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AIR MAGAZINE
LEARN WHİLE YOU'RE
FUN ,TAKE OFF WHİLE
YOU'RE LEARNİNG.
SILACAN TEMİZ / ESRA ÖZER / ŞÜKRÜ
HARMANKAŞI / NURİYE KAYAOĞLU/
AYŞEGÜL KUŞÇU

CONTENTS
DİD YOU KNOW…………………………………………………………………………………………
SOME HISTORY………………………………………………………………………………………….
WHO İS THE BEST PASSENGER PLANE PİLOT İN THE WORLD …………………………………
CATERING COMPANIES AND THEIR HISTORIES…………………………………………………..
BEST AİRLİNES………………………………………………………………………………………….
AİRLİNES THAT HAVE GONE BANKRUPT İN RECENT YEARS………………………………….
FLİGHT ANNOUNCEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………...
CABİN CREW CANDIDATES DESCRIBE THEIR TRAINING
PROCESSES………………………………………………………………………………………………
AVİATİON ALPHABET…………………………………………………………………………………
.
DİFFERENT İNFORMATİON ABOUT AVİATİON……………………………………………………
QUESTİON-ANSWER……………………………………………………………………………………

Did you now?
Attack support aircrafts are heavy weapons
equipped, usally airplanes that oppress the
land force ( Mig 27, su-25, AV8b
Harrier,A-10)
Attack aircrafts are,15-25 tons of singleengine,
high-powered aircrraft. (F-16C,
Mirage 2000, mig 29,F-18C,MIG 23,F-15C)
Air supperiority planes are usually single
passenger high-altitude aircraft (mig
25,Su27,F-14A,F15C)
Attack support aircrafts are heavy weapons equipped, usally airplanes that oppress the land
force ( Mig 27, su-25, AV8b Harrier,A-10)
Attack aircrafts are,15-25 tons of single-engine, high-powered aircrraft. (F-16C, Mirage 2000,
mig 29,F-18C,MIG 23,F-15C)
Air supperiority planes are usually single passenger high-altitude aircraft (mig 25,Su27,F-
14A,F15C)
Ditching button on the airplanes in a possible water descent to the aircraft as long as
possible to stay on top of the water is provided to act as a boat
The reason for the online check in service oppened 24 hours ago is the possibility of
chancging the aircraft type until the last moment.
The air in the cabinet must be clean. Fort his purpose, air filters are used together wiht
air conditioners.
Airlane companies affer online check-in to start their fligts24-72vhours in advance, up
to 90 minutes on the internet.
Spotting is to observe and all kinds of aircraft, tools and equpıgment used in aviation.
The photographer who takes the photo is also called the spotter.
The spacecraft spaceShipOne, which is competly produced by private capıtal, reached
an atutade of 100 km in june 2004 and opened the door of the space aviation market
The first pilot without arms World is Jessica Cox. Although she was afraid to board the
plane since she was young , she decited to be a pilot to defeat this fear.
Wide body aircrafts have section with bearing for long range flights for crew rest.
It is not possible to use auto-pilot at the departure of aircraft, but if a suitable condition
is provided in descents the aircraft can be landed on runway with a system called
‘autoland’.

There are thousantd of riverts and screws on aircraft body an wings. These
riverts and screws are controlled by technical teams before the flight.
The oxygen content of the air comes from oxygen mask in higer than the oxygen
we breathe normally.
Pitot tube is static tube system which is used to measure speed on planes. It was
invented in 1732 by Henri Pitot.
Bermuda triangle came into question with ‘flight 19’ firstly.
The first air martyr was conquered in Damascus/Syria on march 27,1917. His
name was Fethi.
The reason of black boxes to be colored orange is to be founddable easier in the
wreckage.
Use watch for cabin crews is mandatory in order to effective time planning in
emergeny situations.
Fuel Dumping; It is the process of the dumping of fuel in the air which may
present a danger /emergency to landing.
Wet-Lease; İt is the rental agreement where an aircraftis rented together crew
and it is operated under commercial licence of lessor.

SOME HİSTORY
Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK, at the Ankara station of State Airlines. (22.05.1937)
In 1932 Nuri Demirağ, Atatürk's words "Istikbal is in the heavens" by taking the principle of his eyes to the heavens and
"the fate of the people who can not control the skies will be catastrophic Kat'iyyen kaniim" took action with the idea.

