05.02.2014 Views

Sustainable development of rural regions in ... - Proiect Apuseni

Sustainable development of rural regions in ... - Proiect Apuseni

Sustainable development of rural regions in ... - Proiect Apuseni

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

International Symposium<br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong><br />

<strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Eastern Europe<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă a regiunilor <strong>rural</strong>e<br />

d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est<br />

Programme and abstracts<br />

Program şi Rezumate<br />

Bucharest<br />

September 22–26, 2003


International Symposium on susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Easten Europe,<br />

Bucharest – Romania, September 22–26, 2003<br />

Organized by<br />

ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ<br />

Institutul de Speologie<br />

„Emil Racoviţă„<br />

ALBERT LUDWIGS<br />

UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG<br />

Institut für Landespflege<br />

und Waldbau-Institut<br />

The symposium is supported by:<br />

The German Federal M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong><br />

Education and Research<br />

FZK 0339720/5<br />

Organiz<strong>in</strong>g Committee<br />

Ioan POVARĂ & Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />

Secretariat:<br />

Marius VLAICU<br />

Barbara STOLZ<br />

Alexandra POVARĂ<br />

Gheorghe HERIŞANU<br />

With colaboration: Faculty <strong>of</strong> Geography, „Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest


Published by: Institutul de Speologie “Emil Racovita”<br />

ISBN 973-0-03219-x<br />

Copyright 2004 © PROIECT APUSENI<br />

All rights reserved.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>dividual contributions <strong>in</strong> this<br />

publication and any liabilities aris<strong>in</strong>g<br />

from them rema<strong>in</strong> the responsibility <strong>of</strong> the authors<br />

Symposium organis<strong>in</strong>g committee:<br />

G. Oesten (Freiburg University)<br />

W. Konold (Freiburg University)<br />

A. Reif (Freiburg University)<br />

E. Ruşdea (Freiburg University)<br />

Gh. Zarnea (Romanian Academy, Bucharest)<br />

I. Povară (Institute <strong>of</strong> Speleology, Bucharest)<br />

I. Orăşeanu (Institute <strong>of</strong> Speleology, Bucharest)<br />

I. Zăvoianu (University „Spiru Haret“, Bucharest)


Contents<br />

Introduction 1<br />

Programme 2<br />

Workshops 5<br />

List <strong>of</strong> posters 10<br />

Abstracts – Plenary Session 14<br />

Abstracts – Workshops 17<br />

Abstracts - Posters 53<br />

Author’s <strong>in</strong>dex<br />

List <strong>of</strong> participants<br />

94<br />

96


Introduction<br />

In conclusion to the PROIECT APUSENI <strong>in</strong> Romania, the symposium<br />

"<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Easten Europe" serve<br />

as a cross-border opportunity to discuss the present situation and<br />

future possibilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>.<br />

We wish to present the results <strong>of</strong> the “<strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong>” to experts<br />

and other <strong>in</strong>terested people, to highlight the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong><br />

<strong>regions</strong> <strong>in</strong> Eastern Europe, and to relate them to the future<br />

expansion <strong>of</strong> the EU. Our aim is to <strong>in</strong>crease the exchange <strong>of</strong><br />

expertise through <strong>in</strong>ternational and <strong>in</strong>tercultural cooperation.<br />

Ma<strong>in</strong> emphases<br />

The symposium will focus on:<br />

• The connection <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary research with a general<br />

overview <strong>of</strong> landscape, land use and the economics <strong>of</strong> the<br />

populations <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong><br />

• Prospects for <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>: scenarios for future<br />

<strong>development</strong><br />

• Methods <strong>of</strong> transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary cooperation between scientists,<br />

decision makers and people <strong>in</strong>volved on a local and regional<br />

scale<br />

• Possibilities and limitations <strong>of</strong> political advice <strong>in</strong> relation to the<br />

implementation <strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong> the research.<br />

The abstracts <strong>of</strong> the contributions and the results <strong>of</strong> the symposium<br />

are published <strong>in</strong> this conference transcript.<br />

We thank numerous people for their help that made the organisation<br />

<strong>of</strong> the symposium possible, especially the sponsor for their f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />

support.<br />

Ioan POVARĂ & Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />

September, 2003<br />

1


Programme<br />

September 22 rd , 2003 / 22 septembrie 2003<br />

9 30 – 11 00 Open<strong>in</strong>g session/ Alocuţiuni de deschidere<br />

• Academician Maya SIMIONESCO (Vicepresident <strong>of</strong> Romanian<br />

Academy / Vicepreşed<strong>in</strong>te al Academiei Române)<br />

• Academician Nicolae BOŞCAIU (Department <strong>of</strong> Biologic Sciences <strong>of</strong><br />

the Romanian Academy / Secţia de Şti<strong>in</strong>ţe Biologice a Academiei<br />

Române)<br />

• Andrea KRAMP (BMBF, Project Management PtJ Jülich-Berl<strong>in</strong>,<br />

Germany / Management de proiecte PtJ Jülich-Berl<strong>in</strong>, Germania)<br />

• Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Werner KONOLD (University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg, Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> Project / Director al <strong>Proiect</strong>ului <strong>Apuseni</strong>)<br />

11 00 – 11 30 C<strong>of</strong>fee break / Pauză<br />

11 30 – 13 00 Plenary session / Comunicări în plen<br />

Moderator: Acad. Nicolae Boşcariu<br />

• Jean-Claude ROUARD (Conseil de l’Europe, <strong>in</strong>specteur général de<br />

l’agriculture):<br />

Le développement <strong>rural</strong> durable pour la valorisation des<br />

ressources patrimoniales d’une territoire: une démarche de<br />

mobilisation des porteurs de projets du type “Programme<br />

européen LEADER” / Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă pentru<br />

valorificarea resurselor patrimoniale ale unui teritoriu: un demers<br />

mobilizator pentru proiecte de tip “Program european LEADER”.<br />

• Dr. Gheorghe POGAN (M.A.A.P – M<strong>in</strong>istery <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Food, and<br />

Forest, Department <strong>of</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s Area / Direcţia Zone Montane):<br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development Policy for Mounta<strong>in</strong>s Area <strong>in</strong> Romania /<br />

Politica pentru dezvoltarea durabilă a zonelor montane d<strong>in</strong><br />

România.<br />

• Victoria BURTEA (SAPARD Agency / Direcţia generală SAPARD):<br />

The relationship between Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> the Rural<br />

Area and the SAPARD Programme / Relaţia d<strong>in</strong>tre dezvoltarea<br />

durabilă a zonelor <strong>rural</strong>e şi Programul SAPARD.<br />

2


Programme<br />

• Iurie MAXIM (M.A.P.A.M. - M<strong>in</strong>istery <strong>of</strong> Water, Forest and<br />

Environmental Protection, Department <strong>of</strong> Environment Conservation /<br />

Direcţia de Conservare a Mediului):<br />

The Protected Areas <strong>in</strong> Romania <strong>in</strong> the Context <strong>of</strong> the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />

Development <strong>of</strong> the Rural Areas / Ariile protejate d<strong>in</strong> România în<br />

contextul dezvoltării durabile a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

13 00 – 15 00 Lunch / Pauză de masă<br />

15 00 – 17 30 Plenary communications / Comunicări în plen<br />

Moderator: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Albert Reif<br />

• Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Albert REIF, Dr. Evelyn RUŞDEA, Katja BRINKMANN<br />

(University Freiburg, Institute for Landscape Management and<br />

Institute for Silviculture / Universitatea Freiburg, Institutul pentru<br />

Amenajarea Mediului şi Institutul de Silvicultură):<br />

General Presentation <strong>of</strong> PROIECT APUSENI / Prezentare generală<br />

a PROIECTULUI APUSENI.<br />

17 30 –18 00 C<strong>of</strong>fee break / Pauză<br />

• Ralph NOBIS (Technical University Dresden, Institute for Forest<br />

Botany and Forest Zoology / Universitatea Tehnică Dresden,<br />

Institutul de Botanică Silvică şi Zoologie Silvică):<br />

The Dnister-Project – <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development <strong>in</strong> the western<br />

Ukra<strong>in</strong>e (generally presentation) / <strong>Proiect</strong>ul Dnister – dezvoltare<br />

durabilă în Ucra<strong>in</strong>a de vest (prezentare generală).<br />

• Dr. Ulrich FIEGE (IAMO - Institute for Agricultural Development <strong>in</strong><br />

Middle and Eastern Europe, Halle / IAMO – Institutul pentru<br />

Dezvoltarea Agriculturii în Europa Centrală şi Europa de Est,<br />

Halle):<br />

Social capital – a ressource for <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>. Theory and<br />

practice with case-studies from Hungary / Capitalul social – o<br />

resursă pentru dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă. Baze teoretice cu exemplificări<br />

d<strong>in</strong> Ungaria.<br />

18 00 – 19 30 Poster session / Sesiune de presentări postere<br />

3


Programme<br />

September 23 rd , 2003 / 23 septembrie 2003<br />

9 30 – 11 00 Workshop <strong>in</strong> four sections / pe patru secţiuni<br />

11 00 –11 30 C<strong>of</strong>fe break / Pauză<br />

11 30 –13 00 Workshop <strong>in</strong> four sections / pe patru secţiuni<br />

13 00 –15 00 Lunch break / Pauză de masă<br />

15 00 –16 30 Workshop <strong>in</strong> four sections / pe patru secţiuni<br />

16 30 –17 00 C<strong>of</strong>fee break / Pauză<br />

17 00 –18 00 Plenary presentation <strong>of</strong> the workshop results/<br />

Prezentarea în plen a rezultatelor discuţiilor d<strong>in</strong> workshopuri<br />

End <strong>of</strong> the Conference / Închiderea Simpozionului<br />

Social d<strong>in</strong>ner / Masă festivă<br />

Wednesday, Sept. 24th—Friday, Sept. 27th 2003<br />

Excursion to the project area <strong>of</strong> the PROIECT APUSENI (<strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

mounta<strong>in</strong>s).<br />

Route: Bucharest - Sibiu – Alba Iulia - Gârda - Gheţari<br />

.<br />

4


Workshops<br />

Workshop I<br />

Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary, Trans-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary and Intercultural Research<br />

<strong>in</strong> the Context <strong>of</strong> <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development /<br />

Cercetarea <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară, transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară şi <strong>in</strong>terculturală<br />

în contextul dezvoltării durabile<br />

Moderator: Hubert SCHÜBEL<br />

Presentations<br />

• Madele<strong>in</strong>e van MANSFELD & Annemarie GROT: Scientific<br />

Challenges <strong>in</strong> Trans-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary Co-operation / Provocarea<br />

şti<strong>in</strong>ţifică în cooperarea transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară.<br />

• Walentyn STETSYUT: Über verschiedene Ansätze zur Lösung<br />

wissenschaftlicher Probleme <strong>in</strong> der Zusammenarbeit von<br />

ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen und deutschen Wissenschaftlern / Modalităţi de<br />

rezolvare a problemelor apărute în cercetarea germanoucra<strong>in</strong>iană.<br />

• Hubert SCHÜBEL: Team Development and Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Support<br />

Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Co-operation / Dezvoltarea şi pregătirea<br />

echipelor pentru sprij<strong>in</strong>irea cooperării <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are<br />

• Mircea VOICULESCU: The Inventory and the Assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Present Day Natural and Anthropic Potential, a Pre-requisite <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development. The Codru Moma Mounta<strong>in</strong>s – a Case<br />

Study / Inventarierea şi evaluarea potenţialului natural şi antropic<br />

actual, premisă în analiza dezvoltării durabile. Studiu de caz:<br />

Monţii Codru Moma<br />

5


Workshops<br />

Workshop II<br />

Regional <strong>development</strong> – Collaboration between Politics,<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istration and Research /<br />

Dezvoltarea regională – colaborare între politică, adm<strong>in</strong>istraţie,<br />

cercetare<br />

Moderator: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Werner KONOLD<br />

Presentations<br />

• Jürgen DEITERS: Dorferneuerung und Dorfwettbewerb <strong>in</strong><br />

Niedersachsen, Vorbild für Mittel- und Osteuropa / Concursuri<br />

pentru cea mai frumoasă comună, schimbări <strong>in</strong>ovatoare în<br />

comunele d<strong>in</strong> Niedersachsen – model pentru Europa centrală şi<br />

Europa de Est?<br />

• Marilena-Oana DOLIPSCHI & Alexandru NEDELEA: The Role <strong>of</strong><br />

the Public Adm<strong>in</strong>istration <strong>in</strong> the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Rural<br />

Areas / Rolul adm<strong>in</strong>istraţiei publice în dezvoltarea durabilă a<br />

regiunilor <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />

• Graţiela GHIC: Costs and Benefits <strong>in</strong> the Agricultural Systems <strong>of</strong><br />

Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Production / Costurile şi beneficiile sistemelor agricole<br />

de producţie durabilă.<br />

• Valent<strong>in</strong>-Mihai BOHATARET: Tradition and Modernism <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Agricultural and Rural Development <strong>of</strong> the Romanian Village /<br />

Tradiţie şi modernism în dezvolatrea agrar-<strong>rural</strong>ă a satului<br />

românesc.<br />

• Dieter VÖGELIN: Production <strong>of</strong> Renewable Energy – Possibility <strong>of</strong><br />

Additional Agricultural Income / Productia de energie<br />

regenerabilă – posibilitate de venituri suplimentare pentru<br />

agricultură<br />

• Vasile LUPU: From the Small Peasant Property to the Pr<strong>of</strong>itable<br />

Farms <strong>in</strong> Romania. Reality and Expectations / De la gospodăria<br />

ţărănească la ferma agricolă şi economie. Realitate şi<br />

perspective.<br />

6


Workshops<br />

• Dănuţ-Radu SĂGEATĂ: Territorial Malfunctions <strong>in</strong>duced by the<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istrative Structures at a Communal Level /<br />

Disfuncţionalităţi teritoriale <strong>in</strong>duse de structurile adm<strong>in</strong>istrative de<br />

nivel comunal.<br />

• Gheorghe IANOŞ & Nicolae POPA: The Productive Potential <strong>of</strong><br />

the Agriculture and the Entrepreneurial Initiative <strong>in</strong> Banat /<br />

Potenţialul productiv al agriculturii şi <strong>in</strong>iţiativa antreprenorială d<strong>in</strong><br />

Banat.<br />

• Iuliana TUDOSE & Coca TUDOSE: Human Resources and the<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment / Resursele<br />

umane şi dezvoltarea durabilă în mediul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

Workshop III<br />

Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development and Tourism <strong>in</strong> Rural Areas /<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă şi turismul în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e<br />

Moderator: Josef Bűhler<br />

Presentations<br />

• Vasile GlavĂVAN: The Organization and Co-ord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Plann<strong>in</strong>g Development and Long-term Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Rural<br />

Areas / Organizarea şi coordonarea planificării, dezvoltării şi<br />

gestionării turismului durabil în spaţiul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

• Puiu NISTOREANU: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Rural Areas /<br />

Turismul durabil în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />

• Emil FERENŢ: Cultural Tourism and the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development /<br />

Turismul cultural şi dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă.<br />

• Puiu NISTOREANU, Bogdan ONETE & Laurenţiu ANGHEL:<br />

Possible Solutions to the Tr<strong>in</strong>omial: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development-<br />

Tourism-Rural Area / Posibile soluţii ale tr<strong>in</strong>omului: dezvoltare<br />

durabilă – turism – zonă <strong>rural</strong>ă.<br />

• Elisabeta ROŞCA: Ecotourism - A Development Opportunity for<br />

the Black Sea Coast Countries / Ecoturismul – o formă de<br />

dezvoltare durabilă în ţările riverane Mării Negre.<br />

7


Workshops<br />

• Ion IONESCU & Nicolae NEACŞU: The Effects <strong>of</strong> the Rural<br />

Tourism upon the Tourists Send<strong>in</strong>g and Receiv<strong>in</strong>g Areas / Efecte<br />

ale turismului <strong>rural</strong> asupra zonelor emitente şi asupra celor<br />

receptoare de turişti.<br />

• Carmen CRAŞOVSCHI: The role <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess associations <strong>in</strong> the<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism / Rolul asociaţiilor de afaceri<br />

în dezvoltarea durabilă a turismului.<br />

Workshop IV<br />

Communications on connected themes / Sesiune de<br />

Comunicări pe teme diverse<br />

Moderator: Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Ion IORDAN<br />

Presentations<br />

• Ioan ALECU, Manea DRĂGHICI & Marian CONSTANTIN: Foreign<br />

Capital Participation <strong>in</strong> Agriculture and Food Industry – a Real<br />

Necessity for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> the Rural Space /<br />

Participarea stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital în sectorul producţiei<br />

agroalimentare, o necesitate reală în dezvolatrea durabilă a<br />

spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

• Gheorghe GEMENE: The Susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Dornelor<br />

and Câmpulung Moldovenesc Bas<strong>in</strong> by Integration <strong>of</strong> Family-size<br />

Animal Farms / Dezvoltarea durabilă a <strong>rural</strong>ului d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul<br />

Dornelor şi Câmpulu<strong>in</strong>g Moldovenesc pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrarea<br />

micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale cu pr<strong>of</strong>il zootehnic.<br />

• Nicolae ANDREAŞI, Ir<strong>in</strong>a MOISE, Liliana PANAITESCU, A<br />

BASARABĂ & Claudia ANDREIAŞI: The Eco-mounta<strong>in</strong>ous Space<br />

<strong>in</strong> the Alba County – a Pedological Characterization and the<br />

Productive Vocation <strong>of</strong> Land / Spatiul ecomontan al judetului<br />

Alba–caracterizare pedologică şi vocaţia productivă a terenurilor.<br />

• Flor<strong>in</strong> MĂRĂCINEANU & Elena CONSTANTIN: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Rural<br />

Development by Land Reclamation Works / Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă<br />

durabilă pr<strong>in</strong> amenajări de îmbunătaţiri funciare.<br />

8


Workshops<br />

• Ion TALABĂ: Policies for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong><br />

the Prut Cross-border Region / Politici pentru o dezvoltare<br />

durabilă a turismului în zona transfrontalieră a Prutului.<br />

• Florea MIRON: Rural Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Bran Area / Turismul <strong>rural</strong><br />

d<strong>in</strong> zona Bran.<br />

• Ciprian CORPADE, Răzvan BATINAŞ & Ana-Maria CORPADE: The<br />

Implications <strong>of</strong> Rural Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Development <strong>of</strong> Leud<br />

(Maramures County) / Implicaţiile turismului <strong>rural</strong> în dezvoltarea<br />

durabilă a localităţii Ieud (jud. Maramureş).<br />

9


List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />

• Marilena ACATRINEI: Tendencies <strong>in</strong> the Evolution <strong>of</strong> the Commercial<br />

Exchanges between Romania and Moldova Republic / Tend<strong>in</strong>ţe în<br />

evoluţia schimburilor comerciale d<strong>in</strong>tre România şi Republica Moldova.<br />

• Ciprian ALECU: Religious Tourism, a Component <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong><br />

Development <strong>of</strong> Rural Tourism / Turismul religios, componentă a<br />

dezvoltării durabile a turismului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

• Elena-Maria BIJI & Elisabeta ROŞCA: Some comparative aspects<br />

concern<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> management <strong>in</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong><br />

areas <strong>in</strong> east European countries/ Aspecte comparative priv<strong>in</strong>d utilizarea<br />

resurselor de muncă în ţări d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est.<br />

• Aurel IRIMUŞ: Landforms Environment Dynamics <strong>in</strong> Arieş stream<br />

catchment area / D<strong>in</strong>amica environmentului geomorfologic d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul<br />

Arieşului.<br />

• Liliana GURAN: Pluriactivity <strong>in</strong> the Contemporary Romanian Village /<br />

Pluriactivitate în satele contemporane româneşti.<br />

• Daniela DUMITRESCU & Adrian BALTĂLUNGĂ: The Environment<br />

Quality <strong>in</strong> the Getic Plateau. A Case Study: the Rural Habitat <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Cândeşti Piedmont / Caliatatea mediului în Podişul Getic. Studiu de caz:<br />

habitatul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> Piemontul Cândeşti.<br />

• Gică PEHOIU: Forms <strong>of</strong> Evolution and <strong>of</strong> Habitation <strong>of</strong> the Settlements<br />

<strong>in</strong> the High Pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Târgovişte – România / Forme de evoluţie şi<br />

populare a aşezărilor d<strong>in</strong> Câmpia înaltă a Târgoviştei – România.<br />

• Valent<strong>in</strong> TEODORESCU: Protection <strong>of</strong> Soils on Argeş Hill slopes – a<br />

Ma<strong>in</strong> Component <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development / Protecţia solurilor de<br />

pe versanţii Dealurilor Argeşului, componentă importantă a dezvoltării<br />

durabile.<br />

• Antoaneta STOICA: Elements from the Cartographic Documents about<br />

Dobrogea. Premises for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development / Elemente d<strong>in</strong><br />

documente cartografice asupra Dobrogei. Premise pentru o dezvoltare<br />

durabila.<br />

• Ion SMEDESCU & Andrei NOVAK: Food consumption and the <strong>rural</strong><br />

economic <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Romania / Consumul alimentar şi<br />

dezvoltarea economică <strong>rural</strong>ă în România.<br />

10


List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />

Posters deriv<strong>in</strong>g from the PROIECT APUSENI / Postere realizate <strong>in</strong><br />

cadrul PROIECT APUSENI:<br />

• Alexandru S. APAHIDEAN, Maria APAHIDEAN & Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR:<br />

Researches Concern<strong>in</strong>g the Possibilities <strong>of</strong> Vegetable Grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Western Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania / Cercetări priv<strong>in</strong>d posibilităţile<br />

de creştere a legumelor în zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>.<br />

• Eckhard AUCH: Socioeconomic Analysis <strong>of</strong> Rural Family Households<br />

<strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania / Gospodăriile ţărăneşti în Munţii<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> (România) – o analiză socioeconomică.<br />

• Alexandru BADEA, Radu MUDURA, Gheorghe HERIŞEANU &<br />

Christoph PURSCHKE: The Remote Sens<strong>in</strong>g Imagery as Support <strong>of</strong><br />

the Thematic Data with<strong>in</strong> the “<strong>Apuseni</strong> Project” / Utilizarea imag<strong>in</strong>ilor<br />

satelitare ca support pentru datele tematice în cadrul “<strong>Proiect</strong>ului<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>”.<br />

• Manuel BRANTZEN & Albert REIF: The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> grazong on the<br />

natural regeneration <strong>of</strong> forests <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania /<br />

Regenerarea naturală şi <strong>in</strong>fluenţa păşunatului în pădure în Munţii<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>, România.<br />

• Katja BRINKMANN & Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Different<br />

Fertilisation on the Floristic Composition and the Forage Quality <strong>of</strong><br />

Mounta<strong>in</strong> Meadows / Efectul aplicării diferitelor tipuri de îngrăşăm<strong>in</strong>te<br />

asupra compoziţiei floristice şi calităţii furajelor în pajiştile montane.<br />

• Gheorghe CĂLINESCU, Elena SOARE & Alexandru DUMITRESCU:<br />

General Climatic Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Gheţari – Poiana<br />

Căl<strong>in</strong>easa Area / Studiu climatic general al Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong> (zona<br />

Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa).<br />

• Mar<strong>in</strong> CONSTANTIN: Groundwater geochemistry <strong>in</strong> the Gârda Seacă–<br />

Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area / Geochimia apei subterane d<strong>in</strong><br />

arealul carstic Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />

• Mar<strong>in</strong> CONSTANTIN: Chemistry <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall water collected by local<br />

people <strong>in</strong> Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa area / Chimismul<br />

apei meteorice colectate de localnici în zona Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–<br />

Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />

• Mar<strong>in</strong> CONSTANTIN & Ioan POVARĂ: Groundwater pollution with<strong>in</strong><br />

the Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area / Poluarea apei<br />

subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul carstic Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />

• August<strong>in</strong> GOIA: The <strong>Apuseni</strong> – the Ghetari Plateau: Traditional<br />

Architecture Unique <strong>in</strong> Europe / <strong>Apuseni</strong> – Platoul Gheţari: arhitectură<br />

tradiţională unică în Europa.<br />

11


List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />

• Vladimir GANCZ: Use <strong>of</strong> Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery<br />

to Survey the Reality - an Example from Forestry / Utilizarea imag<strong>in</strong>ilor<br />

satelitare de foarte înaltă rezoluţie spaţială în cunoaşterea realităţii<br />

înconjurătoare – un exemplu d<strong>in</strong> domeniul silviculturii.<br />

• Ion IORDAN: Demographic Features <strong>of</strong> Gârda de Sus–Gheţari–Poiana<br />

Căl<strong>in</strong>easa Area / Caracterele demografice ale zonei Gârda de Sus–<br />

Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa.<br />

• Dieter LEHMANN & Katja BRINKMANN: Integrated Spatial Modell<strong>in</strong>g<br />

– Calculat<strong>in</strong>g Economical and Ecological Indicators with<strong>in</strong> a GIS /<br />

Modelare spaţială – Calcularea unor <strong>in</strong>dicatori economici şi ecologici în<br />

cadrul unui GIS.<br />

• Barbara MICHLER & Albert REIF: Arnica montana <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

´Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania – endangered or protected by utilization ? / Arnica<br />

montana d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, Romania – specie periclitată sau ocrotită<br />

de modul de utilizare al terenurilor ?<br />

• Katr<strong>in</strong> MÜLLER-RIEMENSCHNEIDER, Andrei STOIE, Christoph<br />

ULBIG, Albert REIF: Forest Use <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Romania /<br />

Utilizarea pădurilor în Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România<br />

• Iancu ORĂŞEANU: Hydrogeological issues concern<strong>in</strong>g the Gârda<br />

Seacă-Ordâncuşa water divide and the water supply opportunities for<br />

the <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Ocoale-Gheţari area / Consideraţii hidrogeologice<br />

asupra <strong>in</strong>terfluviului Gârda Seacă-Ordâncuşa şi posibilităţile de<br />

alimentare cu apă potabiă a locuitorilor d<strong>in</strong> zona Ocoale-Gheţari<br />

• Mihai PARICHI & Anca-Luiza STĂNILĂ: Sols terra rossa from north<br />

Bihor (<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s) / Solurile terra rossa d<strong>in</strong> Bihorul nordic<br />

(Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>).<br />

• Markus PFEUFFER, Erika BANTOo & Hans-H<strong>in</strong>rich SAMBRAUS:<br />

Tierhaltung <strong>in</strong> Gheţari – <strong>Apuseni</strong> Gebirge, Rumänien / Creşterea<br />

animalelor <strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, Romania.<br />

• Rodica POVARĂ: Agro-climatic Characterization <strong>of</strong> the Forests,<br />

Pasture and Grassland Ecosystems. Climatic Hazards and Effects on<br />

the Environment and the Local Population / Caracterizare agroclimatică<br />

a ecosistemelor de pădure, pajişti şi fâneţe. Riscuri climatice şi efecte<br />

asupra mediului natural şi populaţiei locale.<br />

• Christoph PURSCHKE & Per ANGELSTAM: Birds <strong>in</strong> the Transition<br />

between Pasture and Forest: a Comparison <strong>of</strong> Ancient and Modern<br />

Landscapes / Păsări în zona de trecerea d<strong>in</strong>tre pajişte şi pădure: o<br />

comparaţie între peisaje vechi şi moderne.<br />

12


List <strong>of</strong> Posters<br />

• Albert REIF, Georg HARTH & Gheorghe COLDEA: Traditional land<br />

use and vegetation gradients <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania /<br />

Utilizarea tradiţională a terenurilor şi gradienţii de vegetaţie în Munţii<br />

Apusen–România.<br />

• Ion ROTAR , Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR, Roxana VIDICAN, Nicolae SIMA: The<br />

<strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> manure on the Festuca rubra grasslands at Ghetari<br />

(<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s) / Influenţa gunoiului de grajd asupra pajistilor de<br />

Festuca rubra, d<strong>in</strong> Gheţari (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>).<br />

• Evelyn RUŞDEA, Albert REIF, Ioan POVARĂ & Werner KONOLD:<br />

Identification <strong>of</strong> the Social, Economic and Ecologic Potentials for the<br />

Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> a Traditional Area <strong>in</strong> South-Eastern Europe –<br />

Case Study: the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Romania / Identificarea<br />

potenţialului social, economic şi ecologic pentru o dezvoltare durabilă a<br />

unei regiuni tradiţionale d<strong>in</strong> Europa de est - Studiu de caz: Munţii<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România.<br />

• Evelyn RUŞDEA, Albert REIF, Katja BRINKMANN & Manuel<br />

BRANTZEN: The Susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Traditional Landscape <strong>in</strong><br />

the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, the Example <strong>of</strong> the Gheţari Village (Gârda) /<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>,<br />

exemplul satului Gheţari (comuna Gârda).<br />

• Albert REIF & Evelyn RUŞDEA: <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> a<br />

Traditional Landscape <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania / Dezvoltarea<br />

durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>.<br />

• Hubert R. SCHÜBEL: Team Development and Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Support<br />

Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary Co-operation / Dezvoltarea şi pregătirea echipelor<br />

pentru sprij<strong>in</strong>irea cooperării <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are.<br />

13


Abstracts – Plenary Session<br />

Plenary comunications / Comunicări în plen<br />

Generally Presentation <strong>of</strong> PROIECT APUSENI / Prezentare<br />

generală a PROIECTULUI APUSENI<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr. Albert REIF,<br />

Dr. Evelyn RUŞDEA,<br />

Katja BRINKMANN<br />

Institute <strong>of</strong> Silviculture, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />

A traditional land use system <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania, and its<br />

potential for susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> is be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>vestigated <strong>in</strong> an<br />

<strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary and transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary, bi-national and <strong>in</strong>tercultural research<br />

project, co-ord<strong>in</strong>ated by the University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg. The "PROIECT<br />

APUSENI - a chance for the Moti country" commenced <strong>in</strong> September 2000<br />

and is f<strong>in</strong>anced by the German M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Education and Research (BMBF;<br />

FKZ: 0339720/5).<br />

The research aimed to develop regional strategies for mounta<strong>in</strong> areas <strong>in</strong><br />

