Getting started with IoT

Getting 

started 

with IoT 

Exploring IoT (Internet of Things) 

for business growth 

censis.org.uk

There’s a transformation 

taking place in how businesses, 

societies and individuals work 

and a new era of possibility 

is now producing ideas and 

insights we never would have 

thought realistic only a few 

years ago. 

1

Integrating IoT 

IoT is here and it’s time for organisations across the country to take advantage 

of the transformational benefits of the technologies and expertise available. 

IoT is a game-changer, allowing companies to create new products and services or 

implement cost and time-saving efficiencies using data and insights gathered in 

real-time. Environmental, health and social care IoT applications will also have positive 

impacts on society. 

The availability and low price of sensors, coupled with major leaps in data storage and 

computing capabilities, means that the time is right for businesses to embrace the 

major improvements, new opportunities and cost savings that IoT offers. 

Contents 

An introduction to IoT 3 

• The road to IoT 4 

• Benefits for business, industry and society 5 

• Security 5 

IoT in action 6 

• Example application areas for IoT 7 

• How a typical IoT system works 9 

• Industrial IoT (IIoT) 10 

Business models 11 

• Software as a Service (SaaS) 11 

• Hardware as a Service (HaaS) 11 

• Emerging business models 12 

The CENSIS IoT stack 13 

• Sensors 14 

• Microcontrollers, edge and embedded computing 15 

• Communications, networking and wireless technologies 16 

• Data repository 19 

• Analysis and post processing 19 

• Visualisation and presentation 19 

Implementing IoT 20 

• Finding IoT expertise 21 

• Your first prototype 21 

• Joining the IoT community in Scotland 21 

Glossary 22 

Text with an explanation in the Glossary on P22 is underlined the first time it is used. 

If you are reading the printed version of this brochure, you can download a hyperlinked pdf at censis.org.uk/brochures 

2

An introduction 

to Internet of 

Things (IoT) 

Q What exactly does ‘Internet of Things’ mean? 

A To simplify the vast amount of chat and hype around IoT, 

think of it in its broadest sense as: ‘A system of things using 

the internet or a private network to connect and 

communicate with each other.’ 

Q What ‘things’? 

A We say ‘things’ but really mean ‘devices’ that are 

connected via the internet to each other. 

Your phone is probably such a device. Some watches 

are internet enabled. Often, you’ll hear ‘smart’ added 

to the front of something to indicate that it can 

connect to the internet and chat to other devices, 

e.g., smartphone, smartwatch, smart lighting. In an 

IoT network, each device has a unique identifier 

and can transmit and/or receive data over a 

network connection. 

Q But this is nothing new, haven’t devices been 

connecting to each other for years? 

A Yes, they have. But technology has advanced so 

much in recent times that we now have the 

capability to connect many more low cost, small, 

battery-operated devices to the internet. If we 

install a sensor on such a device, the sensor can 

first gather data, then send the information 

over the internet. This, combined with the rise of 

low-cost cloud computing is enabling a vast 

amount of new opportunities. 

Q Do IoT devices need to connect to the internet? 

A No, it’s quite common for IoT to operate in a closed 

private network, especially in industrial applications 

where control over a full system is required, or 

where there is no internet connectivity. Everything is 

contained within a private network so that no data 

leaves the system. 

Q What kind of ‘data’ is collected? 

A Sensors detect and measure changes, e.g., changes in 

vibration, impact, heat, light, energy, colour, gases and 

temperature. So, you can create a system of sensors, all 

working together to measure information that is 

specifically relevant to your organisation. They measure, 

collect data and send it on. 

Q Send it on where? 

A Usually, the sensor will send the data to a data repository 

in ‘the cloud’ or local storage. It is stored, managed and 

organised in the cloud then forwarded wherever you want 

it to go. If you want to measure air quality in a city centre 

street for example, the sensor system could gather the 

information, send the data to the cloud for you to then view 

the results on your desktop, smartphone or tablet. IoT devices 

can also receive data which opens up the possibility of 

controlling devices such as switching on a light or 

changing a display. 

Q But aren’t we all drowning in data already? Will the 

information be meaningful? 

A When the system is designed, software is built in to ensure 

that the data is converted to meaningful information. 

The sensor system will also be designed to measure the 

quality of data required to give value. What you see is a 

‘dashboard’ showing exactly the information you want 

to measure. You can set parameters to show only 

information that will affect decision making, rather than 

showing you every measurement. Data analytics can also 

be performed on this data to extract trends, anomalies, 

and behaviours. 

Q Is it private or can other people see the information? 

A Only you and those you authorise will be able to see it. 

When setting up your system, you can specify the level 

of privacy and security you require. We strongly advocate 

designing with privacy and security in mind from the start 

to ensure the system meets the needs of the application 

without compromising the integrity of the system. 

3

The road to IoT 

From M2M to IoT 

While IoT is a relatively new term, machine to machine 

communication (M2M) has been around for decades. Starting 

with the development of the telegraph in the 1830s, through 

the first general communications networks such as ARPANET 

(the predecessor to the internet) and the explosion of 

personal computing beginning in the 1970s, M2M has been 

used for monitoring industrial machinery and reporting status 

information to a supervisory system. M2M communications 

were originally wired systems but the development of 

wireless cellular technology in the 1990s saw M2M become 

more prevalent. 

The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined by a British 

technologist, Kevin Ashton, in 1999. One of the first true 

IoT-type applications, however, was introduced at Carnegie 

Mellon University in Pittsburgh in the early 1980s. Thirsty 

computer science graduate students hooked up the campus 

vending machine to ARPANET to check if a drink was 

available (and cold), before leaving their desks. 

The true difference between M2M and IoT comes with the 

proliferation of connected devices, driven by technology 

evolutions. 

The development of 

MEMS technology 

has allowed IoT devices to 

contain smart, low cost, low 

power sensors. 

Technology evolutions driving IoT 

Computing power 

In 1965, computing scientist Gordon Moore, predicted 

that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit 

(microchip) would double every two years. This proved 

accurate for decades as more and more powerful 

computing capability became available in smaller and 

smaller packages. Today a smartphone has more 

computing power than all of the NASA computers 

used during the Apollo missions. 

Computing cost 

The exponential increase in microprocessors and 

microcontrollers has seen a similar reduction in the 

cost of computing power. 