Tayyareci Sadik Bey: On February 8,1914, Blériot XI type "Muavenet-I Milliye", pilot Fethi Bey as an observer of the
plane, Istanbul-Cairo voyage. They flew all the way to Damascus. However, after taking off from Damascus on 24
February, while travelling to Jerusalem on 27 February 1914, the plane they were in crashed into the Valley of Hell near
Lake Tabariya and was killed.
*Fly fist class in the 1960s.

Air Martyrs Memorial). The old Fatih City Hall (Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University rectorate building since 2010) was
erected in Istanbul in 1916 in memory of Fethi, Sadiq and Nuri Beys, who lost their first life in the history of Turkish
aviation and were named as martyrs.
Cabin crews of Pacific Southwest Airlines, 1970.
Nu, a domestic fighter aircraft produced by Nuri Demirağ in 1936.D-36 is flying a demonstration.

Turkish Airlines (THY) cabin crews, istanbul, 1960.
The Great Leader Ataturk, after giving a speech at the opening ceremony of the Turkish Bird Etimesgut airport while
receiving information about the planor.
April 28, 1988
Aloha Airlines Flight 243 (aq 243) was flying from Hilo, Hawaii, to Honolulu on April 28, 1988, when a Boeing 737
model aircraft was flying at cruising altitude, a 35 m2 portion of the passenger cabin was detached from the aircraft and the
aircraft was forced to make an emergency landing at Kahului Airport on Maui Island. Out of a total of 95 passengers and 6
crew members on board the plane, only 1 cabin attendant jumped out of the cabin during the explosion.

Our ancestor was boarding a plane to study at Yeşilköy Airport..
(06.09.1937)
Style in the skies! 1942 Uniforms..
American aviator Charles Lindbergh, ' Spirit of St. He flew from New York to Paris on his Louis' plane, becoming the first
pilot to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

DH.While the 89A Dragon Rapids were fueled by a manually operated pump.
The work of ihap Hulusi Görey, the first practitioner of the art of illustration in Turkey.

Julius Neubronner was a pharmacist who used pigeons to send medicine to a sanatorium near his hometown of Kronberg,
near Frankfurt. Pharmacy was the family profession of Julius Neubronner. His father and grandfather were also
pharmacists.Neubronner, a passionate amateur photographer, dressed a miniature camera on the pigeon's chest with the
help of a seatbelt and aluminum. With the system in the camera, the shutter worked at predetermined intervals, capturing
thirty exposures in a single flight. The entire weight of the camera was only 75 grams, which is known as the maximum
load that pigeons are trained to carry.When the photos turned out to be as good as he expected, Neubronner decided to
apply for a patent. The Patent Office rejected the application, claiming that such a thing was impossible because it did not
believe a pigeon would carry a camera. Neubronner, who did not give up, was able to obtain the patent in 1908 when he
presented photographs taken by pigeons.It was used during the first World War as pigeons received less attention than
surveillance aircraft and were able to photograph enemy emplacements from a lower altitude. Neubronner's bird technology
was also used in World War II.The German army has developed a pigeon camera that can shoot up to 200 poses per
flight.During the same period, Swiss watch manufacturer Christian Adrian Michel developed a panoramic camera and an
improved mechanism for controlling the shutter. Pigeon photography was also used by the CIA until the late 1970s.
An incident in Eskişehir in 1984 marked the history of Turkish aviation.. This is the F4E fighter that landed without a pilot.
On November 20, 1984, Eskisehir 1.the F4-E fighter aircraft attached to the main jet base command had taken off for a
standard mission. In the front cockpit of the aircraft, the pilot was the captain, and in the rear, the weapons systems officer
was the first lieutenant.. After the aircraft completed its mission smoothly, 09 began descending for landing towards the
head of runway. As the descent to the head of the runway continued, the aircraft entered a flock of birds, resulting in a loss
of thrust - power in the engines. After a brief decision-making phase, the pilots agreed that the plane would not be able to
reach the runway, and they jumped out of the plane with ejection seats and left the plane.The F4 fighter plane, which
remained pilotless, continued its flight interestingly, despite suffering a loss of power. The pilots had made good flight
control and control settings before they went into a flock of birds. F4 aircraft lost altitude by gliding and 09 put wheels on
the runway and began to slow down. Normally, pilots would have to stop the aircraft until the end of the runway by
opening braking and braking parachutes after putting wheels on the runway.although the aircraft could not stop fully along
the runway with its own automatic deceleration system, as there was no pilot in the cockpit, it managed to reduce its speed
and at a low speed it stalled by climbing into the ground area at the end of the runway. There was no serious damage to the
aircraft and the aircraft was immediately towed out of the ground area and towed to the hangar to carry out repairs and
maintenance operations. After all repair and maintenance operations, the aircraft was ready to fly again.This aircraft
continued its mission smoothly until 20 August 1986. This aircraft, which was on fire at the Osmaniye shooting range near
Eskişehir on August 20, 1986, is entering the bird flock again as it was on the last approach before. The plane's engine
stops completely due to multiple birds entering its engines from the airfield. The plane's pilots parachute again without
delay, and the pilots, who were not injured, land unharmed. The plane crashes into empty land about 1 mile north east of
the Osmaniye shooting range and disintegrates.

