Capítulo 9

AX6
6 (6,0) (180°+90°)
AX5E AX4E2
(a) 6 (5,1) 6 (4,2)
Octaédrica
Pirâmide quadrangular
distorcida
Quadrangular plana
SF6, IOF5, TeF6
BrF5, XeOF4, TeF5 − ,
ClF5, IF5
XeF4, IF4 − , ICl4 −
sp 3 d 2 (b) sp 3 d 2 sp 3 d 2
AX5 AX4E AX3E2 AX2E3
5 (5,0)
(180°+120°+90°)
5 (4,1) 5 (3,2) 5 (2,3)
Bipiramidal trigonal
PCl5, AsF5, SOF4,
SbF5, PCl4F
Tetraedro irregular (ou
distorcido)
ICl4
Em forma de T Linear
+ , IF4 + , SF4, SCl4,
XeO2F2, IO2F2 − , PF4 −
sp 3 d sp 3 d sp 3 d sp 3 d
AX4 AX3E AX2E2
4 (4,0) (109.5°) 4 (3,1) 4 (2,2)
Tetraédrico Pirâmide trigonal Angular (forma de V)
CH4, CH3Cl, NH4 + ,
SiCl4, BF4 − , SO4 2− ,
ClO4 − , PF4 + , CH3NH3 + ,
IO4 −
Departamento de Química
2003-2004
Fundamentos de Química I (Lic. Química e Bioquímica)
XeO3, SO3 2− , NH3,
PF3, H3O +
IF3, ICl3, ClF3, BrF3 XeF2, I3 − , IF2 −
H2O, H2S, OF2, SCl2,
Cl2O, HClO, ClO2 − ,
SF2
sp 3 sp 3 sp 3

Fundamentos de Química I ♣ Cap 9 ♣ 2003-2004 2/6
AX3 AX2E
3 (3,0) (120°) 3 (2,1)
Triangular plana Angular (forma de V)
BF3, SO3, NO3 − , CO3 2− ,
H2CO, Cl2CO, CH3 +
SO2, O3, PbCl2, SnBr2,
NO2 − , SnCl2, ClN=O,
NO2 (c)
sp 2 sp 2
AX2
2 (2,0) (180°)
Linear
BeCl2, HgCl3, CO2,
HCN, CN2 2− , N2O, CS2,
sp
(a) – Pares de electrões (ligantes, isolados). No caso de existirem ligações duplas (CO2) ou
triplas (HCN) os pares de electrões ligantes é diferente do indicado.
(b) Tipo de hibridação (No caso de existirem ligações duplas ou triplas estão envolvidas outras
orbitais p (H2CO)
(c) O NO2 tem um e - desemparelhado (é um radical)
VSEPR
Repulsões entre pares de electrões: lp-lp > lp-bp > bp-bp
lp
bp
Atkins PW and Jones LL, Chemistry, Molecules, Matter and Change, 4Th Ed., 1999, W H Freeman & Co., ISBN 071672832X

Fundamentos de Química I ♣ Cap 9 ♣ 2003-2004 3/6
sp (1 s + 1 p) sp 2 (1 s + 2 p) sp 3 (1 s + 3 p)
sp 3 d (1 s + 3 p + 1 d)
sp 3 d 2 (1 s + 3 p + 2 d)
9.20 (a) N→ O
(b) C→ O
(c) C→ N
(d) N ← H
9.29
(a) H2O → 2 H + O
ΔH = 2 x ΔHb(H−O) = 2 x 463 kJ/mol = 926 kJ/mol
(b) CO2 → C + 2 O
ΔH = 2 x ΔHb(C=O) = 2 x 743 kJ/mol = 1486 kJ/mol
(c) CH3COOH → 2C + 4H + 2 O
ΔH = 3 x ΔHb(C−H) + 1 x ΔHb(C−C) + 1 x ΔHb(C=O) + 1 x ΔHb(C−O) + 1 x ΔHb(O−H)
ΔH = 3 x 412 + 348 + 743 + 360 + 463
ΔH = 3150 kJ/mol
(d) CH3NH2 → C + 5H + N
ΔH = 3 x ΔHb(C−H) + 1 x ΔHb(C−N) + 2 x ΔHb(N−H)
Atkins PW and Jones LL, Chemistry, Molecules, Matter and Change, 4Th Ed., 1999, W H Freeman & Co., ISBN 071672832X