Wireless technology 

The development of wireless networks such as cellular 

(2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G and now 5G), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 

LPWAN and Satellite, has made the ‘connected’ part 

of ‘connected devices’ easier to implement, as they 

eliminate wired connections. 

Low power electronics and battery technology 

Although computing power density has increased 

enormously, improvements in power efficiency of 

electronics has meant that the IoT devices can be 

powered by small batteries for long periods (even years 

in some cases). This, together with more efficient battery 

technology, has led to widespread use of wireless devices. 

MEMS Technology 

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) is a technology 

using microfabrication methods to produce tiny (less than 

1mm) devices, usually with moving parts, which can be 

incorporated into sensors and actuators with an extremely 

small size and cost. Examples of typical sensors in a 

smartphone are: gyroscopes, accelerometers and 

microphones. 

4

Benefits for business, 

industry and society 

Advances in low power electronics, communications 

standards, and increased efficiencies in battery technologies 

have heralded a new era for IoT. Power efficient, inexpensive 

devices with a long range of communication are available off 

the shelf, allowing all sizes of businesses and organisations, 

in all types of sectors, to design and implement an IoT solution. 

IoT enables organisations to have greater visibility into aspects 

of their businesses that may have previously been hidden. 

This valuable information, often available in real-time, has a 

multitude of business benefits. 

Efficiency 

Better use of time speeds up processes 

Safety 

People exposed to less 

hazardous environments 

Productivity 

Identify and eliminate process errors 

Profitability 

Cost savings and increased 

productivity leads to 

increased profitability 

IoT 

Benefits 

Society 

Monitoring for health and 

social care 

Environment 

Pollution levels, air quality, 

flooding alerts 

Compliance 

New and more effective ways to 

monitor and report compliance 

requirements 

Innovation 

New products and service 

opportunities or new markets 

Business intelligence 

Allowing gathering of data to make better 

decisions to benefit the organisation 

Security 

Any device connected to the internet may be vulnerable 

to attack, and IoT devices are no different. It is essential that 

each device is properly protected with security designed in 

from the initial concept of an IoT project. Secure protocols 

should be put in place and rigorous testing carried out 

before use. 

The UK is investigating a plan to increase cyber security 

across consumer IoT devices with requirements from 

manufacturers to build in security features and label devices 

so consumers have information about how secure their 

devices are. 

UK Government cyber security information: 

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/secure-by-design 

For more cyber security information go to: censis.org.uk 

Studies show that with improved security, 

businesses would not only buy more IoT 

devices, they would pay 22% more for them. 

The IoT cyber security market is forecast to 

grow to around $11 billion by 2025 1 . 

1 

Bain & Company ‘Cybersecurity is the Key to Unlocking Demand in the Internet of Things. Syed Ali, Ann Bosche and Frank Ford 2018 

5

IoT in action 

Since 2016, multiple IoT networks have been rolling out 

across Scotland, laying the groundwork for businesses, 

societies and individuals to create IoT efficiencies, services 

and products. These networks cover Low-Power Long-Range 

Networks that enable lower cost connectivity and open up 

a host of new and exciting use cases. Cellular networks also 

have an important part to play in the IoT revolution with 

new IoT standards emerging that will form an important 

part of the upcoming 5G offering. 

These new communication infrastructures will be the 

backbone of new application development. Impacts from 

IoT activities will be widespread and will affect every aspect 

of our lives. 

As well as consumer, retail, personal health and societal 

benefits, industry will apply IoT to critical infrastructures 

such as manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, healthcare 

and utilities. 

Within Scotland, there is a rich heritage of companies 

developing sensor products, and the move into connecting 

these products is a natural evolution of the technology. 

The Scottish technology development and manufacturing 

landscape is well capable of exploring, designing, 

building, certifying and manfacturing technology to 

achieve worldwide scale. 

We want Scotland 

to be recognised 

internationally as a natural 

test bed for innovation 

in connectivity which is 

why we are investing in 

our digital infrastructure. 

Kate Forbes MSP 

Minister for Public Finance and Digital Economy 

Expected growth of IoT units installed worldwide 

8.4bn 

20.4bn 

2017 2020 

Source: Gartner 

https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-02-07-gartner-says-8-billion-connected-things-will-be-in-use-in-2017-up-31-percent-from-2016 

6

Example application areas for IoT 

Parking in cities 

Food production and farming 

Challenge: 

To optimise the use of parking spaces in cities to 

minimise congestion and maximise income 

Could an IoT system solve this? 

An IoT system could manage parking spaces to the 

benefit of the land owners, drivers and the environment 

Method: 

Sensors are embedded into the ground or mounted on 

nearby buildings to determine whether parking spaces 

are empty. 

Result: 

Via a mobile device, drivers are directed to a space 

without having to spend time looking for one. 

Parking space owners (private or public sector) 

manage land and space more effectively and 

ensure maximum revenue. Vehicle emissions are 

reduced when drivers no longer need to spend 

time driving around looking for a parking space. 

Challenge: 

To optimise irrigation in agriculture and horticulture. Over 

or under watering a crop can reduce yield quality and 

potentially waste water, thereby impacting a farmer’s 

profit margins. 


An IoT system could ensure crops are grown in 

optimum conditions. 

Method: 

Soil moisture sensors are placed around a field to measure 

the level of water in the soil. At regular intervals, the soil 

sensors wirelessly transmit readings to the cloud, where 

the data is stored and information transmitted to a dashboard. 

Result: 

From the dashboard, the farmer sees the current soil moisture 

and determines if the crops need to be watered. 

If the cloud application detects that crops are underwatered, 

it could turn on the irrigation system and water 

the crops automatically, saving the farmer time. 

If the system retrieves the local weather forecast it can also 

disable watering if rain is forecast to prevent over watering. 

Efficient buildings and hospitals 

Home telecare and health monitoring 

Challenge: 

To monitor the ‘health’ of buildings and improve their 

utilisation. Estate managers and building owners often 

have little control over the heating, lighting and 

occupancy of large buildings. This wastes energy and 

increases costs. 


An IoT system could help them better manage 

their buildings. 

Method: 

Sensors placed in rooms assess when rooms are empty 

or in use. At the same time, they monitor temperature 

conditions, humidity and carbon dioxide, noise and 

light levels. 

Result: 

Building managers adjust room comfort levels, save on 

energy used for lights and heating and make better use 

of their facilities. In social housing, this could identify 

potential health issues for residents from damp. 

