mdgradi energetikis ganviTarebis winapirobebi saqarTveloSi

mdgradi energetikisganviTarebis winapirobebisaqarTveloSiTbilisi, 2007

kvleva Catarda ”mwvane alternativa”-s proeqtis ”dialogi politikaze ukeTesigaremosdacviTi mmarTvelobisTvis” farglebSi.mwvane alternativa madlobas uxdis holandiis gansaxlebis, sivrciTi dagegmvisada garemos saministros finansuri mxardaWerisTvis.gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi warmoadgens misi avtoris mosazrebebs,gamoxatavs ”mwvane alternativa”-s pozicias da ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnesholandiis gansaxlebis, sivrciTi dagegmvisa da garemos saministros SexedulebaTaamsaxvelad.© mwvane alternativa, 2007avtori: manana qoClaZe

sarCeviSesavali.........................................................................................................................21. energetikis seqtoris maregulirebeli CarCo-dokumentebi...................32. saqarTvelos energo-politikis ZiriTadi amocanebi...............................32.1 energousafrTxoeba................................................................................................................................................42.2 energoseqtoris ekonomikuri mdgradoba da privatizacia.........................................................52.3 energoefeqturoba da ganaxlebadi energetikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.......................72.4 saqarTvelos energo-politikis evropuli veqtori........................................................................9Tavi 3. evrokavSiris politika energo-seqtorSi.........................................123.1 evrokavSiris politikis miznebi da amocanebi .................................................................................133.2 evrokavSiris direqtivebi energetikul seqtorSi ........................................................................143.3 evrokavSiris midgoma miwodebis usafrTxoebisadmi.....................................................................163.4 evrokavSiris energo-bazris liberalizacia ...................................................................................17daskvna..................................................................................................................................................................................18

SesavalisaqarTvelos energo-seqtoris potencialis analizi gviCvenebs, rom qveyanas aqvs sakmaoddidi resursebi mdgradi energetikuli sistemis CamoyalibebisTvis. saqarTvelosgaaCnia hidro, qaris, biomasis, geoTermuli da mzis energiis sakmaod didi resursebi.miuxedavad ukanasknel wlebSi miRweuli progresisa, dReisaTvis energoseqtorismdgomareoba kvlavac arastabiluria. es ganpirobebulia, arasrulyofilisakanonmdeblo baziTa da energetikuli politikiT, romlis grZelvadian mizansacar warmoadgens mdgradi energetikuli sistemis Camoyalibeba.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad saqarTvelos energo-seqtori praqtikuladganadgurda, ramac udidesi roli iTamaSa qveynis ekonomikis moSlasa da mosaxleobissiRaribis zrdaSi, agreTve damangreveli efeqti moaxdina rogorc garemoze (tyeebisdegradacia, erozia da sxva), aseve adamianTa janmrTelobaze (dabali xarisxisnavTobproduqtebis gamoyeneba da sxv.).mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, 1994 wlidan daiwyo struqturuli reformebisgatareba, romlis Sedegadac seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli privatizaciisa daliberalizaciis gziT da seqtoris depolitizaciiT energo-seqtorSi unda momxdariyokerZo investiciebis Semosvla, Seqmniliyo konkurentuli garemo da gazrdiliyoenergiaze xelmisawvdomoba. reformebis gansaxorcieleblad, aseve dangreuli damwyobridan gamosuli energo-generaciis obieqtebis reabilitaciisaTvis daaxloebiT700 milion dolaramde iyo gamoyofili. Tanxebi 1994-2000 wlebSi gamoiyofodasxvadasxva saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis mier (msoflio banki, evropisrekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki) da ormxrivi saagentoebis mier. TumcaseqtorSi arsebuli korufciisa da gaumWvirvalobis Sedegad, rasac Tan erTvodasaerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis “mza receptebi”, ramodenime aseuli milionidolari uSedegod daixarja, xolo qveyana kvlav ganicdida mZime energetikulkriziss.Sedegad, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mTavrobis qmedebebi ZiriTadad mimarTuliiyo energo-deficitis swrafad aRmofxvrisken, miuxedavad imisa, rom seqtorSiarsebuli problemebi da amocanebi bevrad ufro rTuli da mravalmxrivia. qveynismdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, aucilebelia, rom energetika Camoyalibdes rogorcsicocxlisunariani, efeqturi da TviTganviTarebadi dargi, romelmac undauzrunvelyos saxelwifos usafrTxoeba da mdgradi ganviTareba aTwleulebisganmavlobaSi, minimaluri danaxarjebiT da mosaxleobis interesebis maqsimaluridacviT.evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi evrokaSiris-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmapirdapir iTxovs “energetikis politikis miznebis daaxloebas evrokavSiris energopolitikismiznebTan” “kargad gaTvlili da grZelvadiani energetikuli politikis”SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis gziT, raTa TandaTan dauaxlovdes ”evrokavSirisenergo-politikur miznebs, energo-resursebis usafrTxoebis CaTvliT”.warmodgenili kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqtia eleqtroenergetikisa da gazis seqtori.Cven SevecdebiT ganvixiloT da gavaanalizoT saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirispolitika am sferoSi da amasTanave, SevafasoT saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli Tumosalodneli cvlilebebi, mdgradi energetikis ganviTarebis perspeqtividan.2