Eastern Europe <strong>in</strong> participation with the local people and with Romanian<br />

politicians. The ma<strong>in</strong> study area was situated <strong>in</strong> Moti country <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, northwestern Romania, and consisted <strong>of</strong> 15 communities. The<br />

central aim <strong>of</strong> the project, namely the identification <strong>of</strong> the social, economic<br />

and ecological potential for a susta<strong>in</strong>able regional <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> eastern<br />

Europe, illustrated by the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Romania", <strong>in</strong>volved the<br />

analysis <strong>of</strong> landscape, land use, and regional <strong>development</strong> perspectives.<br />

Analysed were the physical and biological characteristics <strong>of</strong> the landscape<br />

and region; its cultural history and the life <strong>of</strong> the people; the economy <strong>of</strong><br />

selected households <strong>in</strong> Ghetari, and the "Moti country" region. The methods<br />

and techniques <strong>of</strong> agricultural and forestry land use were described, and<br />

their ecological effects quantified. These discipl<strong>in</strong>ary studies provided the<br />

base for an evaluation <strong>in</strong> relation to nature conservation and the economy.<br />

Data <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g the physical conditions, land use, work<strong>in</strong>g activities,<br />

products and produced values were comb<strong>in</strong>ed and transformed, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />

aggregated data, key <strong>in</strong>dicators and descriptors for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

model-based scenarios. The future <strong>development</strong> alternatives <strong>of</strong> the<br />

landscape, and the social and economic situation were def<strong>in</strong>ed by a<br />

14


Abstracts<br />

multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary discussion and scenarios were created by chang<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

primary <strong>in</strong>fluences <strong>in</strong> the system. Hypothetical changes <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />

relations were reflected <strong>in</strong> the sett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> two "frame-scenarios"; one<br />

assum<strong>in</strong>g that Romania rema<strong>in</strong>s an <strong>in</strong>dependent economic system and the<br />

other that Romania becomes a membership <strong>of</strong> the European Union. Local<br />

variations <strong>in</strong> future <strong>development</strong>s were simulated by def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g three "action<br />

strategies" represent<strong>in</strong>g three potential <strong>development</strong>al directions;<br />

uncontrolled <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> traditional land uses; forseeable susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

land use strategies with moderate <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>of</strong> own capital; and large-scale<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestments through an external <strong>in</strong>vestor. A comparative analysis and<br />

evaluation <strong>of</strong> these scenarios was used to give recommendations for a<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able regional <strong>development</strong><br />

From the outset "PROIECT APUSENI" had transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary components,<br />

which aimed to develop concrete applications <strong>in</strong> the region. In the<br />

beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g the problems confront<strong>in</strong>g farmers <strong>in</strong> the region were analysed.<br />

The knowledge ga<strong>in</strong>ed by project members <strong>in</strong> the prelim<strong>in</strong>ary phase <strong>of</strong> the<br />

project was <strong>in</strong>corporated and extended through participatory appraisal. A<br />

stakeholder analysis provided the basis for the <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> local, regional<br />

and national actors (people, politicians etc) and <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>in</strong> the process<br />

("action research").<br />

Promis<strong>in</strong>g approaches were supported by "PROIECT APUSENI" and<br />

implemented as so-called "Leitprojekte" ("guid<strong>in</strong>g projects"). Projects were<br />

established <strong>in</strong> the fields <strong>of</strong> tourism, agriculture (crop farm<strong>in</strong>g, manure<br />

process<strong>in</strong>g, fertilisation, hay harvest<strong>in</strong>g), water supply, medic<strong>in</strong>al plants,<br />

and forest use/wood process<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

15


Abstracts – Plenary Session<br />

The Dnister-Project – Susta<strong>in</strong>abele Development <strong>in</strong> the<br />

western Ukra<strong>in</strong>e / <strong>Proiect</strong>ul Nistru dezvoltare durabilă în<br />

Ucra<strong>in</strong>a de vest<br />

Ralph NOBIS<br />

TU Dresden<br />

Auen und E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebiete der großen Flussläufe zählen weltweit zu den am<br />

stärksten gefährdeten Landschaften. Dies gilt <strong>in</strong>sbesondere für dichter<br />

besiedelte und <strong>in</strong>dustriell höher entwickelte Regionen, wo E<strong>in</strong>griffe <strong>in</strong> das<br />

hydrologische Regime, Ökosystemveränderungen und st<strong>of</strong>fliche<br />

Belastungen tiefgreifende und irreversible Veränderungen zur Folge hatten.<br />

In mittel-osteuropäischen Flusslandschaften bestehen dagegen <strong>of</strong>t noch<br />

Verhältnisse, die früher für Zentraleuropa typisch waren, hier aber bereits<br />

fast überall verschwunden s<strong>in</strong>d. Dies gilt auch für den Ober- und Mittellauf<br />

des Dnister <strong>in</strong> der Westukra<strong>in</strong>e e<strong>in</strong>schließlich se<strong>in</strong>es E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebietes.<br />

Im Jahr 1995 wurde e<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternationales Forschungs- und<br />

Entwicklungsprogramm zwischen ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen und deutschen<br />

Wissenschafts- und Vollzugs<strong>in</strong>stitutionen unter Beteiligung der<br />

Wissenschaftsabteilung der UNESCO mit dem Titel „Transformationsprozesse<br />

<strong>in</strong> der Dnister-Region (Westukra<strong>in</strong>e) begonnen. Am Beispiel der<br />

Region des oberen Dnisters sollen Leitbilder zur naturkonformen und<br />

nachhaltigen Landnutzung von Flusslandschaften und ihrer E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebiete<br />

<strong>in</strong> Osteuropa am Beispiel der Region des Oberen Dnister. Der<br />

<strong>in</strong>terdiszipl<strong>in</strong>äre Forschungsverbund mit den Schwerpunkten Land-, Forst-,<br />

Wasserwirtschaft, Sozioökonomie und Naturschutz agiert auf verschiedenen<br />

Massstabsebenen, vom gesamten E<strong>in</strong>zugsgebiet des Oberlaufes bis zu<br />

detaillierten Untersuchungen <strong>in</strong> acht repräsentativen Modellgeme<strong>in</strong>den.<br />

E<strong>in</strong>e frühzeitige E<strong>in</strong>b<strong>in</strong>dung der ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Verwaltungsstrukturen<br />

gewährleistet e<strong>in</strong>e Umsetzung der entwickelten Massnahmenvorschläge.<br />

16


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Workshop I<br />

Inter- and transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary and Intercultural research <strong>in</strong><br />

the context <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> / Cercetarea<br />

<strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară, transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară Şi <strong>in</strong>terculturală în<br />

contextul dezvoltării durabile<br />

Über verschiedene Ansätze zu Lösung wissenschaftlicher<br />

Probleme von ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen und deutschen Wissenschaftlern /<br />

Modalităţi de rezolvare a problemelor apărute în proiectul de<br />

colaborare germano-ucra<strong>in</strong>ian<br />

Walentyn STETSYUT<br />

Außer den selbstverständlichen verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Methoden<br />

<strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>er <strong>in</strong>terkulturellen und <strong>in</strong>terdiszipl<strong>in</strong>ärer Zusammenarbeit besteht der<br />

Hauptunterschied zwischen den deutschen und ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen<br />

Wissenschaftlern <strong>in</strong> der Herangehensweise zur Lösung der wissenschaftlichen<br />

Probleme. Fast immer wird jede wissenschaftliche Frage von ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen<br />

Wissenschaftlern <strong>in</strong> ihrer vollen Komplexität angesehen, während deutsche<br />

Wissenschaftler sogleich versuchen, die Hauptkom-ponenten und<br />

Hauptmerkmale zu f<strong>in</strong>den, sie dann e<strong>in</strong>gehend zu untersuchen und mit ihnen<br />

zu operieren. Das führt dazu, dass ukra<strong>in</strong>ische Wissenschaftler üblicherweise<br />

jede neue Untersuchung mit sehr breiten allgeme<strong>in</strong>en Betrachtungen beg<strong>in</strong>nen<br />

und manchmal auch <strong>in</strong> neben-sächlichen Fragen vers<strong>in</strong>ken.<br />

Die Folge e<strong>in</strong>er solchen Herangehensweise ist nicht selten langfristige<br />

Arbeit mit uneffektiven Ergebnissen, weil die entwickelten Empfehlungen<br />

oder Normen für die Umsetzung sich als schwierig erweisen. Aus unserer<br />

Erfahrung können wir behaupten, dass deutsche Wissenschaftler viel mehr<br />

gewöhnt s<strong>in</strong>d, konkrete Fragestellungen <strong>in</strong> engen Zeiträumen term<strong>in</strong>gerecht<br />

zu bearbeiten. Aber dagegen versuchen sie <strong>in</strong> jeder Frage e<strong>in</strong> breiteres<br />

Instrumentarium auszunützen. In kollektiven Untersuchungen entwerfen sie<br />

außerdem ganz bestimmte Arbeitspläne für jeden Teilnehmer. Wie unsere<br />

Erfahrung zeigt, können sich allerd<strong>in</strong>gs die ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Wissenschaftler<br />

sehr schnell den ähnlichen Ansatz aneignen und die weitere<br />

Zusammenarbeit entwickelt sich ganz fruchtbar. In dem Beitrag werden<br />

konkrete Beispiele aus der deutsch-ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Zusammen-arbeit im<br />

Dniester-Projekt erläutert.<br />

17


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Team Development and Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to Support Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary<br />

Co-operation<br />

Hubert R. SCHÜBEL<br />

Consultoria, Stuttgart<br />

Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary projects consist <strong>of</strong> a complex set <strong>of</strong> scientific questions as<br />

well as <strong>of</strong> challeng<strong>in</strong>g social process with<strong>in</strong> the group <strong>of</strong> scientist. The<br />

psychological concept <strong>of</strong> team <strong>development</strong> and tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g takes <strong>in</strong>to account,<br />

that the quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary co-operation depends not only on the<br />

quality <strong>of</strong> the (product-related) specialised knowledge <strong>of</strong> the discipl<strong>in</strong>ary<br />

researcher, but also on process-related procedural skills and social<br />

competences <strong>of</strong> the team members, and the group dynamics with<strong>in</strong> the<br />

team. The poster shows concept, purpose and some results <strong>of</strong> the<br />

psychological <strong>in</strong>terventions <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> to support the cooperation,<br />

<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g team-build<strong>in</strong>g, tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g measures for the team<br />

members, evaluations and coach<strong>in</strong>g for the project-coord<strong>in</strong>ator.<br />

Formarea şi pregătirea unei echipe pentru a sprij<strong>in</strong>i<br />

cooperarea <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară<br />

<strong>Proiect</strong>ele <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are <strong>in</strong>clud un set complex de probleme şti<strong>in</strong>ţifice,<br />

precum şi procese sociale <strong>in</strong>citante în cadrul grupului de cercetători.<br />

Conceptul psihologic de formare şi pregătire a unei echipe consideră<br />

calitatea unei cooperări <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are ca dep<strong>in</strong>zând nu numai de<br />

calitatea cunoşt<strong>in</strong>ţelor de specialitate (în legătură cu produsul) ale<br />

cercetătorului d<strong>in</strong>tr-o anumită discipl<strong>in</strong>ă, ci şi de aptitud<strong>in</strong>ile procedurale<br />

şi competenţele sociale (în legătură cu procesul) ale membrilor echipei, şi<br />

de d<strong>in</strong>amica de grup în cadrul echipei. Posterul prez<strong>in</strong>tă conceptul, scopul<br />

şi unele rezultate ale <strong>in</strong>tervenţiilor psihologice în <strong>Proiect</strong>ul <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

dest<strong>in</strong>ate a veni în sprij<strong>in</strong>ul cooperării, cupr<strong>in</strong>zând formarea echipei,<br />

măsuri de pregătire pentru membrii echipei, modalităţi de evaluare şi de<br />

antrenare pentru coordonatorul de proiect.<br />

18


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Record<strong>in</strong>g and evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the present natural and anthropic<br />

potentials <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong>. Case study-Codru<br />

Moma Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

Mircea VOICULESCU<br />

West University <strong>of</strong> Timişoara<br />

The “Codru Moma” Mounta<strong>in</strong>s occupy an area <strong>of</strong> about 675 km˛ and are<br />

located <strong>in</strong> the western part <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s with<strong>in</strong> the Criţ<br />

Mounta<strong>in</strong>s group, between 46ş 34’ N and 22ş 13’ E. Their elevations<br />

slightly exceed 1000 m, Pleşa Peak (1112 m) be<strong>in</strong>g the highest one; for this<br />

reason they are ranked as small mounta<strong>in</strong>s.<br />

With<strong>in</strong> this study, the specific features <strong>of</strong> Codru Moma Mounta<strong>in</strong>s have<br />

been analysed, with emphasis on their topography, climate, vegetation and<br />

the ma<strong>in</strong> human activities. These are essential for the perspective <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrations between land uses and environmental resources, and for the<br />

protection and conservation <strong>of</strong> the environment, and implicitly <strong>of</strong> the<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong>. This study focusses on the strengths and<br />

weaknesses <strong>of</strong> this area.<br />

The low altitude, the less rugged hill slopes, the favourable exposition, the<br />

gentle climate, the high forest cover, the existence <strong>of</strong> valuable touristic<br />

potential could become the base for a favourable and specific economic<br />

activity <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />

The exist<strong>in</strong>g landscapes to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent are <strong>in</strong> danger <strong>of</strong> devastation due<br />

to over-graz<strong>in</strong>g, deforestation and the <strong>in</strong>tensive exploitation <strong>of</strong> limestone.<br />

The poor touristic <strong>in</strong>frastructure, the absence <strong>of</strong> touristic landmarks, <strong>of</strong><br />

appropriate accommodation facilities and the absence <strong>of</strong> promotional<br />

activities concern<strong>in</strong>g the natural and anthropic touristic potential are<br />

obstacles for future <strong>development</strong>.<br />

Inventarierea şi evaluarea potenţialului natural şi antropic<br />

actual, premisă a dezvoltării durabile. Studiu de caz – Munţii<br />

Codru Moma<br />

Munţii Codru Moma ocupă o suprafaţă de aproximativ 675 km 2 şi se află<br />

situaţi în partea vestică a Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>, în grupa Munţilor Crişurilor,<br />

între 46 o 34’ lat. N şi 22 o 13’ long. E. Altitud<strong>in</strong>al depăşesc uşor 1000 m, cel<br />

19


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

mai înalt punct fi<strong>in</strong>d situat în Vf. Pleşa (1112 m); de aceea ei sunt<br />

consideraţi ca făcând parte d<strong>in</strong> categoria munceilor.<br />

Pe baza analizei componentelor de mediu privite în evoluţia lor în timp şi în<br />

spaţiu am reţ<strong>in</strong>ut particularităţile Munţilor Codru Moma, cu privire<br />

specială asupra reliefului, climatului, vegetaţiei şi a pr<strong>in</strong>cipalelor activităţi<br />

antropice. Acestea sunt def<strong>in</strong>itorii în perspectiva <strong>in</strong>tegrării montane în<br />

circuitul specific al modului de utilizare a terenurilor, a resurselor solului<br />

şi a subsolului, a protecţiei şi a conservării mediului şi implicit a dezvoltării<br />

durabile.<br />

Am pus în evidenţă aşa-numitele puncte tari şi puncte slabe ale spaţiului<br />

montan. D<strong>in</strong> prima categorie am reţ<strong>in</strong>ut altitud<strong>in</strong>ea redusă a reliefului,<br />

fragmentarea puţ<strong>in</strong> accentuată, expoziţia favorabilă, climatul blând, gradul<br />

mare de împădurire, existenţa unor obiective turistice valoroase, toate<br />

acestea permiţând o activitate economică favorabilă şi specifică.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> a 2-a categorie putem menţiona peisajele aflate într-un anumit grad de<br />

degradare datorită <strong>in</strong>tervenţiilor antropice, pr<strong>in</strong> suprapăşunat, defrişări şi<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensa exploatare a calcarelor. În aceeaşi categorie trebuie <strong>in</strong>clusă şi<br />

slaba <strong>in</strong>frastructură turistică, lipsa marcajelor, a spaţiilor de cazare<br />

adecvate şi a lipsei popularizării potenţialului turistic natural şi antropic.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> păcate, la nivel local nu am constatat existenţa unor politici de<br />

amenajare teritorială <strong>in</strong>tegrată, în perspectiva dezvoltării durabile, pe baza<br />

favorabilităţilor şi a priorităţilor pe care le <strong>of</strong>eră spaţiul Munţilor Codru<br />

Moma.<br />

20<br />

Territorial malfunction<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>duced by the adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />

structures associated to villages <strong>in</strong> Romania<br />

Radu SAGEATĂ<br />

Institute <strong>of</strong> Geography, Bucharest<br />

Of all EU candidates, Romania is the largest state organized by a<br />

department adm<strong>in</strong>istrative structure, with the 1968 adm<strong>in</strong>istrative-territorial<br />

scheme. From the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, the system was flawed by political<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>in</strong>to the territorial plann<strong>in</strong>g projects and decision-makers<br />

ignored the local realities. The result was an artificial structure <strong>of</strong> village


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istrations, both <strong>in</strong> dissonance with the local human and material<br />

fluxes and with the exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>frastructure. Subsequently, ideologically<br />

related actions, associated to the so-called “<strong>rural</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g” policy, operated<br />

<strong>in</strong> the same detrimental way. Identify<strong>in</strong>g and correct<strong>in</strong>g the malfunctions<br />

due to certa<strong>in</strong> village adm<strong>in</strong>istration structures is an issue <strong>of</strong> great<br />

importance for the local communities, who need to have an appropriate<br />

outl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> their adm<strong>in</strong>istrative boundaries, correspond<strong>in</strong>g to tradition and to<br />

the historical right, as well as to the present day economic and social<br />

realities.<br />

Disfuncţionalităţi teritoriale <strong>in</strong>duse de structurile adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />

de nivel comunal în România<br />

D<strong>in</strong>tre candidatele la <strong>in</strong>tegrarea în Uniunea Europeană, România este cel<br />

mai mare stat organizat după sistem adm<strong>in</strong>istrativ departamental.<br />

Implementat pr<strong>in</strong> organizarea adm<strong>in</strong>istrativ-teritorială d<strong>in</strong> 1968, acesta s-a<br />

concretizat, încă de la început, pr<strong>in</strong> disfuncţionalităţi datorate imixtiunii<br />

factorului politic în amenajarea teritoriului şi necunoaşterii de către<br />

autorităţile decizionale a realităţilor d<strong>in</strong> teren. Au rezultat astfel structuri<br />

comunale arbitrare, ce nu corespund nici cu fluxurile locale, umane şi<br />

materiale, nici cu <strong>in</strong>frastructura existentă. La acestea s-au adaugat<br />

acţiunile ulterioare, subordonate ideologic, concretizate pr<strong>in</strong> politica de<br />

“sistematizare a <strong>rural</strong>ului”. Individualizarea şi managementul acestor<br />

disfuncţionalităţi, datorate configuraţiei unor structuri adm<strong>in</strong>istrative de<br />

nivel comunal, este o acţiune de reală importanţă pentru colectivităţile<br />

locale în vederea stabilirii corecte a limitelor adm<strong>in</strong>istrative, conform atât<br />

cu tradiţia şi dreptul istoric, cât şi cu realităţile economico-sociale actuale.<br />

21


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Workshop II<br />

Regional <strong>development</strong>-Collaboration between Politics,<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istration and Research / Dezvoltarea regională–<br />

colaborare între politică, adm<strong>in</strong>istraţie, cercetare<br />

Public adm<strong>in</strong>istration and susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism <strong>in</strong> the<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>regions</strong><br />

Oana DOLIPSCHI<br />

Alexandru NEDELEA<br />

“Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava<br />

In frequented, fragile areas <strong>of</strong> the countryside the focus <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

<strong>development</strong> may be on susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the physical environment by prevent<strong>in</strong>g<br />

long-term damage – a major task for the public adm<strong>in</strong>istration. In other<br />

places the accent may be on susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the survival <strong>of</strong> the local economy, or<br />

to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> the authentic craftwork traditions. For a national park<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration, susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism may imply to achieve a balance between<br />

protected areas with limited public access, and for developed parts. For a<br />

small hotelier, it may simply be the economic survival <strong>of</strong> the family<br />

bus<strong>in</strong>ess for another year.<br />

Some observers feel that the concept is only be<strong>in</strong>g superficially grasped, or<br />

used for political convenience. Few tourism <strong>of</strong>ficers really understand what<br />

is about or where it has come from, but f<strong>in</strong>d it a useful way <strong>of</strong> gett<strong>in</strong>g<br />

councilors on their side when they want to get over the Not-In-My-Back-<br />

Yard problems.<br />

This is a pessimistic, even cynical analysis, but also a useful rem<strong>in</strong>der that<br />

it’s deeds and not words that ultimately count. The projects <strong>in</strong> the East<br />

Europe and even <strong>in</strong> West Europe concern<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />

<strong>regions</strong> might not all pass a rigorous susta<strong>in</strong>ability test <strong>in</strong> every detail. Yet<br />

they still represent the vanguard <strong>of</strong> the movement as it stands at present.<br />

And this alone makes them worthy <strong>of</strong> exam<strong>in</strong>ations.<br />

22


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istraţia publică şi turismul durabil în dezvoltarea regiunilor<br />

<strong>rural</strong>e<br />

Conceptul de dezvoltare durabilă a fost fundamentat plecându-se de la<br />

recunoaşterea limitelor creşterii economice. Această noţiune se referă la<br />

prezentarea unor soluţii, modele de dezvoltare alternativă, tehnici<br />

“curate”, nepoluante, schimbarea modelelor de producţie şi de consum<br />

actuale, pentru evitarea dezechilibrelor geobiochimice ale Terrei.<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istraţia publică are un rol deosebit de important în acest tip de<br />

dezvoltare, care are rolul de a satisface nevoile prezentului fără să<br />

compromită capacitatea generaţiilor viitoare de a-şi realiza nevoile.<br />

<strong>Proiect</strong>ele d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est şi chiar cele d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Vest cu privire la<br />

dezvoltarea regiunilor <strong>rural</strong>e se poate să nu tracă toate un test riguros (în<br />

toate detaliile) în ceea ce priveşte caracterul de durabil.<br />

The cost and pr<strong>of</strong>its <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able production<br />

agricultural systems<br />

Graţiela GHIC<br />

“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christianze University, Bucharest<br />

This study provides a method that can be used to calculate the costs and<br />

benefits <strong>of</strong> precision agriculture <strong>in</strong> measurement and application <strong>of</strong> variable<br />

rate production technology.<br />

The value <strong>of</strong> precision <strong>in</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>puts applied to a particular field can be<br />

measured by compar<strong>in</strong>g the benefits result<strong>in</strong>g from the allocation <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>puts<br />

<strong>in</strong> the absence <strong>of</strong> precision <strong>in</strong>formation and technology, with those foreseen<br />

<strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> an optimal application <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>puts, given precision <strong>in</strong>formation and<br />

technology.<br />

The results <strong>of</strong> this paper <strong>in</strong>dicate that – <strong>in</strong> present-day Romania - the use <strong>of</strong><br />

precision technology <strong>in</strong> the application <strong>of</strong> nitrogen-based fertilizer for maize<br />

production is not pr<strong>of</strong>itable.<br />

23


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Costurile şi beneficiile sistemelor agricole de producţie durabilă<br />

Acest studiu propune o metodă care poate fi folosită pentru măsurarea<br />

costurilor şi beneficiilor agriculturii de precizie. Valoarea preciziei în<br />

folosirea <strong>in</strong>puturilor aplicate unui câmp particular poate fi măsurată<br />

comparând beneficiile rezultate în urma alocării factorilor de producţie,<br />

atât în absenţa cât şi în prezenţa tehnologiei şi <strong>in</strong>formaţiilor de precizie.<br />

Rezultatele acestei lucrări <strong>in</strong>dică faptul că – în prezent, în România –<br />

folosirea tehnologiei de precizie în aplicarea fertilizatorului (azot) pentru<br />

obţ<strong>in</strong>erea producţiei de porumb nu este pr<strong>of</strong>itabilă.<br />

Tradition and Modernism <strong>in</strong> the Agricultural-Rural<br />

Development <strong>of</strong> the Romanian Village<br />

Valent<strong>in</strong>-Mihai BOHATERET<br />

Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch<br />

Adapt<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>rural</strong> territory to the requirements with which Romania should<br />

comply <strong>in</strong> order to adhere to the European Union corresponds to certa<strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic demands for modernization and <strong>development</strong> that are specific to<br />

the 21 st century.<br />

Reduc<strong>in</strong>g the multiple lags that exist between the Romanian <strong>rural</strong> space and<br />

the correspond<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>of</strong> the European Union implies the implementation<br />

<strong>of</strong> some vast multi-sector programs <strong>in</strong> order to br<strong>in</strong>g about a positive change<br />

<strong>of</strong> a traditional environment, characterized by multiple and complex local<br />

and regional specific features.<br />

In this context, the academic scientific research staff faces a very difficult<br />

task: to foreshadow how the general progress <strong>of</strong> the traditional<br />

autochthonous village is go<strong>in</strong>g to take place.<br />

• The <strong>in</strong>vestigations undertaken by the Team <strong>of</strong> Rural Economy, based on<br />

long and complex scientific approaches that were successfully completed,<br />

although not <strong>in</strong> every case, have <strong>in</strong>dicated the necessity <strong>of</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />

research programs on three ma<strong>in</strong> directions:<br />

• To promote a national program <strong>of</strong> re-f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g and turn<strong>in</strong>g to pr<strong>of</strong>it the<br />

perennial values <strong>of</strong> the Romanian village, by strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the our ancestors<br />

faith, by reconsider<strong>in</strong>g the local tradition and by respect<strong>in</strong>g nature anew;<br />

24


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

• To def<strong>in</strong>e and to rank the ma<strong>in</strong> directions <strong>of</strong> local, regional and national<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong>;<br />

To modernize, develop, diversify and optimize the agriculture <strong>in</strong> economic<br />

and social terms.<br />

The paper discusses <strong>in</strong> detail and provides arguments for each <strong>of</strong> the<br />

directions to be followed, aim<strong>in</strong>g at strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the identity <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Romanian village and at def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />

provisional framework.<br />

Tradiţie şi modernism în dezvoltarea agrar-<strong>rural</strong>ă<br />

a satului românesc<br />

Adaptarea spaţiului <strong>rural</strong> la cer<strong>in</strong>ţele impuse de aderarea României la<br />

Uniunea Europeană corespunde unor necesităţi <strong>in</strong>terne de modernizare şi<br />

dezvoltare specifice secolului XXI.<br />

Reducerea decalajelor multiple existente între spaţiul <strong>rural</strong> românesc şi<br />

zonele corespunzătoare d<strong>in</strong> Uniunea Europeană presupune implementarea<br />

unor ample programe multisectoriale de preschimbare pozitivă a unui<br />

mediu tradiţional, caracterizat pr<strong>in</strong> multiple şi complexe specificităţi locale<br />

şi regionale.<br />

În acest context, mediului academic de cercetare şti<strong>in</strong>ţifică îi rev<strong>in</strong>e o<br />

sarc<strong>in</strong>ă dificilă de prefigurare a modului de propăşire generală a satului<br />

tradiţional autohton.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> cercetările realizate de Colectivul de Economie Rurală, pe baza unor<br />

îndelungi şi complexe demersuri şti<strong>in</strong>ţifice, încheiate cu rezultate pozitive,<br />

dar şi cu eşecuri, rezultă necesitatea promovării unor programe de<br />

cercetare pe trei mari direcţii:<br />

• promovarea unui program naţional de redescoperire şi valorificare a<br />

valenţelor perene ale satului românesc, întemeiat pe întărirea cred<strong>in</strong>ţei<br />

strămoşeşti, pe reconsiderarea tradiţiei locale şi întoarcerea la respectul<br />

faţă de natură;<br />

• def<strong>in</strong>irea şi ierarhizarea direcţiilor prioritare de dezvoltare <strong>rural</strong>ă<br />

durabilă locală, regională şi naţională;<br />

• modernizarea, dezvoltarea, diversificarea şi eficientizarea agriculturii sub<br />

aspect economic şi social.Comunicarea şti<strong>in</strong>ţifică detaliază şi motivează<br />

fiecare direcţie în parte, urmăr<strong>in</strong>d întărirea identităţii satului românesc şi<br />

def<strong>in</strong>irea cadrului orientativ de dezvoltare <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă.<br />

25


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

From small peasant properties to the pr<strong>of</strong>itable farms <strong>in</strong><br />

Romania. Reality and expectations<br />

Vasile LUPU<br />

Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch<br />

The market economy <strong>in</strong> agriculture requests about 50 hectares parcels.<br />

Unfortunately, ever s<strong>in</strong>ce 1990, all Romanian governments have been rather<br />

<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g abstract electorates than <strong>in</strong> resolv<strong>in</strong>g real, immediate<br />

problems and create the premises <strong>of</strong> a pr<strong>of</strong>itable agriculture. Therefore, by<br />

the 18 / 1991 Law, about 1 million properties with an approximate surface<br />

<strong>of</strong> 0,5 hectares have been created, favor<strong>in</strong>g those who hadn’t been forced to<br />

contribute with significant land properties to the communist cooperative,<br />

and dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g the properties <strong>of</strong> the rightful owners. This is how the<br />

medium surface for a family’s plot has become one <strong>of</strong> 2,2 hectares. In<br />

addition to that, the governments did not succeed <strong>in</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

agricultural credits either. The subventions handed to the agricultural<br />

producers – and taken out <strong>of</strong> the state budget – have been <strong>in</strong>significant <strong>in</strong><br />

value for most <strong>of</strong> them, while the real agricultural f<strong>in</strong>ancial support has<br />

been shared accord<strong>in</strong>gly to the <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> the rul<strong>in</strong>g political parity /<br />

parties.<br />

In these circumstances, the juridical circulation <strong>of</strong> plots couldn’t have<br />

worked either. Frequently, notary and cadastral fees are higher than the<br />

land’s price. Lack<strong>in</strong>g fast solutions, Romania’s <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> UE rema<strong>in</strong>s<br />

questionable.<br />

This paper presents urgent, necessary measures for a successful agriculture<br />

