavali moiZebna — samsaxurSi aiyvanes adgilobrivi Jurnalistebi, romelTa weris<br />
manera ufro Cveuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis. maSin gazeTebi ufro<br />
popularuli gaxda da saqme gamosworda. amdenad, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis<br />
dadgenis gareSe SeiZleba vTqvaT erTi ram — sazogadoebis da misi institutebis<br />
xasiaTi erTmaneTze axdens zegavlenas, da amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis institutebis mSenebloba SeiZleba uSedego aRmoCndes.<br />
90
televiziis da demokratiis urTierTmimarTebis problema<br />
meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebis sazogadoebebSi politikuri masobrivi<br />
komunikaciis media iyo werilobiTi — ZiriTadad Jurnali da gazeTi. politikuri<br />
komunikaciis mediis ganviTareba da trans<strong>for</strong>macia kargadaa aRwerili habermasTan, da<br />
gavrcobili sxva mkvlevrebis mier, gansakuTrebiT im nawilSi, rac exeba meoce<br />
saukuneSi televiziiT komunikaciaze gadasvlas wina saukuneeebis werilobiTi<br />
komunikaciisgan gansxvavebiT.<br />
politikur komunikaciaSi televiziis siWarbe gazeTebTan SedarebiT<br />
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod ikveTeba swored aradasavlur samyaroSi. ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi gacilebiT dabalia gazeTebis tiraJebi, da gazeTebis roli politikur<br />
komunikaciaSi. samagierod, televizors uyurebs yvela — da magas ar sWirdeba arc<br />
wera-kiTxvis codna, da arc kiTxvis kulturis damkvidreba.<br />
ramdenad axdens gavlenad sajaro sivrcis struqturaze mediis xasiaTis Secvla?<br />
da ramdenad ukavSirdeba es trans<strong>for</strong>macia politikuri institutebis xasiaTs da<br />
demokratiis SesaZlo <strong>for</strong>mebs ocdameerTe saukuneSi? amaze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi<br />
arsebobs, da ara marto is, rac habermasma Camoayaliba. ase, robert patnemi<br />
aRniSnavs aSS-Si socialuri kapitalis empiriulad dafiqsirebul klebas, da amas<br />
garkveulwilad televiziis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs. mravali memarcxene mkvlevrisTvis,<br />
iseve rogorc habermasisTvis, televizia aris ufro manipulaciis da<br />
propagandis iaraRi, vidre mosaxleobis demokratiuli monawileobis da reprezentaciis<br />
organo. berluskonisdrindeli italiuri demokratia am mxriv imdenad<br />
aradamakmayofilebel suraTs qmnis, rom bevri mkvlevari saerTod kiTxvis niSnis qveS<br />
ayenebs italiaSi demokratiis arsebobis faqtsac ki.<br />
dabla Cven gavagrZelebT presis, televiziis, diskursuli eTikisa da demokratiis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvas, da gavecnobiT sxvadasxva avtorTa kvlevebs am<br />
sakiTxebze.<br />
erT-erTi cnobili avtori mediis empiriuli kvlevebis sferoSi aris pipa norisi. is<br />
am problemas pirvel rigSi dasavluri demokratiebis Tvalsawieridan ixilavs. Tavis<br />
wigns `Virtuous Circle” is uZRvnis Semdeg problemas. dasavlur demokratiebSi bolo dros<br />
sul ufro xSirad laparakoben da SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen imiT, rom demokratiis<br />
institutebi TiTqos kargaven Tavis popularobas, mosaxleoba xdeba sul ufro<br />
cinikuri maT mimarT, naklebad monawileobs arCevnebSi, ar endoba politikosebs da<br />
politikur partiebs. amas isini demokratiis avadmyofobas uwodeben. es movlenebi,<br />
Tumca ki ar aris calsaxad dadasturebuli empiriulad, msjelobis sagans Seadgenen,<br />
da am msjelobas, rogorc Cans, garkveuli safuZveli aqvs. is cvlilebebi, romlebic<br />
dasavlur demokratiebSi mimdinareobs, maT Soris legitimaciis sferos miekuTvneba,<br />
ris gamoc bevri hipoTeza maT ukavSirebs masmediis trans<strong>for</strong>macias Tanamedrove<br />
samyaroSi. pipa norisis mtkicebiT, masmedia ar aris Tanamedrove demokratiebis<br />
krizisis mizezi, da problemis sawyisebi sxvagan unda iyos moZiebuli.<br />
mediis krizisis kvlevebi, norisis mixedviT, or ZiriTad daSvebas eyrdnoba:<br />
1) politikuri komunikaciis procesi did gavlenas axdens <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> aqtivobaze;<br />
2) dRes es gavlena negatiur xasiaTs atarebs.<br />
mediisa da demokratiis urTierTmimarTebis kvlevisas saWiroa mediis im mxareebze<br />
koncentrireba, romlebic yvelaze metad exeba demokratias. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis<br />
koncefcia masmediis sam ZiriTad rolze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. media unda iyos:<br />
1) <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>for</strong>umi, sadac mimdinareobs pluralisturi debatebi sazogadoebrivad<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb;<br />
91
2) Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis sadarajoze mdgomi instituti;<br />
3) mobilizebis iaraRi, romelic xels uwyobs mosaxleobis swavlebas da CarTvas<br />
politikur brZolaSi.<br />
es sami funqcia mocemul kvlevaSi mravalgvari empiriuli meTodikebis meSveobiT<br />
Seiswavleba. Seiswavleba, agreTve, am funqciebis trans<strong>for</strong>macia droTa ganmavlobaSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, meTodologiurad, norisi asxvavebs politikuri komunikaciis sam<br />
elements: warmoebas, Sinaarss da zegavlenas. ra Seicvala bolo dros, Tuki medias<br />
SevafasebT am parametrebis mixedviT?<br />
axali ambebis industriaSi moxda Semdegi cvlilebebi: beWdviTi presis<br />
mflobeloba xdeba sul ufro koncentrirebuli; mcirdeba damoukidebeli gazeTebis<br />
ricxvi, Tumca ki saerTo tiraJebi ar dacemula. 80-iani wlebidan sazogadoebriv<br />
mauwyeblobas evropaSi aviwroebs sakabelo, satelituri da sxva kerZo arxebi, xolo<br />
90-iani wlebidan mTlianad televizias uCndeba axali konkurenti — interneti.<br />
kritikosebis azriT, am periodSi iklo seriozuli axali ambebis wilma da moimata<br />
e.w. `infogarTobebma” — sain<strong>for</strong>macio stilma, romelic ufro usvams xazs skandalebs<br />
garTobebs da pirovnebebs. ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi? SeimCneoda ori tendencia:<br />
1) axali ambebis auditoria gafarTovda; imata im adamianebis ricxvma, vinc uyurebs<br />
da kiTxulobs axal ambebs, eZebs maT internetSi. axali ambebi gaxda ufro<br />
mravalferovani da xelmisawvdomi.<br />
2) axalma ambebma ganicades ara imdenad trans<strong>for</strong>macia seriozuli stilidan<br />
gasarTob stilze, aramed ufro diferenciacia. anu erT arxebze da gazeTebSi<br />
xelmisawvdomia seriozuli in<strong>for</strong>macia, xolo sxvebSi ki — sxva, da orive saxeoba<br />
gaizarda da gaxda ufro gavrcelebuli.<br />
sociologiuri kvlevebis monacemebis Rrma da mravalmxriv analizze dayrdnobiT,<br />
norisi askvnis, rom cvlilebebs politikuri komunikaciis struqturaSi ar mouxdenia<br />
uaryofiTi gavlena <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> aqtiobis klebaze. piriqiT, axali ambebis industria<br />
dadebiT gavlenas axdens politikur CarTulobaze, ndobaze da mobilurobaze. isini,<br />
vinc ufro interesdeba axali ambebiT, iqneba es televiziis, gazeTisa Tu internetis<br />
axali ambebi, gacilebiT ufro in<strong>for</strong>mirebulia, mTavrobis mimndobi da ganwyobili<br />
politikaSi monawileobis misaRebad rogorc evropaSi, aseve aSS-Si.<br />
anu, Tuki arsebobs iseTi movlena, rogoricaa <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> CarTulobisa da<br />
aqtivobis kleba, am simptomis brali ar aris masmedia. politikis avadmyofobis mizezi<br />
ufro sxvagan unda iyos moZiebuli, xolo masmediisadmi braldebebis wamoyeneba<br />
usafuZvloa, da saSiSic ki, gansakuTrebiT axali demokratiebisaTvis, sadac sityvis<br />
Tavisufleba jer kidev fexs ikidebs.<br />
Tumca ki, es monacemebi moiTxovs yuradRebiT interpretacias imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom masmediis problema, anu is, rom masmedia problemaa, sakmaod<br />
vrcladaa gaziarebuli. ase, `amerikel JurnalistTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom presa<br />
ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas rTul sakiTxebs, ver asxvavebs reprotaJsa da<br />
komentars, sazogadoebisgan ganze dgas da aris cinikuri”. aseve sazogadoebis didi<br />
nawili, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, Zalian dabal ndobas amJRavnebs mediis mimarT.<br />
norisis kvleva aCvenebs, rom ambebis media aZlierebs <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> aqtiobas, da ara<br />
asustebs mas, xolo is ki, TavisTavad, zrdis interess axali ambebis mimarT. es aris cikli,<br />
romelic TandaTan aZlierebs axali ambebiT dainteresebisa da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> aqtiobis urTierTgavlenas,<br />
da pozitiur Sedegs iZleva im moqalaqeeebze, vinc Tavidan iCens garkveul<br />
interess politikaSi. Sesabamisad, maT SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi, socializaciis sxva<br />
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, gavlena moaxdinon aradainteresebul pirebze.<br />
norisis daskvnebi efuZneba farTo monacemebsa da faqtobrivi viTarebis vrcel<br />
92
analizs. amdenad, maTi sandooba eWvs ar iwvevs. sxva saqmea, maTi avtoriseuli interpretacia,<br />
romelSiac garkveuli momentebi yuradRebis miRma SeiZleba darCenoda.<br />
monacemebi aCvenebs, rom politikurad aqtiuri da dainteresebuli adamianebi<br />
masmediis axal ambebTan sul ufro mWidrod arian mibmulni. am urTierTmimarTebis<br />
gaZliereba, rac ar unda iyos amgvari ganviTarebis mizezi, niSnavs erT mniSvnelovan<br />
movlenas — masmediis politikuri rolis zrdas. anu masmedias rogorc Cans, aqvs am<br />
viTarebaSi ara politikuri sarkis, politikuri damkvirveblis roli, aramed izrdeba<br />
misi rogorc politikuri manipulatoris, politikuri Zalauflebis mqone aqtoris<br />
roli. aris media neitraluri damkvirvebeli Tu manipulatori, es sakiTxi mravali<br />
debatebis sagans Seadgens, da masmediis pluralisturi da marqsistuli Teoriebis<br />
dapirispirebis mTavari sagania. erTsac da meoresac aqvs argumentebi. magram Tuki ar<br />
mivudgebiT am sakiTxs ideologiurad, da orive midgomas ganvixilavT rogorc<br />
SesaZlo idealur tipebs, romlebic Tanaarseboben realobaSi met-naklebi balansiT,<br />
maSin SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom garkveuli zegavlenebis Sedegad ama Tu im tipma<br />
SeiZleba gadawonos; maT Soris SesaZlebelia, rom neitraluri obieqturi Jurnalistikis<br />
cnobil normatiul tips dRes TandaTan cvlides axali, postmodernuli,<br />
jer kidev Seuswavleli tipi, romelic ndobis sxva meqanizmebsa da eTikas eyrdnoba.<br />
masmediiT gaRizianeba, Tuki masmediis politikuri roli icvleba (ara marto<br />
Zlierdeba, aramed Tvisobrivad sxva xasiaTs Rebulobs) maSin bunebriv axsnas poulobs.<br />
masmedia damoukidebelia misi auditoriisgan imdenad, ramdenadac auditorias ar SeuZlia<br />
misi uaryofa, mxolod ignorireba. xelisufleba am mxriv gacilebiT ufro marTvadia<br />
amomrCevelTa mxridan, vinaidan maT yovelTvis SeuZliaT misi gadarCeva —<br />
angariSvaldebulebis metad qmediTi iaraRi. masmediis mimarT amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia.<br />
mediis moqmedeba, rogorc `politikuri gamaRizianeblis” SesaZloa swored<br />
manipulaciuri moqmedebis Sedegi iyos, da ara piriqiT. aq laparakia ara imaze, rom<br />
media ver uzrunvelyofs horizontaluri komunikaciis ganxorcielebas, razedac<br />
habermasi laparakobs. aq ufro imaze SeiZleba iyos laparaki, rom vertikalur<br />
komunikaciaSic ki balansi xalxsa da politikas Soris SesaZloa darRveuli iyos.<br />
amgvari darRveva, SesaZloa, ver iqnes dafiqsirebuli kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli<br />
teqnologiebiT, da ufro Sinaarsobriv da detalur analizs moiTxovdes.<br />
es rasakvirvelia, mxolod mosazrebebia im monacemebis saanalizod, romlebic iyo<br />
warmodgenili mocemul kvlevaSi.<br />
literatura:<br />
Media Systems and Politics by Daniel C. Hallin (Author), Paolo Mancini (Author), W. Lance<br />
Bennett (Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5: The<br />
Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132<br />
Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe,<br />
Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,<br />
chapter 5: The media, civil society, political democracy and the market; chapter 6 conclusions:<br />
The media, journalism and democratization, pp. 124-174<br />
Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and<br />
Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195<br />
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leqcia 12<br />
saqarTvelos masmedia<br />
1. masmediis zogadi xasiaTi<br />
sityvis Tavisufleba erT-erTi is demokratiuli Rirebulebaa, romlis deficiti<br />
gansakuTrebiT mwvave iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi, da romelic yvelaze iolad da sakmaod<br />
srulad damkvidrda saqarTveloSi. gorbaCovis `glasnostis~ politikis kvalobaze,<br />
romelic nabij-nabij uSvebda sityvis Tavisuflebis elementebs, TandaTan<br />
Tavisufldeboda qarTuli mediac. Semdeg, mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga<br />
damoukideblobis wlebSic. es ar yofila uproblemo procesi, piriqiT, TiToeuli<br />
momdevno xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva misi azriT mavne politikuri ideebisa da<br />
mowodebebis gavrceleba mediis saSualebiT. bevri politikuri movlena saqarTveloSi<br />
swored amgvari akrZalvebisa da SezRudvebis gadalaxvis moTxovnebs ukavSirdeba. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT exeba televizias, romlis politikuri kontrolis problema<br />
ramdenjerme iqca sakvanZo Temad politikuri daZabulobis kulminaciur momentebSi.<br />
vardebis revoluciis win me vwerdi: `miuxedavad didi dabrkolebebis arsebobisa,<br />