1. energetikis seqtoris maregulirebeli CarCo-dokumentebienergo-seqtoris ganviTarebis grZelvadiani prioritetebi asaxulia ”saqarTvelosenergetikul seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis” dokumentSi,romelic 2006 wels iqna damtkicebuli saqarTvelos parlamentis mier.amJamad saqarTveloSi energetikis sferos maregulirebuli ZiriTadi sakanonmdebloaqtia saqarTvelos kanoni “eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb”,romelic awesrigebs “individualuri mewarmeebis, fizikuri da iuridiulipirebis saqmianobasa da urTierTobebs eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis marTvis,eleqtroenergiis (simZlavriT) sabiTumo vaWrobis, eleqtroenergiis warmoebis,gadacemis, dispeCerizaciis, ganawilebis, importis, eqsportisa da moxmarebis, agreTvebunebrivi gazis miwodebis, importis, eqsportis, transportirebis, ganawilebisada moxmarebis sferoebSi da uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikisada bunebrivi gazis dargebis funqcionirebasa da ganviTarebas sabazro ekonomikisproncipebis Sesabamisad”.kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos energetikis saministro warmoadgenssaxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis SemmuSavebel da maTiganxorcielebis makoordinirebel organos, xolo meore mTavari maregulirebeliorgano saqarTvelos energetikis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisiaa (semeki).semekis funqciaa saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorSilicenziebis gacema da tarifebis regulireba. amavdroulad, komisia uflebamosiliadaadginos da daamtkicos sistemis teqnikuri da ekonomikuri funqcionirebis wesebi,maT Soris salicenzio pirobebi da gaakontrolos maTi Sesruleba.2006 wels damtkicebuli “saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikisZiriTadi mimarTulebebis” (SemdgomSi – politikis dokumenti) Sesabamisad,eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb kanonSi 2005-2006 wlebSi SevidamniSvnelovani cvlilebebi. erTis mxriv, es cvlilebebi, iseve rogorc politikisdokumenti, sakmaod progresulad Cans, Tumca arsebobs garkveuli problemebi datendenciebi, romelTa aRmofxvrazec dResvea aucilebeli saubari, Tu gvsurs, romSevqmnaT marTalac mdgradi energo-sistema.2. saqarTvelos energo-politikis ZiriTadi amocanebipolitikis dokumentis Tanaxmad, umTavresi grZelvadiani amocanaa ”sakuTari hidroresursebiTeleqtroenergiaze qveyanaSi arsebuli moTxovnis sruli dakmayofileba”,“etapobrivad, jer importis, Semdeg ki - Tbogeneraciis CanacvlebiT”. Tumca, aqveikveTeba meore, ufro grZelvadiani amocanac, rom “saqarTvelo energetikuliresursebis importiori qveynidan TandaTanobiT unda iqces maRali teqnikurekonomikurimaxasiaTeblebis mqone, mdgradi, konukurentunariani da moqnili,damoukidebeli energetikuli SesaZleblobebis saxelmwifod”.unda aRiniSnos, rom politikis progresuli miznebi, dokumentSi gagebulia rogorcTavisTavad energoresursebis arseboba da saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialisganviTareba. es, erTis mxriv, eWvqveS ayenebs zemoT aRniSnuli miznis miRwevisSesaZleblobebs, xolo meores mxriv, mniSvnelovnad zrdis saqarTvelos garemosa damosaxleobaze negatiuri zegavlenis risks.qvemoT, SevecdebiT, ganvixiloT politikis dokumentis calkeuli aspeqtebi da masTandakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo, politikuri Tu infrastruqturuli iniciativebi.3

antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba praqtikulad ar arsebobs, namdvilad rTuli iqnebaeleqtroenergetikisa da gazis seqtorSi konkurenciis xelSewyoba, rac sabazroekonomikis erT-erT mTavar princips warmoadgens.politikis dokumenti xazs usvams privatizaciis procesis gamWvirvalobismniSvnelobas adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciiebis mozidvis mizniT da acxadebs,rom saWiroa: “eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorebSi privatizaciisprocesis gamWvirvaled Catareba, ise, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes eleqtroenergiisada bunebrivi gazis saboloo momxmareblebis stabiluri momarageba”.samwuxarod, 2006-2007 wlebSi Catarebuli privatizacia sakmaod Sors dgas politikisdokumentSi warmodgenili zemoaRniSnuli Tezisgan. magaliTisTvis, ukanasknel wlebSimoxda hidroeleqtrosadgurebis udidesi nawilis gasxviseba. 2006 wlis gazafxulzegamocxadda 6 mTavari hesis (engur-hesis garda) da sami sadistribucio kompaniisprivatizacia. 6 privaticaziis Sedegad kompania ”energo pro” gaxda saqarTvelosenergobazris 62,5%-is mflobeli, Tumca procesi absoluturad gaumWvirvaledwarimarTa. rogorc obieqtebis SerCeva, aseve saprivatizacio xelSekrulebisa dapirobebis momzadeba sazogadoebis yovelgvari monawileobis gareSe ganxorcielda(procesSi ar iyo CarTuli arc arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, arc profkavSirebi).kidev erTi magaliTi gaumWvirvaled Catarebuli privatizaciisa aris varcixishidroeleqtrosadguris kaskadi. aRmoCnda, rom yovlad gaurkveveli mizezebisgamo, Sps ”varcixe 2005”-is saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli 100% wilis nasyidobisTaobaze saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrosa da Sps ”G.M. GeorgianManganese Holding Limited”-s Soris gaformebuli xelSekruleba, warmoadgens komerciulsaidumloebas. 7am mimarTebiT, kidev ufro did problemad gvevlineba e.w. strategiuli obieqtebis,magaliTad, enguris hidroeleqtrosadguris (romlis gamomuSaveba saqarTveloSiwarmoebuli energiis 40%-s Seadgens) da gazis magistraluri milsadenisprivatizebis sakiTxi. eqspertTa didi nawili miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifom undaSeinarCunos kontroli msgavs obieqtebze, energo-usafrTxoebis koncefciidangamomdinare. Tumca periodulad miuxedavad, garkveuli ukve aRebuli saerTaSorisovaldebulebisa adgili aqvs mTavrobis mxridan msgavsi iniciativebis wamoWras. amJamadsaqarTvelos mTavrobas aRebuli aqvs valdebuleba, ar moaxdinos magistralurimilsadenis gasxviseba 2010 wlamde, Tumca, am etapze Znelia Semdgomi procesebisprognozireba.amasTan, arsebuli tendencia, rom energo-obieqtebis gasxvisebiT moxdeba energetikisseqtorSi arsebuli problemebis swrafi da Seuqcevadi gadawyveta, sakmaod saxifaToa.ufro metic, gavrcelebuli informaciiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi arsebobsmosazreba, rom mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba generaciisa da ganawilebis yvela obieqtisprivatizacia, saqarTvelos aRar dasWirdeba energetikis saministro rogorc calkestruqturuli erTeuli da is SeuerTdeba ekonomikis saministros. 8 eqspertebinegatiurad afaseben msgavs nabijs da miaCniaT, rom msgavsi qmedeba damangrevel6 ori sadistribucio kompania (saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energo-kompania da aWarisenergo-kompania) da eqvsi hesi (awhesi, Zevrulhesi, lajanurhesi, rionhesi, Saorhesi, gumaThesebis kaskadi)312 milion 350 aTas dolarad SeiZina Cexurma kompaniam “energo pro”, xolo kaxeTis sadistribuciokompania TBC jgufma iyida.7 am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli mwvane alternativas mier inicirebuli sasamarTlo procesi jer kidevar aris dasrulebuli, vinaidan sasamarTlom ver moaxerxa mesame mxared CaerTo saqmeSi kompaniiswarmomadgenlebi, saqarTveloSi maTi iuridiuli misamarTis ar qonis gamo.8 Reorganization in the government: two ministries to be abolished?, M. Alkhazashvili, Tuesday, June 13, 2006, #108 (1128)6