<strong>in</strong> Romania, such as: f<strong>in</strong>aliz<strong>in</strong>g agricultural cadastral national reports, free<br />

<strong>of</strong> charge cadastral layouts, notary fees reduction for land transactions,<br />

organiz<strong>in</strong>g the agricultural funds, <strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> order to<br />

<strong>in</strong>crease employment, sett<strong>in</strong>g auctions on <strong>rural</strong> products, etc.<br />

26<br />

De la micile proprietăţi ţărăneşti la firmele rentabile în Romania.<br />

Realitate şi speranţe<br />

În agricultură, în economia de piaţă, sunt necesare parcele de aproximativ<br />

50 de hectare. D<strong>in</strong> nefericire, toate guvernele României d<strong>in</strong> 1990 încoace<br />

au fost mai degrabă <strong>in</strong>teresate să câştige electorate abstracte decât să<br />

rezolve problemele reale, imediate şi să creeze premizele unei agriculturi<br />

rentabile. Pr<strong>in</strong> urmare, pr<strong>in</strong> legea Nr. 18 / 1991 au fost create aproximativ<br />

1 milion de proprietăţi cu o suprafaţă de aproximativ 0,5 hectare, fi<strong>in</strong>d


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

astfel favorizaţi cei care nu au fost constrânşi să contribuie cu mari<br />

proprietăţi de teren în cadrul cooperativelor comuniste, şi dim<strong>in</strong>uându-se<br />

proprietăţile deţ<strong>in</strong>ătorilor îndreptăţiţi. În acest fel suprafaţa unui lot<br />

familial mediu a devenit 2,2 hectare. În plus faţă de aceasta, guvernele nu<br />

au reuşit să organizeze nici creditele agricole. Subvenţiile acordate<br />

producătorilor agricoli – şi preluate de la bugetul statului – au fost pentru<br />

cei mai mulţi d<strong>in</strong>tre ei nesemnificative, în timp ce asdevăratul sprij<strong>in</strong><br />

f<strong>in</strong>anciar agricol a fost distribuit în conformitate cu <strong>in</strong>teresele<br />

partidului/partidelor de la conducere.<br />

În aceste condiţii, nici circulaţia juridică a loturilor de teren nu avea cum<br />

să funcţioneze. Adesea, taxele notariale şi cadastrale sunt mai mari decât<br />

preţul terenului. În absenţa unor soluţii rapide, <strong>in</strong>tegrarea României în UE<br />

rămâne sub semnul întrebării.<br />

Prezenta lucrare prez<strong>in</strong>tă măsuri urgente, necesare unei agriculturi<br />

eficiente în România, ca de exemplu: f<strong>in</strong>alizarea raportărilor cadastrale<br />

naţionale, planuri cadastrale gratuite, reduceri de taxe notariale pentru<br />

tranzacţiile cu terenuri, organizarea fondurilor agricole, <strong>in</strong>vestiţii în<br />

<strong>in</strong>dustria <strong>rural</strong>ă pentru creşterea gradului de ocupare a forţei de muncă,<br />

organizarea de licitaţii pentru prodsele <strong>rural</strong>e, etc.<br />

The productive potential <strong>of</strong> the agriculture<br />

and the entrepreneurial <strong>in</strong>itiative <strong>in</strong> Banat<br />

Gheorghe IANOŞ<br />

Nicolae POPA<br />

West University <strong>of</strong> Timişoara<br />

The present problems <strong>of</strong> the Romania agriculture are closely connected or<br />

to or caused by (1) the exist<strong>in</strong>g laws, (2) the ways <strong>of</strong> their implementation,<br />

(3) the frequent political changes, and (4) to the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the<br />

environment, the quality <strong>of</strong> soils and the technological basis either owner or<br />

used.<br />

The variety <strong>of</strong> sites determ<strong>in</strong>e the production potential <strong>of</strong> the agricultural<br />

soils: very high <strong>in</strong> the west (80–100 po<strong>in</strong>ts), low <strong>in</strong> the east <strong>of</strong> Banat (1–30<br />

po<strong>in</strong>ts), with a general average <strong>of</strong> 60 po<strong>in</strong>ts.<br />

Although <strong>in</strong> Banat exists a good technological basis, cooperatives are<br />

reduced <strong>in</strong> number and surface used, which reduces the technological<br />

efficiency. However, cooperatives have been revealed with the help <strong>of</strong><br />

27


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

foreign entrepreneurs, ma<strong>in</strong>ly Italians, with local entrepreneurs whose value<br />

production is low. Agricultural lands managed by cooperatives is used only<br />

extensively.<br />

Potenţialul productiv al agriculturii şi <strong>in</strong>iţiativa<br />

antreprenorială d<strong>in</strong> Banat<br />

Problemele actuale ale agriculturii româneşti sunt strâns legate de<br />

caracteristicile legislaţiei funciare în vigoare, de modalităţile de aplicare<br />

ale acesteia, de desele schimbări politice, de cele mai multe ori cu orientări<br />

diametral opuse şi nu în ultimul rând de caracteristicile mediului ambiant,<br />

de calitatea solurilor şi de baza tehnologică deţ<strong>in</strong>ută sau aplicată.<br />

Varietatea condiţiilor oro-bio-pedoclimatice <strong>in</strong>fluenţează starea de calitate<br />

a terenurilor agricole: foarte bună în partea de vest (80–100 puncte) şi<br />

slabă în partea de est a Banatului (10–30 de puncte), cu o medie generală<br />

de 60 de puncte.<br />

Cu toate că în Banat există o dotare tehnică privată bună, utilizarea<br />

acesteia este nerentabilă, <strong>in</strong>iţiativele de tip asociativ fi<strong>in</strong>d reduse ca număr<br />

şi ca suprafaţă exploatată, ceea ce disipă forţa şi eficienţa tehnologică.<br />

Totuşi, forme asociative s-au conturat, majoritatea cu sprij<strong>in</strong>ul<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestitorilor stră<strong>in</strong>i, italieni îndeosebi, forme realizate în colaborare cu<br />

întrepr<strong>in</strong>zători locali a căror contribuţie valorică este nesemnificativă.<br />

Partea negativă a lucrurilor este reprezentată de slaba utilizare a<br />

terenurilor agricole care au fost <strong>in</strong>cluse în aceste forme asociative.<br />

Human Resources and the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the<br />

<strong>rural</strong> environment<br />

Iuliana TUDOSE<br />

Coca TUDOSE<br />

“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christianze University, Bucharest<br />

High school “Adrian Păunescu”, Videle<br />

Human resources <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment have undergone major<br />

transformations dur<strong>in</strong>g the last years as a consequence <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> the<br />

urban population, as well as <strong>of</strong> a <strong>rural</strong> exodus. In many cases this<br />

dim<strong>in</strong>ished the <strong>rural</strong> population, especially the young, active population.<br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> aims at turn<strong>in</strong>g natural resources <strong>in</strong>to pr<strong>of</strong>it by the<br />

exist<strong>in</strong>g population, but also by preserv<strong>in</strong>g and protect<strong>in</strong>g these resources<br />

28


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

for the next generations. This will not be possible unless modern, up to date<br />

programs are applied <strong>in</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>rural</strong> environmental resources <strong>in</strong>to<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>it. The ma<strong>in</strong> resource to be turned <strong>in</strong>to pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment is<br />

the soil, whose regeneration is a very long-last<strong>in</strong>g process. East-European<br />

countries have fertile lands with high productivity, provided that they are<br />

properly managed. It is more and more necessary to have a qualified staff,<br />

able to use the <strong>rural</strong> environmental resources without severely affect<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

natural environment. Human resources are required not only <strong>in</strong> the present<br />

time, but also when consider<strong>in</strong>g the future, s<strong>in</strong>ce labor force here is<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>uously dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g. This phenomenon may be counterbalanced by<br />

carry<strong>in</strong>g out modern programs, based on specific studies, so that activities<br />

performed <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment <strong>in</strong> the East-European countries reach<br />

<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly closer to European Union standards.<br />

Resursele umane şi dezvoltarea durabilă în mediul <strong>rural</strong><br />

Resursele umane d<strong>in</strong> mediul <strong>rural</strong> au suferit transformări foarte importante<br />

în ultimii ani ca urmare a creşterii populaţiei urbane. Această creştere s-a<br />

realizat şi pr<strong>in</strong> exod <strong>rural</strong>. In multe cazuri, acest fapt a dus la o reducere<br />

radicală a populaţiei <strong>rural</strong>e şi mai cu seamă a populaţiei t<strong>in</strong>ere, care<br />

constituie populaţia activă. Dezvoltarea durabilă are în vedere punerea în<br />

valoare a resurselor naturale de către populaţia existentă, dar şi<br />

conservarea şi protejarea acestor resurse pentru generaţiile viitoare. Acest<br />

lucru nu este posibil decât dacă se aplică programe moderne, de<br />

actualitate, pentru valorificarea resurselor existente în mediul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

Pr<strong>in</strong>cipala resursă o constituie solul, care se regene-rează într-un <strong>in</strong>terval<br />

de timp foarte îndelungat. Ţările d<strong>in</strong> estul Europei dispun de soluri fertile,<br />

cu o productivitate ridicată, în condiţiile unei valorificări corespunzătoare.<br />

Se impune tot mai mult prezenţa unui personal calificat, care să exploateze<br />

resursele d<strong>in</strong> mediul <strong>rural</strong> în aşa fel încât mediul înconjurător să nu fie<br />

puternic afectat.<br />

Evaluarea resurselor umane d<strong>in</strong> mediul <strong>rural</strong> este necesară atât pentru<br />

momentul prezent cât mai ales pentru viitor, întrucât forţa de muncă d<strong>in</strong><br />

mediul <strong>rural</strong> este într-o cont<strong>in</strong>uă reducere. Acest lucru poate fi compensat<br />

pr<strong>in</strong> realizarea unor programe moderne, pe baza unor studii concrete,<br />

astfel încât activităţile desfăşurate în mediul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> ţările est-europene<br />

să se apropie tot mai mult de cele ale Uniunii Europene.<br />

29


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Production <strong>of</strong> renewable energy – possibility <strong>of</strong> additional<br />

agricultural <strong>in</strong>come<br />

Dieter VÖGELIN<br />

Universität Kassel<br />

The paper br<strong>in</strong>g arguments about the fact that agriculture leaves its<br />

traditional role as producer <strong>of</strong> raw materials which are processed <strong>in</strong>to much<br />

more valuable products <strong>in</strong> other sectors <strong>of</strong> the economy and/or on other<br />

markets. In the field <strong>of</strong> energy supply agriculture can be a strong regional<br />

supplier<br />

Productia de energie regenerabilă – posibilitate de venituri<br />

suplimentare pentru agricultură<br />

Lucrarea argumentează faptul că agricultura părăseste rolul său<br />

traditional de producator de materii prime acestea fi<strong>in</strong>d transformate în<br />

produse mult mai valoroase în alte sectoare ale economiei şi/sau pe alte<br />

pieţe. Ca furnizor de energie, agricultura poate avea un rol regional<br />

important<br />

30


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Workshop III<br />

Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development and Tourism <strong>in</strong> Rural Areas /<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă şi turismul în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e<br />

The organization and the coord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the plann<strong>in</strong>g, the<br />

<strong>development</strong> and the management <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism<br />

<strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas<br />

Vasile GLĂVAN<br />

“Spiru Haret” University Bucharest<br />

The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism meets the present day <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong><br />

tourists and <strong>of</strong> their dest<strong>in</strong>ations (considered as environment, resources and<br />

local communities), by preserv<strong>in</strong>g and improv<strong>in</strong>g the further <strong>development</strong><br />

prospects, targets to be achieved by a proper management <strong>of</strong> all the<br />

resources that allow the economic, esthetic, social needs <strong>of</strong> the tourists to be<br />

satisfied, and the economic and cultural <strong>in</strong>tegrity <strong>of</strong> the local ecosystems to<br />

be safeguarded.<br />

The susta<strong>in</strong>able tourist <strong>development</strong> is extremely complex <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> its<br />

components (ecological, socio-cultural and economic susta<strong>in</strong>ability, but also<br />

<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> preparation, plann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>development</strong> and management <strong>of</strong> the<br />

tourism, which makes necessary the completion <strong>of</strong> tourist facilities <strong>in</strong><br />

several stages and implies an active partnership between the economic<br />

agents and the <strong>in</strong>volved public authorities at national, regional and local<br />

scales, between the public services and the private sector).<br />

Thus, the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism should be considered from<br />

the very first stages <strong>of</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g (pre-plann<strong>in</strong>g), design<strong>in</strong>g and build<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

tourist facilities (or <strong>of</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>rural</strong> tourism), <strong>in</strong> order to avoid the<br />

conflict with the environment, with the local community or with other<br />

economic branches, then cont<strong>in</strong>ued dur<strong>in</strong>g the stage when tourism activity<br />

is actually performed, when there can be controlled, by means <strong>of</strong> legitimate<br />

bodies, the environmental impacts and there can be established the<br />

remediation strategies.<br />

Local and regional authorities play a key role <strong>in</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g the local or<br />

regional policies for tourist, economic and ecological <strong>development</strong>. The<br />

Government role consists <strong>in</strong> facilitat<strong>in</strong>g and coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g the activities and<br />

<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g them on a national scale.<br />

31


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

In the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> the territory, it becomes a must<br />

the co-operation between central and local authorities, public and private<br />

trade companies, local providers <strong>of</strong> tourist and <strong>of</strong> related (general) services,<br />

local population, tour operators and tourism agencies, ecologists, NGO-s,<br />

and , last but not least, tourists that visit the tourist dest<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />

Organizarea şi coordonarea planificării, dezvoltării şi gestionării<br />

turismului durabil în spaţiul <strong>rural</strong><br />

Dezvoltarea unui turism durabil răspunde <strong>in</strong>tereselor actuale ale turiştilor<br />

şi ale dest<strong>in</strong>aţiilor acestora (ca mediu ambiant, resurse şi comunităţi<br />

locale), menţ<strong>in</strong>ând şi ameliorând posibilităţile de dezvoltare viitoare,<br />

deziderate realizabile pr<strong>in</strong>tr-o gestionare a tuturor resurselor care permit<br />

satisfacerea nevoilor economice, estetice, sociale ale turiştilor şi protejarea<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrităţii economice, culturale şi a ecosistemelor locale.<br />

Dezvoltarea turistică durabilă este deosebit de complexă sub aspectul<br />

componentelor sale (durabilitate ecologică, socio-culturală şi economică,<br />

dar şi ca pregătire, planificare, dezvoltare şi gestionare a turismului, ceea<br />

ce face necesară realizarea amenajărilor turistice în mai multe etape şi<br />

presupune un parteneriat activ între agenţii economici şi autorităţile<br />

publice implicate la nivel naţional, regional şi local, între sectorul public şi<br />

privat. Astfel, dezvoltarea turismului durabil trebuie abordată încă d<strong>in</strong><br />

fazele de planificare (preproiectare), proiectare şi construire a<br />

echipamentelor turistice (sau de organizare a turismului <strong>rural</strong>) pentru a se<br />

evita conflictul cu mediul, cu comunitatea locală, cu alte sectoare<br />

economice, şi cont<strong>in</strong>uată în etapa de derulare a activităţii de turism, în care<br />

se pot controla, pr<strong>in</strong> organismele autorizate, efectele asupra mediului şi se<br />

pot stabili strategiile de ameliorare a acestora.<br />

Autorităţile locale şi regionale au un rol cheie în promovarea politicii<br />

locale sau regionale de dezvoltare turistică, economică şi ecologică.<br />

Guvernul are un rol de facilitare şi coordonare a activităţilor şi de<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrare a acestora la nivel naţional.<br />

În dezvoltarea durabilă a turismului în teritoriu dev<strong>in</strong>e o necesitate<br />

conlucrarea între autorităţile centrale şi locale, agenţii economici, publici<br />

şi privaţi, prestatorii locali de servicii turistice şi conexe (generale),<br />

populaţia locală, touroperatorii şi agenţiile de turism, ecologiştii,<br />

organizaţiile neguvernamentale şi, nu în ultimul rând, turiştii, care vizitează<br />

dest<strong>in</strong>aţia turistică.<br />

32


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Susta<strong>in</strong>ed tourism <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas<br />

Puiu NISTOREANU<br />

Academy <strong>of</strong> Economic Studies Faculty <strong>of</strong> Commerce<br />

Tourism Services Department, Bucharest<br />

Touristic activities can destroy the environment irreversibly; ecotourism can<br />

guarantee the proper usage <strong>of</strong> the touristic resources and pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>in</strong> the longterm.<br />

A touristic area can be developed while preserv<strong>in</strong>g its ecological<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrity. Through the rational exploitation <strong>of</strong> the resources, there is<br />

preserved the equilibrium between tourists’ satisfaction, touristic areas<br />

<strong>development</strong> prospects and the protection and preservation <strong>of</strong> the touristic<br />

resources (most <strong>of</strong> these resources are subject to depletion <strong>in</strong> the long term).<br />

It is a well-known fact that most ecotouristic activities take place <strong>in</strong> the<br />

<strong>rural</strong> environment. The major problem <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> tourism – which<br />

obviously provides sufficient economic pr<strong>of</strong>its to the zones to which it<br />

applies, is to keep a right balance between tourism, environment and the<br />

resid<strong>in</strong>g population.<br />

When consider<strong>in</strong>g this issue, one question must be answered: Are<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism and ecotourism one and the same? It is well-known that<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism is “considered to be the promoter <strong>of</strong> the management <strong>of</strong><br />

all the resources, <strong>in</strong> such a way that the economic, social and esthetic needs<br />

are satisfied through the preservation <strong>of</strong> the cultural <strong>in</strong>tegrity, <strong>of</strong> the<br />

essential ecological processes, <strong>of</strong> the biological diversity and <strong>of</strong> the life<br />

preservation systems”. This reason<strong>in</strong>g leads to a clear dist<strong>in</strong>ction that must<br />

be made between the concepts <strong>of</strong> ecotourism and susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism; the<br />

very term <strong>of</strong> ecotourism designates a section with<strong>in</strong> the tourism sector,<br />

while the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples should apply to all types <strong>of</strong><br />

touristic activities, operations, <strong>in</strong>stitutions and projects, both conventional<br />

and alternative approaches be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>cluded. All these shall be set up<br />

especially <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas.<br />

Turismul durabil în zonele <strong>rural</strong>e<br />

Relaţia turism – mediu este una irevocabil nedistructibilă şi, drept urmare,<br />

practicarea ecoturismului poate asigura valorificarea şi utilizarea<br />

adecvată a resurselor turistice. Astfel, dezvoltarea unei zone turistice se<br />

face concomitent cu păstrarea <strong>in</strong>tegrităţii ecologice a acesteia. Pr<strong>in</strong><br />

exploatarea raţională a resurselor se păstrează echilibrul între satisfacţia<br />

<strong>of</strong>erită turiştilor, posibilităţile de dezvoltare a zonelor turistice în paralel<br />

33


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

cu apărarea şi conservarea resurselor turistice (majoritatea acestor resurse<br />

sunt epuizabile în timp).<br />

După cum este cunoscut majoritatea activităţilor ecoturistice se desfăşoară<br />

în mediul <strong>rural</strong>. Marea problemă a acestei forme de turism – ce aduce în<br />

mod evident suficiente avantaje economice zonelor de aplicaţie, constă în<br />

pastrarea unui echilibru între turism, mediu şi populaţia rezidentă.<br />

Ajunşi în acest punct se cere dat răspunsul unei întrebări: Este turismul<br />

durabil acelaşi lucru cu ecoturismul? După cum este cunoscut turismul<br />

durabil este “considerat drept promotorul managementului tuturor<br />

resurselor în aşa fel încât nevoile economice, sociale şi estetice să poată fi<br />

satisfăcute pr<strong>in</strong> menţ<strong>in</strong>erea <strong>in</strong>tegrităţii culturale, a proceselor ecologice<br />

esenţiale, a diversităţii biologice şi a sistemelor de menţ<strong>in</strong>ere a vieţii“.<br />

Acest raţionament conduce la o dist<strong>in</strong>cţie clară care trebuie făcută între<br />

conceptele de ecoturism şi turism durabil: însăşi termenul de ecoturism se<br />

referă la un segment d<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>teriorul sectorului de turism, în timp ce<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipiile dezvoltării durabile ar trebui aplicate tuturor tipurilor de<br />

activităţi, operaţiuni, <strong>in</strong>stituţii şi proiecte turistice, <strong>in</strong>cluzând formele<br />

convenţionale şi alternative. Toate acestea vor fi concretizate mai ales în<br />

zonele <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />

Cultural Tourism and the Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development<br />

Emil FERENŢ<br />

University „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi<br />

Tourism, <strong>in</strong> general, and especially the cultural tourism can have positive<br />

effects upon the existence and evolution <strong>of</strong> a <strong>rural</strong> population, ma<strong>in</strong>ly on a<br />

social-cultural plane.<br />

Therefore it appears the necessity to classify the ways <strong>in</strong> which the impact<br />

<strong>of</strong> the cultural tourism can lead to these effects. The paper I an <strong>in</strong>cursion <strong>in</strong><br />

the field <strong>of</strong> culture to underl<strong>in</strong>e its structure and characteristics, the doma<strong>in</strong>s<br />

<strong>in</strong> which the cultural tourism can contribute to the <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> and<br />

those characteristics ft the culture that must be protected.<br />

We present aspects <strong>of</strong> the cultural tourism that can have a bad <strong>in</strong>fluence on<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> general and especially to the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> areas.<br />

Also, there are presented some imperatives to the understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> culture<br />

34


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

and to the cultural tourism that can susta<strong>in</strong> the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />

areas.<br />

The second part <strong>of</strong> the work presents a synthesis <strong>of</strong> possible actions from<br />

the perspective <strong>of</strong> the cultural tourism that can lead to the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

the <strong>rural</strong> areas. This approach also aims to the harmonization <strong>of</strong> the<br />

concepts regard<strong>in</strong>g different cultures, especially <strong>in</strong> the cross-border <strong>regions</strong>.<br />

Turismul cultural şi dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă<br />

Turismul în general şi cel cultural în particular, pot avea asupra modului<br />

de existenţă şi evoluţie a unei populaţii <strong>rural</strong>e atât efecte pozitive, dorite,<br />

dar şi efecte nedorite, mai ales în plan socio-cultural.<br />

Apare necesară clarificarea laturilor dezvoltării în care impactul turismului<br />

cultural poate şi trebuie să aibă efecte economice şi sociale pozitive,<br />

aşteptate. Demersul nostru face o <strong>in</strong>cursiune în sfera culturii pentru a<br />

subl<strong>in</strong>ia structura şi caracteristicile acesteia, domeniile în care turismul<br />

cultural poate contribui la dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ului, componentele culturii ce<br />

se impun a fi protejate.<br />

Menţionăm, de asemenea şi aspecte ale turismului cultural care pot aduce<br />

deservicii atât dezvolării, cât şi mediului <strong>rural</strong>. Prezentăm şi câteva<br />

imperative ale înţelegerii culturii şi derulării turismului cultural, care pot<br />

susţ<strong>in</strong>e dezvoltarea durabilă a <strong>rural</strong>ului.<br />

În partea a doua a lucrării, realizăm o s<strong>in</strong>teză a nivelurilor posibile de<br />

acţiune, de pe poziţia turismului cultural, pentru o acţiune concertată în<br />

direcţia dezvoltării zonelor <strong>rural</strong>e. Urmărim această abordare şi cu scopul<br />

armonizării concepţiilor priv<strong>in</strong>d diversele culturi, mai ales d<strong>in</strong> zonele<br />

transfrontaliere.<br />

35


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Possible solutions to the tr<strong>in</strong>ome:<br />

last<strong>in</strong>g <strong>development</strong>-tourism-<strong>rural</strong> area<br />

Puiu NISTOREANU<br />

Laurenţiu ANGHEL<br />

Bogdan ONETE<br />

Academy <strong>of</strong> Economic Studies, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Commerce, Bucharest<br />

Today, more and more components <strong>of</strong> the human existence strive for<br />

precise, almost mathematical solutions. Although <strong>in</strong> every day life th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

could be expressed <strong>in</strong> a mathematical form, complexity <strong>in</strong> fact largely<br />

exceeds the power <strong>of</strong> our imag<strong>in</strong>ation. Still worth mention<strong>in</strong>g is this<br />

concern for cont<strong>in</strong>uity, which among others has taken the shape <strong>of</strong> the<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> concept. This is the very reason why we th<strong>in</strong>k that<br />

among the multitude <strong>of</strong> doma<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

the human society – and <strong>of</strong> the planet itself, two are connected <strong>in</strong> a close<br />

<strong>in</strong>terrelationship. We are talk<strong>in</strong>g about tourism – at least as a means <strong>of</strong> work<br />

capacity regeneration, and about the <strong>rural</strong> area – as an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly claimed<br />

solution for the holidays <strong>of</strong> the modern man, especially <strong>of</strong> that who lives <strong>in</strong><br />

urban areas.<br />

In what concerns the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> – tourism – <strong>rural</strong> area<br />

tr<strong>in</strong>ome, we th<strong>in</strong>k that <strong>in</strong> Romania ecotourism could be the solution, by<br />

observ<strong>in</strong>g yet certa<strong>in</strong> amendments: the active and orchestrated <strong>in</strong>volvement<br />

<strong>of</strong> the government representatives, <strong>of</strong> the universities, <strong>of</strong> the environment<br />

conservation groups and <strong>of</strong> the tour operators, <strong>in</strong> order to highlight the<br />

necessity <strong>of</strong> defend<strong>in</strong>g, protect<strong>in</strong>g and preserv<strong>in</strong>g the nature, the ecosystems<br />

and <strong>of</strong> respect<strong>in</strong>g the balance <strong>in</strong> the zones <strong>of</strong> the “host communities”. It is<br />

well known that ecotourism means that tourist and economic activities are<br />

carried out <strong>in</strong> a pleasant, non-pollut<strong>in</strong>g environment with relax<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

unaltered sights. Perform<strong>in</strong>g ecotourism requires the protection <strong>of</strong> the<br />

tourist areas and resources that are aimed at be<strong>in</strong>g admired, studied, used for<br />

physical and psychical recreation, not for destruction. Yet the ecotouristic<br />

activity implies that besides it be<strong>in</strong>g placed <strong>in</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />

area, it also assists <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g the economy, by generat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>development</strong><br />

strategies that are able to support the country <strong>in</strong> its transition period.<br />

Therefore better campaigns <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation, communication, education and<br />

recognition are recommended, for to make tourism a pillar <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

<strong>development</strong>, and not a threat.<br />

36


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Posibile soluţii ale tr<strong>in</strong>omului:<br />

dezvoltare durabilă – turism – zonă <strong>rural</strong>ă<br />

În momentul actual tot mai multe componente ale existenţei umane speră la<br />

soluţii cât mai precise, aproape matematice. Chiar dacă în viaţa de zi cu zi<br />

lucrurile ar putea fi exprimate matematic, în realitate complexitatea este cu<br />

mult peste puterea imag<strong>in</strong>aţiei. Ceea ce este de remarcat este această grijă<br />

pentru cont<strong>in</strong>uitate, care între altele a îmbrăcat forma conceptului de<br />

dezvoltare durabilă.<br />

Considerăm că d<strong>in</strong>tre multiplele domenii implicate în dezvoltarea durabilă<br />

a societăţii umane, şi a planetei însăşi, două sunt alăturate într-o strânsă<br />

biunivocitate. Este vorba de turism – cel puţ<strong>in</strong> ca formă de regenerare a<br />

capacităţii de muncă, şi de zona <strong>rural</strong>ă – ca soluţie tot mai des aleasă<br />

pentru vacanţele omului modern, în special a celui care trăieşte în mediul<br />

urban.<br />

În ceea ce priveşte tr<strong>in</strong>omului dezvoltare durabilă – turism – zonă <strong>rural</strong>ă,<br />

apreciem că în România soluţia ar putea fi ecoturismul, cu câteva<br />

amendamente: implicarea activă şi orchestrată a reprezentanţilor<br />

guvernului, universităţilor, grupurilor de protejare ale naturii şi<br />

operatorilor sectorului turistic pentru punerea în lum<strong>in</strong>ă a necesităţii<br />

apărării, protejării şi conservării naturii, ecosistemelor şi respectarea<br />

echilibrului în zonele „comunităţilor–gazde”. Este cunoscut că ecoturismul<br />

presupune desfăşurarea activităţilor turistice şi a celor economice într-un<br />

mediu agreabil, nepoluant, cu privelişti reconfortante şi nealterate.<br />

Practicarea ecoturismului impune protejarea zonelor şi a resurselor<br />

turistice ce sunt dest<strong>in</strong>ate admiraţiei, studierii, refacerii fizice şi psihice,<br />

recreării, nu distrugerii. Dar activitatea ecoturistică presupune ca pe lângă<br />

plasarea sa în zona de dezvoltare durabilă, să ajute şi la dezvoltarea<br />

economiei, generând strategii de dezvoltare ce pot fi capabile să susţ<strong>in</strong>ă<br />

ţara în procesul de tranziţie.<br />

Tocmai pentru această apreciem că celor afirmate ar trebui să li se alăture<br />

o mai bună activitate de <strong>in</strong>formare, comunicare, educare şi conştientizare,<br />

pentru a face d<strong>in</strong> turism un pilon al dezvoltării durabile şi nu o amen<strong>in</strong>ţare.<br />

37


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Ecotourism - a <strong>development</strong> opportunity for the Black Sea<br />

coast countries<br />

Elisabeta R. ROŞCA<br />

„Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava<br />

The paper Ecotourism – a <strong>development</strong> opportunity for the Black Sea coast<br />

countries <strong>in</strong>troduces the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> concept, together with a<br />

short review trac<strong>in</strong>g the evolution <strong>of</strong> this concept <strong>in</strong> the relevant literature,<br />

as well as the concept <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the touristic activity.<br />

The paper presents some features related to the touristic geography <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Black Sea coast countries (Bulgaria, The Russian Federation, Georgia,<br />

