Sustainable development of rural regions in ... - Proiect Apuseni
Sustainable development of rural regions in ... - Proiect Apuseni
Sustainable development of rural regions in ... - Proiect Apuseni
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International Symposium<br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong><br />
<strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Eastern Europe<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă a regiunilor <strong>rural</strong>e<br />
d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est<br />
Programme and abstracts<br />
Program şi Rezumate<br />
Bucharest<br />
September 22–26, 2003
International Symposium on susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Easten Europe,<br />
Bucharest – Romania, September 22–26, 2003<br />
Organized by<br />
ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ<br />
Institutul de Speologie<br />
„Emil Racoviţă„<br />
ALBERT LUDWIGS<br />
UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG<br />
Institut für Landespflege<br />
und Waldbau-Institut<br />
The symposium is supported by:<br />
The German Federal M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong><br />
Education and Research<br />
FZK 0339720/5<br />
Organiz<strong>in</strong>g Committee<br />
Ioan POVARĂ & Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />
Secretariat:<br />
Marius VLAICU<br />
Barbara STOLZ<br />
Alexandra POVARĂ<br />
Gheorghe HERIŞANU<br />
With colaboration: Faculty <strong>of</strong> Geography, „Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest
Published by: Institutul de Speologie “Emil Racovita”<br />
ISBN 973-0-03219-x<br />
Copyright 2004 © PROIECT APUSENI<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>dividual contributions <strong>in</strong> this<br />
publication and any liabilities aris<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from them rema<strong>in</strong> the responsibility <strong>of</strong> the authors<br />
Symposium organis<strong>in</strong>g committee:<br />
G. Oesten (Freiburg University)<br />
W. Konold (Freiburg University)<br />
A. Reif (Freiburg University)<br />
E. Ruşdea (Freiburg University)<br />
Gh. Zarnea (Romanian Academy, Bucharest)<br />
I. Povară (Institute <strong>of</strong> Speleology, Bucharest)<br />
I. Orăşeanu (Institute <strong>of</strong> Speleology, Bucharest)<br />
I. Zăvoianu (University „Spiru Haret“, Bucharest)
Contents<br />
Introduction 1<br />
Programme 2<br />
Workshops 5<br />
List <strong>of</strong> posters 10<br />
Abstracts – Plenary Session 14<br />
Abstracts – Workshops 17<br />
Abstracts - Posters 53<br />
Author’s <strong>in</strong>dex<br />
List <strong>of</strong> participants<br />
94<br />
96
Introduction<br />
In conclusion to the PROIECT APUSENI <strong>in</strong> Romania, the symposium<br />
"<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Easten Europe" serve<br />
as a cross-border opportunity to discuss the present situation and<br />
future possibilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>.<br />
We wish to present the results <strong>of</strong> the “<strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong>” to experts<br />
and other <strong>in</strong>terested people, to highlight the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong><br />
<strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Eastern Europe, and to relate them to the future<br />
expansion <strong>of</strong> the EU. Our aim is to <strong>in</strong>crease the exchange <strong>of</strong><br />
expertise through <strong>in</strong>ternational and <strong>in</strong>tercultural cooperation.<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> emphases<br />
The symposium will focus on:<br />
• The connection <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary research with a general<br />
overview <strong>of</strong> landscape, land use and the economics <strong>of</strong> the<br />
populations <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong><br />
• Prospects for <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>: scenarios for future<br />
<strong>development</strong><br />
• Methods <strong>of</strong> transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary cooperation between scientists,<br />
decision makers and people <strong>in</strong>volved on a local and regional<br />
scale<br />
• Possibilities and limitations <strong>of</strong> political advice <strong>in</strong> relation to the<br />
implementation <strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong> the research.<br />
The abstracts <strong>of</strong> the contributions and the results <strong>of</strong> the symposium<br />
are published <strong>in</strong> this conference transcript.<br />
We thank numerous people for their help that made the organisation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the symposium possible, especially the sponsor for their f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
support.<br />
Ioan POVARĂ & Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />
September, 2003<br />
1
Programme<br />
September 22 rd , 2003 / 22 septembrie 2003<br />
9 30 – 11 00 Open<strong>in</strong>g session/ Alocuţiuni de deschidere<br />
• Academician Maya SIMIONESCO (Vicepresident <strong>of</strong> Romanian<br />
Academy / Vicepreşed<strong>in</strong>te al Academiei Române)<br />
• Academician Nicolae BOŞCAIU (Department <strong>of</strong> Biologic Sciences <strong>of</strong><br />
the Romanian Academy / Secţia de Şti<strong>in</strong>ţe Biologice a Academiei<br />
Române)<br />
• Andrea KRAMP (BMBF, Project Management PtJ Jülich-Berl<strong>in</strong>,<br />
Germany / Management de proiecte PtJ Jülich-Berl<strong>in</strong>, Germania)<br />
• Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Werner KONOLD (University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg, Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> Project / Director al <strong>Proiect</strong>ului <strong>Apuseni</strong>)<br />
11 00 – 11 30 C<strong>of</strong>fee break / Pauză<br />
11 30 – 13 00 Plenary session / Comunicări în plen<br />
Moderator: Acad. Nicolae Boşcariu<br />
• Jean-Claude ROUARD (Conseil de l’Europe, <strong>in</strong>specteur général de<br />
l’agriculture):<br />
Le développement <strong>rural</strong> durable pour la valorisation des<br />
ressources patrimoniales d’une territoire: une démarche de<br />
mobilisation des porteurs de projets du type “Programme<br />
européen LEADER” / Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă pentru<br />
valorificarea resurselor patrimoniale ale unui teritoriu: un demers<br />
mobilizator pentru proiecte de tip “Program european LEADER”.<br />
• Dr. Gheorghe POGAN (M.A.A.P – M<strong>in</strong>istery <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Food, and<br />
Forest, Department <strong>of</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s Area / Direcţia Zone Montane):<br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development Policy for Mounta<strong>in</strong>s Area <strong>in</strong> Romania /<br />
Politica pentru dezvoltarea durabilă a zonelor montane d<strong>in</strong><br />
România.<br />
• Victoria BURTEA (SAPARD Agency / Direcţia generală SAPARD):<br />
The relationship between Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> the Rural<br />
Area and the SAPARD Programme / Relaţia d<strong>in</strong>tre dezvoltarea<br />
durabilă a zonelor <strong>rural</strong>e şi Programul SAPARD.<br />
2
Programme<br />
• Iurie MAXIM (M.A.P.A.M. - M<strong>in</strong>istery <strong>of</strong> Water, Forest and<br />
Environmental Protection, Department <strong>of</strong> Environment Conservation /<br />
Direcţia de Conservare a Mediului):<br />
The Protected Areas <strong>in</strong> Romania <strong>in</strong> the Context <strong>of</strong> the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> the Rural Areas / Ariile protejate d<strong>in</strong> România în<br />
contextul dezvoltării durabile a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
13 00 – 15 00 Lunch / Pauză de masă<br />
15 00 – 17 30 Plenary communications / Comunicări în plen<br />
Moderator: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Albert Reif<br />
• Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Albert REIF, Dr. Evelyn RUŞDEA, Katja BRINKMANN<br />
(University Freiburg, Institute for Landscape Management and<br />
Institute for Silviculture / Universitatea Freiburg, Institutul pentru<br />
Amenajarea Mediului şi Institutul de Silvicultură):<br />
General Presentation <strong>of</strong> PROIECT APUSENI / Prezentare generală<br />
a PROIECTULUI APUSENI.<br />
17 30 –18 00 C<strong>of</strong>fee break / Pauză<br />
• Ralph NOBIS (Technical University Dresden, Institute for Forest<br />
Botany and Forest Zoology / Universitatea Tehnică Dresden,<br />
Institutul de Botanică Silvică şi Zoologie Silvică):<br />
The Dnister-Project – <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development <strong>in</strong> the western<br />
Ukra<strong>in</strong>e (generally presentation) / <strong>Proiect</strong>ul Dnister – dezvoltare<br />
durabilă în Ucra<strong>in</strong>a de vest (prezentare generală).<br />
• Dr. Ulrich FIEGE (IAMO - Institute for Agricultural Development <strong>in</strong><br />
Middle and Eastern Europe, Halle / IAMO – Institutul pentru<br />
Dezvoltarea Agriculturii în Europa Centrală şi Europa de Est,<br />
Halle):<br />
Social capital – a ressource for <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>. Theory and<br />
practice with case-studies from Hungary / Capitalul social – o<br />
resursă pentru dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă. Baze teoretice cu exemplificări<br />
d<strong>in</strong> Ungaria.<br />
18 00 – 19 30 Poster session / Sesiune de presentări postere<br />
3
Programme<br />
September 23 rd , 2003 / 23 septembrie 2003<br />
9 30 – 11 00 Workshop <strong>in</strong> four sections / pe patru secţiuni<br />
11 00 –11 30 C<strong>of</strong>fe break / Pauză<br />
11 30 –13 00 Workshop <strong>in</strong> four sections / pe patru secţiuni<br />
13 00 –15 00 Lunch break / Pauză de masă<br />
15 00 –16 30 Workshop <strong>in</strong> four sections / pe patru secţiuni<br />
16 30 –17 00 C<strong>of</strong>fee break / Pauză<br />
17 00 –18 00 Plenary presentation <strong>of</strong> the workshop results/<br />
Prezentarea în plen a rezultatelor discuţiilor d<strong>in</strong> workshopuri<br />
End <strong>of</strong> the Conference / Închiderea Simpozionului<br />
Social d<strong>in</strong>ner / Masă festivă<br />
Wednesday, Sept. 24th—Friday, Sept. 27th 2003<br />
Excursion to the project area <strong>of</strong> the PROIECT APUSENI (<strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>s).<br />
Route: Bucharest - Sibiu – Alba Iulia - Gârda - Gheţari<br />
.<br />
4
Workshops<br />
Workshop I<br />
Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary, Trans-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary and Intercultural Research<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Context <strong>of</strong> <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development /<br />
Cercetarea <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară, transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară şi <strong>in</strong>terculturală<br />
în contextul dezvoltării durabile<br />
Moderator: Hubert SCHÜBEL<br />
Presentations<br />
• Madele<strong>in</strong>e van MANSFELD & Annemarie GROT: Scientific<br />
Challenges <strong>in</strong> Trans-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary Co-operation / Provocarea<br />
şti<strong>in</strong>ţifică în cooperarea transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară.<br />
• Walentyn STETSYUT: Über verschiedene Ansätze zur Lösung<br />
wissenschaftlicher Probleme <strong>in</strong> der Zusammenarbeit von<br />
ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen und deutschen Wissenschaftlern / Modalităţi de<br />
rezolvare a problemelor apărute în cercetarea germanoucra<strong>in</strong>iană.<br />
• Hubert SCHÜBEL: Team Development and Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Support<br />
Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Co-operation / Dezvoltarea şi pregătirea<br />
echipelor pentru sprij<strong>in</strong>irea cooperării <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are<br />
• Mircea VOICULESCU: The Inventory and the Assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Present Day Natural and Anthropic Potential, a Pre-requisite <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development. The Codru Moma Mounta<strong>in</strong>s – a Case<br />
Study / Inventarierea şi evaluarea potenţialului natural şi antropic<br />
actual, premisă în analiza dezvoltării durabile. Studiu de caz:<br />
Monţii Codru Moma<br />
5
Workshops<br />
Workshop II<br />
Regional <strong>development</strong> – Collaboration between Politics,<br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istration and Research /<br />
Dezvoltarea regională – colaborare între politică, adm<strong>in</strong>istraţie,<br />
cercetare<br />
Moderator: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Werner KONOLD<br />
Presentations<br />
• Jürgen DEITERS: Dorferneuerung und Dorfwettbewerb <strong>in</strong><br />
Niedersachsen, Vorbild für Mittel- und Osteuropa / Concursuri<br />
pentru cea mai frumoasă comună, schimbări <strong>in</strong>ovatoare în<br />
comunele d<strong>in</strong> Niedersachsen – model pentru Europa centrală şi<br />
Europa de Est?<br />
• Marilena-Oana DOLIPSCHI & Alexandru NEDELEA: The Role <strong>of</strong><br />
the Public Adm<strong>in</strong>istration <strong>in</strong> the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Rural<br />
Areas / Rolul adm<strong>in</strong>istraţiei publice în dezvoltarea durabilă a<br />
regiunilor <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />
• Graţiela GHIC: Costs and Benefits <strong>in</strong> the Agricultural Systems <strong>of</strong><br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Production / Costurile şi beneficiile sistemelor agricole<br />
de producţie durabilă.<br />
• Valent<strong>in</strong>-Mihai BOHATARET: Tradition and Modernism <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Agricultural and Rural Development <strong>of</strong> the Romanian Village /<br />
Tradiţie şi modernism în dezvolatrea agrar-<strong>rural</strong>ă a satului<br />
românesc.<br />
• Dieter VÖGELIN: Production <strong>of</strong> Renewable Energy – Possibility <strong>of</strong><br />
Additional Agricultural Income / Productia de energie<br />
regenerabilă – posibilitate de venituri suplimentare pentru<br />
agricultură<br />
• Vasile LUPU: From the Small Peasant Property to the Pr<strong>of</strong>itable<br />
Farms <strong>in</strong> Romania. Reality and Expectations / De la gospodăria<br />
ţărănească la ferma agricolă şi economie. Realitate şi<br />
perspective.<br />
6
Workshops<br />
• Dănuţ-Radu SĂGEATĂ: Territorial Malfunctions <strong>in</strong>duced by the<br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istrative Structures at a Communal Level /<br />
Disfuncţionalităţi teritoriale <strong>in</strong>duse de structurile adm<strong>in</strong>istrative de<br />
nivel comunal.<br />
• Gheorghe IANOŞ & Nicolae POPA: The Productive Potential <strong>of</strong><br />
the Agriculture and the Entrepreneurial Initiative <strong>in</strong> Banat /<br />
Potenţialul productiv al agriculturii şi <strong>in</strong>iţiativa antreprenorială d<strong>in</strong><br />
Banat.<br />
• Iuliana TUDOSE & Coca TUDOSE: Human Resources and the<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment / Resursele<br />
umane şi dezvoltarea durabilă în mediul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
Workshop III<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development and Tourism <strong>in</strong> Rural Areas /<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă şi turismul în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e<br />
Moderator: Josef Bűhler<br />
Presentations<br />
• Vasile GlavĂVAN: The Organization and Co-ord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Plann<strong>in</strong>g Development and Long-term Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Rural<br />
Areas / Organizarea şi coordonarea planificării, dezvoltării şi<br />
gestionării turismului durabil în spaţiul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
• Puiu NISTOREANU: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Rural Areas /<br />
Turismul durabil în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />
• Emil FERENŢ: Cultural Tourism and the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development /<br />
Turismul cultural şi dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă.<br />
• Puiu NISTOREANU, Bogdan ONETE & Laurenţiu ANGHEL:<br />
Possible Solutions to the Tr<strong>in</strong>omial: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development-<br />
Tourism-Rural Area / Posibile soluţii ale tr<strong>in</strong>omului: dezvoltare<br />
durabilă – turism – zonă <strong>rural</strong>ă.<br />
• Elisabeta ROŞCA: Ecotourism - A Development Opportunity for<br />
the Black Sea Coast Countries / Ecoturismul – o formă de<br />
dezvoltare durabilă în ţările riverane Mării Negre.<br />
7
Workshops<br />
• Ion IONESCU & Nicolae NEACŞU: The Effects <strong>of</strong> the Rural<br />
Tourism upon the Tourists Send<strong>in</strong>g and Receiv<strong>in</strong>g Areas / Efecte<br />
ale turismului <strong>rural</strong> asupra zonelor emitente şi asupra celor<br />
receptoare de turişti.<br />
• Carmen CRAŞOVSCHI: The role <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess associations <strong>in</strong> the<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism / Rolul asociaţiilor de afaceri<br />
în dezvoltarea durabilă a turismului.<br />
Workshop IV<br />
Communications on connected themes / Sesiune de<br />
Comunicări pe teme diverse<br />
Moderator: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Ion IORDAN<br />
Presentations<br />
• Ioan ALECU, Manea DRĂGHICI & Marian CONSTANTIN: Foreign<br />
Capital Participation <strong>in</strong> Agriculture and Food Industry – a Real<br />
Necessity for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> the Rural Space /<br />
Participarea stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital în sectorul producţiei<br />
agroalimentare, o necesitate reală în dezvolatrea durabilă a<br />
spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
• Gheorghe GEMENE: The Susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Dornelor<br />
and Câmpulung Moldovenesc Bas<strong>in</strong> by Integration <strong>of</strong> Family-size<br />
Animal Farms / Dezvoltarea durabilă a <strong>rural</strong>ului d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul<br />
Dornelor şi Câmpulu<strong>in</strong>g Moldovenesc pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrarea<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale cu pr<strong>of</strong>il zootehnic.<br />
• Nicolae ANDREAŞI, Ir<strong>in</strong>a MOISE, Liliana PANAITESCU, A<br />
BASARABĂ & Claudia ANDREIAŞI: The Eco-mounta<strong>in</strong>ous Space<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Alba County – a Pedological Characterization and the<br />
Productive Vocation <strong>of</strong> Land / Spatiul ecomontan al judetului<br />
Alba–caracterizare pedologică şi vocaţia productivă a terenurilor.<br />
• Flor<strong>in</strong> MĂRĂCINEANU & Elena CONSTANTIN: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Rural<br />
Development by Land Reclamation Works / Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă<br />
durabilă pr<strong>in</strong> amenajări de îmbunătaţiri funciare.<br />
8
Workshops<br />
• Ion TALABĂ: Policies for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong><br />
the Prut Cross-border Region / Politici pentru o dezvoltare<br />
durabilă a turismului în zona transfrontalieră a Prutului.<br />
• Florea MIRON: Rural Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Bran Area / Turismul <strong>rural</strong><br />
d<strong>in</strong> zona Bran.<br />
• Ciprian CORPADE, Răzvan BATINAŞ & Ana-Maria CORPADE: The<br />
Implications <strong>of</strong> Rural Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Development <strong>of</strong> Leud<br />
(Maramures County) / Implicaţiile turismului <strong>rural</strong> în dezvoltarea<br />
durabilă a localităţii Ieud (jud. Maramureş).<br />
9
List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />
• Marilena ACATRINEI: Tendencies <strong>in</strong> the Evolution <strong>of</strong> the Commercial<br />
Exchanges between Romania and Moldova Republic / Tend<strong>in</strong>ţe în<br />
evoluţia schimburilor comerciale d<strong>in</strong>tre România şi Republica Moldova.<br />
• Ciprian ALECU: Religious Tourism, a Component <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong><br />
Development <strong>of</strong> Rural Tourism / Turismul religios, componentă a<br />
dezvoltării durabile a turismului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
• Elena-Maria BIJI & Elisabeta ROŞCA: Some comparative aspects<br />
concern<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> management <strong>in</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong><br />
areas <strong>in</strong> east European countries/ Aspecte comparative priv<strong>in</strong>d utilizarea<br />
resurselor de muncă în ţări d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est.<br />
• Aurel IRIMUŞ: Landforms Environment Dynamics <strong>in</strong> Arieş stream<br />
catchment area / D<strong>in</strong>amica environmentului geomorfologic d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul<br />
Arieşului.<br />
• Liliana GURAN: Pluriactivity <strong>in</strong> the Contemporary Romanian Village /<br />
Pluriactivitate în satele contemporane româneşti.<br />
• Daniela DUMITRESCU & Adrian BALTĂLUNGĂ: The Environment<br />
Quality <strong>in</strong> the Getic Plateau. A Case Study: the Rural Habitat <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Cândeşti Piedmont / Caliatatea mediului în Podişul Getic. Studiu de caz:<br />
habitatul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> Piemontul Cândeşti.<br />
• Gică PEHOIU: Forms <strong>of</strong> Evolution and <strong>of</strong> Habitation <strong>of</strong> the Settlements<br />
<strong>in</strong> the High Pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Târgovişte – România / Forme de evoluţie şi<br />
populare a aşezărilor d<strong>in</strong> Câmpia înaltă a Târgoviştei – România.<br />
• Valent<strong>in</strong> TEODORESCU: Protection <strong>of</strong> Soils on Argeş Hill slopes – a<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> Component <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development / Protecţia solurilor de<br />
pe versanţii Dealurilor Argeşului, componentă importantă a dezvoltării<br />
durabile.<br />
• Antoaneta STOICA: Elements from the Cartographic Documents about<br />
Dobrogea. Premises for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development / Elemente d<strong>in</strong><br />
documente cartografice asupra Dobrogei. Premise pentru o dezvoltare<br />
durabila.<br />
• Ion SMEDESCU & Andrei NOVAK: Food consumption and the <strong>rural</strong><br />
economic <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Romania / Consumul alimentar şi<br />
dezvoltarea economică <strong>rural</strong>ă în România.<br />
10
List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />
Posters deriv<strong>in</strong>g from the PROIECT APUSENI / Postere realizate <strong>in</strong><br />
cadrul PROIECT APUSENI:<br />
• Alexandru S. APAHIDEAN, Maria APAHIDEAN & Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR:<br />
Researches Concern<strong>in</strong>g the Possibilities <strong>of</strong> Vegetable Grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Western Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania / Cercetări priv<strong>in</strong>d posibilităţile<br />
de creştere a legumelor în zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>.<br />
• Eckhard AUCH: Socioeconomic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Rural Family Households<br />
<strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania / Gospodăriile ţărăneşti în Munţii<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> (România) – o analiză socioeconomică.<br />
• Alexandru BADEA, Radu MUDURA, Gheorghe HERIŞEANU &<br />
Christoph PURSCHKE: The Remote Sens<strong>in</strong>g Imagery as Support <strong>of</strong><br />
the Thematic Data with<strong>in</strong> the “<strong>Apuseni</strong> Project” / Utilizarea imag<strong>in</strong>ilor<br />
satelitare ca support pentru datele tematice în cadrul “<strong>Proiect</strong>ului<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>”.<br />
• Manuel BRANTZEN & Albert REIF: The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> grazong on the<br />
natural regeneration <strong>of</strong> forests <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania /<br />
Regenerarea naturală şi <strong>in</strong>fluenţa păşunatului în pădure în Munţii<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>, România.<br />
• Katja BRINKMANN & Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Different<br />
Fertilisation on the Floristic Composition and the Forage Quality <strong>of</strong><br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> Meadows / Efectul aplicării diferitelor tipuri de îngrăşăm<strong>in</strong>te<br />
asupra compoziţiei floristice şi calităţii furajelor în pajiştile montane.<br />
• Gheorghe CĂLINESCU, Elena SOARE & Alexandru DUMITRESCU:<br />
General Climatic Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Gheţari – Poiana<br />
Căl<strong>in</strong>easa Area / Studiu climatic general al Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong> (zona<br />
Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa).<br />
• Mar<strong>in</strong> CONSTANTIN: Groundwater geochemistry <strong>in</strong> the Gârda Seacă–<br />
Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area / Geochimia apei subterane d<strong>in</strong><br />
arealul carstic Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />
• Mar<strong>in</strong> CONSTANTIN: Chemistry <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall water collected by local<br />
people <strong>in</strong> Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa area / Chimismul<br />
apei meteorice colectate de localnici în zona Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–<br />
Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />
• Mar<strong>in</strong> CONSTANTIN & Ioan POVARĂ: Groundwater pollution with<strong>in</strong><br />
the Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area / Poluarea apei<br />
subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul carstic Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />
• August<strong>in</strong> GOIA: The <strong>Apuseni</strong> – the Ghetari Plateau: Traditional<br />
Architecture Unique <strong>in</strong> Europe / <strong>Apuseni</strong> – Platoul Gheţari: arhitectură<br />
tradiţională unică în Europa.<br />
11
List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />
• Vladimir GANCZ: Use <strong>of</strong> Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery<br />
to Survey the Reality - an Example from Forestry / Utilizarea imag<strong>in</strong>ilor<br />
satelitare de foarte înaltă rezoluţie spaţială în cunoaşterea realităţii<br />
înconjurătoare – un exemplu d<strong>in</strong> domeniul silviculturii.<br />
• Ion IORDAN: Demographic Features <strong>of</strong> Gârda de Sus–Gheţari–Poiana<br />
Căl<strong>in</strong>easa Area / Caracterele demografice ale zonei Gârda de Sus–<br />
Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />
• Dieter LEHMANN & Katja BRINKMANN: Integrated Spatial Modell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
– Calculat<strong>in</strong>g Economical and Ecological Indicators with<strong>in</strong> a GIS /<br />
Modelare spaţială – Calcularea unor <strong>in</strong>dicatori economici şi ecologici în<br />
cadrul unui GIS.<br />
• Barbara MICHLER & Albert REIF: Arnica montana <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
´Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania – endangered or protected by utilization ? / Arnica<br />
montana d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, Romania – specie periclitată sau ocrotită<br />
de modul de utilizare al terenurilor ?<br />
• Katr<strong>in</strong> MÜLLER-RIEMENSCHNEIDER, Andrei STOIE, Christoph<br />
ULBIG, Albert REIF: Forest Use <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Romania /<br />
Utilizarea pădurilor în Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România<br />
• Iancu ORĂŞEANU: Hydrogeological issues concern<strong>in</strong>g the Gârda<br />
Seacă-Ordâncuşa water divide and the water supply opportunities for<br />
the <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Ocoale-Gheţari area / Consideraţii hidrogeologice<br />
asupra <strong>in</strong>terfluviului Gârda Seacă-Ordâncuşa şi posibilităţile de<br />
alimentare cu apă potabiă a locuitorilor d<strong>in</strong> zona Ocoale-Gheţari<br />
• Mihai PARICHI & Anca-Luiza STĂNILĂ: Sols terra rossa from north<br />
Bihor (<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s) / Solurile terra rossa d<strong>in</strong> Bihorul nordic<br />
(Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>).<br />
• Markus PFEUFFER, Erika BANTOo & Hans-H<strong>in</strong>rich SAMBRAUS:<br />
Tierhaltung <strong>in</strong> Gheţari – <strong>Apuseni</strong> Gebirge, Rumänien / Creşterea<br />
animalelor <strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, Romania.<br />
• Rodica POVARĂ: Agro-climatic Characterization <strong>of</strong> the Forests,<br />
Pasture and Grassland Ecosystems. Climatic Hazards and Effects on<br />
the Environment and the Local Population / Caracterizare agroclimatică<br />
a ecosistemelor de pădure, pajişti şi fâneţe. Riscuri climatice şi efecte<br />
asupra mediului natural şi populaţiei locale.<br />
• Christoph PURSCHKE & Per ANGELSTAM: Birds <strong>in</strong> the Transition<br />
between Pasture and Forest: a Comparison <strong>of</strong> Ancient and Modern<br />
Landscapes / Păsări în zona de trecerea d<strong>in</strong>tre pajişte şi pădure: o<br />
comparaţie între peisaje vechi şi moderne.<br />
12
List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />
• Albert REIF, Georg HARTH & Gheorghe COLDEA: Traditional land<br />
use and vegetation gradients <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania /<br />
Utilizarea tradiţională a terenurilor şi gradienţii de vegetaţie în Munţii<br />
Apusen–România.<br />
• Ion ROTAR , Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR, Roxana VIDICAN, Nicolae SIMA: The<br />
<strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> manure on the Festuca rubra grasslands at Ghetari<br />
(<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s) / Influenţa gunoiului de grajd asupra pajistilor de<br />
Festuca rubra, d<strong>in</strong> Gheţari (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>).<br />
• Evelyn RUŞDEA, Albert REIF, Ioan POVARĂ & Werner KONOLD:<br />
Identification <strong>of</strong> the Social, Economic and Ecologic Potentials for the<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> a Traditional Area <strong>in</strong> South-Eastern Europe –<br />
Case Study: the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Romania / Identificarea<br />
potenţialului social, economic şi ecologic pentru o dezvoltare durabilă a<br />
unei regiuni tradiţionale d<strong>in</strong> Europa de est - Studiu de caz: Munţii<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România.<br />
• Evelyn RUŞDEA, Albert REIF, Katja BRINKMANN & Manuel<br />
BRANTZEN: The Susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Traditional Landscape <strong>in</strong><br />
the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, the Example <strong>of</strong> the Gheţari Village (Gârda) /<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>,<br />
exemplul satului Gheţari (comuna Gârda).<br />
• Albert REIF & Evelyn RUŞDEA: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Traditional Landscape <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania / Dezvoltarea<br />
durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>.<br />
• Hubert R. SCHÜBEL: Team Development and Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Support<br />
Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Co-operation / Dezvoltarea şi pregătirea echipelor<br />
pentru sprij<strong>in</strong>irea cooperării <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are.<br />
13
Abstracts – Plenary Session<br />
Plenary comunications / Comunicări în plen<br />
Generally Presentation <strong>of</strong> PROIECT APUSENI / Prezentare<br />
generală a PROIECTULUI APUSENI<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Albert REIF,<br />
Dr. Evelyn RUŞDEA,<br />
Katja BRINKMANN<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Silviculture, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />
A traditional land use system <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania, and its<br />
potential for susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> is be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>vestigated <strong>in</strong> an<br />
<strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary and transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary, bi-national and <strong>in</strong>tercultural research<br />
project, co-ord<strong>in</strong>ated by the University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg. The "PROIECT<br />
APUSENI - a chance for the Moti country" commenced <strong>in</strong> September 2000<br />
and is f<strong>in</strong>anced by the German M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Education and Research (BMBF;<br />
FKZ: 0339720/5).<br />
The research aimed to develop regional strategies for mounta<strong>in</strong> areas <strong>in</strong><br />
Eastern Europe <strong>in</strong> participation with the local people and with Romanian<br />
politicians. The ma<strong>in</strong> study area was situated <strong>in</strong> Moti country <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, northwestern Romania, and consisted <strong>of</strong> 15 communities. The<br />
central aim <strong>of</strong> the project, namely the identification <strong>of</strong> the social, economic<br />
and ecological potential for a susta<strong>in</strong>able regional <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> eastern<br />
Europe, illustrated by the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Romania", <strong>in</strong>volved the<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> landscape, land use, and regional <strong>development</strong> perspectives.<br />
Analysed were the physical and biological characteristics <strong>of</strong> the landscape<br />
and region; its cultural history and the life <strong>of</strong> the people; the economy <strong>of</strong><br />
selected households <strong>in</strong> Ghetari, and the "Moti country" region. The methods<br />
and techniques <strong>of</strong> agricultural and forestry land use were described, and<br />
their ecological effects quantified. These discipl<strong>in</strong>ary studies provided the<br />
base for an evaluation <strong>in</strong> relation to nature conservation and the economy.<br />
Data <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g the physical conditions, land use, work<strong>in</strong>g activities,<br />
products and produced values were comb<strong>in</strong>ed and transformed, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
aggregated data, key <strong>in</strong>dicators and descriptors for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
model-based scenarios. The future <strong>development</strong> alternatives <strong>of</strong> the<br />
landscape, and the social and economic situation were def<strong>in</strong>ed by a<br />
14
Abstracts<br />
multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary discussion and scenarios were created by chang<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
primary <strong>in</strong>fluences <strong>in</strong> the system. Hypothetical changes <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
relations were reflected <strong>in</strong> the sett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two "frame-scenarios"; one<br />
assum<strong>in</strong>g that Romania rema<strong>in</strong>s an <strong>in</strong>dependent economic system and the<br />
other that Romania becomes a membership <strong>of</strong> the European Union. Local<br />
variations <strong>in</strong> future <strong>development</strong>s were simulated by def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g three "action<br />
strategies" represent<strong>in</strong>g three potential <strong>development</strong>al directions;<br />
uncontrolled <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> traditional land uses; forseeable susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
land use strategies with moderate <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>of</strong> own capital; and large-scale<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestments through an external <strong>in</strong>vestor. A comparative analysis and<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> these scenarios was used to give recommendations for a<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able regional <strong>development</strong><br />
From the outset "PROIECT APUSENI" had transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary components,<br />
which aimed to develop concrete applications <strong>in</strong> the region. In the<br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g the problems confront<strong>in</strong>g farmers <strong>in</strong> the region were analysed.<br />
The knowledge ga<strong>in</strong>ed by project members <strong>in</strong> the prelim<strong>in</strong>ary phase <strong>of</strong> the<br />
project was <strong>in</strong>corporated and extended through participatory appraisal. A<br />
stakeholder analysis provided the basis for the <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> local, regional<br />
and national actors (people, politicians etc) and <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>in</strong> the process<br />
("action research").<br />
Promis<strong>in</strong>g approaches were supported by "PROIECT APUSENI" and<br />
implemented as so-called "Leitprojekte" ("guid<strong>in</strong>g projects"). Projects were<br />
established <strong>in</strong> the fields <strong>of</strong> tourism, agriculture (crop farm<strong>in</strong>g, manure<br />
process<strong>in</strong>g, fertilisation, hay harvest<strong>in</strong>g), water supply, medic<strong>in</strong>al plants,<br />
and forest use/wood process<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
15
Abstracts – Plenary Session<br />
The Dnister-Project – Susta<strong>in</strong>abele Development <strong>in</strong> the<br />
western Ukra<strong>in</strong>e / <strong>Proiect</strong>ul Nistru dezvoltare durabilă în<br />
Ucra<strong>in</strong>a de vest<br />
Ralph NOBIS<br />
TU Dresden<br />
Auen und E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebiete der großen Flussläufe zählen weltweit zu den am<br />
stärksten gefährdeten Landschaften. Dies gilt <strong>in</strong>sbesondere für dichter<br />
besiedelte und <strong>in</strong>dustriell höher entwickelte Regionen, wo E<strong>in</strong>griffe <strong>in</strong> das<br />
hydrologische Regime, Ökosystemveränderungen und st<strong>of</strong>fliche<br />
Belastungen tiefgreifende und irreversible Veränderungen zur Folge hatten.<br />
In mittel-osteuropäischen Flusslandschaften bestehen dagegen <strong>of</strong>t noch<br />
Verhältnisse, die früher für Zentraleuropa typisch waren, hier aber bereits<br />
fast überall verschwunden s<strong>in</strong>d. Dies gilt auch für den Ober- und Mittellauf<br />
des Dnister <strong>in</strong> der Westukra<strong>in</strong>e e<strong>in</strong>schließlich se<strong>in</strong>es E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebietes.<br />
Im Jahr 1995 wurde e<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternationales Forschungs- und<br />
Entwicklungsprogramm zwischen ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen und deutschen<br />
Wissenschafts- und Vollzugs<strong>in</strong>stitutionen unter Beteiligung der<br />
Wissenschaftsabteilung der UNESCO mit dem Titel „Transformationsprozesse<br />
<strong>in</strong> der Dnister-Region (Westukra<strong>in</strong>e) begonnen. Am Beispiel der<br />
Region des oberen Dnisters sollen Leitbilder zur naturkonformen und<br />
nachhaltigen Landnutzung von Flusslandschaften und ihrer E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebiete<br />
<strong>in</strong> Osteuropa am Beispiel der Region des Oberen Dnister. Der<br />
<strong>in</strong>terdiszipl<strong>in</strong>äre Forschungsverbund mit den Schwerpunkten Land-, Forst-,<br />
Wasserwirtschaft, Sozioökonomie und Naturschutz agiert auf verschiedenen<br />
Massstabsebenen, vom gesamten E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebiet des Oberlaufes bis zu<br />
detaillierten Untersuchungen <strong>in</strong> acht repräsentativen Modellgeme<strong>in</strong>den.<br />
E<strong>in</strong>e frühzeitige E<strong>in</strong>b<strong>in</strong>dung der ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Verwaltungsstrukturen<br />
gewährleistet e<strong>in</strong>e Umsetzung der entwickelten Massnahmenvorschläge.<br />
16
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Workshop I<br />
Inter- and transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary and Intercultural research <strong>in</strong><br />
the context <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> / Cercetarea<br />
<strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară, transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară Şi <strong>in</strong>terculturală în<br />
contextul dezvoltării durabile<br />
Über verschiedene Ansätze zu Lösung wissenschaftlicher<br />
Probleme von ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen und deutschen Wissenschaftlern /<br />
Modalităţi de rezolvare a problemelor apărute în proiectul de<br />
colaborare germano-ucra<strong>in</strong>ian<br />
Walentyn STETSYUT<br />
Außer den selbstverständlichen verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Methoden<br />
<strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>er <strong>in</strong>terkulturellen und <strong>in</strong>terdiszipl<strong>in</strong>ärer Zusammenarbeit besteht der<br />
Hauptunterschied zwischen den deutschen und ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen<br />
Wissenschaftlern <strong>in</strong> der Herangehensweise zur Lösung der wissenschaftlichen<br />
Probleme. Fast immer wird jede wissenschaftliche Frage von ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen<br />
Wissenschaftlern <strong>in</strong> ihrer vollen Komplexität angesehen, während deutsche<br />
Wissenschaftler sogleich versuchen, die Hauptkom-ponenten und<br />
Hauptmerkmale zu f<strong>in</strong>den, sie dann e<strong>in</strong>gehend zu untersuchen und mit ihnen<br />
zu operieren. Das führt dazu, dass ukra<strong>in</strong>ische Wissenschaftler üblicherweise<br />
jede neue Untersuchung mit sehr breiten allgeme<strong>in</strong>en Betrachtungen beg<strong>in</strong>nen<br />
und manchmal auch <strong>in</strong> neben-sächlichen Fragen vers<strong>in</strong>ken.<br />
Die Folge e<strong>in</strong>er solchen Herangehensweise ist nicht selten langfristige<br />
Arbeit mit uneffektiven Ergebnissen, weil die entwickelten Empfehlungen<br />
oder Normen für die Umsetzung sich als schwierig erweisen. Aus unserer<br />
Erfahrung können wir behaupten, dass deutsche Wissenschaftler viel mehr<br />
gewöhnt s<strong>in</strong>d, konkrete Fragestellungen <strong>in</strong> engen Zeiträumen term<strong>in</strong>gerecht<br />
zu bearbeiten. Aber dagegen versuchen sie <strong>in</strong> jeder Frage e<strong>in</strong> breiteres<br />
Instrumentarium auszunützen. In kollektiven Untersuchungen entwerfen sie<br />
außerdem ganz bestimmte Arbeitspläne für jeden Teilnehmer. Wie unsere<br />
Erfahrung zeigt, können sich allerd<strong>in</strong>gs die ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Wissenschaftler<br />
sehr schnell den ähnlichen Ansatz aneignen und die weitere<br />
Zusammenarbeit entwickelt sich ganz fruchtbar. In dem Beitrag werden<br />
konkrete Beispiele aus der deutsch-ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Zusammen-arbeit im<br />
Dniester-Projekt erläutert.<br />
17
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Team Development and Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Support Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary<br />
Co-operation<br />
Hubert R. SCHÜBEL<br />
Consultoria, Stuttgart<br />
Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary projects consist <strong>of</strong> a complex set <strong>of</strong> scientific questions as<br />
well as <strong>of</strong> challeng<strong>in</strong>g social process with<strong>in</strong> the group <strong>of</strong> scientist. The<br />
psychological concept <strong>of</strong> team <strong>development</strong> and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g takes <strong>in</strong>to account,<br />
that the quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary co-operation depends not only on the<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> the (product-related) specialised knowledge <strong>of</strong> the discipl<strong>in</strong>ary<br />
researcher, but also on process-related procedural skills and social<br />
competences <strong>of</strong> the team members, and the group dynamics with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
team. The poster shows concept, purpose and some results <strong>of</strong> the<br />
psychological <strong>in</strong>terventions <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> to support the cooperation,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g team-build<strong>in</strong>g, tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g measures for the team<br />
members, evaluations and coach<strong>in</strong>g for the project-coord<strong>in</strong>ator.<br />
Formarea şi pregătirea unei echipe pentru a sprij<strong>in</strong>i<br />
cooperarea <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară<br />
<strong>Proiect</strong>ele <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are <strong>in</strong>clud un set complex de probleme şti<strong>in</strong>ţifice,<br />
precum şi procese sociale <strong>in</strong>citante în cadrul grupului de cercetători.<br />
Conceptul psihologic de formare şi pregătire a unei echipe consideră<br />
calitatea unei cooperări <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are ca dep<strong>in</strong>zând nu numai de<br />
calitatea cunoşt<strong>in</strong>ţelor de specialitate (în legătură cu produsul) ale<br />
cercetătorului d<strong>in</strong>tr-o anumită discipl<strong>in</strong>ă, ci şi de aptitud<strong>in</strong>ile procedurale<br />
şi competenţele sociale (în legătură cu procesul) ale membrilor echipei, şi<br />
de d<strong>in</strong>amica de grup în cadrul echipei. Posterul prez<strong>in</strong>tă conceptul, scopul<br />
şi unele rezultate ale <strong>in</strong>tervenţiilor psihologice în <strong>Proiect</strong>ul <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
dest<strong>in</strong>ate a veni în sprij<strong>in</strong>ul cooperării, cupr<strong>in</strong>zând formarea echipei,<br />
măsuri de pregătire pentru membrii echipei, modalităţi de evaluare şi de<br />
antrenare pentru coordonatorul de proiect.<br />
18
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Record<strong>in</strong>g and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the present natural and anthropic<br />
potentials <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong>. Case study-Codru<br />
Moma Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Mircea VOICULESCU<br />
West University <strong>of</strong> Timişoara<br />
The “Codru Moma” Mounta<strong>in</strong>s occupy an area <strong>of</strong> about 675 km˛ and are<br />
located <strong>in</strong> the western part <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s with<strong>in</strong> the Criţ<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong>s group, between 46ş 34’ N and 22ş 13’ E. Their elevations<br />
slightly exceed 1000 m, Pleşa Peak (1112 m) be<strong>in</strong>g the highest one; for this<br />
reason they are ranked as small mounta<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
With<strong>in</strong> this study, the specific features <strong>of</strong> Codru Moma Mounta<strong>in</strong>s have<br />
been analysed, with emphasis on their topography, climate, vegetation and<br />
the ma<strong>in</strong> human activities. These are essential for the perspective <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrations between land uses and environmental resources, and for the<br />
protection and conservation <strong>of</strong> the environment, and implicitly <strong>of</strong> the<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong>. This study focusses on the strengths and<br />
weaknesses <strong>of</strong> this area.<br />
The low altitude, the less rugged hill slopes, the favourable exposition, the<br />
gentle climate, the high forest cover, the existence <strong>of</strong> valuable touristic<br />
potential could become the base for a favourable and specific economic<br />
activity <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />
The exist<strong>in</strong>g landscapes to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent are <strong>in</strong> danger <strong>of</strong> devastation due<br />
to over-graz<strong>in</strong>g, deforestation and the <strong>in</strong>tensive exploitation <strong>of</strong> limestone.<br />
The poor touristic <strong>in</strong>frastructure, the absence <strong>of</strong> touristic landmarks, <strong>of</strong><br />
appropriate accommodation facilities and the absence <strong>of</strong> promotional<br />
activities concern<strong>in</strong>g the natural and anthropic touristic potential are<br />
obstacles for future <strong>development</strong>.<br />
Inventarierea şi evaluarea potenţialului natural şi antropic<br />
actual, premisă a dezvoltării durabile. Studiu de caz – Munţii<br />
Codru Moma<br />
Munţii Codru Moma ocupă o suprafaţă de aproximativ 675 km 2 şi se află<br />
situaţi în partea vestică a Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>, în grupa Munţilor Crişurilor,<br />
între 46 o 34’ lat. N şi 22 o 13’ long. E. Altitud<strong>in</strong>al depăşesc uşor 1000 m, cel<br />
19
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
mai înalt punct fi<strong>in</strong>d situat în Vf. Pleşa (1112 m); de aceea ei sunt<br />
consideraţi ca făcând parte d<strong>in</strong> categoria munceilor.<br />
Pe baza analizei componentelor de mediu privite în evoluţia lor în timp şi în<br />
spaţiu am reţ<strong>in</strong>ut particularităţile Munţilor Codru Moma, cu privire<br />
specială asupra reliefului, climatului, vegetaţiei şi a pr<strong>in</strong>cipalelor activităţi<br />
antropice. Acestea sunt def<strong>in</strong>itorii în perspectiva <strong>in</strong>tegrării montane în<br />
circuitul specific al modului de utilizare a terenurilor, a resurselor solului<br />
şi a subsolului, a protecţiei şi a conservării mediului şi implicit a dezvoltării<br />
durabile.<br />
Am pus în evidenţă aşa-numitele puncte tari şi puncte slabe ale spaţiului<br />
montan. D<strong>in</strong> prima categorie am reţ<strong>in</strong>ut altitud<strong>in</strong>ea redusă a reliefului,<br />
fragmentarea puţ<strong>in</strong> accentuată, expoziţia favorabilă, climatul blând, gradul<br />
mare de împădurire, existenţa unor obiective turistice valoroase, toate<br />
acestea permiţând o activitate economică favorabilă şi specifică.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> a 2-a categorie putem menţiona peisajele aflate într-un anumit grad de<br />
degradare datorită <strong>in</strong>tervenţiilor antropice, pr<strong>in</strong> suprapăşunat, defrişări şi<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensa exploatare a calcarelor. În aceeaşi categorie trebuie <strong>in</strong>clusă şi<br />
slaba <strong>in</strong>frastructură turistică, lipsa marcajelor, a spaţiilor de cazare<br />
adecvate şi a lipsei popularizării potenţialului turistic natural şi antropic.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> păcate, la nivel local nu am constatat existenţa unor politici de<br />
amenajare teritorială <strong>in</strong>tegrată, în perspectiva dezvoltării durabile, pe baza<br />
favorabilităţilor şi a priorităţilor pe care le <strong>of</strong>eră spaţiul Munţilor Codru<br />
Moma.<br />
20<br />
Territorial malfunction<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>duced by the adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />
structures associated to villages <strong>in</strong> Romania<br />
Radu SAGEATĂ<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Geography, Bucharest<br />
Of all EU candidates, Romania is the largest state organized by a<br />
department adm<strong>in</strong>istrative structure, with the 1968 adm<strong>in</strong>istrative-territorial<br />
scheme. From the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, the system was flawed by political<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>in</strong>to the territorial plann<strong>in</strong>g projects and decision-makers<br />
ignored the local realities. The result was an artificial structure <strong>of</strong> village
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istrations, both <strong>in</strong> dissonance with the local human and material<br />
fluxes and with the exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>frastructure. Subsequently, ideologically<br />
related actions, associated to the so-called “<strong>rural</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g” policy, operated<br />
<strong>in</strong> the same detrimental way. Identify<strong>in</strong>g and correct<strong>in</strong>g the malfunctions<br />
due to certa<strong>in</strong> village adm<strong>in</strong>istration structures is an issue <strong>of</strong> great<br />
importance for the local communities, who need to have an appropriate<br />
outl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> their adm<strong>in</strong>istrative boundaries, correspond<strong>in</strong>g to tradition and to<br />
the historical right, as well as to the present day economic and social<br />
realities.<br />
Disfuncţionalităţi teritoriale <strong>in</strong>duse de structurile adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />
de nivel comunal în România<br />
D<strong>in</strong>tre candidatele la <strong>in</strong>tegrarea în Uniunea Europeană, România este cel<br />
mai mare stat organizat după sistem adm<strong>in</strong>istrativ departamental.<br />
Implementat pr<strong>in</strong> organizarea adm<strong>in</strong>istrativ-teritorială d<strong>in</strong> 1968, acesta s-a<br />
concretizat, încă de la început, pr<strong>in</strong> disfuncţionalităţi datorate imixtiunii<br />
factorului politic în amenajarea teritoriului şi necunoaşterii de către<br />
autorităţile decizionale a realităţilor d<strong>in</strong> teren. Au rezultat astfel structuri<br />
comunale arbitrare, ce nu corespund nici cu fluxurile locale, umane şi<br />
materiale, nici cu <strong>in</strong>frastructura existentă. La acestea s-au adaugat<br />
acţiunile ulterioare, subordonate ideologic, concretizate pr<strong>in</strong> politica de<br />
“sistematizare a <strong>rural</strong>ului”. Individualizarea şi managementul acestor<br />
disfuncţionalităţi, datorate configuraţiei unor structuri adm<strong>in</strong>istrative de<br />
nivel comunal, este o acţiune de reală importanţă pentru colectivităţile<br />
locale în vederea stabilirii corecte a limitelor adm<strong>in</strong>istrative, conform atât<br />
cu tradiţia şi dreptul istoric, cât şi cu realităţile economico-sociale actuale.<br />
21
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Workshop II<br />
Regional <strong>development</strong>-Collaboration between Politics,<br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istration and Research / Dezvoltarea regională–<br />
colaborare între politică, adm<strong>in</strong>istraţie, cercetare<br />
Public adm<strong>in</strong>istration and susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong><br />
Oana DOLIPSCHI<br />
Alexandru NEDELEA<br />
“Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava<br />
In frequented, fragile areas <strong>of</strong> the countryside the focus <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<strong>development</strong> may be on susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the physical environment by prevent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
long-term damage – a major task for the public adm<strong>in</strong>istration. In other<br />
places the accent may be on susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the survival <strong>of</strong> the local economy, or<br />
to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> the authentic craftwork traditions. For a national park<br />
adm<strong>in</strong>istration, susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism may imply to achieve a balance between<br />
protected areas with limited public access, and for developed parts. For a<br />
small hotelier, it may simply be the economic survival <strong>of</strong> the family<br />
bus<strong>in</strong>ess for another year.<br />
Some observers feel that the concept is only be<strong>in</strong>g superficially grasped, or<br />
used for political convenience. Few tourism <strong>of</strong>ficers really understand what<br />
is about or where it has come from, but f<strong>in</strong>d it a useful way <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
councilors on their side when they want to get over the Not-In-My-Back-<br />
Yard problems.<br />
This is a pessimistic, even cynical analysis, but also a useful rem<strong>in</strong>der that<br />
it’s deeds and not words that ultimately count. The projects <strong>in</strong> the East<br />
Europe and even <strong>in</strong> West Europe concern<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />
<strong>regions</strong> might not all pass a rigorous susta<strong>in</strong>ability test <strong>in</strong> every detail. Yet<br />
they still represent the vanguard <strong>of</strong> the movement as it stands at present.<br />
And this alone makes them worthy <strong>of</strong> exam<strong>in</strong>ations.<br />
22
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istraţia publică şi turismul durabil în dezvoltarea regiunilor<br />
<strong>rural</strong>e<br />
Conceptul de dezvoltare durabilă a fost fundamentat plecându-se de la<br />
recunoaşterea limitelor creşterii economice. Această noţiune se referă la<br />
prezentarea unor soluţii, modele de dezvoltare alternativă, tehnici<br />
“curate”, nepoluante, schimbarea modelelor de producţie şi de consum<br />
actuale, pentru evitarea dezechilibrelor geobiochimice ale Terrei.<br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istraţia publică are un rol deosebit de important în acest tip de<br />
dezvoltare, care are rolul de a satisface nevoile prezentului fără să<br />
compromită capacitatea generaţiilor viitoare de a-şi realiza nevoile.<br />
<strong>Proiect</strong>ele d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est şi chiar cele d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Vest cu privire la<br />
dezvoltarea regiunilor <strong>rural</strong>e se poate să nu tracă toate un test riguros (în<br />
toate detaliile) în ceea ce priveşte caracterul de durabil.<br />
The cost and pr<strong>of</strong>its <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able production<br />
agricultural systems<br />
Graţiela GHIC<br />
“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christianze University, Bucharest<br />
This study provides a method that can be used to calculate the costs and<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> precision agriculture <strong>in</strong> measurement and application <strong>of</strong> variable<br />
rate production technology.<br />
The value <strong>of</strong> precision <strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>puts applied to a particular field can be<br />
measured by compar<strong>in</strong>g the benefits result<strong>in</strong>g from the allocation <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>puts<br />
<strong>in</strong> the absence <strong>of</strong> precision <strong>in</strong>formation and technology, with those foreseen<br />
<strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> an optimal application <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>puts, given precision <strong>in</strong>formation and<br />
technology.<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> this paper <strong>in</strong>dicate that – <strong>in</strong> present-day Romania - the use <strong>of</strong><br />
precision technology <strong>in</strong> the application <strong>of</strong> nitrogen-based fertilizer for maize<br />
production is not pr<strong>of</strong>itable.<br />
23
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Costurile şi beneficiile sistemelor agricole de producţie durabilă<br />
Acest studiu propune o metodă care poate fi folosită pentru măsurarea<br />
costurilor şi beneficiilor agriculturii de precizie. Valoarea preciziei în<br />
folosirea <strong>in</strong>puturilor aplicate unui câmp particular poate fi măsurată<br />
comparând beneficiile rezultate în urma alocării factorilor de producţie,<br />
atât în absenţa cât şi în prezenţa tehnologiei şi <strong>in</strong>formaţiilor de precizie.<br />
Rezultatele acestei lucrări <strong>in</strong>dică faptul că – în prezent, în România –<br />
folosirea tehnologiei de precizie în aplicarea fertilizatorului (azot) pentru<br />
obţ<strong>in</strong>erea producţiei de porumb nu este pr<strong>of</strong>itabilă.<br />
Tradition and Modernism <strong>in</strong> the Agricultural-Rural<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> the Romanian Village<br />
Valent<strong>in</strong>-Mihai BOHATERET<br />
Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch<br />
Adapt<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>rural</strong> territory to the requirements with which Romania should<br />
comply <strong>in</strong> order to adhere to the European Union corresponds to certa<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic demands for modernization and <strong>development</strong> that are specific to<br />
the 21 st century.<br />
Reduc<strong>in</strong>g the multiple lags that exist between the Romanian <strong>rural</strong> space and<br />
the correspond<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>of</strong> the European Union implies the implementation<br />
<strong>of</strong> some vast multi-sector programs <strong>in</strong> order to br<strong>in</strong>g about a positive change<br />
<strong>of</strong> a traditional environment, characterized by multiple and complex local<br />
and regional specific features.<br />
In this context, the academic scientific research staff faces a very difficult<br />
task: to foreshadow how the general progress <strong>of</strong> the traditional<br />
autochthonous village is go<strong>in</strong>g to take place.<br />
• The <strong>in</strong>vestigations undertaken by the Team <strong>of</strong> Rural Economy, based on<br />
long and complex scientific approaches that were successfully completed,<br />
although not <strong>in</strong> every case, have <strong>in</strong>dicated the necessity <strong>of</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
research programs on three ma<strong>in</strong> directions:<br />
• To promote a national program <strong>of</strong> re-f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g and turn<strong>in</strong>g to pr<strong>of</strong>it the<br />
perennial values <strong>of</strong> the Romanian village, by strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the our ancestors<br />
faith, by reconsider<strong>in</strong>g the local tradition and by respect<strong>in</strong>g nature anew;<br />
24
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
• To def<strong>in</strong>e and to rank the ma<strong>in</strong> directions <strong>of</strong> local, regional and national<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>;<br />
To modernize, develop, diversify and optimize the agriculture <strong>in</strong> economic<br />
and social terms.<br />
The paper discusses <strong>in</strong> detail and provides arguments for each <strong>of</strong> the<br />
directions to be followed, aim<strong>in</strong>g at strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the identity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Romanian village and at def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
provisional framework.<br />
Tradiţie şi modernism în dezvoltarea agrar-<strong>rural</strong>ă<br />
a satului românesc<br />
Adaptarea spaţiului <strong>rural</strong> la cer<strong>in</strong>ţele impuse de aderarea României la<br />
Uniunea Europeană corespunde unor necesităţi <strong>in</strong>terne de modernizare şi<br />
dezvoltare specifice secolului XXI.<br />
Reducerea decalajelor multiple existente între spaţiul <strong>rural</strong> românesc şi<br />
zonele corespunzătoare d<strong>in</strong> Uniunea Europeană presupune implementarea<br />
unor ample programe multisectoriale de preschimbare pozitivă a unui<br />
mediu tradiţional, caracterizat pr<strong>in</strong> multiple şi complexe specificităţi locale<br />
şi regionale.<br />
În acest context, mediului academic de cercetare şti<strong>in</strong>ţifică îi rev<strong>in</strong>e o<br />
sarc<strong>in</strong>ă dificilă de prefigurare a modului de propăşire generală a satului<br />
tradiţional autohton.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> cercetările realizate de Colectivul de Economie Rurală, pe baza unor<br />
îndelungi şi complexe demersuri şti<strong>in</strong>ţifice, încheiate cu rezultate pozitive,<br />
dar şi cu eşecuri, rezultă necesitatea promovării unor programe de<br />
cercetare pe trei mari direcţii:<br />
• promovarea unui program naţional de redescoperire şi valorificare a<br />
valenţelor perene ale satului românesc, întemeiat pe întărirea cred<strong>in</strong>ţei<br />