sityvis Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebis procesi Seuqcevadi aRmoCnda. amJamad, Tumc ki<br />
kvlavac aSkaraa daZabuloba sityvis Tavisuflebis Temis garSemo da arsebobs<br />
Jurnalistebis daSinebis araerTi mcdeloba, praqtikulad ar arsebobs politikuri<br />
xasiaTis in<strong>for</strong>macia, Sexeduleba Tu midgoma, romelTa gavrceleba mediis mier<br />
SezRuduli iyos centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan.~ (ix. The Mass Media, in: `Building<br />
Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003) dResdReobiT es<br />
mtkicebuleba naklebad damajerblad gamoiyureba, vinaidan televiziebis damoukidebloba<br />
sakmaod sakamaTo sakiTxia, xolo Jurnalistebi gamudmebiT TviTcenzuras<br />
afareben Tavs, samsaxuris dakargvis SiSiT. magram es Tema ar warmoadgens mocemuli<br />
leqciis sagans. kargad unda ganvasxvaoT sityvis negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba.<br />
xelisuflebas SeuZlia SezRudos mxolod sityvis negatiuri ufleba —<br />
gamoiyenos saxelmwifo aparati cenzurisa Tu sxva SezRudvebis mizniT. amgvari<br />
SezRudvebis ararseboba sulac SeiZleba ar niSnavs, rom yvelas hqondes Tanabari<br />
pozitiuri ufleba salaparakod — gavixsenoT tokvilis dakvirveba amerikaSi sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris mier sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis Taobaze. pozitiurad komunikacia,<br />
romelic xorcieldeba praqtikulad Tavisufali mediis mier SeiZelba ar iyos<br />
srulfasovani, an ubralod SeiZleba iyos Taviseburi, Cven aq gvainteresebs saqar-<br />
Tvelos mediis swored es mxare — misi diskursuli tipi, diskursuli xasiaTi da eTika.<br />
yvelafers, rac sabWoTa dros mediaSi politikis Sesaxeb iwereboda da sajarod<br />
iTqmoda, codnis gavrcelebis statusi hqonda. am codnis wyaro iyo marqsizmleninizmis<br />
TeoriiT aRWurvili komunisturi partia. Sexedulebebs, romlebic am<br />
codnas kiTxvis qveS daayenebda, sajaro sivrceSi adgili ar hqonda. Jurnalisti<br />
`kargad” werda imdenad, ramdenadac sworad asaxavda mmarTveli partiis kurss.<br />
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis kvalobaze gaqra monopolia politikur `codnaze”, gaCnda<br />
mravalferovani politikuri Sexedulebebi, Sefasebebi da midgomebi, da Jurnalistebs<br />
gauCndaT problema — rogor unda weron politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb axal<br />
viTarebaSi, rodesac aRar arsebobs Zveli aTvlis sistema —“swori” codnis erTaderTi<br />
wyaros saxiT.<br />
am gamowvevaze pasuxebis Zieba Jurnalisturi korpusis TiTqmis sruli ganaxlebis<br />
94
fonze warimarTa. Jurnalistebis Zvelma Taobam, romelic jer kidev sabWoTa dros<br />
moRvaweobda, iseve rogorc Zvelma mediam, didwilad dros alRo ver auRo da asparezi<br />
axal mediasa da axal Jurnalistebs dauTmo. axali gazeTebi, radio- da satelevizio<br />
arxebi da gadacemebi jer kidev gamoucdeli, sxvadasxva ganaTlebis mqone<br />
axalgazrdobiT dakompleqtda. am Taobam weris da saubris sakuTari manera muSaobis<br />
procesSi Camoiyaliba. wina Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, am Jurnalistebma gabedulad<br />
Setopes politikuri brZolis WaobSi da aRiarebuli WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi Tavis<br />
dasayrdenad da orientirad politikuri Sefasebebis sistema gaixades. maTi<br />
profesiuli saqmianobis dasayrdenad iqca ara imdenad sakuTriv Jurnalisturi qcevis<br />
normebi da meTodebi, ramdenadac <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> Tu politikuri pozicia. es maT ara<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris <strong>for</strong>mirebis arbitrad [fasilitatorad], aramed mis aqtiur<br />
Semoqmedad aqcevs.<br />
media SedarebiT maRali ndobiT sargeblobs <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. amave dros, mediis<br />
kritikac sakmaod Cveuli da gavrcelebuli movlenaa qarTul <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si. es,<br />
albaT, zemoxsenebul problemas, codnisa da Sexedulebis asaxvas, profesiul da<br />
eTikur standartebs ukavSirdeba. dRevandeli Jurnalistika, iseve rogorc masobrivi<br />
komunikacia zogadad saqarTveloSi metad Sors aris faqtebze damyarebuli<br />
Jurnalistikis standartebisgan. is ar erideba politikur propagandas, ar eswrafvis<br />
codnisa da politikuri Sexedulebis gamijvnas, piriqiT, is xSirad mzad aris<br />
dauqvemdebaros codna politikur Sefasebas, daarRvios Jurnalisturi eTikis<br />
normebi, ar sces pativi gansxvavebul azrs da mimarTos sazogadoebrivi azriT<br />
manipulirebis sxvadasxva xerxebs.<br />
Tavis funqcionirebaSi media damokidebulia or mxareze — erTi mxriv,<br />
xelisuflebaze, xolo meore mxriv, farTo auditoriaze. aTi wlis win pirveli<br />
mimarTeba: media — xelisufleba aSkarad yvelaze mwvave da problematuri iyo da<br />
yvelaze swraf gadaWras saWiroebda; am mimarTebam wina planze mediis Tavisuflebis<br />
damkvidrebis problema gamoitana. dResdReobiT mediisTvis ufro kritikul da<br />
aqtualur gamowvevad unda miviCnioT meore, bevrad naklebad gamokveTili mimarTeba:<br />
media — auditoria. es mimarTeba ukavSirdeba Jurnalistur pasuxismgeblobas<br />
mkiTxvelis, WeSmaritebisa da sakuTari profesiis winaSe.<br />
2. mediis ekonomikuri garemo<br />
ekonomikuri problemebi da rTuli biznes-garemo dResdReobiT ufro met dabrkolebebs<br />
uqmnis mediis instituciur ganviTarebas, vidre saxelmwifo regulireba. ase,<br />
maRali tiraJebi, romlebiTac iyideboda gazeTebi `perestroikis” dros, mkveTrad<br />
daeca damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi, rodesac moiSala ekonomika, dairRva kavSirebi<br />
da safosto momsaxureba, gaRaribda mosaxleoba. telegadacemebis miReba gaaZnela<br />
eleqtroenergiiT momaragebis mkveTrma SezRudvam. dResac reklamisgan miRebuli<br />
Semosavali mxolod mcire wvlils Seadgens gazeTebis dafinansebaSi. aseTi<br />
Semosavlebi SedarebiT maRalia televiziaSi, magram isini mainc arasakmarisia<br />
mravalferovani mauwyeblobis dasafinanseblad. ekonomikuri garemo jerjerobiT<br />
metad susti bazaa mediis efeqturi saqmianobis warsamarTavad. ekonomikuri bazis<br />
sisuste ganpirobebulia ramdenime faqtoriT:<br />
• ekonomikuri bazris siviwrove. qarTulenovani mediis potenciur momxmarebelTa<br />
ricxvi sul ramdenime milionia, rac metad viwro sareklamo bazaria, es<br />
gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi faqtoria telemauwyeblobisTvis, romelic moiTxovs<br />
95
ZviradRirebul investiciebs srulfasovani produqciis sawarmoeblad.<br />
• ekonomika sustia da masSi didia Crdilovani seqtoris wili, bevri ekonomikuri<br />
subieqti Tavs aridebs produqciis reklamirebas. saqonlis reklamirebas xels<br />
ar uwyobs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobac.<br />
• ekonomika araTanabradaa ganviTarebuli saqarTvelos masStabiT. Sida<br />
produqtis didi wili iwarmoeba TbilisSi, rac Seexeba regionebs, adgilobrivi<br />
bazari Tavisi siRaribis gamo praqtikulad ver uqmnis adgilobriv medias<br />
damoukideblobis ekonomikur safuZvels.<br />
• media, iseve rogorc mTeli danarCeni ekonomika, didwilad Crdilovan seqtorSi<br />
funqcionirebs. gazeTebi, gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, gaurbian<br />
Tavisi namdvili tiraJebis gamocxadebas. amis gamo, media ganicdis imave tipis<br />
deprivacias, rasac sxva ekonomikuri subieqtebi — is damokidebulia politikur<br />
mfarvelobaze da/an pirad kontaqtebze, arsebuli reJimis keTil nebaze, Tvali<br />
daxuWos mediis mier Cadenil ekonomikur darRvevebze.<br />
Sesabamisad, metad sustia mediis damoukideblobisa da ganviTarebis ekonomikuri<br />
safuZvlebi. dResdReobiT misi didi wili sxvadasxva saxis subsidiebiT arsebobs, rac<br />
mediis damoukideblobis xarisxs amcirebs da misi politizirebis xarisxs zrdis.<br />
Jurnalistebis xelfasebi metad dabalia, Sesabamisad maRali kvalifikaciis mqone<br />
specialistebi xSirad profesias icvlian da uSualod Jurnalistikas ar misdeven.<br />
mediis finansebis gaumWvirvale xasiaTi erTi mxriv aCens undoblobas momxmarebelTa<br />
mxridan, xolo meore mxriv qmnis sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulirebis winapirobebs.<br />
rac Seexeba xelisuflebisa an msxvili kapitalis mxridan mediis Tavisuflebis<br />
SezRudvis ekonomikur meqanizebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom mediis materialuri baza ar<br />
aris monopolizirebuli saxelmwifosa an romelime ekonomikuri subieqtis mier.<br />
bevria sxvadasxva mflobelobaSi myofi stamba Tu poligrafiuli sawarmo. SedarebiT<br />
gvian (Tavisi siZviris gamo) gaCnda studiebi da samauwyeblo simZlavreebi,<br />
adgilobrivi teleproduqciis warmoebis potenciali. arsebobs konkurencia internet<br />
provaiderebsa da presis gamavrcelebel kompaniebs Soris.<br />
3. beWdviTi media<br />
saqarTveloSi dRes gamomavali mravalferovani presis udidesi nawili<br />
damoukidebeli gamocemaa, ar igrZnoba monopolizeba arc saxelmwifosa da arc<br />
romelime ekonomikuri dajgufebis mxridan. TiTqmis yvela arsebuli gazeTi bolo aTi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi dafuZnda. maTi saxeobebi, stili da tiraJebi metad dinamiurad<br />
icvleba. bevri gazeTi, romelic damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi iyo popularuli,<br />
dRes an aRar gamodis, an popularoba dakarga. konkurencia miT ufro mZafria, rom<br />
dRes gazeTebs praqtikulad ara hyavT gamomwerebi — tiraJebis udidesi nawili<br />
kioskebSi da quCaSi iyideba. gazeTebis gamoweris tradicia moirRva destabilizaciisa<br />
da <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> omebis wlebSi da SemdgomSi veRar aRdga. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg<br />
gaqra bevri gazeTi, rac, savaraudod, unda aixsnas politikuri dakveTis SesustebiT —<br />
politikur aqtorebs am wuTas gazeTebis dafinanseba ar sWirdebaT<br />
gazeTebis saerTo tiraJi dRes saqarTveloSi metad dabalia. mosaxleobis didi<br />
nawili ar an ver yidulobs gazeTebs, xolo axal ambebs da politikuri xasiaTis<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias metwilad televiziiT iRebs. yvelaze maRali tiraJebi aqvs<br />
96
yovelkvireul gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs, rac Seexeba ufro xSirad (kviraSi samjer da<br />
metad) gamomaval presas, 20 000-iani tiraJi misTvis saocnebo maqsimumia. es<br />
dabaltiraJianoba ar ukavSirdeba presis specializacias, piriqiT, mkiTxveli pirvel<br />
rigSi presaSi mravalferovnebas afasebs. mkiTxvelis mozidva gazeTebisTvis<br />
upirvelesi problemaa, ekonomikuri da politikuri damoukideblobis sawindari.<br />
TiTqmis yvela mkiTxveli met-naklebad Tanxmdeba imaze, rom presis xarisxi dabalia,<br />
rom mas `siyviTle” dahkravs. am mosazrebas Tavad Jurnalistebic iziareben. Tumca am<br />
movlenis Sefasebisas azrebi ZiriTadad orad iyofa. erTni (da maT Soris Jurnalistebis<br />
didi nawili) Tvlian, rom `rogori <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>caa, iseTi Jurnalistikaa~, anu arsebuli<br />
gazeTebi Seesabameba mosaxleobis moTxovnebis dabal standarts. presis ZiriTad<br />
problemad isini zogad ekonomikur siduxWires asaxeleben, xolo ekonomikuri<br />
problemebis daZlevas da tiraJebis zrdas swored am dabali standartis dakmayofilebas<br />
ukavSireben. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom mosaxleoba mSvenivrad arCevs karg da uxarisxo<br />
publikaciebs da rom arsebobs sabazro moTxovnileba ufro profesiul presaze, romelic<br />
jer ar aris dakmayofilebuli. am Sexedulebis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom presis dabali<br />
tiraJebi aixsneba ara imdenad mosaxleobis ekonomikuri siduxWiriTa Tu interesis<br />
naklebobiT, aramed auditoriis moTxovnebis ardakmayofilebiT presis mxridan. amasve,<br />
maTi azriT, sociologiuri gamokvlevebic adasturebs.<br />
gazeTebis Sinaarsis analizi aSkarad ayenebs Semdeg problemebze msjelobis<br />
aucileblobas.<br />
1. gazeTebi rogorc operatiuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaro. vinaidan mosaxleobis politikur<br />
sakiTxebze operatiuli in<strong>for</strong>mirebis funqcias ZiriTadad televizia asrulebs,<br />
gazeTebma am funqciis Sesrulebaze arsebiTad xeli aiRes da Tavis rols ufro<br />
movlenebis komentirebaSi da SefasebaSi xedaven. es exeba ara marto yovelkvireul,<br />
aramed yoveldRiur gazeTebsac. wina dRis movlenebis Taobaze mkiTxvelis<br />
dawvrilebiTi in<strong>for</strong>mirebis funqciis ukana planze gadatana problematurs xdis<br />
yoveldRiuri gazeTebis momavals. amasTan, es midgoma mosaxleobas misTvis<br />
aucilebeli in<strong>for</strong>maciis gareSe tovebs. is gansakuTrebiT sazianoa samarTlebrivi<br />
xasiaTis in<strong>for</strong>maciisTvis, romelic zust, werilobiTi gadmocemas saWiroebs. es<br />
viTareba metad araxelsayrelia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobisTvis.<br />
SesaZloa damoukidebelma presam meti izrunos im samomxmareblo bazris<br />
aTvisebaze, romelic swored amgvar operatiul in<strong>for</strong>macias saWiroebs, Tundac<br />
aseTi auditoria SedarebiT mcire iyos. televiziisTvis konkurenciis gasawevad<br />
gazeTebma SeiZleba ukeT gamoiyenon werilobiTi gadmocemis upiratesobebi, meti<br />
imuSaon werilobiT wyaroebze, cifrebze da konkretul detalebze.<br />
samarTlebrivi siaxleebis asaxva qarTul presaSi: ori magaliTi.<br />
1999 wlis 20 ivliss parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirveli<br />
sakonstitucio cvlilebebi da Seitana rigi arsebiTi Sesworebebisa saarCevno<br />
kanonSi. rogor aisaxa es movlenebi qarTul presaSi?<br />
momdevno ori dRis ganmavlobaSi TbilisSi gamovida 10-mde gazeTi, maT Soris 2 -<br />
oficialuri. am gazeTebidan mxolod erTma moixsenia, rom Seicvala saarCevno<br />
