Africa in antiquity - Center for The Restoration of Ma'at

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DT.6.N84 0\2 802 

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bn 082068 (Vl , lthbnd 

bn 0820662 (Vl , pprb 

bn 0820646 (Vl , lthbnd 



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vtn 

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B. N. â€ Br Nrth 

B. . â€ Br th 

B. . â€ Br t 

pnhn N â€ N rlbr lptt 

n. â€ nrtn 

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Lvrpl â€ rd nt 

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N â€ Nr 

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bbrvtn d b .. Rnr: 

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Bt. â€ Bltppd rd plhd r 

Bl. . â€ Bl f ll rn, brn n bl rf 

R.P. â€ Rd plhd r 

R â€ rdnr rd r th ht lp r h 



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r rrdd fr b th ptn Dnt 

(. 000 B.. b Dnt V (. 200 B.. thr 

vdn f n ptn nn ln t Bhn, nr th 

nd trt. Lr ptn rrn r 

tblhd n th ddl nd (. 2000800 B.. t 

rd th p f th Nl thrh th trt rn, 

nd th trht lnl nnxtn f th N 

nd (. 40080 B. brht ht f ptn 

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vn ftr th thdrl f Phrn thrt, 

ptn rtn nd vrr rnd bhnd n th 

rv f th Nbn n thr nfln n tll b 

dttd td, n ntr ftr th llp f 

nnt ptn pr. 

Th hrtnztn f Nb drn th ddl 

brht n ptn lr nd n, nd 

ptn rhnt r thn l lld t pl thr 

trd n Lr Nb. Fnll, th lnl nnxtn 

f th dn b th Brth n th nntnth ntr 

ld t frh v f ptn rtn. n th 

ntr ndpndn, th frn vl nd ltr 

ffl hv n, bt vn td ptn rhnt 

tll pl ldn rl n th r f th dn. 

Th ptn r prtnt t r tr nt nl 

b f thr nfln pn th ltrl nd pltl 

htr f th dn, bt b f th 

ttndn rhll rn f nnt Nb, 

h th nd trt frtr nd th 

rt r tpl f b bl, r ttrbtbl 

drtl t th. 

r nd thr ntrprnr r fnl rp 

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rlnztn f 8222 brht n ht f r, 

rnn, rn, Lbn, nd thr rhnt 

vntrr, h dndnt tll dnt rtn 

trd n th dn td. Th r nt b n n 

n lnt n th n. fr b th lt 

rt Prd (. .d. 200400, thr vr lrt 

vdn f r tvt nd r nfln n 

Lr Nb nd vn fr ptr r. Th 

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nfln, nd vn d r fr vrl ntr 

t ltrl ln. n th prprt f Nb 

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f th rld, ht t tlz ntprr vrtn n 

phl tp n f rntrtn prtnt 

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phll, th r ll rltd th r htrll 

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f dprl nd dffrnttn hh rrd t th 

t nd ln lr ln n tr f r, 

ln, nd ltr. 

Th rl rl td bdd ntprr 

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lhr, th l b tphl jtftn 

fr rpn lnztn. hl th ntf b 

fr th td h ln bn drdtd (.., lln 

68, pf d nd h f th trnl rvv 

nd ntn t nfln ntrprttn f frn 

prhtr. rlt, n dn f th phl 

hrtrt f th ppl f Nb t bn b 

rvn ntl. 

Th trdtnl pprh t th td f r 

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nbr f "pr r." h f th r 

blvd t hv dvlpd n rphl ltn 

fr th rt, thrb rn nd prrvn t n 

dtntv nd rltvl hn phl 

hrtrt. h r l vlvd n r r 

dtntv ln fl nd t n dtntv 

ltrl pttrn. t nvr rd h n 

pr r hd xtd, hr th hd rntd, 

r ht prl h l. t phl 

nthrplt dvtd pl ttntn t thr r 

tht r vrl lbld ht r d, 

Bl r Nrd, nd ll r nld. h 

ndrd t hv pd n f th thr 

ntnnt f th ld rld. Th npt f pr r 

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"trntnl" r "ntrdt" ppltn tht r 

np n th drn rld. t l blvd 

tht vld prdr ld b dvd tht ld ll 

th hrtrt f th rnl r t b 

rtnd. Th ld prt th nltrd dndnt 

f th r t b dffrnttd fr ppltn 

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ll rl ppl (xpt prhp th f n n 

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nrll dvlpd n ltn vr ln prd. 

Phl trt tnd t vr n frn fr n rn 

t nthr. t, hl n hrtrt nr 

n frn fr nrth t th, nthr ll d 

fr t t t, r fr th ntr t th prphr 

f t rn. Th hppn b ntrl ltn 

prt pn pf n, nd ndvdl 

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rt nd fr dffrnt rn n rdn th d 

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n n nnn. n r, Nbn ppr 

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drn fr ll prt f th dn, th r nt 

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ppltn (d , hp. 2. 

NTRPRTTN F NBN RL HTR 

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ntrprtd th Nbn xd r tht 

prdd b ntt nd ntrbrdn btn 

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t ld ltrntvl b lld Nbn, prvdd tht 

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th prtnt nrthrn tpt hv hd trn 

fll ll n t th pt. 

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Fr fr nfr vn r trnl t 

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ntrlt tl. Bhp r hv "vr" 

Nbn ftr, hl Bhp Ptr (t. 22 drr 

nnd nd l hrt nd Bhp rn (F. 

lhtr nnd, h brdr f, nd r hrt 

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n prt, th frfln rn f th ffl f hrh 

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ntrt td f hn phl tp hv, th 

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hptr 2 â€¢ Nbn, Nr, Bl, Nlt 





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btnd hfl fr th rtn f th r nd 

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th r nldd th rt nd th dvl, 

hrtn nd l, nd th nt f th lnd 

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t th rlt vlztn f th ppr Nl, h 

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ll b rvd. 

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Th dn nn t th r lt fr th 

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Hr , th r d th tr thp 

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trrtr th f pt bt t f fr. Th rd 

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ltrtr, hv n pf thn r rphl 

nnttn th tr "thpn" nvr ppld 

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thr rt trdtn. Th nfrtn h dn t 

n th rtn f Ddr l (. 40 B.. nd 

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thr, dn t th thrd ntr .d., h r 

t dd prtnt nfrtn. hrtn nd 

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dnt. 

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fr th ffl nvrn f Nb nd th dn 

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6,8. 

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thn Drtr nrl f th rv Dprtnt, 

h Rnr t ndt n rhll rv f th 

r t b nndtd. Th rlt f Rnr r 

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t b ppld t ftr dvr. Th n, hh 

h thtd th tt f t, ntll prlll 

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nrrntl th th r f th rhll 

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v fr. nnt Nbn lf l l rntrtbl, 

bt t lr tht n nrl th ppl f th 

rn r rnzd n l trbl nt rthr thn 

n "tt," hd rltvl pl rl lf (t 

lt t jd fr t xprn n rvvn trl 

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f thr tht blt nd dl. hn rltvl 

phttd rt fr d ppr n Nb drn 

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th t pn f ntrt t hr, dtntv Nbn 

ltr prtd t bt 600 B.. n Lr 

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t dvlp lldfnd t f ndn rt fr 

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b t Pllth t, bt fr r prp 

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f ndptbl rp hrd fr th ld nd 

tn t Bhn r rtnl dptd thr hl 



th tn pd, tht , drn Dnt 

V nd V. t pbl tht th dptn 

ndr nd tht th trl fr n rlr 

dtrbd tr r ttlnt, bt n tr f 

h r fnd, nd th dnnt tpll ftr 

f th hrd r th ff fr bth th "l" 

nd "Trnl" rp. 

Hvr, th rp dd dln n ltrl 

trnth, nd thr dr r dplnt f 

n lrd ll ppltn. Th nxt Lr Nbn 

bl, th rp, nnt dt rlr thn 

ptn Dnt V nd ppr t b ntrv, n tht 

pf rltnhp th th rp nnt b 

l tblhd. Th rn f th rp 

nrtn vn th thn prvln nvrnntl 

ndtn, t brr ht hv fr n 

drt rn n th t r t r fr ppr 

Nb. Th ppr Nbn "rlr" r ltr d 

nt pprntl rvl n dtld rbln 

t th rp, bt t ppr dt rn nrtn. 

Th r ltr th hrtrt bl 

f nrthrn (nd prhp thrn ppr Nb 

fr t lt th ddl nd t rl Dnt 

XV, tht , fr t b.. t ptn n 

F. 2 nnvntnl nd rr nt. 

Th "Ltr" r ltr frl dtd t th 

lttr prt f th nd ntrdt Prd 

(8 B.. b td ptn rtft. Th 

"rlr" r ltr ll dtd ftr th 

prd. Hvr, th rlr r ltr trn 

nrl ffnt n rv tp, brl t, 

nd t dr n rtft th th rp, hh 

hd lt t dtntv Nbn hrtr b bt 600 

b., nd t flr t rflt th nvtbl rprn 

f th Dnt XV ptn f ppr Nb 

bth t tht th rvrd rltv hrnl 

d hr rrt. Th rlr r ltr, 

nn nl fr r nd , h fr bn 

pblhd nl n xtrl r fr. 

Th rlr r ltr nld vrl 

bph, nd t hrnl n ptn tr 

nrtn. t rltnhp t th Ltr bl 

nr tht t t rrpnd n prt t th ddl 

nd, nd t b t Dnt V. ptn 

tn v f tht dt r fnd t r, bt 

nt, nfrtntl, n drt tn th thr 

ph f th ndn bl. Hvr, 

n ppr Nb nt ndr th trn ptn 

prr hh ntrbtd t th ltrl dntnt 

btn th nd rp, th ppr Nbn 

ntnt pld hr t lt thrtll pbl. 