zegavlenas moaxdens saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorze.2.3 energoefeqturoba da ganaxlebadi energetikis ganviTarebis xelSewyobaamJamad saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs aranairi strategiuli xedva, rom araferivTqvaT absolutur sakanonmdeblo vakuumze, energoefetequrobis da ganaxlebadienergetikis ganviTarebisaTvis. am mimarTebiTac energopolitikis dokumenti Riadadasturebs, rom is ar aris mimarTuli grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi saqarTveloSimdgradi energetikuli sistemis Camoyalibebis xelSewyobaze.magaliTisTvis, politikis dokumentSi aRiarebulia, rom “saqarTvelos bunebrivipirobebi saSualebas iZleva, mniSvnelovnad iqnes ganviTarebuli alternatiulienergiis wyaroebi”, Tumca, igive dokumenti xazs usvams, rom “tradiciuli daalternatiuli energiis wyaroebis gamoyeneba Tanabar pirobebSi unda moeqces”, racprincipulad zRudavs ganaxlebadi energetikis farTod ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebsda absoluturad ewinaaRmdegeba evrokavSirSi arsebul alternatiuli energiisganviTarebis praqtikasa da principebs.CanarTi 1. energoefeqturobasamwuxarod saqarTveloSi dRemde ar Catarebula qveynis mTliani energoefeqturobisSefaseba. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi energiis moxmareba mniSvnelovnadSemcirda da dReisTvis erT sul mosaxleze daaxloebiT 0,8-1 navTobis ekvivalents(tnes) Seadgens weliwadSi, rac 2-3-jer naklebia msoflio saSualo maCvenebelze. aqve,gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom kleba moxda energiis moxmarebis Semcirebis da araenergoefeqturobis xarjze, energointensivobis maCvenebelebi ki, rogorc samrewveloise sayofacxovrebo seqtorSi, sakmaod maRalia. magaliTisTvis, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSienergointensivobis maCvenebeli 0,7 kgne/$-s utoldeba rac msoflio saSualo maCvenebelzedaaxleobiT 2-jer metia (0,32 kgne/$@).yovelive es ar unda iyos gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom rogorcsayofacxovrebo ise samrewvelo seqtorSi, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sabWoTa kavSirisdros warmoebuli teqnika. amasTan, samrewvelo seqtorSi moxmarebuli energia Seadgensmxolod 14% mTliani saboloo moxmarebisa, xolo sayofacxovrebo seqtori moixmarsmTliani saboloo moxmarebis daaxloebiT naxevars. msgavsi tendencia aseve ewinaaRmdegebamsoflioSi arsebul praqtikas, sadac energiis mTliani saboloo moxmarebis 70%-s Seadgenssamrewvelo kompleqsi.eqspertuli gaTvlebiT, ”warmoebisa da moxmarebis sferoebSi energoefeqtianobis gazrdamxolod 10%-iT, qveynis damokidebulebas importirebul energetikul resursebzedaaxloebiT 20%-iT Seamcirebs”. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom 2001-2005 wlebSi energiisgamomuSaveba saqarTveloSi gaizarda 3,8%, xolo moTxovna 26%-iT. Sesabamisad, Tusaxelmwifos surs, rom Sesruldes politikis mTavari amocana - Semcirdes damokidebulebaimportirebul energiaze - aucilebelia energoefeqturobis da ganaxlebadi energetikisganviTareba.amasTan, politikis prioritetul mimarTulebebSi mdgradi energetikis iseTikomponenti rogoricaa, energoefeqturoba moxsenebulia mxolod deklaraciuldoneze, “samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo sferoebSi energoefeqturobisamaRlebis sakanonmdeblo da instituciuri CarCoebis Camoyalibeba”, energiisefeqtianad gamoyenebis mimarTulebaSi. amave mimarTulebaSi aRniSnulia, romsaWiroa “Tbomomaragebisa da kogeneraciuli sistemebis, agreTve ganaxlebadienergiis wyaroebis gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebis Seswavla da danergva”,Tumca, araferia naTqvami, magaliTad, rogor unda moxdes energiis dazogva,7

energoefeqturobis zomebis gatareba anda samomxmareblo moTxovnilebis marTva.zogadad, rCeba STabeWdileba, rom energetikis iseTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli qvedargebi,rogoricaa Tbomomarageba da energoefeqturoba, saerTod ar ganixilebasaqarTveloSi energetikis nawilad.CanarTi 2. ganaxlebadi energetikasaqarTvelos gaaCnia sakmaod didi ganaxlebadi eneregikuli potenciali. upirvelesades Seexeba mcire hidro energetikis ganviTarebis udides SesaZloblobas saqarTveloSi.kvlevebis Tanaxmad, mcire hidroenergetikis ganviTareba sakmaod momgebiani asevegaremosdacviTi perspeqtivebidan. saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 26 000 mdinare – daaxloebiT60 000 km is sigrZis. USAID, UNDP, GEF da sxva kvlevebis Tanaxmad, 300 mdinaris analizisSedegad daaxloebiT 1200 derivaciuli tipis mcire hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobaaSesaZlebeli, saidanac 700 SeiZleba aigos dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mTliani dadgmulisimZlavre iqneba 3000 megavati, saidanac 2000 megavati modis dasavleT saqarTveloze,weliwadSi 16000 gigavat/saaTi energiis warmoebiT (aqedan 11 000 megavatsaaTi dasavleTsaqarTveloSi).aseve didi potenciali gaaCnia qaris energetikis ganviTarebas, wliuri 4,5 TWh teqnikuripotencialiaT. amJamad ukve Seswavlilia saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli qarisreJimebi, gamoyofilia Sesabamisi zonebi da identificirebulia aTamde perspeqtiuliadgili qaris eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobisaTvis, saerTo dadgmuli simZlavriT 1450megavati, wliuri gamomuSavebiT 4160 gigavati/saaTSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegma evropis samezoblopolitikis farglebSi, erT-erT prioritetad miiCnevs ara mxolod kanonmdeblobismiRebas energoefeqturobis da energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis Sesaxeb, agreTvemaTi gamoyenebisaTvis samoqmedo gegmis (finansuri gegmis CaTvliT) SemuSavebisaTvisnabijebis gadadgmasa da am sakiTxebiT dakavebuli institutebis gaZlierebas. 9evropul struqturebsa da evrotlantikur sivrceSi integraciis saxelmwifominisitris aparatis xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebuli 2007-2010 wlebis detalurisamoqmedo gegma-matricis Tanaxmad, 10 energetikis saministros dagegmili aqvsdaiwyos muSaoba “Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebeli bazis srulyofismizniT samuSao dokumentze“ da moamzados „Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi“.arc gegma matricaSi da arc evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcielebis 2007wlis strategiaSi araferia naTqvami energoefeqturobisa da energiis ganaxlebadiwyaroebis samoqmedo gegmis momzadebaze.zemoT aRniSnuli arc aris gasakviri, vinaidan, mTavrobas miaCnia, rom praqtikuliRonisZiebebi, maT Soris, sapiloto proeqtebis ganxorcielebac, ”bazris saqmea” dabazari Tavad daaregulirebs da ganaviTarebs energoefeqturobasa da ganaxlebadenergetikas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT politikis dokumentSi arsebul Canawers, rom9 evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegma evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi (Tavi 4., 4.6.2),2006 wlis noemberi10 detaluri samoqmedo gegma-matrica SemuSavda evropis samezoblo politikis SesrulebisaTvis 2007wlis ianvarSi evropul struqturebsa da evrotlantikur sivrceSi integraciissaxelmwifo ministrisaparatis mier. dokumenti eyrdnoboda TiToeuli saministrosgan miRebul moqmedebaTa gegmas.saqarTvelos mTavrobam orjer ganixila dokumenti, Tumca, SemdegSi uari ganacxada mis damtkicebaze.”ZiriTadi SeniSvnebi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom gegma iyo Zalze detaluri da saqarTvelos xelsuflebaver SeZlebda mis Sesrulebas, xolo gegmaSi arsebuli zedmeti regulaciebi xels SeuSlida Tavisufalibazris Camoyalibebas”. saqarTvelo da evropis samezoblo politika, perspeqtivebi da gamowvevebi, PolicyPaper N8, OSGF, Tbilisi, 20078