biuletenSi partiebis numeraciis wesi (Zlieri partiebis sasargeblod).<br />
partiebisTvis saarCevno barieris gazrda 5-dan 7 procentamde aRniSnuli iyo 8<br />
gazeTSi, maT Soris 7-Si - rogorc sakuTari komentarebisa an politikosebis<br />
Sefasebebis sagani. axali sakonstitucio SezRudvebi prezidentobis SesaZlo<br />
97
kandidatis Taobaze aRniSna orma gazeTma, xolo saarCevno komisiis axladdaniSnuli<br />
xuTi wevridan am gazeTebSi aravin ar iyo naxsenebi, garda komisiis<br />
Tavmjdomarisa, romlis gvari erTma gazeTma daasaxela. aRsaniSnavia, rom am<br />
saparlamento gadawyvetilebaTagan arc erTi ar iyo naxsenebi am dReebSi gamosul<br />
oficialur presaSi.<br />
analogiuri mdgomareoba SenarCunda 2002 welsac. 10 aprils parlamentma<br />
ganixila ramdenime Sesworeba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis kanonSi da saarCevno<br />
kodeqsSi. ra operatiuli in<strong>for</strong>macia miewoda amis Sesaxeb mosaxleobas presiT?<br />
11 aprils gamosuli yovledRiuri (an kviraSi ramdenjerme gamomavali) gazeTebi<br />
an ar aqveyneben in<strong>for</strong>macias parlamentis 10 aprilis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, an<br />
mas SecdomiT da/an mikerZoebulad aqveyneben. ar ityobineba miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb `saqarTvelos respublika~ da `axali Taoba~ (Tumca ki, am<br />
ukanasknelSi TviT saparlamento sxdomis mimdinareoba vrcladaa gadmocemuli).<br />
danarCenebidan yvelaze in<strong>for</strong>matiul `dilis gazeTs~ aviwydeba imis aRniSvna, rom<br />
gadawyvetilebebi miRebulia ara sabolood, aramed pirveli mosmeniT (rogorc<br />
Semdgomma movlenebma aCvena, meore da mesame kenWisyra aRarc Semdgara). sakiTxiT<br />
yvelaze did dainteresebas iCenen gazeTebi `alia~ da `rezonansi~, romlebic<br />
vrclad akritikeben parlamentis gadawyvetilebas, magram TviT gadawyvetilebis<br />
Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>macias ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moixsenieben frazebiT `deputatebma<br />
yvelaferi ucvlelad datoves~. Tumca saqmes nawilobriv asworebs gazeT<br />
`rezonansSi~ gamoqveynebuli interviu deputat xmalaZesTan, mTlianobaSi faqtebis<br />
gageba mkiTxvelebisTvis TiTqmis SeuZlebeli rCeba.<br />
2. profesiuli da eTikuri Jurnalistika. am mxriv yvelaze seriozul gamowvevas<br />
postsabWouri JurnalistebisTvis codnisa da Sefasebebis daSoriSoreba da in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
obieqturad gadmocema warmoadgens. gansxvavebiT dasavluri profesiuli<br />
mediisgan, sadac gazeTis an calkeuli avtorebis poziciis dasafiqsireblad<br />
specialuri sivrcea gamoyofili, saqarTvelos gazeTebSi praqtikulad<br />
ar xdeba politikuri in<strong>for</strong>maciis gadmocema misTvis garkveuli Sefasebis micemis<br />
gareSe, garda sain<strong>for</strong>macio saagentoebis mokle Setyobinebebisa. amgvari Sefaseba<br />
xSirad ekuTvnis ara Tavad Jurnalists, aramed redaqcias, romelic gamoxatavs mas<br />
saTaurSi an statiis win darTul anotaciaSi. is, rom rogorc wesi movlenis<br />
Sefaseba mocemulia saTaurSi an teqstis dasawyisSi, anu mkiTxveli mas ecnoba<br />
manam, sanam Tavad in<strong>for</strong>macias Seityobs, kidev ufro amZafrebs teqstis<br />
politizirebis elfers. xSiria Sinaarsis Seusabamo saTaurebi, sasamarTlo<br />
procesis erTi mxaris gamarTleba ganCinebis gamotanamde, aSkarad `SekveTili”<br />
publikaciebi, arasakmarisad argumentirebuli braldebebi da bevri sxva.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari problemebi met-naklebad yvela gazeTs axasiaTebs.<br />
politikuri in<strong>for</strong>maciis amgvari gadmocemis stili safrTxes uqmnis<br />
aramanipulirebuli sazogadoebrivi azris <strong>for</strong>mirebas, medias politikuri<br />
propagandis iaraRad aqcevs da politikuri cxovrebis ukidures polarizebas<br />
uwyobs xels. <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> iZulebuli xdeba ara Tavad Seafasos esa Tu is movlena<br />
Tu faqti, aramed gaiziaros an ar gaiziaros misTvis miwodebuli mza Sefasebebi<br />
arasakmarisi in<strong>for</strong>mirebulobis fonze.<br />
3. presa rogorc samomxmareblo produqcia. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic presis Sinaarss<br />
exeba, aris is, rom presa TiTqmis mTlianad aris orientirebuli maRali politikis<br />
98
problemebze da masSi praqtikulad ar aisaxeba sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />
problematika, ar xdeba refleqsia im problemebze, romlebic uSualod mkiTxvelis<br />
cxovrebas exeba. ibadeba kiTxva — riTia es gamowveuli — imiT, rom gazeTebis<br />
gamomcemlebi da redaqtorebi ideologiaze, da ara bazarze orientirebis sabWour<br />
tradicias agrZeleben, Tu imiT, rom amgvaria sabazro SekveTa. dResdReobiT<br />
<strong>sazogadoeba</strong> TiTqmis ar figurirebs mediis mier Seqmnil virtualur sivrceSi. es<br />
sivrce mxolod politikuri elitis da politikuri brZolis problematikiT ivseba<br />
(gasarTob programebs da publikaciebs aq ar movixseniebT, vinaidan isini cdeba Cveni<br />
ganxilvis sagans). es midgoma, erTis mxriv, asaxavs arsebuli politikuri sivrcis<br />
mkveTrad elitistur xasiaTs, magram meores mxriv, kidev ufro amZafrebs<br />
mosaxleobisa da politikuri klasis gaucxoebas, zRudavs sazogadoebis unars<br />
gaiazros mis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebi.<br />
4. interneti<br />
internetis Tavisufali misawvdomoba da misi meSveobiT globalur sain<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
sivrcesTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi sityvis, mediisa da in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
Tavisuflebis erT-erTi sabaziso elementia. internetis meSveobiT vrceldeba<br />
sain<strong>for</strong>macio saagentoebis biuletenebi, misawvdomi xdeba msoflios sxva qveynebis<br />
ambebi, qveyndeba werilebi da publikaciebi. TviT faqti internetis arsebobisa da<br />
internetiT komunikaciis akrZalvis SeuZleblobisa didwilad azrs ukargavs sxva<br />
RonisZiebebs sityvis akrZalvis mizniT.<br />
internetiT sargebloba dRes aranair SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareba. funqcionirebs<br />
ramdenime internet-provaideri, romelTa Soris konkurenciis wyalobiT<br />
sargeblobis fasebi SedarebiT misawvdom doneze narCundeba am sferoSi axali<br />
firmebis licenzireba avtomatur reJimSi warmoebs.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, interneti saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT elitaruli mediis rols<br />
asrulebs da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebas ar warmoadgens. es gamowveulia<br />
sazogadoebis kompiuterizaciis arasakmarisi doniTa da satelekomunikacio kavSirebis<br />
arasrulfasovnebiT. gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi, satelefono xazebis<br />
uvargisobisa da ufro dabali ekonomikuri donis gamo, am mxriv regionebi arian.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, internetis qarTulenovani da qarTuli resursebi nel-nela<br />
viTardeba, iseve rogorc qarTulenovani sanavigacio teqnologiebi. ivseba<br />
internetze qarTulenovani resursebis baza — gazeTebis sruli teqstebi, satelevizio<br />
programebi, sakanonmdeblo baza da sxva. amasTan, sruliad aradamakmayofilebelia<br />
saxelmwifo organoebis mier internetze ganTavsebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis odenoba.<br />
5. telemauwyebloba<br />
dRes saqarTveloSi axali ambebis gasagebad moqalaqeebi ZiriTadad televizias<br />
mimarTaven. arsebobs mravalferovani radioarxebic, romlebic, marTalia, didwilad<br />
musikaluri da gasarTobi mauwyeblobiT arian dakavebuli, magram mosaxleobis<br />
garkveuli (arc Tu umniSvnelo) nawilisTvis politikuri xasiaTis in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
miwodebasac emsaxureba.<br />
bolo wlebis politikuri cvlilebebi gacilebiT gvian da Znelad aisaxa televiziaze,<br />
vidre presaze. amis mizezi iyo, erTis mxriv, is, rom telemauwyeblobis materialuri baza<br />
bevrad ufro Zviria, meores mxriv ki is, rom saxelmwifos meti berketi aqvs eleqtronuli<br />
mediis regulirebisaTvis samauwyeblo arxebis ganawilebis meSveobiT. mosaxleobis<br />
99
udidesi nawili dResdReobiT mxolod sixSiruli mauwyeblobiT sargeblobs, anu misTvis<br />
arxebis mxolod SezRuduli raodenobaa misawvdomi, rac did politikur mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebs am arxebis samauwyeblo struqturas.<br />
televizia uaRresad did gavlenas axdens amomrCevelTa politikur qcevaze da<br />
mosaxleobis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> aqtiobaze. politikuri mecnierebis mier es gavlena ar aris<br />
calsaxad Sefasebuli rogorc liberaluri demokratiis xelSemwyobi. zogierTi mkvlevari<br />
miiCnevs, rom satelevizio gadacemebis specifika ar iZleva politikuri problemebis<br />
siRrmiseulad gaSuqebis saSualebas. telereportaJs aqcenti gadaaqvs garTobaze,<br />
pirovnebebze da skandalur movlenebze, da sakmarisad mkafiod ver warmoaCens politikuri<br />
dRis wesrigis ZiriTad sakiTxebs. zepiri sityva, romelic qaRaldze ar fiqsirdeba,<br />
naklebad saimedo wyaroa samarTlebrivi xasiaTis in<strong>for</strong>maciis gasavceleblad. sareklamo<br />
drois maRali fasebi aZvirebs winasaarCevno kampaniebs da zrdis politikuri korufciis<br />
albaTobas. arxebis raodenobis SezRuduloba maTi politikuri mikerZoebulobis fonze<br />
araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebs. saqarTveloSi amas amZafrebs<br />
is viTareba, rom dResdReobiT mosaxleobisTvis televizia politikuri in<strong>for</strong>maciisa da<br />
Sexedulebebis miRebis ukonkurento (xolo zogierTi socialuri jgufisTvis<br />
praqtikulad erTaderTi) wyaroa.<br />
mauwyeblobis Teoria asxvavebs mauwyeblobis sam institucionalur <strong>for</strong>mas —<br />
saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv da komerciul mauwyeblobas. dRes Tvali unda<br />
gavusworoT meoTxe <strong>for</strong>mis institucionalizaciasa da ganviTarebas. <strong>for</strong>malurad<br />
komerciuli arxi, miTumetes Tu igi finansurad momgebiani ar aris, an <strong>for</strong>malurad<br />
saxelmwifo arxi, SesaZloa Tavis realur miznad ara mogebis naxvas an saxelmwifo<br />
interesebis dacvas isaxavdes, aramed politikuri zegavlenis moxdenas erTi romelime<br />
politikuri Zalis sasargeblod an sazianod. es viTareba metad TvalnaTelia<br />
saqarTveloSi, sadac, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo mauwyebloba ar aris trans<strong>for</strong>mirebuli<br />
sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobad, xolo, meore mxriv, sareklamo bazari viwroa da<br />
satelevizio kompaniebis Semosavlebi xSirad ar faraven maT xarjebs.<br />
masmediaSi dRes arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, politikurad mikerZoebuli<br />
mauwyebloba ar unda ganvixiloT droebiT da gardamaval movlenad, romelic SeiZleba<br />
misi akrZalvis gziT gadailaxos. piriqiT, mosalodnelia, rom am tipis mauwyeblobis<br />
wvlili da misi gavlena amomrCevlebze da politikuri brZolis xasiaTze sul ufro<br />
gaizrdeba. amdenad, saWiroa miRebul iqnes zomebi am zegavlenis demokratiis<br />
sasargeblod, da ara mis sazianod Semosabruneblad. amerikis demokratiis gariJraJze<br />
politikuri partiebi aseve xSirad ganixileboda rogorc demokratiisTvis saSiSroebis<br />
Semqmneli boroteba, da mxolod xangrZlivi politikuri procesis Sedegad<br />
moxerxda politikuri partiebisa da demokratiis Tanaarsebobis institucionaluri<br />
Camoyalibeba. amis uzrunvelmyofeli meqanizmebi ki Riaoba da konkurenciaa.<br />
marTalia, saqarTvelos samauwyeblo mediaSi pluralizmis garkveuli done arsebobs,<br />
magram isic aSkaraa, rom calkeuli samauwyeblo kompaniis gaCenasa Tu eTeridan gaqrobas<br />
dResdReobiT SeiZleba arsebuli politikuri lanSaftis mniSvnelovani cvlileba mohyves.<br />
amdenad, samauwyeblo kanonmdeblobas, sazogadoebrivi televiziis <strong>for</strong>mirebas da licenziebis<br />
gamcemi maregulirebeli organos institucionalur xasiaTs demokratiisTvis<br />
aranaklebi mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, vidre saarCevno kanonmdeblobas.<br />
literatura:<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: `Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7,<br />
International IDEA, 2003<br />
100
leqcia 13<br />
globalizacia: globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
globalizacia<br />
meoce saukunis bolo xasiaTdeboda ori movleniT, romlebic Cveni ganxilvis<br />
konteqstSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. esenia demokratizaciis mesame talRa da<br />
globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis swrafi zrda. orive erTi da imave movlenis<br />
fonze ganviTarda- esaa globalizacia.<br />
globalizaciis konteqstis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe bevri Tavisebureba imisa,<br />
rac Cvens irgvliv xdeba, darCeba gaugebari. gaugebari, cxadia, Tuki gavyvebiT im<br />
midgomas, romelsac aqamde viyenebdiT —SedarebiT analizs. rodesac erTmaneTs<br />
vadarebT wina wlebSi ganxorcielebul demokratizaciebs da mesame talRis CarCoebSi<br />
mimdinare procesebs, rodesac vswavlobT mecxramete saukunis <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebebs da Tanamedrove arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, advilad SesaZlebelia<br />
erTmaneTSi avrioT sxvadasxva bunebis movlenebi, Tuki globalizaciis process<br />
yuradRebis miRma davtovebT.<br />
sain<strong>for</strong>macio sivrcis, in<strong>for</strong>maciuli teqnologiebisa da ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebis mier saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gadalaxva da ugulebelyofa, rogorc<br />