Th Pnrv ltr (F. 2 n ntrv 

bl n pt nd Lr Nb nd rtnl 

nd ntrdt Prd pl f th trl 

ltr f th dj, th nd nhbtnt 

f th trn Nbn drt, hr th rnfll f th 

Rd Hll h l pprtd nfnt 

ppltn. dj htr b t th ld 

nd, bt frthr xplrtn n th drt 

rn rrd bth t rvr rlr dj 

trl ltr nd t tblh th nfn f 

thr bl, rltd t th rvrn ltr bt 

fnd fr fld rdt nd th d Hr. 

ntl th nt f rdt pltd (. Dnt 

V, nvrnntl ndtn prttd nfnt 

hn vnt nd ntt n r f n 

nnhbtd drt. Th rp nd th rlr 

rp thrfr hv hd prtnt ln 

th xtrrvrn r, hl th t, 

nhbtn nrthrn ppr Nb n Dnt V, 





ptn ltr n th lt frth llnn B.. 

nd rltd pltl nd ltr vnt. 

rtllztn t hv hrpnd th dffrn, 

prhp prtlrl n th vtl r f ntn. 

t ll tht thr n "ntrdt" lnt 

zn btn ppr pt nd Nb tht flttd 

ntt, bt th dvlpnt f rttn fr f 

ptn b bt 000 B.. t hv nrnl 

pd rdt pn th ptn ln, 

prtlrl nfnt n th ntxt f th vblr 

nd prnntn thn vn prnn nd bl 

dnn r bd n Nrthrn r ddl rthr 

thn ppr ptn dlt. Pltl htr rlvnt 

n tht th nftn f rl Dnt pt lrl 

nvlvd nflt btn xpndn, pttv 

brn. Th thrnt prt f pt, hrn 

thr n tr f rp trl, nrprtd 

nt th ptn tt t lt dt. Thrht 

Dnt (.., fr vr 20 r th rn fTt" 

zn f nflt, nd th tpn prbbl 

rfrrd thn nl t thrnt pt nd nt, 

ltr, t Lr Nb l. Th rdl ltn f 

"Tt" t hv rnfrd th nfn f 

th Frt trt pltl nd trt ll 

n thnlnt dvd. 

bntl, th Nbn ltr r ffntl 

ltd n thr hn n f tht xprn 

thrht thr ln htr t t ntl b 

n thr rld v hh nhbtd th dvlpnt 

f jr rt fr. Th b nnt n b rvrd. 

Nvrthl, rl Nbn rt nt ntrl rtrtd 

t pprntl drtv fntn, nd th Nbn 

rtn t ntt th ptn rt fr bth 

ptv nd plx. t thrfr fl t xn 

thr ftr tht thr nhbtd r tltd th 

dvlpnt f Nbn rt. 

n bth th nd rp thr rltvl 

trn trdtn f btrt, tr dn 

hh ppr frntl n nd (t. 240, 

prd, nd (n th rp nl pntd r 

(t. 60 F. 28, nd n plr fr n nl 

rp tn rtft nd n rp bdr. 

Th vdnt rn f n f th dn n 

btr nd bdr pttrn, thr rtrtn t 

bjt f lrl prtl r drtv , nd 

th lt plt bn f ntrlt tf 

ll t trnl tht th tr trdtn 

prl drtv nd hd nn f th bl 

nfn tht prfll btrt pttrn hv 

hd n thr ltr. 

Bth th nd rp hd vr rtrtd 

tp f plt rt. Rr, hhl ht hn 

frn (t. ,2,28 F. 2 r n bth 

ltr, nd nl (ttl, t, ntlp 

r ddd t th rprtr n th rp (t. 

22. Th frn r vr ll n l, d f 

d nd l, nd fnd rrnd n nl th plt 

f rpn hvr, thr vr xtn nd th 

fnrr ntxt n hh th r ll fnd 

ndt tht th hd r thn drtv 

nfn. nthr ntrtn "ntrlt" trdtn 

rtrtd t th rp. n vr pf l 

f rrjr, fnd n bth fnrr nd 

ttlnt ntxt, r nd pl, ht 

htzd lnr fr f hn, brd, ttl, nd 

thr nl. Th r t rrnd n 

frl drtv pttrn bt l r n rthr 

hphzrdl rnzd "n." lr fr n th 

tl bt n lrr l r nd, "pd," 

nd nll vn pntd pn bldr r lff 







6 X, bt t nt td th n trn dvlpnt 

n th rhll rrd. "ptnztn" 

lt nnxtnt, prtl b thr r n 

hn ll t brn t bt. Nbn ntrd 

pt nfrd lv nd vlntr rnt nd 

n bth ttld nd r ltd rthr thn 

rtrnn h. n th ld nd ntr f Lr 

Nb hd bn bndnd, thr n ptn 

ppltn fr th ndn t ntrt th. Th 

tpl prtd bjt tltd n rtt nttv, 

bn tl tltrn (pttr, bd, tl pn, 

xpt fr ll l lt, hh th Nbn 

dd nt ttpt t lt. 

Th ptn f Lr Nb n th ddl 

nd, dpt th tblhnt f nbr f 

ptn ntr, fftvl drd Nbn t 

ptn thnl nd npt nd nhbtd 

ndn pltl dvlpnt. Th rp ppl, 

xldd fr trd nd fr lvn n th frtr tn, 

pl ntnd thr trdtnl trl ltr 

ntrtnl, vn th ntrlt fr n pttr 

bn t b rpld b btrt dn drn fr th 

tll vr tr trdtn. n Dnt X, 

th ptn rrn d t rtt nd b 

prnnt nt, nrnl nbl t rl n 

pprt fr nn pt nd plld thrfr 

t lr rltnhp th th rrndn rp 

ppltn. ptn rtft n ppr nt 

th rp, nd th xtrl lr tb f 

"hftn" rflt th rn f n ndn lt. 

Prdxll, hvr, th ntnt nd nt f th 

ntrtn ld t th dpprn f th ndn 

ltr, hh ldd rpdl t ptn t nd 

thnl. B th nd f th nd ntrdt 

Prd, th rp hd lt t f t dtntv 

. ftr, nd n th rl N nd fnd th 

drtd tb f hf f t ndtnhbl 

fr th f ntprr pt. 

ppr Nb â€ h â€ hd dffrnt htr. t 

hn nd ntrl rr r rtr, nd ptn 

ntt l drptv nd ntn. Drn th 

ddl nd, ht r prttd t ntr 

Lr Nb fr trdn prp, bt pntrtd 

nrthrd nl lht dtn nd fr ltd prd 

nvrl, th nl ptn rd nt h r 

nt pprntl dd b n prnnt r 

prnnt pt. Th blf tht ddl nd 

trdn pt xtd t r tlf dpnd bll 

pn nl tl fr tht t, hh, l h thr 

ddl nd trl thr, n ft hv bn 

plndrd fr t. 

t nt pbl t nt n dtl pn th 

rlr r ltr ntl t fll pblhd bt th 

ltr ph rvl xtrl prtnt dvlpnt. 

n f th, trn rth f pltl ntrlztn, 

ntll n ndn dvlpnt lthh 

nhnd b th dnt f pt ntprr 

F. 2. Pln f r brl n. 48, tr t r. 

n. B th lt nd ntrdt Prd (8 

B. ., btntl prt f ppr Nb nd 

vntll t f Lr Nb r ndr th ntrl 

f nl, hrdtr ht dnt, th tt nd 

pr f t br bn blzd b thr nr 

brl tl t r. Th trl ltr f th 

ht "tt" dtntvl Nbn nd drtl 

dndd fr th rlr ph. Brl t nldd 

bd brl nd hn nd nl rf rv r 

tpll pn pt rntd b rthn tl (F. 

2 nd th dnnt pttr bltppd rd 

plhd r fnd n ll th Nbn ltr bt 















t th vr dn f Phrn htr, lttl bfr 

00 B.., th rlr f pt trnd thr trd th 

trrtr t th th. Th th rn bnd th 

nfn f bl llh nd th frt n f ppr 

pt, hh nfntl nh lld Tt, 

nn Nb. t th trrtr bnd n nd 

lphntn, th lnd hr th brtr fr vtd vr 

hd ln tn pl. t bnd th brrr f th 

Frt trt f th Nl. nt th nhptbl rn 

th rlt phrh rrd thr trd nd nfln t 

th nrthrnt prt f Nb, hh thn 

nhbtd b trbl t nn td th rp. 

n brl btn th Frt nd nd trt, 

xvtd n drn t, hv bn fnd vl 

nd ppr pn prtd fr pt, hh 

ndt th xtn f rl rltn btn 

pt nd hr thrn nhbr. t , hvr, 

tht th rltn r nt l pfl, fr 

pl f Hrh, h rld pt t th vr 

bnnn f Dnt , rrd vtr vr Tt, 

nd ndr h r, Djr, hrdtrd r 

drn t bl hh ln, ppt d 

Hlf, t ndt tht ptn rdn prt 

hv dvnd fr th nd trt (F. 

8. hld prhp ttrbt t th rd th 

nn nd fnl xtntn f th rp ltr 

t t ntl th ld nd (. 26020 

B.. t fnd ptn xpdtn nt Nb n lr 

l. n th rt dd f nfr, th fndr f 

Dnt V, hh r rrdd n th Plr tn, 

pn n Nb, drn hh th n t 

vn thnd prnr nd brht b t pt 

ndrbl bt n ttl. t Bhn, nr d Hlf, 

xvtn h nvrd th rn f n ntlltn 

tht n b dtd t th ld nd n th b f 

pttr frnt nd f l prn brn th 

n f rl ptn rlr. Tht th t 

prtnt t th rl phrh ndtd b th 

prn f ppr fndr. 

hp nd h r l pntrtd t th 

drt rr f th Nbn drt t f Th, 

hh ppld th hrd, fnrnd tn fr th 

phrh trnl ln. rtn rfft t T 

nd thr n nrptn t lb, jt th f th 

nd trt, r prhp ttrbtbl t rrn 

xpdtn n th rv f ld nd rlr th 

rfft t lb r th thrnt rrd t fnd f 

ptn prn n Nb drn th ld nd. 

n Dnt V, th ptn hld n Lr Nb 

thtnd. n th r tht Pp nt t ndr th 

ldrhp f nrl n r ntnnt fr 

vrl Nbn prnplt, nd drn th flln 

rn f rnr, n ld n ptn xpdtn 

thrd t btn fr th Nbn rr fn tn 

fr th rph nd th prdn dtnd fr th 

tb f h ptn rlr. t tht t, n prvd 

th ntrtn f nvbl hnnl thrh th Frt 

trt, nd th phrh hlf d jrn t 

lphntn t rv th h f Nbn hftn. 