Romania, Turkey, Ucra<strong>in</strong>a), presents their general economic and touristic<br />

<strong>development</strong>, the ma<strong>in</strong> factors and constra<strong>in</strong>ts for touristic activites <strong>in</strong> these<br />

countries. Some European <strong>in</strong>itiatives and programs are presented address<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able tourism and <strong>of</strong> ecotourism and, <strong>in</strong> the end,<br />

some statistical methods for quatify<strong>in</strong>g ecotourism, <strong>in</strong> order to substantiate<br />

decisions <strong>in</strong> the framework <strong>of</strong> ecological management.<br />

Ecoturismul – o formă de dezvoltare în ţările riverane Mării Negre<br />

Lucrarea Ecoturismul – o formă de dezvoltare în ţările riverane Mării<br />

Negre prez<strong>in</strong>tă conceptul de dezvoltare durabilă şi o scurtă evoluţie a<br />

acestuia în literatura de specialitate, precum şi conceptul de dezvoltare<br />

durabilă a activităţii turistice.<br />

Lucrarea prez<strong>in</strong>tă câteva elemente priv<strong>in</strong>d geografia turistică a ţărilor<br />

riverane Mării Negre (Bulgaria, Federaţia Rusă, Georgia, România,<br />

Turcia, Ucra<strong>in</strong>a), aspecte legate de dezvoltarea economică generală a<br />

acestor ţări şi dezvoltarea turistică, pr<strong>in</strong>cipalii factori care favorizează<br />

creşterea activităţii turistice şi constrângeri în dezvoltarea turistică în ţările<br />

vizate. Sunt prezentate unele <strong>in</strong>iţiative şi programe europene priv<strong>in</strong>d<br />

dezvoltarea turismului durabil şi a ecoturismului, iar în încheiere, metode<br />

statistice de cuantificare a ecoturismului, pentru fundamentarea deciziilor<br />

în managementul ecologic.<br />

38


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

The efects <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> tourism upon the send<strong>in</strong>g and receiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />

areas <strong>of</strong> tourists<br />

Ion IONESCU<br />

Nicolae NEACŞU<br />

“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christianze University, Bucharest<br />

Preserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the specific natural resources for the next generation becomes<br />

operational <strong>in</strong> the spirit <strong>of</strong> a last<strong>in</strong>g <strong>development</strong>, as a s<strong>in</strong>e qua non way <strong>in</strong><br />

tourism field. The effects <strong>of</strong> the tourism activities upon the send<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

receiv<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>of</strong> tourists are predictable and can be “managed”, prevented<br />

and <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the organizational methods <strong>of</strong> tourism, <strong>in</strong> the management<br />

and tourism plan<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the area.<br />

The scale <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> the tourism activity takes <strong>in</strong>to account the social,<br />

economical as well as the cultural ones through the direct contact between<br />

the tourists and the local people, through the tourists’ <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />

society for a short period <strong>of</strong> time. These effects can determ<strong>in</strong>e “mutations”<br />

<strong>in</strong> the evolution <strong>of</strong> some factors, can be set up as <strong>in</strong>put-s <strong>of</strong> some national<br />

and community, regional or global politics.<br />

Efecte ale turismului <strong>rural</strong> asupra zonelor emitente şi asupra celor<br />

receptoare de turişti<br />

În spiritul dezvoltării durabile, ca modalitate s<strong>in</strong>e qua non în domeniul<br />

turismului, păstrarea pentru generaţiile viitoare a resurselor naturale<br />

specifice dev<strong>in</strong>e operaţională. Efectele activităţilor turistice asupra zonelor<br />

emitente şi asupra celor receptoare de turişti sunt previzibile şi pot fi<br />

“gestionate”, prevenite şi <strong>in</strong>cluse în metodologiile de organizare a<br />

turismului, de adm<strong>in</strong>istrare şi de amenajare turistică a teritoriului.<br />

Paleta efectelor activităţii turistice are în vedere atât pe cele sociale, pe<br />

cele economice, cât şi pe cele culturale, pr<strong>in</strong> contactul direct între turişti şi<br />

populaţia autohtonă, pr<strong>in</strong> încadrarea pentru o perioadă scurtă a turiştilor<br />

în comunitatea <strong>rural</strong>ă.<br />

Aceste efecte pot determ<strong>in</strong>a mutaţii în evoluţia unor factori, se pot constitui<br />

ca <strong>in</strong>put-uri ale unor politici naţionale şi comunitare, regionale sau<br />

globale.<br />

39


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

The role <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess associations <strong>in</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism<br />

Carmen CHAŞOVSCHI<br />

„Stefan cel Mare” University, Iaşi<br />

The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the bus<strong>in</strong>ess environment has naturally resulted <strong>in</strong> the<br />

creation <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess structures, whose ma<strong>in</strong> purpose is to promote the<br />

<strong>in</strong>terests <strong>of</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>essmen. The bus<strong>in</strong>ess associations are characterized as<br />

be<strong>in</strong>g “necessary elements for improv<strong>in</strong>g the economical, political and<br />

social substance <strong>of</strong> the global market”.<br />

In Bucov<strong>in</strong>a, an area with important touristic resources, The German<br />

Program for Economic Promotion and Labour Force Employment <strong>in</strong><br />

Romania - IBD/GTZ, jo<strong>in</strong>tly with the Chamber <strong>of</strong> Commerce and Industry<br />

<strong>of</strong> Suceava county have <strong>in</strong>itiated the establishment <strong>of</strong> Bucov<strong>in</strong>a Tourism<br />

Association, an organization that br<strong>in</strong>gs together tourism agents from<br />

Suceava county<br />

Among the most important objectives <strong>of</strong> this association, one can mention<br />

secur<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> Bucov<strong>in</strong>a and promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />

this tourist dest<strong>in</strong>ation on a national and <strong>in</strong>ternational scale.<br />

A relatively new concept, the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the field <strong>of</strong><br />

tourism aims at the completion <strong>of</strong> an outstand<strong>in</strong>gly fragile balance: turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the natural environment <strong>in</strong>to pr<strong>of</strong>it to the benefit <strong>of</strong> the local community, <strong>in</strong><br />

order obta<strong>in</strong> revenues from tourism, while simultaneously preserv<strong>in</strong>g this<br />

natural environment.<br />

As a reference project, that over its two years <strong>of</strong> existence acquired a<br />

significant experience, Bucov<strong>in</strong>a Tourism Association is a pilot-<strong>in</strong>itiative<br />

whose way <strong>of</strong> act<strong>in</strong>g may be taken as a model <strong>in</strong> the activity <strong>of</strong> other similar<br />

organizations set up <strong>in</strong> other areas <strong>of</strong> the country.<br />

Rolul asociaţiilor de afaceri în dezvoltarea durabilă a turismului<br />

Dezvoltarea mediului de afaceri a condus firesc la crearea de structuri<br />

menite să promoveze <strong>in</strong>teresele oamenilor de afaceri. Asociaţiile de afaceri<br />

sunt caracterizate ca fi<strong>in</strong>d „elemente necesare pentru îmbunătăţirea<br />

substanţei economice, politice şi sociale a pieţei globale.”<br />

40


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

În Bucov<strong>in</strong>a, zonă cu importante resurse turistice, Programul German de<br />

Promovare Economică şi Ocupare a Forţei de Muncă IBD/GTZ împreună<br />

cu Camera de Comerţ şi Industrie au avut <strong>in</strong>iţiativa înfi<strong>in</strong>ţării Asociaţiei<br />

pentru Turism Bucov<strong>in</strong>a, asociaţie care reuneşte agenţi de turism d<strong>in</strong><br />

judeţul Suceava.<br />

D<strong>in</strong>tre obiectivele acestei asociaţii, cele mai importante sunt asigurarea<br />

dezvoltării durabile a turismului în Bucov<strong>in</strong>a şi promovarea pe plan<br />

naţional şi <strong>in</strong>ternaţional a acestei dest<strong>in</strong>aţii turistice.<br />

Concept relativ nou, dezvoltarea durabilă presupune în domeniul turismului<br />

realizarea unui echilibru deosebit de fragil: valorificarea mediului natural<br />

de către comunitatea locală, pentru obţ<strong>in</strong>erea de venituri d<strong>in</strong> turism şi, în<br />

acelaşi timp, conservarea mediului natural.<br />

<strong>Proiect</strong> de refer<strong>in</strong>ţă care a acumulat experienţă pe parcursul celor doi ani<br />

de existenţă, Asociaţia pentru Turism Bucov<strong>in</strong>a constituie o <strong>in</strong>iţiativă pilot,<br />

al cărui mod de acţiune poate constitui un model în activitatea altor forme<br />

asociative similare, constituite în alte zone ale ţării.<br />

41


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Workshop IV<br />

Communications on connected themes / Sesiune de<br />

Comunicari pe teme conexe<br />

Participarea stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital în sectorul producţiei<br />

agroalimentare, o necesitate reală în dezvoltarea<br />

durabilă a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong><br />

Ioan ALECU<br />

Manea DRĂGHICI<br />

Marian CONSTANTIN<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Bucharest<br />

The presented work is motivated <strong>in</strong> the sense <strong>of</strong> mobilization for the<br />

ensemble <strong>of</strong> the activities from the <strong>rural</strong> area; it tries to emphasize some<br />

aspects regard<strong>in</strong>g the evolution <strong>of</strong> food sector (agriculture and food<br />

process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry) from Romania especially for the Commercial<br />

enterprises (CE) with foreign capital participation.<br />

Through its content the paper is focused on the dependence relations<br />

regard<strong>in</strong>g the social and economical aspects, namely the economical<br />

impacts <strong>of</strong> some <strong>in</strong>fusions <strong>of</strong> capital from the food production sector and on<br />

the other side the social aspects regard<strong>in</strong>g the wages level <strong>of</strong> the labor force<br />

employed <strong>in</strong> this sector. All these impacts and relations, which are gett<strong>in</strong>g a<br />

complex and dynamic feature for the <strong>rural</strong> area, have been systematically<br />

approached, with the use <strong>of</strong> specifically methodology concretized <strong>in</strong><br />

calculus <strong>of</strong> most adequate <strong>in</strong>dicators (such as: The foreign <strong>in</strong>vestment’s<br />

volume, the wages levels between the years 1991–2002, and also reports<br />

regard<strong>in</strong>g the analyzed enterprises at regional and national level).<br />

Thus, from the conclusions and the premises drawn as a result <strong>of</strong> the<br />

effectuated study emerged beneficial effects for the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

<strong>development</strong> from the micro and macro region level <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> area.<br />

42


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Participarea stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital în sectorul producţiei<br />

agroalimentare, o necesitate reală în dezvoltarea durabilă a<br />

spaţului <strong>rural</strong><br />

Lucrarea prezentată, motivată într-un sens mobilizator pentru ansamblul<br />

activităţilor d<strong>in</strong> spaţiul <strong>rural</strong>, caută să scoată în relief câteva aspecte<br />

priv<strong>in</strong>d evoluţia sectorului agroalimentar (agricultură şi <strong>in</strong>dustrie<br />

alimentară) în România concretizată pentru societăţile comerciale (SC) cu<br />

participare stră<strong>in</strong>ă la capital. Pr<strong>in</strong> conţ<strong>in</strong>utul său, în lucrare se urmăresc<br />

legăturile de dependenţă sub aspectul economico-social şi anume, pe de o<br />

parte <strong>in</strong>fluenţele economice ale unor <strong>in</strong>fuzii de capital în sectorul<br />

agroalimentar, iar pe de altă parte aspectul social cu referire la nivelul<br />

salarial al forţei de muncă d<strong>in</strong> acest sector.Toate aceste <strong>in</strong>fluenţe şi<br />

legături, care dobândesc penrtu mediul <strong>rural</strong> un caracter complex şi<br />

d<strong>in</strong>amic, au fost abordate sistematic, dependenţa implicând metodologii<br />

specifice f<strong>in</strong>alizate pr<strong>in</strong> calculul celor mai adecvaţi <strong>in</strong>dicatori (volumul<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestiţiilor stră<strong>in</strong>e şi nivelul salarial atât pr<strong>in</strong> dimensiunile de refer<strong>in</strong>ţă<br />

ale perioadei 1991–2002, cât şi pr<strong>in</strong> raportări faţă de nivelul unităţilor<br />

analizate, nivel de ramură şi nivel naţ<strong>in</strong>al ).<br />

În urma studiului efectuat au rezultat efecte benefice la nivel micro şi<br />

macroteritorial asupra dezvoltării durabile a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România.<br />

The Susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Dornelor and<br />

Câmpulung Moldovenesc Bas<strong>in</strong> by Integration <strong>of</strong><br />

Family-size Animal Farms<br />

Gheorghe GEMENE<br />

Agricultural Research-Development Center, Podul-Iloaiei, Iaşi<br />

The paper is part <strong>of</strong> the trans-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary and <strong>in</strong>teractive researches made<br />

between 1992 and 2003 <strong>in</strong> two hilly and mounta<strong>in</strong>ous areas <strong>of</strong> the Suceava<br />

county (the Dornelor bas<strong>in</strong> and the Câmpulung Moldovenesc Depression).<br />

Investigated were dairy farm<strong>in</strong>g and the susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />

space on macro- and microeconomic levels. The family households produce<br />

(or buy) the milk, process their products, and sell them as milk or meat<br />

products on the free market or <strong>in</strong> small self-owned stores. The production <strong>of</strong><br />

familial farms is complex and aims at an efficient use <strong>of</strong> the regional<br />

43


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

pastures. The paper highlights the possibilities for an efficient use <strong>of</strong> the<br />

natural, human and f<strong>in</strong>ancial resources, as well as <strong>of</strong> the touristic potential<br />

<strong>in</strong> local households that have been certified to develop such complementary<br />

activities that ensure the growth <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>come and a susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong>.<br />

Several familial very small micro-farms which had developed dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

study period were selected for an analysis <strong>of</strong> their economic efficiency.<br />

Farms which develop partial or totally <strong>in</strong>tegrated activities or farms based<br />

on organic production had a greater <strong>in</strong>come.<br />

Besides the negative aspects that still persist <strong>in</strong> the field <strong>of</strong> familial farms<br />

for graz<strong>in</strong>g cattle and <strong>in</strong>fluence the health <strong>of</strong> the animals and their<br />

productivity, the scientific approach br<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>to light a series <strong>of</strong> technical<br />

and genetic elements that convey advantages for the farmers, thus be<strong>in</strong>g<br />

sources <strong>of</strong> progress both for the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the exploitations and their<br />

modernization.<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă a <strong>rural</strong>ului d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Dornelor şi Câmpulung-<br />

Moldovenesc (zona de Nord-Est) pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrarea micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor<br />

familiale cu pr<strong>of</strong>il zootehnic<br />

Lucrarea se înscrie în sfera cercetărilor transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>are-<strong>in</strong>teractive<br />

efectuate în perioada 1992–2003, în două areale d<strong>in</strong> zona col<strong>in</strong>ară înaltă şi<br />

montană a judeţului Suceava (Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Dornelor şi Depresiunea Câmpulung<br />

Moldovenesc). Se prez<strong>in</strong>tă deteilat aspecte la nivel macroeconomic şi<br />

microeconomic ale zonei cercetate în contextul creşterii şi exploatării<br />

vacilor pentru lapte şi al dezvoltării durabile a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>. În acelaşi<br />

timp se evidenţiază desfăşurarea unor activităţi <strong>in</strong>tegrative parţiale sau<br />

totale în cadrul exploataţiilor agricole familiale care produc<br />

(achiziţionează) laptele de vacă, procesează parţial sau total acest produs,<br />

valorifică pe piaţa liberă sau pr<strong>in</strong> magaz<strong>in</strong>e proprii derivatele lactate şi<br />

produsele d<strong>in</strong> carne. Procesul <strong>in</strong>tegrativ la nivelul micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale<br />

este destul de complex şi are scopul de a valorifica eficient resursele<br />

furajere locale, pr<strong>in</strong> conversia în produse f<strong>in</strong>ale (lapte de vacă şi derivate,<br />

carne, preparate d<strong>in</strong> carne). De asemenea, în lucrare se evidenţiază<br />

posibilităţile valorificării eficiente a resurselor naturale, umane, f<strong>in</strong>anciare,<br />

precum şi a potenţialului agroturistic pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul gospodăriilor<br />

ţărăneşti omologate pentru desfăşurarea acestei activităţi complementare<br />

ce asigură creşterea veniturilor populaţiei d<strong>in</strong> zonă şi dezvoltarea durabilă.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> diversitatea micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale, ce s-au format în timpul perioadei<br />

cercetate, s-au selectat pe criteriul eficienţei economice, micr<strong>of</strong>ermele<br />

44


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

familiale ce desfăşoară activităţi parţial sau total <strong>in</strong>tegrative, cât şi cele<br />

orientate către obţ<strong>in</strong>erea produselor ecologice (organice), ce asigură<br />

majorarea pr<strong>of</strong>itului micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor familiale.<br />

Pe lângă aspectele negative persistente încă în domeniul micr<strong>of</strong>ermelor<br />

familiale cu pr<strong>of</strong>il zootehnic, ce <strong>in</strong>fluenţează starea sănătăţii animalelor şi<br />

nivelul productiv al acestora, şi implicit dezvoltarea durabilă a spaţiului<br />

<strong>rural</strong>, demersul şti<strong>in</strong>ţific evidenţiază şi o serie de elemente tehnico-genetice,<br />

purtătoare de avantaje pentru crescătorii de animale, surse de progres atât<br />

pentru dezvoltarea gospodăriilor ţărăneşti cât şi pentru modernizarea<br />

acestora.<br />

The Eco-mounta<strong>in</strong>ous Space <strong>in</strong> the Alba County –a<br />

Pedological Characterization and the Productivity <strong>of</strong> Land<br />

Nicolae ANDREIAŞI<br />

Ir<strong>in</strong>a MOISE<br />

Liliana PANAITESCU<br />

A. BASARABĂ<br />

Claudia ANDRIEŞI<br />

The mounta<strong>in</strong>ous <strong>of</strong> the Alba County represent a typical example <strong>of</strong> the<br />

“<strong>Apuseni</strong>” – an area with a strong specificity from the socio-geographic,<br />

economic and historical po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view. Extend<strong>in</strong>g over 2/3 <strong>of</strong> the county’s<br />

area and susta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g half <strong>of</strong> its population, these mounta<strong>in</strong>s have<br />

characteristics to be found nowhere <strong>in</strong> the country.<br />

The soils represent the ma<strong>in</strong> geoecologică resource <strong>of</strong> the county, most <strong>of</strong><br />

them belong<strong>in</strong>g to the cambic soil (115.380 ha – 57,1 %) and un-evoluted<br />

(40.900 ha – 16,3 %) soil classes. The present use and productivity <strong>of</strong> these<br />

soils are limited by many factors such as: mean annual temperatures <strong>of</strong> only<br />

5 to 7° C, annual ra<strong>in</strong>fall <strong>of</strong> 700–900 mm, <strong>in</strong>tense fragmentation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

relief, unfavorable physical-chemical proprieties (low pH <strong>of</strong> soil and<br />

humus, deficit <strong>of</strong> nutrients, shallow soils, etc). Grasslands, both natural and<br />

cultivated, constitute a well-def<strong>in</strong>ed biocenosis, be<strong>in</strong>g the ma<strong>in</strong> source for<br />

graz<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

An important aspect <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>ous space <strong>of</strong> the Alba County can be<br />

the restoration <strong>of</strong> orchards accord<strong>in</strong>g to the relief, climate and soil. Agro<br />

tourism can be a relevant branch for <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the eco-mounta<strong>in</strong>ous<br />

45


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

space, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account the beauty <strong>of</strong> natural landscape that can<br />

compensate the low comfort <strong>of</strong>fered by the local facilities.<br />

Spaţiul ecomontan al judeţului Alba – caracterizare pedologică şi<br />

vocaţia productivă a terenurilor<br />

Spaţiul montan al judeţului Alba constituie o mostră reprezentativă a<br />

“<strong>Apuseni</strong>lor” – zonă cu mare specificitate geografico-socială, economică şi<br />

istorică. Ocupând 2/3 d<strong>in</strong> suprafaţa judeţului şi reun<strong>in</strong>d peste 1/2 d<strong>in</strong><br />

populaţie, munţii de aici au însuşiri care nu se repetă în altă parte d<strong>in</strong> ţară,<br />

ceea ce obligă la o tratare cu totul specifică a acestora.<br />

Solurile sunt pr<strong>in</strong>cipala resursă geoecologică a judeţului, cele mai<br />

numeroase aparţ<strong>in</strong>ând clasei cambisoluri (115.380 ha – 57,1 %) urmată de<br />

clasa solurilor neevoluate (40.900 ha – 16,3 %).<br />

Folos<strong>in</strong>ţele actuale, precum şi vocaţia productivă a terenurilor d<strong>in</strong> spaţiul<br />

ecomontan al <strong>Apuseni</strong>lor sunt limitate de numerosi factori, pr<strong>in</strong>tre care:<br />

temperaturi medii anuale de 5°–7° C, precipitaţii cu valori de 700–900 mm,<br />

relief puternic fragmentat şi însuşiri fizico-chimice nefavorabile ale<br />

solurilor (pH şi humus acid, deficit de elemente nutritive, volum edafic<br />

scazut etc).<br />

Pajiştile, atât cele naturale cât şi cele cultivate, constituie o biocenoză b<strong>in</strong>e<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ită, fi<strong>in</strong>d pr<strong>in</strong>cipala sursă furajeră pentru întreţ<strong>in</strong>erea şi dezvoltarea<br />

sectorului zootehnic.O problemă importantă în a spaţiul ecomontan al<br />

judeţului Alba o constituie reaşezarea pomicolă după relief, climă,<br />

altitud<strong>in</strong>e şi sol.<br />

Economia <strong>rural</strong>ă, specific montană a judeţului, este puternic <strong>in</strong>fluenţată de<br />

particularităţile structurilor de proprietate. Agroturismul rămâne o sursă<br />

sigură de dezvoltare în spaţiul ecomontan, având în vedere <strong>of</strong>erta<br />

peisagistică a <strong>Apuseni</strong>lor, care compensează de cele mai multe ori<br />

condiţiile de confort.<br />

46


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Rural Development by Land Reclamation Works<br />

Flor<strong>in</strong> MĂRĂCINEANU<br />

Elena CONSTANTIN<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Agronomical Sciences<br />

and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Bucharest<br />

The durable <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> is a modern concept <strong>of</strong> social-economic<br />

evolution <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> land. The <strong>rural</strong> land is different by <strong>in</strong>tensity <strong>of</strong> socialeconomic<br />

activities def<strong>in</strong>ed by their functions: economical, ecological,<br />

socio-cultural. With respect to durable <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> the land<br />

reclamation activities play a central role <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> economy and ecology.<br />

Land use has to conserve the natural resources (water, soil, etc.) under<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensive and specialised management. Irrigation and dra<strong>in</strong>age works<br />

provide big and constant yields (pr<strong>in</strong>cipale and secundary) compared with<br />

pluvial agriculture.<br />

Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă pr<strong>in</strong> amenajări de îmbunătăţiri funciare<br />

Dezvoltarea <strong>rural</strong>ă durabilă constituie un concept modern pentru evoluţia<br />

social-economică a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>. Spaţiul <strong>rural</strong> se diferenţiază după<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensitatea activităţilor social-economice def<strong>in</strong>ite pr<strong>in</strong> funcţiile acestuia:<br />

economică, ecologică, social-culturală. D<strong>in</strong>tre componentele dezvoltării<br />

<strong>rural</strong>e durabile, activităţile de îmbunătăţiri funciare au un rol hotărâtor în<br />

sens economic şi ecologic. Ele trebuie să conserve resursele naturale (apă,<br />

sol etc.) în condiţiile unei exploatări <strong>in</strong>tense, materializată pr<strong>in</strong><br />

valorificarea <strong>in</strong>tegrală a masei organice obţ<strong>in</strong>ute pr<strong>in</strong> practicarea unei<br />

anumite culturi. Pe terenuri amenajate cu lucrări de irigaţii şi drenaj se<br />

obţ<strong>in</strong>e o producţie totală, pr<strong>in</strong>cipală şi secundară, mai mare şi stabilă<br />

comparativ cu agricultura pluvială.<br />

47


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

Policies for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Tourism<br />

<strong>in</strong> the Prut Cross-border Region<br />

Ion TALABĂ<br />

Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch<br />

The problem <strong>of</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g “Policies for a Susta<strong>in</strong>ed Development <strong>of</strong> Tourism<br />

<strong>in</strong> the Prut Cross-border Region” must be analyzed <strong>in</strong> a larger context, <strong>of</strong><br />

Romania, Moldova Republic, Ukra<strong>in</strong>e and the European Union. Such an<br />

approach – <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary studies <strong>in</strong>cluded – can clearly show the<br />

strengths and weaknesses <strong>of</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> this region.<br />

Hav<strong>in</strong>g an area <strong>of</strong> 43,776 km 2 , (Romania - 20.246 km 2 , Moldova Republic -<br />

17,230 km 2, and Ukra<strong>in</strong>e approx. 6,300 km 2) and a population <strong>of</strong> 4,421,265<br />

<strong>in</strong>habitants (2,411,355 <strong>in</strong> Romania, 1,517,600 <strong>in</strong> Moldova Republic and<br />

492,310 <strong>in</strong> Ukra<strong>in</strong>e), the cross-border region <strong>of</strong> Prut is quite complex, its<br />

older or newer problems wait<strong>in</strong>g to be solved on the basis <strong>of</strong> the historic<br />

truth an the European concepts <strong>in</strong> the field.<br />

The study analyzes the ma<strong>in</strong> demands for a susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />

tourism <strong>in</strong> the area, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g its social, economic and environment<br />

protection components, targets that can be reached by adopt<strong>in</strong>g a set <strong>of</strong><br />

policies. Start<strong>in</strong>g from the very major requirements tourism claims for a<br />

harmonious, efficient and equilibrate <strong>development</strong>, the study proposes a<br />

whole series <strong>of</strong> policies for laws, economy, culture, environment protection,<br />

etc.<br />

Politici pentru o dezvoltare durabilă a turismului<br />

în zona transfrontalieră Prut<br />

Problematica def<strong>in</strong>irii unor “Politici pentru o dezvoltare durabilă a<br />

turismului în zona transfrontalieră Prut” trebuie analizată în contextul<br />

general al României, Republicii Moldova, Ucra<strong>in</strong>ei precum şi a Uniunii<br />

Europene.<br />

O astfel de abordare, <strong>in</strong>clusiv pluridiscipl<strong>in</strong>ară, are darul de a pune în<br />

evidenţă cu mai multă claritate punctele tari şi slabe ale zonei în domeniul<br />

turismului.<br />

Dispunând de o suprafaţă de 43.776 km, (România 20.246 km), Republica<br />

Moldova (17.230 km) respectiv Ucra<strong>in</strong>a (aproximativ 6.300 km) şi o<br />

populaţie de peste 4.421.265 locuitori d<strong>in</strong> care România 2.411.355<br />

48


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

locuitori, Republica Moldova 1.517.600 locuitori şi Ucra<strong>in</strong>a 492.310<br />

locuitori, zona transfrontalieră Prut este una complexă în care problemele<br />

mai vechi şi mai noi îşi aşteaptă încă o rezolvare pe baza dreptului istoric şi<br />

al conceptului european în domeniu.<br />

În studiu sunt analizate pr<strong>in</strong>cipalele exigenţe ale unei dezvoltări durabile a<br />

turismului în zonă, <strong>in</strong>clusiv pr<strong>in</strong> componentele sale economice, sociale şi de<br />

protecţie a mediului obiective ce pot fi realizate pr<strong>in</strong> adoptarea unui set de<br />

politici.<br />

Porn<strong>in</strong>d tocmai de la exigenţele majore pe care turismul le reclamă pentru<br />

o dezvoltare armonioasă, echilibrată şi eficientă a sa, în studiu sunt<br />

propuse şi analizate o serie întreagă de politici de ord<strong>in</strong> legislativ,<br />

economic, cultural, de protecţie a mediului, etc.<br />

Rural Tourism <strong>in</strong> the Bran Area<br />

Florea MIRON<br />

“Transilvania” University, Braşov<br />

The re<strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> the Romanian tourism on the market, and at the level <strong>of</strong><br />

quality on the European and global standards conta<strong>in</strong>s a component <strong>of</strong> real<br />

value - the <strong>rural</strong> tourism. The ma<strong>in</strong> elements that form the touristic product<br />

are: the <strong>rural</strong> space, the <strong>rural</strong> population and the natural resources specific to<br />

these <strong>regions</strong>.<br />

At less than 30 km West <strong>of</strong> Braşov, along the road that connects the town at<br />

the feet <strong>of</strong> the Tâmpa Mt. with Câmpulung Muscel, between the Piatra<br />

Craiului and Bucegi Massifs lay the Bran area villages. Born once with the<br />

legend if the Old Bran, who gifted to his sons 15 villages and hamlets, they<br />

<strong>in</strong>clude nowadays the localities: Sohodol, Poarta, Predeluţ, Şimon, Moeciu<br />

de Jos, Cheia, Moeciu de Sus, Zbârcioara, Peştera, Coacăza, Măgura,<br />

Drumu Carului, Şirnea, Fundata and Fundăţica, situated between 750 and<br />

1200 m altitude and dispersed along the old route that connected<br />

Transylvania and Wallachia.<br />

The touristic facilities <strong>in</strong> these villages are exceptional, the touristic national<br />

and <strong>in</strong>ternational flux is cont<strong>in</strong>uous and grow<strong>in</strong>g, but it riser the problem <strong>of</strong><br />

overload<strong>in</strong>g the area and all the malfunctions deriv<strong>in</strong>g from it.<br />