„tradiciuli da alternatiuli wyaroebis gamoyeneba Tanabar pirobebSi iqnebamoqceuli“ da rom energoefeqturoba faqtobrivad ar miiCneva energoseqtorisSemadgenel nawilad, gaurkvevelia, ra stimuli rCeba kerZo seqtors am orimimarTulebis ganviTarebisaTvis.unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma 2007 wels engurhesis reabilitaciismeore sasesxo xelSekrulebis ratifikaciisas aiRo valdebuleba, rom 2008 wlis 1ianvrisTvis saqarTvelos eqneba sruli sakanonmdeblo paketi energoefeqturobisda energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis Sesaxeb. 11 miuxedavad amisa, am mimarTulebiTmimdinare samuSaoebis Sesaxeb farTo sazogadoebisTvis araferia cnobili.CanarTi 3. TbomomaragebasaqarTveloSi centralizirebuli Tbomomaragebis sistemebi energetikuli krizisisdasawyisisas moiSala. dResdReisobiT am mimarTulebiT faqtobrivad araferi arxorcieldeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT, globaluri garemosdacviTi fondis sapilotoproeqts geoTermuli wylebiT Tbilisis garkveuli ubnebis momaragebas, romelicsaxelmwifo Tanadafinansebis uqonlobis gamo faqtobrivad SeCerebulia. qveyanaSi ararsebobs statistika Tu ra raodenobis moxmarebuli pirveladi energia ixarjeba gaTbobacxelwyalmomaragebaze.aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso statistikis Tanaxmad, saSualodmoxmarebuli pirveladi energia 25-30% swored Tbomomaragebaze ixarjeba.saqarTveloSi Tbomomaragebis funqcia garkveul wilad eleqtroenergetikam itvirTa, rasacsakmaod mZime Sedegi mohyva sistemisTvis. garda amisa, didi raodenobiT navTobis, gazisada SeSis Rumlebis gamoyenebas maRal sarTulian saxlebSi mohyva Tanmdevi garemosdacviTiproblemebi, sacxovreblis haeris dabinZureba, janmrTelobis gauareseba da sxv.2.4 saqarTvelos energo-politikis evropuli veqtorirogorc ukve aRvniSneT, evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi evrokavSirisaqarTvelossamoqmedo gegma pirdapir iTxovs “energetikis politikis miznebisdaaxloebas evrokavSiris energo-politikis miznebTan” “kargad gaTvlili dagrZelvadiani energetikuli politikis” SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis gziT, raTaTandaTan dauaxlovdes ”evrokavSiris energopolitikur miznebs, energo-resursebisusafrTxoebis CaTvliT”.aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli detalur gegmamatricaSi12 aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos energetikul seqtoris saxelmwifopolitikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis dokumenti warmoadgens swored im dokuments,romelic daaxloebs saqarTvelos energo-politikas evrokavSiris energopolitikasTanda am mimarTebiT ar aris dagegmili raime damatebiTi qmedebebisganxorcieleba.garkveuli pozitiuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, romelic ukanasknel or-samweliwadSi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikisa da gazis maregulirebelkanonmdeblobaSi, jer kidev bevr problemas vawydebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis11 saqarTvelos parlamentis 2007 w. 15 martis #4457 dadgenileba ”evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganvi-Tarebis bankis meore sasesexo xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis Sesaxeb”12 dokumenti momzadda saministroebis mier evropis samoqmedo gegmis Sesasruleblad, evropul daevroatlantikur struqturebTan integraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris aparatis xelmZRvanelobiT2006 wlis miwuruls, magram bolos dawunebul iqna saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier, rogorc Zalzedetaluri dokumenti.9

Sedarebisas mis evropul analogTan. eqspertTa gancxadebiT ”saqarTvelosenergetikuli sferos sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebeli aqtebis ierarqia arSeesabameba evropul analogs. masSi Tanabarzomierad ar aris gadanawilebuliiuridiuli Zalmosileba politikur dokumentebs, kanonebsa da kanonqvemdebareaqtebs Soris. Zalian xSirad gvxdeba deklaraciuli tipis Canawerebi, romelTaSesruleba faqtobrivad SeuZlia Sesabamisi institutebisa da meqanizmebis ararsebobis gamo. saqarTveloSi moqmedi energokanonmdebloba ar qmnis iseTsavegamWvirvale struqturas, rogorsac Sesabamisi evropuli direqtivebi gvTavazoben”. 13magaliTisTvis, 2007 wels miRebuli cvlilebebiT kanoni ukve ayalibebs licenziismiRebis pirobebs, rac adre semekis prerogativa iyo da es cvlileba wingadadgmulnabijad unda CaiTvalos. Tumca, kanonSi jer kidev ar aris ”Camoyalibebuli generaciisobieqtis bazarze Sesvlis da qselTan mierTebis wesebi, romlebic aucilebliadiskriminaciis Tavidan acilebisa da gamWvirvalobisaTvis. evrokavSiris moTxovnebisSesabamisad generaciis obieqtebi saerTod gaTavisuflebulia regulirebis dalicenzirebisagan da mxolod qselTan mierTebisas saWiroeben avtorizacias, racusafrTxo da konkurentuli bazris Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels”. 14 saqarTveloSilicenzia gaicema Semdeg saqmianobebze: eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, dispeCerizacia,gadacema, ganawileba, bunebrivi gazis transportireba da ganawileba.licenzirebis procesis erT-erTi dadebiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom yvelasaqmianobisaTvis moiTxoveba garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis daskvna. Tumca kanonSiagreTve aRniSnulia, rom am daskvnas ”licenziis gamcemi moipovebs licenziebisa danebarTvebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvruli erTi sarkmlis principisSesabamisad”, anu martivi administraciuli warmoebis wesiT 20 dReSi. Tumca radatvirTva aqvs am moTxovnas yovlad gaurkvevelia. sainteresoa, ra saWiroa msgavsidaskvnis arseboba zemoTaRniSnuli qmedebebis ganxorcielebisas da rogor SeiZlebamisi gamoyeneba semekis mier licenziis pirobebis Sesrulebis kontrolisas, radganacmisi Semdgomi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi kanoniT ar aris gansazRvruli.Cveulebrivad, evrokavSiris qveynebSi energetikuli obieqtebis garemoze zemoqmedebisSefasebaze nebarTva gaicema am obieqtebis mSeneblobamde (axali generaciis obieqtisda gadamcemi xazebis mSenebloba, gamanawilebeli infrastruqturis instalacia), xoloobieqtis funqcionirebisas, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis safuZvelzemzaddeba garemosdacviTi samoqmedo gegma, romlis Sesrulebazec pasuxismgebeliaproeqtis ganmaxorcielebeli, kontrols ki axorcielebs Sesabamisi garemosdacviTistruqtura.aRsaniSnavia, isic rom sakanonmdeblo gansxvavebebTan erTad kidev ufro mkveTradikveTeba gansxvaveba saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris politikis doneze.evrokavSiri upirveles prioritetad xedavs kanonmdeblobis harmonizacias,instituciur Tavsebadobas da energousafrTxoebis koncefciis ganxorcielebas,rogorc garemosdacviTi, aseve socialuri, ekonomikuri da teqnikuri mdgradobisTvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos xelisuflebisTvis ki upirveles amocanas warmoadgensqveyanaSi energogeneraciis obieqtebis reabilitacia da axali obieqtebis mSenebloba,energiis eqsportis mizniT.eqspertTa azriT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ar eTanxmebaevrokavSiris energetikuli politikisa moTxovnebsa da miznebs da ar Seesabameba13 saqarTvelo evrokavSiris energetikuli politikis konteqstSi, Teimuraz goCitaSvili, mindauskrakauskasi, giorgi abulaSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi, ivnisi 2006 w.14 saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo-maregulirebeli baza da misi SesabamisobaevrogaerTianebis analogTan, g. abulaSvili, evrokavSiris samezoblo politika da saqarTvelo,damoukidebel eqspertTa azri, Tbilisi, 200710