strămoşeşti, pe reconsiderarea tradiţiei locale şi întoarcerea la respectul<br />
faţă de natură;<br />
• def<strong>in</strong>irea şi ierarhizarea direcţiilor prioritare de dezvoltare <strong>rural</strong>ă<br />
durabilă locală, regională şi naţională;<br />
• modernizarea, dezvoltarea, diversificarea şi eficientizarea agriculturii sub<br />
aspect economic şi social.Comunicarea şti<strong>in</strong>ţifică detaliază şi motivează<br />
fiecare direcţie în parte, urmăr<strong>in</strong>d întărirea identităţii satului românesc şi<br />
def<strong>in</strong>irea cadrului orientativ de dezvoltare <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă.<br />
25
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
From small peasant properties to the pr<strong>of</strong>itable farms <strong>in</strong><br />
Romania. Reality and expectations<br />
Vasile LUPU<br />
Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch<br />
The market economy <strong>in</strong> agriculture requests about 50 hectares parcels.<br />
Unfortunately, ever s<strong>in</strong>ce 1990, all Romanian governments have been rather<br />
<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g abstract electorates than <strong>in</strong> resolv<strong>in</strong>g real, immediate<br />
problems and create the premises <strong>of</strong> a pr<strong>of</strong>itable agriculture. Therefore, by<br />
the 18 / 1991 Law, about 1 million properties with an approximate surface<br />
<strong>of</strong> 0,5 hectares have been created, favor<strong>in</strong>g those who hadn’t been forced to<br />
contribute with significant land properties to the communist cooperative,<br />
and dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g the properties <strong>of</strong> the rightful owners. This is how the<br />
medium surface for a family’s plot has become one <strong>of</strong> 2,2 hectares. In<br />
addition to that, the governments did not succeed <strong>in</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
agricultural credits either. The subventions handed to the agricultural<br />
producers – and taken out <strong>of</strong> the state budget – have been <strong>in</strong>significant <strong>in</strong><br />
value for most <strong>of</strong> them, while the real agricultural f<strong>in</strong>ancial support has<br />
been shared accord<strong>in</strong>gly to the <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> the rul<strong>in</strong>g political parity /<br />
parties.<br />
In these circumstances, the juridical circulation <strong>of</strong> plots couldn’t have<br />
worked either. Frequently, notary and cadastral fees are higher than the<br />
land’s price. Lack<strong>in</strong>g fast solutions, Romania’s <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> UE rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />
questionable.<br />
This paper presents urgent, necessary measures for a successful agriculture<br />
<strong>in</strong> Romania, such as: f<strong>in</strong>aliz<strong>in</strong>g agricultural cadastral national reports, free<br />
<strong>of</strong> charge cadastral layouts, notary fees reduction for land transactions,<br />
organiz<strong>in</strong>g the agricultural funds, <strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
<strong>in</strong>crease employment, sett<strong>in</strong>g auctions on <strong>rural</strong> products, etc.<br />
26<br />
De la micile proprietăţi ţărăneşti la firmele rentabile în Romania.<br />
Realitate şi speranţe<br />
În agricultură, în economia de piaţă, sunt necesare parcele de aproximativ<br />
50 de hectare. D<strong>in</strong> nefericire, toate guvernele României d<strong>in</strong> 1990 încoace<br />
au fost mai degrabă <strong>in</strong>teresate să câştige electorate abstracte decât să<br />
rezolve problemele reale, imediate şi să creeze premizele unei agriculturi<br />
rentabile. Pr<strong>in</strong> urmare, pr<strong>in</strong> legea Nr. 18 / 1991 au fost create aproximativ<br />
1 milion de proprietăţi cu o suprafaţă de aproximativ 0,5 hectare, fi<strong>in</strong>d
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
astfel favorizaţi cei care nu au fost constrânşi să contribuie cu mari<br />
proprietăţi de teren în cadrul cooperativelor comuniste, şi dim<strong>in</strong>uându-se<br />
proprietăţile deţ<strong>in</strong>ătorilor îndreptăţiţi. În acest fel suprafaţa unui lot<br />
familial mediu a devenit 2,2 hectare. În plus faţă de aceasta, guvernele nu<br />
au reuşit să organizeze nici creditele agricole. Subvenţiile acordate<br />
producătorilor agricoli – şi preluate de la bugetul statului – au fost pentru<br />
cei mai mulţi d<strong>in</strong>tre ei nesemnificative, în timp ce asdevăratul sprij<strong>in</strong><br />
f<strong>in</strong>anciar agricol a fost distribuit în conformitate cu <strong>in</strong>teresele<br />
partidului/partidelor de la conducere.<br />
În aceste condiţii, nici circulaţia juridică a loturilor de teren nu avea cum<br />
să funcţioneze. Adesea, taxele notariale şi cadastrale sunt mai mari decât<br />
preţul terenului. În absenţa unor soluţii rapide, <strong>in</strong>tegrarea României în UE<br />
rămâne sub semnul întrebării.<br />
Prezenta lucrare prez<strong>in</strong>tă măsuri urgente, necesare unei agriculturi<br />
eficiente în România, ca de exemplu: f<strong>in</strong>alizarea raportărilor cadastrale<br />
naţionale, planuri cadastrale gratuite, reduceri de taxe notariale pentru<br />
tranzacţiile cu terenuri, organizarea fondurilor agricole, <strong>in</strong>vestiţii în<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>rural</strong>ă pentru creşterea gradului de ocupare a forţei de muncă,<br />
organizarea de licitaţii pentru prodsele <strong>rural</strong>e, etc.<br />
The productive potential <strong>of</strong> the agriculture<br />
and the entrepreneurial <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>in</strong> Banat<br />
Gheorghe IANOŞ<br />
Nicolae POPA<br />
West University <strong>of</strong> Timişoara<br />
The present problems <strong>of</strong> the Romania agriculture are closely connected or<br />
to or caused by (1) the exist<strong>in</strong>g laws, (2) the ways <strong>of</strong> their implementation,<br />
(3) the frequent political changes, and (4) to the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the<br />
environment, the quality <strong>of</strong> soils and the technological basis either owner or<br />
used.<br />
The variety <strong>of</strong> sites determ<strong>in</strong>e the production potential <strong>of</strong> the agricultural<br />
soils: very high <strong>in</strong> the west (80–100 po<strong>in</strong>ts), low <strong>in</strong> the east <strong>of</strong> Banat (1–30<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts), with a general average <strong>of</strong> 60 po<strong>in</strong>ts.<br />
Although <strong>in</strong> Banat exists a good technological basis, cooperatives are<br />
reduced <strong>in</strong> number and surface used, which reduces the technological<br />
efficiency. However, cooperatives have been revealed with the help <strong>of</strong><br />
27
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
foreign entrepreneurs, ma<strong>in</strong>ly Italians, with local entrepreneurs whose value<br />
production is low. Agricultural lands managed by cooperatives is used only<br />
extensively.<br />
Potenţialul productiv al agriculturii şi <strong>in</strong>iţiativa<br />
antreprenorială d<strong>in</strong> Banat<br />
Problemele actuale ale agriculturii româneşti sunt strâns legate de<br />
caracteristicile legislaţiei funciare în vigoare, de modalităţile de aplicare<br />
ale acesteia, de desele schimbări politice, de cele mai multe ori cu orientări<br />
diametral opuse şi nu în ultimul rând de caracteristicile mediului ambiant,<br />
de calitatea solurilor şi de baza tehnologică deţ<strong>in</strong>ută sau aplicată.<br />
Varietatea condiţiilor oro-bio-pedoclimatice <strong>in</strong>fluenţează starea de calitate<br />
a terenurilor agricole: foarte bună în partea de vest (80–100 puncte) şi<br />
slabă în partea de est a Banatului (10–30 de puncte), cu o medie generală<br />
de 60 de puncte.<br />
Cu toate că în Banat există o dotare tehnică privată bună, utilizarea<br />
acesteia este nerentabilă, <strong>in</strong>iţiativele de tip asociativ fi<strong>in</strong>d reduse ca număr<br />
şi ca suprafaţă exploatată, ceea ce disipă forţa şi eficienţa tehnologică.<br />
Totuşi, forme asociative s-au conturat, majoritatea cu sprij<strong>in</strong>ul<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestitorilor stră<strong>in</strong>i, italieni îndeosebi, forme realizate în colaborare cu<br />
întrepr<strong>in</strong>zători locali a căror contribuţie valorică este nesemnificativă.<br />
Partea negativă a lucrurilor este reprezentată de slaba utilizare a<br />
terenurilor agricole care au fost <strong>in</strong>cluse în aceste forme asociative.<br />
Human Resources and the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>rural</strong> environment<br />
Iuliana TUDOSE<br />
Coca TUDOSE<br />
“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christianze University, Bucharest<br />
High school “Adrian Păunescu”, Videle<br />
Human resources <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment have undergone major<br />
transformations dur<strong>in</strong>g the last years as a consequence <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> the<br />
urban population, as well as <strong>of</strong> a <strong>rural</strong> exodus. In many cases this<br />
dim<strong>in</strong>ished the <strong>rural</strong> population, especially the young, active population.<br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> aims at turn<strong>in</strong>g natural resources <strong>in</strong>to pr<strong>of</strong>it by the<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g population, but also by preserv<strong>in</strong>g and protect<strong>in</strong>g these resources<br />
28
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
for the next generations. This will not be possible unless modern, up to date<br />
programs are applied <strong>in</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>rural</strong> environmental resources <strong>in</strong>to<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>it. The ma<strong>in</strong> resource to be turned <strong>in</strong>to pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment is<br />
the soil, whose regeneration is a very long-last<strong>in</strong>g process. East-European<br />
countries have fertile lands with high productivity, provided that they are<br />
properly managed. It is more and more necessary to have a qualified staff,<br />
able to use the <strong>rural</strong> environmental resources without severely affect<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
natural environment. Human resources are required not only <strong>in</strong> the present<br />
time, but also when consider<strong>in</strong>g the future, s<strong>in</strong>ce labor force here is<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>uously dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g. This phenomenon may be counterbalanced by<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g out modern programs, based on specific studies, so that activities<br />
performed <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment <strong>in</strong> the East-European countries reach<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly closer to European Union standards.<br />
Resursele umane şi dezvoltarea durabilă în mediul <strong>rural</strong><br />
Resursele umane d<strong>in</strong> mediul <strong>rural</strong> au suferit transformări foarte importante<br />
în ultimii ani ca urmare a creşterii populaţiei urbane. Această creştere s-a<br />
realizat şi pr<strong>in</strong> exod <strong>rural</strong>. In multe cazuri, acest fapt a dus la o reducere<br />
radicală a populaţiei <strong>rural</strong>e şi mai cu seamă a populaţiei t<strong>in</strong>ere, care<br />
constituie populaţia activă. Dezvoltarea durabilă are în vedere punerea în<br />
valoare a resurselor naturale de către populaţia existentă, dar şi<br />
conservarea şi protejarea acestor resurse pentru generaţiile viitoare. Acest<br />
lucru nu este posibil decât dacă se aplică programe moderne, de<br />
actualitate, pentru valorificarea resurselor existente în mediul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cipala resursă o constituie solul, care se regene-rează într-un <strong>in</strong>terval<br />
de timp foarte îndelungat. Ţările d<strong>in</strong> estul Europei dispun de soluri fertile,<br />
cu o productivitate ridicată, în condiţiile unei valorificări corespunzătoare.<br />
Se impune tot mai mult prezenţa unui personal calificat, care să exploateze<br />
resursele d<strong>in</strong> mediul <strong>rural</strong> în aşa fel încât mediul înconjurător să nu fie<br />
puternic afectat.<br />
Evaluarea resurselor umane d<strong>in</strong> mediul <strong>rural</strong> este necesară atât pentru<br />
momentul prezent cât mai ales pentru viitor, întrucât forţa de muncă d<strong>in</strong><br />
mediul <strong>rural</strong> este într-o cont<strong>in</strong>uă reducere. Acest lucru poate fi compensat<br />
pr<strong>in</strong> realizarea unor programe moderne, pe baza unor studii concrete,<br />
astfel încât activităţile desfăşurate în mediul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> ţările est-europene<br />
să se apropie tot mai mult de cele ale Uniunii Europene.<br />
29
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Production <strong>of</strong> renewable energy – possibility <strong>of</strong> additional<br />
agricultural <strong>in</strong>come<br />
Dieter VÖGELIN<br />
Universität Kassel<br />
The paper br<strong>in</strong>g arguments about the fact that agriculture leaves its<br />
traditional role as producer <strong>of</strong> raw materials which are processed <strong>in</strong>to much<br />
more valuable products <strong>in</strong> other sectors <strong>of</strong> the economy and/or on other<br />
markets. In the field <strong>of</strong> energy supply agriculture can be a strong regional<br />
supplier<br />
Productia de energie regenerabilă – posibilitate de venituri<br />
suplimentare pentru agricultură<br />
Lucrarea argumentează faptul că agricultura părăseste rolul său<br />
traditional de producator de materii prime acestea fi<strong>in</strong>d transformate în<br />
produse mult mai valoroase în alte sectoare ale economiei şi/sau pe alte<br />
pieţe. Ca furnizor de energie, agricultura poate avea un rol regional<br />
important<br />
30
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Workshop III<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development and Tourism <strong>in</strong> Rural Areas /<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă şi turismul în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e<br />
The organization and the coord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the plann<strong>in</strong>g, the<br />
<strong>development</strong> and the management <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas<br />
Vasile GLĂVAN<br />
“Spiru Haret” University Bucharest<br />
The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism meets the present day <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong><br />
tourists and <strong>of</strong> their dest<strong>in</strong>ations (considered as environment, resources and<br />
local communities), by preserv<strong>in</strong>g and improv<strong>in</strong>g the further <strong>development</strong><br />
prospects, targets to be achieved by a proper management <strong>of</strong> all the<br />
resources that allow the economic, esthetic, social needs <strong>of</strong> the tourists to be<br />
satisfied, and the economic and cultural <strong>in</strong>tegrity <strong>of</strong> the local ecosystems to<br />
be safeguarded.<br />
The susta<strong>in</strong>able tourist <strong>development</strong> is extremely complex <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> its<br />
components (ecological, socio-cultural and economic susta<strong>in</strong>ability, but also<br />
<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> preparation, plann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>development</strong> and management <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tourism, which makes necessary the completion <strong>of</strong> tourist facilities <strong>in</strong><br />
several stages and implies an active partnership between the economic<br />
agents and the <strong>in</strong>volved public authorities at national, regional and local<br />
scales, between the public services and the private sector).<br />
Thus, the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism should be considered from<br />
the very first stages <strong>of</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g (pre-plann<strong>in</strong>g), design<strong>in</strong>g and build<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
tourist facilities (or <strong>of</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>rural</strong> tourism), <strong>in</strong> order to avoid the<br />
conflict with the environment, with the local community or with other<br />
economic branches, then cont<strong>in</strong>ued dur<strong>in</strong>g the stage when tourism activity<br />
is actually performed, when there can be controlled, by means <strong>of</strong> legitimate<br />
bodies, the environmental impacts and there can be established the<br />
remediation strategies.<br />
Local and regional authorities play a key role <strong>in</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g the local or<br />
regional policies for tourist, economic and ecological <strong>development</strong>. The<br />
Government role consists <strong>in</strong> facilitat<strong>in</strong>g and coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g the activities and<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g them on a national scale.<br />
31
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
In the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> the territory, it becomes a must<br />
the co-operation between central and local authorities, public and private<br />
trade companies, local providers <strong>of</strong> tourist and <strong>of</strong> related (general) services,<br />
local population, tour operators and tourism agencies, ecologists, NGO-s,<br />
and , last but not least, tourists that visit the tourist dest<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />
Organizarea şi coordonarea planificării, dezvoltării şi gestionării<br />
turismului durabil în spaţiul <strong>rural</strong><br />
Dezvoltarea unui turism durabil răspunde <strong>in</strong>tereselor actuale ale turiştilor<br />
şi ale dest<strong>in</strong>aţiilor acestora (ca mediu ambiant, resurse şi comunităţi<br />
locale), menţ<strong>in</strong>ând şi ameliorând posibilităţile de dezvoltare viitoare,<br />
deziderate realizabile pr<strong>in</strong>tr-o gestionare a tuturor resurselor care permit<br />
satisfacerea nevoilor economice, estetice, sociale ale turiştilor şi protejarea<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrităţii economice, culturale şi a ecosistemelor locale.<br />
Dezvoltarea turistică durabilă este deosebit de complexă sub aspectul<br />
componentelor sale (durabilitate ecologică, socio-culturală şi economică,<br />
dar şi ca pregătire, planificare, dezvoltare şi gestionare a turismului, ceea<br />
ce face necesară realizarea amenajărilor turistice în mai multe etape şi<br />
presupune un parteneriat activ între agenţii economici şi autorităţile<br />
publice implicate la nivel naţional, regional şi local, între sectorul public şi<br />
privat. Astfel, dezvoltarea turismului durabil trebuie abordată încă d<strong>in</strong><br />
fazele de planificare (preproiectare), proiectare şi construire a<br />
echipamentelor turistice (sau de organizare a turismului <strong>rural</strong>) pentru a se<br />
evita conflictul cu mediul, cu comunitatea locală, cu alte sectoare<br />
economice, şi cont<strong>in</strong>uată în etapa de derulare a activităţii de turism, în care<br />
se pot controla, pr<strong>in</strong> organismele autorizate, efectele asupra mediului şi se<br />
pot stabili strategiile de ameliorare a acestora.<br />
Autorităţile locale şi regionale au un rol cheie în promovarea politicii<br />
locale sau regionale de dezvoltare turistică, economică şi ecologică.<br />
Guvernul are un rol de facilitare şi coordonare a activităţilor şi de<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrare a acestora la nivel naţional.<br />
În dezvoltarea durabilă a turismului în teritoriu dev<strong>in</strong>e o necesitate<br />
conlucrarea între autorităţile centrale şi locale, agenţii economici, publici<br />
şi privaţi, prestatorii locali de servicii turistice şi conexe (generale),<br />
populaţia locală, touroperatorii şi agenţiile de turism, ecologiştii,<br />
organizaţiile neguvernamentale şi, nu în ultimul rând, turiştii, care vizitează<br />
dest<strong>in</strong>aţia turistică.<br />
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Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ed tourism <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas<br />
Puiu NISTOREANU<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Economic Studies Faculty <strong>of</strong> Commerce<br />
Tourism Services Department, Bucharest<br />
Touristic activities can destroy the environment irreversibly; ecotourism can<br />
guarantee the proper usage <strong>of</strong> the touristic resources and pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>in</strong> the longterm.<br />
A touristic area can be developed while preserv<strong>in</strong>g its ecological<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrity. Through the rational exploitation <strong>of</strong> the resources, there is<br />
preserved the equilibrium between tourists’ satisfaction, touristic areas<br />
<strong>development</strong> prospects and the protection and preservation <strong>of</strong> the touristic<br />
resources (most <strong>of</strong> these resources are subject to depletion <strong>in</strong> the long term).<br />
It is a well-known fact that most ecotouristic activities take place <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>rural</strong> environment. The major problem <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> tourism – which<br />
obviously provides sufficient economic pr<strong>of</strong>its to the zones to which it<br />
applies, is to keep a right balance between tourism, environment and the<br />
resid<strong>in</strong>g population.<br />
When consider<strong>in</strong>g this issue, one question must be answered: Are<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism and ecotourism one and the same? It is well-known that<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism is “considered to be the promoter <strong>of</strong> the management <strong>of</strong><br />
all the resources, <strong>in</strong> such a way that the economic, social and esthetic needs<br />
are satisfied through the preservation <strong>of</strong> the cultural <strong>in</strong>tegrity, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
essential ecological processes, <strong>of</strong> the biological diversity and <strong>of</strong> the life<br />
preservation systems”. This reason<strong>in</strong>g leads to a clear dist<strong>in</strong>ction that must<br />
be made between the concepts <strong>of</strong> ecotourism and susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism; the<br />
very term <strong>of</strong> ecotourism designates a section with<strong>in</strong> the tourism sector,<br />
while the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples should apply to all types <strong>of</strong><br />
touristic activities, operations, <strong>in</strong>stitutions and projects, both conventional<br />
and alternative approaches be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>cluded. All these shall be set up<br />
especially <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas.<br />
Turismul durabil în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e<br />
Relaţia turism – mediu este una irevocabil nedistructibilă şi, drept urmare,<br />
practicarea ecoturismului poate asigura valorificarea şi utilizarea<br />
adecvată a resurselor turistice. Astfel, dezvoltarea unei zone turistice se<br />
face concomitent cu păstrarea <strong>in</strong>tegrităţii ecologice a acesteia. Pr<strong>in</strong><br />
exploatarea raţională a resurselor se păstrează echilibrul între satisfacţia<br />
<strong>of</strong>erită turiştilor, posibilităţile de dezvoltare a zonelor turistice în paralel<br />
33
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
cu apărarea şi conservarea resurselor turistice (majoritatea acestor resurse<br />
sunt epuizabile în timp).<br />
După cum este cunoscut majoritatea activităţilor ecoturistice se desfăşoară<br />
în mediul <strong>rural</strong>. Marea problemă a acestei forme de turism – ce aduce în<br />
mod evident suficiente avantaje economice zonelor de aplicaţie, constă în<br />
pastrarea unui echilibru între turism, mediu şi populaţia rezidentă.<br />
Ajunşi în acest punct se cere dat răspunsul unei întrebări: Este turismul<br />
durabil acelaşi lucru cu ecoturismul? După cum este cunoscut turismul<br />
durabil este “considerat drept promotorul managementului tuturor<br />
resurselor în aşa fel încât nevoile economice, sociale şi estetice să poată fi<br />
satisfăcute pr<strong>in</strong> menţ<strong>in</strong>erea <strong>in</strong>tegrităţii culturale, a proceselor ecologice<br />
esenţiale, a diversităţii biologice şi a sistemelor de menţ<strong>in</strong>ere a vieţii“.<br />
Acest raţionament conduce la o dist<strong>in</strong>cţie clară care trebuie făcută între<br />
conceptele de ecoturism şi turism durabil: însăşi termenul de ecoturism se<br />
referă la un segment d<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>teriorul sectorului de turism, în timp ce<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipiile dezvoltării durabile ar trebui aplicate tuturor tipurilor de<br />
activităţi, operaţiuni, <strong>in</strong>stituţii şi proiecte turistice, <strong>in</strong>cluzând formele<br />
convenţionale şi alternative. Toate acestea vor fi concretizate mai ales în<br />
zonele <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />
Cultural Tourism and the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development<br />
Emil FERENŢ<br />
University „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi<br />
Tourism, <strong>in</strong> general, and especially the cultural tourism can have positive<br />
effects upon the existence and evolution <strong>of</strong> a <strong>rural</strong> population, ma<strong>in</strong>ly on a<br />
social-cultural plane.<br />
Therefore it appears the necessity to classify the ways <strong>in</strong> which the impact<br />
<strong>of</strong> the cultural tourism can lead to these effects. The paper I an <strong>in</strong>cursion <strong>in</strong><br />
the field <strong>of</strong> culture to underl<strong>in</strong>e its structure and characteristics, the doma<strong>in</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> which the cultural tourism can contribute to the <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> and<br />
those characteristics ft the culture that must be protected.<br />
We present aspects <strong>of</strong> the cultural tourism that can have a bad <strong>in</strong>fluence on<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> general and especially to the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas.<br />
Also, there are presented some imperatives to the understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> culture<br />
34
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
and to the cultural tourism that can susta<strong>in</strong> the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />
areas.<br />
The second part <strong>of</strong> the work presents a synthesis <strong>of</strong> possible actions from<br />
the perspective <strong>of</strong> the cultural tourism that can lead to the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the <strong>rural</strong> areas. This approach also aims to the harmonization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
concepts regard<strong>in</strong>g different cultures, especially <strong>in</strong> the cross-border <strong>regions</strong>.<br />
Turismul cultural şi dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă<br />
Turismul în general şi cel cultural în particular, pot avea asupra modului<br />
de existenţă şi evoluţie a unei populaţii <strong>rural</strong>e atât efecte pozitive, dorite,<br />
dar şi efecte nedorite, mai ales în plan socio-cultural.<br />
Apare necesară clarificarea laturilor dezvoltării în care impactul turismului<br />
cultural poate şi trebuie să aibă efecte economice şi sociale pozitive,<br />
aşteptate. Demersul nostru face o <strong>in</strong>cursiune în sfera culturii pentru a<br />
subl<strong>in</strong>ia structura şi caracteristicile acesteia, domeniile în care turismul<br />
cultural poate contribui la dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ului, componentele culturii ce<br />
se impun a fi protejate.<br />
Menţionăm, de asemenea şi aspecte ale turismului cultural care pot aduce<br />
deservicii atât dezvolării, cât şi mediului <strong>rural</strong>. Prezentăm şi câteva<br />
imperative ale înţelegerii culturii şi derulării turismului cultural, care pot<br />
susţ<strong>in</strong>e dezvoltarea durabilă a <strong>rural</strong>ului.<br />
În partea a doua a lucrării, realizăm o s<strong>in</strong>teză a nivelurilor posibile de<br />
acţiune, de pe poziţia turismului cultural, pentru o acţiune concertată în<br />
direcţia dezvoltării zonelor <strong>rural</strong>e. Urmărim această abordare şi cu scopul<br />
armonizării concepţiilor priv<strong>in</strong>d diversele culturi, mai ales d<strong>in</strong> zonele<br />
transfrontaliere.<br />
35
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Possible solutions to the tr<strong>in</strong>ome:<br />
last<strong>in</strong>g <strong>development</strong>-tourism-<strong>rural</strong> area<br />
Puiu NISTOREANU<br />
Laurenţiu ANGHEL<br />
Bogdan ONETE<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Economic Studies, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Commerce, Bucharest<br />
Today, more and more components <strong>of</strong> the human existence strive for<br />
precise, almost mathematical solutions. Although <strong>in</strong> every day life th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
could be expressed <strong>in</strong> a mathematical form, complexity <strong>in</strong> fact largely<br />
exceeds the power <strong>of</strong> our imag<strong>in</strong>ation. Still worth mention<strong>in</strong>g is this<br />
concern for cont<strong>in</strong>uity, which among others has taken the shape <strong>of</strong> the<br />
susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> concept. This is the very reason why we th<strong>in</strong>k that<br />
among the multitude <strong>of</strong> doma<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the human society – and <strong>of</strong> the planet itself, two are connected <strong>in</strong> a close<br />
<strong>in</strong>terrelationship. We are talk<strong>in</strong>g about tourism – at least as a means <strong>of</strong> work<br />
capacity regeneration, and about the <strong>rural</strong> area – as an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly claimed<br />
solution for the holidays <strong>of</strong> the modern man, especially <strong>of</strong> that who lives <strong>in</strong><br />
urban areas.<br />
In what concerns the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> – tourism – <strong>rural</strong> area<br />
tr<strong>in</strong>ome, we th<strong>in</strong>k that <strong>in</strong> Romania ecotourism could be the solution, by<br />
observ<strong>in</strong>g yet certa<strong>in</strong> amendments: the active and orchestrated <strong>in</strong>volvement<br />
<strong>of</strong> the government representatives, <strong>of</strong> the universities, <strong>of</strong> the environment<br />
conservation groups and <strong>of</strong> the tour operators, <strong>in</strong> order to highlight the<br />
necessity <strong>of</strong> defend<strong>in</strong>g, protect<strong>in</strong>g and preserv<strong>in</strong>g the nature, the ecosystems<br />
and <strong>of</strong> respect<strong>in</strong>g the balance <strong>in</strong> the zones <strong>of</strong> the “host communities”. It is<br />
well known that ecotourism means that tourist and economic activities are<br />
carried out <strong>in</strong> a pleasant, non-pollut<strong>in</strong>g environment with relax<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
unaltered sights. Perform<strong>in</strong>g ecotourism requires the protection <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tourist areas and resources that are aimed at be<strong>in</strong>g admired, studied, used for<br />
physical and psychical recreation, not for destruction. Yet the ecotouristic<br />
activity implies that besides it be<strong>in</strong>g placed <strong>in</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />
area, it also assists <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g the economy, by generat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>development</strong><br />
strategies that are able to support the country <strong>in</strong> its transition period.<br />
Therefore better campaigns <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation, communication, education and<br />
recognition are recommended, for to make tourism a pillar <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<strong>development</strong>, and not a threat.<br />
36
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Posibile soluţii ale tr<strong>in</strong>omului:<br />
dezvoltare durabilă – turism – zonă <strong>rural</strong>ă<br />
În momentul actual tot mai multe componente ale existenţei umane speră la<br />
soluţii cât mai precise, aproape matematice. Chiar dacă în viaţa de zi cu zi<br />
lucrurile ar putea fi exprimate matematic, în realitate complexitatea este cu<br />
mult peste puterea imag<strong>in</strong>aţiei. Ceea ce este de remarcat este această grijă<br />
pentru cont<strong>in</strong>uitate, care între altele a îmbrăcat forma conceptului de<br />
dezvoltare durabilă.<br />
Considerăm că d<strong>in</strong>tre multiplele domenii implicate în dezvoltarea durabilă<br />
a societăţii umane, şi a planetei însăşi, două sunt alăturate într-o strânsă<br />
biunivocitate. Este vorba de turism – cel puţ<strong>in</strong> ca formă de regenerare a<br />
capacităţii de muncă, şi de zona <strong>rural</strong>ă – ca soluţie tot mai des aleasă<br />
pentru vacanţele omului modern, în special a celui care trăieşte în mediul<br />
urban.<br />
În ceea ce priveşte tr<strong>in</strong>omului dezvoltare durabilă – turism – zonă <strong>rural</strong>ă,<br />
apreciem că în România soluţia ar putea fi ecoturismul, cu câteva<br />
amendamente: implicarea activă şi orchestrată a reprezentanţilor<br />
guvernului, universităţilor, grupurilor de protejare ale naturii şi<br />
operatorilor sectorului turistic pentru punerea în lum<strong>in</strong>ă a necesităţii<br />
apărării, protejării şi conservării naturii, ecosistemelor şi respectarea<br />
echilibrului în zonele „comunităţilor–gazde”. Este cunoscut că ecoturismul<br />
presupune desfăşurarea activităţilor turistice şi a celor economice într-un<br />
mediu agreabil, nepoluant, cu privelişti reconfortante şi nealterate.<br />
Practicarea ecoturismului impune protejarea zonelor şi a resurselor<br />
turistice ce sunt dest<strong>in</strong>ate admiraţiei, studierii, refacerii fizice şi psihice,<br />
recreării, nu distrugerii. Dar activitatea ecoturistică presupune ca pe lângă<br />
plasarea sa în zona de dezvoltare durabilă, să ajute şi la dezvoltarea<br />
economiei, generând strategii de dezvoltare ce pot fi capabile să susţ<strong>in</strong>ă<br />
ţara în procesul de tranziţie.<br />
Tocmai pentru această apreciem că celor afirmate ar trebui să li se alăture<br />
o mai bună activitate de <strong>in</strong>formare, comunicare, educare şi conştientizare,<br />
pentru a face d<strong>in</strong> turism un pilon al dezvoltării durabile şi nu o amen<strong>in</strong>ţare.<br />
37
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Ecotourism - a <strong>development</strong> opportunity for the Black Sea<br />
coast countries<br />
Elisabeta R. ROŞCA<br />
„Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava<br />
The paper Ecotourism – a <strong>development</strong> opportunity for the Black Sea coast<br />
countries <strong>in</strong>troduces the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> concept, together with a<br />
short review trac<strong>in</strong>g the evolution <strong>of</strong> this concept <strong>in</strong> the relevant literature,<br />
as well as the concept <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the touristic activity.<br />
The paper presents some features related to the touristic geography <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Black Sea coast countries (Bulgaria, The Russian Federation, Georgia,<br />
Romania, Turkey, Ucra<strong>in</strong>a), presents their general economic and touristic<br />
<strong>development</strong>, the ma<strong>in</strong> factors and constra<strong>in</strong>ts for touristic activites <strong>in</strong> these<br />
countries. Some European <strong>in</strong>itiatives and programs are presented address<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism and <strong>of</strong> ecotourism and, <strong>in</strong> the end,<br />
some statistical methods for quatify<strong>in</strong>g ecotourism, <strong>in</strong> order to substantiate<br />
decisions <strong>in</strong> the framework <strong>of</strong> ecological management.<br />
Ecoturismul – o formă de dezvoltare în ţările riverane Mării Negre<br />
Lucrarea Ecoturismul – o formă de dezvoltare în ţările riverane Mării<br />
Negre prez<strong>in</strong>tă conceptul de dezvoltare durabilă şi o scurtă evoluţie a<br />
acestuia în literatura de specialitate, precum şi conceptul de dezvoltare<br />
durabilă a activităţii turistice.<br />
Lucrarea prez<strong>in</strong>tă câteva elemente priv<strong>in</strong>d geografia turistică a ţărilor<br />
riverane Mării Negre (Bulgaria, Federaţia Rusă, Georgia, România,<br />
Turcia, Ucra<strong>in</strong>a), aspecte legate de dezvoltarea economică generală a<br />
acestor ţări şi dezvoltarea turistică, pr<strong>in</strong>cipalii factori care favorizează<br />
creşterea activităţii turistice şi constrângeri în dezvoltarea turistică în ţările<br />
vizate. Sunt prezentate unele <strong>in</strong>iţiative şi programe europene priv<strong>in</strong>d<br />
dezvoltarea turismului durabil şi a ecoturismului, iar în încheiere, metode<br />
statistice de cuantificare a ecoturismului, pentru fundamentarea deciziilor<br />
în managementul ecologic.<br />
38
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
The efects <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> tourism upon the send<strong>in</strong>g and receiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> tourists<br />
Ion IONESCU<br />
Nicolae NEACŞU<br />
“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christianze University, Bucharest<br />
Preserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the specific natural resources for the next generation becomes<br />
operational <strong>in</strong> the spirit <strong>of</strong> a last<strong>in</strong>g <strong>development</strong>, as a s<strong>in</strong>e qua non way <strong>in</strong><br />
tourism field. The effects <strong>of</strong> the tourism activities upon the send<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
receiv<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>of</strong> tourists are predictable and can be “managed”, prevented<br />
and <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the organizational methods <strong>of</strong> tourism, <strong>in</strong> the management<br />
and tourism plan<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the area.<br />
The scale <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> the tourism activity takes <strong>in</strong>to account the social,<br />
economical as well as the cultural ones through the direct contact between<br />
the tourists and the local people, through the tourists’ <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />
society for a short period <strong>of</strong> time. These effects can determ<strong>in</strong>e “mutations”<br />
<strong>in</strong> the evolution <strong>of</strong> some factors, can be set up as <strong>in</strong>put-s <strong>of</strong> some national<br />
and community, regional or global politics.<br />
Efecte ale turismului <strong>rural</strong> asupra zonelor emitente şi asupra celor<br />
receptoare de turişti<br />
În spiritul dezvoltării durabile, ca modalitate s<strong>in</strong>e qua non în domeniul<br />
turismului, păstrarea pentru generaţiile viitoare a resurselor naturale<br />
specifice dev<strong>in</strong>e operaţională. Efectele activităţilor turistice asupra zonelor<br />
emitente şi asupra celor receptoare de turişti sunt previzibile şi pot fi<br />
“gestionate”, prevenite şi <strong>in</strong>cluse în metodologiile de organizare a<br />
turismului, de adm<strong>in</strong>istrare şi de amenajare turistică a teritoriului.<br />
Paleta efectelor activităţii turistice are în vedere atât pe cele sociale, pe<br />
cele economice, cât şi pe cele culturale, pr<strong>in</strong> contactul direct între turişti şi<br />
populaţia autohtonă, pr<strong>in</strong> încadrarea pentru o perioadă scurtă a turiştilor<br />
în comunitatea <strong>rural</strong>ă.<br />
Aceste efecte pot determ<strong>in</strong>a mutaţii în evoluţia unor factori, se pot constitui<br />
ca <strong>in</strong>put-uri ale unor politici naţionale şi comunitare, regionale sau<br />
globale.<br />
39
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
The role <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess associations <strong>in</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism<br />
Carmen CHAŞOVSCHI<br />
„Stefan cel Mare” University, Iaşi<br />
The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the bus<strong>in</strong>ess environment has naturally resulted <strong>in</strong> the<br />
creation <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess structures, whose ma<strong>in</strong> purpose is to promote the<br />
<strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>essmen. The bus<strong>in</strong>ess associations are characterized as<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g “necessary elements for improv<strong>in</strong>g the economical, political and<br />
social substance <strong>of</strong> the global market”.<br />
In Bucov<strong>in</strong>a, an area with important touristic resources, The German<br />
Program for Economic Promotion and Labour Force Employment <strong>in</strong><br />
Romania - IBD/GTZ, jo<strong>in</strong>tly with the Chamber <strong>of</strong> Commerce and Industry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Suceava county have <strong>in</strong>itiated the establishment <strong>of</strong> Bucov<strong>in</strong>a Tourism<br />
Association, an organization that br<strong>in</strong>gs together tourism agents from<br />
Suceava county<br />
Among the most important objectives <strong>of</strong> this association, one can mention<br />
secur<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> Bucov<strong>in</strong>a and promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this tourist dest<strong>in</strong>ation on a national and <strong>in</strong>ternational scale.<br />
A relatively new concept, the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the field <strong>of</strong><br />
tourism aims at the completion <strong>of</strong> an outstand<strong>in</strong>gly fragile balance: turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the natural environment <strong>in</strong>to pr<strong>of</strong>it to the benefit <strong>of</strong> the local community, <strong>in</strong><br />
order obta<strong>in</strong> revenues from tourism, while simultaneously preserv<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
natural environment.<br />
As a reference project, that over its two years <strong>of</strong> existence acquired a<br />
significant experience, Bucov<strong>in</strong>a Tourism Association is a pilot-<strong>in</strong>itiative<br />
whose way <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g may be taken as a model <strong>in</strong> the activity <strong>of</strong> other similar<br />
organizations set up <strong>in</strong> other areas <strong>of</strong> the country.<br />
Rolul asociaţiilor de afaceri în dezvoltarea durabilă a turismului<br />
Dezvoltarea mediului de afaceri a condus firesc la crearea de structuri<br />
menite să promoveze <strong>in</strong>teresele oamenilor de afaceri. Asociaţiile de afaceri<br />
sunt caracterizate ca fi<strong>in</strong>d „elemente necesare pentru îmbunătăţirea<br />
substanţei economice, politice şi sociale a pieţei globale.”<br />
40
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
În Bucov<strong>in</strong>a, zonă cu importante resurse turistice, Programul German de<br />
Promovare Economică şi Ocupare a Forţei de Muncă IBD/GTZ împreună<br />
cu Camera de Comerţ şi Industrie au avut <strong>in</strong>iţiativa înfi<strong>in</strong>ţării Asociaţiei<br />
pentru Turism Bucov<strong>in</strong>a, asociaţie care reuneşte agenţi de turism d<strong>in</strong><br />
judeţul Suceava.<br />
D<strong>in</strong>tre obiectivele acestei asociaţii, cele mai importante sunt asigurarea<br />
dezvoltării durabile a turismului în Bucov<strong>in</strong>a şi promovarea pe plan<br />
naţional şi <strong>in</strong>ternaţional a acestei dest<strong>in</strong>aţii turistice.<br />
Concept relativ nou, dezvoltarea durabilă presupune în domeniul turismului<br />
realizarea unui echilibru deosebit de fragil: valorificarea mediului natural<br />
de către comunitatea locală, pentru obţ<strong>in</strong>erea de venituri d<strong>in</strong> turism şi, în<br />
acelaşi timp, conservarea mediului natural.<br />
<strong>Proiect</strong> de refer<strong>in</strong>ţă care a acumulat experienţă pe parcursul celor doi ani<br />
de existenţă, Asociaţia pentru Turism Bucov<strong>in</strong>a constituie o <strong>in</strong>iţiativă pilot,<br />
al cărui mod de acţiune poate constitui un model în activitatea altor forme<br />
asociative similare, constituite în alte zone ale ţării.<br />
41
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Workshop IV<br />
Communications on connected themes / Sesiune de<br />
Comunicari pe teme conexe<br />
Participarea stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital în sectorul producţiei<br />
agroalimentare, o necesitate reală în dezvoltarea<br />
durabilă a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong><br />
Ioan ALECU<br />
Manea DRĂGHICI<br />
Marian CONSTANTIN<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Bucharest<br />
The presented work is motivated <strong>in</strong> the sense <strong>of</strong> mobilization for the<br />
ensemble <strong>of</strong> the activities from the <strong>rural</strong> area; it tries to emphasize some<br />
aspects regard<strong>in</strong>g the evolution <strong>of</strong> food sector (agriculture and food<br />
process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry) from Romania especially for the Commercial<br />
enterprises (CE) with foreign capital participation.<br />
Through its content the paper is focused on the dependence relations<br />
regard<strong>in</strong>g the social and economical aspects, namely the economical<br />
impacts <strong>of</strong> some <strong>in</strong>fusions <strong>of</strong> capital from the food production sector and on<br />
the other side the social aspects regard<strong>in</strong>g the wages level <strong>of</strong> the labor force<br />
employed <strong>in</strong> this sector. All these impacts and relations, which are gett<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
complex and dynamic feature for the <strong>rural</strong> area, have been systematically<br />
approached, with the use <strong>of</strong> specifically methodology concretized <strong>in</strong><br />
calculus <strong>of</strong> most adequate <strong>in</strong>dicators (such as: The foreign <strong>in</strong>vestment’s<br />
volume, the wages levels between the years 1991–2002, and also reports<br />
regard<strong>in</strong>g the analyzed enterprises at regional and national level).<br />
Thus, from the conclusions and the premises drawn as a result <strong>of</strong> the<br />
effectuated study emerged beneficial effects for the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<strong>development</strong> from the micro and macro region level <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> area.<br />
42
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Participarea stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital în sectorul producţiei<br />
agroalimentare, o necesitate reală în dezvoltarea durabilă a<br />
spaţului <strong>rural</strong><br />
Lucrarea prezentată, motivată într-un sens mobilizator pentru ansamblul<br />
activităţilor d<strong>in</strong> spaţiul <strong>rural</strong>, caută să scoată în relief câteva aspecte<br />
priv<strong>in</strong>d evoluţia sectorului agroalimentar (agricultură şi <strong>in</strong>dustrie<br />
alimentară) în România concretizată pentru societăţile comerciale (SC) cu<br />
participare stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital. Pr<strong>in</strong> conţ<strong>in</strong>utul său, în lucrare se urmăresc<br />
legăturile de dependenţă sub aspectul economico-social şi anume, pe de o<br />
parte <strong>in</strong>fluenţele economice ale unor <strong>in</strong>fuzii de capital în sectorul<br />
agroalimentar, iar pe de altă parte aspectul social cu referire la nivelul<br />
salarial al forţei de muncă d<strong>in</strong> acest sector.Toate aceste <strong>in</strong>fluenţe şi<br />
legături, care dobândesc penrtu mediul <strong>rural</strong> un caracter complex şi<br />
d<strong>in</strong>amic, au fost abordate sistematic, dependenţa implicând metodologii<br />
specifice f<strong>in</strong>alizate pr<strong>in</strong> calculul celor mai adecvaţi <strong>in</strong>dicatori (volumul<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestiţiilor stră<strong>in</strong>e şi nivelul salarial atât pr<strong>in</strong> dimensiunile de refer<strong>in</strong>ţă<br />
ale perioadei 1991–2002, cât şi pr<strong>in</strong> raportări faţă de nivelul unităţilor<br />
analizate, nivel de ramură şi nivel naţ<strong>in</strong>al ).<br />
În urma studiului efectuat au rezultat efecte benefice la nivel micro şi<br />
macroteritorial asupra dezvoltării durabile a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România.<br />
The Susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Dornelor and<br />
Câmpulung Moldovenesc Bas<strong>in</strong> by Integration <strong>of</strong><br />
Family-size Animal Farms<br />
Gheorghe GEMENE<br />
Agricultural Research-Development Center, Podul-Iloaiei, Iaşi<br />
The paper is part <strong>of</strong> the trans-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary and <strong>in</strong>teractive researches made<br />
between 1992 and 2003 <strong>in</strong> two hilly and mounta<strong>in</strong>ous areas <strong>of</strong> the Suceava<br />
county (the Dornelor bas<strong>in</strong> and the Câmpulung Moldovenesc Depression).<br />
Investigated were dairy farm<strong>in</strong>g and the susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />
space on macro- and microeconomic levels. The family households produce<br />
(or buy) the milk, process their products, and sell them as milk or meat<br />
products on the free market or <strong>in</strong> small self-owned stores. The production <strong>of</strong><br />
familial farms is complex and aims at an efficient use <strong>of</strong> the regional<br />
43
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
pastures. The paper highlights the possibilities for an efficient use <strong>of</strong> the<br />
natural, human and f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources, as well as <strong>of</strong> the touristic potential<br />
<strong>in</strong> local households that have been certified to develop such complementary<br />
activities that ensure the growth <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>come and a susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong>.<br />
Several familial very small micro-farms which had developed dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
study period were selected for an analysis <strong>of</strong> their economic efficiency.<br />
Farms which develop partial or totally <strong>in</strong>tegrated activities or farms based<br />
on organic production had a greater <strong>in</strong>come.<br />
Besides the negative aspects that still persist <strong>in</strong> the field <strong>of</strong> familial farms<br />
for graz<strong>in</strong>g cattle and <strong>in</strong>fluence the health <strong>of</strong> the animals and their<br />
productivity, the scientific approach br<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>to light a series <strong>of</strong> technical<br />
and genetic elements that convey advantages for the farmers, thus be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sources <strong>of</strong> progress both for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the exploitations and their<br />
modernization.<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă a <strong>rural</strong>ului d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Dornelor şi Câmpulung-<br />
Moldovenesc (zona de Nord-Est) pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrarea micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor<br />
familiale cu pr<strong>of</strong>il zootehnic<br />
Lucrarea se înscrie în sfera cercetărilor transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are-<strong>in</strong>teractive<br />
efectuate în perioada 1992–2003, în două areale d<strong>in</strong> zona col<strong>in</strong>ară înaltă şi<br />
montană a judeţului Suceava (Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Dornelor şi Depresiunea Câmpulung<br />
Moldovenesc). Se prez<strong>in</strong>tă deteilat aspecte la nivel macroeconomic şi<br />
microeconomic ale zonei cercetate în contextul creşterii şi exploatării<br />
vacilor pentru lapte şi al dezvoltării durabile a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>. În acelaşi<br />
timp se evidenţiază desfăşurarea unor activităţi <strong>in</strong>tegrative parţiale sau<br />
totale în cadrul exploataţiilor agricole familiale care produc<br />
(achiziţionează) laptele de vacă, procesează parţial sau total acest produs,<br />
valorifică pe piaţa liberă sau pr<strong>in</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e proprii derivatele lactate şi<br />
produsele d<strong>in</strong> carne. Procesul <strong>in</strong>tegrativ la nivelul micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale<br />
este destul de complex şi are scopul de a valorifica eficient resursele<br />
furajere locale, pr<strong>in</strong> conversia în produse f<strong>in</strong>ale (lapte de vacă şi derivate,<br />
carne, preparate d<strong>in</strong> carne). De asemenea, în lucrare se evidenţiază<br />
posibilităţile valorificării eficiente a resurselor naturale, umane, f<strong>in</strong>anciare,<br />
precum şi a potenţialului agroturistic pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul gospodăriilor<br />
ţărăneşti omologate pentru desfăşurarea acestei activităţi complementare<br />
ce asigură creşterea veniturilor populaţiei d<strong>in</strong> zonă şi dezvoltarea durabilă.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> diversitatea micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale, ce s-au format în timpul perioadei<br />
cercetate, s-au selectat pe criteriul eficienţei economice, micr<strong>of</strong>ermele<br />
44
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
familiale ce desfăşoară activităţi parţial sau total <strong>in</strong>tegrative, cât şi cele<br />
orientate către obţ<strong>in</strong>erea produselor ecologice (organice), ce asigură<br />
majorarea pr<strong>of</strong>itului micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale.<br />
Pe lângă aspectele negative persistente încă în domeniul micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor<br />
familiale cu pr<strong>of</strong>il zootehnic, ce <strong>in</strong>fluenţează starea sănătăţii animalelor şi<br />
nivelul productiv al acestora, şi implicit dezvoltarea durabilă a spaţiului<br />
<strong>rural</strong>, demersul şti<strong>in</strong>ţific evidenţiază şi o serie de elemente tehnico-genetice,<br />
purtătoare de avantaje pentru crescătorii de animale, surse de progres atât<br />
pentru dezvoltarea gospodăriilor ţărăneşti cât şi pentru modernizarea<br />
acestora.<br />
The Eco-mounta<strong>in</strong>ous Space <strong>in</strong> the Alba County –a<br />
Pedological Characterization and the Productivity <strong>of</strong> Land<br />
Nicolae ANDREIAŞI<br />
Ir<strong>in</strong>a MOISE<br />
Liliana PANAITESCU<br />
A. BASARABĂ<br />
Claudia ANDRIEŞI<br />
The mounta<strong>in</strong>ous <strong>of</strong> the Alba County represent a typical example <strong>of</strong> the<br />
“<strong>Apuseni</strong>” – an area with a strong specificity from the socio-geographic,<br />
economic and historical po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view. Extend<strong>in</strong>g over 2/3 <strong>of</strong> the county’s<br />
area and susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g half <strong>of</strong> its population, these mounta<strong>in</strong>s have<br />
characteristics to be found nowhere <strong>in</strong> the country.<br />
The soils represent the ma<strong>in</strong> geoecologică resource <strong>of</strong> the county, most <strong>of</strong><br />
them belong<strong>in</strong>g to the cambic soil (115.380 ha – 57,1 %) and un-evoluted<br />
(40.900 ha – 16,3 %) soil classes. The present use and productivity <strong>of</strong> these<br />
soils are limited by many factors such as: mean annual temperatures <strong>of</strong> only<br />
5 to 7° C, annual ra<strong>in</strong>fall <strong>of</strong> 700–900 mm, <strong>in</strong>tense fragmentation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
relief, unfavorable physical-chemical proprieties (low pH <strong>of</strong> soil and<br />
humus, deficit <strong>of</strong> nutrients, shallow soils, etc). Grasslands, both natural and<br />
cultivated, constitute a well-def<strong>in</strong>ed biocenosis, be<strong>in</strong>g the ma<strong>in</strong> source for<br />
graz<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
An important aspect <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>ous space <strong>of</strong> the Alba County can be<br />
the restoration <strong>of</strong> orchards accord<strong>in</strong>g to the relief, climate and soil. Agro<br />
tourism can be a relevant branch for <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the eco-mounta<strong>in</strong>ous<br />
45
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
space, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account the beauty <strong>of</strong> natural landscape that can<br />
compensate the low comfort <strong>of</strong>fered by the local facilities.<br />
Spaţiul ecomontan al judeţului Alba – caracterizare pedologică şi<br />
vocaţia productivă a terenurilor<br />
Spaţiul montan al judeţului Alba constituie o mostră reprezentativă a<br />
“<strong>Apuseni</strong>lor” – zonă cu mare specificitate geografico-socială, economică şi<br />
istorică. Ocupând 2/3 d<strong>in</strong> suprafaţa judeţului şi reun<strong>in</strong>d peste 1/2 d<strong>in</strong><br />
populaţie, munţii de aici au însuşiri care nu se repetă în altă parte d<strong>in</strong> ţară,<br />
ceea ce obligă la o tratare cu totul specifică a acestora.<br />
Solurile sunt pr<strong>in</strong>cipala resursă geoecologică a judeţului, cele mai<br />
numeroase aparţ<strong>in</strong>ând clasei cambisoluri (115.380 ha – 57,1 %) urmată de<br />
clasa solurilor neevoluate (40.900 ha – 16,3 %).<br />
Folos<strong>in</strong>ţele actuale, precum şi vocaţia productivă a terenurilor d<strong>in</strong> spaţiul<br />
ecomontan al <strong>Apuseni</strong>lor sunt limitate de numerosi factori, pr<strong>in</strong>tre care:<br />
temperaturi medii anuale de 5°–7° C, precipitaţii cu valori de 700–900 mm,<br />
relief puternic fragmentat şi însuşiri fizico-chimice nefavorabile ale<br />
solurilor (pH şi humus acid, deficit de elemente nutritive, volum edafic<br />
scazut etc).<br />
Pajiştile, atât cele naturale cât şi cele cultivate, constituie o biocenoză b<strong>in</strong>e<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ită, fi<strong>in</strong>d pr<strong>in</strong>cipala sursă furajeră pentru întreţ<strong>in</strong>erea şi dezvoltarea<br />
sectorului zootehnic.O problemă importantă în a spaţiul ecomontan al<br />
judeţului Alba o constituie reaşezarea pomicolă după relief, climă,<br />
altitud<strong>in</strong>e şi sol.<br />
Economia <strong>rural</strong>ă, specific montană a judeţului, este puternic <strong>in</strong>fluenţată de<br />
particularităţile structurilor de proprietate. Agroturismul rămâne o sursă<br />
sigură de dezvoltare în spaţiul ecomontan, având în vedere <strong>of</strong>erta<br />
peisagistică a <strong>Apuseni</strong>lor, care compensează de cele mai multe ori<br />
condiţiile de confort.<br />
46
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Rural Development by Land Reclamation Works<br />
Flor<strong>in</strong> MĂRĂCINEANU<br />
Elena CONSTANTIN<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agronomical Sciences<br />
and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Bucharest<br />
The durable <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> is a modern concept <strong>of</strong> social-economic<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> land. The <strong>rural</strong> land is different by <strong>in</strong>tensity <strong>of</strong> socialeconomic<br />
activities def<strong>in</strong>ed by their functions: economical, ecological,<br />
socio-cultural. With respect to durable <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> the land<br />
reclamation activities play a central role <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> economy and ecology.<br />
Land use has to conserve the natural resources (water, soil, etc.) under<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensive and specialised management. Irrigation and dra<strong>in</strong>age works<br />
provide big and constant yields (pr<strong>in</strong>cipale and secundary) compared with<br />
pluvial agriculture.<br />
Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă pr<strong>in</strong> amenajări de îmbunătăţiri funciare<br />
Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă constituie un concept modern pentru evoluţia<br />
social-economică a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>. Spaţiul <strong>rural</strong> se diferenţiază după<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensitatea activităţilor social-economice def<strong>in</strong>ite pr<strong>in</strong> funcţiile acestuia:<br />
economică, ecologică, social-culturală. D<strong>in</strong>tre componentele dezvoltării<br />
<strong>rural</strong>e durabile, activităţile de îmbunătăţiri funciare au un rol hotărâtor în<br />
sens economic şi ecologic. Ele trebuie să conserve resursele naturale (apă,<br />
sol etc.) în condiţiile unei exploatări <strong>in</strong>tense, materializată pr<strong>in</strong><br />
valorificarea <strong>in</strong>tegrală a masei organice obţ<strong>in</strong>ute pr<strong>in</strong> practicarea unei<br />
anumite culturi. Pe terenuri amenajate cu lucrări de irigaţii şi drenaj se<br />
obţ<strong>in</strong>e o producţie totală, pr<strong>in</strong>cipală şi secundară, mai mare şi stabilă<br />
comparativ cu agricultura pluvială.<br />
47
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
Policies for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Tourism<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Prut Cross-border Region<br />
Ion TALABĂ<br />
Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch<br />
The problem <strong>of</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g “Policies for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Tourism<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Prut Cross-border Region” must be analyzed <strong>in</strong> a larger context, <strong>of</strong><br />
Romania, Moldova Republic, Ukra<strong>in</strong>e and the European Union. Such an<br />
approach – <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary studies <strong>in</strong>cluded – can clearly show the<br />
strengths and weaknesses <strong>of</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> this region.<br />
Hav<strong>in</strong>g an area <strong>of</strong> 43,776 km 2 , (Romania - 20.246 km 2 , Moldova Republic -<br />
17,230 km 2, and Ukra<strong>in</strong>e approx. 6,300 km 2) and a population <strong>of</strong> 4,421,265<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants (2,411,355 <strong>in</strong> Romania, 1,517,600 <strong>in</strong> Moldova Republic and<br />
492,310 <strong>in</strong> Ukra<strong>in</strong>e), the cross-border region <strong>of</strong> Prut is quite complex, its<br />
older or newer problems wait<strong>in</strong>g to be solved on the basis <strong>of</strong> the historic<br />
truth an the European concepts <strong>in</strong> the field.<br />
The study analyzes the ma<strong>in</strong> demands for a susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tourism <strong>in</strong> the area, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g its social, economic and environment<br />
protection components, targets that can be reached by adopt<strong>in</strong>g a set <strong>of</strong><br />
policies. Start<strong>in</strong>g from the very major requirements tourism claims for a<br />
harmonious, efficient and equilibrate <strong>development</strong>, the study proposes a<br />
whole series <strong>of</strong> policies for laws, economy, culture, environment protection,<br />
etc.<br />
Politici pentru o dezvoltare durabilă a turismului<br />
în zona transfrontalieră Prut<br />
