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DATA 

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RTS 

CTS(2) 

Channel 3 

Time 

"J M9@RQ J=K=9B>A >=? @EE9;CC;E W_6X 

T4+$7NU M9@RQ J=K=9B>A >=? @EE9;CC;E W_2X 

HA9:; M@I; ?Q;=9LN@>E W__X 

T/.NM M@I;L?Q;=9< =8?L=DLN@>E W_3X 

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S%'$%#NM M;>;?BJ @KA=9B?QI >=? @EE9;CC;E W_7X 

4BA1 31 

Channel 2 

DATA 

ACK 

Collision 

RTS 

CTS(2) 

Channel 2 

DATA 

)Q; I8K?BJQ@>>;K QBEE;> ?;9IB>@K R9=NK;I1 

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99:;A;D J==9EB>@?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W6_X 

FPNM J==9EB>@?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W2eX 

"QFF J=>?;>?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W67X 

FRSA9:; J==9EB>@?B=>LN@C;E B>LN@>E W6hX 

J"A9:; J==9EB>@?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W66X 

;/79+)4 J==9EB>@?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W62X 

;Q9:; J=>?;>?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W6`X 

QFA9:; J==9EB>@?B=>LN@C;E =8?L=DLN@>E W6[X 

H4%1//)'NM >=? @EE9;CC;E =8?L=DLN@>E W2[X 

Channel 1 

Channel 2 

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?= KBIB? B>?;9D;9;>J;0 ?9@>CIBCCB=>C @9; >=? @KK=F;E => C;>CB>A 

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R;9B=EBJ C;>CB>A => B?C F=9GB>A D9;T8;>J

H" H$%"'!#$ !" #$%Z (*&+,"-$'%(#*)+()"M!"*4$+#$M'!)!,"+(H!$'")S$+l* 6h 

Channel Detection Time 

Channel Detection Time 

Fast Sensing Fine Fast Sensing 

Fine 

Sensing 

Sensing 

time 

Fast Sensing 

Fine sensing 

802.22 Transmission 

4BA1 e1 

)Q; !""" `76166 ?F= C?@A; C;>CB>A W63X1 

4BA1 g1 

*BI8K?@>;=8C *;>CB>A @>E H@?@ )9@>CIBCCB=> B> `76166 H4k W6gX1 

t 

data 

working frequency 

f 1 

Nwf 

Nwf 

f 2 

Nwf 

Nwf 

Nwf 

f 3 

Nwf 

Nwf 

Nwf 

sensing frequency 

f 4 

Nsf Nsf Nsf 

time 

cell 1 cell 2 

cell 3 

4BA1 h1 

H=8NK; k=RRB>A =R;9@?B>A I=E; D=9 ?Q9;; >;BAQN=89 J;KKC W_6X1 

@% 89!3"/=1 7!)7*)( '9"*1*Q#"*') 

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9;C=89J; F@C?;1 ( !9C? @RR9=@JQ BC R9;C;>?;E B> ?Q; ?#/:5#/!R 

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J=>?;>?B=> N@C;E H(O R9=?=J=K ?Q@? 9;R9;C;>?C ?Q; C;>CB>A 

R9=J;CC @C @> =R?BI@K C?=RRB>A R9=NK;I B> =9E;9 ?= E;?;9IB>; 

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?= =R?BIBc; B?C ;YR;J?;E ?Q9=8AQR8?1 )Q; C?=RRB>A 98K; BC 

E;!>;E N< ?F= =Nd;J?CZ 

• ?Q; =NC;9:@?B=> C;T8;>J;0 I=E;KK;E @C 9@>E=I :@9B@NK;0 

S 2 ,S 6 ...0 

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> 7 ,> 2 (2 2 ),> 6 (2 2 ,2 6 )....1 

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RB>A C8JQ ?Q@? ?Q; 9;F@9E BC I@YBIBc;E1 !> $9?Q=A=>@K 49;L 

T8;>J< HB:BCB=> %8K?BRK;YB>A U$4H%V 9@EB=C0 ?QBC E;JBCB=> BC 

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;YR=>;>?B@K J=IRK;YB?< @>E B? BC ?Q8C >;J;CC@9< ?= 9;E8J; 

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:;9CB=> =D ?Q; =R?BI@K 98K; >@I;E 6 − 7"#(! $''6 − #-!#:1 