evropis mdgradi, konkurentuli da usafrTxo energiis strategias. 15 ”saqarTvelosenergetikuli politikis amsaxveli dokumentis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgeniliaenergiis regulirebis formati da privatizaciis principebi, magram araferia naTqvamikonkurentuli garemos Seqmnaze, rac energetikuli efeqtianobis da usafrTxoebisproblemebis gadaWris aucilebeli pirobaa. dasaxul RonisZiebaTa nawili mxolodaRwers sxvadasxva saxis energetikuli resursebis potencials, magram ar adgensmisi aTvisebis CarCoebs da rac mTavaria, ar gansazRvravs maT rols energetikulipolitikis miznebis ganxorcielebaSi”. 16CanarTi 4. evrokavSiris energetikuli gzamkvlevi Savi zRvisa da kaspiis zRvisregionebisTvis2004 wels evrokavSirisa da Savi da kaspiis zRvispira qveynebis energetikis ministrebismier xelmowerili deklaraciis ”baqos iniciativis” safuZvelze, 2006 wels evrokomisiamgamoaqveyna e.w. ”energetikuli gzamkvlevi” am regionisaTvis. dokumenti miznad isaxavsevrokavSiris, samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis energetikuli resursebiTvaWrobis, transportirebisa da maTTan dakavSirebul garemosdacviT sakiTxebSi moqmedipolitikis, kanonmdeblobisa da standartebis Tanmimdevrul harmonizacias. TanamSromlobaZiriTadad oTxi mimarTulebiT unda ganxorcieldes:1. evrogaerTianebis Sida energetikuli bazris principebze dayrdnobiT monawile qveynebisenergetikuli bazrebis konvergencia (maT Soris aradiskriminaciuli konkurenciis, mkacrigaremosdacviTi moTxovnebis, efeqturobis, saimedoobis da usafrTxoebis, maT Sorisatomuri usafrTxoebis, principebis integrireba, Semdgomi integracia evrogaerTianebisSida energetikul bazarTan).2. energoresursebis import-eqsportis, miwodebis gzebis diversifakaciis, tranzitisa daenergoresursebze moTxovnilebis sakiTxebis saSualebiT energousafrTxoebis amaRleba.3. mdgradi energetikis ganviTareba, rac moicavs energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadienergetikuli resursebis aTvisebis xelSewyobas4. erToblivi regionuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebagzamkvlevis analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos energetikul politikas sakmaod didigza aqvs gasavleli evrokavSiris energo-politikis miznebTan dasaaxloveblad.15 Green Paper, A European Strategy for Sustainable. Competitive and Secure Energy, Commission of the Europan communities,Brussels 8.3.200616 saqarTvelo evrokavSiris energetikuli politikis konteqstSi, Teimuraz goCitaSvili, mindauskrakauskasi, giorgi abulaSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi, ivnisi 2006 w.11