Problematica def<strong>in</strong>irii unor “Politici pentru o dezvoltare durabilă a<br />
turismului în zona transfrontalieră Prut” trebuie analizată în contextul<br />
general al României, Republicii Moldova, Ucra<strong>in</strong>ei precum şi a Uniunii<br />
Europene.<br />
O astfel de abordare, <strong>in</strong>clusiv pluridiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară, are darul de a pune în<br />
evidenţă cu mai multă claritate punctele tari şi slabe ale zonei în domeniul<br />
turismului.<br />
Dispunând de o suprafaţă de 43.776 km, (România 20.246 km), Republica<br />
Moldova (17.230 km) respectiv Ucra<strong>in</strong>a (aproximativ 6.300 km) şi o<br />
populaţie de peste 4.421.265 locuitori d<strong>in</strong> care România 2.411.355<br />
48
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
locuitori, Republica Moldova 1.517.600 locuitori şi Ucra<strong>in</strong>a 492.310<br />
locuitori, zona transfrontalieră Prut este una complexă în care problemele<br />
mai vechi şi mai noi îşi aşteaptă încă o rezolvare pe baza dreptului istoric şi<br />
al conceptului european în domeniu.<br />
În studiu sunt analizate pr<strong>in</strong>cipalele exigenţe ale unei dezvoltări durabile a<br />
turismului în zonă, <strong>in</strong>clusiv pr<strong>in</strong> componentele sale economice, sociale şi de<br />
protecţie a mediului obiective ce pot fi realizate pr<strong>in</strong> adoptarea unui set de<br />
politici.<br />
Porn<strong>in</strong>d tocmai de la exigenţele majore pe care turismul le reclamă pentru<br />
o dezvoltare armonioasă, echilibrată şi eficientă a sa, în studiu sunt<br />
propuse şi analizate o serie întreagă de politici de ord<strong>in</strong> legislativ,<br />
economic, cultural, de protecţie a mediului, etc.<br />
Rural Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Bran Area<br />
Florea MIRON<br />
“Transilvania” University, Braşov<br />
The re<strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> the Romanian tourism on the market, and at the level <strong>of</strong><br />
quality on the European and global standards conta<strong>in</strong>s a component <strong>of</strong> real<br />
value - the <strong>rural</strong> tourism. The ma<strong>in</strong> elements that form the touristic product<br />
are: the <strong>rural</strong> space, the <strong>rural</strong> population and the natural resources specific to<br />
these <strong>regions</strong>.<br />
At less than 30 km West <strong>of</strong> Braşov, along the road that connects the town at<br />
the feet <strong>of</strong> the Tâmpa Mt. with Câmpulung Muscel, between the Piatra<br />
Craiului and Bucegi Massifs lay the Bran area villages. Born once with the<br />
legend if the Old Bran, who gifted to his sons 15 villages and hamlets, they<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude nowadays the localities: Sohodol, Poarta, Predeluţ, Şimon, Moeciu<br />
de Jos, Cheia, Moeciu de Sus, Zbârcioara, Peştera, Coacăza, Măgura,<br />
Drumu Carului, Şirnea, Fundata and Fundăţica, situated between 750 and<br />
1200 m altitude and dispersed along the old route that connected<br />
Transylvania and Wallachia.<br />
The touristic facilities <strong>in</strong> these villages are exceptional, the touristic national<br />
and <strong>in</strong>ternational flux is cont<strong>in</strong>uous and grow<strong>in</strong>g, but it riser the problem <strong>of</strong><br />
overload<strong>in</strong>g the area and all the malfunctions deriv<strong>in</strong>g from it.<br />
49
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
For a susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the tourism <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s one<br />
can take <strong>in</strong>to account the Bran area model, but <strong>in</strong> the same time the errors<br />
that have been made here can be excluded, to avoid touristic overload<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
the area.<br />
Turismul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> zona Bran<br />
Re<strong>in</strong>tegrarea turismului românesc în competiţia <strong>in</strong>ternaţională şi la nivelul<br />
exigenţelor pieţelor europene şi mondiale cupr<strong>in</strong>de o componentă de o<br />
valoare reală – turismul <strong>rural</strong>. Elementele pr<strong>in</strong>cipale care participă la<br />
formarea produsului turistic sunt: spaţiul <strong>rural</strong>, populaţia <strong>rural</strong>ă şi<br />
resursele naturale specifice acestor regiuni.<br />
La mai puţ<strong>in</strong> de 30 km vest de Braşov, pe şoseaua care leagă oraşul de la<br />
poalele Tâmpei de Câmpulung Muscel, între masivele Piatra Craiului şi<br />
Bucegi se înşiruie satele Branului. Născute odată cu legenda bătrânului<br />
Bran, care le-a dăruit fiilor săi 15 sate şi cătune, sunt astăzi aşezările:<br />
Sohodol, Poarta, Predeluţ, Şimon, Moeciu de Jos, Cheia, Moeciu de Sus,<br />
Zbârcioara, Peştera, Coacăza, Măgura, Drumu Carului, Şirnea, Fundata şi<br />
Fundăţica, situate la o altitud<strong>in</strong>e cupr<strong>in</strong>să între 750 m şi 1200 m şi risipite<br />
de-a lungul vechii căi de legătură d<strong>in</strong>tre Transilvania şi Muntenia.<br />
Dotările turistice d<strong>in</strong> aceste localităţi sunt de excepţie, fluxul turistic <strong>in</strong>tern<br />
şi <strong>in</strong>ternaţional este cont<strong>in</strong>uu şi în creştere, dar se pune problema<br />
supraîncărcării acestei regiuni şi deci a disfuncţionalităţii datorate<br />
supradimensionării turistice.<br />
În valorificarea turistică viabilă a Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong> se poate lua în<br />
considerare modelul turismului <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> zona Branului, dar în acelaşi timp<br />
se pot evita şi greşelile făcute aici, în dor<strong>in</strong>ţa de supraexploatare turistică a<br />
teritoriului.<br />
50
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism on the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ieud village (Maramureş county)<br />
Ciprian CORPADE<br />
Răzvan BĂTINAŞ<br />
Ana-Maria CORPADE<br />
“Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj Napoca<br />
This paper aims at diagnos<strong>in</strong>g the specific social and economic parameters<br />
that are specific to a village <strong>in</strong> the historical region <strong>of</strong> Maramureş, focuss<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on the elements that could become the eng<strong>in</strong>e capacity <strong>of</strong> its long term<br />
<strong>development</strong> with<strong>in</strong> the general context <strong>of</strong> the Romanian <strong>rural</strong> space.<br />
Special attention will be granted to tourism activities as an alternative for its<br />
<strong>development</strong>, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account both human activities and particular liv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
conditions, as well as the natural environment, emphasiz<strong>in</strong>g those elements<br />
which could be exploited for susta<strong>in</strong>ed tourism activities. In order to get<br />
results which are as accurate as possible, we shall also analyze the noticed<br />
deficiencies <strong>in</strong> education and mentality, so that they are rectified <strong>in</strong> the<br />
future. The study will also address the local population perception <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tourism phenomenon, as well as their possible disposition toward<br />
turn<strong>in</strong>g/direct<strong>in</strong>g their <strong>in</strong>vestments and way <strong>of</strong> life <strong>in</strong> this direction.<br />
We consider that the conclusions <strong>of</strong> our study can be applied to most <strong>rural</strong><br />
settlements <strong>in</strong> Maramureş, although certa<strong>in</strong> differences <strong>in</strong> the tourist <strong>of</strong>fer<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> each specific case must be taken <strong>in</strong>to account.<br />
Implicaţiile turismului <strong>rural</strong> în dezvoltarea durabilă<br />
a localităţii Ieud (jud. Maramureş)<br />
Demersul prezent în acest articol este orientat spre diagnoza parametrilor<br />
socio-economici specifici ai unei localităţi situate în prov<strong>in</strong>cia istorică a<br />
Maramureşului. Ne-am focalizat atenţia pe elementele care pot constitui<br />
motorul dezvoltării localităţii pe termen lung, în contextul general de<br />
existenţă a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong> românesc. Vom acorda o atenţie deosebită<br />
activităţilor turistice ca alternativă în dezvoltare, ţ<strong>in</strong>ând cont atât de<br />
activităţile umane şi de condiţiile de trai specifice, cât şi de cadrul natural,<br />
<strong>in</strong>sistând pe elementele care pot fi puse în valoare în vederea unei<br />
exploatări turistice susţ<strong>in</strong>ute. Pentru ca rezultatele să fie cât mai realiste,<br />
vom analiza şi carenţele educaţionale şi de mentalitate surpr<strong>in</strong>se, cu scopul<br />
51
Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />
remedierii lor în timp. De asemenea, vom urmări percepţia fenomenului<br />
turistic de către populaţia autohtonă, precum şi disponibilitatea acesteia în<br />
a-şi modifica/orienta <strong>in</strong>vestiţiile şi modul de viaţă în această direcţie.<br />
Considerăm că putem extrapola concluziile acestui studiu la nivelul<br />
majorităţii localităţilor <strong>rural</strong>e d<strong>in</strong> Maramureş, ţ<strong>in</strong>ând cont însă de o<br />
anumită diferenţiere a <strong>of</strong>ertei turistice pentru fiecare caz în parte.<br />
52
Abstracts - Posters<br />
Posters<br />
Tend<strong>in</strong>ţe în evoluţia schimburilor comerciale d<strong>in</strong>tre<br />
România şi Republica Moldova<br />
Marilena ACATRINEI<br />
Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iasi<br />
În zilele noastre, orice strategie de creştere economică este neviabilă dacă<br />
structurile sale de pornire nu cupr<strong>in</strong>d următoarele două premise:<br />
• nici o economie naţională nu se poate dezvolta durabil decât ca o<br />
economie deschisă tot mai larg spre exterior;<br />
• organizarea acestei deschideri are loc pretut<strong>in</strong>deni sub anumite forme de<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegrare, concepute pe plan regional, cont<strong>in</strong>ental sau chiar mondial.<br />
România şi Republica Moldova nu sunt doar state <strong>in</strong>dependente şi vec<strong>in</strong>e, ci<br />
totodată şi ţări frăţeşti care au ieşit d<strong>in</strong> aceaşi urnă genetică şi au făcut parte<br />
d<strong>in</strong> aceaşi vatră strămoşească. Amândouă ţările, în strategiile lor de<br />
dezvoltare economică, îşi propun <strong>in</strong>tegrarea în Uniunea Europeană,<br />
România fixându-şi ca obiectiv îndepl<strong>in</strong>irea condiţiilor esenţiale de aderare<br />
la orizontul anului 2007. Aderarea României la UE înseamnă <strong>in</strong>trarea pe<br />
“marche commun”, adică lichidarea tuturor barierelor vamale în comerţul<br />
d<strong>in</strong>tre statele membre, libera circulaţie a capitalurilor, bunurilor, forţei de<br />
muncă etc. şi măsuri de protecţie a pieţei comune faţă de statele terţe,<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>tre care figurează şi Moldova, desigur.<br />
Studiul respectiv tratează monografic problema schimburilor comerciale<br />
d<strong>in</strong>tre cele două state, problemă care nu este tratată suficient în literatura de<br />
specialitate. Astfel, cu privire la anul 2000, volumul total al schimburilor<br />
bilaterale s-a situat la nivelul de 183,6 mil. $, d<strong>in</strong> care export al României –<br />
142,3 mil. $, iar import – 41,3 mil. $. Schimburile comerciale cu Republica<br />
Moldova au crescut cu 29,84% faţă de aceeaşi perioadă a anului 1999, d<strong>in</strong><br />
care exportul României cu 40,86%, iar importul cu 2,25%. România a fost<br />
în anul 2000 pr<strong>in</strong>cipalul exportator în Republica Moldova, îna<strong>in</strong>tea<br />
Federaţiei Ruse şi Ucra<strong>in</strong>ei.<br />
53
Abstracts – Posters<br />
The devotional tourism, a component <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism<br />
Alecu I. Ciprian<br />
Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iasi<br />
The emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> largely associated with the existence <strong>of</strong><br />
monasteries, sketes and pilgrimages organised by the faithful. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
15th–19th centuries, monasteries used to give shelter to travellers and<br />
especially to merchants, who <strong>of</strong>ten received free meals and accommodation.<br />
There is varied motivation for tourism and for <strong>rural</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> particular.<br />
However, as far as <strong>rural</strong> religious tourism is concerned, there exist only a<br />
small number <strong>of</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ations, which sufficient personal and specific<br />
features. Another important element is the tradition and customs preserved<br />
<strong>in</strong> this geographical area and the fact that many religious sites, which were<br />
built centuries ago, are part <strong>of</strong> the national historical and cultural heritage.<br />
It is easily noticeable that the ethnic and spiritual diversity <strong>of</strong> this area<br />
provides for significant cultural exchanges and <strong>in</strong>terrelations, mak<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>depth<br />
study <strong>of</strong> the religious phenomenon a priority. Approach<strong>in</strong>g religious<br />
tourism as a part <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism is a vast<br />
subject, which is also difficult to cover. It is a crucial action consider<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
religion is one <strong>of</strong> the factors <strong>of</strong> our existence and <strong>development</strong> and our<br />
national identity.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>adequate organisation <strong>of</strong> this form <strong>of</strong> tourism and the limited<br />
exploitation <strong>of</strong> its potential demand its <strong>in</strong>clusion <strong>in</strong> the national, regional<br />
and local <strong>development</strong> strategies. It is ever more vital to engage local<br />
communities <strong>in</strong> organis<strong>in</strong>g, develop<strong>in</strong>g and promot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>rural</strong> religious<br />
tourism. One should take <strong>in</strong>to account the fact that religion is closely related<br />
to other factors such as nationality, education, and revenue, a. s. o. The<br />
study <strong>of</strong> religious tourism represents a long-term challenge.<br />
Turismul religios, componentă a dezvoltării durabile a<br />
turismului <strong>rural</strong><br />
Apariţia turismului <strong>rural</strong> este în mare măsură legată de existenţa<br />
mănăstirilor, schiturilor şi de peler<strong>in</strong>ajele realizate de cred<strong>in</strong>cioşi. În<br />
secolele XV–XIX mănăstirile <strong>of</strong>ereau adăpost drumeţilor şi în special<br />
negustorilor care beneficiau de multe ori de cazare şi masă gratuită.<br />
54
Abstracts - Posters<br />
Motivarea pentru turism este diversă, şi în special pentru turismul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
Însă, în ceea ce priveşte turismul <strong>rural</strong> religios, putem vorbi doar de un<br />
număr limitat de determ<strong>in</strong>ări, care de cele mai multe ori au un caracter<br />
foarte personal şi <strong>in</strong>tim. De asemenea, un alt element important îl constituie<br />
tradiţia şi obiceiurile conservate în cadrul acestui spaţiu geografic, şi nu în<br />
ultimul rând valoarea de patrimoniu naţional, istoric şi cultural, a multor<br />
aşezăm<strong>in</strong>te religioase construite cu secole în urmă.<br />
Aşa cum este lesne de remarcat, diversitatea etnică şi spirituală a acestui<br />
spaţiu face ca schimbul şi <strong>in</strong>terferenţele culturale să aibă o mare<br />
importanţă şi pr<strong>in</strong> urmare apare necesitatea studierii foarte atente a<br />
fenomenului religios. Abordarea turismului religios ca o componentă a<br />
dezvoltării durabile a turismului <strong>rural</strong> constituie o temă foarte generoasă,<br />
dar, în acelaşi timp, deosebit de dificil de surpr<strong>in</strong>s. Ea este imperios<br />
necesară în condiţiile în care religia este unul d<strong>in</strong> parametrii existenţei şi<br />
evoluţiei noastre, a identităţii noastre d<strong>in</strong>totdeauna.<br />
Caracterul scăzut al organizării acestei forme de turism, gradul slab de<br />
valorificare reclamă <strong>in</strong>cluderea sa în strategia de dezvoltare naţională,<br />
regională şi locală. Dev<strong>in</strong>e tot mai necesară şi implicarea comunităţilor<br />
locale în organizarea, dezvoltarea şi promovarea turismului <strong>rural</strong> religios.<br />
Nu trebuie uitat faptul că religia este strâns legată şi de alţi factori, precum<br />
naţionalitatea, educaţia, veniturile etc. Cercetarea turismului <strong>rural</strong> religios<br />
rămâne o provocare pentru mult timp.<br />
Comparative aspects concern<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />
management <strong>in</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> areas <strong>in</strong> east European countries<br />
Elena-Maria BIJI<br />
Elisabeta R. ROŞCA<br />
The Academy <strong>of</strong> Economic Studies, Bucureşti<br />
“Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava<br />
The paper presents some basic issues concern<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> areas, as this <strong>development</strong> is outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the<br />
studies performed <strong>in</strong> Romania. Specifically, scenarios address<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> areas <strong>in</strong> Romania emphasize the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> the<br />
size <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> farms, the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> the weight <strong>of</strong> qualified work, <strong>of</strong><br />
education, <strong>of</strong> pluri-activity, the f<strong>in</strong>ancial support <strong>of</strong> the activities .<br />
55
Abstracts – Posters<br />
Aspecte comparative priv<strong>in</strong>d utilizarea resurselor de muncă<br />
în ţări d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est<br />
Lucrarea “Aspecte priv<strong>in</strong>d managementul dezvoltării durabile în<br />
zonele montane, în ţări d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est” prez<strong>in</strong>tă unele probleme de bază<br />
priv<strong>in</strong>d dezvoltarea durabilă a zonelor montane, aşa cum se conturează<br />
această dezvoltare în studiile d<strong>in</strong> ţara noastră. Astfel, dezvoltarea zonelor<br />
montane în România se concretizează în creşterea dimensiunii gospodăriei<br />
agricole montane, pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizarea şi educaţia, pluriactivitatea, susţ<strong>in</strong>erea<br />
f<strong>in</strong>anciară a activităţilor pr<strong>in</strong> programe locale şi naţionale, dezvoltarea<br />
zonelor montane pr<strong>in</strong> proiecte regionale etc.<br />
La nivelul ţărilor d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est, în care se derulează programe Phare,<br />
lucrarea se opreşte, cu precădere, asupra zonelor împădurite, prez<strong>in</strong>tă<br />
conceptele de biodiversitate şi de reţele ecologice şi câteva <strong>in</strong>iţiative în<br />
Europa de Est, priv<strong>in</strong>d reţelele ecologice.<br />
Landform - environment dynamics <strong>in</strong> the Arieş river<br />
catchment<br />
Ioan-Aurel IRIMUS<br />
“Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj – Napoca<br />
The Arieş river catchment covers the three landforms mounta<strong>in</strong>s, hills and<br />
low land corridors, floodpla<strong>in</strong>s. The shapes <strong>of</strong> the landforms are the result<br />
<strong>of</strong> a complex paleo-geographic evolution with geologic-tectonic processes.<br />
Periodic landform shap<strong>in</strong>g processes created a very dynamic environment<br />
and landscape (<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> climate, stream flow, vegetation, fauna, soils,<br />
man).<br />
The geological and tectonic history also expla<strong>in</strong>s the large variety <strong>of</strong> the<br />
geological substrata with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>vestigated area, a fact that <strong>in</strong>duces a large<br />
space and time variability <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> landform shap<strong>in</strong>g processes, but also<br />
<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> water run<strong>of</strong>f, soil structure, and habitats.<br />
The landform shap<strong>in</strong>g processes <strong>in</strong> the Arieş river catchment have been<br />
classified <strong>in</strong> two functional components: genesis and anthropic activity<br />
impact, respectively quantify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the part played by the substratum and<br />
the landforms shap<strong>in</strong>g systems variables, together with the <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
anthropic factors <strong>in</strong> outl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the geographical landscapes and the<br />
56
Abstracts - Posters<br />
environment <strong>of</strong> the Arieş stream catchment. The anthropic pressure on the<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigated territory, by way <strong>of</strong> its nature, engendered the risk vulnerability<br />
<strong>of</strong> the territory, associated to the fragility <strong>of</strong> the hill slopes and <strong>of</strong> the<br />
streambeds.<br />
D<strong>in</strong>amica environmentului geomorfologic d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Arieşului<br />
Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Arieşului se înscrie în cele trei trepte morfogenetice: montană,<br />
dealurilor şi culoarelor depresionare, luncilor. Perfectarea acestor trepte<br />
morfogenetice este rezultatul unei evoluţii paleogeografice complexe, în<br />
care procesele geologo – tectonice au substituit ritmic pe cele<br />
geomorfologice, într-un mediu morfogenetic foarte d<strong>in</strong>amic (climatic,<br />
hidrografic, vegetaţie, faună, soluri, om).<br />
Acest context genetic explică marea varietate a tipurilor de substrate<br />
geologice în cadrul arealului cercetat, fapt ce <strong>in</strong>duce o mare variabilitate<br />
spaţio-temporală a proceselor geomorfogenetice, dar şi parametrilor<br />
scurgerii, structurii solului şi învelişului biotic.<br />
Edificările geomorfologice environmentale în Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Arieşului au fost<br />
abordate pr<strong>in</strong> cele două componente funcţionale: geneza şi impactul<br />
activităţii antropice, respectiv cuantificarea participării variabilelor<br />
substratului şi sistemelor geomorfologice, alături de <strong>in</strong>fluenţa factorilor<br />
antropici la conturarea peisajelor geografice şi environmentului Baz<strong>in</strong>ului<br />
Arieşului.<br />
Presiunea antropică asupra teritoriului <strong>in</strong>vestigat, pr<strong>in</strong> natura ei, a generat<br />
vulnerabilitatea teritoriului la riscuri, asociată senzitivităţii versanţilor şi<br />
albiilor râurilor.<br />
Pluriactivity <strong>in</strong> the Contemporary Romanian Village<br />
Liliana GURAN-NICA<br />
“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />
The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Romanian village has always been significantly<br />
marked by non-agrarian activities, because they play a complementary<br />
function with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> economy. The village community could never do<br />
without the “services” <strong>of</strong>fered by some <strong>of</strong> its members who helped with<br />
basic works <strong>in</strong> agricultural and contributed to a more decent liv<strong>in</strong>g standard.<br />
57
Abstracts – Posters<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce a long time, these “services” were named “pluriactivities”, mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“activities, <strong>in</strong>dependent liberal pr<strong>of</strong>essions”, “non-agrarian, non-salaried<br />
activities discharged outside the family household”, “an activity<br />
complement<strong>in</strong>g the family exploitation, and source <strong>of</strong> additional revenues”<br />
(Bordânc 1998, p. 74).<br />
This detailed study <strong>of</strong> these components <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> economy analysed the<br />
<strong>in</strong>come sources, the work<strong>in</strong>g times, and the social security systems. A<br />
social-economic survey <strong>of</strong> Romanian hillside village was carried out <strong>in</strong><br />
Buzau County, specifically <strong>in</strong> the Patârlagele commune, by a research team<br />
from the Romanian Academy’s Institute <strong>of</strong> Geography. One <strong>of</strong> the issues<br />
tackled was also the non-agrarian activities. In order to f<strong>in</strong>d out the extend<br />
and type <strong>of</strong> pluriactivity <strong>in</strong> the economy <strong>of</strong> Pătârlagele commune, we also<br />
looked at the <strong>in</strong>come sources <strong>of</strong> the studied households.<br />
Pluriactivitatea în satele contemporane româneşti<br />
Dezvoltarea satelor româneşti au fost întotdeauna puternic marcată de<br />
activitaţile non-agrare, deoarece acestea au o funcţie complementară în<br />
economia <strong>rural</strong>ă. Comunitatea sătească nu şi-ar putea duce existenţa fără<br />
anumite “servicii” furnizate de unii d<strong>in</strong>tre membrii săi, care realizeză<br />
munci elementare în sectorul agrar şi care contribuie astfel, la obţ<strong>in</strong>erea<br />
unui standard de viaţă mai decent.<br />
Aceste “servicii” au fost desemnate în ultima vreme drept pluriactivităţi.<br />
Literatura de specialitate le def<strong>in</strong>eşte drept “activităţi, pr<strong>of</strong>esiuni liberale<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependente”, “activităţi ne-agrare, neretribuite, desfăşurate în afara<br />
gospodăriei familiale”, “o activitate care v<strong>in</strong>e în completarea exploatării<br />
familiale şi o sursă de venituri suplimentare” (Bordânc, 1998, p. 74), etc.<br />
Un studiu apr<strong>of</strong>undat al acestor componente ale economiei <strong>rural</strong>e trebuie<br />
să pornească de la o metodologie b<strong>in</strong>e def<strong>in</strong>ită. Am urmărit, astfel pr<strong>in</strong>tre<br />
altele, sursele de venit, timpul de lucru, precum şi sistemul de asigurări<br />
sociale.<br />
O analiză a aspectelor social-economice cu care se confruntă satul<br />
românesc d<strong>in</strong> zona de deal a fost efectuată în judeţul Buzău, concret în<br />
comuna Pătârlagele, de către o echipă de cercetare de la Institutul de<br />
Geografie al Academiei Române. Unul d<strong>in</strong> aspectele abordate l-a constituit<br />
şi activităţile ne-agricole. Pentru a evalua amploarea şi tipul pluriactivităţii<br />
d<strong>in</strong> economia comunei Pătârlagele, am analizat şi sursele de venit ale<br />
gospodăriilor studiate.<br />
58
Abstracts - Posters<br />
The environment quality <strong>of</strong> the Gethic Plateau.<br />
A case study: the <strong>rural</strong> habitat from the Cândeşti Piedmont<br />
Daniela DUMITRESCU<br />
Adrian BALTĂLUNGĂ<br />
“Valahia” University, Târgovişte<br />
The analysis <strong>of</strong> the social, economical and environmental factors with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
Candesti Piedmont reveals the changes that the landscape underwent <strong>in</strong> the<br />
long run, and the associated impact on the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>rural</strong> habitat.<br />
As potential risk sources, that <strong>in</strong>crease the degree <strong>of</strong> vulnerability, one<br />
should mention ma<strong>in</strong>ly the hydrogeological, lithological and<br />
meteorological factors, together with the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g anthropic pressure<br />
exerted both from the <strong>in</strong>terior, as well as from the contact zones that focus<br />
the social and economic activities: expansion and amplification <strong>of</strong> the oil<br />
and gas exploitations dur<strong>in</strong>g the second half <strong>of</strong> XX-th century; gravel and<br />
sand exploitation from riverbeds; dump storage due to m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g companies<br />
from the adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g area; illegal deforestation that occurred subsequently to<br />
property <strong>of</strong> the forests be<strong>in</strong>g returned to the private owners; <strong>in</strong>adequate<br />
agricultural practices carried out on slop<strong>in</strong>g lands and the destruction <strong>of</strong><br />
terraces; excessive use <strong>of</strong> chemical fertilizers; absence <strong>of</strong> runn<strong>in</strong>g water and<br />
<strong>of</strong> sewerage networks; absence <strong>of</strong> ecological waste dumps and chaotic<br />
storage <strong>of</strong> domestic waste (ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> riverbeds, or at the contact with the<br />
lower terraces); the poor quality <strong>of</strong> the roads <strong>in</strong>frastructure, correlated with<br />
the absence <strong>of</strong> some cross l<strong>in</strong>ks between localities.<br />
As a conclusion, we can state that <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> environment quality<br />
deterioration, the ma<strong>in</strong> responsibility is to be ascribed to anthropic<br />
activities, which <strong>in</strong> the long run turned the formerly stable environment <strong>of</strong><br />
Candesti Piedmont <strong>in</strong>to a critical one, a fact that may <strong>in</strong>duce severe<br />
consequences on the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> habitat, which,<br />
moreover, is subject to a demographical decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the recent years.<br />
Calitatea mediului în Podişul Getic.<br />
Studiu de caz – habitatul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> Piemontul Cândeşti<br />
Analiza elementelor de mediu şi social-economice d<strong>in</strong> cadrul Piemontului<br />
Cândeşti evidenţiază mutaţiile <strong>in</strong>tervenite în peisaj de-a lungul timpului, cu<br />
impact asupra dezvoltării durabile a habitatului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
59
Abstracts – Posters<br />
Ca surse potenţiale de risc, ce amplifică gradul de vulnerabilitate, se<br />
remarcă cu precădere factorii hidrogeologici, litologici şi meteorologici,<br />
alături de presiunea antropică tot mai ridicată exercitată atât d<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior,<br />
cât şi d<strong>in</strong> zonele de contact care polarizează activităţile socio-economice:<br />
ext<strong>in</strong>derea şi <strong>in</strong>tensificarea exploatărilor de petrol şi gaze naturale în a<br />
doua jumătate a secolului XX, exploatările de pietrişuri şi nisipuri d<strong>in</strong><br />
albiile râurilor, depozitarea haldelor de steril de la societăţile comerciale<br />
d<strong>in</strong> zona limitr<strong>of</strong>ă, defrişările ilegale în urma retrocedării pădurilor,<br />
practicarea unei agriculturi iraţionale pe terenurile în pantă şi distrugerea<br />
terasărilor, chimizarea excesivă, lipsa reţelei de apă curentă şi canalizare,<br />
<strong>in</strong>existenţa gropilor ecologice şi depozitarea haotică a deşeurilor menajere<br />
(predom<strong>in</strong>ant în albiile majore sau la contactul cu terasele <strong>in</strong>ferioare),<br />
precaritatea <strong>in</strong>frastructurilor rutiere corelată cu lipsa legăturilor<br />
transversale între localităţi.<br />
Concluzionând, putem afirma că rolul determ<strong>in</strong>ant în deprecierea calităţii<br />
mediului l-au avut activităţile antropice, care au transformat în timp<br />
Piemontul Cândeşti, d<strong>in</strong>tr-un mediu stabil într-un mediu critic, ce poate<br />
avea grave consec<strong>in</strong>ţe asupra dezvoltării durabile a habitatului <strong>rural</strong>, aflat<br />
într-un decl<strong>in</strong> demografic în ultimii ani.<br />
Forms <strong>of</strong> evolution and <strong>of</strong> habitation <strong>of</strong> the settlements <strong>in</strong> the<br />
High Pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Târgovişte – România<br />
Gică PEHOIU<br />
“Valahia” University, Târgoviste<br />
Be<strong>in</strong>g situated at a low, accessible altitude level, the High Pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Targoviste as a whole represents a geographical unit favorable to the early<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> a dense network <strong>of</strong> human settlements. Together with the<br />