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@ CB>AK; Q=R J=A>B?B:; FB9;K;CC >;?F=9G J=;YBC?B>A FB?Q @

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(0,0) (0,1) 

(1,1) (1,0) 

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J=INB>@?B=> =D ' J=>C;J8?B:; KBJ;>C;E JQ@>>;KC1 k;>J;0 ?9@>CL 

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J=II8>BJ@?B=>C Q@:; ?= N; R;9B=EBJ@KK?;998R?;E1 #Q@>>;K 

C;>CB>A BC R;9D=9I;E E89B>A 5PC B> FQBJQ >=E;C J==R;9@?B:;K< 

R@9?BJBR@?; B> C;>CB>A ?= ;>Q@>J; R9BI@9< 8C;9C E;?;J?B=>1 

#Q@>>;K 8C@A; BC I=E;K;E @C @> $'L$44 C=89J;\ FQ;> @ 

J=A>B?B:; 9@EB= EBCJ=:;9C @> $44 R;9B=E B? J@> ;YRK=B? @KK ?Q; 

9;I@B>B>A $44 R;9B=E D=9 B?C =F> ?9@>CIBCCB=>1 SQ;>;:;9 @> 

@:@BK@NK; JQ@>>;K BC EBCJ=:;9;E0 B? BC I;9A;E B>?= @ C;? FB?Q 

J@R@JB?< ;T8@K ?= ?Q; C8I =D @KK @:@BK@NK; D=8>E JQ@>>;KC1 

)Q;>0 >=E;C FB?QB> ?Q; =RR=9?8>BC?BJ >;?F=9G J=>?;>E ?Q; 

;YJK8CB:; @JJ;CC ?= ?Q; K=ABJ JQ@>>;K1 k;>J;0 ?Q; R9=NK;I 

=D !>EB>A ?Q; =R?BI@K C;>CB>A R;9B=E D=9 ?Q; ' JQ@>>;KC 

?Q@? IB>BIBc; ?Q; 8>;YRK=9;E =RR=9?8>B?B;C U&$PPV @>E ?Q; 

C;>CB>A =:;9Q;@E U**$kV J@> N; ;YR9;CC;E @C 

P9 ∗ = @9AIB> 

P9 

[ F 

*=2 

( 

88T? * (P9)+UT,, * (P9) )] U2V 

FQ;9; P9 ∗ BC ?Q; :;J?=9 =D =R?BI@K C;>CB>A R;9B=EC1 

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FQBJQ JQ@>>;K *fC =RR=9?8>B?B;C @9; >=? EBCJ=:;9;E N;J@8C; * 

BC C;>C;E FB?Q @ C;>CB>A R;9B=E P9 * 1%=9;=:;9088T? * (P9 * ) 

BC E;!>;E @C ?Q; @:;9@A; D9@J?B=> =D ?BI; B> FQBJQ JQ@>>;K *fC 

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CBE;9C ?Q; R@9?B@K G>=FK;EA; =D KBJ;>C;E JQ@>>;KC C?@?; @? 

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@CC8I; =>; =D B = 6 F C?@?; U4BA89; ` CQ=FC @ >;?F=9G C?@?; 

EB@A9@I D=9 'o6V1 (? ?Q; N;AB>>B>A =D ;@JQ CK=?0 J=A>B?B:; 

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?Q; C;? =D JQ@>>;KC ?= C;>C; B> =9E;9 ?= I@YBIBc; ?Q; AK=N@K 

9;F@9E J=KK;J?;E B> P CK=?C0 FQBK; KBIB?B>A ?Q; R9BI@9< 8C;9 

IBCCLE;?;J?B=> R9=N@NBKB??C 

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>;?F=9G C?@?; BC O @? ?Q; N;AB>>B>A =D CK=? "0 R9B=9 ?= ?Q; 

C?@?; ?9@>CB?B=>1 (J?B=> JQ=C;> @? ;@JQ CK=? @DD;J?C ?Q; 9;F@9E 

D8>J?B=> B> ?F= F@ BII;EB@?; 9;F@9E U?Q; @JJ;CC 

?= C;K;J?;E JQ@>>;KCV0 D89?Q;9I=9;0 B? R;9IB?C ?= 8RE@?; ?Q; 