Nvrthl, th nrptn t T nd th n 

th tb f th nbl t lphntn ndt tht ll 

nt n Nb. t nr t "pn th rd" 

r th ntr nd t, Ppnht rprt 

n h tb, t n n bt th th Nbn. Th 

nrptn f Hrhf rrd ln xpdtn ltn 

vrl nth, hh pntrtd fr , prhp 

th rn n th pln f Dnl ltr nn r. n 

rdr t vd htl prnplt ltd n th Nl 

Vll, Hrhf trvld ln th nd trl brdrn 

th Lbn Drt. H lt th d rd b h 









â€ 0 

F. 42. n tr (88842 B.. tn n n, 

fr bl , Th t (ftr pn 6. 

rp ppl dptd rtn ptn t 

nd fnll, ftr ln rtn, xprnd n 

thn ltrtn. 

nhl, n th Thbn rn, thr r n f 

ptn rnn. nnrT nd ftr h 

bn trl fr lbrtn. n rdr t t 

th Thbn n pnr vnt, th H n 

rrpph ht n lln th th ht. Th 

rnrvn Tblt (rdnr 6b, th t txt 

rbln ntrl rn, h rntl rd 

l f prl htrl ntnt nrbd n lr 

tl tht rd fr th rth t rn n 4 

(Hbh 2. n t rd tht th fllr f 

ntrptd n r f th H n n 

rt t th , th th rlt tht th rnt 

h br nvr rhd t dtntn. , th th 

d f th dj, fll rtd th n, pvn 

th fr h r, h, h fnll t 

pn f th H ptl t vr nd drv th 

nvdr b nt . 

t h h fndd Dnt XV nd 

lrl nrtd th N nd(080 

B... Hrdl hd th ptn drvn t th H 

hn th ndrt th rnt f th th. r 

ll nfrd bt th pn f h nd h 

r n Nb, thn t n h, n f bn, 

h brph nrbd n th ll f h tb t 

lb. h , tp, "rn," h 

rrdd fthfll th v t f h ln 

ltr rr. Fr th tbrph h lft nd fr 

thr r, lrn h Lr Nb n 

r ndr ptn ntrl. rth f nd 

h r prnnt n r nrptn t rnn. 

h blt tpl t Bhn, nrth f th rt 

ddl nd frtr h n nhtp lft h 

n t n. Dvr n th lnd f â€ 

tt f h, bl th th n f h f 

Nfrtr, nd tt f nhtp â€ t tht 

th frt n f Dnt XV pd tht lnd 

bnd th nd trt. Hvr tht b, 

nhtp ddd pn th lnztn f ll Nb 

ndr vr t b nn "n n f h" 

nd "vrr f th thrn Lnd." Th frt 

hldr f th ff , t , rtn Tr, h 

hd frrl bn ndnt f th frtr f Bhn. 

Prr lrtd ndr Tth . t 

Tnr, n nrptn n th r f th Btn l 

Hr h rb "ntn th bt" tht nt 

ptr ( hpr l pbl, nd 

prbl dnt h rntl bn dvrd t 

h t. n h drv t th th, Tth 

dd n pn th Thrd trt, th pnn th 

t t th pln f Dnl, nd ddnl th 

rtn f r llpd. ll bnd th pnt, 

tl rtd t r, bt fft ltr th 

f b Hd, nd th, fr th frt t n ptn 

htr, thr pnd drt rt trd th 

6 

hptr â€¢ pt n Nb drn th 

ld, ddl nd N nd 

















Th Nptn Prd 

rlHnz Pr 

 

n th frt dd f ptn Dnt XX, t 

pprxtl 00 B.., pt dnn vr Nb 

t n nd. t nt ntl rnd 00 B.. tht 

n pr bjtd th frr ptn trrtr, 

pr tht t dtrn th htr f th Nl 

Vll fr th Frt trt t bnd hrt fr 

n l thn thnd r. Th pr, lld th 

nd f Npt nd r, l nn th 

nd f h, th n rnll vn b th 

ptn t thr Nbn trrtr nd ltr dptd, 

ln th thr trdtnl ptn dntn, b th 

n f h. 

Th htr f th nd f h dvdd 

nt t prd, th Nptn Prd, ltn ntl 

bt 20B., nd th rt Prd, xtn 

ntl th fll f th nd trd th r .d. 20. 

Th dvn bd pn hn n th n 

nd pltl trtr f th nd, fr hh 

hv t nl th flln vdn: 

. Th trnfr f th rl tr fr th rn 

f Npt, nr th Frth trt, t r, bv 

th tbr tr. 

2. Th rplnt f ptn th nl rttn 

ln b rt, th ln f th ppl h hd 

hvd pltl dnn fr th bnnn. 

. Th rdl dvn f ndn ltrl 

trdtn nd d f prptn hh n th pt hd 

fnd prtll n xprn n ffl rln nd rt. 

R 

Th r fr th htr f th Nptn Prd r 

vr ndd. Th rl tr nr Npt (l 

rr nd Nr, F. 4, th tr fr br f th 

rln fl nd th ppr l t r (th nd 

t Br tr, nd th tr f th t 

f n, n th thr d f Npt, hv bn 

xvtd. n ddtn, tpl t t Npt (bl 

Brl, n, , nd Tb, n th lnd f r 

â€ t n nl th t prtnt f th â€ hv l 

bn xplrd. n th r f th xvtn, r 

f rl nrptn f htrl ntr rttn n 

ptn hv t lht. Th fnd â€tthr th 

r f llr nrptn, fr tpl rlf nd 

brl â€ hv nbld t dtrn th prbbl 

n f rlr, th rtn f thr nt t 

th thrn, nd fl rltnhp thn th dnt. 

Th trl h l ldd nfrtn rrdn 

ltr pn, tpl ntrtn, nd 

ndnt d t th d. n hrt, t h nbld 

t fr ptr f th pltl "ptnzd" 

ltr f th rt nd th ffl rln. n th thr 

hnd, th trl ld lt n nfrtn 

nrnn th thn nd l trtr f th rdnr 

ppltn n lttl bt prprt rht r 

vrnnt dntrtn. hv lrnd lt 

nthn f th n fndtn f th tt, 

hh rrd th ldt rnzd "frn" 

tt n nn t . rvr, n hrdl 

nthn bt th trl nd prtl ltr f lr 

nt f th ppltn. r ntd th 

nthr th rl v nr th rtt prdtvt f 

th , fr nn f thr ttlnt r tr 

hv t bn xvtd. 

ptn r fr td f th prd r nt vr 

nr. hl th tprr rl f th n f 

h vr th lnd f th phrh n th hth nd 

vnth ntr B.. rltd n nr ntrtn 

nd nrptn, th tll vr lttl bt ndtn 











80 n th bnt trl f th rt dtrrnn 

pr. ftr Tntn rprt f h ptn 

pn n h tl n Npt, th nrptn f th 

ht n ntn blt ln n th bjt f 

Rh rltnhp th pt r, ndd, th n thr 

tt. Th ln ll th r rrttbl, n t 

ld b hlpfl t n th xtnt t hh ntnn 

drt nfln fr th nrth hld b tn nt 

ndrtn n vltn th ltrl nd rtt 

dvlpnt f Nb drn th thr ntr 

tht flld. 

Hlf ntr ftr ht rl n pt ndd, th 

ptn d n ttpt t bnh ll r f t 

xtn. Th n f th phrh f Dnt XXV 

r hd fr th nnt nd nrll 

rpld b th n f Pt (8 b., nd 

n r bth f th r r rvd fr th hd f 

rl tt nd rlf. Th dt fr th 

rtn r tht br t n th r b.. 

rdn t th ptn vrn, Pt nt n 

r p th Nl t thrt th ltr pln f th 

ht. Th btnn ttn rrdn th 

pn prvdd b th rfft f r, rn, 

nd Phnn rnr n th l f n f th 

l f b bl. r nfrtn prvdd b 

t nrptn f th ptn n. rdn t n 

f th nrptn, hh, nfrtntl, vr 

frntr (tl f Tn, r J 60: nrn 

â€tt 2, bttl rrd nr ll 

pl lld th "rdn f th r" h " thr" 

(r th rt ttl f th ht n. Th 

ptn r vtr n th bttl, nd th r 

prbbl thdr t r. t rn nrtn 

hthr r nt th ptn r dvnd fr 

Npt n tht n nd rpnbl fr th 

rdtn f th n f ht n nd fr th 

dtrtn f thr tt n th tpl t tht pl. 

rdn t th txt f nd nrptn (tl n 

rn nd N lbh: nrnâ€tt 

2 Br 6, Tb, hh ltd t 

th th f th Thrd trt, rhd b th 

ptn nd hr, t, bttl nd. Th tl ll 

pl ttntn t th nfvrbl ndtn f th 

bttlrnd nd t th r f th ht, f h 

4,200 r tn prnr. Prbl th ht r 

dfndn th ntrn t th pln f Dnl. 

Thr r dbtl thr tht ntrbtd 

t tn rltn btn pt nd h. rdn t 

r trdtn (Hrdt 2. 0, tn ptn 

rrn thdr fr lphntn t "thp" 

nd ttld th f r t th t f Pt 

(66460 B... r trvlr f Ptl t l 

t hv r th dndnt f th rrn 

t th Bl Nl nd vn frthr t th tht. 

rdn t r rprt, hh r bth 

nlr nd ntrdtr, th Prn n b 

(22 B.. ndrt pn nt "thp" 

ftr th nt f pt n 2 B.. Hrdt 

(. 2 tht th r n rt prt dtrd 

b f l f prvn, nd tht thrfr 

b hd t rtrt. trb (. . 4 ntn th 

drt r nr r br th rn hr th 

Prn r vrhld b ndtr. thr r 

r ll tht b th fndr f 

r. Th lltn pltl pbl. 

lthh ltr r trvlr td ndvdl 

llt n th Nbn Nl Vll th b, 

rfrrn n thr rprt t "trh f b" 

nd frth, nl Lr Nb n hv flln nt 

tt f r r l l dpndn pn th Prn 





82 nl, ll nl, ppl, nd ll thr d," 

"r nr thn th nd." Ppl nd ttl 

blnn t th ll ppltn fll nt thr hnd. 

hn th r bntl dftd, "ll th hldrn 

nd ll th n" n th vnt f r hlpd t 

brn n th bt (nrptn X. Hrtf 

(n. 2 fht th dd n th nd, htnth, 

nd tntthrd r f h rn: t th hd 

dvnd "th ll thr d" nt "th ntrr f 

r." t th t f Ntn (n. 2, th t 

t lld , hh hd tll blnd t h ndr 

Hrtf. Th prn f th tn ptrd th Bj 

rd "fx" rnzbl n h n, bh. 

t prrl n Ntn rprt (t. 2, hh 

h rptdl bn ntnd, tht n rd f 

frthr pn nt thr ppl h r 

nnn t . n th fr, h ntt f ttl, 

ppl, nd ld r tnbl tn bt, 

nd n h th prn tht th ht r 

ndrt rd n rdr t brn n th lth tht th 

n pd n th nr hnd t th d. f 

ttnt rrdn th nl lth f th trb 

nrnd r nt rtl xrtd, r prbbl 

dln th th nhbtnt f r t th th 

nd tht f th rt hrtlnd: th Nb, 

h lvd t f th Nl nd h r ntnd b 

rtthn, nd th Nb, h ttld n th lr 

rh f th Bl Nl nd pd th rt 

r ntr ltr ( p. 0. 