mniSvnelovani da pirvelxarisxovani faqtorisa, ekonomikaSi codnaze dafuZnebuli<br />
dargebis zrdam, romelTaTvis mTavari kapitali ara miwa an nedleulia, aramed<br />
ganaTlebis sistema da Tavisuflad moazrovne adamani, msoflios rukaze axali<br />
realiebis Seqmna transnacionaluri biznesis mier, yvelaferi es ganapirobebs CvenSi<br />
mimdinare movlenebis xasiaTs, da garkveulwilad svams am movlenebs erT<br />
ganzomilebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT modernizacia<br />
internacionalizaciis gziT.<br />
modernizacia internacionalizaciis gziT<br />
demokratizaciis mesame talRam, romelic 1974 wels daiwyo, moicva samxreT<br />
evropis, samxreT amerikisa da postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebi. demokratizaciisa<br />
da sabazro ekonomikuri re<strong>for</strong>mebis erTdrouli ganxorcieleba postkomunistur<br />
sivrceSi jerjerobiT ar gamxdara Cveni ganxilvis sagani; Cven mas aq SevexebiT rogoc<br />
is warmodgenilia naSromSi Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University<br />
Press, 1995.<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri sferoebis Zireuli gardaqmna postsabWoTa sivceSi ar<br />
iyo sul mTlad unikaluri im mxriv, rom ekonomikuri trans<strong>for</strong>maciisa da<br />
demokratizaciis procesebis erTdrouloba mesame talRis sxva qveynebisTvisac iyo<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. ekonomikuri krizisebi, romelic ganicada argentinam, braziliam da<br />
meqsikam 80-ian wlebSi uprecendento aRmoCnda am qveynebis istoriaSi.<br />
rigma qveynebma (gansakuTrebiT postkomunisturi sivrcidan, magram ara marto maT)<br />
gaswies riski da miiRes monawileoba eqsperimentSi, romelic udidesia stalinisturi<br />
<strong>for</strong>sirebuli industrializaciidan (1929w.) moyolebuli. ekonomikur<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macias am qveynebSi bevri aqvs saerTo trans<strong>for</strong>maciis wina, socialistur<br />
101
proeqtTan. maT ganaxorcieles inteleqtualuri proeqti, romelic gamomuSavda<br />
CrdiloeT amerikis akademiur wreebSi da gaziarebul iqna saerTaSoriso safinanso<br />
institutebis mier. es aris radikaluri proeqti: is mimarTulia yvela arsebuli<br />
socialuri urTierTobebis ugulebelyofaze, gadatrialebaze. es proeqti gvTavazobs<br />
erTaderT panaceas, jadosnur joxs, romlis erTi aqnevac umkurnalebs yvela<br />
avadmyofobas. pirvelad istoriaSi kapitalizmi moxda aRiarebuli, rogorc<br />
doqtrinis aplikacia da ara rogorc ganviTareba gamocdisa da Secdomis istoriuli<br />
procesisa.<br />
gardaqmnebis es procesi daeyrdno ideologias, es aris neoliberaluri ideologia,<br />
romelic modis aSS-sa da multinacionaluri saagentoebis ganacxadebebidan<br />
imis Taobaze, rom kursi, romelsac unda mivsdioT aSkaraa, cxadia. es ideologia<br />
dafuZnebulia bazrisa da kerZo sakuTrebis Rirsebis, siqvelis, ukeTesobis rwmenaze,<br />
rac ar aris damtkicebadi, gamarTlebadi, argumentirebadi Tanamedrove ekonomikis<br />
Suqze, maT Soris neoklasikuri Teoriisa. is ayenebs efeqturobas ganawilebaze ufro<br />
maRla, imdenad, rom gamarTlebulad miiCnevs mosalodnel socialur safrTxeebs. is<br />
ganaTavsebs ekonomikur mosazrebebs politikurze zemoT, da mzadaa miitanos sxva<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri Rirebulebebi efeqturobis samsxverploze. is<br />
dafuZnebulia Rrma rwmenaze, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi gza, romelsac aucileblad<br />
unda mivsdioT: ara mxolod oponireba, aramed msjeloba, diskusiac ki ganixileba<br />
rogorc reaqcioneroba, romelic gamomdinareobs sakuTari, `populisturi~ kerZo<br />
interesebidan. am ideologiis mimdevarni acxadeben, ise, TiTqos isini flobdnen<br />
saboloo WeSmaritebas: TiTqos es aris zogadi modeli politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
dinamikisa, romelic iZleva SesaZleblobas Sefasebul iqnes saboloo Sedegebi yvela<br />
calkeuli nabijisa. es aris modernizaciis axali paradigma, romelmac<br />
postkomunistur qveynebSi gauwia magivroba moZvelebul, popularobadakargul<br />
paradigmas — modernizacias mbrZanebluri ekonomikis gziT.<br />
II msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi ganxorcielda modernizaciis ramdenime<br />
modeli, kerZod, komunistur aRmosavleTSi da kapitalistur samxreTSi.<br />
laTinur amerikuli modeli daefuZna kerZo sakuTrebas, saxelmwifos aqtiur<br />
rols da proteqcionistuli politikis warmarTvas, romelic orientirebuli iyo<br />
importis Semcvlel industrializaciaze. aRmosavleT evropis modeli daefuZna<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebas da centralizebul mbrZaneblur ekonomikas. orive regioni<br />
didi internacionaluri sistemis damokidebuli nawili iyo: mTavari gadawyvetilebebi<br />
investiciebis, warmoebis, fasebis Sesaxeb miiReboda calkeuli qveynebis sazRvrebs<br />
miRma. aRmosavleT evropis sistema dominirebuli iyo erTi centris mier da<br />
gadawyvetilebebi upiratesad politikuri gaxldaT, xolo samxreTSi SesaZlebeli iyo<br />
sxvadasxva centrebis metoqeoba da gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda naklebad xiluli<br />
kerZo institutebis mier.<br />
orive strategia warmatebuli iyo xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da rigma<br />
qveynebisa Seqmna mniSvnelovani industriuli baza - ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi iyo<br />
umeteswilad ufro maRali, vidre ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi (1950 -80 ww-<br />
Si). magram es zrda 1980 wlidan ferxdeba, xdeba tempebis dacema da TiTqmis ekonomikis<br />
kolafsi.<br />
Znelia ilaparako am dacemis mizezebze da gardauvalobaze. faqtia, rom es<br />
movlenebi erTdroulad ganviTarda aRmosavleT evropisa da laTinuri amerikis<br />
qveynebSi, Tumca ki garegnulad gansxvavebuli reagireba gamoiwvia - aRmosavleT<br />
evropam uaryo ekonomikis Tavisi modeli (mbrZanebluri ekonomika), laTinurma<br />
amerikam ki - ara.<br />
102
miuxedavad am sxvaobisa, ekonomikuri krizisis gamowvevaze reagirebis arsi<br />
arsebiTad erTi da igive aRmoCnda. is SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc modernizacia<br />
internacionalizaciis (globalizaciis) gziT. sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebi<br />
kapitalistur samxreTSi da postkomunistur aRmosavleTSi ver xedaven alternativas<br />
`CrdiloeT-dasavleTis gzisa`: gzisa, romelic miiyvans maT sazogadoebebs pirvel<br />
samyaroSi. es aris gza politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli organizaciis<br />
gadmoRebisa, romelnic ukve arseboben: demokratia, bazari da individualisturi,<br />
moxmarebaze orientirebuli kulturisa, romelic gabatonebulia ganviTarebul<br />
kapitalistur samyaroSi. am strategiaSi modernizacia xdeba sinonimi internacionalizaciisa:<br />
integracia msoflio ekonomikaSi, kombinirebuli imitaciasTan ekonomikuri,<br />
politikuri da kulturuli modelebisa, romelic prevalirebs ganviTarebul<br />
kapitalistur qveynebSi. `aRmosavleT evropuli silogizmi~ acxadebs: `Tu ara<br />
komunizmi, Cven viqnebodiT rogorc dasavleTi~.<br />
es strategia gansxvavdeba omis Semdgomi modernizaciis strategiebisagan, romlebic<br />
ganixilavda ganviTarebas, rogorc proeqts nacionaluri ekonomikuri da<br />
politikuri damoukideblobisa. imdroindeli midgomebi icavda erovnuli kulturis<br />
mniSvnelobas, miiswrafoda politikuri institutebisaken, romelic Seicavda erovnul<br />
tradiciebs, erovnul industrias miiCnevdnen ekonomikuri zrdis warmmarTvelad<br />
da orientirebulni iyo lokalur bazrebze. amis sapirispirod strategia modernizaciisa<br />
internacionalizaciis meSveobiT nebayoflobiT aRiarebs, sul mcire,<br />
erovnuli suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul<br />
sferoSi. es strategia aRebs lokalur bazrebs ucxouri SeRwevisaTvis, is arRvevs<br />
kulturul barierebs, da axdens politikuri institutebis modelirebas sayovel-<br />
Taod gavrcelebuli nimuSebis mixedviT. koka-kola aRar aris imperialisturi<br />
batonobis narkotiki, aramed universaluri ayvavebis neqtari.<br />
alternativebi aRar arsebobs: dRes modernizacia niSnavs liberalur<br />
demokratias, moxmarebaze orientirebul kulturas da kapitalizms.<br />
marTalia, adgilobrivi politikuri da ekonomikuri viTareba da miswrafebebi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, magram erTdrouloba am cvlilebebisa msoflios<br />
sxvadasxva nawilebSi warmoSobs varauds, rom internacionaluri faqtorebi<br />
gadamwyvetia. amas ganapirobebs, erTi mxriv, Seqmnili saerTo garemo, romelSic<br />
naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs uwevT operireba, xolo, meore mxriv,<br />
internacionalur aqtorTa specifikuri qmedebebi, romelnic (aqtorebi)<br />
axorcieleben zewolas cvlilebebze.<br />
globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogdoeba (John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society?<br />
Cambridge University Press; (2003)<br />
globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> — es aris erTi mxriv, empiriuli movlena,<br />
xolo meore mxriv —normatiuli ideali da samoqmedo lozungi.<br />
rogorc nomratiuli ideali da samoqmedo lozungi is aris msoflios gaerTianebis<br />
programa, romelic unda gamoixatos erTiani msoflio sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi. am mxriv<br />
is agrZelebs azrovnebis im tradiciebs, romlebic jvarosanTa laSqrobebsa Tu<br />
komunisturi revoluciebis meSveobiT kacobriobis srulyofas da gaerTianebas<br />
cdilobda. pirveli Tavis uzenaes misiad qristianobas da adamianTa sulier gadarCenas<br />
isaxavda; meore klasobriv dayofas utevda da yvela qveynis proletarebis<br />
gaerTianebas cdilobda. globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> eyrdnoba adamianis<br />
103
uflebebis deklaracias da adamianTa bunebaSi universalurobis komponentis<br />
xazgasmas. is gamoiyeneba globaluri sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis mier rogorc<br />
mobilizaciuri lozungi, ZalisxmevaTa gasaerTianeblad, Tavisuflebisa da<br />
samarTlianobis misaRwevad.<br />
rogorc empiriuli faqti is warmoCindeba egreT wodebuli INGO-ebis<br />
(arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, romelTa moqmedebis areali ar aris SezRuduli<br />
saxelmwifo sazRvrebiT da saerTaSoriso xasiaTs atarebs) uprecedento zrdaSi,<br />
romelic SeimCneva bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. zogadad meoce saukinis<br />
ganmavlobaSi amgvari organizaciebis ricxvi (da komerciuli firmebis ricxvic)<br />
gaizarda arnaxulad. am axali INGO-ebis 90 procenti 1970 wlis mere dafuZnda. am<br />
organizaciebSi asiaTasobiT adamiania dasaqmebuli da bevrjer meti moxalise muSaobs.<br />
maTi meSveobiT meti saxsrebi ixarjeba, vidre gaeros meSveobiT.<br />
keani gansazRvravs globalur <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s rogorc `urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri institutebis dinamiur arasamTavrobo<br />
sistemas, romelic mTel dedamiwas swvdeba, da romlis saqmianobis mravalmxrivi<br />
Sedegebi yvelgan igrZnoba. is ar aris arc statikuri obieqti, da arc fait accomli. is aris<br />
qselebi, piramidebi, klubebi im socialur-ekonomikuri institutebisa da moqmedi<br />
pirebis, romlebic erTiandebian raTa gaaerTianon samyaro axleburad. isini<br />
miiswrafvian pluralizmisken da Zaladobis acilebisken; Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianobis<br />
mSvidobiani anu <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> Sedegebi igrZnoba yvelgan, yvela doneze~ (gv.8)<br />
rogorc xedavT, es ganmarTeba Znelad Tu SeiZleba `ganmartebad~ aRviqvaT, imdenad<br />
yvelafris momcvelia da arafrismTqmelia. es bundovneba aZnelebs normatiuli<br />
idealisa da empiriuli realobis erTmaneTisgan garCevas. ase, ras niSnavs rom misi<br />
gavlena yvelgan igrZnoba —es rogor unda gaizomos, Tuki es empirikaa, xolo Tu es<br />
SefasebiTia — igulisxmeba, rom ase unda iyos?<br />
meore, rasac cdilobs avtori (romelic aSkarad Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT<br />
aris ganwyobili rogorc aqtivisti, da ara rogorc neitraluri mkvlevari) aris is,<br />
rom globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> warmoadginos, rogorc sazogadoebis<br />
socialuri <strong>for</strong>ma: `globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> aris met-naklebad mWidrod<br />
gadabmuli socialuri procesebis dinamiuri erToba~ (gv.10). es mtkicebuleba<br />
bazisurad mcdari meCveneba; gacilebiT ufro adekvaturia, Cemi azriT, ulrix bekis<br />
SeniSvna, rom globalur doneze sazogadoebebi erTiandebian ara uSualo socialuri<br />
komunikaciis meSveobiT, aramed mxolod mediis meSveobiT. mas swored rom uSualo<br />
komunikaciis komponenti aklia. anu, komunikacia mediis gziT — es aris is mTavari, rac<br />
globalur doneze <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis proeqts asxvavebs lokaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebisgan, da mas `sazogadoebis~ struqturisgan clis. keani cdilobs rom<br />
warmoadginos globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong>s <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> ufro farTo cnebad, vidre<br />
ubralod arasamTavrobo organizaciebis nakrebi; rom lokaluri sazogadoebebi mis<br />
harmoniul Semadgenel komponentad warmoidginos; magram es warmodgena<br />
garkveulwilad calmxrivi, an ufro normatiuli meCveneba, da TviTonac principSi<br />
aRiarebs, rom amgvar warmodgenaSi is ufro aRwers sasurvel ideals, da ara<br />
praqtikul relaobas.<br />
am kuTxiT danaxuli, globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
buneba didad ar gansxvavdeba misi lokaluri winamorbedis winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