V!$*!0 :;J?=9 @JJ=9EB>A ?Q; =NC;9:;E C?@?; =D ?Q; >;?F=9G1 )Q; 

=R?BI@K C?9@?;A< E;!>;C @ N@K@>J; N;?F;;> A@B>B>A BII;EB@?; 

9;F@9EC @>E @JQB;:; B>D=9I@?B=> ?= BIR9=:; D8?89; N;Q@:B=891 

)QBC C?9@?;A< I@?;E N;J@8C; 

?Q; EBI;>CB=> =D ?Q; C?@?BC?BJ (") A9=FC ;YR=>;>?B@KKJ;0 

?Q; @8?Q=9C R9=R=C; @ C8D!JB;>? C?@?BC?BJ =[ 2 ,..., F ] 

FQ=C; EBI;>CB=> A9=FC KB>;@9K< FB?Q F1 )QBCC?@?BC?BJJ@>N; 

;YRK=B?;E =>K< FQ;> ?Q; F JQ@>>;KC ;:=K:; B>E;R;>E;>?K? O ∈ BC ?Q; R9=N@NBKB?< UJ=>EB?B=>;E ?= ?Q; C;>CB>A 

@>E @JJ;CC QBC?=9>;K O BC BEK; @? ?Q; N;AB>>B>A =D @ 

CK=?1 %=9;=:;90 @ C8N=R?BI@K A9;;E< @RR9=@JQ ?Q@? I@YBIBc;C 

?Q; ;YR;J?;E 9;F@9E R;9 CK=? BC R9;C;>?;E1 

k;>J;0 ?Q; R9=R=C;E H#L%(# =R;9@?B=>C @9; 9;R9;C;>?;E 

B> 4BA89; [ @>E J@> N; 9;C8I;E @C D=KK=FCZ 

• (? ?Q; N;AB>>B>A =D ;@JQ CK=?0 ?9@>CIB??;9 @>E 9;J;B:;9 

C;K;J? ?Q; JQ@>>;K # ?= C;>C; @JJ=9EB>A ?= ?Q; V!$*!0 :;J?=9 

1 )Q;?F=8C;9C;YRK=B??Q;C@I;V!$*!0 :;J?=90 ?QBC 

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• !D ?Q; C;>C;E JQ@>>;K BC @:@BK@NK;0 ?Q; ?9@>CIB??;9 A;>;9L 

@?;E @ 9@>E=I N@JGL=DD ?BI;1 !> =9E;9 ?= KBIB? J=KKBCB=>C 

FB?Q B>J8IN;>? R9BI@9E@9< 8C;9C0 ?Q; C;>E;9 J=>L 

?B>8;C ?= I=>B?=9 ?Q; JQ@>>;K # E89B>A ?QBC R;9B=E1 !D # 

9;I@B>C BEK;0 ?Q; ?9@>CIB??;9 C?@9?C @ 9;T8;C? ?= C;>E^JK;@9 

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G>=FK;EA;I;>? I;CC@A;1 4B>@KKE;9 @>E ?Q; 

9;J;B:;9 8RE@?; ?Q;B9 N;KB;D :;J?=91 

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?B=> BC KBIB?;E N< ?Q; @CC8IR?B=> ?Q@? ?Q; ?9@>CB?B=> R9=N@NBKB?< 

B> ?Q; %@9G=: JQ@>>;K I=E;K @9; G>=F>1 !> R9@J?BJ;0 ?QBC I@< 

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&% &''9!/#"*+! :!"!3"*') 

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KBIB?@?B=>C @>E N< ?@GB>A B>?= @JJ=8>? R=CCBNK; C;>CB>A ;9L 

9=9C1 #=KK@N=9@?B:; C;>CB>A @KK=FC EBDD;9;>? C;J=>E@9< 8C;9C ?= 

CQ@9; ?Q;B9 C;>CB>A =8?J=I;1 )QBC C?9@?;A< ;YRK=B?C B>Q;9;>? 