Challenge: 

To support older people to live independently for as long 

as possible. The existing analogue telephone lines for 

telecare - currently used by 170k people in Scotland - will 

be turned off in 2025. This presents a major opportunity 

for the introduction and application of IoT and other 

digital solutions. 


IoT systems will replace the current non-digital 

infrastructure and will help monitor people’s health and 

wellbeing in the home. 

Method: 

IoT sensors and communication hubs to be provided to 

all people requiring services. 

Result: 

The IoT telecare hubs will provide alarm and health 

monitoring services. This infrastructure will enable 

advanced monitoring and help to keep people healthy 

in their homes for longer. 

7

People flow 

Challenge: 

Counting and understanding the flow of people, 

e.g., in buildings, city centres, at sports events and on 

public transport. Understanding how groups of 

people interact with public transport systems could 

improve infrastructure planning. Crowd management 

at large events could be optimised. 


Low cost distributed sensors could be deployed 

across a transport network to anonymously count 

and understand the flow of people. 

Method: 

There are multiple sensor methods that can be used 

to track people using or moving through 

a space, e.g.,by measuring footfall 

or by using vision systems to 

anonymously count people. 

Crowd behaviour 

Challenge: 

Enhancing the visitor experience at historic sites and 

tourist attractions . 


Indoor and outdoor location tracking could guide people 

round tourist attractions and cities and give relevant 

information at places of interest. 

Method: 

Small beacon sensors can be placed around attractions 

to give people relevant information at set locations 

through smartphones or other devices. 

Result: 

Better visitor experience and understanding of people 

flow throughout attractions. 

Result: 

An understanding of demand/ 

capacity around the network 

can support long-term 

transport or infrastructure 

planning. 

Water monitoring 

City waste collection 

Challenge: 

Monitoring water supplies in large buildings and 

distributed estates, particularly in remote and rural 

areas. Bacteria in a building’s water system could 

cause harm to the occupants. 


An IoT system could check whether water temperature 

in pipes could encourage harmful bacteria growth. 

Currently, many water quality tests are conducted 

manually. Automating this could save time and money, 

provide clearer results, and identify trends 

Method: 

Sensors are deployed throughout the water system 

to measure water temperature in real time. 

Result: 

Water temperatures are recorded around the building 

enabling the building owner to reduce risk and report 

health and safety compliance. 

Challenge: 

Optimising resources for waste collection; understanding 

when bins are full, or if certain bins do not need to be 

emptied. 


An IoT system could detect which containers are full 

and plan the route to maximise efficiency. 

Method: 

Battery-powered ultrasound sensors are fitted to the top 

of each container to measure the level of waste and relay 

this information back to the dashboard. 

Result: 

A dashboard shows which containers need emptied 

and plans the vehicle route accordingly. In turn, fewer 

vehicle emissions helps to reduce environmental impact.. 

8

How a typical IoT system works 

Hardware 

Communication 

network 

infrastructure 

Software 

Devices 

such as: 

Systems such as: 

NB-IoT LoRaWan 

LTE Cat-M1 

LoRaWAN 

Cloud 

providers 

such as: 

Secure 

IP connection 

Gateway 

Device Management 

HTTPS 

Sensors are placed 

in relevant areas. 

Data is received by a 

gateway then sent to the 

cloud application. 

The cloud application 

performs data analytics and 

sends to the user interface 

(dashboard). 

A microcontroller reads the 

sensors. The microcontroller 

runs from a small battery 

and is asleep for most of the 

time to conserve energy, only 

waking when required to read 

the sensors and relay the data 

back to the gateway. 

Low power wireless 

technology will allow the 

edge nodes to run from 

battery or other power 

sources for years. 

The value is here! 

From the dashboard, the 

user can see the real time 

results and also trends over 

the past days and weeks. 

9

Industrial IoT (IIoT) 

You will also hear IIoT 

referred to as Industry 

4.0 or Digital Manufacturing. 

IoT systems can monitor and automate many complex 

processes. Manufacturers have begun to recognise that 

networks of smart sensors, coupled with real-time analytics, 

can act as drivers of significant improvements in their processes, 

transforming profit margins and operational efficiencies. 

Predictive maintenance and 

condition monitoring 

Challenge 

To avoid lengthy, unnecessary shutdowns of critical machinery. 

Downtime isn’t only expensive, it can also be a health and 

safety risk in some industries such as Oil & Gas where staff 

may work in hazardous areas or in lone worker scenarios. 


An IoT system can measure operating conditions such as 

temperature and vibration around equipment and detect 

when the equipment deviates from its prescribed parameters 

– detecting deterioration before failure. 

Result 

With real-time views of conditions across a factory floor, 

hospital, oil rig or wind farm, problems can be identified and 

managed before failure occurs. Scheduling maintenance 

before something breaks saves time and money. 

Asset tracking 

Challenge 

To maintain an accurate log of key assets. Managing the 

location and maintenance schedule of physical assets, 

e.g., important, moveable equipment in hospitals, can be 

expensive and time consuming. 


An IoT system can track assets in real-time, using RFID tags or 

other technology. 

Result 

Asset locations can be identified and maintenance scheduled 

efficiently. This reduces administrative costs and ensures 

accountability and accuracy. Some industries require asset 

tracking for regulatory compliance. 

Expected market growth for asset 

tracking IoT devices 

22m 

2017 2022 

Integrating sensors across machines and equipment. 

Examples could include sensors measuring vibration, 

temperature or robot positioning. 

Remote management of factory units. 

70m 

Source: 

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/asset-tracking-iot-devicemarket-to-triple-by-2022-300498147.html 

Other uses for IoT in manufacturing 

Introducing wearables such as smart safety glasses or 

smart hard hats for employees. 

Monitoring production flow in real-time from start to 

packaging and distribution. This can highlight quality 

control issues and production lags. 

Using smart packaging to manage stock control, 

automating the ordering process. This can also 

provide insights into how the product behaves 

during transit, in various weather conditions and how 

customers store and use the product. 

Connecting to suppliers to track products through 

the manufacturing cycle in the supply chain. 

Using data collected to analyse how customers 

use products, feeding innovation for new product 

development. 

10

Business models 

The evolution of IoT has led to the emergence of new business models. The rise of the data driven economy is enabling 

new revenue streams to evolve and IoT businesses are well placed to capitalise on these new trends. As with the internet 

around 25 years ago, the most significant business opportunities have not yet been seized or even identified. 