WHO İS THE BEST PASSENGER PLANE PİLOT İN THE WORD?
There is no definitive answer to this question, because there are many passenger airplane pilots whose life is full of
successful flights. No wonder that one of the safest travel methods today is air travel. If we talk about the most popular
passenger plane pilots in the world, we can introduce the legendary pilot Chesley Sullenberger from which the movies were
made. A pilot who can take his plane down to the Hudson River without anyone's nose bleeding.
Who is the World's Best Aerobatic Pilot?
There is only one answer to this question, and this is Bob Hoover. Bob Hoover carried her aerobatic flights to very high
places. Bob Hoover is an inspiration for aviation lovers.
WRİGHT BROTHERS
Orville and Wilbur Wright became the top names in the history of aviation by airing the world's first motor airplane in
North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

CATERING COMPANIES AND THEIR HISTORIES
Due to evolution on transportation and technology nowadays flights and customers has taken rise.Because of that airlines
companies are in a panic to shine upon other companies and giving customers more options on the meal and
drinks.Catering Endustry always has grown over 30 years.Catering endustry is probably the most complex one.zeplins were
the first style of air transport.They gain 22 billion dollars per year.They serve over 1 million customers.There have been in
cabin servises from the start and there will always be more.Companies will always fight each other to be comeone the best
one so they will get the most customers.There has been deregulation due to goverment rules but now they get free of them
and do as they please. In aviation industry where competition is on top level airlines are using various marketing tools in
order to put themselves in a different position than the others and gain the competitive advantage. Customers do not
perceive flight travel as a regular way of traveling,
Catering company has two main duties: Products purchased from suppliersto prepare for in-cab consumption and to prepare
trays and service trolleys.Flight kitchens are generally located close to major airports.Some catering firms only fly the
meals of business and first class classes.is to go outsourcing for the remaining products in their kitchens.There are two
main reasons: location and labor cost (Jones, 2004).Catering companies are often fall into unusual and difficult
positions.Although the customers of the suppliers are themselves, the products used are their own.it may be the choice of
the airline company, not its choices. Of the materials to be usedcatering service only for those purchased by the airline
company.collects storage fee. For example, taxing all alcoholic beverages due to the laws of the airline company must
make. But these products the catering company is responsible for its storage, preservation and service. The product is
exactly even if it is the same, the product of one airline can never be used for another)
Large Catering Companies Today
LSG Sky Chefs
LSG, a domestic catering company founded by Lufthansa in
1966 American in 1993, in 1942 as part of global expansionThe
acquisition of minority shares of the company Sky Chefs,
founded by airlines.LSG Sky Chefs brand was born with the
world's largest airline catering company. In the following years,
Brazil, Canada, Portugal, South Africa,Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, China, India, Italy, Russia, Ukraine, Latvia,It expanded
its catering operation in the countries of Estonia.In 2001,
Lufthansa purchased the remaining shares of Sky Chefs. This expanded its operations after the acquisition operation,
Belgium,Providing catering services in Malaysia, UK, South Korea, Nepal, Thailand. In 2008, 50,000 passengers a day in
the city of Frankfurt airport.Europe's largest started to serve with 77.000 meal capacity.LSG Sky Chefs, in 2014, over 32,800
employees, over 300 customers owns the airline, serves at 214 airports and annually.It has consolidated revenue of 2.6 billion
Euros. 578 million meals in 51 countries in 2014served.
GateGourmet
It was founded in 1992 by Swissair and its the largest airline
catering, accommodation and logistics company. Other
Company in 1990s part of the group, GateGourmet, Aero-Chef,
SAS, Varig and British.It grew by purchasing the flight kitchens
of Airways. In 1999, in 1946 also, Dobbs International Services
was established in Memessis, Tenessee. In 2002 Air Group sold
GateGourmet Company in 2006 and continued to grow by
purchasing several companies in 2007 and SIX in 2009.It started
to be traded on the Swiss Stock Exchange. GateGourmet at 120
airports,It supplies over 250 airline companies with more than 250 million meals a year.It has 28,000 employees and has an
income of 3 billion Euros in 2015.