favorable <strong>in</strong>stances provided by the natural factors, we estimate that social<br />
and historical events, the economic activity, specifically the productive<br />
activity, have represented and still represent a primary factor <strong>in</strong> the<br />
spread<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> settlements.<br />
Ancient <strong>rural</strong> settlements <strong>of</strong> the pla<strong>in</strong> have generated new settlements<br />
through processes <strong>of</strong> settlement expansion, the first acquir<strong>in</strong>g a character <strong>of</strong><br />
matrix- or mother-village. The villages result<strong>in</strong>g from the expansion <strong>of</strong><br />
60
Abstracts - Posters<br />
agricultural <strong>rural</strong> settlements spread as a cha<strong>in</strong> along the valleys and form<br />
l<strong>in</strong>eaments <strong>of</strong> settlements alongside the ma<strong>in</strong> ones.<br />
The phenomenon <strong>of</strong> seasonal pastoral migration bears a special significance<br />
<strong>in</strong> the complex process <strong>of</strong> occurrence, emplacement and <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> settlements <strong>in</strong> this area. There are still preserved the names<br />
which marked the phenomena <strong>of</strong> migration <strong>of</strong> people orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />
northern side <strong>of</strong> the Southern Carpathians (“ungureni”), towards south, at<br />
the foot <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>s, or even further, <strong>in</strong> the contact area between the<br />
hills and the pla<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Those people, “ungureni”, either settled near the old villages <strong>of</strong> the local<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants (“pamanteni”), at the outskirts <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> settlement, doubl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
it to form “tw<strong>in</strong>” settlements or gradually became part <strong>of</strong> the already<br />
exist<strong>in</strong>g villages, becom<strong>in</strong>g, as time went by, the majority population.<br />
Significant are also mentions about the occurrence <strong>of</strong> the so-called “royal<br />
villages”, when Targoviste emerged as an urban center. These settlements<br />
benefited <strong>of</strong> a special statute, be<strong>in</strong>g considered “royal doma<strong>in</strong>s” (for<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance the present-day villages: Valea Voievozilor, Razvad, An<strong>in</strong>oasa,<br />
Sateni, Viforata).<br />
Forme de evoluţie şi populare ale aşezărilor<br />
d<strong>in</strong> Câmpia înaltă a Târgoviştei – România<br />
Ca treaptă de altitud<strong>in</strong>e joasă, accesibilă, Câmpia Înaltă a Târgoviştei, în<br />
ansamblul ei, se prez<strong>in</strong>tă ca o unitate geografică cu condiţii favorabile<br />
apariţiei timpurii a unei reţele dense de aşezări omeneşti.<br />
Alături de avantajele <strong>of</strong>erite de factorii naturali, considerăm că<br />
evenimentele sociale şi istorice, activitatea economică, în speţă activitatea<br />
productivă, au constituit şi constituie un factor primordial în răspândirea<br />
aşezărilor <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />
Satele străvechi ale câmpiei au generat, noi tipuri pr<strong>in</strong> procese de roire<br />
spaţială, cele d<strong>in</strong>tâi căpătând un adevărat caracter de sat-matcă. Satele<br />
rezultate d<strong>in</strong> roiri agricole se înşiruie pe văi şi formează al<strong>in</strong>iamente de<br />
aşezări în lungul celor pr<strong>in</strong>cipale.<br />
Fenomenul transhumanţei a avut semnificaţii deosebite în complexitatea<br />
proceselor de apariţie, localizare şi dezvoltare a unor aşezări <strong>rural</strong>e d<strong>in</strong><br />
zonă. Păstrăm şi astăzi denumirile care au marcat fenomenele de migrare a<br />
ungurenilor de pe versanţii nordici ai Carpaţilor Meridionali, la poale şi<br />
chiar mai departe, în zona de contact a dealurilor cu câmpiile.<br />
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Ungurenii s-au aşezat fie pe lângă satele vechi ale „pământenilor”, la<br />
periferia obştii săteşti, dublându-le pe acestea, formând aşezări „dublete”<br />
fie s-au <strong>in</strong>filtrat treptat în satele deja existente, deven<strong>in</strong>d cu timpul chiar<br />
populaţie majoritară a acestora (Ungureni în comuna Dragomireşti,<br />
Ungureni în comuna Lucieni).<br />
Sunt sugestive atestările priv<strong>in</strong>d apariţia aşa-numitelor „sate domneşti”,<br />
odată cu apariţia oraşului Târgovişte ca centru urban, aşezări care aveau<br />
un statut special, fi<strong>in</strong>d considerate „domenii domneşti” (exemplificăm cu<br />
localităţile de astăzi Valea Voievozilor, Răzvad, An<strong>in</strong>oasa, Săteni,<br />
Viforâta).<br />
Protection <strong>of</strong> soils on Argeş Hills slopes – a ma<strong>in</strong> component<br />
<strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />
Valent<strong>in</strong> TEODORESCU<br />
“Spriru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />
Large areas from Arges Hills are <strong>in</strong> the proces <strong>of</strong> denudation, because the<br />
soils resistance to the action <strong>of</strong> the erosion factors has dim<strong>in</strong>ished.<br />
Investigations address<strong>in</strong>g the physiographic sett<strong>in</strong>g and the pluvial<br />
aggressivity <strong>in</strong> Arges Hills <strong>in</strong>dicate an <strong>in</strong>tensification <strong>of</strong> the slope<br />
processes. The anthropic factor bears an outstand<strong>in</strong>g importance <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>tensify<strong>in</strong>g soil erosion processes, as a consequence <strong>of</strong> the changes <strong>in</strong> the<br />
land use which occurred by expansion on hill slopes <strong>of</strong> the cultivated lands<br />
where plow<strong>in</strong>g is carried out, and by deforestations.<br />
The analysis <strong>of</strong> the soil vulnerability to erosion allowed the quantification<br />
<strong>of</strong> the S factor („soil erodability”), which is used <strong>in</strong> the assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
surface erosion process. Multiannual averages <strong>of</strong> the areal erosion outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
significant dist<strong>in</strong>ctions between the slopes without terraces and the slopes<br />
where protection works aga<strong>in</strong>st erosion (terraces) have been undertaken.<br />
The analysis <strong>of</strong> the denudation processes <strong>in</strong> Arges hills as a function <strong>of</strong><br />
slope pr<strong>of</strong>iles, <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation, lithology, land use and anthropic <strong>in</strong>fluence<br />
confirms a strong deterioration <strong>of</strong> the soils and major changes <strong>in</strong> what<br />
concerns the slopes.<br />
In order to secure a susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Arges hills area, the<br />
paper proposes a general management scheme consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fruit-trees<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>g on slopes which are currently used as cultivable land.<br />
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Protecţia solurilor de pe versanţii Dealurilor Argeşului,<br />
componentă importantă a dezvoltării durabile<br />
Procesele de denudare afectează mari suprafeţe d<strong>in</strong> Dealurile Argeşului,<br />
datorită scăderii rezistenţei solurilor la acţiunea factorilor de eroziune.<br />
Cercetările asupra condiţiilor geomorfologice şi agresivităţii pluviale d<strong>in</strong><br />
dealurile argeşene relevă o accentuare a proceselor de versant. Factorul<br />
antropic are o importanţă deosebită în <strong>in</strong>tensificarea eroziunii solurilor<br />
datorită modificării utilizării terenurilor d<strong>in</strong> dealurile argeşene pr<strong>in</strong><br />
ext<strong>in</strong>derea suprafeţelor arabile pe versanţi şi pr<strong>in</strong> defrişarea pădurilor.<br />
Analiza erodabilităţii solurilor pr<strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ări de laborator a permis<br />
cuantificarea factorului “S” (erodabilitatea solului), care este utilizat în<br />
formula de evaluare a eroziunii în suprafaţă. Valorile medii multianuale ale<br />
eroziuni în suprafaţă evidenţiază diferenţieri semnificative între versanţii<br />
neterasaţi şi cei cu lucrări de protecţie antierozională (terase).<br />
D<strong>in</strong> analiza proceselor de denudare a dealurilor argeşene în raport de<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>ilul versanţilor, pantă, litologie, folos<strong>in</strong>ţa terenului şi <strong>in</strong>fluenţa<br />
antropică, rezultă o <strong>in</strong>tensă degradare a solurilor şi modificări importante<br />
ale versanţilor. În vederea asigurării unei dezvoltări durabile a zonei<br />
dealurilor argeşene, în lucrare se prez<strong>in</strong>tă o schemă generală de<br />
amenajare a versanţilor cu folos<strong>in</strong>ţă agricolă pentru plantaţii pomicole.<br />
Elements des documents cartographique sur la Dobroudjea.<br />
Prémisses pour un developpement durable<br />
Antoaneta STOICA<br />
Colegiul Naţional “Sfântul Sava”<br />
Si par l’<strong>in</strong>termédiaire du présent, le passée se perpetue dans l’avenir, si ce<br />
que a constitué un élément du développement dans le passée pourrait avoir<br />
aujourd’hui aussi le męme rôle pour le développement, alors par le contenu<br />
des cartes, les spécialistes saisisseraient des liens divers entre ce qui a été et<br />
ce qui pourrait ętre.<br />
De cette perspective, la Dobroudgea représentée dans des cartes dévoile un<br />
valoreux potentiel économique, social, stratégique et géopolitique, dont les<br />
ressourses ne sont pas épuisées aujourd’hui et qui pourraient donner sa<br />
durabilité de dema<strong>in</strong>. Le travail présent essaie d’identifier quelques<br />
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connexions spécifiques entre les valences économiques passées de la<br />
Dobroudgea reflétées dans des cartes et ce qui pourrait la rendre viable sur<br />
une grande période de temps.<br />
Elemente d<strong>in</strong> documente cartografice asupra Dobrogei.<br />
Premise pentru o dezvoltare durabilă<br />
Dacă pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul prezentului, trecutul se perpetuează în viitor, dacă<br />
ceea ce a constituit un element al dezvoltării în trecut ar putea avea şi azi<br />
acelaşi rol pentru dezvoltare, atunci pr<strong>in</strong> conţ<strong>in</strong>utul hărţilor, specialiştii ar<br />
sesiza legături diverse între ceea ce a fost şi ceea ce ar putea să fie.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> această perspectivă, Dobrogea reprezentată în hărţi îşi dezvăluie un<br />
valoros potenţial economic, social, strategic şi geopolitic, ale cărui resurse<br />
nu sunt epuizate astăzi şi care ar putea să dea durabilitatea ei de mâ<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Lucrarea de faţă încearcă să identifice câteva conexiuni specifice între<br />
valenţele economice trecute ale Dobrogei reflectate în hărţi şi ceea ce ar<br />
avea menirea să o facă viabilă pe o durată mai mare de timp.<br />
Food consumption and the <strong>rural</strong> economic<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Romania<br />
Ion SMEDESCU<br />
Andrei NOVAK<br />
Romanian-American University, Bucharest<br />
Interpreted under different forms <strong>of</strong> manifestation from one area to another<br />
and from one country to another, the <strong>rural</strong> economic <strong>development</strong> emerges<br />
as a phenomenon <strong>of</strong> our century that operates both <strong>in</strong> the economic and<br />
social field.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the ma<strong>in</strong> features <strong>of</strong> the economic <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Romanian<br />
<strong>rural</strong> area is the fact that it is important both for man as an <strong>in</strong>dividual and<br />
for the society, because it concerns the human community.With<strong>in</strong> this<br />
context our paper reveals the fact that the <strong>rural</strong> environment is related to the<br />
specific <strong>of</strong> the food consumption <strong>in</strong>put, thus present<strong>in</strong>g specific elements<br />
that <strong>in</strong>duce a certa<strong>in</strong> correlation between food consumption and the<br />
economic <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment. Data extracted from<br />
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exist<strong>in</strong>g Romanian statistic records made possible the computation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
synthetic <strong>in</strong>dicators whose significance was <strong>in</strong>terpreted <strong>in</strong> the present paper,<br />
considered <strong>in</strong> their evolution between 1996–2003. The ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators<br />
referred to the f<strong>in</strong>ancial expenditures for food consumption <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />
population households, the equivalent value <strong>of</strong> the home-grown agricultural<br />
products for all the households and households <strong>of</strong> agricultural labourers, the<br />
average monthly net salary <strong>in</strong> agriculture together with the gross <strong>in</strong>ternal<br />
product, the <strong>in</strong>termediate consumption, the gross value added and the value<br />
<strong>of</strong> the services <strong>in</strong> agriculture.<br />
With respect to these <strong>in</strong>dicators, the study followed two essential aspects,<br />
namely: on the one hand the <strong>in</strong>terdependence between the <strong>in</strong>dicators, as<br />
outl<strong>in</strong>ed by the correlation coefficients, the residual value and the regression<br />
equations, and on the other hand the ways <strong>of</strong> future <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g by means <strong>of</strong><br />
the possibilities to amplify or dim<strong>in</strong>ish (±5%…(±50%) the level <strong>of</strong> some<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators considered to be a cause, by substitut<strong>in</strong>g their values <strong>in</strong> the<br />
regression equations. The paper also presents significant correlations<br />
between the previously mentioned types <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators, thus be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
underscored their degree <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tensity.<br />
As a f<strong>in</strong>al conclusion the paper reveals the fact that the food consumption<br />
level is a multiply<strong>in</strong>g factor and an economic balance element, an<br />
<strong>in</strong>strument <strong>of</strong> social progress and human promotion. Or, the economic and<br />
political confusion or social disorder that still exists <strong>in</strong> Romania generates<br />
for the food consumption restrictive elements, but also future solutions<br />
specific to the <strong>rural</strong> area.<br />
Consumul alimentar şi dezvoltarea economică <strong>rural</strong>ă în România<br />
Interpretată sub diferite forme de manifestare de la o zonă la alta, de la o<br />
ţară la alta, dezvoltarea economică <strong>rural</strong>ă se înscrie ca fenomen al<br />
secolului nostru, care acţionează deopotrivă în domeniul economic şi<br />
social. Una d<strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipalele trăsături ale dezvoltării economice d<strong>in</strong> spaţiul<br />
<strong>rural</strong> românesc este aceea că aceasta prez<strong>in</strong>tă importanţă atât pentru om<br />
ca persoană <strong>in</strong>dividuală, cât şi pentru societate având în vedere<br />
colectivitatea umană.<br />
În acest context, prezenta lucrare relevă faptul că mediul <strong>rural</strong> este legat de<br />
specificul aportului consumului alimentar fi<strong>in</strong>d surpr<strong>in</strong>se elemente<br />
caracteristice care imprimă o anumită corelaţie între consumul alimentar şi<br />
dezvoltarea economică a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>. Datele existente în evidenţele<br />
statistice d<strong>in</strong> România au permis calcularea în d<strong>in</strong>amica perioadei 1996–<br />
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Abstracts – Posters<br />
2003 a <strong>in</strong>dicatorilor s<strong>in</strong>tetici a căror semnificaţie a fost <strong>in</strong>terpretată în<br />
prezenta lucrare. Pr<strong>in</strong>cipalii <strong>in</strong>dicatori s-au referit la cheltuielile băneşti de<br />
consum alimentar ale gospodăriilor populaţiei <strong>rural</strong>e, contravaloarea<br />
consumului de produse agricole d<strong>in</strong> resurse proprii pe total gospodării şi<br />
gospodării de agricultori, câştigul salarial nom<strong>in</strong>al mediu net lunar în<br />
agricultură, alături de produsul <strong>in</strong>tern brut, consumul <strong>in</strong>termediar,<br />
valoarea adăugata brută şi valoarea serviciilor în agricultură.<br />
Referitor la aceşti <strong>in</strong>dicatori, studiul a urmărit două laturi esenţiale şi<br />
anume: pe de o parte <strong>in</strong>terdependenţa d<strong>in</strong>tre <strong>in</strong>dicatori, aspect concretizat<br />
pr<strong>in</strong> coeficienţii de corelaţie, valoare reziduală şi ecuaţiile de regresie, iar<br />
pe de altă parte modalitatea de <strong>in</strong>fluenţare în perspectivă, pr<strong>in</strong> posibilităţile<br />
de amplificare sau dim<strong>in</strong>uare (±5%...±50%) a nivelului unor <strong>in</strong>dicatori<br />
consideraţi cauză, pr<strong>in</strong> înlocuirea în ecuaţiile de regresie. De asemenea,<br />
d<strong>in</strong> lucrare se despr<strong>in</strong>d corelaţii semnificative între tipurile de <strong>in</strong>dicatori<br />
enunţaţi anterior, pr<strong>in</strong> aceasta fi<strong>in</strong>d surpr<strong>in</strong>s gradul lor de <strong>in</strong>tensitate.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> lucrare reiese faptul că nivelul consumului alimentar constituie un<br />
factor multiplicator şi un element de echilibru economic, un <strong>in</strong>strument de<br />
progres social şi de promovare umană. Ori, confuzia sau dezord<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
socială, economică şi politică care există încă în România generează<br />
pentru consumul alimentar elemente restrictive, dar şi soluţii de rezolvare<br />
pentru perspectivă, specifice spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Posters deriv<strong>in</strong>g from the PROIECT APUSENI / Postere<br />
realizate <strong>in</strong> <strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
Studies about vegetable cultivation <strong>in</strong> the area <strong>of</strong> western<br />
Carpathian mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania<br />
Alexandru APAHIDEAN<br />
Maria APAHIDEAN<br />
Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences<br />
and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cluj-Napoca<br />
Generally, vegetable grow<strong>in</strong>g is less extended <strong>in</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> area, because <strong>of</strong><br />
the less favorable conditions. Some vegetable species with tolerance to<br />
lower temperature, as cabbage, onion, carrot, and parsley, are grown <strong>in</strong><br />
family gardens. Because <strong>of</strong> the extension <strong>of</strong> agro-tourism <strong>in</strong> Western<br />
Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s area, it is <strong>in</strong>dispensable to diversify the assortment <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetable and also to f<strong>in</strong>d solutions for spread<strong>in</strong>g cultivation <strong>in</strong> less<br />
favorable areas. The approached issues <strong>of</strong> the research are part <strong>of</strong> an ample<br />
program <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> Western Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s area, <strong>in</strong>itiated and<br />
coord<strong>in</strong>ated by a collective from Freiburg University – Germany, <strong>in</strong><br />
collaboration with Romanian partners, f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g provided by the<br />
German M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Research, with the purpose <strong>of</strong> durable <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the area.<br />
The experimental grow<strong>in</strong>g’s were placed <strong>in</strong> the area <strong>of</strong> Scărişoara – Glacier,<br />
at an altitude <strong>of</strong> 1150 m. Twenty-five species and varieties <strong>of</strong> vegetables<br />
were tested <strong>in</strong> 2001 and thirty species <strong>in</strong> 2002, us<strong>in</strong>g, almost exclusively,<br />
Romanian sorts. To <strong>in</strong>crease the diversity <strong>of</strong> vegetable ranges some<br />
unknown species <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>s area such as: w<strong>in</strong>ter onion, chives,<br />
rhubarb, garden chicory and corn salad have been taken <strong>in</strong> study. Some<br />
species with higher demand <strong>of</strong> warm temperatures were cultivated and<br />
earlier yields were achieved by temporary protection <strong>of</strong> cultures us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
special cover<strong>in</strong>g materials (such as Agryl, Coverta<strong>in</strong>) be<strong>in</strong>g permeable to<br />
water; water form ra<strong>in</strong>falls can be used by the plants, and the soil and<br />
surface temperatures <strong>in</strong>creased.<br />
12 <strong>of</strong> the 25 species and varieties <strong>of</strong> vegetables showed a very good<br />
reaction; 9 behaved “good”, 2 “satisfactory”, and only three species were<br />
“unsatisfactory”. It could be shown that protection <strong>of</strong> plants by cover<strong>in</strong>g<br />
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with special materials accelerates growth, and allows cultivation even <strong>in</strong><br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>s. For example, the protected plants <strong>of</strong> early cabbage had an height<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased by 125 %, the diameter <strong>of</strong> rosette was 59,4% higher, and the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> leaves 48,5% higher than <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> unprotected plants. Similar<br />
results were obta<strong>in</strong>ed for summer cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, broccoli<br />
and lettuce.<br />
In conclusion, the use <strong>of</strong> new materials allow also under the pedo-climatic<br />
conditions <strong>of</strong> Western Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s to diversify the assortment <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetables with new species and varieties. For species susceptible to low<br />
temperature, temporary or permanent protection with various k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong><br />
cover<strong>in</strong>g materials are <strong>in</strong>dispensable.<br />
Cercetări priv<strong>in</strong>d posibilităţile de creştere a legumelor<br />
în zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
În general, cultivarea legumelor este puţ<strong>in</strong> practicată în zona montană, d<strong>in</strong><br />
cauza condiţiilor de mediu mai puţ<strong>in</strong> favorabile. Câteva specii legumicole,<br />
cu pretenţii scăzute faţă de factorul temperatură, cum ar fi varza, ceapa,<br />
morcovii şi pătrunjelul sunt cultivate în grăd<strong>in</strong>ile familiale. Ca urmare a<br />
dezvoltării agroturismului în zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>, se impune<br />
diversificarea sortimentului de legume şi ext<strong>in</strong>derea cultivării acestora în<br />
zonele mai puţ<strong>in</strong> favorabile. Cercetarea, a cărei temă o constituie lucrarea<br />
de faţă, este un segment al unui amplu program de cercetare, având ca<br />
temă zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>, <strong>in</strong>iţiat şi coordonat de un colectiv de la<br />
Universitatea Freiburg – Germania, în colaborare cu parteneri români.<br />
F<strong>in</strong>anţarea proiectului este asigurată de către M<strong>in</strong>isterul German al<br />
Cercetării. Tema proiectului o constituie dezvoltarea zonei.<br />
Experienţele au fost amplasate în satul Gheţari, comuna Gârda de Sus, la o<br />
altitud<strong>in</strong>e de 1150 m. În anul 2001 au fost testate 25 de specii legumicole<br />
iar în 2002 au fost testate 30 de specii folos<strong>in</strong>du-se aproape în exclusivitate<br />
soiuri româneşti. Pentru a spori diversitatea speciilor au fost luate în studiu<br />
câteva specii complet necunoscute în zonă, ca de exemplu: ceapa de iarnă,<br />
ceapa de tuns, reventul, cicoarea de grăd<strong>in</strong>ă şi fetica. Cu scopul de a putea<br />
cultiva şi specii cu pretenţii ridicate la temperatură şi în acelaşi timp de a<br />
obţ<strong>in</strong>e producţii cât mai timpurii, a fost studiat efectul protejării temporare<br />
a culturilor. În acest scop s-a folosit un material special de acoperire (de<br />
tip Agryl sau Covertan), material permeabil pentru apă, astfel încât<br />
plantele pot folosi apa d<strong>in</strong> precipitaţii, resursele de apă potabilă ale zonei<br />
fi<strong>in</strong>d reduse.<br />
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S-a constatat că d<strong>in</strong> cele 25 de specii şi soiuri studiate, 12 s-au comportat<br />
foarte b<strong>in</strong>e, 9-b<strong>in</strong>e, 2-satisfăcător şi doar trei specii nu au dat rezultate<br />
bune. Referitor la cultivare legumelor în condiţiile speciale de la Gheţari –<br />
Scărişoara, s-a constatat că protejarea plantelor pr<strong>in</strong> acoperirea directă,<br />
cu materiale speciale, asigură un ritm mai rapid de creştere a plantelor în<br />
comparaţie cu cele neprotejate. De exemplu, la varza timpurie, plantele<br />
protejate au greutatea mai mare cu 125% decât cele neprotejate, diametrul<br />
rozetei cu 59,4% mai mare, iar numărul de frunze mai mare cu 48,5% decât<br />
plantele neprotejate. Rezultate asemănătoare s-au obţ<strong>in</strong>ut şi la varza de<br />
vară, conopidă, gulii, broccolii şi salată.<br />
În concluzie, în condiţiile pedo-climatice specifice ale Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>,<br />
există posibilitatea diversificării sortimentului de legume cultivate pr<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>troducerea unor specii şi varietăţi noi, puţ<strong>in</strong> cunoscute în zonă. Pentru<br />
speciile term<strong>of</strong>ile, protejarea temporară sau permanentă a culturilor, cu<br />
diferite tipuri de materiale de acoperire este absolut obligatorie pentru<br />
reuşita culturii.<br />
Socioeconomic analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> family households <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania<br />
Eckhard AUCH<br />
Institut für Forstökonomie<br />
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg<br />
The economy <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> households were analysed and described. Socioeconomic<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators were extracted and used for modell<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
work<strong>in</strong>g times, products and <strong>in</strong>come. The households were classified<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to their economic power.<br />
One representative household <strong>of</strong> each class was analysed <strong>in</strong> detail. All<br />
economically relevant activities were recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g the course <strong>of</strong> a year.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>puts and outputs <strong>of</strong> each activity were analysed by cost and<br />
performance account<strong>in</strong>g. Subsistence products were consumed; their<br />
quantities were transformed <strong>in</strong>to monetary values, and treated as part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
family <strong>in</strong>come.<br />
Today the <strong>in</strong>come <strong>of</strong> forest utilization is essential for the survival <strong>of</strong> the<br />
families. The actual high level <strong>of</strong> forest exploitation leads to a degradation<br />
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<strong>of</strong> the forests. Based upon the household-module, the socio-economic<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators could be l<strong>in</strong>ked with the landscape through the assignment <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>puts and outputs to each parcel <strong>of</strong> the land use system. In simulated<br />
scenarios, different management strategies were def<strong>in</strong>ed and their<br />
consequences upon the socio-economic <strong>in</strong>dicators were calculated.<br />
Analiza socio-economică a gospodăriilor familiale <strong>rural</strong>e<br />
d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, România<br />
A fost analizată şi descrisă economia gospodăriilor <strong>rural</strong>e. Au fost extraşi şi<br />
utilizaţi în modelare <strong>in</strong>dicatori socio-economici, cum ar fi durată de lucru,<br />
produse şi venit. Gospodăriile au fost clasificate în funcţie de puterea lor<br />
economică.<br />
A fost analizată în detaliu câte o gospodărie reprezentativă d<strong>in</strong> fiecare<br />
clasă. Toate activităţile relevante d<strong>in</strong> punct de vedere economic au fost<br />
înregistrate pe durata unui an. Intrările şi ieşirile aferente fiecărei activităţi<br />
au fost analizate pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul costului şi al contabilizării performanţei.<br />
S-au consumat produse de subzistenţă, cantităţile respective au fost<br />
transformate în valori monetare, şi tratate ca o parte a venitului familial.<br />
În prezent, venitul rezultat d<strong>in</strong> exploatarea forestieră este esenţial pentru<br />
supravieţuirea familiilor. Gradul actual ridicat al exploatării forestiere<br />
conduce la o degradare a pădurilor. Pe baza modulului de gospodărie,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicatorii socio-economici ar putea fi <strong>in</strong>tegraţi cu peisajul pr<strong>in</strong> atribuirea<br />
de <strong>in</strong>trări şi ieşiri fiecărei parcele de teren. În scenariile simulate au fost<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ite strategii de gestionare şi au fost calculate consec<strong>in</strong>ţele acestora<br />
asupra <strong>in</strong>dicatorilor socio-economici.<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
The Remote Rens<strong>in</strong>g Imagery as Support <strong>of</strong> the Thematic<br />
Data with<strong>in</strong> the “PROIECT APUSENI”<br />
Alexandru BADEA<br />
Radu MUDURA<br />
Gh. HERIŞANU<br />
Christoph PURSCHKE<br />
Centrul Român pentru Utilizarea Teledetecţiei în Agricultură<br />
Institut für Landespflege, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />
Remote sens<strong>in</strong>g us<strong>in</strong>g a IKONOS image from the year 2001 provided the<br />
base for data documentation and GIS-based landscape analysis. Exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
thematic maps could be <strong>in</strong>tegrated with other data by creation <strong>of</strong> different<br />
thematic layers. Discipl<strong>in</strong>ary data <strong>of</strong> landscpae, land use, production and<br />
land value could be comb<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a GIS-based model.<br />
Imag<strong>in</strong>ile satelitare ca suport al datelor tematice în cadrul “<strong>Proiect</strong>ului<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>”<br />
Teledetecţia bazată pe imag<strong>in</strong>ile satelitare IKONOS pentru anul 2001 au<br />
constituit baza pentru documentarea datelor şi analiza peisajului pe bază<br />
GIS. Hărţile tematice existente au putut fi <strong>in</strong>tegrate cu alte date pr<strong>in</strong><br />
crearea a diferite straturi de tematică. Datele aferente fiecărei discipl<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
respectiv peisaj, folosirea terenului, producţie şi valoarea terenului au<br />
putut fi comb<strong>in</strong>ate într-un model pe bază GIS.<br />
Die Naturverjüngung der Wälder im <strong>Apuseni</strong>-Gebirge<br />
Rumäniens und ihre Bee<strong>in</strong>flussung durch die Waldweide<br />
Manuel Brantzen<br />
Albert Reif<br />
Waldbau-Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />
Anhand e<strong>in</strong>er systematischen Stichproben<strong>in</strong>ventur wurden die Wälder nahe<br />
des Dorfes Gheţari wurde die Verjüngung der Baumarten getrennt nach<br />