Software as a Service (SaaS) 

SaaS is a common business model where a software 

provider hosts applications and customers access 

these using a web browser or software ‘app’. 

Payment is made through a monthly or annual 

subscription fee and can be based on the number of 

users, or number of transactions. 

Benefits for the customer 

• No upfront cost for software 

• No installation, maintenance or support required 

• Automatic updates 

• Easy to scale up 

Drawbacks 

• Potential higher cost over long time 

• Vendor lock-in 

• Integration with other products 

Hardware as a Service (HaaS) 

This is one of the most common business models for 

companies selling IoT services. It enables companies to 

generate recurring revenue for their product or service 

through a subscription/leasing based model. The package 

they pay for is often by monthly fee and can include the 

item (hardware), all software, updates, maintenance and 

often a Service Level Agreement (SLA). Upfront costs are 

recovered over the product lifetime. The hardware is often 

sold at a reduced cost (or at a loss). The value is in the 

ongoing capability provided. 

An advantage of this model is that it allows the business to 

have a closer relationship with customers and understand 

their usage of the product and potential future needs. 

Benefits for the customer 

• Pay only for using the service, not to own the item 

• The item isn’t owned so doesn’t depreciate. 

• No maintenance issues 

• Upfront capital expenditure cost is transferred to 

an ongoing operating expense 

Drawbacks 

• Should you decide to end a contract, the hardware 

is still owned by the company that fitted it 

Benefits for 

the provider 

One application is replicated for many users, so only 

one application to update and maintain. 

Benefits for 

the provider 

• Easier sale – no capital layout for customer 

• Regular monthly income 

• Established customer base for future sales 

Examples 

Company use of email, office productivity tools and 

customer management systems often follow SaaS 

business models. 

Examples 

Smart home and home security products where 

hardware, installation, support and monitoring are 

built into a monthly fee, similar to a mobile phone 

contract or a monitored home alarm system. 

11

Emerging business models 

Data optimisation 

In this model, businesses deploy devices to their customers, 

generally at low/no cost to the user, to gather additional 

data around another service they provide. The data gathered 

is valuable to both the user and the company and can help 

companies retain users by understanding how their product 

is used. It can also help the company drive more efficiency in 

their business. 

Examples: Smart meters with home readout units for the 

customers. Customers understand their energy usage and 

utility providers benefit from better data about usage patterns 

to create efficiencies in supply and customer relations. 

(customer value service). 

Charge per usage 

With IoT, a business receives detailed device usage patterns 

data. This model allows a business to supply a service in a 

customer’s facility but the customer is charged on a pay per 

use model; only paying for the time they use the device. 

The customer does not buy the product, but the output 

from the use of the product, and will pay a variable amount 

depending on usage pattern. This model can be used to 

reduce the capital costs of equipment by purchasing the 

service on an operational basis. 

Examples: In aviation it is common for the jet engine to be 

paid for based on the amount of time the engine spends 

in flight. The engine manufacturer owns the engine and is 

responsible for maintenance to ensure the engine spends as 

much time as possible in use. 

Efficiency of operation 

This is based around a company deploying IoT applications 

that will result in efficiency savings within a customer’s 

current business. The company deploying the service will 

generally provide it at no cost to the customer but take their 

revenue from any reduction in the price of the service. 

This benefits the customer as they would generally pay 

less than they currently pay and it also generates additional 

information from the IoT data. 

Examples: There are examples of this type of model in the 

smart city and facility management space where a company 

will use IoT to make a service more efficient and agree to a 

form of reduction in current costs, with the company keeping 

the savings generated. 

Asset sharing 

One of the enduring problems with sharing of assets is 

understanding the time each asset is used by each user 

so they can be charged based on time used. It differs from 

the product usage model as lots of different people utilise 

the asset. 

Examples: In the transportation sector, bike and car-sharing 

programmes run on this basis. 

12

The CENSIS IoT stack 

A company can be a user of IoT technology, or a supplier. 

A good way to see where an organisation sits is to assess its 

place in the IoT Stack. 

An IoT system is made up of different technology layers. 

The IoT stack shows: 

• Each layer of an IoT system 

• How they interconnect 

• Where companies can operate 

Some companies developing IoT will focus on one layer 

whereas others will deliver services across the full IoT 

stack. When trialling a new IoT application, there are many 

companies and platforms that can ease the development or 

implementation of an IoT system. 

In some IoT applications, the end user of the technology 

will only see the outcomes of the processed data. 

This is because many of the technology layers of the 

stack are integrated into the end application, and therefore 

are invisible to the user. 

This section will explore the different levels and guide 

you through the development process of producing a 

new IoT application. 

If you read through the diagram below, you’ll see the IoT 

Stack take shape. Most of the companies CENSIS works with 

are in Levels 2,3, and 4 in the middle of the stack. We also 

have close working relationships with companies in levels 1, 

5 and 6 so can share new developments in software 

and hardware. 

Devices / Hardware Applications / Software 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

CENSIS 2019 

Visualisation and 

presentation 

Analysis and post 

processing 

Data repository 

Communications, 

networking and wireless 

technologies 

Microcontrollers, 

edge and embedded 

computing 

Sensors 

Final step – the dashboard. At this stage, the end data 

will be transformed into a visual format for you to easily 

interpret the results. 

Converting the data. Software companies will create 

programmes and applications to convert the measured 

data into meaningful information. Data Science, Artificial 

Intelligence and Machine Learning can be used at this stage to 

provide deeper insights into the data generated. 

Where does the data go? Companies in this area have expertise 

in how to store, manage and organise data. This is known as 

cloud storage. 

From device to destination. Companies who specialise 

in transporting the data to a designated storage 

location. 

This is the brain of the sensor. It does all the onboard processing 

of the data, carries out the initial configuration then packages 

and sends it. This also controls power consumption. Edge 

computing is an emerging trend where more information is 

processed on the device, which enables technologies such as 

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to be used at this 

stage in the stack. 

The starting point. At the very bottom of the stack is where you 

will find the companies designing and manufacturing the actual 

sensors that can detect and measure change. This can be in 

vibration, impacts, heat, light, energy, colour, temperature etc. 

There’s a huge range of light, motion, and temperature sensors 

etc. already available off the shelf at low cost. 