Tavi 3. evrokavSiris politika energo-seqtorSilisabonis dRis wesrigis 17 Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris mTavari mizani mdgradiganviTarebis miRwevaa, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri, garemosdacviTida socialuri aspeqtebis balansi. Tumca dResdReisobiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebaaSkarad sWarbobs mdgradi ganviTarebis or sxva aspeqts, rac sakmaod did problemaswarmoadgens evropaSi.zogadad, evrokavSirSi ukanasknel wlebSi adgili aqvs energomoxmarebis garkveulzrdas weliwadSi 1-2%-iT. Sesabamisad, Tu gagrZelda arsebuli tendencia, 2030wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 70% energiisa, romelsac evrokavSiri moixmars importirebuliiqneba, xolo organuli sawvavis wili energo mowodebaSi miaRwevs 90%-s, racSesabamisad gamoiwvevs saTburi gazebis zrdas.ukanaskneli evrobarometris Tanaxmad, evropis mosaxleoba sakmaod SeSfoTebuliagaremosdacviTi sakiTxebis ignorirebiT energo-seqtorSi. erT-erTi yvelazemniSvnelovani valdebuleba, romelic aRebuli aqvs evrokavSirs, warmoadgens klimatiscvlilebis zemoqmedebis Semcireba. evrokavSiris amocana SemdegSi mdgomareobs- saTburi gazebis emisiis Semcireba ekonomikuri zrdis fonze. am amocanis fonzeyvelaze didi yuradReba swored energoseqtoris garemosdacviT aspeqtebs eqceva.ukanasknel wlebSi arsebulma situaciam (navTobze fasis mkveTri zrda, problemebigazis miwodebaSi ruseTTan) aiZula evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi daewyoT muSaobaevrokavSiris erTiani energo-politikis Seqmnaze. rasakvirvelia, evrokavSirisenergo-politikis warmatebuloba mTlianadaa damokidebuli wevri-qveynebis mieraRebul valdebulebebze, kompetenciasa da Sesrulebis xarisxze. evrokavSiriuzrunvelyofs zogad xelmZRvanelobas im sakiTxebze, romelzec ukve arsebobskonsensusi, aseTia ganaxlebadi energetika, energoefeqturoba da sxv.wevri-qveynebi jer kidev ar arian mzad SeTanxmdnen energopolitikis yvela aspeqtze.magaliTad, safrangeTi cdilobs aaRorZinos da gaaZlieros atomuri energetika,didi britaneTi cdilobs gaaumjobesos Sida energo bazari, avstria cdilobsbiomasis, rogorc energiis alternatiuli wyaros xelSewyobas, dania da irlandia kiqaris energias aniWeben upiratesobas.dRes, geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, energetikawarmoadgens evrokavSiris dRis wesrigis erT-erT mTavar prioritets. iseTisakiTxebi, rogoricaa: miwodebis usafrTxoeba, fasebi, masTan dakavSirebuligaremosdacviTi da janmrTelobis zemoqmedeba, magaliTad, saidan modis energiada ramdenad farTo sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedeba aqvs mas, mudmivad warmoadgensdebatebis sagans. ukanasknelma evrobarometrma 18 aseve cxadyo, rom mosaxleobisazriT, aucilebelia yvela doneze qmedebebis ganxorcieleba warmatebuli energopolitikisSesamuSaveblad. amasTan, gamokiTxulTa 50%-Tvlis, rom saWiroaqmedebebis gatareba evrokavSiris doneze, xolo danarCenebi upiratesobas erovnuldones aniWeben. amasTan, mosaxleobis umetesoba miesalmeba ganaxlebadi energiisgamoyenebasa da energoefeqturobis kidev ufro met danergvas, rogorc erovnul,ise evropul doneze.17 2000 wels evrokavSirma warmoadgina 10-wliani ganviTarebis strategia (lisabonis strategia), romlismizanic iyo evrokavSiri gamxdariyo yvelaze konkurentunariani da dinamiuri ekonomikis matarebelimsoflioSi, mkveTri zrdiT, samuSao adgilebis SeqmniTa da socialuri da garemosdacviTi politikebiT,ramac saboloo jamSi unda miiyvanos evrokavSiri mdgrad ganviaTarebamde da socialur erTianobamde.18 sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva evrokavSiris qveynebSi12

2006 wlis martSi evrokomisiam daamtkica mwvane wigni ”evropuli strategia mdgradi,konkurentunariani da usafrTxo energetikisaTvis”. 19 dokumentTan dakavSirebiTganxorcielebuli konsultaciebis Sedegad upirveles prioritetad gamoikveTaerTiani evropuli energo-politikis SemuSaveba, xolo sami prioritetidan(mdgradoba, konkurentunarianoba da usafrTxoeba,) upiratesoba mieca mdgradobas. 20mwvane wignis safuZvelze, 2007 wlis dasawyisSi evrokomisiam gamoaqvena axalipaketi dokumentebis “energia axali msofliosTvis”, 21 romelic moicavda: “energopolitikasevropisTvis”, “ganaxlebadi energiis gzamkvlevi”, ”Sida gazisa daeleqtro bazris ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi”, “urTierTqmedebis prioritetuligegma eleqtrobazrisa da gazis milebiTvis”, “mdgradi eleqtroenergiis generaciaorganuli sawvavidan”, 22 “evropuli strategiuli energoteqnologiuri gegma” dasxva.2007 wlis martSi evropis sabWo SeTanxmda evropis energo-politikaze. isiTvaliswinebs ganaxlebadi energiisa da energoefeqturobis zrdas 20-20%-iT 2020wlisaTvis, xolo biosawvavis gamoyenebis zrdas 10%-iT. amasTan, gacxadebulia30%-iT emisiebis Semcireba 1990-2020 wlebSi, xolo 2050 wlamde emisiebis 60-80%iTSemcirebis perspeqtiviT, oRond im pirobiT, rom sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebic aseveSeamcireben emisiebs. Tu saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba ar Sedga, evropis sabWom daadgina,rom evrokavSiris qveynebi Seecdebian sul cota 20%-iT Seamciron saTburi gazebisemisia 1990-2020 wlebSi. garda amisa, evropis sabWom daadgina, rom unda:• gaumjobesdes Sida bazris funqcionireba, sageneracio da sadistribuciokompaniebis ukeTesi gancalkevebis CaTvliT;• gaizardos saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba miwodebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa,da energoimportior qveynebSi energoefeqturobis danergvisa da ganaxlebadienergiis ganviTarebis mizniT;• SemuSavdes axali direqtiva ganaxlebad energetikaze;• gaZlierdes TanamSromloba oTx prioritetul transevropul qselze, maT Sorisnabukos gazsadenze (TurqeTsa da avstrias Soris), eleqtrogadamcem qselzegermaniasa da poloneTidan baltiis qveynebs Soris.3.1 evrokavSiris politikis miznebi da amocanebievrokavSiris energo-politika or urTierTdakavSirebul sakiTxzea fokusirebuli:mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa energiiT da miwodebis usafrTxoeba. Tu am miznebismiRweva SesaZlebelia garemosdacviTi da socialuri struqturebis ugulvebelyofisgareSe, miiCneva, rom Camoyalibebulia mdgradi energetikuli sistema. Tumca mTavarkiTxvaze pasuxi, Tu ramdenad uzrunvelyofs evrokavSirSi arsebuli politikebimosaxleobas mdgradi energiiT, romelic pasuxobs mosaxleobisa da mrewvelobismoTxovnilebas da amavdroulad uzrunvelyofs momavalSi energiis xelmisawvdomobasda ar azianebs garemos, jer kidev negatiuria.evrokavSiris mier klimatis cvlilebis konveciis da kiotos protokoliT aRebulivaldebulebebi iZulebuls xdis evrokavSirsa da wevr qveynebs didi yuradRebadauTmon energo-politikas. kiotos protokilis valdebulebebis SesrulebisaTvissaWiroa Semcirdes CO 2-is emisia, rac gulisxmobs energo-moxmarebis Semcirebasada energiis warmoebas imgvarad, rom miRebul iqnes meti energia imave raodenobis19 Summary report on the analysis of the debate on the green paper “A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and SecureEnergy”, Commission Staff Working Document, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 16.11.200620 konsultaciebis Sedegebi ganTavsebulia veb-gverdze21 “Energy for a Changing World”, January 10, 200722 iTvaliswinebs eleqtroenergiis generacias organuli sawvavidan nulovani emisiiT 2020 wlidan13