bunebisgan. `burJuaziuli <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>~, erTi mxriv (gavixsenoT habermasi)<br />
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da eTikuri, moraluri qcevis<br />
arealia, xolo meore mxriv, uTanasworobisa da `klasobrivi dominaciis~ yalbi<br />
cnobiereba. daaxloebiT esaa is problematika, romelic globalur donezec<br />
104
erTmaneTs upirispirebs mis momxreebsa da kritikosebs.<br />
kritikosebis gancdas warmoadgens is rom globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
laparakobs `dasavluri aqcentiT~. globaluri vesternizaciisa da lokaluri<br />
sazogadoebebis dapirispirebis negatiur magaliTad avtors moyavs TurqeTis<br />
modernizaciis gamocdileba, rodesac modernizatorma saxelmwifom, aRWurvilma<br />
islamuri qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtoritaruli atributebiT, moaxdina prodasavluri<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mebi. amgvar gardaqmnebs, rogorc wesi, mohyveba pre-socialuri<br />
urTierTobebis, socialuri institutebi da da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis<br />
kompleqsis ngreva an de<strong>for</strong>mireba, xolo warmoqmnili vakuumi ivseba etatisturi<br />
struqturebiT. `axali qemalisturi TurqeTi (1923-38) amis naTeli magaliTia:<br />
saxelmwifos nacionalisturma mSeneblobam, romelsac mustafa qemali awarmoebda<br />
(SemdgomSi aTa Turqad, anu Turqebis mamad wodebuli) mospo religiuri skolebis<br />
mTeli sistema, rasac ganaTlebis saministro uZRveboda. italiur, Sveicariul da<br />
germanul precedentebze dafuZnebuli sekularuli samarTlebrivi kodeqsebi<br />
mtkiced damyarda <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sisxlis samarTlisa da komerciul samarTalSi. arabul<br />
da sparsul enebze dabeWdili masalebi aikrZala, da mxardaWeril iqna<br />
fundamentalist muslimTa mier dagmobili yuranis Turquli Targmani. aikrZala<br />
religiuri wignebi da maTi gamoyeneba. derviSebis organizaciebi daixura. propaganda<br />
gaewia dasavluri tansamclis tarebas; kvira dRe gamocxadda dasvenebis oficialur<br />
dRed muslimuri paraskevis sanacvlod. adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris Zveli sistema,<br />
romelic mibmuli iyo moednebTan, Seicvala saxlebisa da nagebobebis danomvriT da<br />
yvela quCisTvis saxelis darqmeviT, evropuli tradiciis Sesabamisad. Catarda<br />
pirveli Turquli silamazis konkursi, daSvebul iqna alkoholis moxmareba;<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> qorwineba gaxda yvelasaTvis aucilebeli. da yovelive amis fonze, rac<br />
samxedroTa muqaris fonze mimdinareobda, aTaTurqis qandakebebi da portretebi<br />
ganTavsda yvelgan — rac arRvevs muslimur tradicias, romlis Tanaxmadac cocxal<br />
arsebaTa gamosaxva dauSvebelia.`<br />
keani globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirebs e.w.<br />
turbokapitalizmis ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri aqtorebi dasavleTidan inacvleben<br />
mTel msoflioSi, rac qmnis kapitalis nakadebs centrisken da centridan. unda<br />
vaRiaroT, rom <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis globalizaciis mibma globaluri ekonomikis<br />
warmoqmnasTan marTebulia, da globaluris <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> (SeiZleba<br />
globaluri mmarTvelobis sistemac momavalSi) swored am sawyisidan gamoviyvanoT<br />
(Tuki determinizmis cdunebas Zalian Sors ar gavyvebiT). Tumca am SemTxvevaSi<br />
marTebulia yuradReba mivaqcioT, pirvel rigSi lokaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebebisa da globaluri sabazro ekonomikis mimarTebas. amas gavakeTebT<br />
hernando de sotos wignis `The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails<br />
Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000-is mixedviT. am wignis fokusi swored im sxvaobis<br />
xazgasmaSi devs, romelsac rusosTan aRvniSneT — gansxvaveba sakuTrebasa da<br />
mflobelobas Soris, da rekomendaciac rusos stilSi moiazreba — sazogadoebrivi<br />
kontraqti rogorc sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis dadgenis saSualeba. de sotos<br />
midgoma erT-erTi inovaciuri xedvaa, romelic bolo dros mkvlevarTa did<br />
yuradRebas iwvevs.<br />
de soto swavlobs im qveynebs, romlebic kapitalizmisken miiltvian Tavis<br />
ganviTarebaSi, maT Soris postsabWoTa qveynebi. riTia ganpirobebuli am qveynebis<br />
siRaribe da CamorCeniloba, Tuki misi mosaxleoba Sromobs da iRwvis imisTvis, rom<br />
gaWirvebas Tavi daaRwios? simdidris uzarmazari sxvaoba, romelic arsebobs<br />
dasavleTsa da danarCen msoflios Soris imdenad didia, rom am sxvaobis axsna<br />
105
ubralod kulturuli faqtorebiT da sazogadoebebis CamorCenilobiT ara marto<br />
arahumanuri, aramed aradamajerebelic iqneboda. yvela am qveynanaSi arsebobs didi<br />
raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebsac aqvT unari awarmoon biznesi, gaswion riski da<br />
CaerTon samewarmeo saqmianobaSi. ratom ver xerxdeba sabazro meqanizmebis mier am<br />
qveynebSi simdidris Seqmna, maSin roca dasavleTSi mas ayvaveba moaqvs?<br />
pasuxi, gacemuli de sotos mier, saocrad waagavs patnemis pasuxs imaze, Tu ratom<br />
ar muSaobs demokratiuli institutebi efeqturad iq, sadac <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong><br />
ar arsebobs. `am wignSi me vapireb vaCveno, rom ZiriTadi barieri, romelic ar aZlevs<br />
danarCen samyaros SesaZleblobas sargebeli naxos kapitalizmisgan, aris am samyaros<br />
uunaroba warmoqmnas kapitali. kapitali aris is Zala, romelic zrdis Sromis<br />
nayofierebas da qmnis erebis simdidres. is aris kapitalisturi sistemis sasicocxlo<br />
sisxli, progresis safuZveli, da is aris is, rasac Raribi qveynebi TavisTvis rogorc<br />
Cans, ver qmnian, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad surs mis mosaxleobas CaerTos yvela<br />
danarCen saqmianobaSi, rac kapitalistur ekonomikas Tan axlavs.” (gv.5).<br />
de soto amtkicebs, faqtebiT da cifrebiT, rom mraval mesame samyaros qveynebSi<br />
Raribebi xSirad floben im qonebas, romelic maT sWirdebaT raTa kapitalizmisgan<br />
sargebeli naxon. `yvelaze Rarib qveynebSic ki Raribebi akeTeben danazogebs. am<br />
danazogebis odenoba ormocjer aRemateba mTel im ucxour daxmarebas, romelic am<br />
qveynebs miuRiaT 1945 wlidan.”. magram mokled rom vTqvaT, es resursebi maT aqvT ara<br />
sabazro qonebis saxiT. maTi qoneba ar aris adekvaturad dokumentirebuli, xSirad<br />
Crdilovania, misi gadaqceva kapitalad, yidva-gayidva viwro nacnobobis wris gareT,<br />
sesxis aRebisTvis gamoyeneba da a.S. ar xerxdeba.<br />
amdenad, mesame samyaros qveynebis mosaxleobas aqvs maT mflobelobaSi myofi<br />
fizikuri simdidre, magram maT ara aqvT sakuTreba. Sedegad is, rac maT gaaCniaT, aris<br />
mkvdari kapitali, romelic ar muSaobs saTanadod ekonomikaSi. maTi Sinauri kapitali<br />
ar muSaobs.<br />
Tu gavixsenebT sxvaobas or gamonaTqvams Soris: `me maqvs fanqari” da `es fanqari<br />
Cemia”, romelTagan erTi gamoxatavs mflobelobas, xolo meore —sakuTrebas, de sotos<br />
azri xdeba gasagebi. fanqari, romelsac axlavs reprezentacia mis legendaSi,<br />
dokumentSi an zepir codnaSi misi mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb aris gacvlis obieqti.<br />
mepatrone mas advilad miscems sxvas, Tuki misi dabruneba ganpirobebulia misi<br />
mflobelis vinaobis gacxadebulobiT. fanqari, romlis mflobeli ar aris dadgenili,<br />
ver `itrialebs”. reprezentacia virtualur sivrceSi qmnis mflobelobidan<br />
sakuTrebas, da es ver xerxdeba Rarib qveynebSi. ratom?<br />
amis gasagebad unda gavixsenoT dasavleTis istoria, SeviswavloT, Tu rogor<br />
damkvidrda sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi iq, da ar movelodoT, rom `do as we say, not as we<br />
do” moutans raime sikeTes samyaros sxva qveynebs. ganviTarebul qveynebs aqvT gavlili<br />
sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis rTuli gza, da am gzis gameorebis gareSe<br />
warmatebis miRweva Zneli iqneba.<br />
“mecxramete saukuniT dawyebuli qveynebs gadmohqondaT TavisTan dasavluri<br />
kanonebi, raTa produqciis sawarmoeblad samarTlebrivi CarCoebi SeeqmnaT. isini<br />
dResac agrZeleben amgvari kanonebis kopirebas, da cxadia, isini ar muSaoben.<br />
moqalaqeTa umravlesobas kvlavac ar SeuZlia kanonis gamoyeneba da sakuTari<br />
danazogebis gadaqceva sakuTrebad.” (gv.12).<br />
dasavleTSi kapitalis, anu, faqtobrivad, abstraqciis, mier Tavisi potencialis<br />
gamovlena ukavSirdeba sakuTrebis uflebebis mravalnairi xerxebiT dacvas, ufro<br />
SesaZloa rTuliT da mravalricxovaniT, vidre materialuri mflobelobis dacva<br />
moiTxovs. esenia <strong>for</strong>malizebuli Canawerebi da sxva, romlebic aregulireben<br />
106
sakuTrebis mflobelis dadgenis SesaZleblobas. sakuTrebad gadaqcevis es procesi<br />
metad rTulia da mravali nawilisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mimofantulia<br />
kanonmdeblobis sxvadasxva nawilebSi da sistemis sxvadasxva elementebSi. (komentari:<br />
cxadia, ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom garda am sistemisa, unda arsebobdes<br />
saxelmwifo, romelic avlens unars da keTil nebas raTa werilobiTi ufleba realobad<br />
aqcios. de soto kanonSemoqmedebiT procesze ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre<br />
kanonaRsrulebaze. orive mniSvnelovania, raTa <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>mac da<br />
ekonomikamac samarTlebriv regulirebas daeyrdnos).<br />
mesame samyaros da postkomunisturi samyaros qveynebSi xdeba uprecedento<br />
siswrafis gardaqmnebi, socialuri, ekonomikuri da industriuli, romlebic sruliad<br />
cvlian iq arsebul urTierTobebs. samarTlebrivi cvlilebebi ubralod ver ewevian am<br />
swraf process. adamianebi moZraoben, gadaadgildebian, qmnian axal biznesebs da<br />
dovlaTs, da es xdeba nacnobobis, viwro wreebis da ara<strong>for</strong>maluri urTierTobebis<br />
meSveobiT, romlebic jamSi Seadgenen uzarmazar eqstralegalur sistemas, romelsac<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri kanoni ar faravs. es eqstralegaluri (ara<strong>for</strong>maluri) seqtori aris<br />
uzarmazari, da sul ufro mzardi. mis CarCoebSi msoflioSi mimdinareobs axali<br />
industriuli revolucia, romelic ar aris saTanadod gaazrebuli da Seswavlili.<br />
iqmneba uTanasworoba, rodesac mosaxleobis udides nawils ara aqvs samarTlebriv<br />
sivrceSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba, rodesac Cndeba barieri, romelsac saxelmwifo ver<br />
spobs (an, piriqiT, qmins) da romlis miRma arsebobs qveynis mosaxleobis udidesi<br />
nawili, pirvel rigSi did qalaqebs miRma, migrantebi, da sxva.<br />
Tuki xelisuflebam Seigno, rom qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili afuZnebs Tavis<br />
cxovrebas saqmianobaSi, romelic ar jdeba daweril kanonebSi, es ukve kargia. maSin mas,<br />
Tuki ar unda rom yovelTvis arsebobdes konfrontacia oficialur samarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobebsa da araoficialur cxovrebas Soris, unda Seswevdes unari moaxdinos<br />
ara<strong>for</strong>maluri urTierTobebis legalizeba da samarTlebrivi kanonebi misadageba<br />
realurad arsebul viTarebasTan. es gza gaiares Tavis droze evropulma qveynebma,<br />
romlebmac, industriuli revoluciis kvalobaze, aRiares, rom problemas<br />
Seadgendnen ara adamianebi, romlebic ara<strong>for</strong>malurad moqmedebdnen, aramed kanonebi.<br />
saboloo jamSi is qveynebi, romlebmac moaxdines samarTlebrivi re<strong>for</strong>mebi<br />
ara<strong>for</strong>maluri seqtoris <strong>for</strong>malur ekonomikaSi integrirebis mizniT ganviTardnen<br />
ufro swrafad, vidre isini, vinc es ar gaakeTa.<br />
rogorc Cans, ganviTarebuli qveynebis istoria arasdros yofila gaazrebuli procesis<br />
(proceduris) kuTxiT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Seiqmna sakuTreba, rogorc instituti, am<br />
qveynebSi. `aTasobiT furclis kiTxvam mimiyvana fundamentur daskvnamde, rom Sekrul<br />
samarTlebriv sakuTrebiT sistemaze gadasvla ar ukavSirdeboda raime teqnologiebs. . .<br />
sakvanZo cvlileba ukavSirdeboda kanonebis misadagebas mosaxleobis umravlesobis<br />
socialur da ekonomikur moTxovnebTan. TandaTanobiT, dasavlurma erebma SeZles imis<br />
gacnobiereba, rom sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebi, romlebic oficialuri samarTlis<br />
miRma warmoiqmna, kanonis legitimur wyaros warmoadgenda. maT ipoves gzebi am<br />
kontraqtebis samarTlebriv sferoSi integrirebisa. kanonebi gaxda saSualeba kapitalis<br />
warmoqnisa da ekonomikuri zrdis. es aris is, rac sicocxlis Zalas aZlevs dasavleTSi<br />
arsebul sakuTrebis instituts. metic, es sakuTrebiTi revolucia yovelTvis iyo<br />
politikuri gamarjveba. yvela qveyanaSi is momdinareobda ramdenime ganaTlebuli<br />
adamianisgan, romlebmac CaTvales, rom oficialur kanons azri ar hqonda, Tuki<br />
mosaxleobis didi nawili mis miRma cxovrobda~ (gv. 106).<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoria, romelsac aRwers de soto miwaze<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis damkvidrebis kuTxiT, SesaZloa, swored imiTaa saintereso, rom<br />
107
axali migrantebi da mosaxleebi, romlebic ikavebdnen miwas amerikaSi, Zlier<br />
TviTmmarTvelobiT jgufebs qmnidnen. amerikuli mmarTvelobis sistema marTlac, rom<br />
qvevidan zeviT viTardeboda. anu jer ara<strong>for</strong>malur doneze cnobili xdeboda<br />
garkveuli wesebi, romlebiTac adamianebi adgendnen erTimeoris uflebebs, rac maT<br />
mudmivi sisxlisRvrisgan da qiSpisgan icavda, xolo Semdgom koleqtiurad icavdnen am<br />
erToblivad dadgenil wesebs. anu ideboda patara sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebi,<br />