49


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

For a susta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the tourism <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s one<br />

can take <strong>in</strong>to account the Bran area model, but <strong>in</strong> the same time the errors<br />

that have been made here can be excluded, to avoid touristic overload<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />

the area.<br />

Turismul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> zona Bran<br />

Re<strong>in</strong>tegrarea turismului românesc în competiţia <strong>in</strong>ternaţională şi la nivelul<br />

exigenţelor pieţelor europene şi mondiale cupr<strong>in</strong>de o componentă de o<br />

valoare reală – turismul <strong>rural</strong>. Elementele pr<strong>in</strong>cipale care participă la<br />

formarea produsului turistic sunt: spaţiul <strong>rural</strong>, populaţia <strong>rural</strong>ă şi<br />

resursele naturale specifice acestor regiuni.<br />

La mai puţ<strong>in</strong> de 30 km vest de Braşov, pe şoseaua care leagă oraşul de la<br />

poalele Tâmpei de Câmpulung Muscel, între masivele Piatra Craiului şi<br />

Bucegi se înşiruie satele Branului. Născute odată cu legenda bătrânului<br />

Bran, care le-a dăruit fiilor săi 15 sate şi cătune, sunt astăzi aşezările:<br />

Sohodol, Poarta, Predeluţ, Şimon, Moeciu de Jos, Cheia, Moeciu de Sus,<br />

Zbârcioara, Peştera, Coacăza, Măgura, Drumu Carului, Şirnea, Fundata şi<br />

Fundăţica, situate la o altitud<strong>in</strong>e cupr<strong>in</strong>să între 750 m şi 1200 m şi risipite<br />

de-a lungul vechii căi de legătură d<strong>in</strong>tre Transilvania şi Muntenia.<br />

Dotările turistice d<strong>in</strong> aceste localităţi sunt de excepţie, fluxul turistic <strong>in</strong>tern<br />

şi <strong>in</strong>ternaţional este cont<strong>in</strong>uu şi în creştere, dar se pune problema<br />

supraîncărcării acestei regiuni şi deci a disfuncţionalităţii datorate<br />

supradimensionării turistice.<br />

În valorificarea turistică viabilă a Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong> se poate lua în<br />

considerare modelul turismului <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> zona Branului, dar în acelaşi timp<br />

se pot evita şi greşelile făcute aici, în dor<strong>in</strong>ţa de supraexploatare turistică a<br />

teritoriului.<br />

50


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism on the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />

<strong>of</strong> the Ieud village (Maramureş county)<br />

Ciprian CORPADE<br />

Răzvan BĂTINAŞ<br />

Ana-Maria CORPADE<br />

“Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj Napoca<br />

This paper aims at diagnos<strong>in</strong>g the specific social and economic parameters<br />

that are specific to a village <strong>in</strong> the historical region <strong>of</strong> Maramureş, focuss<strong>in</strong>g<br />

on the elements that could become the eng<strong>in</strong>e capacity <strong>of</strong> its long term<br />

<strong>development</strong> with<strong>in</strong> the general context <strong>of</strong> the Romanian <strong>rural</strong> space.<br />

Special attention will be granted to tourism activities as an alternative for its<br />

<strong>development</strong>, tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account both human activities and particular liv<strong>in</strong>g<br />

conditions, as well as the natural environment, emphasiz<strong>in</strong>g those elements<br />

which could be exploited for susta<strong>in</strong>ed tourism activities. In order to get<br />

results which are as accurate as possible, we shall also analyze the noticed<br />

deficiencies <strong>in</strong> education and mentality, so that they are rectified <strong>in</strong> the<br />

future. The study will also address the local population perception <strong>of</strong> the<br />

tourism phenomenon, as well as their possible disposition toward<br />

turn<strong>in</strong>g/direct<strong>in</strong>g their <strong>in</strong>vestments and way <strong>of</strong> life <strong>in</strong> this direction.<br />

We consider that the conclusions <strong>of</strong> our study can be applied to most <strong>rural</strong><br />

settlements <strong>in</strong> Maramureş, although certa<strong>in</strong> differences <strong>in</strong> the tourist <strong>of</strong>fer<br />

exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> each specific case must be taken <strong>in</strong>to account.<br />

Implicaţiile turismului <strong>rural</strong> în dezvoltarea durabilă<br />

a localităţii Ieud (jud. Maramureş)<br />

Demersul prezent în acest articol este orientat spre diagnoza parametrilor<br />

socio-economici specifici ai unei localităţi situate în prov<strong>in</strong>cia istorică a<br />

Maramureşului. Ne-am focalizat atenţia pe elementele care pot constitui<br />

motorul dezvoltării localităţii pe termen lung, în contextul general de<br />

existenţă a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong> românesc. Vom acorda o atenţie deosebită<br />

activităţilor turistice ca alternativă în dezvoltare, ţ<strong>in</strong>ând cont atât de<br />

activităţile umane şi de condiţiile de trai specifice, cât şi de cadrul natural,<br />

<strong>in</strong>sistând pe elementele care pot fi puse în valoare în vederea unei<br />

exploatări turistice susţ<strong>in</strong>ute. Pentru ca rezultatele să fie cât mai realiste,<br />

vom analiza şi carenţele educaţionale şi de mentalitate surpr<strong>in</strong>se, cu scopul<br />

51


Abstracts – Workshop presentations<br />

remedierii lor în timp. De asemenea, vom urmări percepţia fenomenului<br />

turistic de către populaţia autohtonă, precum şi disponibilitatea acesteia în<br />

a-şi modifica/orienta <strong>in</strong>vestiţiile şi modul de viaţă în această direcţie.<br />

Considerăm că putem extrapola concluziile acestui studiu la nivelul<br />

majorităţii localităţilor <strong>rural</strong>e d<strong>in</strong> Maramureş, ţ<strong>in</strong>ând cont însă de o<br />

anumită diferenţiere a <strong>of</strong>ertei turistice pentru fiecare caz în parte.<br />

52


Abstracts - Posters<br />

Posters<br />

Tend<strong>in</strong>ţe în evoluţia schimburilor comerciale d<strong>in</strong>tre<br />

România şi Republica Moldova<br />

Marilena ACATRINEI<br />

Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iasi<br />

În zilele noastre, orice strategie de creştere economică este neviabilă dacă<br />

structurile sale de pornire nu cupr<strong>in</strong>d următoarele două premise:<br />

• nici o economie naţională nu se poate dezvolta durabil decât ca o<br />

economie deschisă tot mai larg spre exterior;<br />

• organizarea acestei deschideri are loc pretut<strong>in</strong>deni sub anumite forme de<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegrare, concepute pe plan regional, cont<strong>in</strong>ental sau chiar mondial.<br />

România şi Republica Moldova nu sunt doar state <strong>in</strong>dependente şi vec<strong>in</strong>e, ci<br />

totodată şi ţări frăţeşti care au ieşit d<strong>in</strong> aceaşi urnă genetică şi au făcut parte<br />

d<strong>in</strong> aceaşi vatră strămoşească. Amândouă ţările, în strategiile lor de<br />

dezvoltare economică, îşi propun <strong>in</strong>tegrarea în Uniunea Europeană,<br />

România fixându-şi ca obiectiv îndepl<strong>in</strong>irea condiţiilor esenţiale de aderare<br />

la orizontul anului 2007. Aderarea României la UE înseamnă <strong>in</strong>trarea pe<br />

“marche commun”, adică lichidarea tuturor barierelor vamale în comerţul<br />

d<strong>in</strong>tre statele membre, libera circulaţie a capitalurilor, bunurilor, forţei de<br />

muncă etc. şi măsuri de protecţie a pieţei comune faţă de statele terţe,<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>tre care figurează şi Moldova, desigur.<br />

Studiul respectiv tratează monografic problema schimburilor comerciale<br />

d<strong>in</strong>tre cele două state, problemă care nu este tratată suficient în literatura de<br />

specialitate. Astfel, cu privire la anul 2000, volumul total al schimburilor<br />

bilaterale s-a situat la nivelul de 183,6 mil. $, d<strong>in</strong> care export al României –<br />

142,3 mil. $, iar import – 41,3 mil. $. Schimburile comerciale cu Republica<br />

Moldova au crescut cu 29,84% faţă de aceeaşi perioadă a anului 1999, d<strong>in</strong><br />

care exportul României cu 40,86%, iar importul cu 2,25%. România a fost<br />

în anul 2000 pr<strong>in</strong>cipalul exportator în Republica Moldova, îna<strong>in</strong>tea<br />

Federaţiei Ruse şi Ucra<strong>in</strong>ei.<br />

53


Abstracts – Posters<br />

The devotional tourism, a component <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism<br />

Alecu I. Ciprian<br />

Senior Researcher “Gh. Zane” ICES Romanian Academy, Iasi<br />

The emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> largely associated with the existence <strong>of</strong><br />

monasteries, sketes and pilgrimages organised by the faithful. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

15th–19th centuries, monasteries used to give shelter to travellers and<br />

especially to merchants, who <strong>of</strong>ten received free meals and accommodation.<br />

There is varied motivation for tourism and for <strong>rural</strong> tourism <strong>in</strong> particular.<br />

However, as far as <strong>rural</strong> religious tourism is concerned, there exist only a<br />

small number <strong>of</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ations, which sufficient personal and specific<br />

features. Another important element is the tradition and customs preserved<br />

<strong>in</strong> this geographical area and the fact that many religious sites, which were<br />

built centuries ago, are part <strong>of</strong> the national historical and cultural heritage.<br />

It is easily noticeable that the ethnic and spiritual diversity <strong>of</strong> this area<br />

provides for significant cultural exchanges and <strong>in</strong>terrelations, mak<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>depth<br />

study <strong>of</strong> the religious phenomenon a priority. Approach<strong>in</strong>g religious<br />

tourism as a part <strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> tourism is a vast<br />

subject, which is also difficult to cover. It is a crucial action consider<strong>in</strong>g that<br />

religion is one <strong>of</strong> the factors <strong>of</strong> our existence and <strong>development</strong> and our<br />

national identity.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>adequate organisation <strong>of</strong> this form <strong>of</strong> tourism and the limited<br />

exploitation <strong>of</strong> its potential demand its <strong>in</strong>clusion <strong>in</strong> the national, regional<br />

and local <strong>development</strong> strategies. It is ever more vital to engage local<br />

communities <strong>in</strong> organis<strong>in</strong>g, develop<strong>in</strong>g and promot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>rural</strong> religious<br />

tourism. One should take <strong>in</strong>to account the fact that religion is closely related<br />

to other factors such as nationality, education, and revenue, a. s. o. The<br />

study <strong>of</strong> religious tourism represents a long-term challenge.<br />

Turismul religios, componentă a dezvoltării durabile a<br />

turismului <strong>rural</strong><br />

Apariţia turismului <strong>rural</strong> este în mare măsură legată de existenţa<br />

mănăstirilor, schiturilor şi de peler<strong>in</strong>ajele realizate de cred<strong>in</strong>cioşi. În<br />

secolele XV–XIX mănăstirile <strong>of</strong>ereau adăpost drumeţilor şi în special<br />

negustorilor care beneficiau de multe ori de cazare şi masă gratuită.<br />

54


Abstracts - Posters<br />

Motivarea pentru turism este diversă, şi în special pentru turismul <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

Însă, în ceea ce priveşte turismul <strong>rural</strong> religios, putem vorbi doar de un<br />

număr limitat de determ<strong>in</strong>ări, care de cele mai multe ori au un caracter<br />

foarte personal şi <strong>in</strong>tim. De asemenea, un alt element important îl constituie<br />

tradiţia şi obiceiurile conservate în cadrul acestui spaţiu geografic, şi nu în<br />

ultimul rând valoarea de patrimoniu naţional, istoric şi cultural, a multor<br />

aşezăm<strong>in</strong>te religioase construite cu secole în urmă.<br />

Aşa cum este lesne de remarcat, diversitatea etnică şi spirituală a acestui<br />

spaţiu face ca schimbul şi <strong>in</strong>terferenţele culturale să aibă o mare<br />

importanţă şi pr<strong>in</strong> urmare apare necesitatea studierii foarte atente a<br />

fenomenului religios. Abordarea turismului religios ca o componentă a<br />

dezvoltării durabile a turismului <strong>rural</strong> constituie o temă foarte generoasă,<br />

dar, în acelaşi timp, deosebit de dificil de surpr<strong>in</strong>s. Ea este imperios<br />

necesară în condiţiile în care religia este unul d<strong>in</strong> parametrii existenţei şi<br />

evoluţiei noastre, a identităţii noastre d<strong>in</strong>totdeauna.<br />

Caracterul scăzut al organizării acestei forme de turism, gradul slab de<br />

valorificare reclamă <strong>in</strong>cluderea sa în strategia de dezvoltare naţională,<br />

regională şi locală. Dev<strong>in</strong>e tot mai necesară şi implicarea comunităţilor<br />

locale în organizarea, dezvoltarea şi promovarea turismului <strong>rural</strong> religios.<br />

Nu trebuie uitat faptul că religia este strâns legată şi de alţi factori, precum<br />

naţionalitatea, educaţia, veniturile etc. Cercetarea turismului <strong>rural</strong> religios<br />

rămâne o provocare pentru mult timp.<br />

Comparative aspects concern<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />

management <strong>in</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> areas <strong>in</strong> east European countries<br />

Elena-Maria BIJI<br />

Elisabeta R. ROŞCA<br />

The Academy <strong>of</strong> Economic Studies, Bucureşti<br />

“Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava<br />

The paper presents some basic issues concern<strong>in</strong>g the susta<strong>in</strong>able<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> areas, as this <strong>development</strong> is outl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the<br />

studies performed <strong>in</strong> Romania. Specifically, scenarios address<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> areas <strong>in</strong> Romania emphasize the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> the<br />

size <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> farms, the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>of</strong> the weight <strong>of</strong> qualified work, <strong>of</strong><br />

education, <strong>of</strong> pluri-activity, the f<strong>in</strong>ancial support <strong>of</strong> the activities .<br />

55


Abstracts – Posters<br />

Aspecte comparative priv<strong>in</strong>d utilizarea resurselor de muncă<br />

în ţări d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est<br />

Lucrarea “Aspecte priv<strong>in</strong>d managementul dezvoltării durabile în<br />

zonele montane, în ţări d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est” prez<strong>in</strong>tă unele probleme de bază<br />

priv<strong>in</strong>d dezvoltarea durabilă a zonelor montane, aşa cum se conturează<br />

această dezvoltare în studiile d<strong>in</strong> ţara noastră. Astfel, dezvoltarea zonelor<br />

montane în România se concretizează în creşterea dimensiunii gospodăriei<br />

agricole montane, pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizarea şi educaţia, pluriactivitatea, susţ<strong>in</strong>erea<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anciară a activităţilor pr<strong>in</strong> programe locale şi naţionale, dezvoltarea<br />

zonelor montane pr<strong>in</strong> proiecte regionale etc.<br />

La nivelul ţărilor d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est, în care se derulează programe Phare,<br />

lucrarea se opreşte, cu precădere, asupra zonelor împădurite, prez<strong>in</strong>tă<br />

conceptele de biodiversitate şi de reţele ecologice şi câteva <strong>in</strong>iţiative în<br />

Europa de Est, priv<strong>in</strong>d reţelele ecologice.<br />

Landform - environment dynamics <strong>in</strong> the Arieş river<br />

catchment<br />

Ioan-Aurel IRIMUS<br />

“Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj – Napoca<br />

The Arieş river catchment covers the three landforms mounta<strong>in</strong>s, hills and<br />

low land corridors, floodpla<strong>in</strong>s. The shapes <strong>of</strong> the landforms are the result<br />

<strong>of</strong> a complex paleo-geographic evolution with geologic-tectonic processes.<br />

Periodic landform shap<strong>in</strong>g processes created a very dynamic environment<br />

and landscape (<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> climate, stream flow, vegetation, fauna, soils,<br />

man).<br />

The geological and tectonic history also expla<strong>in</strong>s the large variety <strong>of</strong> the<br />

geological substrata with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>vestigated area, a fact that <strong>in</strong>duces a large<br />

space and time variability <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> landform shap<strong>in</strong>g processes, but also<br />

<strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> water run<strong>of</strong>f, soil structure, and habitats.<br />

The landform shap<strong>in</strong>g processes <strong>in</strong> the Arieş river catchment have been<br />

classified <strong>in</strong> two functional components: genesis and anthropic activity<br />

impact, respectively quantify<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the part played by the substratum and<br />

the landforms shap<strong>in</strong>g systems variables, together with the <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> the<br />

anthropic factors <strong>in</strong> outl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the geographical landscapes and the<br />

56


Abstracts - Posters<br />

environment <strong>of</strong> the Arieş stream catchment. The anthropic pressure on the<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestigated territory, by way <strong>of</strong> its nature, engendered the risk vulnerability<br />

<strong>of</strong> the territory, associated to the fragility <strong>of</strong> the hill slopes and <strong>of</strong> the<br />

streambeds.<br />

D<strong>in</strong>amica environmentului geomorfologic d<strong>in</strong> Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Arieşului<br />

Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Arieşului se înscrie în cele trei trepte morfogenetice: montană,<br />

dealurilor şi culoarelor depresionare, luncilor. Perfectarea acestor trepte<br />

morfogenetice este rezultatul unei evoluţii paleogeografice complexe, în<br />

care procesele geologo – tectonice au substituit ritmic pe cele<br />

geomorfologice, într-un mediu morfogenetic foarte d<strong>in</strong>amic (climatic,<br />

hidrografic, vegetaţie, faună, soluri, om).<br />

Acest context genetic explică marea varietate a tipurilor de substrate<br />

geologice în cadrul arealului cercetat, fapt ce <strong>in</strong>duce o mare variabilitate<br />

spaţio-temporală a proceselor geomorfogenetice, dar şi parametrilor<br />

scurgerii, structurii solului şi învelişului biotic.<br />

Edificările geomorfologice environmentale în Baz<strong>in</strong>ul Arieşului au fost<br />

abordate pr<strong>in</strong> cele două componente funcţionale: geneza şi impactul<br />

activităţii antropice, respectiv cuantificarea participării variabilelor<br />

substratului şi sistemelor geomorfologice, alături de <strong>in</strong>fluenţa factorilor<br />

antropici la conturarea peisajelor geografice şi environmentului Baz<strong>in</strong>ului<br />

Arieşului.<br />

Presiunea antropică asupra teritoriului <strong>in</strong>vestigat, pr<strong>in</strong> natura ei, a generat<br />

vulnerabilitatea teritoriului la riscuri, asociată senzitivităţii versanţilor şi<br />

albiilor râurilor.<br />

Pluriactivity <strong>in</strong> the Contemporary Romanian Village<br />

Liliana GURAN-NICA<br />

“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />

The <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Romanian village has always been significantly<br />

marked by non-agrarian activities, because they play a complementary<br />

function with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> economy. The village community could never do<br />

without the “services” <strong>of</strong>fered by some <strong>of</strong> its members who helped with<br />

basic works <strong>in</strong> agricultural and contributed to a more decent liv<strong>in</strong>g standard.<br />

57


Abstracts – Posters<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ce a long time, these “services” were named “pluriactivities”, mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />

“activities, <strong>in</strong>dependent liberal pr<strong>of</strong>essions”, “non-agrarian, non-salaried<br />

activities discharged outside the family household”, “an activity<br />

complement<strong>in</strong>g the family exploitation, and source <strong>of</strong> additional revenues”<br />

(Bordânc 1998, p. 74).<br />

This detailed study <strong>of</strong> these components <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> economy analysed the<br />

<strong>in</strong>come sources, the work<strong>in</strong>g times, and the social security systems. A<br />

social-economic survey <strong>of</strong> Romanian hillside village was carried out <strong>in</strong><br />

Buzau County, specifically <strong>in</strong> the Patârlagele commune, by a research team<br />

from the Romanian Academy’s Institute <strong>of</strong> Geography. One <strong>of</strong> the issues<br />

tackled was also the non-agrarian activities. In order to f<strong>in</strong>d out the extend<br />

and type <strong>of</strong> pluriactivity <strong>in</strong> the economy <strong>of</strong> Pătârlagele commune, we also<br />

looked at the <strong>in</strong>come sources <strong>of</strong> the studied households.<br />

Pluriactivitatea în satele contemporane româneşti<br />

Dezvoltarea satelor româneşti au fost întotdeauna puternic marcată de<br />

activitaţile non-agrare, deoarece acestea au o funcţie complementară în<br />

economia <strong>rural</strong>ă. Comunitatea sătească nu şi-ar putea duce existenţa fără<br />

anumite “servicii” furnizate de unii d<strong>in</strong>tre membrii săi, care realizeză<br />

munci elementare în sectorul agrar şi care contribuie astfel, la obţ<strong>in</strong>erea<br />

unui standard de viaţă mai decent.<br />

Aceste “servicii” au fost desemnate în ultima vreme drept pluriactivităţi.<br />

Literatura de specialitate le def<strong>in</strong>eşte drept “activităţi, pr<strong>of</strong>esiuni liberale<br />

<strong>in</strong>dependente”, “activităţi ne-agrare, neretribuite, desfăşurate în afara<br />

gospodăriei familiale”, “o activitate care v<strong>in</strong>e în completarea exploatării<br />

familiale şi o sursă de venituri suplimentare” (Bordânc, 1998, p. 74), etc.<br />

Un studiu apr<strong>of</strong>undat al acestor componente ale economiei <strong>rural</strong>e trebuie<br />

să pornească de la o metodologie b<strong>in</strong>e def<strong>in</strong>ită. Am urmărit, astfel pr<strong>in</strong>tre<br />

altele, sursele de venit, timpul de lucru, precum şi sistemul de asigurări<br />

sociale.<br />

O analiză a aspectelor social-economice cu care se confruntă satul<br />

românesc d<strong>in</strong> zona de deal a fost efectuată în judeţul Buzău, concret în<br />

comuna Pătârlagele, de către o echipă de cercetare de la Institutul de<br />

Geografie al Academiei Române. Unul d<strong>in</strong> aspectele abordate l-a constituit<br />

şi activităţile ne-agricole. Pentru a evalua amploarea şi tipul pluriactivităţii<br />

d<strong>in</strong> economia comunei Pătârlagele, am analizat şi sursele de venit ale<br />

gospodăriilor studiate.<br />

58


Abstracts - Posters<br />

The environment quality <strong>of</strong> the Gethic Plateau.<br />

A case study: the <strong>rural</strong> habitat from the Cândeşti Piedmont<br />

Daniela DUMITRESCU<br />

Adrian BALTĂLUNGĂ<br />

“Valahia” University, Târgovişte<br />

The analysis <strong>of</strong> the social, economical and environmental factors with<strong>in</strong> the<br />

Candesti Piedmont reveals the changes that the landscape underwent <strong>in</strong> the<br />

long run, and the associated impact on the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />

<strong>rural</strong> habitat.<br />

As potential risk sources, that <strong>in</strong>crease the degree <strong>of</strong> vulnerability, one<br />

should mention ma<strong>in</strong>ly the hydrogeological, lithological and<br />

meteorological factors, together with the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g anthropic pressure<br />

exerted both from the <strong>in</strong>terior, as well as from the contact zones that focus<br />

the social and economic activities: expansion and amplification <strong>of</strong> the oil<br />

and gas exploitations dur<strong>in</strong>g the second half <strong>of</strong> XX-th century; gravel and<br />

sand exploitation from riverbeds; dump storage due to m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g companies<br />

from the adjo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g area; illegal deforestation that occurred subsequently to<br />

property <strong>of</strong> the forests be<strong>in</strong>g returned to the private owners; <strong>in</strong>adequate<br />

agricultural practices carried out on slop<strong>in</strong>g lands and the destruction <strong>of</strong><br />

terraces; excessive use <strong>of</strong> chemical fertilizers; absence <strong>of</strong> runn<strong>in</strong>g water and<br />

<strong>of</strong> sewerage networks; absence <strong>of</strong> ecological waste dumps and chaotic<br />

storage <strong>of</strong> domestic waste (ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> riverbeds, or at the contact with the<br />

lower terraces); the poor quality <strong>of</strong> the roads <strong>in</strong>frastructure, correlated with<br />

the absence <strong>of</strong> some cross l<strong>in</strong>ks between localities.<br />

As a conclusion, we can state that <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> environment quality<br />

deterioration, the ma<strong>in</strong> responsibility is to be ascribed to anthropic<br />

activities, which <strong>in</strong> the long run turned the formerly stable environment <strong>of</strong><br />

Candesti Piedmont <strong>in</strong>to a critical one, a fact that may <strong>in</strong>duce severe<br />

consequences on the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> habitat, which,<br />

moreover, is subject to a demographical decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the recent years.<br />

Calitatea mediului în Podişul Getic.<br />

Studiu de caz – habitatul <strong>rural</strong> d<strong>in</strong> Piemontul Cândeşti<br />

Analiza elementelor de mediu şi social-economice d<strong>in</strong> cadrul Piemontului<br />

Cândeşti evidenţiază mutaţiile <strong>in</strong>tervenite în peisaj de-a lungul timpului, cu<br />

impact asupra dezvoltării durabile a habitatului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

59


Abstracts – Posters<br />

Ca surse potenţiale de risc, ce amplifică gradul de vulnerabilitate, se<br />

remarcă cu precădere factorii hidrogeologici, litologici şi meteorologici,<br />

alături de presiunea antropică tot mai ridicată exercitată atât d<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>terior,<br />

cât şi d<strong>in</strong> zonele de contact care polarizează activităţile socio-economice:<br />

ext<strong>in</strong>derea şi <strong>in</strong>tensificarea exploatărilor de petrol şi gaze naturale în a<br />

doua jumătate a secolului XX, exploatările de pietrişuri şi nisipuri d<strong>in</strong><br />

albiile râurilor, depozitarea haldelor de steril de la societăţile comerciale<br />

d<strong>in</strong> zona limitr<strong>of</strong>ă, defrişările ilegale în urma retrocedării pădurilor,<br />

practicarea unei agriculturi iraţionale pe terenurile în pantă şi distrugerea<br />

terasărilor, chimizarea excesivă, lipsa reţelei de apă curentă şi canalizare,<br />

<strong>in</strong>existenţa gropilor ecologice şi depozitarea haotică a deşeurilor menajere<br />

(predom<strong>in</strong>ant în albiile majore sau la contactul cu terasele <strong>in</strong>ferioare),<br />

precaritatea <strong>in</strong>frastructurilor rutiere corelată cu lipsa legăturilor<br />

transversale între localităţi.<br />

Concluzionând, putem afirma că rolul determ<strong>in</strong>ant în deprecierea calităţii<br />

mediului l-au avut activităţile antropice, care au transformat în timp<br />

Piemontul Cândeşti, d<strong>in</strong>tr-un mediu stabil într-un mediu critic, ce poate<br />

avea grave consec<strong>in</strong>ţe asupra dezvoltării durabile a habitatului <strong>rural</strong>, aflat<br />

într-un decl<strong>in</strong> demografic în ultimii ani.<br />

Forms <strong>of</strong> evolution and <strong>of</strong> habitation <strong>of</strong> the settlements <strong>in</strong> the<br />

High Pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong> Târgovişte – România<br />

Gică PEHOIU<br />

“Valahia” University, Târgoviste<br />

Be<strong>in</strong>g situated at a low, accessible altitude level, the High Pla<strong>in</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

Targoviste as a whole represents a geographical unit favorable to the early<br />

occurrence <strong>of</strong> a dense network <strong>of</strong> human settlements. Together with the<br />

favorable <strong>in</strong>stances provided by the natural factors, we estimate that social<br />

and historical events, the economic activity, specifically the productive<br />

activity, have represented and still represent a primary factor <strong>in</strong> the<br />

spread<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> settlements.<br />

Ancient <strong>rural</strong> settlements <strong>of</strong> the pla<strong>in</strong> have generated new settlements<br />

through processes <strong>of</strong> settlement expansion, the first acquir<strong>in</strong>g a character <strong>of</strong><br />

matrix- or mother-village. The villages result<strong>in</strong>g from the expansion <strong>of</strong><br />

60


Abstracts - Posters<br />

agricultural <strong>rural</strong> settlements spread as a cha<strong>in</strong> along the valleys and form<br />

l<strong>in</strong>eaments <strong>of</strong> settlements alongside the ma<strong>in</strong> ones.<br />

The phenomenon <strong>of</strong> seasonal pastoral migration bears a special significance<br />

<strong>in</strong> the complex process <strong>of</strong> occurrence, emplacement and <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> settlements <strong>in</strong> this area. There are still preserved the names<br />

which marked the phenomena <strong>of</strong> migration <strong>of</strong> people orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />

northern side <strong>of</strong> the Southern Carpathians (“ungureni”), towards south, at<br />

the foot <strong>of</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>s, or even further, <strong>in</strong> the contact area between the<br />

hills and the pla<strong>in</strong>.<br />

Those people, “ungureni”, either settled near the old villages <strong>of</strong> the local<br />

<strong>in</strong>habitants (“pamanteni”), at the outskirts <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> settlement, doubl<strong>in</strong>g<br />

it to form “tw<strong>in</strong>” settlements or gradually became part <strong>of</strong> the already<br />

exist<strong>in</strong>g villages, becom<strong>in</strong>g, as time went by, the majority population.<br />

Significant are also mentions about the occurrence <strong>of</strong> the so-called “royal<br />

villages”, when Targoviste emerged as an urban center. These settlements<br />

benefited <strong>of</strong> a special statute, be<strong>in</strong>g considered “royal doma<strong>in</strong>s” (for<br />

<strong>in</strong>stance the present-day villages: Valea Voievozilor, Razvad, An<strong>in</strong>oasa,<br />