Fundamentos de Química I ♣ Cap 9 ♣ 2003-2004 4/6
9.31
Reagentes (R)
Σ ΔHb(R)
ΔHr
(a) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)
ΔHr = 2 x ΔHf° (HCl(g)) − (ΔHf° (H2(g)) + ΔHf° (Cl2(g)))
ΔHr = 2 x ΔHf° (HCl(g)) − (0 + 0)
ΔHr = 2 x ΔHf° (HCl(g))
ΔHf° (HCl(g)) )= ½ ΔHr
ΔHr = Σ ΔHb(R) − Σ ΔHb(P)
ΔHr = (ΔHb(H−H) + ΔHb(Cl−Cl)) − 2 x ΔHb(H−Cl)
ΔHr = (242 + 436 − 2 x 431) kJ/mol
ΔHr = −184 kJ/mol
ΔHf° (HCl(g)) )= ½ x (−184) kJ/mol
ΔHf° (HCl(g)) )= −92 kJ/mol
(b) H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O2(g)
átomos
Produtos (P)
ΔHr = Σ ΔHb(R) − Σ ΔHb(P)
ΔHr = ΔHf° (H2O2 (g)) − (ΔHf° (H2(g)) + ΔHf° (O2(g)))
ΔHr = ΔHf° (H2O2(g))
Σ ΔHb(P)
ΔHr = Σ ΔHb(R) − Σ ΔHb(P)
ΔHr = (ΔHb(H−H) + ΔHb(O=O)) − (2 x ΔHb(H−O + ΔHb(O−O))
ΔHr = ((436 + 496) − (2 x 463 + 157)) kJ/mol
ΔHr = −151 kJ/mol
ΔHf° (H2O2 (g)) )= −151 kJ/mol
Atkins PW and Jones LL, Chemistry, Molecules, Matter and Change, 4Th Ed., 1999, W H Freeman & Co., ISBN 071672832X

Fundamentos de Química I ♣ Cap 9 ♣ 2003-2004 5/6
(c) C(s) + 2Cl2(g) → CCl4(g)
ΔHf° (CCl4(g)) = ΔHr
ΔHr = 2 x ΔHb(Cl−Cl) − 4 x ΔHb(C−Cl)
ΔHf° (CCl4(g)) = 2 x 242 − 4 x 338 = − 868 kJ/mol
(d) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
ΔHf° (NH3(g)) = ½ x ΔHr
ΔHr = 1 x ΔHb(N≡N) + 3 x ΔHb(H−H) − 6 x ΔHb(N−H)
ΔHf° (NH3(g)) = ½ x (−76.0) kJ/mol = − 38.0 kJ/mol
9.43
(a) SF4 sp 3 d
(b) BCl3 sp 2
(c) NH3 sp 3
(d) (CH3)2Be sp
Ver quadro acima
9.44
(a) SF6 sp 3 d 2
(b) Cl2O sp 3
(c) H2N-CH3 sp 3
(d) OCCl2 sp 2
Ver quadro acima
9.51
σ*2p
π*2p
2p 2p
π2p
σ2p
σ*2s
2s 2s
σ2s
O2 – F2
Atkins PW and Jones LL, Chemistry, Molecules, Matter and Change, 4Th Ed., 1999, W H Freeman & Co., ISBN 071672832X

Fundamentos de Química I ♣ Cap 9 ♣ 2003-2004 6/6
O2 O2 − O2 +
2 x 6 e − = 12 e − 2 x 6 e − + 1 e − = 13 e − 2 x 6 e − − 1 e − = 11 e −
↑ ↑ (π*2p) 2 ↑ ↑ ↓ (π*2p) 3 ↑ (π*2p) 1
O2 : (σ2s) 2 (σ*2s) 2 (σ2p) 2 (π2p) 4 (π*2p) 2
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ Paramagnético
O2 − : (σ2s) 2 (σ*2s) 2 (σ2p) 2 (π2p) 4 (π*2p) 3
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Paramagnético
O2 + : (σ2s) 2 (σ*2s) 2 (σ2p) 2 (π2p) 4 (π*2p) 1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Paramagnético
9.52
σ*2p
π*2p
2p 2p
σ2p
2s 2s
σ2s
π2p
σ*2s
Li2 – N2
N2 − O2 2− F2 +
2 x 5 e − +1 e − = 11 e − 2 x 6 e − + 2 e − = 14 e − 2 x 7 e − − 1 e − = 13 e −
↑ (π*2p) 1 ↑↓ ↑↓ (π*2p) 4 ↑↓ ↑ (π*2p) 1
N2 − : (σ2s) 2 (σ*2s) 2 (π2p) 4 (σ2p) 2 (π*2p) 1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Paramagnético
O2 2− : (σ2s) 2 (σ*2s) 2 (σ2p) 2 (π2p) 4 (π*2p) 4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ Diamagnético
F2 + : (σ2s) 2 (σ*2s) 2 (σ2p) 2 (π2p) 4 (π*2p) 3
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Paramagnético
Atkins PW and Jones LL, Chemistry, Molecules, Matter and Change, 4Th Ed., 1999, W H Freeman & Co., ISBN 071672832X