TH NPTN N 

Fr th t prt, th rt f ppl 

ndn t th Nl Vll r nd n rltr 

nd ttl brdn. Th rbl lnd n th bn f 

th Nl r, n ntrt t th f pt, nrll 

vr nrr nd dntn. Th hdf, tp 

f vrzd ldl, rtnl t d fr 

rrtn bt th (tr hl nt ntrdd 

ntl th rt Prd, nd xtnv nl bldn 

ndrtn n nl vr f pl, h th 

r bn. ftr th nnl r rn, th pln f 

th rt d f th lnd f r ld b ltvtd, 

th tll r td b th nhbtnt f th vll 

ln th Nl. d nt n hthr r nt th hfr, 

rrvr tpl f th rn ( p. 8, lrd n 

drn th Nptn Prd. 

Bd brl nd plt, drr (llt l 

ltvtd b th nd f th Nptn Prd t th ltt. 

Flln ldr r, thrhd, h rtn 

dt fr bt 0 B.., hrtrzd th "thpn" 

plntr f drr nd f , hh l 

ntnd n th nrptn f Ntn. r trvlr 

r nt fvrbl prd b ll hvnt n 

rltr nd ttl brdn th rprtd tht th 

"brdn t ll n z: hp, t, xn th 

d r l ll bt v nd npph . . . Th 

thpn lv n llt nd brl fr hh th l 

prpr bvr. Th hv n l bt th d hv 

bttr nd t th hv n frt xpt fr dt 

fnd n th rl rdn" (trb . 2. 2. Th, 

Hrtf (n. 2 ndr t prtnt t ntn n 

th nnl f h rn tht x dt pl r plntd n 

Npt nd x n r n bhlf f th d n 

(tl r J 48864. t nl n tpl nd pl 

rdn tht th ltvtn f vnrd ttptd 

fr th tndn f th vn Thr (n. prtd 

plt fr r (tl hrt 26. 

Th brdn f hr ntttd pl brnh 

f nl hbndr. Th hr, d prrl fr 

ltr prp, njd th pl fvr f th n. 

Th hr f n r rfd ftr h dth nd 







nl b brthrtr rr tr, t 

n pt, ld th n f n r ltt 

l t th thrn. Th trlnr rdr f n 

t pbl fr t ndrtnd rtn txt, 

h t nrptn f Thr hh l tht n 

lr hd bd th d n t nfr vrnt 

pn th ffprn f h tr (n th, Thr 

thr nd nt pn lr n hldrn (tl 

hrt 268 pnhn N 2. nln 

ttr th pl n bhlf f h thr dndnt 

(tl pnhn N 0. n h rntn rprt 

(tl r J 48866 F. , plt rndr n 

nt f h trnl ntr thrh vn 

nrtn. 

Thr l n ltn f th n, n hh th 

prnl lt f th nddt pld prt. Th ft 

rprtd b r rtr (Hrdt, trb, 

Ddr, h l nt tht th r t th thrn 

hd t b th rtt nd t prfl n, th rht 

nd th t xprnd n nl hbndr. lrn 

nthn bt th prt fr th ht nrptn 

thlv, bt th d rvl tht nn t th 

thrn pbl n t hh nvtn f 

th ltr fr ld l t ht t lt frl 

rht t vt. Th frntl ntnd nrptn f 

n rnt t , hh nfrtntl 

vr frntr, drb th prdr n dtl. t 

th dth f th n, th r nvn nd prd t 

th pl. Thr, th bn f ldr lntd t 

th rt ffl. t th t, r nd 

nd th h xprd t pl h n th thrn. Th 

pl ffl nr, nd th n n, h "n 

xllnt th t n th n brthr," ld nt 

th rl pl. ht hr t lrl 

hrdtr nd, bt n n hh th r tll 

rrd nfrtn b th r, vdntl 

nvtn f ll nrptbl br f th 

rln trb. 

n n ntn, th r bdtd t"rht t vt" 

n fvr f th rlr dn f th d n f 

Npt (tl f plt, r J 48866. f r, th 

â€ t lt t frt ht â€ nl nthr fr f 

prltn, hh t hv hd nthn t d th 

n fndntl rl f th prthd "nr." 

r rtr, hvr, rprt tht "n nnt t" 

prt h th n nd n vrl n vn 

frd h t nd h rn thrh d (trb 

.2.. rdn t Ddr ., th prt frt ltd 

n thlv r f tbl nddt nd thn 

lld th rl t nd n f th th vrn 

pr. n th nfln f th prt d t hv 

bn frbl ndd t t hh ndd th 

th bnnn f th rt Prd ( pp. 4, 

pr f th prt t hv xtd thn th 

Nptn Prd. t pbl tht v trd ndn 

tht pr, n th fnl ph f th Nptn Prd, 

ht prhp b dntd n th tprr trnfr 

f th rl tr drtl t bl Brl ( p. 

4. Th nrptn thlv ld nl v 

ttnt Ntn , fr xpl, tht h hd bn 

"lld" b th n f Npt (t. 2. 

ftr h nn t th thrn n r, th n 

ld trl t t n "rntn jrn." H 

ld frt t Npt nd prd fr thr t 

nd Tb. n h llt n h rt, h ld prnt 

hlf t th d nd b frnhd b th th 

bl f vrnt nd pr. Th rntn 

jrn nrll n n n hh n 

r rntd fr th rtrtn f pl f rhp. t 

l t hn th prn rt, fr ntn, 



86 Th "frnd" dd th n n lt fntn nd r 

l ntrtd th ltr ldrhp. thr ttl f 

rn l xtd t th t n th r "Prn f 

Nb" nd "rt n f H jt" r "rt n 

f th Rl H." Thn thr r l hl r f 

ffl h th "Hd lBrr f th Rl 

H," th "hf rb f h," th "Rl rb 

nd Hd Brn nd rnr prntndnt," nd 

frth. f vl rvnt f th tp hd ptn n 

t th t f plt(tl Lvr 2. 

n nthn f th dntrtv rnztn 

f ndvdl tn f th ntr. Th nrptn 

p f "prvn," bt t rn ttr f dbt 

hthr r nt th rd rrd th nn t 

dd n pt. n tht n f P hd bn 

"Prnvrnr f nd" ( pl h pr 

ltn nnn. f th "t rbll lv" n 

Lr Nb h r fht b Hrtf ( p. 80, 

t lt n br rt n. tht 

th hld ptn rrpndn t tht f hhlvl 

vl rvnt f th r n ltr rt t 

( p. 02. 

f th prt, n nl th rp tv n 

th rt ntr f th ffl lt. Th r dvdd 

nt th rn tht r tr n pt. txt 

fr th Tpl f n (tl Lvr 2 ntn 

nd, thrd, nd frth "rvnt f d" (hh prt. 

Th ff f th frt rvnt f d nt ntnd, nd 

prhp th n hlf rrdd th hldr f 

th ff. "rb f th rd f d," vn ft 

prt (h t th vrd lt brvn, thr 

"prntndnt" (h r prhp ntrtd th th 

dntrtn f tpl prprt, nd "tpl rb" 

r l ltd n th Lvr txt. 

n n blnd t th tpl prnnl. n 

h f th tpl f Npt, n, , nd Tb, 

nln (n. rtd th ptn f "tr 

plr," n ff hh h dpnd t h tr (tl 

pnhn N 0. n f th tr b th 

f f plt, nd hn plt ltr b n, h 

trnfrrd hr ff b dr t nthr tr (tl 

Lvr 2. n nrl, th vrn ppr t hv 

hd th frd nd th pr t tblh nd dp f 

prtl ff. t rprtd n th tl f n nnn 

n, prbbl tll blnn t Dnt XXV (r J 

4886, tht h rvd t prtl fl fr thr 

ff b th hd d rdr ttpt "n 

th lf f prn h hd nt ttd r." f th 

n prnt t tpl, pll drn h 

rntn jrn, t h h ndtd th rl 

ftvl nd rrd th lt f th dt n 

prn (nrptn f rnt, X. 

n th b f th nrptn, n brdntn f 

th n t th prthd n b tblhd. n pt, 

th vrn hlf ndrd t b th hht 

nd, thrtll, th nl prt nd prtnr f th d. 

Th tprr ndn f th prthd, hh h 

bn ntnd bv, prbbl rlt f th l 

t tht xtd btn th Nptn nrh nd th 

tt rln. t prbbl prt ln h pd 

nld f nd prvdd nl n n dl tht 

nt nrl rtd n th ppl tlf. n 

tr f th ptn ln nd, thrfr, l f 

th rl ltrtr prbbl ltd t th prt, 

t jt t tht ptn r br f 

th prthd fr vr ln t. f th fftn prn 

ltd blnn t th Tpl f n, fr 

pd ptn n. 

hv lrd ntd th pltl fntn f th 

r n th "ltn f th n." Th fntn nl 



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Th rt Prd 

Frtz Hntz 

8 

h nd jr prd f th nd f h 

lld th rt Prd. t pn th r fr bt 

00 B.. t bt .d. 0 nd hrtrzd b vrl 

dtntv ftr. 

rnd 00 B.. r f dv hn t 

pl. n th, th trnfr f th rl tr 

fr t trdtnl t nr Npt t t n th vnt 

f th ptl, r, hld b ntnd frt b 

f t rt htrl nfn, lthh frthr 

rrh rrd t xpln th rtn tht 

ndrl th vnt. Flln th trnfr, th rt 

trnd thr pltl ntrt r t th thrn prt 

f th nd, prtlrl t th rn f thlnd f 

r," nn td th Btn. rlt f 

th trn, rt lnt ntrd th rdl 

ptnzd ffl ltr f th tt nd rt, n 

thr rd, f th rln l. n th b f r 

prnt nld, r nbl t dtrn hthr 

r nt n fndntl hn n l trtr t 

pl n rl rt t hh ld dtnh th 

prd fr th Nptn Prd. Th rl f th rln 

fl, tthr th th trnn f ff thrh 

th trnl ln, b lrl vbl nl t ltr 

dt, bv ll n Lr Nb. Tht th phnn 

ppr t ltr dt, hvr, b d rl t th 

ft tht thr r r ltr r vlbl t . 

th rrd t rltr, ttl brdn b 

nrnl prtnt. xvtn n th t f r 

hv hn tht ll nl, h hp nd 

t, r rdll rpld b ttl th b f 

nrhnt. Th n rprnttn f ttl, 

fr xpl th n th Tpl f pd t 

rt fr (F. 60, ptr prfl nd 

llrdfr brd h prt t r tht 

fr f tl ttl brdn hd tn th pl f r 

ttl hrdn. Th nl r ptrd rn d 

nl, prbbl d f lthr, fr hh bll r 

hn. Th vdntl njd rt prt nd t 

hv pld n prtnt rl n th tpl lt. 

t n rl b dbtd tht th rt r 

flr th th rt f tn frn lphnt nd tht 

th d th nl n ltr pn (F. 6. 

hthr r nt th t n b trd b t th 

Ptl nd thrfr ndrtl t ndn nfln 

ttr f dbt. Th lphnt hd rt nfn n 

r, prtlrl n rt fr, hr t 

frntl rprntd n rlf nd lptr. t 

l ftrd n rhttrl lnt n tpl dn, 

lptrd lphnt fntnn ln b (Vl. 