Information 

CYBER SECURITY BY DESIGN 

Raw Data 

13

1 

Sensors 

As the ‘data gatherers’, sensors are the starting point of any IoT 

solution. The sensors must measure an accurate representation 

of the conditions, otherwise the data is unreliable and unusable. 

The better the quality of the data gathered through an IoT system, 

the better value and insight that will result from the analysis. 

A sensor collects information from a defined source and converts 

this into a signal that can be measured. The sensor resides at the 

edge of the IoT system and is often referred to as an ‘edge node’ or 

‘end node’. 

There’s a vast 

range of sensors 

already on the market 

that can be integrated 

into IoT systems. 

Sensors readily available to measure or detect 

• Distance • Gases, vapours, chemicals, pH • Humidity 

• Image recognition • Luminosity, radiance • Magnetic & electric fields 

• Material stress, strain • Moisture • Motion 

• Pressure • Proximity • Shape, colour, pattern, movement 

• Sound • Speed, direction, position • Temperature 

• Vibration • Wavelengths of light • Multi-axis orientation 

Cost 

Ease of use 

and integration 

Reliability 

Availability 

Factors 

to consider 

when 

choosing 

sensors 

Accuracy 

levels 

Range, calibration 

and resolution 

required 

Power 

consumption 

Environment 

Will the sensor get too hot or 

cold to function? 

Common sensor interfaces 

There are many different communication protocols 

used to interface a microcontroller with sensors. 

Unlike the rest of the communication protocols 

found in IoT applications, these are mostly always 

wired. All of the protocols below are commonly 

supported by most microcontroller devices. 

• UART / Serial 

• SPI 

• I²S 

• GPIO 

• I²C 

• ADC 

• 1-Wire 

Always check with the sensor manufacturer that the 

communication protocols used by the sensor are 

supported on the microcontroller. 

Sensor 

Sensor 

Interface 

Data Flow 

Microcontroller 

Sensor 

Interface 

Communications 

Module 

14

2 

Microcontrollers, edge and 

embedded computing 

A microcontroller is an integrated chip that contains a 

processor (CPU), memory and interfaces to communicate 

with sensors. These are typically used in IoT devices. 

A processor acts as the brain of the IoT device. Depending on 

the application, this can simply read the sensor data and pass 

it to the communications module, or it can perform more 

powerful edge processing tasks. 

A microcontroller provides 

the ability to: 

• Interface with one or more sensors and extract the data 

• Control something, e.g., switch or unlock an item such 

as a valve or a fan 

• Perform processing on this data 

• Transmit this data over a wired or wireless network 

• Receive instructions over the network from the 

application and execute these instructions. 

• Control power consumption of the IoT device 

The responsibilities required of the microcontroller will 

depend on the nature of the project. It is the role of a 

firmware engineer to develop the necessary firmware of 

the microcontroller so it can carry out the tasks required. 

Return to 

a sleeping 

state 

Listen for any 

incoming 

instructions from 

the application and 

execute these if 

found 

Remain in a 

sleeping state 

most of the time 

to conserve 

battery life 

8 

1 

Edge node 

process flow 

7 

Wake from a 

sleeping state for 

an event or an 

alarm 

2 

6 

Interface with the 

communications 

module to send the 

data packet over the 

network 

3 

5 

Take readings (data) 

from a sensor(s) 

4 

If required, 

carry out 

some form of 

processing on 

this data 

Package the 

data into a 

format suitable for 

sending over the 

communications 

network 

Criteria for microcontroller choice 

• Power consumption: Effective performance and long 

battery life at the lowest possible cost. 

• Ability to support any interfaces required by the 

application. 

• Performance need: IoT devices typically use low 

performance microprocessors (sleeping most of 

the time). If more pre-processing of the data is 

required, a mid-range performance microcontroller 

will be needed. 

• Onboard memory component requirement: 

If it is more useful to log data in batches and only 

send at an appropriate time or when there is a signal, 

onboard memory components will allow the 

developer to store records of data that will remain 

when the device is powered down. 

• The preference of the development environment. 

• Package size, reliability and ease of replacement 

• Required functionality of software and technical 

support from vendor. 

Choosing a development platform 

Microcontroller manufacturers offer hardware development 

platforms for their devices. These electronic boards allow 

engineers to quickly develop firmware for their products 

without first having to develop any hardware. They also provide 

a good example of the hardware required to support the 

device. This can help the hardware engineer when it comes to 

designing a custom board. Vendors will often provide source 

schematics and PCB layout files (Altium, OrCad, Eagle) to aid 

the development of custom/bespoke hardware and shorten 

time to market. 

For devices designed with IoT in mind, their development 

platforms will often include various sensors integrated directly 

on to the board, as manufacturers expect most engineers will 

use their device to integrate with sensors. 

Development boards are constantly evolving to include the 

latest technology, especially in a rapidly evolving IoT market. 

Some examples of popular development platforms are: 

• Thunderboard Sense 2 

• MangOH 

• Arduino & Shields 

• Particle.io 

• Raspberry Pi 

• ESP32 & ESP8266 

• MSP430 

• STM32 family 

When developing commercial hardware, products must have 

the relevant approvals and certification (EMC, safety, radio) in 

place before being offered for sale. 

15

Edge computing 

Edge computing moves data analysis from the cloud down 

to the device itself and allows some or all of the data to be 

processed real-time and locally – i.e., at the actual source, 

on the device. Edge computing is driven by improvements in 

power-efficient processing which enables complex data 

processing on small, battery-operated devices. This increased 

intelligence at the edge is starting to enable machine 

learning and artificial intelligence applications on IoT 

devices. Intelligent edge IoT devices will enable many new 

opportunities for companies developing IoT applications. 

Low latency 

The round-trip time from 

the sender to the receiver 

to process is 

significantly reduced 

Bandwidth 

Avoids network 

bottlenecks 

Closed loop 

systems 

Onboard processing can adjust 

the system in real time to achieve 

optimum performance 

Benefits 

of Edge 

processing 

Cost 

Less data is transmitted 

so costs are lower 

Privacy 

Data is processed at the 

device so the application can control 

what data to send, potentially 

improving privacy 

Robust 

Offline so more robust 

without cloud dependence 

3 

Communications, 

networking and wireless 

technologies 

Connectivity and networking describe the (often) wireless 

technology used to transfer information from the sensors/ 

end nodes to the cloud. To connect and talk to each other, 

all IoT devices need connectivity. There is a wide range of 

wireless technologies that enable this connectivity, each 

with their own strengths and weaknesses. Choosing the right 

technology will ensure the IoT application runs smoothly, at 

the lowest cost, and with the best power efficiency. 