Baumarten und Größenklassen auf ihren Verbiß h<strong>in</strong> untersucht. Es zeigt<br />
sich, dass vor allem die Laubbaumarten Bergahorn und Buche durch die<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Weidetiere verbissen werden. Die Tannenverjüngung kann vor allem den<br />
Verbiß durch R<strong>in</strong>der relativ gut tolerieren. Die Fichte wird nur wenig<br />
verbissen, sie pr<strong>of</strong>itiert <strong>in</strong> der nächsten Bestandesgeneration von der<br />
Dezimierung ihrer Konkurrenten.<br />
Regenerarea naturală şi înfluenţa păşunatului în pădure în Munţii<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România<br />
Pe baza unui <strong>in</strong>ventar sistematic pr<strong>in</strong> sondaj a fost studiat <strong>in</strong> padurile d<strong>in</strong><br />
apropierea satului Ghetari puietul soiurilor de arbori, separat dupa soiuri<br />
si clase de marime pana la atacarea de catre animale. A rezultat ca <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
special speciile de foioase precum artarul si fagul sunt roase de animalele<br />
de pasune. Puietii de brad pot suporta relativ b<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> special muscatura<br />
bov<strong>in</strong>elor. Molidul este atacat rar si pr<strong>of</strong>ita <strong>in</strong> generatia urmatoare de<br />
decimarea concurentilor.<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> different fertilisation on the floristic composition<br />
and the forage qualitiy <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> meadows<br />
Katja BRINKMANN 1<br />
Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Siviculture, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />
2<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />
The study area is situated <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> village <strong>of</strong> Ghetari <strong>in</strong> the central<br />
part <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, at an altitude <strong>of</strong> 1150 m. The hay meadows<br />
<strong>in</strong> this region are fertilised with manure and harvested us<strong>in</strong>g a scythe,<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g a traditional method, once or twice a year, accord<strong>in</strong>g to their<br />
distance from the settlement. These extensively used meadows have a<br />
remarkably rich species diversity and high numbers <strong>of</strong> rare plants. They are<br />
formed by many species with low prote<strong>in</strong> contents (reduced percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
fodder grasses and legumes) and have large numbers <strong>of</strong> sklerophyllous<br />
grasses (Festuca, Nardus) and plants from other botanical families. A key<br />
problem fac<strong>in</strong>g agriculture is the low level <strong>of</strong> hay production and the poor<br />
forage quality.<br />
The central aim <strong>of</strong> the study is the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> strategies and methods<br />
for susta<strong>in</strong>able management and fertilisation techniques, through<br />
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<strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary and participatory processes. The research field is separated<br />
<strong>in</strong>to two ma<strong>in</strong> parts.<br />
The first part is a situation analysis, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>vestigation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
floristic composition and yield potential <strong>of</strong> different grassland types, the<br />
description <strong>of</strong> the traditional agricultural land use techniques and the<br />
parcellary land use mapp<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Fertiliser experiments based on a permanent plot design with different<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensities <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>eral and organic fertiliser application were established to<br />
analyse the effects <strong>of</strong> different fertilisation regimes on the botanical<br />
composition. Vegetation and yield data were sampled on each permanent<br />
plot. Additionally, soil sample was taken at a depth <strong>of</strong> 10 cm <strong>in</strong> each plot.<br />
Changes <strong>in</strong> the botanical composition can only be estimated after several<br />
years <strong>of</strong> observation. The different proportions <strong>of</strong> the plant groups <strong>in</strong> the<br />
fertilised plots for the year 2002 po<strong>in</strong>ted to such changes. The results from<br />
plots treated with m<strong>in</strong>eral fertiliser reveal an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> the percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
the grasses and a decrease <strong>in</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> plants from other botanical<br />
families.<br />
The second part deals with the identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators and the<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> grassland use <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> nature conservation and economy.<br />
The value to nature conservation is based upon the criteria <strong>of</strong><br />
naturalness/hemeroby, and <strong>of</strong> rareness/ endangerment. Important economic<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators are the site related yield potential <strong>of</strong> the different grassland types<br />
and the work<strong>in</strong>g time <strong>in</strong> agriculture. Additionally, the suitability <strong>of</strong> site to<br />
agriculture use is be<strong>in</strong>g evaluated and mapped.<br />
General climatic study <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
(Gheţari – Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa area)<br />
Gheorghe CĂLINESCU<br />
Elena SOARE<br />
Alexandru DUMITRESCU<br />
The National Institute <strong>of</strong> Meteolology and Hidrology<br />
Theclimatic study <strong>of</strong> the mentioned area with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s is<br />
based on process<strong>in</strong>g and analys<strong>in</strong>g data obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the meteorological<br />
observations performed at five weather stations: Campeni – 591 m a.s.l.,<br />
Stâna de Vale – 1108 m a..s.l., Băişoara – 1361 m a.s.l., Vlădeasa 1400 –<br />
1404 m a.s.l. and Vladeasa – 1836 m a.s.l.<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
34 climatic parameters were analysed with respect to air temperature and<br />
relative humidity, cloud<strong>in</strong>ess and sunsh<strong>in</strong>e duration, precipitation, snow<br />
layer, w<strong>in</strong>d and meteorological phenomenan. The analysed period was<br />
1961-2000; data about the extreme values result<strong>in</strong>g from the entire<br />
operat<strong>in</strong>g period <strong>of</strong> the weather stations.<br />
The study allows a general characterization <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
climate. S<strong>in</strong>ce field measurements are lack<strong>in</strong>g, assessments were also made,<br />
to the possible extent, on the values <strong>of</strong> the meteorological parameters <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Ghetar – Poiana Cal<strong>in</strong>easa area.<br />
Studiu climatic general al Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />
(zona Gheţari – Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa)<br />
Studiul climatic general al zonei menţionate d<strong>in</strong> Muntii <strong>Apuseni</strong> se bazează<br />
pe prelucrarea şi analiza datelor rezultate în urma observaţiilor<br />
meteorologice la 5 staţii: Câmpeni – 591 m, Stâna de Vale – 1108 m,<br />
Băişoara – 1361 m, Vlădeasa – 1400-1404 m şi Vlădeasa – 1836 m.<br />
Au fost analizaţi 34 de parametrii climatici, pr<strong>in</strong>tre care temperatura<br />
aerului şi umiditatea relativă, nebulozitatea şi durata de strălucire a<br />
soarelui, precipitaţiile, stratul de zăpadă, vântul şi fenomene meteorologice.<br />
Perioada de analiză a fost între 1961–2000, datele asupra valorilor<br />
extreme rezultând d<strong>in</strong> întreaga perioadă de observaţie a staţiilor<br />
meteorologice.<br />
Studiul cupr<strong>in</strong>de numai o caracterizare generală a climatului Munţilor<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>. Deoarece nu există date de observaţie, pentru zona Gheţar –<br />
Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa s-au făcut, în măsura posibilităţilor, estimări ale<br />
parametrilor meteorologici.<br />
Us<strong>in</strong>g very high spatial resolution satellite imagery for<br />
survey<strong>in</strong>g the actual environment – a case study related to<br />
forests management<br />
Vladimir GANCZ<br />
Forest Research and Management Institute, Bucharest<br />
Topographic maps and layouts, the conventional sources <strong>of</strong> geographic<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation, frequently prove to lack the necessary accuracy, at least <strong>in</strong><br />
Romania, <strong>in</strong> most <strong>in</strong>stances due to the fact that they are not updated and the<br />
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actual set-up <strong>in</strong> the field has meanwhile changed. Collect<strong>in</strong>g all additional<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> the field is a laborious, expensive and time-consum<strong>in</strong>g task.<br />
An alternative is provided by the very high spatial resolution satellite<br />
imagery (VHSRSI), available on civilian users market immediately after the<br />
launch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the Ikonos satellite on 24 September 1999. The imagery has<br />
one-meter resolution <strong>in</strong> panchromatic mode. In Romania, IKONOS type<br />
images have been used <strong>in</strong> forests management over a test area with<strong>in</strong> Săcele<br />
experimental forest district, <strong>in</strong> the framework <strong>of</strong> a co-operation project with<br />
GIS Support Centre <strong>of</strong> the Flemish Land Agency (VLM), from Flemish<br />
Region, Belgium.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>vestigated issues, <strong>of</strong> utmost importance, was sett<strong>in</strong>g these<br />
images <strong>in</strong> a reference framework (ascrib<strong>in</strong>g coord<strong>in</strong>ates) with the accuracy<br />
required by the 1:5,000 maps used <strong>in</strong> the forest management works.<br />
Resort<strong>in</strong>g to the orthorectification method, by us<strong>in</strong>g a digital model <strong>of</strong> the<br />
field, the RPC coefficients (delivered by the imagery distributor), 10 field<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> control picked up from the vector map and the adequate s<strong>of</strong>tware,<br />
a root mean square (RMS) error <strong>of</strong> 2.4 m was obta<strong>in</strong>ed. The accuracy was<br />
checked both by superpos<strong>in</strong>g vectorial elements on the corrected image and<br />
by field verification by means <strong>of</strong> GPS. RMS computed based on the GPS<br />
survey was satisfactory - 3.8 meters. Corrected images, comb<strong>in</strong>ed with the<br />
multi-spectral image and pr<strong>in</strong>ted on paper <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>frared coloured (false<br />
colour composite) comb<strong>in</strong>ation have been used <strong>in</strong> forest management work<br />
with<strong>in</strong> Săcele district.<br />
Utilizarea imag<strong>in</strong>ilor satelitare de foarte înaltă rezoluţie spaţială în<br />
cunoaşterea realitaţii înconjurătoare - un exemplu d<strong>in</strong> silvicultură<br />
Hărţile şi planurile topografice, sursa clasică de <strong>in</strong>formaţii geografice, se<br />
dovedesc a fi de foarte multe ori lipsite de acurateţea necesară, cel puţ<strong>in</strong> în<br />
România, cel mai adesea datorită faptului că nu sunt aduse la zi, iar<br />
realitatea s-a schimbat de când acestea au fost editate. Culegerea tuturor<br />
<strong>in</strong>formaţiilor exclusiv direct d<strong>in</strong> teren este laborioasă, costisitoare şi mare<br />
consumatoare de timp.<br />
O alternativă o constituie imag<strong>in</strong>ile satelitare de foarte înaltă rezoluţie<br />
spaţială (ISFIRS), apărute pe piaţa utilizatorilor civili o dată cu lansarea<br />
satelitului IKONOS pe 24 septembrie 1999. Imag<strong>in</strong>ile au un metru rezoluţie<br />
spaţială (pancromatic). În silvicultură, în ţara noastră, s-au utilizat imag<strong>in</strong>i<br />
de tip IKONOS pe o suprafaţa test acoper<strong>in</strong>d o mare parte a ocolului silvic<br />
experimental Săcele, în cadrul proiectului TAFIMRO, de colaborare<br />
bilaterală cu GIS Suport Centre (al VLM) d<strong>in</strong> Regiunea flamandă, Belgia.<br />
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Una d<strong>in</strong> problemele studiate, deosebit de importantă, a fost posibilitatea de<br />
georeferenţiere (punere în coordonate) a acestor imag<strong>in</strong>i cu acurateţea<br />
corespunzătoare scării 1:5.000, cerută de lucrările de amenajare a<br />
pădurilor. Pr<strong>in</strong> metoda ortorectificării, folos<strong>in</strong>d modelul digital al<br />
terenului, coeficienţii RPC (furnizaţi de firma distribuitoare a imag<strong>in</strong>ilor),<br />
zece puncte de control în teren culese de pe hărţile digitale şi a s<strong>of</strong>twareului<br />
adecvat s-a obţ<strong>in</strong>ut o eroare medie pătratică (RMS) de 2,4 m.<br />
Verificarea acurateţei s-a efectuat atât pr<strong>in</strong> suprapunerea elementelor<br />
vectoriale pe imag<strong>in</strong>ea rectificată cât şi pr<strong>in</strong> verificarea în teren cu<br />
mijloace GPS. RMS calculată pe baza măsurătorilor GPS a fost de 3,8 m,<br />
suficient de bună. Imag<strong>in</strong>ile rectificate, fuzionate cu imag<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
multispectrală şi imprimate pe hârtie în comb<strong>in</strong>aţia (fals color compozit)<br />
<strong>in</strong>fraroşu color, au fost utilizate în amenajarea forestieră a ocolului Silvic<br />
experimental Săcele.<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> - Gheţari Boden: E<strong>in</strong>e traditionelle Architektur<br />
e<strong>in</strong>zigartig <strong>in</strong> Europa<br />
August<strong>in</strong> GOIA<br />
Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei<br />
Aufgrund des rauhen Gebirgsklimas werden die traditionellen Gebäude im<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>-Gebirge aus Fichten und Tannen <strong>in</strong> Blockbauweise errichtet.<br />
E<strong>in</strong>malig ist die Konstruktion des Daches der Stallscheunen mit <strong>of</strong>fenen<br />
Dachstuhl und Krummsparren. Gedeckt wurden diese Dächer mit e<strong>in</strong>er<br />
Wechsellage aus Fichtenreisig und Holzspänen aus der Bottichherstellung.<br />
Ursache für diese Lösung ist die Seltenheit von Roggenstroh, was wiederum<br />
durch das Gebirgsklima bed<strong>in</strong>gt ist. Im Jahr 2002 wurde nach mehreren<br />
Jahrzehnten e<strong>in</strong>e traditionelle Stallscheune versetzt, renoviert und im<br />
traditionellen Stil neu gedeckt. Heute dient sie als Informationszentrum für<br />
Touristen und Verkaufszentrum lokal heergestellter Holzprodukte.<br />
76<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> - Platoul Gheţari: Arhitectura tradiţională unică în Europa<br />
Datorită climei aspre, clădirile tradiţionale d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> se<br />
construiesc d<strong>in</strong> bârne de molid şi brad. Unică este construcţia acoperişului<br />
grajdurilor - şura cu sarpanta deschisă şi căpriori curbi. Acoperişurile se<br />
acopereau cu straturi alternative de vreascuri de molid şi şpan de la
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
producţia de ciubare. Această soluţie a fost impusă de raritatea paielor de<br />
secară, datorate tot climei de munte. În anul 2002, o şură tradiţionala a fost<br />
mutată după mai multe decenii, renovată şi învelită în mod tradiţional.<br />
Astăzi, aceasta serveşte ca centru de <strong>in</strong>formare pentru turişti şi centru local<br />
de desfacere a produselor locale d<strong>in</strong> lemn.<br />
Demographic features <strong>of</strong> the area Gârda de Sus–Gheţari–<br />
Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />
Ion IORDAN<br />
Universitatea “Spiru Haret”, Bucureşti<br />
The evolution <strong>of</strong> the amount <strong>of</strong> population shows a cont<strong>in</strong>uous decrease<br />
over the period 1956–2000, 1.64 times on the average, due to centrifuge<br />
transfer until 1992, with a natural negative balance additionally contribut<strong>in</strong>g<br />
after this year. The trend for the future years is an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g one, as a<br />
result, ma<strong>in</strong>ly, <strong>of</strong> the currently be<strong>in</strong>g performed territory, tourist and agrotourist<br />
<strong>development</strong> works.<br />
The population natural movement characteristics are a decreas<strong>in</strong>g birth rate<br />
over the entire period after 1956 and a mortality rate that exceeds the birth<br />
rate, out <strong>of</strong> which a negative balance generally resulted, while the migratory<br />
movement and the mobility <strong>of</strong> the population displayed until 1950 a<br />
centripetal character <strong>in</strong> all the villages <strong>of</strong> the area, then, over the period<br />
1956–2000, there are recorded departures that result <strong>in</strong> a negative migratory<br />
balance, although not a very large one.<br />
The general density, by consider<strong>in</strong>g the entire territory, is 23.3<br />
<strong>in</strong>habitants/km 2 , while the structure by categories <strong>of</strong> age for the area<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicates a young basis (0–15 years) occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a small amount (14.3%), a<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>ance <strong>of</strong> the adult population (15–65 years), and a quite significant<br />
segment (18.0%) <strong>of</strong> old age population.<br />
The occupied population represents 98.7% <strong>of</strong> the active population, <strong>in</strong> its<br />
structure clearly dom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g the population <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> agriculture, forests<br />
exploitation and primary wood process<strong>in</strong>g (74.7%), after which follow<br />
wood <strong>in</strong>dustry (8.7%), trade and education (3.4% each <strong>of</strong> them).<br />
77
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Caracterele demografice ale zonei<br />
Gârda de Sus–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />
Evoluţia numerică a populaţiei este marcată de o cont<strong>in</strong>uă scădere în<br />
perioada 1956–2000, în medie de 1,64 ori, datorată până în 1992 mişcării<br />
centrifuge, iar după acest an adugându-se şi soldul natural negativ.<br />
Tend<strong>in</strong>ţa în anii viitori este de creştere, datorită în primul rând<br />
amenajărilor teritoriale în desfăşurare şi celor turistice şi agroturistice.<br />
Mişcarea naturală a populaţiei este caracterizată de o rată a natalităţii în<br />
scădere în toată perioada de după 1956 şi de o rată a mortalităţii mai mare<br />
decât cea a natalităţii, d<strong>in</strong> care a rezultat un sold în general negativ, iar<br />
mişcarea migratorie şi mobilitatea populaţiei au avut un caracter centripet<br />
până în 1950 în toate satele zonei, apoi, în perioada 1956–2000 se<br />
înregistrează plecări ce creează un sold migrator negativ, însă nu prea<br />
mare.<br />
Densitatea generală, raportată la întregul teritoriu, este de 23,3 loc/km 2 ,<br />
iar structura pe grupe de vârstă la nivelul zonei evidenţiază o bază tânără<br />
(0–15 ani) redusă numeric (14,3%), o dom<strong>in</strong>anţă a populaţiei mature (15–<br />
65 ani) şi un segment b<strong>in</strong>e reprezentat al populaţiei în vârstă (18,0%).<br />
Populaţia ocupată reprez<strong>in</strong>tă 98,7% d<strong>in</strong> populaţia activă, în structura sa<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>ând net populaţia ocupată în agricultură, exploatare forestieră şi<br />
prelucrare primară a lemnului (74,7%), după care urmează <strong>in</strong>dustria<br />
lemnului (8,7%), comerţul şi învăţământul (câte 3,4%).<br />
Integrated Spatial Modell<strong>in</strong>g – Calculat<strong>in</strong>g Economical and<br />
Ecological Indicators with<strong>in</strong> GIS.<br />
Dieter Lehmann 1<br />
Katja Br<strong>in</strong>kmann 2<br />
1<br />
FH Nürt<strong>in</strong>gen 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Siviculture, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />
Due to the fact that when implement<strong>in</strong>g any spatial plann<strong>in</strong>g process one<br />
must know whether a decision will have the expected outcome or not, it is<br />
wise to use relevant <strong>in</strong>dicators, which should display the result<strong>in</strong>g effects.<br />
This was done by us<strong>in</strong>g a set <strong>of</strong> billable <strong>in</strong>dicators for the economic and the<br />
ecological issues relevant to the households evaluated <strong>in</strong> the study area.<br />
These <strong>in</strong>dicators are mostly - but not all - specific to the area. Hence, a<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ed method <strong>of</strong> calculation is used for the spatial <strong>in</strong>dicators with<strong>in</strong> a<br />
78
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Geographical Information System, and a spreadsheet-calculator for the nonspatial<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators. The result<strong>in</strong>g model has three ma<strong>in</strong> parts - Household<br />
module, Forest module and the Grassland module with the <strong>in</strong>tegrated<br />
calculation <strong>of</strong> the land use suitability potential.<br />
A set <strong>of</strong> data that varies with<strong>in</strong> the possible scenarios has to be entered as <strong>in</strong>put.<br />
This data is processed for the ma<strong>in</strong> components (forest, grassland).<br />
Every module with<strong>in</strong> the model calculates the sectoral <strong>in</strong>dicators, which<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ed provide an estimation <strong>of</strong> the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the whole <strong>in</strong>dicator set.<br />
The ma<strong>in</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> the model were programmed us<strong>in</strong>g AVENUE, the<br />
programm<strong>in</strong>g language <strong>of</strong> ArcView. The process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the economic data <strong>in</strong><br />
the household module is carried out externally us<strong>in</strong>g MS Excel. The land<br />
use suitability is determ<strong>in</strong>ed us<strong>in</strong>g EMDS, a freely available SDSS<br />
extension for ArcView, developed by the USDA Forest Service<br />
The future <strong>development</strong> trends and scenarios <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s were<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary discussion. For the provisional evaluation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
different scenarios, a set <strong>of</strong> ten <strong>in</strong>dicators was depicted as an amoeba diagram.<br />
The amoeba approach is a multidimensional graphic representation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>in</strong>teraction between humans and the environment, suitable for the analysis<br />
<strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>ks between the various <strong>in</strong>dicators and the <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>of</strong> various<br />
stakeholders <strong>in</strong> the process <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrated assessment.<br />
As an approach <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the merg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> non-spatial data with spatial data<br />
was used, a mixed method calculat<strong>in</strong>g the sectoral <strong>in</strong>dicators was chosen.<br />
Therefore, problems <strong>in</strong> relation to data <strong>in</strong>tegrity and redundancy have to be<br />
taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration.<br />
The flexible calculation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>dicators makes it possible to start<br />
participative plann<strong>in</strong>g processes and to provide rough estimations as to what<br />
the certa<strong>in</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g decisions will yield.<br />
79
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Groundwater geochemistry <strong>in</strong> the<br />
Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area<br />
Constant<strong>in</strong> MARIN<br />
“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />
The ma<strong>in</strong> feature <strong>of</strong> groundwater chemistry <strong>in</strong> the study area is the<br />
prevalence <strong>of</strong> the Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations and <strong>of</strong> the HCO 3<br />
-<br />
anion. The TDS<br />
content ranges from less than 25 mg L -1 to more than 400 mg L -1 and its<br />
distribution is a function <strong>of</strong> the petrography <strong>of</strong> the substratum through<br />
which the water flows. In order to assess the extent to which the karst<br />
processes concerned the substratum with<strong>in</strong> which the groundwater sources<br />
occur, there has been <strong>in</strong>vestigated the behavior <strong>of</strong> several physical and<br />
chemical water parameters, especially <strong>of</strong> those which describe the chemical<br />
process <strong>of</strong> carbonate rocks dissolution. Outstand<strong>in</strong>gly relevant <strong>in</strong> this<br />
respect proved to be the ionic strength <strong>of</strong> the solution, the weight <strong>of</strong> the Ca 2+<br />
+ Mg 2+ sum <strong>of</strong> concentrations and the ratio between the K + and the HCO 3<br />
-<br />
ions concentrations. The latter parameter has its values controlled by the<br />
behavior <strong>of</strong> the K + ion, which is <strong>in</strong>volved prevalently <strong>in</strong> ionic exchange<br />
processes with<strong>in</strong> the soil cover.<br />
Geochimia apei subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul carstic<br />
Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />
Chimismul apei subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul studiat se caracterizează pr<strong>in</strong><br />
predom<strong>in</strong>anţa cationilor Ca 2+ şi Mg 2+ şi a anionului HCO 3-<br />
. Conţ<strong>in</strong>utul total<br />
de solide dizolvate al acestora variază de la mai puţ<strong>in</strong> de 25 mg L -1 la peste<br />
400 mg L -1 şi are o distribuţie care ţ<strong>in</strong>e seama de natura petrografică a<br />
substratului drenat. Pentru a preciza gradul de carstificare a substratului<br />
pe care evoluează sursele de apă subterană, a fost <strong>in</strong>vestigată comportarea<br />
mai multor paramteri fizico-chimici ai apei, cu precădere a celor care<br />
descriu procesul chimic de punere în soluţie a rocilor carbonatice. Deosebit<br />
de relevanţi în acest sens, s-au dovedit a fi: tăria ionică a soluţiei, ponderea<br />
sumei concentraţiilor Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ şi raportul d<strong>in</strong>tre concentraţiile ionilor<br />
de K + şi HCO 3-<br />
. Valorile acestui ultim parametru sunt dictate de<br />
comportarea ionului K + , implicat cu precădere în procese de schimb ionic<br />
la nivelul cuverturii de sol.<br />
80
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Chemistry <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall water collected by local people <strong>in</strong><br />
Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa area<br />
Constant<strong>in</strong> MARIN<br />
“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />
In order to provide for the water deficit recorded <strong>in</strong> that area, local people<br />
have imag<strong>in</strong>ed various systems <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g and stor<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong>fall dripp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
from the ro<strong>of</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the build<strong>in</strong>gs. This “cistern” water is prevalently used for<br />
domestic purposes, yet there exist also situations when it is used for cook<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(for <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>in</strong> Mununa). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to our <strong>in</strong>vestigations, the ammonium<br />
and nitrites concentrations <strong>in</strong> the ra<strong>in</strong>fall water collected by local people<br />
were much higher than those recorded <strong>in</strong> groundwater or <strong>in</strong> surface water.<br />
Additionally, bacteriological analyses performed for water collected <strong>in</strong> large<br />
pools built <strong>in</strong> concrete outl<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>in</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the considered cases, that the<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> specific parameters strongly exceeded the maximum admissible<br />
concentrations stipulated by the regulations <strong>in</strong> force.<br />
Chimismul apei meteorice colectate de localnici în zona Gârda<br />
Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />
Pentru a supl<strong>in</strong>i deficitul de apă existent în zonă, localnicii au imag<strong>in</strong>at<br />
diverse sisteme de colectare şi stocare a apei de ploaie scursă de pe<br />
acoperişurile construcţiilor. Această apă este utilizată precădere în scopuri<br />
menajere, dar există şi situaţii când ea este folosită în bucătărie, la<br />
pregătirea hranei (în Munună, de exemplu). D<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigaţiile noastre a<br />
rezultat că nivelurile concentraţilor de amoniu şi azotiţi găsite în apa de<br />
precipitaţie colectată de localnici sunt cu mult mai mari faţă de cele d<strong>in</strong><br />
apa subterană sau de suprafaţă. De asemenea, analizele microbiologice<br />
realizate la apa colectată în mari baz<strong>in</strong>e construite d<strong>in</strong> beton au pus în<br />
evidenţă, pentru majoritatea cazurilor testate, depăşirea substanţială a<br />
concentraţiilor limită admise de normativele în vigoare la pr<strong>in</strong>cipalii<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicatori specifici.<br />
81
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Groundwater pollution with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area<br />
Constant<strong>in</strong> MARIN<br />
Ioan POVARĂ<br />
“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />
In the <strong>in</strong>vestigated area, cattle graz<strong>in</strong>g that occurs over large areas is the<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> groundwater pollution. Additional causes are manure used as<br />
a fertilizer, domestic waste, and dejections from toilets that exist<strong>in</strong>g next to<br />
the local people households. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to our <strong>in</strong>vestigations, outstand<strong>in</strong>gly<br />
vulnerable to pollution appear to be those outlets whose water flows<br />
through a substratum that is only slightly concerned by karst processes, and<br />
whose recharge areas are strictly local, their actual supply orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g<br />
prevalently <strong>in</strong> the shallow karst. The gravity <strong>of</strong> this situation should be<br />
considered extremely seriously, s<strong>in</strong>ce local people use as dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water<br />
sources ma<strong>in</strong>ly spr<strong>in</strong>gs and wells that discharge from the shallow karst.<br />
Elements specific to a karst landscape, such as caves, potholes, swallets,<br />
etc., to which there should be also added the relatively th<strong>in</strong> soil cover, are<br />
responsible for the poor organization <strong>of</strong> the surface water network, while<br />
simultaneously favor<strong>in</strong>g the fast seepage <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall water <strong>in</strong> the<br />
underground, a phenomenon which hampers the self-depollution processes.<br />
The bacteriological analysis confirms <strong>in</strong> a remarkable way the trends<br />
recorded for the nutrients (NH 4+<br />
, NO 3-<br />
, etc.) distribution <strong>in</strong> the groundwater.<br />
Poluarea apei subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul carstic<br />
Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cipala cauză a poluării apei subterane, d<strong>in</strong> arealul studiat, o constituie<br />