Servair
Servair provided catering services by AirFrance in
1971.Catering service for trains in Paris in 1973. In 1974, the
first airline catering service he made it to TWA Airlines. By
1982, 2,000 staff members, 50 customer airline and annual
production capacity of 4.3 million trays reached. Since 1975
Servair Lyon, Skychef Servair (Seychelles),In 4 different units:
SOGRI (French Guiana) and SORI (Guadeloupe) started to
serve. Service in Africa with SESAL in 1989. By 1992, 80
customers had 20 milliontray food service has been started.
Concorde flights in 19932 million meals are provided each month. Culinary knowledge in 1998"TheToquesduCiel" was
established to strengthen it. in 2000 three-star menus with famous chefs like Alain Ducasse for the millennium started to be
presented. Italian Catering with partner company Alpha in 2001 company continued to grow by purchasing AirChef. In 2002,
490 million with an annual turnover and 7,700 staff, an annual food volume of 40 million has been reached.For the first time
in 2004, paid sandwich and beverage service was started during the flight.By 2014, with 10.000 personnel annually at 38
airports of 22 countries more than 80 million meals are provided
SATS
SATS, ground services at Singapore's Kallang Airport in
1947,transportation etc. started to provide services. Singapore in
1972 with the establishment of airlines (SIA), SATS works as
an auxiliary business. He started to provide freight
transportation service in 1977. Until 1986 upon arrival, more
than 10 million passengers are served annually.It began. By
2000, 5 cargo terminals at Changi Airport and has started
operating 2 kitchens with an annual capacity of 27 million
meals. In 2009 SATS as a growth strategy to provide food
services outside the airline acquired the Singapore Food Industries company. As of 2010, TFK entering the Japanese airline
food market by taking the majority of Corporation's shares. Singapore Marina Bay Cruise Center in 2011 in partnership with
Spanish started to operate. 67 years old company by 2014 with 14,500 staff.It has become the largest service provider in Asia
and 44 in 12 countries 83 million passengers and 4 million at the airport with 76 million meals per year provides tons of cargo
service
Dnata
Founded in Dubai in 1959 with only 5 people, Dnata provides
ground handling services,transportation etc. started to provide
services. Growing rapidly,the world's fourth largest, with more
than 23,000 employees in 38 countries on the continent has been
the air and ground services company and its owner is the state
of Dubai. International stepped onto the market in 1993, then in
2008, Hogg Robinson by taking 23% of the Group and 49% of
Mind Pearl,and finally bought Alpha Flight Limited in 2010 for
the catering industry and logged in. Dnata, which has a kitchen area of 158,000 square meters, is the main as brand, dnata,
dnata Newrest, Alpha Flight Group, Alpha LSG and En Route under the brand name, 320,000 daily from 134 locations to
134 airline companies,it provides more than 117 million meals a year. Alpha brand in Australia is the market leader in the
in-flight catering industry. Airline since 2010 Dnata, which has 13 awards in the catering branch, annually 514 million in the
catering sector earns dollars