Some wireless technologies existed pre-IoT, whereas some 

have been designed specifically for it, but all have their own 

advantages and disadvantages. 

Criteria for wireless technology choice 

• Range 

• Power consumption 

• Data rate 

• Module cost 

• Connectivity cost 

• One/two-way data transfer 

• Compatibility 

• Global coverage 

• Ecosystem requirements 

High 

Satellite 

Range 

LoRaWan 

Sigfox 

LPWAN 

NB-IoT Cat-M1 

Cellular 3/4/5G 

RFID 

Zigbee 

Blue 

tooth 

Wi-Fi 

Low 

NFC 

Low 

Data rate 

High 

16

Location 

Will the 

sensors be 

in a fixed 

location or 

on the move? 

Power 

Are the sensors expected to be mains 

powered or battery powered? 

Consider 

these for a best 

fit wireless 

solution: 

Bandwidth 

Do the sensors require data rates in 

the Kbit/s or Mbit/s? 

Generally, the communications module will have the highest 

power consumption out of all the system components in 

an IoT device when sending/receiving data, so developers 

should consider keeping the amount of data transmitted and 

received by the sensor to a minimum. 

‘Peak power’ can be used to understand power consumption; 

however, this doesn’t include factors such as time for network 

connection, data transfer rate and power consumption in 

sleep. In general, the higher the data rate and range, the 

higher the power consumption. 

Available technologies 

This list is by no means comprehensive but details some of 

the most popular wireless standards for IoT. 

Short range wireless: 

Range 

How far do 

the sensors 

need to 

communicate? 

Near Field Communication (NFC): NFC is an ultra-low range, 

low-power, and low-bandwidth technology. Its function is to 

exchange very small amounts of data between two devices in 

extremely close proximity to one another. It is most commonly 

used in mobile phone contactless payment systems. It can be a 

very useful means of introducing the ability to quickly configure 

the parameters of a device while it is deployed in the field, 

without having to physically connect to it, or reprogram it. 

No power source is needed for the secondary device (tag). 

The magnetic field of the primary device powers the 

secondary device. 

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID is used for 

uniquely identifying items using radio waves. It is most 

commonly used in card contactless payment systems but 

is also used in asset tracking. RFID tags can operate with or 

without a power source with range and cost increasing with 

powered versions. 

Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a global 2.4GHz personal area 

network designed for short-range wireless communication. 

Device-to-device file transfers, wireless speakers, and wireless 

accessories are some common examples of where this 

technology is most often used. 

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): BLE is a version of Bluetooth 

designed for lower-powered devices that uses less data. 

An ideal application for BLE is wearable fitness trackers and 

health monitors. The Bluetooth standard is continuously 

developing further functionality, and is gaining traction in 

smart building applications. It is one of the cheapest modules 

out of the wireless standards and is a popular choice in devices 

requiring short range, power and efficient communications. 

ZigBee: ZigBee is a 2.4GHz mesh Local Area Network (LAN) 

protocol with a primary use case of building automation and 

control applications with low data rates. For example, wireless 

thermostats, lighting systems, appliance control. 

Z-Wave: Z-wave is a sub-GHz mesh network protocol which 

is used in similar applications to ZigBee. It is the dominant 

standard for smart home applications. 

Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi offers a high data rate (>100Mbit/s) but to achieve 

this, it has a higher power consumption than other shortrange 

standards. It is therefore suitable for high data rate 

applications, e.g., video streaming and unsuitable for remote 

locations or battery-operated devices. 

Longer range wireless: 

Low-Power-Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs): The 

rise of IoT has driven the development of new wireless 

technologies that are designed specifically to meet the 

needs of IoT applications. These wireless technologies are 

known as LPWANs. Commonly used LPWAN standards 

using unlicensed bands are LoRaWAN and Sigfox, with the 

emerging cellular standards NB-IoT and CAT-M1 operating 

in the licensed bands.. 

They all have three main technological attributes: 

• Long range: The operating range of LPWAN 

technology varies from a few kilometres in urban areas, 

to over 10km in rural settings. It can also enable 

effective data communication in previously infeasible 

indoor and underground locations. 

• Low power: The communication protocol is optimised 

for power consumption, meaning LPWAN transceivers 

have the potential to run on batteries for 5+ years. 

• Low bandwidth: Typical data rates are very low, within 

the range of 100 bits/s to 350 Kbit/s. 

The only real constraint for developers with LPWANs is 

the low bandwidth, although this trade-off allows battery 

operated devices a long-life, while maintaining long range 

communication. These two features are essential to realise 

most IoT applications. For the majority of IoT applications, 

large amounts of bandwidth are unnecessary as only small 

amounts of data are generated by the sensors. 

17

Protocols 

LoRaWAN: LoRaWAN is designed with the aim of achieving 

long battery life whilst being capable of communicating over 

long distances. The LoRaWAN gateway is responsible for 

passing messages from connected devices to the internet. 

It is a open licence-free technology which means anyone can 

buy a gateway and setup a network to talk to devices. There 

are also network operators deploying LoRaWAN networks 

where the deployment is managed by the operator and users 

are charged on a monthly basis for connection. 

Sigfox: This was the first LPWAN network to achieve 

significant network coverage across large amounts of the 

UK and Europe. All of the infrastructure is owned and 

managed by Sigfox. 

Cellular LPWAN: NB-IoT and CAT-M1 are the standards 

that cellular operators are using to target the IoT markets 

and will form the key part of the 5G IoT offering from cellular 

providers. They differ from cellular in that they have better 

power efficiency and a lighter protocol suitable for IoT 

applications. These are still relatively new networks currently 

rolling out worldwide. They will play a big part in IoT but full 

coverage is not available in the UK, so ensure you check 

availability. 

NB-IoT: NB-IoT is the lower bandwidth cellular LPWAN IoT 

standard. It is designed for fixed device location use for low 

power battery device operation. It has higher bandwidth that 

LoRaWAN and Sigfox however this comes with higher power 

consumption for transmitting and receiving. 