, F. 8. Tht th lphnt pld prt n lt 

rn lr, bt th rn f th rl nd t 

nfn r tll lrl nnn. n n vnt, 

hr n prtnt rt hrtrt tht dd nt 

ppr ntl ftr 00 B.. 

T p th th pl lt ndtn f th 

r, n xtnv t f rrvr (hfr 

dvlpd t fltt bth ttl hrdn nd, t 

rtn xtnt, th ltvtn f fld fr th Nl 

Vll n th Btn. Th bnhpd hfr r 

ntrtd b xvtn th rth nd pln t p n n 

lt rlr bnnt th n nt, tht 

drn th nl rn th tr ld tr nt th 

rrvr fr th rtt pbl drn r. 

f th hfr r t lr nd rtnl rrd th 

rnztn f ndrbl nbr f rr fr 

thr ntrtn nd ntnn. Th lr hfr f 

rt fr, fr xpl, h dtr f 











4 lthh t h bn rd tht rt rtn 

ttd r dl, t prl n t thd f 

vl nttn tht rt dffr fndntll fr 

r. rt rpt llb t, n hh vr 

bl rprnt nnnt pl th vl , xpt 

hn flld b nthr bl ndtn th vl , , 

r . bl fr th vl tlf ppr nl t th 

bnnn f rd. Fr th llbl n, , t, nd t, 

thr r prt bl. f nnnt l vl 

ltthr, th l rprntd b n th n 

thrfr h dl . n t f bl t 

prt rd, rt rpt nt nl dtnhd 

fr bt prr t th r. Th rt t f 

rtn trnl lr t th ld Prn nfr 

rpt, bth n t nnr f nttn vl nd n t 

thd f rd prtn. d nt n hthr 

th lrt r rl ndntl. 

Fr th nd ntr B.. n, th rt 

ln, hh hd frrl bn nl pn tn 

n h, pld lt xlvl th rttn 

ln ll. n thr r, nfrtntl, n 

blnl nrptn t prvd th t 

rt, ndrtnd vr lttl f th ln. 

hv bn bl t rd th rt rpt tht 

dfflt vr n t frt dphrd b F.L. rffth 

(, bt d nt n th nn f ht rd, 

xpt n th f vr f rd nd phr. 

rlt, th nr rt nrptn n r 

pn n b d nl t ltd xtnt n n 

htrl ntrprttn. rt nt Ht 

t ("frt" ln nd thrfr nt 

rltd t ld ptn. Vr ttpt hv bn 

d t ln rt th n f th thr llnn 

rp f frn ln, fr f h nhp ld b 

prvd t ld b f nfnt d n ddn th 

nnt ln. nfrtntl, th ffrt hv nt 

t prdd ptbl rlt. 

Th htr f th rt Prd f th nd f 

h n b dvdd nt th flln n t: 

trntnl t (fr 0 t 20 B.. btn th 

Nptn Prd nd th rt Prd flld b 

th rl rt Prd (fr 20 t 0 B.. th ddl 

rt Prd (fr 0 B.. t th thrhld f th 

hrtn r nd th lt rt Prd (fr th 

thrhld f th hrtn r t pprxtl .d. 0. 

TH TRNTNL T 

n Ntn ( B.., n 2 th lt 

rlr t b brd t Nr. ftr h ntrnt, th rl 

tr trnfrrd t th ppt bn f th Nl, 

t bl Brl, hh th ptn ll th 

ht lld "th Hl ntn," nd t th ft f 

hh l th rt Tpl f n. Fr t lt thr 

nrtn, th rl tr rnd t bl 

Brl, n th vnt f th rt Tpl. lthh 

rl prd (Br. ,4, tht r dfntl f th 

prd hv bn ltd thr, nrptn f vrl 

rlr dtn fr pprxtl th t 

hv l bn fnd t . Th nrptn r 

prl prrvd, hvr, nd thrfr lrl 

nprhnbl. Nvrthl, d n tht th 

rfr t tpl ntrtn nd bt fr rf. 

Th rlr h r ntrrd n th prd rp t 

bl Brl r prvl lfd b hlr 

blnn t "Frt rt Dnt n Npt." t 

d tht th nd f h t th t 

dvdd nt nrthrn (Nptn trrtr th t 

ptl t Npt nd thrn (rt trrtr th 

t ptlt r. d(n Dnh th 

frt t pp th v, hh dt b t Rnr 

(2d. d blf tht Frt rt 





6 

â€ 

0 0 20 

F. 6. Drn f n rnhn (228 B.., fr 

th td th ll f th pd Tpl t rt 

fr. 

drtd th frn, nd th ptr r nt ptn 

bt rt (F. 6 t. , . Th prnpl d 

f th tpl r l rt d: th lnhdd 

pd. r d nd prttv dt (F. 0 t. 

2, nd th hnhdd br, d f p 

nd f rtn. 

ndr rnhn n ( nd r, 

rn (rn , 28200 B.., n. , h 

brd n Prd B. N. , d rltn th 

Ptl pt vdntl prtd. rn jnd 

th Ptl V n bldn tpl n Phl nd n th 

Tlvl trp (Ddhn. t Phl, bl 

blnn t rn fr prt f th thrn 

nlr f th Tpl f rnnph blt b Ptl 

V t D, hpl bn b rn 

xtndd b Ptl V, nd bl brn h n 

r l fnd t lbh. 

Th rlf nd nrptn f th ntrtn n 

Lr Nb r pltl ptn n tl. n 

dhln (2000 B.., n. 8, h prbbl 

th r f rn , d hpl f t 

b rtd t Dbd. n n f t nrptn, h tr 

hlf "Blvd f pd." 

Th trrtr jt rfrrd t th Ddhn 

xtndd 20 ltr th fr n (n t 

Hr n (hrr. t hd bn bjt 

t ptn dntrtn n t lt th xth 

ntr B.. nd jnd t ht thn pt 

thrnt prvn brdr zn. Phl, th t 

lt f , th rl ntr f th trrtr. Th 

Tlvl trp hd rt rl prtn, fr 

t rdd th t th prtnt ld n f d 

l ll n th trn Drt. Th ft tht rt 

rlr ndrt bldn prr n th brdr r 

n nl b ntrprtd n xprn f th rdl 

frndl rltn tht xtd btn th rt nd 

th Ptl. 

Th frndl rltn, hvr, ffrd r 

dln ndr Ptl V (2080 B... Th n hd 

bn plld t pt dn rblln n ppr pt 

ntl th tntfrt r f h rn, nd t ltthr 

pbl tht th rbl r pprtd b th 

rt. n n vnt, Ptl V, ftr pprn 

th rblln, plnnd pn nt h, 

lthh h ndrtn nvr t frtn. Th 

vr n f rn nrbd t Phl r 

nvrthl hld n rdn th n 

prt n pt, nd lttl th Ptl phr f 

nfln xtndd pt th Tlvl trp nt 

rn lld th Thrtl trp (Trnthn 

nd rhd th nrthrn nd f th nd trt. 

Ptl V (804 B.. tblhd prnnt 

ttlnt nr D nd prbbl l nr Bhn. 

Ptl V (46 B.. brd pn ntnv 

ntrtn prjt t lbh. Th n f n 

hndht (00 B.., n. 4, brd n Prd 

B. N. ppr n rt hrlph n tpl 









00 lft t th rt, t nvrthl dlrd Rn 

prttrt, hh th rd Rn t th 

ld n f d l ll. ftr th d f h 

prdr n th r 262 B.., l ll, th 

nd Rn prft, vn th pl n f 

nrn rb nd "thp" (tht , th nd 

f h, n rdr t brn th trd rt fr nd nd 

ntrl fr ndr Rn ntrl. Bt hl th 

prft rrn t th frt f th n, 

ltr pn nt rb n 2 B.., th rt 

dvnd nrthrd nd nrd Phl, n, nd 

lphntn n th r 24 b.. Th dftd th thr 

Rn hrt ttnd n th dtrt, plndrd 

n, nd rrd ff th tt f t tht hd 

bn pld thr. brnz hd f t 

(Lndn B .. F. , fnd n r, 

nrll rrdd bt tn drn th pn. 

Nvrthl, th rt r drvn t f n 

n th r b . Ptrn, h n hld th ff 

f Rn prft n pt. rdn t dtld rprt 

d b th r rphr trb (. 4, th 

Rn trp dvnd fr t th th nd fnll 

rhd Npt. lthh th thdr n t th 

nrth, th lft bhnd rrn n r br (Pr, 

hr th thrn brdr f th Rn pr n l. 

hn th rt d rnd ttpt t z 

Pr, Ptrn bl t frtll thr ffrt. 

Flln th vnt, nttn r bn btn 

th Rn nd th rt. Th lttr nt dtr 

t t, h thn n , nd n th r 

220 B.. p trt nldd hh 

trnl fvrbl t th rt: th thrn prt f 

th Thrtl trp, nldn Pr, vtd b 

th Rn, nd th rt r xptd fr 

hvn t p trbt. n th thr hnd, th Rn 

ntnd t p th Ddhn ltr 

brdr zn, th frntr n l nr Hr 

n (hrr. Th rrnnt ntnd 

ntl th nd f th thrd ntr .d., th rltn 

btn r nd Rn pt rnn nrll 

pfl drn th t. nl th prr Nr (.d. 