Cara
Cara's history dates back to the 1850s Canada in 1883
Newspaper is a company established to sell confectionery, and
By the 1930s, to provide catering services to Cara airlines.It
began. In 1961, the company name became Cara Operations
Limited.It has changed. In 1968, the main field of activity is
catering in the transportation sector.but it also operates different
restaurants and cafes.He made. Gategourmet in 2010, the airline
of Cara catering servicesbought the part. The company is still
catering with many restaurant brands.operates in the industry
Turkish DO&CO
DO&CO, Turkish entrepreneur Attila with firm based in
Austria.It was founded by Doğudan in Vienna. Attila Doğu
firstly from 1981 started to work in the delicatessen shop he
founded in 1996, followed by has expanded its business by
providing organization services. LaudaAir in 1987 The company
started to provide catering services in 1992, Formula 1 He
received the catering tender for his races. In 1995, New York,
Frankfurt, Berlin,The company opened new kitchens in Munich,
London, Milan and Salzburg.He bought 200 years old chocolate
company Demel. In 2004, Lufthansa Firstclass passengers at Frankfurt and Emirates' New York JFK airport has started to
offer catering services of its halls. Also in 2004 and 2008 The company, which also provides catering services for the
European Football Championship,entered into a big partnership and with Istanbul Airlines headquartered in Istanbul.He
founded the Turkish catering services company DO&CO. Turkish AirServing in the catering halls of Roads, Emirates and
Lufthansa, the company more than 60 airline's inflight catering services in Turkey, 9 in Germany a total of 17 kitchens, 3 in
Austria, 1 in Italy, the UK and the USA,serves with the kitchen. Reaching a turnover of 636 million Euros as of 2014.It
employs 8,683 people. 85% of TurkishDO & CO's sales.It is made by roads

Best Airlines
1 Singapore Airline 2 Qatar Airways
3 ANA All Nippon Airways 4 Emirates 5 EVA Air
6 Cathay Pacific Airways 7 Lufthansa 8 Hainan Airlines
9 Garuda Indonesia 10 Thai Airways 11 Qantas Airways
12 Swiss International Air Lines 13 Japan Airlines 14 China Southern Airlines
15 Etihad Airways 16 Austrian Airlines 17 Air New Zealand
18 Turkish Airlines 19 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 20 Hong Kong Airlines

Airlines that have gone bankrupt in recent years
BoraJet (Türkiye),
Aigle Azur (Fransa),
Avianca Brasil (Brezilya ),
Avianca Argentina (Arjantin),
Fly Jamaica Airways (Jamaika),
New Gen (Tayland),
California Pasific Airlines (ABD),
Insel Air (Karayipler),
Al Naser Wings (Irak),
XL Airways (Fransa),
Asia Express (Tacikistan),
TAM Bolivia (Bolivya),
Aerolineas de Antioquia (Kolombiya),
Air Phillip (Güney Kore),
Wisdom Airlines (Tayland),

Flight Announcements
To the attention of the passengers who will travel from Istanbul to Munich, your plane is about to take off.
Ladies and gentlemen, please follow along with the safety card located in the seat pocket in front of you.
Please make sure you seatbelt is securely fastened.
To fasten your seatbelt, insert the loose metal buckle into the holder.
There are 6 emergency exits on this plane. 2 of them are in the front, 2 of them are in the back, and 2 of them are
over the wings.
In case there is a loss in cabin pressure, yellow oxygen masks will deploy from the ceiling compartment located
above you.
To secure, pull the mask towards you, secure the elastic strap to your head, and fasten it so it covers your mouth
and nose.
Thank you for your attention, and we wish you a good flight.

Cabin erew candidates describe theair training promcesses
You have taken your first steps towards becoming flight attendants for Turkish Airlines. Welcome aboard! Did you know
about the responsibilities of this job when you applied for it?
Tuğba: My friend, who is a flight attendant for Turkish Airlines, always tells me how proud and happy she is to be an
employee of this airline. My main motivation behind studying Civil Aviation Management in İstanbul Gelişim University
was to start my career with this company.
Elife: I have been interested in aviation for a long time and air travel has always been my favorite way to travel. I have
come to realize that I did not know anything about this profession when I decided to become a stewardess. For instance, I
only learned that the correct title was “flight attendant” after I started this training program.
Nihal: I have always dreamed of being a flight attendant. However, I didn’t step up to the plate until a friend of mine
spotted the job advertisement and told me about it. I could not stop thinking about questions such as “How will it go?”,
“What will we learn?” and “How will I make use of all this terminology?”

Aviation Alphabet

Different information about aviation.
Founded in 1919, KLM Airlines is the oldest airline in the world.
Qantas Airlines, founded in 1920, is the second airline of the world
In 1987, when only one olive was reduced from the American Airlines business class passengers' salads, $ 40,000
passed.

An airplane lands and lands at Chicago O’Hare's International Airport every 37 seconds.
During a 3-hour flight, your body loses about 1 and a half liters of water.
Lufthansa becomes the largest caviar consumer in the world by purchasing 10 tons of caviar each year.
Singapore Airlines spends approximately $ 700 million on food every year and $ 16 million on wine.