Sateni, Viforata).<br />

Forme de evoluţie şi populare ale aşezărilor<br />

d<strong>in</strong> Câmpia înaltă a Târgoviştei – România<br />

Ca treaptă de altitud<strong>in</strong>e joasă, accesibilă, Câmpia Înaltă a Târgoviştei, în<br />

ansamblul ei, se prez<strong>in</strong>tă ca o unitate geografică cu condiţii favorabile<br />

apariţiei timpurii a unei reţele dense de aşezări omeneşti.<br />

Alături de avantajele <strong>of</strong>erite de factorii naturali, considerăm că<br />

evenimentele sociale şi istorice, activitatea economică, în speţă activitatea<br />

productivă, au constituit şi constituie un factor primordial în răspândirea<br />

aşezărilor <strong>rural</strong>e.<br />

Satele străvechi ale câmpiei au generat, noi tipuri pr<strong>in</strong> procese de roire<br />

spaţială, cele d<strong>in</strong>tâi căpătând un adevărat caracter de sat-matcă. Satele<br />

rezultate d<strong>in</strong> roiri agricole se înşiruie pe văi şi formează al<strong>in</strong>iamente de<br />

aşezări în lungul celor pr<strong>in</strong>cipale.<br />

Fenomenul transhumanţei a avut semnificaţii deosebite în complexitatea<br />

proceselor de apariţie, localizare şi dezvoltare a unor aşezări <strong>rural</strong>e d<strong>in</strong><br />

zonă. Păstrăm şi astăzi denumirile care au marcat fenomenele de migrare a<br />

ungurenilor de pe versanţii nordici ai Carpaţilor Meridionali, la poale şi<br />

chiar mai departe, în zona de contact a dealurilor cu câmpiile.<br />

61


Abstracts – Posters<br />

Ungurenii s-au aşezat fie pe lângă satele vechi ale „pământenilor”, la<br />

periferia obştii săteşti, dublându-le pe acestea, formând aşezări „dublete”<br />

fie s-au <strong>in</strong>filtrat treptat în satele deja existente, deven<strong>in</strong>d cu timpul chiar<br />

populaţie majoritară a acestora (Ungureni în comuna Dragomireşti,<br />

Ungureni în comuna Lucieni).<br />

Sunt sugestive atestările priv<strong>in</strong>d apariţia aşa-numitelor „sate domneşti”,<br />

odată cu apariţia oraşului Târgovişte ca centru urban, aşezări care aveau<br />

un statut special, fi<strong>in</strong>d considerate „domenii domneşti” (exemplificăm cu<br />

localităţile de astăzi Valea Voievozilor, Răzvad, An<strong>in</strong>oasa, Săteni,<br />

Viforâta).<br />

Protection <strong>of</strong> soils on Argeş Hills slopes – a ma<strong>in</strong> component<br />

<strong>of</strong> the susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong><br />

Valent<strong>in</strong> TEODORESCU<br />

“Spriru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />

Large areas from Arges Hills are <strong>in</strong> the proces <strong>of</strong> denudation, because the<br />

soils resistance to the action <strong>of</strong> the erosion factors has dim<strong>in</strong>ished.<br />

Investigations address<strong>in</strong>g the physiographic sett<strong>in</strong>g and the pluvial<br />

aggressivity <strong>in</strong> Arges Hills <strong>in</strong>dicate an <strong>in</strong>tensification <strong>of</strong> the slope<br />

processes. The anthropic factor bears an outstand<strong>in</strong>g importance <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>tensify<strong>in</strong>g soil erosion processes, as a consequence <strong>of</strong> the changes <strong>in</strong> the<br />

land use which occurred by expansion on hill slopes <strong>of</strong> the cultivated lands<br />

where plow<strong>in</strong>g is carried out, and by deforestations.<br />

The analysis <strong>of</strong> the soil vulnerability to erosion allowed the quantification<br />

<strong>of</strong> the S factor („soil erodability”), which is used <strong>in</strong> the assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />

surface erosion process. Multiannual averages <strong>of</strong> the areal erosion outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />

significant dist<strong>in</strong>ctions between the slopes without terraces and the slopes<br />

where protection works aga<strong>in</strong>st erosion (terraces) have been undertaken.<br />

The analysis <strong>of</strong> the denudation processes <strong>in</strong> Arges hills as a function <strong>of</strong><br />

slope pr<strong>of</strong>iles, <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ation, lithology, land use and anthropic <strong>in</strong>fluence<br />

confirms a strong deterioration <strong>of</strong> the soils and major changes <strong>in</strong> what<br />

concerns the slopes.<br />

In order to secure a susta<strong>in</strong>able <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Arges hills area, the<br />

paper proposes a general management scheme consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> fruit-trees<br />

plant<strong>in</strong>g on slopes which are currently used as cultivable land.<br />

62


Abstracts - Posters<br />

Protecţia solurilor de pe versanţii Dealurilor Argeşului,<br />

componentă importantă a dezvoltării durabile<br />

Procesele de denudare afectează mari suprafeţe d<strong>in</strong> Dealurile Argeşului,<br />

datorită scăderii rezistenţei solurilor la acţiunea factorilor de eroziune.<br />

Cercetările asupra condiţiilor geomorfologice şi agresivităţii pluviale d<strong>in</strong><br />

dealurile argeşene relevă o accentuare a proceselor de versant. Factorul<br />

antropic are o importanţă deosebită în <strong>in</strong>tensificarea eroziunii solurilor<br />

datorită modificării utilizării terenurilor d<strong>in</strong> dealurile argeşene pr<strong>in</strong><br />

ext<strong>in</strong>derea suprafeţelor arabile pe versanţi şi pr<strong>in</strong> defrişarea pădurilor.<br />

Analiza erodabilităţii solurilor pr<strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ări de laborator a permis<br />

cuantificarea factorului “S” (erodabilitatea solului), care este utilizat în<br />

formula de evaluare a eroziunii în suprafaţă. Valorile medii multianuale ale<br />

eroziuni în suprafaţă evidenţiază diferenţieri semnificative între versanţii<br />

neterasaţi şi cei cu lucrări de protecţie antierozională (terase).<br />

D<strong>in</strong> analiza proceselor de denudare a dealurilor argeşene în raport de<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>ilul versanţilor, pantă, litologie, folos<strong>in</strong>ţa terenului şi <strong>in</strong>fluenţa<br />

antropică, rezultă o <strong>in</strong>tensă degradare a solurilor şi modificări importante<br />

ale versanţilor. În vederea asigurării unei dezvoltări durabile a zonei<br />

dealurilor argeşene, în lucrare se prez<strong>in</strong>tă o schemă generală de<br />

amenajare a versanţilor cu folos<strong>in</strong>ţă agricolă pentru plantaţii pomicole.<br />

Elements des documents cartographique sur la Dobroudjea.<br />

Prémisses pour un developpement durable<br />

Antoaneta STOICA<br />

Colegiul Naţional “Sfântul Sava”<br />

Si par l’<strong>in</strong>termédiaire du présent, le passée se perpetue dans l’avenir, si ce<br />

que a constitué un élément du développement dans le passée pourrait avoir<br />

aujourd’hui aussi le męme rôle pour le développement, alors par le contenu<br />

des cartes, les spécialistes saisisseraient des liens divers entre ce qui a été et<br />

ce qui pourrait ętre.<br />

De cette perspective, la Dobroudgea représentée dans des cartes dévoile un<br />

valoreux potentiel économique, social, stratégique et géopolitique, dont les<br />

ressourses ne sont pas épuisées aujourd’hui et qui pourraient donner sa<br />

durabilité de dema<strong>in</strong>. Le travail présent essaie d’identifier quelques<br />

63


Abstracts – Posters<br />

connexions spécifiques entre les valences économiques passées de la<br />

Dobroudgea reflétées dans des cartes et ce qui pourrait la rendre viable sur<br />

une grande période de temps.<br />

Elemente d<strong>in</strong> documente cartografice asupra Dobrogei.<br />

Premise pentru o dezvoltare durabilă<br />

Dacă pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul prezentului, trecutul se perpetuează în viitor, dacă<br />

ceea ce a constituit un element al dezvoltării în trecut ar putea avea şi azi<br />

acelaşi rol pentru dezvoltare, atunci pr<strong>in</strong> conţ<strong>in</strong>utul hărţilor, specialiştii ar<br />

sesiza legături diverse între ceea ce a fost şi ceea ce ar putea să fie.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> această perspectivă, Dobrogea reprezentată în hărţi îşi dezvăluie un<br />

valoros potenţial economic, social, strategic şi geopolitic, ale cărui resurse<br />

nu sunt epuizate astăzi şi care ar putea să dea durabilitatea ei de mâ<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

Lucrarea de faţă încearcă să identifice câteva conexiuni specifice între<br />

valenţele economice trecute ale Dobrogei reflectate în hărţi şi ceea ce ar<br />

avea menirea să o facă viabilă pe o durată mai mare de timp.<br />

Food consumption and the <strong>rural</strong> economic<br />

<strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> Romania<br />

Ion SMEDESCU<br />

Andrei NOVAK<br />

Romanian-American University, Bucharest<br />

Interpreted under different forms <strong>of</strong> manifestation from one area to another<br />

and from one country to another, the <strong>rural</strong> economic <strong>development</strong> emerges<br />

as a phenomenon <strong>of</strong> our century that operates both <strong>in</strong> the economic and<br />

social field.<br />

One <strong>of</strong> the ma<strong>in</strong> features <strong>of</strong> the economic <strong>development</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Romanian<br />

<strong>rural</strong> area is the fact that it is important both for man as an <strong>in</strong>dividual and<br />

for the society, because it concerns the human community.With<strong>in</strong> this<br />

context our paper reveals the fact that the <strong>rural</strong> environment is related to the<br />

specific <strong>of</strong> the food consumption <strong>in</strong>put, thus present<strong>in</strong>g specific elements<br />

that <strong>in</strong>duce a certa<strong>in</strong> correlation between food consumption and the<br />

economic <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> the <strong>rural</strong> environment. Data extracted from<br />

64


Abstracts - Posters<br />

exist<strong>in</strong>g Romanian statistic records made possible the computation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

synthetic <strong>in</strong>dicators whose significance was <strong>in</strong>terpreted <strong>in</strong> the present paper,<br />

considered <strong>in</strong> their evolution between 1996–2003. The ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators<br />

referred to the f<strong>in</strong>ancial expenditures for food consumption <strong>in</strong> the <strong>rural</strong><br />

population households, the equivalent value <strong>of</strong> the home-grown agricultural<br />

products for all the households and households <strong>of</strong> agricultural labourers, the<br />

average monthly net salary <strong>in</strong> agriculture together with the gross <strong>in</strong>ternal<br />

product, the <strong>in</strong>termediate consumption, the gross value added and the value<br />

<strong>of</strong> the services <strong>in</strong> agriculture.<br />

With respect to these <strong>in</strong>dicators, the study followed two essential aspects,<br />

namely: on the one hand the <strong>in</strong>terdependence between the <strong>in</strong>dicators, as<br />

outl<strong>in</strong>ed by the correlation coefficients, the residual value and the regression<br />

equations, and on the other hand the ways <strong>of</strong> future <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g by means <strong>of</strong><br />

the possibilities to amplify or dim<strong>in</strong>ish (±5%…(±50%) the level <strong>of</strong> some<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicators considered to be a cause, by substitut<strong>in</strong>g their values <strong>in</strong> the<br />

regression equations. The paper also presents significant correlations<br />

between the previously mentioned types <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators, thus be<strong>in</strong>g<br />

underscored their degree <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tensity.<br />

As a f<strong>in</strong>al conclusion the paper reveals the fact that the food consumption<br />

level is a multiply<strong>in</strong>g factor and an economic balance element, an<br />

<strong>in</strong>strument <strong>of</strong> social progress and human promotion. Or, the economic and<br />

political confusion or social disorder that still exists <strong>in</strong> Romania generates<br />

for the food consumption restrictive elements, but also future solutions<br />

specific to the <strong>rural</strong> area.<br />

Consumul alimentar şi dezvoltarea economică <strong>rural</strong>ă în România<br />

Interpretată sub diferite forme de manifestare de la o zonă la alta, de la o<br />

ţară la alta, dezvoltarea economică <strong>rural</strong>ă se înscrie ca fenomen al<br />

secolului nostru, care acţionează deopotrivă în domeniul economic şi<br />

social. Una d<strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipalele trăsături ale dezvoltării economice d<strong>in</strong> spaţiul<br />

<strong>rural</strong> românesc este aceea că aceasta prez<strong>in</strong>tă importanţă atât pentru om<br />

ca persoană <strong>in</strong>dividuală, cât şi pentru societate având în vedere<br />

colectivitatea umană.<br />

În acest context, prezenta lucrare relevă faptul că mediul <strong>rural</strong> este legat de<br />

specificul aportului consumului alimentar fi<strong>in</strong>d surpr<strong>in</strong>se elemente<br />

caracteristice care imprimă o anumită corelaţie între consumul alimentar şi<br />

dezvoltarea economică a spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>. Datele existente în evidenţele<br />

statistice d<strong>in</strong> România au permis calcularea în d<strong>in</strong>amica perioadei 1996–<br />

65


Abstracts – Posters<br />

2003 a <strong>in</strong>dicatorilor s<strong>in</strong>tetici a căror semnificaţie a fost <strong>in</strong>terpretată în<br />

prezenta lucrare. Pr<strong>in</strong>cipalii <strong>in</strong>dicatori s-au referit la cheltuielile băneşti de<br />

consum alimentar ale gospodăriilor populaţiei <strong>rural</strong>e, contravaloarea<br />

consumului de produse agricole d<strong>in</strong> resurse proprii pe total gospodării şi<br />

gospodării de agricultori, câştigul salarial nom<strong>in</strong>al mediu net lunar în<br />

agricultură, alături de produsul <strong>in</strong>tern brut, consumul <strong>in</strong>termediar,<br />

valoarea adăugata brută şi valoarea serviciilor în agricultură.<br />

Referitor la aceşti <strong>in</strong>dicatori, studiul a urmărit două laturi esenţiale şi<br />

anume: pe de o parte <strong>in</strong>terdependenţa d<strong>in</strong>tre <strong>in</strong>dicatori, aspect concretizat<br />

pr<strong>in</strong> coeficienţii de corelaţie, valoare reziduală şi ecuaţiile de regresie, iar<br />

pe de altă parte modalitatea de <strong>in</strong>fluenţare în perspectivă, pr<strong>in</strong> posibilităţile<br />

de amplificare sau dim<strong>in</strong>uare (±5%...±50%) a nivelului unor <strong>in</strong>dicatori<br />

consideraţi cauză, pr<strong>in</strong> înlocuirea în ecuaţiile de regresie. De asemenea,<br />

d<strong>in</strong> lucrare se despr<strong>in</strong>d corelaţii semnificative între tipurile de <strong>in</strong>dicatori<br />

enunţaţi anterior, pr<strong>in</strong> aceasta fi<strong>in</strong>d surpr<strong>in</strong>s gradul lor de <strong>in</strong>tensitate.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> lucrare reiese faptul că nivelul consumului alimentar constituie un<br />

factor multiplicator şi un element de echilibru economic, un <strong>in</strong>strument de<br />

progres social şi de promovare umană. Ori, confuzia sau dezord<strong>in</strong>ea<br />

socială, economică şi politică care există încă în România generează<br />

pentru consumul alimentar elemente restrictive, dar şi soluţii de rezolvare<br />

pentru perspectivă, specifice spaţiului <strong>rural</strong>.<br />

66


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Posters deriv<strong>in</strong>g from the PROIECT APUSENI / Postere<br />

realizate <strong>in</strong> <strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

Studies about vegetable cultivation <strong>in</strong> the area <strong>of</strong> western<br />

Carpathian mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania<br />

Alexandru APAHIDEAN<br />

Maria APAHIDEAN<br />

Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences<br />

and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cluj-Napoca<br />

Generally, vegetable grow<strong>in</strong>g is less extended <strong>in</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> area, because <strong>of</strong><br />

the less favorable conditions. Some vegetable species with tolerance to<br />

lower temperature, as cabbage, onion, carrot, and parsley, are grown <strong>in</strong><br />

family gardens. Because <strong>of</strong> the extension <strong>of</strong> agro-tourism <strong>in</strong> Western<br />

Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s area, it is <strong>in</strong>dispensable to diversify the assortment <strong>of</strong><br />

vegetable and also to f<strong>in</strong>d solutions for spread<strong>in</strong>g cultivation <strong>in</strong> less<br />

favorable areas. The approached issues <strong>of</strong> the research are part <strong>of</strong> an ample<br />

program <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> Western Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s area, <strong>in</strong>itiated and<br />

coord<strong>in</strong>ated by a collective from Freiburg University – Germany, <strong>in</strong><br />

collaboration with Romanian partners, f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g provided by the<br />

German M<strong>in</strong>istry <strong>of</strong> Research, with the purpose <strong>of</strong> durable <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

the area.<br />

The experimental grow<strong>in</strong>g’s were placed <strong>in</strong> the area <strong>of</strong> Scărişoara – Glacier,<br />

at an altitude <strong>of</strong> 1150 m. Twenty-five species and varieties <strong>of</strong> vegetables<br />

were tested <strong>in</strong> 2001 and thirty species <strong>in</strong> 2002, us<strong>in</strong>g, almost exclusively,<br />

Romanian sorts. To <strong>in</strong>crease the diversity <strong>of</strong> vegetable ranges some<br />

unknown species <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>s area such as: w<strong>in</strong>ter onion, chives,<br />

rhubarb, garden chicory and corn salad have been taken <strong>in</strong> study. Some<br />

species with higher demand <strong>of</strong> warm temperatures were cultivated and<br />

earlier yields were achieved by temporary protection <strong>of</strong> cultures us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

special cover<strong>in</strong>g materials (such as Agryl, Coverta<strong>in</strong>) be<strong>in</strong>g permeable to<br />

water; water form ra<strong>in</strong>falls can be used by the plants, and the soil and<br />

surface temperatures <strong>in</strong>creased.<br />

12 <strong>of</strong> the 25 species and varieties <strong>of</strong> vegetables showed a very good<br />

reaction; 9 behaved “good”, 2 “satisfactory”, and only three species were<br />

“unsatisfactory”. It could be shown that protection <strong>of</strong> plants by cover<strong>in</strong>g<br />

67


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

with special materials accelerates growth, and allows cultivation even <strong>in</strong><br />

mounta<strong>in</strong>s. For example, the protected plants <strong>of</strong> early cabbage had an height<br />

<strong>in</strong>creased by 125 %, the diameter <strong>of</strong> rosette was 59,4% higher, and the<br />

number <strong>of</strong> leaves 48,5% higher than <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> unprotected plants. Similar<br />

results were obta<strong>in</strong>ed for summer cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, broccoli<br />

and lettuce.<br />

In conclusion, the use <strong>of</strong> new materials allow also under the pedo-climatic<br />

conditions <strong>of</strong> Western Carpathian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s to diversify the assortment <strong>of</strong><br />

vegetables with new species and varieties. For species susceptible to low<br />

temperature, temporary or permanent protection with various k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong><br />

cover<strong>in</strong>g materials are <strong>in</strong>dispensable.<br />

Cercetări priv<strong>in</strong>d posibilităţile de creştere a legumelor<br />

în zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

În general, cultivarea legumelor este puţ<strong>in</strong> practicată în zona montană, d<strong>in</strong><br />

cauza condiţiilor de mediu mai puţ<strong>in</strong> favorabile. Câteva specii legumicole,<br />

cu pretenţii scăzute faţă de factorul temperatură, cum ar fi varza, ceapa,<br />

morcovii şi pătrunjelul sunt cultivate în grăd<strong>in</strong>ile familiale. Ca urmare a<br />

dezvoltării agroturismului în zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>, se impune<br />

diversificarea sortimentului de legume şi ext<strong>in</strong>derea cultivării acestora în<br />

zonele mai puţ<strong>in</strong> favorabile. Cercetarea, a cărei temă o constituie lucrarea<br />

de faţă, este un segment al unui amplu program de cercetare, având ca<br />

temă zona Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>, <strong>in</strong>iţiat şi coordonat de un colectiv de la<br />

Universitatea Freiburg – Germania, în colaborare cu parteneri români.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anţarea proiectului este asigurată de către M<strong>in</strong>isterul German al<br />

Cercetării. Tema proiectului o constituie dezvoltarea zonei.<br />

Experienţele au fost amplasate în satul Gheţari, comuna Gârda de Sus, la o<br />

altitud<strong>in</strong>e de 1150 m. În anul 2001 au fost testate 25 de specii legumicole<br />

iar în 2002 au fost testate 30 de specii folos<strong>in</strong>du-se aproape în exclusivitate<br />

soiuri româneşti. Pentru a spori diversitatea speciilor au fost luate în studiu<br />

câteva specii complet necunoscute în zonă, ca de exemplu: ceapa de iarnă,<br />

ceapa de tuns, reventul, cicoarea de grăd<strong>in</strong>ă şi fetica. Cu scopul de a putea<br />

cultiva şi specii cu pretenţii ridicate la temperatură şi în acelaşi timp de a<br />

obţ<strong>in</strong>e producţii cât mai timpurii, a fost studiat efectul protejării temporare<br />

a culturilor. În acest scop s-a folosit un material special de acoperire (de<br />

tip Agryl sau Covertan), material permeabil pentru apă, astfel încât<br />

plantele pot folosi apa d<strong>in</strong> precipitaţii, resursele de apă potabilă ale zonei<br />

fi<strong>in</strong>d reduse.<br />

68


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

S-a constatat că d<strong>in</strong> cele 25 de specii şi soiuri studiate, 12 s-au comportat<br />

foarte b<strong>in</strong>e, 9-b<strong>in</strong>e, 2-satisfăcător şi doar trei specii nu au dat rezultate<br />

bune. Referitor la cultivare legumelor în condiţiile speciale de la Gheţari –<br />

Scărişoara, s-a constatat că protejarea plantelor pr<strong>in</strong> acoperirea directă,<br />

cu materiale speciale, asigură un ritm mai rapid de creştere a plantelor în<br />

comparaţie cu cele neprotejate. De exemplu, la varza timpurie, plantele<br />

protejate au greutatea mai mare cu 125% decât cele neprotejate, diametrul<br />

rozetei cu 59,4% mai mare, iar numărul de frunze mai mare cu 48,5% decât<br />

plantele neprotejate. Rezultate asemănătoare s-au obţ<strong>in</strong>ut şi la varza de<br />

vară, conopidă, gulii, broccolii şi salată.<br />

În concluzie, în condiţiile pedo-climatice specifice ale Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong>,<br />

există posibilitatea diversificării sortimentului de legume cultivate pr<strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>troducerea unor specii şi varietăţi noi, puţ<strong>in</strong> cunoscute în zonă. Pentru<br />

speciile term<strong>of</strong>ile, protejarea temporară sau permanentă a culturilor, cu<br />

diferite tipuri de materiale de acoperire este absolut obligatorie pentru<br />

reuşita culturii.<br />

Socioeconomic analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> family households <strong>in</strong> the<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania<br />

Eckhard AUCH<br />

Institut für Forstökonomie<br />

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg<br />

The economy <strong>of</strong> <strong>rural</strong> households were analysed and described. Socioeconomic<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicators were extracted and used for modell<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />

work<strong>in</strong>g times, products and <strong>in</strong>come. The households were classified<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to their economic power.<br />

One representative household <strong>of</strong> each class was analysed <strong>in</strong> detail. All<br />

economically relevant activities were recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g the course <strong>of</strong> a year.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>puts and outputs <strong>of</strong> each activity were analysed by cost and<br />

performance account<strong>in</strong>g. Subsistence products were consumed; their<br />

quantities were transformed <strong>in</strong>to monetary values, and treated as part <strong>of</strong> the<br />

family <strong>in</strong>come.<br />

Today the <strong>in</strong>come <strong>of</strong> forest utilization is essential for the survival <strong>of</strong> the<br />

families. The actual high level <strong>of</strong> forest exploitation leads to a degradation<br />

69


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

<strong>of</strong> the forests. Based upon the household-module, the socio-economic<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicators could be l<strong>in</strong>ked with the landscape through the assignment <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>puts and outputs to each parcel <strong>of</strong> the land use system. In simulated<br />

scenarios, different management strategies were def<strong>in</strong>ed and their<br />

consequences upon the socio-economic <strong>in</strong>dicators were calculated.<br />

Analiza socio-economică a gospodăriilor familiale <strong>rural</strong>e<br />

d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, România<br />

A fost analizată şi descrisă economia gospodăriilor <strong>rural</strong>e. Au fost extraşi şi<br />

utilizaţi în modelare <strong>in</strong>dicatori socio-economici, cum ar fi durată de lucru,<br />

produse şi venit. Gospodăriile au fost clasificate în funcţie de puterea lor<br />

economică.<br />

A fost analizată în detaliu câte o gospodărie reprezentativă d<strong>in</strong> fiecare<br />

clasă. Toate activităţile relevante d<strong>in</strong> punct de vedere economic au fost<br />

înregistrate pe durata unui an. Intrările şi ieşirile aferente fiecărei activităţi<br />

au fost analizate pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul costului şi al contabilizării performanţei.<br />

S-au consumat produse de subzistenţă, cantităţile respective au fost<br />

transformate în valori monetare, şi tratate ca o parte a venitului familial.<br />

În prezent, venitul rezultat d<strong>in</strong> exploatarea forestieră este esenţial pentru<br />

supravieţuirea familiilor. Gradul actual ridicat al exploatării forestiere<br />

conduce la o degradare a pădurilor. Pe baza modulului de gospodărie,<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicatorii socio-economici ar putea fi <strong>in</strong>tegraţi cu peisajul pr<strong>in</strong> atribuirea<br />

de <strong>in</strong>trări şi ieşiri fiecărei parcele de teren. În scenariile simulate au fost<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ite strategii de gestionare şi au fost calculate consec<strong>in</strong>ţele acestora<br />

asupra <strong>in</strong>dicatorilor socio-economici.<br />

70


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

The Remote Rens<strong>in</strong>g Imagery as Support <strong>of</strong> the Thematic<br />

Data with<strong>in</strong> the “PROIECT APUSENI”<br />

Alexandru BADEA<br />

Radu MUDURA<br />

Gh. HERIŞANU<br />

Christoph PURSCHKE<br />

Centrul Român pentru Utilizarea Teledetecţiei în Agricultură<br />

Institut für Landespflege, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />

Remote sens<strong>in</strong>g us<strong>in</strong>g a IKONOS image from the year 2001 provided the<br />

base for data documentation and GIS-based landscape analysis. Exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />

thematic maps could be <strong>in</strong>tegrated with other data by creation <strong>of</strong> different<br />

thematic layers. Discipl<strong>in</strong>ary data <strong>of</strong> landscpae, land use, production and<br />

land value could be comb<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a GIS-based model.<br />

Imag<strong>in</strong>ile satelitare ca suport al datelor tematice în cadrul “<strong>Proiect</strong>ului<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>”<br />

Teledetecţia bazată pe imag<strong>in</strong>ile satelitare IKONOS pentru anul 2001 au<br />

constituit baza pentru documentarea datelor şi analiza peisajului pe bază<br />

GIS. Hărţile tematice existente au putut fi <strong>in</strong>tegrate cu alte date pr<strong>in</strong><br />

crearea a diferite straturi de tematică. Datele aferente fiecărei discipl<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

respectiv peisaj, folosirea terenului, producţie şi valoarea terenului au<br />

putut fi comb<strong>in</strong>ate într-un model pe bază GIS.<br />

Die Naturverjüngung der Wälder im <strong>Apuseni</strong>-Gebirge<br />

Rumäniens und ihre Bee<strong>in</strong>flussung durch die Waldweide<br />

Manuel Brantzen<br />

Albert Reif<br />

Waldbau-Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />

Anhand e<strong>in</strong>er systematischen Stichproben<strong>in</strong>ventur wurden die Wälder nahe<br />

des Dorfes Gheţari wurde die Verjüngung der Baumarten getrennt nach<br />

Baumarten und Größenklassen auf ihren Verbiß h<strong>in</strong> untersucht. Es zeigt<br />

sich, dass vor allem die Laubbaumarten Bergahorn und Buche durch die<br />

71


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Weidetiere verbissen werden. Die Tannenverjüngung kann vor allem den<br />

Verbiß durch R<strong>in</strong>der relativ gut tolerieren. Die Fichte wird nur wenig<br />

verbissen, sie pr<strong>of</strong>itiert <strong>in</strong> der nächsten Bestandesgeneration von der<br />

Dezimierung ihrer Konkurrenten.<br />

Regenerarea naturală şi înfluenţa păşunatului în pădure în Munţii<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România<br />

Pe baza unui <strong>in</strong>ventar sistematic pr<strong>in</strong> sondaj a fost studiat <strong>in</strong> padurile d<strong>in</strong><br />

apropierea satului Ghetari puietul soiurilor de arbori, separat dupa soiuri<br />

si clase de marime pana la atacarea de catre animale. A rezultat ca <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />

special speciile de foioase precum artarul si fagul sunt roase de animalele<br />

de pasune. Puietii de brad pot suporta relativ b<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> special muscatura<br />

bov<strong>in</strong>elor. Molidul este atacat rar si pr<strong>of</strong>ita <strong>in</strong> generatia urmatoare de<br />

decimarea concurentilor.<br />

The effect <strong>of</strong> different fertilisation on the floristic composition<br />

and the forage qualitiy <strong>of</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong> meadows<br />

Katja BRINKMANN 1<br />

Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR 2<br />

1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Siviculture, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />

2<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />

The study area is situated <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> village <strong>of</strong> Ghetari <strong>in</strong> the central<br />

part <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, at an altitude <strong>of</strong> 1150 m. The hay meadows<br />

<strong>in</strong> this region are fertilised with manure and harvested us<strong>in</strong>g a scythe,<br />

follow<strong>in</strong>g a traditional method, once or twice a year, accord<strong>in</strong>g to their<br />

distance from the settlement. These extensively used meadows have a<br />

remarkably rich species diversity and high numbers <strong>of</strong> rare plants. They are<br />

formed by many species with low prote<strong>in</strong> contents (reduced percentage <strong>of</strong><br />

fodder grasses and legumes) and have large numbers <strong>of</strong> sklerophyllous<br />

grasses (Festuca, Nardus) and plants from other botanical families. A key<br />

problem fac<strong>in</strong>g agriculture is the low level <strong>of</strong> hay production and the poor<br />

forage quality.<br />

The central aim <strong>of</strong> the study is the <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> strategies and methods<br />

for susta<strong>in</strong>able management and fertilisation techniques, through<br />

72


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

<strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary and participatory processes. The research field is separated<br />

<strong>in</strong>to two ma<strong>in</strong> parts.<br />

The first part is a situation analysis, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>vestigation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

floristic composition and yield potential <strong>of</strong> different grassland types, the<br />

description <strong>of</strong> the traditional agricultural land use techniques and the<br />

parcellary land use mapp<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

Fertiliser experiments based on a permanent plot design with different<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensities <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>eral and organic fertiliser application were established to<br />

analyse the effects <strong>of</strong> different fertilisation regimes on the botanical<br />

composition. Vegetation and yield data were sampled on each permanent<br />

plot. Additionally, soil sample was taken at a depth <strong>of</strong> 10 cm <strong>in</strong> each plot.<br />