păşunatul realizat pe arii ext<strong>in</strong>se. La aceasta se adaugă gunoiul de grajd<br />
utilizat ca fertilizant, reziduurile menajere şi dejecţiile provenite de la<br />
sistemele septice (grupurile sanitare) aflate pe lângă gospodăriile<br />
localnicilor. D<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigaţiile noastre, apar ca deosebit de vulnerabile la<br />
poluare sursele ce drenează un substrat slab carstificat, a căror alimentare<br />
se face strict local, cu precădere d<strong>in</strong> epicarst. Acestă situaţie atrage atenţia<br />
pr<strong>in</strong> gravitatea ei, deoarece localnicii folosesc preferenţial, ca surse de apă<br />
potabilă, izvoarele şi fântânile cantonate în epicarst. Elementele specifice<br />
peisajului carstic, cum sunt avenele, peşterile, ponoarele, etc., la care se<br />
adaugă o cuvertură de sol relativ subţire, dezorganizează scurgerea<br />
superficială şi favorizează pătrunderea rapidă a apei meteorice în subteran,<br />
82
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
ceea ce împiedică desfăşurarea proceselor de autoepurare. Analiza<br />
bacteorologică confimă în mod remarcabil tend<strong>in</strong>ţele manifestate în<br />
distribuţia nutrienţilor (NH 4+<br />
, NO 3-<br />
, etc.) în apa subterană.<br />
Hydrogeological issues concern<strong>in</strong>g the Gârda Seacă-<br />
Ordâncuşa water divide and the water supply opportunities for<br />
the <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Ocoale-Gheţari area<br />
Iancu ORĂŞEANU<br />
“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />
The hydrogeological study performed has addressed the assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
groundwater potential <strong>of</strong> the Gârda Seacă-Ordâncuşa watershed, <strong>in</strong> order to<br />
establish the possibilities <strong>of</strong> supply<strong>in</strong>g dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water to the peasants<br />
households located <strong>in</strong> areas devoid <strong>of</strong> such sources. It has also aimed at the<br />
acquisition and process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> meteorological data required for the<br />
completion <strong>of</strong> the studies concerned with the hydrogeology, the<br />
hydrochemistry and the vegetation evolution assessment on the<br />
experimental plots with grassland and vegetables, as well at characteriz<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the climatic conditions over the project completion period with<strong>in</strong> the multiannual<br />
regional climatic framework, rely<strong>in</strong>g on data provided by the<br />
permanent meteorological stations <strong>of</strong> the INMH network.<br />
Consideraţii hidrogeologice asupra <strong>in</strong>terfluviului Gârda Seacă-<br />
Ordâncuşa şi posibilităţile de alimentare cu apă potabiă a locuitorilor<br />
d<strong>in</strong> zona Ocoale-Gheţari<br />
Studiul hidrogeologic a avut ca scop evaluarea potenţialului de ape<br />
subterane al <strong>in</strong>terfluviului Gârda Seacă-Ordâncuşa, în vederea stabilirii<br />
posibilităţilor de alimentare cu apă potabilă a gospodăriilor ţărăneşti d<strong>in</strong><br />
zonele lipsite de astfel de surse. Studiul a urmărit deasemenea colectarea şi<br />
prelucrarea datelor meteorologice necesare fundamentării studiilor<br />
hidrogeologice, hidrochimice şi de evaluarea a evoluţiei vegetaţiei de pe<br />
platformele experimentale cu pajişti şi legume, precum şi caracterizarea<br />
condiţiilor climatice d<strong>in</strong> perimetru în contextul mai larg al Munţilor<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>.<br />
83
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Terra rossa soils from northern Bihor/<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
Mihai PARICHI<br />
Anca-Luiza STĂNILĂ<br />
“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />
Terra rossa is an dom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g soil group <strong>in</strong> mediterranean <strong>regions</strong>. Most <strong>of</strong><br />
them appear to be derived from weather<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> sediments <strong>of</strong> jurassic<br />
geology. The orig<strong>in</strong>al material <strong>of</strong> soil consist <strong>in</strong> residue dissolv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
limestone.<br />
Terra rossa soils can be found locally <strong>in</strong> the western part <strong>of</strong> the country,<br />
under submediteranean climatical conditions (M. Banatului), and under<br />
suboceanic “wet” conditions as <strong>in</strong> M. <strong>Apuseni</strong>. Associated soil types most<br />
frequently were rendz<strong>in</strong>a, rendz<strong>in</strong>ic eu-mezobazic brown soils, and<br />
rendz<strong>in</strong>ic lithosol.<br />
Recent results about ground (soil) and laboratory could show, that <strong>in</strong> North<br />
Bihor Terra rossa soils also can develop today, if hydroclimatic conditions,<br />
dra<strong>in</strong>age and geomorphology allow rubefaction <strong>of</strong> the soil material.<br />
Solurile terra rossa d<strong>in</strong> Bihorul nordic (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>)<br />
Terra rossa este o formaţie dom<strong>in</strong>antă în regiunile mediteraneene, prezenţa<br />
ei fi<strong>in</strong>d legată de calcare de cele mai multe ori jurasice. Materialul de<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>e al solului îl reprez<strong>in</strong>tă reziduul de dizolvare al calcarului.<br />
Solul de tip terra rossa apare însă local şi în partea de vest a ţării atât în<br />
condiţii climatice submediteraneene (Munţii Banatului) cât şi în condiţii<br />
climatice (mai umede) cu <strong>in</strong>fluenţe oceanice (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>), în cele mai<br />
frecvente cazuri asociat cu rendz<strong>in</strong>e, soluri brune eu-mezobazice<br />
rendz<strong>in</strong>ice, litosoluri rendz<strong>in</strong>ice şi stâncărie.<br />
D<strong>in</strong> datele cele mai recente de teren şi laborator rezultă că solul de tip<br />
terra rossa d<strong>in</strong> Bihorul nordic se dezvoltă şi în prezent dacă sunt îndepl<strong>in</strong>ite<br />
anumite condiţii hidroclimatice, de drenaj şi geomorfologice în care<br />
rubefierea materialului de sol să funcţioneze.<br />
84
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Agro-climatic characterization <strong>of</strong> the forests, pastures and<br />
grassland ecosystems. Climatic hazards and effects on the<br />
environment and the local population<br />
Rodica POVARĂ<br />
“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />
The paper presents the basic results <strong>of</strong> a research activity which addressed<br />
two ma<strong>in</strong> directions: assess<strong>in</strong>g the agro-climatic resources and the degree to<br />
which they are favorable for a normal vegetation <strong>of</strong> forest, pasture,<br />
grassland, hayfield and vegetables gardens ecosystems, and the analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
the possible climatic hazards and <strong>of</strong> their impact on the natural<br />
environment. The study used meteorological data collected over the period<br />
1961–2000 at the NIMH stations Câmpeni, Băişoara, Stâna de Vale,<br />
Vlădeasa, observations recorded at Gheţari meteorological station and at the<br />
ra<strong>in</strong> gaug<strong>in</strong>g stations Gârda de Sus and Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa over the <strong>in</strong>terval<br />
May 2001 – December 2002, the scientific results <strong>of</strong> the project partners,<br />
and <strong>in</strong>formation provided by local people. The meteorological data have<br />
been processed and <strong>in</strong>terpreted monthly and over two characteristic periods<br />
<strong>of</strong> the plants biological cycle: the period <strong>of</strong> active vegetation IV–X and <strong>of</strong><br />
crypto-vegetation XI–III (X–IV).<br />
Agro-climatic resources (effective sunsh<strong>in</strong>e duration, heat units,<br />
precipitation amounts) are highly favorable for the vegetation <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
<strong>in</strong> the above-mentioned ecosystems, but also for the <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong> new<br />
species such as rye (up to a maximum <strong>of</strong> 1000 m altitude, on organically<br />
improved and more than 100 cm thick soils), and hemp (which may turn<br />
<strong>in</strong>to cultivated land the s<strong>in</strong>kholes slopes). It is also possible to cultivate new<br />
vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers, mild pepper, etc.) by us<strong>in</strong>g polyethylene<br />
sheets to protect them aga<strong>in</strong>st frost.<br />
Among the agro-climatic hazards, the most frequent and the ones with a<br />
strong impact on vegetation are the critical negative temperatures occurr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the active vegetation period (especially <strong>in</strong> the months April–May and<br />
September–October), the short duration <strong>of</strong> sunsh<strong>in</strong>e (affect<strong>in</strong>g heliophyle<br />
species like Fagus sylvatica and the vegetables), elevated air humidity (that<br />
favors the occurrence <strong>of</strong> parasite mushrooms on trees – the cryptogamic<br />
diseases– and makes hay dry<strong>in</strong>g difficult), the excess, yet sometimes on the<br />
contrary, the deficit <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall. The shallow soils and the steepness <strong>of</strong> the<br />
slopes frequently results <strong>in</strong> low soil moisture contents. This affects leaf<br />
twist<strong>in</strong>g and wither<strong>in</strong>g (Fagus sylvatica, onion, garlic), low height <strong>of</strong> the<br />
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gram<strong>in</strong>aceae species <strong>in</strong> hayfields and pasture), small sizes <strong>of</strong> the potato<br />
tubers etc.<br />
For local people, the most severe bioclimatic hazards are critical negative<br />
temperatures, specifically below –20°C (<strong>in</strong> Gheţari village the m<strong>in</strong>imum<br />
was –23,5°C on December 25, 2002), prolonged periods <strong>of</strong> negative<br />
temperatures (136 days with temperatures below 0° C, e.g. <strong>in</strong> 2002), high<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall (213.0 mm <strong>in</strong> July 2001 and 236.0 mm <strong>in</strong> August 2002)<br />
and relative air humidity frequently exceed<strong>in</strong>g 80%.<br />
Caracterizare agroclimatică a ecosistemelor de pădure, pajişti şi fâneţe.<br />
Riscuri climatice şi efecte asupra mediului natural şi populaţiei locale<br />
Lucrarea prez<strong>in</strong>tă s<strong>in</strong>tetic rezultatele cercetării efectuate pe două direcţii<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipale: estimarea resurselor agroclimatice şi a gradului lor de<br />
favorabilitate pentru vegetaţia ecosistemelor de pădure, pajişti, fâneţe<br />
naturale şi grăd<strong>in</strong>i de legume, şi analiza riscurilor climatice posibile şi a<br />
impactului acestora asupra mediului natural. Studiul s-a bazat pe datele<br />
meteorologice d<strong>in</strong> perioada 1961–2000 de la staţiile INMH, Câmpeni,<br />
Băişoara, Stâna de Vale şi Vlădeasa, observaţiile de la staţia meteorologică<br />
d<strong>in</strong> satul Gheţari, de la posturile pluviometrice Gârda de Sus şi Poiana<br />
Căl<strong>in</strong>easa d<strong>in</strong> perioada mai 2001–decembrie 2002, pe rezultatele şti<strong>in</strong>ţifice<br />
ale celorlalţi parteneri d<strong>in</strong> proiect şi pe <strong>in</strong>formaţiile culese de la localnici.<br />
Datele meteorologice au fost prelucrate şi <strong>in</strong>terpretate lunar şi pe două<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervale caracteristice d<strong>in</strong> ciclul biologic al plantelor: perioada activă de<br />
vegetaţie IV–X şi criptovegetaţia XI–III (X–IV).<br />
Resursele agroclimatice prez<strong>in</strong>tă un grad de favorabilitate ridicat pentru<br />
vegetaţia speciilor d<strong>in</strong> ecosistemele menţionate, dar şi pentru <strong>in</strong>troducerea<br />
în cultură a unor specii noi, cum ar fi secara, până la altitud<strong>in</strong>ea de 1000<br />
m, pe soluri îmbunătăţite organic şi cu grosimi de peste 100 cm şi cânepa,<br />
ce poate valorifica versanţii dol<strong>in</strong>elor. În ceea ce priveşte legumicultura,<br />
este posibilă cultivarea unor specii noi (tomate, ardei, castraveţi etc.) pr<strong>in</strong><br />
protejarea împotriva îngheţurilor cu ajutorul foliei de polietilenă.<br />
Riscurile agroclimatice cele mai frecvente şi cu impactul cel mai puternic<br />
sunt: temperaturile negative d<strong>in</strong> timpul vegetaţiei active (în special în lunile<br />
aprilie-mai şi septembrie-octombrie), durata redusă de strălucire a<br />
soarelui, datorită nebulozităţii crescute (afectează speciile heli<strong>of</strong>ile ca<br />
Fagus sylvatica şi legumele), umiditatea crescută d<strong>in</strong> aer care favorizează<br />
apariţia bolilor criptogamice, excesul dar şi lipsa de precipitaţii d<strong>in</strong> unii<br />
ani. Grosimea mică a solurilor şi încl<strong>in</strong>area pantelor determ<strong>in</strong>ă o rezervă<br />
de apă, de cele mai multe ori necorespunzătoare necesarului de consum al<br />
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plantelor, care se manifestă pr<strong>in</strong> diferenţieri fenologice şi biometrice, cu<br />
repercusiuni asupra recoltelor (îndeosebi fân şi legume).<br />
Pentru populaţia locală, cele mai severe riscuri bioclimatice sunt<br />
temperaturile negative critice
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Tierhaltung <strong>in</strong> Gheţari<br />
Markus PFEUFFER 1<br />
Erika BANTO 2<br />
H.-H. SAMBRAUS 1<br />
1 TU München<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences<br />
and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cluj-Napoca<br />
Die Tierhaltung im <strong>Apuseni</strong>-Gebirge wird weitgehend unter Fortführung<br />
traditioneller Nutzungen betrieben. Gehalten werden vor allem Milchvieh,<br />
Pferde, Schwe<strong>in</strong>e, Schafe und wenig Kle<strong>in</strong>vieh. Die R<strong>in</strong>derrassen werden<br />
kurz beschrieben und die Milchleistung der Kühe erläutert. Die<br />
Stallbauweise wird anhand von Plänen und Fotos dargestellt und zwei zu<br />
empfehlende Stallbau-Beispiele für die R<strong>in</strong>derhaltung beschrieben. Die<br />
wichtigesten Pferde- und Schwe<strong>in</strong>erassen werden ebenfalls besprochen.<br />
Creşterea animalelor în Gheţari<br />
În Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, creşterea animalelor se practică în cont<strong>in</strong>uare în mare<br />
măsură în mod tradiţional. Se cresc în special bov<strong>in</strong>e pentru lapte, cai,<br />
porci, oi şi puţ<strong>in</strong>e vite mărunte. Rasele de bov<strong>in</strong>e sunt descrise pe scurt şi<br />
este explicată productivitatea de lapte a vacilor. Modul de construcţie al<br />
grajdurilor este explicat pe bază de planuri şi fotografii şi sunt descrise<br />
două exemple recomadate de grajd pentru ţ<strong>in</strong>erea bov<strong>in</strong>elor. Sunt discutate<br />
de asemenea pr<strong>in</strong>cipalele rase de cai şi porci.<br />
88<br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a traditional landscape <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania<br />
Albert REIF<br />
Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />
Institut für Landespflege, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />
In the <strong>Apuseni</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Romania, traditional land uses still are<br />
practised. PROIECT APUSENI <strong>in</strong>vestigates the natural, cultural, and<br />
socioeconomic situation <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>in</strong> a “nested approach”. Detailed<br />
studies were performed <strong>in</strong> the village <strong>of</strong> Gheţari. The socioeconomic<br />
context <strong>of</strong> the village was studied <strong>in</strong> a transect between the valley and the
Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
mounta<strong>in</strong> pasture <strong>of</strong> Căl<strong>in</strong>easa. The economy <strong>of</strong> the region “Moţi country”<br />
was compiled us<strong>in</strong>g literature and questionar<strong>in</strong>g. Despite <strong>in</strong>creased forest<br />
exploitation, sectors like <strong>rural</strong> tourism, improved utilization and sale <strong>of</strong><br />
medic<strong>in</strong>al plants, new techniques <strong>in</strong> agriculture, animal keep<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
garden<strong>in</strong>g provide perspectives for susta<strong>in</strong>able land use <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional în<br />
Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, Romania<br />
În Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România se practică încă utilizarea pământului întro<br />
manieră tradiţională. În cadrul PROIECTULUI APUSENI situaţia d<strong>in</strong><br />
zonă este <strong>in</strong>vestigată d<strong>in</strong> punct de vedere natural, cultural şi socioeconomic,<br />
pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul “abordării imbricate“. Studii detaliate s-au<br />
axat asupra satului Gheţari. Cadrul socio-economic al satului a fost studiat<br />
pe un pr<strong>of</strong>il între vale şi păşunea alp<strong>in</strong>ă d<strong>in</strong> Căl<strong>in</strong>easa. Folos<strong>in</strong>du-se<br />
literatura publicată şi chestionarele s-a realizat o compilare referitoare la<br />
economia regiunii “Ţării Moţilor”. În ciuda exploatării forestiere tot mai<br />
<strong>in</strong>tense, sectoare cum ar fi turismul <strong>rural</strong>, folosirea mai bună şi vânzarea<br />
plantelor medic<strong>in</strong>ale, noi tehnici în agricultură, creşterea animalelor şi<br />
grăd<strong>in</strong>ăritul <strong>of</strong>eră perspective pentru o folos<strong>in</strong>ţă durabilă a pământului pe<br />
viitor.<br />
Traditionelle Landnutzung und Vegetationsgradienten im<br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong>–Gebirge <strong>in</strong> Rumänien<br />
Albert REIF 1<br />
Georg HARTH 1<br />
Gheorghe COLDEA 2<br />
1 Waldbau-Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />
2 Biology Research Institute, Cluj-Napoca<br />
Die Vielzahl traditioneller Nutzung im Offenland und im Wald hat e<strong>in</strong>e<br />
strukturreiche Landschaft geschaffen. E<strong>in</strong>e exemplarische Untersuchung<br />
fand <strong>in</strong> der Gemarkung des Dorfes Gheţari statt. Durch die Holznutzung<br />
und Waldweide s<strong>in</strong>d die meisten Waldränder sehr jung und <strong>of</strong>tmals<br />
unscharf ausgebildet. Auf kle<strong>in</strong>en Äckern wird bis heute e<strong>in</strong>e Egarten-<br />
Wirtschaft (Acker-Wiesen-Wechselwirtschaft) praktiziert. Dies führt zur<br />
Ausbildung gradueller floristischer Übergänge am Waldrand sowie im<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Laufe der Sukzession auf den Brachäckern. Ähnliche Landschaftselemente<br />
s<strong>in</strong>d vermutlich auch <strong>in</strong> Mitteleuropa früher anzutreffen gewesen.<br />
Exploatarea tradiţională a pământului şi gradienţii de vegetaţie în<br />
Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>/România<br />
Multitud<strong>in</strong>ea modurilor tradiţionale de utilizare a terenurilor deschise şi a<br />
pădurilor a generat un peisaj multistructural. În perimetrul satului Gheţari<br />
a fost efectuat un studiu exemplar. Pr<strong>in</strong> exploatarea lemnului şi a poienilor,<br />
majoritatea lizierelor de pădure sunt în majoritatea cazurilor foarte t<strong>in</strong>ere<br />
şi adesea slab conturate. Pe suprafeţe mici se practică până în zilele<br />
noastre o cultură alternativă de teren cultivat cu fâneaţă. Aceasta conduce<br />
la treceri floristice graduale la lizieră, precum şi pe terenuri înţelenite.<br />
Elemente peisagistice asemănătoare puteau fi probabil întâlnite mai de<br />
mult şi în ţările Europei Centrale.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> manure on the Festuca Rubra grasslands at<br />
Ghetari ( <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s)<br />
Ioan ROTAR<br />
Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR<br />
Roxana VIDICAN<br />
Nicolae SIMA<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cluj-Napoca<br />
Wide surfaces <strong>of</strong> natural grasslands <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
are fertilised every year with unfermented manure. This experiment<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigates the reaction <strong>of</strong> the Festuca rubra grasslands situated on 2 types<br />
<strong>of</strong> soil (terra rossa and brown eumesobasic soil) to spr<strong>in</strong>g fertilisation with<br />
unfermented manure. The altitude where the experiment was carried out is<br />
1159 m, the amount <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> is ca. 1200 mm/m 2 , and the annual average<br />
temperature ca. 4° C. The meadow was used by mow<strong>in</strong>g. The experimental<br />
design gradually <strong>in</strong>creased the amount <strong>of</strong> manure up to the maximum<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> 30 t/ha. When mowed first, the largest hay yields were recorded<br />
for brown eumesobasic soil, while at the second mow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> autumn the<br />
Terra rossa soil yielded more. The floristic structure <strong>of</strong> the grassland<br />
communities underwent alterations, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a decrease <strong>of</strong> the amount<br />
<strong>of</strong> Poaceae, while the percentage <strong>of</strong> herbs <strong>in</strong>creased.<br />
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Conclusion: The use <strong>of</strong> unfermented manure on mounta<strong>in</strong> grasslands<br />
contributes to preserve the diversity <strong>of</strong> the species <strong>of</strong> plants.<br />
Influenţa gunoiului de grajd asupra pajiştilor<br />
de Festuca rubra, d<strong>in</strong> Gheţari (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>)<br />
Suprafeţe mari de pajişti în regiunea Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong> se fertilizează anual<br />
cu gunoi de grajd nefermentat. Acest experiment studiază <strong>in</strong>fluenţa<br />
gunoiului de grajd nefermentat asupra pajiştilor de Festuca rubra, pe două<br />
tipuri de sol. (terra rossa, brun eu-mezobazic rendz<strong>in</strong>ic). Altitud<strong>in</strong>ea este de<br />
1159 m, precipitaţiile medii anuale de 1200 mm/m 2 şi temperatura 4° C. S-a<br />
studiat efectul gunoiului asupra pajiştii, în diferite doze, până la doza<br />
maximă de 30 t/ha. La prima coasă, producţia cea mai ridicată de<br />
substanţă uscată s-a înregistrat în cazul pajiştii situate pe tipul de sol brun<br />
eu-mezobazic rendz<strong>in</strong>ic, iar la coasa a doua, producţia cea mai mare fi<strong>in</strong>d<br />
în cazul pajiştii de pe terra rossa. În covorul ierbos s-au produs modificări,<br />
pr<strong>in</strong> scăderea procentului de poacee şi pr<strong>in</strong> creşterea procentului de<br />
legum<strong>in</strong>oase şi plante d<strong>in</strong> alte familii botanice.<br />
Folosirea gunoiului de grajd nefermentat, pe pajiştile de munte, contribuie<br />
la menţ<strong>in</strong>era diversităţii speciilor de plante.<br />
Nachhaltige Entwicklung e<strong>in</strong>er traditionellen Kulturlandschaft<br />
im <strong>Apuseni</strong> Gebirge, am Beispiel des Dorfes Gheţari<br />
(Geme<strong>in</strong>de Gârda)<br />
Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />
Albert REIF<br />
Katja BRINKMANN<br />
Manuel BRANTZEN<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Landscape Management, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />
Die Ergebnisse des <strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> wurden <strong>in</strong> exemplarischen<br />
Leitprojekten umgesetzt. Es zeichnet sich ab, dass vor allem im Bereich des<br />
ländlichen Tourismus Potenziale e<strong>in</strong>er Verbesserung der wirtschaftlichen<br />
Lebensgrundlage bestehen (Gründung e<strong>in</strong>er Assoziation; Bau erster<br />
Pensionen und „Cabanas“). Im Bereich der Grünlandwirtschaft wurden<br />
Düngeexperimente durchgeführt, Empfehlungen zur Mistlagerung und –<br />
Ausbr<strong>in</strong>gung sowie zur Mahd erstellt. Weitere Verbesserungen s<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> den<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Bereichen Tierhaltung, Stallbau und Gemüsebau erzielbar. Die bislang<br />
praktizierte Sammlung, Trocknung und Vermarktung von Heilpflanzen<br />
könnte verbessert werden.<br />
Dezvoltarea durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>,<br />
exemplul satului Gheţari (comuna Gârda)<br />
Rezultatele proiectului <strong>Apuseni</strong> au fost transpuse în Modele exemplificative<br />
de proiect. Se conturează concluzia că, în special în domeniul<br />
agroturismului există, premize pentru ameliorarea bazei economice de<br />
viaţă (fondarea unei asociaţii; construcţia primelor pensiuni şi “cabane”).<br />
În domeniul economiei agrare, au fost experimentate îngrăşăm<strong>in</strong>te, au fost<br />
făcute recomandări priv<strong>in</strong>d depozitarea şi împrăştierea bălegarului precum<br />
şi cositul. Alte îmbunătăţiri pot fi obt<strong>in</strong>uţe în domeniul creşterii animalelor,<br />
construcţiei de grajduri şi culturii de legume. Practicarea până nu de mult<br />
a colectării, uscării şi vânzării de plante medic<strong>in</strong>ale ar putea fi şi ea<br />
îmbunătăţită.<br />
Identifizierung der sozialen, ökonomischen und ökologischen<br />
Potenziale für e<strong>in</strong>e nachhaltige Entwicklung e<strong>in</strong>er traditionellen<br />
Kulturlandschaft <strong>in</strong> Osteuropa – am Beispiel des <strong>Apuseni</strong>-<br />
Gebirges <strong>in</strong> Rumänien<br />
Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />
Albert REIF<br />
Ioan POVARĂ<br />
Werner KONOLD<br />
Institut für Landespflege, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />
“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />
Im Auftrag des deutschen Bundesm<strong>in</strong>isteriums für Bildung und Forschung<br />
(BMMF) werden <strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>em <strong>in</strong>terdiszipl<strong>in</strong>ären, b<strong>in</strong>ationalen Projekt<br />
Methoden gesucht, um <strong>in</strong> Partizipation mit der Bevölkerung e<strong>in</strong>e<br />
nachhaltige Regionalentwicklung zu <strong>in</strong>itiieren. Das Projekt bewertet Natur<br />
und Landschaft sowie die ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit der Haushalte<br />
und der Region. Auf dieser Grundlage wird e<strong>in</strong> Modell erstellt, das als Basis<br />
für die Def<strong>in</strong>ition von Zukunftsszenarien dient<br />
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Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />
Identificarea potenţialului social, economic şi ecologic pentru o<br />
dezvoltare durabilă a unei regiuni tradiţionale d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est.<br />
Studiu de caz: Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România<br />
La comanda M<strong>in</strong>isterului German pentru Şt<strong>in</strong>ţa şi Cercetare (BMBF), în<br />
cadrul unui proiect b<strong>in</strong>aţional <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ar, se caută metode pentru<br />
<strong>in</strong>iţierea, cu participarea populaţiei, a unei dezvoltări regionale durabile.<br />
<strong>Proiect</strong>ul evaluează atât natura şi peisajul, cât şi potenţialul economic al<br />
gospodăriilor şi al regiunii. Pe această bază va fi realizat un model care va<br />
servi drept bază pentru def<strong>in</strong>irea scenariilor de dezvoltare viitoare.<br />
Action Research <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> – A case study <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s – Romania<br />
Thomas WEHINGER<br />
Joseph BÜHLER<br />
and Project <strong>Apuseni</strong> collaborators<br />
Büro NeuLand Aulendorf<br />
<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development and management <strong>of</strong> natural resources only works<br />
if there is a common view <strong>of</strong> the future with<strong>in</strong> the local society. To ga<strong>in</strong> this<br />
common view, it is necessary to <strong>in</strong>volve stakeholder, who are able and<br />
will<strong>in</strong>g to make decisions towards an effective and efficient use or<br />
conservation. Therefore one <strong>of</strong> the most important objectives <strong>of</strong> the<br />
PROIECT APUSENI was to get <strong>in</strong>to an exchange <strong>of</strong> scientific work and practical<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> the people liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the area. With various methods <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>formation, participation and cooperation the objectives and issues <strong>of</strong> the<br />
transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach has been put successfully <strong>in</strong>to practice. With<strong>in</strong> 3<br />
years it has been possible to <strong>in</strong>volve stakeholder <strong>in</strong> discussions, workshops<br />
and practical experience like build<strong>in</strong>g up agro-tourism by organis<strong>in</strong>g an<br />
association, who set up and <strong>in</strong>formation centre and developed attractive <strong>of</strong>fers<br />
for tourists. On a political level the project <strong>of</strong>fered workshops and discussion.<br />
Participative Action Research have been applied successfully accord<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
experience <strong>of</strong> an other Sister-Project <strong>in</strong> Hohenlohe <strong>in</strong> the South <strong>of</strong> Germany.<br />
The Romanian people appreciated the transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach, which had to<br />
be adopted to various aspects <strong>of</strong> the regional society and social norms. With<br />
three posters this approach is documented by first giv<strong>in</strong>g an overview <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Methodology, secondly describ<strong>in</strong>g a workshop on market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> milk products<br />
and giv<strong>in</strong>g some conclusions <strong>of</strong> the participative action process on the third<br />
poster.<br />
93
Author´s <strong>in</strong>dex<br />
ACATRINEI, MARILENA 53<br />
ALECU, IOAN 42<br />
ANDREIAŞI, NICOLAE 45<br />
ANDRIEŞI, CLAUDIA 45<br />
ANGELSTAM, PER 87<br />
ANGHEL, LAURENŢIU 36<br />
APAHIDEAN, ALEXANDRU 67<br />
APAHIDEAN, MARIA 67<br />
AUCH, ECKHARD 69<br />
BADEA, ALEXANDRU 71<br />
BALTĂLUNGĂ ,ADRIAN 59<br />
BANTO, ERIKA 88<br />
BASARABĂ, A. 45<br />
BĂTINAŞ, RĂZVAN 51<br />
BIJI, ELENA-MARIA 55<br />
BOHATERET, V.-MIHAI 24<br />
BRANTZEN, MANUEL 71, 91<br />
BRINKMANN, KATJA 14, 72, 78, 91<br />
CĂLINESCU, GHEORGHE 73<br />
CHAŞOVSCHI, CARMEN 40<br />
CIPRIAN, ALECU I. 54<br />
COLDEA, GHEORGHE 89<br />
CONSTANTIN, ELENA 47<br />
CONSTANTIN, MARIAN 42<br />
CORPADE, ANA-MARIA 51<br />
CORPADE, CIPRIAN 51<br />
DOLIPSCHI, OANA 22<br />
DRĂGHICI, MANEA 42<br />
DUMITRESCU, ALEXANDRU 73<br />
DUMITRESCU, DANIELA 59<br />
FERENŢ, EMIL 34<br />
GANCZ, VLADIMIR 74<br />
GEMENE, GHEORGHE 43<br />
GHIC, GRAŢIELA 23<br />
GLĂVAN, VASILE 31<br />
GOIA, AUGUSTIN 76<br />
GURAN-NICA, LILIANA 57<br />
HARTH, GEORG 89<br />
HERIŞANU, GH. 71<br />
IANOŞ, GHEORGHE 27<br />
IONESCU, ION 39<br />
IORDAN, ION 77<br />
KONOLD, WERNER 92<br />
L IRIMUS, IOAN-AURE 56<br />
LEHMANN, DIETER 78<br />
LUPU, VASILE 26<br />
MĂRĂCINEANU, FLORIN 47<br />
MARIN, CONSTANTIN 80, 81, 82<br />
MIRON, FLOREA 49<br />
MOISE, IRINA 45<br />
MUDURA, RADU 71<br />
NEACŞU, NICOLAE 39<br />
NEDELEA, ALEXANDRU 22<br />
NISTOREANU, PUIU 33, 36<br />
NOBIS, RALPH 16<br />
NOVAK, ANDREI 64<br />
ONETE, BOGDAN 36<br />
ORĂŞEANU, IANCU 83<br />
PĂCURAR, FLORIN 67, 90, 72<br />
PANAITESCU, LILIANA 45<br />
PARICHI, MIHAI 84<br />
PEHOIU, GICĂ 60<br />
PFEUFFER, MARKUS 88<br />
POPA, NICOLAE 27<br />
94
Author´s <strong>in</strong>dex<br />
POVARĂ, IOAN 82, 92<br />
POVARĂ, IOAN 82, 92<br />
POVARĂ, RODICA 85<br />
PURSCHKE, CHRISTOPH 71, 87<br />
R. ROŞCA, ELISABETA 38, 55<br />
REIF ALBERT 14, 71, 88, 89,<br />
91, 92<br />
ROTAR, IOAN 90<br />
RUŞDEA, EVELYN 14, 88, 91, 92<br />
SAGEATĂ, RADU 20<br />
SAMBRAUS, H.-H. 88<br />
SCHÜBEL, HUBERT R. 18<br />
SIMA, NICOLAE 90<br />
SMEDESCU, ION 64<br />
SOARE, ELENA 73<br />
STĂNILĂ, ANCA-LUIZA 84<br />
STETSYAT, WALENTYN 17<br />
STOICA, ANTOANETA 63<br />
TALABĂ, ION 48<br />
TEODORESCU, VALENTIN 62<br />
TUDOSE, COCA 28<br />
TUDOSE, IULIANA 28<br />
VIDICAN, ROXANA 90<br />
VÖGELIN, DIETER 30<br />
VOICULESCU, MIRCEA 19<br />
WEHINGER, THOMAS 93<br />
95
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