energiis ganviTarebis yvelaze warmatebuli sqemebia:• sakmarisi da stabiluri fasebi eleqtroenergiaze. yvelaze warmatebulisqemebi warmoadgens variacebs Temaze “feed-in tariffs”,rodesac mesakuTreebigarkveuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi Rebuloben fiqsirebul gadasaxads kilovatsaaTeleqtroenergiaze;• martivi da xelmisawvdomi dakavSireba eleqtrogadamcem qselebTan;• dagegmvis reJimi, romelic xels uwyobs adgilobrivi dainteresebuli mxareebisCarTvas.yvelaze warmatebuli qveyana am mxriv germaniaa, romelsac mohyveba espaneTi(Tumca naklebobaa adgilobrivi CarTulobisa), dania (romelsac sakmaod bundovanikanonmdebloba aqvs amJamad, magram miaRwevs mizans wina kanonmdeblobis xarjze),avstria da niderlandebi. sxva qveynebs aqvT garkveuli warmatebuli sqemebi sxvadasxvateqnologiebTan mimarTebaSi, magaliTad, biomasis CHP teqnologia SvedeTSi danagavsayrelis gazebi did britaneTSi.evrokavSiris samoqmedo dokumentebi energoefeqturobis Sesaxebevrokomisiis energoefeqturobis samoqmedo gegmis 27 Sesabamisad, romelic miznadisaxavda yovelwliurad damatebiT erTi procentis investirebas energoefeqturobisasamaRleblad, komisiam wamoiwyo ramdenime axali iniciativa.Sedegad 2002 wels SemuSavda direqtiva Senobebis energoefeqturobismaxasiaTeblebze, 28 romelic awesebs minimalur standartebs Senobebis energomaxasiaTeblebisTvis,rogorc axali saxlebis mSeneblobisas aseve Zveli saxlebisreabilitaciisas. direqtiva exeba gaTbobis, ventilaciis, ganaTebisaTvis saWiroenergiis moxmarebas, aseve siTbos aRdgenasa da adgilobrivi ganaxlebadi energiisteqnologiebis gamoyenebad SesaZleblobebs. direqtiva moiTxovs wevri-qveynebisgangamoiyenon direqtivis meTodologia, raTa dadgindes saerTo minimaluriintegrirebuli energo-maxasiaTeblebi.direqtiva Tbomomaragebisa da eleqtroobis kogeneraciaze, 29 miznad isaxavsgaizardos energoefeqturoba da gaaumjobesos miwodebis usafrTxoeba maRalefeqturi kogeneraciuli sistemebis ganviTarebis gziT. direqtiva cdilobsmoxsnas arsebuli barierebi kogeneraciisaTvis, risTvisac wevrma qveynebma undauzrunvelyon rom:• kogeneraciulad miRebuli eleqtrooba gadaicema da gadanawildeba obieqturi,gamWvirvale da aradiskriminaciuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze;• uzrunvelyofen kogeneraciis dadasturebas saxelmwifo organoebis mier;• Seiswavlon qveynis pitenciali kogeneraciis ganxorcielebisaTvis ekonomikurda klimatur faqtorebze dayrdnobiT da dasaxon erovnuli miznebi.qveynebi ar arian valdebulni Seasrulon direqtiva. Tumca, evrokomisia xazs usvamsim sargebels, romelsac qveynebi miiReben kogeneraciuli sqemebis danergvisas.am iniciativebis Sesabamisad, 2005 wels evrokomisiam SeimuSava mwvane wignienergoefeqturobaze. 30 dokumenti argumentirebulad warmoaCens evropaSi arsebul27 Action Plan on energy Efficiency com(2000)247 final28 Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings29 Directive 2004/8/EC on Cogeneration of Heat and Power30 Green Paper on Energy Efficiency (Doing more with less)15

energo-dazogvis potencials.2006 wels damtkicda direqtiva energiis saboloo moxmarebis efeqturobasa daenergo-momsaxureobaze, romelic moiTxovs yovelwliurad energoefeqturobiszrdas 1%-iT momavali cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi, qmnis moTxovnebs energo-momsaxurebisbazris ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobisaTvis da Tavazobs energoefeqturobis zomebssaboloo momxarebelTaTvis.“eko-dizainis” CarCo direqtiva 31 SemoTavazebul iqna 2003 wels komisiis miereleqtro-xelsawyobisaTvis. direqtivis mizania gaaumjobesos aRWurvilobisgaremosdacviTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogorc misi warmoebis, aseve misi gamoyenebisas.direqtiva mniSvnelovania, radganac gamoiyeneba yvela tipis eleqtro-xelsawyoebis,maT Soris saofise teqnikis regulirebisaTvis, xels uwyobs axali, usafrTxo daenergoefeqturi teqnologiebis danergvas, amkvidrebs markirebis standratebs,da aZlevs saSualebas wevr qveynebs Sewyviton araefeqturi eleqtroxelsawyoebisgayidva (rogoricaa marka, E, F da G 32 ). direqtiva damtkicebuli iyo 2005 wels da misiSesruleba 2007 wlis agvistomde iyo navaraudebi. amJamad mimdinareobs konsultaciebiaxali direqtivis garSemo, romelic ufro gaaZlierebs da detalurad ganixilavsCarCo direqtivaSi mocemul sakiTxebs.amavdroulad, komisia yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rom energoefeqturobis potencialievropaSi aris sul cota 2,5% wliurad. energoefeqturoba, evrokomisiis azriT,unda danaxuli iyos rogorc e.w. “win-win” situacia, radganac is iZleva saSualebasSemcirdes damokidebuleba, uzrunvelyofil iqnes miwodeba da Semcirdes saTburigazebis emisia.3.3 evrokavSiris midgoma miwodebis usafrTxoebisadmimiwodebis usafrTxoeba erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, romelic energodebatebisyvela aspeqts exeba. ufro meti ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis arsebobaufro stabilurs xdis energiis miwodebas, amcirebs damokidebulebas importirebulorganul sawvavze, ufro maRali energoefeqturoba uzrunvelyofs meti produqciisgamoSvebas igive energo-danaxarjebiT.ukanasknel wlebSi evrokavSirSi momxdarma sakmaod mniSvnelovanma gaTiSvebma kidevufro meti yuradReba miapyro miwodebis sakiTxs, xolo navTobze fasebis zrdamdebatebs usafrTxoebis aspeqtze gaamaxvilebina yuradReba. 2000 wels komisiamgamoaqveyna mwvane wigni miwodebis usafrTxoebaze, romlis Tanaxmad, atomurienergetika warmodgenil iqna kiotos valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saSualebad. 2003wels evrokomisiam mwvane wignis safuZvelze moamzada direqtiva, Tumca, is ar iqnadamtkicebuli evroparlamentis mier, vinaidan wevr-qveynebs Soris ar iqna miRweulikonsesusi atomuri energiis sakiTxze.amavdroulad, komisiam yuradReba gaamaxvila trans-evropul energo-qselebze.sqemis Tanaxmad, didi raodenobiT investiciebi unda Caidos infrastruqturaSi,rac uzrunvelyofs energiis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas evropaSi. sqema aseve moicavsevrokavSiris mezobel qveynebs. arsebobs imedi, rom liberaluri bazris pirobebSimsgavsi infrastruqtura gauadvilebs bazars operirebas.31 Directive 2005/32/EC for Eco-design requirements for energy-using products32 A – markireba aris maCvenebeli yvelaze energoefeqturi xelsawyosi da a.S.16