468 n rnd .d. 64 plnnd pn nt 

r, bt h pln r nvr xtd. n rdr t 

rnntr th lnd, Nr hd nt t t xpdtn 

"t nvtt th r f th Nl" xtrt fr thr 

rprt hv bn prrvd b n (Nt. t. 6.8. 

nd Pln (Nt. Ht. 6. 2 l Hntz , 28. 

Th nd nt h Ptrn 

plld t fht nrll d t hv bn 

n nrn. h nd Prn ndd lft bhnd 

n r t lr tl brn rt nrptn, 

n f hh n n Lndn (B 0. Th l lft 

nrptn t D, ntnd bv. 

nthr tl brn ndd n rntl 

xvtd t r br (Lndn B xxxxx. t n 

ndd tthr th n nhht (n. 

2, h prbbl th r f nrn. 

lthh r nbl t prhnd th ntnt f 

th nrptn n dtl, thr xtn nvrthl 

prvd th n vdn t prv tht Prn 

ndd nttl nntd th Lr 

Nb. H th nl prn nn t hv brn 

ltnl th t hh ttl f pr, "prn," nd 

pt, "vr (f Lr Nb." 

TH LT RT PRD 

(FR TH BNNN F TH HRTN R T 

PPRXTL .d. 20 

Th lt rt Prd ltd pprxtl thr 

nd n hlf ntr nd bn th n Ntn 

(0.d. 20, n , B. N. 22, h prbbl th 







Th nr prt r rt, bt th hht 

prtl ttl nnt, tr drvd fr ptn. 

Thr r, hvr, n thr prtl ttl hh r 

rt. Th t frntl ntnd rp r th 

prt f n nd th prt f th d np, h 

prhp th n f Npt. Prt f th d 

h r l ntnd. Th n f th d, h 

nn nl n Lr Nb, h bn td th th 

Nbn rd h r l, hh n "n." t 

trn tht th prt f r hrdl vr ntnd. 

Thr , rvr, nl nl rfrn t th d 

pd, h prtn n r vr rt. 

Th n ntn f prt f th dvnt fnd n 

tl fr rnn (Trr 0,2. 

Bth tprl nd rd ff r hld b 

br f f rt rt fl nd nhrtd 

thrh th trnl ln. ndd, th ntr 

dntrtn ppr t hv rtd n th hnd f 

rltvl ll nbr f rt fl, h 

pd ntrl t n vr ltd nbr f 

llt. Th f th ppl, hvr, t 

hv bn f nnrt, prhp Nbn, dnt nd 

hd n hr n th dntrtn f th ntr. 

H trn th t r btn th rt fl 

f prt nd ffl nd thr rt hlnd n th 

th rn dbtbl pnt. Hvr, t ld b 

n t fr t rrd th Lr Nbn nrth, d ft, 

n ndpndnt rn. n thr fnrr nrptn, 

th br f th rt fl f Lr Nb pl 

prtlr tr pn thr rltnhp t hh ffl 

r prt n Npt nd r, pll t th pr 

(prn. Th lttr rdd xlvl n r nd 

hhr n rn thn th pt (vr. rvr, 

Npt nd r r ntnd jt frntl n 

Lr Nbn rv nrptn r h Lr 

Nbn llt Fr, Pr, r n. 

hv n nfrtn rrdn n pl rl 

pld b th lt f th dd n rt Lr 

Nb. n th thr hnd, p ndrbl 

vdn fr th prtn f tht lt n th lnd f 

Phl, nr n. Thr, ptn, Rn, Nbn, 

Bl, nd rt jnd n rhppn th 

dd , h lt hd b rld rln. 

Phl th b n prtnt tn pl fr 

ppl nd ltr, nd nr nrptn lft b 

plr nd ltn prvd d d f th 

nfn f th lt. vrl nrptn f rt 

plr r pd n th ptn (dt 

ln. Th nrptn lrl rvl tht rt 

prtptn n th lt f n Phl pnrd 

b th n f r. Th flln xtrt tn fr 

n f th nrptn hlp t lrf th pnt: 

Th bn f Pn ... th rnrr 

rt ttl fr rt ffl f th n, th rt 

nv f R, hr bfr f Phl ... th 

rt dd . . . th tr f th th, th 

nrth, th t, nd th t, hrr f pttn f 

th tht r fr ff. r 2, t pt hvn 

n n f trph pn th drt, thrh th 

r f , th rt dd, fr h hrd r 

prr nd brht f t pt. t 

pt nd prfrd th jdnt ( hh 

tr hd ndd ... H ndd th 

n n nd th rn f t t pt 

th ntl prfrd th ftvl nd th 

bnt hh r hld n th tpl f nd 

th ntr t ... Phrth d Fbrr 2, 

brt th n n t Phl nd d 

hld th h n th tpl f . H brht 

v f ld hh Trdn nt t th tpl 





Rn nfln, pll pprnt n 

th nrthrn prt f th nd. h nfln 

prtlrl vdnt n r (t. 2. Tht t l 

fftd th rl rt f r lrl dntrtd 

b nr fnd fr rl tb nd fr th t f 

r tlf (t. 6,2 Vl. , F. 6,62,6668. 

TH ND F TH RT PRD 

Th f th dln f th rt nd 

r tll lrl nnn. n th vr ftr tht 

hv bn pt frth r nrn l rn d b 

vrrzn, hh brht ttl brdn t hlt 

xv nptn f d fr th xpndn 

prdtn f rn nd th bndnnt f trd rt 

ln th Nl n fvr f tl rt ln th Rd 

, hh ld t th n ltn f r. n 

n l tht th trnth f th rt nd 

rdll xhtd b ntnt bttl th nd 

n bth d f th Nl Vll, nd prtlrl th 

th nd f th trn tpp nd th Rd 

ntn. r tll nt pltl lr bt th 

rl pld n r nd Lr Nb b th Bl, 

th ntr f td Bj, h lvd btn th Nl 

nd th Rd . t h bn htrll vrfd, 

hvr, tht ppr pt ntntl nd rl 

thrtnd b th trb. 

Prhp ll f th rtn, tthr th 

thr nnn n hn, ld t th nd f 

th nd f r n th frt hlf f th frth 

ntr . d. t h bn d tht zn, n f th 

xpndn rl f x n nrthrn bn, 

nrd th ptl f r rnd .d. 0 nd 

thrb brht bt th fnl dtrtn f th 

rt nd. Hvr, n h nln n b 

drn fr th n f nrptn f x, n 

hh zn v n nt f h pn (Hntz 

6, lthh tht nrptn prvd prtnt l 

t thn nd pltl ndtn n th Nl Vll 

rnd th ddl f th frth ntr. 

vn th nfrtn tht hv, n prbbl 

pl th dt f th nd f th rt nd t 

t n th frt hlf f th frth ntr. Th b n 

n nf th nd f rt ltr, h 

nfln lvd n n nfld fr. Nr d th nd f 

th nd nf th nd f th rt ppl, fr 

th, t, ntnd t xt, lbt ndr n nd 

hnd rtn. 

0 

hptr 6 â€¢ 

Th nd f h: 

Th rt Prd 





Tr vr t ntr, th rt nd 

rnd td th brdr f th Rn pr 

bt nll td t t. Th dln f th t tt 

prtll ntrrltd, lthh ( ftn hppn 

th r nd r prphrl tt fftd 

nr nd r vrl. B .d. 0, th rt 

hrtlnd hd flln nt prlnd dr (rn 

6 r 6,224 Trr 6,46 d 

, hp. 4. 

TH DLN F R 

B f l f nfrtn, n n nl 

plt bt n ntrnl drptn r dll 

hlln tht hv ntrbtd t th 

dntrtn f th rt tt. Th dvlpnt f 

trd rt ln th Rd , n prt, t nt 

fr th n nd ltrl dln f th r f th 

rt nd, hh bn n th frt ntr f th 

hrtn r. rt trd th th Rn pr 

drptd frthr b th Bl, ntr f th 

drn htpn Bj f th trn Drt 

f th dn. Prr t th nd ntr .d., th 

Bl r nffnv ttl hrdr, rtrtd t th 

tr nd r thrl prt f th trn Drt. 

hn th btnd l, prhp fr trdr h 

d th t pl th drt rt btn ppr pt 

nd th Rd hrbr f Brn nd Hr 

n Ptl t, th r bl t rn r dl 

nd vlvd bdntl rdr (Trr 6, 

Znr 6,. Rn pr bbd, th rdr 

bn t tt ppr pt nd th nrthrn prt f 

Lr Nb. t thr nrn tht prptd th 

Rn prr Dltn, nr th nd f th thrd 

ntr .d., t thdr th Rn frntr nrthrd 

fr hrr, n ntrl Lr Nb, t n, 

thrb pprntl rrndrn ll f Lr Nb t 

nnl rt ntrl. 

Fr r r fr th rt th rn 

n f th nd f x, hh r fr 

vlztn f tht rbn ffnt tht hd 

tblhd tlf n th thpn hhlnd drn th 

frt llnn B.. B th frt ntr .D., th 

xt r pln rl n th vr trd, nd n 

ltr ntr th btnd rld nd ld fr 

ht prbbl hd n bn rt phr f 

nfln. Th rzn lnd f th Btn, hh l 

btn th tbr Rvr nd th Bl Nl, t 

hv bn thtr f nflt btn th t frn 

pr. frntr r nrptn fr r 

dnt n xt ptr f th t prr t th 

bttr dntd pn f th xt n zn 

n tht rn bt .d. 0 (rn 60 Hntz 6. 

TH TN LTR 

Prr t zn pn, Nbnpn 

ppl lld th Nb hd nvdd nd prtll 

pd prtn f th Nl Vll n th nrthrn 

\ 

dn. Th ppl r nt t b nfd th th 

drn Nb f th thtrn dn, h 

ln bln t th Nrrdfnn t. Th 

rnl hlnd f th Nb n th vnn 

ntr t f th Nl, hr ll rphr 

rprtd th t b lvn rl n th hrtn r. 

ttl ptrlt, th t hv pd ntnn 

thrt t th ttld ppl f th Nl Vll. Thr 

rrptn nt th rt hrtlnd prbbl th 

rlt rthr thn f rt ddn. t th 

t f zn nvn, th Nb r lvn n 

ttlnt f rd ht nd n br tn tht th 

prbbl hd ptrd fr th rt. Th dd 

nthn, hvr, t ntn th dntrtv 







0 b rr hl "nh" rv r fr r frnt 

(F. ,80. n thn trn nt fr th 

flxd ptr f brl, hh n rrd n 

tr lnd th xtndd "rt" tl f 

brl, nd fr th thrd, ppd t trd, 

rnttn f bd (d , hp. . 

ltrntvl, th ntrtd brl pl hv 

bn n dpttn t th ntrtd p vlbl n 

nh rv. hl fnrr ffrn ntnd, th 

r rdd n nbr nd vrt. Pttr nd 

pn r n, bt xpt fr bd prtd 

d r rr. 