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I@>J; J=I;C @? ?Q; ;YR;>C; =D B>J9;@C;E K@?;>J< @>E J=IL 

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?;9IB>@K R9=NK;I @C F;KK @C 9;E8J; C;>CB>A =NC;9:@?B=> ?BI; 

@>E N@>EFBE?Q W3gX1 489?Q;9I=9;0 B? @KC= R;9IB?C ?= E;J9;@C; 

?Q; ;DD;J?C =D I@KBJB=8C C;>CB>A >=E;C W3hX1

H" H$%"'!#$ !" #$%Z (*&+,"-$'%(#*)+()"M!"*4$+#$M'!)!,"+(H!$'")S$+l* 6[ 

State 

Transition 

Sensing 

Action 

Sensing 

Observation 

Access 

Action 

ACK Reward 

Slot T 

time 

4BA1 [1 

)Q; H#L%(# C;T8;>J; =D =R;9@?B=>C W_eX0 W33X1 

!> &RB.& W2`X J=KK@N=9@?B:; E;?;J?B=> BC BIRK;I;>?;E 

?Q9=8AQ N;@J=>C ?9@>CIB??;E @I=>A >;?F=9G JQ@>>;KC1 #L 

%(# BC @ *RKB? PQ@C; EBC?9BN8?;E H(O R9=?=J=K1 !? @CC8I;C 

?Q@? ;@JQ J=A>B?B:; 8C;9 BC ;T8BRR;E FB?Q @ Q@KD E8RK;Y 

9@EB= @>E ?Q@? ;@JQ JQ@>>;K BC =9A@>Bc;E B> C8R;9D9@I;1 )Q; 

C8R;9D9@I; BC J=IR=C;E =D ?F= J=>C;J8?B:; R@9?CZ O;@J=> 

P;9B=E UOPV @>E H@?@ )9@>CD;9 P;9B=E UH)PV1 !>LN@>E @>E 

=8?L=D N@>E C;>CB>A @9; R;9D=9I;E E89B>A ?Q; 5P =D ?Q; 

J=99;CR=>EB>A JQ@>>;K1 P9BI@9< 8C;9C E;?;J?B=> BC >=?B!;E 

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I=E8K@?B=> @>E J=EB>A CJQ;I;1 *JQ9=>Bc@?B=> FB?QB> ?Q; 

J=A>B?B:; >;?F=9G @KK=FC EBDD;9;>? 8C;9C ?= N9=@EJ@C? N;@J=>C 

FB?Q=8? =:;9K@RRB>A @J9=CC @KK ?Q; @:@BK@NK; JQ@>>;KC1 H89B>A 

OPC C;J=>E@9< 8C;9C CFB?JQ @I=>A ?Q; >;?F=9G JQ@>>;KC 

N< KBC?;>B>A N;@J=> D9@I;C @>E @JT8B9B>A B>D=9I@?B=> @N=8? 

JQ@>>;KC C?@?;1 %=9;=:;90 J=A>B?B:; 9@EB=C R;9B=EBJ@KK< :BCB? @ 

J=II=> JQ@>>;K0 >@I;E /!):!Q+'=7 3-#))!$ U+#V0 ?= A@?Q;9 

B>D=9I@?B=> @N=8? R9BI@9< @>E C;J=>E@9< 8C;9C EBCJ=:;9< @>E 

A;? 9;CJQ9=>Bc;E1 #=KK;J?;E E@?@ @9; R9=J;CC;E ?= 9;@KBc; @ 

I=9; 9;KB@NK; RBJ?89; =D CR;J?98I 8C@A;1 

!> W6_X0 ?Q; @8?Q=9C R9=R=C; @ %(# R9=?=J=K D=9 #+ @EL 

Q=J >;?F=9GC1 )Q; B=$"*3-#))!$ B.& R9=?=J=K U%%(#L#+V 

BC @ *RKB? PQ@C; R9=?=J=K FQBJQ ?@G;C @E:@>?@A;C =D @ ?F= 

C?@A; C;>CB>A UD@C?^!>; C;>CB>AV I;JQ@>BCI @>E @ J==R;9@?B:; 

E;?;J?B=> CJQ;I;1 ( E;EBJ@?;E J=>?9=K JQ@>>;K BC 8C;E ?= 

R;9D=9I >;?F=9G CJQ9=>Bc@?B=> @>E J=II=> B>D=9I@?B=> 

;YJQ@>A;1 !> ?QBC R9=?=J=K0 ?BI; BC EB:BE;E B>?= ?F= RQ@C;Z ?Q; 

(ELQ=J )9@D!J !>EBJ@?B=>%;CC@A;U()!%VFB>E=F@>E?Q; 

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