3.4 evrokavSiris energo-bazris liberalizaciamdgradobis TvalsazrisiT, bazris liberalizaciam SeiZleba moitanos rogorcuaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi Sedegebi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo monopoliebis msxvrevaaiolebs mwvane energetikis Sesvlas bazarze. Tumca, liberalurma bazarma aseveSeiZleba Semoitanos ufro dabali fasebi da moaxdinos moxmarebis zrda, rac gazrdisgaremoze zemoqmedebasac.2003 wels evrokavSirma miiRo gazisa da eleqtroenergetikis direqtiva 33 da daafuZnaevropuli maregulirebeli jgufi gazisa da eleqtroobisaTvis. idea mdgomareobdasruliad Ria bazris CamoyalibebaSi, ise rom momsaxureobis standarti kidev ufrogaumjobesebuliyo. Sesabamisad, samrewvelo kompaniebs ufleba miecaT TavadamoerCiaT TavianTi energomomwodebeli. erT-erTi udides problemad darCa bazrisliberalizaciis SezRuduli ganxorcieleba erovnul doneze, rac ganpirobebuli iyodidi energo-mwarmoeblebis SiSiT, ris Sedegadac mTel rig qveynebSi liberalizaciaSeCerda.amasTan, aRmoCnda, rom dawesebuli sabazro pirobebi ar akmayofilebs ganaxlebadienergiis bazars da upiratesobas aniWebs tradiciul didi mwarmoeblebs. erT-erTiproblema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavidan energo-sistemebi, rogorc warmoeba asevedistribucia, ekuTvnoda saxelmwifos garkveuli formiT da Sesabamisad, masSiinvestirdeboda sabiujeto Tanxebi. liberalizaciis fonze saxelmwifo monopoliebigaqra, samagierod, daiwyo Canacvleba e.w. oligo-poliebiT, anu igive kompaniebiaRmoCndnen seqtorSi dominantis rolSi da konkurenciis gazrdis gziT fasebisdawevis ekonomikuri efeqti realurad ar amuSavda.amasTan bazarze Semsvleli axali ganaxlebadi energiis mwarmoebeli, sufTadkomerciuli kompaniebi, iZulebulni arian gayidon energia srul fasad, romelicaseve moicavs “garegan” fassac, rasac Zveli kompaniebi ar ixdian. swored amitom,evrokavSiris 19 qveyanaSi amuSavda “Feed in Tarriff” sqema, romlis Tanaxmad, ganaxlebadienergiis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi iReben fiqsirebul energo-gadasaxads 20 wlisganmavlobaSi (ix. zemoT, ganaxlebadi energia).33 Electricity directive 2003/54/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC17

daskvnamdgradi energetikis ganviTarebisaTvis evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba sam umTavreskomponents gamoyofs: (1) garemos dacvis integracia, rogorc energiis gamomuSavebisas,ise moxmarebisas; (2) miwodebis usafrTxoeba da (3) konkurentunariani energo-sistemebisganviTareba – raTa farTo socialuri politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis mizniT,uzrunvelyofil iqnes dabali xarjebi samrewvelo konkurenciis gasaRviveblad.zemoT aRniSnuli miznebidan saqarTveloSi mxolod miwodebis usafrTxoeba aprioritetuli. amasTan miwodebis usafrTxoebisaTvis gadadgmuli nabijebi arTanxvdeba evrokavSiris Sesabamis politikas (energoefeqturoba, ganaxlebadienergiis ganviTareba, emisiebis Semcireba da sxv). Tu konkurenciis xelSewyobakanonmdeblobaSi Tundac deklarirebulia, garemos dacvis sakiTxebis integraciasaerTod ar warmoadgens seqtoris mesveurTa safiqrals. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosenergo-seqtoris reformirebis procesi ar aris mimarTuli mdgradi energetikulisistemis Camoyalibebisaken, rac mZime tvirTad daawveba isev mosaxleobas da garemosuaxloes momavalSi.aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, rom saqarTveloSi energiis moxmarebiszrda da eneregetikuli balansis struqturireba daigegmos adgilobrivi, ZiriTadadganaxlebadi resursebis aTvisebis safuZvelze, romelic daeyrdnoba mdgradiganviTarebis principebs.evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegma samezoblo politikis farglebSi moicavssaqarTvelos energetikuli politikis SemuSavebasa da mis Sesabamisobas evrokavSirisenergo-politikis miznebTan da etapobriv gadasvlas evrokavSiris Sida eleqtroda gazis sabazro pricipebze. am mimarTebiT aucilebelad migvaCnia evrokavSirisenergetikuli da mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiebis da Sesabamisi direqtivebismoTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis farTo fenebis TanamonawileobiT,SemuSavdes saqarTvelos mdgradi energo-politikis da strategiuli samoqmedogegmis dokumentebi, es dokumentebi unda iyos Sesasrulebelad savaldebulo.18

zogierTi gamoyenebuli terminis ganmarteba1. ganaxlebadi energetikis saxeebi - biomasis energia, bio-sawvavi, narCenebisganmiRebuli energia, fotovolturi, mzis Termuli energia, talRebis energia,geoTermuli energia da mcire hidroenergetika (10 megavatze meti simZlavrishidroenergia ar warmoadgens ganaxlebad energias).2. Hellio International-is Tanaxmad, mdgradi energetikuli sistema Sedgeba Semdegikomponentebisgan: 34garemosdacviTi mdgradoba:• indikatori 1. erT sul mosaxlze energo-seqtoridan gamoyofilinaxSirorJangis emisia• indikatori 2. energo-seqtorTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze mniSvnelovaniadgilobrivi damabinZureblebisocialuri mdgradoba:• indikatori 3: saojaxo meurneobis xelmisawvdomoba energiasTan da energiisxarji ojaxur biujetSi• indikatori 4:L investiciebi sufTa energetikaSi – ganaxlebadi energiiswyaroebi da energoefeqturobaekonomikuri mdgradoba:• indikatori 5: energiiT vaWrobis momgebianoba• indikatori 6: saxelmwifo investiciebis wili energo-seqtorSiteqnologiuri mdgradoba:• indikatori 7: energoproduqtiuloba/ energointensivoba• indikatori 8: ganaxlebadi energiis SesaZleblobebis gamovlena.34 www. http://www.helio-international.org/energywatch/methodology.cfm19

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0162yifSiZis q. 5a. me-4 sadarb. me-7 sarT.tel: (+995 32) 221604; faqsi: (+995 32) 223874el. fosta: greenalt@wanex.netveb gverdi: www.greenalt.org