Changes <strong>in</strong> the botanical composition can only be estimated after several<br />

years <strong>of</strong> observation. The different proportions <strong>of</strong> the plant groups <strong>in</strong> the<br />

fertilised plots for the year 2002 po<strong>in</strong>ted to such changes. The results from<br />

plots treated with m<strong>in</strong>eral fertiliser reveal an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> the percentage <strong>of</strong><br />

the grasses and a decrease <strong>in</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> plants from other botanical<br />

families.<br />

The second part deals with the identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators and the<br />

evaluation <strong>of</strong> grassland use <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> nature conservation and economy.<br />

The value to nature conservation is based upon the criteria <strong>of</strong><br />

naturalness/hemeroby, and <strong>of</strong> rareness/ endangerment. Important economic<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicators are the site related yield potential <strong>of</strong> the different grassland types<br />

and the work<strong>in</strong>g time <strong>in</strong> agriculture. Additionally, the suitability <strong>of</strong> site to<br />

agriculture use is be<strong>in</strong>g evaluated and mapped.<br />

General climatic study <strong>of</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

(Gheţari – Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa area)<br />

Gheorghe CĂLINESCU<br />

Elena SOARE<br />

Alexandru DUMITRESCU<br />

The National Institute <strong>of</strong> Meteolology and Hidrology<br />

Theclimatic study <strong>of</strong> the mentioned area with<strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s is<br />

based on process<strong>in</strong>g and analys<strong>in</strong>g data obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the meteorological<br />

observations performed at five weather stations: Campeni – 591 m a.s.l.,<br />

Stâna de Vale – 1108 m a..s.l., Băişoara – 1361 m a.s.l., Vlădeasa 1400 –<br />

1404 m a.s.l. and Vladeasa – 1836 m a.s.l.<br />

73


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

34 climatic parameters were analysed with respect to air temperature and<br />

relative humidity, cloud<strong>in</strong>ess and sunsh<strong>in</strong>e duration, precipitation, snow<br />

layer, w<strong>in</strong>d and meteorological phenomenan. The analysed period was<br />

1961-2000; data about the extreme values result<strong>in</strong>g from the entire<br />

operat<strong>in</strong>g period <strong>of</strong> the weather stations.<br />

The study allows a general characterization <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

climate. S<strong>in</strong>ce field measurements are lack<strong>in</strong>g, assessments were also made,<br />

to the possible extent, on the values <strong>of</strong> the meteorological parameters <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Ghetar – Poiana Cal<strong>in</strong>easa area.<br />

Studiu climatic general al Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong><br />

(zona Gheţari – Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa)<br />

Studiul climatic general al zonei menţionate d<strong>in</strong> Muntii <strong>Apuseni</strong> se bazează<br />

pe prelucrarea şi analiza datelor rezultate în urma observaţiilor<br />

meteorologice la 5 staţii: Câmpeni – 591 m, Stâna de Vale – 1108 m,<br />

Băişoara – 1361 m, Vlădeasa – 1400-1404 m şi Vlădeasa – 1836 m.<br />

Au fost analizaţi 34 de parametrii climatici, pr<strong>in</strong>tre care temperatura<br />

aerului şi umiditatea relativă, nebulozitatea şi durata de strălucire a<br />

soarelui, precipitaţiile, stratul de zăpadă, vântul şi fenomene meteorologice.<br />

Perioada de analiză a fost între 1961–2000, datele asupra valorilor<br />

extreme rezultând d<strong>in</strong> întreaga perioadă de observaţie a staţiilor<br />

meteorologice.<br />

Studiul cupr<strong>in</strong>de numai o caracterizare generală a climatului Munţilor<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>. Deoarece nu există date de observaţie, pentru zona Gheţar –<br />

Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa s-au făcut, în măsura posibilităţilor, estimări ale<br />

parametrilor meteorologici.<br />

Us<strong>in</strong>g very high spatial resolution satellite imagery for<br />

survey<strong>in</strong>g the actual environment – a case study related to<br />

forests management<br />

Vladimir GANCZ<br />

Forest Research and Management Institute, Bucharest<br />

Topographic maps and layouts, the conventional sources <strong>of</strong> geographic<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation, frequently prove to lack the necessary accuracy, at least <strong>in</strong><br />

Romania, <strong>in</strong> most <strong>in</strong>stances due to the fact that they are not updated and the<br />

74


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

actual set-up <strong>in</strong> the field has meanwhile changed. Collect<strong>in</strong>g all additional<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>in</strong> the field is a laborious, expensive and time-consum<strong>in</strong>g task.<br />

An alternative is provided by the very high spatial resolution satellite<br />

imagery (VHSRSI), available on civilian users market immediately after the<br />

launch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the Ikonos satellite on 24 September 1999. The imagery has<br />

one-meter resolution <strong>in</strong> panchromatic mode. In Romania, IKONOS type<br />

images have been used <strong>in</strong> forests management over a test area with<strong>in</strong> Săcele<br />

experimental forest district, <strong>in</strong> the framework <strong>of</strong> a co-operation project with<br />

GIS Support Centre <strong>of</strong> the Flemish Land Agency (VLM), from Flemish<br />

Region, Belgium.<br />

One <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>vestigated issues, <strong>of</strong> utmost importance, was sett<strong>in</strong>g these<br />

images <strong>in</strong> a reference framework (ascrib<strong>in</strong>g coord<strong>in</strong>ates) with the accuracy<br />

required by the 1:5,000 maps used <strong>in</strong> the forest management works.<br />

Resort<strong>in</strong>g to the orthorectification method, by us<strong>in</strong>g a digital model <strong>of</strong> the<br />

field, the RPC coefficients (delivered by the imagery distributor), 10 field<br />

po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>of</strong> control picked up from the vector map and the adequate s<strong>of</strong>tware,<br />

a root mean square (RMS) error <strong>of</strong> 2.4 m was obta<strong>in</strong>ed. The accuracy was<br />

checked both by superpos<strong>in</strong>g vectorial elements on the corrected image and<br />

by field verification by means <strong>of</strong> GPS. RMS computed based on the GPS<br />

survey was satisfactory - 3.8 meters. Corrected images, comb<strong>in</strong>ed with the<br />

multi-spectral image and pr<strong>in</strong>ted on paper <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>frared coloured (false<br />

colour composite) comb<strong>in</strong>ation have been used <strong>in</strong> forest management work<br />

with<strong>in</strong> Săcele district.<br />

Utilizarea imag<strong>in</strong>ilor satelitare de foarte înaltă rezoluţie spaţială în<br />

cunoaşterea realitaţii înconjurătoare - un exemplu d<strong>in</strong> silvicultură<br />

Hărţile şi planurile topografice, sursa clasică de <strong>in</strong>formaţii geografice, se<br />

dovedesc a fi de foarte multe ori lipsite de acurateţea necesară, cel puţ<strong>in</strong> în<br />

România, cel mai adesea datorită faptului că nu sunt aduse la zi, iar<br />

realitatea s-a schimbat de când acestea au fost editate. Culegerea tuturor<br />

<strong>in</strong>formaţiilor exclusiv direct d<strong>in</strong> teren este laborioasă, costisitoare şi mare<br />

consumatoare de timp.<br />

O alternativă o constituie imag<strong>in</strong>ile satelitare de foarte înaltă rezoluţie<br />

spaţială (ISFIRS), apărute pe piaţa utilizatorilor civili o dată cu lansarea<br />

satelitului IKONOS pe 24 septembrie 1999. Imag<strong>in</strong>ile au un metru rezoluţie<br />

spaţială (pancromatic). În silvicultură, în ţara noastră, s-au utilizat imag<strong>in</strong>i<br />

de tip IKONOS pe o suprafaţa test acoper<strong>in</strong>d o mare parte a ocolului silvic<br />

experimental Săcele, în cadrul proiectului TAFIMRO, de colaborare<br />

bilaterală cu GIS Suport Centre (al VLM) d<strong>in</strong> Regiunea flamandă, Belgia.<br />

75


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Una d<strong>in</strong> problemele studiate, deosebit de importantă, a fost posibilitatea de<br />

georeferenţiere (punere în coordonate) a acestor imag<strong>in</strong>i cu acurateţea<br />

corespunzătoare scării 1:5.000, cerută de lucrările de amenajare a<br />

pădurilor. Pr<strong>in</strong> metoda ortorectificării, folos<strong>in</strong>d modelul digital al<br />

terenului, coeficienţii RPC (furnizaţi de firma distribuitoare a imag<strong>in</strong>ilor),<br />

zece puncte de control în teren culese de pe hărţile digitale şi a s<strong>of</strong>twareului<br />

adecvat s-a obţ<strong>in</strong>ut o eroare medie pătratică (RMS) de 2,4 m.<br />

Verificarea acurateţei s-a efectuat atât pr<strong>in</strong> suprapunerea elementelor<br />

vectoriale pe imag<strong>in</strong>ea rectificată cât şi pr<strong>in</strong> verificarea în teren cu<br />

mijloace GPS. RMS calculată pe baza măsurătorilor GPS a fost de 3,8 m,<br />

suficient de bună. Imag<strong>in</strong>ile rectificate, fuzionate cu imag<strong>in</strong>ea<br />

multispectrală şi imprimate pe hârtie în comb<strong>in</strong>aţia (fals color compozit)<br />

<strong>in</strong>fraroşu color, au fost utilizate în amenajarea forestieră a ocolului Silvic<br />

experimental Săcele.<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> - Gheţari Boden: E<strong>in</strong>e traditionelle Architektur<br />

e<strong>in</strong>zigartig <strong>in</strong> Europa<br />

August<strong>in</strong> GOIA<br />

Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei<br />

Aufgrund des rauhen Gebirgsklimas werden die traditionellen Gebäude im<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>-Gebirge aus Fichten und Tannen <strong>in</strong> Blockbauweise errichtet.<br />

E<strong>in</strong>malig ist die Konstruktion des Daches der Stallscheunen mit <strong>of</strong>fenen<br />

Dachstuhl und Krummsparren. Gedeckt wurden diese Dächer mit e<strong>in</strong>er<br />

Wechsellage aus Fichtenreisig und Holzspänen aus der Bottichherstellung.<br />

Ursache für diese Lösung ist die Seltenheit von Roggenstroh, was wiederum<br />

durch das Gebirgsklima bed<strong>in</strong>gt ist. Im Jahr 2002 wurde nach mehreren<br />

Jahrzehnten e<strong>in</strong>e traditionelle Stallscheune versetzt, renoviert und im<br />

traditionellen Stil neu gedeckt. Heute dient sie als Informationszentrum für<br />

Touristen und Verkaufszentrum lokal heergestellter Holzprodukte.<br />

76<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> - Platoul Gheţari: Arhitectura tradiţională unică în Europa<br />

Datorită climei aspre, clădirile tradiţionale d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> se<br />

construiesc d<strong>in</strong> bârne de molid şi brad. Unică este construcţia acoperişului<br />

grajdurilor - şura cu sarpanta deschisă şi căpriori curbi. Acoperişurile se<br />

acopereau cu straturi alternative de vreascuri de molid şi şpan de la


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

producţia de ciubare. Această soluţie a fost impusă de raritatea paielor de<br />

secară, datorate tot climei de munte. În anul 2002, o şură tradiţionala a fost<br />

mutată după mai multe decenii, renovată şi învelită în mod tradiţional.<br />

Astăzi, aceasta serveşte ca centru de <strong>in</strong>formare pentru turişti şi centru local<br />

de desfacere a produselor locale d<strong>in</strong> lemn.<br />

Demographic features <strong>of</strong> the area Gârda de Sus–Gheţari–<br />

Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />

Ion IORDAN<br />

Universitatea “Spiru Haret”, Bucureşti<br />

The evolution <strong>of</strong> the amount <strong>of</strong> population shows a cont<strong>in</strong>uous decrease<br />

over the period 1956–2000, 1.64 times on the average, due to centrifuge<br />

transfer until 1992, with a natural negative balance additionally contribut<strong>in</strong>g<br />

after this year. The trend for the future years is an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g one, as a<br />

result, ma<strong>in</strong>ly, <strong>of</strong> the currently be<strong>in</strong>g performed territory, tourist and agrotourist<br />

<strong>development</strong> works.<br />

The population natural movement characteristics are a decreas<strong>in</strong>g birth rate<br />

over the entire period after 1956 and a mortality rate that exceeds the birth<br />

rate, out <strong>of</strong> which a negative balance generally resulted, while the migratory<br />

movement and the mobility <strong>of</strong> the population displayed until 1950 a<br />

centripetal character <strong>in</strong> all the villages <strong>of</strong> the area, then, over the period<br />

1956–2000, there are recorded departures that result <strong>in</strong> a negative migratory<br />

balance, although not a very large one.<br />

The general density, by consider<strong>in</strong>g the entire territory, is 23.3<br />

<strong>in</strong>habitants/km 2 , while the structure by categories <strong>of</strong> age for the area<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicates a young basis (0–15 years) occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a small amount (14.3%), a<br />

dom<strong>in</strong>ance <strong>of</strong> the adult population (15–65 years), and a quite significant<br />

segment (18.0%) <strong>of</strong> old age population.<br />

The occupied population represents 98.7% <strong>of</strong> the active population, <strong>in</strong> its<br />

structure clearly dom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g the population <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> agriculture, forests<br />

exploitation and primary wood process<strong>in</strong>g (74.7%), after which follow<br />

wood <strong>in</strong>dustry (8.7%), trade and education (3.4% each <strong>of</strong> them).<br />

77


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Caracterele demografice ale zonei<br />

Gârda de Sus–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />

Evoluţia numerică a populaţiei este marcată de o cont<strong>in</strong>uă scădere în<br />

perioada 1956–2000, în medie de 1,64 ori, datorată până în 1992 mişcării<br />

centrifuge, iar după acest an adugându-se şi soldul natural negativ.<br />

Tend<strong>in</strong>ţa în anii viitori este de creştere, datorită în primul rând<br />

amenajărilor teritoriale în desfăşurare şi celor turistice şi agroturistice.<br />

Mişcarea naturală a populaţiei este caracterizată de o rată a natalităţii în<br />

scădere în toată perioada de după 1956 şi de o rată a mortalităţii mai mare<br />

decât cea a natalităţii, d<strong>in</strong> care a rezultat un sold în general negativ, iar<br />

mişcarea migratorie şi mobilitatea populaţiei au avut un caracter centripet<br />

până în 1950 în toate satele zonei, apoi, în perioada 1956–2000 se<br />

înregistrează plecări ce creează un sold migrator negativ, însă nu prea<br />

mare.<br />

Densitatea generală, raportată la întregul teritoriu, este de 23,3 loc/km 2 ,<br />

iar structura pe grupe de vârstă la nivelul zonei evidenţiază o bază tânără<br />

(0–15 ani) redusă numeric (14,3%), o dom<strong>in</strong>anţă a populaţiei mature (15–<br />

65 ani) şi un segment b<strong>in</strong>e reprezentat al populaţiei în vârstă (18,0%).<br />

Populaţia ocupată reprez<strong>in</strong>tă 98,7% d<strong>in</strong> populaţia activă, în structura sa<br />

dom<strong>in</strong>ând net populaţia ocupată în agricultură, exploatare forestieră şi<br />

prelucrare primară a lemnului (74,7%), după care urmează <strong>in</strong>dustria<br />

lemnului (8,7%), comerţul şi învăţământul (câte 3,4%).<br />

Integrated Spatial Modell<strong>in</strong>g – Calculat<strong>in</strong>g Economical and<br />

Ecological Indicators with<strong>in</strong> GIS.<br />

Dieter Lehmann 1<br />

Katja Br<strong>in</strong>kmann 2<br />

1<br />

FH Nürt<strong>in</strong>gen 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Siviculture, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />

Due to the fact that when implement<strong>in</strong>g any spatial plann<strong>in</strong>g process one<br />

must know whether a decision will have the expected outcome or not, it is<br />

wise to use relevant <strong>in</strong>dicators, which should display the result<strong>in</strong>g effects.<br />

This was done by us<strong>in</strong>g a set <strong>of</strong> billable <strong>in</strong>dicators for the economic and the<br />

ecological issues relevant to the households evaluated <strong>in</strong> the study area.<br />

These <strong>in</strong>dicators are mostly - but not all - specific to the area. Hence, a<br />

comb<strong>in</strong>ed method <strong>of</strong> calculation is used for the spatial <strong>in</strong>dicators with<strong>in</strong> a<br />

78


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Geographical Information System, and a spreadsheet-calculator for the nonspatial<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicators. The result<strong>in</strong>g model has three ma<strong>in</strong> parts - Household<br />

module, Forest module and the Grassland module with the <strong>in</strong>tegrated<br />

calculation <strong>of</strong> the land use suitability potential.<br />

A set <strong>of</strong> data that varies with<strong>in</strong> the possible scenarios has to be entered as <strong>in</strong>put.<br />

This data is processed for the ma<strong>in</strong> components (forest, grassland).<br />

Every module with<strong>in</strong> the model calculates the sectoral <strong>in</strong>dicators, which<br />

comb<strong>in</strong>ed provide an estimation <strong>of</strong> the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the whole <strong>in</strong>dicator set.<br />

The ma<strong>in</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> the model were programmed us<strong>in</strong>g AVENUE, the<br />

programm<strong>in</strong>g language <strong>of</strong> ArcView. The process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the economic data <strong>in</strong><br />

the household module is carried out externally us<strong>in</strong>g MS Excel. The land<br />

use suitability is determ<strong>in</strong>ed us<strong>in</strong>g EMDS, a freely available SDSS<br />

extension for ArcView, developed by the USDA Forest Service<br />

The future <strong>development</strong> trends and scenarios <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s were<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a multidiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary discussion. For the provisional evaluation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

different scenarios, a set <strong>of</strong> ten <strong>in</strong>dicators was depicted as an amoeba diagram.<br />

The amoeba approach is a multidimensional graphic representation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

<strong>in</strong>teraction between humans and the environment, suitable for the analysis<br />

<strong>of</strong> l<strong>in</strong>ks between the various <strong>in</strong>dicators and the <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>of</strong> various<br />

stakeholders <strong>in</strong> the process <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrated assessment.<br />

As an approach <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the merg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> non-spatial data with spatial data<br />

was used, a mixed method calculat<strong>in</strong>g the sectoral <strong>in</strong>dicators was chosen.<br />

Therefore, problems <strong>in</strong> relation to data <strong>in</strong>tegrity and redundancy have to be<br />

taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration.<br />

The flexible calculation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>dicators makes it possible to start<br />

participative plann<strong>in</strong>g processes and to provide rough estimations as to what<br />

the certa<strong>in</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g decisions will yield.<br />

79


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Groundwater geochemistry <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area<br />

Constant<strong>in</strong> MARIN<br />

“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />

The ma<strong>in</strong> feature <strong>of</strong> groundwater chemistry <strong>in</strong> the study area is the<br />

prevalence <strong>of</strong> the Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations and <strong>of</strong> the HCO 3<br />

-<br />

anion. The TDS<br />

content ranges from less than 25 mg L -1 to more than 400 mg L -1 and its<br />

distribution is a function <strong>of</strong> the petrography <strong>of</strong> the substratum through<br />

which the water flows. In order to assess the extent to which the karst<br />

processes concerned the substratum with<strong>in</strong> which the groundwater sources<br />

occur, there has been <strong>in</strong>vestigated the behavior <strong>of</strong> several physical and<br />

chemical water parameters, especially <strong>of</strong> those which describe the chemical<br />

process <strong>of</strong> carbonate rocks dissolution. Outstand<strong>in</strong>gly relevant <strong>in</strong> this<br />

respect proved to be the ionic strength <strong>of</strong> the solution, the weight <strong>of</strong> the Ca 2+<br />

+ Mg 2+ sum <strong>of</strong> concentrations and the ratio between the K + and the HCO 3<br />

-<br />

ions concentrations. The latter parameter has its values controlled by the<br />

behavior <strong>of</strong> the K + ion, which is <strong>in</strong>volved prevalently <strong>in</strong> ionic exchange<br />

processes with<strong>in</strong> the soil cover.<br />

Geochimia apei subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul carstic<br />

Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />

Chimismul apei subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul studiat se caracterizează pr<strong>in</strong><br />

predom<strong>in</strong>anţa cationilor Ca 2+ şi Mg 2+ şi a anionului HCO 3-<br />

. Conţ<strong>in</strong>utul total<br />

de solide dizolvate al acestora variază de la mai puţ<strong>in</strong> de 25 mg L -1 la peste<br />

400 mg L -1 şi are o distribuţie care ţ<strong>in</strong>e seama de natura petrografică a<br />

substratului drenat. Pentru a preciza gradul de carstificare a substratului<br />

pe care evoluează sursele de apă subterană, a fost <strong>in</strong>vestigată comportarea<br />

mai multor paramteri fizico-chimici ai apei, cu precădere a celor care<br />

descriu procesul chimic de punere în soluţie a rocilor carbonatice. Deosebit<br />

de relevanţi în acest sens, s-au dovedit a fi: tăria ionică a soluţiei, ponderea<br />

sumei concentraţiilor Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ şi raportul d<strong>in</strong>tre concentraţiile ionilor<br />

de K + şi HCO 3-<br />

. Valorile acestui ultim parametru sunt dictate de<br />

comportarea ionului K + , implicat cu precădere în procese de schimb ionic<br />

la nivelul cuverturii de sol.<br />

80


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Chemistry <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall water collected by local people <strong>in</strong><br />

Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa area<br />

Constant<strong>in</strong> MARIN<br />

“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />

In order to provide for the water deficit recorded <strong>in</strong> that area, local people<br />

have imag<strong>in</strong>ed various systems <strong>of</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g and stor<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong>fall dripp<strong>in</strong>g<br />

from the ro<strong>of</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the build<strong>in</strong>gs. This “cistern” water is prevalently used for<br />

domestic purposes, yet there exist also situations when it is used for cook<strong>in</strong>g<br />

(for <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>in</strong> Mununa). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to our <strong>in</strong>vestigations, the ammonium<br />

and nitrites concentrations <strong>in</strong> the ra<strong>in</strong>fall water collected by local people<br />

were much higher than those recorded <strong>in</strong> groundwater or <strong>in</strong> surface water.<br />

Additionally, bacteriological analyses performed for water collected <strong>in</strong> large<br />

pools built <strong>in</strong> concrete outl<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>in</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the considered cases, that the<br />

ma<strong>in</strong> specific parameters strongly exceeded the maximum admissible<br />

concentrations stipulated by the regulations <strong>in</strong> force.<br />

Chimismul apei meteorice colectate de localnici în zona Gârda<br />

Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />

Pentru a supl<strong>in</strong>i deficitul de apă existent în zonă, localnicii au imag<strong>in</strong>at<br />

diverse sisteme de colectare şi stocare a apei de ploaie scursă de pe<br />

acoperişurile construcţiilor. Această apă este utilizată precădere în scopuri<br />

menajere, dar există şi situaţii când ea este folosită în bucătărie, la<br />

pregătirea hranei (în Munună, de exemplu). D<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigaţiile noastre a<br />

rezultat că nivelurile concentraţilor de amoniu şi azotiţi găsite în apa de<br />

precipitaţie colectată de localnici sunt cu mult mai mari faţă de cele d<strong>in</strong><br />

apa subterană sau de suprafaţă. De asemenea, analizele microbiologice<br />

realizate la apa colectată în mari baz<strong>in</strong>e construite d<strong>in</strong> beton au pus în<br />

evidenţă, pentru majoritatea cazurilor testate, depăşirea substanţială a<br />

concentraţiilor limită admise de normativele în vigoare la pr<strong>in</strong>cipalii<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicatori specifici.<br />

81


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Groundwater pollution with<strong>in</strong> the<br />

Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa karst area<br />

Constant<strong>in</strong> MARIN<br />

Ioan POVARĂ<br />

“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />

In the <strong>in</strong>vestigated area, cattle graz<strong>in</strong>g that occurs over large areas is the<br />

ma<strong>in</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> groundwater pollution. Additional causes are manure used as<br />

a fertilizer, domestic waste, and dejections from toilets that exist<strong>in</strong>g next to<br />

the local people households. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to our <strong>in</strong>vestigations, outstand<strong>in</strong>gly<br />

vulnerable to pollution appear to be those outlets whose water flows<br />

through a substratum that is only slightly concerned by karst processes, and<br />

whose recharge areas are strictly local, their actual supply orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g<br />

prevalently <strong>in</strong> the shallow karst. The gravity <strong>of</strong> this situation should be<br />

considered extremely seriously, s<strong>in</strong>ce local people use as dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water<br />

sources ma<strong>in</strong>ly spr<strong>in</strong>gs and wells that discharge from the shallow karst.<br />

Elements specific to a karst landscape, such as caves, potholes, swallets,<br />

etc., to which there should be also added the relatively th<strong>in</strong> soil cover, are<br />

responsible for the poor organization <strong>of</strong> the surface water network, while<br />

simultaneously favor<strong>in</strong>g the fast seepage <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall water <strong>in</strong> the<br />

underground, a phenomenon which hampers the self-depollution processes.<br />

The bacteriological analysis confirms <strong>in</strong> a remarkable way the trends<br />

recorded for the nutrients (NH 4+<br />

, NO 3-<br />

, etc.) distribution <strong>in</strong> the groundwater.<br />

Poluarea apei subterane d<strong>in</strong> arealul carstic<br />

Gârda Seacă–Gheţari–Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa<br />

Pr<strong>in</strong>cipala cauză a poluării apei subterane, d<strong>in</strong> arealul studiat, o constituie<br />

păşunatul realizat pe arii ext<strong>in</strong>se. La aceasta se adaugă gunoiul de grajd<br />

utilizat ca fertilizant, reziduurile menajere şi dejecţiile provenite de la<br />

sistemele septice (grupurile sanitare) aflate pe lângă gospodăriile<br />

localnicilor. D<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestigaţiile noastre, apar ca deosebit de vulnerabile la<br />

poluare sursele ce drenează un substrat slab carstificat, a căror alimentare<br />

se face strict local, cu precădere d<strong>in</strong> epicarst. Acestă situaţie atrage atenţia<br />

pr<strong>in</strong> gravitatea ei, deoarece localnicii folosesc preferenţial, ca surse de apă<br />

potabilă, izvoarele şi fântânile cantonate în epicarst. Elementele specifice<br />

peisajului carstic, cum sunt avenele, peşterile, ponoarele, etc., la care se<br />

adaugă o cuvertură de sol relativ subţire, dezorganizează scurgerea<br />

superficială şi favorizează pătrunderea rapidă a apei meteorice în subteran,<br />

82


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

ceea ce împiedică desfăşurarea proceselor de autoepurare. Analiza<br />

bacteorologică confimă în mod remarcabil tend<strong>in</strong>ţele manifestate în<br />

distribuţia nutrienţilor (NH 4+<br />

, NO 3-<br />

, etc.) în apa subterană.<br />

Hydrogeological issues concern<strong>in</strong>g the Gârda Seacă-<br />

Ordâncuşa water divide and the water supply opportunities for<br />

the <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Ocoale-Gheţari area<br />

Iancu ORĂŞEANU<br />

“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />

The hydrogeological study performed has addressed the assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />

groundwater potential <strong>of</strong> the Gârda Seacă-Ordâncuşa watershed, <strong>in</strong> order to<br />

establish the possibilities <strong>of</strong> supply<strong>in</strong>g dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water to the peasants<br />

households located <strong>in</strong> areas devoid <strong>of</strong> such sources. It has also aimed at the<br />

acquisition and process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> meteorological data required for the<br />

completion <strong>of</strong> the studies concerned with the hydrogeology, the<br />

hydrochemistry and the vegetation evolution assessment on the<br />

experimental plots with grassland and vegetables, as well at characteriz<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the climatic conditions over the project completion period with<strong>in</strong> the multiannual<br />

regional climatic framework, rely<strong>in</strong>g on data provided by the<br />

permanent meteorological stations <strong>of</strong> the INMH network.<br />

Consideraţii hidrogeologice asupra <strong>in</strong>terfluviului Gârda Seacă-<br />

Ordâncuşa şi posibilităţile de alimentare cu apă potabiă a locuitorilor<br />

d<strong>in</strong> zona Ocoale-Gheţari<br />

Studiul hidrogeologic a avut ca scop evaluarea potenţialului de ape<br />

subterane al <strong>in</strong>terfluviului Gârda Seacă-Ordâncuşa, în vederea stabilirii<br />

posibilităţilor de alimentare cu apă potabilă a gospodăriilor ţărăneşti d<strong>in</strong><br />

zonele lipsite de astfel de surse. Studiul a urmărit deasemenea colectarea şi<br />

prelucrarea datelor meteorologice necesare fundamentării studiilor<br />

hidrogeologice, hidrochimice şi de evaluarea a evoluţiei vegetaţiei de pe<br />

platformele experimentale cu pajişti şi legume, precum şi caracterizarea<br />

condiţiilor climatice d<strong>in</strong> perimetru în contextul mai larg al Munţilor<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>.<br />

83


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Terra rossa soils from northern Bihor/<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

Mihai PARICHI<br />

Anca-Luiza STĂNILĂ<br />

“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />

Terra rossa is an dom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g soil group <strong>in</strong> mediterranean <strong>regions</strong>. Most <strong>of</strong><br />

them appear to be derived from weather<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> sediments <strong>of</strong> jurassic<br />

geology. The orig<strong>in</strong>al material <strong>of</strong> soil consist <strong>in</strong> residue dissolv<strong>in</strong>g<br />

limestone.<br />

Terra rossa soils can be found locally <strong>in</strong> the western part <strong>of</strong> the country,<br />

under submediteranean climatical conditions (M. Banatului), and under<br />

suboceanic “wet” conditions as <strong>in</strong> M. <strong>Apuseni</strong>. Associated soil types most<br />

frequently were rendz<strong>in</strong>a, rendz<strong>in</strong>ic eu-mezobazic brown soils, and<br />

rendz<strong>in</strong>ic lithosol.<br />

Recent results about ground (soil) and laboratory could show, that <strong>in</strong> North<br />