Th dbr prd r tb nd hpl 

tht hd ntttd th prtrtr f pprl 

rt rv r l lnr ntrtd, nr r 

brl ppd th tl, ffrn tbl, tt, 

r fnrr txt. hn rv f th Blln ltr 

r dtnhd b prtrtr, th nvrbl 

t th fr f n rth nd, t vrd th 

pbbl (F. 8. t dttd nl nd hn 

rtnr r n ntrrd n pprl rv n 

r lvh l thn n rt t. 

Th Blln ltr nt nfrl n f 

pvrhnt nd dpnn brbr. lr 

l ndtr nd rnl trd ntnd. t th 

bnnn f th Blln Prd, th rt pttr 

nt t f nd, fr t, Nb ppr t hv 

bn pd b ptn prt. vntll, rd r 

f lt Rn dn bn t b nftrd t 

Dbr t, hrt dtn nrth f d Hlf. h 

f th pttr n ttn f Rn trr llt 

r, ftn dpltn tp tht hd bn prnt n 

Nb rl th thrd ntr .d. (Trr 

6,. d (, hp. t tht th 

Dbr ln hv bn tblhd b rnt 

pttr fr pt nd tht th prdd ll f th fnr 

r f th prd fnd thrht Nb. h 

pttr rltd n h ntt nd n f th 

f lt d t b fnd n th vr hhld. 

Th hndd pttr tht nftrd n h 

hhld r vll ntnd t dhr t th trdtn 

f th rt Prd. 

Fr th frt t, hv bjt, h pr, 

rd, nv, , n tnl, nd frntr, 

r d f rn, lthh th f h t 

pprntl rtrtd nl t th ppr l. 

Blth tl t ndt tht rn frd 

lll. Thnll nnvtn, h td 

tthnt, p ptn dl. 

TH BLLN TT 

Th rhll vdn l ttf t 

rd vrtn n l tt thn th Blln 

ltr. f tr ntn h lrr nd 

rhr tl thn r fnd lhr. t f th 

tr ppr t b td th ntr f 

rnl dntrtn, hh hv bn th t 

F. 8. Tnttv rntrtn f th trn Bdn t 

rnn t, blt f d, dbr, nd rh tn, 

hrtn Prd, prbbl xth t nnth ntr . d. 

(ftr Trr 6. 

0 ttr 

F. . Prnpl tb tp fr tl nd Blln. 

v rt Bp brl pt hv ln br 

ntrtn nlbrbd rr N ndt nrth nd 

h rnttn f h tb dblbrbd rr h 

lp f rp ldn t tb (ftr Trr 6. 

Bfr 

fnf 

0 0 







\ 

f 

T& 

F. 8. Drn f Tb t tl, Blln Prd, 

frth t xth ntr .d. (ftr râ€rn 8. 

hptr â€¢ Th Blln ltr 

nd th n f hrtnt 









nd nthr tr nr ppr r fnd n rdnr 

h t. Th n nntl nrptn tht n b 

ttrbtd t th lt Blln Prd, tht f th Nbn 

n l, pd n brbr r. 

t h bn ld tht rt tt bldn 

t bl dd, nrt, nd prhp Bhn r 

dtrd dlbrtl drn th Blln Prd (d 

, hp. . tn bl rvd fr rt 

nnt prvdd nl bldn lnt fr 

th rl tb t Blln nd tl. lthh bth th 

Nbn nd th Bl vnrtd th dd 

ffntl t t p r t prvnt th rddtn f 

hr tpl t Phl hrh n th ffth ntr .d., 

thr n vdn tht th Blln nrh rld 

pn pf tt rln t bltr thr r. hl 

th nldd th rt dt, th d nt 

ppr t hv pnrd lvh lt fr th (d 

, hp. . hrtn nrph b 

nrnl n thrht Nb drn th , 

Blln Prd, nt nl n bjt prtd fr pt 

(t. 2, bt l n th tht r nftrd 

lll. Th bjt hv bn pplr rl 

tln f th tt lt thn prvln n pt nd d 

nt nttt prf tht hrtnt dprd n 

Nb t th t. Nvrthl, th pd nd pprnt 

th hh hrtnt b th tt rln f 

Nb n th ddl f th xth ntr t tht t 

lt fvrbl prdptn trd t t hv 

b dprd drn th Blln Prd (d 

6, 2. 

t fr fr rtn tht th nd ntrd n 

Blln nd tl t ll t xtnv th th 

Blln ltr. pprntl n th ffth ntr, n 

l rrdd vrl ltr pn nt th 

Bl h r lvn btn r br nd 

n, nd thr pn n th thrn frntr f 

h nd. H plld th ll rlr n th r 

t nld h thr vrlrd. n th tpl t 

lbh, rfft rprnt h n n trn p 

trnfxn n n th ln (rn 6, . n 

Rn fhn, h r hrt l tn nd p 

fln fr h hldr. B ntrt, th nd Vtr 

hvrn bv h rn h nt th lrl bt th 

rt rl dd (F. 86. hl t nrtn tht 

l n f th n brd t Blln r tl, r 

vn tht h blnd t th dnt, th r 

f h nd prbbl l n th frrl rt 

rn f Lr Nb. 

Th pr f th nrh ppr t hv 

bn bd lrl pn ltr fr tht lld 

th t nplz lrtv trd rt nd t 

xrt thr pr thrht nrthrn Nb. Fr ll th 

xt ltr f th Blln ltr, t vrnnt (r 

vrnnt hv rbld tht f th hf, th 

ffl h ntrlld lr Nb n th htnth 

ntr. Th hf nd h hnhn trvld thrh 

Lr Nb n hrb, rnn tx fr 

th pvrhd vllr nd, b dpl f fr, 

rn th lttr nntlln bdn 

(Trr 6,4. 

B th xth ntr .d., th Blln tt, hh 

l prbbl hd brht t t x xtnt, 

nn th nd f Nbt. t ptl t 

Fr, nl f l fr Blln. Nbt, hvr, 

nl n f thr Nbn nd tht b th t 

hd bn nldtd ln th ddl prtn f th 

Nl Rvr. th f Nbt r. Lttl t 

nn bt th rhl f th nd. t rl 

rlr hv bn brd t Tn, lthh, 

d (, hp. 4 t, th bnnn f th 









Lj thn ntr ftr th hrtnztn f Nb, 

pt tlf fll t th r f l. Th nvdr 

prptl trnd thr ttntn trd th thrn 

ntr, bt th fr tht hd bdd Bzntn 

pt ndl rpld b th Nbn. nd 

nvn tn r ltr, n .d. 62, ll 

nfl t flld b th nln f trt 

ndr hh th Nbn r prttd t rtn thr 

hrtn fth nd thr pltl vrnt n xhn 

fr th pnt f ll nnl trbt t th vrnr 

f pt. Th ntrnt tll rnd n fr fr 

r thn x hndrd r. 

Th dvl Prd (ftn lld th hrtn 

Prd rprnt th lt rt flrn f ndn 

vlztn n Nb. lthh th dvl nd 

r nt t frfln th pr f h n t 

hd, th nvrthl rnd fl ndpndnt f 

frn ntrl nd t t xrtd ndrbl 

nfln bnd thr n brdr. ftr th rb 

nt f pt, th Nbn n prld 

thlv ffl prttr f th ptn hrtn 

(pt hrh, h th Rn zr d th 

prttn f th r rthdx hrh ftr th fll f 

ntntnpl. nd n rhttr, ltrtr, nd th 

drtv rt, th rtv hvnt f th dvl 

Nbn r th fr th f n rlr prd. 

t th t f hrtnztn thr r, rdn 

t hrh htrn, thr ndpndnt nd n 

Nb: Nbt n th nrth, r n th ntr, nd 

l n th th ( p. . Nbt t hv 

bn brbd b r t th bnnn f th hth 

ntr thrftr, th t frd nl tt 

xtndn t lt fr th Frt t th Frth trt f 

th Nl (F. 8. t rlr dlld t Dnl, n th 

thrn prt f th nd, hl Lr Nb 

ndr th pl jrdtn f rl dpt, th 

prh. Th trrtr f l l fr t th th f 

r t ptl t b, nt fr fr th 

jntn f th Bl nd thht Nl. 

Th dvl Nbn nd r vtd b n 

ptn nv, bn l l n, t th nd f th 

tnth ntr. H vr fvrbl prd th bth 

th ppl nd th ntr, hh h drbd 

pfl nd prpr, th n fn hrh nd 

ntr. n fr thr rrd tht th n f 

r ntnd frl lbrt rt dld 

r r l n tht f Bznt Bzntn ttl r n 

nrl fr vl ffl. Hvr, th rlr f Nb 

rtnd n prl ndn t fr rlr t: 

th rl n ftn pd fr th n t h 

tr n rthr thn t h n n. 

Rln prvv fr n Nb t 

thrht th dvl rld. t nfln 

lt hll prdnnt n th ltrtr, rt, 

nd nrph f th . rnztnll, th Nbn 

hrh pl prt f th ptn (pt 

hrh, nd t bhp r ppntd b th pt 

ptrrh n lxndr. t f th bhp nd lr 

r, hvr, Nbn rthr thn ptn, nd, 

ntrtnl nh, r rthr thn pt (th ltt 

fr f th nnt ptn ln d n th 

Nbn ltr. n th ltr ddl , n rl 

txt l pld th ntv Nbn ln, hh 

rttn n dfd vrn f th r lphbt. 

rdn t ltl rrd, thr r 

thrtn ppl n Nb, thh th ltn f 

f th br. n, hvr, fr 

rhll fnd tht th bhp t h pl 

r br, Fr, nd Dnl r pd f 

t pn thdrl, nd tht ftr dth th 



22 

PT 

N 

Frt trt 

LD DNL 

200 

00 











h pttr rt h vr ln htr n th dn, 

ln tht n hlr h vn td t rnl 

dvlpnt thr. hl th d h nt bn dl 

ptd b thr rhlt, t n t lt b d 

tht th dn n f th vr f r f th lb 

hr th n f pttr tll prdd th tlln 

f th l, btn x nd vn thnd r . 