The A380's wing length is longer than the aircraft itself. The width of the wings is 80 meters, while the length of the
plane is 72.7 meters.
The electric capacity of the 747-8 model is sufficient to operate 32 screens and 480 thousand televisions.Walking
dead
A passenger plane travels with an average of 800 km per hour.

One-third of the sense of taste matches when flying. Maybe it's not the plane meals, but what about it?
Inside any 747 model there is a 240-280 meter power cord.

The Boeing 777-200LR aircraft of Qatar Airways departing from Doha flew for 15 hours and 40 minutes with 259
passengers and landed in Auckland in New Zealand. This flight was the longest flight in the world.
Did you know that Qantas Airlines brought out business class in 1979?
Alaska Airlines introduced the online check-in system to the world in 1999.

Question Answer
To As a passenger, although there is not much you can do about the control of the plan
e and the course of the flight, this cannot fully answer the question marks in your mind. The fact that a machine that weighs
tons can fly thousands of meters above with people in it can naturally cause anxiety in some people.
For this reason, the scenarios that passengers can think of during flight are coming to their minds. We have compiled the
most curious questions about aviation by passengers with their answers.
1. What is the difference between captain pilot and co-pilot? Can the co-pilot fly the plane?
There are two pilots in the passenger aircraft for security reasons. A pilot can fly the plane alone, but the pilots' workload is
very high, especially during landings and landings. For this reason, the task distribution is made between the two pilots in
the cockpit. While one of the pilots is responsible for flying the aircraft, the other pilot is responsible for all communication
of the aircraft and monitoring of the indicators. Captain pilot decides on this task distribution. The captain pilot has full
responsibility for the aircraft, but also helps the co-pilot gain the necessary experience. For this reason, if the pilot flies
while the plane is going to the destination, this duty is usually given to the auxiliary pilot when returning. Basically, the copilot
is the person who receives all the technical and other trainings received by the captain, and is capable of flying the
aircraft alone. If something happens to one of the pilots during the flight, there are two pilots in the cockpit for
precautionary purposes so that they can take control immediately and complete the flight safely.

2. Why don't pilots eat the same food?
Rules are very important in aviation. All kinds of scenarios that may occur are tried to be considered in advance and
measures are taken. The underlying reason why pilots do not eat the same food is a possible possibility of food
poisoning. If one of the pilots encounters such a situation, the other pilot should be able to take the controls and land
the plane safely.
Pilots do not eat the same food at the same time. Even if the aircraft is flying on autopilot, the controls should be
taken immediately in the slightest malfunction that may occur. Therefore, pilots are obliged to eat their meals in
order according to a predetermined schedule.
3. What happens if lightning strikes a passenger plane?
During the flight, passengers are concerned about bad weather conditions. The times when this anxiety is
maximized are the times when lightning starts to occur. Even if the lightning strike on the plane seems to be a
situation that could lead to a major disaster, in reality this does not happen. The outer body of the aircraft is covered
with aluminum. Aluminum acts as a lightning shield surrounding the plane with a simple expression. Thanks to this
situation, even if lightning strikes the plane, the electricity coming from one point is transmitted to another point
and removed from the plane.
In fact, this situation comes from a basic theory of physics. This law of physics, known as the "Faraday Cage",
explains that when an electric current is supplied to a closed metal cage, the environment inside it will not be
affected by electricity. In other words, the cage protects the environment inside. In order to prevent this protection
from deteriorating, the cage must not be contacted from the inside in any way.