Bihor Terra rossa soils also can develop today, if hydroclimatic conditions,<br />

dra<strong>in</strong>age and geomorphology allow rubefaction <strong>of</strong> the soil material.<br />

Solurile terra rossa d<strong>in</strong> Bihorul nordic (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>)<br />

Terra rossa este o formaţie dom<strong>in</strong>antă în regiunile mediteraneene, prezenţa<br />

ei fi<strong>in</strong>d legată de calcare de cele mai multe ori jurasice. Materialul de<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>e al solului îl reprez<strong>in</strong>tă reziduul de dizolvare al calcarului.<br />

Solul de tip terra rossa apare însă local şi în partea de vest a ţării atât în<br />

condiţii climatice submediteraneene (Munţii Banatului) cât şi în condiţii<br />

climatice (mai umede) cu <strong>in</strong>fluenţe oceanice (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>), în cele mai<br />

frecvente cazuri asociat cu rendz<strong>in</strong>e, soluri brune eu-mezobazice<br />

rendz<strong>in</strong>ice, litosoluri rendz<strong>in</strong>ice şi stâncărie.<br />

D<strong>in</strong> datele cele mai recente de teren şi laborator rezultă că solul de tip<br />

terra rossa d<strong>in</strong> Bihorul nordic se dezvoltă şi în prezent dacă sunt îndepl<strong>in</strong>ite<br />

anumite condiţii hidroclimatice, de drenaj şi geomorfologice în care<br />

rubefierea materialului de sol să funcţioneze.<br />

84


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Agro-climatic characterization <strong>of</strong> the forests, pastures and<br />

grassland ecosystems. Climatic hazards and effects on the<br />

environment and the local population<br />

Rodica POVARĂ<br />

“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest<br />

The paper presents the basic results <strong>of</strong> a research activity which addressed<br />

two ma<strong>in</strong> directions: assess<strong>in</strong>g the agro-climatic resources and the degree to<br />

which they are favorable for a normal vegetation <strong>of</strong> forest, pasture,<br />

grassland, hayfield and vegetables gardens ecosystems, and the analysis <strong>of</strong><br />

the possible climatic hazards and <strong>of</strong> their impact on the natural<br />

environment. The study used meteorological data collected over the period<br />

1961–2000 at the NIMH stations Câmpeni, Băişoara, Stâna de Vale,<br />

Vlădeasa, observations recorded at Gheţari meteorological station and at the<br />

ra<strong>in</strong> gaug<strong>in</strong>g stations Gârda de Sus and Poiana Căl<strong>in</strong>easa over the <strong>in</strong>terval<br />

May 2001 – December 2002, the scientific results <strong>of</strong> the project partners,<br />

and <strong>in</strong>formation provided by local people. The meteorological data have<br />

been processed and <strong>in</strong>terpreted monthly and over two characteristic periods<br />

<strong>of</strong> the plants biological cycle: the period <strong>of</strong> active vegetation IV–X and <strong>of</strong><br />

crypto-vegetation XI–III (X–IV).<br />

Agro-climatic resources (effective sunsh<strong>in</strong>e duration, heat units,<br />

precipitation amounts) are highly favorable for the vegetation <strong>of</strong> the species<br />

<strong>in</strong> the above-mentioned ecosystems, but also for the <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong> new<br />

species such as rye (up to a maximum <strong>of</strong> 1000 m altitude, on organically<br />

improved and more than 100 cm thick soils), and hemp (which may turn<br />

<strong>in</strong>to cultivated land the s<strong>in</strong>kholes slopes). It is also possible to cultivate new<br />

vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers, mild pepper, etc.) by us<strong>in</strong>g polyethylene<br />

sheets to protect them aga<strong>in</strong>st frost.<br />

Among the agro-climatic hazards, the most frequent and the ones with a<br />

strong impact on vegetation are the critical negative temperatures occurr<strong>in</strong>g<br />

dur<strong>in</strong>g the active vegetation period (especially <strong>in</strong> the months April–May and<br />

September–October), the short duration <strong>of</strong> sunsh<strong>in</strong>e (affect<strong>in</strong>g heliophyle<br />

species like Fagus sylvatica and the vegetables), elevated air humidity (that<br />

favors the occurrence <strong>of</strong> parasite mushrooms on trees – the cryptogamic<br />

diseases– and makes hay dry<strong>in</strong>g difficult), the excess, yet sometimes on the<br />

contrary, the deficit <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall. The shallow soils and the steepness <strong>of</strong> the<br />

slopes frequently results <strong>in</strong> low soil moisture contents. This affects leaf<br />

twist<strong>in</strong>g and wither<strong>in</strong>g (Fagus sylvatica, onion, garlic), low height <strong>of</strong> the<br />

85


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

gram<strong>in</strong>aceae species <strong>in</strong> hayfields and pasture), small sizes <strong>of</strong> the potato<br />

tubers etc.<br />

For local people, the most severe bioclimatic hazards are critical negative<br />

temperatures, specifically below –20°C (<strong>in</strong> Gheţari village the m<strong>in</strong>imum<br />

was –23,5°C on December 25, 2002), prolonged periods <strong>of</strong> negative<br />

temperatures (136 days with temperatures below 0° C, e.g. <strong>in</strong> 2002), high<br />

amounts <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong>fall (213.0 mm <strong>in</strong> July 2001 and 236.0 mm <strong>in</strong> August 2002)<br />

and relative air humidity frequently exceed<strong>in</strong>g 80%.<br />

Caracterizare agroclimatică a ecosistemelor de pădure, pajişti şi fâneţe.<br />

Riscuri climatice şi efecte asupra mediului natural şi populaţiei locale<br />

Lucrarea prez<strong>in</strong>tă s<strong>in</strong>tetic rezultatele cercetării efectuate pe două direcţii<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipale: estimarea resurselor agroclimatice şi a gradului lor de<br />

favorabilitate pentru vegetaţia ecosistemelor de pădure, pajişti, fâneţe<br />

naturale şi grăd<strong>in</strong>i de legume, şi analiza riscurilor climatice posibile şi a<br />

impactului acestora asupra mediului natural. Studiul s-a bazat pe datele<br />

meteorologice d<strong>in</strong> perioada 1961–2000 de la staţiile INMH, Câmpeni,<br />

Băişoara, Stâna de Vale şi Vlădeasa, observaţiile de la staţia meteorologică<br />

d<strong>in</strong> satul Gheţari, de la posturile pluviometrice Gârda de Sus şi Poiana<br />

Căl<strong>in</strong>easa d<strong>in</strong> perioada mai 2001–decembrie 2002, pe rezultatele şti<strong>in</strong>ţifice<br />

ale celorlalţi parteneri d<strong>in</strong> proiect şi pe <strong>in</strong>formaţiile culese de la localnici.<br />

Datele meteorologice au fost prelucrate şi <strong>in</strong>terpretate lunar şi pe două<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervale caracteristice d<strong>in</strong> ciclul biologic al plantelor: perioada activă de<br />

vegetaţie IV–X şi criptovegetaţia XI–III (X–IV).<br />

Resursele agroclimatice prez<strong>in</strong>tă un grad de favorabilitate ridicat pentru<br />

vegetaţia speciilor d<strong>in</strong> ecosistemele menţionate, dar şi pentru <strong>in</strong>troducerea<br />

în cultură a unor specii noi, cum ar fi secara, până la altitud<strong>in</strong>ea de 1000<br />

m, pe soluri îmbunătăţite organic şi cu grosimi de peste 100 cm şi cânepa,<br />

ce poate valorifica versanţii dol<strong>in</strong>elor. În ceea ce priveşte legumicultura,<br />

este posibilă cultivarea unor specii noi (tomate, ardei, castraveţi etc.) pr<strong>in</strong><br />

protejarea împotriva îngheţurilor cu ajutorul foliei de polietilenă.<br />

Riscurile agroclimatice cele mai frecvente şi cu impactul cel mai puternic<br />

sunt: temperaturile negative d<strong>in</strong> timpul vegetaţiei active (în special în lunile<br />

aprilie-mai şi septembrie-octombrie), durata redusă de strălucire a<br />

soarelui, datorită nebulozităţii crescute (afectează speciile heli<strong>of</strong>ile ca<br />

Fagus sylvatica şi legumele), umiditatea crescută d<strong>in</strong> aer care favorizează<br />

apariţia bolilor criptogamice, excesul dar şi lipsa de precipitaţii d<strong>in</strong> unii<br />

ani. Grosimea mică a solurilor şi încl<strong>in</strong>area pantelor determ<strong>in</strong>ă o rezervă<br />

de apă, de cele mai multe ori necorespunzătoare necesarului de consum al<br />

86


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

plantelor, care se manifestă pr<strong>in</strong> diferenţieri fenologice şi biometrice, cu<br />

repercusiuni asupra recoltelor (îndeosebi fân şi legume).<br />

Pentru populaţia locală, cele mai severe riscuri bioclimatice sunt<br />

temperaturile negative critice


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Tierhaltung <strong>in</strong> Gheţari<br />

Markus PFEUFFER 1<br />

Erika BANTO 2<br />

H.-H. SAMBRAUS 1<br />

1 TU München<br />

2 University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences<br />

and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cluj-Napoca<br />

Die Tierhaltung im <strong>Apuseni</strong>-Gebirge wird weitgehend unter Fortführung<br />

traditioneller Nutzungen betrieben. Gehalten werden vor allem Milchvieh,<br />

Pferde, Schwe<strong>in</strong>e, Schafe und wenig Kle<strong>in</strong>vieh. Die R<strong>in</strong>derrassen werden<br />

kurz beschrieben und die Milchleistung der Kühe erläutert. Die<br />

Stallbauweise wird anhand von Plänen und Fotos dargestellt und zwei zu<br />

empfehlende Stallbau-Beispiele für die R<strong>in</strong>derhaltung beschrieben. Die<br />

wichtigesten Pferde- und Schwe<strong>in</strong>erassen werden ebenfalls besprochen.<br />

Creşterea animalelor în Gheţari<br />

În Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, creşterea animalelor se practică în cont<strong>in</strong>uare în mare<br />

măsură în mod tradiţional. Se cresc în special bov<strong>in</strong>e pentru lapte, cai,<br />

porci, oi şi puţ<strong>in</strong>e vite mărunte. Rasele de bov<strong>in</strong>e sunt descrise pe scurt şi<br />

este explicată productivitatea de lapte a vacilor. Modul de construcţie al<br />

grajdurilor este explicat pe bază de planuri şi fotografii şi sunt descrise<br />

două exemple recomadate de grajd pentru ţ<strong>in</strong>erea bov<strong>in</strong>elor. Sunt discutate<br />

de asemenea pr<strong>in</strong>cipalele rase de cai şi porci.<br />

88<br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>development</strong> <strong>of</strong> a traditional landscape <strong>in</strong> the<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, Romania<br />

Albert REIF<br />

Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />

Institut für Landespflege, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />

In the <strong>Apuseni</strong> mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Romania, traditional land uses still are<br />

practised. PROIECT APUSENI <strong>in</strong>vestigates the natural, cultural, and<br />

socioeconomic situation <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>in</strong> a “nested approach”. Detailed<br />

studies were performed <strong>in</strong> the village <strong>of</strong> Gheţari. The socioeconomic<br />

context <strong>of</strong> the village was studied <strong>in</strong> a transect between the valley and the


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

mounta<strong>in</strong> pasture <strong>of</strong> Căl<strong>in</strong>easa. The economy <strong>of</strong> the region “Moţi country”<br />

was compiled us<strong>in</strong>g literature and questionar<strong>in</strong>g. Despite <strong>in</strong>creased forest<br />

exploitation, sectors like <strong>rural</strong> tourism, improved utilization and sale <strong>of</strong><br />

medic<strong>in</strong>al plants, new techniques <strong>in</strong> agriculture, animal keep<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

garden<strong>in</strong>g provide perspectives for susta<strong>in</strong>able land use <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional în<br />

Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>, Romania<br />

În Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România se practică încă utilizarea pământului întro<br />

manieră tradiţională. În cadrul PROIECTULUI APUSENI situaţia d<strong>in</strong><br />

zonă este <strong>in</strong>vestigată d<strong>in</strong> punct de vedere natural, cultural şi socioeconomic,<br />

pr<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>termediul “abordării imbricate“. Studii detaliate s-au<br />

axat asupra satului Gheţari. Cadrul socio-economic al satului a fost studiat<br />

pe un pr<strong>of</strong>il între vale şi păşunea alp<strong>in</strong>ă d<strong>in</strong> Căl<strong>in</strong>easa. Folos<strong>in</strong>du-se<br />

literatura publicată şi chestionarele s-a realizat o compilare referitoare la<br />

economia regiunii “Ţării Moţilor”. În ciuda exploatării forestiere tot mai<br />

<strong>in</strong>tense, sectoare cum ar fi turismul <strong>rural</strong>, folosirea mai bună şi vânzarea<br />

plantelor medic<strong>in</strong>ale, noi tehnici în agricultură, creşterea animalelor şi<br />

grăd<strong>in</strong>ăritul <strong>of</strong>eră perspective pentru o folos<strong>in</strong>ţă durabilă a pământului pe<br />

viitor.<br />

Traditionelle Landnutzung und Vegetationsgradienten im<br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong>–Gebirge <strong>in</strong> Rumänien<br />

Albert REIF 1<br />

Georg HARTH 1<br />

Gheorghe COLDEA 2<br />

1 Waldbau-Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />

2 Biology Research Institute, Cluj-Napoca<br />

Die Vielzahl traditioneller Nutzung im Offenland und im Wald hat e<strong>in</strong>e<br />

strukturreiche Landschaft geschaffen. E<strong>in</strong>e exemplarische Untersuchung<br />

fand <strong>in</strong> der Gemarkung des Dorfes Gheţari statt. Durch die Holznutzung<br />

und Waldweide s<strong>in</strong>d die meisten Waldränder sehr jung und <strong>of</strong>tmals<br />

unscharf ausgebildet. Auf kle<strong>in</strong>en Äckern wird bis heute e<strong>in</strong>e Egarten-<br />

Wirtschaft (Acker-Wiesen-Wechselwirtschaft) praktiziert. Dies führt zur<br />

Ausbildung gradueller floristischer Übergänge am Waldrand sowie im<br />

89


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Laufe der Sukzession auf den Brachäckern. Ähnliche Landschaftselemente<br />

s<strong>in</strong>d vermutlich auch <strong>in</strong> Mitteleuropa früher anzutreffen gewesen.<br />

Exploatarea tradiţională a pământului şi gradienţii de vegetaţie în<br />

Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>/România<br />

Multitud<strong>in</strong>ea modurilor tradiţionale de utilizare a terenurilor deschise şi a<br />

pădurilor a generat un peisaj multistructural. În perimetrul satului Gheţari<br />

a fost efectuat un studiu exemplar. Pr<strong>in</strong> exploatarea lemnului şi a poienilor,<br />

majoritatea lizierelor de pădure sunt în majoritatea cazurilor foarte t<strong>in</strong>ere<br />

şi adesea slab conturate. Pe suprafeţe mici se practică până în zilele<br />

noastre o cultură alternativă de teren cultivat cu fâneaţă. Aceasta conduce<br />

la treceri floristice graduale la lizieră, precum şi pe terenuri înţelenite.<br />

Elemente peisagistice asemănătoare puteau fi probabil întâlnite mai de<br />

mult şi în ţările Europei Centrale.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>of</strong> manure on the Festuca Rubra grasslands at<br />

Ghetari ( <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s)<br />

Ioan ROTAR<br />

Flor<strong>in</strong> PĂCURAR<br />

Roxana VIDICAN<br />

Nicolae SIMA<br />

University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Cluj-Napoca<br />

Wide surfaces <strong>of</strong> natural grasslands <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

are fertilised every year with unfermented manure. This experiment<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestigates the reaction <strong>of</strong> the Festuca rubra grasslands situated on 2 types<br />

<strong>of</strong> soil (terra rossa and brown eumesobasic soil) to spr<strong>in</strong>g fertilisation with<br />

unfermented manure. The altitude where the experiment was carried out is<br />

1159 m, the amount <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>in</strong> is ca. 1200 mm/m 2 , and the annual average<br />

temperature ca. 4° C. The meadow was used by mow<strong>in</strong>g. The experimental<br />

design gradually <strong>in</strong>creased the amount <strong>of</strong> manure up to the maximum<br />

amount <strong>of</strong> 30 t/ha. When mowed first, the largest hay yields were recorded<br />

for brown eumesobasic soil, while at the second mow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> autumn the<br />

Terra rossa soil yielded more. The floristic structure <strong>of</strong> the grassland<br />

communities underwent alterations, consist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a decrease <strong>of</strong> the amount<br />

<strong>of</strong> Poaceae, while the percentage <strong>of</strong> herbs <strong>in</strong>creased.<br />

90


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Conclusion: The use <strong>of</strong> unfermented manure on mounta<strong>in</strong> grasslands<br />

contributes to preserve the diversity <strong>of</strong> the species <strong>of</strong> plants.<br />

Influenţa gunoiului de grajd asupra pajiştilor<br />

de Festuca rubra, d<strong>in</strong> Gheţari (Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>)<br />

Suprafeţe mari de pajişti în regiunea Munţilor <strong>Apuseni</strong> se fertilizează anual<br />

cu gunoi de grajd nefermentat. Acest experiment studiază <strong>in</strong>fluenţa<br />

gunoiului de grajd nefermentat asupra pajiştilor de Festuca rubra, pe două<br />

tipuri de sol. (terra rossa, brun eu-mezobazic rendz<strong>in</strong>ic). Altitud<strong>in</strong>ea este de<br />

1159 m, precipitaţiile medii anuale de 1200 mm/m 2 şi temperatura 4° C. S-a<br />

studiat efectul gunoiului asupra pajiştii, în diferite doze, până la doza<br />

maximă de 30 t/ha. La prima coasă, producţia cea mai ridicată de<br />

substanţă uscată s-a înregistrat în cazul pajiştii situate pe tipul de sol brun<br />

eu-mezobazic rendz<strong>in</strong>ic, iar la coasa a doua, producţia cea mai mare fi<strong>in</strong>d<br />

în cazul pajiştii de pe terra rossa. În covorul ierbos s-au produs modificări,<br />

pr<strong>in</strong> scăderea procentului de poacee şi pr<strong>in</strong> creşterea procentului de<br />

legum<strong>in</strong>oase şi plante d<strong>in</strong> alte familii botanice.<br />

Folosirea gunoiului de grajd nefermentat, pe pajiştile de munte, contribuie<br />

la menţ<strong>in</strong>era diversităţii speciilor de plante.<br />

Nachhaltige Entwicklung e<strong>in</strong>er traditionellen Kulturlandschaft<br />

im <strong>Apuseni</strong> Gebirge, am Beispiel des Dorfes Gheţari<br />

(Geme<strong>in</strong>de Gârda)<br />

Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />

Albert REIF<br />

Katja BRINKMANN<br />

Manuel BRANTZEN<br />

Institute <strong>of</strong> Landscape Management, University <strong>of</strong> Freiburg<br />

Die Ergebnisse des <strong>Proiect</strong> <strong>Apuseni</strong> wurden <strong>in</strong> exemplarischen<br />

Leitprojekten umgesetzt. Es zeichnet sich ab, dass vor allem im Bereich des<br />

ländlichen Tourismus Potenziale e<strong>in</strong>er Verbesserung der wirtschaftlichen<br />

Lebensgrundlage bestehen (Gründung e<strong>in</strong>er Assoziation; Bau erster<br />

Pensionen und „Cabanas“). Im Bereich der Grünlandwirtschaft wurden<br />

Düngeexperimente durchgeführt, Empfehlungen zur Mistlagerung und –<br />

Ausbr<strong>in</strong>gung sowie zur Mahd erstellt. Weitere Verbesserungen s<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> den<br />

91


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Bereichen Tierhaltung, Stallbau und Gemüsebau erzielbar. Die bislang<br />

praktizierte Sammlung, Trocknung und Vermarktung von Heilpflanzen<br />

könnte verbessert werden.<br />

Dezvoltarea durabilă a unui peisaj tradiţional d<strong>in</strong> Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong>,<br />

exemplul satului Gheţari (comuna Gârda)<br />

Rezultatele proiectului <strong>Apuseni</strong> au fost transpuse în Modele exemplificative<br />

de proiect. Se conturează concluzia că, în special în domeniul<br />

agroturismului există, premize pentru ameliorarea bazei economice de<br />

viaţă (fondarea unei asociaţii; construcţia primelor pensiuni şi “cabane”).<br />

În domeniul economiei agrare, au fost experimentate îngrăşăm<strong>in</strong>te, au fost<br />

făcute recomandări priv<strong>in</strong>d depozitarea şi împrăştierea bălegarului precum<br />

şi cositul. Alte îmbunătăţiri pot fi obt<strong>in</strong>uţe în domeniul creşterii animalelor,<br />

construcţiei de grajduri şi culturii de legume. Practicarea până nu de mult<br />

a colectării, uscării şi vânzării de plante medic<strong>in</strong>ale ar putea fi şi ea<br />

îmbunătăţită.<br />

Identifizierung der sozialen, ökonomischen und ökologischen<br />

Potenziale für e<strong>in</strong>e nachhaltige Entwicklung e<strong>in</strong>er traditionellen<br />

Kulturlandschaft <strong>in</strong> Osteuropa – am Beispiel des <strong>Apuseni</strong>-<br />

Gebirges <strong>in</strong> Rumänien<br />

Evelyn RUŞDEA<br />

Albert REIF<br />

Ioan POVARĂ<br />

Werner KONOLD<br />

Institut für Landespflege, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg<br />

“Emil Racoviţă” Institute <strong>of</strong> Speology<br />

Im Auftrag des deutschen Bundesm<strong>in</strong>isteriums für Bildung und Forschung<br />

(BMMF) werden <strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>em <strong>in</strong>terdiszipl<strong>in</strong>ären, b<strong>in</strong>ationalen Projekt<br />

Methoden gesucht, um <strong>in</strong> Partizipation mit der Bevölkerung e<strong>in</strong>e<br />

nachhaltige Regionalentwicklung zu <strong>in</strong>itiieren. Das Projekt bewertet Natur<br />

und Landschaft sowie die ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit der Haushalte<br />

und der Region. Auf dieser Grundlage wird e<strong>in</strong> Modell erstellt, das als Basis<br />

für die Def<strong>in</strong>ition von Zukunftsszenarien dient<br />

92


Abstracts – Posters PROIECT APUSENI<br />

Identificarea potenţialului social, economic şi ecologic pentru o<br />

dezvoltare durabilă a unei regiuni tradiţionale d<strong>in</strong> Europa de Est.<br />

Studiu de caz: Munţii <strong>Apuseni</strong> d<strong>in</strong> România<br />

La comanda M<strong>in</strong>isterului German pentru Şt<strong>in</strong>ţa şi Cercetare (BMBF), în<br />

cadrul unui proiect b<strong>in</strong>aţional <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ar, se caută metode pentru<br />

<strong>in</strong>iţierea, cu participarea populaţiei, a unei dezvoltări regionale durabile.<br />

<strong>Proiect</strong>ul evaluează atât natura şi peisajul, cât şi potenţialul economic al<br />

gospodăriilor şi al regiunii. Pe această bază va fi realizat un model care va<br />

servi drept bază pentru def<strong>in</strong>irea scenariilor de dezvoltare viitoare.<br />

Action Research <strong>in</strong> <strong>rural</strong> <strong>development</strong> – A case study <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>Apuseni</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s – Romania<br />

Thomas WEHINGER<br />

Joseph BÜHLER<br />

and Project <strong>Apuseni</strong> collaborators<br />

Büro NeuLand Aulendorf<br />

<strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> Development and management <strong>of</strong> natural resources only works<br />

if there is a common view <strong>of</strong> the future with<strong>in</strong> the local society. To ga<strong>in</strong> this<br />

common view, it is necessary to <strong>in</strong>volve stakeholder, who are able and<br />

will<strong>in</strong>g to make decisions towards an effective and efficient use or<br />

conservation. Therefore one <strong>of</strong> the most important objectives <strong>of</strong> the<br />

PROIECT APUSENI was to get <strong>in</strong>to an exchange <strong>of</strong> scientific work and practical<br />

knowledge <strong>of</strong> the people liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the area. With various methods <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>formation, participation and cooperation the objectives and issues <strong>of</strong> the<br />

transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach has been put successfully <strong>in</strong>to practice. With<strong>in</strong> 3<br />

years it has been possible to <strong>in</strong>volve stakeholder <strong>in</strong> discussions, workshops<br />

and practical experience like build<strong>in</strong>g up agro-tourism by organis<strong>in</strong>g an<br />

association, who set up and <strong>in</strong>formation centre and developed attractive <strong>of</strong>fers<br />

for tourists. On a political level the project <strong>of</strong>fered workshops and discussion.<br />

Participative Action Research have been applied successfully accord<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />

experience <strong>of</strong> an other Sister-Project <strong>in</strong> Hohenlohe <strong>in</strong> the South <strong>of</strong> Germany.<br />

The Romanian people appreciated the transdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary approach, which had to<br />

be adopted to various aspects <strong>of</strong> the regional society and social norms. With<br />

three posters this approach is documented by first giv<strong>in</strong>g an overview <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Methodology, secondly describ<strong>in</strong>g a workshop on market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> milk products<br />

and giv<strong>in</strong>g some conclusions <strong>of</strong> the participative action process on the third<br />

poster.<br />

93


Author´s <strong>in</strong>dex<br />

ACATRINEI, MARILENA 53<br />

ALECU, IOAN 42<br />

ANDREIAŞI, NICOLAE 45<br />

ANDRIEŞI, CLAUDIA 45<br />

ANGELSTAM, PER 87<br />

ANGHEL, LAURENŢIU 36<br />

APAHIDEAN, ALEXANDRU 67<br />

APAHIDEAN, MARIA 67<br />

AUCH, ECKHARD 69<br />

BADEA, ALEXANDRU 71<br />

BALTĂLUNGĂ ,ADRIAN 59<br />

BANTO, ERIKA 88<br />

BASARABĂ, A. 45<br />

BĂTINAŞ, RĂZVAN 51<br />

BIJI, ELENA-MARIA 55<br />

BOHATERET, V.-MIHAI 24<br />

BRANTZEN, MANUEL 71, 91<br />

BRINKMANN, KATJA 14, 72, 78, 91<br />

CĂLINESCU, GHEORGHE 73<br />

CHAŞOVSCHI, CARMEN 40<br />

CIPRIAN, ALECU I. 54<br />

COLDEA, GHEORGHE 89<br />

CONSTANTIN, ELENA 47<br />

CONSTANTIN, MARIAN 42<br />

CORPADE, ANA-MARIA 51<br />

CORPADE, CIPRIAN 51<br />

DOLIPSCHI, OANA 22<br />

DRĂGHICI, MANEA 42<br />

DUMITRESCU, ALEXANDRU 73<br />

DUMITRESCU, DANIELA 59<br />

FERENŢ, EMIL 34<br />

GANCZ, VLADIMIR 74<br />

GEMENE, GHEORGHE 43<br />

GHIC, GRAŢIELA 23<br />

GLĂVAN, VASILE 31<br />

GOIA, AUGUSTIN 76<br />

GURAN-NICA, LILIANA 57<br />

HARTH, GEORG 89<br />

HERIŞANU, GH. 71<br />

IANOŞ, GHEORGHE 27<br />

IONESCU, ION 39<br />

IORDAN, ION 77<br />

KONOLD, WERNER 92<br />

L IRIMUS, IOAN-AURE 56<br />

LEHMANN, DIETER 78<br />

LUPU, VASILE 26<br />

MĂRĂCINEANU, FLORIN 47<br />

MARIN, CONSTANTIN 80, 81, 82<br />

MIRON, FLOREA 49<br />

MOISE, IRINA 45<br />

MUDURA, RADU 71<br />

NEACŞU, NICOLAE 39<br />

NEDELEA, ALEXANDRU 22<br />

NISTOREANU, PUIU 33, 36<br />

NOBIS, RALPH 16<br />

NOVAK, ANDREI 64<br />

ONETE, BOGDAN 36<br />

ORĂŞEANU, IANCU 83<br />

PĂCURAR, FLORIN 67, 90, 72<br />

PANAITESCU, LILIANA 45<br />

PARICHI, MIHAI 84<br />

PEHOIU, GICĂ 60<br />

PFEUFFER, MARKUS 88<br />

POPA, NICOLAE 27<br />

94


Author´s <strong>in</strong>dex<br />

POVARĂ, IOAN 82, 92<br />

POVARĂ, IOAN 82, 92<br />

POVARĂ, RODICA 85<br />

PURSCHKE, CHRISTOPH 71, 87<br />

R. ROŞCA, ELISABETA 38, 55<br />

REIF ALBERT 14, 71, 88, 89,<br />

91, 92<br />

ROTAR, IOAN 90<br />

RUŞDEA, EVELYN 14, 88, 91, 92<br />

SAGEATĂ, RADU 20<br />

SAMBRAUS, H.-H. 88<br />

SCHÜBEL, HUBERT R. 18<br />

SIMA, NICOLAE 90<br />

SMEDESCU, ION 64<br />

SOARE, ELENA 73<br />

STĂNILĂ, ANCA-LUIZA 84<br />

STETSYAT, WALENTYN 17<br />

STOICA, ANTOANETA 63<br />

TALABĂ, ION 48<br />

TEODORESCU, VALENTIN 62<br />

TUDOSE, COCA 28<br />

TUDOSE, IULIANA 28<br />

VIDICAN, ROXANA 90<br />

VÖGELIN, DIETER 30<br />

VOICULESCU, MIRCEA 19<br />

WEHINGER, THOMAS 93<br />

95


96<br />

List <strong>of</strong> participants


List <strong>of</strong> participants<br />

97


98<br />

List <strong>of</strong> participants


List <strong>of</strong> participants<br />

99


100<br />

List <strong>of</strong> participants


List <strong>of</strong> participants<br />

101


102<br />

List <strong>of</strong> participants


List <strong>of</strong> participants<br />

103

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!