Cat-M1: Cat-M1 has higher data bandwidth than the other 

LPWAN standards. The increased bandwidth also comes 

with the trade-off of the highest power consumption of 

the LPWAN technologies. The higher bandwidth means 

that Cat-M1 can carry a voice connection (VoLTE) which 

opens up multiple different use cases that are not currently 

achievable with other LPWAN standards. It is expected that 

this technology will be integrated into wearables and health 

and telecare applications. The Cat-M1 standard also supports 

roaming between cells by using the same protocol as the 

current cellular networks. Cat-M1 is gathering momentum in 

the North American market with the network going live. 

Cellular: Cellular is the wireless protocol most familiarly 

used in mobile devices to access the internet and send 

SMS messages. It is a technology which is ubiquitous around 

the world, with existing infrastructure already in place. 

This can make it suitable for those applications which require 

connectivity in multiple countries or in more remore areas 

(provided of course there is a signal). It favours bandwidth 

and range at the expense of power consumption. Summary: 

Best option if high data rates, mobility and global coverage 

are priorities. Can send large amounts of data over a long 

distance but will quickly drain the battery. 

Comparison table of wireless standards 

Range Peak power Bandwidth Recurring connectivity 

consumption 

cost (excluding infrastructure/ 

module costs) 

NFC


4 5 

The edge IoT nodes of a network are limited in storage size 

and processing constraints. In an IoT application, you may 

have thousands of nodes collecting data. The solution is to 

move this data on to a database storage either locally (privately) 

hosted or on a cloud storage platform where it can be 

processed from a centralised location. 

Traditionally, most IoT devices will push all data up to the data 

repository, but with the emergence of edge computing, only 

the processed data or data of interest may be sent. 

The cloud 

‘The cloud’ is a term used to describe a global network of 

powerful servers which are designed to store and manage data, 

run applications and deliver content or a service. The largest 

providers of these cloud services are Amazon, Microsoft, IBM 

and Google. The cloud has replaced the need for companies 

to run expensive physical servers on-site and offers server-like 

services, with users paying when the services are used. Large 

amounts of data can be stored inexpensively in the cloud. 

Analysis and post 

processing 

When data arrives in the cloud, a typical task would be for 

a software application to 

• Unpack the data 

• Extract the values from each sensor (for example, 

temperature, humidity) 

• Check that these values are within acceptable ranges. 

Processing in the cloud 

IoT devices normally send data to the cloud for processing. 

Its huge processing power enables the execution of complex 

algorithms, machine learning and artificial intelligence to 

extract maximum value from the data. 

Benefits of cloud processing 

• Huge processing power can perform complex tasks 

• Data analytics can be performed on incoming data 

to detect trends or abnormalities 

Analysis of the data 

Cost of 

storage 

Ongoing 

costs 

Privacy 

of data 

Security 

of data 

Analysis of the data is where the real value is unlocked and 

many IoT companies build their value proposition around this. 

For example, a business manufactures and sells hardware for 

sensing the movement of people or traffic through an area. 

Analytics are performed on the captured data. These analytics 

can be used to detect trends or anomalies in the movement 

of people or traffic, which becomes a “service” they can sell to 

improve the efficiency of other systems. 

Scalability 

Considerations 

when choosing 

between local 

data storage 

options and the 

cloud 

Data storage 

location 

Ease of 

access 

Tools for 

development 

6 

Visualisation and 

presentation 

The last stage of the process is to present the information in a 

meaningful way. 

Depending on the requirements of the user, this could be as 

simple an action as ringing a buzzer or sending an alert by SMS 

that there is an abnormality. 

More frequently, it is a web page, or dashboard, with a series of 

graphs showing real-time information from the network. Many 

cloud platforms now include tools to visualise data instead of 

creating separate traditional web pages to display it. 

This may also include an automated feedback loop or manual 

two-way communication - the user may wish to input into 

the system to control the sensors or an actuator based on the 

information they have received. 

19

Implementing IoT 

The most successful solutions begin by focusing on the problem to 

be solved or opportunity to be realised, rather than on technology. 

Look for areas in an organisation where an IoT solution will provide a 

benefit over the existing process. Perhaps manual monitoring could 

be automated? If maintenance needs could be predicted, costly down 

time could be prevented. More information in a specific area of a 

business could improve a process or service. With the right information, 

processes can often be improved, efficiencies implemented, and 

business decisions made easier. 

Questions 

to ask when 

exploring your 

IoT project 

There are three parts to developing an IoT system. The more bespoke 

a system is, the more complex and expensive the development. 

Hardware 

1 Off the shelf hardware - dedicated solutions. 

Buy it, install it 

2 Development boards, giving you flexibility to adapt 

interfaces and functionality to your needs 

3 Custom design - tailored solutions requiring 

engineering development 

Networks 

What 

information 

would be 

useful to 

measure? 

Is there a 

business 

case for the 

application? 

Who/what 

does it solve a 

problem for? 

Is data 

already being 

measured 

in this 

application? 

1 Use existing networks - Wi-Fi, Cellular, LPWAN, 

Hardwired (ethernet) 

2 Setup own network - manage network server and 

network hardware 

Software 

1 Database storage - Can be as simple as viewing 

data collected in a spreadsheet 

2 Dashboard information - web app to display data 

3 Custom dashboard development - customised 

web application or software interface 

Are there 

existing 

systems to 

integrate with? 

What would 

make an 

effective proof 

of concept trial? 

Is senior and 

cross functional 

organisational 

support 

available? 

20

Finding IoT expertise 

If you have an idea for a product or service that could bring 

value to your business and your customers, there are a 

number of organisations who could support your plans. 

If you contact CENSIS in the first instance, we can signpost 

you to a suitable organisation for your needs, or we may be 

able to provide advice, technical support and the resources 

you need to create a full solution. 

At CENSIS we see most IoT projects starting off as small-scale 

pilots to test the functionality with off-the-shelf components 

or modular electronics. This allows users to explore what 

information is useful to gather and if the system will be 

suitable for their requirements. A smaller pilot also allows all 

the stakeholders to test, play, and understand the potential 

impact of a larger scale rollout. 

censis.org.uk 

Your first prototype 

Joining the IoT community 

in Scotland 

There are many organisations setting out on their IoT journey 

and finding value in sharing thoughts and challenges. 

With our experience across a huge range of market sectors 

and our knowledge of enabling technologies, CENSIS has 

strong relationships with Scottish companies, public sector 

organisations, university research groups and hardware and 

software suppliers. 