romlebic Semdgom kargad muSaobda wesrigisa da uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
SesaZloa, sxva qveynebSi, sadac ara<strong>for</strong>maluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ukve<br />
damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebis CarCoebSi viTardeba, amgvari SeTanxmebebis miRweva da<br />
institucionalizeba Zneli saqme iyos. samagierod amerikis ekonomika yvelaze swrafad<br />
da efeqturad ganviTarda swored misi amgvari principuli mowyobis Sedegad. kanonis<br />
legitimaciaSi sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis mZlavrad gamoyenebam kanonebi gaxada<br />
efeqturi, da ara ubralod, abstraqtulad `samarTliani~.<br />
kanonSemoqmedeba axal demokratiebSi da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebSi samwuxarod<br />
zedmetad xSirad atarebs ideologiur xasiaTs. es ideologiuroba mdgomareobs<br />
kanonebis abstraqtul `SemuSavbaSi~, im imediT, rom <strong>sazogadoeba</strong> moergeba kanons, da<br />
ara piriqiT. am dros xdeba realurad arsebuli da sazogadoebis mier daculi<br />
urTierTobebis, anu moqmedi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ignorireba, da Sedegad<br />
kanonebi ar muSaobs, xolo ekonomika cudad viTardeba. rusos `sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebis~ idea ar aris sruli abstraqcia, aramed politikuri (da ara<br />
iuridiuli) samoqmedo gegma. kanoni, rogorc amas ruso amtkicebs, ar arsebos kargi an<br />
cudi. kanoni unda Seesabamebodes im <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>s, romlisTvisac is iwereba.<br />
vinaidan am qveynebSi politikosebi zedmetad did yuradRebas aqceven globaluri<br />
ekonomikis kanonmdeblobasTan morgebas, da naklebs — sakuTari qveynis realobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebas, globalizacia xSirad sargeblis momtani xdeba mxolod mcire<br />
nawilisTvis, xolo msoflios mosaxleobis didi nawili masTan dapirispirebaSi<br />
vardeba, vinaidan uflebrivad daqvemdebarebuli xdeba. iqmneba, brodelis gamoTqmiT,<br />
globalizaciiT Seqmnili daxuruli areebi (`bell jars`), romelTa SigniT raRaca<br />
viTardeba, magram romelTa miRma rCeba yvela danarCeni, romlebisTvisac<br />
globalizaciis am `privilegirebuli klubis~ SeuRwevloba mxolod uTanasworobas<br />
niSnavs. Sedegad globalizaciisa da sabazro ekonomikis advokatebi aRiqmebian<br />
rogorc mikerZoebuli, viwro klasis an saerTod `ucxo agentebis~ uflebebis<br />
damcvelebi. isini xSirad ar aqceven yuradRebas imas, rom maT mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mebi realurad yvelas sasargeblod ar moqmedeben.<br />
es analizi saocrad waagavs im problemebs, romlebsac vawydebodiT saqarTveloSi<br />
globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis da, zogadad, mosaxleobis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
analizisas. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> sazogadoebis globalizaciam saqarTveloSi Seqmna<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic ufro kunZulebia <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>Si, vidre Ria<br />
inkluziuri xelSekrulebis damcveli organoebi. maT qmnis ufro moZroba `zevidan<br />
qvemoT~, da ara `qvemodan zeviT~. es ki qmnis gaTiSulobas da daZabulobas globalur<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>sa da lokalur, ara<strong>for</strong>malurad arsebuli sazogadoebriv<br />
xelSekrulebebs Soris, romlebic rCeba `arakodificirebuli~, arareprezentatiuli,<br />
araartikulirebuli, da, saboloo jamSi, politikurad represirebuli.<br />
globalizacia adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze Tu misi<br />
neoliberaluri konkurenti — globalizacia saeqsperto da universalisturi,<br />
moduliri institutebis safuZvelze — es aris Tanamedrove msoflios politikuri<br />
gamowveva, romelic ayalibebs momavali msoflio globaluri <strong>samoqalaqo</strong><br />
sazogadoebis saxes, Tuki am termins gamoviyenebT.<br />
108
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dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gv. 205-228<br />
Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge,<br />
Massachusetts and London, England, pp.131-177 (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT)<br />
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Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159, 177-178,<br />
190-203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388<br />
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chapters 10, 11,12,29<br />
A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and private in<br />
political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123<br />
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Bourgeois Society. N.Y.<br />
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John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses Across<br />
Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia<br />
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1994 pp. 86-162<br />
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(Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5: The Mediterranean<br />
or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132<br />
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America and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press, 1996<br />
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65-78<br />
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sazogadoebebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002<br />
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Pippa Norris<br />
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International IDEA, 2003<br />
Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995<br />
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G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998<br />
111
Marina Muskhelishvili<br />
Centre <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Studies<br />
CIVIL SOCIETY – COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE<br />
Course of lectures<br />
Duration: one semester, 2 hours twice a week<br />
Description of the course<br />
Concept of Civil Society is highlighted from various perspectives: civil society in its historical<br />
development – both theory of concept and trans<strong>for</strong>mation of socio-political reality; place and<br />
importance of the concept <strong>for</strong> Western societies and its return into theory and practice in a third<br />
wave (especially post-soviet) democracies. Classical theories of civil society are devoted relatively<br />
less time as compared to the contemporary debates on civil society. When describing<br />
contemporary debates on civil society main focus is done on comparison and critical analyses of<br />
competing approaches and standpoints. Special attention is devoted to specifics of civil society<br />
development in countries of late capitalist and democratic development (particularly in Georgia). In<br />
this respect mostly two aspects are analyzed in depth: discursive aspects of civil society in their<br />
relation with the structural <strong>for</strong>mation of mass media; and institutional development of civil society in<br />
a context of global civic institutions, market economy development and international support <strong>for</strong><br />
democracy development worldwide.<br />
Course objectives<br />
Course main objective is studying and analyzing those approaches, which exist in civil society<br />
theory and analyses. After studying this course students should get deep understanding of theories<br />
of civil society and should be able to analyze critically writings of various authors on civil society.<br />
Students should be able to use the acquired knowledge <strong>for</strong> critical analyses of situation in Georgia,<br />
should apply this knowledge to the empirical reality and work out their own vision of this reality.<br />
Students should get practice of written and oral analytical deliberation on the subject.<br />
Course structure (each topic – 2 hours)<br />
Each lecture starts with the about 15 minutes discussion and questions on a previous lectures<br />
topics and issues. After that follows about 1-hour lecture, which is, in its turn, followed with the 45<br />
minutes of questions and general discussion. Students are required to read literature be<strong>for</strong>e the<br />
lecture.<br />
1. Introduction. Institutional approach towards definition of Civil Society<br />
2. Civil Society and the State: evolution of notion in history<br />
3. Robert Putnam: <strong>Social</strong> capital<br />
4. Tocqueville. Democracy in America<br />
5. Modern theories of Civil Society and the State. (Republican vs. liberal civil society)<br />
6. Democracy: Three political traditions<br />
7. Three political traditions, discursive notions of the Political and Civil Society<br />
8. Habermas: Structural trans<strong>for</strong>mation of the Public Sphere<br />
9-10. Civil Society in Georgia<br />
11. Mass Media systems: comparative analyses, three ideal types of system and three ideal type<br />
discourses<br />
12. Mass Media in Georgia<br />
112
13. Globalization, Global Civil Society<br />
14-16 Are devoted to student’s presentations and joint discussions.<br />
Criteria <strong>for</strong> evaluation<br />
At the beginning of the semester students have to choose topic <strong>for</strong> term paper (case study). The<br />
paper and its presentation (that takes place at the end of semester) are evaluated. At the end of<br />
semester students are examined. Scores are distributed as following: participation – 40%, paper<br />
and presentation – 30%, independent reading of literature and demonstrated comprehension at<br />
exam – 30%.<br />
113
LECTURE 1. INTRODUCTION. INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TOWARDS DEFINITION OF<br />
CIVIL SOCIETY<br />
Concept of civil society returned into political discourse after long period when it was somehow<br />
attributed mostly to classical thinkers, rather than actual politics. Transitions to democracy and<br />
reintegration of Soviet Union, led by the people, aware of neo Marxist theories of civil society (such<br />
as Gramshi theory), brought this concept back to actual social life and politics, and made it once<br />
again subject of theoretical debates.<br />
In this new reincarnation the concept, however, acquired new meanings and dimensions, which<br />
are far from being uncontroversial. Common speech usage of this term in Georgia associates it<br />
with the network of newly emerged non-governmental organizations and media. This<br />
understanding steams from the attempt to define civil society in terms of its institutions, and link<br />
civil society development with the democratization of political system. Suppose one relies mostly<br />
on this approach. Then, despite that this definition itself lives many questions unanswered (what<br />
type of institutions should be attributed to civil society, and which – not), even more important<br />
questions arise. Can we talk of “civil society in Iran”, having in mind number of non-governmental<br />
organizations, functioning there? Or is civil society concept linked to a specific social context,<br />
existing in predominantly western countries, having long history of market economy and<br />
democratic development?<br />
As an introduction to the institutional definition of civil society, paper by Lari Diamond is presented<br />
in this lecture. In this paper is given very detailed account of the civil society institutions, as seen<br />
from the mainstream political science perspective (tranzitology sub-field). This account of <strong>for</strong>mal<br />
civil society institutions is contrasted with the sociological vision by Gellner, who attributes “civil<br />
society” to a specific type of social fabric (“modular men”), existing only in western societies, and<br />
being very recent phenomenon. So, what is civil society - institutions, which can exist everywhere,<br />
or social structure, which is culturally bound to specific context?<br />
Parallel to the distinction between minimal and liberal democracies is made as an introduction to<br />
the further deeper considerations.<br />
Literature:<br />
Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-<br />
18<br />
Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3,<br />
1996, 38-52<br />
Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et<br />
Contra: www.carnegie.ru. 21pp.<br />
Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает<br />
свободе, www.carnegie.ru<br />
LECTURE 2. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE: EVOLUTION OF NOTION IN HISTORY<br />
Evolution of notion of civil society reflects evolution of development of modern state and modern<br />
political system as well. The first great dichotomy is distinction between political society and<br />
barbarians, unable of creating politeia (Aristotel). History of Civil society as synonymous of the<br />
state, leads through secularization of political authorities (st. Augustine), positivist account of the<br />
state order, preventing the war of all against all (Hobbes), social contract (Rousseau), till Scotch<br />
moralists, who first, start to describe civil society as autonomous from the state.<br />
Civil society as a sphere between state and developing market economy and private man is<br />