Here, the body of the aircraft acts exactly as the Faraday Cage, protecting everyone in it against thousands of volts of
electric current. Likewise, nobody should be in contact with the body of the aircraft. Due to the high voltage created by the
lightning, the points hit by the plane can sometimes be damaged, but this is not a problem for passenger safety.
4. Do pilots know the locations of tens of buttons in the cockpit and what they do?
Yeah. Pilots are entitled to receive their licenses by passing extensive training and exams. In addition, they continue
to receive trainings throughout their professional lives and increase their experience with simulations.
Pilots, against all the scenarios that can occur in the worst conditions, pilots know how to control all systems, how
to fix errors, where all the buttons in the cockpit are and what they do. With the experience gained over the years,
pilots have the capacity to use every detail on the aircraft automatically, just like a reflex.
5. Do pilots sleep during the flight?
Pilots also have schedules configured for specific hours of operation and safer flights. Some flights can be carried
out in a short time, while others can be completed in up to 13 hours. Due to the aviation rules, two pilots must
always be present in the cockpit.
Journeys with flight times exceeding 8 hours are considered long-term trips. In addition to the two pilots in the
cockpit on these flights, one or two more pilots are added to the volatile team. Pilots rest at the rest areas reserved
for them, with two people remaining in the cockpit at all times, according to the predefined schedule. In cases where
the workload is heavy, such as the takeoff and landing of the aircraft, all pilots usually take their places in the
cockpit. Outside of these times, they rest in order within the scope of the determined program and become ready for
a safer flight.
How do the aircraft maneuver when reversing? How do pilots see the back?
Passenger planes are not capable of reversing. Just before the flight, small vehicles appear in front of the aircraft at
the airports. These tools are called push-back tools. Push-back vehicles make the planes ready to go on the runway
by removing them from their parked position and pushing them back.
While doing this, the operator using the vehicle and the pilot of the plane are always in communication. In this way,
the instructions are correctly followed and the plane is brought to the desired position. Airplanes such as the A380
have a rear view camera, but in general, the rear maneuvers of the passenger aircraft are carried out by means of
push-back vehicles.

7.What is an autopilot?
Airplanes are giant machines that use the most advanced systems of technology. It is the pilots' responsibility to
ensure that the aircraft flies safely and lands, but their workload during flight is very heavy. For this reason, the
aircraft are equipped with computer systems called autopilot to reduce the workload of the pilots and to bring the
plane up to the runway if necessary under harsh conditions. The autopilot system helps pilots communicate more
efficiently with air traffic controls during the flight and focus on other tasks that need to be done.
This advanced system can be deployed at all steps, except the take off of the aircraft. It is not enough to have this
technology on the plane to make the landing by the autopilot. At the same time, automatic instrument landing
system should be located at the airport to be landed.
8. What is a black box? What is it used for?
Black boxes are flight data recording devices that are often mentioned by name, especially when plane crashes
occur. These devices, called black boxes among the public, provide the authorities with the necessary information
on how the incident occurred after the accidents occurred. The secret curtain behind many boilers has been lifted in
the light of the data obtained from these devices. The black boxes are not actually black as mentioned in the name,
but are made in orange to make it easier to find after the accident. These devices are made of materials resistant to
many external factors such as fire, water, violent collision in order to store data safely.
Flight data loggers record all conversations in the cockpit. At the same time, they record more countless data such
as all movements of the aircraft, data from the engine, information from flight instruments. When the accident
occurs, these boxes are programmed to send signals indicating their location so that they can be easily found.

9.Can passenger aircraft fly backwards?
From time to time, videos of reversed passenger aircraft are shared on social media. Although this situation seems
interesting, it is not technically possible. Passenger planes are not designed to fly aerodynamically. The maximum
angles that planes can reach when turning are determined. In order for an airplanefly upside down, it must make a
180 degree turn, which is not an angle that the plane can withstand structurally.
However, such a case has been encountered once in history. In 1985, Boeing 747 airliner belonging to China
Airlines flipped for a short time due to a pilot error. The wings of the plane, which should withstand up to 67
degrees under normal conditions, have managed to withstand all loads occurring at 180 degrees. Today's
technological aircraft have the capacity to perceive such dangerous maneuvers, warn pilots and even intervene when
necessary.
10. What happens if all the engines of the aircraft stop during the flight?
Passenger planes have advanced technology and usually two engines. It is unlikely that both engines of a passenger
aircraft will stop. Despite this, such events have occurred rarely in aviation history. Pilots are people who have
received the necessary training to run at least one of the engines, when both engines of the aircraft stop during the
flight. In some cases, with the efforts of pilots, one of the engines is activated and landing at the nearest airport is
provided.
In cases where the engines do not start again in any way, the aircraft can continue to fly by gliding for a certain
distance thanks to its wings. During this gliding process, it can safely land at a nearby airport. If there is no airport
to land near, the pilot tries to land the plane on a sea, river or flat area with minimal damage.
Magazine creators
Sılacan TEMİZ / 175204025
Esra ÖZER / 175204020
Nuriye KAYAOĞLU / 185204066
Ayşegül KUŞÇU / 185204037
Şükrü HARMANKAŞI/ 175204047