As part of our CENSIS community, you can join in with our 

regular IoT meetups to discuss ideas with like-minded people, 

take part in one of our hands-on technical workshops or 

come along to one of our Future Tech events to solve market 

sector problems in an open forum. 

The highlight of our year is the annual CENSIS Technology 

Summit and Conference, where we hear from challenge 

providers, meet exhibitors who are showcasing new 

technologies, and network and connect with the sensors, 

imaging and IoT community. 

There are many ‘out of the box’, turnkey solutions that you 

can buy off the shelf to let you create a first prototype and test 

your IoT solution. 

CENSIS has created a flexible IoT development kit that can 

help you get up and running with IoT quickly and without 

the need for deep technical knowledge. This has a range of 

popular sensors, communication and power options and is 

flexible to allow the user to measure and send data easily. 

It allows users to explore IoT concepts without having to code 

or configure networks themselves. 

Join our 

community at 

censis.org.uk 

21

Glossary 

TERM 

MEANING 

Actuator 

Application/App 

Cloud / Cloud computing / Cloud storage 

Communications network 

Cyber security 

Dashboard 

Data analytics 

Data / Big data 


Development platform/Storage 

Edge computing 

Edge node / End node 

Embedded software 

End device, node, mote 

Firmware 

Fog computing 

Gateway 

IoT 

IIoT / Industry 4.0 / Digital manufacturing 

M2M 

Microcontroller 

Network server 

Peak power 

Processor/Microprocessor 

RFID 

Sensor 

Visualisation 

Wireless technologies 

A component of a machine responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. 

A piece of software running on a server or on a device such as a tablet. 

A network of remote servers hosted online that can store, manage and process data and that can host applications. 

Enables devices connected to the network to communicate with each other. For example, to transfer information 

from sensors to the cloud. 

Protecting hardware, software and data from unauthorised access or attack. 

Also known as a User Interface or UI, this allows a person to interact with the computer system, 

e.g., a computer screen, tablet, mobile phone. 

Analysis of captured data to detect trends or anomalies. Once patterns have been detected, this can allow 

better decisions to be made. 

Large amounts of data that are gathered through many IoT devices. By applying analytical techniques to 

this data, it is possible to determine trends and make decisions. 

Individual IoT sensor nodes usually have limited storage space, so the data they collect is moved to remote 

database storage where it can be processed from a centralised location. 

Standard commercial electronic boards that allow engineers to build prototypes of systems before they go on to 

design custom hardware. Development platforms often include various sensors integrated directly on to the board. 

Similar to fog computing, edge computing refers to computing services located at the logical edge of a network. 

The sensor which resides at the edge of an IoT system is often referred to as an edge node or end node. 

The software that runs on the hardware microcontrollers performing the low-level functions, for example reading 

from sensors and relaying data back to the gateway or server. See also Firmware. 

An object with an embedded low-power communication chipset. 

Think of firmware simply as ‘software for hardware’. It is embedded in a microcontroller memory at the time of 

manufacture and is responsible for controlling all aspects of the hardware. It is often permanent for the lifetime 

of the project, but can be updated if necessary (for example, through over-the-air-programming). It is also 

known as ‘Embedded software’. 

Computing power that is physically closer to, or even housed in the IoT device (i.e., it moves some processing 

from the cloud to a lower level). Processing is generally conducted at the gateway level before the processed 

data is passed to the cloud. Often, this can greatly reduce the amount of data that needs to be transferred. 

A device which connects end devices to the internet. It provides a connection point from one network (or protocol) 

to another. For example, some gateways receive LoRaWAN transmissions from sensors and forward these over 

the Internet to be processed in the cloud. 

Internet of Things. A system of devices using a network to connect and communicate with each other. 

Industrial Internet of Things. Manufacturers use sensor networks and real-time analytics to monitor and automate 

complex processes in an industrial environment. 

Machine to machine: connected devices exchanging information with other connected devices, without 

human intervention. 

An active device containing a processing core, program, user memory and other peripherals for communicating 

with, and gathering data from, connected devices such as sensors, actuators, external memory, displays and other 

microcontrollers. Microcontrollers often come in very small packages, consume very low amounts of power and 

are commonly used in battery operated applications. Some microcontrollers contain radio modules for 

communicating wirelessly with smart devices via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth etc. 

Servers that route messages from end devices to the correct application, and back. 

The power used by devices will vary over time, e.g., IoT devices will typically use more power when they turn 

on their radio links. The peak power is the maximum power sustained over a short time and will often limit the 

minimum battery size. 

The brain of the IoT device – can read and forward sensor data or can perform processing tasks. 

Radio-frequency identification uses short-range radio frequency signals to transfer data wirelessly. RFID tags 

or smart labels can be fixed to items, allowing users to track and identify them. 

A device which detects or measures a physical property. 

Presenting the data gathered in a meaningful way. 

Any form of communications between devices that doesn’t require a wired connection. Some wireless 

technologies existed pre-IoT, some have been designed specifically for it. See page 16-18 for available technologies. 

22

CENSIS is the centre of excellence for sensor and imaging 

systems (SIS) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. 

We help organisations of all sizes explore innovation 

and overcome technology barriers to achieve business 

transformation. 

As one of Scotland’s Innovation Centres, our focus is not 

only creating sustainable economic value in the Scottish 

economy, but also generating social benefit. Our industryexperienced 

engineering and project management teams 

work with companies or in collaborative teams with university 

research experts. 

We act as independent trusted advisers, allowing organisations 

to implement quality, efficiency and performance 

improvements and fast-track the development of new 

products and services for global markets. 

Contact details: 

CENSIS 

The Inovo Building 

121 George Street 

Glasgow 

G1 1RD 

Scotland is 

riding the 

wave of opportunity 

presented by this next 

’industrial revolution’. 

Contact details: 

Contact CENSIS details: 

Tel: 0141 330 3876 

Email: info@censis.org.uk 

The Inovo Building 

CENSIS 


The Glasgow Inovo Building 

G1 1RD 


Glasgow 

Tel: 0141 330 3876 

Email: info@censis.org.uk 

G1 1RD 

Tel: 0141 330 3876 

Email: info @censis.org.uk 

Join the CENSIS mailing list at www.censis.org.uk 

Join the CENSIS mailing list at: www.censis.org.uk 

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19.6.v1.IoT

Getting started with IoT

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