followed through writings of Hegel, Marx, and then traced in a practice of totalitarian Soviet reality.<br />
The post-Soviet radical vision of civil society, which is completely different from the classical ones,<br />
114
is presented with the work by Vatslaw Havel. According to this vision, civil society should oppose<br />
itself to political one, and dominate it.<br />
This brief overview of number of classical visions, theories and approaches is based mostly on a<br />
book by Dominique Colas, with the references to the paper by Robert Fine.<br />
Literature:<br />
Dominik Colas, Political Sociology (in Georgian), Tbilisi, 1999, chapter X: State and Civil Society,<br />
pp205-228<br />
Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge,<br />
Massachusetts and London, England, chapter 2: Conceptual history and theoretical Synthesis,<br />
pp.83-116<br />
Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997,<br />
pp.7-28<br />
Vatslaw Havel, Power of powerless. (in Georgian) CIPDD, Tbilisi, 1995<br />
LECTURE 3. ROBERT PUTNAM: SOCIAL CAPITAL<br />
This work links concept of civil society to its social origins and is important <strong>for</strong> Georgian students<br />
because of parallels that can be traced in comparative perspective between Georgia and South<br />
Italy.<br />
Robert Putnam, on a basis of broad empirical data, demonstrated, that institutions of democracy<br />
work better, if the social capital, existing in society, is rich. Efficiency of democracy depends on civil<br />
society; weak civic component of society and strong vertical relations, clientelizm and “amoral<br />
familizm” have negative effect on a per<strong>for</strong>mance of both -political and economic institutions.<br />
This influence is pass dependant. History matters, and Putnam traces this history up to 12 th<br />
century, comparing North Italian civic republican traditions with the feudal, Sicilian Kingdom<br />
dominated tradition of South Italy.<br />
Concept of “trust” is introduced, with the broad comments and parallels, including critiques of<br />
Fukuiama by A.Seligman, reminding students of Tunnies concepts of Gezellshaft and<br />
Gemainshaft, etc.<br />
Literature:<br />
Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University<br />
Press, 1994 chapter 5: Tracing the Roots of the Civic Community; chapter 6: <strong>Social</strong> Capital<br />
and Institutional Success, pp. 121-186<br />
LECTURE 4. TOCQUEVILLE. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA<br />
Alexis de Tocqueville’ s account of American democracy is important <strong>for</strong> the course in two aspects.<br />
First, Tocqueville compares two types of society –aristocratic and democratic, as a sociological<br />
phenomena, rather than political regimes. This is quite different from the mainstream<br />
democratization paradigm, and resembles very much Putnam’s work with his socio-cultural<br />
approach.<br />
Second, Toqueville makes clear distinction between despotic and liberal <strong>for</strong>ms of democracy,<br />
which is especially important <strong>for</strong> egalitarian, but not enough liberal post-Soviet space.<br />
115
Democratic societies, according to Toquevillle, place higher value on equality, while freedom is<br />
less important <strong>for</strong> them, that’s why equality can easily produce tyranny of majority. This can<br />
become especially dangerous, if everybody are equally deprived of political rights. American<br />
democracy does avoid tyranny of majority not only because everybody participate in elections, but<br />
also because Americans constantly participate in governance, create associations and <strong>for</strong>m public<br />
opinion, which governs. Participation in governance which is not confined to voting – this is a<br />
Toquevillian receipt <strong>for</strong> liberal democracy, which is important <strong>for</strong> post-totalitarian societies.<br />
Literature:<br />
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America pp.158-159, 177-178, 190-203, 222-228, 322-324,<br />
371-388<br />
Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty: civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y.: Penguin<br />
Books (selections, about 30 pages)<br />
LECTURE 5. MODERN THEORIES OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE. (REPUBLICAN VS.<br />
LIBERAL CIVIL SOCIETY)<br />
Civil society historically developed in frames of two political traditions – republican and liberal.<br />
These two traditions both distinguish between public and private realms, but attach different values<br />
on them. Norberto Bobbio describes public in terms of relations among parts and a whole, and<br />
private – as relations among parts. Adam Seligman links this distinction to republican and liberal<br />
approaches to the creation of public sphere, as distinguished from the private one. Civic virtue is<br />
more ancient tradition, reflected in writings of such authors as Rousseau, while civil society is more<br />
recent, Anglo-Saxon, and is more adequate to Adam Smith writings.<br />
This approach by Seligman in this lecture is deepen by the analyses of two authors: Rousseau,<br />
representing republican version of civil society, and Gellner, representing liberal version. Despite<br />
that Rousseau do not represent modern thought, but is classical writer, is presented in this lecture<br />
because of importance of his thought <strong>for</strong> the current debates on the issues. Hanna Arendt is<br />
mentioned in brief, but not considered in details in this lecture, and is offered <strong>for</strong> students as an<br />
additional reading.<br />
Three notions of “the political” by John Elster are introduced in this lecture, because they serve as<br />
an appropriate starting point <strong>for</strong> continuation of the theme, highlighted later through the whole<br />
following discussions: three concepts of political will then be linked to the three components of<br />
liberal constitutional democracy: democracy, liberalism and republicanism. Accordingly, three basic<br />
rules of legitimation are identified in following lectures, as a correspondent discursive ethics of<br />
political discourse.<br />
Literature:<br />
Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin<br />
Books chapters 10, 11,12,29<br />
A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and<br />
private in political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123<br />
Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-dan, 10 gv.<br />
Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments<br />
Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000<br />
Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative<br />
democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press<br />
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LECTURE 6. DEMOCRACY: THREE POLITICAL TRADITIONS<br />
Modern liberal democracy in this lecture is presented as a product of uneasy tension of three<br />
political traditions: republican, liberal and democratic. This is important <strong>for</strong> new democracies to<br />
realize, that electoral rights and periodic change of government are not the only necessary<br />
elements of democracy. Fareed Zakaria points out that, in differ from third wave democracies,<br />
liberal constitutional state was introduced in core democracies be<strong>for</strong>e universal suffrage, while<br />
Guillermo O’Donnell reminds, that elections are much easier to establish in new democracies, than<br />
liberal and republican components.<br />
These issues are especially well presented by Guillermo O’Donnell. So, democratic legitimation of<br />
political is not the only one that exists in old established democracies. This is particularly salient in<br />
a notion of representation. Democracy, which is devoted of liberal and republican components, will<br />
have problems with representative governance, because democracy itself is not enough <strong>for</strong> the<br />
creation of public representation, public sphere effective functioning. Lack of liberal component can<br />
lead to oligopolic governance, and encroachment of power, which destroys constitutions limits of<br />
governance, while lack of republican component will lead to plutocracy and corruption. In a new<br />
democracies both emerge, while presidents of these countries tend to struggle with corruption<br />
using extralegal and extra constitutional methods that in turn promote new waves of corruption,<br />
and create vicious circles of bad governance.<br />
Literature:<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, Democratization. Societies in Transitional periods - Democratization in a Modern<br />
World (co-author, with G.Jorjoliani and T.Berekashvili). Textbook, OSGF, Tbilisi, 2001 (in<br />
Georgian), Chapter 5: demokratizaciis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi<br />
LECTURE 7. THREE POLITICAL TRADITIONS, DISCURSIVE NOTIONS OF THE POLITICAL<br />
AND CIVIL SOCIETY<br />
This lecture provides students with easy and salient scheme, describing three ideal-type political<br />
discursive ethics. These three political realms are distinguished by the ethics of legitimation:<br />
legitimation by majority (political decisions), legitimation by one (knowledge, court procedure),<br />
legitimation by all (social contract, basic norms of justice). Correspondingly, these discourses have<br />
different actors (politicians, experts, elites), agencies (persuasion, prove, trans<strong>for</strong>mation), time<br />
horizons (short, middle, infinite), etc.<br />
All these types of legitimation can be found in day-to day political aspects of social interaction. Suppose,<br />
group of students is going to spend weekend in countryside together. First they will have to decide where<br />
to go (to the beach, to mountains, to the river, etc., decision made by majority), then they will have to<br />
avoid such routs, which can be dangerous <strong>for</strong> one of them (i.e. somebody cannot climb mountains<br />
because of health problems, decision by all), and, finally, they need somebody knowledgeable, who<br />
knows, which road they should choose, and which side to go (i.e. has a map, or experience, decision<br />
made by one).<br />
Students will learn that not all political decisions are made by majority vote, and will realize, on an<br />
example of real-life situation, how ethical conflicts can emerge, if one discursive ethics is<br />
substituted by the different one.<br />
Literature:<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, Free but Not Liberal: Media and a Particularistic <strong>Social</strong> Context, conference<br />
papers, CMI, Yerevan, Armenia (in Russian)2004, 15 gv.<br />
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LECTURE 8. HABERMAS: STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION<br />
OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE<br />
This work by Habermas is both important <strong>for</strong> understanding present-day discursive approaches to<br />
civil society concept, and difficult to read <strong>for</strong> students. That’s why this lecture provides students<br />
with the story of content of this book, with the emphasize on the key problems. Habermas wrote<br />
this book in a context of recently democratized Germany, and this work is his way of addressing<br />
the same problem, which is familiar <strong>for</strong> third wave democracies – overload with the political<br />
discursive ethics, while two other ethics (liberal and republican) are weak and manipulated.<br />
Public sphere in a realm of letters and public political sphere of bourgeoisie civil society are those<br />
realms, in which two social roles of man – private person and a citizen – are linked to their liberal<br />
and republican versions. Emergence of the third social role of the man – voter – trans<strong>for</strong>ms the first<br />
two, creates one-dimensional mass society (instead of civil one) and brings to the <strong>for</strong>e non-public<br />
opinion, which is most important <strong>for</strong> ruling elites and is heavily manipulated by politicians.<br />
Democracy, according to the Habermas, can only be liberal constitutional democracy, if everybody<br />
has equal access to public deliberation. Participation in voting is not enough <strong>for</strong> this. But does<br />
modern mass media provide citizens with the adequate means of such participation? Habermass is<br />
pessimistic about it, and this pessimism is very much reflecting feelings of Georgian society,<br />
concerned with the strong politization of media.<br />
Literature:<br />
Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Trans<strong>for</strong>mation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category<br />
of Bourgeois Society. N.Y.<br />
(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994<br />
Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society,<br />
Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112<br />
LECTURES 9-10. CIVIL SOCIETY IN GEORGIA<br />
a. Non-governmental organizations. First part of lecture concentrates on newly established NGOs<br />
and their institutional arrangement. The question is asked – are they civil society institutions?<br />