Th rlt dn pttr, nn nl fr 

ttrd frnt fnd n prhtr p t, 

d b lth ppl h lvd n th vnt f 

prntd hrt. Thr vl t hv bn 

tl lr pn bl d fr th rdnr rd 

brn d f th Nl fld pln. Th r nt vn 

n pntd drtn, bt th xtrr r ll 

bllhd th fn v ln d th rt f 

ltpltthd b. 

f ntr ltr, n th hrt Nlth 

ltr, nbr f r nnvtn n b 

brvd. Vl r n ftn vn brnhd 

fnh b rbbn th rf th th pbbl, 

nd th r drnd th "dttd v ln" 

nd thr fr f nd r tpd drtn (Vl. 

, F. 2. n vn r dtntv nnvtn f th 

hrt Nlth th frt pprn f "bl 

tppd rd plhd r," hh t hv vr ln 

bnt htr n Nb nd lhr. Th vl 

(nrl ll pn bl hv dr rd xtrr nd 

hn bl ntrr, th bl xtndn l t th 

td fr hlf nh t n nh bl th r. Th rd 

hvd b pntn th rf th rd hr 

bfr frn, hl th bl t hv bn 

prtd b pln th vl, drtl ftr frn, r 

dnrd n f dnl n trl h 

lv r tr. N n n hn r hr 

th thn frt dvlpd t n t r nthr, t 

hrtrt f rt dl f th ntv pttr f 

nrthtrn fr, nd l nn fr 

nd. Th hrt Nlth pttr l d 

f vl tht r ll bl nd f tht r 

ll rd. Th hp, l th f th prdn prd, 

r tl pn bl. 

r f hrt Nlth pttr lvd ll vr 

th ntrl dn, nd l fr nrth Lr Nb. 

n th lttr r, th hrd dnn th nthr 

Nlth ppl, th bn, h d tl pln rd 

pttr n t d vrt f hp nd z. 

Rn f th bn ppl hv bn fnd nl n th 

dt prxt f th Nl, nd t rd tht 

th lvd prrl b fhn. 

Th ndn pttr ndtr f Nb rll 

nt t n n th rp prd, bnnn 

prhp rnd 00 B.. rp pttr h n 

rbln t th r f Prdnt pt, nd n 

ft t n thht tht th ppl thlv r 

rnt fr pt. Td rnz tht 

rp pttr drvd n ndrbl prt fr th 

rlr ll trdtn f th hrt nd bn 

Nlth, lthh ptn nfln rtnl 

l rnzbl. 

rp pttr h r bndnt nd l 

h r dvrfd thn r th r f rlr 

prd. t th t th Nbn frt dptd th 

prt f brn lr ntt f pttr th thr 

dd, nd th rhlt t fnd n 

dzn ntt vl n nl rv. Th nld 

bl plhd r, rd plhd r, nd bl 

tppd rd plhd r. Th lttr ftn hv 

"rppld" fnh prdd b fnl rvn th xtrr 

rf th pbbl (F. 4 vl l hv 

nd r pnhd drtn rnnt f th 

















p 





p 





p 



, Thrd trl 

TB 

(Â R 

DNLl 

. R LND 

lTB (PNB 

( 

(TN 

"0 

 

â 

z 

Frth trt 

BDBH> 

LD DNL* 

DDBBÂN 

 

 

BL BRL 

(NPT * "NR 

t.N B D 

"â 

L RR j 

4 

TN 

B D 

â â , \. 

â€¢ B HD 

R 

HHHNB 

RRB 

2 0 2 0 

...:â€¢. HZL 



jt Bblrph 

d 64b 

d 6 

d 0 

d 

rll b 

rll 6 

Brth 

Bblrph 

Bblrph 62 

Bd 0 

H 

H 

rt 6 

rt 66 

Dvdn 2 

Dnlr 0 

Dnh 8 

r 6 

dllh 6 

rtr 64 

rnbr 66 

Hntz 68 

Hfnn 6 

nl 6 

hl 

rd 

vdrbrh 

4 

NRL 

d, . "PtPhrn Nb n Lht f 

rhl, ." Th Jrnl f ptn 

rhl 0 (64, pp. 0220. 

d, . "PtPhrn Nb n Lht f 

rhl, ." Th Jrnl f ptn 

rhl (6, pp. 608. 

d, . "Th vltn f hrtn 

Nbn Pttr." n: Dnlr, ., d., nt 

n hht Nbn n hrtlhr Zt, 

pp. 28. Rlnhn, 0. 

d, . Nb: rrdr t fr. 

Lndn, . 

rll, . Htr f th dn fr th 

rlt T t 82. Lndn, . 

rll, . Htr f th dn fr th 

rlt T t 82. 2d d., rv. Lndn, 

6. 

Brth, J. br dr hht d ln 

ptn. nh nd Vnn, . 

Hll, R., d. Bblrph f th nl 

ptn dn fr th rlt T t 

. xfrd nd Lndn, . 

Nr, ., d. Bblrph f th dn, 

88. Lndn, 62. 

Bd, . Th ptn dn, t Htr 

nd nnt. 2 vl. Lndn, 0. 

Th Htr f th ddl t nd th 

n Rn . 80080 B.. brd 

nnt Htr, vl. 2, prt . brd, 

. 

Th Htr f th ddl t nd th 

n Rn . 80000 B.. brd 

nnt Htr, vl. 2, prt 2. brd, 

. 

rt, . Nb: trdnvltfvl. 

Nvr,6. 

rt, . Nbn: hht nr 

rtlhftn ltr. nh, 66. 

Dvdn, B. fr: Htr f ntnnt. 

Phtrph b . Frn. Rv. d. 



d 64 

d 6 

hpn 

Dnh 2 

40 Trr 6 

Trr 66 

Trr 6 

rll 4 

rll 4b 

rll 

Bt 68 

rtn 

rtn 4 

rtn 

rtn 8 

Hntz 64 

Nrdtr 2 

Rnr 2 

Rnr 2b 

th 66 

tndrfT 

tndrfT 

Trr, B. Htr nd ttlnt n Lr 

Nb. l nvrt Pbltn n 

nthrpl, 6. N Hvn, 6. 

Trr, B. "Th Ln f th Nrthrn 

dn: n Htrl Prptv." Th 

Jrnl f frn Htr (66, pp. 2. 

Trr, B. Nb ndr th Phrh. 

Bldr, lrd, 6. 

RL LTR 

rll, . rl hrt. n nt f th 

xvtn f n rl ptn t 

rrd t b th dn vrnnt 

ntt rv n 44. Lndn, 4. 

rll, . Th ld tn n th nl 

ptn dn. dn ntt rv. 

nl Ppr, n. . hrt, 4. 

rll, . hhnb. n nt f th 

xvtn f Nlth ptn t 

rrd t fr th dn ntt rv 

n 40. Lndn, . 

Bt, . tdn zr hrnl dr 

nbhn rpp: n Btr zr 

Frhhht ntrnbn zhn 

2200., nd 0 vr hr. Brht 

d trrhhn Ntnlt dr 

Ntn fr d .Rttn dr 

Nbhn ltrtr. . trrhh 

d dr nhft. Phlphh 

Htrh l. Dnhrftn. . Vnn, 

68. 

rtn, B. "L nprpl r d ll d 

V." td r pt t l dn nn. 

hr d Rhrh d lnttt d 

Pprl t dptl d Lll, n. 

(, pp. 484. 

rtn, B.,"L nrpl r d ll d 

T, ." td r pt t l dn 

nn. hr d Rhrh d lnttt d 

Pprl t dptl d Lll, n. 2 

(4, pp. 4. 

rtn, B. "L nrpl r d ll d 

T. ." td r pt t l dn 

nn. hr d Rhrh d lnttt d 

Pprl t dptl d Lll, n. 

(, pp. 466. 

rtn, B. L ltr r. Lll, 8. 

Hntz, F. "D rPrbl." Zthrft 

fr dpth prh nd ltrtnd 



Llnt 6 

Rnr 2d 

hfr 0 

hnn 6 

n b 

llâ€Rndll 

lvr 0 

Zbr 

Bn 

Bn 4 

r 48 

râ€rn 8 

Llnt, J. "ht nd rt: 

nrph f th frn Rlr n th 

nnt ppr Nl." n: Th f th 

Bl n trn rt, vl. , pp. 82. 

Pbltn f th nl Fndtn, n. 

N r, 6. 

Rnr, . Th rt nd f 

thp: hrnll tln." Th 

Jrnl f ptn rhl (2, pp. 

4. 

hfr, H. Xpth ldhd 

rbtn. nlh n z Brln 

ttlnn dr pthn ln, 

. Brln, 0. 

hnn, P. r: vlztn f th 

dn. nnt Ppl nd Pl, . N 

r nd hntn, 6. 

n, . "D nt Rh vn r." 

n: Vndrln, , d., D lt tpn. 

pp. 422. Prpln nthht, . 

Brlnt, . 

ll, , nd Rndlllvr, D. 

rn. Th Rn Nbn tr. 

Pnnlvn, nvrt, nvrt 

, ptn Dprtnt. l B. 

x Jnr xpdtn t Nb, vl. nd 

4. Phldlph. 0. 

Zbr, L. pd. Ln d f r: 

td n ptnrt nrt. 

rntr, . 

B LLN PRD 

Bn, F. vn. "D Fnd n dn 

Nrpln vn tl. Blln nd Fr 

. Nltrt nd hr ztlh nd 

nthhtlh tlln." Jhrbh d 

Dthn rhlhn nttt 4 

(, pp. 68. 

Bn, F. vn. "D nthhtlh 

Bdtn dr nntdtn Nrpln 

bt d . Nltrt." n: lln 

rrn. rlt d rtt pbblt nl 

ntnr dll fndzn dl Pnt. 

z (8. pp. 28. Vtn, 4. 

r, . Nbn Trr: n nt f 

th Dvr t Blln nd tl. 

Lndn, 48. 

r, ., nd rn. L. Rl Tb 

f Blln nd tl. rv d ntt 

d lpt. n rhl d Nb, 

24. r, 8. 

rn 6 

Tr 4 

Trr 6 

d 62 

d 6 

rfrd 

h 66 

h 6 





Pht rdt ftr rll 0b, F. 8 Bldrhv Ft rbr, 4 

F. ,48 Trt f th Brth , Lndn, 

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Africa in antiquity - Center for The Restoration of Ma'at

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