Answer is not unanimous, because during the period of 15 years of development, these institutions<br />
developed as a narrow, strategically acting exclusive establishments, rather than open, inclusive,<br />
mass membership oriented organizations. This is linked to the strong politization of society, which<br />
is oppositional to any government, rather than independent from it. So all institutions, produced by<br />
this society (NGOs and Mass Media), tend to play role of political opposition, rather than civic<br />
initiative.<br />
b. Discursive ethics: is this social movement? Other way to think of Georgian NGOs is to study<br />
dynamics of their development. This approach leads us to a conclusion, that they can better be<br />
described in terms of social movements. During 15 years the sector underwent three-stage<br />
development. Each stage was based on specific discursive ethics, and matched with the<br />
correspondent structure of funding from donor organizations. First was grassroots stage of mass<br />
mobilization. This was followed with the development of professional, expert narrow groups. And,<br />
finally, the movement ended up in politics, having crucial input in a “Rose revolution”. All these<br />
resemble dynamics of modern social movements, rather than institutionalized civil society.<br />
c. Dominant of pluralist: critical vision of Georgian civil society. Formed as a part of transitional<br />
paradigm, current NGOs are part of global civil society, and base on one ideology of transition,<br />
rather than reflect free flow of ideas, existing in Georgian society. Being product of international<br />
assistance, they can only be reflecting one – liberal discursive ethics, while republican ethics is<br />
118
expected to be produced by society itself. This creates asymmetry between liberal and republican<br />
components of democracy, and tension between global and local civil societies.<br />
d. Substantial or procedural: two concepts of civil society. Finally, one can say, that there are two<br />
main approaches towards thinking of civil society in Georgia: according to one, civil society is<br />
mostly NGO community; according to other, civil society is all society, producing political and civic<br />
discourses in a somehow non-institutionalized <strong>for</strong>m. These two approaches represent important<br />
political division, according to which major political perceptions and struggles in political realm can<br />
be traced.<br />
e. Political perceptions of Georgian population. In this chapter are presented results of research,<br />
carried out by the author in 2004. This research identified, that there exist 4 ideal-type political<br />
discourses in Georgia, which can serve as a good basis <strong>for</strong> pluralist civil society development.<br />
These discourses reflect “civil”, rather than “political” perceptions, in a sense that they are general<br />
and basic. They correspond to the two basic dichotomic divisions: one is traditionalisantitraditionalis<br />
division, and other is procedural –substantional division.<br />
Literature:<br />
John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses<br />
Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia<br />
m. musxeliSvili. “demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi “arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromebi, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12<br />
gv.<br />
m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi demokratizaciis<br />
Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebaSi. “epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis<br />
centri, 2003<br />
Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить<br />
американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004<br />
Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge<br />
University Press; (2003)<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, Civil Society (in Georgian), brochure, <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Studies, Tbilisi, 2000,<br />
pp.37-47<br />
LECTURE 11. MASS MEDIA SYSTEMS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSES, THREE IDEAL TYPES<br />
OF SYSTEM AND THREE IDEAL TYPE DISCOURSES<br />
Mass Medias systems, as well as political institutions of developed democracies are not identical.<br />
Using comparative analyses, one can identify groups of countries, having similar systems.<br />
Developed democracies of Europe and North America, according to their media systems, can be<br />
classified into three groups, with the following models of media: liberal, democratic corporativist<br />
and polarized pluralist. Southern Europe has polarized pluralist model of media, in which<br />
politization of media is high, press circulation low, state influence strong and journalists<br />
professionally not protected from manipulation and instumentalization. New democracies in Latin<br />
America and Eastern Europe have similar models, and Georgia can be to some extend be<br />
attributed to the same model of media.<br />
Three institutional models of media correspond, as it is shown, to the three predominant discursive<br />
ethics, discussed above. Liberal media system has neutral, fact-based normative ideal of<br />
journalism, in which it is expected that media is producing empirical and analytical in<strong>for</strong>mation,<br />
something, that can be evaluated by single critical mind of consumer. Democratic corporativist<br />
model provides auditory not only with in<strong>for</strong>mation, but also with political vision. However this<br />
political standpoint is to some extend tolerant, because its legitimation is based on representation<br />
of the part of society, which means, that other parts of society are equally legitimate. In this model<br />
consensual aspects of governance are important, leading to the legitimation by all, i.e. republican<br />
119
ethics. Polarized pluralist model is highly politicized. In this model both political parties and mass<br />
media are ideological and radical, aiming to win majority and to get full access to power in order to<br />
change system, rather than to make piecemeal improvements. This is legitimation by majority,<br />
instrumentalizing media into tool of struggle <strong>for</strong> power.<br />
Literature:<br />
Media Systems and Politics by Daniel C. Hallin (Author), Paolo Mancini (Author), W. Lance<br />
Bennett (Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5:<br />
The Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132<br />
Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe,<br />
Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,<br />
chapter 5: The media, civil society, political democracy and the market; chapter 6 conclusions:<br />
The media, journalism and democratization, pp. 124-174<br />
Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and<br />
Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195<br />
LECTURE 12. MASS MEDIA IN GEORGIA<br />
In this chapter Georgian media system is described in details. Several aspects are highlited, such<br />
as newspapers circulation, political biases, internet development, broadcasting development,<br />
economic enviroment, etc. Georgian media has achieved relatively high level of freedom, but did<br />
not develop high ethical standarts of writing. In its essence it remains Soviet-styled propagandistic<br />
tool, with the only difference that monopoly on this propaganda do not exist any more. Chage of<br />
generation of jopurnalists did not made difference in these respect, except rethorics and language<br />
of publications.<br />
Literature:<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: “Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N<br />
7, International IDEA, 2003<br />
LECTURE 13. GLOBALIZATION, GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY<br />
a. Modernization through internationalization. Democratization of the third wave democracies here<br />
is represented in light of common strategy of modernization, applied by these countries –<br />
modernization through internationalization of economic relations, opening borders and including<br />
countries into globalization process. Globalization, thus, is a major contextual factor of<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> these countries, including civil society development.<br />
b. Development of global civil society is both empirical reality of late twenties century, and<br />
normative ideal of globalizing social movements, aiming at bringing world societies together. It is<br />
even more difficult to define, than local civil societies, and is different in terms that it depends<br />
primarily on communication through media, mostly excluding face-to face communication. INGOs<br />
and global media play extremely significant role in this development, and this makes many to<br />
complain on conflicts between local and global civil societies, saying that global civil society talks<br />
with the western accent.<br />
c. Global capitalism has to be inevitably discussed in a content of global civil society. Here we rely<br />
on Hernando de Soto, who talks of global industrial revolution, which happens in a third world<br />
countries through the development of shadow economies and extralegal transactions. According to<br />
De Soto poor countries have possessions, which they cannot trans<strong>for</strong>m into capital, because<br />
property law in these countries is not based on a social contract, but rather on copying western<br />
120
legislation. Local civil societies and local markets, thus, should develop on a basis of social<br />
contracts, emerging from real -life context of these countries. This is a bit controversial receipt, but<br />
it addresses the most crucial aspect of globalization: legitimation of local civil societies through<br />
neoliberal ideology, or legitimation through local social contract. This is political agenda of<br />
development <strong>for</strong> Georgian civil society in coming years.<br />
Literature:<br />
Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and issues. in:<br />
Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997,<br />
pp.311-370<br />
John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity. A social theory of the media, Stan<strong>for</strong>d University<br />
Press, 1995, Chapter 5: The Globalization of Communication, pp. 149-178<br />
John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003)<br />
Thomas Carothers, Civil Society, Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, Issue 117<br />
Hernando de Soto. “The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails<br />
Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000<br />
Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995<br />
121
BIBLIOGRAPHY:<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, Democracy as Communism: Methodological Limitations in Democratization Studies and<br />
democratization Policies, “Epoch”, N 3, CSS, 2003 (in Georgian)<br />
M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: “Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7,<br />
International IDEA, 2003 (in Georgian), 10 pages<br />
dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da<br />
<strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>, gv. 205-228<br />
Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge,<br />
Massachusetts and London, England, pp.131-177 (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT)<br />
Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28<br />
Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159, 177-178, 190-<br />
203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388<br />
Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books<br />
chapters 10, 11,12,29<br />
A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and private in<br />
political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123<br />
Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-dan<br />
Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments<br />
Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000<br />
Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Trans<strong>for</strong>mation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of<br />
Bourgeois Society. N.Y.<br />
(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994<br />
John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses Across<br />
Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia<br />
Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative<br />
democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press<br />
Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, Princeton<br />
University Press, 2002, pp90-112<br />
vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri<br />
instituti, Tbilisi, 1995<br />
Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press,<br />
1994 pp. 86-162<br />
Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18<br />
Thomas Carothers, Civil Society, Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, Issue 117<br />
Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52<br />
m. musxeliSvili. <strong>samoqalaqo</strong> <strong>sazogadoeba</strong>. broSura, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri,<br />
Tbilisi, 2000, gv.37-47<br />
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